A few notes on general pedagogical style here. In the interest of conciseness, all structure declarations here are incomplete --- the real ones have more slots that I'm not telling you about. For the most part, these are reserved to one component of the server core or another, and should be altered by modules with caution. However, in some cases, they really are things I just haven't gotten around to yet. Welcome to the bleeding edge.
Finally, here's an outline, to give you some bare idea of what's coming up, and in what order:
SetEnv
, which don't really fit well elsewhere.
OK
.
DECLINED
. In this case, the
server behaves in all respects as if the handler simply hadn't
been there.
*/*
(i.e., a
wildcard MIME type specification). However, wildcard handlers are
only invoked if the server has already tried and failed to find a more
specific response handler for the MIME type of the requested object
(either none existed, or they all declined).
The handlers themselves are functions of one argument (a
request_rec
structure. vide infra), which returns an
integer, as above.
ScriptAlias
config file
command. It's actually a great deal more complicated than most
modules, but if we're going to have only one example, it might as well
be the one with its fingers in every place.
Let's begin with handlers. In order to handle the CGI scripts, the
module declares a response handler for them. Because of
ScriptAlias
, it also has handlers for the name
translation phase (to recognize ScriptAlias
ed URIs), the
type-checking phase (any ScriptAlias
ed request is typed
as a CGI script).
The module needs to maintain some per (virtual)
server information, namely, the ScriptAlias
es in effect;
the module structure therefore contains pointers to a functions which
builds these structures, and to another which combines two of them (in
case the main server and a virtual server both have
ScriptAlias
es declared).
Finally, this module contains code to handle the
ScriptAlias
command itself. This particular module only
declares one command, but there could be more, so modules have
command tables which declare their commands, and describe
where they are permitted, and how they are to be invoked.
A final note on the declared types of the arguments of some of these
commands: a pool
is a pointer to a resource pool
structure; these are used by the server to keep track of the memory
which has been allocated, files opened, etc., either to service a
particular request, or to handle the process of configuring itself.
That way, when the request is over (or, for the configuration pool,
when the server is restarting), the memory can be freed, and the files
closed, en masse, without anyone having to write explicit code to
track them all down and dispose of them. Also, a
cmd_parms
structure contains various information about
the config file being read, and other status information, which is
sometimes of use to the function which processes a config-file command
(such as ScriptAlias
).
With no further ado, the module itself:
/* Declarations of handlers. */ int translate_scriptalias (request_rec *); int type_scriptalias (request_rec *); int cgi_handler (request_rec *); /* Subsidiary dispatch table for response-phase handlers, by MIME type */ handler_rec cgi_handlers[] = { { "application/x-httpd-cgi", cgi_handler }, { NULL } }; /* Declarations of routines to manipulate the module's configuration * info. Note that these are returned, and passed in, as void *'s; * the server core keeps track of them, but it doesn't, and can't, * know their internal structure. */ void *make_cgi_server_config (pool *); void *merge_cgi_server_config (pool *, void *, void *); /* Declarations of routines to handle config-file commands */ extern char *script_alias(cmd_parms *, void *per_dir_config, char *fake, char *real); command_rec cgi_cmds[] = { { "ScriptAlias", script_alias, NULL, RSRC_CONF, TAKE2, "a fakename and a realname"}, { NULL } }; module cgi_module = { STANDARD_MODULE_STUFF, NULL, /* initializer */ NULL, /* dir config creator */ NULL, /* dir merger --- default is to override */ make_cgi_server_config, /* server config */ merge_cgi_server_config, /* merge server config */ cgi_cmds, /* command table */ cgi_handlers, /* handlers */ translate_scriptalias, /* filename translation */ NULL, /* check_user_id */ NULL, /* check auth */ NULL, /* check access */ type_scriptalias, /* type_checker */ NULL, /* fixups */ NULL, /* logger */ NULL /* header parser */ };
request_rec
structure.
This structure describes a particular request which has been made to
the server, on behalf of a client. In most cases, each connection to
the client generates only one request_rec
structure.
request_rec
request_rec
contains pointers to a resource pool
which will be cleared when the server is finished handling the
request; to structures containing per-server and per-connection
information, and most importantly, information on the request itself.The most important such information is a small set of character strings describing attributes of the object being requested, including its URI, filename, content-type and content-encoding (these being filled in by the translation and type-check handlers which handle the request, respectively).
Other commonly used data items are tables giving the MIME headers on
the client's original request, MIME headers to be sent back with the
response (which modules can add to at will), and environment variables
for any subprocesses which are spawned off in the course of servicing
the request. These tables are manipulated using the
ap_table_get
and ap_table_set
routines.
Note that the Content-type header value cannot be set by module content-handlers using the ap_table_*() routines. Rather, it is set by pointing the content_type field in the request_rec structure to an appropriate string. E.g.,Finally, there are pointers to two data structures which, in turn, point to per-module configuration structures. Specifically, these hold pointers to the data structures which the module has built to describe the way it has been configured to operate in a given directory (viar->content_type = "text/html";
.htaccess
files or
<Directory>
sections), for private data it has
built in the course of servicing the request (so modules' handlers for
one phase can pass `notes' to their handlers for other phases). There
is another such configuration vector in the server_rec
data structure pointed to by the request_rec
, which
contains per (virtual) server configuration data.Here is an abridged declaration, giving the fields most commonly used:
struct request_rec { pool *pool; conn_rec *connection; server_rec *server; /* What object is being requested */ char *uri; char *filename; char *path_info; char *args; /* QUERY_ARGS, if any */ struct stat finfo; /* Set by server core; * st_mode set to zero if no such file */ char *content_type; char *content_encoding; /* MIME header environments, in and out. Also, an array containing * environment variables to be passed to subprocesses, so people can * write modules to add to that environment. * * The difference between headers_out and err_headers_out is that * the latter are printed even on error, and persist across internal * redirects (so the headers printed for ErrorDocument handlers will * have them). */ table *headers_in; table *headers_out; table *err_headers_out; table *subprocess_env; /* Info about the request itself... */ int header_only; /* HEAD request, as opposed to GET */ char *protocol; /* Protocol, as given to us, or HTTP/0.9 */ char *method; /* GET, HEAD, POST, etc. */ int method_number; /* M_GET, M_POST, etc. */ /* Info for logging */ char *the_request; int bytes_sent; /* A flag which modules can set, to indicate that the data being * returned is volatile, and clients should be told not to cache it. */ int no_cache; /* Various other config info which may change with .htaccess files * These are config vectors, with one void* pointer for each module * (the thing pointed to being the module's business). */ void *per_dir_config; /* Options set in config files, etc. */ void *request_config; /* Notes on *this* request */ };
request_rec
structures are built by reading an HTTP
request from a client, and filling in the fields. However, there are
a few exceptions:
*.var
file), or a CGI script which returned a
local `Location:', then the resource which the user requested
is going to be ultimately located by some URI other than what
the client originally supplied. In this case, the server does
an internal redirect, constructing a new
request_rec
for the new URI, and processing it
almost exactly as if the client had requested the new URI
directly.
ErrorDocument
is in scope, the same internal
redirect machinery comes into play.
Such handlers can construct a sub-request, using the
functions ap_sub_req_lookup_file
and
ap_sub_req_lookup_uri
; this constructs a new
request_rec
structure and processes it as you
would expect, up to but not including the point of actually
sending a response. (These functions skip over the access
checks if the sub-request is for a file in the same directory
as the original request).
(Server-side includes work by building sub-requests and then
actually invoking the response handler for them, via the
function run_sub_request
).
request_rec
, has to return an int
to
indicate what happened. That can either be
REDIRECT
, then
the module should put a Location
in the request's
headers_out
, to indicate where the client should be
redirected to.
request_rec
structure (or, in the case of access
checkers, simply by returning the correct error code). However,
response handlers have to actually send a request back to the client.
They should begin by sending an HTTP response header, using the
function ap_send_http_header
. (You don't have to do
anything special to skip sending the header for HTTP/0.9 requests; the
function figures out on its own that it shouldn't do anything). If
the request is marked header_only
, that's all they should
do; they should return after that, without attempting any further
output.
Otherwise, they should produce a request body which responds to the
client as appropriate. The primitives for this are ap_rputc
and ap_rprintf
, for internally generated output, and
ap_send_fd
, to copy the contents of some FILE *
straight to the client.
At this point, you should more or less understand the following piece
of code, which is the handler which handles GET
requests
which have no more specific handler; it also shows how conditional
GET
s can be handled, if it's desirable to do so in a
particular response handler --- ap_set_last_modified
checks
against the If-modified-since
value supplied by the
client, if any, and returns an appropriate code (which will, if
nonzero, be USE_LOCAL_COPY). No similar considerations apply for
ap_set_content_length
, but it returns an error code for
symmetry.
int default_handler (request_rec *r) { int errstatus; FILE *f; if (r->method_number != M_GET) return DECLINED; if (r->finfo.st_mode == 0) return NOT_FOUND; if ((errstatus = ap_set_content_length (r, r->finfo.st_size)) || (errstatus = ap_set_last_modified (r, r->finfo.st_mtime))) return errstatus; f = fopen (r->filename, "r"); if (f == NULL) { log_reason("file permissions deny server access", r->filename, r); return FORBIDDEN; } register_timeout ("send", r); ap_send_http_header (r); if (!r->header_only) send_fd (f, r); ap_pfclose (r->pool, f); return OK; }Finally, if all of this is too much of a challenge, there are a few ways out of it. First off, as shown above, a response handler which has not yet produced any output can simply return an error code, in which case the server will automatically produce an error response. Secondly, it can punt to some other handler by invoking
ap_internal_redirect
, which is how the internal redirection
machinery discussed above is invoked. A response handler which has
internally redirected should always return OK
.
(Invoking ap_internal_redirect
from handlers which are
not response handlers will lead to serious confusion).
ap_auth_type
,
ap_auth_name
, and ap_requires
.
ap_get_basic_auth_pw
,
which sets the connection->user
structure field
automatically, and ap_note_basic_auth_failure
, which
arranges for the proper WWW-Authenticate:
header
to be sent back).
request_rec
structures which are
threaded through the r->prev
and r->next
pointers. The request_rec
which is passed to the logging
handlers in such cases is the one which was originally built for the
initial request from the client; note that the bytes_sent field will
only be correct in the last request in the chain (the one for which a
response was actually sent).
One of the problems of writing and designing a server-pool server is that of preventing leakage, that is, allocating resources (memory, open files, etc.), without subsequently releasing them. The resource pool machinery is designed to make it easy to prevent this from happening, by allowing resource to be allocated in such a way that they are automatically released when the server is done with them.
The way this works is as follows: the memory which is allocated, file opened, etc., to deal with a particular request are tied to a resource pool which is allocated for the request. The pool is a data structure which itself tracks the resources in question.
When the request has been processed, the pool is cleared. At that point, all the memory associated with it is released for reuse, all files associated with it are closed, and any other clean-up functions which are associated with the pool are run. When this is over, we can be confident that all the resource tied to the pool have been released, and that none of them have leaked.
Server restarts, and allocation of memory and resources for per-server configuration, are handled in a similar way. There is a configuration pool, which keeps track of resources which were allocated while reading the server configuration files, and handling the commands therein (for instance, the memory that was allocated for per-server module configuration, log files and other files that were opened, and so forth). When the server restarts, and has to reread the configuration files, the configuration pool is cleared, and so the memory and file descriptors which were taken up by reading them the last time are made available for reuse.
It should be noted that use of the pool machinery isn't generally
obligatory, except for situations like logging handlers, where you
really need to register cleanups to make sure that the log file gets
closed when the server restarts (this is most easily done by using the
function ap_pfopen
, which also
arranges for the underlying file descriptor to be closed before any
child processes, such as for CGI scripts, are exec
ed), or
in case you are using the timeout machinery (which isn't yet even
documented here). However, there are two benefits to using it:
resources allocated to a pool never leak (even if you allocate a
scratch string, and just forget about it); also, for memory
allocation, ap_palloc
is generally faster than
malloc
.
We begin here by describing how memory is allocated to pools, and then discuss how other resources are tracked by the resource pool machinery.
Memory is allocated to pools by calling the function
ap_palloc
, which takes two arguments, one being a pointer to
a resource pool structure, and the other being the amount of memory to
allocate (in char
s). Within handlers for handling
requests, the most common way of getting a resource pool structure is
by looking at the pool
slot of the relevant
request_rec
; hence the repeated appearance of the
following idiom in module code:
int my_handler(request_rec *r) { struct my_structure *foo; ... foo = (foo *)ap_palloc (r->pool, sizeof(my_structure)); }
Note that there is no ap_pfree
---
ap_palloc
ed memory is freed only when the associated
resource pool is cleared. This means that ap_palloc
does not
have to do as much accounting as malloc()
; all it does in
the typical case is to round up the size, bump a pointer, and do a
range check.
(It also raises the possibility that heavy use of ap_palloc
could cause a server process to grow excessively large. There are
two ways to deal with this, which are dealt with below; briefly, you
can use malloc
, and try to be sure that all of the memory
gets explicitly free
d, or you can allocate a sub-pool of
the main pool, allocate your memory in the sub-pool, and clear it out
periodically. The latter technique is discussed in the section on
sub-pools below, and is used in the directory-indexing code, in order
to avoid excessive storage allocation when listing directories with
thousands of files).
There are functions which allocate initialized memory, and are
frequently useful. The function ap_pcalloc
has the same
interface as ap_palloc
, but clears out the memory it
allocates before it returns it. The function ap_pstrdup
takes a resource pool and a char *
as arguments, and
allocates memory for a copy of the string the pointer points to,
returning a pointer to the copy. Finally ap_pstrcat
is a
varargs-style function, which takes a pointer to a resource pool, and
at least two char *
arguments, the last of which must be
NULL
. It allocates enough memory to fit copies of each
of the strings, as a unit; for instance:
ap_pstrcat (r->pool, "foo", "/", "bar", NULL);
returns a pointer to 8 bytes worth of memory, initialized to
"foo/bar"
.
A pool is really defined by its lifetime more than anything else. There are some static pools in http_main which are passed to various non-http_main functions as arguments at opportune times. Here they are:
For almost everything folks do, r->pool is the pool to use. But you can see how other lifetimes, such as pchild, are useful to some modules... such as modules that need to open a database connection once per child, and wish to clean it up when the child dies.
You can also see how some bugs have manifested themself, such as setting connection->user to a value from r->pool -- in this case connection exists for the lifetime of ptrans, which is longer than r->pool (especially if r->pool is a subrequest!). So the correct thing to do is to allocate from connection->pool.
And there was another interesting bug in mod_include/mod_cgi. You'll see in those that they do this test to decide if they should use r->pool or r->main->pool. In this case the resource that they are registering for cleanup is a child process. If it were registered in r->pool, then the code would wait() for the child when the subrequest finishes. With mod_include this could be any old #include, and the delay can be up to 3 seconds... and happened quite frequently. Instead the subprocess is registered in r->main->pool which causes it to be cleaned up when the entire request is done -- i.e., after the output has been sent to the client and logging has happened.
As indicated above, resource pools are also used to track other sorts
of resources besides memory. The most common are open files. The
routine which is typically used for this is ap_pfopen
, which
takes a resource pool and two strings as arguments; the strings are
the same as the typical arguments to fopen
, e.g.,
... FILE *f = ap_pfopen (r->pool, r->filename, "r"); if (f == NULL) { ... } else { ... }
There is also a ap_popenf
routine, which parallels the
lower-level open
system call. Both of these routines
arrange for the file to be closed when the resource pool in question
is cleared.
Unlike the case for memory, there are functions to close
files allocated with ap_pfopen
, and ap_popenf
,
namely ap_pfclose
and ap_pclosef
. (This is
because, on many systems, the number of files which a single process
can have open is quite limited). It is important to use these
functions to close files allocated with ap_pfopen
and
ap_popenf
, since to do otherwise could cause fatal errors on
systems such as Linux, which react badly if the same
FILE*
is closed more than once.
(Using the close
functions is not mandatory, since the
file will eventually be closed regardless, but you should consider it
in cases where your module is opening, or could open, a lot of files).
More text goes here. Describe the the cleanup primitives in terms of
which the file stuff is implemented; also, spawn_process
.
Pool cleanups live until clear_pool() is called: clear_pool(a) recursively calls destroy_pool() on all subpools of a; then calls all the cleanups for a; then releases all the memory for a. destroy_pool(a) calls clear_pool(a) and then releases the pool structure itself. i.e., clear_pool(a) doesn't delete a, it just frees up all the resources and you can start using it again immediately.
ap_palloc()
and the
associated primitives may result in undesirably profligate resource
allocation. You can deal with such a case by creating a
sub-pool, allocating within the sub-pool rather than the main
pool, and clearing or destroying the sub-pool, which releases the
resources which were associated with it. (This really is a
rare situation; the only case in which it comes up in the standard
module set is in case of listing directories, and then only with
very large directories. Unnecessary use of the primitives
discussed here can hair up your code quite a bit, with very little
gain).
The primitive for creating a sub-pool is ap_make_sub_pool
,
which takes another pool (the parent pool) as an argument. When the
main pool is cleared, the sub-pool will be destroyed. The sub-pool
may also be cleared or destroyed at any time, by calling the functions
ap_clear_pool
and ap_destroy_pool
, respectively.
(The difference is that ap_clear_pool
frees resources
associated with the pool, while ap_destroy_pool
also
deallocates the pool itself. In the former case, you can allocate new
resources within the pool, and clear it again, and so forth; in the
latter case, it is simply gone).
One final note --- sub-requests have their own resource pools, which
are sub-pools of the resource pool for the main request. The polite
way to reclaim the resources associated with a sub request which you
have allocated (using the ap_sub_req_lookup_...
functions)
is ap_destroy_sub_req
, which frees the resource pool.
Before calling this function, be sure to copy anything that you care
about which might be allocated in the sub-request's resource pool into
someplace a little less volatile (for instance, the filename in its
request_rec
structure).
(Again, under most circumstances, you shouldn't feel obliged to call
this function; only 2K of memory or so are allocated for a typical sub
request, and it will be freed anyway when the main request pool is
cleared. It is only when you are allocating many, many sub-requests
for a single main request that you should seriously consider the
ap_destroy...
functions).
However, just giving the modules command tables is not enough to
divorce them completely from the server core. The server has to
remember the commands in order to act on them later. That involves
maintaining data which is private to the modules, and which can be
either per-server, or per-directory. Most things are per-directory,
including in particular access control and authorization information,
but also information on how to determine file types from suffixes,
which can be modified by AddType
and
DefaultType
directives, and so forth. In general, the
governing philosophy is that anything which can be made
configurable by directory should be; per-server information is
generally used in the standard set of modules for information like
Alias
es and Redirect
s which come into play
before the request is tied to a particular place in the underlying
file system.
Another requirement for emulating the NCSA server is being able to
handle the per-directory configuration files, generally called
.htaccess
files, though even in the NCSA server they can
contain directives which have nothing at all to do with access
control. Accordingly, after URI -> filename translation, but before
performing any other phase, the server walks down the directory
hierarchy of the underlying filesystem, following the translated
pathname, to read any .htaccess
files which might be
present. The information which is read in then has to be
merged with the applicable information from the server's own
config files (either from the <Directory>
sections
in access.conf
, or from defaults in
srm.conf
, which actually behaves for most purposes almost
exactly like <Directory />
).
Finally, after having served a request which involved reading
.htaccess
files, we need to discard the storage allocated
for handling them. That is solved the same way it is solved wherever
else similar problems come up, by tying those structures to the
per-transaction resource pool.
mod_mime.c
,
which defines the file typing handler which emulates the NCSA server's
behavior of determining file types from suffixes. What we'll be
looking at, here, is the code which implements the
AddType
and AddEncoding
commands. These
commands can appear in .htaccess
files, so they must be
handled in the module's private per-directory data, which in fact,
consists of two separate table
s for MIME types and
encoding information, and is declared as follows:
typedef struct { table *forced_types; /* Additional AddTyped stuff */ table *encoding_types; /* Added with AddEncoding... */ } mime_dir_config;When the server is reading a configuration file, or
<Directory>
section, which includes one of the MIME
module's commands, it needs to create a mime_dir_config
structure, so those commands have something to act on. It does this
by invoking the function it finds in the module's `create per-dir
config slot', with two arguments: the name of the directory to which
this configuration information applies (or NULL
for
srm.conf
), and a pointer to a resource pool in which the
allocation should happen.
(If we are reading a .htaccess
file, that resource pool
is the per-request resource pool for the request; otherwise it is a
resource pool which is used for configuration data, and cleared on
restarts. Either way, it is important for the structure being created
to vanish when the pool is cleared, by registering a cleanup on the
pool if necessary).
For the MIME module, the per-dir config creation function just
ap_palloc
s the structure above, and a creates a couple of
table
s to fill it. That looks like this:
void *create_mime_dir_config (pool *p, char *dummy) { mime_dir_config *new = (mime_dir_config *) ap_palloc (p, sizeof(mime_dir_config)); new->forced_types = ap_make_table (p, 4); new->encoding_types = ap_make_table (p, 4); return new; }Now, suppose we've just read in a
.htaccess
file. We
already have the per-directory configuration structure for the next
directory up in the hierarchy. If the .htaccess
file we
just read in didn't have any AddType
or
AddEncoding
commands, its per-directory config structure
for the MIME module is still valid, and we can just use it.
Otherwise, we need to merge the two structures somehow. To do that, the server invokes the module's per-directory config merge function, if one is present. That function takes three arguments: the two structures being merged, and a resource pool in which to allocate the result. For the MIME module, all that needs to be done is overlay the tables from the new per-directory config structure with those from the parent:
void *merge_mime_dir_configs (pool *p, void *parent_dirv, void *subdirv) { mime_dir_config *parent_dir = (mime_dir_config *)parent_dirv; mime_dir_config *subdir = (mime_dir_config *)subdirv; mime_dir_config *new = (mime_dir_config *)ap_palloc (p, sizeof(mime_dir_config)); new->forced_types = ap_overlay_tables (p, subdir->forced_types, parent_dir->forced_types); new->encoding_types = ap_overlay_tables (p, subdir->encoding_types, parent_dir->encoding_types); return new; }As a note --- if there is no per-directory merge function present, the server will just use the subdirectory's configuration info, and ignore the parent's. For some modules, that works just fine (e.g., for the includes module, whose per-directory configuration information consists solely of the state of the
XBITHACK
), and for
those modules, you can just not declare one, and leave the
corresponding structure slot in the module itself NULL
.
AddType
and AddEncoding
commands. To find
commands, the server looks in the module's command table
.
That table contains information on how many arguments the commands
take, and in what formats, where it is permitted, and so forth. That
information is sufficient to allow the server to invoke most
command-handling functions with pre-parsed arguments. Without further
ado, let's look at the AddType
command handler, which
looks like this (the AddEncoding
command looks basically
the same, and won't be shown here):
char *add_type(cmd_parms *cmd, mime_dir_config *m, char *ct, char *ext) { if (*ext == '.') ++ext; ap_table_set (m->forced_types, ext, ct); return NULL; }This command handler is unusually simple. As you can see, it takes four arguments, two of which are pre-parsed arguments, the third being the per-directory configuration structure for the module in question, and the fourth being a pointer to a
cmd_parms
structure.
That structure contains a bunch of arguments which are frequently of
use to some, but not all, commands, including a resource pool (from
which memory can be allocated, and to which cleanups should be tied),
and the (virtual) server being configured, from which the module's
per-server configuration data can be obtained if required.
Another way in which this particular command handler is unusually
simple is that there are no error conditions which it can encounter.
If there were, it could return an error message instead of
NULL
; this causes an error to be printed out on the
server's stderr
, followed by a quick exit, if it is in
the main config files; for a .htaccess
file, the syntax
error is logged in the server error log (along with an indication of
where it came from), and the request is bounced with a server error
response (HTTP error status, code 500).
The MIME module's command table has entries for these commands, which look like this:
command_rec mime_cmds[] = { { "AddType", add_type, NULL, OR_FILEINFO, TAKE2, "a mime type followed by a file extension" }, { "AddEncoding", add_encoding, NULL, OR_FILEINFO, TAKE2, "an encoding (e.g., gzip), followed by a file extension" }, { NULL } };The entries in these tables are:
(void *)
pointer, which is passed in the
cmd_parms
structure to the command handler ---
this is useful in case many similar commands are handled by the
same function.
AllowOverride
option, and an additional mask bit, RSRC_CONF
,
indicating that the command may appear in the server's own
config files, but not in any .htaccess
file.
TAKE2
indicates two pre-parsed arguments. Other
options are TAKE1
, which indicates one pre-parsed
argument, FLAG
, which indicates that the argument
should be On
or Off
, and is passed in
as a boolean flag, RAW_ARGS
, which causes the
server to give the command the raw, unparsed arguments
(everything but the command name itself). There is also
ITERATE
, which means that the handler looks the
same as TAKE1
, but that if multiple arguments are
present, it should be called multiple times, and finally
ITERATE2
, which indicates that the command handler
looks like a TAKE2
, but if more arguments are
present, then it should be called multiple times, holding the
first argument constant.
NULL
).
request_rec
's per-directory configuration vector by using
the ap_get_module_config
function.
int find_ct(request_rec *r) { int i; char *fn = ap_pstrdup (r->pool, r->filename); mime_dir_config *conf = (mime_dir_config *) ap_get_module_config(r->per_dir_config, &mime_module); char *type; if (S_ISDIR(r->finfo.st_mode)) { r->content_type = DIR_MAGIC_TYPE; return OK; } if((i=ap_rind(fn,'.')) < 0) return DECLINED; ++i; if ((type = ap_table_get (conf->encoding_types, &fn[i]))) { r->content_encoding = type; /* go back to previous extension to try to use it as a type */ fn[i-1] = '\0'; if((i=ap_rind(fn,'.')) < 0) return OK; ++i; } if ((type = ap_table_get (conf->forced_types, &fn[i]))) { r->content_type = type; } return OK; }
The only substantial difference is that when a command needs to
configure the per-server private module data, it needs to go to the
cmd_parms
data to get at it. Here's an example, from the
alias module, which also indicates how a syntax error can be returned
(note that the per-directory configuration argument to the command
handler is declared as a dummy, since the module doesn't actually have
per-directory config data):
char *add_redirect(cmd_parms *cmd, void *dummy, char *f, char *url) { server_rec *s = cmd->server; alias_server_conf *conf = (alias_server_conf *) ap_get_module_config(s->module_config,&alias_module); alias_entry *new = ap_push_array (conf->redirects); if (!ap_is_url (url)) return "Redirect to non-URL"; new->fake = f; new->real = url; return NULL; }


|
Team 302 Robot
|
#include <DragonServo.h>
Public Member Functions | |
| DragonServo ()=delete | |
| DragonServo (ServoUsage::SERVO_USAGE deviceUsage, int deviceID, double minAngle, double maxAngle) | |
| virtual | ~DragonServo ()=default |
| void | Set (double value) |
| void | SetOffline () |
| double | Get () const |
| void | SetAngle (double angle) |
| double | GetAngle () const |
| ServoUsage::SERVO_USAGE | GetUsage () const |
| void | MoveToMaxAngle () |
| void | MoveToMinAngle () |
Definition at line 15 of file DragonServo.h.
|
delete |
| DragonServo::DragonServo | ( | ServoUsage::SERVO_USAGE | deviceUsage, |
| int | deviceID, | ||
| double | minAngle, | ||
| double | maxAngle | ||
| ) |
Definition at line 13 of file DragonServo.cpp.
|
virtualdefault |
| double DragonServo::Get | ( | ) | const |
Definition at line 61 of file DragonServo.cpp.
| double DragonServo::GetAngle | ( | ) | const |
Definition at line 86 of file DragonServo.cpp.
| ServoUsage::SERVO_USAGE DragonServo::GetUsage | ( | ) | const |
Definition at line 110 of file DragonServo.cpp.
| void DragonServo::MoveToMaxAngle | ( | ) |
Definition at line 100 of file DragonServo.cpp.
| void DragonServo::MoveToMinAngle | ( | ) |
Definition at line 105 of file DragonServo.cpp.
| void DragonServo::Set | ( | double | value | ) |
Definition at line 37 of file DragonServo.cpp.
| void DragonServo::SetAngle | ( | double | angle | ) |
Definition at line 74 of file DragonServo.cpp.
| void DragonServo::SetOffline | ( | ) |
Definition at line 49 of file DragonServo.cpp.


`Magnolia' Blossoms for Some Critics but May Wilt for the Average Moviegoer by Homer Yen (c) 2000
Have you ever watched an advertisement on late night TV, perhaps an infomercial, and wondered how those guys could actually be the dynamos that they seem to be. I remember the incredulous pitches for how to make millions in real estate. The speaker would say how he was once a penniless immigrant but now had amassed a fortune. With an ounce of ambition and his tutelage, you too could earn enough to purchase oceanfront property, a yacht, and a slew of exotic cars.
In `Magnolia,' there is another such dynamo named Frank Mackey (Tom Cruise). With his high-powered charisma, his ads boast that he can win over the hearts of any woman.  Just call 1-877-TAME HER and he'll show you all of his tricks including how to feign sincerity and how to make her fulfill your every desire. This is truly a person that has feigned much like the once-penniless-immigrant-turned real-estate-mogul. The life that he has created is a manifestation of terrific imagination. He has worked hard to develop an identity for others to see. He says the right things, wears the right clothes, and talks to the right people.  Unlock those secrets, and his foundation crumbles. What would make Frank's foundation crumble? Perhaps it will be an inquisitive reporter. Or, it may be confronting a father that had abandoned him but now lies on his deathbed. Neither Frank nor anyone else can ever be prepared for such a jolt.
Frank's is one of many stories that are happening simultaneously in the world of `Magnolia.' Several interlocking vignettes are at play, and all of them are variations on a theme. Julianne Moore plays a neurotic and faithless wife. Veteran game show host Jimmy Gator (Phillip Baker Hall) has just learned that he is suffering from cancer and doesn't have long to live. An overeager father (Michael Bowen) maddeningly drives his son to excel.  And there's also a caring officer (John C. Reilly) who falls in love with a drug addict. Foundation shaking events will occur for all of the characters.
Structurally, this is a very good film. Despite it being a film where many of the characters are related by coincidence, the film does an excellent job making sure that all of the various story lines are working in unison.  And this why critics will rally around this kind of film. It's certainly ambitious work and worthy of a nomination for Director Paul Thomas Anderson.
However, my job is not to extol its production values (which it has plenty of), but to let you know whether this is a film that most of us would find entertaining. And to that, I would have to say ‘no'. This is an Oscar-seeking melodrama, filled with emotion, deathbed scenes and turbulence. These threads also converge in a way that I could not understand, and should you wish to see this film, I will have to let you draw your own conclusions. As for my own opinion, this is a 3-hour film that is recommended to only the most avid moviegoers who like their films to be a bravura combination of absurdity, innovation and chance. That's not me.
Grade: C+
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rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
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Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


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GIT Based Chat
06 Dec 2016A while ago I noticed the similarity between how a git repository is structured to a chat. So I decided to write the completely not useful yet funny version of a chat client that uses git server as the backend server.
This chat client uses the branches in a git repository as the channels in the chat, and commit messages as actual messages.
You can clone the client from here: https://github.com/ephigabay/GIC
In order to run it you should run npm install
in the directory you cloned the client to, edit the config.js
file and enter a git repository you have access to and then run the client using npm start
.
Be aware that this client will create branches and add commits to the repository you entered there, so be careful.


Victor Yaichnikov's new project is called "33". They are really thirty three human faces united by terrestrial lifetime and an image of Christ. The allusion is obvious: an epistyle of templon, an iconostasis, a medieval polyptich.
And almost at once, by contrast, there is a doubt: whether similar unambiguity of interpretation is lawful? The infinite variety of images of human cosmos overturns any even most settled and time-honoured scheme.
Here they are beside: the native, the hardly familiar and casually seen friends , the bible characters and our contemporaries, children, old men, the baby at mother’s breast, the enamored and simply kissing…
A picturesque technique (acryle, oil) aggravates feelings of the borderline intonations in its genre sense: not a portfolio, but also not the cabinet grotesque.
Searching of uniform hierarchy of values in this case is hardly probable pertinent.
However, here that the artist speaks: "It would be better to break off a distance between people. In fact we do not look at each other in the eyes!" The matter is not only in an author's reflection. The faces, as well as destinies are connected unpredictably, linked with each other. Whether this certificate of embodiment of the divine plan in any Brown movement, especially, in the elementary sequence of objects. The communication of the plan and the stunning result shown to us is not argued (conclusive).


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Celebrations is one of the leading event management company, organize Anniversary Events parties. we work closely with you to create unforgattable momments and lifelong memories.we assist with all the planning, facilating, negotitating and handling of various aspect of Anniversary Events planning and ensure that you recieve the best services for the best prices.A well catered and delicious food will make the guests delighted.
A Family get-together is always fun and memorable. We help plan the party for you and take the burden off your shoulders, family time is quality time and its the most important time you get to meet and greet family that you may not have seen for a long time get to know the new additions to the family(babies or newly weds) and also where each one lives. .
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Recent Activity
Saturday, November 25
Successfully executing a trip to deliver goods to needy communities, especially those in more remote locations, requires the confluence of several variable factors and perhaps none more important than those that come on the day of trip departure. To the dismay of ourselves and other team members, both of our trips planned for the last two weeks were examples of how we can work around some factors, while others we cannot.
For the weekend of November 18 we were at the mercy of Mother Nature. After several days of wonderful sunny weather, the island was hit with a double wave of heavy rains that left not just the mountainous areas flooded again, but those of us here in the metropolitan San Juan area received multiple flash flood warnings. Neither Saturday nor Sunday presented weather conditions fit for travel, so we reluctantly postponed that outing.
During the following week, we regrouped and on Saturday November 25, we set off full steam ahead with clear skies and a caravan of four cars full of supplies. We were especially grateful to be adding a mountain of clothes from a donation that a new volunteer had acquired through the Salvation Army. As quickly as we departed, we were forced to halt the caravan after that volunteer’s car presented some engine problems. Disappointing as it was, it was clear that we would have to make the trip without her, and that meant we would have to transfer as much as possible into the three other cars and go without a lot of the clothing that filled her car. And so we made the transfer and headed off to our destination – a return trip to the municipality of Comerío to visit homes we had been unable to visit on our previous trip. Thus, the trip was interrupted, but ultimately successful.
On today’s trip we:
- Directly delivered bottled water and gift bags robustly filled with food, over-the-counter medications and personal care items to 30 households in the Comerío barrio of Palomas.
- Provided adult diapers and other hygiene goods to elderly and bedridden community members.
- Outfitted community members with nearly 600 gently used clothing items, including shirts, pants, dresses, jackets, hats, shoes, purses and backpacks.
- Offered approximately 50 bedding items, including bed covers, blankets, sheets, pillowcases and towels.
- Gifted small bags of treats to all the children in the households, thanks to the generosity and preparation of friends and their granddaughter who joined us on this trip.
- Left a supply of diapers, wipes, baby and toddler food, infant formula and Pedialyte for the residential center we visited on our last trip that serves children with special needs.
Just like on our previous trips, today we learned so many meaningful lessons from the people we met. On one especially moving encounter we met a woman who is caring for her mother who has been bedridden for nine years, her 61-year-old sister who has been bedridden all her life, and her three young grandchildren. She welcomed us warmly into their home and introduced us to each member of the family.
Another woman we met lives alone and lost nearly her entire house, including her kitchen where she made her livelihood through homemade ice cream and simple local foods. She came home one day to find men she didn’t know re-roofing what was left of her home. The men asked for no compensation. That act has allowed this woman to revive her energy and aspiration to start her home business again.
One farmer who has worked in this area for nearly six decades said he is grateful that we are sharing the items we bring, but he wanted us to know that his father and grandfather stressed to not only be grateful for what you receive, but to use that which you receive to strengthen your resolve not to depend on others.
At every stop we made, the people were definitely most grateful for our delivery, but they were also quick to identify another household or individual in need and they were willing to give up the delivery to be sure that other person was taken care of. We have been honored to meet all of these individuals and continue to be grateful for your contributions that allow us to help strengthen their resolve.
Sunday, November 12, 2017
As Puerto Rico approaches two months post-hurricane María, sporadic gains are seen in some parts of the island, predominantly in the metropolitan area of San Juan, Puerto Rico's capital city, and its neighboring municipalities. The more rural areas of the island, particularly the mountainous and coastal areas, continue to experience deficient availability of basic goods.
On our most recent trip we returned to the mountainous region, visiting the municipality of Comerío. This is a community that is so lovely with its colorfully painted houses backdropped against the green mountainside and its town center bisected by the Río Plata, one of Puerto Rico's major rivers. Unfortunately, with the arrival of Hurricane María, this typically tranquil scene was transformed into a disaster zone where nearly all structures along the river were severely flooded and damaged, and those in the outer-lying areas were left isolated.
We were fortunate to have a beautiful sunny day for our visit, but with the noticeably cooler temperature that is characteristic in the mountain regions at this time of year. Night temperatures can begin to drop into the lower fifties (Fahrenheit), which, combined with high humidity, makes for chilly nights. In anticipation of this temperature change we collected cool weather items to include in our offerings on this trip.
Our first stop was a small residential school for eight children with special needs, from age two to eighteen. Though the teachers do not usually live onsite, we learned that this team has done so since the first hurricane (Irma) hit on September 6 due to the unreliability of telecommunications, thus, the uncertainty of being able to get services in the event of an emergency. We were happy to share basic supplies and attention with these young adults and we saw a very touching gratitude in their shy smiles when we extended food and personal care items not just for the students but specifically for them.
On today's trip we:
- Directly delivered bottled water and bags of mixed food supplies, over-the-counter medications and personal care items to 50 households in the Comerío barrios of El Verde, Cejas and Vía Brava.
- Provided a supply of diapers, along with a bag of articles for mom and infants, to families with babies. Today we delivered to the youngest community member of all our trips - a one month old.
- Provided adult diapers and other hygiene goods to elderly and bedridden community members living alone.
- Offered gently worn sweaters, jackets and blankets to over 40 community members.
- Provided 200 ham and cheeses sandwiches along with fresh apples, thanks to World Central Kitchen.
Today we were guided through the barrios of the Comerío municipality by three local public school teachers whose students had personally surveyed the needs of families in the most affected areas. Each week we have been fortunate to get connected to active local community members who share their insights about where our support is most needed. We are so grateful to all of these individuals who are helping us to directly reach our target population and to you for your contributions that make the outreach possible.
Sunday, November 5, 2017
As word is spreading that different disaster relief agencies are preparing to retreat from Puerto Rico, we made our most recent delivery to the municipalities of Manatí and Barceloneta. Both municipalities are characterized by mountainous and coastal barrios, so in these cases the hurricane devastation included the impact of storm surge and massive flooding on top of damages from sustained winds that exceeded 150 MPH and torrential rains that impacted the rest of the island. Creeks became roaring rivers, and rivers became ominous lakes.
Our first delivery was to a family whose home is just barely a couple of minutes off a main highway; in fact, the house could be seen from the highway. But the flooding of such a vast area left this family and many others of this barrio inaccessible for weeks. We experienced this level of need throughout the day in the homes of so many others.
On today's trip we:
- Directly delivered bottled water and bags of mixed food supplies, over-the-counter medications and personal hygiene supplies, to about 40 families in the Manatí barrios of Cortés, Boquillas and Los Rábanos, and the Barceloneta barrios of Punta Palmas and Palmas Altas.
- Provided a supply of diapers, along with a bag of articles for mom and infants, to families with babies.
- Provided adult diapers and other hygiene goods to families with elderly or bedridden members.
- Provided 200 ham and cheeses sandwiches along with fresh apples, donated again by World Central Kitchen.
Like each of our other trips, today's underscored the nature of our purpose. On the one hand, the delivery of sorely needed goods meets an understandable objective. On the other hand, each delivery lets the people know that all of us - you through your contributions, and us through our visits - care about their well being and the resolve of their spirit to carry on to reconstruct Puerto Rico.
Saturday, October 28, 2017
Six weeks after Hurricane María's devastation of Puerto Rico, most of the island remains in need of fresh water, food and other basic goods. The conflictive nature of bureaucratic red tape continues to profoundly hinder the timely allocation and delivery of basic goods to the people. Your contributions continue to inspire us and feed some of the most isolated communities on the big island.
We are so grateful that once again we were able to make a trip deep into the mountainous highlands of Puerto Rico. And like the previous trip we were joined by family and friends who helped collect, transport and personally deliver these goods with us.
We want to extend our deepest gratitude to the many families of HULARI Residents Association and to the Pediatric Hospital Foundation at the Medical Sciences Campus of the University of Puerto Rico who so generously donated additional food items and medical and personal hygiene provisions.
On this occasion we targeted the municipality of Jayuya and, like on our other trips, we were deeply moved by the resolve of the people. Their words and warm hugs expressed sincere appreciation. The people's resolve is uncanny.
An interesting moment had to do with a family's pet German Shepard. We saw him holed up in his doghouse and were told that their once very lively family pet no longer ventures out of his dog house after having been traumatized by the hurricane.
We were told stories of chickens that had left their original farms for others.
The farmers believe this behavior demonstrates that the chickens associate their home farm with the terror of the hurricane.
 We were touched by this expression of gratitude for our visit and delivery of goods.
On today's trip we:
- Directly delivered bottled water, sugar, rice and bags of mixed food supplies to over 50 families in the barrios of Jauca, Pica, Canaliza, Zumas, and Collores.
- Provided a supply of diapers, wipes and a bag with baby food, Pedialyte and other infant goods to families with babies.
- Provided adult diapers and other hygiene goods to families with elderly or bedridden members.
- Offered over-the-counter medications, such as ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and first aid articles, as well as items for dental and personal hygiene.
- Provided 250 turkey and cheeses sandwiches along with fresh mandarin oranges, donated again by World Central Kitchen.
- Delivered one community water filter.
As with our other trips, this one saw its share of rain. As such, road conditions continue to be a challenge. With your help we will continue to make our trips and deliveries to the communities in some of the most remote areas of the island.
Saturday, October 21, 2017
Thanks to your contributions over the past week, on Saturday Oct. 21 we were able to make a return trip to the mountainous municipality of Adjuntas. We were extremely fortunate to be joined by family and friends who filled an additional five cars with essential goods which they had donated themselves or received from local merchants.
As a team of sixteen people, we expanded our efforts and offered multiple services:
- Directly delivered bottled water, sugar, rice, care packages of mixed food supplies and warm hugs of solidarity to dozens of families living in destroyed or badly damaged homes in the more remote barrios of Vegas Arriba, Garzas and Altos de Cuba.
- Served a scrumptious hot paella meal to approximately 250 people, thanks to the generous donation of time and talent by renowned Puerto Rican chef Efraín Cruz.
- Provided 400 ham and cheese sandwiches freshly made and donated by the World Central Kitchen project that has been set up here in San Juan.
- Added a large supply of items such as bottled water, nonperishable food and diapers to the inventory that is available to the families who are able to come to Casa Pueblo for these essential goods.
- Provided over-the-counter medical supplies for use by physicians in the community who provide services to the remote areas.
- Distributed water filters to be shared by a large segment of the community.
- Gave solar bulbs donated by Casa Pueblo to several homes.
- Transported a car full of donated clothes items from Casa Pueblo to the Baptist Church in Adjuntas so those items could be included in their Saturday free market open to all community members.
With this weekend's experience we can affirm that post-María the island remains in a state of emergency with many of the mountainous areas still looking for ways to obtain essential goods. Large supply trucks cannot travel the narrow roads so many people have not received any assistance from government entities. This makes the work by local initiatives such as My Part for Puerto Rico all the more urgent. Thank you for making this effort possible!! Please share our continued need with your friends and family.
Monday, October 16, 2017
We would like to report that today, Monday October 16, we made a delivery to the people of the mountain municipality of Adjuntas. We want to thank all of you that through your contributions made this possible. After just a couple days of being online we received enough contributions for a robust delivery of much needed goods to Casa Pueblo, a community-based initiative under the founding and direction of Alexis Massol, recipient of the internationally recognized Goldman Award for his decades of extraordinary service toward human rights and environmental concerns.
Families in the community can receive provisions from Casa Pueblo in two ways: those who have the means to get to the center of town - some are still going by horse - receive packages there; otherwise, the team at Casa Pueblo has vehicles that can make the delivery direct to homes that are inaccessible by roads.
We'd like to highlight that the center is a model of community outreach. It is completely solar energized so we were witness to its offering of a reliable space to community members who need power to operate medical therapeutic devices.
It's been nearly a month since Hurricane Maria, and flash floods continue to cause landslides, bridge failures and home damage. Today was one of those days. With your help we look forward to making our next trip later this week.
October 4, 2017
Our most recent delivery was to Félix Seijó School, a refuge site for families in the municipality of Utuado in the central mountain range of the island. We took a carload of clothing items along with provisions we were able to purchase in San Juan, including gallon jugs of drinking water, Pediasure, Ensure, nuts, raisins, dry cereal, fruit punch, canned meats, and diapers.
Future targeted communities include: Adjuntas, Barranquitas, Comerío, Guayama, Jayuya and Las Marías. Every day on the radio we continue to hear pleas for essential goods from these communities along with reports about goods sitting at the docks awaiting paperwork to release and deliver them. Current weather conditions are bringing more floods and the urgency for delivery does not stop. We welcome your donation and will quickly put it to use directly helping families in need.
September 27, 2017
We started small. Our first delivery was six packages of new underwear to a family in San Sebastián that lost their home and all its contents.


Preparation time
less than 30 mins
Cooking time
10 to 30 mins
Serves
Serves 4
Making your own flatbread is very quick and a lot of fun, and goes great with this zingy fried tuna. This is designed to be a low cost recipe.
For the flatbreads, sieve the flour into a mixing bowl, add a good pinch of salt and pepper, the finely shredded spring onions, one tablespoon olive and enough of the warm water to make a stiff dough. Knead it all together in the bowl and then transfer to a floured work surface and knead for another 2-3 minutes. Cover and leave to rest for 20 minutes while you prepare the rest of the dish.
For the tuna patties, mix the tuna, bread, one tablespoon of the olive oil, chilli flakes, English mustard and the spring onions together in a bowl. Add a tablespoon of water to bring together, and mix with your hands, pressing between your hands as you mix. Form into eight small patties and place in the fridge to firm up slightly while you finish the flatbreads.
 Heat a large frying pan over a medium heat and cook the flatbreads one by one in the dry pan until golden-brown and puffed up slightly on each side (about 2-3 minutes each side). Remove and keep warm while you cook the rest. Once they are all cooked, keep warm.
In the pan you cooked the flatbreads add two tablespoons of olive oil and once hot, fry the tuna patties on either side for 3-4 minutes or until browned and hot all the way through.
To serve, divide the crushed olive paste and spread it onto the flatbreads. Place two of the tuna patties in each flatbread. Roll up and serve.


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You can't build an innovative company without a good culture and a good culture is created by the individuals
With energising and personalised coaching we generate efficient co-workers to start an inspiring journey, building on self-leadership a commitment. #lajf
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Lab 3: Ammonia and nitrate measurements¶
Background and Objectives¶
Nitrification bacteria play an important role in the nitrogen cycle, oxidizing ammonia first to nitrite and finally to nitrate. Nitrification in nature is the result of actions of two groups of organisms:
- Nitrosomonas bacteria - ammonia-oxidizing bacteria convert ammonia to nitrite:
NH^3 + O_2 → NO^{2−} + 3H^+ + 2e^−
- Nitrifying bacteria - nitrite-oxidizing bacteria convert nitrite to nitrate:
NO^{2−} + H_2 O → NO^3− + 2H^+ + 2e^−
The objective of this lab is to monitor the levels of ammonia and nitrate over the course of 4 days in the presence of nitrification bacteria. Nitrification bacteria are widespread in soil and water and are found in highest numbers where considerable amounts of ammonia are present. In this lab, substrate (gravel) from an established aquarium will be used as the source of nitrification bacteria.
Colorimetric tests¶
Previously, in Labs 1 and 2, we used food dyes which are already colored. However, ammonia and nitrate are colorless in water. In this lab we will use colorimetric assays which yield a color only in the presence of ammonia or nitrate.
Ammonia: Salicylate test The ammonia-salicylate method involves a three-step reaction sequence. The first reaction step involves the conversion of ammonia to monochloroamine by the addition of chlorine. The monochloroamine then reacts with salicylate to form 5-aminosalicylate. Oxidation of 5-aminosalicylate is carried out in the presence of a catalyst, nitroferricyanide, which results in the formation of indosalicylate, a blue-colored compound. The blue color is masked by the yellow color (from excess nitroprusside) yielding a green-colored solution that absorbs light at 650 nm. The intensity of the color is directly proportional to the ammonia concentration in the sample.
(1) Ammonia compounds are initially combined with hypochlorite to form monochloramine; (2) Monochloramine reacts with salicylate to form 5-aminosalicylate.
Nitrate: Enzyme based assay The assay for measuring nitrate is a 2-step process. First, nitrate in the sample is converted to nitrite enzymatically using nitrate reductase (NR). In the second step, nitrite is measured using Greiss test. In the Greiss test, sulfanilamide reagent is converted to a diazonium salt by nitrite. The diazonium salt is then reacted with the reagent NED (N-1-napthylethylene diamine dihydrochloride) to form a colored azo dye which has a purple/magenta color that is measured at 520-550 nm (using the green LED).
Step 1) Nitrate reductase:
NO_3 ^- + NADH + H^+ → NO_2 ^- + NAD + H_2 O
Step 2) Griess reaction:
Materials¶
- Labware: Beakers, volumetric flasks, graduated pipettes, test tubes, solution storage bottles, microfuge tubes
- Store bought aquarium gravel (unused)
- Gravel from an established (and healthy) aquarium.
Chemicals and solutions¶
| Chemical | Vendor | Cat # | Approx. Cost |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sodium hydroxide | Carolina Biologicals | 889425 | $5.25 |
| Sodium salicylate | Sigma | S2679-100G | $35.00 |
| Sodium nitroferricyanide | Sigma | 228710-5G | $30.20 |
| 6% Sodium hypochloride [1] | $2.00 | ||
| Nitrate Reductase (2 Units) | NECi [2] | 800302 | $39.00 |
| NADH | Sigma | 43420-100MG | $28.90 |
| EDTA | Carolina Biologicals | 861780 | $16.25 |
| Potassium phosphate (KH2PO4) | Sigma | P5655-100G | $21.50 |
| Potassium hydroxide | Carolina Biologicals | 883485 | $5.25 |
| Sulfanilamide | Sigma | S9251-100G | $33.70 |
| 3M Hydrochloric acid | Carolina Biologicals | 867861 | $6.75 |
| NED [3] | Sigma | 33461-5G | $38.50 |
| 1,000 ppm ammonia | Scientific Strategies | 615-4RC | $17.82 |
| 10 ppm ammonia | Scientific Strategies | 5450-4RC | $16.55 |
| 10 ppm Nitrate standard | Scientific Strategies | 5456-4RC | $16.55 |
| Distilled water | $2.00 |
Methods¶
This lab requires the use of both the Educational Colorimeter Plotting and Concentration programs. Using the “Export” functionality of the former, standard curves are generated for use in the latter. Before starting the lab, download the software and review the operation of these programs.
Day 1) Setting up the experiment and initial sample collection¶
- Transfer 1 mL of a 1,000 ppm ammonia stock to a 500 mL volumetric flask. Bring up to the mark using distilled water. This is your 2 ppm ammonia stock;
- Divide the 2 ppm solution into two beakers and label one as “Gravel” and another as “Gravel + Bacteria”.
- Take a scoop (25–50 g) of aquarium gravel from the store bought bag. Place in the beaker labelled “Gravel”.
- To obtain nitrification bacteria, remove an equivalent amount of gravel from an established aquarium as your source of nitrification bacteria. Place in the beaker labelled “Gravel + Bacteria”.
- Transfer 1.5 mL of sample to a clean microfuge tube for ammonia measurements.
- Transfer 1.0 mL of sample to a clean microfuge tube for nitrate measurements.
- Label these two samples as “T=0”. Store them at –20°C.
- Repeat sampling every 24 hours for the following 4 days of the experiment, and label them “T=1”, …, “T=4”, respectively. You will collect a total of 10 samples (5 for ammonia, and 5 for nitrate measurements).
Day 2) Prepare solutions¶
Prepare the following solutions for making the ammonia and nitrate measurements.
1) Hypochlorite solution:
- Place 1 ml of bleach into a 100 mL volumetric flask and fill with 70 mL of DI water;
- Add 0.5 grams of NaOH and mix until dissolved;
- Fill flask to the 100 mL mark.
2) Salicylate/Catalyst solution:
- Place 10 g of sodium salicylate into a 100 mL volumetric flask and fill with 70 mL of DI water until dissolved.
- Add 0.04 grams of sodium nitroferricyanide and mix until dissolved.
- Add 0.5 grams NaOH to adjust the pH to the ~12.0 range.
- Fill flask to the 100 mL mark. Transfer solution into a dark, airtight glass bottle for maximum longevity. Due to limited storage life, prepare fresh solutions weekly.
3) 25 mM EDTA
- Dissolve 9.3g EDTA in 1L of distilled water.
4) Phosphate buffer (25 mM KH2PO4, 0.025 mM EDTA, pH 7.5)
- Dissolve 3.75 g of potassium phosphate (KH2PO4) and 1.4 g potassium hydroxide (KOH) in 800 mL of distilled water in a 1L volumetric flask
- Add 1 mL of 25 mM EDTA and fill to the mark
5) 2 units/mL nitrate reductase
- Add 1 mL of NECi proprietary enzyme diluent to 2 units of freeze-dried enzyme and reconstitute following the instructions supplied with the enzyme.
6) 1 mg/mL NADH
- Dissolve 0.1 g of NADH (FW=709.4) in 100 mL distilled water. Aliquot and store unused NADH in the freezer.
7) 1% sulfanilamide solution
- Weigh out 0.15g of sulfanilamide into a small amber bottle. Add 15 mL of 3M HCl.
8) 0.02% NED
- Weigh out 0.02 g of NED into an amber bottle. Add 100 mL of distilled water.
Day 3) Prepare ammonia standard curve¶
- Transfer 20 mL of the 10 ppm ammonia standard solution to a 100 mL volumetric flask. Fill flask to the 100 mL mark with distilled water and invert several times to mix. Label flask as 2.0 ppm ammonia.
- Label nine large test tubes #1-9. Pipette the indicated volumes of 2.0 ppm ammonia and distilled water into the test tubes as shown in the Table below.
| Tube # | N Conc (ppm) | NH3 Conc (ppm) | NH3 Conc (µM) | Volume of 2.0 ppm ammonia | Volume of distilled water |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0.00 | 0.000 | 0.00 | 0.0 mL | 8.0 mL |
| 2 | 0.25 | 0.305 | 17.9 | 1.0 mL | 7.0 mL |
| 3 | 0.50 | 0.610 | 35.8 | 2.0 mL | 6.0 mL |
| 4 | 0.75 | 0.915 | 53.7 | 3.0 mL | 5.0 mL |
| 5 | 1.00 | 1.220 | 71.6 | 4.0 mL | 4.0 mL |
| 6 | 1.25 | 1.525 | 89.5 | 5.0 mL | 3.0 mL |
| 7 | 1.50 | 1.830 | 107.4 | 6.0 mL | 2.0 mL |
| 8 | 1.75 | 2.135 | 125.3 | 7.0 mL | 1.0 mL |
| 9 | 2.00 | 2.440 | 143.2 | 8.0 mL | 0.0 mL |
- Transfer 1 mL of each sample to be tested into a new test tube. Note: we recommend doing the measurements in triplicate.
- Add 250 µL of hypochlorite solution and mix
- Add 250 µL of salicylate/catalyst solution and mix
- Let tubes stand for 5-10 mins to develop color.
- Launch the Educational Colorimeter Plotting program, and select the Red color channel.
- Transfer the contents of Tube #1 (0.0 µM ammonia) into a cuvette, and use it for calibration.
- Before removing the calibration sample from the enclosure, click “Measure” (Absorbance value should be ~0.00).
- In the cell next to the measurement, enter the concentration value in µM (which in this case is 0.0).
- Transfer the contents back into the test tube. (It is good practice to rinse the cuvette with distilled water between samples)
- Transfer the next solution (Tube #2) into the cuvette, place it inside the enclosure, and click “Measure”.
- In the cell next to the measurement, enter the concentration value in µM.
- Repeat steps 11–13 for the remaining samples.
- After completing all measurements, and entering all concentration values, click “Plot” to graph your data. The points should roughly follow a linear trend (see sample graphs below).
- Using the file menu, go to “File>Export”, choose a filename for storing your sample curve (eg, student1_ammonia_sc), and click “OK”.
Image of cuvettes with ammonia standard curve in triplicate
Sample ammonia standard curve
Day 4) Prepare nitrate standard curve¶
- Remove the NADH and nitrate reductase prepared in Step 2 from the freezer. Thaw the NADH. In a test tube, prepare a “10 x master mix” of enzyme, NADH and phosphate buffer as shown in the Table below.
| Reagent | 1 x mix | 10 x master mix |
|---|---|---|
| Phosphate buffer | 890 µL | 8.9 mL |
| 1 mg/mL NADH | 100 µL | 1 mL |
| 2 Units/mL Nitrate reductase | 10 µL | 0.1 mL |
| Total Volume | 1000 µL | 10 mL |
- Label nine tubes #M1, M2, …, M9. To each tube transfer 1 mL of the master mix.
- To prepare the standard curve samples, label nine test tubes #1–9. Pipette the indicated volumes of 10 ppm nitrate standard and distilled water into these test tubes as shown in the Table below.
| Tube # | N Conc (ppm) | NO3 Conc (ppm) | NO3 Conc (µM) | Volume of 10 ppm nitrate | Volume of distilled water |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0.00 | 0.000 | 0.00 | 0.0 mL | 8.0 mL |
| 2 | 1.25 | 5.537 | 89.25 | 1.0 mL | 7.0 mL |
| 3 | 2.50 | 11.075 | 178.5 | 2.0 mL | 6.0 mL |
| 4 | 3.75 | 16.613 | 267.75 | 3.0 mL | 5.0 mL |
| 5 | 5.00 | 22.15 | 357 | 4.0 mL | 4.0 mL |
| 6 | 6.25 | 27.688 | 446.25 | 5.0 mL | 3.0 mL |
| 7 | 7.50 | 33.225 | 535.5 | 6.0 mL | 2.0 mL |
| 8 | 8.75 | 38.763 | 624.75 | 7.0 mL | 1.0 mL |
| 9 | 10.00 | 44.30 | 714 | 8.0 mL | 0.0 mL |
- Add 50 µL of each standard curve sample to the corresponding tube containing the master mix (eg, from tube #1 to tube #M1, etc.). Mix thoroughly and incubate for 20–30 minutes.
- Add 500 µL of 1% sulfanimide to each tube and mix
- Add 500 µL of 0.02% NED to each tube and mix.
- Launch the Educational Colorimeter Plotting program, and select the Green color channel.
- Transfer the contents of Tube #M1 (0 ppm nitrate) into a cuvette, and use it for calibration.
- Before removing the calibration sample from the enclosure, click “Measure” (Absorbance value should be ~0.00).
- In the cell next to the measurement, enter the concentration value in µM (which in this case is 0.0).
- Transfer the contents back into the test tube. (It is good practice to rinse the cuvette with distilled water between samples)
- Transfer the next solution (Tube #M2) into the cuvette, place it inside the enclosure, and click “Measure”.
- In the cell next to the measurement, enter the concentration value in µM.
- Repeat steps 11–13 for the remaining samples.
- After completing all measurements, and entering all concentration values, click “Plot” to graph your data.
- Using the options menu, go to “Options>Export”, choose a filename for storing your sample curve (eg, student1_nitrate_sc), and click “OK”.
Image of cuvettes with nitrate standard curve in duplicate
Sample nitrate standard curve
Day 5) Measure nitrate and ammonia in samples¶
Take your last sample from the experiment (“T=4”). Remove from the freezer the samples collected on previous days (“T=0”, …, “T=3”) and thaw.
- Process all 10 samples (5 for nitrate, and 5 for ammonia measurements) the same way as you did for generating the standard curves on Days 3 and 4. Don’t forget to also process a distilled water sample for calibration.
- Once you have the samples ready for measurement, open the Educational Colorimeter Concentration program.
- Starting with ammonia, select the standard curve generated on Day 3 from the drop down list (eg, “student1_ammonia_sc”). Note that the Red color channel will be automatically selected.
- Calibrate the colorimeter with the 0 µM ammonia control, and measure all of your ammonia samples. Label the corresponding measurements as “Day 0”, …, “Day 4”.
- Once you have finished click the “Plot” button. Save the displayed graph.
- Repeat steps above for nitrate. Select the standard curve generated on Day 4 from the drop down list (eg, “student1_nitrate_sc”). Note the Green color channel will be automatically selected.
Sample Data¶
Ammonia concentration over time
Nitrate concentration over time
Ammonia concentration over time - Control sample (no bacteria)
Nitrate concentration over time - Control sample (no bacteria)
Footnotes
| [1] | Common household bleach available from most grocery and hardware stores |
| [2] | Nitrate Elimination Company, Inc |
| [3] | NED: N-1-napthylethylene diamine dihydrochloride. |


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First Aid
This application has been developed by CATEDY and financed by the
Department of Science, Technology and University of the
Regional Government of Aragon under Royal Decree 73/2010.
All these people have contributed to the development of this app:
Gaspar Ferrer - director
Eugenio J Marchiori<EMAIL_ADDRESS>- e-UCM research group) -
actor (victim), developer
Baltasar Fernandez-Manjón<EMAIL_ADDRESS>- e-UCM research group) -
camera, development, testing
José Fermin Suberviola - actor, expert, testing
Antonio Giménez Valverde - expert, testing
With support from other members of the e-UCM research group, especially
Ángel del Blanco and Javier Torrente.
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# Copyright 2018 The TensorFlow Authors. All Rights Reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
# ==============================================================================
"""Train models on MNIST data."""
from __future__ import absolute_import
from __future__ import division
from __future__ import print_function
from lingvo import model_registry
from lingvo.core import base_model_params
from lingvo.tasks.image import classifier
from lingvo.tasks.image import input_generator
[docs]class Base(base_model_params.SingleTaskModelParams):
"""Input params for MNIST."""
[docs] @classmethod
def _Path(cls):
return '/tmp/mnist/mnist'
[docs] @classmethod
def Train(cls):
p = input_generator.MnistTrainInput.Params()
p.ckpt = cls._Path()
return p
[docs] @classmethod
def Test(cls):
p = input_generator.MnistTestInput.Params()
p.ckpt = cls._Path()
return p
[docs] @classmethod
def Dev(cls):
return cls.Test()
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>class LeNet5(Base):
"""LeNet params for MNIST classification."""
BN = False
DROP = 0.2
[docs] @classmethod
def Task(cls):
p = classifier.ModelV1.Params()
p.name = 'lenet5'
# Overall architecture:
# conv, maxpool, conv, maxpool, fc, softmax.
p.filter_shapes = [(5, 5, 1, 20), (5, 5, 20, 50)]
p.window_shapes = [(2, 2), (2, 2)]
p.batch_norm = cls.BN
p.dropout_prob = cls.DROP
p.softmax.input_dim = 300
p.softmax.num_classes = 10
p.train.save_interval_seconds = 10 # More frequent checkpoints.
p.eval.samples_per_summary = 0 # Eval the whole set.
return p


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Bankers booked for Rs 25.8L theft from dead woman's a/c
by PTIA case was registered on Saturday against two employees of a nationalized bank here for allegedly swindling money to the tune of Rs 25.8 lakh from the account of a deceased customer.
Police registered a case against manager Sheikh Mohideen and assistant manager Chinnadurai of Indian Overseas Bank in Vayalur here on the basis of a complaint from its Zonal manager.
When Sheikh Mohideen and Chinnadurai found that no one had come forward to claim the money deposited in the account of Emisola, who died a few years ago, the duo renewed the account by forging her signature and created an ATM card, which was used to draw the money, police said. During audit inspection, it was found that money had not been deposited in the account for the past few years, while the ATM card had been used to withdraw the money.
A subsequent inquiry revealed that the account holder died a few years ago, and the Manager and the Assistant manager had renewed her account, obtained an ATM card and used it to take the money. Cases have been registered against them for conspiracy, forging documents and fraud.


 PLEASE MODIFY THE ORIGINAL SOURCE IN THE 'https://github.com/istio/api' REPO source_repo: https://github.com/istio/api title: Workload Group description: Describes a collection of workload instances. location: https://istio.io/docs/reference/config/networking/workload-group.html layout: protoc-gen-docs generator: protoc-gen-docs schema: istio.networking.v1alpha3.WorkloadGroup aliases: [/docs/reference/config/networking/v1alpha3/workload-group] number_of_entries: 7 ---
WorkloadGroup
describes a collection of workload instances.
It provides a specification that the workload instances can use to bootstrap
their proxies, including the metadata and identity. It is only intended to
be used with non-k8s workloads like Virtual Machines, and is meant to mimic
the existing sidecar injection and deployment specification model used for
Kubernetes workloads to bootstrap Istio proxies.
The following example declares a workload group representing a collection
of workloads that will be registered under reviews
in namespace
bookinfo
. The set of labels will be associated with each workload
instance during the bootstrap process, and the ports 3550 and 8080
will be associated with the workload group and use service account default
.
app.kubernetes.io/version
is just an arbitrary example of a label.
{{
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: WorkloadGroup
metadata:
name: reviews
namespace: bookinfo
spec:
metadata:
labels:
app.kubernetes.io/name: reviews
app.kubernetes.io/version: "1.3.4"
template:
ports:
grpc: 3550
http: 8080
serviceAccount: default
probe:
initialDelaySeconds: 5
timeoutSeconds: 3
periodSeconds: 4
successThreshold: 3
failureThreshold: 3
httpGet:
path: /foo/bar
host: <IP_ADDRESS>
port: 3100
scheme: HTTPS
httpHeaders:
- name: Lit-Header
value: Im-The-Best
{{}}
{{
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1beta1
kind: WorkloadGroup
metadata:
name: reviews
namespace: bookinfo
spec:
metadata:
labels:
app.kubernetes.io/name: reviews
app.kubernetes.io/version: "1.3.4"
template:
ports:
grpc: 3550
http: 8080
serviceAccount: default
probe:
initialDelaySeconds: 5
timeoutSeconds: 3
periodSeconds: 4
successThreshold: 3
failureThreshold: 3
httpGet:
path: /foo/bar
host: <IP_ADDRESS>
port: 3100
scheme: HTTPS
httpHeaders:
- name: Lit-Header
value: Im-The-Best
{{}} {{}}
WorkloadGroup
enables specifying the properties of a single workload for bootstrap and
provides a template for WorkloadEntry
, similar to how Deployment
specifies properties
of workloads via Pod
templates. A WorkloadGroup
can have more than one WorkloadEntry
.
WorkloadGroup
has no relationship to resources which control service registry like ServiceEntry
and as such doesn’t configure host name for these workloads.
ObjectMeta
describes metadata that will be attached to a WorkloadEntry
.
It is a subset of the supported Kubernetes metadata.


Alberta NDP seek ruling to ban UCP from voting on bill to fire election watchdog
Alberta’s Opposition NDP is asking the ethics commissioner to ban the entire United Conservative caucus from voting on a bill that would fire the election watchdog.
Leader Rachel Notley says the entire UCP caucus is in a conflict of interest because they would all benefit from having Election Commissioner Lorne Gibson’s contract terminated.
Gibson is currently investigating the UCP for violations of election fundraising rules in the 2017 leadership vote won by Jason Kenney before he became premier, and has already levied more than $200,000 in fines.
Notley says the UCP legislature members shouldn’t vote because they benefit directly from the party’s electoral success and that this success could be jeopardized by Gibson’s investigation.
The election commissioner focuses on violations of election fundraising and advertising.
Bill 22 would fire Gibson and move the election commissioner job back under the auspices of Chief Electoral Officer Glen Resler.
The UCP says this is strictly a cost-saving move and there is nothing stopping the new election commissioner from continuing the investigations.
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17 Rooms app is a way for everyone to get on the same page, locally and globally. A partnership between the Center for Sustainable Development at Brookings and The Rockefeller Foundation, 17 Rooms is an experimental method for advancing the economic, social, and environmental priorities embedded in the world’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
The 17 Rooms Community is all about collecting and sharing actions and goals from your rooms over time. We hope you will use this community to document your local sustainability goals related to the UN SDGs, and any specific examples your room came up with.


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[§261-91] Trespass to aircraft; penalty. Whoever without right, boards or remains in or upon any aircraft of another within a state airport shall be fined not more than $250, or imprisoned not more than three months, or both. [L 1981, c 25, pt of §1]


Config error
We tried to load the config file at /usr/local/etc/kiosk/config.json, but couldn't find anything.


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Our constant endeavour is to design and develop new and innovative live-saving products
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