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W.P. No.4792/2005 (PIL) 1 HIGH COURT OF MADHYA PRADESH : JABALPUR Writ Petition No. 4792/2005 (PIL) Rajendra Kumar Verma .....Petitioner Versus State of M.P. and others ....Respondents ============================================= Coram: Hon'ble Shri Justice A. M. Khanwilkar, Chief Justice Hon'ble Shri Justice Shantanu Kemkar, J. ============================================= Smt. Shobha Menon, Senior Advocate with Shri Rahul Choubey, Advocate for the petitioner. Shri Swapnil Ganguly, Deputy Government Advocate for the respondents 1 to 4/State. ============================================= Whether approved for reporting ? YES ============================================= Reserved On : 16.10.2014 Date of Decision : 06.01.2015 ORDER
{06th January, 2015} Per: A.M. Khanwilkar, Chief Justice:
The petitioner asserts that he is a well-known social worker and actively associated with many NGOs fighting for the cause of human dignity, civil liberty and social justice. He has W.P. No.4792/2005 (PIL) 2 filed this public interest petition for direction to the State Authorities to prevent the environmental noise pollution caused during the festive seasons, religious and social ceremonies spread over the year, by use of various sound amplifiers and other devices besides the noise pollution by factories, trains and aeroplanes. Further direction is sought to prevent other atrocities committed on the society in the name of religious festivals such as (a) traffic hazards by putting Pandals on busy streets (the number proliferating each year) in an indiscriminate manner, (b) theft of electricity with impunity for lighting and decoration of Pandals, resulting in loss to public exchequer and (c) extortion and intimidation of public by unscrupulous elements in the name of donation for the Pandals.
2. According to the petitioner, the citizens have a right to a decent environment and to live peacefully which includes right to sound sleep at night, to leisure and free locomotion during the day time. These are essential ingredients of the right to life guaranteed under Articles 19(1)(a) and 21 of the Constitution of India. The petitioner asserts that the mandate of Article 51A(g) obligates every citizen to protect and improve the environment. Reliance is placed on the exposition of the Apex Court in W.P. No.4792/2005 (PIL) 3 Subhash Kumar v. State of Bihar and others1. In Paragraph 7, the Court held that right to live is a fundamental right under Article 21 and it includes the right of enjoyment of pollution free water and air for full enjoyment of life. It is contended that the use of various sound amplifiers during the festivals, social and cultural gatherings and, more particularly, if unregulated, inevitably causes health hazards and nuisance to the public. It entails in infringment of basic human rights and also fundamental rights of the captive listeners in the concerned locality. The petitioner has then placed reliance on the decision of the Calcutta High Court in the case of Moulana Mufti Syed Md. Noorur Rehman Barkati v. State of West Bengal2 wherein the issues raised by the petitioner have been squarely dealt with in the context of right to practice and propagate one's own religion. After analysing the gamut of decisions, it is held that right does not give licence to anyone to create noise pollution and muchless force the captive listeners to suffer the same. That, none can claim an absolute right to suspend others rights or disturb their basic human rights and fundamental rights. The petitioner has also placed reliance on another decision of the Apex Court in 1 (1991) 1 SCC 598 = AIR 1991 SC 420 2 AIR 1999 Cal. 15 = 1998 SCC Online Cal. 73 W.P. No.4792/2005 (PIL) 4 Church of God (Full Gospel) in India v. K.K.R. Majestic Colony Welfare Association and others3 wherein it is held that sleep is restorative time of life and sound night's sleep is crucial to good health. The Court held that no religion prescribes that prayers should be performed by disturbing the peace of others nor does it preach that they should be through voice amplifiers or beating of drums. Further, in a civilised society in the name of religion, actitvities which disturb old or infirm persons, students or children having their sleep in the early hours or during daytime or other persons carrying on other activities cannot be permitted. Rights of others are also required to be honoured. The Court also highlighted that the problem of noise has become a very serious issue - having many evil effects including danger to health. It may cause interruption of sleep, affect communication, loss of efficiency, hearing loss or deafness, high blood pressure, depression, irritability, fatigue, gastro-intestinal problems, allergy, distraction, mental stress and annoyance etc. It also affects animals alike. Sometimes it lead to serious law and order problem. Further, in a civilised society, rights are related with duties towards others including neighbours. .
3 (2000) 7 SCC 282 W.P. No.4792/2005 (PIL) 5
3. To buttress the argument that noise pollution should not be countenanced, the petitioner has placed reliance not only on Article 21 but also Articles 48A and 51A(g) of the Constitution of India. The petitioner has also placed reliance on the provisions of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1982 (in short "the Act of 1982") and the Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 (hereinafter referred to as "the Central Rules of 2000"). These Rules oblige the State Authorities to take certain measures for enforcement of the restrictions specified therein. Rule 3 prescribes for the ambient air quality standards in respect of noise for different areas/zones, which are specified in the Schedule annexed to these Rules. Rule 4, read with Rules 5 and 8 obliges the State Authorities to ensure that the restrictions on the use of loud speakers/public address system are observed without any exception.
4. Reference is also made to the provisions of Indian Penal Code. Section 268 of IPC makes noise pollution an actionable cause as 'public nuisance'. Section 290 of IPC provides for punishment for such public nuisance. Section 133 of the Criminal Procedure Code empowers the Magistrate to make conditional order requiring the person causing nuisance including W.P. No.4792/2005 (PIL) 6 that of noise to remove such nuisance. Section 30 of the Police Act, 1861 (hereinafter referred to as "the Act of 1861") provides for Authorities to specify Rules for conduct of all assemblies or processions on public road or public streets. This provision also requires prior procurement of licence/permission before organizing the event. The Police Authorities are competent to exercise power of stopping, dispersion or declaring the assemblies or processions as unlawful, which violate the conditions of licence, by virtue of Section 30-A of that Act of 1861. Section 32 of the said Act provides for penalty upon conviction for the violation of licence conditions or breach of any provision of Law governing the subject.
5. The petitioner has also referred to the provisions of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1939 and, in particular, Section 20, 21J, 41, 68, 68I, 70, 91 and 111A, which empowers the State Government to frame Rules to regulate equipment and maintenance of motor vehicles and trailers. Section 70(2)(i) of the said Act provides for reduction of noise emitted or caused by vehicles while Section 70(2)(k) prohibits the carrying of appliances likely to cause annoyance or danger; whereas Section 70(2)(l) envisages periodical testing and inspection of vehicles by prescribed W.P. No.4792/2005 (PIL) 7 Authorities and Section 70(2)(n) of the said Act deals with the use of trailers with motor vehicles. According to the petitioner, the provisions of the Motor Vehicle Rules framed by various States do not contain any effective control measures in relation to noise pollution except to certain extent, use of horns and silencers. The petitioner has also adverted to the provisions of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988, which in turn, had repealed the Motor Vehicles Act, 1939. Referring to Section 110 and 190 of the Act of 1988 and the provisions in the Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989 it is asserted that the issue of noise pollution caused due to vehicles has been redressed to some extent.
6. Reliance is then placed on the provisions of Madhya Pradesh Kolahal Niyantran Adhiniyam, 1985 (in short "the Adhiniyam of 1985"). According to the petitioner, this enactment envisages mechanism for dealing with complaints relating to noise pollution caused inter alia due to loud speakers and other such appliances. However, the provisions in this Adhiniyam are not only negation of fundamental rights of the common man and the citizen but also against the spirit of the Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000. In that, Section 13 of the Adhiniyam of 1985 exempts the control of use of loudspeakers W.P. No.4792/2005 (PIL) 8 during the festivals adumbrated under that Section. Thereby, it grants unfettered and untrammeled right in the hands of few religious fanatics so as to interfere with the rights of the residents in the locality to have noise free environment during festivals. Accordingly, it is asserted that that Section is ultra vires the Central Rules of 2000.
7. By amending this petition, the petitioner has specifically articulated grounds on which Section 13 of the Adhiniyam of 1985 should be declared ultra vires the Constitution as well as the Central Rules of 2000. The petitioner has accordingly prayed for the following reliefs:
"I. to issue a writ of mandamus to respondents to restrict:-
(a) installation of religious Pandals only to open areas/exhibition grounds to eliminate traffic hazards and ease of control;
(b) Decibel level of the sound systems in accordance with the schedule to the Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000. For ease of execution, it is prayed that use of horn type loudspeakers be banned and only box type speakers be allowed within Pandals subject to decibel levels prescribed by the aforementioned Central Rules of 2000.
(c) Theft of electricity by Pandals, by making it mandatory to use Meters at the site earmarked. It is further prayed that use of opulent decorative lamps be banned.
W.P. No.4792/2005 (PIL) 9
(d) Anti-social elements running the Pandals by placing each under the charge of elected representatives of Local Bodies, such as Municipal Councilors and Panchayat Members.
(e) This Honourable Court be pleased to declare section 13 of the M.P. Kolahal Adhiniyam, 1985 as ultra vires for violating the fundamental rights of the petitioner.
II. to grant any other relief as deemed fit and proper in the facts and circumstances of the case."
8. While adverting to the incalculable inconvenience, nuisance and obstruction caused to the public because of installation of Puja Pandals, the petitioner asserts that it is obligatory for the State Administration to regulate the same so as to ensure that Pandals are not installed in congested areas and further do not become the source for extortion from the public. Moreover, the Puja Pandals permitted by the Authorities should not be allowed to use free electricity and to cause loss to public exchequer. This can be ensured by providing disqualification for anti-social elements/history-sheeters from being member of Pandal Committees or to act as agents of the Pandal Committees. Instead, the Pandals should be permitted and must be under the complete control of the elected Representatives such as Municipal Councillors/Corporators/ Panchayat Members etc. W.P. No.4792/2005 (PIL) 10 These persons should ensure that donation from public is not collected by way of intimidation, but, is purely voluntary.
9. During the pendency of this petition, Division Bench of this Court had granted interim relief vide order dated 01.07.2005, which reads, thus:
"There shall be an interim direction to the respondents 1 to 4 to ensure that the following conditions are specified while granting permission/licence for erecting Pandals for any religious festivals or for marriage or other functions:
(a) If loud-speakers are used, the noise levels by use of such loud-speakers (either horn type or box type) shall not exceed the limits prescribed in the Schedule to the Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000.
(b) No part of the Pandal shall be erected in a manner obstructing traffic. No part of the Road shall be closed for erecting Pandals.
(c) A temporary connection with meter shall be taken for electricity supply to each Pandal."
10. The respondents have filed return, which, however, is not to oppose the writ petition but to place on record steps taken by the Authorities in furtherance of the enactments requiring regulation of noise pollution. To wit, the circulars issued on 18.02.2005 and 24.11.2005 by the Chief Secretary to all the duty-holders for ensuring strict implementation and taking action against persons found to be violating the provisions of the W.P. No.4792/2005 (PIL) 11 Adhiniyam of 1985. The same have been placed on record.
11. The Pollution Control Board has filed a separate return and has adverted to the relevant provisions concerning the prohibition of noise pollution and the mechanism for dealing with the complaints in that regard. It is stated that the Pollution Control Board has no authority to take any action against the person/Institution/Society/Association responsible for installation of Pandals and causing noise pollution. It is for the other Authorities such as District Magistrate, Police Commissioner or any other Officer designated for that purpose to ensure proper maintenance of ambient quality in respect of the noise levels under the concerned Rules.
12. The Electricity Board in its return has stated that the Board is not providing any free electricity to Pandals installed with or without permission. Any person interested in installing Pandal, even for a short duration, is required to apply for temporary connection to the Electricity Board through its Committee and pay for the actual electricity consumed during such period as per the meter reading.
13. During the course of argument, counsel appearing for the respective parties have more or less reiterated the stand taken W.P. No.4792/2005 (PIL) 12 in the petition/affidavit, as filed.
14. Regarding the issue of noise pollution due to loudspeakers or public address system and its impact on the basic human rights and the fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution of India to the persons in the neighbourhood and captive listeners, has been lucidly expounded in the decision of Noise Pollution (V), in RE with Forum, Prevention of Environmental & Sound Pollution v. Union of India and Another4. It may be apposite to refer to the directions issued by the Apex Court in the case of Noise Pollution (V), in RE (supra).
"XII. Directions It is hereby directed as under:-
(i) Firecrackers
174. (1). On a comparison of the two systems i.e. the present system of evaluating firecrackers on the basis of noise levels, and the other where the firecrackers shall be evaluated on the basis of chemical composition, we feel that the latter method is more practical and workable in Indian circumstances. It shall be followed unless and until replaced by a better system.
2. The Department of Explosives (DOE) shall undertake necessary research activity for the purpose and come out with the chemical formulae for each type or category or class of firecrackers.
The DOE shall specify the proportion/composition 4 (2005) 5 SCC 733 W.P. No.4792/2005 (PIL) 13 as well as the maximum permissible weight of every chemical used in manufacturing firecrackers.
3. The Department of Explosives may divide the firecrackers into two categories- (i) sound- emitting firecrackers, and (ii) colour/light-emitting firecrackers.
4. There shall be a complete ban on bursting sound-emitting firecrackers between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m. It is not necessary to impose restrictions as to time on bursting of colour/light-emitting firecrackers.
5. Every manufacturer shall on the box of each firecracker mention details of its chemical contents and that it satisfies the requirement as laid down by DOE. In case of a failure on the part of the manufacturer to mention the details or in cases where the contents of the box do not match the chemical formulae as stated on the box, the manufacturer may be held liable.
6. Firecrackers for the purpose of export may be manufactured bearing higher noise levels subject to the following conditions: (i) the manufacturer should be permitted to do so only when he has an export order with him and not otherwise; (ii) the noise levels for these firecrackers should conform to the noise standards prescribed in the country to which they are intended to be exported as per the export order; (iii) these firecrackers should have a different colour packing, from those intended to be sold in India;
(iv) they must carry a declaration printed thereon something like "not for sale in India" or "only for export to country AB" and so on.
(ii). Loudspeakers
175. 1. The noise level at the boundary of the public place, where loudspeaker or public address system or any other noise source is being used shall W.P. No.4792/2005 (PIL) 14 not exceed 10 dB(A) above the ambient noise standards for the area or 75 dB(A) whichever is lower.
2. No one shall beat a drum or tom-tom or blow a trumpet or beat or sound any instrument or use any sound amplifier at night (between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m.) except in public emergencies.
3. The peripheral noise level of privately owned sound system shall not exceed by more than 5 dB(A) than the ambient air quality standard specified for the area in which it is used, at the boundary of the private place.
(iii) Vehicular Noise
176. No horn should be allowed to be used at night (between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m.) in residential areas except in exceptional circumstances.
(iv) Awareness
177. 1. There is a need for creating general awareness towards the hazardous effects of noise pollution. Suitable chapters may be added in the text-books which teach civic sense to the children and youth at the initial/early-level of education. Special talks and lectures be organised in the schools to highlight the menace of noise pollution and the role of the children and younger generation in preventing it. Police and civic administration should be trained to understand the various methods to curb the problem and also the laws on the subject.
2. The State must play an active role in this process. Residents Welfare Associations, Service Clubs and societies engaged in preventing noise pollution as a part of their projects need to be encouraged and actively involved by the local administration.
W.P. No.4792/2005 (PIL) 15
3. Special public awareness campaigns in anticipation of festivals, events and ceremonial occasions whereat firecrackers are likely to be used, need to be carried out.
The abovesaid guidelines are issued in exercise of power conferred on this Court under Articles 141 and 142 of the Constitution. These would remain in force until modified by this Court or superseded by an appropriate legislation.
(v) Generally
178. 1. The States shall make provision for seizure and confiscation of loudspeakers, amplifiers and such other equipments as are found to be creating noise beyond the permissible limits.
2. Rule 3 of the Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 makes provision for specifying ambient air-quality standards in respect of noise for different areas/zones, categorization of the areas for the purpose of implementation of noise standards, authorizing the authorities for enforcement and achievement of laid down standards. The Central Government/State Governments shall take steps for laying down such standards and notifying the authorities where it has not already been done."
(emphasis supplied) In the subsequent order passed by the same Bench on 3rd October, 2005, in Noise Pollution (VI), in RE5, noticing that Rule 5, as amended, continues to remain in operation but the 5 (2005) 8 SCC 794 W.P. No.4792/2005 (PIL) 16 State Governments were feeling difficulty in enforcing the Rule and also exercise of power conferred under Sub-Rule (3) of Rule 5 of the Central Rules of 2000 to that extent the matter was reopened.
15. In the recent decision, the Apex Court in Farhd K. Wadia v. Union of India and Others6 dealt with the question about the exemption from restriction on the use of loud-speakers and whether such exemption can apply to silence zone/areas. It will useful to reproduce relevant extract from this decision - which answers the main issue raised even in this petition. The same reads thus :-
"21. Contention that the State Government has not declared the said zone as a silence zone, in our opinion, is besides the point. The High Court, while passing its interim order dated 25.09.2003, did not state that silence zone was required to be declared, but passed the order of restraint in respect of silence zone, as "defined and discussed in the Rules". The parties thereto and particularly the State of Maharashtra understood the said order in that light.
22. Interference by the court in respect of noise pollution is premised on the basis that a citizen has certain rights being "necessity of silence", "necessity of sleep", "process during sleep"
and "rest", which are biological necessities and essential for health. Silence is considered to be 6 (2009) 2 SCC 442 W.P. No.4792/2005 (PIL) 17 golden. It is considered to be one of the human rights as noise is injurious to human health which is required to be preserved at any cost. [See Noise Pollution, Laws & Remedies by Justice Bhagabati Prosad Banerjee]
23. The Calcutta High Court in several judgments and in particular in Om Birangana Religious Society v. State (1996) 100 CWN
617) issued various directions, some of them being:
"(a) There will be complete ban on the use of horn type loud-speakers within city residential areas and also prohibit the use of playback of pre-recorded music etc. through such horn type loud- speakers unless used with sound limiter.
(b) In cultural functions which are live functions, use of such pre-recorded music should not be used excepting for the purpose of announcement and/or actual performance and placement of speaker boxes should be restricted within the area of performance facing the audience. No sound generating devise should be placed outside the main area of performance.
(c) Cultural programmes in open air may be held excepting at least before three days of holding Board/Council Examinations to till examinations are completed in residential areas or areas where educational institutions are situated.
(d) The distance of holding such functions from the silence zones should be 100 meters and in so far as schools, colleges, universities, Courts are concerned, it will be treated as silence zones till the end of the office hours and/or the teaching hours. Hospitals and some W.P. No.4792/2005 (PIL) 18 renowned and important Nursing Homes will be treated as silence zones round the clock." [See Noise Pollution, Laws & Remedies by Justice Bhagabati Prosad Banerjee, pages 327-328]
24. This Court has also taken suo motu cognizance as regards noise pollution. It passed various orders from time to time in Noise Pollution (I), In re-[(2005) 5 SCC 727], Noise Pollution (II), In re -[(2005) 5 SCC 728], Noise Pollution (III), In re [(2005) 5 SCC 730], Noise Pollution (IV), In re-[(2005) 5 SCC 731]. A detailed judgment was rendered by a Division Bench of this Court in the said writ petition, which has since been reported in Noise Pollution (II), In re-[(2005) 5 SCC 733]. Several guidelines had been issued therein by this Court in exercise of its jurisdiction under Articles 141 and 142 of the Constitution of India. Therein, the decision of the Calcutta High Court in Om Birangana Religious Society v. State [(1996) 100 CWN 617] has been taken note of. As regards loudspeakers and amplifiers, it was directed: [Noise Pollution (V) case - (2005) 5 SCC
733), SCC p. 781, para 171] "171. Loudspeakers and amplifiers or other equipment or gadgets which produce offending noise once detected as violating the law, should be liable to be seized and confiscated by making provision in the law in that behalf."
25. The matter again came up before this Court and an order passed therein has been reported in Noise Pollution (VII), In re- [(2005) 8 SCC 796]. The validity of the statutory rules framed by the Central Government and in particular Rule 5 amended by notification bearing No. S.O. 1088 (E) dated 11.10.2002 was taken note W.P. No.4792/2005 (PIL) 19 of. The decision rendered by this Court in Noise Pollution (V), In re was clarified. This Court noticed that the constitutional validity of sub-rule (3) of Rule 5 of the Rules had been upheld by the Kerala High Court by an order dated 14.03.2003 whereagainst an appeal was filed. The hearing of the civil appeal was, therefore, directed to be reopened. An interim order was passed that until further orders, Rule 5 of the Rules, as reproduced therein, would continue to remain in operation. The said appeal was thereafter taken up for hearing by a Bench of this Court. It was disposed of on 28.10.2005. This Court held that the Rules framed by the Central Government were not unreasonable, stating: [Noise Pollution (VII) case, SCC pp. 800-01, para 8].
"8.....The power to grant exemption is conferred on the State Government. It cannot be further delegated. The power shall be exercised by reference to the State as a unit and not by reference to districts, so as to specify different dates for different districts. It can be reasonably expected that the State Government would exercise the power with due care and caution and in the public interest. However, we make it clear that the scope of the exemption cannot be widened either by increasing the number of days or by increasing the duration beyond two hours. If that is attempted to be done, then the said sub-rule (3) conferring power to grant exemption may be liable to be struck down as violative of Articles 14 and 21 of the Constitution. We also make it clear that the State Government should generally specify in advance, the number and particulars of the days on which such exemption will be operative. Such specification would exclude arbitrariness in the exercise of power. The exemption, when granted, shall not apply to silence zone W.P. No.4792/2005 (PIL) 20 areas. This is only as a clarification as, this even otherwise is the position of law.
(emphasis supplied)
26. The State Government is bound also by the order of this Court besides the order passed by the High Court. If any order of relaxation and/or modification is required to be passed, it is only to be passed by this Court and the Bombay High Court in the aforementioned two writ petitions. A separate writ petition, in our opinion, thus, was not maintainable."
(emphasis supplied)
16. Considering the exposition of the Apex Court in the aforesaid decisions, it is unnecessary to underscore the imperativeness of regulating noise pollution and the obligation of the concerned Authorities to ensure strict compliance of the restrictions prescribed for noise levels.
17. Thus, prayer clause 7(b) need not detain us. We have no hesitation in accepting the said relief to the extent of the legal exposition in the aforesaid decisions and following that we direct the concerned Authorities to ensure strict compliance of the restrictions and to take all precautionary measures to prohibit violation of any of the provisions of the Central Legislation, Central Rules or State Regulations on the subject.
18. However, in the context of relief in prayer clause 7(e), we may have to consider the question: as to whether the W.P. No.4792/2005 (PIL) 21 provisions of the Adhiniyam of 1985 are ultra vires the Constitution and/or the Central enactment on the subject and, in particular, the Central Rules of 2000? Going by the principles restated by the Apex Court in the aforesaid decisions, right to make unregulated noise inheres in no one. Rather, there are ample provisions in the Central Legislation as well as the Rules framed thereunder and including the Adhiniyam of 1985, which provide for restriction on the use of amplifiers and other electronic devices to the extent of permissible limits. It must be presumed that the noise level upto those limits are within the tolerable limits and therefore, permissible. If the noise limit specified by law is exceeded or breached, that would be an actionable cause.
19. Reverting to the moot question, we deem it apposite to reproduce the provision in the Adhiniyam regarding exemption. The same reads, thus:
"13. Provisions. - (1) Nothing in this Act shall apply to,-
(i) the occasions of National and Social functions and religious Festivals mentioned below:-
1. Republic Day (26th January);
2. Basant Panchami;
3. Maha Shivratri;
4. Holi and Rangpanchami;
5. Guripadhva;
W.P. No.4792/2005 (PIL) 22
6. Chaitti Chand;
7. Ramnawami;
8. Baishakhi;
9. Mahavir Jayanti;
10. Dr. Ambedkar Jayanti;
11. Buddha Poornima;
12. Nagpanchami;
13. Id-ul-Fiter;
14. Rakshabandhan;
15. Independence Day (15th August);
16. Shri Krishna Janmashtami;
17. Ganesh Chaturthi to Anant Choudas;
18. Sarva Pitrimiksha Amavasya;
19. Gandhi Jayanti (2nd October);
20. Durga Padhva to Dashahara;
21 Deepavali; 22. Bhai Dooj; 23. Guru Nanak Jayanti; 24. Milad-un-nabi; 25. Guru Ghasidas Jayanti; 26. Christmas Day; 27. Moharrum from 1 to 10; 28. Id-uz-Zuha; 29. Good Friday; and
(ii) the use of loud speaker at any religious place or premises where it is being made as a tradition.
(2) The prescribed authority may, on application in writing made to him, grant exemption from the provisions of sections 4, 5, 6 and 7 for such period, as such occasions and in such areas as may be specified in the permission."
20. We may now advert to the provisions in the Central Rules of 2000. The said Rules were framed in exercise of powers under the enabling provisions in the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 read with Environment (Protection) W.P. No.4792/2005 (PIL) 23 Rules, 1986 by the Central Government, titled as the Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000. The same have come into force on the date of publication in the Official Gazette on 11.02.2000 and amended in the same year by Amended Rules (on 22.11.2000) and further amended in 2010 (on 11.01.2010).
21. Rule 3 of the Central Rules of 2000 specifies the ambient air quality standards in respect of noise for different areas/zones. The same reads, thus:
"3.AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS IN RESPECT OF NOISE FOR DIFFERENT AREAS/ZONES:-
(1) The ambient air quality standards in respect of Noise for different areas/zones shall be such as specified in the Schedule annexed to these rules.
(2) The State Government shall categorize the areas into industrial, commercial, residential or silence areas/zones for the purpose of implementation of noise standards for different areas.
(3) The State Government shall take measures for abatement of noise including noise emanating from vehicular movements, (blowing of horns, bursting of sound emitting free crackers, use of loud speakers or public address system and sound producing instruments) and ensure that the existing noise levels do not exceed the ambient air quality standards specified under these rules.
(4) All development authorities, local bodies and other concerned authorities while planning developmental activity or carrying out W.P. No.4792/2005 (PIL) 24 functions relating to town and country planning shall take into consideration all aspects of noise pollution as a parameter of quality of life to avoid noise menace and to achieve the objective of maintaining the ambient air quality standards in respect of noise.
(5) An area comprising not less than 100 meters around hospitals, educational institutions and courts may be declared as silence area/zone for the purpose of these rules."
(emphasis supplied) Rule 4 of the Central Noise Pollution Rules of 2000 imposes responsibility on the stated Authority to enforce noise pollution control measures within the limits of the ambient air quality standards, as specified in the schedule. The Schedule specifies limits Area/Zone wise, during the day time and night time. The "day time" has been specified from 6.00 A.M. to 10.00 P.M and "night time" as 10.00 P.M. to 6.00 A.M. Rule 5 provides for restrictions on the use of loud speakers/public address system and sound producing instruments. The same reads, thus:
"5. RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF LOUD SPEAKERS/PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM AND SOUND PRODUCING INSTRUMENTS:-
(1) A loud speaker or a public address system shall not be used except after obtaining written permission from the authority. (2) A loud speaker or a public address system or any sound producing instrument or a musical instrument or a sound amplifier shall not be used at night time except in closed premises for communication within, like auditoria, W.P. No.4792/2005 (PIL) 25 conference rooms, community halls, banquet halls or during a public emergency.
(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-rule (2), the State Government may subject to such terms and conditions as are necessary to reduce noise pollution, permit use of loud speakers or [public address systems and the like during night hours] (between 10.00 p.m. to 12.00 midnight) on or during any cultural or religious festive occasion of a limited duration not exceeding fifteen days in all during a calendar year.] [The concerned State Government shall generally specify in advance, the number and particulars of the days on which such exemption would be operative].
(4) The noise level at the boundary of the public place, where loudspeaker or public address system or any other noise source is being used shall not exceed 10 dB(A) above the ambient noise standards for the area or 75 dB(A) whichever is lower.
(5) The peripheral noise level of a privately owned sound system or a sound producing instrument shall not, at the boundary of the private place, exceed by more than 5 dB(A) the ambient noise standards specified for the area in which it is used."
(emphasis supplied)
22. As the argument is confined to the noise pollution caused on account of loud speakers and public address system used during the religious and social gatherings, we may not burden the judgment with the other provisions in the Rules of 2000.
W.P. No.4792/2005 (PIL) 26
23. Be that as it may, the validity of Section 13 of the Adhiniyam of 1985 will have to be tested in the context of Rule 5 of the Central Noise Pollution Rules of 2000. No doubt, the Central Noise Pollution Rules of 2000 have come into force much after the Adhiniyam of 1985 was introduced. At the same time, being Central Rules framed under the Central enactment, will have to prevail. Indisputably, the entire subject regarding the use of loudspeakers and public address system and sound producing instruments is now regulated by Rule 5 of the Central Rules of 2000. Besides the time limits for use of such devices is specified in Rule 5, even the sound level generated by the loud speakers/public address system and sound producing instrument has been restricted.
24. The only relaxation in that behalf can be noticed from Sub-Rule (3) of Rule 5 of Central Rules of 2000 subject to the outer limit of duration not exceeding 15 days in all "during a calendar year" and which the State Government is obliged to specify in advance. In Noise Pollution (VII) case7 the Apex Court in para 8 has expounded that the power to grant exemption confered on the State Government cannot be further delegated. That power must be exercised by reference 7 (2005) 8 SCC 796 W.P. No.4792/2005 (PIL) 27 to the State as a unit and not by reference to districts, so as to specify different dates for different districts. Further, the power must be exercised with due care and caution in the public interest and that it is not open to widen the exemption by increasing the number of days or by increasing the duration beyond two hours. The State Government, must specify the exemption in advance. In any case, no exemption can be granted to silence zone areas.
25. The exemption to use of loud speakers or public address system and the like during night hours between 10.00 P.M. to 12.00 midnight on or during any cultural or religious festival, must, therefore, be limited to 15 days in all "during a calendar year". Whereas, Section 13(1) of the Adhiniyam of 1985 refers to 29 days in a calendar year for social and religious festivals; and at any religious place or premises where it is being made as a tradition. The exemption so provided in the Adhiniyam of 1985 is ex facie in conflict with the outer limit specified by Sub-Rule (3) of Rule 5 of the Central Noise Pollution Rules of 2000. To that extent, Sub-section (1) of Section 13 of the Adhiniyam of 1985 will have to be declared as ultra vires being repugnant to the Central Noise Pollution Rules of 2000 on the same subject. We are concious of the fact that the opening part of Sub-section (1) of W.P. No.4792/2005 (PIL) 28 Section 13 of the Adhiniyam of 1985 overrides only the provisions contained in that Adhiniyam. However, the number of days referred to in Section 13 (1) (i) and (ii), far exceed the outer limit of in all fifteen days during a calendar year specified by Rule 5 (3) of the Central Rules. It is not open to save the said provision by an interpretative process. To do so, would require us not only to rewrite that provision but inevitably preempt the State Government from identifying the fifteen days in a calendar year, which, according to the State Government, can be reckoned for granting stated exemption. As observed by the Apex Court in Noise Pollution (VII) (supra), the power has to be exercised by reference to State as a unit and not by reference to districts.
26. Indeed, Sub-section (2) of Section 13 of the Adhiniyam of 1985 gives power to the prescribed Authority to grant exemption from the provisions of Section 4 to 7 for such period, occasions and in such areas, as may be specified in the permission. However, that exemption cannot be de hors the restriction specified by Rule 3 read with Rule 5 of the Central Noise Pollution Rules of 2000. Any infringement of those restrictions or non-adherence by the Authority must be viewed seriously - not only as violation of statutory restrictions but as W.P. No.4792/2005 (PIL) 29 abridgement of basic human rights and also the Fundamental Rights of the residents in the concerned locality. It can also give rise to an actionable claim against the law breakers as also against the officials of the State for having failed to discharge their duty to stop the public nuisance caused, by resorting to civil as well as criminal action. In addition, the officials responsible to prevent such unauthorized activity, can be proceeded by way of departmental action for misconduct and dereliction of duty.
27. Since the substantive exemption provision, Section 13 (1) as a whole, cannot be preserved or saved, for the same reasons, even the procedural provision in the form of Section 13 (2) of the Adhiniyam cannot be saved. For, the exemption must be by reference to the State as a unit and not left to the discretion of the prescribed Authority by reference to districts. For that, the State Government may have to specify in advance, which of the fifteen days in a calendar year must be reckoned for grant of exemption, at the beginning of the calendar year for the entire State. A priori, the petition must succeed in terms of prayer Clause I (e) - to declare Section 13 of the Adhiniyam as ultra vires.
28. Indubitably, sound producing devices having potential to produce sound noise in excess of the limit specified in Rule 3 read with Rule 5 of the Central Rules cannot be used W.P. No.4792/2005 (PIL) 30 by anyone unilaterally. Prior permission in writing of the appropriate Authority is a must - even on the excepted days. Section 4 of the Adhiniyam of 1985 prohibits production of loud music between 10.00 P.M. to 6.00 A.M., which timing is consistent with the night time specified in the Schedule to Central Noise Pollution Rules of 2000. Section 5 of the Adhiniyam of 1985 also provides for restriction against the use of loud speakers between 10.00 P.M. to 6.00 A.M., which again is consistent with the Central Rules. Section 6 of the Adhiniyam of 1985 provides for restrictions on the use of horn-type loud speaker and Section 7 about the operation of loud speaker. None of these provisions are in conflict with the timing, place or the noise limits specified in the Central enactment and Rules framed thereunder.
29. As regards the use of loudspeakers at any religious place or premises where it is being used as a tradition, the sound level restrictions provided under the Central Legislation will have to be adhered to without any exception. The noise level at the boundary of the public place, where loud speakers or public address system or any other noise source is being used, has been specified as not exceeding 10 dB(A) above the ambient noise standards for the area or 75 dB(A), whichever is lower. Whereas, W.P. No.4792/2005 (PIL) 31 the peripheral noise level of a privately owned sound producing system or instrument has been specified as not exceeding more than 5 dB(A) at the boundary of the private place above the ambient noise standards specified for the area in which it is so used. The State Authorities are, therefore, obliged to adhere to these norms without any exception in future. The Commissioner of Police/Superintendent of Police and the Collector of the concerned District shall be personally responsible to regulate these matters. The State Authorities, however, shall not grant permission/licence for use of sound producing instruments beyond the permissible limits and also ensure that any violation of the Central Rules of 2000 should be proceeded strictly and in accordance with law.
30. Notably, the legal position about the right to use of sound producing system for religious activities has already been considered by the Apex Court in the case of Church of God (Full Gospel) in India (supra). It is held that no religion prescribes that the prayers are required to be performed through voice amplifiers and by beating of drums. This judgment also addresses the issue about causing of obstructions to public thoroughfare and public roads for any religious activities.
31. That takes us to the issue regarding traffic hazards W.P. No.4792/2005 (PIL) 32 caused due to permitting Pandals on busy streets during the festival season, in particular. As aforesaid, the issue has been dealt with by the Apex Court in the case of Church of God (Full Gospel) in India (supra) and also in A. Abdul Farook Vs. Municipal Council, Perambalur and others8 as well as K. K. Road Merchants, E.A.R.W.A., T.N. Vs. District Collector, T. N. And another9. We may, therefore, observe that the officials - be it Police, Revenue, Municipal or Local Government Authorities - must entertain application/request for installation of Pandals on public streets not only keeping in mind the statutory provisions and restrictions but also the dictum of the Apex Court in the aforesaid decisions. Thus, when any application for permission to put up a Pandal on a busy street is received, that must be considered with utmost circumspection and should not be granted mechanically. The competent Authority, before granting permission, must keep in mind the extant Regulations and must consider all aspects including the period for which the Pandal will be put up, the likelihood of any inconvenience to public and in particular obstruction to smooth traffic flow and also about the security and safety of the nearby 8 (2009) 15 SCC 351 9 (2004) 13 SCC 61 W.P. No.4792/2005 (PIL) 33 residents, pedestrians and vehicle operators. The competent Authority must be fully satisfied about all these and related matters before accepting the request for installation of Pandal on a busy street. It would be appropriate for the competent Authority to notify the locations for putting up Pandals on public places in advance, by issuing public notice. In the event, grant of permission for any other public place or a busy public street is unavoidable, utmost care should be taken to adhere to the restrictions specified under the extant Regulations. In any case, that permission should be for a limited duration on strict conditions and including under vigilance of the local police so as to minimize the inconvenience to the public. As far as possible, such permission should be granted well in advance, preferably not less than one week in advance of the proposed event. In addition, sufficient publicity of permission granted in area other than the notified area must be put up on the official website contemporaneously, so that any person, aggrieved by such permission, will be free to take recourse to remedy, as may be permissible in law. In those proceedings the justness of such permission can be examined.
32. Be that as it may, if any Authority (duty holder) comes across any unauthorised Pandal on a busy street, must W.P. No.4792/2005 (PIL) 34 immediately move into action and remove the same by following due process forthwith - lest face action of dereliction of duty.
33. Reverting to the grievance of theft of electricity with impunity for lighting and decoration in the Pandals permitted by the Authorities and which results in loss to public exchequer, the Electricity Board in its return has denied of any such incidents within its knowledge. The Electricity Board in its return has asserted that when permission to install Pandal is given, contemporaneously, application for temporary electricity connection is made to the Electricity Board through the Committee Members and that request is accepted on condition of installation of temporary meter for the relevant period. In that case, the Committee will be obliged to pay the actual electricity consumed during the relevant period as per the meter reading. However, if any specific instance of noninstallation of temporary meter or tampering of the temporary meter or otherwise comes to the notice of the officials of the Electricity Board, immediate action of disconnecting the illegal connection should be resorted to. In addition to that, the officials of Electricity Board must not only recover the loss suffered due to such illegal connection but W.P. No.4792/2005 (PIL) 35 also register criminal action against the members of the Committee for drawing electricity without proper electricity connection given by the Electricity Board and take those proceedings to its logical end.
34. The relief claimed by the petitioner to direct the respondents to make the elected representatives of local bodies in-charge of the Pandals, which are permitted by the competent Authority, in our opinion, cannot be coutenanced. For, it would tantamount to interference with the rights of the registered Society to administer its own affairs within the frame work of the concerned Regulations. The autonomy of registered Societies or the rights of Association of persons cannot be interfered with, in absence of any reasonable restriction imposed by a law made by the legislature in that behalf. It is, however, open for the duty-holders to form a joint broad based Committee to act as a watchdog for enforcement of the Environmental laws in which the elected representatives can play a significant role. Besides this, we do not wish to dilate any further on this issue and make it amply clear that we may not be understood to have expressed any final opinion in that behalf. In fact, this relief was not seriously pressed during the arguments advanced before us and the arguments essentially were to W.P. No.4792/2005 (PIL) 36 persuade the Court to strike down Section 13 of the Adhiniyam of 1985 as ultra vires.
35. We may also observe that if violation of noise levels is brought to the notice of the police, Revenue or Municipal Authorities, they must report that matter to the Electricity Board with recommendation to disconnect the electricity connection forthwith. In any case, all the duty-holders must work in tandem to ensure that the nuisance caused on account of such noise pollution or because of theft of electricity is not ignored, but proceeded against the members of the Committee individually and vicariously in accordance with law - for recovery of damages /compensation for such unauthorized activity, in addition to criminal action.
36. As regards the grievance of petitioner regarding extortion and intimidation of public by unscrupulous elements in the name of donation for the Pandals, even that is a matter which must be brought to the notice of the local administration - be it police or Revenue or Municipal officials, who in turn must take immediate corrective action to redress such complaints. It may be desirable for all the duty-holders to provide for one common telephone helpline to ensure immediate response for W.P. No.4792/2005 (PIL) 37 redressal of such complaints or receiving online complaint and to deal with such complaints in accordance with law including by registration of criminal action against the persons indulging in such unauthorized activity of intimidating the public to force them to donate involuntarily for the installation of Pandals for arranging functions.
37. Our attention was invited to the order passed by the National Green Tribunal, Central Zonal Bench, Bhopal in Neel Choudhary vs. State of M.P. and others10. This order has adverted to the directions given by the Principal Bench of NGT at New Delhi in its judgment of Supreme Court Group Housing Society vs. All India Panchayat Parishad and others decided on 18th December, 2012. Paragraph 9 of the said decision, reads, thus:
"In compliance with our directions, it appears a detailed Action Plan has been prepared in the meeting conveyed by the Divisional Commissioner, Delhi, the decisions taken, modalities adopted and duties assigned to various departments which attended the meeting. On perusal of this Action Plan, we feel that by and large it should be able to reduce/mitigate noise pollution. However, to make it more effective, few modifications have been suggested by us and modified Action Plan is placed below: -
10
. M.A.No.168/2013 & M.A. No.169/2013 (CZ) in O.A. No.18/2013 decided on 21.2.2014.
W.P. No.4792/2005 (PIL) 38
(a) To establish and run a call centre where the complaints related to noise pollution can be lodged 24 x 7 hours by the citizen.
(b) To draw a detailed action plan/ standard operating procedure (SOP) regarding control of noise pollution in industrial, hospitals and educational/ institutional areas including monitoring mechanism and surveillance system.
(c) To draw a detailed action plan / standard operating procedure (SOP) to implement ban or use of generator sets of capacity of 5 KVA and above in the residential area between 10 p.m. to 6 a.m.
(d) To examine and issue notification regarding inclusion of provisions for compounding of offences of noise pollution.
(e) To examine in details the requirement of use of decibel meters and to prepare a detailed standard operating procedure in this respect including maintenance and upkeep of sound decibel meters.
(ii) Actions to be taken by Transport Department: -
(a) Inclusion of status of pressure horn in the vehicle at the level of issuing pollution control certificate.
(b) To issue notifications with respect to increase of fine amount, ban on manufacturing / distribution / sale of pressure horn and ban on modification of vehicular silencers in the NCT of Delhi.
(c) To check and prohibit the entry of heavy vehicles fitted with pressure horn and to arrange for awareness in the form of pamphlets / slips etc. in association with DCs and Traffic Police.
(d) To conduct Information Education and Communication (IEC) programmes in W.P. No.4792/2005 (PIL) 39 association with Education Department and the DCs.
(iii) Actions to be taken by the Traffic Police:-
(a) Mandatory Challan and prosecutions of noise polluting vehicles
(b) Strict implementation of the acts/ rules/directions.
(iv) Actions to be taken by the Delhi Police: -
(a)The complaints so forwarded by the call centre be attended immediately by the Area SHO and confiscation and seizure of the amplifiers and other noise pollutants. Production of the case before the area SDM within 24 hours of such seizure.
(b) To assist the area SDM in survey of the religious places causing noise pollution and provide necessary infrastructure to remove noise causing instruments and gadgets.
(c) To provide full support to the executing agencies as and when required.
(v) Action to be taken by the Office of the Deputy Commissioner:-
(a) SDMs to hear the cases and file prosecutions.
(b) SDMs to complete survey of religious places causing noise pollution and take steps to remove such installations.
(c) DCs to chalk out modalities in consultation with Transport Department for checking the vehicles fitted with pressure horn at the borders of Delhi with neighbouring states.
(d) To conduct Information Education and Communication (IEC) programmes in association with Education Department and the Transport Department.
(iv) Actions to be taken by the Education Department, GNCT of Delhi:-
W.P. No.4792/2005 (PIL) 40
(a) To incorporate education materials in the curriculum of the schools with respect to control of noise pollution.
(b) To organize the IEC activities amongst the students and youth in consultation with the DCs."
We direct the respondents to "additionally" follow these norms which may go a long way to assuage the complaints about noise pollution caused on account of use of sound producing instruments and vehicle pressure horns.
38. While parting, we appreciate the initiative taken by the petitioner for bringing the cause of noise pollution to the fore by filing this PIL. We also appreciate the able assistance given by the counsel appearing for the parties and not treating it as an adverserial proceedings.
39. We, accordingly, dispose of this petition with the above observations.
(A.M. Khanwilkar) (Shantanu Kemkar) Chief Justice Judge S/


I'm a mid-20's male. I've done many tryptamines and phenethylamines. I'm starting with a baggie of 118mg of NBOMe-mescaline HCl. It's the 4th of July in America. I snorted about 50mg at 6:45 PM and put a little under tongue after that.
Within minutes, I have blotchy vision with colors moving, chills at 15 minutes, with a trippy/anxious come up leading me on, making me think I'm about to trip hard. I went outside at about 25 minutes and then I calmed down a lot, virtually no visuals in the light, but much more in the dark of a house with no lights on but with the sun still up. After that, I'm really feeling normal again. Sober / at baseline. Waiting for the bus, got bored, decided to drive. Driving, feel fine, not messed up.
[Erowid Note: Driving while intoxicated or tripping is dangerous and irresponsible because it endangers other people. Don't do it!]
Stopped and at 8:00 PM. Snort the rest (~68mg). This stuff is nasty but doesn't hurt like snorting some 2C. I put the last bit under my tongue.
Then there are light tracers, moving stuff, very strange feeling. Like things could burst into much more trippyness at any moment, but it never quite happened. Walked past cops, all kinds of people, feeling like I'm tripping upstairs, but the visuals weren't really there. Light, very light tracers. Music sounds odd. There is definitely an auditory component to this stuff. It affects my perception of sounds.
Not much action with the fireworks. :( I talk to people just fine, buy a sweet tea and drink it.
Not much with eyes closed. By 10:00 PM it seems over. This experience seems really lacking.
I buy beer and start drinking a bit (only 2 beers) and smoke some pot. Drive home after checking my drunk driving legal limit checker dial thing. I feel OK.
4:00 AM. I just laid in bed trying to sleep, turning the radio dial for 40 minutes. Can't sleep. Closed eyes, see shapes and lights, moving, twisting, turning into other shapes and colors coming in and out of the shapes. Not bright stuff, but a little colorful - with a lot of darkness though. If only this could be amplified...
Afterthoughts: perhaps redosing after initial dosing doesn't do much with this substance. This is the second time I've gotten lackluster effects and virtually no increase in effects once I've redosed at 1 hour or more from initial dosing.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


blazing fast image processing in WebAssembly
npm i wasm-image
# or
yarn install wasm-image
If you want to use it in a frontend web project, please make sure you use a module bundler that supports WebAssembly, like webpack.
WebAssembly is supported in all modern browsers.
The small JavaScript wrapper on top of the WASM module is src/image.ts
. As WASM with shared memory is not well supported yet, you need to load the image into the wrapper first:
import { WasmImage } from "wasm-image";
const WasmImg = new WasmImage();
WasmImg.setImage(new Uint8Array(buffer));
Note: you can convert a file into a conforming buffer like this
getImageAsArrayBuffer = async (file: File): Promise<ArrayBuffer> => {
const result = await new Promise<ArrayBuffer>((resolve, reject) => {
const reader = new FileReader();
reader.onloadend = () => {
if (reader.result instanceof ArrayBuffer) {
return resolve(reader.result);
} else {
return reject(new Error("Could not create arraybuffer"));
}
};
reader.onerror = reject;
reader.readAsArrayBuffer(file);
});
return result;
};
Afterwards, you can execute as many operations as you want on the image:
await WasmImg.rotate(90);
await WasmImg.brighten(1);
...
Afterwards you can retrieve your image from WebAssembly:
const modifiedImage: Uint8Array = await WasmImg.getImage();
The Rust library used for this project is image. All limitations that are mentioned for this library are obviously also valid for this WASM wrapper. Please make sure you read the list of supported image formts.
MIT
Generated using TypeDoc


Our Venue
Von Braun Center
700 Monroe Street
Huntsville, AL 35801
DevSpace is taking place at The Von Braun Center. This year, we will be in the ballrooms in the South Hall.
DevSpace is taking place at The Von Braun Center. This year, we will be in the ballrooms in the South Hall.
We have partnered with the Embassy Suites Huntsville - Hotel & Spa to provide accommodations to our out of town (or in town) guests. For everyone who wants to stay close to the action, the Embassy Suites should fill that need.
The Embassy Suites is an all-suite hotel with a connected Sky Bridge to the Von Braun Center. Guests will get a free breakfast and free evening reception. They feature an on-site restaurant, lounge, pool, spa, fitness center, and patio. They also offer a complementary shuttle service to and from Huntsville International Airport, Bridge Street Towne Center, and anywhere within a 3-mile radius.
Where still getting the final details of the contract worked out. We'll let you know when we have the code.


IOTA
This is the main branch of the main IRI repository, as this is a IOTA reference implementation that is utilized specifically for what we have setup. It is a complete [IOTA] Node with a JSON-REST HTTP interface.
It allows to connect easily using java directly to a local or a remote [IOTA node].
- Latest release: <IP_ADDRESS> Release
- License: GPLv3
How to get started
Obviously, because this is its own, independent network, you have to go through the same process as in the main network: find neighbors. You can find neighbors in the [Discord Community], or on [our forum]. Community members are usually very happy to help you out and get you connected. If you want to get tokens for your testcase, please just ask in one of the communication channels as well.
Reporting Issues
If you notice any issues or irregularities in this release. Please make sure to submit an issue on github.
Installing
You have two options, the preferred option is that you compile yourself. The second option is that you utilize the provided jar, which is released regularly (when new updates occur) here: Github Releases.
Compiling yourself
Make sure to have Maven and Java 8 installed on your computer.
To compile & package
$ git clone https://github.com/iotaledger/iri
$ cd iri
$ mvn clean compile
$ mvn package
This will create a target
directory in which you will find the executable jar file that you can use for the
How to run IRI
Locally
Running IRI is pretty simple, and you don't even have to run it under admin rights. Below is a list of command line options. Here is an example script:
java -jar iri.jar -p 14265
Docker
Create an iota.ini file with all of your configuration variables set in it. Any that you don't provide in here will be assumed to be default or taken from command line arguments.
docker run -d --net=host --name iota-node -p 14265:14265 -p 14777:14777/udp -p 15777:15777 -v iota.ini:/iri/iota.ini iotaledger/iri:latest
Command Line Options
| Option | Shortened version | Description | Example Input |
|---|---|---|---|
--port |
-p |
This is a mandatory option that defines the port to be used to send API commands to your node | -p 14800 |
--neighbors |
-n |
Neighbors that you are connected with will be added via this option. | -n "udp://<IP_ADDRESS>:14265 udp://[2001:db8:a0b:12f0::1]:14265" |
--config |
-c |
Config INI file that can be used instead of CLI options. See more below | -c iri.ini |
--udp-receiver-port |
-u |
UDP receiver port | -u 14800 |
--tcp-receiver-port |
-t |
TCP receiver port | -t 14800 |
--testnet |
Makes it possible to run IRI with the IOTA testnet | --testnet |
|
--remote |
Remotely access your node and send API commands | --remote |
|
--remote-auth |
Require authentication password for accessing remotely. Requires a correct username:hashedpassword combination |
--remote-auth iotatoken:LL9EZFNCHZCMLJLVUBCKJSWKFEXNYRHHMYS9XQLUZRDEKUUDOCMBMRBWJEMEDDXSDPHIGQULENCRVEYMO |
|
--remote-limit-api |
Exclude certain API calls from being able to be accessed remotely | --remote-limit-api "attachToTangle, addNeighbors" |
|
--send-limit |
Limit the outbound bandwidth consumption. Limit is set to mbit/s | --send-limit 1.0 |
|
--max-peers |
Limit the number of max accepted peers. Default is set to 0 (mutual tethering) | --max-peers 8 |
|
--dns-resolution-false |
Ignores DNS resolution refreshing | --dns-resolution-false |
INI File
You can also provide an ini file to store all of your command line options and easily update (especially neighbors) if needed. You can enable it via the --config
flag. Here is an example INI file:
[IRI]
PORT = 14700
UDP_RECEIVER_PORT = 14700
NEIGHBORS = udp://my.favorite.com:15600
IXI_DIR = ixi
HEADLESS = true
DEBUG = true
DB_PATH = db


My day job i use ssh… alot. When you manage hundreds of servers with mission critical infastructure running on passswordless login with ssh keys can be huge time saver. I also take security pretty seriously when it comes to store sensitive information and always looking to find better ways to store sensitive information securely and also in a convenient way for it to be not cumbersome. With that thought combining ssh keys to encrypt/decrypt files made quite sense so here is a quick write up to do it for anyone else that are interested in it.
➜ ~ echo "my super secret information" > secret.txt
➜ ~ cat secret.txt
my super secret information
##### 2. If you havent already create a rsa key pair. If you would like to use existing rsa key pair skip this step and continue to step 3.
ssh-keygen
openssl rsa -in ~/.ssh/id_rsa -pubout > ~/id_rsa.pub.pem
cat secret.txt | openssl rsautl -encrypt -pubin -inkey ~/id_rsa.pub.pem > encrypted-secret.txt
cat encrypted-secret.txt
????uG?????$?&?????VN?'?(????,þQaE咫:?i??t?(?jr.g?#?ջO???=*?e??<"?y'%
➜ ~ cat encrypted-secret.txt | openssl rsautl -decrypt -inkey ~/.ssh/id_rsa
my super secret information


This example demonstrates vertical scrolling using mouseover links. Speed doubles on mousedown.
Scroll links could also be setup for mousedown scrolling if you prefer.
Content repeated for your scrolling pleasure :)
This example demonstrates vertical scrolling using mouseover links. Speed doubles on mousedown.
Scroll links could also be setup for mousedown scrolling if you prefer.
Code comments included in this document will assist you in setting up the code. Please also refer to online documentation as needed.
Want mousedown instead of mouseover scrolling? That's easy! See code comments in the head of this document.
Want scroll controls beside the scroll area instead of under? See the scrollbar demo layout. You can leave out the track and dragBar. The online documentation has the details.
Back to index for more demo's and information.


WATCH: Smriti Irani performs 'Talwar Raas'
by ANIUnion minister Smriti Irani performed 'Talwar Raas', a traditional dance form using swords, at a cultural programme in Bhavnagar on Friday.
Irani, who could be seen wielding two swords on the stage, tried her best to match steps with the girls performing there.
The Union minister for textiles and women and child development was in Bhavnagar for a cultural event hosted by the Shri Swaminarayan Gurukul.
'Talwar Raas', is a traditional folk dance that is popular in Gujarat and Rajasthan.
WATCH THE VIDEO BELOW


Cooperative societies want review of Act to meet international best practices
by Dayo CosmosThe Cooperative Rating and Award Society of Nigeria has appealed to the National Assembly to review the Nigerian Cooperative Act of 2004 to meet international best practices.
The President of CRASON, Victor Oyegoke, made the appeal at the 2nd National Cooperative Awards and Symposium organised by the society in Abuja on Saturday.
Oyegoke noted the law was outdated and was no longer in tandem with current realities in the sector.
He also appealed to the Federal Government to support cooperatives, adding that they were contributing enormously to the Gross Domestic Product of the country.
According to him, cooperative is contributing over N1 trillion to the GDP.
They also create more than 600,000 employments both directly and indirectly in the country.
“This is a very vital sector that the government needs to see how they can key into; we have over 30 million individual members and over 300,000 cooperatives.
“Our law is outdated, we need to review it to accommodate the realities on ground and the government can help us.
“There is a law reviewed already that has been sent to the Federal Executive Council.
“FEC should help us send to the National Assembly for scrutiny and passage.
“There is need for a platform to call stakeholders to review the Act to meet up with the current realities of global best practices.”
Akintola Akintoye, the Chairman CRASON Advisory Board, said the objective of the society was to rate the operations of cooperative societies and proffer awards.
Akintoye noted that the move was targeted towards encouraging deserving cooperatives.
“Cooperative in Nigeria is a bit down because the sector is not 24th century compliant.
“To be 24th century compliant, the knowledge base of practitioners need to be upgraded.
“We need massive injection of funds for capacity training.”
Shimite Bello, the Chief Executive Officer of the Quintessential Women Association, said that adequate information and technology was crucial to boost the operations of cooperatives in the country.
Bello, in a lecture entitled: “Strengthening Cooperatives to serve as Catalyst for Nigeria’s Sustainable Socio-Economic Development,” called for more training for cooperative members to ensure proper management of loans.
The News Agency of Nigeriareports that no fewer than 40 different cooperatives and individuals would bag the 2019 CRASON’s award for their outstanding operations.
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Physical Player Characteristics
Baseball Statistics
Performance vs Weight
Performance vs Height
Performance vs Handedness
Findings
Do any physical factors correlate with a baseball batter's career performance?
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Homeruns and Batting Average
A positive correlation exists between
number of homeruns
and
batting average
Performance vs Weight
Mid-weight
players appear to hit
more homeruns
.
Performance vs Height
Mid-height
players appear to hit
more homeruns
.
Performance vs Handedness
Left-handed
players appear to
outperform
in both metrics.
Explore the data yourself using the toolbar at the top of this form.


This is a test page used to develop the grid system. There's a watch task in the Gruntfile that compiles only the grid: grunt dev:grid-only.
grunt dev:grid-only
MIT license. (C) 2013-2015http://github.com/msikma/dadafw/


Many thanks to the developers of Jexl. Much of this documentation is stolen word-for-word from their documentation at http://jakarta.apache.org/commons/jexl/reference/syntax.html
| Item | Description |
|---|---|
| Comments |
There are 3 possible comment styles:
## This is a comment
// This is a comment too
/** * This is a * multi-line * comment */ |
| Identifiers / variables |
Must start with a-z , A-Z , _ or $ .
Can then be followed by 0-9 , a-z , A-Z , _ or $ .
e.g.
OSL also supports my.dotted.var NOTE: OSL does not support variables with hyphens in them, e.g. commons-logging logging from the variable commons
|
| Scripts | A script in OSL is made up of zero or more statements. |
| Statements |
A statement can be the empty statement, the semicolon (; ) , block, assignment or an expression.
Statements are optionally terminated with a semicolon.
|
| Block |
A block is simply multiple statements inside curly braces ({, } ).
|
| Item | Description |
|---|---|
| Integer Literals | 1 or more digits from 0 to 9 |
| Floating point Literals |
1 or more digits from 0 to 9 , followed
by a decimal point and then one or more digits from
0 to 9 .
|
| String literals |
Can start and end with either ' or "e; , e.g.
"Hello world" 'Hello world' |
| Boolean literals |
The literals true and false can be used, e.g.
val1 == true |
| Null literal |
The null value is represented as in java using the literal null , e.g.
val1 == null |
| Function | Description |
|---|---|
| empty |
Returns true if the expression following is either:
empty(var1) |
| size |
Returns the information about the expression:
size("Hello") |
Prints a string to stdout.
print("Hello world") |
|
| println |
Prints a string to stdout, followed by a newline.
println("Hello world") |
| Item | Description |
|---|---|
| function declarations |
Functions are declared using one of the following forms:
|
| Item | Description |
|---|---|
| export |
Makes a local variable into a global variable. USER_NAME = "jrichter"; export USER_NAME; Makes |
| global |
Declares that a function is global, rather than local. This keyword can only appear immediately before a function declaration. |
| Operator | Description |
|---|---|
Boolean and |
The usual && operator can be used as well as the word and , e.g.
cond1 and cond2 cond1 && cond2 |
Boolean or |
The usual || operator can be used as well as the word or , e.g.
cond1 or cond2 cond1 || cond2 |
Boolean not |
The usual ! operator can be used as well as the word not , e.g.
!cond1 not cond1 |
Bitwise and |
The usual & operator is used, e.g.
33 & 4 |
Bitwise or |
The usual | operator is used, e.g.
33 | 4 |
Bitwise xor |
The usual ^ operator is used, e.g.
33 ^ 4 |
Bitwise complement |
The usual ~ operator is used, e.g.
~33 |
| Equality |
The usual == operator can be used as well as the abbreviation eq .
For example
val1 == val2 val1 eq val2
|
| Inequality |
The usual != operator can be used as well as the abbreviation ne .
For example
val1 != val2 val1 ne val2 |
| Less Than |
The usual < operator can be used as well as the abbreviation lt .
For example
val1 < val2 val1 lt val2 |
| Less Than Or Equal To |
The usual <= operator can be used as well as the abbreviation le .
For example
val1 <= val2 val1 le val2 |
| Greater Than |
The usual > operator can be used as well as the abbreviation gt .
For example
val1 > val2 val1 gt val2 |
| Greater Than Or Equal To |
The usual >= operator can be used as well as the abbreviation ge .
For example
val1 >= val2 val1 ge val2 |
| Addition |
The usual + operator is used.
For example
val1 + val2 |
| Subtraction |
The usual - operator is used.
For example
val1 - val2 |
| Multiplication |
The usual * operator is used.
For example
val1 * val2 |
| Division |
The usual / operator is used.
For example
val1 / val2 |
| Integer Division |
The div operator is used.
For example
4 div 3 |
| Modulus (or remainder) |
The % operator is used. An alternative is the mod
operator.
For example
5 mod 2 5 % 2 |
| Negation |
The unary - operator is used.
For example
-12 |
| Array access |
Array elements may be accessed using either square brackets or a dotted numeral, e.g.
arr1[0] arr1.0 |
| Assignment |
The usual = operator is used. The item to the left of the = must be a variable name or array reference. The value to the right may be any expression.
For example
x = 3 |
| Post-increment (++) |
The post increment ++
operator adds 1 to a
variable. The value of a post-incremented variable is the variable's value
before
1 was added. For example:
x = 3; print(x++); print(x); 3 4 |
| Post-decrement (--) |
The post decrement --
operator subtracts 1 from a
variable. The value of a post-decremented variable is the variable's value
before
1 was subtracted. For example:
x = 3; print(x--); print(x); 3 2s |
| (++) Pre-increment |
The ++ pre
increment operator adds 1 to a variable. The value of a
post-incremented variable is the variable's
value plus 1. For example:
x = 3; print(++x); print(x); 4 4 |
| (--) Pre-decrement |
The pre decrement operator subtracts
1 from a variable. The value of a pre-decremented variable is the
variable's
value minus 1. For example:
x = 3; print(--x); print(x); 2 2 |
| Operator | Description |
|---|---|
| if |
Classic, if/else statement, e.g.
if ((x * 2) == 5) {y = 1;} else {y = 2;}
|
| foreach |
Loop through items of an Array, Collection, Map, Iterator or Enumeration, e.g.
foreach (item in list) { x = x + item; }
Where item and list are variables.
|
| for |
Loops while updating the value of an iterator variable until a condition is satisfied. This statement works exactly like a Java or C for statement, e.g.
for (i= 0;i < 10; i=i+1) { print(x+" squared = "+(x*x)); }
Where |
| while |
Loop until a condition is satisfied, e.g.
while (x lt 10) { x = x + 2; }
|
| break |
Immediately breaks execution of the current loop, and jumps to the end of the loop structure. This must be used inside of a for ,
foreach , or while loop.
for (i= 0;i < 10; i= i+1){ if (x*x > 20) break; print(x+" squared = "+(x*x)); } |
| return |
Immediately ends execution of the current code context and returns a value.
function factorial(x) { if (x < = 2) return x; else return x * factorial(x - 1); } return factorial(5); factorial(4); factorial(4) ) is never executed, because the statement return factorial(5) halts the program immediately.
|


070146 KU KU Methodenkurs (2018S)—TNT: Tools & Techniques for Digital Humanities
- Instructor: Dr. Maxim Romanov<EMAIL_ADDRESS>- Office hours: We 2–3pm (or by appointment)
- Office: Hauptgebäude, room O2.129 https://ufind.univie.ac.at/en/course.html?lv=070146&semester=2018S
- Tu 15:00-16:30 Hörsaal 30 Hauptgebäude, 1.Stock, Stiege 7
Schedule
- 06.03 — [01] Citation Management and Academic Writing I
- 13.03 — [02] “Off with the Interface!” Getting to know the command line
- 20.03 — [03] Version Control and Collaboration
- 10.04 — [04] Citation Management and Academic Writing II
- 17.04 — [05] Georeferencing with QGIS [Session to be taught by María Vargha]
- 24.04 — [06] Regular expressions
- 08.05 — [07] Webscraping
- 15.05 — [08] Text Markup [TEI XML], and how to remove it…
- 29.05 — [09] Structuring data
- 05.06 — [10] Text to Map
- 12.06 — [11] Topic modeling with R
- 19.06 — [12] Social Network Analysis with Gephi
- 26.06 — [13] Stylometric analysis with R
Aims, contents and method of the course
The class will introduce the students to a variety of software tools and methods used in the Digital Humanities, primarily using the Python programming language. No prior programming experience is expected.
Course Evaluation
Course evaluation will be a combination of in-class participation (30%), weekly homework assignments (50%), and the collaborative final project (20%).
Class Participation
Each class session will consist in large part of practical hands-on exercises led by the instructor. BRING YOUR LAPTOP! We will accommodate whatever operating system you use, but it should be a laptop rather than a tablet. Don’t forget that asking for help counts as participation!
Homework
Just as in research and real life, collaboration is a very good way to learn and is therefore encouraged. If you need help with any assignment, you are welcome to ask a fellow student. If you do work together on homework assignments, then when you submit it please include a brief note (just a sentence or two) to indicate who did what.
Final Project
The final project will be done in small groups (3-4 students each). You choose a project to carry out that draws upon the tools and methods we cover in class, as well as their own strengths and field interests. You should choose your groups by the end of April, and describe your planned projects during the class session on the 15th of May. You will present and demonstrate your results during the final meeting on the 26th of June.


🎭 Library for seamless transition animations of images.
Check out the repo or npm for docs and more information.
The gray dashed line around each photo shows its actual size and crop position in regards to background-position
, background-size
, object-fit
, etc...
For more debug examples, visit demo app, test/practical.html, test/directions.html or test/descriptor.html.
Source and target are the same 3:2 image displayed differently.
Source 1:1 thumbnail (cropped from left side) transitions into original 4:3 image
Source and target are the same 2:3 image displayed differently.
Source and target are the same 1:1 with different sizing crop.


www.donskytech.com
One
Two
Three
×
ESP32 Home Automation using Web Server
Tube Light
Bulb
Socket
Dimmable Bulb:
%DIMMER_VALUE%


ul>
Alright future me who needs a reference on how to reinstall this stuff on a new computer, here it is:
The most basic way to install rlgym is through the command line and by using pip install rlgym
.
If you are like me, you would be installing this in a virtual environment through anaconda. Make sure you have anaconda, then create a new virtual environment and through the anaconda command prompt (Hit windows then type "anaconda prompt" to get there) change to your current environment to your virtual environment through the command conda activate [name of your environment]
If, for example, I had called my new environment 'tf', my command would be conda activate tf
. You should see that your environment has changed (I think there's a difference somewhere on the left side of the command prompt). From there, install rlgym using pip install rlgym
If you need to upgrade RLgym, use the command pip install --upgrade rlgym
(while making sure you are in the correct virtual environment)
If for some reason everything seems like it should work but the game isn't changing when you run code, make sure that your injector didn't magically disappear (hey it happened to me once). You can check by going into the folder RLgym>plugins>RLGym.dll. If it isn't there, clone it from github [insert github link] and put it back.
Maybe there is more to be done here but hey this is for me now and these are the issues I've had in the past.


Contact
We are currently working on preparations for the first trial project. This is focusing on voluntary participants in a specific region. In the interest of protecting their privacy, we are not willing to disclose any information before the start of the first phase.
If you have a background in a scientific field (sociology, economy) and have an interest in contributing your support, research, or analysis, then you are most welcome to participate in this experiment. Please write to us in this case from 2020.
In the first phase, our focus lies in covering emergencies and not in a type of self-governing universal decentralized welfare system for health, education, retirement, etc. Our information, homepage and forthcoming software will be open-source and we look forward to hearing about anyone working on similar projects. We will provide a platform to exchange our experiences.
PGP Public Key (fingerprint, checksum)
Further Links


Video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WkHkryIoLD0
http://vimeo.com/3418947
Top resources (IMO)
https://websec.ca/kb/sql_injection#MSSQL_Default_Databases | Holy wow a lot of information for MSSQL, MySQL, Oracle.
https://www.netsparker.com/blog/web-security/sql-injection-cheat-sheet/ || same as this | very extensive and good resource
http://ha.ckers.org/sqlinjection/ <- encoding calculator as well
http://www.sqlinjection.net/category/attacks/ (SQL, MySQL, Oracle)
complete
http://pentestmonkey.net/blog/mssql-sql-injection-cheat-sheet/ (All)
http://isc.sans.edu/diary.html?storyid=9397 (obfuscated SQL using cast/char)
http://ferruh.mavituna.com/fast-way-to-extract-data-from-error-based-sql-injections-oku/ (reference | fast table extract using tmp table and error based)
https://web.archive.org/web/20140915000000*/evilsql.com/main/index.php | http://www.evilsql.com/main/index.php (MSSQL)
https://web.archive.org/web/*/xd-blog.com.ar/descargas/manuales/bugs/full-mssql-injection-pwnage.html | http://xd-blog.com.ar/descargas/manuales/bugs/full-mssql-injection-pwnage.html
http://websec.wordpress.com/2010/03/19/exploiting-hard-filtered-sql-injections/ (reference | great read on keyword filtering)
http://forums.sqlteam.com/
http://sqlzoo.net/hack/
http://web.archive.org/web/20101112061524/http://seclists.org/pen-test/2003/May/0074.html
https://www.defcon.org/images/defcon-17/dc-17-presentations/defcon-17-joseph_mccray-adv_sql_injection.pdf (downloaded)
http://sla.ckers.org/forum/read.php?24,33903 / http://websec.wordpress.com/2010/03/19/exploiting-hard-filtered-sql-injections/
https://web.archive.org/web/20130817115112/http://www.suspekt.org/2008/08/18/mysql-and-sql-column-truncation-vulnerabilities/
https://websec.wordpress.com/2010/12/04/sqli-filter-evasion-cheat-sheet-mysql/ (MySQL)
https://hackvertor.co.uk/public
http://websec.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/sqli2.pdf
http://sechow.com/bricks/docs/login-1.html (SQL/MySQL)
https://infamoussyn.com/2014/07/11/gaining-a-root-shell-using-mysql-user-defined-functions-and-setuid-binaries/ | MySQL as root priv esc using raptor
https://www.notsosecure.com/mysql-exploitation-with-error-messages/ (MySQL)
http://www.securityidiots.com/Web-Pentest/SQL-Injection/Basic-Union-Based-SQL-Injection.html (MySQL)
Oracle and SQL
http://lab.mediaservice.net/notes_more.php?id=MSSQL
https://www.exploit-db.com/papers/12975/ (MSSQL)
https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/14963680/from-sqli-to-shell (SQL Injection)
MS Access Specific:
http://nibblesec.org/files/MSAccessSQLi/MSAccessSQLi.html
http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/65967/Access-Through-Access.pdf.html
http://seclists.org/pen-test/2003/May/74
http://www.techonthenet.com/access/functions/index_alpha.php
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Access
http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/access/CH100621381033.aspx
http://sla.ckers.org/forum/read.php?16,13433
http://support.microsoft.com/kb/294698
http://www.microsoft.com/technet/community/columns/secmvp/sv0907.mspx
http://www.owasp.org/index.php/Testing_for_MS_Access
DB2:
http://securityetalii.es/2012/05/20/db2-sql-injection-cheat-sheet/ (DB2)
Prevention
https://www.owasp.org/index.php/SQL_Injection_Prevention_Cheat_Sheet
Not really relevant, but keeping for archive:
https://blog.scrt.ch/2013/03/24/mongodb-0-day-ssji-to-rce/ (mongodb RCE using JS)


Work
Senior Product Manager, Twitter
San Francisco, CA — 2021-2023
Ads API Product Lead
Experience building and scaling a
$1B+ product with
100K+ accounts and
1K+ developers
- Accelerated development speed by ~50%
- Prevented video publisher churn and revenue loss ($25M+)
- Increased adoption and retention by:
- connecting developer needs to advertiser outcomes
- expanding to new product areas
- making developer experience improvements
- streamlining onboarding
- Elevated the position and perception of the API across the revenue org
Senior Partner Engineer, Twitter
San Francisco, CA — 2019-2021
Ads API Tech Lead
- Led effort to enable customers to get their analytics data ~75-90% faster
- Faster customer onboarding
- Quicker decision-making
- Led user research for many products to understand needs and define requirements
- Increased team efficiency by
- Improving versioning and release processes
- Establishing a prioritization framework
- Identified and mitigated launch risks, aligning internal stakeholders
Partner Engineer II, Twitter
San Francisco, CA — 2017-2019
- Built an interactive data visualization that improved time-to-insight by ~80%
- Defined needs and requirements for multiple personas
- Designed schemas and UI prototypes
- Established developer communication and feedback process
- Led the design of a composable, component-based creatives API
Partner Engineer I, Twitter
San Francisco, CA — 2016-2017
- Improved support request tracking with Jira integrations
- Made improvements and added features to Twitter's SDKs
- Provided expert API integration support to 100s of developers
Education
University of California, Berkeley
School of Information
Master of Information Management and Systems, 2016
College of Natural Resources
Bachelor of Science, Environmental Economics and Policy, 2009