TABLE OF CONTENTS
A. GS1 Related Geography 1. Geological stresses seen in Indian Ocean B. GS2 Related Polity 1. Justice Dipak Misra takes oath as the 45th Chief Justice of India 2. Over the years, major questions on institutions of minority education 3. Centre set to roll out new treatment for encephalitis International Relations 1. Doklam standoff ends as India, China step back 2. Agreeing to disagree 3. Trump’s Pakistan test C. GS3 Related Economics 1. ‘Reform labour laws to ease compliance’ 2. Under-employment severe in India: NITI 3. New norms for solar power bids to enhance transparency: MNRE 4. Forex reserves: The problem of plenty Science and Technology 1. Ocean forecasting system for Madagascar and Mozambique D. GS4 Related E. Prelims Fact F. UPSC Prelims Practice Questions G. UPSC Mains Practice Questions
1. Geological stresses seen in Indian Ocean
Fifth national conference of the Ocean Society of India (OSI)
- Purnachandra Rao, Director, National Centre for Earth Science Studies in his speech said, geological stresses building along the Indo-Australian tectonic plate boundary in the Southern Indian Ocean have the potential to cause a powerful earthquake up to a magnitude of 8, triggering a tsunami across much of South India.
- The largest strike-slip earthquake on record had happened along the Indo-Australian plate boundary in 2012.The phenomenon occurred when tectonic plates slipped horizontally along a fault line, unlike most large earthquakes which were caused when two plates collided at their boundaries and one plate slid beneath the other.
Key Facts
- Burmese Arc, north of the Andaman islands, had been identified as another region with the potential to generate a quake triggered tsunami that could affect Bangladesh and devastate the northern Bay of Bengal.
- The Andaman subduction zone in the Bay of Bengal and the Makaran subduction zone in the Arabian Sea were the other tsunamigeic zones in the Indian plate region.
1. Justice Dipak Misra takes oath as the 45th Chief Justice of India
In news
- Justice Dipak Misra took oath as the 45th Chief Justice of India, succeeding Chief Justice J S Khehar in India’s top court.
Basic Information
Appointment
Article 124 of the Constitution of India provides for the manner of appointing judges to the Supreme Court. Though no specific provision exists in the Constitution for appointing the Chief Justice, who, as a result, is appointed like the other judges conventionally, the outgoing CJI recommends the name of the senior-most judge (i.e. by date of appointment to the Supreme Court) for appointment by the President of India, as his successor.
Seniority at the apex court is determined not by age, but by:
- The date a judge was appointed to the Supreme Court.
- If two judges are elevated to the Supreme Court on the same day,
- The one who was sworn in first as a judge would trump another;
- If both were sworn in as judges on the same day, the one with more years of high court service would ‘win’ in the seniority stakes;
- An appointment from the bench would ‘trump’ in seniority an appointee from the bar.
Removal
- Article 124(4) of Constitution of India lays down the procedure for removal of a Judge of Supreme Court which is applicable to Chief Justice as well. Once appointed, the Chief Justice remains in office until the age of 65 years. He can be removed only through a process of impeachment by Parliament as follows:
- A Judge of the Supreme Court shall not be removed from his office except by an order of the President passed after an address by each House of Parliament supported by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of that House present and voting has been presented to the President in the same session for such removal on the ground of proved misbehavior or incapacity.
2. Over the years, major questions on institutions of minority education
Context
- Government decided that it does not agree Jamia as a ‘minority’ institution.
- Center replied Delhi High Court that it does not back an order by the National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions (NCMEI) that had declared Jamia Millia Islamia (JMI) as a religious minority institution (six years ago).
Background
- “Jamia was established by the Muslims for the advantage of Muslims and it never lost its identity as a Muslim minority educational institution” says NCMEI.
- An order in the past led JMI to scrap reservations for SC/ST and OBC students and set aside half the seats in each course for Muslims.
- After the order was challenged in court, the previous UPA government submitted an affidavit saying it “respects the declaration made by NCMEI”.
- On the advise of then Attorney General Mukul Rohatgi, the NDA government, under HRD Ministry under Smriti Irani entitled to change the government’s view and took a stance that JMI is not a minority institution.
What is a minority educational institution?
- A minority educational institution is one that has been set up by either a linguistic or a religious minority group.
- Objective: To keep alive and foster what it considers its unique and special features.
Does the Constitution provide for minority educational institutions?
- Fundamental Rights, Part III, openly provides for the right.
- Article 30, titled “Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions”, says:
- “(1) All minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice
- (1A) In making any law providing for the compulsory acquisition of any property of an educational institution established and administered by a minority, referred to in clause (1), the State shall ensure that the amount fixed by or determined under such law for the acquisition of such property is such as would not restrict or abrogate the right guaranteed under that clause
- (2) The state shall not, in granting aid to educational institutions, discriminate against any educational institution on the ground that it is under the management of a minority, whether based on religion or language.”
- Article 29, “Protection of interests of minorities”, says:
- “(1) Any section of the citizens residing in the territory of India or any part thereof having a distinct language, script or culture of its own shall have the right to conserve the same.”
- But isn’t there a conflict between the fundamental principle of equality and the special rights conferred on these groups by the Constitution?
- Article 30(1) could seem to be in contradiction to Article 29(2), which says, “No citizen shall be denied admission into any educational institution maintained by the State or receiving aid out of State funds on grounds only of religion, race, caste, language or any of them.”
- Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), also has been in the courts for decades over the same issue.
- The university contends that it was set up by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan principally for minority uplift, and therefore, it has to be seen to have a minority personality.
- JMI, ironically, was created almost as the anti-thesis to Aligarh, when a group of scholars “walked out” of the AMU campus to set up Jamia in Delhi in the nationalist tradition, under Mahatma Gandhi’s influence and patronage.
3. Centre set to roll out new treatment for encephalitis
Context
- Gorakhpur incident: several children died of encephalitis-related complications at the Baba Raghav Das (BRD) Medical College.
In news
- The Centre is looking to introduce a new drug, traditionally used for acne, to deal with the seasonal outbreaks of acute encephalitis.
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) recommended the drug as a standard treatment for treating patients afflicted with the Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus.
- In 2008, researchers at the National Brain Research Centre (NBRC), Manesar found that Minocycline — an antibiotic typically used to treat severe acne — surprisingly seemed to cure rats infected with the JE virus.
- Drawback: medicine use reduced hospital stay but didn’t significantly improve overall mortality.
Basic Information What are the causes of encephalitis? What is Japanese encephalitis? How can the disease be prevented? Is the disease prevalent in India? How severe is it?
Category: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
1. Doklam standoff ends as India, China step back
Context
- India- China-Bhutan Doklam Plateau standoff.
Inn News
- After prolonged diplomatic negotiations, India and China finally agreed to disengage from the standoff on the Doklam plateau.
- Indian government sources confirmed that India had agreed to withdraw troops first as a “goodwill gesture”
- China promised to make “necessary adjustments” to their troop deployments, after Indian troops withdrew back to their posts in Sikkim.
Way forward
- More robust border management mechanism is put in place.
- Expanding the confidence-building measures.
- Add more border personal meeting points beyond the six.
- DGMO- level hotline should be in place.
- More visits from both the sides and tactical-level exchanges
- Political establishment needs to wake up to engage in a more intense bilateral exchange with China.
Context
- The pronouncements by India and China that the Doklam military stand-off has come to an end signifies a comfortable sign over the diplomacy that prevailed over the harsh rhetoric of the past.
Key Points
- The “expeditious disengagement of border personnel” shows the India’s policy of pursuing diplomatic measures in the face of China’s heated rhetoric was prudent.
- Both New Delhi and Beijing have appreciated the aspirations of the Bhutanese government, which sought an immediate end to the crisis before the bitter winter set in.
- Chinese proclamations during the stand-off signify that it no longer appreciates the advances made in the Special Representative talks in 2012.
- China does not respect the India-Bhutan-China tri-junction near Batang-La to have been stable.
- India also made it clear that it does not believe that the Sikkim boundary is settled either.
- Both the countries should take a step back to the essence of the Border Defence Cooperation Agreement of 2013 and the specific guidelines laid down on handling any future developments along the 3,488-km boundary the two countries.
Context
- As the Iraqi war of 1991 began to descend, the spirit of history positioned the son of a small village near Azamgarh at the helm of the General Headquarters in Rawalpindi.
- The big new idea was called “strategic defiance”. When the United States turn inevitable, Pakistan would lead a battle on mid-sized powers like Iraq and Iran, helped by China.
- Presently President Donald Trump’s new South Asia doctrine is frightening Pakistan with severe effects. Henceforth should it fail to turn on its jihadist proxies, has made strategic defiance relevant again.
- The pillars of the new South Asia strategy:
- Open-ended guarantee to the Afghan war with the use of all the instruments of American power,
- A greater role for New Delhi and strategic partnership with India
- Annihilating terror safe-havens in Pakistan to destroy jihadism, and with it, growing Iranian, Chinese and Russian influence.
- General Pervez Musharraf was communicated that Pakistan would be bombed “back into the stone age” if the country did not desert its al Qaeda and Taliban proxies.
- Past records depict that each time the United States has slashed aid to Pakistan, geopolitical coincidence compelled it to reverse course.
- Aid dropped to near-zero levels after Pakistan’s nuclear-weapons programme in 1980.
- The 1990s saw a sharp reduction in aid after the anti-Soviet jihad ended and President George Bush refused to certify Pakistan did not possess nuclear weapons. Then, it surged after 9/11, rising to historic levels of $4.5 billion in 2010.
- The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute estimates that over 68 per cent of Pakistan’s arms imports in 2012-2016 came from China.
- The United States has the capacity to target jihadist infrastructure and individuals deep inside Pakistan to unleash its Afghan allies’ covert assets to execute retaliatory terrorism in Pakistan.
- The end state of the Afghan war involves degrading the jihadist movement, not just a defined group of terrorists, thus denying space for great-power competitors to assert influence in a strategically-important region.
- Strategic defiance shows the defensive game well.
- Trump must beware the fact that a foul or two can go a long way in leveling the odds against superior opposition.
1. ‘Reform labour laws to ease compliance’
NITI Aayog: Ease of Doing Business report.
Highlights
- The government should reform labour laws and make them more flexible to make it easier to do business in the country.
- More enterprises in labour-intensive sectors reported that finding skilled workers, hiring contract labour and terminating employees was a major or a severe obstacle.
- Pitched for accelerating power sector reforms to ensure that power-intensive enterprises have access to steady and uninterrupted power without undue delays or regulatory burden.
- Half of the enterprises do not borrow from financial institutions and about a third consider lack of access to finance as a major source of obstacles for business in the country
Recommendation
- More flexible labour laws will allow enterprises to grow larger and reap economies of scale, generating productivity improvements, jobs creation and higher growth.
- If India is to enter the ‘double digit’ economic growth club, it will need to continually streamline and improve the business environment.
2. Under-employment severe in India: NITI
In news:
- NITI Aayog : not unemployment but a “severe under-employment” is the main problem facing the country
- NITI Aayog’s goal: promoting highly productive and well-paid jobs.
NITI Aayog’s recommendations:
- Creation of a handful of Coastal Employment Zones, which may attract multinational firms in labour-intensive sectors from China to India
Basic Information
What is Underemployment?
- Underemployment, or disguised unemployment, refers to a job that is insufficient in some important way for a worker, relative to a standard, which results in the under-utilization of the worker.
- Examples include holding a part-time job despite desiring full-time work, and overqualification, where the employee has education, experience, or skills beyond the requirements of the job.
3. New norms for solar power bids to enhance transparency: MNRE
In news:
- The Ministry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE) had issued the new guidelines for tariff based competitive bidding process for procuring solar power
- The guidelines have been issued under the provisions of Section 63 of the Electricity Act, 2003 for long term procurement from grid-connected Solar PV Power Projects of 5 MW and above, through competitive bidding.
Salient features of the guidelines issued
- Generation compensation for offtake constraints for reducing offtake risks
- The ‘must-run’ status for solar projects has been stressed upon.
- Besides, to ensure lower tariffs, minimum PPA (power purchase agreement) tenure has been kept at 25 years. Moreover unilateral termination or amendment of PPA is not allowed.
- Provides for termination compensation to increase bankability of projects by securing the investment by the generator and the lenders against any arbitrary termination of PPA.
- The risk of generator’s revenue getting blocked due to delayed payment/non-payment by the procurers has been addressed through provision of Payment Security Mechanism through instruments like Letter of Credit (LC), Payment Security Fund and State Guarantee.
- It also provides for change in law provision to provide clarity and certainty to generators, procurers, and investors/lenders.
- The penalties have been rationalised so as to reduce the overall cost to the generator, while at the same time, ensuring compliance with the Commissioning Schedule/Scheme Guidelines.
- The norms provide that generators are free to repower their plants.
Significance of this move
- New Guidelines for Tariff Based Competitive Bidding Process to reduce risk, enhance transparency and increase affordability of Solar Power
- It will also provide standardisation and uniformity in processes and a risk-sharing framework between various stakeholders involved in the solar PV power procurement
- This will also help reduce off-taker risk and encourage investments, enhance bankability of the Projects and improve profitability for the investors.
- The guidelines also streamline the provision for project preparedness to expedite and facilitate the setting up of projects.
4. Forex reserves: The problem of plenty
Context:
- India’s forex reserve is reaching the $400 billion mark on the back of a stronger rupee against the US dollar.
Key points:
- In 2013, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) was struggling to save the rupee from a free fall and was compelled to raise emergency foreign currency deposits from non-resident Indians.
- Today’s concerns are with respect to appreciating currency and the problems the central bank is facing in managing the strong rupee.
- Strong foreign inflows contributed to a rise by over $23 billion so far in the current financial year.
- A recent report by Edelweiss Securities Ltd stated that continuous interference by the RBI brought India close to getting in the currency maneuvering watch list of the US.
- The accommodative monetary policy in the developed world and the global financial system is flush with cheap money and investors are in a desperate search for yield.
- For example, $1 billion worth of bonds issued by the government of Iraq were oversubscribed and sold at a lower than expected yield.
- Rupee has been appreciated by about 6% since the beginning of this year, despite persistent intervention by the RBI
- Non-intervention or insufficient intervention would result in further appreciation of the rupee and affect India’s competitiveness.
- The external competitiveness is not exclusively dependent on the exchange rate. Therefore, there is no harm in suppressing volatility if possible, and giving businesses a more stable economic environment.
- The present liquidity situation is making things more difficult for the RBI.
- The banking system has excess liquidity of around Rs3 trillion and currency market intervention will increase this.
- Even though there is no imminent threat of high inflation, persistent surplus liquidity can affect monetary policy operations.
- The yields on foreign assets are much lower than government bonds and sterilized intervention is in effect a switch in central bank holdings from rupee to dollar securities.
So how can the central bank deal with this problem of plenty?
- Work on government instrument like market stabilization scheme bonds and continue to build reserves.
- But, the cost would keep rising, as higher reserves would attract more flows, which will reduce the currency risk for foreign investors.
- The other option is to reassesses the kind of foreign funds it wants.
- India’s external debt is at about 20% of gross domestic product, and about 37% of this is commercial borrowing.
- Policy rationalization on this front can ease the pressure on both the RBI and the rupee.
Category: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
1. Ocean forecasting system for Madagascar and Mozambique
In news:
- The Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) of the Ministry of Earth Sciences has inaugurated the Ocean Forecasting System for Comoros, Madagascar, and Mozambique
- It was done at the third Ministerial Meeting of Regional Integrated Multi-Hazard Early Warning System for Asia and Africa (RIMES)
- The meeting was held at Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
- The Ministerial council and the WMO lauded and placed on record the initiatives of INCOIS/India in providing the ocean forecast and early warning services to the Indian Ocean countries
Sharing the benefits:
- The ocean forecast and early warming information on high wave, currents, winds, tides, sub-surface ocean
conditions cater to users like
- Fishermen,
- Coastal population,
- Tourism sector,
- Coastal defense officials,
- Marine police,
- Port authorities,
- Research institutions and offshore industries of these countries
The system would offer oil spill advisory services, high wave alerts, port warnings, forecast along the ship routes in addition to tsunami and storm surge warnings and help in search and rescue operations.
Nothing here for Today!!!
|
NATIONAL PARKS/SANCTURIES/BIOSPHERE RESERVES: 1. Jim Corbett National Park Location: Nainital district of Uttarakhand Key features:
2. Gangotri National Park Location: Uttarkashi District, Uttarakhand Key features: It was third largest National park of India. The park provides majestic beauty of coniferous forests and grandeur of glacial world combined with lush green meadows. IUCN Red List: 1. Bengal Florican
2. Pink-headed Duck
|
F. Practice Questions for UPSC Prelims Exam
Question 1. The Makran Trench is located in _______.
- Arabian Sea
- Bay of Bengal
- Indian Ocean
- Pacific Ocean
See
Question 2. Seniority at the Supreme court is determined by age ______.
- Age
- The date a judge was appointed to the High Court or any other court.
- The date a judge was appointed to the Supreme Court.
- None of the above
See
Question 3. Minocycline, a drug which was in news recently can be a potential drug to
treat _________.
- Cholera
- Dengue
- H1N1
- Japanese encephalitis
Question 4. Once appointed, the Chief Justice remains in office until the age of ______.
- 60 years
- 58years
- 62 years
- 65 years
Question 5. Contamination of drinking water with which of the following causes
Blackfoot disease (BFD)?
- Nitrates
- Arsenic
- Mercury
- Cadmium
Question 6. Which of the following make the components of India’s forex reserves?
- Reverse tranche of World Bank
- Gold
- Special drawing Rights
- Foreign currencies
Select the correct options:
- 1 only
- 2, 3 and 4
- 1, 2 and 3
- All the above
Question 7. Consider the following statements:
- Influenza A (H1N1) virus is the subtype of influenza A virus that was the most common cause of human influenza in 2009.
- H1N1 flu is also known as swine flu caused by swine influenza virus that is endemic in pigs.
Select the incorrect options.
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- None of the above
Question 8. The inter-state council consists of ______.
- Prime Minister
- Chief Ministers of all states
- Chief Ministers of all UT’s with legislatures
- Eight union cabinet ministers
- Administrators of UT’s
Select the incorrect options.
- 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
- 1, 2, 3 and 4
- 1, 2, and 3
- 1, 2, 3 and 5
Question 9. Which of the following articles under Part 3 of the constitution safeguard
the minority educational institution?
- Article 29
- Article 15
- Article 30
- All the above
Select the correct options.
- 1 only
- 1 and 3
- 2 and 3
- All the above
G. UPSC Mains Practice Questions
GS Paper I
- “Geological stresses building along the Indo-Australian tectonic plate boundary in the Southern Indian Ocean have the potential to cause a powerful earthquake, triggering a tsunami across much of South India” Explain?
GS Paper II
- The recent decision with respect to the Doklam stand-off is taking the bilateral relationship to new heights. Examine.
GS Paper III
- Given the vulnerability of Indian agriculture to vagaries of nature, discuss the need for crop insurance and bring out the salient features of the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY).
GS Paper IV
Topic: CASE STUDY ANALYSIS
Question 1.
Prime Minister of a country “A” have border dispute with country “B” and also have infrastructural problem within the country.
Country B is called for resolving both border issue and invest in infrastructural development.
But a day before meeting Country B attacks A at border and kills 20 soldiers. What is the dilemma in this situation? What is your future course of action?
Answer
Neighbours are not chosen; friendly relationship among them is of prime importance. PM has the responsibility to defend his/her country’s all round interests.
The conflict is about the democratic opinion and national interest in long run.
Positives to invite the PM of country B
- Provides a platform a scope for talks on both issues.
- Persuade for investment in infrastructure.
- Could stress on accountability of soldier killing
Negatives to avoid the PM of country B
- It can hurt the democratic sentiments of the citizens.
- Could act as a strong message to the condemnation of the act.
Also, check previous Daily News Analysis
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Cryptocurrency Exchange Gemini Makes Big Bet on Token Collectibles
by William M. PeasterTwitter Facebook WhatsApp Google+ Buffer LinkedIn
New York-based cryptocurrency exchange Gemini has made its first ever acquisition, with the move broadcasting the company’s belief that the tokenized collectibles arena has major upside in the years ahead.
On November 19th, Gemini chief executive officer Tyler Winklevoss revealed the exchange had purchased Nifty Gateway, a startup that had created a platform where users could easily exchange and manage Ethereum-based non-fungible tokens (NFTs), or “nifties.”
The CEO, one of the cryptoeconomy’s most high-profile entrepreneurs along side his twin brother and Gemini co-founder Cameron Winklevoss, noted in the deal’s announcement that Nifty Gateway was appealing in already being compatible with assets from “today’s most popular crypto-games and applications, including CryptoKitties, OpenSea, and Gods Unchained.”
Additionally, the newly acquired platform allows customers to buy on-chain collectibles from such dApps via credit card.
For now, Nifty Gateway’s three employees will continue to work independently within the Gemini brand’s wider umbrella, but the possibility remains that some of the platform’s offerings will later be melded closer into Gemini proper.
Whatever ends up happening, the acquisition reveals that in NFTs — tokens which are individually unique and in that sense, scarce — Gemini sees mainstream adoption on the horizon. Tyler Winklevoss said as much in commenting on Nifty Gateway’s value proposition:
“Non-fungible tokens and the digital goods (and collectibles) they enable will play a major role in the next era of the digital economy. They are the perfect form factor for crypto-collectibles, crypto-art, and much more — laying the foundation for entirely new multi-billion dollar industries to emerge.”
Zooming out, the acquisition is generally in line with a trend seen among major cryptocurrency exchanges over the last few years, namely marked pivotings toward becoming one-stop crypto hubs that offer a variety of services, either directly or indirectly, beyond mere trading.
The #1 Crypto Exchange? New Report Says So
On November 19th, popular cryptocurrency data portal CryptoCompare released its second “Exchange Benchmark” report, which aimed to “help market participants identify the highest quality, lowest risk, and most reliable exchanges in the industry.”
Notably, CryptoCompare accordingly found per “qualitative … and quantitative” metrics that Gemini was its highest rated crypto exchange in the world as of Q3 2019.
Binance, which is typically regarded as the most popular crypto exchange in the world, did not manage to crack the latest report’s top 10 exchanges. The new top 10, in order, were as follows:
- Kraken
- itBit
- Coinbase
- Kraken
- Bitstamp
- Liquid
- OKEx
- Poloniex
- bitFlyer
- Luno
Bitfinex and Binance came in 11th and 12th place, respectively. CryptoCompare gave Gemini particularly high scores in the categories of security and legal compliance — surely music to any Gemini trader’s ears.
In Other Related News
Last week, The Block reported that Gemini’s managing director of corporate development Sarah Olsen had departed the company; the development comes on the heels of the exchange’s GUSD stablecoin, which Olsen had worked on boosting, has shrunk in use recent months.
The precise reason for the departure remains unclear, but in the very least Olsen’s exit could signal a shakeup is coming to Gemini’s GUSD efforts.
At the same time, one could say the GUSD presently has no clear path to overtake DeFi’s reigning stablecoins, e.g. tether, Dai, and USDC. With some rearticulations probably in store, how the exchange continues approaching the project could be a key thread to watch in the future.
Moreover, last week came the news that Tyler and Cameron’s Winklevoss Capital participated in a $1.81 million USD seed round for Bitski, creators of a developer platform that makes it easy for companies (like video game studios) to integrate cryptocurrency wallets into their products.
“We’re using this money to expand the funnel of people that are building on blockchain,” Bitski CEO Donnie Dinch said.
eToro Risk Warning: 75% of retail investor accounts lose money when trading CFDs with this provider. You should consider whether you can afford to take the high risk of losing your money.
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| PERLSYN(1) | Perl Programmers Reference Guide | PERLSYN(1) |
Perl is a free-form language: you can format and indent it however you like. Whitespace serves mostly to separate tokens, unlike languages like Python where it is an important part of the syntax, or Fortran where it is immaterial.
Many of Perl's syntactic elements are optional. Rather than requiring you to put parentheses around every function call and declare every variable, you can often leave such explicit elements off and Perl will figure out what you meant. This is known as Do What I Mean, abbreviated DWIM. It allows programmers to be lazy and to code in a style with which they are comfortable.
Perl borrows syntax and concepts from many languages: awk, sed, C, Bourne Shell, Smalltalk, Lisp and even English. Other languages have borrowed syntax from Perl, particularly its regular expression extensions. So if you have programmed in another language you will see familiar pieces in Perl. They often work the same, but see perltrap for information about how they differ.
if ($a) {}
are exempt from warnings (because they care about truth rather than definedness). Operators such as "++", "--", "+=", "-=", and ".=", that operate on undefined variables such as:
undef $a; $a++;
are also always exempt from such warnings.
A declaration can be put anywhere a statement can, but has no effect on the execution of the primary sequence of statements: declarations all take effect at compile time. All declarations are typically put at the beginning or the end of the script. However, if you're using lexically-scoped private variables created with "my()", "state()", or "our()", you'll have to make sure your format or subroutine definition is within the same block scope as the my if you expect to be able to access those private variables.
Declaring a subroutine allows a subroutine name to be used as if it were a list operator from that point forward in the program. You can declare a subroutine without defining it by saying "sub name", thus:
sub myname; $me = myname $0 or die "can't get myname";
A bare declaration like that declares the function to be a list operator, not a unary operator, so you have to be careful to use parentheses (or "or" instead of "||".) The "||" operator binds too tightly to use after list operators; it becomes part of the last element. You can always use parentheses around the list operators arguments to turn the list operator back into something that behaves more like a function call. Alternatively, you can use the prototype "($)" to turn the subroutine into a unary operator:
sub myname ($); $me = myname $0 || die "can't get myname";
That now parses as you'd expect, but you still ought to get in the habit of using parentheses in that situation. For more on prototypes, see perlsub.
Subroutines declarations can also be loaded up with the "require" statement or both loaded and imported into your namespace with a "use" statement. See perlmod for details on this.
A statement sequence may contain declarations of lexically-scoped variables, but apart from declaring a variable name, the declaration acts like an ordinary statement, and is elaborated within the sequence of statements as if it were an ordinary statement. That means it actually has both compile-time and run-time effects.
if EXPR unless EXPR while EXPR until EXPR for LIST foreach LIST when EXPR
The "EXPR" following the modifier is referred to as the "condition". Its truth or falsehood determines how the modifier will behave.
"if" executes the statement once if and only if the condition is true. "unless" is the opposite, it executes the statement unless the condition is true (that is, if the condition is false).
print "Basset hounds got long ears" if length $ear >= 10; go_outside() and play() unless $is_raining;
The "for(each)" modifier is an iterator: it executes the statement once for each item in the LIST (with $_ aliased to each item in turn).
print "Hello $_!\n" for qw(world Dolly nurse);
"while" repeats the statement while the condition is true. Postfix "while" has the same magic treatment of some kinds of condition that prefix "while" has. "until" does the opposite, it repeats the statement until the condition is true (or while the condition is false):
# Both of these count from 0 to 10. print $i++ while $i <= 10; print $j++ until $j > 10;
The "while" and "until" modifiers have the usual ""while" loop" semantics (conditional evaluated first), except when applied to a "do"-BLOCK (or to the Perl4 "do"-SUBROUTINE statement), in which case the block executes once before the conditional is evaluated.
This is so that you can write loops like:
do { $line = <STDIN>; ... } until !defined($line) || $line eq ".\n"
See "do" in perlfunc. Note also that the loop control statements described later will NOT work in this construct, because modifiers don't take loop labels. Sorry. You can always put another block inside of it (for "next"/"redo") or around it (for "last") to do that sort of thing.
For "next" or "redo", just double the braces:
do {{ next if $x == $y; # do something here }} until $x++ > $z;
For "last", you have to be more elaborate and put braces around it:
{ do { last if $x == $y**2; # do something here } while $x++ <= $z; }
If you need both "next" and "last", you have to do both and also use a loop label:
LOOP: { do {{ next if $x == $y; last LOOP if $x == $y**2; # do something here }} until $x++ > $z; }
NOTE: The behaviour of a "my", "state", or "our" modified with a statement modifier conditional or loop construct (for example, "my $x if ...") is undefined. The value of the "my" variable may be "undef", any previously assigned value, or possibly anything else. Don't rely on it. Future versions of perl might do something different from the version of perl you try it out on. Here be dragons.
The "when" modifier is an experimental feature that first appeared in Perl 5.14. To use it, you should include a "use v5.14" declaration. (Technically, it requires only the "switch" feature, but that aspect of it was not available before 5.14.) Operative only from within a "foreach" loop or a "given" block, it executes the statement only if the smartmatch "$_ ~~ EXPR" is true. If the statement executes, it is followed by a "next" from inside a "foreach" and "break" from inside a "given".
Under the current implementation, the "foreach" loop can be anywhere within the "when" modifier's dynamic scope, but must be within the "given" block's lexical scope. This restriction may be relaxed in a future release. See "Switch Statements" below.
But generally, a block is delimited by curly brackets, also known as braces. We will call this syntactic construct a BLOCK. Because enclosing braces are also the syntax for hash reference constructor expressions (see perlref), you may occasionally need to disambiguate by placing a ";" immediately after an opening brace so that Perl realises the brace is the start of a block. You will more frequently need to disambiguate the other way, by placing a "+" immediately before an opening brace to force it to be interpreted as a hash reference constructor expression. It is considered good style to use these disambiguating mechanisms liberally, not only when Perl would otherwise guess incorrectly.

Unlike in C and Pascal, in Perl these are all defined in terms of BLOCKs, not statements. This means that the curly brackets are required--no dangling statements allowed. If you want to write conditionals without curly brackets, there are several other ways to do it. The following all do the same thing:
if (!open(FOO)) { die "Can't open $FOO: $!" } die "Can't open $FOO: $!" unless open(FOO); open(FOO) || die "Can't open $FOO: $!"; open(FOO) ? () : die "Can't open $FOO: $!"; # a bit exotic, that last one
The "if" statement is straightforward. Because BLOCKs are always bounded by curly brackets, there is never any ambiguity about which "if" an "else" goes with. If you use "unless" in place of "if", the sense of the test is reversed. Like "if", "unless" can be followed by "else". "unless" can even be followed by one or more "elsif" statements, though you may want to think twice before using that particular language construct, as everyone reading your code will have to think at least twice before they can understand what's going on.
The "while" statement executes the block as long as the expression is true. The "until" statement executes the block as long as the expression is false. The LABEL is optional, and if present, consists of an identifier followed by a colon. The LABEL identifies the loop for the loop control statements "next", "last", and "redo". If the LABEL is omitted, the loop control statement refers to the innermost enclosing loop. This may include dynamically looking back your call-stack at run time to find the LABEL. Such desperate behavior triggers a warning if you use the "use warnings" pragma or the -w flag.
If the condition expression of a "while" statement is based on any of a group of iterative expression types then it gets some magic treatment. The affected iterative expression types are "readline", the "<FILEHANDLE>" input operator, "readdir", "glob", the "<PATTERN>" globbing operator, and "each". If the condition expression is one of these expression types, then the value yielded by the iterative operator will be implicitly assigned to $_. If the condition expression is one of these expression types or an explicit assignment of one of them to a scalar, then the condition actually tests for definedness of the expression's value, not for its regular truth value.
If there is a "continue" BLOCK, it is always executed just before the conditional is about to be evaluated again. Thus it can be used to increment a loop variable, even when the loop has been continued via the "next" statement.
When a block is preceded by a compilation phase keyword such as "BEGIN", "END", "INIT", "CHECK", or "UNITCHECK", then the block will run only during the corresponding phase of execution. See perlmod for more details.
Extension modules can also hook into the Perl parser to define new kinds of compound statements. These are introduced by a keyword which the extension recognizes, and the syntax following the keyword is defined entirely by the extension. If you are an implementor, see "PL_keyword_plugin" in perlapi for the mechanism. If you are using such a module, see the module's documentation for details of the syntax that it defines.
LINE: while (<STDIN>) { next LINE if /^#/; # discard comments ... }
The "last" command immediately exits the loop in question. The "continue" block, if any, is not executed:
LINE: while (<STDIN>) { last LINE if /^$/; # exit when done with header ... }
The "redo" command restarts the loop block without evaluating the conditional again. The "continue" block, if any, is not executed. This command is normally used by programs that want to lie to themselves about what was just input.
For example, when processing a file like /etc/termcap. If your input lines might end in backslashes to indicate continuation, you want to skip ahead and get the next record.
while (<>) { chomp; if (s/\\$//) { $_ .= <>; redo unless eof(); } # now process $_ }
which is Perl shorthand for the more explicitly written version:
LINE: while (defined($line = <ARGV>)) { chomp($line); if ($line =~ s/\\$//) { $line .= <ARGV>; redo LINE unless eof(); # not eof(ARGV)! } # now process $line }
Note that if there were a "continue" block on the above code, it would get executed only on lines discarded by the regex (since redo skips the continue block). A continue block is often used to reset line counters or "m?pat?" one-time matches:
# inspired by :1,$g/fred/s//WILMA/ while (<>) { m?(fred)? && s//WILMA $1 WILMA/; m?(barney)? && s//BETTY $1 BETTY/; m?(homer)? && s//MARGE $1 MARGE/; } continue { print "$ARGV $.: $_"; close ARGV if eof; # reset $. reset if eof; # reset ?pat? }
If the word "while" is replaced by the word "until", the sense of the test is reversed, but the conditional is still tested before the first iteration.
Loop control statements don't work in an "if" or "unless", since they aren't loops. You can double the braces to make them such, though.
if (/pattern/) {{ last if /fred/; next if /barney/; # same effect as "last", # but doesn't document as well # do something here }}
This is caused by the fact that a block by itself acts as a loop that executes once, see "Basic BLOCKs".
The form "while/if BLOCK BLOCK", available in Perl 4, is no longer available. Replace any occurrence of "if BLOCK" by "if (do BLOCK)".
for ($i = 1; $i < 10; $i++) { ... }
is the same as this:
$i = 1; while ($i < 10) { ... } continue { $i++; }
There is one minor difference: if variables are declared with "my" in the initialization section of the "for", the lexical scope of those variables is exactly the "for" loop (the body of the loop and the control sections).
As a special case, if the test in the "for" loop (or the corresponding "while" loop) is empty, it is treated as true. That is, both
for (;;) { ... }
and
while () { ... }
are treated as infinite loops.
Besides the normal array index looping, "for" can lend itself to many other interesting applications. Here's one that avoids the problem you get into if you explicitly test for end-of-file on an interactive file descriptor causing your program to appear to hang.
$on_a_tty = -t STDIN && -t STDOUT; sub prompt { print "yes? " if $on_a_tty } for ( prompt(); <STDIN>; prompt() ) { # do something }
The condition expression of a "for" loop gets the same magic treatment of "readline" et al that the condition expression of a "while" loop gets.
The "foreach" keyword is actually a synonym for the "for" keyword, so you can use either. If VAR is omitted, $_ is set to each value.
If any element of LIST is an lvalue, you can modify it by modifying VAR inside the loop. Conversely, if any element of LIST is NOT an lvalue, any attempt to modify that element will fail. In other words, the "foreach" loop index variable is an implicit alias for each item in the list that you're looping over.
If any part of LIST is an array, "foreach" will get very confused if you add or remove elements within the loop body, for example with "splice". So don't do that.
"foreach" probably won't do what you expect if VAR is a tied or other special variable. Don't do that either.
As of Perl 5.22, there is an experimental variant of this loop that accepts a variable preceded by a backslash for VAR, in which case the items in the LIST must be references. The backslashed variable will become an alias to each referenced item in the LIST, which must be of the correct type. The variable needn't be a scalar in this case, and the backslash may be followed by "my". To use this form, you must enable the "refaliasing" feature via "use feature". (See feature. See also "Assigning to References" in perlref.)
Examples:
for (@ary) { s/foo/bar/ } for my $elem (@elements) { $elem *= 2; } for $count (reverse(1..10), "BOOM") { print $count, "\n"; sleep(1); } for (1..15) { print "Merry Christmas\n"; } foreach $item (split(/:[\\\n:]*/, $ENV{TERMCAP})) { print "Item: $item\n"; } use feature "refaliasing"; no warnings "experimental::refaliasing"; foreach \my %hash (@array_of_hash_references) { # do something which each %hash }
Here's how a C programmer might code up a particular algorithm in Perl:
for (my $i = 0; $i < @ary1; $i++) { for (my $j = 0; $j < @ary2; $j++) { if ($ary1[$i] > $ary2[$j]) { last; # can't go to outer :-( } $ary1[$i] += $ary2[$j]; } # this is where that last takes me }
Whereas here's how a Perl programmer more comfortable with the idiom might do it:
OUTER: for my $wid (@ary1) { INNER: for my $jet (@ary2) { next OUTER if $wid > $jet; $wid += $jet; } }
See how much easier this is? It's cleaner, safer, and faster. It's cleaner because it's less noisy. It's safer because if code gets added between the inner and outer loops later on, the new code won't be accidentally executed. The "next" explicitly iterates the other loop rather than merely terminating the inner one. And it's faster because Perl executes a "foreach" statement more rapidly than it would the equivalent C-style "for" loop.
Perceptive Perl hackers may have noticed that a "for" loop has a return value, and that this value can be captured by wrapping the loop in a "do" block. The reward for this discovery is this cautionary advice: The return value of a "for" loop is unspecified and may change without notice. Do not rely on it.
The BLOCK construct can be used to emulate case structures.
SWITCH: { if (/^abc/) { $abc = 1; last SWITCH; } if (/^def/) { $def = 1; last SWITCH; } if (/^xyz/) { $xyz = 1; last SWITCH; } $nothing = 1; }
You'll also find that "foreach" loop used to create a topicalizer and a switch:
SWITCH: for ($var) { if (/^abc/) { $abc = 1; last SWITCH; } if (/^def/) { $def = 1; last SWITCH; } if (/^xyz/) { $xyz = 1; last SWITCH; } $nothing = 1; }
Such constructs are quite frequently used, both because older versions of Perl had no official "switch" statement, and also because the new version described immediately below remains experimental and can sometimes be confusing.
use feature "switch";
to enable an experimental switch feature. This is loosely based on an old version of a Perl 6 proposal, but it no longer resembles the Perl 6 construct. You also get the switch feature whenever you declare that your code prefers to run under a version of Perl that is 5.10 or later. For example:
use v5.14;
Under the "switch" feature, Perl gains the experimental keywords "given", "when", "default", "continue", and "break". Starting from Perl 5.16, one can prefix the switch keywords with "CORE::" to access the feature without a "use feature" statement. The keywords "given" and "when" are analogous to "switch" and "case" in other languages -- though "continue" is not -- so the code in the previous section could be rewritten as
use v5.10.1; for ($var) { when (/^abc/) { $abc = 1 } when (/^def/) { $def = 1 } when (/^xyz/) { $xyz = 1 } default { $nothing = 1 } }
The "foreach" is the non-experimental way to set a topicalizer. If you wish to use the highly experimental "given", that could be written like this:
use v5.10.1; given ($var) { when (/^abc/) { $abc = 1 } when (/^def/) { $def = 1 } when (/^xyz/) { $xyz = 1 } default { $nothing = 1 } }
As of 5.14, that can also be written this way:
use v5.14; for ($var) { $abc = 1 when /^abc/; $def = 1 when /^def/; $xyz = 1 when /^xyz/; default { $nothing = 1 } }
Or if you don't care to play it safe, like this:
use v5.14; given ($var) { $abc = 1 when /^abc/; $def = 1 when /^def/; $xyz = 1 when /^xyz/; default { $nothing = 1 } }
The arguments to "given" and "when" are in scalar context, and "given" assigns the $_ variable its topic value.
Exactly what the EXPR argument to "when" does is hard to describe precisely, but in general, it tries to guess what you want done. Sometimes it is interpreted as "$_ ~~ EXPR", and sometimes it is not. It also behaves differently when lexically enclosed by a "given" block than it does when dynamically enclosed by a "foreach" loop. The rules are far too difficult to understand to be described here. See "Experimental Details on given and when" later on.
Due to an unfortunate bug in how "given" was implemented between Perl 5.10 and 5.16, under those implementations the version of $_ governed by "given" is merely a lexically scoped copy of the original, not a dynamically scoped alias to the original, as it would be if it were a "foreach" or under both the original and the current Perl 6 language specification. This bug was fixed in Perl 5.18 (and lexicalized $_ itself was removed in Perl 5.24).
If your code still needs to run on older versions, stick to "foreach" for your topicalizer and you will be less unhappy.
The "goto"-LABEL form finds the statement labeled with LABEL and resumes execution there. It may not be used to go into any construct that requires initialization, such as a subroutine or a "foreach" loop. It also can't be used to go into a construct that is optimized away. It can be used to go almost anywhere else within the dynamic scope, including out of subroutines, but it's usually better to use some other construct such as "last" or "die". The author of Perl has never felt the need to use this form of "goto" (in Perl, that is--C is another matter).
The "goto"-EXPR form expects a label name, whose scope will be resolved dynamically. This allows for computed "goto"s per FORTRAN, but isn't necessarily recommended if you're optimizing for maintainability:
goto(("FOO", "BAR", "GLARCH")[$i]);
The "goto"-&NAME form is highly magical, and substitutes a call to the named subroutine for the currently running subroutine. This is used by "AUTOLOAD()" subroutines that wish to load another subroutine and then pretend that the other subroutine had been called in the first place (except that any modifications to @_ in the current subroutine are propagated to the other subroutine.) After the "goto", not even "caller()" will be able to tell that this routine was called first.
In almost all cases like this, it's usually a far, far better idea to use the structured control flow mechanisms of "next", "last", or "redo" instead of resorting to a "goto". For certain applications, the catch and throw pair of "eval{}" and die() for exception processing can also be a prudent approach.
use v5.12; sub unimplemented { ... } eval { unimplemented() }; if ($@ =~ /^Unimplemented at /) { say "I found an ellipsis!"; }
You can only use the elliptical statement to stand in for a complete statement. Syntactically, ""...;"" is a complete statement, but, as with other kinds of semicolon-terminated statement, the semicolon may be omitted if ""..."" appears immediately before a closing brace. These examples show how the ellipsis works:
use v5.12; { ... } sub foo { ... } ...; eval { ... }; sub somemeth { my $self = shift; ...; } $x = do { my $n; ...; say "Hurrah!"; $n; };
The elliptical statement cannot stand in for an expression that is part of a larger statement. These examples of attempts to use an ellipsis are syntax errors:
use v5.12; print ...; open(my $fh, ">", "/dev/passwd") or ...; if ($condition && ... ) { say "Howdy" }; ... if $a > $b; say "Cromulent" if ...; $flub = 5 + ...;
There are some cases where Perl can't immediately tell the difference between an expression and a statement. For instance, the syntax for a block and an anonymous hash reference constructor look the same unless there's something in the braces to give Perl a hint. The ellipsis is a syntax error if Perl doesn't guess that the "{ ... }" is a block. Inside your block, you can use a ";" before the ellipsis to denote that the "{ ... }" is a block and not a hash reference constructor.
Note: Some folks colloquially refer to this bit of punctuation as a "yada-yada" or "triple-dot", but its true name is actually an ellipsis.
=head1 Here There Be Pods!
Then that text and all remaining text up through and including a line beginning with "=cut" will be ignored. The format of the intervening text is described in perlpod.
This allows you to intermix your source code and your documentation text freely, as in
=item snazzle($) The snazzle() function will behave in the most spectacular form that you can possibly imagine, not even excepting cybernetic pyrotechnics. =cut back to the compiler, nuff of this pod stuff! sub snazzle($) { my $thingie = shift; ......... }
Note that pod translators should look at only paragraphs beginning with a pod directive (it makes parsing easier), whereas the compiler actually knows to look for pod escapes even in the middle of a paragraph. This means that the following secret stuff will be ignored by both the compiler and the translators.
$a=3; =secret stuff warn "Neither POD nor CODE!?" =cut back print "got $a\n";
You probably shouldn't rely upon the "warn()" being podded out forever. Not all pod translators are well-behaved in this regard, and perhaps the compiler will become pickier.
One may also use pod directives to quickly comment out a section of code.
# example: '# line 42 "new_filename.plx"' /^\# \s* line \s+ (\d+) \s* (?:\s("?)([^"]+)\g2)? \s* $/x
with $1 being the line number for the next line, and $3 being the optional filename (specified with or without quotes). Note that no whitespace may precede the "#", unlike modern C preprocessors.
There is a fairly obvious gotcha included with the line directive: Debuggers and profilers will only show the last source line to appear at a particular line number in a given file. Care should be taken not to cause line number collisions in code you'd like to debug later.
Here are some examples that you should be able to type into your command shell:
% perl # line 200 "bzzzt" # the '#' on the previous line must be the first char on line die 'foo'; __END__ foo at bzzzt line 201. % perl # line 200 "bzzzt" eval qq[\n#line 2001 ""\ndie 'foo']; print $@; __END__ foo at - line 2001. % perl eval qq[\n#line 200 "foo bar"\ndie 'foo']; print $@; __END__ foo at foo bar line 200. % perl # line 345 "goop" eval "\n#line " . __LINE__ . ' "' . __FILE__ ."\"\ndie 'foo'"; print $@; __END__ foo at goop line 345.
Here is a longer example of "given":
use feature ":5.10"; given ($foo) { when (undef) { say '$foo is undefined'; } when ("foo") { say '$foo is the string "foo"'; } when ([1,3,5,7,9]) { say '$foo is an odd digit'; continue; # Fall through } when ($_ < 100) { say '$foo is numerically less than 100'; } when (\&complicated_check) { say 'a complicated check for $foo is true'; } default { die q(I don't know what to do with $foo); } }
Before Perl 5.18, "given(EXPR)" assigned the value of EXPR to merely a lexically scoped copy (!) of $_, not a dynamically scoped alias the way "foreach" does. That made it similar to
do { my $_ = EXPR; ... }
except that the block was automatically broken out of by a successful "when" or an explicit "break". Because it was only a copy, and because it was only lexically scoped, not dynamically scoped, you could not do the things with it that you are used to in a "foreach" loop. In particular, it did not work for arbitrary function calls if those functions might try to access $_. Best stick to "foreach" for that.
Most of the power comes from the implicit smartmatching that can sometimes apply. Most of the time, "when(EXPR)" is treated as an implicit smartmatch of $_, that is, "$_ ~~ EXPR". (See "Smartmatch Operator" in perlop for more information on smartmatching.) But when EXPR is one of the 10 exceptional cases (or things like them) listed below, it is used directly as a boolean.
NOTE: You will often have to use "$c ~~ $_" because the default case uses "$_ ~~ $c" , which is frequently the opposite of what you want.
In those 8 cases above, the value of EXPR is used directly as a boolean, so no smartmatching is done. You may think of "when" as a smartsmartmatch.
Furthermore, Perl inspects the operands of logical operators to decide whether to use smartmatching for each one by applying the above test to the operands:
These rules are complicated, but the goal is for them to do what you want (even if you don't quite understand why they are doing it). For example:
when (/^\d+$/ && $_ < 75) { ... }
will be treated as a boolean match because the rules say both a regex match and an explicit test on $_ will be treated as boolean.
Also:
when ([qw(foo bar)] && /baz/) { ... }
will use smartmatching because only one of the operands is a boolean: the other uses smartmatching, and that wins.
Further:
when ([qw(foo bar)] || /^baz/) { ... }
will use smart matching (only the first operand is considered), whereas
when (/^baz/ || [qw(foo bar)]) { ... }
will test only the regex, which causes both operands to be treated as boolean. Watch out for this one, then, because an arrayref is always a true value, which makes it effectively redundant. Not a good idea.
Tautologous boolean operators are still going to be optimized away. Don't be tempted to write
when ("foo" or "bar") { ... }
This will optimize down to "foo", so "bar" will never be considered (even though the rules say to use a smartmatch on "foo"). For an alternation like this, an array ref will work, because this will instigate smartmatching:
when ([qw(foo bar)] { ... }
This is somewhat equivalent to the C-style switch statement's fallthrough functionality (not to be confused with Perl's fallthrough functionality--see below), wherein the same block is used for several "case" statements.
Another useful shortcut is that, if you use a literal array or hash as the argument to "given", it is turned into a reference. So "given(@foo)" is the same as "given(\@foo)", for example.
"default" behaves exactly like "when(1 == 1)", which is to say that it always matches.
Breaking out
You can use the "break" keyword to break out of the enclosing "given" block. Every "when" block is implicitly ended with a "break".
Fall-through
You can use the "continue" keyword to fall through from one case to the next immediate "when" or "default":
given($foo) { when (/x/) { say '$foo contains an x'; continue } when (/y/) { say '$foo contains a y' } default { say '$foo does not contain a y' } }
Return value
When a "given" statement is also a valid expression (for example, when it's the last statement of a block), it evaluates to:
In both last cases, the last expression is evaluated in the context that was applied to the "given" block.
Note that, unlike "if" and "unless", failed "when" statements always evaluate to an empty list.
my $price = do { given ($item) { when (["pear", "apple"]) { 1 } break when "vote"; # My vote cannot be bought 1e10 when /Mona Lisa/; "unknown"; } };
Currently, "given" blocks can't always be used as proper expressions. This may be addressed in a future version of Perl.
Switching in a loop
Instead of using "given()", you can use a "foreach()" loop. For example, here's one way to count how many times a particular string occurs in an array:
use v5.10.1; my $count = 0; for (@array) { when ("foo") { ++$count } } print "\@array contains $count copies of 'foo'\n";
Or in a more recent version:
use v5.14; my $count = 0; for (@array) { ++$count when "foo"; } print "\@array contains $count copies of 'foo'\n";
At the end of all "when" blocks, there is an implicit "next". You can override that with an explicit "last" if you're interested in only the first match alone.
This doesn't work if you explicitly specify a loop variable, as in "for $item (@array)". You have to use the default variable $_.
Differences from Perl 6
The Perl 5 smartmatch and "given"/"when" constructs are not compatible with their Perl 6 analogues. The most visible difference and least important difference is that, in Perl 5, parentheses are required around the argument to "given()" and "when()" (except when this last one is used as a statement modifier). Parentheses in Perl 6 are always optional in a control construct such as "if()", "while()", or "when()"; they can't be made optional in Perl 5 without a great deal of potential confusion, because Perl 5 would parse the expression
given $foo { ... }
as though the argument to "given" were an element of the hash %foo, interpreting the braces as hash-element syntax.
However, their are many, many other differences. For example, this works in Perl 5:
use v5.12; my @primary = ("red", "blue", "green"); if (@primary ~~ "red") { say "primary smartmatches red"; } if ("red" ~~ @primary) { say "red smartmatches primary"; } say "that's all, folks!";
But it doesn't work at all in Perl 6. Instead, you should use the (parallelizable) "any" operator:
if any(@primary) eq "red" { say "primary smartmatches red"; } if "red" eq any(@primary) { say "red smartmatches primary"; }
The table of smartmatches in "Smartmatch Operator" in perlop is not identical to that proposed by the Perl 6 specification, mainly due to differences between Perl 6's and Perl 5's data models, but also because the Perl 6 spec has changed since Perl 5 rushed into early adoption.
In Perl 6, "when()" will always do an implicit smartmatch with its argument, while in Perl 5 it is convenient (albeit potentially confusing) to suppress this implicit smartmatch in various rather loosely-defined situations, as roughly outlined above. (The difference is largely because Perl 5 does not have, even internally, a boolean type.)
| 2019-10-21 | perl v5.30.3 |


I'm afraid of bugs (those in my code AND those on my wall).
I'm learning to love them though (or at least to live peacefully together).
I like
I also like .
Drop me a line. Or call me.Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Totam magni nisi harum rerum, consequuntur vero? Et, harum minima reprehenderit mollitia possimus maiores magni facere cumque. Consequatur laborum voluptates dicta reiciendis.


public class MonitorableSession extends java.lang.Object implements MonitoringSession
| Constructor and Description |
|---|
MonitorableSession(MonitorSessionManagement msm,
net.jini.id.Uuid cookie)
This proxy object is created by the server Once created, we cannot change
the msm and cookie
|
MonitorableSession(MonitorSessionManagement msm,
net.jini.id.Uuid cookie,
net.jini.core.lease.Lease lease)
This proxy object is created by the server Once created, we cannot change
the msm and cookie
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
void |
changed(Context ctx,
StrategyContext controlContext,
int aspect)
Providers use this method to update the monitoring session
|
net.jini.core.lease.Lease |
getLease()
The lease for this session
|
int |
getState()
Providers use this method to find the state of this session
|
void |
init(long duration,
long timeout)
If the Broker wants to drop the exertion to space, then the Broker has no
idea who will pick up this exertion.
|
void |
init(Monitorable mntrbl)
If the Broker wants to drop the exertion to space, then the Broker has no
idea who will pick up this exertion.
|
void |
init(Monitorable mntrbl,
long duration,
long timeout)
Makes this an active session.
|
public MonitorableSession(MonitorSessionManagement msm, net.jini.id.Uuid cookie)
public MonitorableSession(MonitorSessionManagement msm, net.jini.id.Uuid cookie, net.jini.core.lease.Lease lease)
public void init(Monitorable mntrbl, long duration, long timeout) throws java.rmi.RemoteException, MonitorException
init
in interface MonitoringSession
mntrbl
- The monitorable to which this task is dispatched.duration
- Requested lease duration for the session.timeout
- Timeout for execution of this task.MonitorException
- 1) If this session is already active 2) If there is no such
sessionjava.rmi.RemoteException
- if there is a communication errorTransactionConstants
public void init(long duration, long timeout) throws java.rmi.RemoteException, MonitorException
init
in interface MonitoringSession
duration
- Requested lease duration for the session.timeout
- Timeout for execution of this task wich includes idle time in
space.MonitorException
- 1) If this session is already active 2) If there is no such
sessionjava.rmi.RemoteException
- if there is a communication errorpublic void init(Monitorable mntrbl) throws java.rmi.RemoteException, MonitorException
init
in interface MonitoringSession
mntrbl
- The monitorable who picked this up.MonitorException
- 1) If there is no such session 2) The execution has been
inited by some one else.java.rmi.RemoteException
- if there is a communication errorpublic void changed(Context ctx, StrategyContext controlContext, int aspect) throws java.rmi.RemoteException, MonitorException
changed
in interface MonitoringSession
ctx
- The service dataContext changed.
* @param aspect
The aspect of dataContext change.MonitorException
- 1) If there is no such session 2) The dataContext does not
belong to this sessionjava.rmi.RemoteException
- if there is a communication errorpublic int getState() throws java.rmi.RemoteException, MonitorException
getState
in interface MonitoringSession
MonitorException
- 1) If there is no such sessionjava.rmi.RemoteException
- if there is a communication errorpublic net.jini.core.lease.Lease getLease()
MonitoringSession
getLease
in interface MonitoringSession


public interface
SequencePreallocator
Logic to determine how many values to pre-allocate for a sequence. By default, Derby boosts concurrency by pre-allocating ranges of numbers for sequences. During orderly database shutdown, the unused numbers are reclaimed so that shutdown will not create holes in the sequences. However, holes may appear if the application fails to shut down its databases before the JVM exits.
Logic in this class is called every time Derby needs to pre-allocate a new range of sequence values. Users can override Derby's default behavior by writing their own implementation of this interface and then setting the following Derby property:
-Dderby.language.sequence.preallocator=com.acme.MySequencePreallocator
Classes which implement this interface must also provide a public 0-arg constructor so that Derby can instantiate them. Derby will instantiate a SequencePreallocator for every sequence.
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
int
|
nextRangeSize
(java.lang.String schemaName,
java.lang.String sequenceName)
This method returns the size of the next pre-allocated range for the specified
sequence.
|
int nextRangeSize(java.lang.String schemaName, java.lang.String sequenceName)
This method returns the size of the next pre-allocated range for the specified sequence. Names are case-sensitive, as specified in CREATE SEQUENCE and CREATE TABLE statements.
schemaName
- Name of schema holding the sequence.
sequenceName
- Specific name of the sequence.
Apache Derby 10.9 API Documentation - Copyright © 2004,2012 The Apache Software Foundation. All Rights Reserved.


The MovieBrain project is a proof of concept for the PhD research of Simon Dooms. Therefore any feedback is much appreciated. Did you like the system? How do the results compare to the recommendations on the IMDb website? General thoughts, suggestions or feature requests? It's all welcome in the text area below.


--- layout: post title: Alternative economy/usefull social apps. type: post published: false status: draft categories: - Various tags: [] meta: _edit_last: '2' author: login: admin email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>display_name: gerbrand first_name: Gerbrand last_name: van Dieijen ---
In the (Dutch) news paper I read, NRC, an column by Erica Verdegaal on saving (tax) money by exchanging goods rather then selling new stuff and loaning stuff to friends rather then from banks.
Via mywheels.nl, snappcar.nl and toogethr.com and wego,.nu you can lend out your car. Via connectcar.nl and greenwheels.nl and studentcar.nl you can borrow a car very easy and flexible. To rent your cars to family or friends there's a example loan agreement on autodate.nl Sharing stuff can be via spullendelen.nl. Swapping clothes via kledingruilfeest and kleding ruilen (?). Ruilkringen.
Flexible daycare via buurtoudersnederland.nl


Shortener-url: {{url.short_url}}
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Created by: {{url.author}}
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User Config (0.7.0+)¶
If you use Cookiecutter a lot, you’ll find it useful to have a user config file. By default Cookiecutter tries to retrieve settings from a .cookiecutterrc file in your home directory.
From version 1.3.0 you can also specify a config file on the command line via --config-file
:
$ cookiecutter --config-file /home/audreyr/my-custom-config.yaml cookiecutter-pypackage
Or you can set the COOKIECUTTER_CONFIG
environment variable:
$ export COOKIECUTTER_CONFIG=/home/audreyr/my-custom-config.yaml
If you wish to stick to the built-in config and not load any user config file at all,
use the cli option --default-config
instead. Preventing Cookiecutter from loading
user settings is crucial for writing integration tests in an isolated environment.
Example user config:
default_context:
full_name: "Audrey Roy"
email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>github_username: "audreyr"
cookiecutters_dir: "/home/audreyr/my-custom-cookiecutters-dir/"
replay_dir: "/home/audreyr/my-custom-replay-dir/"
abbreviations:
pp: https://github.com/audreyr/cookiecutter-pypackage.git
gh: https://github.com/{0}.git
bb: https://bitbucket.org/{0}
Possible settings are:
default_context: A list of key/value pairs that you want injected as context whenever you generate a project with Cookiecutter. These values are treated like the defaults in cookiecutter.json, upon generation of any project.
cookiecutters_dir: Directory where your cookiecutters are cloned to when you use Cookiecutter with a repo argument.
replay_dir: Directory where Cookiecutter dumps context data to, which you can fetch later on when using the replay feature.
abbreviations: A list of abbreviations for cookiecutters. Abbreviations can be simple aliases for a repo name, or can be used as a prefix, in the form abbr:suffix. Any suffix will be inserted into the expansion in place of the text {0}, using standard Python string formatting. With the above aliases, you could use the cookiecutter-pypackage template simply by saying cookiecutter pp, or cookiecutter gh:audreyr/cookiecutter-pypackage. The gh (github), bb (bitbucket), and gl (gitlab) abbreviations shown above are actually built in, and can be used without defining them yourself.


Portfolio: ON Semiconductor
Banners and Netmercials
2016
Campaign 2
2015
Campaign 3
Campaign 2B
2014 Campaign #4 (Morph)
AUTO
EE
LED
Chinese
Chinese
Chinese
English
English
English
German
German
German
Japanese
Japanese
Japanese


Preparation time
less than 30 mins
Cooking time
over 2 hours
Serves
Serves 6-8
This unusual approach to roast lamb is very simple and results in tender, aromatic meat perfect for Sunday lunch. The hay needed is available from pet shops - ask for ‘eating’ hay that’s edible for horses.
Preheat the oven to 180C/160C Fan/Gas 4.
Pierce the leg of lamb 10-12 times all over using the point of a sharp knife, then insert the lavender sprigs into the holes.
Use the hay to stuff a large, deep-sided roasting tray, one that’s large enough for the whole leg of lamb. Sprinkle over the remaining lavender leaves.
Place the leg of lamb onto the hay, then rub it all over with the softened butter, and season, to taste, with salt and freshly ground black pepper. Cover the roasting tray with aluminium foil.
Roast the lamb in the oven for 2-3 hours (for tender meat with a trace of pink), or until cooked to your liking, then remove it from the oven and set aside to rest for at least 30 minutes.
Meanwhile, bring the potatoes to the boil in a large pan of salted water and continue to boil for 2 minutes. Drain into a colander and shake them around to fluff up the edges.
When the lamb has about an hour left to cook, scrape the beef dripping into a large roasting tray, add the potatoes and season with salt flakes. Add them to the oven and roast for 25-30 minutes, or until golden-brown and crisp on their undersides, then turn them to coat them in the fat and continue to roast for a further 20-30 minutes, or until golden-brown and crisp all over.
Bring the vinegar and sugar to a simmer in a non-reactive saucepan, then remove the pan from the heat and stir in the chopped mint. Season with a pinch of salt.
Just before serving, cook the broccoli until just tender in a pan of salted, boiling water (about 2-3 minutes). Drain and season, to taste, with salt and freshly ground black pepper and a knob of butter.
To serve, transfer the lamb to a serving platter and carve into slices. Serve with the roast potatoes and purple sprouting broccoli alongside, and drizzle over the mint sauce.


We found a statistically significant difference in output between researchers at the Serbian public universities and Serbian academic migrants. On average, a migrant will publish 2.3 papers more per year than their Serbian counterpart. Additionally, we found a statistically significant increase in the publishing record of domestic scientists who collaborate with foreign scientists. On average, more collaborative authors publish 1.9 papers per year more than less collaborative authors. All Serbian scientists are ranked by the percent of papers coauthored with foreign authors. The scientists in the top 50% of the list are “more collaborative,” and the rest are “less collaborative.” The results are presented in the figure below.


56 Each pixel of the result has ¾ of its original red and green, and three times its original blue (with its transparency unchanged). By putting some sliders on the stage, you can play with colors dynamically: There are a few naturally scalar functions that have already had speciﬁc meanings when applied to lists and therefore are not hyperblocks: = and identical to (because they compare entire structures, not just scalars, always reporting a single Boolean result), and and or (because they don’t evaluate their second input at all if the ﬁrst input determines the result), join (because it converts non-scalar (and other non-text) inputs to text string form), and is a (type) (because it applies to its input as a whole). Blocks whose inputs are “natively” lists, such as and , are never hyperblocks. The reshape block takes a list (of any depth) as its ﬁrst input, and then takes zero or more sizes along the dimensions of an array. In the example it will report a table (a matrix) of four rows and three columns. If no sizes are given, the result is an empty list. Otherwise, the cells of the speciﬁed shape are ﬁlled with the atomic values from the input list. If more values are needed than provided, the block starts again at the head of the list, using values more than once. If more values are provided than needed, the extras are ignored; this isn’t an error. The item of block has a special set of rules, designed to preserve its pre-hyperblock meaning and also provide a useful behavior when given a list as its first (index) input: 1. If the index is a number, then item of reports the indicated top-level item of the list input; that item may be a sublist, in which case the entire sublist is reported (the original meaning of item of): 2. If the index is a list of numbers (no sublists), then item of reports a list of the indicated top-level items (rows, in a matrix; a straightforward hyperization): The combinations block takes any number of lists as input; it reports a list in which each item is a list whose length is the number of inputs; item i of a sublist is an item of input i. Every possible combination of items of the inputs is included, so the length of the reported list is the product of the lengths of the inputs.


{% extends "base.html" %} {% load filters %} {% block content %}
This form tests whether you are (still) a member of the Pirate Party. Enter your name or an email address and you will receive the response in your mailbox.
If you did not receive a mail, this means you are not a member of the Pirate Party. Follow the instructions here to become a member.


Gateway
BOT
03-Sep-18 02:34 PM
[dscrdeql] <CowboyCrypto- Founder> Smart bag to grab buddy
[dscrdeql] <CowboyCrypto- Founder> Dragon is gonna 3-4x fast I feel
[dscrdeql] <Combat Wom-mod> nah i just withdrew from exrates .. i was talking to dragon lol
[dscrdeql] <Combat Wom-mod> not dragonchain? lol
[dscrdeql] <SwimedDragon> :facepalm:
[dscrdeql] <Combat Wom-mod>
[dscrdeql] <CowboyCrypto- Founder> Oh lol
[dscrdeql] <CowboyCrypto- Founder> Dragonchain will have a nice bounce. Too many ppl hodling it and too deep on the loss to sell any time soon
[dscrdeql] <Llama-Admin> Komodo and EQLI are all i want
[dscrdeql] <CowboyCrypto- Founder> 2 great bags to have
[dscrdeql] <CowboyCrypto- Founder> Although I wouldn’t mind waking up to find 5000 eth lol
[dscrdeql] <CowboyCrypto- Founder> I’d just sell it and buy more Equaliser and Komodo though lol
[dscrdeql] <CowboyCrypto- Founder> 100btc buy order for kmd is still there
[dscrdeql] <Llama-Admin> KMD has a 100BTC buy wall on binance
[dscrdeql] <CowboyCrypto- Founder> That’s prob James accumulating for dividend funds
[dscrdeql] <Llama-Admin> or maybe it has to do with that BTC wallet that is subdividing into wallets of 100 :0
[dscrdeql] <CowboyCrypto- Founder> ?
[dscrdeql] <CowboyCrypto- Founder> Guess I missed that one
1,287 votes and 447 comments so far on Reddit
[dscrdeql] <CowboyCrypto- Founder> Damn that’s a gang of money
[dscrdeql] <CowboyCrypto- Founder> So yeah it could be
[dscrdeql] <ghøst> "KMD has a 100BTC buy wall on binance"
Maybe - this is not a real wall
[dscrdeql] <Llama-Admin> nah 100% real
[dscrdeql] <CowboyCrypto- Founder> It’s legit
[dscrdeql] <Llama-Admin> maybe everything is fake
[dscrdeql] <CowboyCrypto- Founder> This isn’t out of the ordinary
[dscrdeql] <CowboyCrypto- Founder> I’ve seen komodo running 1000btc in volume a day on bittrex
[dscrdeql] <Combat Wom-mod> kmd will do well in the future so will eqli
[dscrdeql] <CowboyCrypto- Founder> Oh I already know we are going to do fine


Humidity? Vibration? 3D point cloud data? …
v.to.db map=roads option=length type=line col=linelength units=me
Temporal RDF extends the RDF statement from a triple to a quad where the fourth element is the valid time of the RDF statement
Geospatial differences: Google (dark blue) versus ITN (light blue). Google use epsg:4326 and the ITN uses epsg:27700
The resilient distributed dataset (RDD) is an immutable, fault-tolerant distributed collection of objects that can be operated on in parallel. RDDs are divided into smaller chunks called Partitions, and when you execute some action, a task is launched per partition.
HDInsight Spark Cluster.
Non-vectorized
Vectorized


Aiomojang¶
Overview¶
Welcome to Aiomojang’s Documentation!
Note
This is a full API wrapper, but anything that requires you to login has not been thoroughly tested due to the difficulty of doing so. Use at your own risk.
Aiomojang is a asynchronous wrapper of Mojang’s api.
Warning
This module requires Python 3.6 and above due to the use of f-strings in the source code.
It is designed to be simple to use and easy understanding.
Installation¶
The best way to install this is to user pip to install this repository.
Windows:¶
python -3 pip install git+https://github.com/capslock321/aiomojang.git
Unix:¶
pip3 install git+https://github.com/capslock321/namemc.git
Basic Code Usage:¶
import aiomojang
import asyncio
# you can get a user's name by providing his uuid
async def get_name():
# getting a user's name
return await aiomojang.Player("7e2ad381193e40e2adfe8df266134d8c").name
# Output: Hypermnesia
# you can get a user's uuid by providing his name
async def get_uuid():
# getting a user's uuid
return await aiomojang.Player("Hypermnesia").uuid
# Output: 7e2ad381193e40e2adfe8df266134d8c


Iran's Guards Warn Protesters of 'Decisive' Action if Unrest Continues
The warning appeared to hint at a looming crackdown on protests that flared nationwide in response to an official announcement on Friday of gasoline rationing and price hikes of at least 50 percent
by ReutersIran's powerful Revolutionary Guards warned anti-government protesters of "decisive" action if unrest over gasoline price hikes do not cease, state television reported on Monday.
The warning appeared to hint at a looming crackdown on protests that flared nationwide in response to an official announcement on Friday of gasoline rationing and price hikes of at least 50 percent.
"If necessary we will take decisive and revolutionary action against any continued moves to disturb the people's peace and security," the Guards said in a statement carried by state media.


Alice has a string s of lowercase letters. The string is written on a wall.
Alice also has a set of cards. Each card contains a single letter. Alice can take any card and glue it on top of one of the letters of s. She may use any subset of cards in this way, possibly none or all of them. She is not allowed to glue new letters in front of s or after s, she can only replace the existing letters.
Alice wants to produce the lexicographically largest possible string.
You are given the


UMD - BA - Communication - 3.5 gpa
UMBC - MPS - Cybersecurity - 4.0 gpa
iOS Development Bootcamp - London App Brewery
Swift 4.2 / 5
Xcode 10 / 11
HTML + CSS + Javascript
Mobile app security Capstone Project written to research known and unknown issues with home-security IoT devices and their iOS app.
Graduated from UMD with a B.A. in Communication and a 3.5 gpa. During my time here, I realized that I wanted to move into something more technical
Graduated with a 4.0 gpa as Phi Kappa Phi for placing in top 10% of graduate students that year. It was during my time here while learning about NIST documentation and best practices that I started to dive into iOS and mobile security.
I wrote my Capstone Project on mobile security regarding a popular home security IoT device alongside its iOS app used to faciliate communication. I ultimately built a simplified version of an app I proposed to help secure IoT devices. The app utilized various pods sourced from Github to determine when an IoT device on the network went offline.
With a few months of diving head first into Swift 4.2 and Xcode 10, I have been working to build up my portfolio with examples that demonstrate my current understanding. I will conitnue to add to my portfolio, and am currently seeking a Jr. iOS Developer posisition.
Jr. iOS Developer
For any inquiries regarding employment or freelance iOS work, please contact me using the form below


{{ item.title }}
{{ item.description }}
Show an indicator on your screen when pre-production features are present.


Set Canteen department
| Canteen | Department | Date | Action |
|---|---|---|---|
| Canteen 1 | Keuangan |
21 October - 25 October | |
| Canteen 1 | Alat Berat |
21 October - 25 October | |
| Canteen 2 | Dapur |
21 October - 25 October | |
| Canteen 2 | IT |
21 October - 25 October | |
| Canteen 1 | Kebersihan |
21 October - 25 October |


pips Red=51 White=99
(CorrectAnswer= 0/0, ErrorScore= 0)
American teacher Phil Simborg posted this position on Facebook this week. Black is on roll. Should he double and if doubled should White take?
With a lead of forty-one pips in a short race of course Black must double. The question is the take. Phil showed this to a number of people including three well-known giants of the game. They all dropped and that was my immediate assessment as well. White gets immediate double shots after Black's 62, 63 and 52 but surely that doesn't compensate for the forty-one pips racing deficit?
This is an unusual position insomuch that you are unlikely to have seen something like it before. When the unusual occurs you need to spend more time studying the position to stop yourself just making a snap judgement based on your prior experience, because it is too easy to apply general principles and come to the wrong conclusion.
That is the case here where a deeper analysis leads one to a very different conclusion.
In addition to the shots generated after Black's 62, 63 and 52 White can leave his rearmost checker on Black's 4-pt for a while and that may generate more shots as Black has very few spare 2's to play before he has to play 6/4*.
Secondly Black's bear-off structure is hugely inefficient with those gaps on the 3-, 4- and 5-pts. The normal flat position (two checkers on all the home board points) creates 10 pips of wastage. That means that to bear off from the flat position which has 42 pips, on average Black will have to roll 52 pips. In this position Black has something between 17 and 20 pips of wastage.
That means that White has real racing chances. One big double from White and he is right back in the race. The combination of chances from immediate shots, later shots and the race actually give White a trivial take of Black's double. Black still has a big double, of course, but perhaps surprisingly it is worse than a double blunder to drop as White.
The kay with such positions is firstly to do the analysis to come to the right conclusion and then to remember it so that the next time a similar position arises the correct decision can be made more easily. This method is basically how we all improve at backgammon. You come across something new, do the analysis, file away the results and then re-use that analysis on future occasions. Sadly, we have imperfect memories so sometimes we learn and subsequently forget, and it is not until we make the same mistake again that the learning is truly reinforced!
My thanks to Phil for posting such an instructive position.
With a lead of forty-one pips in a short race of course Black must double. The question is the take. Phil showed this to a number of people including three well-known giants of the game. They all dropped and that was my immediate assessment as well. White gets immediate double shots after Black's 62, 63 and 52 but surely that doesn't compensate for the forty-one pips racing deficit?
This is an unusual position insomuch that you are unlikely to have seen something like it before. When the unusual occurs you need to spend more time studying the position to stop yourself just making a snap judgement based on your prior experience, because it is too easy to apply general principles and come to the wrong conclusion.
That is the case here where a deeper analysis leads one to a very different conclusion.
In addition to the shots generated after Black's 62, 63 and 52 White can leave his rearmost checker on Black's 4-pt for a while and that may generate more shots as Black has very few spare 2's to play before he has to play 6/4*.
Secondly Black's bear-off structure is hugely inefficient with those gaps on the 3-, 4- and 5-pts. The normal flat position (two checkers on all the home board points) creates 10 pips of wastage. That means that to bear off from the flat position which has 42 pips, on average Black will have to roll 52 pips. In this position Black has something between 17 and 20 pips of wastage.
That means that White has real racing chances. One big double from White and he is right back in the race. The combination of chances from immediate shots, later shots and the race actually give White a trivial take of Black's double. Black still has a big double, of course, but perhaps surprisingly it is worse than a double blunder to drop as White.
The kay with such positions is firstly to do the analysis to come to the right conclusion and then to remember it so that the next time a similar position arises the correct decision can be made more easily. This method is basically how we all improve at backgammon. You come across something new, do the analysis, file away the results and then re-use that analysis on future occasions. Sadly, we have imperfect memories so sometimes we learn and subsequently forget, and it is not until we make the same mistake again that the learning is truly reinforced!
My thanks to Phil for posting such an instructive position.
Cube analysis 2-ply cubeless equity +0.519 0.730 0.057 0.001 - 0.270 0.000 0.000 Cubeful equities: 1. Double, take +0.897 2. Double, pass +1.000 (+0.103) 3. No double +0.719 (-0.179) Proper cube action: Double, take


Self-motivated full stack web developer with a proven track record of learning and implementing new technologies. Passionate about writing clean code and leveraging strengths of diverse teams. I have an entrepreneurial spirit paired with a relentless work ethic. I am a skilled communicator with excellent interpersonal and problem-solving skills.
Tampa native with a passion for home-cooked meals and freshly-ground coffee. I believe that natural springs are Florida's best-kept secret; on the weekends you can find me on Rainbow River or St. Pete beach. As a card-carrying nerd, I enjoy reading non-fiction and watching anime, and my lifelong dream is to vacation in Japan during the spring to see the cherry blossoms in full bloom.
https://hitch-app.herokuapp.com/
Hitch is a prototype for a peer-to-peer long-distance rideshare app built with a React front-end and Rails back-end. The idea behind the app is that traveling between cities in the United States is hard for someone who does not own a vehicle. Public transportation is lacking. Renting a car is expensive. I saw a gap in the market for intercity travel, and I think peer-to-peer rideshares can address it. Drivers on Hitch can afford to charge a low price per seat because they're already headed in that direction anyway; think of it as a friend covering your gas money. It's hitchhiking for the 21st century!
The current prototype offers several core features: searching for a ride, booking a ride, offering a drive, displaying your rides and drives, and canceling your rides and drives. Users can search for rides based upon departure and arrival locations, dates, and times, as well as number of seats available in the vehicle and the price per seat.
I utilized Auth0 for user authentication, and offered the ability for users to sign up and log in with their Google accounts. Hitch takes and stores the users' Google profile pictures, full names, and email addresses, displaying that information automatically on their profile pages. Users can then add more information to their profiles.
I used Ruby ORMs to build an API with a postgresQL database. Instead of scaffolding, I wrote original models, controllers, and routes to manipulate user-generated data. My data is represented by three tables: People, Trips, and Rides (a junction table establishing the passengers for each trip).
I imported the library react-map-gl in order to let users choose departure and arrival locations by simply dropping a pin on a map. I stored the latitude and longitude of those pins in state, and then passed that information to my back-end through a POST request tied to a form submission. Then the latitudes and longitudes were reverse-geocoded into an address by a custom method which I wrote for the Geocoder gem.
HTML, CSS, Javascript, React, React Router, React-Map-GL, Axios, Moment.js, Auth0, Ruby, Rails, Geocoder
Close Projecthttps://react-minesweeper-dylanattal.surge.sh/
This project is special to me because it was a lot of firsts. It was the first large project where I pulled data from an API; it was the first project where I broke down parts of the UI into React components; and it was the first project where I used MobX for state management.
I pulled data from the API https://minesweeper-api.herokuapp.com/. I used POST requests to
create a new game, check a cell for a bomb, and flag cells that
I thought had bombs in them. I imported the Axios library to
perform API calls instead of using
.fetch()
.
I broke down the UI into separate components in order to take
advantage of repeating elements. The UI consists of the
Table
, Board
, and
Cell
components. The Table
includes
the top two rows and bottom row which give information about the
game, like the difficulty and the amount of mines left. The
Board
map
s over data from the API and
renders rows of Cell
s. This functionality of React
kept me from repeating a lot of code and ensured each
Cell
had the correct functions passed down to it to
check its contents.
I chose to update the state of the game through MobX. I put the
"difficulty," "number of mines left," and "won/lost" state into
the Game
component. That way when a player loses
the game, the logic for displaying "You lose!" in the App.js
file just references the state in Game
.
HTML, CSS, Javascript, React, Axios, MobX
Close Projecthttps://savings-goals-app.herokuapp.com/
The goal of this project was to create a savings goals app for a fictional bank named Acme Bank. I authenticated users through Auth0, using their Google credentials to sign up and log in to the app. Users are able to view, create, update, and delete their savings goals.
This is a Single Page Application with React on the front-end and Rails on the back-end. I used React Router for routing and Axios for API calls. The app has a PostgreSQL database with only two tables: Users and Goals.
I broke each Goal into its own component and passed each Goal its particular information through props after using a GET request on the Savings page to populate the state with an array of all the current user's goals.
Users can then create new goals with a goal name, a target amount, and an amount for money already saved. Users can go on to change that target amount, add money to the saved amount, or delete the goal altogether.
I deployed the app to Heroku.
HTML, CSS, JavaScript, React, Axios, React Router, Ruby, Rails, PostgreSQL, JWT, Auth0
Close Projecthttps://react-to-do-list-dylanattal.surge.sh/
This was a project focused on practicing API calls from the API https://one-list-api.herokuapp.com/. I used GET, POST, PUT, and DELETE requests through the Axios library to display, add, update, and delete list items.
 I first had to access the id
of the
item in the API through the input
field using the data-
DOM attribute. Then I changed the
state
of the component to reflect that that specific item was being edited. Utilizing string
interpolation in the URL of the API call, I used a POST request to edit the text of the selected
item. Finally, I reset the state
to reflect that an item was no longer being edited.
HTML, CSS, Javascript, React, Axios
Close Projecthttps://react-photo-gallery-dylanattal.surge.sh/
This was my first project using React Router. This was also my first time making a Single Page Application. Making this photo gallery as an SPA worked well with React Router because I just changed the view on the page by rendering different components based on the URL path. This preserves the user's expectations of what changing pages should look like without having to actually load different pages.
I'm proud of adding breadcrumb navigation
to the app. I was able to create these Link
s dynamically by
accessing the params that were passed through Router. Also, I
added an if
statement to the PhotoList
and PhotoDetails
components to display a 404 page if a user inputs a path into
the URL that my app does not support.
I was given a JSON object to complete this project with. It had a few pictures of pandas and miniature sculptures in it. After getting React Router to work, I decided to make my own JSON object with original data. I made this project right after Thanksgiving... so my mind was on food. I decided to make a photo gallery full of classic American holiday dishes!
HTML, CSS, Javascript, React, React Router
Close ProjectThis marketing website was built for a small business operating out of Tampa, Florida. Maui Wowi Tampa specializes in mobile events and catering. They serve gourmet Hawaiian coffee, espresso, and smoothies. The owner of the company contacted me to overhaul his site. His previous site was very old and its mobile UI was practically non-functional. The owner's main desire was to have a fully responsive site that would look good and be functional on any device. The goal of the site is not to generate new leads; instead, the owner of Maui Wowi Tampa points potential clients to the site to learn more about the products and services as well as view photos of the setup. With this in mind, he was most concerned with the site looking simple, clean, modern, and responsive.
To that end, I utilized Bootstrap4 for formatting the site in a consistent and responsive manner. The hamburger menu was especially important since the owner advised me that most potential clients view the site on their mobile devices. I used descriptive HTML5 tags to contribute towards SEO best practices so that search engines can better read and map out the site. Formatting the pictures as background images on the div
s of the photo slider with the styles background-size: contain; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: center;
ensured that each photo has proportional dimensions and that the overall size of the slider does not change between pictures.
HTML, CSS, Javascript, Gulp, Bootstrap
Close Project


 You’ll see two copies of the same animal. The images will be either the same, or a mirror image, as if the animal is looking in the mirror. Your goal is to decide whether the two pictures are the same or different. Let’s try it out:
See those crocodiles? Are those the same, or different (mirror image)? Use the mouse to move and click on either SAME or MIRROR IMAGE.