In any situation where Nimbits is receiving a text time range - that is a start and end date, submitted as a string, either in the UI or as a request to the Web Service, Nimbits will use the same pattern to try and understand what the timespan being requested should be. So, if you are using the series web service, or the chart on the UI nimbits tries to be flexible with the date format you are entering and it will take a date in a normal month, day, year format or a Unix timestamp, or even relative dates like -1d for the previous day.
All Times are stored in a nimbits database as UTC time, Nimbits never modifies a time to adjust for time zones etc. Locales and time zones are adjusted on the UI.
A Timespan consists of a start and end. Start is the older date and End is the most recent date. Yesterday would be a start and today would be an end for example.
All web services that take a start and end date parameter for get and post request use the format sd=startdate&ed=enddate for a date range.
The end date can be any of the global options below, but can also be a special case: *(an asterisk) or now to have the current time. This is useful for requesting the current time on repeated requests.
The end date is interpreted first so the start date can be processed relative to the end date. Start date can be any of the global options below or:


{% load staticfiles %}
Astronomers classify spiral galaxies by how tight their arms are — you might find it easiest to assess this by looking at the arms where they're closest to the centre. Click on the images to see larger examples.


Mindy Kaling Has Just Passed The Driving Test & She Is So Happy
Mindy took to Twitter to announce that she had passed her written driver's exam.
by IANSRenowned comedian Mindy Kaling has passed her written driver’s exam, and she is extremely happy.
Mindy took to Twitter to announce that she had passed her written driver’s exam, reports dailymail.co.uk.
“I passed my written drivers test. My recipe for success was taking 20 back-to-back online tests and reading the entire California Driver Handbook slowly. #grind #yay.”
Mindy is no stranger to reaping the fruits of her labour, as demonstrated by her exponential career success.
“I think shooting (Late Night), three months after I had my first baby was something that made me proud of doing, and then just, I think my work on ‘The Office’ – I wrote 24 episodes of that show, and I worked so hard.I kind of essentially gave over my 20s and my love life and my friend life to that show,” she had earlier said.


games.mickjohn.com is a multiplayer drinking game. The game server is a websocket server written in rust, and the source code for the game server is here red or black server. The frontend is written in typescript, and the source is hosted here red or black frontend.


--- layout: page title: Contact us permalink: /contactus/ ---
If you are an entrepreneur:
You can reach us at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>You can also drop by and say hello, we are based out of
Sangam-AIC
5th floor, CLC Towers,
Plot #146, Sector 44,
Gurgaon, HR,
India - 122002
All others please send emails to
admin@sangam.vc


| op-get-attr {rlang} | R Documentation |
This operator extracts or sets attributes for regular objects and S4 fields for S4 objects.
x %@% name x %@% name <- value
x |
Object |
name |
Attribute name |
value |
New value for attribute |
# Unlike `@`, this operator extracts attributes for any kind of # objects: factor(1:3) %@% "levels" mtcars %@% class mtcars %@% class <- NULL mtcars # It also works on S4 objects: .Person <- setClass("Person", slots = c(name = "character", species = "character")) fievel <- .Person(name = "Fievel", species = "mouse") fievel %@% name


Fathima’s father records statement
Probe team spends 3 hours with him
by Special CorrespondentThe special team, which was constituted to probe the unnatural death of IIT-Madras student Fathima Latheef, recorded the statement of her father Abdul Latheef on Saturday.
The death of the first-year MA Humanities student sparked protests from political parties and student organisations.
Mr. Latheef met the Chief Ministers of both Tamil Nadu and Kerala and demanded a thorough probe, besides raising serious allegations against a professor. Following this, a special team, led by Additional Commissioner of Police C. Easwaramoorthy, was entrusted with the investigation. Members of the team met Mr. Latheef at his residence in Thousand Lights and heard his complaint. They recorded his statement for three hours on Saturday. Later, Mr. Latheef met City Police Commissioner A.K. Viswanathan at his office in Vepery. Speaking to reporters, Mr. Latheef said the Commissioner heard him patiently and assured him that the probe will be expedited.
“Mr. Viswanathan told me that the investigation is progressing [by] treating my daughter Fathima as a girl from Tamil Nadu. The investigation will be expedited and appropriate action taken against those responsible in two days,” Mr. Latheef said.


This Morning's Alison Hammond's gaffe while speaking about I'm A Celebrity's Caitlyn Jenner
The entertainment reporter had to be corrected by ITV show host Ruth Langsford
by Jessica Sansome, https://www.facebook.com/jesssansomejournalist/Alison Hammond has come under fire from This Morning viewers for accidentally misgendering I'm A Celebrity star Caitlyn Jenner.
The reality TV star is currently starring in the ITV shows 19th series and roving entertainment reporter Alison was discussing the latest goings on in the jungle with Eamonn Holmes and Ruth Langsford.
But when she went to praise Caitlyn, 70, on how well she was doing, she slipped up and referred to the Jenner matriarch as "he".
Not noticing her own mistake, it was Ruth who then quickly corrected her co-star and loudly said "she" as Alison continued to talk about the Keeping Up With the Kardashians star.
The 44-year-old was talking about how Ant McPartlin and Declan Donnelly have claimed Caitlyn as an honorary Geordie after her attempts at the accent when they visit camp.
"He keeps coming out with these Geordie sayings every time Ant and Dec come into the jungle," she said. "So he's officially a Geordie."
Viewers of the daytime favourite were less than impressed with the mistake and made their feelings known on social media.
A few said: "Alison Hammond has an apology to make there I reckon #ThisMorning."
"@AlisonHammond misgendering @Caitlyn_Jenner on #thismorning twice! Awful," another commented. "Well done @RuthieeL for correcting her!!"
A fourth said: "Alison just misgendered Caitlyn Jenner live on This Morning."
Some jumped to her defence.
"As suspected people are really coming for Alison, it was a mistake, it happens, yes perhaps an apology is needed but I have huge issue with this soap box, sack people culture, it’s horrible. I feel like Caitlyn will just shrug it off with a hug. #ThisMorning," tweeted a viewer.
Another said: "Oh dear poor Alison #ThisMorning #fauxpas."
Whilst Caitlyn is now best known for being part of the Kardashian-Jenner clan, the former Olymic-gold medal winning decathlete stole the headlines in 2015 when she appeared on the cover of Vanity Fair magazine to announce that she had transitioned from Bruce Jenner into Caitlyn.
I'm A Celebrity… Get Me Out Of Here! continues tonight at 9pm on ITV. This Morning airs weekdays at 10.30am on ITV.


---
layout: site
permalink: palmerston-north
location: Palmerston North
dates: 8 February - 10 February, 2017
splashImage: https://farm1.staticflickr.com/681/22032155473_bca28567d4_z.jpg
map: sites/palmerston-north.geojson
about: |
On the **8th – 10th February 2017** Massey University, Manawatu will host its inaugural
ResBaz event, under and overarching theme of **Research Workflow**. The Research Bazaar is a growing international conference promoting the digital literacy emerging at the centre of modern research.
An interesting aspect of ResBaz is the emphasis on community and Open Access; they are not institutional specific, but region wide. On the 8th – 10th February 2017, events will be held at a number of university campuses around the globe. The aim of these events is to equip researchers from all career stages with the digital skills and tools required to do their research better, faster and smarter.
A unique blend of academic and social life, ResBaz is an event unlike traditional academic conferences. One of the key aspects of ResBaz is the use of training and training packages developed by Software and Data Carpentry. Software Carpentry is a global volunteer organisation that has led the way in researcher-led training. Their lessons on scientific computing (e.g. unix shell, Python, MATLAB, R, git/GitHub) are Open Source and a perfect fit for a ResBaz conference.
schedule: Draft schedule (all sessions may be subject to change)
days:
- day: Wednesday, 8 February
sessions:
- title: 9.00 Coffee & registration
- title: 9.30 Welcome
- title: 10.00 Unix Shell (Software Carpentry session)
- title: 11.00 Morning tea
- title: 11.30 Unix Shell (Software Carpentry session) - cont.
- title: 12.30 Lunch and unconference planning
- title: 13.30 Urban Rogaine
- title: 3.00 Afternoon tea
- title: 3.30 Unconference A - you suggest the topic!
- title: 4.30 Wrap up
- day: Thursday, 9 February
sessions:
- title: 8.30 Coffee & registration
- title: 9.00 Key story talk
- title: 9.30 Programming with Python (Software Carpentry)
- title: 10.30 Morning tea
- title: 11.00 Programming with Python (Software Carpentry) - cont.
- title: 12.30 Lunch and Research services - info booths
- title: 1.30 Unconference B - you suggest the topic!
- title: 3.00 Afternoon tea
- title: 3.30 PhD Movie and popcorn!
- title: 5.30 Wrap up
- day: Friday, 10 February
sessions:
- title: 8.30 Coffee & registration
- title: 9.00 Key story talk
- title: 9.30 Version control with Git (Software Carpentry)
- title: 10.30 Morning tea
- title: 11.00 Version control with Git (Software Carpentry) - cont.
- title: 12.30 Lunch and Research services - info booths
- title: 1.30 Unconference C - you suggest the topic!
- title: 3.00 Afternoon tea
- title: 3.30 Unconference D - you suggest the topic!
- title: 5.30 Wrap up
speakers:
- name:
img: img/placehold.jpg
blurb:
- name: TBC
img: img/speakerTBC.jpg
blurb: Our KeyStory speakers are still to be confirmed - watch this space!
- name: TBC
img: img/speakerTBC.jpg
blurb: Our KeyStory speakers are still to be confirmed - watch this space!
sponsors:
- name: 'Massey University'
img: massey-university-logo.png
---
{{page.about | markdownify}}
{{page.dates}}
About
{{page.schedule}}
Please register here
{{ speaker.blurb }}
Many thanks to our sponsors for helping to bring the Research Bazaar to {{page.location}}.
{% for sponsor in page.sponsors %}


Juncker says Trump won't impose tariffs on European cars: Sueddeutsche
Outgoing European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker does not believe U.S. President Donald Trump will impose tariffs on imported European cars next week, he told Germany's Sueddeutsche Zeitung.
BERLIN: Outgoing European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker does not believe U.S. President Donald Trump will impose tariffs on imported European cars next week, he told Germany's Sueddeutsche Zeitung.
"Trump is going to make some criticism, but there won't be any auto tariffs," Juncker told the Sueddeutsche in pre-released extracts of an interview to run in its Friday edition. "He won't do it ... You are speaking to a fully informed man."
The United States must decide by Nov. 14 whether to impose threatened U.S. national security tariffs of as much as 25per cent on vehicles and parts. The tariffs have already been delayed once by six months, and trade experts say that could happen again.
The United States has already signed trade deals with Japan and South Korea that appeared likely to stave off auto tariffs, but its talks with the EU have been moving forward more slowly.
Trump last month said Washington continued to talk with the EU about trade, but aimed to avoid imposing broader tariffs for now.
U.S. Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin also lauded increased investment by European carmakers in the United States. Those remarks have given EU diplomats hope for another reprieve.
Germany's BMW , the biggest U.S. automotive exporter by value for the past five years, last month said it had warned U.S. officials that intensifying a global trade war could threaten jobs at its plant in Spartanburg, South Carolina, which exports about 70per cent of its production.
Both BMW and Daimler have invested to expand the production capacity of plants in the United States where they build mainly larger sports utility vehicles (SUVs) to keep up with rising demand and because it makes good economic sense.
Volkswagen AG in January pledged to invest US$800 million and add 1,000 jobs to build electric vehicles in Chattanooga, Tennessee.
(Writing by Paul Carrel; Editing by Chizu Nomiyama)


If you want to get your Prolog application to be accessible from an intranet or the Internet you can use this package to embed the Prolog programs into a Java application server such as Tomcat, WebSphere, etc.
An example of how to do this is provided in pbexamples(sessionsum). This example uses sessions to keep track of users so that the application can hold a state for a user session (as in the example below, remember the sum of all expressions evaluated in the session).
<%@ page import = "se.sics.prologbeans.*" %>  <title>Sum Calculator</title>  Prolog Sum Calculator, enter expression to evaluate: <form><input type=text name=query></form> <% PrologSession pSession = PrologSession.getPrologSession("prolog/PrologSession", session); String evQuery = request.getParameter("query"); String output = ""; if (evQuery != null) { Bindings bindings = new Bindings().bind("E",evQuery + '.'); QueryAnswer answer = pSession.executeQuery("sum(E,Sum,Average,Count)", bindings); PBTerm average = answer.getValue("Average"); if (average != null) { PBTerm sum = answer.getValue("Sum"); PBTerm count = answer.getValue("Count"); output = "
Average =" + average + ", Sum = " + sum + " Count = " + count + "
"; } else { output = "
Error: " + answer.getError() + "
"; } } %> <%= output %>

Powered by SICStus Prolog
The example shows the code of a JSP (Java Server Page). It makes use
of the method PrologSession.getPrologSession(String jndiName,
HTTPSession session)
, which uses JNDI to look up a registered
PrologSession
, which is connected to the Prolog server. The
variable session is in a JSP bound to the current
HTTPSession
, and the variable request is bound to the
current HTTPRequest
. Since the HTTPSession
object
session
is specified all queries to the Prolog server will
contain a session id. The rest of the example shows how to send a
query and output the answer.
Example usage of sessions (from the sessionsum example) is shown below, and is from pbexamples('sessionsum/sessionsum.pl'):
:- module(sessionsum,[main/0,sum/5]). :- use_module(library(prologbeans)). :- use_module(library(codesio), [read_from_codes/2]). %% Register the acceptable queries (session based) main:- register_query(sum(C,Sum,Average,Count), sum(C,Session,Sum,Average,Count), Session), start. %% The sum predicate which gets the information from a session database, %% makes some updates and then stores it back in to the session store %% (and returns the information back to the application server) sum(ExprChars, Session, Sum, Average, Count) :- session_get(Session, sum, 0, OldSum), session_get(Session, count, 0, OldCount), read_from_codes(ExprChars, Expr), Val is Expr, Sum is OldSum + Val, Count is OldCount + 1, Average is Sum / Count, session_put(Session, sum, Sum), session_put(Session, count, Count).
In this example a query sum/4
is registered to use a predicate
sum/5
where one of the variables, Session will
be bound to the session id associated to the query. The sum/5
predicate uses the session_get/4
predicate to access stored
information about the particular session, and then it performs the
evaluation of the expression. Finally, it updates and stores the values
for this session.


httping -g url- Ping the web server on `host` and `port`:
httping -h host -p port- Ping the web server on `host` using a TLS connection:
httping -l -g https://host- Ping the web server on `host` using HTTP basic authentication:
httping -g http://host -U username -P password


The most common request is to create bars based on a period of time. QuantConnect has created a helper for this called Consolidate()
self.Consolidate()
. The consolidate method looks up the Symbol requested, creates a consolidator for the given period, and passes the output to the provided function event handler. With just one line of code, you can create data in any format required. The consolidate helper accepts a timedelta
, Resolution
, or Calendar
period specifier:
// Consolidate 1min SPY -> 45min Bars Consolidate("SPY", TimeSpan.FromMinutes(45), FortyFiveMinuteBarHandler) // Consolidate 1min SPY -> 1-Hour Bars Consolidate("SPY", Resolution.Hour, HourBarHandler) // Consolidate 1min SPY -> 1-Week Bars Consolidate("SPY", Calendar.Weekly, WeekBarHandler)
# Consolidate 1min SPY -> 45min Bars self.Consolidate("SPY", timedelta(minutes=45), self.FortyFiveMinuteBarHandler) # Consolidate 1min SPY -> 1-Hour Bars self.Consolidate("SPY", Resolution.Hour, self.HourBarHandler) # Consolidate 1min SPY -> 1-Week Bars self.Consolidate("SPY", Calendar.Weekly, self.WeekBarHandler)
The event handler function of Consolidate
accepts one argument, the resulting bar. For most data sources, this defaults to TradeBar format.
For a full example, see the demonstration algorithmdemonstration algorithm.
// Example event handler from Consolidate helper. void FortyFiveMinuteBarHandler(TradeBar consolidated) { Log($"{consolidated.EndTime:o} 45 minute consolidated."); }
# Example event handler from Consolidate helper. def FortyFiveMinuteBarHandler(self, consolidated): self.Log(f"{consolidated.EndTime} >> FortyFiveMinuteBarHandler >> {consolidated.Close}")
The most common error is to put braces "()
" at the end of your function call when defining the event handler. Using braces causes the method to be executed, and the result passed in as the event handler. Remember to simply pass the name of your function to the event system. i.e. It should be EventHandler
self.EventHandler
not EventHandler()
self.EventHandler()
.


{% load i18n %} {% load static %}
{% trans "Ashor Iraqi Foundation for Relief and Development" %}
ABOUT AIFRD
{% trans "WHO WE ARE" %}
OUR TEAMS
VISION & MISSION & VALUES
WHAT WE ARE DOING
STORIES & BLOG
OUR STORIES
OUR BLOGS
GET INVOLVED
CAREERS
JOIN US AS VOLUNTEER
CONTACT US
{% load i18n %} {% get_current_language as LANGUAGE_CODE %} {% get_available_languages as LANGUAGES %} {% get_language_info_list for LANGUAGES as languages %} {% for lang in languages %}
{{lang.name_local}}
{% endfor %}
Donate Now
{% block body%} {% endblock body%}


Date pickers use a dialog window to select a single date on mobile.
Time pickers use a dialog to select a single time (in the hours:minutes format) on mobile. They adjust to a user’s preferred time setting.
On mobile, pickers are best suited for display in a confirmation dialog.
Tiles hold content, and can vary in height within a list.
A dialog picker is used to select a single date on mobile.
The selected day is indicated by a filled circle. The current day is indicated by a different color and type weight.
Swipe left to right to navigate through the months. Touch the year in the title bar to transition to the year view.
Date and year picker: Light theme, portrait, month display mode
Date and year picker: Light theme, portrait, decade display mode.
The picker has a landscape view as well to suite the different screen orientations.
Date picker: Light theme, landscape, month display mode
Date picker: Light theme, landscape, decade display mode.
A dark theme picker can complement apps that have a dark theme.
Date picker: Dark theme, portrait
Date picker: Dark theme, landscape
A time picker adjusts to a user’s preferred time setting, i.e. the 12-hour or 24-hour format.
A dialog picker is used to select a single time (hours:minutes) on mobile.
The selected time is indicated by the filled circle at the end of the clock hand.
Tap between the hour and minute label in the title bar to switch between the hour or minute view. Additionally, tap on the AM/PM label in the title bar to switch between AM or PM (in 12-hour clock mode).
Time picker: Light theme, portrait
Time picker: Light theme, portrait
The picker has a landscape view as well to suite the different screen orientations.
Time picker: Light theme, landscape, hours selection.
Time picker: Light theme, landscape, minute selection
A dark theme picker can complement apps that have a dark theme.
Time picker: Dark theme, portrait
Time picker: Dark theme, landscape
DateTime picker contains both a Date picker and a Ticker and allows the selection of date and time.
Date Time picker: Light theme
DateTime picker also has a light and a dark theme
Date Time picker: Light theme
DateTime picker: Dark theme


The "Convert MBOX Files to XML" screen asks for the following information:
- Name. This is the name of the email account.
- Directory. This is the account directory. This must already exist and must contain (directly or indirectly) one or more mbox-format files with the .mbox file extension.
- Folder. If "ALL MBOXES" is specified, then the program will convert all .mbox files in the account directory or in any directory that is a child of the account directory. If a single folder, for example "archive/deleted items", is specified, then the program will convert only message data from the MBOX file with the path "<account_directory>\archive\deleted items.mbox".
Each MBOX file will have a corresponding XML file. The XML produced for a MBOX file will be stored in the directory holding the MBOX file (that is, the corresponding folder directory).
Each message attachment will be stored in a XML file separate from the main XML file. Each attachment file is located in a subdirectory of the folder directory and is referenced from the main XML file. These subdirectories are used to prevent the creation of directories with thousands of files.
The maximum size of an XML file for a folder is 2GB. If the size of the XML file would exceed this limit. If a MBOX named "inbox.mbox" file would produce XML exceeding 2GB, the resulting XML files would have names like
inbox.aa.xml
inbox.ab.xml
...
For each XML file there is a corresponding CSV file (with the extension ".csv" replacing the extension ".xml"). The CSV file contains one row of information for each message, with six columns:
- From
- To
- Date
- Subject
- Message ID
- SHA1 Hash
- Number of errors encountered in parsing the message
- The first error message encountered
CSV files acn be loaded into a spreadsheet program like Microsoft Excel or OpenOffice Calc.
Besides the XML output files and the CSV files, the xml conversion process produces a log file, dm_xml.log.txt, in the account directory. The contents of this file are also displayed in a pop-up window when the XML conversion process has completed.


I no longer have to sniff other dogs for love. I've found the hottest Corgi on HauntDog. Woof.
Pebbles,New York
My dog used to be so lonely, but with haunt-dog help, they've found the love of their life. I think.
Qwetsa,USA


Tools for working with sourceMappingURL comments.
var sourceMappingURL = require("source-map-url")
var code = [
"!function(){...}();",
"/*# sourceMappingURL=foo.js.map */"
].join("\n")
sourceMappingURL.existsIn(code)
// true
sourceMappingURL.getFrom(code)
// foo.js.map
code = sourceMappingURL.insertBefore(code, "// License: MIT\n")
// !function(){...}();
// // License: MIT
// /*# sourceMappingURL=foo.js.map */
code = sourceMappingURL.removeFrom(code)
// !function(){...}();
// // License: MIT
sourceMappingURL.existsIn(code)
// false
sourceMappingURL.getFrom(code)
// null
code += "//# sourceMappingURL=/other/file.js.map"
// !function(){...}();
// // License: MIT
// //# sourceMappingURL=/other/file.js.map
npm install source-map-url
bower install source-map-url
component install lydell/source-map-url
Works with CommonJS, AMD and browser globals, through UMD.
Returns the url of the sourceMappingURL comment in code
. Returns null
if
there is no such comment.
Returns true
if there is a sourceMappingURL comment in code
, or false
otherwise.
Removes the sourceMappingURL comment in code
. Does nothing if there is no
such comment. Returns the updated code
.
Inserts string
before the sourceMappingURL comment in code
. Appends
string
to code
if there is no such comment.
Lets you append something to a file without worrying about burying the sourceMappingURL comment (by keeping it at the end of the file).
The regex that is used to match sourceMappingURL comments. It matches both //
and /**/
comments, thus supporting both JavaScript and CSS.
Start by running npm test
, which lints the code and runs the test suite in Node.js.
To run the tests in a browser, run testling
(npm install -g testling
) or testling -u
.


In the real world, you wll find many objects of the same kind. There are thousands of bikes with the same make and model. Each of these bikes was built with the same blueprint.
A class is a blueprint from which you create objects.
The most important thing to understand about a class is that it defines a new data type. Once defined, this new type can be used to create instances. In other words, a class is a blueprint or a template for an object, and an object is an instance of a class. Because an object is an instance of a class, you will often see the two words object and instance used interchangeably.
You should declare a class with a name and a body. Here is the general form of a class declaration.
class Name {
/* Fields */
/* Initializers */
/* Constructors */
/* Methods */
/* Classes, Interfaces, and Enumerations */
}
The class body begins with a left brace ({
) and ends with a right brace (}
).
It can contain the following elements. * Constructors A constructor is a block of code that runs whenever you create an instance. It initializes new instances.
Initializers An initializer is a block of code that runs whenever you create an instance. It initializes new instances. Initializers are similar to constructors, except initializers cannot accept parameters.
Fields A field is a variable declared inside a class body and outside a method body. A field provides the state of the class and its instances.
There are two types of fields, instance variables and static variables.
When you declare a field inside a class, outside a method, and without
the static
keyword it is an instance variable.
Similarly, when you declare a field inside a class, outside a method, and
with the static
keyword it is a static variable. You will learn about static
variables later in this chapter.
Methods A method is a block of code. It defines a behavior of the class and its instances.
Classes, Interfaces, and Enumerations A class can include the declarations of other classes, interfaces, and enumerations.
Don’t worry if you don’t understand these concepts. You will learn them in detail later in the following chapters.
The order in which you write your class members does not matter, except for initializers. But follow a uniform order. So you will know where to find your members.
The fields, methods, classes, and interfaces, that is, the entities that you declare inside your class are known as its members.
The general form of a field is shown here.
modifiers type identifier;
You can declare fields like any other variable. You can optionally specify modifiers.
The modifiers tell the compiler additional characteristics of the field such as visibility, mutability, etc.
Basically, there are seven modifiers you can use when you declare a field. * final * private * public * protected * static * transient * volatile
Each modifier is a keyword. We will be learning about all the modifiers, except transient and volatile keywords, in this chapter.
Here is an example of a class called Superhero
.
public class Superhero {
String name;
String gender;
int strength;
int speed;
String intelligence;
}
This class definition contains five variables. Because these variables are not
defined inside a method without the static
keyword, they are instance variables.
In this example, the name
field holds the name of the superhero.
For example, Batman
.
The gender
field holds the gender of the superhero. For example, it would be Female
for Wonder Woman.
The strength
field represents the muscular strength of the superhero, ranging
from 1 to 10. For example, The Presence would have a perfect 10.
The speed
field represents the speed of the superhero, ranging from 1 to 10.
For example, you guessed it, The Flash would have a perfect 10.
The intelligence
fields represents the intellect of the superhero. For example,
Batman would be considered very intelligent
, just behind Lex Luthor, a supervillan.
It is important to remember that a class declaration only creates a blueprint. It does not create an actual object. Thus, the previous example does not create any object.
To actually create a Superhero
object, you should use the new
keyword, which is
an operator.
The general form of the new
operator to create an instance of a class is
shown here.
new Class()
Here the Class
represents the name of the class whose instance you want to
create. You will learn the significance of the parenthesis when you learn
about constructors.
You can use the new
operator to create other kinds of objects, such as arrays.
You will learn the other forms of the new
operator later in the book.
To create an instance of the Superhero class, you would write something like this.
Superhero superman = new Superhero();
In this example, we created a variable called superman
of type Superhero
.
Then we created an instance of Superhero
and assigned its reference to the
variable superman
. A reference is important to write and read the values stored
in an object.
You should always remember that each instance contains its own copy of instance variables. Thus, every Superhero object will contain its own copies of name, gender, strength, speed and intelligence. This is a very important concept you need to remember.
Here is an example where two Superhero objects are created.
Superhero superman = new Superhero();
Superhero batman = new Superhero();
In this example, superman
object has its own copies of name, gender, strength,
speed, and intelligence. If you modified any of these fields it would not affect
the values stored in the batman
object. Because each Superhero
object contains
its own copies of the Superhero
fields.
To access an instance variable, you can use the dot (.
) operator. The dot
operator links the reference of the object with the instance variable.
For example, to assign Batman
to the name
instance variable contained in
the batman
object, you can write the following statement.
batman.name = "Batman";
Here, the batman
variable contains the reference to a Superhero
object.
name
indicates the instance variable to modify.
The dot operator is a binary operator. Obviously, the dot operator always returns a value. Accessing instance variables with it is an expression. In fact, both the operands of the dot operator are expressions. This means that you can chain instance variable access. You will see chaining instance variable access later in the book.
Here is the complete Superhero program.
public class Superhero {
String name;
String gender;
int strength;
int speed;
String intelligence;
public static void main(String... arguments) {
/* Create the Superhero objects. */
Superhero superman = new Superhero();
superman.name = "Superman";
superman.gender = "Male";
superman.strength = 9;
superman.speed = 9;
superman.intelligence = "Very intelligent";
Superhero batman = new Superhero();
batman.name = "Batman";
batman.gender = "Male";
batman.strength = 6;
batman.speed = 6;
batman.intelligence = "Very intelligent";
/* Print the values contained in the instance variables. */
System.out.println("Name\t\t:\t" + superman.name);
System.out.println("Gender\t\t:\t" + superman.gender);
System.out.println("Strength\t:\t" + superman.strength);
System.out.println("Speed\t\t:\t" + superman.speed);
System.out.println("Intelligence\t:\t" + superman.intelligence);
System.out.println();
System.out.println("Name\t\t:\t" + batman.name);
System.out.println("Gender\t\t:\t" + batman.gender);
System.out.println("Strength\t:\t" + batman.strength);
System.out.println("Speed\t\t:\t" + batman.speed);
System.out.println("Intelligence\t:\t" + batman.intelligence);
}
}
The output produced by the Superhero program is shown here.
Name : Superman
Gender : Male
Strength : 9
Speed : 9
Intelligence : Very intelligent
Name : Batman
Gender : Male
Strength : 6
Speed : 6
Intelligence : Very intelligent
When you declare a variable with a class as its type, you are basically creating a reference variable. If you remember from chapter 4, this is because classes are reference types, not primitive types.
Reference variables are quite different from primitive variables.
For example, what do you think the following code segment performs?
Superhero shazamKid = new Superhero();
Superhero darlaDudley = shazamKid;
You might think that darlaDudley
is being assigned a copy of new Superhero object.
In other words, you might think that shazamKid
and darlaDudley
refer to
two separate and distinct objects. However, this is not true.
If you ran this code, shazamKid
and darlaDudley
will both refer to the same
object. The assignment of shazamKid
to darlaDudley
did not create any new
copy of the original object. It simply makes darlaDudley
refer to the same
object that shazamKid
references.
Thus, any changes made to the object through darlaDudley
will affect the
original object and the changes will reflect through shazamKid
.


The web is a collection of html documents, that are linked by Hyper Links. HTML(Hyper Text Markup Language) is the basis for everything on the web. When we use our computer/browser (the program that runs on our computer to display files found on the web), to connect to the internet (the world's largest computer network), through HTTP (the main protocol of the web), then it connects to the servers (which host the files that make up the web).
HTML is made up of:
HTML markup consists of an opening tag and closing tags. The entire piece of code is called an element. Attributes are listed after the elements, but before the corresponding value.
Images(img elements) and links (a elements) are self-closing and are considered Void tags, because they don't contain content.
In HTML Whitespace turns everything into one line. To seperate content into multiple lines we could use the "br" tag (which is a Void tag and it stands for "break"). The "p" tag is also another option (this element contains content and thus is not a void tag; it stands for "paragraph").
Inline and Block elements are used to seperate content. An example of an inline element would be "br" because it just adds a break in the HTML line and wraps remaining text to the next line. An example of a block element would be "p" because it creates an invisible box around the content. Block elements also have a height and width.
Websites are like a house: HTML is the structure or framing, CSS is the styling or color decor, and Javascript is the functional parts or garage door.
HTML uses elements in a tree like structure, from which other elements branch.
When in developer mode in a browser, you can click through the HTML to see how the elements are nested, as well as viewing any styling that had to been added to that particular element.
HTML is a language with syntax+rules, CSS is a language that uses syntax+rules to change how elements look on the page.
Tags: are part of elements that make up an HTML tree. They know to do this through DOM (Document Object Model) which, is the standard convention for representing and interacting with HTML elements. The tree we view in developer mode is the DOM tree that the browser built from the HTML document.
An element consists of the beginning tag to the ending tag, and everything in between. The content could be empty, text, or another element! With CSS you could say all h1 elements that belong to class “article” should be dark blue. To tie structure and style together the HTML doc can provide the browser wth what style to use and where to get it from.
Even if a shape is a circle, in HTML it’s still a box. If you right click and inspect element of a circle, it will show you where the shape is in the HTML document. And it will show a highlighted area of a box on the webpage, so what makes it a circle? ....
Border Radius property.
By thinking of things in boxes it’s easier to rearrange your website. A grid in background makes sure everything is aligned. When plotting your squares and layout of HTML structure, remember: START BIG AND GO SMALLER
Now for some general laws...just like in our society; we have national laws, state laws, local municipality laws, and house rules. CSS has laws/rules. The most specific ruleis applied to every element. Thus, our "house laws" would be the same as our "national laws".
Cascading means that rules are applied not only to the elements they directly match but also to all of the elements' child elements. However, if a child element has multiple overlapping rules defined for it, the more specific rules apply.
When using CSS it can be helpful to think about it as a Search-n-Replace tool. You identify a "class" or "tag" of the element you want to match and then what you want to do with, or what property values to replace with different ones. Also, where and in what order matter. Styles can be defined in different places and are applied in the following order, with definitions further down the list overwriting previous definitions:
Inheritance: relies on the ancestor/descendant relationship to operate. The idea by which properties are applied, not only to a specified element, but also it's descendants. It relies on the document tree, the hierarchy of HTML elements. Child elements may inherit CSS properties from any ancestor element enclosing it; they can also inherit text related properties, but box related properties are not inherited.
Selectors are what allows you to targe specifc HTML elements and apply style to them. By doing this, you can condense your CSS to avoid unnecessary repetition, which waste time, and time is precious. It is recommended that CSS and HTML are kept in two different files, by keeping the design away from the document they are easier to edit. Selectors can be combined. Below is a list of different type of Selectors.
Please refer to this CSS reference link for more information.
 Which consists of 4 parts:
Compare your code to the design you were given... How to know what to change?
Repeat steps above till it looks like the design mock up! The fly without changing actual html and css files, just like a preview! To verify code, go to the following links: HTML checker and CSS checker
A web crawler finds web pages for the search engine by starting a seed page and following links on that page to other pages, each of those, link to new web pages which can have new links to other pages. As we follow the links we'll find more and more web pages building a collection of data that we'll use for our search engine. A link is a special type of text in that web page.
2 parts to screen: editor & output window We can see the value of something in Python by using print like this:
The expression after the print can be any value Python expression. Here are some examples:
We can compose expressions to make more complicated expressions like:
We can also use parentheses to group expressions:
is different from
For example, this code prints out the the number of hours in a day:
Why write in Python instead of normal English?
Our goal in writing a program is for it to be short, so it is less work to write them, and easier to read and understand them.
Unlike a natural language, programming languages adhere to a strict grammatical structure. In English, even if something is said or written incorrectly, it can still be understood with the help of context or other cues. In programming, the code must match the language grammar exactly. The Python interpreter has no idea what to do with input that is not in the Python language.
If programming grammar is not followed, the interpreter will return a syntax error; this means the structure of the code is inconsistent with the rules of the programming language. Backus-Naur Form is used to describe a programming language in a simple and concise manner.
The "replacement" can be any sequence of zero, more-terminals, or more non-terminals. Terminals never appear on the left side of a rule. Once you get a terminal there is nothing else you can replace it with.
In the above example, the "I like Python" has been replaced with ALL terminals, therefore it can't be replaced anymore.
An expression is something that has a value. Examples of expressions in Python:
One of the rules of Python grammar for making expressions: Expression-->Expression Operator Expression. The Expression non-terminal on the left can be replaced by an Expression, followed by an Operator, followed by another Expression. It can have an Expression on both the left and right sides; this may look circular, and would be except for other rules for Expressions that don't include Expression on the right. This is an example of recursive definition(we'll see more in Unit 6). To have good recursive definition, we need two rules:
Recursive definitions are a powerful idea in Computer Science. They allow us to define infinitely many things using a few simple rules. More on that in Unit 6... Here are some Python grammar rules for arithmetic expressions:
Here is an example of derivation using this grammar:
We only have to add one more rule to our expression grammar to be able to produce all the expressions we have used so far: expression-->(expression)
Variables use an assignment statement, such as:
So we can use variables to reference values/data, instead of using an actual value. Variables can...vary (crazy, right?) so we can update our expression. Also there is no hard fast rule, but typically variables shouldn't be Capitalized. It's important to remember that "=" is an assignment, it doesn't mean that the values are equal!
Strings are a sequence of characters surrounded by quotes. We can use single or double quotes. The advantage to double quotes is that you can use single quotes inside of doube quotes.
The + in strings is concatenation(a linking of things together in a series) of the two strings.
If we have a string we can use square brackets to extract just part of a string.
If we use a negative number it will count backwards in string. Not only can we select one position of a string, but we can select sub-sequences. This means that the expression has a starting position and ending position.
Important to remember that they ending position is not included in the index. We can also leave start ot stop position blank which would include the entire beginning up to the stop position, or the entire end of the string starting at the start position.
Procedures are a way to package code so it can be reused with different inputs. A procedure takes in inputs, does some processing, and produces outputs. Procedural abstraction is a way to write code once that works on any number of different data values. By turning our code into a procedure, we can use that code over and over again with different inputs to get different behaviors. To make a procedure we need the "name" of the procedure followed by parenthesis with the list of inputs inside of them. To show output, we must use "return" in code block.
Comparisions such as: >,<> or =... Can be used with numbers to find a boolean value, "true" or "false". Remember that "=" means an assignment, NOT equality!! A "==" is a comparison, meaning the two values are equal!
To write an "If" statement: if < test expression >: ...some block of code...
Ex. def absolute(x):
if x<0:
x=-x
return x
Ex. def is_friend(name):
if name[0]=='D':
return true
else:
return false
simpler version: return name[0]=='D'...as the procedure code
If you wanted to find names that started with a 'D' or 'N' you could use: return name[0]=='D' or name[0]=='N'
Loops allow things to be done over and over again. A while loop will continue to run as long as the test expression is true, once it's false we go to the next expression.
Ex. i=0
while i<10:
print i
i=i+1
false!!
As long as a loop is true it will run forever. So a way must be set up for the loop to stop, else the code will result in an infinite loop.
A string is structured data, since a string can be broken down into a sequence of characters. Lists are a sequence of anything; strings, numbers, and other lists. We use square brackets and commas to store a list; a list can also be assigned to a variable.
Lists can also be empty, like this...'name_of_list'=[]
Ex. Beatles=[['john', 1940], ['paul', 1942], ['george', 1943],['ringo', 1940]]
If we call 'Beatles', it will print all of our lists. If we call 'Beatles[3]' it will print the fourth position list. If we call 'Beatles[3][1]' it will print the second position value of the fourth position list.
We can also use values in lists to find numerical values. Ex. countries=[['china', 'beijing',1350],['india', 'delhi',1210]]
population=countries[0][2]/countries[1][2]-- When we 'print population' It will return the value. It will return a whole integer, unless a float is one of the input values of the list.
Lists support mutation, meaning we can change a value in a list after it's created.
When introducing a new variable the new one will refer to the same list as the other variable. So if we change 'p' to 'q' they will both refer to the same thing. Whereas if we change the variable of the string, it becomes the new variable, and the old value becomes non-accessable.
James Bond and 007 are the same person, just with different names. That is similar to when we assign a different variable name to an existing list. Same list, two names referring to it.
'.append'- list_name.append(element to add to list)
'+' will combine the two lists into one list
len(list), will give you a number of elements in list. Note that, when a list has lists nested inside, whatever list is not first, regardless of length, will be counted as one.
Ex. p=[1,2[3,4]] --- len(p) gives '3' because list with 3 and 4 in it are counted as one
def sum_list(p):
result=0
for e in p:
result=result+e
return result
When the procedure 'sum_list' is called with the arguments, it will return the total sum of the values in the list. The result keeps tract of the numerical result as it runs through the code, the starting value is 0 since nothing has been recorded. 'e' is each element in the list, which gets added to the next element, and then returns a new numerical value to 'result', until the end of the list is reached.
Next is an example of finding an element in list and returning it's index value. One way will use a while loop and the other a for loop.
We can also use '.index', which will search a list for the value and return the index of the value. However, if the value doesn't exist in the list, it will give an error. 'in' can be used in a for loop or... 'value'in'list'...if the value is in the list it will print true, if not it will print false.
In this lesson we write a Python program that reminds someone who works on a computer to take a break so many times per day; by playing a song on YouTube. In this lesson we are introduced to Modules. A module is a file containing Python definitions and statements. Another place we can visit to learn about built in modules in python is in thePython Standard Library.
The next program we wrote was a secret message to a loved one made up of scrambled images of letters. We used a string function which can take up to 3 arguments; though we only use 2. One of the arguments needed to be the items we wanted to remove from the file names so that they are unscrambled which will show the message! When we refer back to the Python documentation for "string translate", it shows "string.translate(s,table[, deletechars])", since the lasst argument is in square brackets it indicates that it is optional. Once we import the "string" module we use it by typing "file_name.translate(None,'012..."). Now...we put the "file_name" out front in place of the "string" module
In lesson 2 of stage 3, we started to dip our feet in the topic of classes. A Class is a blueprint that we use to build things. We can also think of it as a logical grouping of data and functions. A class is not actually anything in of itself, it describes how to make something. From our original blueprint, or class, we are able to create lots of objects, or instance. An individual instance will contain information/traits of what is in the class.
Some basic "class-lingo" we will touch on more later...
Python has built in functions, documentation on that can be found at the Python Standard Library
Here is a visual showing the connections with classes, objects/instances...
First thing we would want to do is think about what objects will be inside of the class and name it accordingly. When we create or call a class, the function "init", which stands for initialize, is called and initializes or creates space in memory for our new instances. It is also called a constructor because it constructs space in memory for the new instance.
Below is some additional vocab and examples of them.


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