Signals, to be short, are various notifications sent to a process
in order to notify it of various "important" events. By their nature,
they interrupt whatever the process is doing at this minute, and force
it to handle them immediately. Each signal has an integer number that
represents it (1, 2 and so on), as well as a symbolic name that is
usually defined in the file /usr/include/signal.h or one of the
files included by it directly or indirectly (HUP
,
INT
and so on. Use the command 'kill -l'
to see
a list of signals supported by your system).
Each signal may have a signal handler, which is a function that gets called when the process receives that signal. The function is called in "asynchronous mode", meaning that no where in your program you have code that calls this function directly. Instead, when the signal is sent to the process, the operating system stops the execution of the process, and "forces" it to call the signal handler function. When that signal handler function returns, the process continues execution from wherever it happened to be before the signal was received, as if this interruption never occurred.
Note for "hardwarists": If you are familiar with interrupts (you are, right?), signals are very similar in their behavior. The difference is that while interrupts are sent to the operating system by the hardware, signals are sent to the process by the operating system, or by other processes. Note that signals have nothing to do with software interrupts, which are still sent by the hardware (the CPU itself, in this case).
The most common way of sending signals to processes is using the keyboard. There are certain key presses that are interpreted by the system as requests to send signals to the process with which we are interacting:
INT
signal
(SIGINT
) to the
running process. By default, this signal causes the process to immediately
terminate.
TSTP
signal
(SIGTSTP
) to the
running process. By default, this signal causes the process to suspend
execution.
ABRT
signal
(SIGABRT
) to the
running process. By default, this signal causes the process to immediately
terminate. Note that this redundancy (i.e. Ctrl-\ doing the same as Ctrl-C)
gives us some better flexibility. We'll explain that later on.
Another way of sending signals to processes is done using various commands, usually internal to the shell:
kill
kill -<signal> <PID>
INT
signal to process with
PID 5342, type:
kill -INT 5342
TERM
signal to the process, which normally causes its
termination, and hence the name of the kill
command.
fg
'fg'
command will resume execution
of the process (that was suspended with Ctrl-Z), by sending it a
CONT
signal.
A third way of sending signals to processes is by using the kill system
call. This is the normal way of sending a signal from one process to another.
This system call is also used by the 'kill'
command or by the
'fg'
command.
Here is an example code that causes a process to suspend its own execution
by sending itself the STOP
signal:
#include <unistd.h> /* standard unix functions, like getpid() */
#include <sys/types.h> /* various type definitions, like pid_t */
#include <signal.h> /* signal name macros, and the kill() prototype */
/* first, find my own process ID */
pid_t my_pid = getpid();
/* now that i got my PID, send myself the STOP signal. */
kill(my_pid, SIGSTOP);
An example of a situation when this code might prove useful, is inside a
signal handler that catches the TSTP signal (Ctrl-Z, remember?) in order
to do various tasks before actually suspending the process. We will see
an example of this later on.
Most signals may be caught by the process, but there are a few signals
that the process cannot catch, and cause the process to terminate. For example,
the KILL
signal (-9
on all unices I've met so far)
is such a signal. This is why you usually see a process being shut down using
this signal if it gets "wild". One process that uses this signal is a system
shutdown process. It first sends a TERM
signal to all processes,
waits a while, and after allowing them a "grace period" to shut down cleanly,
it kills whichever are left using the KILL
signal.
STOP
is also a signal that a process cannot catch, and forces
the process's suspension immediately. This is useful when debugging programs
whose behavior depends on timing. Suppose that process A needs to send
some data to process B, and you want to check some system parameters after
the message is sent, but before it is received and processed by process B.
One way to do that would be to send a STOP
signal to process B,
thus causing its suspension, and then running process A and waiting until
it sends its oh-so important message to process B. Now you can check whatever
you want to, and later on you can use the CONT
signal to continue
process B's execution, which will then receive and process the message sent from
process A.
Now, many other signals are catchable, and this includes the famous
SEGV
and BUS
signals. You probably have seen
numerous occasions when a program has exited with a message such as
'Segmentation Violation - Core Dumped', or
'Bus Error - core dumped'. In the first occasion, a SEGV
signal was
sent to your program due to accessing an illegal memory address. In the
second case, a BUS
signal was sent to your program, due to
accessing a memory address with invalid alignment. In both cases, it is
possible to catch these signals in order to do some cleanup - kill child
processes, perhaps remove temporary files, etc. Although in both cases,
the memory used by your process is most likely corrupt, it's probable that
only a small part of it was corrupt, so cleanup is still usually possible.
If you install no signal handlers of your own (remember what a signal handler
is? yes, that function handling a signal?), the runtime environment sets up
a set of default signal handlers for your program. For example, the default
signal handler for the TERM
signal calls the
exit()
system call. The default handler for the ABRT
signal calls the abort()
system call, which causes the
process's memory image to be dumped into a file named 'core' in the process's
current directory, and then exit.
There are several ways to install signal handlers. We'll use the most basic form here, and refer you to your manual pages for further reading.
signal()
System Call
The signal()
system call is used to set a signal handler for a
single signal type. signal()
accepts a signal number and a
pointer to a signal handler function, and sets that handler to accept the
given signal. As an example, here is a code snippest that causes the program
to print the string "Don't do that" when a user presses Ctrl-C:
#include <stdio.h> /* standard I/O functions */
#include <unistd.h> /* standard unix functions, like getpid() */
#include <sys/types.h> /* various type definitions, like pid_t */
#include <signal.h> /* signal name macros, and the signal() prototype */
/* first, here is the signal handler */
void catch_int(int sig_num)
{
/* re-set the signal handler again to catch_int, for next time */
signal(SIGINT, catch_int);
/* and print the message */
printf("Don't do that");
fflush(stdout);
}
.
.
.
/* and somewhere later in the code.... */
.
.
/* set the INT (Ctrl-C) signal handler to 'catch_int' */
signal(SIGINT, catch_int);
/* now, lets get into an infinite loop of doing nothing. */
for ( ;; )
pause();
The complete source code for this program is found in the catch-ctrl-c.c file.
Notes:
pause()
system call causes the process to
halt execution, until a signal is received. it is surely better then a
'busy wait' infinite loop.
INT
signals). Even on systems that do not behave in this way,
it still won't hurt, so adding this line always is a good idea.
For our convenience, there are two pre-defined signal handler functions
that we can use, instead of writing our own: SIG_IGN
and
SIG_DFL
.
SIG_IGN
:
signal(SIGINT, SIG_IGN);
SIG_DFL
:
signal(SIGTSTP, SIG_DFL);
One of the nasty problems that might occur when handling a signal, is the occurrence of a second signal while the signal handler function executes. Such a signal might be of a different type then the one being handled, or even of the same type. Thus, we should take some precautions inside the signal handler function, to avoid races.
Luckily, the system also contains some features that will allow us to block signals from being processed. These can be used in two 'contexts' - a global context which affects all signal handlers, or a per-signal type context - that only affects the signal handler for a specific signal type.
the (modern) "POSIX" function used to mask signals in the global context,
is the sigprocmask()
system call. It allows us to specify a set
of signals to block, and returns the list of signals that were previously
blocked. This is useful when we'll want to restore the previous masking
state once we're done with our critical section. sigprocmask()
accepts 3 parameters:
int how
SIG_BLOCK
), remove them from the current mask
(SIG_UNBLOCK
),
or completely replace the current mask with the new mask
(SIG_SETMASK
).
const sigset_t *set
sigset_t *oldset
NULL
, then it'll contain the
previous mask. We can later use this set to restore the situation
back to how it was before we called sigprocmask()
.
sigprocmask()
system call. Instead, one should use the sigmask()
and
sigsetmask()
system calls. If you have
such an operating system handy, please read the manual pages for these
system calls. They are simpler to use then sigprocmask, so it shouldn't
be too hard understanding them once you've read this section.
You probably wonder what are these sigset_t
variables, and how
they are manipulated. Well, i wondered too, so i went to the manual page of
sigsetops
, and found the answer. There are several functions to
handle these sets. Lets learn them using some example code:
/* define a new mask set */
sigset_t mask_set;
/* first clear the set (i.e. make it contain no signal numbers) */
sigemptyset(&mask_set);
/* lets add the TSTP and INT signals to our mask set */
sigaddset(&mask_set, SIGTSTP);
sigaddset(&mask_set, SIGINT);
/* and just for fun, lets remove the TSTP signal from the set. */
sigdelset(&mask_set, SIGTSTP);
/* finally, lets check if the INT signal is defined in our set */
if (sigismember(&mask_set, SIGINT)
printf("signal INT is in our set\n");
else
printf("signal INT is not in our set - how strange...\n");
/* finally, lets make the set contain ALL signals available on our system */
sigfillset(&mask_set)
Now that we know all these little secrets, lets see a short code example that counts the number of Ctrl-C signals a user has hit, and on the 5th time (note - this number was "Stolen" from some quite famous Unix program) asks the user if they really want to exit. Further more, if the user hits Ctrl-Z, the number of Ctrl-C presses is printed on the screen.
/* first, define the Ctrl-C counter, initialize it with zero. */
int ctrl_c_count = 0;
#define CTRL_C_THRESHOLD 5
/* the Ctrl-C signal handler */
void catch_int(int sig_num)
{
sigset_t mask_set; /* used to set a signal masking set. */
sigset_t old_set; /* used to store the old mask set. */
/* re-set the signal handler again to catch_int, for next time */
signal(SIGINT, catch_int);
/* mask any further signals while we're inside the handler. */
sigfillset(&mask_set);
sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &mask_set, &old_set);
/* increase count, and check if threshold was reached */
ctrl_c_count++;
if (ctrl_c_count >= CTRL_C_THRESHOLD) {
char answer[30];
/* prompt the user to tell us if to really exit or not */
printf("\nRealy Exit? [y/N]: ");
fflush(stdout);
gets(answer);
if (answer[0] == 'y' || answer[0] == 'Y') {
printf("\nExiting...\n");
fflush(stdout);
exit(0);
}
else {
printf("\nContinuing\n");
fflush(stdout);
/* reset Ctrl-C counter */
ctrl_c_count = 0;
}
}
/* restore the old signal mask */{{/COMMENT_FONT}*/
sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &old_set, NULL);
}
/* the Ctrl-Z signal handler */
void catch_suspend(int sig_num)
{
sigset_t mask_set; /* used to set a signal masking set. */
sigset_t old_set; /* used to store the old mask set. */
/* re-set the signal handler again to catch_suspend, for next time */
signal(SIGTSTP, catch_suspend);
/* mask any further signals while we're inside the handler. */
sigfillset(&mask_set);
sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &mask_set, &old_set);
/* print the current Ctrl-C counter */
printf("\n\nSo far, '%d' Ctrl-C presses were counted\n\n", ctrl_c_count);
fflush(stdout);
/* restore the old signal mask */
sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &old_set, NULL);
}
.
.
/* and somewhere inside the main function... */
.
.
/* set the Ctrl-C and Ctrl-Z signal handlers */
signal(SIGINT, catch_int);
signal(SIGTSTP, catch_suspend);
.
.
/* and then the rest of the program */
.
.
The complete source code for this program is found in the count-ctrl-c.c file.
You should note that using sigprocmask()
the way we did now
does not resolve all possible race conditions. For example, It is possible
that after we entered the signal handler, but before we managed to call the
sigprocmask()
system call, we receive another signal, which WILL
be called. Thus, if the user is VERY quick (or the system is very slow),
it is possible to get into races. In our current functions, this will
probably not disturb the flow, but there might be cases where this kind
of race could cause problems.
The way to guarantee no races at all, is to
let the system set the signal masking for us before it calls the signal
handler. This can be done if we use the sigaction()
system
call to define both the signal handler function AND the signal mask to be used
when the handler is executed. You would probably be able to read the manual
page for sigaction()
on your own, now that you're familiar with
the various concepts of signal handling. On old systems, however, you won't
find this system call, but you still might find the sigvec()
call, that enables a similar functionality.
One of the weak aspects of Unix-like operating systems is their lack of
proper support for timers. Timers are important to allow one to check timeouts
(e.g. wait for user input up to 30 seconds, or exit), check some conditions
on a regular basis (e.g. check every 30 seconds that a server we're talking to
is still active, or close the connection and notify the user about the problem),
and so on. There are various ways to get around the problem for programs that
use an "event loop" based on the select()
system call (or its
new replacement, the poll()
system call), but not all programs
work that way, and this method is too complex for short and simple programs.
Yet, the operating system gives us a simple way of setting up timers that don't require too much hassles, by using special alarm signals. They are generally limited to one timer active at a time, but that will suffice in simple cases.
alarm()
System Call
The alarm()
system call is used to ask the system to send our
process a special signal, named ALRM
, after a given number of
seconds. Since Unix-like systems don't operate as real-time systems,
your process might receive this signal after a longer time then requested.
Combining this system call with a proper signal handler enables us to
do some simple tricks. Lets see an example of a program that waits for
user input, but exits if none was given after a certain timeout.
#include <unistd.h> /* standard unix functions, like alarm() */
#include <signal.h> /* signal name macros, and the signal() prototype */
char user[40]; /* buffer to read user name from the user */
/* define an alarm signal handler. */
void catch_alarm(int sig_num)
{
printf("Operation timed out. Exiting...\n\n");
exit(0);
}
.
.
/* and inside the main program... */
.
.
/* set a signal handler for ALRM signals */
signal(SIGALRM, catch_alarm);
/* prompt the user for input */
printf("Username: ");
fflush(stdout);
/* start a 30 seconds alarm */
alarm(30);
/* wait for user input */
gets(user);
/* remove the timer, now that we've got the user's input */
alarm(0);
.
.
/* do something with the received user name */
.
.
The complete source code for this program is found in the use-alarms.c file.
As you can see, we start the timer right before waiting for user input.
If we started it earlier, we'll be giving the user less time then promised
to perform the operation. We also stop the timer right after getting the
user's input, before doing any tests or processing of the input, to avoid
a random timer from setting off due to slow processing of the input. Many
bugs that occur using the alarm()
system call occur due to
forgetting to set off the timer at various places when the code gets
complicated. If you need to make some tests during the input phase,
put the whole piece of code in a function, so it'll be easier to make sure
that the timer is always set off after calling the function. Here is an
example of how NOT to do this:
int read_user_name(char user[])
{
int ok_len;
int result = 0; /* assume failure */
/* set an alarm to timeout the input operation */
alarm(3); /* Mistake 1 */
printf("Enter user name: "); /* Mistake 2 */
fflush(stdout);
if (gets(user) == NULL) {
printf("End of input received.\n");
return 0; /* Mistake 3 */
}
/* count the size of prefix of 'user' made only of characters */
/* in the given set. if all characters in 'user' are in the */
/* set, then ok_len with be equal to the length of 'user'. */
ok_len = strspn(user, "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789");
if (ok_len == strlen(user)) {
/* check if the user exists in our database */
result = find_user_in_database(user); /* Mistake 4 */
}
alarm(0);
return result;
}
Lets count the mistakes and bad programming practices in the above function:
3 seconds might be enough for superman to type his user name, but a normal user obviously needs more time. Such a timeout should actually be tunable, because not all people type at the same pace, or should be long enough for even the slowest of users.
Norty Norty. This printing should have been done before starting up the timer. Printing may be a time consuming operation, and thus will leave less time then expected for the user to type in the expected input.
This kind of mistake is hard to catch. It will cause the program to randomally exit somewhere LATER during the execution. If we'll trace it with a debugger, we'll see that the signal was received while we were already executing a completely different part of the program, leaving us scratching our head and looking up to the sky, hoping somehow inspiration will fall from there to guide us to the location of the problem.
As if it's not enough that we gave the poor user a short time to check
for the input, we're also inserting some database checking operation
while the timer is still ticking. Even if we also want to timeout
the database operation, we should probably set up a different timer
(and a different ALRM
signal handler), so as not to confuse
a slow user with a slow database server. It will also allow the user to
know why we are timing out. Without this information, a person
trying to figure out why the program suddenly exits, will have hard time
finding where the fault lies.
We have seen a few "thumb rules" all over this tutorial, and there are quite many of those, as the area of signals handling is rather tricky. Lets try to summarize these rules of thumb here:
sigaction()
system call. It takes a little more effort
then just using the signal()
system call, but it'll help
you sleep better at night, knowing that you haven't left an extra place
for race conditions to occur. Remember - if some bug has a probability
of 1/10,000 to occur, it WILL occur when many people use that program
many times, as tends to be the case with good programs (you write only
good programs, no?).
SIGBUS
, SIGSEGV
,
SIGFPE
), don't try to be too smart and
let the program continue, unless you know exactly what you are doing
(which is a very rare case) - just do the minimal required cleanup,
and exit, preferably with a core dump (using the abort()
function). Such signals usually indicate a bug in the program, that if
ignored will most likely cause it to crush sooner or later, making
you think the problem is somewhere else in the code.
VTALRM
signal. If you need to have more then one timer active at a time,
don't use signals, or devise a set of functions that will allow you
to have several virtual timers using a delta list of some sort. If
you've no idea what I'm talking about, you probably don't need several
simultaneous timers in the first place.


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mas - Administration
This is the administration module for mas, the multi-application-system.
The data which will be managed with this module is quite sensitive, therefor, if you logged in to this page
unintentionally - which should never have happened in the first place - please logout IMMEDIATELY!


AudioAddict Inc. is the company behind the internet radio streaming
services Digitally Imported, RadioTunes.com, JazzRadio.com and
RockRadio.com. They have a RESTful API in place, but sadly, it lacks an
official documentation.
That's why I decided to make an unofficial documentation myself. Please
note that since this API is not public, everything can change and break
at any time! Fortunately, this doesn't happen very often.
Please choose a network you'd like to be used in the examples and specifications below:
The API server is located at api.audioaddict.com. A regular request's URL would look like http://api.audioaddict.com/v1/di/track_history. v1 stands for the API's version number. This is always the same. di stands for the streaming network. It's basically the part of the network's domain before the dot (di.fm, jazzradio.com). track_history
is a resource, it returns a JSON string with information about the
last-played track for the network's channels. Learn more about the
resources below.
IMPORTANT: A lot of requests require an Authorization header:
Every request returns a JSON-encoded object, a string describing an error, or nothing (this is indicated with a "HTTP 204 No Content" status code). These strings can be decoded on almost all platforms. Here are some examples of useful libraries for platforms that don't have a JSON parser built in:
The API server supports HTTPS. Use it when you're sending or receiving sensitive information like passwords and such.
The streamlist parameter is a key that describes a stream
quality and format. These are different for each network. Please see the
Streamlists chapter in the appendix for more information.
The key parameter is a key that describes a channel. It's
usually just the channel name in lowercase with spaces trimmed, but
there are some exceptions.
| Host | listen. di.fm |
| HTTPS recommended | No |
| URL | http://listen. di.fm /[streamlist] |
| Host | listen. di.fm |
| HTTPS recommended | No |
| URL | http://listen. di.fm /[streamlist]/[key] |
| Possible data types | JSON, JSONP, PLS, ASX (NOTE: The ASX type gives wrong URLs) |
| Optional parameter | A listen key, the listen key will be appended to all URLs. Example: trance?[listen_key] |
| Host | api.audioaddict.com |
| HTTPS recommended | No |
| URL | http://api.audioaddict.com/v1/ di /track_history |
| Host | api.audioaddict.com |
| HTTPS recommended | No |
| URL | http://api.audioaddict.com/v1/ di /track_history/channel/[channel_id] |
| Host | api.audioaddict.com |
| HTTPS recommended | No |
| URL | http://api.audioaddict.com/v1/ di /events |
| Host | api.audioaddict.com |
| HTTPS recommended | No |
| URL | http://api.audioaddict.com/v1/ di /events/channel/[id] |
A DI crew member once said:
"The batch update request is used for mobile apps to avoid making many API calls, but you are welcome to use it for the time being. With that said, theres no guarantee this won't change moving forward. As I've always said, we do plan on releasing an official API in the future, but theres a lot more involved than just exposing a few REST urls and our API is still evolving."The batch_update resource can be used for getting a lot of data at once. Here's a list of data in the batch_update's JSON including their location.
| Host | api.audioaddict.com |
| HTTPS recommended | No |
| URL | http://api.audioaddict.com/v1/ di /mobile/batch_update |
| Required parameter | A comma-seperated list of streamlists to be included in the data. The list must be given as a GET or POST parameter with the key stream_set_key. |
| Host | api.audioaddict.com |
| HTTPS recommended | Yes |
| URL | https://api.audioaddict.com/v1/ di /members/authenticate |
| Required parameters | The request must be POST, api_key or username and password must be sent in POST or GET. |
| Host | api.audioaddict.com |
| HTTPS recommended | Yes |
| URL | https://api.audioaddict.com/v1/ di /members |
| Required parameters | The request must be POST, member[email], member[first_name], member[last_name], member[password] and member[password_confirmation] must be sent in POST or GET. |
| Host | www.di.fm |
| HTTPS recommended | No |
| URL | http://www.di.fm/member/confirm/[confirmation_token] |
| Host | api.audioaddict.com |
| HTTPS recommended | No |
| URL | http://api.audioaddict.com/v1/ di /tracks/[track_id] |
| Host | api.audioaddict.com |
| HTTPS recommended | Yes |
| URL | https://api.audioaddict.com/v1/ di /tracks/[track_id]/vote/[channel_id]/[up/down] |
| Required parameter | The api_key in POST, or the username and password in POST. |
| Host | api.audioaddict.com |
| HTTPS recommended | Yes |
| URL | http://api.audioaddict.com/v1/ di /tracks/[track_id]/vote/[channel_id] |
| Required parameter | The api_key in DELETE, or the username and password in DELETE. |
All accounts can keep favorite channels.
| Host | listen. di.fm |
| HTTPS recommended | No |
| URL | http://listen. di.fm /public3/favorites.pls?[listen_key] |
| Host | api.audioaddict.com |
| HTTPS recommended | Yes |
| URL | https://api.audioaddict.com/v1/ di /members/1/favorites/channels |
| Required parameter | The api_key, or the username and password. POST and GET are both allowed. |
| Host | api.audioaddict.com |
| HTTPS recommended | Yes |
| URL | https://api.audioaddict.com/v1/ di /members/1/favorites/channels?api_key=[api_key] |
| Required parameter |
Raw JSON payload in POST, in the following format: {"favorites":[{"position":1,"channel_id":1}, {"position":2,"channel_id":2}]} This header is required: Content-Type: application/json
|
| Host | api.audioaddict.com |
| HTTPS recommended | Yes |
| URL | https://api.audioaddict.com/v1/ di /members/1/favorites/channel/[channel_id] |
| Required parameter | Making a POST request adds the channel, making a DELETE request removes it. api_key or username and password in POST/DELETE or GET. |
| Host | listen. di.fm |
| HTTPS recommended | Yes (NOTE: The HTTPS certificate is invalid on this domain, that's why this method is not recommended.) |
| URL | https://listen. di.fm /public3/favorites.pls?username=[username]&password=[password]
|
AudioAddict offers a free 7-day premium trial period for all accounts.
| Host | api.audioaddict.com |
| HTTPS recommended | Yes |
| URL | https://api.audioaddict.com/v1/ di /members/1/subscriptions/trial_allowed/premium-pass?api_key=[api_key]or https://api.audioaddict.com/v1/ di /members/1/subscriptions/trial_allowed/premium-pass?username=[username]&password=[password] |
| Host | api.audioaddict.com |
| HTTPS recommended | Yes |
| URL | https://api.audioaddict.com/v1/ di /members/1/subscriptions/trial/premium-pass?api_key=[api_key]or https://api.audioaddict.com/v1/ di /members/1/subscriptions/trial/premium-pass?username=[username]&password=[password] |
| Required parameter | The request must be POST, and the api_key or username and password must be sent as POST or as a GET parameter. |
| Host | api.audioaddict.com |
| HTTPS recommended | Yes |
| URL | https://api.audioaddict.com/v1/ di /members/send_reset_password |
| Required parameter | The request must be POST, and the username must be sent as POST or as a GET parameter. |
| Host | api.audioaddict.com |
| HTTPS recommended | No |
| URL | http://api.audioaddict.com/v1/di/plans/premium-pass |
Streamlists are lists of stream URLs. All streams in a streamlist have the same format and bitrate. Every network has their own streamlists. All streamlists listed below are taken from the website and the apps.
| android_low | 40kbps aac |
| android | 64kbps aac |
| android_high | 96kbps mp3 |
| android_premium_low | 40kbps aac |
| android_premium_medium | 64kbps aac |
| android_premium | 128kbps aac |
| android_premium_high | 256kbps mp3 |
| public1 | 64kbps aac |
| public2 | 40kbps aac |
| public3 | 96kbps mp3 |
| premium_low | 40kbps aac |
| premium_medium | 64kbps aac |
| premium | 128kbps aac |
| premium_high | 256kbps mp3 |
| appleapp_low | 40kbps aac |
| appleapp | 64kbps aac |
| appleapp_high | 96kbps mp3 |
| appleapp_premium_medium | 64kbps aac |
| appleapp_premium | 128kbps aac |
| appleapp_premium_high | 256kbps mp3 |
| public1 | 40kbps aac |
| public5 | 40kbps wma |
| public3 | 96kbps mp3 |
| premium_low | 40kbps aac |
| premium_medium | 64kbps aac |
| premium | 128kbps aac |
| premium_high | 256kbps mp3 |
| appleapp_low | 40kbps aac |
| appleapp | 64kbps aac |
| appleapp_premium_medium | 64kbps aac |
| appleapp_premium | 128kbps aac |
| appleapp_premium_high | 256kbps mp3 |
| public1 | 40kbps aac |
| public3 | 64kbps mp3 |
| premium_low | 40kbps aac |
| premium_medium | 64kbps aac |
| premium | 128kbps aac |
| premium_high | 256kbps mp3 |
| android_low | 40kbps aac |
| android | 64kbps aac |
| android_premium_medium | 64kbps aac |
| android_premium | 128kbps aac |
| android_premium_high | 256kbps mp3 |
| public3 | 96kbps mp3 |
There's no good way to do this, therefore it's better to let users log in using their email and password. If it's really required, here's a way:


image/svg+xml
THETA Color Tester
Main Body LEDs
Change to Camera Icon
Change to Video Icon
Change to LIVE Icon
Change to Video Record Icon
Change to Disk Full Icon
Wi-Fi LED Colors
Select color, then click OK
Blue
Red
White
OK


EMLassemblyline
functionsR/template_arguments.R
template_arguments.Rd
Initialize the list of arguments for EMLassemblyline functions including
x
, an argument containing metadata template and data file
contents. This approach enables programatic interfacing of upstream
metadata sources (e.g.
LTER-core-metabase)
to EMLassemblyline
functions.
template_arguments( path = NULL, data.path = NULL, data.table = NULL, other.entity = NULL, sep = NULL )
| path | (character) Path to the directory containing |
|---|---|
| data.path | (character) Path to the directory containing |
| data.table | (character) Data table name. If more than one, then supply as a vector
of character strings (e.g.
|
| other.entity | (character) Other entity name. If more than one, then supply as a vector
of character strings (e.g.
|
| sep | (character) Data table field delimiter. Use this argument if
|
(named list) A list of all EMLassemblyline
arguments with this
structure:
data.path (character) Path to where the data files are stored.
data.table (character) Data table name. If more
than one, supply as a vector of character strings (e.g.
data.table = c('concentrations.csv', 'characteristics.csv')
).
data.table.description (character) Data table
description. Brief description of data tables. If more than
one data table, then supply as a vector of character strings in
the same order as listed in data.table
.
data.table.quote.character (character) Quote
character used in data tables. If more than one, then supply as
a vector of character strings in the same order as listed in
data.table
. This argument is required only if
data.table
contain quotations. If the quote character is
a quotation, then enter "\""
. If the quote character is an
apostrophe, then enter "\'"
.
data.url (character) A publicly accessible URL to data tables and other entities of this dataset.
dataset.title (character) Dataset title.
dir.name (character) Name of parent directory. Subdirectories have predefined names.
eml.path (character) Path to where EML will be written.
geographic.coordinates (character) Geographic coordinates
delineating the bounding area or point of a dataset, in decimal
degrees. This argument is not required if using
bounding_boxes.txt. Values must be listed in this order:
North, East, South, West. Longitudes West of the prime meridian
and latitudes South of the equator are negative. If representing
a point, repeat the latitude for North and South, and repeat the
longitude for East and West (e.g.
geographic.coordinates = c('28.38', '-119.95', '28.38', '-119.95')
).
geographic.description (character) Geographic description. Don't use this argument if using the geographic_coverage.txt template.
lat.col (character) Name of latitude column.
license (character) License under which the data will be released.
lon.col (character) Name of longitude column.
maintenance.description (character) Data collection status. Can be "ongoing" or "completed".
other.entity (character) Other entity name. If
more than one, then supply as a vector of character strings.
Other entities should be located at data.path
.
other.entity.description (character) Other entity
description. If more than one, then supply as a vector of
descriptions in the same order as listed in other.entity
.
package.id (character) Data package identifier.
Missing package.id
is assigned a default value of
'edi.101.1'. Any data repository package ID may be used.
path (character) Path to where template files are stored.
provenance (character) EDI Data Repository Data package ID(s) corresponding to parent datasets from which this dataset was created (e.g. 'knb-lter-cap.46.3'). If more than one, then supply as a vector of character strings.
return.obj (logical) Return the EML as an R object of class EML object.
sep (character) Field delimiter to be used when reading data tables.
site.col (character) Name of site column, where
site is the name of the location specified by lat.col
and
lon.col
.
taxa.authority (integer) An ordered numeric vector of
ID's corresponding to data sources (i.e. taxonomic authorities)
you'd like to query, in the order of decreasing preference. Run
view_taxa_authorities()
to see supported data sources. Columns
"resolve_sci_taxa", and "resolve_comm_taxa" correspond to scientific
and common searches.
taxa.col (character) Name of column in
taxa.table
containing taxonomic names.
taxa.name.type (character) Taxonomic name type. Can be: "scientific", "common", or "both".
taxa.table (character) Name of data table containing
taxa.col
.
temporal.coverage (character) Beginning and ending dates of the dataset as a vector of character strings in the format YYYY-MM-DD.
user.domain (character) Domain of the
user.id
. If more than one, then supply as a vector of
character strings in the same order corresponding to listed under
user.id
. Valid options for EDI are "LTER" and "EDI". Other
data repository IDs may be used. NULL user.domain defaults to
"someuserdomain".
user.id (character) ID of data repository user account. If more than one, supply as a vector of character strings. NULL user.id defaults to "someuserid".
write.file (logical) Write file to
eml.path
.
x (named list) List of metadata template, data tables, and other entities.
template - Metadata template files
abstract.txt Abstract template
content list
containing
abstract, NA otherwise
additional_info.txt Additional information template
content list
containing
additional info, NA otherwise
attributes_name.txt Attributes template where
"name" is the corresponding data.table
.
content Data frame of attributes template, NA otherwise.
bounding_boxes.txt Bounding boxes template
content Data frame of bounding boxes template, NA otherwise.
catvars_name.txt Categorical variables template
where "name" is the corresponding data.table
.
content Data frame of categorical variables template, NA otherwise.
custom_units.txt Custom units template
content Data frame of custom units template, NA otherwise.
geographic_coverage.txt Geographic coverage template
content Data frame of geographic coverage template, NA otherwise.
intellectual_rights.txt Intellectual rights template
content list
containing
intellectual rights template, NA otherwise.
keywords.txt Keywords template
content Data frame of keywords template, NA otherwise.
methods.txt Methods template
content list
containing
methods, NA otherwise.
personnel.txt Personnel template
content Data frame of personnel template, NA otherwise.
taxonomicCoverage.xml Taxonomic coverage EML element
content list
,
NA otherwise
data.table Data tables
data.table.name.ext Name of data table including file extension, NULL otherwise.
content Data frame of data table.
other.entity Other entities
other.entity.name.ext Name of other entity including file extension, NULL otherwise.
content NA
The full named list structure is returned irrespective of NULL inputs,
so content can be added downstream (e.g. EMLassemblyline
templating
functions).


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Home > CSS Questions > How to hide scrollbars but keep its functionality?
Sometimes we need to hide those default scroll-bars to make our page look more attractive.
There are options where we can make our scroll-bars more attractive. But most often, we are better off it.
So to hide the scrollbars, but still be able to keep scrolling, we can use the following code:
Hide scrollbar for Chrome, Safari and Opera
.example::-webkit-scrollbar {
display: none;
}
Hide scrollbar for IE, Edge and Firefox
.example {
-ms-overflow-style: none; /* IE and Edge */
scrollbar-width: none; /* Firefox */
}
Note : overflow: hidden will remove the complete functionality of the scrollbar and we will not be possible to scroll inside the page.


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Back to overview
BC Reference Model Version 1.0.0
cimi
Element Encounter
Documentation:
An abstract class that represents an encounter class. This class has been stubbed out to limit the scope of this implementation guide to classes relevant to this ballot concerning breast cancer.
Ancestors:
Locatable
Content
InformationEntry
Encounter
Used By:
BreastCancerHistologicGrade
,
BreastCancerPresenceStatement
,
BreastCancerStage
,
ClinicalStatement
,
CompoundClinicalStatement
,
ConditionPresenceStatement
,
DCISNuclearGrade
,
EstrogenReceptorStatus
,
EvaluationResultRecorded
,
HER2byIHC
,
HER2byISH
,
HER2ReceptorStatus
,
IndivisibleClinicalStatement
,
LaboratoryTestResultRecorded
,
MammaprintRecurrenceScore
,
OncotypeDxDCISRecurrenceScore
,
OncotypeDxInvasiveRecurrenceScore
,
ProgesteroneReceptorStatus
,
ProsignaRecurrenceScore
,
SimplifiedLaboratoryTestResultRecorded
Field Summary
Properties Defined
Constraints
Value
Properties inherited from
InformationEntry
Properties inherited from
Content
Properties inherited from
Locatable


| FIGURE 1 |
Map of Chikhwawa District in Malawi showing Mphampha Village ... |
| FIGURE 2 |
Aspects of climate that have changed and frequency – from ho ... |
| FIGURE 3 |
Women irrigating maize in Mphampha Village. |
| FIGURE 4 |
Rain-fed plot (a) and another rain-fed learning plot (b) pla ... |


Varsity podcast: Stillwater's Tucker Barnard and second-round preview
20 Nov 2019, 21:08 by Cameron Jourdan
Stillwater coach Tucker Barnard joins The Oklahoman's Varsity podcast to talk about his team's season and looking at the rematch with Choctaw. Then Cameron Jourdan discusses some of the best matchups in the second round of the playoffs.
Subscribe to Varsity on Apple Podcasts or listen to the latest episode here .
Related Photos
Stillwater's Qwontrel Walker gets by Del City's Kinigel Thomas during the high school football game between Stillwater High School and Del City at Stillwater High School in Stillwater, Okla., Friday, Nov. 8, 2019. [Sarah Phipps/The Oklahoman]
Stillwater's Qwontrel Walker gets by Del City's Kinigel Thomas during the high school football game between Stillwater High School and Del City at Stillwater High School in Stillwater, Okla., Friday, Nov. 8, 2019. [Sarah Phipps/The Oklahoman]
Stillwater's Qwontrel Walker gets by Del City's Kinigel Thomas during the high school football game between Stillwater High School and Del City at Stillwater High School in Stillwater, Okla., Friday, Nov. 8, 2019. [Sarah Phipps/The Oklahoman]


|
Abu NidalBefore anyone had ever heard of al Qaeda, there was Abu Nidal, a terrorist organization with an impressive body count whose effectiveness was forever destroyed when Oliver North used it as a ploy to divert attention away from his own crimes.OK, maybe Oliver North didn't exactly destroy them, but they stopped killing people shortly after North trotted them out in a vain attempt to make himself look like Rambo. You can decide for yourself whether you believe in coincidences, but the purpose of terror is to terrify, and it's hard to inspire terror when you've become the punchline du jour for late-night comedians. Abu Nidal was an offshoot of the Palestine Liberation Organization, formed in 1974 by a militant named Abu Nidal, ironically enough. Nidal's real name was Sabri Al-Banna. Nidal was a Palestinian before the creation of Israel, displaced from his home during the Arab-Israeli War of 1948. We all know how cranky that can make you. Nidal was a member of the Palestinian branch of the Ba'ath Party, where he became radicalized (or "oppressed" depending on your point of view). Nidal was a top deputy for Yasir Arafat, back in the days when Arafat wasn't a politician. When Arafat and the PLO first proposed a peace settlement that would create a Palestinian state in the West Bank, Nidal said "see ya," and set out to become the most feared terrorist in history. He managed to do an OK job of it, at least until he was made obsolete in the early 1990s. Over the course of its nearly 20 years of active terrorism, the Abu Nidal group killed nearly 900 people in 20 countries. Abu Nidal employed all the usual tools of terrorism, including assassination, shooting sprees, bombings and hijackings. Highlights included a 1982 attempt to assassinate an Israeli ambassador, which caused a retaliatory invasion of Lebanon by Israel. If your goal is to get rid of the Jewish state, embroiling in an unpopular war in the Middle East is a pretty good way to go about it. Abu Nidal also sponsored the assassination of various pro-Israeli Arab leaders. That's pro-Israeli in the sense of "not strapping a machine gun on your back and stomping off to Israel right this minute," rather than being actually supportive of Israel in any measurable way. Synagogues were also favorite targets of the group, in shooting and bombing attacks which killed dozens at a time in the late 1970s and throughout the '80s. All these attacks were in support of the Abu Nidal Group's complex intellectual political philosophy, which is best expressed in the phrase "kill the Jews." Anyone who didn't want to "kill the Jews" was pretty much a target. Interestingly, the Abu Nidal Group was one of the few terrorist organizations known to have actually been supported by Saddam Hussein, unlike al Qaeda, despite one of the centerpiece claims made by George W Bush to justify his 2003 invasion of Iraq. Despite a pretty good track record of killing people and wreaking havoc, Abu Nidal will be best remembered for allegedly ordering a hit on Iran-Contra felon Oliver North. North was testifying before Congress when he was asked to explain why he accepted an illegal bribe in the form of a $14,000 home security system, provided by a business owned by former arms-for-hostages crony Richard Secord. In a melodramatic tale worthy of G. Gordon Liddy, North sat there with a straight face and explained to the committee that the Abu Nidal organization had put a price on his head, and that he needed the security system for protection against this global terrorist threat. The presentation included visual aids, such as slides of newspaper stories about Abu Nidal's atrocities, including the murder of women and children abroad. (Abu Nidal is not known to have committed a terrorist attack on U.S. soil.) In true "Dirty Harry" style, North offered to beat up the terrorist leader in a one-on-one meeting anywhere in the world, but he explained that accepted the security system to protect his wife and children. (He also claimed that Libyans were trying to kill him.) Neither the congressional committee nor a jury of his peers were particularly moved by this story of true American grit, and North was convicted of taking the bribe. The Abu Nidal organization had, by this time, begun its long slide into obscurity. Operations were slowing as the 1990s dawned, with the mass murders giving way to assassinations, and eventually to defunctitude. In 1998, the group moved its headquarters to Iraq, and in 1999, Arab governments in the Middle East essentially eviscerated the organization and choked off its financing. Abu Nidal himself busied himself with dying repeatedly throughout the late '90s and early in the 21st century. He wasn't the healthiest terrorist ever; after a heart attack and surgery in 1992, various rumors of his demise recurred over and over again, including a claim he died of cancer which proved to be premature, and a second claim that he shot himself in Baghdad in 2002, which appears not to have been premature. There's some small controversy over whether he shot himself to avoid capture by Iraqi authorities, or whether he was shot by said Iraqi authorities, and whether he had been working with said Iraqi authorities regardless of who actually shot him. The controversy is small not because the facts are clear, but because no one really cared about the man by the time he bought it. Terrorism is all about fame. After all, you need to establish a rep if you want people to tremble with fear when you announce your name at cocktail parties. Therefore, it's probably the ultimate insult that Abu Nidal last made the news when an Internet hoax confused him with Osama bin Laden. An email making the rounds of the gullible claimed that Ollie North had been targeted by bin Laden in the 1980s. Essentially, the email took out the name "Abu Nidal" and stuck in the name "Osama bin Laden."  What an indignity!  But when you can't even get credit for THAT... Well, it's no wonder he shot himself...
|


Provided in partnership by HEE and NICE
Quick access to reliable information for health and social care professionals. Use the healthcare databases advanced search (HDAS), or search journals, databases and specialist evidence.
OpenAthens
Simplifies access to subscription-based content by giving you a single username and password.
Provides access to healthcare databases, e-journals and
Healthcare databases advanced search (HDAS)
-
Search MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, AMED, British
Nursing Index, HMIC and Health Business Elite.
Requires OpenAthens account. - Or perform a quick search of PubMed (no OpenAthens account required).
Databases
These databases require an OpenAthens account.
Hospital Premium Collection
Offers an extensive range of health and social care publications and evidence-based resources.
PsycARTICLES
Search full-text articles from leading psychology journals.
Specialist evidence resources
Cochrane library
Includes database of systematic reviews,
Transfusion evidence library
The definitive resource for high-quality, evidence-based information on all aspects of transfusion medicine.
For specialist help contact your local healthcare library using the Health Library and Information Services Directory.


index
download
install
config
apps
compliance
related
Related WSGI software and information
See
PEP 333: Python Web Server Gateway Interface
for detailed information about the WSGI standard.
Visit the
python web-sig
for all discussions relating to the WSGI standard. You may also be interested in the
web-sig mailing list archives
.
The python wiki has a page listing
WSGI Implementations
.
wsgi.org
extensive information on WSGI, including
A basic introduction to WSGI
.
A list of tutorials and articles on WSGI
.
A list of python web frameworks that have WSGI support
.
A list of WSGI servers
.
A list of WSGI applications
and
middleware and utilities
Information about
how to test WSGI applications
Leo Soto
has done a lot of work to get excellent the
Django framework
running on jython under modjy.
The jython wiki also has detailed information
.
original url:
http://modjy.xhaus.com/related.html
Copyright ©
Alan Kennedy
2004-2008.


Instructions
* You have $50000 to spend on a team of 5 players. You have until the first game of the day to edit and save your team
* Once the first game starts, you can no longer make changes to your team
* Your team acquires points based on their game stats. See the below chart for details
* Once the last game of the day ends, check the standings to see how you did
* Your history can be seen in the Results page
* Check back the next day to pick a team for the next game day
Player Scoring
| Goal | 3 |
| Assist | 1 |
| LB | 0.25 |
| CTO | 1 |
| TO | -0.5 |
Goalie Scoring
Goalie will also get points for player stats
Good luck!


| FEATURE ARTICLE | |||||||||||||||||||
Paul Bergman is Professor of Law, UCLA Law School, and co-author of Reel Justice: The Courtroom Goes to the Movies.
|
Striking Back at McCarthy: Goodbye, My Fancy By Paul Bergman Many people think of the 1950's as a time when nothing happened. An old joke characterizes Dwight Eisenhower as a "do-nothing President" and goes on to add that "of course, nothing was what the country needed done." However, the post-World War II years were anything but placid for the motion picture industry. Actors, writers and others were summoned to testify before the House Un-American Activities Committee beginning in 1947, and those who refused to renounce past suspicious activities or "name names" of those who had ties to communism were "blacklisted," or prevented from working in movies. The Blacklist was the studios' way of reassuring the public that pictures were "clean." By cooperating with HUAC, the studios undoubtedly also hoped to deter the enactment of laws regulating the motion picture industry as well as avoiding boycotts and other negative publicity. Joseph Breen, the powerful administrator of the Production Code and a committed anti-communist, worked to remove political material in films that might get Hollywood in trouble. The studios sometimes went even farther, making movies that depicted in exaggerated form the evils of Communism. For example, Big Jim McClain (John Wayne, 1952) depicted a struggle to root out communist subversives operating in Hawaii.  To many people who lived through the Blacklist era, HUAC investigations were less about a real threat of communism and more about right wing zealots trying to suppress free speech and control the minds and lawful activities of ordinary citizens. Goodbye, My Fancy (Warner Brothers, 1951), made at a time when HUAC and McCarthyism were at their peak but without even mentioning them, effectively and entertainingly argues that an open-minded and informed citizenry is the best guarantee of a strong country. It also strikes a powerful blow for academic freedom, a value that was very much in jeopardy in that era of the loyalty oath and anti-communist crusades on the campus. Dr. James Merrill (Robert Young) is the President of an exclusive women's private college; all events in the film take place during Graduation Weekend. Agatha Reed (Joan Crawford), an alumna of the college, a former journalist and now a Congresswoman (itself rather unusual in 1951!), has agreed to speak at the graduation on the condition that she be allowed to show her recently-completed documentary film on injustice and suffering. Merrill is thrilled that Reed is returning to the campus; they were once secret lovers and he hopes to convince her to marry him. However, Matt Cole (Frank Lovejoy), another journalist, is also on the scene, camera in hand, ostensibly to memorialize the graduation events, but in reality hoping to rekindle his own relationship with Reed. While the romantic triangle furnishes a good deal of drama, the political issues emerge through the controversy that develops concerning whether Reed will be allowed to show her film at graduation. The school's trustees screen the film for themselves and decide that it cannot be shown. The trustees fear that the film will put dangerous thoughts in the minds of the women students (whom they think of as girls) at a time when they still need to be protected from social problems. Reed is very disappointed when she realizes that, while Merrill has seen the film and disagrees with the trustees' decision, he is willing to accept it. After all, Merrill has been the most successful fundraiser in school history and his priority is never to antagonize the trustees. Reed argues that the trustees' financial control over the school doesn't give them the right to make educational decisions, and points out that Merrill had made those same arguments when he was a younger man and they'd been in love. Reed argues passionately but without success that education for future leadership requires exposure to different ideas and awareness of what's going on in the world. When logical argument fails, Reed decides to play hardball: she'll reveal their affair to the world unless Merrill allows the film to be shown. Another important subplot in the film involves a mildly liberal professor at the school who is about to get the sack because he insists on introducing topical material into his classes. He has the odd idea that his job is to get the women to think, not just to stuff their pretty heads with information and prepare them for marriage. Here again, the filmmakers quietly make a much-needed political argument in favor of academic freedom--another highly unpopular value at the time. My host institution, UCLA, was then known as "the little red schoolhouse" in the press and in the University of California's board of regents. Will Reed's film be shown at graduation? Will
she end up with Merrill or Cole, or perhaps neither of them? What happens to the
endangered liberal professor? You'll find out for yourself if you watch Goodbye, My
Fancy. But no matter how its plot points are resolved, the film plays as a strong (and
highly unusual) counter-point to the 1950's anti-communist hysteria.
______ Published July 1, 2000
|


Claims over Westport Christmas lights funding are slammed
THE cathaoirleach of Mayo County Council has slammed what he described as 'rumours' in respect of the Christmas lighting scheme in Westport.
Councillor Brendan Mulroy was responding to claims by Councilloy Johnny O'Malley that funding had not been set aside for the scheme in the 2019 budget while Councillor Peter Flynn also raised concerns about the matter,
Westport-based Councillor Mulroy said: “I can absolutely say this is totally unfounded. I would urge the people who spread such rumours to take a step back and stop spreading this message.
“Myself and Councillor Christy Hyland have put together a financial package from council funds that will ensure Westport is looking bright this Christmas and fully lighted up.
“We also leave the lights on for January as it can be a dark, sad and difficult month for some people.
"Santa will be coming to Westport and he will see us from the sky. Happy Christmas.”
Councillor Peter Flynn said with revenues up 50% from car parking fees alone this year, he is looking forward to seeing Westport town centre and Quay returning to the standards of years past.


boundaryconditions¶
UseConditionsOffice18599 module¶
Description
The UseConditionsOffice18599 module contains the useconditions for the typebuildings according to the DIN V 18599 [DINV1859910] and the SIA 2024 [SwissSocietyofEngineersandArchitects.March2006]. In detail the attributes are structured in the following sections:
- Usage and operation times
- Lighting (The hourly profiles here are based on the usage and operation times)
- Room climate
- Internal gains
- Misc
UseConditions18599
This module is a container for UseConditions following 18599 and SIA
Bases:
teaser.logic.buildingobjects.useconditions.UseConditions
Use Conditions DIN 18599
Class that contains the boundary conditions of use for non-residential buildings defined in DIN V 18599-10
Attributes
Note: the attributes description are translations from DIN V 18599-10 standard USAGE AND OPERATION TIMES usage: str usage type - Nutzungsart typical_length: typical length of a usage zone - typische Zonenlaenge typical width: typical width of a usage zone - typische Zonenbreite usage_time ([int]) usage time [begin, end] (h) - Nutzungszeit daily_usage_hours (int) daily usage time (h) - taegliche Nutzungsstunden yearly_usage_days (int) operating days per year (d) - jaehrliche Nutzungstage yearly_usage_hours_day (int) operating hours per year during daytime (h) - jaehrliche Nutzungsstunden zur Tagzeit yearly_usage_hours_night (int) operating hours per year during nighttime (h) - jaehrliche Nutzungsstunden zur Nachtzeit daily_operation_ahu_cooling: int operating hours of AHU and cooling - taegliche Betriebsstunden RLT und Kuehlung yearly_ahu_days (int) operating days AHU per year (d) - jaehrliche Betriebstage fuer RLT yearly_heating_days (int) operating days heating per year - jaehrliche Betriebstage fuer Heizung yearly_cooling_days (int) operating days Cooling per year (h) - jaehrliche Betriebstage fuer Kuehlung daily_operation_heating (int) operating hours of heating (h) - taegliche Betriebsstunden Heizung LIGHTING maintained_illuminace (int) maintained illuminance value (lx) - Wartungswert der Beleuchtungsstaerke usage_level_height: float height of the usage level (m) - Hoehe der Nutzebene red_factor_visual (float) reduction factor for visual task sector - Minderungsfaktor Bereich Sehaufgabe rel_absence (float) relative absence - Raumindex room_index (float) room index - jaehrliche Betriebstage fuer Kuehlung part_load_factor_lighting (float) part load factor of building usage time for lighting - Teilbetriebsfaktor der Gebaeudebetriebszeit fuer Beleuchtung ratio_conv_rad_lighting (float) describes the ratio between convective and radiative heat transfer of the lighting ROOM CLIMATE set_temp_heat: float internal set temperature heating - Raum-Solltemperatur Heizung set_temp_cool: float internal set temperature cooling - Raum-Solltemperatur Kuehlung temp_set_back: float set back in reduced operation mode - Temperaturabsenkung reduzierter Betrieb min_temp_heat (float) design minimal temperature heating - Minimaltemperatur Auslegung Heizung max_temp_cool (float) design maximal temperature cooling - Maximaltemperatur Auslegung Kuehlung rel_humidity (float) relative humidity - Feuchteanforderung d min_air_exchange (float) required minimal air exchange, due to usage - Mindestaussenluftvolumenstrom rel_absence_ahu (float) relative absence for AHU - Relative Abwesenheit RLT part_load_factor_ahu: float part load factor of building usage time for AHU - Teilbetriebsfaktor der Gebaeudebetriebszeit RLT cooling_time ([int]) cooling time [begin, end] - Beginn/Ende Betriebszeit RLT und Kuehlung heating_time ([int]) heating time [begin, end] - Beginn/End Betriebszeit Heizung INTERNAL GAINS persons (int) number of persons - Personen activity_type_persons (int) persons activity ratio_conv_rad_persons (float) describes the ratio between convective and radiative heat transfer of the persons profile_persons ([float]) timeline of internal gains (persons) from 0 - 100 - Nutzungsprofil Personen machines: float number of Machines - Arbeitshilfen activity_type_machines (int) machines activity ratio_conv_rad_machines (float) describes the ratio between convective and radiative heat transfer of the lighting profile_machines ([float]) timeline of internal gains (machines) from 0 - 100 - Nutzungsprofil Geraete lighting_power (float) spec. electr. Power for lighting - spez. Elektr. Leistung-Raumbeleuchtung profile_lighting ([float]) timeline of internal gains (lighting) from 0 - 100 - Nutzungsprofil Licht MISC/AHU min_ahu: float min ahu - minAHU max_ahu (float) max ahu - maxAHU with_ahu (boolean) with ahu - withAHU use_constant_ach_rate (boolean) choose if a constant ACH rate should be used base_ach (float) base value for the infiltration rate max_user_ach (float) additional infiltration rate for maximum persons activity max_overheating_ach (list) additional infiltration rate when overheating appears max_summer_ach (list) additional infiltration rate in the summer with [infiltration_rate, Tmin, Tmax] winter_reduction (list) reduction factor of userACH for cold weather with [infiltration_rate, Tmin, Tmax] Methods
load typical use conditions
loads Use conditions specified in the XML, according to 18599
Parameters: zone_usage : str
code list for zone_usage according to 18599
Use conditions saver.
Saves use conditions according to their usage type in the the XML file for use conditions in InputData. If the Project parent is set, it automatically saves it to the file given in Project.data. Alternatively you can specify a path to a file of UseConditions. If this file does not exist, a new file is created.
Parameters: path : str
path where unique file should be stored
name : str
name of of unique file


$def with (username, tfa_secret, qrcode, error) $:{RENDER("common/stage_title.html", ["Enable 2FA: Step 2", "Two-Factor Authentication", "/control/2fa/status"])}
Username: ${username}
In order to proceed from this point onwards, you will need a compatible app such as Google Authenticator for Android and iOS devices, or OATH Toolkit for Linux, to generate time-based tokens each time you log into your Weasyl account.
Your TOTP secret key is: ${tfa_secret[0:4] + ' ' + tfa_secret[4:8] + ' ' + tfa_secret[8:12] + ' ' + tfa_secret[12:16]}


Sourcer A game that fights using JavaScript programs.
Let's write code and fight against others'.
Overview
This is a game playing a match using an aircraft operating with a JavaScript program called sourcer.
Rule
The goal of a game is for attack the opponent's shield to 0, winning the game.
Attack
- Laser
- The laser flies straight. The laser ammo is unlimited.
- Missile
- The missile can be operating with a JavaScript program like sourcer. The missile ammo is 20. Missiles can be shot down with a laser.
Status
- Shield
- Initial value 100. The shield will decrease when attacked. When the shield of your sourcer runs out, you lose.
- Temperature
- Initial value 0. It will rise when you attack or get damaged. When the temperature exceeds 100, the shield gradually decreases. The temperature gradually decreases.
- Fuel
- Initial value 100. Fuel is reduced as you move. When the fuel runs out, it can not move.
- Missile ammo
- Initial value 20.
Other
- There is a ground at a position where the altitude is 0, Touching the ground reduces shielding.
- Sourcer is pulled by gravity and gradually attracted to the ground unless it moves. Lasers and missiles are not affected by gravity.
Program
Register the program by returning function.
You can operate with the controller of the argument.
var bot = function(controller) { if (controller.altitude() < 100) { // ascent when the altitude goes down. controller.ascent(); } controller.ahead(); }; return bot;
Entry commands by the controller => Command execution => Entry command => Execution => ... will be repeated.
Behavior that can be done with the controller.
- Move
- Ahead, back, ascent, descent.
- Radar
- Scanning enemies, Scanning flying attacks.
- Attack
- Laser launch, missile launch.
- Check status
- Check shield, temperature, fuel, missile ammo.
If you use radar, the time to the next action will be longer.
Only one attack is accepted in a single action.
The missile program is specified as an argument when fire command.
var missile = function(controller) { if(controller.scanEnemy(90, 180)) { controller.turnLeft(); } else { controller.turnRight(); } controller.speedUp(); }; var bot = function(controller) { // ... controller.fireMissile(missile); // ... }; return bot;
API Documents
SourcerController
Controller for operating sourcer.
Methods
frame()
Get the number of frames since starting.
- returns {number}
- The number of frames since starting.
altitude()
Get current altitude.
- returns {number}
- Current altitude.
wait(frame)
Wait for the specified number of frames.
- {number} frame
- Number of frames to make to wait.
shield()
Get the shield value.
- returns {number}
- The shield value.
fuel()
Get the fuel value.
- returns {number}
- The fuel value.
temperature()
Get the temperature value.
- returns {number}
- The temperature value.
missileAmmo()
Get the missile ammo value.
- returns {number}
- The missile ammo value.
scanEnemy(direction, angle, renge)
Scans for enemies in the specified direction, range and distance.
- {number} direction
- Direction of the radar. The direction of Sourcer is 0, the upward direction is a positive value, the downward direction is a negative value.
- {number} angle
- The width angle of the radar.
- {number} renge
- The distance renge of the radar. If omitted, it is judged regardless of the distance.
- returns {boolean}
- True if an enemy was in the specified range.
Sample
controller.scanEnemy(45, 60, 75);
In case of rightward
In case of leftward
controller.scanEnemy(-45, 120, 50);
In case of rightward
In case of leftward
scanAttack(direction, angle, renge)
Scans for enemy attack in the specified direction, range and distance.
- {number} direction
- Direction of the radar. The direction of Sourcer is 0, the upward direction is a positive value, the downward direction is a negative value.
- {number} angle
- The width angle of the radar.
- {number} renge
- The distance renge of the radar. If omitted, it is judged regardless of the distance.
- returns {boolean}
- True if an enemy attack was in the specified range.
ahead()
Move forward.
back()
Move backward.
ascent()
Move upward.
descent()
Move downward.
turn()
Turn the opposite direction.
fireLaser(direction, power)
Fire the laser.
- {number} direction
- Direction of the radar. The direction of Sourcer is 0, the upward direction is a positive value, the downward direction is a negative value.
- {number} power
- Power to launch.
fireMissile(source)
Fire the missile.
- {function} source
- Function for controlling missiles.
log(message)
Show the message to the screen.
- {string} message
- Message to output
You can also use console.log()
scanDebug(direction, angle, renge)
Show the circular sector for the specified direction, range and distance.
- {number} direction
- Direction of the circular sector. The direction of Sourcer is 0, the upward direction is a positive value, the downward direction is a negative value.
- {number} angle
- The width angle of the circular sector.
- {number} renge
- The distance renge of the circular sector. If omitted, It is filled with tentative value.
MissileController
Controller for operating missile.
Methods
frame()
Get the number of frames since starting.
- returns {number}
- The number of frames since starting.
altitude()
Get current altitude.
- returns {number}
- Current altitude.
wait(frame)
Wait for the specified number of frames.
- {number} frame
- Number of frames to make to wait.
fuel()
Get the fuel value.
- returns {number}
- The fuel value.
direction()
Get the direction of the missile.
The right horizontal direction is 0, the counterclockwise direction is a positive value, the clockwise direction is a negative value.
- returns {number}
- The direction of the missile.
scanEnemy(direction, angle, renge)
Scans for enemies in the specified direction, range and distance.
Please note that the range specification method is different from Source.
- {number} direction
- Direction of the radar. The direction of missile is 0, the counterclockwise direction is a positive value, the clockwise direction is a negative value.
- {number} angle
- The width angle of the radar.
- {number} renge
- The distance renge of the radar. If omitted, it is judged regardless of the distance.
- returns {boolean}
- True if an enemy attack was in the specified range.
Sample
controller.scanEnemy(45, 60, 75);
In case of upward
In case of downward
In case of rightward
In case of leftward
speedUp()
Increase the speed.
speedDown()
Reduce the speed.
turnRight()
Turn to the right.
turnLeft()
Turn to the left.
log(message)
Show the message to the screen.
- {string} message
- Message to output
You can also use console.log()
scanDebug(direction, angle, renge)
Show the circular sector for the specified direction, range and distance.
- {number} direction
- Direction of the circular sector. The direction of Sourcer is 0, the upward direction is a positive value, the downward direction is a negative value.
- {number} angle
- The width angle of the circular sector.
- {number} renge
- The distance renge of the circular sector. If omitted, It is filled with tentative value.


JSmod JavaScript MOD player
(c) 2011-2015<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Drop MOD file here
Rewind
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Title...
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Current pattern...
No patterns loaded yet...


Language basics
Stack
LilTea is a stack-based programming language with a single stack. Every operations performs a action on the stack and pushes the result.
This is a domain specific language made for golfing challenges. Its based on JavaScript so you will have to have Node.js as interpretator and thats all.

Atoms
Atoms are the main part of the language. They are built-in functions making solutions quite easier and faster. Below you can see a list of all the atoms LilTea supports and thanks to the implementation of the language and that they can be added easily so many more are on the way!
| lilTea symbol | bigTea symbol | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
| + | add | |
| Pops the top 2 values and pushes their sum | ||
| - | subtraction | |
| Pops the top 2 values and pushes their difference | ||
| * | subtraction | |
| Pops the top 2 values and pushes their product | ||
| / | divide | |
| Pops the top 2 values and pushes their quotient | ||
| % | modulo | |
| Pops the top 2 values and pushes their their remainder after division | ||
| $ | at | |
| Pushes the current iteration index | ||
| null | ascendingSort | |
| Sorts the top array in ascending order | ||
| null | descendingSort | |
| Sorts the top array in descending order | ||
| null | square | |
| Pops the top value and pushes it's square | ||
| null | sqrt | |
| Pops the top value and pushes it's square | ||
| null | dup | |
| Pushes the top value | ||
| null | tan | |
| Pops the top value and pushes it's tan | ||
| null | sin | |
| Pops the top value and pushes it's sin | ||
| null | cos | |
| Pops the top value and pushes it's cos | ||
| null | empty | |
| Pops everything | ||
| null | stackLenght | |
| Pushes the length of the stack | ||
| null | element | |
| Pops the top value and pushes the element of the top array at that index | ||
| m | elementPop | |
| Pops the top value and the top array and pushes the element at that index | ||
| = | compare | |
| Pops the top 2 values and pushes their equality | ||
| p | ||
| Print the top value | ||
| P | printPop | |
| Pop the top value and print it | ||
| . | increment | |
| Increment the top value with 1 | ||
| _ | decrement | |
| Decrement the top value with 1 | ||
| null | toString | |
| Converts a to string | ||
| null | toInteger | |
| Converts a to number | ||
| null | toArray | |
| Converts a to array | ||
| null | fact | |
| Pops a and pushes its factoriel | ||
| null | ceil | |
| Ceils a | ||
| null | floor | |
| Floors a | ||
| g | bigger | |
| Checks if the last element is bigger than the previous one | ||
| l | less | |
| Checks if the last element is less than the previous one | ||
| & | bitswiseAnd | |
| Push the bitwise AND comparisment of the last two elements | ||
| | | bitswiseOr | |
| Push the bitwise OR comparisment of the last two elements | ||
| x | bitswiseXor | |
| Push the bitwise XOR comparisment of the last two elements | ||
| n | notEqual | |
| Pops the top 2 values and pushes 1 if they are not equal and 0 if they are equal | ||
| ^ | pop | |
| Pops the value depending on the modificator | ||
| O | doubleDup | |
| Duplicate the last two values | ||
| s | swap | |
| Swap the top 2 values | ||
| t | debugPrintStack | |
| prints the stack (debugging) | ||
| ~ | NOP | |
| Does nothing. |


Class Handler
Description of HtmlForm_Handler
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| 016:035 Khan | : |
And those who join others in worship with Allah say: "If Allah had so willed, neither we nor our fathers would have worshipped aught but Him, nor would we have forbidden anything without (Command from) Him." So did those before them. Then! Are the Messengers charged with anything but to convey clearly the Message? |
| 016:035 Maulana | : |
And the idolaters say: Had Allah pleased, we had not served aught but Him, (neither) we nor our fathers, nor had we prohibited aught without (order from) Him. Thus did those before them. But have the messengers any duty except a plain delivery (of the message)? |
| 016:035 Pickthal | : |
And the idolaters say: Had Allah willed, we had not worshipped aught beside Him, we and our fathers, nor had we forbidden aught without (command from) Him. Even so did those before them. Are the messengers charged with aught save plain conveyance (of the message)? |
| 016:035 Rashad | : |
The idol worshipers say, "Had GOD willed, we would not worship any idols besides Him, nor would our parents. Nor would we prohibit anything besides His prohibitions." Those before them have done the same. Can the messengers do anything but deliver the complete message? |
| 016:035 Sarwar | : |
The pagans had said, "Had God wanted we would not have worshipped anything other than Him, nor would our fathers. We would not have forbidden anything without (a command from) Him." The same thing was said by the people who lived before them. Are the Messengers expected to do more than just preach? |
| 016:035 Shakir | : |
And they who give associates (to Allah) say: If Allah had pleased, we would not have served anything besides Allah, (neither) we nor our fathers, nor would we have prohibited anything without (order from) Him. Thus did those before them; is then aught incumbent upon the messengers except a plain delivery (of the message)? |
| 016:035 Sherali | : |
And the idolaters say, 'If ALLAH had so willed, we should not have worshiped anything beside HIM, neither we nor our fathers, nor should we have forbidden anything without command from HIM.' So did those who opposed the truth before them. Are the Messengers responsible for anything except the plain delivery of the Message? |
| 016:035 Yusufali | : |
The worshippers of false gods say: "If Allah had so willed, we should not have worshipped aught but Him - neither we nor our fathers,- nor should we have prescribed prohibitions other than His." So did those who went before them. But what is the mission of messengers but to preach the Clear Message? |
Concepts/Themes Covered: أركان الإسلام > التوحيد > الشرك والمشركون > الشُبَه التي يحتج بها المشركون Pillars of Islam> Islamic> Polytheism and the Polytheists> The Pretexts Offered by the Polytheists as a Proof أركان الإسلام > التوحيد > الكافرون > شُبه الكفار واحتجاجهم بالقدر Pillars of Islam> Islamic> The Disbelievers> The Disbelievers' Pretexts and Their Plea in Destiny القرآن الكريم > محاججة المنكرين والجاحدين The Holy Quran> Arguing the Denyers and the Unbelievers
This tool uses eight English parallel translations for the Holy Quran imported from Mr. Clay Smith. You can also visit Qurany Concepts for browsing the Quran themes or topics. If you want to search the Holy Quran for keywords, please visit Qurany Keywords.


Omega 3 rich egg
Omega 3 rich egg is a Green-Green food. Green-Green foods are very safe to eat as a regular part of a diet.
Category Quotes
Guideline related quotes related to Eggs and Green-Green throughout Geoff Bond's publications.
For the meat, poultry, eggs, and fish group, Preferably consume two servings a day of “Green-Green” foods. If unavailable, you can consume two servings a day of “Green” foods. ~Paleo in a Nutshell p.102
To be in conformity with the Savanna Model Use only omega-3-rich, free-range, organic hen’s eggs. ~Paleo in a Nutshell p.102
For the meat, poultry, eggs, and fish group Restrict total food group servings per session to one. ~Paleo in a Nutshell p.102
For the meat, poultry, eggs, and fish group, Restrict total food group servings per day to two. ~Paleo in a Nutshell p.102
Additional Quotes
Specific references to Omega 3 rich egg throughout Geoff Bond's publications.
Omega-3 rich/fortified eggs are fine—but best of all, if you can get them, are farmyard eggs from hens that have been scratching around eating insects, worms, seeds, and greenery (like purslane). ~Paleo in a Nutshell p.48
Our Pleistocene forebears consumed all kinds of eggs: Ostrich, bustard, duck, and anything else they could find. Hen's eggs come close, with a proviso— seek out eggs that are rich in omega-3 oils, and it is preferable if they are also free-range and organic. Duck, turkey, quail, and goose eggs are good, too. Industrially produced eggs are a poor substitute and should not be consumed on a regular basis. ~Paleo in a Nutshell p.70
Omega-3-rich, free-range eggs any style are fine to start the day. Make a hearty vegetable-filled omelet or grill some tomatoes and mushrooms to go with the eggs. Don't forget that plant food should form the major part of the meal, and no backsliding— definitely no bread. ~Paleo in a Nutshell p.87
In our African Pleistocene past, our ancestors did indeed have fire, but they had no way to boil water. They generally ate plant food raw, although they often roasted tubers and sometimes roasted nuts and other materials. Animal matter, according to convenience, type, and body part, was eaten raw or roasted. Eggs were also eaten raw. ~Paleo in a Nutshell p.91
To be in conformity with the Savanna Model Use only omega-3-rich, free-range, organic hen’s eggs. ~Paleo in a Nutshell p.102
Of course, many people bring up their children successfully as vegetarians. However, staying with the Savanna Model, fish and fowl are fine. Free-range, omega-3-rich eggs are always good in any quantity.  They ate every part of the animal—brains, blood, intestines, and even the feces. On occasion, the women would gather eggs, crabs, mollusks, and shellfish. ~Paleo in a Nutshell p.119
The women also collect eggs of all kinds and capture small animals such as locusts, caterpillars, grubs, toads, tortoises, and snakes. Ostrich eggs are particularly valued. The contents supply a good portion of food, the shells make containers for water, and bits of shell are carved into beads. ~Deadly Harvest p.15
Total animal matter consumption (that is, game animals plus eggs and all the gathered and fished animals) is no more than around 8 ounces (225 g) per person per day. Plant food is about 2 pounds (900 g) per day. This weight of food is rather less than even the San would like to be eating ~Deadly Harvest p.17
For Aborigines, The animal food collected would be eggs, turtles, snakes, shellfish, crabs, caterpillars (e.g., the witchety grub and the bogong moth), land snails, and the goanna (a giant lizard). Sweet foods were very rare but much prized. Disproportionate amounts of time were spent on finding a bees' nest to smoke out. Other sweetmeats were the honey ant, gorged with nectar, and "lerp," a sweet insect secretion on eucalyptus leaves. In times of scarcity, grass seeds were collected, winnowed, and ground between two handheld stones. The drudgery of this task was viewed with such distaste that it was only done very rarely. ~Deadly Harvest p.19
Several studies have examined the effort compared to the benefit for various feeding patterns. Not surprisingly, they find that, overall, it requires the least effort to collect foodstuffs that stay still or only move very slowly. Therefore, plants of all kinds, eggs, and slow-moving animals provide the vast bulk of the diet. In addition, foods that require little or no processing are given top priority. As we saw, the Aboriginal only ate grass seed as a last resort; it was just too time-consuming and tedious. ~Deadly Harvest p.23
Eggs formed a regular part of our ancestors' diet whenever they could find them. Of course, they were not restricted in the species of bird— anything from guinea fowl eggs to ostrich eggs would do just fine. Being in the tropics, the seasons did not vary much throughout the year, so there was usually the egg of some bird or another available most of the time for the San. ~Deadly Harvest p.61
The first farmers had to go looking for wild eggs. The Fertile Crescent is outside the tropics (it is about the same latitude as Washington, D.C.) and mostly eggs only came along in spring. It was not until chickens were domesticated that eggs were "farmed": wherever the chicken arrived, the hen's egg arrived too. ~Deadly Harvest p.61
The gathering of wild eggs today is greatly restricted by government regulation in most developed countries. However, the eggs of many species are available in small quantities as a by-product of the management of game birds. In this way, eggs from quail, pigeons, gulls, lapwings, plovers, pheasants, and ostriches are available to culinary enthusiasts. ~Deadly Harvest p.62
Humans evolved in an area, the African Rift Valley, that was endowed with lakes and streams. Humans of that time freely consumed shellfish, fish, wading birds, and ducks and their eggs. Leigh Broadhurst calculates that the quantities consumed did not have to be large— just 6% to 12% of calories. ~Deadly Harvest p.106
Dr. Artemis Simopoulos of the Center for Genetics, Nutrition, and Health, in Washington, D.C., is one of the foremost advocates of the need to incorporate omega-3 oils in the human diet. He observes that "on the Ampelistra farm in Greece, purslane is plentiful and grows wild; the chickens make a feast of it, along with insects and lots of fresh green grass, supplemented with fresh and dried figs, barley flour, and small amounts of corn. . . . As we expected, the eggs contained substantial amounts of omega-3 fatty acids."38 The Greek egg had an omega-6 to omega-3 ratio of 1.3 to 1, whereas a supermarket egg has a ratio of almost 20 to 1. The point is that many animal products have become unhealthy because the feed given to the animal bears no resemblance to the natural feeding pattern of the creature. As a result, the flesh and eggs are devoid of omega-3 oils. ~Deadly Harvest p.129
The food industry should correct this imbalance. One of the secrets to the Greek free-range egg is the omega-3-rich purslane that the chickens were eating. Now some egg farmers are producing omega-3 rich eggs by feeding the chicken on flaxseed, which is itself rich in omega-3s. ~Deadly Harvest p.129
Eggs Any Style. Omega-3-rich, free-range eggs any style are fine to start the day. Make a hearty vegetable-filled omelet or grill some tomatoes and mushrooms with eggs any style. Don't forget that plant food should form the major part of the meal, and no backsliding— definitely no bread. ~Deadly Harvest p.161


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Medieval catalogues > AUGUSTINIAN CANONS > Thornton > Leland, c. 1536-40
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All data was derived from the List of Identifications by Professor Richard Sharpe.
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I took a Canadian Goverment specific algorithmic impact assessment and applied content strategy, prototyping and user testing to create a globally applicable streamlined questionnaire.
My role was to conduct UX research, prototyping and UI design.
I started with a excel sheet and created a lo-fi prototype with powerpoint slides, then a survey platform. I sent it to several colleges and asked followup questions. I observed their behavior while they took the assessment and timed them.
As result I created a high-fidelity prototype of what the assessment could be like on the AI Global Website.
Then I created a platform for where users can get their results from the assessment
I designed the assessment this way to streamline a in depth assessment and reduce the time it takes users to complete the assessment and then get resources to help understand the results


VENGEANCE IS MINE (1979)
"How long must we suffer because of you?"
3.5 out of ****
Starring Ken Ogata, Rentaro Mikuni, Mitsuko Baisho, Mayumi Ogawa Directed by Shohei Imamura Written by Masaru Baba, from a novel by Ryuzo Saki Cinematography by Sinsaku Himeda
A man gets into a truck with two co-workers. He has done this many times before. They joke casually and drive down the road a way. The man and one of the co-workers get out, and go up a hill, out of sight of the truck. The man then viciously kills his co-worker. He returns to the truck, and later kills the other man, stabbing him repeatedly, remorselessly, in an act of unmitigated violence. There is no obvious reason for him to do this.
There are many ways to respond when we hear about something like this. Horror. Incomprehension. Sympathy for the victims' families. And curiosity. Not the morbid curiosity which keeps tabloid talk-shows on TV, but the curiosity that makes us wonder why anyone would do something like this, hoping that if we understood, we might be able to come to terms with it. Understanding might offer some measure of peace.
 As one would expect from the iconoclastic Japanese director, the serial killer (Ken Ogata, in a magnificent performance) is not treated in the expected manner. This is not a suspense-filled yarn, pitting a brilliant detective against a wily villain in a deadly game of cat-and-mouse. Imamura begins his film with the killer, Enokizu, already in police custody, aware that he will soon be executed for his crimes. We are told how many people he killed, during the 78 days between the first murders and his arrest. There is no suspense.
Instead, this is a character study told in flashbacks. We meet Enokizu's father (Rentaro Mikuni), a devout Catholic who the young Enokizu considers a coward, after a key early childhood scene. We meet his wife (Mitsuko Baisho), a young woman he impregnates and marries out of a sense of duty, not love. He becomes a criminal, a con artist, and is imprisoned for fraud; his wife divorces him, but the father persuades her to remarry him. He is released, and beats his wife for her infidelity.
The killings proceed logically from these past events, although we cannot point to a specific moment and say, 'That's what did it--that's what made him a murderer.' Later, we will meet his final victims, a brothel madam and her mother. The madam (Mayumi Ogawa) falls in love with the killer, posing as a university professor, and remains devoted even after she learns what he has done. He kills her too. There is a sad inevitability to it all.
But because this is an Imamura film, it is not sad and reflective about what happens. Shocking brutality and black humour are par for the course.  The way Imamura accomplishes this is interesting. He does not embellish the killings with stylistic flourishes, nor does he play campy music on the soundtrack à la Lynch or Tarantino. He simply presents these brutal acts plainly, objectively, without excess. The movie does not tell us what to feel; it simply shows what happens, putting as little distance as possible between audience and screen, leaving us to consider these heinous crimes in cold, merciless detail. It is disquieting, and it is also superb directing.
Imamura views Japanese society with the same clinical detachment. His entire career is an ongoing critique of his society, and here we see a Japan which passively allows a killer to walk in its midst, and even accepts him, on some level. Enokizu's face is on billboard notices, on TV, even in movie theatres, after the first two murders, yet he walks the streets of Tokyo and no one turns him in. Some people notice his resemblance to the serial killer whose picture is being broadcast, but they figure that it either can't be him, or if it is him, it's not worth getting involved.
But the focus of the film is the killer, not his society, and by the time the end credits roll, we know Enokizu intimately. He does not rant and rave very often; he is not visibly different from anyone else; he is intelligent and capable of charm. But we are not surprised that he killed people--we are only surprised that it took him so long.
Do we understand his actions any better, finally? Enokizu has the definitive answer to that: when a detective says that he still doesn't understand the motive for the last two murders, the killer replies, "You never will." We are in the same position. We'll never understand. And so Imamura--whose films don't give you a warm, fuzzy feeling at the best of times--here presents the one thing worse than a world where a man kills people for no apparent reason: a world in which there really is no reason for his actions. It's an uncomfortable message, but turn on the evening news tonight, or open the newspaper tomorrow morning, and you may find it hard to disagree.
A Review by David Dalgleish (March 22/1998<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
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News story
Changes are being made to the 2015 to 2016 qualifications approval process in a bid to move towards a more simplified system.
Awarding organisations have been informed that the next planned approvals process, which closes on September 3, will now be the last for the 2015 to 2016 year, for most qualifications.
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This follows three previous submission processes, which took place in March, May and June.
Those qualifications that will continue to be approved include:
The change for the 2015 to 2016 process comes following the publication of the government’s productivity plan, which identifies the important role of a professional and technical education system in increasing productivity. The report also emphasises the need for such a system to have a clear and high-quality set of routes to employment and higher-level skills.
Delivering the vision outlined in the plan is likely to involve a number of changes, which will apply to what is publicly funded in the future. We’re already working on how we can simplify and align the offer for 2016 to 2017, so that there is a coherent and seamless offer for learners aged 19 to 23, and greater flexibility for providers to respond to local priorities. In the autumn, in advance of the 2015 annual review, we will communicate with awarding organisations on any further changes.
The current offer of funded qualifications already covers Entry to Level 4 and all sector subject areas.
If you’re an awarding organisation and have any queries about this change, please email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>.


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