Bell Labs
Henry Spencer
Zoology Computer Systems
University of Toronto
David Keppel
EECS, UC Berkeley
CS&E, University of Washington
Mark Brader
SoftQuad Incorporated
Toronto
The scope of this work is C coding style. The scope of this work is C coding style. Good style should encourage consistent layout, improve portability, and reduce errors.
This work does not cover functional organization, or general issues such as the use of gotos. We (see footnote 1) have tried to combine previous work [1,6,8] on C style into a uniform set of standards that should be appropriate for any project using C, although parts are biased towards particular systems. Of necessity, these standards cannot cover all situations. Experience and informed judgement count for much. Programmers who encounter unusual situations should consult either experienced C programmers or code written by experienced C programmers (preferably following these rules).
The standards in this document are not of themselves required, but individual institutions or groups may adopt part or all of them as a part of program acceptance. It is therefore likely that others at your institution will code in a similar style. Ultimately, the goal of these standards is to increase portability, reduce maintenance, and above all improve clarity.
Many of the style choices here are somewhat arbitrary. Mixed coding style is harder to maintain than bad coding style. When changing existing code it is better to conform to the style (indentation, spacing, commenting, naming conventions) of the existing code than it is to blindly follow this document.
``To be clear is professional; not to be clear is unprofessional.'' -- Sir Ernest Gowers.
A file consists of various sections that should be separated by several blank lines. Although there is no maximum length limit for source files, files with more than about 1000 lines are cumbersome to deal with. The editor may not have enough temp space to edit the file, compilations will go more slowly, etc. Many rows of asterisks, for example, present little information compared to the time it takes to scroll past, and are discouraged. Lines longer than 79 columns are not handled well by all terminals and should be avoided if possible. Excessively long lines which result from deep indenting are often a symptom of poorly-organized code.
File names are made up of a base name, and an optional period and suffix. The first character of the name should be a letter and all characters (except the period) should be lower-case letters and numbers. The base name should be eight or fewer characters and the suffix should be three or fewer characters (four, if you include the period). These rules apply to both program files and default files used and produced by the program (e.g., ``rogue.sav'').
Some compilers and tools require certain suffix conventions for names of files [5]. The following suffixes are required:
C++ has compiler-dependent suffix conventions, including .c, ..c, .cc, .c.c, and .C. Since much C code is also C++ code, there is no clear solution here.
In addition, it is conventional to use ``Makefile'' (not ``makefile'') for the control file for make (for systems that support it) and ``README'' for a summary of the contents of the directory or directory tree.
The suggested order of sections for a program file is as follows:
Header files are files that are included in other files prior to compilation by the C preprocessor. Some, such as stdio.h, are defined at the system level and must included by any program using the standard I/O library. Header files are also used to contain data declarations and defines that are needed by more than one program. Header files should be functionally organized, i.e., declarations for separate subsystems should be in separate header files. Also, if a set of declarations is likely to change when code is ported from one machine to another, those declarations should be in a separate header file.
Avoid private header filenames that are the same as library header filenames. The statement
#include "math.h"will include the standard library math header file if the intended one is not found in the current directory. If this is what you want to happen, comment this fact. Don't use absolute pathnames for header files. Use the <name> construction for getting them from a standard place, or define them relative to the current directory. The ``include-path'' option of the C compiler (-I on many systems) is the best way to handle extensive private libraries of header files; it permits reorganizing the directory structure without having to alter source files.
Header files that declare functions or external variables should be included in the file that defines the function or variable. That way, the compiler can do type checking and the external declaration will always agree with the definition.
Defining variables in a header file is often a poor idea. Frequently it is a symptom of poor partitioning of code between files. Also, some objects like typedefs and initialized data definitions cannot be seen twice by the compiler in one compilation. On some systems, repeating uninitialized declarations without the extern keyword also causes problems. Repeated declarations can happen if include files are nested and will cause the compilation to fail.
Header files should not be nested. The prologue for a header file should, therefore, describe what other headers need to be #included for the header to be functional. In extreme cases, where a large number of header files are to be included in several different source files, it is acceptable to put all common #includes in one include file.
It is common to put the following into each .h file to prevent accidental double-inclusion.
#ifndef EXAMPLE_H #define EXAMPLE_H ... /* body of example.h file */ #endif /* EXAMPLE_H */
This double-inclusion mechanism should not be relied upon, particularly to perform nested includes.
It is conventional to have a file called ``README'' to document both ``the bigger picture'' and issues for the program as a whole. For example, it is common to include a list of all conditional compilation flags and what they mean. It is also common to list files that are machine dependent, etc.
``When the code and the comments disagree, both are probably wrong.'' -- Norm Schryer
The comments should describe what is happening, how it is being done, what parameters mean, which globals are used and which are modified, and any restrictions or bugs. Avoid, however, comments that are clear from the code, as such information rapidly gets out of date. Comments that disagree with the code are of negative value. Short comments should be what comments, such as ``compute mean value'', rather than how comments such as ``sum of values divided by n''. C is not assembler; putting a comment at the top of a 3--10 line section telling what it does overall is often more useful than a comment on each line describing micrologic.
Comments should justify offensive code. The justification should be that something bad will happen if unoffensive code is used. Just making code faster is not enough to rationalize a hack; the performance must be shown to be unacceptable without the hack. The comment should explain the unacceptable behavior and describe why the hack is a ``good'' fix.
Comments that describe data structures, algorithms, etc., should be in block comment form with the opening /* in columns 1-2, a * in column 2 before each line of comment text, and the closing */ in columns 2-3. An alternative is to have ** in columns 1-2, and put the closing */ also in 1-2.
/* * Here is a block comment. * The comment text should be tabbed or spaced over uniformly. * The opening slash-star and closing star-slash are alone on a line. */
/* ** Alternate format for block comments */
Note that
grep '^.\e*'will catch all block comments in the file (see footnote 2). Very long block comments such as drawn-out discussions and copyright notices often start with /* in columns 1-2, no leading * before lines of text, and the closing */ in columns 1-2. Block comments inside a function are appropriate, and they should be tabbed over to the same tab setting as the code that they describe. One-line comments alone on a line should be indented to the tab setting of the code that follows.
if (argc > 1) { /* Get input file from command line. */ if (freopen(argv[1], "r", stdin) == NULL) { perror (argv[1]); } }
Very short comments may appear on the same line as the code they describe, and should be tabbed over to separate them from the statements. If more than one short comment appears in a block of code they should all be tabbed to the same tab setting.
if (a == EXCEPTION) { b = TRUE; /* special case */ } else { b = isprime(a); /* works only for odd a */ }
Global declarations should begin in column 1. All external data declaration should be preceded by the extern keyword. If an external variable is an array that is defined with an explicit size, then the array bounds must be repeated in the extern declaration unless the size is always encoded in the array (e.g., a read-only character array that is always null-terminated). Repeated size declarations are particularly beneficial to someone picking up code written by another.
The ``pointer'' qualifier, *, should be with the variable name rather than with the type.
char *s, *t, *u;instead of
char* s, t, u;which is wrong, since t and u do not get declared as pointers.
Unrelated declarations, even of the same type, should be on separate lines. A comment describing the role of the object being declared should be included, with the exception that a list of #defined constants do not need comments if the constant names are sufficient documentation. The names, values, and comments are usually tabbed so that they line up underneath each other. Use the tab character rather than blanks (spaces). For structure and union template declarations, each element should be alone on a line with a comment describing it. The opening brace ({) should be on the same line as the structure tag, and the closing brace (}) should be in column 1.
struct boat { int wllength; /* water line length in meters */ int type; /* see below */ long sailarea; /* sail area in square mm */ }; /* defines for boat.type */ #define KETCH (1) #define YAWL (2) #define SLOOP (3) #define SQRIG (4) #define MOTOR (5)
These defines are sometimes put right after the declaration of type, within the struct declaration, with enough tabs after the # to indent define one level more than the structure member declarations. When the actual values are unimportant, the enum facility is better (see footnote 3).
enum bt { KETCH=1, YAWL, SLOOP, SQRIG, MOTOR }; struct boat { int wllength; /* water line length in meters */ enum bt type; /* what kind of boat */ long sailarea; /* sail area in square mm */ };
Any variable whose initial value is important should be explicitly initialized, or at the very least should be commented to indicate that C's default initialization to zero is being relied upon. The empty initializer, ``{ },'' should never be used. Structure initializations should be fully parenthesized with braces. Constants used to initialize longs should be explicitly long. Use capital letters; for example two long 2l looks a lot like 21, the number twenty-one.
int x = 1; char *msg = "message"; struct boat winner[] = { { 40, YAWL, 6000000L }, { 28, MOTOR, 0L }, { 0 }, };
In any file which is part of a larger whole rather than a self-contained program, maximum use should be made of the static keyword to make functions and variables local to single files. Variables in particular should be accessible from other files only when there is a clear need that cannot be filled in another way. Such usage should be commented to make it clear that another file's variables are being used; the comment should name the other file. If your debugger hides static objects you need to see during debugging, declare them as STATIC and #define STATIC as needed.
The most important types should be highlighted by typedeffing them, even if they are only integers, as the unique name makes the program easier to read (as long as there are only a few things typedeffed to integers!). Structures may be typedeffed when they are declared. Give the struct and the typedef the same name.
typedef struct splodge_t { int sp_count; char *sp_name, *sp_alias; } splodge_t;
The return type of functions should always be declared. If function prototypes are available, use them. One common mistake is to omit the declaration of external math functions that return double. The compiler then assumes that the return value is an integer and the bits are dutifully converted into a (meaningless) floating point value.
``C takes the point of view that the programmer is always right.'' -- Michael DeCorte
Each function should be preceded by a block comment prologue that gives a short description of what the function does and (if not clear) how to use it. Discussion of non-trivial design decisions and side-effects is also appropriate. Avoid duplicating information clear from the code.
The function return type should be alone on a line, (optionally) indented one stop (see footnote 4). Do not default to int; if the function does not return a value then it should be given return type void (see footnote 5). If the value returned requires a long explanation, it should be given in the prologue; otherwise it can be on the same line as the return type, tabbed over. The function name (and the formal parameter list) should be alone on a line, in column 1. Destination (return value) parameters should generally be first (on the left). All formal parameter declarations, local declarations and code within the function body should be tabbed over one stop. The opening brace of the function body should be alone on a line beginning in column 1.
Each parameter should be declared (do not default to int). In general the role of each variable in the function should be described. This may either be done in the function comment or, if each declaration is on its own line, in a comment on that line. Loop counters called ``i'', string pointers called ``s'', and integral types called ``c'' and used for characters are typically excluded. If a group of functions all have a like parameter or local variable, it helps to call the repeated variable by the same name in all functions. (Conversely, avoid using the same name for different purposes in related functions.) Like parameters should also appear in the same place in the various argument lists.
Comments for parameters and local variables should be tabbed so that they line up underneath each other. Local variable declarations should be separated from the function's statements by a blank line.
Be careful when you use or declare functions that take a variable number of arguments (``varargs''). There is no truly portable way to do varargs in C. Better to design an interface that uses a fixed number of arguments. If you must have varargs, use the library macros for declaring functions with variant argument lists.
If the function uses any external variables (or functions) that are not declared globally in the file, these should have their own declarations in the function body using the extern keyword.
Avoid local declarations that override declarations at higher levels. In particular, local variables should not be redeclared in nested blocks. Although this is valid C, the potential confusion is enough that lint will complain about it when given the --h option.
int i;main(){for(;i["]<i;++i){--i;}"];read('-'-'-',i+++"hell\
o, world!\\n",'/'/'/'));}read(j,i,p){write(j/p+p,i---j,i/i);}
-- Dishonorable mention, Obfuscated C Code Contest, 1984.
Author requested anonymity.
Use vertical and horizontal whitespace generously. Indentation and spacing should reflect the block structure of the code; e.g., there should be at least 2 blank lines between the end of one function and the comments for the next.
A long string of conditional operators should be split onto separate lines.
if (foo->next==NULL && totalcount<needed && needed<=MAX_ALLOT && server_active(current_input)) { ...Might be better as
if (foo->next == NULL && totalcount < needed && needed <= MAX_ALLOT && server_active(current_input)) { ...Similarly, elaborate for loops should be split onto different lines.
for (curr = *listp, trail = listp; curr != NULL; trail = &(curr->next), curr = curr->next ) { ...Other complex expressions, particularly those using the ternary ? : operator, are best split on to several lines, too.
c = (a == b) ? d + f(a) : f(b) - d;
Keywords that are followed by expressions in parentheses should be separated from the left parenthesis by a blank. (The sizeof operator is an exception.) Blanks should also appear after commas in argument lists to help separate the arguments visually. On the other hand, macro definitions with arguments must not have a blank between the name and the left parenthesis, otherwise the C preprocessor will not recognize the argument list.
/* * Determine if the sky is blue by checking that it isn't night. * CAVEAT: Only sometimes right. May return TRUE when the answer * is FALSE. Consider clouds, eclipses, short days. * NOTE: Uses `hour' from `hightime.c'. Returns `int' for * compatibility with the old version. */ int /* true or false */ skyblue() { extern int hour; /* current hour of the day */ return (hour >= MORNING && hour <= EVENING); }
/* * Find the last element in the linked list * pointed to by nodep and return a pointer to it. * Return NULL if there is no last element. */ node_t * tail(nodep) node_t *nodep; /* pointer to head of list */ { register node_t *np; /* advances to NULL */ register node_t *lp; /* follows one behind np */ if (nodep == NULL) return (NULL); for (np = lp = nodep; np != NULL; lp = np, np = np->next) ; /* VOID */ return (lp); }
There should be only one statement per line unless the statements are very closely related.
case FOO: oogle (zork); boogle (zork); break; case BAR: oogle (bork); boogle (zork); break; case BAZ: oogle (gork); boogle (bork); break;The null body of a for or while loop should be alone on a line and commented so that it is clear that the null body is intentional and not missing code.
while (*dest++ = *src++) ; /* VOID */
Do not default the test for non-zero, i.e.
if (f() != FAIL)is better than
if (f())even though FAIL may have the value 0 which C considers to be false. An explicit test will help you out later when somebody decides that a failure return should be --1 instead of 0. Explicit comparison should be used even if the comparison value will never change; e.g.,
if (!(bufsize % sizeof(int)))should be written instead as
if ((bufsize % sizeof(int)) == 0)to reflect the numeric (not boolean) nature of the test. A frequent trouble spot is using strcmp to test for string equality, where the result should never ever be defaulted. The preferred approach is to define a macro STREQ.
#define STREQ(a, b) (strcmp((a), (b)) == 0)
The non-zero test is often defaulted for predicates and other functions or expressions which meet the following restrictions:
It is common practice to declare a boolean type bool in a global include file. The special names improve readability immensely.
typedef int bool; #define FALSE 0 #define TRUE 1or
typedef enum { NO=0, YES } bool;
Even with these declarations, do not check a boolean value for equality with 1 (TRUE, YES, etc.); instead test for inequality with 0 (FALSE, NO, etc.). Most functions are guaranteed to return 0 if false, but only non-zero if true. Thus,
if (func() == TRUE) { ...must be written
if (func() != FALSE) { ...It is even better (where possible) to rename the function/variable or rewrite the expression so that the meaning is obvious without a comparison to true or false (e.g., rename to isvalid()).
There is a time and a place for embedded assignment statements. In some constructs there is no better way to accomplish the results without making the code bulkier and less readable.
while ((c = getchar()) != EOF) { process the character }The ++ and -- operators count as assignment statements. So, for many purposes, do functions with side effects. Using embedded assignment statements to improve run-time performance is also possible. However, one should consider the tradeoff between increased speed and decreased maintainability that results when embedded assignments are used in artificial places. For example,
a = b + c; d = a + r;should not be replaced by
d = (a = b + c) + r;even though the latter may save one cycle. In the long run the time difference between the two will decrease as the optimizer gains maturity, while the difference in ease of maintenance will increase as the human memory of what's going on in the latter piece of code begins to fade.
Goto statements should be used sparingly, as in any well-structured code. The main place where they can be usefully employed is to break out of several levels of switch, for, and while nesting, although the need to do such a thing may indicate that the inner constructs should be broken out into a separate function, with a success/failure return code.
for (...) { while (...) { ... if (disaster) goto error; } } ... error: clean up the messWhen a goto is necessary the accompanying label should be alone on a line and tabbed one stop to the left of the code that follows. The goto should be commented (possibly in the block header) as to its utility and purpose. Continue should be used sparingly and near the top of the loop. Break is less troublesome.
Parameters to non-prototyped functions sometimes need to be promoted explicitly. If, for example, a function expects a 32-bit long and gets handed a 16-bit int instead, the stack can get misaligned. Problems occur with pointer, integral, and floating-point values.
A compound statement is a list of statements enclosed by braces. There are many common ways of formatting the braces. Be consistent with your local standard, if you have one, or pick one and use it consistently. When editing someone else's code, always use the style used in that code.
control { statement; statement; }
The style above is called ``K&R style,'' and is preferred if you haven't already got a favorite. With K&R style, the else part of an if-else statement and the while part of a do-while statement should appear on the same line as the close brace. With most other styles, the braces are always alone on a line.
When a block of code has several labels (unless there are a lot of them), the labels are placed on separate lines. The fall-through feature of the C switch statement, (that is, when there is no break between a code segment and the next case statement) must be commented for future maintenance. A lint-style comment/directive is best.
switch (expr) { case ABC: case DEF: statement; break; case UVW: statement; /*FALLTHROUGH*/ case XYZ: statement; break; }
Here, the last break is unnecessary, but is required because it prevents a fall-through error if another case is added later after the last one. The default case, if used, should be last and does not require a break if it is last.
Whenever an if-else statement has a compound statement for either the if or else section, the statements of both the if and else sections should both be enclosed in braces (called fully bracketed syntax).
if (expr) { statement; } else { statement; statement; }Braces are also essential in if-if-else sequences with no second else such as the following, which will be parsed incorrectly if the brace after (ex1) and its mate are omitted:
if (ex1) { if (ex2) { funca(); } } else { funcb(); }
An if-else with else if should be written with the else conditions left-justified.
if (STREQ (reply, "yes")) { statements for yes ... } else if (STREQ (reply, "no")) { ... } else if (STREQ (reply, "maybe")) { ... } else { statements for default ... }The format then looks like a generalized switch statement and the tabbing reflects the switch between exactly one of several alternatives rather than a nesting of statements.
Do-while loops should always have braces around the body.
The following code is very dangerous:
#ifdef CIRCUIT # define CLOSE_CIRCUIT(circno) { close_circ(circno); } #else # define CLOSE_CIRCUIT(circno) #endif ... if (expr) statement; else CLOSE_CIRCUIT(x) ++i;Note that on systems where CIRCUIT is not defined the statement ++i; will only get executed when expr is false! This example points out both the value of naming macros with CAPS and of making code fully-bracketed.
Sometimes an if causes an unconditional control transfer via break, continue ,goto, or return. The else should be implicit and the code should not be indented.
if (level > limit) return (OVERFLOW) normal(); return (level);The ``flattened'' indentation tells the reader that the boolean test is invariant over the rest of the enclosing block.
Unary operators should not be separated from their single operand. Generally, all binary operators except `.' and `->' should be separated from their operands by blanks. Some judgement is called for in the case of complex expressions, which may be clearer if the ``inner'' operators are not surrounded by spaces and the ``outer'' ones are.
If you think an expression will be hard to read, consider breaking it across lines. Splitting at the lowest-precedence operator near the break is best. Since C has some unexpected precedence rules, expressions involving mixed operators should be parenthesized. Too many parentheses, however, can make a line harder to read because humans aren't good at parenthesis-matching.
There is a time and place for the binary comma operator, but generally it should be avoided. The comma operator is most useful to provide multiple initializations or operations, as in for statements. Complex expressions, for instance those with nested ternary ? : operators, can be confusing and should be avoided if possible. There are some macros like getchar where both the ternary operator and comma operators are useful. The logical expression operand before the ? : should be parenthesized and both return values must be the same type.
Individual projects will no doubt have their own naming conventions. There are some general rules however.
In general, global names (including enums) should have a common prefix identifying the module that they belong with. Globals may alternatively be grouped in a global structure. Typedeffed names often have _t appended to their name.
Avoid names that might conflict with various standard library names. Some systems will include more library code than you want. Also, your program may be extended someday.
Numerical constants should not be coded directly. The #define feature of the C preprocessor should be used to give constants meaningful names. Symbolic constants make the code easier to read. Defining the value in one place also makes it easier to administer large programs since the constant value can be changed uniformly by changing only the define. The enumeration data type is a better way to declare variables that take on only a discrete set of values, since additional type checking is often available. At the very least, any directly-coded numerical constant must have a comment explaining the derivation of the value.
Constants should be defined consistently with their use; e.g. use 540.0 for a float instead of 540 with an implicit float cast. There are some cases where the constants 0 and 1 may appear as themselves instead of as defines. For example if a for loop indexes through an array, then
for (i = 0; i < ARYBOUND; i++)is reasonable while the code
door_t *front_door = opens(door[i], 7); if (front_door == 0) error("can't open %s\\\\n", door[i]);is not. In the last example front_door is a pointer. When a value is a pointer it should be compared to NULL instead of 0. NULL is available either as part of the standard I/O library's header file stdio.h or in stdlib.h for newer systems. Even simple values like 1 or 0 are often better expressed using defines like TRUE and FALSE (sometimes YES and NO read better).
Simple character constants should be defined as character literals rather than numbers. Non-text characters are discouraged as non-portable. If non-text characters are necessary, particularly if they are used in strings, they should be written using a escape character of three octal digits rather than one (e.g., '\007'). Even so, such usage should be considered machine-dependent and treated as such.
Complex expressions can be used as macro parameters, and operator-precedence problems can arise unless all occurrences of parameters have parentheses around them. There is little that can be done about the problems caused by side effects in parameters except to avoid side effects in expressions (a good idea anyway) and, when possible, to write macros that evaluate their parameters exactly once. There are times when it is impossible to write macros that act exactly like functions.
Some macros also exist as functions (e.g., getc and fgetc). The macro should be used in implementing the function so that changes to the macro will be automatically reflected in the function. Care is needed when interchanging macros and functions since function parameters are passed by value, while macro parameters are passed by name substitution. Carefree use of macros requires that they be declared carefully.
Macros should avoid using globals, since the global name may be hidden by a local declaration. Macros that change named parameters (rather than the storage they point at) or may be used as the left-hand side of an assignment should mention this in their comments. Macros that take no parameters but reference variables, are long, or are aliases for function calls should be given an empty parameter list, e.g.,
#define OFF_A() (a_global+OFFSET) #define BORK() (zork()) #define SP3() if (b) { int x; av = f (&x); bv += x; }
Macros save function call/return overhead, but when a macro gets long, the effect of the call/return becomes negligible, so a function should be used instead.
In some cases it is appropriate to make the compiler insure that a macro is terminated with a semicolon.
if (x==3) SP3(); else BORK();If the semicolon is omitted after the call to SP3, then the else will (silently!) become associated with the if in the SP3 macro. With the semicolon, the else doesn't match any if ! The macro SP3 can be written safely as
#define SP3() \\\\ do { if (b) { int x; av = f (&x); bv += x; }} while (0)Writing out the enclosing do-while by hand is awkward and some compilers and tools may complain that there is a constant in the while conditional. A macro for declaring statements may make programming easier.
#ifdef lint static int ZERO; #else # define ZERO 0 #endif #define STMT( stuff ) do { stuff } while (ZERO)Declare SP3 with
#define SP3() \\\\ STMT( if (b) { int x; av = f (&x); bv += x; } )Using STMT will help prevent small typos from silently changing programs.
Except for type casts, sizeof, and hacks such as the above, macros should contain keywords only if the entire macro is surrounded by braces.
Conditional compilation is useful for things like machine-dependencies, debugging, and for setting certain options at compile-time. Beware of conditional compilation. Various controls can easily combine in unforeseen ways. If you #ifdef machine dependencies, make sure that when no machine is specified, the result is an error, not a default machine. (Use #error and indent it so it works with older compilers.) If you #ifdef optimizations, the default should be the unoptimized code rather than an uncompilable program. Be sure to test the unoptimized code.
Note that the text inside of an #ifdeffed section may be scanned (processed) by the compiler, even if the #ifdef is false. Thus, even if the #ifdeffed part of the file never gets compiled (e.g., #ifdef COMMENT), it cannot be arbitrary text.
Put #ifdefs in header files instead of source files when possible. Use the #ifdefs to define macros that can be used uniformly in the code. For instance, a header file for checking memory allocation might look like (omitting definitions forREALLOC and FREE):
#ifdef DEBUG extern void *mm_malloc(); # define MALLOC(size) (mm_malloc(size)) #else extern void *malloc(); # define MALLOC(size) (malloc(size)) #endif
Conditional compilation should generally be on a feature-by-feature basis. Machine or operating system dependencies should be avoided in most cases.
#ifdef BSD4 long t = time ((long *)NULL); #endifThe preceding code is poor for two reasons: there may be 4BSD systems for which there is a better choice, and there may be non-4BSD systems for which the above is the best code. Instead, use define symbols such as TIME_LONG and TIME_STRUCT and define the appropriate one in a configuration file such as config.h.
``C Code. C code run. Run, code, run... PLEASE!!!'' -- Barbara Tongue
If you use enums, the first enum constant should have a non-zero value, or the first constant should indicate an error.
enum { STATE_ERR, STATE_START, STATE_NORMAL, STATE_END } state_t; enum { VAL_NEW=1, VAL_NORMAL, VAL_DYING, VAL_DEAD } value_t;Uninitialized values will then often ``catch themselves''.
Check for error return values, even from functions that ``can't'' fail. Consider that close() and fclose() can and do fail, even when all prior file operations have succeeded. Write your own functions so that they test for errors and return error values or abort the program in a well-defined way. Include a lot of debugging and error-checking code and leave most of it in the finished product. Check even for ``impossible'' errors. [8]
Use the assert facility to insist that each function is being passed well-defined values, and that intermediate results are well-formed.
Build in the debug code using as few #ifdefs as possible. For instance, if mm_malloc is a debugging memory allocator, then MALLOC will select the appropriate allocator, avoids littering the code with #ifdefs, and makes clear the difference between allocation calls being debugged and extra memory that is allocated only during debugging.
#ifdef DEBUG # define MALLOC(size) (mm_malloc(size)) #else # define MALLOC(size) (malloc(size)) #endif
Check bounds even on things that ``can't'' overflow. A function that writes on to variable-sized storage should take an argument maxsize that is the size of the destination. If there are times when the size of the destination is unknown, some `magic' value of maxsize should mean ``no bounds checks''. When bound checks fail, make sure that the function does something useful such as abort or return an error status.
/* * INPUT: A null-terminated source string `src' to copy from and * a `dest' string to copy to. `maxsize' is the size of `dest' * or UINT_MAX if the size is not known. `src' and `dest' must * both be shorter than UINT_MAX, and `src' must be no longer than * `dest'. * OUTPUT: The address of `dest' or NULL if the copy fails. * `dest' is modified even when the copy fails. */ char * copy (dest, maxsize, src) char *dest, *src; unsigned maxsize; { char *dp = dest; while (maxsize\-\- > 0) if ((*dp++ = *src++) == '\\\\0') return (dest); return (NULL); }
In all, remember that a program that produces wrong answers twice as fast is infinitely slower. The same is true of programs that crash occasionally or clobber valid data.
``C combines the power of assembler with the portability of assembler.''
-- Anonymous, alluding to Bill Thacker.
The advantages of portable code are well known. This section gives some guidelines for writing portable code. Here, ``portable'' means that a source file can be compiled and executed on different machines with the only change being the inclusion of possibly different header files and the use of different compiler flags. The header files will contain #defines and typedefs that may vary from machine to machine. In general, a new ``machine'' is different hardware, a different operating system, a different compiler, or any combination of these. Reference [1] contains useful information on both style and portability. The following is a list of pitfalls to be avoided and recommendations to be considered when designing portable code:
| type | pdp11 | VAX/11 | 68000 | Cray-2 | Unisys | Harris | 80386 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| series | family | 1100 | H800 | ||||
| char | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 8 |
| short | 16 | 16 | 8/16 | 64(32) | 18 | 24 | 8/16 |
| int | 16 | 32 | 16/32 | 64(32) | 36 | 24 | 16/32 |
| long | 32 | 32 | 32 | 64 | 36 | 48 | 32 |
| char* | 16 | 32 | 32 | 64 | 72 | 24 | 16/32/48 |
| int* | 16 | 32 | 32 | 64(24) | 72 | 24 | 16/32/48 |
| int(*)() | 16 | 32 | 32 | 64 | 576 | 24 | 16/32/48 |
| Type | Minimum | No Smaller |
|---|---|---|
| # Bits | Than | |
| char | 8 | |
| short | 16 | char |
| int | 16 | short |
| long | 32 | int |
| float | 24 | |
| double | 38 | float |
| any * | 14 | |
| char * | 15 | any * |
| void * | 15 | any * |
int *p = (int *) malloc (sizeof(int)); free (p);
((int *) 2 ) ((int *) 3 )If you need `magic' pointers other than NULL, either allocate some storage or treat the pointer as a machine dependence.
extern int x_int_dummy; /* in x.c */ #define X_FAIL (NULL) #define X_BUSY (&x_int_dummy)
#define X_FAIL (NULL) #define X_BUSY MD_PTR1 /* MD_PTR1 from "machdep.h" */
c = foo (getchar(), getchar()); char foo (c1, c2, c3) char c1, c2, c3; { char bar = *(&c1 + 1); return (bar); /* often won't return c2 */ }This example has lots of problems. The stack may grow up or down (indeed, there need not even be a stack!). Parameters may be widened when they are passed, so a char might be passed as an int, for instance. Arguments may be pushed left-to-right, right-to-left, in arbitrary order, or passed in registers (not pushed at all). The order of evaluation may differ from the order in which they are pushed. One compiler may use several (incompatible) calling conventions.
s = "/dev/tty??"; strcpy (&s[8], ttychars);
a[i] = b[i++];In the above example, we know only that the subscript into b has not been incremented. The index into a could be the value of i either before or after the increment.
struct bar_t { struct bar_t *next; } bar; bar->next = bar = tmp;In the second example, the address of bar->next may be computed before the value is assigned to bar.
bar = bar->next = tmp;In the third example, bar can be assigned before bar->next. Although this appears to violate the rule that ``assignment proceeds right-to-left'', it is a legal interpretation. Consider the following example:
long i; short a[N]; i = old i = a[i] = new;The value that i is assigned must be a value that is typed as if assignment proceeded right-to-left. However, i may be assigned the value ``(long)(short)new'' before a[i] is assigned to. Compilers do differ.
#define FOO(string) (printf("string = %s",(string))) ... FOO(filename);Will only sometimes be expanded to
(printf("filename = %s",(filename)))Be aware, however, that tricky preprocessors may cause macros to break accidentally on some machines. Consider the following two versions of a macro.
#define LOOKUP(chr) (a['c'+(chr)]) /* Works as intended. */ #define LOOKUP(c) (a['c'+(c)]) /* Sometimes breaks. */The second version of LOOKUP can be expanded in two different ways and will cause code to break mysteriously.
Modern C compilers support some or all of the ANSI proposed standard C. Whenever possible, write code to run under standard C, and use features such as function prototypes, constant storage, and volatile storage. Standard C improves program performance by giving better information to optimizers. Standard C improves portability by insuring that all compilers accept the same input language and by providing mechanisms that try to hide machine dependencies or emit warnings about code that may be machine-dependent.
Write code that is easy to port to older compilers. For instance, conditionally #define new (standard) keywords such as const and volatile in a global .h file. Standard compilers pre-define the preprocessor symbol __STDC__ (see footnote 8). The void* type is hard to get right simply, since some older compilers understand void but not void*. It is easiest to create a new (machine- and compiler-dependent) VOIDP type, usually char* on older compilers.
#if __STDC__ typedef void *voidp; # define COMPILER_SELECTED #endif #ifdef A_TARGET # define const # define volatile # define void int typedef char *voidp; # define COMPILER_SELECTED #endif #ifdef ... ... #endif #ifdef COMPILER_SELECTED # undef COMPILER_SELECTED #else { NO TARGET SELECTED! } #endif
Note that under ANSI C, the `#' for a preprocessor directive must be the first non-whitespace character on a line. Under older compilers it must be the first character on the line.
When a static function has a forward declaration, the forward declaration must include the storage class. For older compilers, the class must be ``extern''. For ANSI compilers, the class must be ``static'' but global functions must still be declared as ``extern''. Thus, forward declarations of static functions should use a #define such as FWD_STATIC that is #ifdeffed as appropriate.
An ``#ifdef NAME'' should end with either ``#endif'' or ``#endif /* NAME */'', not with ``#endif NAME''. The comment should not be used on short #ifdefs, as it is clear from the code.
ANSI trigraphs may cause programs with strings containing ?? to break mysteriously.
The style for ANSI C is the same as for regular C, with two notable exceptions: storage qualifiers and parameter lists.
Because const and volatile have strange binding rules, each const or volatile object should have a separate declaration.
int const *s; /* YES */ int const *s, *t; /* NO */
Prototyped functions merge parameter declaration and definition in to one list. Parameters should be commented in the function comment.
/* * `bp': boat trying to get in. * `stall': a list of stalls, never NULL. * returns stall number, 0 => no room. */ int enter_pier (boat_t const *bp, stall_t *stall) { ...
Function prototypes should be used to make code more robust and to make it run faster. Unfortunately, the prototyped declaration
extern void bork (char c);is incompatible with the definition
void bork (c) char c; ...The prototype says that c is to be passed as the most natural type for the machine, possibly a byte. The non-prototyped (backwards-compatible) definition implies that c is always passed as an int (see footnote 9). If a function has promotable parameters then the caller and callee must be compiled identically. Either both must use function prototypes or neither can use prototypes. The problem can be avoided if parameters are promoted when the program is designed. For example, bork can be defined to take an int parameter.
The above declaration works if the definition is prototyped.
void bork (char c) { ...Unfortunately, the prototyped syntax will cause non-ANSI compilers to reject the program.
It is easy to write external declarations that work with both prototyping and with older compilers (see footnote 10).
#if __STDC__ # define PROTO(x) x #else # define PROTO(x) () #endif extern char **ncopies PROTO((char *s, short times));Note that PROTO must be used with double parentheses.
In the end, it may be best to write in only one style (e.g., with prototypes). When a non-prototyped version is needed, it is generated using an automatic conversion tool.
Pragmas are used to introduce machine-dependent code in a controlled way. Obviously, pragmas should be treated as machine dependencies. Unfortunately, the syntax of ANSI pragmas makes it impossible to isolate them in machine-dependent headers.
Pragmas are of two classes. Optimizations may safely be ignored. Pragmas that change the system behavior (``required pragmas'') may not. Required pragmas should be #ifdeffed so that compilation will abort if no pragma is selected.
Two compilers may use a given pragma in two very different ways. For instance, one compiler may use haggis to signal an optimization. Another might use it to indicate that a given statement, if reached, should terminate the program. Thus, when pragmas are used, they must always be enclosed in machine-dependent #ifdefs. Pragmas must always be #ifdefed out for non-ANSI compilers. Be sure to indent the `#' character on the #pragma, as older preprocessors will halt on it otherwise.
#if defined(__STDC__) && defined(USE_HAGGIS_PRAGMA) #pragma (HAGGIS) #endif
``The `#pragma' command is specified in the ANSI standard to have an arbitrary implementation-defined effect. In the GNU C preprocessor, `#pragma' first attempts to run the game `rogue'; if that fails, it tries to run the game `hack'; if that fails, it tries to run GNU Emacs displaying the Tower of Hanoi; if that fails, it reports a fatal error. In any case, preprocessing does not continue.''
-- Manual for the GNU C preprocessor for GNU CC 1.34.
This section contains some miscellaneous do's and don'ts.
abool = bbool; if (abool) { ...When embedded assignment is used, make the test explicit so that it doesn't get ``fixed'' later.
while ((abool = bbool) != FALSE) { ...
while (abool = bbool) { ... /* VALUSED */
while (abool = bbool, abool) { ...
Lint is a C program checker [2][11] that examines C source files to detect and report type incompatibilities, inconsistencies between function definitions and calls, potential program bugs, etc. The use of lint on all programs is strongly recommended, and it is expected that most projects will require programs to use lint as part of the official acceptance procedure.
It should be noted that the best way to use lint is not as a barrier that must be overcome before official acceptance of a program, but rather as a tool to use during and after changes or additions to the code. Lint can find obscure bugs and insure portability before problems occur. Many messages from lint really do indicate something wrong. One fun story is about is about a program that was missing an argument to fprintf.
fprintf ("Usage: foo -bar <file>\n");The author never had a problem. But the program dumped core every time an ordinary user made a mistake on the command line. Many versions of lint will catch this.
Most options are worth learning. Some options may complain about legitimate things, but they will also pick up many botches. Note that `--p' (see footnote 11) checks function-call type-consistency for only a subset of library routines, so programs should be linted both with and without --p for the best ``coverage''.
Lint also recognizes several special comments in the code. These comments both shut up lint when the code otherwise makes it complain, and also document special code.
One other very useful tool is make [7]. During development, make recompiles only those modules that have been changed since the last time make was used. It can be used to automate other tasks, as well. Some common conventions include:
| all | always makes all binaries |
| clean | remove all intermediate files |
| debug | make a test binary 'a.out' or 'debug' |
| depend | make transitive dependencies |
| install | install binaries, libraries, etc. |
| deinstall | back out of ``install'' |
| mkcat | install the manual page(s) |
| lint | run lint |
| print/list | make a hard copy of all source files |
| shar | make a shar of all source files |
| spotless | make clean, use revision control to put away sources. |
| Note: doesn't remove Makefile, although it is a source file | |
| source | undo what spotless did |
| tags | run ctags, (using the -t flag is suggested) |
| rdist | distribute sources to other hosts |
| file.c | check out the named file from revision control |
Individual projects may wish to establish additional standards beyond those given here. The following issues are some of those that should be addressed by each project program administration group.
A set of standards has been presented for C programming style. Among the most important points are:
As with any standard, it must be followed if it is to be useful. If you have trouble following any of these standards don't just ignore them. Talk with your local guru, or an experienced programmer at your institution.
Converted from troff to HTML and archived by Christopher Lott.


Package org.apache.qpid.proton.engine
Interface Event
-
- All Superinterfaces:
Extendable
public interface Event extends Extendable
Event
-
-
Nested Class Summary
Nested Classes Modifier and Type Interface Description static class
Event.Type
Event types built into the library.
-
Method Summary
All Methods Instance Methods Abstract Methods Modifier and Type Method Description Event
copy()
void
delegate()
dispatch the event to all children of the handler.void
dispatch(Handler handler)
Connection
getConnection()
java.lang.Object
getContext()
Delivery
getDelivery()
EventType
getEventType()
Link
getLink()
Reactor
getReactor()
Receiver
getReceiver()
Handler
getRootHandler()
TheHandler
at the root of the handler tree.Selectable
getSelectable()
Sender
getSender()
Session
getSession()
Task
getTask()
Transport
getTransport()
Event.Type
getType()
A concrete event type of core events.void
redispatch(EventType as_type, Handler handler)
Synchronously redispatch the current event as a newEventType
on the provided handler and it's children.-
Methods inherited from interface org.apache.qpid.proton.engine.Extendable
attachments
-
-
-
-
Method Detail
-
getEventType
EventType getEventType()
- Returns:
- type of the event. The event type can be defined outside of the proton library.
-
getType
Event.Type getType()
A concrete event type of core events.- Returns:
- type of the event for core events. For events generated by
extensions a
Event.Type.NON_CORE_EVENT
will be returned
-
getContext
java.lang.Object getContext()
-
getRootHandler
Handler getRootHandler()
- Returns:
- The root handler
- See Also:
redispatch(EventType, Handler)
-
dispatch
void dispatch(Handler handler) throws HandlerException
- Throws:
HandlerException
-
redispatch
void redispatch(EventType as_type, Handler handler) throws HandlerException
Synchronously redispatch the current event as a newEventType
on the provided handler and it's children.Note: the
redispatch()
will complete before children of the current handler have had the current event dispatched, seedelegate()
.- Parameters:
as_type
- Type of event to dispatchhandler
- The handler where to start the dispatch. UsegetRootHandler()
to redispatch the new event to all handlers in the tree.- Throws:
HandlerException
- A wrapper exception of any unhandled exception thrown byhandler
-
delegate
void delegate() throws HandlerException
dispatch the event to all children of the handler. A handler can call this method explicitly to be able to do more processing after all child handlers have already processed the event. If handler does not invoke this method it is invoked implicitly bydispatch(Handler)
- Throws:
HandlerException
-
getConnection
Connection getConnection()
-
getSession
Session getSession()
-
getLink
Link getLink()
-
getSender
Sender getSender()
-
getReceiver
Receiver getReceiver()
-
getDelivery
Delivery getDelivery()
-
getTransport
Transport getTransport()
-
getReactor
Reactor getReactor()
-
getSelectable
Selectable getSelectable()
-
getTask
Task getTask()
-
copy
Event copy()
-
-


Hayao Miyazaki
Japanese animator, filmmaker, screenwriter, author, and manga artist.
A co-founder of Studio Ghibli, a film and animation studio, he has attained international acclaim as a masterful storyteller and as a maker of animated feature films, and is widely regarded as one of the most accomplished filmmakers in the history of animation.
“Always believe in yourself. Do this and no matter where you are, you will have nothing to fear.”
— Hayao Miyazaki
Favorite Works
Princess Mononoke
1997 ‧ Animation/Fantasy ‧ 2h 14m
SUMMARY
On a journey to find the cure for a Tatarigami's curse, Ashitaka finds himself in the middle of a war between the forest gods and Tatara, a mining colony. In this quest he also meets San, the Mononoke Hime.
Howl's Moving Castle
2004 ‧ Animation/Fantasy ‧ 1h 59m
SUMMARY
When an unconfident young woman is cursed with an old body by a spiteful witch, her only chance of breaking the spell lies with a self-indulgent yet insecure young wizard and his companions in his legged, walking castle.
Spirited Away
2001 ‧ Animation/Fantasy ‧ 2h 5m
SUMMARY
During her family's move to the suburbs, a sullen 10-year-old girl wanders into a world ruled by gods, witches, and spirits, and where humans are changed into beasts.


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java.lang.Object org.gwoptics.graphics.colourmap.RGBColourmap
public class RGBColourmap
RGBColourmap is an object that allows various colourmaps to be generated from RGB nodes. The class accepts user given values for nodes which are used to build a lookup table for fast access of values. The lookup table ranges from 0.0f to 1.0f where the steps in between are changeable via the constructor. To lookup a colour value the user input of the location must normalise their input and select a value between 0.0 and 1.0(Values greater or less than these are capped). So for a range of 0.0 to 100.0 to get the colour of a point whose value is 69, the location input should be 0.69f.
This class implements the general IColourmap interface which allows it to work with objects that use colourmaps.
IColourmap
,
ColourmapNode
| Constructor Summary | |
|---|---|
RGBColourmap()
Standard constructor that sets a default resolution of 100 steps in the lookup table. |
|
RGBColourmap(int resolution)
Additional constructor that allows a custom resolution of lookup table. |
| Method Summary | |
|---|---|
void |
addNode(ColourmapNode n)
This function adds an RGBNode to the colour map, which is then used to generate various gradients of colour. |
void |
generateColourmap()
Generates the lookup table values using supplied nodes. |
GWColour |
getColourAtLocation(float l)
Returns a Colour object that relates to a normalised location on the colourmap |
int |
getIntAtLocation(float l)
Returns an integer that relates to a normalised location on the colourmap. |
ColourmapNode |
getNode(int i)
|
int |
getNodeCount()
|
boolean |
isCentreAtZero()
Should return true if 0 value for what the colourmap is displaying is represented by the colour at the point 0.5 |
boolean |
isGenerated()
Should return whether colourmap has been generated or not |
void |
removeNode(int i)
|
void |
setCentreAtZero(boolean value)
|
void |
setNode(int i,
ColourmapNode node)
|
| Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object |
|---|
equals, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait |
| Constructor Detail |
|---|
public RGBColourmap()
public RGBColourmap(int resolution)
resolution
- defines number of steps in colourmap lookup table.| Method Detail |
|---|
public boolean isCentreAtZero()
IColourmap
isCentreAtZero
in interface IColourmap
public void setCentreAtZero(boolean value)
public boolean isGenerated()
IColourmap
isGenerated
in interface IColourmap
public void addNode(ColourmapNode n)
public void generateColourmap()
generateColourmap
in interface IColourmap
GWColour
,
getColourAtLocation
,
getIntAtLocation
,
addNode()
public GWColour getColourAtLocation(float l)
getColourAtLocation
in interface IColourmap
l
- Normalised location input (between 0.0f and 1.0f)
public int getIntAtLocation(float l)
getIntAtLocation
in interface IColourmap
l
- Normalised location input (between 0.0f and 1.0f)
public ColourmapNode getNode(int i)
public void setNode(int i, ColourmapNode node)
public void removeNode(int i)
public int getNodeCount()
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Chronicle List
Id
Name
GameMaster
GameType
Players
View
Edit
Delete
{{chronicle.Id}}
{{chronicle.Name}}
{{chronicle.GameMater.Name}}
{{chronicle.GameType}}
{{player.Name}}
View
Edit
Delete


Do you want your app users to use your latest app version? With Apgred you can enforce any app version for your entire user base or for a portion of your users
Create feedback questionares on our dashboard for your users, we will take care of asking your users for feedback at the right time
Add a few lines of code to your existing apps and get the ability to fully control which versions of apps your users should use!


| Name: MR. UPENDRA | Reg No: 11-9SMHC17 |
|---|---|
| Age / Sex:34/M | Contact No:7044031450 |
| Marital Status: ML- 7 YRS | Date:27/9/17 |
| Occupation:ACCENTURE MANAGER – PG MANAGGEMENT | Dr. PJFP |
Address: NATIVE OF HYD. BLORE 2 WEEKS. |
DIAGNOSIS- |
HEAVINESS IN THE HEAD SINCE THIS MNG. YDAY NGHT LOT OF COLD TOOK ANTI HISTAMINE.
CAME FROM PUNE IN BUS ON SAT AND SUN. THESE COM[LAINTS STARTED AFTER RETURNING FROM PUNE YDAY AFTN.
FEELING WARM. NO THIRST NORMALLY DRINKS A LOT.
MOTION FINE
URINE. YELLOWISH.
COLD TILL MNG IT IS RUNNING NOSE AFTER CINAREST IT IS THICK. WHITISH MUSCUS FLOWING.
APP- FEELS LESS.
WANT TO BE COVERED . LIGHT FAN. ,MUST HAV FAN NORMALLY ALSO.
FEELS DETERIORATING MY CONDITION.  DESIRES WARMTH.
FEELING BETTR INDOORS.
WANTS TO SLEEP AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE.
RX:
ARS 200 – 4 PILLS 2 HOURLY. FR 2 DAYS. WITH WATER.
NUX VOM 200 – 4-4-4-4.
ACON 30– 4 PILLS 4 TIMES.
FP6X


jug is a small web development framework for R which relies heavily upon the httpuv
package. It’s main focus is to make building APIs for your code as easy as possible.
jug is not supposed to be either an especially performant nor an uber stable web framework. Other tools (and languages) might be more suited for that. It focuses on maximizing the ease with wich you can create web APIs for your R code. However, the flexibility of jug means that, in theory, you could built an extensive web framework with it.
Check out http://bart6114.github.io/jug/articles/jug.html for the vignette documentation.
Plugins:
Changes
v<IP_ADDRESS>2
- Introduction of events and event listeners (check e.g. the
on
function)
- Introduction of the
logger
, a predefined event listener based on futile.logger
- Enabled ByteCompile on installation
v<IP_ADDRESS>1
- Adjustment to
serve_static_files
: add pdf
to binary types
v<IP_ADDRESS>0
- Adjustment to
serve_static_files
: removed link between path
and file served
v0.1.7
- Fixed CORS preflight request bug (issue #15)
- Fixed masking of base::get
v0.1.6
- Ability to specify
auto-unbox
value for json responses
- Added
strict_params
argument to decorate
v0.1.5
- Added basic authentication functionality through
auth_basic
v0.1.4
- Fixed bug where missing content type would not auto-parse the query string
v0.1.3
- Refactor request header processing
- Added CORS functionality
- Possible to specify
method
for use
middleware
- Refactoring of request param parsing
- New error handling middleware (JSON response)
- Additional / refined testing


Light and Sound Memory Game
Welcome to the game! Repeat the pattern back to win the game!
Timer:
Start
Stop


THE APOSTLE
A Film Review by James Berardinelli
RATING: *** OUT OF ****
United States, 1997 U.S. Release Date: 12/19/97 (limited); 1/98 (wide) Running Length: 2:12 MPAA Classification: PG-13 (Mature themes, mild profanity, brief violence) Theatrical Aspect Ratio: 1.85:1
Cast: Robert Duvall, Miranda Richardson, Farrah Fawcett, John Beasley, Walter Goggins, Rick Dial, Billy Joe Shaver, Billy Bob Thornton, June Carter Cash, Todd Allen Director: Robert Duvall Producer: Rob Carliner Screenplay: Robert Duvall Cinematography: Barry Markowitz Music: David Mansfield U.S. Distributor: October Films
For Robert Duvall, THE APOSTLE was a labor of love. It is said that every man or woman has at least one story to tell; this is Duvall's. The film was in the making for over a decade, and, when no studio bought into it, Duvall put up the money himself. The actor filled nearly every role imaginable on this production – in addition to financing it, he starred in it, directed it, executive produced it, and wrote it. In his cross-country publicity tour to generate interest in the picture, he has been both eloquent and passionate when discussing what this film means to him. For Duvall, THE APOSTLE is not just a movie, it is *the* movie.
A relatively simple tale about a far-from-simple character, THE APOSTLE never falters in its portrayal of Euliss "Sonny" Dewey (Duvall) as a real, flesh-and-blood human being. Unlike many movies that deal with religion and religious figures, THE APOSTLE does not set out to uncover corruption and hypocrisy or to attack deeply-held beliefs. It does not patronize or satirize. It is respectful without being reverential. THE APOSTLE is a character study, and, like all motion pictures of this sort, its ultimate success depends upon how compelling the protagonist is. As essayed by Duvall, arguably one of America's ten-best living actors, Sonny is the kind of complex individual we could watch for hours on end without ever losing interest.
The film opens with a brief prologue in 1939 Texas that shows Sonny, as a boy, at a Pentecostal church service. THE APOSTLE then fast-forwards nearly six decades.  His long-suffering wife, Jessie (Farrah Fawcett), grows tired of his never being home, and wants a divorce. The already- uncomfortable situation is further exacerbated when Jessie and her lover, a young minister named Horace (Todd Allen), use church by-laws to steal Sonny's congregation away from him. In a moment of jealous rage, Sonny attacks Horace, and the result of that confrontation forces him to flee his home state and change his identity. Bearing the name and title of "The Apostle E.F.", he soon re-surfaces in a small bayou community in Louisiana with the intention of starting a Pentecostal ministry. His enthusiasm is so great that a respected, local black pastor (John Beasley) agrees to help him.
Like many flawed heroes, Sonny is a good man who is haunted by one tragic mistake. His entire life becomes devoted to redemption and atonement. He cannot take back what he did, but he is determined to act in a manner that will bring good into the lives of everyone he meets. Sonny has moments of weakness, but his sincerity never wavers, even when his ministry flourishes and the temptation for self-aggrandizement grows. He is a powerful, charismatic figure with a real gift for preaching. Watching Sonny lead revivals, it's easy to understand the appeal of an energetic preacher, and how some of the most popular achieve a status not unlike that of a rock star.
It is a testimony to Duvall's reputation in the business that he was able to gather such an impressive cast for a low-budget, low-profile motion picture. In addition to Duvall, key roles are filled by Farrah Fawcett, Miranda Richardson (as Toosie, a woman who is drawn to Sonny's magnetic personality), country star June Carter Cash (as Sonny's mother), John Beasley, and Billy Bob Thornton (as a racist troublemaker). These five actors, not to mention the rest of the troupe, are in top form, but none steals the spotlight from Duvall, who is truly at the height of his powers as Sonny. In his long and distinguished career, only his Oscar-winning performance in 1983's TENDER MERCIES was this raw. Duvall becomes Sonny. The energy and passion of a preacher are all present.
Duvall has devoted a great deal of time and effort into getting the details right. To enhance THE APOSTLE's verisimilitude, he relied primarily on non-professional church-goers and evangelists (rather than experienced actors) in supporting roles. For the picture's style, he admits to being inspired by the near-documentary quality of Ken Loach's films. As a result, THE APOSTLE possesses a truer and more intimate feel than it would have with slick camerawork. Warts and all, Sonny's character shines through clearly as he struggles to find a path that has meaning. THE APOSTLE is not the kind of movie that provokes a profound change in the viewer, but it offers a balanced portrait of a unique personality. Sonny is not easily forgotten and, when the Oscar nominations are announced, it's possible that Duvall won't be, either.
Copyright 1997 James Berardinelli
- James Berardinelli e-mail<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Now with more than 1300 reviews... The ReelViews web site: http://movie-reviews.colossus.net/
"No art passes our conscience in the way film does, and goes directly to our feelings, deep down into the dark rooms of our souls"
- Ingmar Bergman
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
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Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


| Speaker Meetings |
| NEED DIRECTIONS? Click a street address of any meeting location and an interactive map, courtesy of Google Maps, will appear in this frame for easy reference. (A.A. does not endorse nor have any affiliation with Google Maps and is not responsible for their content.) |
| SPECIAL CODES: C
(CLOSED for Alcoholics & for those "with a desire
to stop drinking.") M (for Men Only) W (for Women Only) LGBT (Lesbian/Gay/Transgender/Bisexual) BS (Babysitting Available) * (Wheel Chair Access) ASL (Signed for Hearing Impaired) CF (Child Friendly) |
| TIME | NAME OF MEETING/ADDRESS | CODES | LOCATION |
|---|---|---|---|
| Monday | |||
| 06:30P | A STREET SPEAKERS Recv Hm 2516 A St |   | GOLDEN HILL |
| 07:30P | HOW IT IS NOW SPEAKERS Hospital 7850 Vista Hill Ave (rear) | LINDA VISTA | |
| Tuesday | |||
| 07:30P | S.D.SPEAKERS MEETING CHURCH 3090 Polk Ave | NORTH PARK | |
| 08:15P | CEDAR STREET SPEAKERS Recv Hm 2980 Cedar St |
GOLDEN HILL | |
| Wednesday | |||
| 08:00P | WEDNESDAY SPEAKERS MEETING Recv Hm 1777 Buckman Springs Rd | CAMPO | |
| 08:00P | FIRESIDE SPEAKERS GROUP Club 6901 Central Ave | LEMON GROVE | |
| Thursday | |||
| 06:30P | NOT ALONE SPEAKERS Apartment Community Room 640 16th St | * | DOWNTOWN |
| 06:30P | THURSDAY NIGHT WOMENS SPEAKERS Recv Hm 1315 25th St | W | GOLDEN HILL |
| 07:30P | THE WE GROUP SPEAKERS Church-Fellowship Hall 3295 Meade Ave | NORTH PARK | |
| Friday | |||
| 07:30P |
EASY DOES IT SPEAKERS Church 6970 San Miguel Ave |
* | LEMON GROVE |
| Saturday | |||
| 05:00P | GOLDMINE SPEAKERS MEETING Club 6727 Flanders Dr, #106 | * | MIRA MESA |
| 07:00P | LEMON GROVE SPEAKERS Club 6901 Central Ave |   | LEMON GROVE |
| 07:25P | LA JOLLA SPEAKERS Church 7250 Eckstrom Ave | * | CLAIREMONT |
| 07:30P | SOUTHERN
CAL SPEAKERS Church 6301 Birchwood St |
* ASL | ALLIED GARDENS |
| 07:30P | NORTH SHORES SPEAKERS Club-upstairs 4861 Cass St |   | PACIFIC BEACH |
| 07:30P | SANTEE SATURDAY NIGHT SPEAKERS Church 9310 Dalehurst Rd | SANTEE | |
| 07:45P | SOUTH BAY SPEAKERS OPEN MIXED Recv Hm 270 C St | * | CHULA VISTA |
| 08:00P | TWO-BIT SPEAKERS Club 1730 Monroe Ave | LGBT * | UNIVERSITY HEIGHTS |
| Sunday | |||
| 09:00A | EASY LIKE SUNDAY MORNING SPEAKERS Vet Rehab Ctr 4141 Pacific Hwy | * | OLD TOWN |
| 10:00A | MISSION BAY SPEAKERS (Look on right of where google
maps puts pointer for "Serra Hall" University of San Diego Serra Hall (Room 215) 340 Morris Drive |   | LINDA VISTA |
| 05:30P | SWEET SURRENDER SPEAKERS Club 1710 Montecito Rd | * | RAMONA |
| 06:00P | SOBER CAMEL SPEAKERS MEETING Church 115 Cajon View Dr | * | EL CAJON |
| 06:30P | FOURTH & BROOKS MIXED SPEAKERS Recv Hm 3594 4th Ave |   | HILLCREST |
| 06:30P | LAKESIDE SPEAKERS MEETING Club 9940 River St | * | LAKESIDE |
| 07:00P | OLD TOWN SPEAKERS Church 6551 Soledad Mountain Rd | * | LA JOLLA |


Etira Valba
Neurosurgeon
Dr. Waits is a practicing, board-certified Family Medicine / Obstetrician who serves as CEO of Cahaba Medical Care and the Program Director and DIO of the Cahaba Family Medicine Residency. He is an associate professor in the Department of Family Medicine and in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the College of Community Health Sciences at the University of Alabama School of Medicine in Tuscaloosa.


'We Have Done All This Work in Delhi...,' Here's What Kejriwal Has to Say on Bernie Sander's Poll Promise Tweet
Notably, Kejriwal is looking to come back to power in the Delhi assembly elections slated to be held next year.
New Delhi: Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal on Sunday retweeted a post by the United States Senator Bernie Sanders, saying that all the promises being made in the tweet by him have already been fulfilled by the Delhi government.
Bernie Sanders, said in a tweet, “No one should struggle to pay bills because they got in an accident. No one should sell their house because they got cancer. No one with chronic illness should be in debt their whole life. We’re going to eliminate all past-due medical debt and guarantee health care to all.”
Kejriwal, retweeting the post, said that “All the promises American political parties are making to fulfil if they win elections, we have done all this work in Delhi in the last five years.”
Notably, Kejriwal is looking to come back to power in the Delhi assembly elections slated to be held next year.
The Delhi Assembly will complete its five-year term in February 2020 and the elections will be tentatively scheduled by that period.
Meanwhile, the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) will commence its campaigning for the forthcoming Delhi Legislative Assembly elections, from tomorrow till December 24, party leader Gopal Rai on Sunday said.
“The preparations for Delhi Legislative Assembly elections are in full swing. We will begin campaigning on November 18 and it will go on till December 24,” Rai said.
(With ANI inputs)
For breaking news and live news updates, like us on Facebook or follow us on Twitter and Instagram. Read more on India Latest News on India.com.
Story Timeline
- 16 Nov 2019 'Not a Time to do Politics...': Kejriwal on Javadekar's Request to Apologise For Supporting 'Chowkidar Chor Ha...
- 16 Nov 2019 BJP Members Protest Seeking Apologies From Kejriwal, Rahul Gandhi Over Rafale Review Petitions
- 15 Nov 2019 Delhi Pollution: 'Air Quality Index is Almost 600, How do People Breathe?' Supreme Court Rebukes Kejriwal Gove...
- 15 Nov 2019 Kejriwal Announces Free Sewage Cleaning Scheme in Unauthorised Colonies
Comments - Join the Discussion


| findClass {methods} | R Documentation |
Functions to find classes: isClass
tests for a class;
findClass
returns the name(s) of packages containing the
class; getClasses
returns the names of all the classes in an
environment, typically a namespace. To examine the definition of a class, use getClass
.
isClass(Class, formal=TRUE, where) getClasses(where, inherits = missing(where)) findClass(Class, where, unique = "") ## The remaining functions are retained for compatibility ## but not generally recommended removeClass(Class, where) resetClass(Class, classDef, where) sealClass(Class, where)
Class |
character string name for the class. The functions will
usually take a class definition instead of the string. To restrict
the class to those defined in a particular package, set the
|
where |
the To restrict the search to classes in a particular package, use |
formal |
|
unique |
if |
inherits |
in a call to |
classDef |
For |
isClass
:Is this the name of a formally defined class?
getClasses
:The names of all the classes formally defined on where
. If
called with no argument, all the classes visible from the
calling function (if called from the top-level, all the classes
in any of the environments on the search list). The
where
argument is used to search only in a particular package.
findClass
:The list of environments in
which a class definition of Class
is found. If
where
is supplied, a list is still returned, either empty
or containing the environment corresponding to where
.
By default when called from the R session, the global
environment and all the currently
attached packages are searched.
If unique
is supplied as a character string,
findClass
will warn if there is more than one definition
visible (using the string to identify the purpose of the call),
and will generate an error if no definition can be found.
The remaining functions are retained for back-compatibility and internal use, but not generally recommended.
removeClass
:Remove the definition of this class. This can't be used if the class is in another package, and would rarely be needed in source code defining classes in a package.
resetClass
:Reset the internal definition of a class. Not legitimate for a class definition not in this package and rarely needed otherwise.
sealClass
:Seal the current definition of the specified class, to prevent further changes, by setting the corresponding slot in the class definition. This is rarely used, since classes in loaded packages are sealed by locking their namespace.
Chambers, John M. (2016) Extending R, Chapman & Hall. (Chapters 9 and 10.)
Chambers, John M. (2008) Software for Data Analysis: Programming with R Springer. (Chapter 9 has some details not in the later reference.)
getClass
,
Classes_Details
,
Methods_Details
,
makeClassRepresentation


|
HomeSDK |
Lightning device activation operation interface class. More...
Public Member Functions | |
| void | startSearch (List< String > devIds, long serverTimeout, long clientTimeout, ITuyaLightningSearchListener listener) |
| Start searching for lightning devices. More... | |
| void | stopSearch () |
| Stop searching for lightning devices. More... | |
| void | cancel (List< LightningSearchBean > lightningSearchBeanList) |
| Cancel the searched device to make it exit the lightning state. More... | |
| void | startActive (TuyaLightningDevActivatorBuilder builder) |
| Start activation. More... | |
| void | stopActive () |
| Stop activation. More... | |
Lightning device activation operation interface class.
| void com.tuya.smart.home.sdk.api.ITuyaLightningActivator.cancel | ( | List< LightningSearchBean > | lightningSearchBeanList | ) |
Cancel the searched device to make it exit the lightning state.
| void com.tuya.smart.home.sdk.api.ITuyaLightningActivator.startActive | ( | TuyaLightningDevActivatorBuilder | builder | ) |
Start activation.
com.tuya.smart.home.sdk.builder.TuyaLightningDevActivatorBuilder
| void com.tuya.smart.home.sdk.api.ITuyaLightningActivator.startSearch | ( | List< String > | devIds, |
| long | serverTimeout, | ||
| long | clientTimeout, | ||
| ITuyaLightningSearchListener | listener | ||
| ) |
Start searching for lightning devices.
| devIds | List of activated lightning devices. |
| serverTimeout | Activated device timeout. |
| clientTimeout | Inactive device timeout. |
| listener | Callback. com.tuya.smart.home.sdk.api.ITuyaLightningSearchListener |
| void com.tuya.smart.home.sdk.api.ITuyaLightningActivator.stopActive | ( | ) |
Stop activation.
| void com.tuya.smart.home.sdk.api.ITuyaLightningActivator.stopSearch | ( | ) |
Stop searching for lightning devices.


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| Interface | Description |
|---|---|
| EqualityComparator<T> |
This interface provides an abstract concept of object equality independent of
Object.equals(java.lang.Object) (object equality) and the == operator
(reference equality). |
| IntSet |
A generic set of integers.
|
| Predicate<T> |
| Class | Description |
|---|---|
| AbstractEqualityComparator<T> |
This abstract base class is provided so performance-critical applications can
use virtual- instead of interface-dispatch when calling comparator methods.
|
| Array2DHashSet<T> |
Set implementation with closed hashing (open addressing). |
| DoubleKeyMap<Key1,Key2,Value> |
Sometimes we need to map a key to a value but key is two pieces of data.
|
| FlexibleHashMap<K,V> |
A limited map (many unsupported operations) that lets me use
varying hashCode/equals.
|
| FlexibleHashMap.Entry<K,V> | |
| IntegerList | |
| IntegerStack | |
| InterpreterDataReader | |
| InterpreterDataReader.InterpreterData | |
| Interval |
An immutable inclusive interval a..b
|
| IntervalSet |
This class implements the
IntSet backed by a sorted array of
non-overlapping intervals. |
| LogManager | |
| LogManager.Record | |
| MultiMap<K,V> | |
| MurmurHash | |
| ObjectEqualityComparator |
This default implementation of
EqualityComparator uses object equality
for comparisons by calling Object.hashCode() and Object.equals(java.lang.Object) . |
| OrderedHashSet<T> |
A HashMap that remembers the order that the elements were added.
|
| Pair<A,B> | |
| TestRig | Deprecated |
| Triple<A,B,C> | |
| Utils |
| Exception | Description |
|---|---|
| ParseCancellationException |
This exception is thrown to cancel a parsing operation.
|
| Annotation Type | Description |
|---|---|
| NotNull | Deprecated
THIS IS HERE FOR BACKWARD COMPATIBILITY WITH 4.5 ONLY.
|
Copyright © 1992–2021 ANTLR. All rights reserved.


Hong Kong expected to announce weekend curfew
by ReutersThe Hong Kong government is expected to announce a weekend curfew, China's Global Times reported on its Twitter feed on Thursday, citing sources, but the tweet was later deleted.
The Hong Kong government did not immediately respond to a request for comment.
Hong Kong pro-democracy protesters paralysed parts of the Chinese-ruled city for a fourth day on Thursday, forcing schools to close and blocking highways as students built barricades and stockpiled makeshift weapons, setting the stage for campus showdowns.
The Global Times is a tabloid run by the ruling Communist Party's official People's Daily.


In this project, you'll use generative adversarial networks to generate new images of faces.
You'll be using two datasets in this project:
Since the celebA dataset is complex and you're doing GANs in a project for the first time, we want you to test your neural network on MNIST before CelebA. Running the GANs on MNIST will allow you to see how well your model trains sooner.
If you're using FloydHub, set data_dir
to "/input" and use the FloydHub data ID "R5KrjnANiKVhLWAkpXhNBe".
data_dir = './data'
# FloydHub - Use with data ID "R5KrjnANiKVhLWAkpXhNBe"
#data_dir = '/input'
"""
DON'T MODIFY ANYTHING IN THIS CELL
"""
import helper
helper.download_extract('mnist', data_dir)
helper.download_extract('celeba', data_dir)
show_n_images = 25
"""
DON'T MODIFY ANYTHING IN THIS CELL
"""
%matplotlib inline
import os
from glob import glob
from matplotlib import pyplot
mnist_images = helper.get_batch(glob(os.path.join(data_dir, 'mnist/*.jpg'))[:show_n_images], 28, 28, 'L')
pyplot.imshow(helper.images_square_grid(mnist_images, 'L'), cmap='gray')
The CelebFaces Attributes Dataset (CelebA) dataset contains over 200,000 celebrity images with annotations. Since you're going to be generating faces, you won't need the annotations. You can view the first number of examples by changing show_n_images
.
show_n_images = 25
"""
DON'T MODIFY ANYTHING IN THIS CELL
"""
mnist_images = helper.get_batch(glob(os.path.join(data_dir, 'img_align_celeba/*.jpg'))[:show_n_images], 28, 28, 'RGB')
pyplot.imshow(helper.images_square_grid(mnist_images, 'RGB'))
Since the project's main focus is on building the GANs, we'll preprocess the data for you. The values of the MNIST and CelebA dataset will be in the range of -0.5 to 0.5 of 28x28 dimensional images. The CelebA images will be cropped to remove parts of the image that don't include a face, then resized down to 28x28.

You'll build the components necessary to build a GANs by implementing the following functions below:
model_inputs
discriminator
generator
model_loss
model_opt
train
This will check to make sure you have the correct version of TensorFlow and access to a GPU
"""
DON'T MODIFY ANYTHING IN THIS CELL
"""
from distutils.version import LooseVersion
import warnings
import tensorflow as tf
# Check TensorFlow Version
assert LooseVersion(tf.__version__) >= LooseVersion('1.0'), 'Please use TensorFlow version 1.0 or newer. You are using {}'.format(tf.__version__)
print('TensorFlow Version: {}'.format(tf.__version__))
# Check for a GPU
if not tf.test.gpu_device_name():
warnings.warn('No GPU found. Please use a GPU to train your neural network.')
else:
print('Default GPU Device: {}'.format(tf.test.gpu_device_name()))
Implement the model_inputs
function to create TF Placeholders for the Neural Network. It should create the following placeholders:
image_width
, image_height
, and image_channels
.z_dim
.Return the placeholders in the following the tuple (tensor of real input images, tensor of z data)
import problem_unittests as tests
def model_inputs(image_width, image_height, image_channels, z_dim):
"""
Create the model inputs
:param image_width: The input image width
:param image_height: The input image height
:param image_channels: The number of image channels
:param z_dim: The dimension of Z
:return: Tuple of (tensor of real input images, tensor of z data, learning rate)
"""
# TODO: Implement Function
inputs_r = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, (None, image_width, image_height, image_channels), name='input_r')
inputs_z = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, (None, z_dim), name='input_z')
lr = tf.placeholder(tf.float32,name='lr')
return inputs_r, inputs_z, lr
"""
DON'T MODIFY ANYTHING IN THIS CELL THAT IS BELOW THIS LINE
"""
tests.test_model_inputs(model_inputs)
Implement discriminator
to create a discriminator neural network that discriminates on images
. This function should be able to reuse the variabes in the neural network. Use tf.variable_scope
with a scope name of "discriminator" to allow the variables to be reused. The function should return a tuple of (tensor output of the generator, tensor logits of the generator).
def discriminator(images, reuse=False):
"""
Create the discriminator network
:param image: Tensor of input image(s)
:param reuse: Boolean if the weights should be reused
:return: Tuple of (tensor output of the discriminator, tensor logits of the discriminator)
"""
# TODO: Implement Function
alpha=0.2
with tf.variable_scope('discriminator', reuse=reuse):
conv1 = tf.layers.conv2d(images, 32, 5, 2, 'same')
lrelu1 = tf.maximum(alpha * conv1, conv1)
#print(lrelu1.shape)
conv2 = tf.layers.conv2d(lrelu1, 64, 5, 2, 'same')
batch_norm1 = tf.layers.batch_normalization(conv2, training=True)
lrelu2 = tf.maximum(alpha * batch_norm1, batch_norm1)
#print(lrelu2.shape)
conv3 = tf.layers.conv2d(lrelu2, 128, 5, 2, 'same')
batch_norm2 = tf.layers.batch_normalization(conv3, training=True)
lrelu3 = tf.maximum(alpha * batch_norm2, batch_norm2)
#print(lrelu3.shape)
flat = tf.reshape(lrelu3, (-1, 4*4*128))
logits = tf.layers.dense(flat, 1)
output = tf.sigmoid(logits)
return output, logits
"""
DON'T MODIFY ANYTHING IN THIS CELL THAT IS BELOW THIS LINE
"""
tests.test_discriminator(discriminator, tf)
Implement generator
to generate an image using z
. This function should be able to reuse the variabes in the neural network. Use tf.variable_scope
with a scope name of "generator" to allow the variables to be reused. The function should return the generated 28 x 28 x out_channel_dim
images.
def generator(z, out_channel_dim, is_train=True):
"""
Create the generator network
:param z: Input z
:param out_channel_dim: The number of channels in the output image
:param is_train: Boolean if generator is being used for training
:return: The tensor output of the generator
"""
# TODO: Implement Function
alpha=0.2
reuse=not is_train
with tf.variable_scope('generator', reuse=reuse):
fc1 = tf.layers.dense(z, 7*7*128)
reshape = tf.reshape(fc1, (-1, 7, 7, 128))
batch_norm1 = tf.layers.batch_normalization(reshape, training=is_train)
lrelu1 = tf.maximum(alpha * batch_norm1, batch_norm1)
#print(lrelu1.shape)
deconv1 = tf.layers.conv2d_transpose(lrelu1, 64, 5, 2, 'same')
batch_norm2 = tf.layers.batch_normalization(deconv1, training=is_train)
lrelu2 = tf.maximum(alpha * batch_norm2, batch_norm2)
#print(lrelu2.shape)
deconv2 = tf.layers.conv2d_transpose(lrelu2, 32, 5, 2, 'same')
batch_norm3 = tf.layers.batch_normalization(deconv2, training=is_train)
lrelu3 = tf.maximum(alpha * batch_norm3, batch_norm3)
#print(lrelu3.shape)
logits = tf.layers.conv2d_transpose(lrelu3, out_channel_dim, 3, 1, 'same')
output = tf.tanh(logits)
return output
"""
DON'T MODIFY ANYTHING IN THIS CELL THAT IS BELOW THIS LINE
"""
tests.test_generator(generator, tf)
Implement model_loss
to build the GANs for training and calculate the loss. The function should return a tuple of (discriminator loss, generator loss). Use the following functions you implemented:
discriminator(images, reuse=False)
generator(z, out_channel_dim, is_train=True)
def model_loss(input_real, input_z, out_channel_dim):
"""
Get the loss for the discriminator and generator
:param input_real: Images from the real dataset
:param input_z: Z input
:param out_channel_dim: The number of channels in the output image
:return: A tuple of (discriminator loss, generator loss)
"""
# TODO: Implement Function
smooth = 0.1
g_model = generator(input_z, out_channel_dim)
d_model_real, d_logits_real = discriminator(input_real)
d_model_fake, d_logits_fake = discriminator(g_model, reuse=True)
d_loss_real = tf.reduce_mean(
tf.nn.sigmoid_cross_entropy_with_logits(logits=d_logits_real, labels=tf.ones_like(d_model_real) * (1 - smooth)))
d_loss_fake = tf.reduce_mean(
tf.nn.sigmoid_cross_entropy_with_logits(logits=d_logits_fake, labels=tf.zeros_like(d_model_fake)))
g_loss = tf.reduce_mean(
tf.nn.sigmoid_cross_entropy_with_logits(logits=d_logits_fake, labels=tf.ones_like(d_model_fake)))
d_loss = d_loss_real + d_loss_fake
return d_loss, g_loss
"""
DON'T MODIFY ANYTHING IN THIS CELL THAT IS BELOW THIS LINE
"""
tests.test_model_loss(model_loss)
Implement model_opt
to create the optimization operations for the GANs. Use tf.trainable_variables
to get all the trainable variables. Filter the variables with names that are in the discriminator and generator scope names. The function should return a tuple of (discriminator training operation, generator training operation).
def model_opt(d_loss, g_loss, learning_rate, beta1):
"""
Get optimization operations
:param d_loss: Discriminator loss Tensor
:param g_loss: Generator loss Tensor
:param learning_rate: Learning Rate Placeholder
:param beta1: The exponential decay rate for the 1st moment in the optimizer
:return: A tuple of (discriminator training operation, generator training operation)
"""
# TODO: Implement Function
t_vars = tf.trainable_variables()
g_vars = [var for var in t_vars if var.name.startswith('generator')]
d_vars = [var for var in t_vars if var.name.startswith('discriminator')]
d_train_opt = tf.train.AdamOptimizer(learning_rate, beta1=beta1).minimize(d_loss, var_list=d_vars)
g_train_opt = tf.train.AdamOptimizer(learning_rate, beta1=beta1).minimize(g_loss, var_list=g_vars)
return d_train_opt, g_train_opt
"""
DON'T MODIFY ANYTHING IN THIS CELL THAT IS BELOW THIS LINE
"""
tests.test_model_opt(model_opt, tf)
"""
DON'T MODIFY ANYTHING IN THIS CELL
"""
import numpy as np
def show_generator_output(sess, n_images, input_z, out_channel_dim, image_mode):
"""
Show example output for the generator
:param sess: TensorFlow session
:param n_images: Number of Images to display
:param input_z: Input Z Tensor
:param out_channel_dim: The number of channels in the output image
:param image_mode: The mode to use for images ("RGB" or "L")
"""
cmap = None if image_mode == 'RGB' else 'gray'
z_dim = input_z.get_shape().as_list()[-1]
example_z = np.random.uniform(-1, 1, size=[n_images, z_dim])
samples = sess.run(
generator(input_z, out_channel_dim, False),
feed_dict={input_z: example_z})
images_grid = helper.images_square_grid(samples, image_mode)
pyplot.imshow(images_grid, cmap=cmap)
pyplot.show()
Implement train
to build and train the GANs. Use the following functions you implemented:
model_inputs(image_width, image_height, image_channels, z_dim)
model_loss(input_real, input_z, out_channel_dim)
model_opt(d_loss, g_loss, learning_rate, beta1)
Use the show_generator_output
to show generator
output while you train. Running show_generator_output
for every batch will drastically increase training time and increase the size of the notebook. It's recommended to print the generator
output every 100 batches.
import datetime
def train(epoch_count, batch_size, z_dim, learning_rate, beta1, get_batches, data_shape, data_image_mode):
"""
Train the GAN
:param epoch_count: Number of epochs
:param batch_size: Batch Size
:param z_dim: Z dimension
:param learning_rate: Learning Rate
:param beta1: The exponential decay rate for the 1st moment in the optimizer
:param get_batches: Function to get batches
:param data_shape: Shape of the data
:param data_image_mode: The image mode to use for images ("RGB" or "L")
"""
# TODO: Build Model
count, image_width, image_height, image_channels = data_shape
input_real, input_z, lr = model_inputs(image_width, image_height,image_channels, z_dim)
d_loss, g_loss = model_loss(input_real, input_z,image_channels)
d_opt, g_opt = model_opt(d_loss, g_loss, lr, beta1)
steps_count=count//batch_size
start_time = datetime.datetime.now()
with tf.Session() as sess:
sess.run(tf.global_variables_initializer())
for epoch_i in range(epoch_count):
steps = 0
for batch_images in get_batches(batch_size):
# TODO: Train Model
steps += 1
batch_images = batch_images * 2
# Sample random noise for G
batch_z = np.random.uniform(-1, 1, size=(batch_size, z_dim))
# Run optimizers
_ = sess.run(d_opt, feed_dict={input_real: batch_images, input_z: batch_z, lr:learning_rate})
_ = sess.run(g_opt, feed_dict={input_z: batch_z, lr:learning_rate})
if steps % 50 == 0:
# At the end of each epoch, get the losses and print them out
train_loss_d = d_loss.eval({input_z: batch_z, input_real: batch_images})
train_loss_g = g_loss.eval({input_z: batch_z})
end_time = datetime.datetime.now()
print("Epoch {}/{}...".format(epoch_i+1, epoch_count),
"Steps {}/{}...".format(steps, steps_count),
"Discriminator Loss: {:.4f}...".format(train_loss_d),
"Generator Loss: {:.4f}...".format(train_loss_g),
"Time: {}".format(end_time-start_time))
start_time = datetime.datetime.now()
if steps % 500 == 0:
show_generator_output(sess, 16, input_z, image_channels, data_image_mode)
show_generator_output(sess, 16, input_z, image_channels, data_image_mode)
Test your GANs architecture on MNIST. After 2 epochs, the GANs should be able to generate images that look like handwritten digits. Make sure the loss of the generator is lower than the loss of the discriminator or close to 0.
batch_size = 64
z_dim = 128
learning_rate = 0.001
beta1 = 0.5
"""
DON'T MODIFY ANYTHING IN THIS CELL THAT IS BELOW THIS LINE
"""
epochs = 2
mnist_dataset = helper.Dataset('mnist', glob(os.path.join(data_dir, 'mnist/*.jpg')))
with tf.Graph().as_default():
train(epochs, batch_size, z_dim, learning_rate, beta1, mnist_dataset.get_batches,
mnist_dataset.shape, mnist_dataset.image_mode)
Run your GANs on CelebA. It will take around 20 minutes on the average GPU to run one epoch. You can run the whole epoch or stop when it starts to generate realistic faces.
batch_size = 64
z_dim = 128
learning_rate = 0.001
beta1 = 0.5
"""
DON'T MODIFY ANYTHING IN THIS CELL THAT IS BELOW THIS LINE
"""
epochs = 1
celeba_dataset = helper.Dataset('celeba', glob(os.path.join(data_dir, 'img_align_celeba/*.jpg')))
with tf.Graph().as_default():
train(epochs, batch_size, z_dim, learning_rate, beta1, celeba_dataset.get_batches,
celeba_dataset.shape, celeba_dataset.image_mode)
When submitting this project, make sure to run all the cells before saving the notebook. Save the notebook file as "dlnd_face_generation.ipynb" and save it as a HTML file under "File" -> "Download as". Include the "helper.py" and "problem_unittests.py" files in your submission.


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Click here to access resources that provide direction on the best inputs into the tool:


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| Top |
| gboolean | left-gravity | Read / Write / Construct Only |
| gchar * | name | Read / Write / Construct Only |
You may wish to begin by reading the text widget conceptual overview which gives an overview of all the objects and data types related to the text widget and how they work together.
A GtkTextMark is like a bookmark in a text buffer; it preserves a position in
the text. You can convert the mark to an iterator using
gtk_text_buffer_get_iter_at_mark()
. Unlike iterators, marks remain valid across
buffer mutations, because their behavior is defined when text is inserted or
deleted. When text containing a mark is deleted, the mark remains in the
position originally occupied by the deleted text. When text is inserted at a
mark, a mark with “left gravity” will be moved to the
beginning of the newly-inserted text, and a mark with “right
gravity” will be moved to the end.
Note that “left” and “right” here refer to logical direction (left is the toward the start of the buffer); in some languages such as Hebrew the logically-leftmost text is not actually on the left when displayed.
Marks are reference counted, but the reference count only controls the validity
of the memory; marks can be deleted from the buffer at any time with
gtk_text_buffer_delete_mark()
. Once deleted from the buffer, a mark is
essentially useless.
Marks optionally have names; these can be convenient to avoid passing the GtkTextMark object around.
Marks are typically created using the gtk_text_buffer_create_mark()
function.
GtkTextMark * gtk_text_mark_new (const gchar *name
,gboolean left_gravity
);
Creates a text mark. Add it to a buffer using gtk_text_buffer_add_mark()
.
If name
is NULL
, the mark is anonymous; otherwise, the mark can be
retrieved by name using gtk_text_buffer_get_mark()
. If a mark has left
gravity, and text is inserted at the mark’s current location, the mark
will be moved to the left of the newly-inserted text. If the mark has
right gravity (left_gravity
= FALSE
), the mark will end up on the
right of newly-inserted text. The standard left-to-right cursor is a
mark with right gravity (when you type, the cursor stays on the right
side of the text you’re typing).
name |
mark name or |
[allow-none] |
left_gravity |
whether the mark should have left gravity |
Since: 2.12
void gtk_text_mark_set_visible (GtkTextMark *mark
,gboolean setting
);
Sets the visibility of mark
; the insertion point is normally
visible, i.e. you can see it as a vertical bar. Also, the text
widget uses a visible mark to indicate where a drop will occur when
dragging-and-dropping text. Most other marks are not visible.
Marks are not visible by default.
gboolean
gtk_text_mark_get_visible (GtkTextMark *mark
);
Returns TRUE
if the mark is visible (i.e. a cursor is displayed
for it).
gboolean
gtk_text_mark_get_deleted (GtkTextMark *mark
);
Returns TRUE
if the mark has been removed from its buffer
with gtk_text_buffer_delete_mark()
. See gtk_text_buffer_add_mark()
for a way to add it to a buffer again.
const gchar *
gtk_text_mark_get_name (GtkTextMark *mark
);
Returns the mark name; returns NULL for anonymous marks.
GtkTextBuffer *
gtk_text_mark_get_buffer (GtkTextMark *mark
);
Gets the buffer this mark is located inside,
or NULL
if the mark is deleted.
gboolean
gtk_text_mark_get_left_gravity (GtkTextMark *mark
);
Determines whether the mark has left gravity.
“left-gravity”
property“left-gravity” gboolean
Whether the mark has left gravity. When text is inserted at the mark’s current location, if the mark has left gravity it will be moved to the left of the newly-inserted text, otherwise to the right.
Flags: Read / Write / Construct Only
Default value: FALSE


You are attempting to use Cypress with an older config file: custom.json
When you upgraded to Cypress v10.0 the config file was updated and moved to a new location: custom.config.js
You may need to update any CLI scripts to ensure that they are referring the new version. This would typically look something like:
"cypress open --config-file=custom.config.js"
https://on.cypress.io/migration-guide


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