Air University Review, May-June 1984
The application of lessons of the past to current and predicted military issues always required a proper appreciation of changed technological conditions, but not until the latter half of the nineteenth century did the problem of adjustment offer any difficulties. In the twentieth century it became increasingly critical, and with the advent of nuclear weapons the entire value of past military experience as a guide to the future was called basically into question.
Bernard Brodie1
THIS seems to be conventional wisdom: nuclear weapons have changed everything. Yet in many respects the nuclear age can be seen not as a break with past strategic theory but as the culmination of the evolution of strategy--the latest (and perhaps final) stage of military thought. While many tactical principles--whether of a general nature, such as the benefits offered by holding "interior lines," or of a specific nature, such as Frederick the Great's "oblique order of march"--may indeed by outdated, principles of grand strategy have continued to evolve.
Military thinkers of the past were not necessarily wrong in their identification of underlying elements of grand strategy, but they may have been wrong in seeing those elements as constant and unchanging. Similar themes, ideas, and principles have seemed to recur in every conflict, but their recurrence over time was on a constantly ascending scale. In this article, I shall discuss specific instances to support this thesis, but at this point one other general thought needs to be considered. That is the idea that grand strategy developed differently in what we now call the Western nations (particularly in the United States) than it did in the Soviet Union. Although both are equally rooted in classical strategic theory and both are valid expressions of grand strategy, the strategies of today's East-West rivals, like races of men evolved from a single ancestor, gradually acquired distinctive features. With this in mind, let us examine the origins of U.S. nuclear strategy, then consider options to that strategy, and, finally, assess the impact of opposing choices on decisions for or against ballistic missile defense.
| As the magnitude of war increased, the need for political control over the initiation, the extent, and the cessation of hostilities also increased. |
Today . . . with truly cosmic forces harnessed to the machines of war, we have a situation for the first time in history where the opening event by which a great nation enters a war--an event which must reflect the preparations it has made or failed to make beforehand--can decide irretrievably whether or not it will continue to exist. Obviously, therefore, we cannot go on blithely letting one group of specialists decide how to wage war and another decide when and to what purpose, with only the most casual and spasmodic communication between them.2
War . . . is an act of policy. Were it a complete, untrammeled, absolute manifestation of violence (as the pure concept would require), war would of its own independent will usurp the place of policy the moment policy had brought it into being; it would then drive policy out of office and rule by the laws of its own nature. . . . It is clear, consequently, that war is not a mere act of policy but a true political instrument, a continuation of political activity by other means.3Clausewitz began his treatise On War with an exploration into the nature of war and examined it as a totally violent experience. To him, that was an abstract concept. With the present state of weapons evolution, it has become reality.
He then qualified his concept, however, and allowed that wars were not theory but reality, and in reality they are not fought merely for the sake of violence but to achieve political goals. Clausewitz also stressed that military aims had to be subjugated to political goals and that "this conception would be ineluctable even if war were total war."4 Today, in an era in which a first strike may be the entire war, domination of military aims by political goals is paramount not only in theory but in reality as well. In no nation today is the military given advance approval for first use of nuclear weapons. Historically (and even today regarding conventional weapons), military commanders have been authorized to fire back if fired upon. However, this authorization does not apply to nuclear weapons. For almost every contingency, advance approval for even second (or responsive) use of nuclear devices has been withheld. Because the destructive capacity of weaponry has increased to the point where policy controls military imperatives, Clausewitz's dictum has reached its purest form.
The main question, however, is whether there are any political goals that may be achieved by nuclear weapons. Hasn't the awesome power of such weapons canceled out any possibility that war can even be considered as a political instrument? That answer may also be found in Clausewitz and an examination of the evolution of military history, expressed as:
Political goals themselves must be realistic and not overreach military capabilities.
Clausewitz defined war as an "act of force to compel our enemy to do our will"5 and pointed out that mere destruction of forces or occupation of territory was sometimes insufficient to accomplish that goal. He noted his own native Prussia as an example where complete defeat and occupation (by Napoleon) nevertheless failed to effect a lasting change of will. To the contrary, Napoleon's overambitious political goals eventually led to significant, permanent changes mostly for his own country, France. The lessons of this are twofold: If an attacker realizes that by prosecuting a total war (versus a limited war) it may be in danger of allowing political goals to exceed military capability and thereby risking the destruction of itself, the very society it is attempting to impose or protect, then the attacker would be foolish to initiate the war at all; and if a defender is faced with the complete uprooting of the essence of its society, then it has nothing to fear by fighting to the bitter end--accepting total war as having no worse consequences than surrender.
History is replete with examples. Athens had every prospect of maintaining its empire ad infinitum until it decided to attempt complete hegemony in the middle of the Peloponnesian War by invading Sicily. By thus overreaching its military capability, the empire was lost.6 Likewise, Carthage had the strength to maintain its territory versus Rome, but by resorting to total war, it lost totally. When the third Punic War was over, "nine-tenths of the [Carthaginian] population had perished. . . . By order of the Roman Senate . . . [Carthage] was completely destroyed, and the survivors sold as slaves."7 The reason why no decisive "Napoleonic" victories were achieved in the American Civil War while they were won in the Austro-Prussian and Franco-Prussian wars was not that weapons technology had given a decisive advantage to the defense (for the defending Europeans had weapons of equal destructive power), but that the North was attempting to impose a totally new order on the South, which caused an escalation to total war. In Europe, on the other hand, Bismarck and Moltke made it plain that their objectives were much more limited and not worth complete mutual destruction. In contrast, Napoleon and Hitler risked all and lost all by allowing political goals to exceed military capability in the face of adversaries who were fighting for the preservation of their very societies.
My point here is to suggest that because nuclear war today has evolved into what would be an act of total violence (a concept that for Clausewitz was merely abstract), it has crystallized the ultimate consequences, and therefore the choices, involved in total war. Where it was possible for Athens, Carthage, Napoleonic France, or Nazi Germany to mistakenly contemplate victory or at the worst (if defeated) a maintenance of the prewar status quo, such error in thought is no longer possible. By evolving to its pure form, war has identified its own consequences with absolute clarity. An attacker today does risk total destruction if it attacks a defender that can retaliate massively.
Recall that Clausewitz held that if war were a "complete, untrammeled, absolute manifestation of violence (as the pure concept would require), war would of its own independent will usurp the place of policy the moment policy had brought it into being."8 That is obviously true today and was equally true in the past. Certainly for Carthage and to a lesser extent for both Germany and Russia in World War II, the consequences of war rivaled the possible results of nuclear holocaust. The lesson is that war has not changed from being a practical political instrument into an impractical political instrument in the nuclear era, but that at its extreme it was always impractical. The difference is that as war's destructiveness has evolved in magnitude, this lesson has, been made obvious where before it was obscured. The only way to use war as a policy instrument now (as before) is by limiting its application--either by restraining political objectives or by increasing the effectiveness of defense.
Bernard Brodie instructs that "military doctrine is universally, and has been since the time of Napoleon, imbued with the 'spirit of the offensive.' "9 While the universality of his, statement may be criticized, it has certainly held true with regard to U.S. strategic thought. At the beginning of the Civil War, "the image of Napoleonic war with its brief, climactic battles had impressed itself upon the popular mind as well as upon soldiers . . . and it stimulated the usual popular impatience [especially in America] to have wars over with promptly."10 Nearly every one of the leading generals on both sides in the Civil War had been educated at West Point during an era when the strategic thought of Jomini, Napoleon's Swiss expositor, provided the bedrock of military instruction. Jomini made no secret of his preference for the offensive over the defensive and stressed that the whole purpose of strategy was to bring forces into battle with the object of destroying an enemy's army. Jomini called for boldness in warfare: "I would make [war] brisk, bold, impetuous, perhaps sometimes even audacious."11
As U.S. military strategy began to be employed beyond its own borders, it was embodied in the Navy; and naval thought at the time for all of the great naval powers focused almost exclusively on the ideas of Alfred Thayer Mahan.
Mahan pored through the pages of Jomini in his effort to formulate a new science of naval strategy, and many of the principles of naval war which he suggested are naval applications of Jomini's precepts. 12
Jomini's dictum that the organized forces of the enemy are the chief objective pierces like a two-edged sword to the joints and marrow of many specious propositions. . . . the enemy's ships and fleets are the true objects to be assailed on all occasions.13As air power entered into U.S. strategic thought it was borne in the writings of Italian Brigadier General Giulio Douhet, a total proponent of the offensive. "His basic argument is two-fold: first, the nature of airpower requires that 'command of the air' be won by aggressive bombing rather than by aerial fighting, and second, an air force which achieves command thereby ensures victory all down the line."14 He saw no hope for air defenses and every likelihood of rapid, total victory through bombardment of an enemy's cities and resources. It may be safely stated that there was not an atom of support for defenses in all his work.
The connection of Douhet to U.S. strategy was direct, via members of the Bolling Commission, who were considerably influenced by his concepts on a fact-finding tour examining military aviation during 1917;15 and indirect, in that Douhet merely expressed what was generally a consensus of knowledgeable Western opinion of that time. Subsequently, U.S. air doctrine "adopted Douhet's de-emphasis of fighters, whether for defense or for escort of bombers, and a corresponding emphasis on destroying the enemy's air force at its bases."16 Even General William "Billy" Mitchell's writing (although it is largely tactical and probably not derived from the Italian) is "pure Douhet"17 where it discusses the strategic use of air power.
As the United States entered the nuclear era, its choices seemed almost preordained. Although at first, both air defense and strategic bombing progressed together under Eisenhower's New Look strategy, clearly it was the offensive side that received the primary emphasis; and whatever balance existed did not survive the transition to the missile age. It was not the balanced offensive and defensive force structure advocated by Bernard Brodie in his 1959 book, Strategy in the Missile Age, that was chosen, but rather the course advocated by Oskar Morgenstern in The Question of National Defense (also 1959), which advocated reliance on the creation of powerful strategic offensive forces.18 During the Kennedy-Johnson McNamara years, defenses against bombers were almost totally scrapped; and in the Nixon-Ford-Schlesinger years, antiballistic missile systems were given up as well.
As a result, the United States was left with an unnerving and rather absurd reliance on a strategy of mutual assured destruction (MAD), trusting the fate of American society to the rationality of nuclear adversaries. It was said to be in our U.S. interest to forgo defenses totally in favor of the offense, making the nation vulnerable so that the other side would not suspect it of planning a first strike. To many observers, however, the MAD strategy was shortsighted. It ignored the possibility of technological breakthroughs that could render offensive forces themselves vulnerable and lead to dangerous consequences. Only in North America, where the ravages of war were largely unknown, could vulnerability have been conceived as an asset. As Henry Kissinger observed:
Adopting the MAD strategy, the United States consciously and willingly entrusted the fate of the nation to the Kremlin's self-restraint. For other nations such a policy would truly be considered "mad." "Since emphasis on active defense was nearly nonexistent, official policy [also] considered civil defense almost pointless. In short, U.S. nuclear decision-makers strove to retain sharp swords, but defensive shields were foregone."20 Alternative Evolutionary PatternsOne reason [behind this strategy] was the growth of the school of thought to which I, myself, contributed . . . which considered that strategic stability was a military asset, and in which the historically amazing theory developed that vulnerability contributed to peace and invulnerability contributed to risks of war. Such a theory could develop and be widely accepted only in a country that had never addressed the problem of the balance of power as a historical phenomenon. And . . . only also on a continent which was looking for any excuse to avoid analysis of the perils it was facing and that was looking for an easy way out.19
While U.S. strategic thought has focused almost entirely on the offensive over the past century, options recognizing the benefits of defensive strategy have evolved in other societies, most notably in the Soviet Union. These options were also rooted in past strategic theory and practice.
In the middle of the fourteenth century, the Battle of Crécy between forces under Edward III of England and Philip VI of France demonstrated the ability of the English longbow to penetrate armor and overcome the theretofore unassailable dominance of mounted knights. For the first time in nearly a thousand years, defensive infantry gained the upper hand against mounted troops.21 Previously heavy cavalry, employed exclusively on the attack, had dominated warfare; and armies unfortunate enough to find themselves on the defensive had been forced to retreat inside fortresses and suffer the starvation and privation of siege. Thus, technological change opened a new era of military history; and since Crécy (with its verdict solidly reaffirmed 70 years later at Agincourt), "infantry has remained the primary element of ground combat forces."22
Change indicated at Crécy, however, spread slowly to the armies of Europe. Decades passed before it began to impact military development in the Russian Empire, which at the time of Crécy was still being ravaged by mounted Mongolian armies. Nevertheless, the ascendancy of common infantry, emphasizing the strength of Russian numbers, along with defensive advantage offered by possession of vast territory for retreat and maneuver, was to have profound influence on the development of strategy in Russia.
In 1708-09, the tactical genius of Charles XII of Sweden took him into combat deep in the Ukraine, where Russian retreat, maneuver, and scorched-earth strategies brought the Swedish army to exhaustion and total defeat by a huge army under Peter the Great.23 A pattern of Russian strategy was thereby established. It accepted severe sacrifices in territory and lives while maintaining a strategic defensive to exhaust an adversary until he could be overwhelmed. That strategy continues to this day.
Even the great Napoleon, on whose campaigns offensive doctrine rests, experienced efeat from this simple but effective Russian strategy when he marched to Moscow in 1812. Although his final defeat was averted for some time; the final demise of his empire began when he crossed the Russian frontier and began pouring the resources of France upon empty steppes. The implications of this lesson were largely ignored by one great Napoleonic interpreter, Jomini, who chose instead to emphasize the magnificence of Napoleon's conquests. However, another interpreter, Clausewitz, understood the inherent strength of defensive strategy and chose to stress heavily that "defense is a stronger form of fighting than attack."24 Thus a divergence in strategic theory began that emphasized the differing geopolitical realities in East and West and evolved to the distinctly different military postures of today. These differences are particularly clear now that weapons for strategic defense are considered separately from those of strategic offense and conscious choices must be made regarding which type of system will receive budgetary allocations.
Defeat for Russia in World War I was inextricably intertwined with internal political collapse and revolution, but the civil war that followed found foreign expeditionary forces once more swallowed up by the vastness of the territory and the numerical superiority of a peasant army. In the Second World War, traditional Russian strategy was classically employed yet again as Hitler met a fate nearly identical to that of Charles XII and Napoleon. By accepting losses in both land and manpower that would have been disastrous for smaller nations, the Soviets absorbed the Nazi offensive thrust and husbanded its strength until a killing counterblow could be delivered. Clausewitz may not have approved of the crudity and inefficiency of the campaign, but he would have accepted the conclusion as inevitable.
In the nuclear age, the only change in fundamental Soviet strategy is that the counterblow will not be delayed. While great sacrifices undoubtedly will have to be made, this prospect is not a new idea. And at the same time that punishment is being accepted, it will be returned with overpowering force. However, aware that their nation has experienced the ravages of invasion many times in its history, the Soviets are not content to entrust their fate merely to the rationality of their adversary and the ability of their empire to accept and survive an onslaught. They intend to mount an active defense-in-depth and think it insane to do otherwise.
In the mid- to late-1950s, when the soviets were assessing what kind of strategy and matching capabilities were required for war in the nuclear age, an interlocking defense network composed of antiaircraft/antiballistic missile systems and adequate protection for the civilian population and industry was high on the list of priorities. . . . [A decade later, as Kosygin confessed to Lyndon Johnson, the Soviets were] palpably mystified by the lack, after more than two decades of strategic competition, of a coherent American doctrine and strategy for attaining a meaningful victory out of nuclear war.25
. . . the U.S. must look at Soviet defensive capability in terms of ballistic missile defense, air defense, and civil defense. A recent Central Intelligence Agency Study determined that Soviet civil defense efforts cannot neutralize the U.S. response with nuclear weapons to a Soviet first strike. That study is absolutely correct as far as it goes . . . but it misses the whole point. If the Russians can achieve an antiballistic missile technology breakthrough and add that to their active air defense capability, then civil defense takes on an entirely different role. This is one reason why development of high-energy-laser and charged-particle-beam weapons has become so important. . . . The USSR does not have to have an air-tight defense but only the capability to limit damage to an acceptable level as it perceives it.26
Thus Soviet strategy has developed on historically sound experience, yet in a way different from U.S. strategy. The Soviets do not dismiss war and the huge loss it will bring as "unthinkable." They accept that it might occur, make plans to keep the damage to acceptable levels (by their standards), and build weaponry capable of delivering a killing blow to their opponent.
History seems to show that a balance between offensive and defensive capability is needed. As a Royal Air Force officer, reflecting on Douhet's theories after the Battle of Britain, commented: "If it is true that 'the bomber will always get through,' as it is popularly stated, it is equally true that 'not all the bombers will get through' against adequate defenses."27 With proper emphasis and investment in research, the same observation could be made regarding strategic missiles. And as the various elements of both active and passive defense are brought together, the contribution of each will be multiplied. It is only by looking at the "whole" effect of defense along with the effects from offensive action that strategic possibilities can be examined realistically.
A second historical lesson applicable to today's choices between strategies and their associated specialized weapons systems is the realization that military means must be related to political ends. This fundamental Clausewitzian precept has often been forgotten at great cost in the past. In World War I, for example, "Foch gives little indications in his writings of having thought about the matter at all.... Yet if the total war of the future is fated to be one where victory is pursued blindly, and therefore at wholly incommensurate costs which destroy its meaning, it will be more akin to the first than the second of the two world wars."28 Once a nation is equipped with sufficient offensive arms to obliterate its potential adversaries, further increases in offensive weaponry add little to security or the advancement of political goals. The cost of multiplying this offensive firepower is simply disproportionately high to the benefits derived.
But that is not true of defensive investment--particularly in the United States where so little defense exists. In fact, initial expenditures on defensive measures would probably bring the highest return for U.S. military dollars because there is so much room for investment before the onset of diminishing returns.
In the first place, active defenses could help protect U.S. strategic offensive weapons, hopefully destroying a portion of any Soviet attack capability launched against counterforce targets and preserving U.S. retaliatory might. Results following a Soviet first strike might therefore not reflect such a gross asymmetry in favor of the U.S.S.R. as is currently contemplated. To Bernard Brodie, this point constitutes a basic principle about defense in general:
Second, active defense offers a realistic possibility--perhaps the only realistic possibility--of reducing or eliminating the frightening specter of nuclear holocaust that has haunted most of the world for over three decades. One approach might be for both sides to develop massive and highly effective defenses on a scale of both quantity and quality that could meet and destroy any combination of nuclear attack launched against them. By using various weapons and tactics, such defenses would reduce the effectiveness of offensive systems so drastically that a climate and a motive conducive to disarmament could result. Such a development, however, envisions a highly optimistic evolution of defensive versus offensive weaponry, which is historically and logically questionable. It would be better to assume that if both offensive and defensive weaponry continue to be developed, each will contain elements of strength and weakness with neither achieving total dominance. In such an event, defenses would contribute to deterrence only to the extent that greater uncertainty was introduced to offensive planning. Nuclear attack would be forestalled by eliminating certainty of destruction and replacing it with less quantifiable probabilities.Known ability to defend our retaliatory force constitutes the only unilaterally attainable situation that provides potentially a perfect defense of our homeland. Conversely, a conspicuous inability or unreadiness to defend our retaliatory force must tend to provoke the opponent to destroy it; in other words, it tempts him to an aggression he might not otherwise contemplate.29
Another (more realistic) way of eliminating the specter of nuclear war would be for defensive strategies to be employed along with negotiated arms reductions. Assuming that reductions in strategic nuclear weapons will be approved eventually by both the United States and the Soviet Union, it is obvious that ballistic missile defense (BMD) systems would multiply the effect of such reductions. It is generally held that the primary problem with BMD is the sheer mass of incoming missiles that would have to be faced in a short time. If the numbers were reduced, associated defensive solutions would be more viable. Even first-generation ABMs (Sprint/Safeguard) were touted as possessing good capability against limited or Nth-country (China) attacks.30 Eventually, if both sides drew down to, say, 200 launchers, defensive weapons might begin to achieve virtually certain protection. Furthermore, any reluctance to take the final step beyond reductions to total nuclear disarmarnent, stemming from a desire to retain at least limited options to employ weapons of mass destruction in times of crisis, might be overcome. Where without defenses there could be great misgivings about total nuclear disarmament, if it could be shown that small offensive weapons reserves were useless in the face of effective defenses, incentives would exist to continue the arms reduction process. In other words, defensive weapons would promote both a climate and a motive for disarmament by eliminating any threat of surprise. Such prospects however, depend on the development of defensive systems on both sides before they are needed. Obviously, the sooner development can begin, the better.
IN summary, then, one can see that the fundamentals of current grand strategies are deeply rooted in past strategic theory and, in fact, represent the culmination of classical theory in its purest form. A distinct difference between U.S. and Soviet strategic doctrine exists, with the United States preferring to stress the offensive while the Soviets pursue a more balanced approach. To remove Soviet temptation to strike at vulnerable U.S. weapons and to serve as a "multiplier" to any arms reductions, U.S. adoption of some elements of defensive strategy and development of associated weaponry seem reasonable and worthwhile.
Admittedly, there are those who claim that BMD is destabilizing. They point out that if either nation perceives the other to be gaining a technological breakthrough--deploying defensive systems unilaterally and gaining protection that the other cannot obtain--it may feel forced to launch a preemptive strike before such defenses could be set in place. Such arguments, however, do not militate against U.S. development of BMD but only against the manner and timing of deploying such systems.
If the United States finds itself facing a numerically superior nuclear force capable of destroying two legs of its triad (ICBMs and bombers), Soviet temptation to strike at this area of vulnerability, as pointed out by Bernard Brodie, might provide a motive for attack. If such a Soviet force were augmented by comprehensive antimissile defenses, that motive would be even stronger because the means of negating a substantial portion of the remaining U.S. weapons, the SLBMs, would be in hand. The United States would, in effect, face forceful cancellation of its strategic forces altogether by the offensive and defensive combination of Soviet arms.
If, on the other hand, the United States pushed ahead as rapidly as possible with research and development, then unilateral deployment of BMD systems by the Soviets would be obviated by U.S. ability to deploy similar systems apace. Once both nations have defensive systems in place, those systems will begin to produce the beneficial, stabilizing effects discussed earlier. The issue is how to get safety from here to there. Clearly, however, if the United States attains the capability to deploy effective BMD weapons, then it can set the pace for mutual deployment; if it is not in a position to keep up with the Soviets, however, the United States will be faced with the uncomfortable possibility that the Soviets may not be willing to modify or restrain their deployment schedule.
In the end, however, the debate could be moot. Given the present state of research and development of various forms of BMD on both sides and the investment emphasis placed on pushing those programs ahead, defensive systems for both of the superpowers could be developed at about the same time. If the United States accepts the importance and logic of strategic defenses as the Soviets have, it might only be necessary for each nation to pursue diplomatic contacts and intelligence gathering to ensure themselves that no short-term, unilateral disadvantages developed. Regardless of the likelihood of concurrent timing, it is clear that the United States should pursue antimissile defense as vigorously as possible, recognizing that it is the only type of strategic program still capable of matching political goals with military aims. The inertia of U.S. preference for offensive strategy, whether disguised as theories such as mutual assured destruction or pseudoscientific investigations such as cost-benefit analysis, must be overcome.
Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, California
Notes
1. Bernard Brodie, Strategy in the Missile Age (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1959), p. 149.
2. Ibid., p. 7.
3. Carl von Clausewitz, On War, edited and translated by Michael Howard and Peter Paret (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1976), p. 87.
4. Ibid., p. 605.
5. Ibid., p. 75.
6. Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War, Introduction by John H. Finley, Jr. (New York: Random House, 1951).
7. R. Ernest Dupuy and Trevor N. Dupuy, The Encyclopedia of Military History from 3500 B.C. to the Present (New York: Harper & Row, 1977), p. 89.
8. Clausewitz, p. 87.
9. Brodie, p. 42.
10. Russell F Weigley, The American Way of War: A History of United States Military Strategy and Policy (New York: Macmillan, 1973), p. 93.
11. A.H. Jomini, Summary of the Art of War, edited by Lieutenant Colonel J.D. Hittle (Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Military Service Publishing Co., 1947), p. 103.
12. Weigley, p. 174.
13. Alfred Thayer Mahan, From Sail to Steam: Recollection of Naval Life (New York: Harper & Company, 1907), p. 283.
14. Brodie, p. 82.
15. Ibid., pp. 71-72.
16. Ibid., p. 74.
17. Ibid., p. 77.
18. Oskar Morgenstern, The Question of National Defense (New York: Random House, 1959).
19. Henry A. Kissinger, "The Future of NATO," The Washington Quarterly, Autumn 1979, pp. 5-6.
20. John M. Collins, U.S.-Soviet Military Balance: Concepts and Capabilities 1960-1980 (Washington: Library of Congress, 1980), p. 122.
21. Dupuy and Dupuy, p. 357.
22. Ibid.
23. Robert K. Massie, Peter the Great: His Life and World (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1981), Part Three: The Great Northern War, pp. 289-516.
24. Clausewitz, p. 84 and Book Six. It must be acknowledged, however, that his rational on this point was derived primarily from the wars of Frederick the Great rather than the Russian defensive campaign of 1812.
25. Mark E. Miller, "Soviet Strategic Thought: The End of an Era?" International Security Review, Winter 1980-1981, pp. 8 and 2.
26. Clarence A. Robinson, "Missile Defense Gains Support," Aviation Week & Space Technology, 22 October 1979, p. 16. This quote was taken largely from remarks attributed to John M. Collins, senior research for the Library of Congress, Emphasis added.
27. Brodie, p. 105.
28. Ibid., pp. 53-55.
29. Ibid., p. 185.
30. Jerome H. Kahan, Security in the Nuclear Age (Washington: Brookings Institution, 1975), pp. 150-55.
Major Owen E. Jensen (B.A., University of Illinois; M.P.A., University of Oklahoma; M.A., Naval Postgraduate School) is Assistant Air Attaché to Canada. Prior to becoming an AFIT pipeline student, he served in a wide variety of assignments connected with are defense at the squadron, air division, and MAJCOM levels. He has flown the T-33A, F-102, and F-106. Major Jensen is author of several published articles and is a graduate of Squadron Officer School and Air Command and Staff College.
Disclaimer
The conclusions and opinions expressed in this document are those of the author cultivated in the freedom of expression, academic environment of Air University. They do not reflect the official position of the U.S. Government, Department of Defense, the United States Air Force or the Air University.
Air & Space Power Chronicles Home Page | Feedback? Email the Editor


Washington, United States - When a New York billionaire property mogul announced that he was running for president on June 16, 2015, few believed he would be anything more than an entertaining anecdote. Lampooned by the Democratic Party, often mocked by members of the public, baulked at by political watchers and gobbled up by the media, Donald Trump was unfazed.
The reality TV star faced an uphill battle to be taken seriously by his rivals. He ran a strong campaign by holding six to eight rallies a week across the United States with a big loud clear message, which resonated with the people of America:
"Sadly the American Dream is dead. But if I get elected president I will bring it back, bigger and better and stronger than ever before and we will make America great again," he said in his speech.
READ MORE: The seven biggest threats to Donald Trump's presidency
Just over a year and a half later after a brutal campaign, one of the least popular president-elects in recent history will stand on Capitol Hill to become 45th president of the United States, one of the most powerful positions in the world, to the utter disbelief of many.
On the eve of his inauguration, Al Jazeera took to the streets of Washington to ask people if Donald Trump's promise will work for them. Will he make their America great again?
Melissa Rickwald, 26, is a high school theology teacher who works in Virginia
"I voted third party because I think it would have been undemocratic of me to vote for the lesser of two evils. I voted as a Catholic christian and I'm pro-life, so I'm very concerned how Trump's administration will handle that.
I hope he does a good job as our leader.
Obviously I wouldn't have voted for him, but at the same time I'm not sure if the way he was portrayed by the media was necessarily accurate either. I am somewhat nervous, but I think we should all just see what happens.
Time will tell."
Tim Ebron, 27, is a settlement processor who works in real estate in the Washington area.
"I voted for Hillary because I despise Trump.
I cried when he won. I was very, very upset. I think we're regressing as a society if we think Trump is going to save us.
As a gay, mixed-race American, who knows what lies ahead ... The thing is there's nothing I can do unfortunately.
READ MORE: The foul stench of fascism in the US
I'm just going to have to wait. Four years is a long time, but maybe it won't be four years. It could be four days.
Nobody knows what he's going to do. That's the scary part - I don't think he even knows."
Elijah is 27 and works in a school just outside Washington.
"I voted for Jill Stein because I always vote green.
I'm not going to vote for the lesser of two evils because of fear - that's not what America is about.
I don't agree with everything Jill Stein says, but, hey, we need to change the way we think about politics.
WATCH: Should the world be worried by a President Trump? (25:00)
The democrats and the republicans have the same values and they realise.
What annoyed me about this election was the intolerance of New Age liberalism. Marching up on the inauguration and going on witch-hunts doesn't work.
People need to work together. Change happens from the bottom up, not the top down."
Bridget King is a 22 year old teacher who lives in Washington.
"I think he's just one person and even though one person can make a difference, they can't make a big difference in my life, so he won't change my America either way.
What's good about Donald Trump is that people are talking about politics again.
I would love if America really became rejuvenated and there is energy in politics.
I don't want to say who I voted for, I think it's a personal thing.

William Boze is a 37 year old beer salesman from Carolina.
"I voted for Donald Trump and I'm glad now. I know I made the right decision.
Hillary Clinton was an absolute no for me.
People can relate to Bernie Sanders and Donald Trump, and not Hillary Clinton because they are both anti-establishment.
READ MORE: The normalisation of Donald Trump
I think the Arab Spring was the worst thing that could have happened. If Obama and the West would have let them alone and left Bashar and Saddam Hussein be, ISIS [the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant group also known as ISIL] would never have happened.
Obama should never have pulled the troops out of Iraq.
I'm bipartisan and I don't agree with everything Trumps says and does.
Will he make my America great? It's not that simple. I have to make my America great. It's not up to him."
Byron Simmons, 36, is a client solutions manager from Maryland.
"What do I think?
I think we should give Donald Trump a chance. He's a proven winner.
I voted for him because he's a winner.
I like the fact that he loves to speak at rallies. I love that he's a billionaire.
Why would I want someone who has nothing to represent America? That makes no sense.
READ MORE: What powers will Donald Trump have as president?
It's about the bottom line. He beat Hillary because he spoke to the people. We wanted change and we got it.
She came across as sneaky and he's honest, albeit a little too honest sometimes, so he appears crass, but who cares.
We had diplomacy for eight years. We need a strong leader."
Johnny is an Irishman living in Virginia who wanted to remain anonymous.
"I'm afraid. I'm a legal alien, but I'm still afraid of being sent home. I don't want to voice my opinions publicly.
Look at the graceful speeches Obama has delivered, now we have Trump for the next four years with his oafish rhetoric.
He's like someone you'd meet in a bar. He's not presidential.
Washington is divided. If Donald Trump decided to deport immigrants from Mexico and Central America, I'll lose all my kitchen staff and I'm not the only one. Kitchen staff across the US are made up of immigrants. If Trump sends them all back, there'll be no restaurants any more.
Irish people have always been so popular and welcome in the US, I'm afraid that could all change."
Charlie Yi, 45, is a former Marine, who took part in operation Desert Storm in the first Gulf War in 1991.
"I was a Bernie Sanders supporter. Would he have beat Trump? Who knows.
I voted for Jill Stein simply because she cared about what was happening in Standing Rock, where a pipeline was being built through Native American lands and neither Trump, nor Hillary seemed to give a damn.
It was a huge story in the US. Its naive to think that one president can change everything.
READ MORE: Barack Obama - So long, and thanks for all the speeches
If you want change, you have to change yourself. I think Trump voters are naive to think that one man can save them.
No one person has as much power as people would like to think."
Source: Al Jazeera News


What?
Create a slider widget.
For example, this:
<div hc-slider ng-model="value" max="100" min="0" step="1" style="width: 400px" />
Becomes this:
Value: {{value}}
Why?
Sometimes a range input is not enough.
Features
Both the range and spinner inputs are debounced.


Distributed-Memory
Shared-Memory
Uniform Memory Access
Non-Uniform Memory Access
Cache-only Memory Access
Hybrid (Distributed-Shared Memory)
Levels of parallelisation:
Bit level
Instruction level
Thread level
Process level
Processor level
Pipelining:
Splitting the instruction into multiple stages. allowing multiple instructions to occupy different stages in the same clock cycle.
Superscalar:
Allowing multiple instruction to pass through the same stage. Scheduling how instructions are executed together.
breaking a task into sub components
of tasks to processes/threads. 3. Mapping
of processes to cores
A process is a program in execution.
A process is broken into several components.
Executable program
Global data
Process are abstraction that let you exploit multiple cores/parallel processes.
Processes were initially created to allow for multitasking.
There are two types of multitasking.
̨
Same operation applied to different elements. Operations are independent
Partition the data to solve problem.
Exploited by SIMD computers extensively. (Also SPMD).
Partition the task to solve the problem.
Analysed using a task dependence graph. Form direct acyclic graph, which represents the control depdendency between tasks.
Analysed using:
Critical path length: fastest completion time
Degree of concurrency = Total work/ critical path length/
Task T creates a number of child tasks. Tasks then work in parallel to excecute the program. After that, a join is used.
Specifies function call to be executed.
Same program executed on different processors but operate on different data. Single instructions executed synchronously by the different threads on different data.
Master assigns tasks to slaves.
MPMD model.
Server computes requests from multiple client tasks concurrently.
Passing data between components of a pipeline.
Data structure that threads can access to retrieve tasks for execution.
Producer produces data into a common buffer which are then consumed by the consumers.


Leslie is a full-stack-developer who is the Team Leader for us! You can find her github down below!
Github
Trevor is a full-stack-developer that helped work on the front-end of
the project!
"Good at the Little Things"
Kae is a full-stack-developer that also used her front-end skills on
this project.
"Learn, Grow, Eat, Repeat."
Lynda is a full-stack-developer that helped with the back-end preparation on this project!
GithubMario is a full-stack-developer that helped the project with his back-end skills!
Github
Sean is a full-stack-developer that helped design the User Interface
of the project.
"If you aren't part of the solution you haven't dissolved yet."
John is a full-stack-developer that also helped with the User Interface design of the project!
Github


WITNESS LIST Pensions & Investments Committee May 6, 1997-8:00A HB 2878 For: Dastur, Andrew D. (Golden Rule Insurance) Isett, Carl (Bill Author) Kinney, Donna (TX Medical Assoc.) Against: McGiffert, Lisa (Consumers' Union) HB 2937 On: Dunlap, Charles (TRS) Elliott, Scott (Wellington Mngt Co, UP) Lilly, Francis X. (Independent Fiduciary) HB 3068 On: Blythe, Bill (TEXPERS) Registering, but not testifying: For: Bailey, Ken (TX State Assn Firefight) Zivley, Lane (TX Public Employees Asn) On: Anderson, Gary (TMRS) Horton, Terry (TCDRS, Board of Trustee) Kendall, Terrence (TCDRS and TMRS) HJR 111 On: Dunlap, Charles (TRS) Elliott, Scott (Wellington Mgt Co, UP) Lilly, Francis X. (Independent Fiduciary) SB 1102 Against: McGiffert, Lisa (Consumers Union) On: Nail, William S. (ERS) Registering, but not testifying: For: Genereux, Carolyn (Representing Herself) Gross, Michael (TX State Employees Un.) Ivey, Billy D. (DPS Officers Assoc.) Johnson, Wayne (Representing Himself) Kitterlin, E.V. (Representing Himself) McGinnis, Larry (Dept. P.S.O.A./ T.G.W.A) Simpson, Dee (Representing Herself) Torres, Rosie (TX State Employees Un.) Vaclav, Michael (TX. Dental Assn.) Zivley, Lane A. (TX. Public Emp. Assn.) On: Kane, Robert (UT System) Lacy, David (UT System) McCartt, Marty (TX. P.R./ Comptroller) SB 1460 On: Lacy, David (UT System) SB 1568 For: Van de Putte, Leticia (Bill Sponsor) Registering, but not testifying: For: Anderson, John (SA Pro Firefighters) Campbell, Jim (City of San Antonio) Candelario, Robert (Himself) Herden, Matthew Zuerl (SA Police Officers Assn) Jasso, Robert (Himself) King, Carl (SA Police Officers Assn) Perez, Alex (SA Police Officers Assn) Self, James (SA Police Officers Assn)


The Birth of Venus
Primavera
Calumny of Apelles
Venus and Mars
Lamentation over the Dead Christ
The adoration of the magi


Red Corner (1997) ©1997 Matt Petras
Official site:
http://www.redcorner.com
Length: 119 min (1:59 hours) Rating: **1/2 out of ****
In a land where there the concepts of crime and punishment differ so greatly from our own. Where a crime committed is punished by a swift death in most cases. In this land, a man is framed for a murder he did not commit. In the north American justice system a man must be proven guilty but till then he is presumed innocent. In china one must effectively prove his innocence, and until then he is presumed guilty. Such is the task undertaken by Jack Moore and Yuelin, the court appointed defendant. Justice is served both ways, and the real truth comes out in the process. My first impressions of the movie were not all that convincing I thought it seemed fake. The setting didn't seem like it was China. Although I have never been to China in my life and probably never will go, the set for the movie didn't seem to be authentic enough. One thing that always struck me when I saw pictures from Beijing, was the volumes of people, and the volumes of bicycles another thing is that the automobiles that were being driven there seemed awfully American looking. I don't speak from experience but this seemed to be a little inadequate. Also upon speaking to a few of my colleagues who are from China, I was told that the whole movie is a bit outdated. The policies and the setting. Other than that it did seem like the setting was very well created as well as the atmosphere. That was only a first impression, and those aren't always the proper ones. Now going back the setting and looking at with thought of the plot, the setting, especially the atmosphere seems to be a little bit contrived or set up. Something's just seems to be a bit too predictable. The scenes that are shown are in some cases pretty shocking to most western peoples, for they show the methods of justice in a Communist China. But this too is not half as bad as it could have been. Therefore I have to say that the part of the plot pertaining to the set up and the atmosphere is good up until a certain point. It is more than sufficient for the movie, but would have been better had a stronger hint been given towards the real conditions of the day. Mind you I am speaking from opinion only here so I should not be taken to be anything other than some unknowledgeable guy stating what he thinks. Now onto the real plot of the movie, it was actually pretty decent. There were occasions where things just happened that left me wondering what was going on and why. But they could be overlooked. As a general whole the plot seemed to be fairly intact. A couple things in the plot jump out at me as odd but they suit the movie in their own unique way. Now to the acting, here we have two different performances. Richard Gere who played his character fairly well and quite believably, and Bai Ling, who played her part superbly. Bai Ling's performance was one that leaves you imagining that she is the actual character from the story and not some actress. This is a feat not easily achieved by most actors, especially actors who are not native to speaking English. The supporting roles in this movie could have been done a little bit better in my opinion, or the casing could have been different but that does not ruin the movie nor does it add anything bad. The casting for the main characters is really well done, especially in Bai Ling's case. She should be proud of this performance, lets hope it proves to be a good starting point for her.
As a whole the concept of the movie is a really good one, even if not the most politically correct one. The movie works well towards what it aims to achieve, but it doesn't quite get all the way. As a whole the movie is worth seeing and it is good thoughtful entertainment. I found the movie to be fairly well done but a few things stuck out, there was a bit too much action for a serious drama and that's what this movie should have been. I guess they were looking for some audience appeal, and probably found it.
December 22, 1997
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


THE WEDDING SINGER 1998 A film review by Timothy Voon Copyright 1998 Timothy Voon 2 :-) :-) for Sandler and Barrymore
Cast: Adam Sandler, Drew Barrymore, Christine Taylor, Allen Covert, Matthew Glave, Angela Featherstone, Alexis Arquette Director: Frank Coraci Producers: Robert Simonds, Jack Giarraputo Screenplay: Tim Herlihy
There is something wonderfully, pleasant about THE WEDDING SINGER, rarely found in the overly sophisticated romantic comedies of today. Surprisingly, the acting leads are also played by two stars who are not well known for their romantic touch. Adam Sandler is probably best known as the golf abusing, amateur in HAPPY GILMORE. By putting away his usual hysterical antics and allowing normality to take over, he not only surprises the audience, but probably himself by creating a character (Robbie Hart) that the audience cares about. Drew Barrymore, also surprises us with a glowing smile that lights up the screen. She delivers the overly sweetened dialogue, with such heartfelt sincerity one almost believes her when she claims to dislike alcohol.
Set in the mid-80's and surrounding weddings (a popular Hollywood theme), two people fall in love in the most unusual of circumstance. Both are getting married to the wrong person. Robbie Hart (Sandler) is left standing alone at the altar, when his bride fails to show up for the occasion. This leaves him intensely depressed and deluded about life and love.  Julia Sullivan (Barrymore) has been waiting for two years for a proposal from a boyfriend. Now that she has been finally asked, is this the right man for her?
There is nothing sophisticated about the script or plot. Basically when Robbie and Julia meet, the audience is shown why they are right for each other. In this instance, screen chemistry is vital and both Sandler and Barrymore deliver. The ending is a tad cliché, but the journey to reach there is pleasantly entertaining, with enough 80's love tunes along the way, to make this an enjoyable nostalgic piece.
Timothy Voon e-mail<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Movie Archives http://us.imdb.com/M/reviews_by?Tim+Voon Hugues Bouclier's Movies in Melbourne http://www.labyrinth.net.au/~bouclier/week/movies.html
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


[1]
Everything I wanted in a camcorder; Everything that I didn't know was required.
[2]
Hi Def at a reasonable price; Needs USB port on camera


Thinking of getting into coding but not sure which coding language you want to learn? This programming language suggester will help you select between these three languages: Python, JavaScript, and Swift. Simply answer the questions below to get a suggestion.
The language you should learn is


Real time API to get Google search results with ease. We've solved the issues of having to manage proxies, to solve CAPTCHAs and to parse rich structured data.
Developers first, as simple as firing HTTP GETs to:
Each request runs a full browser even solving complex JS captchas and are processed immediately (except in case of unplanned charge). It guarantees that you get what users truly see.
Teleport yourself to wherever you want with the "location" parameter. We use both use Google geolocated encrypted params and we route your request via one of our numerous proxies the closest to your desired location to ensure accuracy. (Read More)
Including results from: organic, stories, shopping, direct answer, knowledge graph, maps, and local. And structured data for each: links, addresses, tweets, prices, thumbnails, ratings, reviews, rich snippets, and more.
Supports all Google languages via "hl" param (Read More), all Google countries via "gl" param (Read More), and all Google domains (Read More)
Regular HTTP GET requests will get you the results. Don't worry about proxies and Google changes. Just build your app. Couldn't be easier.
In the last 24 hours, API requests had a 98.67% success rate and were completed in an average of 28.60 seconds.
1,000 credits for only $9.97. 1 credit = 1 Google search query. (Add Credits)
Disclaimer: SERP API is in beta, and the API might change.


Liam Condon
About
Portfolio
Contact
My Portfolio
Project 1
Project details to come.
Project 3
Project details to come.
Project 4
Project details to come.
Project 5
Project details to come.
Project 6
Project details to come.
Project 1
Project details to come.


Results Calc Installed Successfully!
This page will be displayed only once
Thank you for installing 'Results Calc'.
- This is an exclusive extension for GRIET students.
- It helps calculate your total and percentage with just a single-click.
- This extension appears and works only on www.results.griet.in
and it doesn't annoy you when on other sites.
So next time when checking your results you don't need a calculator.
Use the green button in the address bar to know your total and percentage.
Here is how it works:


Adobe Camera Raw Download 2021 Latest For Windows 10 8 7
Adobe Camera Raw 12 1 Free Download For Windows
Adobe Camera Raw 11 3 Free Download Windows And Macos
Adobe Camera Raw Download
Camera Raw For Photoshop Download
Adobe Camera Raw Download
Download Adobe Camera Raw 13 1
Adobe Camera Raw 13 Free Download All Pc World
Camera Raw 7 1 Update Download For Pc Free
How To Install Camera Raw Presets Photoshop Cs6
Adobe Camera Raw 10 2 1 Free Download
Download Adobe Camera Raw 12 4
Adobe Camera Raw Download
How To Download And Install Camera Raw Filter For Photoshop Cs6 And Cc Youtube
Adobe Camera Raw Mac Cc 13 2 Download
Adobe Camera Raw 12 Free Download Windows And Macos
Adobe Camera Raw 12 Free Download Pc Wonderland
Camera Raw Download Mac Budtree
Download Camera Raw Plugin For Photoshop Cs5 Mac Peatix
Camera Raw Not Enabled Can T Open Raw Images In Photoshop Or Adobe Bridge Fix For Pc Mac Youtube
Camera Raw 7 1 Update Download For Mac Free
Introduction To Camera Raw Files For Photoshop Cc
Adobe Camera Raw For Windows 7 1 Rc Released Adobe Camera Raw Download Adobe Photoshop Camera Raw
Adobe Camera Raw 11 Free Download
Keep Adobe Photoshop Up To Date
Adobe Cs6 Camera Raw Update Aspoyiheart
Photoshop Camera Raw For Mac Peatix
Adobe Camera Raw 12 Free Download Windows And Macos
Download Free Adobe Camera Raw Filter 12 3 Official Color Xmp Preset File Of Adobe Photoshop Cc 2020 June Updates New Features Of Camera Raw Filter 12 3 Explained Step By Step In
Camera Raw 4 6 Download Cs3
Camera Raw For Photoshop Download
How To Use Adobe Camera Raw And Photoshop To Make Your Landscape Images Pop
Differences Between Adobe Camera Raw And The Camera Raw Filter


ABOUT US
HP bank is one of India's leading private banks and received approval from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to set up a private sector bank in 1997.
Today, HP bank has a banking network of 5000 branches and 10000 ATM's in 2001 cities/towns.
Our Core Values :
- Excellence
- Customer Focus
- Product
- Leadership
- People
- Sustainability
Many famous personalities trust HP bank and are very impressed by our support/services.
 Contact us for any queries/feedback through the socials given below.


Tymcraft - Druids edition
v1.0.0
How to install mods - Rules
- Tym is always right
- Be friendly and kind to each others
- use common sense
- When Tym is wrong, refer to rule #1
- Download mods
- Install forge for 1.12.2 with recommended build - installer
- Run forge installer, select client
- Open Minecraft launcher > installations tab
- Click "New/Nouveau"
- Select version "release-1.12.2-forge-XXXXXX"
- Next to play/jouer button, select installations you created
- Run minecraft, close once on menu screen
- Open file explorer, in URL address bar type: %APPDATA%
- Go to ".minecraft" folder, create "mods" folder, and "1.12.2" folder inside "mods"
- Paste *.jar files inside ".minecraft/mods/1.12.2"
- Open minecraft again
- Play :-)


This request must be submitted by the Organization's Access Administrator or Signing Authority.
Keep your personal information secure – especially when using a shared device like a computer at a library, school or café. To delete any information that was entered, either complete the application and submit it or, if you don’t finish, close the web browser.
Need to take a break and come back later? The data you enter on this form is saved locally to the computer or device you are using until you close the web browser or submit your application.
Information in this application is collected by the Ministry of Health under section 26(a), (c) and (e) of the Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act and will be used to determine eligibility for provincial health care benefits in BC and administer Premium Assistance. Should you have any questions about the collection of this personal information please contact Health Insurance BC .


Class DbProperties
- java.lang.Object
-
- de.businesscode.bcdui.toolbox.config.DbProperties
-
public class DbProperties extends java.lang.Object
this class loads the configuration properties from database, this class is thread-safe and can also be used as a singleton, thegetProperties(String)
method is used to retrieve properties and it will keep the internal data up-to-date in caserefreshCycleSec
has been set in constructor. You may want to setsetListener(Listener)
to listen to updates. This class has no threads monitoring the age of data, so the reload does not happen fully on its own, rather the aging is checked on following methods:getProperties(String)
,reloadIfAged()
-
-
Nested Class Summary
Nested Classes Modifier and Type Class Description static interface
DbProperties.Listener
-
Constructor Summary
Constructors Constructor Description DbProperties(java.lang.String bindingSetId, int refreshCycleSec)
create DbProperties instance, the properties are NOT initialized/loaded, considerreload()
orscheduleReload()
-
Method Summary
All Methods Instance Methods Concrete Methods Modifier and Type Method Description long
getLastRefreshTime()
java.util.HashMap<java.lang.String,java.lang.Object>
getProperties(java.lang.String scopeId)
boolean
reload()
triggers reload of properties, this is a *blocking* call, if you want to reload properties asynchronously usescheduleReload()
method, however only one concurrent reload is processed, so that if multiple threads call this method simultaneously the first one initiates a reload while other calls are discarded and this method returns immediately with 'false'void
reloadIfAged()
this method has no effect in case no refreshCycle was set during construction, otherwise it schedules load in case of aged datavoid
scheduleReload()
triggers scheduled reload of properties and returns immediately, however, the load is performed only once in a time, even though this method is called from multiple threads simulatenously, while loading other calls to this methds are ignored.void
scheduleReload(long refreshCycleSec)
unlikescheduleReload()
this method schedules the reload only in case the last reload time is older than given 'maturedTimeMs' such thatgetLastRefreshTime()
+ maturedTimeMs <= current timevoid
setListener(DbProperties.Listener listener)
-
-
-
Constructor Detail
-
DbProperties
public DbProperties(java.lang.String bindingSetId, int refreshCycleSec) throws BindingException
create DbProperties instance, the properties are NOT initialized/loaded, considerreload()
orscheduleReload()
- Parameters:
bindingSetId
-refreshCycleSec
- to refresh the properties, may be 0 to disable auto-refresh cycle- Throws:
BindingException
- if binding-set could not be obtained or was not foundjava.lang.RuntimeException
- in case name of DataSource could not be obtained
-
-
Method Detail
-
setListener
public void setListener(DbProperties.Listener listener)
-
reload
public boolean reload()
triggers reload of properties, this is a *blocking* call, if you want to reload properties asynchronously usescheduleReload()
method, however only one concurrent reload is processed, so that if multiple threads call this method simultaneously the first one initiates a reload while other calls are discarded and this method returns immediately with 'false'- Returns:
- true if properties have been reloaded or false if another concurrent reload is in process, so this call has had no effect
-
scheduleReload
public void scheduleReload()
triggers scheduled reload of properties and returns immediately, however, the load is performed only once in a time, even though this method is called from multiple threads simulatenously, while loading other calls to this methds are ignored. calling this methods effectively is same asscheduleReload(long)
with 0 as parameter.
-
scheduleReload
public void scheduleReload(long refreshCycleSec)
unlikescheduleReload()
this method schedules the reload only in case the last reload time is older than given 'maturedTimeMs' such thatgetLastRefreshTime()
+ maturedTimeMs <= current time- Parameters:
refreshCycleSec
- the mature time offset or 0 to schedule immediately
-
getLastRefreshTime
public long getLastRefreshTime()
- Returns:
- the last refresh ms
-
getProperties
public java.util.HashMap<java.lang.String,java.lang.Object> getProperties(java.lang.String scopeId)
- Parameters:
scopeId
-- Returns:
- property-set for given scope, may be NULL if no such scope exists
-
reloadIfAged
public void reloadIfAged()
this method has no effect in case no refreshCycle was set during construction, otherwise it schedules load in case of aged data
-
-


Basic rules of Halma can be found in the
[wiki page].
⚫Black will move first.
When AI plays as:
NOBODY: AI won't automatically play.
BLACK: AI will automatically play in Black's turn.
WHITE: AI will automatically play in White's turn.
When AI doesn't automatically play:
You may use mouse to play next step.
You may press to let AI play next step.
Search depth
Search depth is a parameter used by Minimax algorithm.
Technically, a higher depth value will lead to a better choice,
but will dramatically decrease algorithm speed.
More details can be found in the
[wiki page].


Safe Camp
My Results
About Us
1
Enter your info
Your gender identity
Male
Female
Other
Rather Not Say
Age
Under 18
18 to 59
59 and over
Do you have children with you?
Yes
No
2
Which of the following are you interested in?
Shelter
Drug or Alcohol Treatment
Food Assistance
Mental Health Treatment


Investment Platform specifically for Healthcare Investments.
Include investment mechanisms like Equity, Term Loan, Crowdfunding and Mezzanine.
Investment cover StartUp, Expansion and Growth Companies
Equity Acquisition, Operational Expense, Capital Expenditure, Asset Expenditure
Equity Investment in PPP Organizations that have PPP contracts of managing Government owned healthcare assets
Devices, medical equipment, specialty pharma, OTC, pharmaceutical services, CROs, and diagnostic technologies
Primary and acute care models, mental health, rehabilitation, homecare, chronic disease management, dentistry, diagnostics and aesthetics
Complex care, elderly and specialist care, supported living and children’s care services
Telehealth, clinical and administration software systems, digital patient monitoring and patient engagement solutions


Scan the image above with the two-factor authentication app on your phone. If you can’t use a barcode, enter this text code instead.
After scanning the barcode image, the app will display a six-digit code that you can enter below.


vs
Moving Motivators
This gray area is the standard deviation from the team mean
The baseline put the motivators in this order


Politician Classifier
By Syed Muhammad Hamza
Trump
Khan
Kim
Modi
Mrkel
Putin
Xi
Drop files here or click to upload
Classify
SORRY! Can't classify image. Classifier was not able to detect face and two eyes properly
politician
Probability Score
Angela Merkel
Donald Trump
Imran Khan
Kim Jong Un
Narendra Modi
Vladimir Putin
Xi Jinping


pyfos_brocade_fru
- PyFOS module to provide rest support for the FRU.¶
The pyfos_brocade_fru
provides REST support for the FRU.
-
class
pyfos_brocade_fru.
blade
(dictvalues={})¶ This class provides information of the blade for the given slot number.
Important class members:
Attribute name Description Frequently used methods slot-number Slot number peek_slot_number()
manufacturer Organization responsible for producing the blade peek_manufacturer()
blade-type Type of the blade peek_blade_type()
part-number Part number of the blade peek_part_number()
serial-number Serial number of the blade peek_serial_number()
blade-id ID of the blade peek_blade_id()
blade-state current state of the blade peek_blade_state()
model-name model of the blade peek_model_name()
firmware-version FOS version of switch peek_firmware_version()
fc-port-count total number of fc ports supported by the blade peek_fc_port_count()
ge-port-count total number of ge ports supported by the blade peek_ge_port_count()
ip-address-list/ip-address The IPv4/IPv6 address peek_ip_address_list_ip_address()
ip-gateway-list/ip-gateway The IP Address Gateway peek_ip_gateway_list_ip_gateway()
subnet-mask Subnet mask of the network peek_subnet_mask()
primary-firmware-version FOS version on the primary partition of the CP blade peek_primary_firmware_version()
secondary-firmware-version FOS version on the secondary partition of the CP blade peek_secondary_firmware_version()
extension-enabled Blade is extension capable peek_extension_enabled()
extension-ve-mode Extension blade VE mode peek_extension_ve_mode()
extension-ve-mode Extension blade VE mode set_extension_ve_mode()
extension-app-mode Extension blade app mode peek_extension_app_mode()
extension-app-mode Extension blade app mode set_extension_app_mode()
extension-ge-mode Extension blade ge mode peek_extension_ge_mode()
extension-ge-mode Extension blade ge mode set_extension_ge_mode()
time-alive Number of days the blade has been powered on peek_time_alive()
time-awake Number of days since the blade last powered on peek_time_awake()
power-usage power being consumed by the blade peek_power_usage()
power-consumption Power consumption of the hardware component peek_power_consumption()
Object methods
-
classmethod
get
()¶ Returns
blade
object or a list of objects filled with Blade attributes.Each object can be printed using
pyfos_util.response_print()
and individual attributes accessed through peek methods.Parameters: session – session handler returned by pyfos_auth.login()
Return type: dictionary of error or blade
object
Attribute methods
-
peek_slot_number
()¶ Reads blade slot number from the object.
Return type: None or blade slot number.
-
peek_manufacturer
()¶ Reads manufacturer name of the organization from the object.
Return type: None or manufacturer name of the blade.
-
peek_blade_type
()¶ Reads type of the blade.
Return type: None or type of the blade.
-
peek_blade_id
()¶ Reads ID of the blade.
Return type: None or ID of the blade.
-
peek_blade_state
()¶ Reads current state of the blade.
Return type: None or current state of the blade.
-
peek_part_number
()¶ Reads part number of the blade.
Return type: None or part number of the blade.
-
peek_serial_number
()¶ Reads serial number of the blade.
Return type: None or serial number of the blade.
-
peek_model_name
()¶ Reads model of the blade.
Return type: None or model of the blade.
-
peek_firmware_version
()¶ Reads FOS version of the switch.
Return type: None or firmware version of the switch.
-
peek_fc_port_count
()¶ Reads total number of fc ports on the blade.
Return type: None or total number of fc ports on the blade.
-
peek_ge_port_count
()¶ Reads total number of ge ports on the blade.
Return type: None or total number of ge ports on the blade.
-
peek_ip_address_list_ip_address
()¶ Reads IP Address from an object.
Return type: None or IP Address.
-
peek_ip_gateway_list_ip_gateway
()¶ Reads IP Gateway from an object.
Return type: None or IP Gateway.
-
peek_subnet_mask
()¶ Reads Subnet mask from an object.
Return type: None or subnet mask.
-
peek_primary_firmware_version
()¶ Reads FOS version of the primary partition of the blade.
Return type: None or firmware version of the primary partition.
-
peek_secondary_firmware_version
()¶ Reads FOS version of the secondary partition of the blade.
Return type: None or firmware version of the secondary partition.
-
peek_extension_enabled
()¶ Reads extension enabled/capable value for the blade or switch.
Return type: true or false.
-
peek_extension_app_mode
()¶ Reads extension blade app mode from the blade object.
Return type: None or app mode string.
-
set_extension_app_mode
()¶ Set the extension capable blade app mode in the blade object.
Return type: dictionary of error or success response and value with extension-app-mode as key.
-
peek_extension_ve_mode
()¶ Reads extension blade VE mode from the blade object.
Return type: None or VE mode string.
-
set_extension_ve_mode
()¶ Set the extension capable blade VE mode in the blade object.
Return type: dictionary of error or success response and value with extension-ve-mode as key.
-
peek_extension_ge_mode
()¶ Reads extension blade GE mode from the blade object.
Return type: None or VE mode string.
-
set_extension_ge_mode
()¶ Set the extension capable blade GE mode in the blade object.
Return type: dictionary of error or success response and value with extension-ge-mode as key.
-
peek_power_consumption
()¶ Reads power consumption from the blade object.
Return type: None or power consumption by the blade.
-
peek_power_usage
()¶ Reads power being consumed by the blade object.
Return type: None or power usage by the blade.
-
peek_time_awake
()¶ Reads the number of days the blade has been powered on.
Return type: None or time awake of the blade.
-
peek_time_alive
()¶ Reads number of days since the blade was last powered on.
Return type: None or time alive of the blade.
-
classmethod
-
class
pyfos_brocade_fru.
fan
(dictvalues={})¶ This class provides information for the given FAN unit.
Important class members:
Attribute name Description Frequently used methods unit-number Fan Unit number peek_unit_number()
power-consumption Power consumption of the hardware component peek_power_consumption()
operational-state Operational state of the Fan peek_operational_state()
part-number Part number of the Fan peek_part_number()
serial-number Serial number of the Fan peek_serial_number()
airflow-direction Air flow direction of the Fan peek_airflow_direction()
time-alive Number of days the Fan has been powered on peek_time_alive()
time-awake Number of days since the Fan was last powered on peek_time_awake()
Object methods
-
classmethod
get
()¶ Returns
fan
object or a list of objects filled with Fan attributes.Each object can be printed using
pyfos_util.response_print()
and individual attributes accessed through peek methods.Parameters: session – session handler returned by pyfos_auth.login()
Return type: dictionary of error or fan
object
Attribute methods
-
peek_unit_number
()¶ Reads fan unit number from the object.
Return type: None or fan unit number.
-
peek_power_consumption
()¶ Reads power consumption of the hardware component from the object.
Return type: None or power consumption by the unit.
-
peek_operational_state
()¶ Reads operational state of the fan.
Return type: None or operational state of the fan
-
peek_speed
()¶ Reads speed of the fan.
Return type: None or speed of the fan
-
peek_airflow_direction
()¶ Reads airflow direction of the fan.
Return type: None or airflow direction of the fan
-
peek_part_number
()¶ Reads part number of the fan.
Return type: None or part number of the fan
-
peek_serial_number
()¶ Reads serial number of the fan.
Return type: None or serial number of the fan
-
peek_time_awake
()¶ Reads the number of days the fan has been powered on.
Return type: None or time awake of the fan.
-
peek_time_alive
()¶ Reads number of days since the fan was last powered on.
Return type: None or time alive of the fan.
-
classmethod
-
class
pyfos_brocade_fru.
power_supply
(dictvalues={})¶ This class provides information for the given powersupply unit.
Important class members:
Attribute name Description Frequently used methods unit-number Powersupply Unit number peek_unit_number()
power-production Power production of the hardware component peek_power_production()
input-voltage Input voltage of the powersupply Unit peek_input_voltage()
part-number Part number of the Unit peek_part_number()
serial-number Serial number of the Unit peek_serial_number()
airflow-direction Air flow direction of the Unit peek_airflow_direction()
operational-state Operational state of the Unit peek_operational_state()
power-source Power supply input voltage type peek_power_source()
temperature Temperature of the power supply sensor peek_temperature()
time-alive Number of days the Unit has been powered on peek_time_alive()
time-awake Number of days since the Unit last powered on peek_time_awake()
power-usage power being consumed by the unit peek_power_usage()
Object methods
-
classmethod
get
()¶ Returns
power_supply
object or a list of objects filled with Powersupply attributes.Each object can be printed using
pyfos_util.response_print()
and individual attributes accessed through peek methods.Parameters: session – session handler returned by pyfos_auth.login()
Return type: dictionary of error or power_supply
object
Attribute methods
-
peek_unit_number
()¶ Reads powersupply unit number from the object.
Return type: None or powersupply unit number.
-
peek_power_production
()¶ Reads power production of the hardware component from the object.
Return type: None or power production by the unit.
-
peek_operational_state
()¶ Reads operational state of the powersupply.
Return type: None or operational state of the powersupply.
-
peek_input_voltage
()¶ Reads input voltage of the powersupply unit.
Return type: None or input voltage of the unit.
-
peek_airflow_direction
()¶ Reads airflow direction of the powersupply unit.
Return type: None or airflow direction of the powersupply.
-
peek_part_number
()¶ Reads part number of the powersupply unit.
Return type: None or part number of the powersupply unit.
-
peek_serial_number
()¶ Reads serial number of the powersupply unit.
Return type: None or serial number of the powersupply unit.
-
peek_power_source
()¶ Reads power supply input voltage type.
Return type: None or power supply input voltage type.
-
peek_temperature
()¶ Reads temperature of the powersupply sensor.
Return type: None or Temperature of the powersupply sensor.
-
peek_power_usage
()¶ Reads power being consumed by the object.
Return type: None or power usage by the Unit.
-
peek_time_awake
()¶ Reads the number of days the powersupply has been powered on.
Return type: None or time awake of the powersupply.
-
peek_time_alive
()¶ Reads number of days since the powersupply was last powered on.
Return type: None or time alive of the powersupply.
-
classmethod
See also
Module pyfos_auth


- Hello, my name is Tala Emad.
- I have finished my bachelor's degree in computer science with an average of 86.9 from Zarqa University in Feb 2020. Recently I finished a penetration testing trainee at al-Hussain Technical University.
- I have knowledge of multiple programming languages such as python, c#, and asp.net.
- Having multiple skills, I’m a fast learner, a hard worker, a good leader, and efficient in my work.
- My interest is in machine learning, image processing, and data science. That made me passionate about my graduation project.
- Through my education period studying computer science, I have spotlighted my studies in everything that included with information technology field.
- I’m seeking to improve my experiences and achievements in both my professional path and my knowledge on each thing related to technology.
Best 10 things to watch:
- 12 Angrey Men
- Soul
- Harry Potter
- Attack on titan
- Death Note
- Hunter x Hunter
- Dead poets society
- Good Will Hunting
- Coco
- Brave


| CS 371 - Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Homework #7 |
Due: Beginning of class on Thursday 4/20.
Note: Work is to be done in pairs.
Complete the implementation of the supplied partially-implemented KMeansClusterer according to the "k-Means Clustering Programming Exercises (Java JUnit Edition)" handout. Submit answers to the questions in the text file "README". Submit with the command "submit111 hw7".
More relevant resources, readings, slides, etc., may be found here: http://modelai.gettysburg.edu/2016/kmeans/, including:


The benefits of version control is that it allows for incremental progress to be saved and revisited at a later date for posterity, research, finding the names of the programmers who worked on a specific piece of code, when they did it, and why. You may be asking yourself how a regular person would benefit from this kind of thing? Well, let us say for this example that something was sent back in time to do something. read more
So you must be wondering to yourself, "How did I get here?" I suppose it had something to do with your interest in borders (hopefully not the geographical kind, because you're definitely in the wrong place), padding (it's the soft fluffy stuff that protects your preciouses) or margins (those are the spaces in between, separating our borders, sort of like a DMZ except with less landmines). read more
blog posts
version control: git it done
So you're bordering on padding margins...


Roboter Fangsti
Configuration and calibration website for the Alphabot based on a Raspberry PI3.
Browser does not support canvas


UseSWIG¶
This file provides support for SWIG
. It is assumed that FindSWIG
module has already been loaded.
Defines the following command for use with SWIG
:
-
swig_add_library
¶ Define swig module with given name and specified language:
swig_add_library(<name> [TYPE <SHARED|MODULE|STATIC|USE_BUILD_SHARED_LIBS>] LANGUAGE <language> [NO_PROXY] [OUTPUT_DIR <directory>] [OUTFILE_DIR <directory>] SOURCES <file>... )
Targets created with the
swig_add_library
command have the same capabilities as targets created with theadd_library()
command, so those targets can be used with any command expecting a target (e.g.target_link_libraries()
).Note
This command creates a target with the specified
<name>
when policyCMP0078
is set toNEW
. Otherwise, the legacy behavior will choose a different target name and store it in theSWIG_MODULE_<name>_REAL_NAME
variable.Note
For multi-config generators, this module does not support configuration-specific files generated by
SWIG
. All build configurations must result in the same generated source file.TYPE
SHARED
,MODULE
andSTATIC
have the same semantic as for theadd_library()
command. IfUSE_BUILD_SHARED_LIBS
is specified, the library type will beSTATIC
orSHARED
based on whether the current value of theBUILD_SHARED_LIBS
variable isON
. If no type is specified,MODULE
will be used.LANGUAGE
- Specify the target language.
NO_PROXY
- Prevent the generation of the wrapper layer (swig
-noproxy
option). OUTPUT_DIR
Specify where to write the language specific files (swig
-outdir
option). If not given, theCMAKE_SWIG_OUTDIR
variable will be used. If neither is specified, the default depends on the value of theUseSWIG_MODULE_VERSION
variable as follows:- If
UseSWIG_MODULE_VERSION
is 1 or is undefined, output is written to theCMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR
directory. - If
UseSWIG_MODULE_VERSION
is 2, a dedicated directory will be used. The path of this directory can be retrieved from theSWIG_SUPPORT_FILES_DIRECTORY
target property.
- If
OUTFILE_DIR
- Specify an output directory name where the generated source file will be
placed (swig -o option). If not specified, the
SWIG_OUTFILE_DIR
variable will be used. If neither is specified,OUTPUT_DIR
orCMAKE_SWIG_OUTDIR
is used instead. SOURCES
- List of sources for the library. Files with extension
.i
will be identified as sources for theSWIG
tool. Other files will be handled in the standard way. This behavior can be overriden by specifying the variableSWIG_SOURCE_FILE_EXTENSIONS
.
Note
If
UseSWIG_MODULE_VERSION
is set to 2, it is strongly recommended to use a dedicated directory unique to the target when either theOUTPUT_DIR
option or theCMAKE_SWIG_OUTDIR
variable are specified. The output directory contents are erased as part of the target build, so to prevent interference between targets or losing other important files, each target should have its own dedicated output directory.
-
swig_link_libraries
¶ Link libraries to swig module:
swig_link_libraries(<name> <item>...)
This command has same capabilities as
target_link_libraries()
command.Note
If variable
UseSWIG_TARGET_NAME_PREFERENCE
is set toSTANDARD
, this command is deprecated andtarget_link_libraries()
command must be used instead.
Source file properties on module files must be set before the invocation
of the swig_add_library
command to specify special behavior of SWIG and
ensure generated files will receive the required settings.
CPLUSPLUS
Call SWIG in c++ mode. For example:
set_property(SOURCE mymod.i PROPERTY CPLUSPLUS ON) swig_add_library(mymod LANGUAGE python SOURCES mymod.i)
INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES
,COMPILE_DEFINITIONS
andCOMPILE_OPTIONS
- Add custom flags to SWIG compiler and have same semantic as properties
INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES
,COMPILE_DEFINITIONS
andCOMPILE_OPTIONS
. USE_TARGET_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES
- If set to
TRUE
, contents of target propertyINCLUDE_DIRECTORIES
will be forwarded toSWIG
compiler. If set toFALSE
target propertyINCLUDE_DIRECTORIES
will be ignored. If not set, target propertySWIG_USE_TARGET_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES
will be considered. GENERATED_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES
,GENERATED_COMPILE_DEFINITIONS
andGENERATED_COMPILE_OPTIONS
- Add custom flags to the C/C++ generated source. They will fill, respectively,
properties
INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES
,COMPILE_DEFINITIONS
andCOMPILE_OPTIONS
of generated C/C++ file. DEPENDS
- Specify additional dependencies to the source file.
SWIG_MODULE_NAME
Specify the actual import name of the module in the target language. This is required if it cannot be scanned automatically from source or different from the module file basename. For example:
set_property(SOURCE mymod.i PROPERTY SWIG_MODULE_NAME mymod_realname)
Note
If policy
CMP0086
is set toNEW
,-module <module_name>
is passed toSWIG
compiler.
Target library properties can be set to apply same configuration to all SWIG input files.
SWIG_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES
,SWIG_COMPILE_DEFINITIONS
andSWIG_COMPILE_OPTIONS
These properties will be applied to all SWIG input files and have same semantic as target properties
INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES
,COMPILE_DEFINITIONS
andCOMPILE_OPTIONS
.set (UseSWIG_TARGET_NAME_PREFERENCE STANDARD) swig_add_library(mymod LANGUAGE python SOURCES mymod.i) set_property(TARGET mymod PROPERTY SWIG_COMPILE_DEFINITIONS MY_DEF1 MY_DEF2) set_property(TARGET mymod PROPERTY SWIG_COMPILE_OPTIONS -bla -blb)
SWIG_USE_TARGET_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES
- If set to
TRUE
, contents of target propertyINCLUDE_DIRECTORIES
will be forwarded toSWIG
compiler. If set toFALSE
or not defined, target propertyINCLUDE_DIRECTORIES
will be ignored. This behavior can be overridden by specifying source propertyUSE_TARGET_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES
. SWIG_GENERATED_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES
,SWIG_GENERATED_COMPILE_DEFINITIONS
andSWIG_GENERATED_COMPILE_OPTIONS
- These properties will populate, respectively, properties
INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES
,COMPILE_DEFINITIONS
andCOMPILE_FLAGS
of all generated C/C++ files. SWIG_DEPENDS
- Add dependencies to all SWIG input files.
The following target properties are output properties and can be used to get
information about support files generated by SWIG
interface compilation.
SWIG_SUPPORT_FILES
This output property list of wrapper files generated during SWIG compilation.
set (UseSWIG_TARGET_NAME_PREFERENCE STANDARD) swig_add_library(mymod LANGUAGE python SOURCES mymod.i) get_property(support_files TARGET mymod PROPERTY SWIG_SUPPORT_FILES)
Note
Only most principal support files are listed. In case some advanced features of
SWIG
are used (for example%template
), associated support files may not be listed. Prefer to use theSWIG_SUPPORT_FILES_DIRECTORY
property to handle support files.SWIG_SUPPORT_FILES_DIRECTORY
- This output property specifies the directory where support files will be generated.
Some variables can be set to customize the behavior of swig_add_library
as well as SWIG
:
UseSWIG_MODULE_VERSION
Specify different behaviors for
UseSWIG
module.- Set to 1 or undefined: Legacy behavior is applied.
- Set to 2: A new strategy is applied regarding support files: the output
directory of support files is erased before
SWIG
interface compilation.
CMAKE_SWIG_FLAGS
- Add flags to all swig calls.
CMAKE_SWIG_OUTDIR
- Specify where to write the language specific files (swig
-outdir
option). SWIG_OUTFILE_DIR
- Specify an output directory name where the generated source file will be
placed. If not specified,
CMAKE_SWIG_OUTDIR
is used. SWIG_MODULE_<name>_EXTRA_DEPS
- Specify extra dependencies for the generated module for
<name>
. SWIG_SOURCE_FILE_EXTENSIONS
Specify a list of source file extensions to override the default behavior of considering only
.i
files as sources for theSWIG
tool. For example:set(SWIG_SOURCE_FILE_EXTENSIONS ".i" ".swg")


Vocabulary Terms
- Debugging
- Systematic process of relentlessly idtentifing the cause of a computer
program that doesnt work. When a computer doesn't work it's because
there is a mistake (bug) somewhere in the computer code. Since these
mistakes are unavoiable, programmers usually have a system on fixing
the problem. Usually the system looks a little like this:
- Collect Evidence (What makes the program fail)
- Generate Theories (What could've causd the problem)
- Test Theories (If theory is correct, how do I find out)
- Fix the Problem (Git-R-Done)
- Technologocial Empathy
- Comes in many forms. For example, computer empathy is the ability to
understand what a computer is, how it works, and what it's good and
bad at. A computer is a tool, as are the programs we use and the
programming languages used to write them. It's almosyt impossible to
program anything substantial without a basic understanding of how these
tools work.
- Systems Thinking
- System Thinkin happens when you break a big problem down into smaller
pieces. Programmers do this when they create a plan(often on paper) for
how a program will work. It involves big-picture thinking and decision
making about a problem and how different prieces of a program can work
together to solve it.
- Procedural Thinking
- Involves creating perfectly clear and unambiguous instructions for a
computer to follow
- HTML
- HyperText Markup Language
- Made up of:
- Text content (What you see and read)
- Markup (What it looks like/ Design)
- Refrences to other documents (EX: Images, Videos)
- Links to other pages
- Inline/Block
- HTML elements are either inline or block. Block elements form an invisible box
around them.
- Examples of Blocks are:
- br (break)
- b (BOLD)
- em (italics)
- img (images)
- a (anchors)
- Tags & Elements
- Anchor Tag- a href
- Image Tage- img src
- Break Tag- br
- Paragraph Tag- p
Questions for the teacher
- How can do I get pictures onto here from my library, I don't know how to link it
if thats what youre supposed to do.
- Secondly, im trying to get into developing apps for ios, which computer language is best to start
with, knowing that what you see is my skill level.


将你的鼠标移动到图标上查看效果
Ball 8bits
→
Ball Atom
→
Ball Beat
→
Ball Circus
→
Ball Climbing Dot
→
Ball Clip Rotate
→
Ball Clip Rotate Multiple
→
Ball Clip Rotate Pulse
→
Ball Elastic Dots
→
Ball Fall
→
Ball Fussion
→
Ball Grid Beat
→
Ball Grid Pulse
→
Ball Newton Cradle
→
Ball Pulse
→
Ball Pulse Rise
→
Ball Pulse Sync
→
Ball Rotate
→
Ball Running Dots
→
Ball Scale
→
Ball Scale Multiple
→
Ball Scale Pulse
→
Ball Scale Ripple
→
Ball Scale Ripple Multiple
→
Ball Spin
→
Ball Spin Clockwise
→
Ball Spin Clockwise Fade
→
Ball Spin Clockwise Fade Rotating
→
Ball Spin Fade
→
Ball Spin Fade Rotating
→
Ball Spin Rotate
→
Ball Square Clockwise Spin
→
Ball Square Spin
→
Ball Triangle Path
→
Ball Zig Zag
→
Ball Zig Zag Deflect
→
Cog
→
Cube Transition
→
Fire
→
Line Scale
→
Line Scale Party
→
Line Scale Pulse Out
→
Line Scale Pulse Out Rapid
→
Line Spin Clockwise Fade
→
Line Spin Clockwise Fade Rotating
→
Line Spin Fade
→
Line Spin Fade Rotating
→
Pacman
→
Square Jelly Box
→
Square Loader
→
Square Spin
→
Timer
→
Triangle Skew Spin
→


{
"AnimalConfig": {
"SpeciesName": "Rabbit",
"LifeTime": "60",
"PercentageOfBornMale": "0.5",
"ExpectedChildCountAtBorn": "2",
"MaxChildCountAtBorn": "6",
"PossibilityOfNonExpectedCountOfBorn": "0.5",
"PregnancyTime": "2",
"ReadyToMating": "12",
"EndOfMatingAge": "36"
},
"CoopConfig": {
"InitialAgeForStartup": "6",
"SimulationTime": "36",
"DetailedDebug" : "false"
}
}
Statictic of Month 36;
Total count of Rabbit : 153
Number of female 74, Number of Male 79
Total mating count : 59, Last month mating count : 2
Total Dies : 0, Last month died count : 0
Count of Adolescent animal (0 - 11) : 110
Count of Adult animal (12 - 35) : 41
Count of Old animal (36 - 60) : 2
Program execution time : 0,0854573 sn
SimulationTime = 60
Statictic of Month 60;
Total count of Rabbit : 2182
Number of female 1106, Number of Male 1076
Total mating count : 887, Last month mating count : 53
Total Dies : 2, Last month died count : 0
Count of Adolescent animal (0 - 11) : 1565
Count of Adult animal (12 - 35) : 585
Count of Old animal (36 - 60) : 32
Program execution time : 0,1035116 sn
SimulationTime = 96
Statictic of Month 96;
Total count of Rabbit : 448689
Number of female 228649, Number of Male 220040
Total mating count : 171682, Last month mating count : 18303
Total Dies : 231, Last month died count : 28
Count of Adolescent animal (0 - 11) : 332889
Count of Adult animal (12 - 35) : 109789
Count of Old animal (36 - 60) : 6011
Program execution time : 1,7865851 sn
SimulationTime = 120
Statictic of Month 120;
Total count of Rabbit : 3897010
Number of female 1987248, Number of Male 1909762
Total mating count : 1489305, Last month mating count : 156742
Total Dies : 2556, Last month died count : 228
Count of Adolescent animal (0 - 11) : 2874214
Count of Adult animal (12 - 35) : 968809
Count of Old animal (36 - 60) : 53987
Program execution time : 13,2674313 sn
PossibilityOfNonExpectedCountOfBorn : 0.25 and SimulationTime = 120
Statictic of Month 120;
Total count of Rabbit : 1862451
Number of female 950914, Number of Male 911537
Total mating count : 866528, Last month mating count : 82381
Total Dies : 2322, Last month died count : 290
Count of Adolescent animal (0 - 11) : 1319531
Count of Adult animal (12 - 35) : 508063
Count of Old animal (36 - 60) : 34857
Program execution time : 7,4481315 sn
PercentageOfBornMale : 0.9 and SimulationTime = 120
Statictic of Month 120;
Total count of Rabbit : 3718
Number of female 355, Number of Male 3363
Total mating count : 1366, Last month mating count : 40
Total Dies : 357, Last month died count : 10
Count of Adolescent animal (0 - 11) : 792
Count of Adult animal (12 - 35) : 2183
Count of Old animal (36 - 60) : 743
Program execution time : 0,1289979 sn
PercentageOfBornMale : 0.1 and SimulationTime = 120
Statictic of Month 120;
Total count of Rabbit : 9521
Number of female 8621, Number of Male 900
Total mating count : 3573, Last month mating count : 330
Total Dies : 245, Last month died count : 6
Count of Adolescent animal (0 - 11) : 3550
Count of Adult animal (12 - 35) : 4922
Count of Old animal (36 - 60) : 1049
Program execution time : 0,1405322 sn
PregnancyTime = 6 and SimulationTime = 120
Statictic of Month 120;
Total count of Rabbit : 5267
Number of female 2689, Number of Male 2578
Total mating count : 2450, Last month mating count : 1
Total Dies : 83, Last month died count : 0
Count of Adolescent animal (0 - 11) : 2040
Count of Adult animal (12 - 35) : 2707
Count of Old animal (36 - 60) : 520
Program execution time : 0,1536248 sn
EndOfMatingAge = 50 and SimulationTime = 120
Statictic of Month 120;
Total count of Rabbit : 6094175
Number of female 3107627, Number of Male 2986548
Total mating count : 2342065, Last month mating count : 257992
Total Dies : 4615, Last month died count : 412
Count of Adolescent animal (0 - 11) : 4413133
Count of Adult animal (12 - 49) : 1667567
Count of Old animal (50 - 60) : 13475
Program execution time : 20,1846023 sn
ReadyToMating = 6
Memory usage was > 15 gb and cpu usage was sometimes during execution > %95 so I terminated the program
ReadyToMating = 6 and SimulationTime = 60
Statictic of Month 60;
Total count of Rabbit : 128577
Number of female 65682, Number of Male 62895
Total mating count : 54615, Last month mating count : 8171
Total Dies : 2, Last month died count : 0
Count of Adolescent animal (0 - 5) : 70851
Count of Adult animal (6 - 35) : 57461
Count of Old animal (36 - 60) : 265
Program execution time : 0,5212358 sn
ReadyToMating = 6 and SimulationTime = 84
Statictic of Month 84;
Total count of Rabbit : 7541005
Number of female 3844231, Number of Male 3696774
Total mating count : 3190874, Last month mating count : 479531
Total Dies : 297, Last month died count : 4
Count of Adolescent animal (0 - 5) : 4112310
Count of Adult animal (6 - 35) : 3401132
Count of Old animal (36 - 60) : 27563
Program execution time : 22,540223 sn
MAX POPULATION AND CYCLE : 8 million in 120 month.
COMPUTER INFO : i5 7. generation Intel CPU 2.5 -3.5. GHZ / 4 Core , 24 Gb DDR4 RAM
After 120 month, ram and cpu really forced so after this point we need a database and optimized queries.