Tutorials¶
In this tutorial, we’ll review how to use knockpy
to apply the knockoff framework for variable selection.
A quick review of knockoffs¶
In this section, we briefly review the knockoff framework. Users already familiar with knockoffs may want to scroll past this section.
Given a set of \(p\) features \(X = (X_1, \dots, X_p)\) and an outcome of interest \(y\), knockoffs aim to select the small fraction of features on which \(y\) actually depends while controlling the false discovery rate. For example, if \(y \mid X \sim \mathcal{N}(X \beta, \sigma^2)\) and \(\beta\) is sparse, knockoffs aim to identify the set \(\{j : \beta_j \ne 0\}\).
Applying the knockoffs framework involves executing three steps.
First, we construct synthetic variables \(\tilde{X} = (\tilde{X}_1, \dots, \tilde{X}_p)\) called knockoffs. Intuitively, the \(j\)th knockoff \(\tilde{X}_j\) acts as a “negative control” on the \(j\)th feature \(X_j\) during variable selection. In
knockpy
, knockoffs are denoted as the numpy arrayXk
.Second, we use an arbitrary machine learning algorithm – usually called a feature statistic – to assign variable importances to each of the \(p\) features and each of the \(p\) knockoffs. For example, we might train a cross-validated Lasso on \([X, \tilde{X}]\) and \(y\) and use the lasso coefficient sizes as a measure of variable importance.
Intuitively, a non-null feature should be assigned a higher variable importance than its (synthetic) knockoff, whereas knockoffs are constructed such that null features are indistinguishable from their knockoff. The data-dependent-threshhold introduced in Barber and Candes 2015 formalizes this intuition and uses the feature statistics to reject a set of variables such that the expected fraction of false positives is below a prespecified proportion \(q\).
There are two main types of knockoffs:
Fixed-X knockoffs treat the design matrix \(X\) as fixed and control the false discovery rate assuming \(y \mid X\) follows a homoskedastic gaussian linear response. In this case, it is possible to construct valid knockoffs \(\tilde{X}\) with no assumptions on \(X\). Note also that when using fixed-X knockoffs, the feature statistic must satisfy a slightly more restrictive sufficiency condition (see Barber and Candes 2015).
Model-X knockoffs treat the design matrix \(X\) as random. Model-X knockoffs control the false discovery rate for any conditional distribution \(y \mid X\), but they assume that the distribution of \(X\) is known. Thus, to construct model-X knockoffs, one must know (or estimate) the distribution of \(X\). See Candes et al. (2018) for details.
The KnockoffFilter
class¶
The knockpy.knockoff_filter.KnockoffFilter
is the most important class in knockpy
: it generates knockoffs, fits the feature statistics, and applies the data-dependent threshhold all at once. This is demonstrated below.
First we create a synthetic dataset where \(X \sim \mathcal{N}(0, \Sigma)\) for some \(\Sigma\) and \(y \mid X\) Gaussian with homoskedastic errors. The details of this dataset are commented below, but they aren’t too important.
[1]:
# Create a random covariance matrix for X
import numpy as np
import knockpy
import warnings
np.random.seed(123)
n = 300 # number of data points
p = 500 # number of features
Sigma = knockpy.dgp.AR1(p=p, rho=0.5) # Stationary AR1 process with correlation 0.5
# Sample X
X = np.random.multivariate_normal(mean=np.zeros(p), cov=Sigma, size=(n,))
# Create random sparse coefficients
beta = knockpy.dgp.create_sparse_coefficients(p=p, sparsity=0.1)
y = np.dot(X, beta) + np.random.randn(n)
Next, we instantiate the KnockoffFilter
class. To do this, we need to specify (i) what type of knockoff sampler we will use and (ii) what feature statistic we are using. Since \(X \sim \mathcal{N}(0, \Sigma)\), we will use Gaussian knockoffs, and we’ll use the Lasso as our feature statistic, since it’s a good all-around choice. We’ll explore more options for these arguments later.
[2]:
from knockpy.knockoff_filter import KnockoffFilter
kfilter = KnockoffFilter(
ksampler='gaussian',
fstat='lasso',
)
Next, we run the knockoff filter on our data using the forward
method. Since we are using a model-X approach, we initially pass \(\Sigma\) as an input to the knockoff filter.
[3]:
# Flags of whether each feature was rejected
rejections = kfilter.forward(
X=X,
y=y,
Sigma=Sigma,
fdr=0.1 # desired level of false discovery rate control
)
# Check the number of discoveries we made
power = np.dot(rejections, beta != 0) / (beta != 0).sum()
fdp = np.around(100*np.dot(rejections, beta == 0) / rejections.sum())
print(f"The knockoff filter has discovered {100*power}% of the non-nulls with a FDP of {fdp}%")
The knockoff filter has discovered 100.0% of the non-nulls with a FDP of 13.793103396892548%
Of course, in most real applications, we do not know \(\Sigma\). In these cases, the knockoff filter will automatically infer \(\Sigma\) using LedoitWolf or GraphicalLasso covariance estimation. Although this invalidates the exact validty of model-X knockoffs, knockoffs have been shown to be fairly robust in this setting.
[4]:
# Try again with estimated cov matrix
kfilter2 = KnockoffFilter(ksampler='gaussian', fstat='lasso')
rejections = kfilter.forward(X=X, y=y, fdr=0.1, shrinkage="ledoitwolf")
# Check the number of discoveries we made
power = np.dot(rejections, beta != 0) / (beta != 0).sum()
fdp = np.around(100*np.dot(rejections, beta == 0) / rejections.sum(), 2)
print(f"The knockoff filter has discovered {100*power}% of the non-nulls with a FDP of {fdp}%")
The knockoff filter has discovered 100.0% of the non-nulls with a FDP of 5.6603774428367615%
Gaussian knockoffs galore¶
There are many ways to generate Gaussian knockoffs. The default option is to generate MVR knockoffs, which (informally) maximize \(\text{Var}(X_j \mid X_{-j}, \tilde{X})\) for each feature \(X_j\), where \(X_{-j}\) denotes all of the features except the \(j\)th feature. Intuitively, this minimizes the varianced-based reconstructability (MVR) between the features and their knockoffs, preventing a feature statistic like a lasso or a randomforest from using the other features and knockoffs to reconstruct non-null features. See Spector and Janson (2020) for more details.
There are a variety of other options to choose from, including:
MAXENT knockoffs maximize the entropy of \([X, \tilde{X}]\), which is equivalent to minimizing the mutual information between \(X\) and \(\tilde{X}\). See Gimenez and Zou (2019) or Spector and Janson (2020) for more details.
SDP knockoffs minimize the mean absolute covariance (MAC) between features and their knockoffs.
Equicorrelated knockoffs also minimize the MAC, but with a constraint that increases computational efficiency and (usually) reduces statistical power. See Barber and Candes 2015 for a discussion.
Conditional Independence (CI) knockoffs guarantee that each feature \(X_j\) and its knockoff \(\tilde{X}_j\) are conditionally independent given all of the other features \(X_{-j}\); however, CI knockoffs do not always exist, so we use a heuristic defined in Ke et al. (2020) in general.
knockpy
supports all of these knockoff generation methods for “gaussian” and “fx” knockoff types. Naturally, it is also possible to use any of these types of knockoffs as proposals for the Metropolized knockoff sampler.
[5]:
# This uses gaussian maxent knockoffs
kfilter1 = KnockoffFilter(ksampler='gaussian', knockoff_kwargs={'method':'maxent'})
# This uses fixed-X SDP knockoffs
kfilter2 = KnockoffFilter(ksampler='fx', knockoff_kwargs={'method':'sdp'})
# Metropolized sampler for heavy-tailed t markov chain using MVR-guided proposals
kfilter3 = KnockoffFilter(ksampler='artk', knockoff_kwargs={'method':'mvr'})
# The 'method' options include: equicorrelated, sdp, mvr, maxent, and ci.
Knockpy provides this functionality by offering very fast solvers for generating the knockoff \(S\)-matrix, as detailed below:
[6]:
import time
# Solve MVR, maxent, and SDP optimization problems for p = 500
time0 = time.time()
S_MVR = knockpy.smatrix.compute_smatrix(Sigma, method='mvr')
time1 = time.time()
mvr_time = np.around(time1 - time0, 1)
S_MAXENT = knockpy.smatrix.compute_smatrix(Sigma, method='maxent')
time2 = time.time()
maxent_time = np.around(time2 - time1, 1)
S_SDP = knockpy.smatrix.compute_smatrix(Sigma, method='sdp')
time3 = time.time()
sdp_time = np.around(time3 - time2, 1)
print(f"For p={Sigma.shape[0]}, MVR took {mvr_time} sec, Maxent took {maxent_time} sec, SDP took {sdp_time} sec")
For p=500, MVR took 2.6 sec, Maxent took 6.0 sec, SDP took 7.8 sec
Metropolized knockoff sampling¶
knockpy
implements a fully general covariance-guided Metropolized knockoff sampler, which is capable of sampling model-X knockoffs for any \(X\) distribution given an (unnormalized) density function of \(X\). This Metropolized knockoff sampler uses a variety of computational tricks to make it orders of magnitude faster than a naive implementation, although these tricks only work when the distribution of \(X\) has conditional independence properties, as specified by an undirected
graphical model. See Bates et al. (2020) for more details.
The API reference as well as the source for the metro module details more advanced usage of metro; however, for now, we simply demonstrate how to pass in an arbitrary log-likelihood function to the MetropolizedKnockoffSampler
class and use it to sample knockoffs.
[7]:
import knockpy.metro
# Fake variables for simplicity.
p = 30
n = 300
X_metro = np.random.randn(n, p)
beta = knockpy.dgp.create_sparse_coefficients(p)
y_metro = np.dot(X_metro, beta) + np.random.randn(n)
# An arbitrary (unnormalized) log-likelihood function
rhos = np.random.randn(p)
def log_likelihood(X):
return np.sum(X[:, 0:-1]*rhos[0:-1]*np.abs(X[:, 1:]))
# Undirected graph
U = np.zeros((p,p))
for xcoord in range(p):
for offset in [-2, 1, 0, 1, 2]:
ycoord = min(max(0, xcoord + offset), p-1)
U[xcoord, ycoord] = 1
warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")
metrosampler = knockpy.metro.MetropolizedKnockoffSampler(
log_likelihood, X=X_metro, undir_graph=U
)
Xk = metrosampler.sample_knockoffs()
/home/asher/.local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/knockpy/metro.py:867: RuntimeWarning: overflow encountered in exp
return np.exp((ld_ratio + lq_ratio + Fj_ratio).astype(np.float32))
It is possible to generate Metropolized knockoffs for discrete data via the buckets
argument, which specifies the support of the discrete data.
If you want to build a custom knockoff sampler class, as long as it inherets from the base class knockpy.knockoffs.KnockoffSampler
, you can still pass it to the KnockoffFilter constructor to run the knockoff filter. For example, we pass the customized metropolized knockoff sampler to a KnockoffFilter below:
[8]:
kfilter_metro = KnockoffFilter(ksampler=metrosampler, fstat='ridge')
We can also directly (and redundantly) pass the knockoffs into the .forward
call to achieve the same effect:
[9]:
out = kfilter_metro.forward(X=X_metro, y=y_metro, Xk=Xk)
The metro module can also accept clique potentials from an undirected graphical model in place of the likelihood function to get a \(O(p)\) speedup, as discussed in the API reference.
Built-in feature statistics¶
knockpy
offers a suite of built-in feature statistics, including cross-validated lasso, ridge, and group-lasso coefficients, lasso-path statistics, the deepPINK statistic (Lu et. al 2018), and random forest statistics with swap and swap integral importances (Giminez et. al 2018). One can easily call these use these feature statistics by modifying the fstat
argument and fstat_kwarg
arguments in the
KnockoffFilter class, as exemplified below. See the API reference for more flags and options.
[10]:
# Random forest statistics with swap importances
kfilter1 = KnockoffFilter(ksampler='gaussian', fstat='randomforest')
# Random forest with swap integral importances
kfilter2 = KnockoffFilter(
ksampler='gaussian',
fstat='randomforest',
fstat_kwargs={'feature_importance':'swapint'}
)
Custom feature statistics with FeatureStatistic
¶
The knockpy.knockoff_stats.FeatureStatistic
class also has the ability to turn any model class with a fit
or train
method and a predict
method into a knockoff feature statistic using the swap or swap integral importances introduced in swap and swap integral importances (Giminez et. al 2018). This means that after training a predictive model on \([X, \tilde{X}]\) and \(y\), to obtain a variable importance for variable \(X_j\), the
FeatureStatistic class temporarily replaces \(X_j\) with \(\tilde{X}_j\) and records the decrease in predictive performance of the trained model. After repeating this for all features and knockoffs, this yields knockoff variable importances which can be transformed via an antisymmetric function to create valid feature statistics.
Using this is easier than it sounds! To do so, begin by initializing any arbitrary model with train/fit and predict methods. Second, wrap it with a FeatureStatistic class. Lastly, pass the FeatureStatistic class to the KnockoffFilter, as shown below:
[11]:
# Here, we use an arbitrary predictive model
# (in this case, kernel ridge regression)
# to create feature statistics
# Step 1: Initialize the kernel ridge regression object
import sklearn.kernel_ridge
kridge = sklearn.kernel_ridge.KernelRidge(kernel='polynomial')
# Step 2: Wrap it with a feature statistic
kridge_fstat = knockpy.knockoff_stats.FeatureStatistic(model=kridge)
# Step 3: Pass to a knockoff filter
kfilter = KnockoffFilter(ksampler='gaussian', fstat=kridge_fstat)
# Create synthetic dataset with nonlinear response
dgprocess = knockpy.dgp.DGP()
Xnonlin, ynonlin, _, _, _ = dgprocess.sample_data(
n=1000, p=200, cond_mean='cubic'
)
# Run the knockoff filter
rejections = kfilter.forward(X=Xnonlin, y=ynonlin, fdr=0.2)
print(f"Made {rejections.sum()} rejections!")
Made 20.0 rejections!
Other functionality¶
Group knockoffs¶
The KnockoffFilter offers some support for sampling group knockoffs for the gaussian and fixed-X knockoff types (see the API reference for more details). New in version 1.1.0, knockpy supports fast computation of group MVR and ME knockoffs, as demonstrated below.
[12]:
p = X.shape[1]
# Create arbitrary groupings of variables
groups = np.arange(1, p+1, 1)
groups = np.around(groups / 2 + 0.01).astype('int')
# Initialize the filter as normal
kfilter3 = KnockoffFilter(
ksampler='gaussian',
fstat='lasso',
)
# When running the filter, specify the groups
rejections = kfilter3.forward(X, y, groups=groups, fdr=0.2)
print(f"Made {rejections.sum()} rejections!")
Made 60.0 rejections!
To-dos¶
We plan to release additional functionality for conditional knockoffs, more flavors of Metropolized knockoff samplers, and more — stay tuned!


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FOREIGN CORRESPONDENT (1940) A Film Review by Ted Prigge Copyright 1998 Ted Prigge
Director: Alfred Hitchcock Writers: Charles Bennett and Joan Harrison Starring: Joel McCrea, Loraine Day, Herbert Marshall, George Sanders, Albert Basserman, Edmund Gwenn, Edward Cianelli, Charles Halton, Ian Wolfe, Harry Davenport, Robert Benchley
Propaganda in film is always best when it's extremely subtle, as it was in John Ford's "Young Mr. Lincoln," which was propaganda against FDR at the time. But this film proves that blatant propaganda in film can work, if it doesn't harm the story or anything else, but works as just one of the many things that the film goes for. Not many filmmakers can these elements together. But that's why Hitchcock's a god and you're not (hee hee).
"Foreign Correspondent" pulls an interesting albeit not very huge twist on one theme that's pertienent in almost all of his film: an innocent man wrongly accused. Our protagonist is an off-the-wall journalist for an American paper - Johnny Jones (Joel McCrea) - who get himself involved in all sorts of espionnage, danger, and various other cool stuff in his pursuit to discover the truth about everything. Instead of running from trouble all the time and trying to get to the authorities like protagonists in most Hitchcock films, he's almost looking for it.
Johnny is sent over to England to be the foreign correspondent for his paper when the correspondents over there aren't gathering much information. He's a wild boy, and does anything for a story, and that's why he's sent over there by his boss, Mr. Powers (Harry Davenport), who changes his name for the "better" to the more formal and dashing Huntley Haverstock. Over there, war is brewing, and he begins to get info for his paper, and does so in the most direct way possible: by actually confronting some of the major politicians over there.
After the witnessing the public assasination of an italian diplomat, Mr. Van Meer (Albert Basserman), up close and personal, he chases them to a prairie populated by windmills. Various twists in the storyline pop up, most notably the discovery that Van Meer was not actually killed, but was a double so some devious men can hold him hostage. Twist upon twist pops up, leading up to a startling discovery half way through the film, and then finding a way to save Van Meer and alert the media about it.
There is, of course, a romantic subplot (what Hitchcock film would do well without one?), involving Johnny/Huntley and Carol Fisher (Loraine Day), daughter of a famous politician, Stephen Fisher (Herbert Marshall). But this relationship is not a boring one (what Hitchcock romantic subplot is uninteresting?), carrying several twists and turns in itself, of which I will not divulge because they're just too much fun.
One of the greatest things about this film is how everything is balanced well. The plot, the intrigue, the propaganda, the romantic subplot, and the humor are all at the correct levels they should be to bring out the maximum effect. The story is constantly moving, and the twists are plausible and shocking. The propaganda is blatant without becoming too discreet or too blatant. The romance is believable, funny, and always interesting, and never harms the story, but actually adds some depth to it.
And the humor is great. Like "The Thirty-Nine Steps," this film has an amazing screenplay, filled with great lines, banter, and zingers here and there. A friend of Carol's as well as a journalist much like Johnny is Scott ffolliott, who explains that the reason the first letter of his last name is lower-case is because "one of my ancestors has his head chopped off by Henry VIII, and his wife dropped the captiol in the letter to commemorate the occasion." There are scenes that are humurous, clever, and plausible at the same time, such as a scene where Johnny isn't allowed to transmit information to America, but does so in a very sneaky and hilarious way. I love Hitchcock the best when he adds comedy to his intrigue, and this is a prime example of how brilliant he is with this.
Hitchcock is also well-known for his amazing set pieces which stand out in the brain long after the film is over. There are several here, my favorite being the assasination of the fake Van Meer scene, which takes place in the rain, and has the assasin sneak away through a crowd of people who are all holding up black umbrellas.  There are also the scenes with the windmills, a hysterically clever escape attempt by Johnny where he not only escapes but is able to create enough pandemonium to get his clothes under the nose of his perpatrators, and a scary-as-hell plane crash over the Atlantic which looks surprisingly realistic for the time period.
Also notable is how well his characters are defined and the wonderful actors who portray them. Joel McCrea creates a down-to-earth Johnny, who jokes around all the time, but is still obsessed with getting his story. Loraine Day adds intelligence to what could have been just another woman role, even tricking Johnny a couple of times, and playing hard to get for awhile. Herbert Marshall adds human qualities to his role, who may be just a tad shady.
But the acting prize, for me, goes to George Sanders as Scott ffolliott, who is an amazing scene stealer (and was one in Hitch's other film made in '40, "Rebecca"), and plays his role with the right amount of suaveness and humor. If his cool voice sounds familiar, that's because he was also the voice of Sherr Khan the lion in the animated version of "The Jungle Book." Anyway, his performance is just one of the many great things about this movie.
"Foregin Correspondent" is actually one of Hitchcock's underrated films, but even today, it is one of his most satisfying, hilarious, and intelligent films. Many thrillers strive to be too many things and can never level anything out exactly, but this film shows that it all can be done: humor, intelligence, propaganda, and plot twists are all balanced wonderfully. I know it sounds almost redundant to say that this is one of his best films (aren't most of them?), but this one truly is one of his very best and satisfying films.
MY RATING (out of 4): ****
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Grade levels K-2 and 3-4 play on a smaller field and play with 2 attackmen, 3 midfielders, 2 defense and a goalie. All players play with short sticks.
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Birmingham City star makes two-word claim as Pep Clotet answers appeal question
Latest BCFC news and views from BirminghamLive as BCFC turn attentions to Fulham clash after losing at Cardiff City
by Shane Ireland, https://www.facebook.com/ShaneIrelandJournalistPedersen's claim
Kristian Pedersen thinks Birmingham City were on the receiving end of ‘stupid decisions’ from the referee – but admits his side made plenty of their own mistakes against Cardiff City.
Blues suffered their fourth consecutive defeat on the road despite taking an early lead through Pedersen, who also scored against Luton Town last weekend.
They should have been further ahead after a superb first half-hour which included Dan Crowley hitting the post and seeing the ball hit the goalkeeper and drop agonisingly over the bar and Jude Bellingham also striking the upright.
But the hosts were handed a lifeline when referee Andrew Madley awarded them a penalty which looked to be of the soft variety.
Joe Ralls did the business from 12 yards and the game was turned on its head with Cardiff then in the ascendancy, going on to secure a 4-2 victory.
Trying too hard and more findings
Danny Ward’s sending off took the wind from beneath the Bluebirds’ wings and invited Blues back into the game.
However, as they searched first for an equaliser and then - after Ralls’ second goal, for a route back into the match they became very individualistic.
Villalba started shooting from all angles, Crowley was guilty of trying to do too much and the patterns Pep Clotet prides himself on gave way to a slightly frantic, hope-over-expectation, series of pot-shots and blind alleys.
In that way this match was a little reminiscent of the Derby game in which Blues gave themselves a platform but were unable to see out the result as their desire to kick down the door at one end of the pitch meant they left another open at the other.
There’s a fine line between urgency and a loss of composure and the visitors strayed over it.
Clotet on Dean red
Asked if Blues will appeal the sending off, Clotet said: "I will look at it, I am going to watch it again when I watch the game back this evening (Saturday) - and tomorrow I am going to watch all the situations and see every major decision and component of what happened in the game.
"I want to see what happened from a tactical side and see that incident with Harlee to see if anything can be done. It was difficult to see live because it was far away."
The Cardiff view
@rhydth: Despite the weather, absolutely loved that game. Had everything and some fight from the Bluebirds at last. On we go.
@neddthomas: Very big win for Cardiff City. Delighted for @Joe_Ralls to get a hattrick! Did very well to get the win after going behind and then playing with ten men. Important we got the win today, and we did.
@John51210576: We deserved the result. If your lot had taken your chances in the first 20 minutes the result would have been different.
@Titch_7: What can I say about today. I stand by my firm fact - 3 points is 3 points! City were pretty awful, luck was on our side with the penalties and two lovely worked goals. Two sending offs. On to Bristol.
@albymarch_alan: Well, that was quite a game today @CardiffCityFC despite the awful weather. 6 goals. 2 red cards. 2 penalties. A @Joe_Ralls hat-trick. A @CurtisNelson_ debut goal. A win and 3 points.


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Jedi Academy
What?! I don't know what you're talking about. I am a member of the Imperial Senate on a diplomatic mission to Alderaan-- Ye-ha! I care. So, what do you think of her, Han? I'm surprised you had the courage to take the responsibility yourself. I want to come with you to Alderaan. There's nothing for me here now. I want to learn the ways of the Force and be a Jedi, like my father before me.
Rebel Mission to Ord Mantell
You mean it controls your actions? Red Five standing by. Red Five standing by. Leave that to me. Send a distress signal, and inform the Senate that all on board were killed. I'm trying not to, kid. Look, I can take you as far as Anchorhead. You can get a transport there to Mos Eisley or wherever you're going.
- Dantooine. They're on Dantooine.
- Red Five standing by.
- Look, I can take you as far as Anchorhead. You can get a transport there to Mos Eisley or wherever you're going.
- I want to come with you to Alderaan. There's nothing for me here now. I want to learn the ways of the Force and be a Jedi, like my father before me.
A New Hope
Escape is not his plan. I must face him, alone. He is here. Escape is not his plan. I must face him, alone.
Attack of the Clones
I suggest you try it again, Luke.  What!? I find your lack of faith disturbing. He is here.
- I have traced the Rebel spies to her. Now she is my only link to finding their secret base.
- You mean it controls your actions?
- I suggest you try it again, Luke.
- Dantooine. They're on Dantooine.
 Take her away! I have traced the Rebel spies to her. Now she is my only link to finding their secret base. I find your lack of faith disturbing. You mean it controls your actions? You mean it controls your actions? What?!
The Rebel Force
What?! What?!  You weren't on any mercy mission this time. Several transmissions were beamed to this ship by Rebel spies. I want to know what happened to the plans they sent you. He is here. Dantooine. They're on Dantooine. I can't get involved! I've got work to do! It's not that I like the Empire, I hate it, but there's nothing I can do about it right now. It's such a long way from here.


| ifsogui.checkbox: | Types | Modinfo | Source |
| ifsoGUI_CheckBox | CheckBox Type. |
| Type ifsoGUI_CheckBox Extends ifsoGUI_Base | |
| Description | CheckBox Type. |
| Methods Summary | |
|---|---|
| Draw | Draws the gadget. |
| GetCheckBoxWH | Retrieves the gadgets checkbox width and height. |
| GetLabel | Returns the gadgets label. |
| GetLabelClick | Returns whether or not the gadgets label can be clicked. |
| GetValue | Returns the value of the gadget. |
| gMouseDown | Called when the mouse button is pressed on the gadget. |
| gMouseUp | Called when the mouse button is released on the gadget. |
| IsMouseOver | Returns whether or not the mouse is over the gadget. |
| KeyPress | Called when a key is pressed on the active gadget. |
| LoadSkin | Loads a skin for one instance of the gadget. |
| Refresh | Refreshes the gadget. |
| SetCheckBoxWH | Sets the gadgets checkbox width and height. |
| SetLabel | Sets the gadgets label. |
| SetLabelClick | Sets whether or not the gadget will respond when the label has been clicked. |
| SetValue | Sets the value of the gadget. |
| Functions Summary | |
|---|---|
| Create | Create and returns a chechkbox gadget. Set iW=-1 And/Or iH to turn on AutoSize at gadget creation. |
| LoadTheme | Called to load the graphics when a new theme is loaded. |
| SystemEvent | GUI system event occured. |
| Method Draw(parX:Int, parY:Int, parW:Int, parH:Int) | |
| Description | Draws the gadget. |
| Information | Internal function should not be called by the user. |
| Method GetCheckBoxWH(iW:Int Var, iH:Int Var) | |
| Description | Retrieves the gadgets checkbox width and height. |
| Method GetLabel:String() | |
| Description | Returns the gadgets label. |
| Method GetLabelClick:Int() | |
| Description | Returns whether or not the gadgets label can be clicked. |
| Method GetValue:Int() | |
| Description | Returns the value of the gadget. |
| Method gMouseDown(iButton:Int, iMouseX:Int, iMouseY:Int) | |
| Description | Called when the mouse button is pressed on the gadget. |
| Information | Internal function should not be called by the user. |
| Method gMouseUp(iButton:Int, iMouseX:Int, iMouseY:Int) | |
| Description | Called when the mouse button is released on the gadget. |
| Information | Internal function should not be called by the user. |
| Method IsMouseOver:Int(parX:Int, parY:Int, parW:Int, parH:Int, iMouseX:Int, iMouseY:Int) | |
| Description | Returns whether or not the mouse is over the gadget. |
| Information | Internal function should not be called by the user. |
| Method KeyPress(key:Int) | |
| Description | Called when a key is pressed on the active gadget. |
| Information | Internal function should not be called by the user. |
| Method LoadSkin(strSkin:String) | |
| Description | Loads a skin for one instance of the gadget. |
| Method Refresh() | |
| Description | Refreshes the gadget. |
| Information | Recalculates any geometry/font changes, etc. Internal function should not be called by the user. |
| Method SetCheckBoxWH(iW:Int, iH:Int) | |
| Description | Sets the gadgets checkbox width and height. |
| Method SetLabel(strLabel:String) | |
| Description | Sets the gadgets label. |
| Method SetLabelClick(bClick:Int) | |
| Description | Sets whether or not the gadget will respond when the label has been clicked. |
| Method SetValue(Checked:Int) | |
| Description | Sets the value of the gadget. |
| Function Create:ifsoGUI_Checkbox(iX:Int, iY:Int, iW:Int, iH:Int, strName:String, strLabel:String) | |
| Description | Create and returns a chechkbox gadget. Set iW=-1 And/Or iH to turn on AutoSize at gadget creation. |
| Function LoadTheme() | |
| Description | Called to load the graphics when a new theme is loaded. |
| Information | A GadgetSystemEvent is then sent out to all gadgets. Internal function should not be called by the user. |
| Function SystemEvent(id:Int, data:Int) | |
| Description | GUI system event occured. |
| Information | Internal function should not be called by the user. |
| Version | 1.00 |
|---|---|
| Author | Marcus Trisdale |
| Copyright | (c) 2009 Marcus Trisdale |


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window blur:
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DBC experience
Week 1
July 12, 2015
Although DBC does not want to be the menu in a restaurant where you get something offered and pay a certain price in return for it, that was exactly the way I decided to apply for the program: I simply wanted to learn coding. Although my first decision for DBC was pretty rational, I consider myself as a person who is keen on learning new stuff, interested in people and other opinions and setting great importance to not simply do something but seeing the big picture. And that was exactly what DBC offered, as I realized after having submitted my application. Since then, I am experiencing something completely new: I am sitting on the other side of the world but I have never felt left alone with coding. Having a bunch of things to learn and to practice, I have not felt stressed for a second but inspired and motivated. I love the mixture of reading, learning, coding and communicating with others about what we have learned. I love the community, it really feels like a community although we have just virtually met a few days ago. Therefor, I am really excited to participate in this promising program. I am looking forward to meeting all the other students in real life and to share a great learning experience with them.


|
Supermarket Cleaning Robot
|
Add ROS headers. More...
#include <turtlebot.h>
Public Member Functions | |
| Turtlebot () | |
| Obstacle detection and template matching variables. More... | |
| Turtlebot (float linVelX, float angVelZ) | |
| Constructor for obstacle avoidance class. More... | |
| ~Turtlebot () | |
| Destructor for obstacle avoidance class. More... | |
| float | moveForward (float linVelX) |
| Make the bot move forward. More... | |
| float | turn (float angVelZ) |
| Turn the bot. More... | |
| bool | collectObject () |
| Collect the object. More... | |
| void | moveBot (ObstacleAvoidance &obstacleAvoidance) |
| Control the motion of the bot. More... | |
| bool | resetBot () |
| Reset the velocities of the bot. More... | |
| bool | checkVelocityChanged () |
| Check change in the velocites of the bot. More... | |
Add ROS headers.
| Turtlebot::Turtlebot | ( | ) |
Obstacle detection and template matching variables.
Add ROS headers.
Constructor for obstacle avoidance class
| none |
Add custom libraries to help control motion of the robot
Initialize the current value of velocities in m/s and rad/s
Initialize previous with the current value of velocities
Publish the velocities to the robot on the navigation topic
| Turtlebot::Turtlebot | ( | float | linVelX, |
| float | angVelZ | ||
| ) |
Constructor for obstacle avoidance class.
| Linear | velocity in x-axis |
| Angular | velocity about z-axis |
Initialize the current value of velocities in m/s and rad/s
Initialize previous with the current value of velocities
Publish the velocities to the robot on the navigation topic
| Turtlebot::~Turtlebot | ( | ) |
Destructor for obstacle avoidance class.
| none |
| bool Turtlebot::checkVelocityChanged | ( | ) |
Check change in the velocites of the bot.
| none |
Check if both the velocities have changed
Update previous velocities
| bool Turtlebot::collectObject | ( | ) |
Collect the object.
| none |
| void Turtlebot::moveBot | ( | ObstacleAvoidance & | obstacleAvoidance | ) |
Control the motion of the bot.
| Reference | to Obstacle Avoidance class |
Set the publishing rate
Start turning the robot to avoid obstacles
Check if velocities have changed
Start moving the robot once obstacle is avoided
Check if velocities have changed
Publish the velocities
Handle callback
Make the system sleep to maintain loop rate
| float Turtlebot::moveForward | ( | float | linVelX | ) |
Make the bot move forward.
| Linear | velocity in x-direction |
| bool Turtlebot::resetBot | ( | ) |
Reset the velocities of the bot.
| none |
Reset linear velocities of the both robot
Reset angular velocities of the both robot
Publish the reset velocities
| float Turtlebot::turn | ( | float | angVelZ | ) |
Turn the bot.
| Angular | velocity about z-axis |


Provides R bindings to the 'Zstandard' compression library. 'Zstandard' is a real-time compression algorithm, providing high compression ratios. It offers a very wide range of compression / speed trade-off, while being backed by a very fast decoder. See <http://facebook.github.io/zstd/> for more information.
| Version: | 0.1.1 |
| Imports: | Rcpp (≥ 0.12.0) |
| LinkingTo: | Rcpp |
| Suggests: | testthat |
| OS_type: | unix |
| Published: | 2017-06-06 |
| Author: | Konstantin Sorokin [aut, cre], Facebook, Inc [aut, cph] (Fast real-time compression library) |
| Maintainer: | Konstantin Sorokin <kvs at sigterm.ru> |
| BugReports: | https://github.com/thekvs/zstdr/issues |
| License: | GPL-2 | GPL-3 [expanded from: GPL (≥ 2)] |
| URL: | https://github.com/thekvs/zstdr |
| NeedsCompilation: | yes |
| SystemRequirements: | C++11, cmake (>= 2.8.9) |
| Materials: | README |
| CRAN checks: | zstdr results |
| Reference manual: | zstdr.pdf |
| Package source: | zstdr_0.1.1.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: not available, r-release: not available, r-oldrel: not available |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: not available, r-oldrel: not available |
| Old sources: | zstdr archive |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=zstdr to link to this page.


GIRL, INTERRUPTED A film review by Steve Rhodes Copyright 2000 Steve Rhodes RATING (0 TO ****): ** 1/2
GIRL, INTERRUPTED, based on the best selling autobiography by Susanna Kaysen, tells the true story of her 18-month stay at a mental institution in the late 1960s. With strong performances by Winona Ryder, Angelina Jolie and an ensemble cast, the film can be thought of as a female version of ONE FLEW OVER THE CUCKOO'S NEST.
When we meet Susanna (Ryder), she's a spaced-out, nervous 17 year old, who recently woofed down a bottle of vodka after taking a bottle of aspirin for her headache. A withdrawn and angry girl with a mother who appears to be the crazy one in the family, Susanna is sent by her parents to a mental hospital to get better. Once there, she is diagnosed with "Borderline Personality Disorder," a disease that's as mild as it sounds and probably afflicts half of the country.
While institutionalized, Susanna meets and bonds with girls who have a cornucopia of cases of more traditional mental illnesses. The movie's problems start here. Rather than concentrating on Susanna's case, the democratic script feels duty bound to let everyone tell their story. This lack of focus is frustrating. Although the other characters -- the burnt girl, the bulimic girl, the lying girl, the anorectic girl, the fat girl, etc. -- each have interesting moments on stage, they take away time better devoted to the central story. Certainly, when we do learn more about Susanna's life, it is frighteningly fascinating.
As the patients' ringleader and chief bad girl, Lisa (Jolie) plays the story's most unstable character. Given equal screen time, Lisa is an even more frustrating character than Susanna. We learn little about Lisa other than her behaviors, which include leading her band in various sophomoric stunts like breaking into the principal's -- oops, I mean the therapist's -- office, after lights out. The movie, which sometimes reminds one of a silly teen comedy, can be quite funny at times, usually to the detriment of the drama.
Director James Mangold (COP LAND) has constant troubles maintaining the show's tone. It isn't until the last act that he tosses out all pretense of humor and sticks to the dramatic. The surprise is that, rather than improving the movie, it makes you realize that it's only as a comedy that this movie really works.
 The truth to Susanna's real mental problems, if there are any, isn't revealed in the picture. This is a shame since the movie makes it easy to empathize with her predicament. The film just leaves you feeling empty and wanting to know more.
GIRL, INTERRUPTED runs 2:05. It is rated R for strong language and content relating to drugs, sexuality and suicide. It would be acceptable for older teens.
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SYSLINUX(1) SYSLINUX(1) NAME syslinux - install the SYSLINUX bootloader on a FAT filesystem SYNOPSIS syslinux [OPTIONS] device DESCRIPTION Syslinux is a boot loader for the Linux operating system which operates off an MS-DOS/Windows FAT filesystem. It is intended to simplify first- time installation of Linux, and for creation of rescue and other special- purpose boot disks. In order to create a bootable Linux floppy using Syslinux, prepare a nor‐ mal MS-DOS formatted floppy. Copy one or more Linux kernel files to it, then execute the command: syslinux --install /dev/fd0 This will alter the boot sector on the disk and copy a file named ldlinux.sys into its root directory. On boot time, by default, the kernel will be loaded from the image named LINUX on the boot floppy. This default can be changed, see the section on the syslinux configuration file. If the Shift or Alt keys are held down during boot, or the Caps or Scroll locks are set, syslinux will display a lilo(8) -style "boot:" prompt. The user can then type a kernel file name followed by any kernel parameters. The SYSLINUX bootloader does not need to know about the kernel file in advance; all that is required is that it is a file located in the root directory on the disk. Syslinux supports the loading of initial ramdisks (initrd) and the bzIm‐ age kernel format. OPTIONS -i, --install Install SYSLINUX on a new medium, overwriting any previously installed bootloader. -U, --update Install SYSLINUX on a new medium if and only if a version of SYS‐ LINUX is already installed. -s, --stupid Install a "safe, slow and stupid" version of SYSLINUX. This ver‐ sion may work on some very buggy BIOSes on which SYSLINUX would otherwise fail. If you find a machine on which the -s option is required to make it boot reliably, please send as much info about your machine as you can, and include the failure mode. -f, --force Force install even if it appears unsafe. -r, --raid RAID mode. If boot fails, tell the BIOS to boot the next device in the boot sequence (usually the next hard disk) instead of stop‐ ping with an error message. This is useful for RAID-1 booting. -d, --directory subdirectory Install the SYSLINUX control files in a subdirectory with the specified name (relative to the root directory on the device). -t, --offset offset Indicates that the filesystem is at an offset from the base of the device or file. --once command Declare a boot command to be tried on the first boot only. -O, --clear-once Clear the boot-once command. -H, --heads head-count Override the detected number of heads for the geometry. -S, --sectors sector-count Override the detected number of sectors for the geometry. -z, --zipdrive Assume zipdrive geometry (--heads 64 --sectors 32). FILES Configuration file All the configurable defaults in SYSLINUX can be changed by putting a file called syslinux.cfg in the install directory of the boot disk. This is a text file in either UNIX or DOS format, containing one or more of the following items (case is insensitive for keywords). This list is out of date. In the configuration file blank lines and comment lines beginning with a hash mark (#) are ignored. default kernel [ options ... ] Sets the default command line. If syslinux boots automatically, it will act just as if the entries after "default" had been typed in at the "boot:" prompt. If no DEFAULT or UI statement is found, or the configuration file is missing entirely, SYSLINUX drops to the boot: prompt with an error message (if NOESCAPE is set, it stops with a "boot failed" message; this is also the case for PXELINUX if the configuration file is not found.) NOTE: Until SYSLINUX 3.85, if no configuration file is present, or no "default" entry is present in the configuration file, the default is "linux auto". Even earlier versions of SYSLINUX used to automatically append the string "auto" to whatever the user specified using the DEFAULT command. As of version 1.54, this is no longer true, as it caused problems when using a shell as a substitute for "init." You may want to include this option manually. append options ... Add one or more options to the kernel command line. These are added both for automatic and manual boots. The options are added at the very beginning of the kernel command line, usually permit‐ ting explicitly entered kernel options to override them. This is the equivalent of the lilo(8) "append" option. label label kernel image append options ... Indicates that if label is entered as the kernel to boot, syslinux should instead boot image, and the specified "append" options should be used instead of the ones specified in the global section of the file (before the first "label" command.) The default for image is the same as label, and if no "append" is given the default is to use the global entry (if any). Use "append -" to use no options at all. Up to 128 "label" entries are permitted. The "image" doesn't have to be a Linux kernel; it can be a boot sector or a COMBOOT file (see below.) implicit flag_val If flag_val is 0, do not load a kernel image unless it has been explicitly named in a "label" statement. The default is 1. timeout timeout Indicates how long to wait at the "boot:" prompt until booting automatically, in units of 1/10 s. The timeout is cancelled as soon as the user types anything on the keyboard, the assumption being that the user will complete the command line already begun. A timeout of zero will disable the timeout completely, this is also the default. The maximum possible timeout value is 35996; corresponding to just below one hour. serial port [ baudrate ] Enables a serial port to act as the console. "port" is a number (0 = /dev/ttyS0 = COM1, etc.); if "baudrate" is omitted, the baud rate defaults to 9600 bps. The serial parameters are hardcoded to be 8 bits, no parity, 1 stop bit. For this directive to be guaranteed to work properly, it should be the first directive in the configuration file. font filename Load a font in .psf format before displaying any output (except the copyright line, which is output as ldlinux.sys itself is loaded.) syslinux only loads the font onto the video card; if the .psf file contains a Unicode table it is ignored. This only works on EGA and VGA cards; hopefully it should do nothing on others. kbdmap keymap Install a simple keyboard map. The keyboard remapper used is very simplistic (it simply remaps the keycodes received from the BIOS, which means that only the key combinations relevant in the default layout - usually U.S. English - can be mapped) but should at least help people with AZERTY keyboard layout and the locations of = and , (two special characters used heavily on the Linux kernel command line.) The included program keytab-lilo.pl(8) from the lilo(8) distribution can be used to create such keymaps. display filename Displays the indicated file on the screen at boot time (before the boot: prompt, if displayed). Please see the section below on DIS‐ PLAY files. If the file is missing, this option is simply ignored. prompt flag_val If flag_val is 0, display the "boot:" prompt only if the Shift or Alt key is pressed, or Caps Lock or Scroll lock is set (this is the default). If flag_val is 1, always display the "boot:" prompt. f1 filename f2 filename ... f9 filename f10 filename f11 filename f12 filename Displays the indicated file on the screen when a function key is pressed at the "boot:" prompt. This can be used to implement pre- boot online help (presumably for the kernel command line options.) When using the serial console, press <Ctrl-F><digit> to get to the help screens, e.g. <Ctrl-F>2 to get to the f2 screen. For f10-f12, hit <Ctrl-F>A, <Ctrl-F>B, <Ctrl-F>C. For compatiblity with earlier versions, f10 can also be entered as <Ctrl-F>0. Display file format DISPLAY and function-key help files are text files in either DOS or UNIX format (with or without <CR>). In addition, the following special codes are interpreted: <FF> = <Ctrl-L> = ASCII 12 Clear the screen, home the cursor. Note that the screen is filled with the current display color. <SI><bg><fg>, <SI> = <Ctrl-O> = ASCII 15 Set the display colors to the specified background and foreground colors, where <bg> and <fg> are hex digits, corresponding to the standard PC display attributes: 0 = black 8 = dark grey 1 = dark blue 9 = bright blue 2 = dark green a = bright green 3 = dark cyan b = bright cyan 4 = dark red c = bright red 5 = dark purple d = bright purple 6 = brown e = yellow 7 = light grey f = white Picking a bright color (8-f) for the background results in the corresponding dark color (0-7), with the foreground flashing. colors are not visible over the serial console. <CAN>filename<newline>, <CAN> = <Ctrl-X> = ASCII 24 If a VGA display is present, enter graphics mode and display the graphic included in the specified file. The file format is an ad hoc format called LSS16; the included Perl program "ppmtolss16" can be used to produce these images. This Perl program also includes the file format specification. The image is displayed in 640x480 16-color mode. Once in graphics mode, the display attributes (set by <SI> code sequences) work slightly differently: the background color is ignored, and the foreground colors are the 16 colors specified in the image file. For that reason, ppmtolss16 allows you to specify that certain colors should be assigned to specific color indicies. Color indicies 0 and 7, in particular, should be chosen with care: 0 is the background color, and 7 is the color used for the text printed by SYSLINUX itself. <EM>, <EM> = <Ctrl-U> = ASCII 25 If we are currently in graphics mode, return to text mode. <DLE>..<ETB>, <Ctrl-P>..<Ctrl-W> = ASCII 16-23 These codes can be used to select which modes to print a certain part of the message file in. Each of these control characters select a specific set of modes (text screen, graphics screen, serial port) for which the output is actually displayed: Character Text Graph Serial ------------------------------------------------------ <DLE> = <Ctrl-P> = ASCII 16 No No No <DC1> = <Ctrl-Q> = ASCII 17 Yes No No <DC2> = <Ctrl-R> = ASCII 18 No Yes No <DC3> = <Ctrl-S> = ASCII 19 Yes Yes No <DC4> = <Ctrl-T> = ASCII 20 No No Yes <NAK> = <Ctrl-U> = ASCII 21 Yes No Yes <SYN> = <Ctrl-V> = ASCII 22 No Yes Yes <ETB> = <Ctrl-W> = ASCII 23 Yes Yes Yes For example: <DC1>Text mode<DC2>Graphics mode<DC4>Serial port<ETB> ... will actually print out which mode the console is in! <SUB> = <Ctrl-Z> = ASCII 26 End of file (DOS convention). Comboot Images and other operating systems This version of syslinux supports chain loading of other operating sys‐ tems (such as MS-DOS and its derivatives, including Windows 95/98), as well as COMBOOT-style standalone executables (a subset of DOS .COM files; see separate section below.) Chain loading requires the boot sector of the foreign operating system to be stored in a file in the root directory of the filesystem. Because neither Linux kernels, boot sector images, nor COMBOOT files have reli‐ able magic numbers, syslinux will look at the file extension. The follow‐ ing extensions are recognised: none or other Linux kernel image CBT COMBOOT image (not runnable from DOS) BSS Boot sector (DOS superblock will be patched in) BS Boot sector COM COMBOOT image (runnable from DOS) For filenames given on the command line, syslinux will search for the file by adding extensions in the order listed above if the plain filename is not found. Filenames in KERNEL statements must be fully qualified. A COMBOOT file is a standalone executable in DOS .COM format. They can, among other things, be produced by the Etherboot package by Markus Gutschke and Ken Yap. The following requirements apply for these files to be sufficiently "standalone" for syslinux to be able to load and run them: · The program must not execute any DOS calls (since there is no DOS), although it may call the BIOS. The only exception is that the program may execute INT 20h (Terminate Program) to return to the syslinux prompt. Note especially that INT 21h AH=4Ch, INT 21h AH=31h or INT 27h are not supported. · Only the fields pspInt20 at offset 00h, pspNextParagraph at offset 02h and pspCommandTail at offset 80h (contains the arguments from the syslinux command line) in the PSP are supported. All other fields will contain zero. · The program must not modify any main memory outside its 64K seg‐ ment if it returns to syslinux via INT 20h. Syslinux currently doesn't provide any form of API for the use of COMBOOT files. If there is need, a future version may contain an INT interface to some syslinux functions; please contact me if you have a need or ideas for such an API. Novice protection Syslinux will attempt to detect if the user is trying to boot on a 286 or lower class machine, or a machine with less than 608K of low ("DOS") RAM (which means the Linux boot sequence cannot complete). If so, a message is displayed and the boot sequence aborted. Holding down the Ctrl key while booting disables this feature. The compile time and date of a specific syslinux version can be obtained by the DOS command "type ldlinux.sys". This is also used as the signature for the LDLINUX.SYS file, which must match the boot sector Any file that syslinux uses can be marked hidden, system or readonly if so is convenient; syslinux ignores all file attributes. The SYSLINUX installed automatically sets the readonly attribute on LDLINUX.SYS. Bootable CD-ROMs SYSLINUX can be used to create bootdisk images for El Torito-compatible bootable CD-ROMs. However, it appears that many BIOSes are very buggy when it comes to booting CD-ROMs. Some users have reported that the fol‐ lowing steps are helpful in making a CD-ROM that is bootable on the largest possible number of machines: · Use the -s (safe, slow and stupid) option to SYSLINUX · Put the boot image as close to the beginning of the ISO 9660 filesystem as possible. A CD-ROM is so much faster than a floppy that the -s option shouldn't matter from a speed perspective. Of course, you probably want to use ISOLINUX instead. See the documenta‐ tion file isolinux.doc. Booting from a FAT partition on a hard disk SYSLINUX can boot from a FAT filesystem partition on a hard disk (includ‐ ing FAT32). The installation procedure is identical to the procedure for installing it on a floppy, and should work under either DOS or Linux. To boot from a partition, SYSLINUX needs to be launched from a Master Boot Record or another boot loader, just like DOS itself would. A sample mas‐ ter boot sector (mbr.bin) is included with SYSLINUX. BUGS I would appreciate hearing of any problems you have with SYSLINUX. I would also like to hear from you if you have successfully used SYSLINUX, especially if you are using it for a distribution. If you are reporting problems, please include all possible information about your system and your BIOS; the vast majority of all problems reported turn out to be BIOS or hardware bugs, and I need as much infor‐ mation as possible in order to diagnose the problems. There is a mailing list for discussion among SYSLINUX users and for announcements of new and test versions. To join, send a message to major‐<EMAIL_ADDRESS>with the line: subscribe syslinux in the body of the message. The submission address is<EMAIL_ADDRESS>nel.org. SEE ALSO lilo(8), keytab-lilo.pl(8), fdisk(8), mkfs(8), superformat(1). AUTHOR This manual page is a modified version of the original syslinux documen‐ tation by H. Peter Anvin<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The conversion to a manpage was made by Arthur Korn<EMAIL_ADDRESS>SYSLINUX 19 July 2010 SYSLINUX(1)


| Meal 1 | |
|---|---|
| Greek Yogurt | 1 1/2 cups |
| Raspberries | 1/2 cup |
| Granola | 1/3 cup |
| Meal 2: Double Chocolate Cherry Smoothie | |
|---|---|
| Protein Powder (Chocolate) | 2 scoops |
| Coconut Milk | 1/4 cup |
| Cherries | 3/4 cup |
| Flaxseeds | 1 tbsp |
| Cocoa Powder | 1 tbsp |
| Ice | 3-4 cubes |
| Water | 2-3 cups |
| Meal 3: Bibb Lettuce Burger | |
|---|---|
| Lettuce | 2 leaves |
| Ground Beef (95% lean) | 8 oz. |
| Tomato | 2 slices |
| Ketchup | 1 tbsp |
| Mayonnaise | 1 tbsp |
| Green Beans | 3 cups |
| Meal 1: Spinach Omelet | |
|---|---|
| Eggs | 3 |
| Cheese | 1 slice |
| Spinach | 1 cup |
| Peach | 1 |
| Meal 2: Chocolate Nut Shake | |
|---|---|
| Protein Powder (Chocolate) | 1 scoop |
| Chocolate Milk | 2 cups |
| Peanut Butter | 2 tbsp |
| Ice | 2-3 cubes |
| Meal 3: Grilled Steak With Avocado-Tomato Salad | |
|---|---|
| Steak (Top round) | 4 oz. |
| Avocado | 1/2 |
| Tomato | 1 |


Let’s see how we can build a web server image which can be used to build containers. In our example, we are going to use the Apache Web Server on Ubuntu to build our image. Let’s follow the steps given below, to build our web server Docker file.
Step 1-The first step is to build our Docker File. Let’s use vim and create a Docker File with the following information.
FROM ubuntu
RUN apt-get update
RUN apt-get install –y apache2
RUN apt-get install –y apache2-utils
RUN apt-get clean
EXPOSE 80 CMD [“apache2ctl”, “-D”, “FOREGROUND”
We are first creating our image to be from the Ubuntu base image.
Next, we are going to use the RUN command to update all the packages on the Ubuntu system.
Next, we use the RUN command to install apache2 on our image.
Next, we use the RUN command to install the necessary utility apache2 packages on our image.
Next, we use the RUN command to clean any unnecessary files from the system.
The EXPOSE command is used to expose port 80 of Apache in the container to the Docker host.
Finally, the CMD command is used to run apache2 in the background.
Now that the file details have been entered, just save the file.
Step 2 − Run the Docker build command to build the Docker file. It can be done using the
following command −
sudo docker build –t=”mywebserver” .
Step 3 − Now that the web server file has been built, it’s now time to create a container from the image. We can do this with the Docker run command.
sudo docker run –d –p 80:80 mywebserverThe following points need to be noted about the above command −br The port number exposed by the container is 80. Hence with the –p command, we are mapping the same port number to the 80 port number on our localhost.br The –d option is used to run the container in detached mode. This is so that the container can run in the background.br If you go to port 80 of the Docker host in your web browser, you will now see that Apache is up and running.


Gallery
Having a cat can mean different things to different people. Some want a cat to cuddle and sit on their laps; others are happy to live with a very independent cat which spends most of its time outside and doesn’t want too much human interaction.
What is important is that you try to find a cat that will interact with you if you want it to. All cats are not the same and how each individual cat behaves with you can depend on its inherent personality and early experiences (or lack of experiences), which can make it fearful or confident with people and life in general.
To care for a cat you will need to:
Provide plenty of human companionship
Provide regular, suitable meals with a constant supply of fresh water
Provide a clean and comfortable bed
Provide the cat with outdoor access or be prepared to empty and clean a litter tray on a daily basis
Provide it with a stimulating and safe environment
Groom it regularly. Longhaired cats require daily grooming
Have it neutered between 4 and 6 months old
Vaccinate against the major feline diseases regularly
Worm regularly and provide treatment for fleas
Take the cat to the vet when it shows any sign of illness
Insure your cat or make sure you can afford the cost of any veterinary treatment it may need


--- layout: default title: ICSECT'19 - Sponsors meta: All of the sponsors of ICSECT is listed here along with sponsorship opportunities for the conference. keyword: structural engineering, structural engineering conference 2019, building design, building design conference, prague, construction conference, construction management conference, structural dynamics conference, earthquake conference, construction management, structural dynamics, earthquake engineering, structural conference 2019, structural engineering conference, prague conference, construction, earthquake, earthquake engineering conference ---
There are currently three types of sponsorships available for ICSECT'19. All sponsors will be provided an exhibition table at the conference. The opportunities are as followed (prices are in Euros):
Platinum Sponsorship, €3,500:
Gold Sponsorship, €2,700:
Silver Sponsorship, €1,800:
If you are interested in sponsoring this event, please write an email to:
There are currently two types of opportunities for an exhibit at ICSECT. They are as followed (prices are in Euros):
Table exhibit, €1500.00:
Booth exhibit, €1500:
The exhibit provides a platform for companies and institutions to present their products and distribute brochures and business cards. The exhibit also provides a unique networking opportunity with many experts and researchers in the field of Structural Engineering and Concrete Technology.
If you are interested in an exhibit at ICSECT, please do not hesitate to contact us at info@icsect.com.


A valid domain string that identifies the
WebAuthn Relying Party on whose behalf a given registration or authentication ceremony is being performed.
User
You get the user ID back when checking registration (as userHandle), if you're using client-side discoverable credentials.
You can identify with this ID the user who wants to login.
A user handle is an opaque byte sequence with a maximum size of 64 bytes, and is not meant to be displayed to the user.
The user handle MUST NOT contain personally identifying information about the user, such as a username or e-mail address.
only for display, i.e., aiding the user in determining the difference between user accounts with similar display names.
A human-palatable name for the user account, intended only for display.
user verification
type of authenticator
attestation
attestation statement format
attestation root certificates
(Nothing checked = accept all)
If you select a root ca, direct attestation is required to validate your client with the root.
The browser may warn you that he will provide informations about your device.
When not checking against any root ca (deselect all certificates),
the client may change the assertion from the authenticator (for instance, using an anonymization CA),
the browser may not warn about providing informations about your device.


Playbooks Module¶
playbooks.playbooks¶
TcEx Framework Playbook module
-
class
tcex.playbooks.playbooks.
Playbooks
(tcex)[source]¶ Bases:
object
Playbook methods for accessing key value store.
-
_parse_output_variables
(variables)[source]¶ Parse the injected output variables or tc_playbook_out_variable arg.
Example Variable Format:
#App:1234:status!String,#App:1234:status_code!String
-
add_output
(key, value, variable_type)[source]¶ Dynamically add output to output_data dictionary to be written to DB later.
This method provides an alternative and more dynamic way to create output variables in an App. Instead of storing the output data manually and writing all at once the data can be stored inline, when it is generated and then written before the App completes.
1 2 3 4
for color in ['blue', 'red', 'yellow']: tcex.playbook.add_output('app.colors', color, 'StringArray') tcex.playbook.write_output() # writes the output stored in output_data
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
{ "my_color-String": { "key": "my_color", "type": "String", "value": "blue" }, "my_numbers-String": { "key": "my_numbers", "type": "String", "value": "seven" }, "my_numbers-StringArray": { "key": "my_numbers", "type": "StringArray", "value": ["seven", "five"] } }
- Parameters
key (string) – The variable name to write to storage.
value (any) – The value to write to storage.
variable_type (string) – The variable type being written.
-
check_output_variable
(variable)[source]¶ Check to see if output variable was requested by downstream app.
Using the auto generated dictionary of output variables check to see if provided variable was requested by downstream app.
- Parameters
variable (string) – The variable name, not the full variable.
- Returns
Boolean value indicator whether a match was found.
- Return type
(boolean)
-
create
(key, value)[source]¶ Create method of CRUD operation for working with KeyValue DB.
This method will automatically determine the variable type and call the appropriate method to write the data. If a non standard type is provided the data will be written as RAW data.
- Parameters
key (string) – The variable to write to the DB.
value (any) – The data to write to the DB.
- Returns
Result string of DB write.
- Return type
(string)
-
create_binary
(key, value)[source]¶ Create method of CRUD operation for binary data.
- Parameters
key (string) – The variable to write to the DB.
value (any) – The data to write to the DB.
- Returns
Result of DB write.
- Return type
(string)
-
create_binary_array
(key, value)[source]¶ Create method of CRUD operation for binary array data.
- Parameters
key (string) – The variable to write to the DB.
value (any) – The data to write to the DB.
- Returns
Result of DB write.
- Return type
(string)
-
property
create_data_types
¶ Map of standard playbook variable types to create method.
-
create_key_value
(key, value)[source]¶ Create method of CRUD operation for key/value data.
- Parameters
key (string) – The variable to write to the DB.
value (any) – The data to write to the DB.
- Returns
Result of DB write
- Return type
(string)
-
create_key_value_array
(key, value)[source]¶ Create method of CRUD operation for key/value array data.
- Parameters
key (string) – The variable to write to the DB.
value (any) – The data to write to the DB.
- Returns
Result of DB write.
- Return type
(string)
-
create_output
(key, value, variable_type=None)[source]¶ Alias for Create method of CRUD operation for working with KeyValue DB.
This method will automatically check to see if provided variable was requested by a downstream app and if so create the data in the KeyValue DB.
- Parameters
key (string) – The variable to write to the DB.
value (any) – The data to write to the DB.
variable_type (string) – The variable type being written.
- Returns
Result string of DB write.
- Return type
(string)
-
create_raw
(key, value)[source]¶ Create method of CRUD operation for raw data.
- Parameters
key (string) – The variable to write to the DB.
value (any) – The data to write to the DB.
- Returns
Result of DB write.
- Return type
(string)
-
create_string
(key, value)[source]¶ Create method of CRUD operation for string data.
- Parameters
key (string) – The variable to write to the DB.
value (any) – The data to write to the DB.
- Returns
Result of DB write.
- Return type
(string)
-
create_string_array
(key, value)[source]¶ Create method of CRUD operation for string array data.
- Parameters
key (string) – The variable to write to the DB.
value (any) – The data to write to the DB.
- Returns
Result of DB write.
- Return type
(string)
-
create_tc_entity
(key, value)[source]¶ Create method of CRUD operation for TC entity data.
- Parameters
key (string) – The variable to write to the DB.
value (any) – The data to write to the DB.
- Returns
Result of DB write.
- Return type
(string)
-
create_tc_entity_array
(key, value)[source]¶ Create method of CRUD operation for TC entity array data.
- Parameters
key (string) – The variable to write to the DB.
value (any) – The data to write to the DB.
- Returns
Result of DB write.
- Return type
(string)
-
property
db
¶ Return the correct KV store for this execution.
-
delete
(key)[source]¶ Delete method of CRUD operation for all data types.
- Parameters
key (string) – The variable to write to the DB.
- Returns
Result of DB write.
- Return type
(string)
-
static
entity_to_bulk
(entities, resource_type_parent)[source]¶ Convert Single TC Entity to Bulk format.
Attention
This method is subject to frequent changes
- Parameters
entities (dictionary) – TC Entity to be converted to Bulk.
resource_type_parent (string) – The resource parent type of the tc_data provided.
- Returns
A dictionary representing TC Bulk format.
- Return type
(dictionary)
-
exit
(code=None, msg=None)[source]¶ Playbook wrapper on TcEx exit method
Playbooks do not support partial failures so we change the exit method from 3 to 1 and call it a partial success instead.
- Parameters
code (Optional [integer]) – The exit code value for the app.
-
static
indicator_arrays
(tc_entity_array)[source]¶ Convert TCEntityArray to Indicator Type dictionary.
- Parameters
tc_entity_array (dictionary) – The TCEntityArray to convert.
- Returns
Dictionary containing arrays of indicators for each indicator type.
- Return type
(dictionary)
-
static
json_to_bulk
(tc_data, value_fields, resource_type, resource_type_parent)[source]¶ Convert ThreatConnect JSON response to a Bulk Format.
Attention
This method is subject to frequent changes
- Parameters
tc_data (dictionary) – Array of data returned from TC API call.
value_fields (list) – Field names that contain the “value” data.
resource_type (string) – The resource type of the tc_data provided.
resource_type_parent (string) – The resource parent type of the tc_data provided.
- Returns
A dictionary representing a TCEntityArray
- Return type
(list)
-
static
json_to_entity
(tc_data, value_fields, resource_type, resource_type_parent)[source]¶ Convert ThreatConnect JSON response to a TCEntityArray.
Attention
This method is subject to frequent changes.
- Parameters
tc_data (dictionary) – Array of data returned from TC API call.
value_fields (list) – Field names that contain the “value” data.
resource_type (string) – The resource type of the tc_data provided.
resource_type_parent (string) – The resource parent type of the tc_data provided.
- Returns
A list representing a TCEntityArray.
- Return type
(list)
-
static
json_to_key_value
(json_data, key_field, value_field=None, array=False)[source]¶ Convert JSON data to a KeyValue/KeyValueArray.
- Parameters
json_data (dictionary|list) – Array/List of JSON data.
key_field (string) – Field name for the key.
value_field (string) – Field name for the value or use the value of the key field.
array (boolean) – Always return array even if only on result.
- Returns
A dictionary or list representing a KeyValue or KeyValueArray.
- Return type
(dictionary|list)
-
property
output_variables
¶ Return output variables stored as name dict.
-
property
output_variables_type
¶ Return output variables stored as name-type dict.
-
parse_variable
(variable)[source]¶ Parse an input or output variable.
Example Variable:
#App:1234:output!String
- Parameters
variable (string) – The variable name to parse.
- Returns
Result of parsed string.
- Return type
(dictionary)
-
read
(key, array=False, embedded=True)[source]¶ Read method of CRUD operation for working with KeyValue DB.
This method will automatically check to see if a single variable is passed or if “mixed” data is passed and return the results from the DB. It will also automatically determine the variable type to read.
- Parameters
key (string) – The variable to read from the DB.
array (boolean) – Convert string/dict to Array/List before returning.
embedded (boolean) – Resolve embedded variables.
- Returns
Results retrieved from DB
- Return type
(any)
-
read_array
(key, embedded=True)[source]¶ Read playbook variable and return array for any variable type.
- Parameters
key (string) – The variable to read from the DB.
embedded (boolean) – Resolve embedded variables.
- Returns
Results retrieved from DB
- Return type
(any)
-
read_binary
(key, b64decode=True, decode=False)[source]¶ Read method of CRUD operation for binary data.
- Parameters
key (string) – The variable to read from the DB.
b64decode (bool) – If true the data will be base64 decoded.
decode (bool) – If true the data will be decoded to a String.
- Returns
Results retrieved from DB.
- Return type
(bytes|string)
-
read_binary_array
(key, b64decode=True, decode=False)[source]¶ Read method of CRUD operation for binary array data.
- Parameters
key (string) – The variable to read from the DB.
b64decode (bool) – If true the data will be base64 decoded.
decode (bool) – If true the data will be decoded to a String.
- Returns
Results retrieved from DB.
- Return type
(list)
-
property
read_data_types
¶ Map of standard playbook variable types to read method.
-
read_embedded
(data, parent_var_type)[source]¶ Read method for “mixed” variable type.
Note
The
read()
method will automatically determine if the input is a variable or needs to be searched for embedded variables. There usually is no reason to call this method directly.This method will automatically covert variables embedded in a string with data retrieved from DB. If there are no keys/variables the raw string will be returned.
Examples:
DB Values #App:7979:variable_name!String: "embedded \"variable\"" #App:7979:two!String: "two" #App:7979:variable_name!StringArray: ["one", "two", "three"] Examples 1: Input: "This input has a embedded #App:7979:variable_name!String" Examples 2: Input: ["one", #App:7979:two!String, "three"] Examples 3: Input: [{ "key": "embedded string", "value": "This input has a embedded #App:7979:variable_name!String" }, { "key": "string array", "value": #App:7979:variable_name!StringArray }, { "key": "string", "value": #App:7979:variable_name!String }]
- Parameters
data (string) – The data to parsed and updated from the DB.
parent_var_type (string) – The parent type of the embedded variable.
- Returns
Results retrieved from DB
- Return type
(string)
-
read_key_value
(key, embedded=True)[source]¶ Read method of CRUD operation for key/value data.
- Parameters
key (string) – The variable to read from the DB.
embedded (boolean) – Resolve embedded variables.
- Returns
Results retrieved from DB.
- Return type
(dictionary)
-
read_key_value_array
(key, embedded=True)[source]¶ Read method of CRUD operation for key/value array data.
- Parameters
key (string) – The variable to read from the DB.
embedded (boolean) – Resolve embedded variables.
- Returns
Results retrieved from DB.
- Return type
(list)
-
read_raw
(key)[source]¶ Read method of CRUD operation for raw data.
- Parameters
key (string) – The variable to read from the DB.
- Returns
Results retrieved from DB.
- Return type
(any)
-
read_string
(key, embedded=True)[source]¶ Read method of CRUD operation for string data.
- Parameters
key (string) – The variable to read from the DB.
embedded (boolean) – Resolve embedded variables.
- Returns
Results retrieved from DB.
- Return type
(string)
-
read_string_array
(key, embedded=True)[source]¶ Read method of CRUD operation for string array data.
- Parameters
key (string) – The variable to read from the DB.
embedded (boolean) – Resolve embedded variables.
- Returns
Results retrieved from DB.
- Return type
(list)
-
read_tc_entity
(key, embedded=True)[source]¶ Read method of CRUD operation for TC entity data.
- Parameters
key (string) – The variable to read from the DB.
embedded (boolean) – Resolve embedded variables.
- Returns
Results retrieved from DB.
- Return type
(dictionary)
-
read_tc_entity_array
(key, embedded=True)[source]¶ Read method of CRUD operation for TC entity array data.
- Parameters
key (string) – The variable to read from the DB.
embedded (boolean) – Resolve embedded variables.
- Returns
Results retrieved from DB.
- Return type
(list)
-
variable_type
(variable)[source]¶ Get the Type from the variable string or default to String type.
The default type is “String” for those cases when the input variable is contains not “DB variable” and is just a String.
Example Variable:
#App:1234:output!StringArray returns **StringArray**
Example String:
"My Data" returns **String**
- Parameters
variable (string) – The variable to be parsed
- Returns
The variable type.
- Return type
(string)
-