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perlfaq3 - Programming Tools
version 5.021011
This section of the FAQ answers questions related to programmer tools and programming support.
Have you looked at CPAN (see perlfaq2)? The chances are that someone has already written a module that can solve your problem. Have you read the appropriate manpages? Here's a brief index:
http://www.cpan.org/misc/olddoc/FMTEYEWTK.tgz (not a man-page but still useful, a collection of various essays on Perl techniques)
A crude table of contents for the Perl manpage set is found in perltoc.
The typical approach uses the Perl debugger, described in the perldebug(1) manpage, on an "empty" program, like this:
perl -de 42
Now just type in any legal Perl code, and it will be immediately evaluated. You can also examine the symbol table, get stack backtraces, check variable values, set breakpoints, and other operations typically found in symbolic debuggers.
You can also use Devel::REPL which is an interactive shell for Perl, commonly known as a REPL - Read, Evaluate, Print, Loop. It provides various handy features.
From the command line, you can use the cpan
command's -l
switch:
$ cpan -l
You can also use cpan
's -a
switch to create an autobundle file that CPAN.pm
understands and can use to re-install every module:
$ cpan -a
Inside a Perl program, you can use the ExtUtils::Installed module to show all installed distributions, although it can take awhile to do its magic. The standard library which comes with Perl just shows up as "Perl" (although you can get those with Module::CoreList).
use ExtUtils::Installed; my $inst = ExtUtils::Installed->new(); my @modules = $inst->modules();
If you want a list of all of the Perl module filenames, you can use File::Find::Rule:
use File::Find::Rule; my @files = File::Find::Rule-> extras({follow => 1})-> file()-> name( '*.pm' )-> in( @INC ) ;
If you do not have that module, you can do the same thing with File::Find which is part of the standard library:
use File::Find; my @files; find( { wanted => sub { push @files, $File::Find::fullname if -f $File::Find::fullname && /\.pm$/ }, follow => 1, follow_skip => 2, }, @INC ); print join "\n", @files;
If you simply need to check quickly to see if a module is available, you can check for its documentation. If you can read the documentation the module is most likely installed. If you cannot read the documentation, the module might not have any (in rare cases):
$ perldoc Module::Name
You can also try to include the module in a one-liner to see if perl finds it:
$ perl -MModule::Name -e1
(If you don't receive a "Can't locate ... in @INC" error message, then Perl found the module name you asked for.)
(contributed by brian d foy)
Before you do anything else, you can help yourself by ensuring that you let Perl tell you about problem areas in your code.  You can find out more about these in strict and warnings.
#!/usr/bin/perl use strict; use warnings;
Beyond that, the simplest debugger is the print
function. Use it to look at values as you run your program:
print STDERR "The value is [$value]\n";
The Data::Dumper module can pretty-print Perl data structures:
use Data::Dumper qw( Dumper ); print STDERR "The hash is " . Dumper( \%hash ) . "\n";
Perl comes with an interactive debugger, which you can start with the -d
switch. It's fully explained in perldebug.
If you'd like a graphical user interface and you have Tk, you can use ptkdb
. It's on CPAN and available for free.
If you need something much more sophisticated and controllable, Leon Brocard's Devel::ebug (which you can call with the -D
switch as -Debug
) gives you the programmatic hooks into everything you need to write your own (without too much pain and suffering).
You can also use a commercial debugger such as Affrus (Mac OS X), Komodo from Activestate (Windows and Mac OS X), or EPIC (most platforms).
(contributed by brian d foy, updated Fri Jul 25 12:22:26 PDT 2008)
The Devel
namespace has several modules which you can use to profile your Perl programs.
The Devel::NYTProf (New York Times Profiler) does both statement and subroutine profiling. It's available from CPAN and you also invoke it with the -d
switch:
perl -d:NYTProf some_perl.pl
It creates a database of the profile information that you can turn into reports. The nytprofhtml
command turns the data into an HTML report similar to the Devel::Cover report:
nytprofhtml
You might also be interested in using the Benchmark to measure and compare code snippets.
You can read more about profiling in Programming Perl, chapter 20, or Mastering Perl, chapter 5.
perldebguts documents creating a custom debugger if you need to create a special sort of profiler. brian d foy describes the process in The Perl Journal, "Creating a Perl Debugger", http://www.ddj.com/184404522 , and "Profiling in Perl" http://www.ddj.com/184404580 .
Perl.com has two interesting articles on profiling: "Profiling Perl", by Simon Cozens, http://www.perl.com/lpt/a/850 and "Debugging and Profiling mod_perl Applications", by Frank Wiles, http://www.perl.com/pub/a/2006/02/09/debug_mod_perl.html .
Randal L. Schwartz writes about profiling in "Speeding up Your Perl Programs" for Unix Review, http://www.stonehenge.com/merlyn/UnixReview/col49.html , and "Profiling in Template Toolkit via Overriding" for Linux Magazine, http://www.stonehenge.com/merlyn/LinuxMag/col75.html .
The B::Xref module can be used to generate cross-reference reports for Perl programs.
perl -MO=Xref[,OPTIONS] scriptname.plx
Perl::Tidy comes with a perl script perltidy which indents and reformats Perl scripts to make them easier to read by trying to follow the rules of the perlstyle. If you write Perl, or spend much time reading Perl, you will probably find it useful.
Of course, if you simply follow the guidelines in perlstyle, you shouldn't need to reformat. The habit of formatting your code as you write it will help prevent bugs. Your editor can and should help you with this. The perl-mode or newer cperl-mode for emacs can provide remarkable amounts of help with most (but not all) code, and even less programmable editors can provide significant assistance. Tom Christiansen and many other VI users swear by the following settings in vi and its clones:
set ai sw=4 map! ^O {^M}^[O^T
Put that in your .exrc file (replacing the caret characters with control characters) and away you go. In insert mode, ^T is for indenting, ^D is for undenting, and ^O is for blockdenting--as it were. A more complete example, with comments, can be found at http://www.cpan.org/authors/id/TOMC/scripts/toms.exrc.gz
Perl programs are just plain text, so any editor will do.
If you're on Unix, you already have an IDE--Unix itself. The Unix philosophy is the philosophy of several small tools that each do one thing and do it well. It's like a carpenter's toolbox.
If you want an IDE, check the following (in alphabetical order, not order of preference):
The Eclipse Perl Integration Project integrates Perl editing/debugging with Eclipse.
Perl Editor by EngInSite is a complete integrated development environment (IDE) for creating, testing, and debugging Perl scripts; the tool runs on Windows 9x/NT/2000/XP or later.
https://plugins.jetbrains.com/plugin/7796
Camelcade plugin provides Perl5 support in IntelliJ IDEA and other JetBrains IDEs.
GUI editor written in Perl using wxWidgets and Scintilla with lots of smaller features. Aims for a UI based on Perl principles like TIMTOWTDI and "easy things should be easy, hard things should be possible".
http://www.ActiveState.com/Products/Komodo/
ActiveState's cross-platform (as of October 2004, that's Windows, Linux, and Solaris), multi-language IDE has Perl support, including a regular expression debugger and remote debugging.
http://open-perl-ide.sourceforge.net/
Open Perl IDE is an integrated development environment for writing and debugging Perl scripts with ActiveState's ActivePerl distribution under Windows 95/98/NT/2000.
OptiPerl is a Windows IDE with simulated CGI environment, including debugger and syntax-highlighting editor.
Padre is cross-platform IDE for Perl written in Perl using wxWidgets to provide a native look and feel. It's open source under the Artistic License. It is one of the newer Perl IDEs.
http://www.solutionsoft.com/perl.htm
PerlBuilder is an integrated development environment for Windows that supports Perl development.
http://helpconsulting.net/visiperl/index.html
From Help Consulting, for Windows.
http://www.activestate.com/Products/Visual_Perl/
Visual Perl is a Visual Studio.NET plug-in from ActiveState.
http://www.zeusedit.com/lookmain.html
Zeus for Windows is another Win32 multi-language editor/IDE that comes with support for Perl.
For editors: if you're on Unix you probably have vi or a vi clone already, and possibly an emacs too, so you may not need to download anything. In any emacs the cperl-mode (M-x cperl-mode) gives you perhaps the best available Perl editing mode in any editor.
If you are using Windows, you can use any editor that lets you work with plain text, such as NotePad or WordPad. Word processors, such as Microsoft Word or WordPerfect, typically do not work since they insert all sorts of behind-the-scenes information, although some allow you to save files as "Text Only". You can also download text editors designed specifically for programming, such as Textpad ( http://www.textpad.com/ ) and UltraEdit ( http://www.ultraedit.com/ ), among others.
If you are using MacOS, the same concerns apply. MacPerl (for Classic environments) comes with a simple editor. Popular external editors are BBEdit ( http://www.barebones.com/products/bbedit/ ) or Alpha ( http://www.his.com/~jguyer/Alpha/Alpha8.html ). MacOS X users can use Unix editors as well.
or a vi clone such as
The following are Win32 multilanguage editor/IDEs that support Perl:
There is also a toyedit Text widget based editor written in Perl that is distributed with the Tk module on CPAN. The ptkdb ( http://ptkdb.sourceforge.net/ ) is a Perl/Tk-based debugger that acts as a development environment of sorts. Perl Composer ( http://perlcomposer.sourceforge.net/ ) is an IDE for Perl/Tk GUI creation.
In addition to an editor/IDE you might be interested in a more powerful shell environment for Win32. Your options include
from the Cygwin package ( http://cygwin.com/ )
Cygwin is covered by the GNU General Public License (but that shouldn't matter for Perl use). Cygwin contains (in addition to the shell) a comprehensive set of standard Unix toolkit utilities.
are text editors for OS X that have a Perl sensitivity mode ( http://www.barebones.com/ ).
For a complete version of Tom Christiansen's vi configuration file, see http://www.cpan.org/authors/Tom_Christiansen/scripts/toms.exrc.gz , the standard benchmark file for vi emulators. The file runs best with nvi, the current version of vi out of Berkeley, which incidentally can be built with an embedded Perl interpreter--see http://www.cpan.org/src/misc/ .
Since Emacs version 19 patchlevel 22 or so, there have been both a perl-mode.el and support for the Perl debugger built in. These should come with the standard Emacs 19 distribution.
Note that the perl-mode of emacs will have fits with "main'foo"
(single quote), and mess up the indentation and highlighting. You are probably using "main::foo"
in new Perl code anyway, so this shouldn't be an issue.
For CPerlMode, see http://www.emacswiki.org/cgi-bin/wiki/CPerlMode
The Curses module from CPAN provides a dynamically loadable object module interface to a curses library. A small demo can be found at the directory http://www.cpan.org/authors/Tom_Christiansen/scripts/rep.gz ; this program repeats a command and updates the screen as needed, rendering rep ps axu similar to top.
(contributed by Ben Morrow)
There are a number of modules which let you write GUIs in Perl. Most GUI toolkits have a perl interface: an incomplete list follows.
This works under Unix and Windows, and the current version doesn't look half as bad under Windows as it used to. Some of the gui elements still don't 'feel' quite right, though. The interface is very natural and 'perlish', making it easy to use in small scripts that just need a simple gui. It hasn't been updated in a while.
This is a Perl binding for the cross-platform wxWidgets toolkit ( http://www.wxwidgets.org ). It works under Unix, Win32 and Mac OS X, using native widgets (Gtk under Unix). The interface follows the C++ interface closely, but the documentation is a little sparse for someone who doesn't know the library, mostly just referring you to the C++ documentation.
These are Perl bindings for the Gtk toolkit ( http://www.gtk.org ). The interface changed significantly between versions 1 and 2 so they have separate Perl modules. It runs under Unix, Win32 and Mac OS X (currently it requires an X server on Mac OS, but a 'native' port is underway), and the widgets look the same on every platform: i.e., they don't match the native widgets. As with Wx, the Perl bindings follow the C API closely, and the documentation requires you to read the C documentation to understand it.
This provides access to most of the Win32 GUI widgets from Perl. Obviously, it only runs under Win32, and uses native widgets. The Perl interface doesn't really follow the C interface: it's been made more Perlish, and the documentation is pretty good. More advanced stuff may require familiarity with the C Win32 APIs, or reference to MSDN.
CamelBones ( http://camelbones.sourceforge.net ) is a Perl interface to Mac OS X's Cocoa GUI toolkit, and as such can be used to produce native GUIs on Mac OS X. It's not on CPAN, as it requires frameworks that CPAN.pm doesn't know how to install, but installation is via the standard OSX package installer. The Perl API is, again, very close to the ObjC API it's wrapping, and the documentation just tells you how to translate from one to the other.
There is a Perl interface to TrollTech's Qt toolkit, but it does not appear to be maintained.
Sx is an interface to the Athena widget set which comes with X, but again it appears not to be much used nowadays.
The best way to do this is to come up with a better algorithm. This can often make a dramatic difference. Jon Bentley's book Programming Pearls (that's not a misspelling!) has some good tips on optimization, too. Advice on benchmarking boils down to: benchmark and profile to make sure you're optimizing the right part, look for better algorithms instead of microtuning your code, and when all else fails consider just buying faster hardware. You will probably want to read the answer to the earlier question "How do I profile my Perl programs?" if you haven't done so already.
A different approach is to autoload seldom-used Perl code. See the AutoSplit and AutoLoader modules in the standard distribution for that. Or you could locate the bottleneck and think about writing just that part in C, the way we used to take bottlenecks in C code and write them in assembler. Similar to rewriting in C, modules that have critical sections can be written in C (for instance, the PDL module from CPAN).
If you're currently linking your perl executable to a shared libc.so, you can often gain a 10-25% performance benefit by rebuilding it to link with a static libc.a instead. This will make a bigger perl executable, but your Perl programs (and programmers) may thank you for it. See the INSTALL file in the source distribution for more information.
The undump program was an ancient attempt to speed up Perl program by storing the already-compiled form to disk. This is no longer a viable option, as it only worked on a few architectures, and wasn't a good solution anyway.
When it comes to time-space tradeoffs, Perl nearly always prefers to throw memory at a problem. Scalars in Perl use more memory than strings in C, arrays take more than that, and hashes use even more. While there's still a lot to be done, recent releases have been addressing these issues. For example, as of 5.004, duplicate hash keys are shared amongst all hashes using them, so require no reallocation.
In some cases, using substr() or vec() to simulate arrays can be highly beneficial. For example, an array of a thousand booleans will take at least 20,000 bytes of space, but it can be turned into one 125-byte bit vector--a considerable memory savings. The standard Tie::SubstrHash module can also help for certain types of data structure. If you're working with specialist data structures (matrices, for instance) modules that implement these in C may use less memory than equivalent Perl modules.
Another thing to try is learning whether your Perl was compiled with the system malloc or with Perl's builtin malloc. Whichever one it is, try using the other one and see whether this makes a difference. Information about malloc is in the INSTALL file in the source distribution. You can find out whether you are using perl's malloc by typing perl -V:usemymalloc
.
Of course, the best way to save memory is to not do anything to waste it in the first place. Good programming practices can go a long way toward this:
Don't read an entire file into memory if you can process it line by line. Or more concretely, use a loop like this:
# # Good Idea # while (my $line = <$file_handle>) { # ... }
instead of this:
# # Bad Idea # my @data = <$file_handle>; foreach (@data) { # ... }
When the files you're processing are small, it doesn't much matter which way you do it, but it makes a huge difference when they start getting larger.
Remember that both map and grep expect a LIST argument, so doing this:
@wanted = grep {/pattern/} <$file_handle>;
will cause the entire file to be slurped. For large files, it's better to loop:
while (<$file_handle>) { push(@wanted, $_) if /pattern/; }
Don't quote large strings unless absolutely necessary:
my $copy = "$large_string";
makes 2 copies of $large_string (one for $copy and another for the quotes), whereas
my $copy = $large_string;
only makes one copy.
Ditto for stringifying large arrays:
{ local $, = "\n"; print @big_array; }
is much more memory-efficient than either
print join "\n", @big_array;
or
{ local $" = "\n"; print "@big_array"; }
Pass arrays and hashes by reference, not by value. For one thing, it's the only way to pass multiple lists or hashes (or both) in a single call/return. It also avoids creating a copy of all the contents. This requires some judgement, however, because any changes will be propagated back to the original data. If you really want to mangle (er, modify) a copy, you'll have to sacrifice the memory needed to make one.
For "big" data stores (i.e. ones that exceed available memory) consider using one of the DB modules to store it on disk instead of in RAM. This will incur a penalty in access time, but that's probably better than causing your hard disk to thrash due to massive swapping.
Yes. Perl's garbage collection system takes care of this so everything works out right.
sub makeone { my @a = ( 1 .. 10 ); return \@a; } for ( 1 .. 10 ) { push @many, makeone(); } print $many[4][5], "\n"; print "@many\n";
(contributed by Michael Carman)
You usually can't. Memory allocated to lexicals (i.e. my() variables) cannot be reclaimed or reused even if they go out of scope. It is reserved in case the variables come back into scope. Memory allocated to global variables can be reused (within your program) by using undef() and/or delete().
On most operating systems, memory allocated to a program can never be returned to the system. That's why long-running programs sometimes re- exec themselves. Some operating systems (notably, systems that use mmap(2) for allocating large chunks of memory) can reclaim memory that is no longer used, but on such systems, perl must be configured and compiled to use the OS's malloc, not perl's.
In general, memory allocation and de-allocation isn't something you can or should be worrying about much in Perl.
See also "How can I make my Perl program take less memory?"
Beyond the normal measures described to make general Perl programs faster or smaller, a CGI program has additional issues. It may be run several times per second. Given that each time it runs it will need to be re-compiled and will often allocate a megabyte or more of system memory, this can be a killer. Compiling into C isn't going to help you because the process start-up overhead is where the bottleneck is.
There are three popular ways to avoid this overhead. One solution involves running the Apache HTTP server (available from http://www.apache.org/ ) with either of the mod_perl or mod_fastcgi plugin modules.
With mod_perl and the Apache::Registry module (distributed with mod_perl), httpd will run with an embedded Perl interpreter which pre-compiles your script and then executes it within the same address space without forking. The Apache extension also gives Perl access to the internal server API, so modules written in Perl can do just about anything a module written in C can. For more on mod_perl, see http://perl.apache.org/
With the FCGI module (from CPAN) and the mod_fastcgi module (available from http://www.fastcgi.com/ ) each of your Perl programs becomes a permanent CGI daemon process.
Finally, Plack is a Perl module and toolkit that contains PSGI middleware, helpers and adapters to web servers, allowing you to easily deploy scripts which can continue running, and provides flexibility with regards to which web server you use. It can allow existing CGI scripts to enjoy this flexibility and performance with minimal changes, or can be used along with modern Perl web frameworks to make writing and deploying web services with Perl a breeze.
These solutions can have far-reaching effects on your system and on the way you write your CGI programs, so investigate them with care.
See also http://www.cpan.org/modules/by-category/15_World_Wide_Web_HTML_HTTP_CGI/ .
Delete it. :-) Seriously, there are a number of (mostly unsatisfactory) solutions with varying levels of "security".
First of all, however, you can't take away read permission, because the source code has to be readable in order to be compiled and interpreted. (That doesn't mean that a CGI script's source is readable by people on the web, though--only by people with access to the filesystem.) So you have to leave the permissions at the socially friendly 0755 level.
Some people regard this as a security problem. If your program does insecure things and relies on people not knowing how to exploit those insecurities, it is not secure. It is often possible for someone to determine the insecure things and exploit them without viewing the source. Security through obscurity, the name for hiding your bugs instead of fixing them, is little security indeed.
You can try using encryption via source filters (Starting from Perl 5.8 the Filter::Simple and Filter::Util::Call modules are included in the standard distribution), but any decent programmer will be able to decrypt it. You can try using the byte code compiler and interpreter described later in perlfaq3, but the curious might still be able to de-compile it. You can try using the native-code compiler described later, but crackers might be able to disassemble it. These pose varying degrees of difficulty to people wanting to get at your code, but none can definitively conceal it (true of every language, not just Perl).
It is very easy to recover the source of Perl programs. You simply feed the program to the perl interpreter and use the modules in the B:: hierarchy. The B::Deparse module should be able to defeat most attempts to hide source. Again, this is not unique to Perl.
If you're concerned about people profiting from your code, then the bottom line is that nothing but a restrictive license will give you legal security. License your software and pepper it with threatening statements like "This is unpublished proprietary software of XYZ Corp. Your access to it does not give you permission to use it blah blah blah." We are not lawyers, of course, so you should see a lawyer if you want to be sure your license's wording will stand up in court.
(contributed by brian d foy)
In general, you can't do this. There are some things that may work for your situation though. People usually ask this question because they want to distribute their works without giving away the source code, and most solutions trade disk space for convenience. You probably won't see much of a speed increase either, since most solutions simply bundle a Perl interpreter in the final product (but see "How can I make my Perl program run faster?").
The Perl Archive Toolkit ( http://par.perl.org/ ) is Perl's analog to Java's JAR. It's freely available and on CPAN ( http://search.cpan.org/dist/PAR/ ).
There are also some commercial products that may work for you, although you have to buy a license for them.
The Perl Dev Kit ( http://www.activestate.com/Products/Perl_Dev_Kit/ ) from ActiveState can "Turn your Perl programs into ready-to-run executables for HP-UX, Linux, Solaris and Windows."
Perl2Exe ( http://www.indigostar.com/perl2exe.htm ) is a command line program for converting perl scripts to executable files. It targets both Windows and Unix platforms.
#!perl
to work on [MS-DOS,NT,...]?For OS/2 just use
extproc perl -S -your_switches
as the first line in *.cmd
file (-S
due to a bug in cmd.exe's "extproc" handling). For DOS one should first invent a corresponding batch file and codify it in ALTERNATE_SHEBANG
(see the dosish.h file in the source distribution for more information).
The Win95/NT installation, when using the ActiveState port of Perl, will modify the Registry to associate the .pl
extension with the perl interpreter. If you install another port, perhaps even building your own Win95/NT Perl from the standard sources by using a Windows port of gcc (e.g., with cygwin or mingw32), then you'll have to modify the Registry yourself. In addition to associating .pl
with the interpreter, NT people can use: SET PATHEXT=%PATHEXT%;.PL
to let them run the program install-linux.pl
merely by typing install-linux
.
Under "Classic" MacOS, a perl program will have the appropriate Creator and Type, so that double-clicking them will invoke the MacPerl application. Under Mac OS X, clickable apps can be made from any #!
script using Wil Sanchez' DropScript utility: http://www.wsanchez.net/software/ .
IMPORTANT!: Whatever you do, PLEASE don't get frustrated, and just throw the perl interpreter into your cgi-bin directory, in order to get your programs working for a web server. This is an EXTREMELY big security risk. Take the time to figure out how to do it correctly.
Yes. Read perlrun for more information. Some examples follow. (These assume standard Unix shell quoting rules.)
# sum first and last fields perl -lane 'print $F[0] + $F[-1]' * # identify text files perl -le 'for(@ARGV) {print if -f && -T _}' * # remove (most) comments from C program perl -0777 -pe 's{/\*.*?\*/}{}gs' foo.c # make file a month younger than today, defeating reaper daemons perl -e '$X=24*60*60; utime(time(),time() + 30 * $X,@ARGV)' * # find first unused uid perl -le '$i++ while getpwuid($i); print $i' # display reasonable manpath echo $PATH | perl -nl -072 -e ' s![^/+]*$!man!&&-d&&!$s{$_}++&&push@m,$_;END{print"@m"}'
OK, the last one was actually an Obfuscated Perl Contest entry. :-)
The problem is usually that the command interpreters on those systems have rather different ideas about quoting than the Unix shells under which the one-liners were created. On some systems, you may have to change single-quotes to double ones, which you must NOT do on Unix or Plan9 systems. You might also have to change a single % to a %%.
For example:
# Unix (including Mac OS X) perl -e 'print "Hello world\n"' # DOS, etc. perl -e "print \"Hello world\n\"" # Mac Classic print "Hello world\n" (then Run "Myscript" or Shift-Command-R) # MPW perl -e 'print "Hello world\n"' # VMS perl -e "print ""Hello world\n"""
The problem is that none of these examples are reliable: they depend on the command interpreter. Under Unix, the first two often work. Under DOS, it's entirely possible that neither works. If 4DOS was the command shell, you'd probably have better luck like this:
perl -e "print <Ctrl-x>"Hello world\n<Ctrl-x>""
Under the Mac, it depends which environment you are using. The MacPerl shell, or MPW, is much like Unix shells in its support for several quoting variants, except that it makes free use of the Mac's non-ASCII characters as control characters.
Using qq(), q(), and qx(), instead of "double quotes", 'single quotes', and `backticks`, may make one-liners easier to write.
There is no general solution to all of this. It is a mess.
[Some of this answer was contributed by Kenneth Albanowski.]
For modules, get the CGI or LWP modules from CPAN. For textbooks, see the two especially dedicated to web stuff in the question on books. For problems and questions related to the web, like "Why do I get 500 Errors" or "Why doesn't it run from the browser right when it runs fine on the command line", see the troubleshooting guides and references in perlfaq9 or in the CGI MetaFAQ:
L<http://www.perl.org/CGI_MetaFAQ.html>
Looking in to Plack and modern Perl web frameworks is highly recommended, though; web programming in Perl has evolved a long way from the old days of simple CGI scripts.
A good place to start is perlootut, and you can use perlobj for reference.
A good book on OO on Perl is the "Object-Oriented Perl" by Damian Conway from Manning Publications, or "Intermediate Perl" by Randal Schwartz, brian d foy, and Tom Phoenix from O'Reilly Media.
If you want to call C from Perl, start with perlxstut, moving on to perlxs, xsubpp, and perlguts. If you want to call Perl from C, then read perlembed, perlcall, and perlguts. Don't forget that you can learn a lot from looking at how the authors of existing extension modules wrote their code and solved their problems.
You might not need all the power of XS. The Inline::C module lets you put C code directly in your Perl source. It handles all the magic to make it work. You still have to learn at least some of the perl API but you won't have to deal with the complexity of the XS support files.
Download the ExtUtils::Embed kit from CPAN and run `make test'. If the tests pass, read the pods again and again and again. If they fail, see perlbug and send a bug report with the output of make test TEST_VERBOSE=1
along with perl -V
.
A complete list of Perl's error messages and warnings with explanatory text can be found in perldiag. You can also use the splain program (distributed with Perl) to explain the error messages:
perl program 2>diag.out splain [-v] [-p] diag.out
or change your program to explain the messages for you:
use diagnostics;
or
use diagnostics -verbose;
(contributed by brian d foy)
The ExtUtils::MakeMaker module, better known simply as "MakeMaker", turns a Perl script, typically called Makefile.PL
, into a Makefile. The Unix tool make
uses this file to manage dependencies and actions to process and install a Perl distribution.
Copyright (c) 1997-2010 Tom Christiansen, Nathan Torkington, and other authors as noted. All rights reserved.
This documentation is free; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
Irrespective of its distribution, all code examples here are in the public domain. You are permitted and encouraged to use this code and any derivatives thereof in your own programs for fun or for profit as you see fit. A simple comment in the code giving credit to the FAQ would be courteous but is not required.
Version: 5.021011


*Creak Creak*
Sally passes you a note: "Its your birthday what should we do today?"
WOAH WOAH
Cops flood in
Sally pulls out her badge proudly moves behind them
Sally:
You step outside to catch your breath too much is happening now.
Thats when you see the SWAT bus and now its a trap!
Do you
Nothing more satifying than a clean get away but you can't help but feel burned. Meeting an undercover via OKC! Thats a story for the books.


I would like to thank my thesis committee:
Joe Ferreira, Mike Shiffer and Jean de Monchaux
for providing excellent
intellectual support,
my wife, Jen, for moral support
and the MIT 24-hour
coffeehouse for caffeine support.
Biography
The author has worked professionally as a geographic information systems specialist for an environmental consulting firm and as a researcher on environmental cost-benefit analysis issues. He was awarded a degree in Economics from Brown University in 1991.


TQ3AttributeType |
typedef TQ3ElementType TQ3AttributeType;
This is a 32-bit value identifying a particular attribute.
TQ3XAttributeCopyInheritMethod |
typedef Q3_CALLBACK_API_C (TQ3Status, TQ3XAttributeCopyInheritMethod) (
const void * _Nonnull fromInternalAttribute,
void * _Nonnull toInternalAttribute
);
If your custom attribute supports inheritance, this method is called to
copy attribute data from a parent set to a child set.
- fromInternalAttribute
- Attribute data to copy, in internal form.
- toInternalAttribute
- Destination of the copy, in internal form.
TQ3XAttributeDefaultMethod |
typedef Q3_CALLBACK_API_C (TQ3Status, TQ3XAttributeDefaultMethod) (
void * _Nonnull internalAttribute
);
This method does not appear to be mentioned in the QuickDraw 3D documentation, and is not currently used in Quesa.
TQ3XAttributeInheritMethod |
typedef TQ3Boolean TQ3XAttributeInheritMethod;
This is not literally a method. Your metahandler returns kQ3True or kQ3False to report whether a custom attribute supports inheritance.
TQ3XAttributeIsDefaultMethod |
typedef Q3_CALLBACK_API_C (TQ3Boolean, TQ3XAttributeIsDefaultMethod) (
void * _Nonnull internalAttribute
);
This method does not appear to be mentioned in the QuickDraw 3D documentation, and is not currently used in Quesa.
TQ3XElementCopyAddMethod |
typedef Q3_CALLBACK_API_C (TQ3Status, TQ3XElementCopyAddMethod) (
const void * _Nonnull fromAPIElement,
void * _Nonnull toInternalElement
);
This method is called to add a new element to a set, as by Q3Set_Add
or
Q3Shape_AddElement
. On entry, toInternalElement
points to an uninitialized
block of sizeOfElement
bytes, where sizeOfElement
is the size you provided when registering the class.
- fromAPIElement
- Data to be copied, in its external form.
- toInternalElement
- Destination of the copy, in internal form.
TQ3XElementCopyDuplicateMethod |
typedef Q3_CALLBACK_API_C (TQ3Status, TQ3XElementCopyDuplicateMethod) (
const void * _Nonnull fromInternalElement,
void * _Nonnull toInternalElement
);
This method is called when Q3Object_Duplicate
is used on a set or attribute set.
- fromInternalElement
- Data to be copied, in its internal form.
- toInternalElement
- Destination of the copy, in internal form.
TQ3XElementCopyGetMethod |
typedef Q3_CALLBACK_API_C (TQ3Status, TQ3XElementCopyGetMethod) (
const void * _Nonnull fromInternalElement,
void * _Nonnull toAPIElement
);
This method is called to copy element data out of a set, as by Q3Set_Get
or
Q3Shape_GetElement
. If you do not provide this method, the default action is
a memory copy of sizeOfElement
bytes.
- fromInternalElement
- Data to be copied, in its internal form.
- toAPIElement
- Destination of the copy, in external form.
TQ3XElementCopyReplaceMethod |
typedef Q3_CALLBACK_API_C (TQ3Status, TQ3XElementCopyReplaceMethod) (
const void * _Nonnull fromAPIElement,
void * _Nonnull toInternalElement
);
This method is called to replace an existing element in a set, as by Q3Set_Add
or
Q3Shape_AddElement
. On entry, toInternalElement
points to existing element data,
which you may need to dispose before replacing by new data.
- fromAPIElement
- Data to be copied, in its external form.
- toInternalElement
- Destination of the copy, in internal form.
TQ3XElementDeleteMethod |
typedef Q3_CALLBACK_API_C (TQ3Status, TQ3XElementDeleteMethod) (
void * _Nonnull internalElement
);
This method is called to delete element data from a set or attribute set.
- internalElement
- Data to be deleted, in its internal form.
© 1999-2023 Quesa Developers (Last Updated 1/27/2023)


We are a team of 3 Discord bot developers. We imagine what we want to make, we visualize it, and then build it from the ground up. Stick around for some pretty cool projects!
Founder, writer
Co-founder, developer


Apache Spark™ Documentation
Setup instructions, programming guides, and other documentation are available for each stable version of Spark below:
Documentation for preview releases:
The documentation linked to above covers getting started with Spark, as well the built-in components MLlib,
Spark Streaming, and GraphX.
In addition, this page lists other resources for learning Spark.
Videos
See the Apache Spark YouTube Channel for videos from Spark events. There are separate playlists for videos of different topics. Besides browsing through playlists, you can also find direct links to videos below.
Screencast Tutorial Videos
Spark Summit Videos
- Videos from Spark Summit 2014, San Francisco, June 30 - July 2 2013
- Videos from Spark Summit 2013, San Francisco, Dec 2-3 2013
Meetup Talk Videos
In addition to the videos listed below, you can also view all slides from Bay Area meetups here.
- Spark 1.0 and Beyond (slides) by Patrick Wendell, at Cisco in San Jose, 2014-04-23
- Adding Native SQL Support to Spark with Catalyst (slides) by Michael Armbrust, at Tagged in SF, 2014-04-08
- SparkR and GraphX (slides: SparkR, GraphX) by Shivaram Venkataraman & Dan Crankshaw, at SkyDeck in Berkeley, 2014-03-25
- Simple deployment w/ SIMR & Advanced Shark Analytics w/ TGFs (slides) by Ali Ghodsi, at Huawei in Santa Clara, 2014-02-05
- Stores, Monoids & Dependency Injection - Abstractions for Spark (slides) by Ryan Weald, at Sharethrough in SF, 2014-01-17
- Distributed Machine Learning using MLbase (slides) by Evan Sparks & Ameet Talwalkar, at Twitter in SF, 2013-08-06
- GraphX Preview: Graph Analysis on Spark by Reynold Xin & Joseph Gonzalez, at Flurry in SF, 2013-07-02
- Deep Dive with Spark Streaming (slides) by Tathagata Das, at Plug and Play in Sunnyvale, 2013-06-17
- Tachyon and Shark update (slides: Shark, Tachyon) by Ali Ghodsi, Haoyuan Li, Reynold Xin, Google Ventures, 2013-05-09
- Spark 0.7: Overview, pySpark, & Streaming by Matei Zaharia, Josh Rosen, Tathagata Das, at Conviva on 2013-02-21
- Introduction to Spark Internals (slides) by Matei Zaharia, at Yahoo in Sunnyvale, 2012-12-18
Training Materials
- Training materials and exercises from Spark Summit 2014 are available online. These include videos and slides of talks as well as exercises you can run on your laptop. Topics include Spark core, tuning and debugging, Spark SQL, Spark Streaming, GraphX and MLlib.
- Spark Summit 2013 included a training session, with slides and videos available on the training day agenda.
The session also included exercises that you can walk through on Amazon EC2.
- The UC Berkeley AMPLab regularly hosts training camps on Spark and related projects.
Slides, videos and EC2-based exercises from each of these are available online:
Hands-On Exercises
External Tutorials, Blog Posts, and Talks
Books
- Learning Spark, by Holden Karau, Andy Konwinski, Patrick Wendell and Matei Zaharia (O'Reilly Media)
- Spark in Action, by Marko Bonaci and Petar Zecevic (Manning)
- Advanced Analytics with Spark, by Juliet Hougland, Uri Laserson, Sean Owen, Sandy Ryza and Josh Wills (O'Reilly Media)
- Spark GraphX in Action, by Michael Malak (Manning)
- Fast Data Processing with Spark, by Krishna Sankar and Holden Karau (Packt Publishing)
- Machine Learning with Spark, by Nick Pentreath (Packt Publishing)
- Spark Cookbook, by Rishi Yadav (Packt Publishing)
- Apache Spark Graph Processing, by Rindra Ramamonjison (Packt Publishing)
- Mastering Apache Spark, by Mike Frampton (Packt Publishing)
- Big Data Analytics with Spark: A Practitioner's Guide to Using Spark for Large Scale Data Analysis, by Mohammed Guller (Apress)
- Large Scale Machine Learning with Spark, by Md. Rezaul Karim, Md. Mahedi Kaysar (Packt Publishing)
- Big Data Analytics with Spark and Hadoop, by Venkat Ankam (Packt Publishing)
Examples
Research Papers
Spark was initially developed as a UC Berkeley research project, and much of the design is documented in papers.
The research page lists some of the original motivation and direction.


Dog toys tested and approved by playtime enthusiasts.
Meet our Testers Riddick & Monroe
Don't let the fuzzy, plush look of this toy fool you. It's as tough as they come.
Buy Now! More Info
It's a ball in a ball? How did it get in there? Can your puppy get it out?
Durable and flexible, this ball is a great choice for dogs who enjoy tug and fetch.


The cat (Felis catus) is a domestic species of small carnivorous mammal. It is the only domesticated species in the family Felidae and is often referred to as the domestic cat to distinguish it from the wild members of the family. A cat can either be a house cat, a farm cat or a feral cat; the latter ranges freely and avoids human contact. Domestic cats are valued by humans for companionship and their ability to hunt rodents. About 60 cat breeds are recognized by various cat registries. The cat is similar in anatomy to the other felid species: it has a strong flexible body, quick reflexes, sharp teeth and retractable claws adapted to killing small prey.
Its night vision and sense of smell are well developed. Cat communication includes vocalizations like meowing, purring, trilling, hissing, growling and grunting as well as cat-specific body language. It is a solitary hunter but a social species. It can hear sounds too faint or too high in frequency for human ears, such as those made by mice and other small mammals. It is a predator that is most active at dawn and dusk. It secretes and perceives pheromones. Female domestic cats can have kittens from spring to late autumn, with litter sizes ranging from two to five kittens. Domestic cats are bred and shown at events as registered pedigreed cats, a hobby known as cat fancy. Failure to control breeding of pet cats by spaying and neutering, as well as abandonment of pets, resulted in large numbers of feral cats worldwide, contributing to the extinction of entire bird species and evoking population control.
Cats were first domesticated in the Near East around 7500 BC. It was long thought that cat domestication was initiated in Ancient Egypt, as since around 3100 BC veneration was given to cats in ancient Egypt. As of 2017, the domestic cat was the second-most popular pet in the United States by number of pets owned, after freshwater fish, with 95 million cats owned. In the United Kingdom, around 7.3 million cats lived in more than 4.8 million households as of 2019.
utdoor cats are active both day and night, although they tend to be slightly more active at night. Domestic cats spend the majority of their time in the vicinity of their homes, but can range many hundreds of meters from this central point. They establish territories that vary considerably in size, in one study ranging from 7 to 28 hectares (17–69 acres). The timing of cats' activity is quite flexible and varied, which means house cats may be more active in the morning and evening, as a response to greater human activity at these times.
The average lifespan of pet cats has risen in recent decades. In the early 1980s, it was about seven years, rising to 9.4 years in 1995 and 15.1 years in 2018.Some cats have been reported as surviving into their 30s, with the oldest known cat, Creme Puff, dying at a verified age of 38.
Cats are good at detecting movement in low light, have an acute sense of hearing and smell, and their sense of touch is enhanced by long whiskers that protrude from their heads and bodies. These senses evolved to allow cats to hunt effectively at night. Let's dive deeper at what these sense's are.


import random
import numpy as np
from sklearn.base import BaseEstimator, MetaEstimatorMixin, ClassifierMixin
from sklearn.utils import validation
from ..problem_transformation import ClassifierChain
[docs]class EnsembleClassifierChain(
BaseEstimator, MetaEstimatorMixin, ClassifierMixin):
[docs] def __init__(
self,
estimator,
number_of_chains=10,
threshold=.5,
max_features=1.0):
"""
Ensemble of classifier chains (ECC) trains an ensemble of bagged
classifier chains. Each chain is trained on a randomly sampled subset
of the training data (with replacement, also known as bagging).
Parameters
----------
estimator : scikit-learn compatible classifier instance.
Will be copied (with all hyperparameters) before use,
hence will be left untouched.
number_of_chains : number, default = 10
Number of chains the ensemble shall train
threshold : number in [0,1], default = 0.5
Decision threshold to assign a label or not. Has to be
between 0 and 1.
max_features : number in [0, 1], default = 1.0
Fractions of features to use at once.
Returns
-------
ensemble classifier chain instance
"""
self.number_of_chains = number_of_chains
self.estimator = estimator
self.threshold = threshold
self.max_features = max_features
self.estimators_ = []
[docs] def fit(self, X, y):
"""
Fit underlying estimators.
Parameters
----------
X : (sparse) array-like, shape = [n_samples, n_features]
Data.
y : (sparse) array-like, shape = [n_samples, ], [n_samples, n_classes]
Multi-label targets.
"""
validation.check_X_y(X, y, multi_output=True)
y = validation.check_array(y, accept_sparse=True)
for i in range(self.number_of_chains):
# the classifier gets cloned internally in classifer chains, so
# no need to do that here.
cc = ClassifierChain(self.estimator)
no_samples = y.shape[0]
# create random subset for each chain individually
idx = random.sample(range(no_samples),
int(no_samples * self.max_features))
cc.fit(X[idx, :], y[idx, :])
self.estimators_.append(cc)
[docs] def predict(self, X):
"""
Predicts the labels for the given instances.
Parameters
----------
X : (sparse) array-like, shape = [n_samples, n_features]
Data.
Returns
-------
array-like, shape = [n_samples, n_labels]
Estimated labels
"""
validation.check_is_fitted(self, 'estimators_')
preds = np.array([cc.predict(X) for cc in self.estimators_])
preds = np.sum(preds, axis=0)
W_norm = preds.mean(axis=0)
out = preds / W_norm
return (out >= self.threshold).astype(int)


{% if ala_download_css is defined and ala_download_css | bool == True %} {% endif %}
When using this dataset please use the following citation:
{{ orgNameLong | default('Atlas of Living Australia') }} occurrence download at
[searchUrl]
accessed on [date].
Data contributed by the following providers:
[dataProviders]
More information can be found at
citing the {{ orgNameShort | default('ALA') }}
.


Natural Color
Natural colors for text and boxes.
color-[number]
Aa
color-0
Aa
color-1
Aa
color-2
Aa
color-3
Aa
color-4
Aa
color-5
Aa
color-6
Aa
color-7
Aa
color-8
Aa
color-9
Aa
color-10
Aa
color-11
Aa
color-12
Aa
color-13
Aa
color-14
Aa
color-15
Aa
color-16
Aa
color-17
Aa
color-18
Aa
color-19
Aa
color-20
Aa
color-21
Aa
color-22
Aa
color-23
Aa
color-24
Aa
color-25
Aa
color-26
Aa
color-27
Aa
color-28
Aa
color-29
Aa
color-30
Create an HTML tag suitable for displaying text such as

or

, and apply a color-[number]
class.

For color backgrounds, create a

tag and add the -bg suffix.


Bachelor of Science (Computer Science) 2009 - 2012
University of Windsor, Windsor, ON
Technical Skills
- Software/Operating Systems: Linux, Windows, MS Office (Excel, Word, Access and PowerPoint)
- Programming/Systems: C, C++98, C++11, HTML, CSS, JSP, Java, Swing/AWT, JNLP, Oracle SQL, bash, assembly language(MSAM)
- Concepts: Object-Oriented Programming, Object-Oriented Design, Test Driven Development, Refactoring, Model-View -Controller, Multi-Threading


Please enter a number between 0 and 1000 to let the games begin!
Test your robot skills against a robot!


Copyright (c) 2009 Martin Windischer
The game is played on four boards (called here NW, SW, NE, SE according to their position):
Both players start with 15 stones offboard (you can reduce the number for a shorter game).
- BOARDS: The stones in each board are responsible for the moving possibilities of the stones in the next board (clockwise direction).
- E.g., board NW position determines the moves for board NE.
- MOVE: Every stone allows the stones in the next board to move according to its position (using the red point as a reference point).
- E.g., A stone on b3, allows that player to move any stone in the next board one step to the left. A stone on e5 allows any stone in the next board to move two steps diagonally to the top right.
- A stone on a red point is useless for the moves in the next board .
- TURN: On his turn a player must do one of two actions:
- Drop: The player drops a friendly stone on an empty cell. If there are no more offboard stones, he cannot choose this action.
- Move: The player moves a stone according to the moving rules. To move a stone there must be a friendly stone in the previous board.
- The move is only allowed if the moving stone stays in the same board.
- Stones jump. So if a stone moves from a5 to c5 (only possible if there is a friendly stone on e3 at the previous board) the status of b5 is irrelevant.
- The destination cell must be empty or occupied with an opponent stone, which is captured and removed from play.
- GOAL: A player with no legal moves loses.
An example
If White has at least one offboard stone he can drop a stone at [1].This sets up a double threat. Either he can move it as NWd8:d10 (because of SWc5) or move NEi10:j9, in the next turn, to capture a black piece.
Variant: This game can also be played with more players (i suggest 10 offboard stones for each of a 3-player-game). In this case a player without legal moves loses and is out of the game. His stones remain in the game until they are captured. Last man standing wins.


| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
IHost |
DemoScalingPolicy.selectHost(ClientCloudObject newCloudObject,
IHostPool hostPool) |
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
boolean |
DemoScalingPolicy.scaleDown(IHost scaledHost,
IHostPool hostPool) |
| Modifier and Type | Interface and Description |
|---|---|
interface |
IMigrationEnabledVirtualHost
Adds migration-specific methods to
IVirtualHost |
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
void |
IMigrationEnabledHostPool.migrateObject(UUID object,
IHost targetHost) |
void |
IMigrationEnabledHostPool.migrateObjectAsync(UUID object,
IHost targetHost) |
void |
IMigrationEnabledHostPool.migrateObjectAsync(UUID object,
IHost targetHost,
IMigrationEnabledHostPool.IObjectMigratedCallback callback) |
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
abstract IHost |
AbstractScalingPolicy.selectHost(ClientCloudObject newCloudObject,
IHostPool hostPool)
Selects the virtual host for the new cloud object.
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
abstract boolean |
AbstractScalingPolicy.scaleDown(IHost scaledHost,
IHostPool hostPool)
This method is called periodically
(with the period specified by scaleDownInterval from common configuration)
to perform scaling down and cloud usage optimization tasks.
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
IHost |
SingleHostScalingPolicy.selectHost(ClientCloudObject cloudObject,
IHostPool pool) |
IHost |
HostPerObjectScalingPolicy.selectHost(ClientCloudObject cloudObject,
IHostPool pool) |
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
boolean |
HostPerObjectScalingPolicy.scaleDown(IHost scaledHost,
IHostPool hostPool) |
| Modifier and Type | Interface and Description |
|---|---|
interface |
IVirtualHost |
| Modifier and Type | Class and Description |
|---|---|
class |
VirtualHost |
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
IHost |
VirtualHostPool.getHostById(UUID hostId) |
IHost |
IHostPool.getHostById(UUID hostId)
Gets the cloud host with the specified id.
|
IHost |
IHostPool.startNewHost()
Starts a new host and waits for it to start working.
|
IHost |
IHostPool.startNewHost(String size)
Starts a new host of a given size and waits for it to start working.
|
IHost |
VirtualHostPool.startNewHostAsync() |
IHost |
IHostPool.startNewHostAsync()
Starts a new host and returns immediately.
|
IHost |
VirtualHostPool.startNewHostAsync(IHostPool.IHostStartedCallback hostStartedCallback) |
IHost |
IHostPool.startNewHostAsync(IHostPool.IHostStartedCallback afterHostStarted)
Starts a new host and returns immediately.
|
IHost |
VirtualHostPool.startNewHostAsync(IHostPool.IHostStartedCallback hostStartedCallback,
String size) |
IHost |
IHostPool.startNewHostAsync(IHostPool.IHostStartedCallback afterHostStarted,
String size)
Starts a new host and returns immediately.
|
IHost |
VirtualHostPool.startNewHostAsync(String size) |
IHost |
IHostPool.startNewHostAsync(String size)
Starts a new host and returns immediately.
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
Iterable<IHost> |
VirtualHostPool.getHosts() |
Iterable<IHost> |
IHostPool.getHosts()
Gets the collection of the hosts known to the system (running or starting up).
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
void |
VirtualHostPool.migrateObject(UUID object,
IHost targetHost) |
void |
VirtualHostPool.migrateObjectAsync(UUID object,
IHost targetHost) |
void |
VirtualHostPool.migrateObjectAsync(UUID object,
IHost targetHost,
IMigrationEnabledHostPool.IObjectMigratedCallback callback) |
void |
VirtualHostPool.shutdownHostAsync(IHost host) |
void |
IHostPool.shutdownHostAsync(IHost host)
Shuts down the specified host asynchronously.
|
void |
IHostPool.IHostStartedCallback.startupFinished(IHost host)
Executes post-build actions specified by user.
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
IHost |
AggregatedVirtualHostPool.getHostById(UUID uuid) |
IHost |
AggregatedVirtualHostPool.startNewHost() |
IHost |
AggregatedVirtualHostPool.startNewHost(String arg0) |
IHost |
AggregatedVirtualHostPool.startNewHostAsync() |
IHost |
AggregatedVirtualHostPool.startNewHostAsync(IHostPool.IHostStartedCallback afterHostStarted) |
IHost |
AggregatedVirtualHostPool.startNewHostAsync(IHostPool.IHostStartedCallback arg0,
String arg1) |
IHost |
AggregatedVirtualHostPool.startNewHostAsync(String arg0) |
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
Iterable<IHost> |
AggregatedVirtualHostPool.getHosts() |
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
void |
AggregatedVirtualHostPool.migrateObject(UUID uuid,
IHost targetHost) |
void |
AggregatedVirtualHostPool.migrateObjectAsync(UUID uuid,
IHost targetHost) |
void |
AggregatedVirtualHostPool.migrateObjectAsync(UUID uuid,
IHost targetHost,
IMigrationEnabledHostPool.IObjectMigratedCallback callback) |
void |
AggregatedVirtualHostPool.shutdownHostAsync(IHost host) |
| Modifier and Type | Class and Description |
|---|---|
class |
EC2Instance |
| Modifier and Type | Class and Description |
|---|---|
class |
LocalVM |
| Modifier and Type | Class and Description |
|---|---|
class |
OpenStackInstance |
Copyright © 2014. All Rights Reserved.


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June 07th,2021
7 Best keyword tools to get your website on top
That Aren’t Google Keyword Planner
Doing great keyword research is like being a fisherman. Reeling in the big profits takes knowledge, a Speedo, and a thermos.
Whether you like it or not, keyword research is at the core of pay-per-click marketing and SEO practices. If you aren’t bidding or using the right keywords, short- or long-tail, then you could be selling yourself short on your potential success.
7 Best keyword tools to get your website on top
In this article, we’ll look at my eight favorite keyword research tools, plus some are free, and some are not (but well worth the money).
1. Google Trends :
Google Trends is the perfect tool for Google Analysis. Google Trends provides keyword related data including search volume index and information about search engine users.
Google Trends dashboard
GSTIN keyword search volume in last 4 hours
GSTIN topics that searched in last 4 hours
2. Keyword Generator :
Keyword generator find up to 150 keyword ideas or any seed keyword.
for example, if we search for "GSTIN" we get 100 ideas for GSTIN like GST App, GST finder.
3. Soovle :
Soovle gives you suggested keyword ideas from Google, YouTube, Bing, Yahoo, Amazon and more. This is the most straightforward keyword research tool.
4. Keyword Surfer :
Keyword Surfer is a Chrome Extension. Add keyword surfer extensions to your web browser.
Every time you search for something you will receive the keyword analysis along with the search results.
Keyword Surfer on chrome web store
GSTIN keyword search results in India
5. Bulk Keyword Generator :
Bulk keyword generator is a keyword research tool for local SEO. It generates keywords based on Industry Type that potential customers might use to find you.
6. Keyword Sheeter :
Keyword sheeter pulls thousands of autocomplete suggestions from Google. To get started, enter one or more seed keywords and click "Sheet Keywords" .If you want to generate a lot of keyword ideas fast, this one for you.
7. Answer The Public :
Answer the public is really cool tool for keyword question making, This tool gives you lots of ideas for creating content using modifiers such as comparisons or prepositions.
Confused? Let’s tackle each of these one-by-one.
We’ll start by entering a “GST” keyword—let’s stick with “GSTIN.”
You’ll see a visualization by default, but you can switch to a regular data list.
Final Thoughts
Don’t get me wrong; you can find some good keywords with free keyword tools.
But doing so can be very time-consuming. And time is money.
The reality is that time spent mining Google autocomplete for queries is time wasted. The same is true of merging data from multiple free keyword tools in spreadsheets. You should aim to use that time for more important stuff, like creating content or link building.
Bottom line: free keyword tools are good when you’re starting out, but as you grow your site, you’ll need paid tools to keep up with the competition.


Hi everyone! My name is Greta and I’m a 22 year old student from Italy. I come from Malesco, a small village in the north west of the country. During my previous studies I attended the scientific high school Giorgio Spezia in Domodossola and I’m currently studying Communication Design at Politecnico di Milano. The reason why I chose to deepen my knowledge of design and to study it at university is that I’ve always been fond of art and culture. I’ve also been interested in understanding communication techniques through design itself and their means.


Please click on the Help button at any stage. It will provide some information specific to the interface context you are in. Please log on to continue to interface Username: Password: Log Out (clear previous session) Log On


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java.lang.Object java.awt.image.Raster java.awt.image.WritableRaster sun.awt.image.SunWritableRaster sun.awt.image.IntegerComponentRaster
public class IntegerComponentRaster
This class defines a Raster with pixels consisting of one or more 32-bit data elements stored in close proximity to each other in a integer array. The bit precision per data element is that of the data type (that is, the bit precision for this raster is 32). There is only one pixel stride and one scanline stride for all bands. For a given pixel, all samples fit in N data elements and these N data elements hold samples for only one pixel. This type of Raster can be used with a PackedColorModel.
For example, if there is only one data element per pixel, a SinglePixelPackedSampleModel can be used to represent multiple bands with a PackedColorModel (including a DirectColorModel) for color interpretation.
| Nested Class Summary |
|---|
| Nested classes/interfaces inherited from class sun.awt.image.SunWritableRaster |
|---|
SunWritableRaster.DataStealer |
| Constructor Summary | |
|---|---|
IntegerComponentRaster(java.awt.image.SampleModel sampleModel,
java.awt.image.DataBuffer dataBuffer,
java.awt.Point origin)
Constructs a IntegerComponentRaster with the given SampleModel and DataBuffer. |
|
IntegerComponentRaster(java.awt.image.SampleModel sampleModel,
java.awt.image.DataBuffer dataBuffer,
java.awt.Rectangle aRegion,
java.awt.Point origin,
IntegerComponentRaster parent)
Constructs a IntegerComponentRaster with the given SampleModel, DataBuffer, and parent. |
|
IntegerComponentRaster(java.awt.image.SampleModel sampleModel,
java.awt.Point origin)
Constructs a IntegerComponentRaster with the given SampleModel. |
| Method Summary | |
|---|---|
java.awt.image.Raster |
createChild(int x,
int y,
int width,
int height,
int x0,
int y0,
int[] bandList)
Creates a subraster given a region of the raster. |
java.awt.image.WritableRaster |
createCompatibleWritableRaster()
Creates a raster with the same data layout and the same width and height, and with new zeroed data arrays. |
java.awt.image.WritableRaster |
createCompatibleWritableRaster(int w,
int h)
Creates a raster with the same band layout but using a different width and height, and with new zeroed data arrays. |
java.awt.image.WritableRaster |
createWritableChild(int x,
int y,
int width,
int height,
int x0,
int y0,
int[] bandList)
Creates a subraster given a region of the raster. |
java.lang.Object |
getDataElements(int x,
int y,
int w,
int h,
java.lang.Object obj)
Returns an array of data elements from the specified rectangular region. |
java.lang.Object |
getDataElements(int x,
int y,
java.lang.Object obj)
Returns the data elements for all bands at the specified location. |
int |
getDataOffset(int band)
Returns data offset for the specified band. |
int[] |
getDataOffsets()
Returns a copy of the data offsets array. |
int[] |
getDataStorage()
Returns a reference to the data array. |
int |
getPixelStride()
Returns pixel stride -- the number of data array elements between two samples for the same band on the same scanline. |
int |
getScanlineStride()
Returns the scanline stride -- the number of data array elements between a given sample and the sample in the same column of the next row. |
void |
setDataElements(int x,
int y,
int w,
int h,
java.lang.Object obj)
Stores an array of data elements into the specified rectangular region. |
void |
setDataElements(int x,
int y,
java.lang.Object obj)
Stores the data elements for all bands at the specified location. |
void |
setDataElements(int x,
int y,
java.awt.image.Raster inRaster)
Stores the Raster data at the specified location. |
java.lang.String |
toString()
|
| Methods inherited from class sun.awt.image.SunWritableRaster |
|---|
markDirty, markDirty, markDirty, markDirty, setDataStealer, stealData, stealData, stealData |
| Methods inherited from class java.awt.image.WritableRaster |
|---|
createWritableTranslatedChild, getWritableParent, setPixel, setPixel, setPixel, setPixels, setPixels, setPixels, setRect, setRect, setSample, setSample, setSample, setSamples, setSamples, setSamples |
| Methods inherited from class java.awt.image.Raster |
|---|
createBandedRaster, createBandedRaster, createBandedRaster, createCompatibleWritableRaster, createCompatibleWritableRaster, createInterleavedRaster, createInterleavedRaster, createInterleavedRaster, createPackedRaster, createPackedRaster, createPackedRaster, createPackedRaster, createRaster, createTranslatedChild, createWritableRaster, createWritableRaster, getBounds, getDataBuffer, getHeight, getMinX, getMinY, getNumBands, getNumDataElements, getParent, getPixel, getPixel, getPixel, getPixels, getPixels, getPixels, getSample, getSampleDouble, getSampleFloat, getSampleModel, getSampleModelTranslateX, getSampleModelTranslateY, getSamples, getSamples, getSamples, getTransferType, getWidth |
| Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object |
|---|
equals, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, wait |
| Constructor Detail |
|---|
public IntegerComponentRaster(java.awt.image.SampleModel sampleModel, java.awt.Point origin)
sampleModel
- The SampleModel that specifies the layout.origin
- The Point that specified the origin.public IntegerComponentRaster(java.awt.image.SampleModel sampleModel, java.awt.image.DataBuffer dataBuffer, java.awt.Point origin)
sampleModel
- The SampleModel that specifies the layout.dataBuffer
- The DataBufferInt that contains the image data.origin
- The Point that specifies the origin.public IntegerComponentRaster(java.awt.image.SampleModel sampleModel, java.awt.image.DataBuffer dataBuffer, java.awt.Rectangle aRegion, java.awt.Point origin, IntegerComponentRaster parent)
sampleModel
- The SampleModel that specifies the layout.dataBuffer
- The DataBufferInt that contains the image data.aRegion
- The Rectangle that specifies the image area.origin
- The Point that specifies the origin.parent
- The parent (if any) of this raster.| Method Detail |
|---|
public int[] getDataOffsets()
public int getDataOffset(int band)
public int getScanlineStride()
public int getPixelStride()
public int[] getDataStorage()
public java.lang.Object getDataElements(int x, int y, java.lang.Object obj)
getDataElements
in class java.awt.image.Raster
x
- The X coordinate of the pixel location.y
- The Y coordinate of the pixel location.outData
- An object reference to an array of type defined by
getTransferType() and length getNumDataElements().
If null an array of appropriate type and size will be
allocated.
public java.lang.Object getDataElements(int x, int y, int w, int h, java.lang.Object obj)
int[] bandData = (int[])raster.getDataElements(x, y, w, h, null); int numDataElements = raster.getNumDataElements(); int[] pixel = new int[numDataElements]; // To find a data element at location (x2, y2) System.arraycopy(bandData, ((y2-y)*w + (x2-x))*numDataElements, pixel, 0, numDataElements);
getDataElements
in class java.awt.image.Raster
x
- The X coordinate of the upper left pixel location.y
- The Y coordinate of the upper left pixel location.width
- Width of the pixel rectangle.height
- Height of the pixel rectangle.outData
- An object reference to an array of type defined by
getTransferType() and length w*h*getNumDataElements().
If null an array of appropriate type and size will be
allocated.
public void setDataElements(int x, int y, java.lang.Object obj)
setDataElements
in class java.awt.image.WritableRaster
x
- The X coordinate of the pixel location.y
- The Y coordinate of the pixel location.inData
- An object reference to an array of type defined by
getTransferType() and length getNumDataElements()
containing the pixel data to place at x,y.public void setDataElements(int x, int y, java.awt.image.Raster inRaster)
setDataElements
in class java.awt.image.WritableRaster
x
- The X coordinate of the pixel location.y
- The Y coordinate of the pixel location.inRaster
- Raster of data to place at x,y location.public void setDataElements(int x, int y, int w, int h, java.lang.Object obj)
inData[((y2-y)*w + (x2-x))*numDataElements + n]
setDataElements
in class java.awt.image.WritableRaster
x
- The X coordinate of the upper left pixel location.y
- The Y coordinate of the upper left pixel location.w
- Width of the pixel rectangle.h
- Height of the pixel rectangle.inData
- An object reference to an array of type defined by
getTransferType() and length w*h*getNumDataElements()
containing the pixel data to place between x,y and
x+h, y+h.public java.awt.image.WritableRaster createWritableChild(int x, int y, int width, int height, int x0, int y0, int[] bandList)
createWritableChild
in class java.awt.image.WritableRaster
x
- X offset.y
- Y offset.width
- Width (in pixels) of the subraster.height
- Height (in pixels) of the subraster.x0
- Translated X origin of the subraster.y0
- Translated Y origin of the subraster.bandList
- Array of band indices.
java.awt.image.RasterFormatException
- if the specified bounding box is outside of the parent raster.public java.awt.image.Raster createChild(int x, int y, int width, int height, int x0, int y0, int[] bandList)
createChild
in class java.awt.image.Raster
x
- X offset.y
- Y offset.width
- Width (in pixels) of the subraster.height
- Height (in pixels) of the subraster.x0
- Translated X origin of the subRaster.y0
- Translated Y origin of the subRaster.bandList
- Array of band indices.
java.awt.image.RasterFormatException
- if the specified bounding box is outside of the parent raster.public java.awt.image.WritableRaster createCompatibleWritableRaster(int w, int h)
createCompatibleWritableRaster
in class java.awt.image.Raster
public java.awt.image.WritableRaster createCompatibleWritableRaster()
createCompatibleWritableRaster
in class java.awt.image.Raster
public java.lang.String toString()
toString
in class java.lang.Object
|
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Hey, it's PhoneGap!
preload cymbal
preload drum
play cymbal
play drum
unload cymbal
unload drum
overlap
loop
stop cymbal
error - missing Audio asset
error - missing Fx asset


--- layout: post status: publish published: true title: Console author: display_name: Tomas Restrepo login: tomasr email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>url: http://winterdom.com/ author_login: tomasr author_email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>author_url: http://winterdom.com/ wordpress_id: 38 wordpress_url: http://winterdom.com/2008/01/console date: '2008-01-28 11:29:58 +0000' date_gmt: '2008-01-28 11:29:58 +0000' categories: - Tools tags: [] comments: [] ---
I'm a heavy user of the command line on Windows, and for a number of years I've used the open source Console application instead of running plain cmd.exe as my console of choice.
I currently have mine setup to host both cmd.exe as well as powershell, and do make heavy use of the Tabbed interface when I need to keep multiple prompts open.
It's a really cool utility and you can certainly configure it with a lot more eye candy if you like, like alpha transparency, custom backgrounds and so on. Me, I like my setup pretty minimal.
I've been trying to keep more up to date with the releases of some of the utilities I run on a daily basis, and Console is no exception. I'm currently running build 2.00.138, which was recently released.
If you're using older releases of the Console 2.0 beta set, then I highly recommend updating to this latest one. A few of the previous builds had some repainting issues that sometimes caused the console display to be corrupted or missing characters, but this latest build has been working great for me and the display update actually seems a bit faster for me.


Determines the frequencies for the given input list of terms, based on the selected corpus.
term_freqs(x, as = c("auto", "entity", "quality", "phenotype"), corpus = c("taxon_annotations", "taxa", "gene_annotations", "genes"), decodeIRI = TRUE, ...)
| x | a vector or list of one or more terms, either as IRIs or as term objects. |
|---|---|
| as | the category or categories of the input terms (see |
| corpus | the name of the corpus for which to determine frequencies. Supported values are "taxon_annotations", "taxa", "gene_annotations", and "genes". (At present, support for "gene_annotations" is pending support in the Phenoscape API.) The default is "taxon_annotations". |
| decodeIRI | boolean. If TRUE (the default), attempt to decode post-composed entity IRIs, and under certain circumstances rewrite the count query according to the results. At present, this is used only for entity IRIs detected as "part_of some X" post-compositions, and only for the "taxon_annotations" corpus. In those cases, the count query will be rewritten to first query for X, then for X including parts, and the resulting count is the result of the latter minus that of the former. The decoding algorithm may be imprecise, so one may want to turn this off, the result of which will usually be a frequency of zero for those IRIs, due to limitations in the Phenoscape KB API. |
| ... | additional query parameters to be passed to the function querying
for counts, see |
a vector of frequencies as floating point numbers (between zero and 1.0), of the same length (and ordering) as the input list of terms.
Depending on the corpus selected, the frequencies are queried directly
from pre-computed counts through the KB API, or are calculated based on
matching row counts obtained from query results. Currently, the Phenoscape KB
has precomputed counts for corpora "taxa" and "genes". Calculated counts for
the "taxon_annotations" corpus are most reliable for phenotype terms and their
subsumers. For entity terms, subsumers can include many generated
post-composed terms (such as "part_of some X", where X is, for example, an
anatomy term), and at least currently these aren't handled correctly by the
Phenoscape KB, resulting in counts of zero for such terms. For some of these
the implementation here will try to rewrite the query (see parameter
decodeIRI
), but this only works to a limited extent.
Term categories being accurate is vital for obtaining correct counts and
thus frequencies. Auto-determining term categories yields reasonably accurate
results, but with caveats. One, it can be time-consuming, and two, especially
for entity terms and their subsumers it is often not 100
function will try to correct for that by assuming that if not all terms
are determined to be of the same category, but one category holds for more
than 90
If the list of terms is legitimately of different categories, it is best to
determine (and possibly correct) categories beforehand, and then pass the
result as as
. If all terms are of the same category and the category is
known beforehand, it saves time and prevents potential errors to supply this
category using as
.
terms <- c("pectoral fin", "pelvic fin", "dorsal fin", "paired fin") IRIs <- sapply(terms, pk_get_iri, as = "anatomy") term_freqs(IRIs)#> [1] 0.001797967 0.002695709 0.004368265 0.004585561phens <- get_phenotypes(entity = "basihyal bone") term_freqs(phens$id, as = "phenotype", corpus = "taxon_annotations")#> [1] 3.973408e-05 4.966760e-06 1.365859e-05 1.129938e-04 6.208450e-06 #> [6] 2.607549e-05 6.332619e-05 2.222625e-04 1.365859e-05 1.328608e-04 #> [11] 4.966760e-06 6.518872e-04 8.940168e-05 2.619966e-04 5.090929e-05 #> [16] 1.862535e-05 1.192022e-04 2.235042e-05 1.030603e-04term_freqs(phens$id, as = "phenotype", corpus = "taxa")#> [1] 0.002659574 NA 0.002659574 0.002659574 0.001329787 0.001329787 #> [7] 0.002659574 0.001329787 0.002659574 0.005319149 0.002659574 0.005319149 #> [13] 0.001329787 0.002659574 0.002659574 NA 0.003989362 0.001329787 #> [19] 0.001329787


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Data Analyst - Sunnyvale, CA
About Clover:
Join the Fintech and SaaS revolution that is helping small businesses grow faster and get the technology and insights previously available only to the "big guys." At Clover, you will be part of an entrepreneurial team working in a fast-paced and high growth environment, with the benefits of a parent company, First Data, that is the largest payments processor and merchant acquirer worldwide.
Clover delivers the leading Point of Sale system with an elegant end-to-end solution that incorporates beautiful devices, cloud-based POS software, payments processing, platform API's for third-party developers, and an ecosystem with over 220 apps. The Clover platform delivers solutions in a scalable and modular fashion that powers tiny merchants through large football stadiums, supporting millions of transactions daily.
About the role:
The data team is looking for a data analyst who is interested in leading the effort to promote a data-driven culture at Clover. We are looking for a detail-oriented problem solver who has a track record of strategically building data visualization tools and conducting in-depth analyses for an executive audience. In addition, our ideal candidate will be passionate about systematically finding creative approaches to most effectively bridge the gap between data and decision makers.
Responsibilities:
Serve as a bridge between decision-makers and the data needed to provide actionable insights
Collaborate with product, engineering, and operational teams to proactively gather requirements, develop metrics, instrument features, and deploy monitoring tools to measure product performance
Build data visualization tools that enable teams to make data-driven decisions quickly and easily
Conduct in-depth analyses using statistical techniques to uncover insights into the factors that drive product performance
Lead efforts to improve data literacy and fluency within the company by contributing to data warehouse development, technical documentation, and training teams to become self-sufficient in data exploration and analysis
Requirements:
Extensive industry experience providing analytical services to executive-level stakeholders of varying technical backgrounds
Hands-on experience building and iterating on self-serve, data visualization tools
Working knowledge or experience in data collection, transformation, and storage from various sources including relational databases, APIs, logs, and unstructured files
Strong self-starter who can create and lead new projects from scratch with minimal guidance, oversight, or resources
Collaborative, team player who can thrive in a fast-paced environment with quickly changing, ambiguous requirements
Proficiency in Python (or at least one scripting language) and SQL
Nice to have:
Masters degree in a quantitative discipline: computer science, applied mathematics, statistics, operations research, information systems, engineering, economics, social sciences, or equivalent
Experience implementing one or more or of the following techniques: regression analysis, non-parametric models, time series analysis, experimental design, survival analysis, clustering, natural language processing, or neural networks
Industry experience developing cloud-based data warehouse solution


This document was coded in HTML5.
Martin Luther King once said I have a dream.
I have a dream.
I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation.


Iterates with an index in reverse order. The template can also be used on an array or a list to iterate over its elements in reverse order.


ExpressZip runs as a web application in Tomcat. Tomcat is a web server and servlet container that hosts web applications like ExpressZip and the Express Server Manager. When you change the configuration for ExpressZip, you must restart Tomcat for the changes to take effect.
On Windows, Tomcat runs as a service called the LizardTech Express Server Tomcat service, also known as lttomcat7
. To restart the service, complete the following steps:
On Linux, Tomcat runs as a daemon called lttomd
. To restart the daemon, complete the following steps:
Run the following command with root permissions:
/etc/init.d/lttomd restart


@(message: es.weso.computex.entities.CMessage)(content: Html) @import es.weso.computex.entities._
Validates RDF profiles like RDF Data Cube and other RDF data with statistical computations.


Drive to nearby town |
It was a hot day. I approached the Dad and asked if I can take a photo of his two kids and him.
Just another photo of Buddha statue. Bagan was an ancient city full of Pagodas, some Buddhist Pagoda, but some are of Hindus.
It was in the busy market. In front of a shop that sell rice.


Lord, now let your servant depart in peace,*
according to your word.