Class: Aws::Translate::Types::TranslateTextRequest
| Relationships & Source Files | |
| Super Chains via Extension / Inclusion / Inheritance | |
|
Class Chain:
self,
Struct
|
|
|
Instance Chain:
self,
::Aws::Structure ,
Struct
|
|
| Inherits: |
Struct
|
| Defined in: | gems/aws-sdk-translate/lib/aws-sdk-translate/types.rb |
Overview
Constant Summary
Instance Attribute Summary
-
#settings ⇒ Types::TranslationSettings
rw
Settings to configure your translation output, including the option to set the formality level of the output text and the option to mask profane words and phrases.
-
#source_language_code ⇒ String
rw
The language code for the language of the source text.
-
#target_language_code ⇒ String
rw
The language code requested for the language of the target text.
-
#terminology_names ⇒ Array<String>
rw
The name of a terminology list file to add to the translation job.
-
#text ⇒ String
rw
The text to translate.
Instance Method Summary
::Aws::Structure
- Included
| #to_hash | Alias for Structure#to_h. |
Instance Attribute Details
#settings ⇒ Types::TranslationSettings (rw)
Settings to configure your translation output, including the option to set the formality level of the output text and the option to mask profane words and phrases.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-translate/lib/aws-sdk-translate/types.rb', line 1846
class TranslateTextRequest < Struct.new( :text, :terminology_names, :source_language_code, :target_language_code, :settings) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#source_language_code ⇒ String
(rw)
The language code for the language of the source text. For a list of language codes, see Supported languages.
To have Amazon Translate determine the source language of your text,
you can specify auto
in the SourceLanguageCode
field. If you
specify auto
, Amazon Translate will call Amazon Comprehend to
determine the source language.
auto
, you must send the TranslateText
request in
a region that supports Amazon Comprehend. Otherwise, the request
returns an error indicating that autodetect is not supported.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-translate/lib/aws-sdk-translate/types.rb', line 1846
class TranslateTextRequest < Struct.new( :text, :terminology_names, :source_language_code, :target_language_code, :settings) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#target_language_code ⇒ String
(rw)
The language code requested for the language of the target text. For a list of language codes, see Supported languages.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-translate/lib/aws-sdk-translate/types.rb', line 1846
class TranslateTextRequest < Struct.new( :text, :terminology_names, :source_language_code, :target_language_code, :settings) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#terminology_names ⇒ Array
<String
> (rw)
The name of a terminology list file to add to the translation job. This file provides source terms and the desired translation for each term. A terminology list can contain a maximum of 256 terms. You can use one custom terminology resource in your translation request.
Use the ListTerminologies operation to get the available terminology lists.
For more information about custom terminology lists, see Custom terminology.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-translate/lib/aws-sdk-translate/types.rb', line 1846
class TranslateTextRequest < Struct.new( :text, :terminology_names, :source_language_code, :target_language_code, :settings) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#text ⇒ String
(rw)
The text to translate. The text string can be a maximum of 10,000 bytes long. Depending on your character set, this may be fewer than 10,000 characters.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-translate/lib/aws-sdk-translate/types.rb', line 1846
class TranslateTextRequest < Struct.new( :text, :terminology_names, :source_language_code, :target_language_code, :settings) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end


telfer.Rd
Telfers change index is designed to assess the relative change in range size of species between two time periods (Telfer et al 2002). This function can take multiple time periods and will complete all pairwise comparisons.
telfer(taxa, site, time_period, minSite = 5, useIterations = TRUE, iterations = 10)
| taxa | A character vector of taxon names |
|---|---|
| site | A character vector of site names |
| time_period | A numeric vector of user defined time periods, or a date vector |
| minSite | The minimum number of sites occupied in the first time period in order for a trend to be calculated for a taxon. |
| useIterations | A logical variable indicating whether iterations should be used.
Iterations are used to account for increased variation in the logit proportions
close to zero and one (see Telfer et al 2002). Default is |
| iterations | If |
Telfer, M.G., Preston, C.D., & Rothery, P. (2002) A general method for measuring relative change in range size from biological atlas data. Biological Conservation, 107, 99-109.


Good Day I wish to present this proposal for the purpose of investment in your country. My name is Patrick Gabo, the only child of Hon.Ferz Uotr Gabo the former Minister of Transport and Communication with the present Government of President Kabbah of Sierra-Leone. My father and mother were arrested on 1st of Nov 2001 by Kabbah's Government on allegation of using their postion in the govenment to aid smuggling of diamond from the Kono diamond field,it was just a political vendetta. My father later died in the prison,it was diagnonised that he was poisoned, but Government report says heart failure. Whatever it is, let God be the judge. He sent a note to me before his death, regarding a deposit of the sum of USD$8,000.000.00) Eight Million United States Dollars in a Finanice Firm in DAKAR SENEGAL. He instructed Me to move immediately with the documents to a neighbouring country to seek asylum. I moved to the Republic of Mali where I spent some time before finally moving to DAKAR,to enquire about deposit. My mother died just on Sept.26th, so i am kind of desolete.Meanwhile i have located the Finanice Firm, and have also discussed the possible transfer of the fund to road. I have to introduce a trusted foreign partner who would be my trustee and investor, since the management of the Firm adviced that I should solicit for an individual or corporate organization to claim the deposit for me as they cannot release it directly to me due to my refugee status in Senegal. hence the need for your assistance. I request that you be my trustee and assist me in effecting the transfer of the fund to your account or an account you will nominate. You will also be resposible for the investment and management of the fund untill i am able to join you after my education in your country. You and Me will agree on a percentage you will take for your assistance. Please let me know immediately if you can assist me so that I will give you more informations about the deposit. Looking forward to your candid and urgent and positive reply today on my Private Email: Adresse;(emailgabo@voila.fr). I thank you in anticipation to your quick response. YOURS FAITHFULLY, Patrick Gabo.


This package provides the core classes for online game playing. To play online you need an instance of the OnlineGameServer running on a server. Then when you start an instance of a specific game on a client, it should detect the server and create a ServerConnection to is (using a socket). The client issues GameCommands to the server whenever something happens to change the game state. When the server receives the command, it will update the central game state on the server and broadcast the new state to all the clients. Clients can communicate with each other using the chat window embedded in the client UI.
The architecture works like this. The OnlineGameServer has a ServerCommandProcessor. The ServerCommanProcessor has an OnlineGameTableList and a GameController for keeping track of the universal game state. The GameController has a list of players - all of which are SurrogatePlayers except for the RobotPlayers. The client has a GamePanel of some type which contains a GameController as well. This GameController, however, contains players which are all surrogates except for one- the human player on this client. The server will broadcast all moves (robot or human) so that all the clients are in synch.
Server --------- OnlinePokerServer ServerCommandProcessor OnlineGameTableList GameController - has list of players (all of which are surrogate except for the robots). ServerSocket Client --------- GamePanel GameController ServerConnection - calls handleServerUpdate on all registered OnlineGameListeners (e.g. controller, Surrogates, GameInfo) list of players (all of which are surrogate except for the single human player on this client) GameViewer - shows ths current game state GameInfo - shows the game stats and chat window.
When you cancel or close the new game dialog, the player should automatically stand up from whatever table he is at.


What Happened: Inside the Bush White House and Washington's Culture of Deception is an auto-biographical bestseller by Scott McClellan, who served as White House Press Secretary from 2003 until 2006 under President George W. Bush. The book was scheduled to be released on June 2, 2008; however, excerpts were released to the press a week before publication. The book quickly became a media sensation for its candid, insider's critique of the Bush administration and ran as a leading story on most top news outlets days after the content became public. It was listed as a number-one bestseller by the New York Times and on Amazon.com when it first went on sale.
More at
Wikipedia
WHAT REALLY HAPPENED | The History The US Government HOPES ...
Paid advertising at What Really Happened may not represent the views and opinions of this website and its contributors.
whatreallyhappened.com
What Happened - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
What Happened: Inside the Bush White House and Washington's Culture of Deception is an auto-biographical bestseller by Scott McClellan, who served as White House ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Happened
What Happened in My Birth Year?
What Happened In My Birth Year offers a look into the past and the history surrounding you, and was created by Philipp Lenssen. Some content is from Creative ...
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What Happened? (feat. 5secondfilms) - YouTube
This investigation starts off with a bang! Featuring 5secondfilms (http://youtube.com/5secondfilms) Written and Directed by Thomas Ridgewell (http ...
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What Happened? - TV.com
What Happened?: Watch full length episodes & video clips. Read the latest What Happened? episode guides & recaps, fan reviews, news, and much more.
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What happen or what happened? - ProZ.com
English term or phrase: What happen or what happened? Which would be the correct form in the following dialog:--You look upset, Jen. What happen (or happened)?
proz.com/kudoz/English/general_conversation_greeti...
Happened | Define Happened at Dictionary.com
Happened definition, to take place; come to pass; occur: Something interesting is always happening in New York. See more. Dictionary.com; Word of the Day; Translate;
dictionary.reference.com/browse/happened
Happened - definition of happened by The Free Dictionary
But tragedians still keep to real names, the reason being that what is possible is credible: what has not happened we do not at once feel sure to be possible: but ...
thefreedictionary.com/happened
Happen | Definition of happen by Merriam-Webster
Definition of HAPPEN for Kids. 1: to take place <Stop crying and tell me what happened.> 2: to occur or come about by chance <It just so happens I know them.>
merriam-webster.com/dictionary/happen
Dope D.O.D. - What happened (Official Video) - YouTube
Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Dope D.O.D. - What Happened (Official Video) Watch our latest video now: https ...
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Happen | Define Happen at Dictionary.com
Nearly everything that happens in television happened before—and now, thanks to technological evolution, will happen again.
dictionary.reference.com/browse/happen
Happened Synonyms, Happened Antonyms | Thesaurus.com
Synonyms for happened at Thesaurus.com with free online thesaurus, antonyms, and definitions. Dictionary and Word of the Day.
thesaurus.com/browse/happened
SUBLIME LYRICS - What Happened?
What happened? Wake up in the morning, clock says half past one I have no sunglasses As I step into the sun There's no recollection of the evil things I've done
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Whatever Happened, Happened - Lostpedia - The Lost ...
"Whatever Happened, Happened" is the eleventh episode of Season 5 of Lost and the ninety-seventh produced hour of the series as a whole. It was originally ...
lostpedia.wikia.com/wiki/Whatever_Happened,_Happened
What Happened | Chronicles from the past, news from today
What happened on July 14 Bastille day. The storming of the Bastille is an event of the French Revolution which took place on 14 July 1789.
what-happened.org
What Happened | the Bhopal Medical Appeal
On the night of December 2nd, 1984, a Union Carbide plant in Bhopal, India, began leaking 27 tons of the deadly gas methyl isocyanate. None of the six safety systems ...
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Profiles and related data on many famous people categorized by their affiliation. The online compendium of "What Ever Happened To" or "Where Are They Now?"
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This Day in History - What Happened Today - HISTORY.com
Learn what happened today in history around the world including major events on crime, entertainment, and more.
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Sublime - What Happened Lyrics | MetroLyrics
Lyrics to 'What Happened' by Sublime. Three four / Wake up in the morning / Clock says half past one / I have no sunglasses / As I step into the sun / There's
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What Happened - facebook.com
What Happened, San Francisco, CA. 378 likes. Bill Bowles and Hadley Robinson report what happened in San Francisco, the state of California and beyond in...
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What Happened In Bali - DramaFever
Watch full episodes free online. What Happened in Bali - As her marriage approaches, Choi Young Joo goes to Bali in search of her ex-boyfriend In Wook. Her wealthy ...
dramafever.com/drama/680/1/What_Happened_in_Bali/
What Happened to Yahoo - Paul Graham
August 2010 When I went to work for Yahoo after they bought our startup in 1998, it felt like the center of the world. It was supposed to be the next big thing.
paulgraham.com/yahoo.html
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What Happened the Year You Were Born? When were you born? What Animal Were You In a Past Life? What Does Your Birth Date Mean For Your Love Life? What Is Your ...
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Directed by Jon Schnepp. With Nicolas Cage, Tim Burton, Kevin Smith, Dan Gilroy. A documentary about the proposed 1998 Superman Lives feature film that would have ...
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How do you say in spanish "What happened?" | SpanishDict Answers
For example, if someone was injured and you wanted to ask, "what happened"?
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MH370 - what happened
What happened to MH370? Has anyone considered if the below FAA Airworthiness Directive could be a clue the MH370 investigation?
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What Happened Was... (1994) - IMDb
What Happened Was... R | 91 min | Comedy, Drama, Romance | 9 September 1994 (USA) 7.1 . Your rating: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10-/ 10 X . Ratings: 7.1 / 10 from 985 users ...
imdb.com/title/tt0111689/
What Happened Pictures, Images & Photos | Photobucket
Browse What Happened pictures, photos, images, GIFs, and videos on Photobucket
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What Happened in Ferguson? - The New York Times
What Happened in Ferguson?
Try search on:


In 2035 the crew of the Ares III manned mission to Mars is on sol 18 of their 31-sol expedition. A severe dust storm forces them to return to their orbiting vessel Hermes. During the evacuation, astronaut Mark Watney is struck by debris and lost in the storm; the last telemetry from his suit indicates that it has lost pressure, with no life signs. With the remaining crew in peril, mission commander Melissa Lewis gives the order to launch without him. Watney awakens after the storm and makes his way to the "Hab", the crew's Mars living quarters. He removes a piece of antenna from his stomach and suit's biomonitor, which caused the erroneous life-sign readings, and begins a video diary. He realizes that his only chance of rescue will be the arrival of the Ares IV crew in four years. Calculating that he has enough food to last only 300 Martian solar days, Watney, a botanist, improvises a farm with Martian soil fertilized with vacuum-packed toilet waste, water produced by extracting hydrogen from leftover rocket fuel then oxidized by burning, and potatoes saved for a Thanksgiving meal. He begins to modify the one functional rover to make long journeys across Mars. Reviewing satellite photos of Mars, mission director Vincent Kapoor and satellite planner Mindy Park realize that Watney has survived. Over the objections of Hermes flight director Mitch Henderson, NASA director Teddy Sanders decides not to inform the Ares III crew, believing it would distract them from their mission. Watney takes the rover to retrieve the Pathfinder probe, which fell silent in 1997. Using the lander's rotating still camera, he establishes rudimentary communication with the JPL team. NASA instructs Watney to modify the rover to link with Pathfinder, allowing them to communicate via text. When Watney is angry that the crew has not been told of his survival, Sanders authorizes Henderson to inform them. Lewis feels guilt-ridden over leaving Watney behind. Henderson and JPL director Bruce Ng formulate a plan to send a space probe to Mars and resupply Watney with enough food to survive until Ares IV's arrival. When the Hab airlock explosively decompresses, destroying Watney's crop, Sanders orders the team to accelerate the supply mission by skipping safety inspections. The supply probe explodes after liftoff. The China National Space Administration (CNSA) offers NASA the Taiyang Shen, a classified booster that can carry a payload to Mars. Meanwhile, JPL astrodynamicist Rich Purnell determines a trajectory to send Hermes back to Mars more quickly, using the Chinese booster to instead resupply it for an additional eighteen-month journey. Sanders rejects the plan, refusing to risk the crew, but Henderson surreptitiously sends the details of Purnell's plan to Hermes. Sanders privately supports this idea, but informs Henderson that he expects Henderson's resignation once the mission is over. Lewis and her crew vote unanimously to execute the plan, and NASA – powerless to stop them – proceeds with the resupply as Hermes flies by Earth, using its gravity to slingshot them back to Mars. After 461 sols, Watney begins the 90-sol journey to Schiaparelli crater, where the Mars Ascent Vehicle (MAV) for the Ares IV mission was previously landed. Much of his journey takes place in the Oxia Palus quadrangle of Mars. To rendezvous with Hermes' fly-by, Watney must make drastic modifications to reduce its mass, removing non-essential equipment including the vessel's windows, nose cone, and exterior panels. With Watney on board the gutted MAV, the Hermes crew launches it remotely, but not at the planned speed and distance. Hermes uses its maneuvering thrusters to change course and explosive decompression of its own internal atmosphere to adjust its speed. Lewis uses a MMU to approach Watney's vessel as closely as her tether will allow, but is unable to reach him. Watney pierces the glove of his pressure suit and uses the escaping air as a miniature thruster to reach Lewis. The crew is reunited as crowds around the world cheer the news. After returning to Earth, Watney begins a new life as a survival instructor for new astronaut candidates. Years later on the occasion of the Ares V mission launch, those involved in Watney's rescue have returned to their lives or begun new lives.


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Let,
$\rightarrow$Function $G(t) = e^t \rightarrow Equation 1$
$\rightarrow$Function $F$ is a $\sin$ function of Length of $G(t)$,
Such that $F(Length(G(t)))=\sin (Length(G(t))) \rightarrow Equation 2$
$\rightarrow$Value of $F(Length(G(t)))$ will be plotted on a line
which is $\bot$ to tangent at point $(t, G(t))$
$\rightarrow$Our first task is to derive an equation for $Length(G(t))$
$Length(G(t))$ can be derived with following formula.
(Kindly let me know if you want to understand a rational behind this formula)
$$Length(G(t))=\int_{0}^{t} \biggl(\sqrt{{\biggl(\frac{d(G(t))}{dt}\biggr)}^2+1}\biggr)dt$$
Since $G(t) = e^t$, then $\frac{d(G(t))}{dt}=e^t$, So length Formula will become,
$$Length(G(t))=\int_{0}^{t} \biggl(\sqrt{{e^{2t}}+1}\biggr)dt$$
Let $P(t)=\sqrt{{e^{2t}}+1}$, Such that $Length(G(t))=\int_{0}^{t} P(t)dt$
After evaluating an integral, we will get
$Length(G(t))=+P(t)+\frac{1}{2}\log\frac{P(t)-1}{P(t)+1}-P(0)-\frac{1}{2}\log\frac{P(0)-1}{P(0)+1} \rightarrow Equation 3$
Since we have got the equation for $Length(G(t))$,
We can evaluate $F(Length(G(t)))=\sin (Length(G(t)))$
$\rightarrow$ Our second task is to find the equation of point $(x,y)$, Such that point $(x,y)$ is present on line which is $\bot$ to tangent
at point $(t, G(t))$ and displacement of point $(x,y)$ from $(t, G(t))$ should be equal to $F(Length(G(t)))$
Since, $G(t) = e^t$, We can say point $(t, G(t))$ is same as point $(t, e^t)$
Let's first find the equation of line which is $\bot$ to tangent at point $(t, e^t)$
The slope of a tangent at $(t, e^t)$ is given by $\frac{d(e^t)}{dt}=e^t$
We know that product of slope of two lines $\bot$ to each other is $-1$, based on that we can say, slope of line $\bot$ to tangent at $(t, e^t)$ will be given by $-e^{-t}$
equation of point $(x,y)$ on line $\bot$ to tangent at $(t, e^t)$ and passing through point $(t, e^t)$ is given by,
$\frac{y-e^t}{x-t}=-e^{-t} \rightarrow Equation 4$
We also want that the dispalcement between point $(x,y)$ from $(t, e^t)$ should be equal to $F(Length(G(t)))$, equation for the same is
$\sqrt{{(x-t)}^2+{(y-e^t)}^2}=F(Length(G(t))) \rightarrow Equation 5$
After using Equation $4$ & $5$, we will get below equation for point $(x,y)$
$x=-\frac {F(Length(G(t)))}{P(t)}e^t+t$
$y=+\frac {F(Length(G(t)))}{P(t)}+e^t$
where,
$G(t) = e^t$
$P(t)=\sqrt{{e^{2t}}+1}$
$Length(G(t))=+P(t)+\frac{1}{2}\log\frac{P(t)-1}{P(t)+1}-P(0)-\frac{1}{2}\log\frac{P(0)-1}{P(0)+1}$
$F(Length(G(t)))=\sin (Length(G(t)))$
Now, using above equations, we can evaluate point $(x, y)$ for different values of $t$. After plotting points $(x, y)$ on x-y plain, we will get a very beautiful and interesting shape as can be seen below. A sin wave on exponential function.


My name is Jay. Do you think you know me well? Let's test it out!Here is a program that will figures out if you and I are meant to be.
You will answer 5 questions. To each question, answer 5
if you strongly agree, 4 if you agree, 3 if you neither
agree nor disagree, 2 if you disagree, and 1 if you
strongly disagree.


$ PS1='$ '
The genome of a living organism encodes its hereditary information. It serves as a blueprint for proteins, which form living cells, carry information and drive chemical reactions. DNA sequencing, producing gigabytes of data from a single biological sample (e.g. a biopsy of some tissue). For technical reasons, DNA sequencing cuts the DNA of a sample into millions of small pieces, called reads. In order to recover the genome of the sample, one has to map these reads against a known reference genome (e.g., the human one obtained during the famous human genome project). This task is called read mapping.
File
, New File
, Text file
) and write:rule fastqc_a_file:
shell:
"fastqc data/0Hour_001_1.fq.gz"
(I suggest copy/pasting this into RStudio.)
Snakefile
.$ snakemake
Building DAG of jobs...
Using shell: /bin/bash
Provided cores: 1
Rules claiming more threads will be scaled down.
...
Approx 95% complete for 0Hour_001_1.fq.gz
Analysis complete for 0Hour_001_1.fq.gz
[Wed Feb 27 13:09:51 2019]
Finished job 0.
1 of 1 steps (100%) done
Complete log: /home/jovyan/.snakemake/log/2019-02-27T130941.260352.snakemake.log
Upon execution there will be two new files, ‘0Hour_001_1_fastqc.html’ & ‘0Hour_001_1_fastqc.zip’
Note: snakemake configuration file is by default calledSnakefile
At the moment this is basically just a shell script with extra syntax… what’s the point?
Well, shell scripts - and this snakefile, too - will rerun the command every time you run the file, even if there’s no reason to do so because the file hasn’t changed.
Digression: This is particularly important for large or long workflows, where you’re dealing with 10s to 100s of files that may take hours to days to process! It can be hard to figure out which files to rerun, but (spoiler alert) snakemake can really help you do this!
It’s hard to track this kind of thing in a shell script - I usually just comment out the lines I don’t want run, or break my commands up into multiple shell scripts so they don’t take so long - but with snakemake, you can annotate the rule with input and output files!
rule fastqc_a_file:
input:
"data/0Hour_001_1.fq.gz"
output:
"data/0Hour_001_1_fastqc.html",
"data/0Hour_001_1_fastqc.zip"
shell:
"fastqc data/0Hour_001_1.fq.gz"
here, we’ve annotated the rule with the required input file, as well as the expected output files.
Question: how do we know what the output files are?
$ snakemake
and you should see:
Building DAG of jobs...
Nothing to be done.
Complete log: /home/jovyan/.snakemake/log/2019-02-27T132031.813143.snakemake.log
What happened??
snakemake looked at the file, saw that the output files existed, and figured out that it didn’t need to do anything!
-f
:$ snakemake -f
$ rm data/*.html
$ snakemake
Note that you don’t need to remove all the output files to rerun a command - just remove one of them.
$ touch data/*.fq.gz
$ snakemake
This will become important later :)
rule fastqc_a_file:
input:
"data/0Hour_001_1.fq.gz"
output:
"data/0Hour_001_1_fastqc.html",
"data/0Hour_001_1_fastqc.zip"
shell:
"fastqc data/0Hour_001_1.fq.gz"
rule fastqc_a_file2:
input:
"data/6Hour_001_1.fq.gz"
output:
"data/6Hour_001_1_fastqc.html",
"data/6Hour_001_1_fastqc.zip"
shell:
"fastqc data/6Hour_001_1.fq.gz"
Now, if you run this, the Right Thing won’t happen: snakemake will do nothing. Why?
$ snakemake data/0Hour_001_1_fastqc.html data/6Hour_001_1_fastqc.html
and now you should see the second fastqc command run, with the appropriate output files!
Note that snakemake only runs the second rule, because it looks at the output files and sees that the first file you wanted,0Hour_001_1_fastqc.html
already exists!
Points to note:
Let’s start refactoring (cleaning up) this Snakefile.
rule all:
input:
"data/0Hour_001_1_fastqc.html",
"data/6Hour_001_1_fastqc.html"
rule fastqc_a_file:
input:
"data/0Hour_001_1.fq.gz"
output:
"data/0Hour_001_1_fastqc.html",
"data/0Hour_001_1_fastqc.zip"
shell:
"fastqc data/0Hour_001_1.fq.gz"
rule fastqc_a_file2:
input:
"data/6Hour_001_1.fq.gz"
output:
"data/6Hour_001_1_fastqc.html",
"data/6Hour_001_1_fastqc.zip"
shell:
"fastqc data/6Hour_001_1.fq.gz"
this rule, by convention called all
, is a default rule that produces all the output files. But it’s a bit weird! It’s all input, and no output!
This is a blank rule that gathers together all of the various files you want produced, and says “hey, snakemake, I depend on all of these files for my input - make them for me!” And then, once those files are all there, it …does nothing.
Yep, this is perfectly legal in snakemake, and it’s one way to make your life easier.
Note that snakemake -f
no longer works properly, because -f
only forces rerunning a single rule. To rerun everything, you can run touch data/*.fq.gz
to make all the output files stale; or rm data/*.html
to remove some of the output files.
There’s a lot of repetition in each of these rules. Let’s collapse it down a little bit by replacing the filename in the fastqc command with a magic variable, {input}
.
rule all:
input:
"data/0Hour_001_1_fastqc.html",
"data/6Hour_001_1_fastqc.html"
rule fastqc_a_file:
input:
"data/0Hour_001_1.fq.gz"
output:
"data/0Hour_001_1_fastqc.html",
"data/0Hour_001_1_fastqc.zip"
shell:
"fastqc {input}"
rule fastqc_a_file2:
input:
"data/6Hour_001_1.fq.gz"
output:
"data/6Hour_001_1_fastqc.html",
"data/6Hour_001_1_fastqc.zip"
shell:
"fastqc {input}"
This all works as before, but now the rule is a bit more generic and will work with any input file. Sort of.
What do I mean, sort of?
Well, the output filenames ALSO depend on the input file names in some way - specifically, fastqc replace part of the filename with _fastqc.html
and _fastqc.zip
to make its two output files.
Let’s rewrite the rule using some snakemake pattern matching:
rule all:
input:
"data/0Hour_001_1_fastqc.html",
"data/6Hour_001_1_fastqc.html"
rule fastqc_a_file:
input:
"{filename}.fq.gz"
output:
"{filename}_fastqc.html",
"{filename}_fastqc.zip"
shell:
"fastqc {input}"
rule fastqc_a_file2:
input:
"{filename}.fq.gz"
output:
"{filename}_fastqc.html",
"{filename}_fastqc.zip"
shell:
"fastqc {input}"
What we’ve done here is tell snakemake that anytime we say we want a file that ends with _fastqc.html
, it should look for a file that ends in .fq.gz
and then run fastqc
on it.
Try running this:
$ snakemake
Oh no! We get a AmbiguousRuleException:
! What’s going on?
Well, if you look at the rule above, we’ve given snakemake two different rules to produce the same file(s)! fastqc_a_file
and fastqc_a_file2
are now identical rules! snakemake doesn’t like that.
Let’s remove one, to get a trimmer, leaner, and above all functional snakefile:
rule all:
input:
"data/0Hour_001_1_fastqc.html",
"data/6Hour_001_1_fastqc.html"
rule fastqc_a_file:
input:
"{filename}.fq.gz"
output:
"{filename}_fastqc.html",
"{filename}_fastqc.zip"
shell:
"fastqc {input}"
and THAT should now work just fine!
Now here’s the fun bit – if you look in the data directory, you’ll see that there are actually 8 files in there. Let’s modify the snakefile to run fastqc on all of them!
How should we do that?  It won’t do anything unless something’s changed.
$ snakemake
So, we’ve gotten fastqc sorted out. What’s next?
Let’s add in a new rule - multiqc, to summarize our fastqc results.
multiqc takes a directory name under which there are one or more fastqc reports, and then summarizes them.
Running it on the command line,
$ multiqc data
you can see that it creates two outputs, multiqc_report.html
and the directory multiqc_data/
which contains a bunch of files. Let’s create a snakemake rule for this; add:
rule run_multiqc:
output:
"multiqc_report.html",
directory("multiqc_data")
shell:
"multiqc data/"
to the bottom of the file. (Note, you need to tell snakemake if an output is a directory.)
Now run it:
$ snakemake run_multiqc
This …doesn’t really do what we want, for a few reasons.
 How do we fix this??
Second of all, multiqc_report.html
already exists, so snakemake doesn’t run the rule. How do we actually test the rule??
Third of all, the multiqc rule has no input dependencies. How do we specify them??
Let’s fix the first two things first:
multiqc_report.html
to the inputs for the first all.multiqc_report.html
and re-run snakemake.Your snakefile should look like:
rule all:
input:
"data/0Hour_001_1_fastqc.html",
"data/6Hour_001_1_fastqc.html",
"multiqc_report.html"
rule fastqc_a_file:
input:
"{filename}.fq.gz"
output:
"{filename}_fastqc.html",
"{filename}_fastqc.zip"
shell:
"fastqc {input}"
rule run_multiqc:
output:
"multiqc_report.html",
directory("multiqc_data")
shell:
"multiqc data/"
Yay, that seems to work!
**Points to note:
The third problem, that multiqc doesn’t have any input dependencies, is a bit harder to fix.
(Why do we want to fix this? Well, this is how snakemake tracks “out of date” files - if we don’t specify input dependencies, then we may update one of the fastqc results that multiqc uses, but snakemake won’t re-run multiqc on it, and our multiqc results will be out of date.)
Basically we need to tell snakemake all of the files that we want. On the face of it, that’s easy – change the rule like so:
rule run_multiqc:
input:
"data/0Hour_001_1_fastqc.html",
"data/6Hour_001_1_fastqc.html",
output:
"multiqc_report.html",
directory("multiqc_data")
shell:
"multiqc data/"
This will work, but there are two reasons this is not great.
First, we’re repeating ourselves. Those input files are in the all
rule above, and also in this rule. If you are as forgetful as I am, this means that you run the risk of updating one rule and not the other, and getting out of sync.
Second, we’re explicitly listing out the files that we want produced. That’s not super great because it makes it annoying to add files.
We can fix the first issue by using “variables”. The second issue requires a bit more advanced programming, and we’ll leave it to the very end.
To use variables, let’s make a Python list at the very top, containing all of our expected output files from fastqc:
fastqc_output = ["data/0Hour_001_1_fastqc.html", "data/6Hour_001_1_fastqc.html",
"data/0Hour_001_2_fastqc.html", "data/6Hour_001_2_fastqc.html",
"data/0Hour_002_1_fastqc.html", "data/6Hour_002_1_fastqc.html",
"data/0Hour_002_2_fastqc.html", "data/6Hour_002_2_fastqc.html"]
and modify the all
and multiqc
rules to contain this list. The final snakefile looks like this:
fastqc_output = ["data/0Hour_001_1_fastqc.html", "data/6Hour_001_1_fastqc.html",
"data/0Hour_001_2_fastqc.html", "data/6Hour_001_2_fastqc.html",
"data/0Hour_002_1_fastqc.html", "data/6Hour_002_1_fastqc.html",
"data/0Hour_002_2_fastqc.html", "data/6Hour_002_2_fastqc.html"]
rule all:
input:
fastqc_output,
"multiqc_report.html"
rule fastqc_a_file:
input:
"{filename}.fq.gz"
output:
"{filename}_fastqc.html",
"{filename}_fastqc.zip"
shell:
"fastqc {input}"
rule run_multiqc:
input:
fastqc_output
output:
"multiqc_report.html",
directory("multiqc_data")
shell:
"multiqc data/"
**Points to note:
We’ve got one more redundancy in this file - the fastqc_output
is listed in the all
rule, but you don’t need it there! Why?
Well, multiqc_report.html
is already in the all rule, and the multiqc rule depends on fastqc_output
, so fastqc_output
already needs to be created to satisfy the all rule, so… specifying it in the all rule is redundant! And you can remove it!
(It’s not a big deal and I usually leave it in. But I wanted to talk about dependencies!)
The Snakefile now looks like this:
fastqc_output = ["data/0Hour_001_1_fastqc.html", "data/6Hour_001_1_fastqc.html",
"data/0Hour_001_2_fastqc.html", "data/6Hour_001_2_fastqc.html",
"data/0Hour_002_1_fastqc.html", "data/6Hour_002_1_fastqc.html",
"data/0Hour_002_2_fastqc.html", "data/6Hour_002_2_fastqc.html"]
rule all:
input:
"multiqc_report.html"
rule fastqc_a_file:
input:
"{filename}.fq.gz"
output:
"{filename}_fastqc.html",
"{filename}_fastqc.zip"
shell:
"fastqc {input}"
rule run_multiqc:
input:
fastqc_output
output:
"multiqc_report.html",
directory("multiqc_data")
shell:
"multiqc data/"
and we can rerun it from scratch by doing:
$ rm data/*.html multiqc_report.html
$ snakemake
snakemake will compare only at the very initial input files, and the specific output file(s) you are requesting, to decide if it needs to rerun the workflow.
In practical terms, this means that if you just delete the data/*.html
files above but leave multiqc_report.html
around, snakemake won’t rerun anything. You have to delete both the intermediaries and the end output files (as we do in the previous section), or update the raw input files, in order to force rerunning.
(This is a feature, not a bug - it helps deal with data-intensive pipelines where the intermediate files are really big.)
clean
rule¶It’s kind of annoying to have to delete things explicitly. Snakemake should take care of that for us. Let’s add a new rule, clean
, that forces rerunning of things –
rule clean:
shell:
"rm -f {fastqc_output} multiqc_report.html"
"rmdir -fr multiqc_data/"
and now try re-running things:
$ snakemake -p clean
$ snakemake
**A few things to point out:
{fastqc_output}
means “replace the thing in the curly quotes with the Python values in fastqc_output
.snakemake -p
to get a printout of the commands that are run.**What’s particularly nice about the clean
rule (the name is a convention, not a requirement) is that you only need to keep track of the expected output files in one or two places - the all rule, and the clean rule.
So, we’ve put all this work into making this snakefile with its input rules and its output rules… and there are a lot of advantages to our current approach already! Let’s list a few of them –
but there’s even more practical value in this, too – because we’ve given snakemake a recipe, rather than a script, we can now run these commands in parallel, too!
Try:
$ snakemake clean
$ snakemake -j 4
this will run up to four things in parallel!
Let’s add some trimming!
rule trim_reads:
input:
"{filename}_1.fq.gz",
"{filename}_2.fq.gz"
output:
"{filename}_1.pe.qc.fq.gz",
"{filename}_1.se.qc.fq.gz",
"{filename}_2.pe.qc.fq.gz",
"{filename}_2.se.qc.fq.gz"
shell:
"trimmomatic PE {input} {output} LEADING:2 TRAILING:2 \
SLIDINGWINDOW:4:15 \
MINLEN:25"
Points to make:
{input}
and {output}
matter - they’re passed in that order to snakemake! (See the output of snakemake -p
.)Now add the appropriate files into the fastc output list too – change it to:
fastqc_output = ["data/0Hour_001_1_fastqc.html", "data/6Hour_001_1_fastqc.html",
"data/0Hour_001_2_fastqc.html", "data/6Hour_001_2_fastqc.html",
"data/0Hour_002_1_fastqc.html", "data/6Hour_002_1_fastqc.html",
"data/0Hour_002_2_fastqc.html", "data/6Hour_002_2_fastqc.html",
"data/0Hour_001_1.pe.qc_fastqc.html", "data/0Hour_002_1.pe.qc_fastqc.html",
"data/6Hour_001_1.pe.qc_fastqc.html", "data/6Hour_002_1.pe.qc_fastqc.html",
"data/0Hour_001_2.pe.qc_fastqc.html", "data/0Hour_002_2.pe.qc_fastqc.html",
"data/0Hour_001_2.pe.qc_fastqc.html", "data/0Hour_002_2.pe.qc_fastqc.html"]
and re-run everything:
$ snakemake clean
$ snakemake -j 4
and voila - you’ve got a pile of trimmed output files, and a nice multiqc report on pre- and post- quality!
One other point to make: by naming the files “right”, i.e. by making the trimmed files meet the input requirements for the fastqc rule, we could automatically take advantage of that rule to run fastqc on them. A lot of snakemake seems to boil down to file naming, for better or for worse… :)
You can use snakemake -n
to see what would be run, without actually running it! This is called a “dry run”. This is useful when you have really big compute.
$ snakemake clean
$ snakemake -n
Above, we saw that you can use snakemake -j 4
to run four jobs in parallel. Here are some other
You can specify software on a per-rule basis! This is really helpful when you have incompatible software requirements for different rules, or want to run on a cluster, or just want to pin your snakemake workflow to a specific version.
For example, if you create a file env_fastqc.yml
with the following content,
channels:
- bioconda
- defaults
- conda-forge
dependencies:
- fastqc==0.11.8
and then change the fastqc rule to look like this:
rule fastqc_a_file:
input:
"{filename}.fq.gz"
output:
"{filename}_fastqc.html",
"{filename}_fastqc.zip"
conda:
"env_fastqc.yml"
shell:
"fastqc {input}"
you can now run snakemake like so,
$ snakemake --use-conda
and for that rule, snakemake will install just that software, with the specified version.
This aids in reproducibility, in addition to the practical advantages of isolating software installs from each other.
You can visualize your workflow like so!
$ snakemake --dag | dot -Tpng > dag.png
Snakemake can automatically generate detailed self-contained HTML reports that encompass runtime statistics, provenance information, workflow topology and results.
$ snakemake --report report.html
import glob, sys
fastqc_input = glob.glob('data/?Hour_00?_?.fq.gz')
fastqc_output = []
for filename in fastqc_input:
new_filename = filename.split('.')[0] + '_fastqc.html'
fastqc_output.append(new_filename)
for filename in fastqc_input:
new_filename = filename.split('.')[0] + '.pe.qc_fastqc.html'
fastqc_output.append(new_filename)
print('from these input files', fastqc_input, file=sys.stderr)
print('I constructed these output filenames', fastqc_output, file=sys.stderr)
rule all:
input:
"multiqc_report.html"
rule clean:
shell:
"rm -f {fastqc_output} multiqc_report.html"
rule fastqc_a_file:
input:
"{arglebarf}.fq.gz"
output:
"{arglebarf}_fastqc.html",
"{arglebarf}_fastqc.zip"
conda:
"env_fastqc.yml"
shell:
"fastqc {input}"
rule run_multiqc:
input:
fastqc_output
output:
"multiqc_report.html",
directory("multiqc_data")
shell:
"multiqc data/"
rule trim_reads:
input:
"{filename}_1.fq.gz",
"{filename}_2.fq.gz"
output:
"{filename}_1.pe.qc.fq.gz",
"{filename}_1.se.qc.fq.gz",
"{filename}_2.pe.qc.fq.gz",
"{filename}_2.se.qc.fq.gz"
shell:
"trimmomatic PE {input} {output} LEADING:2 TRAILING:2 \
SLIDINGWINDOW:4:15 \
MINLEN:25"
Take a look at glob_wildcards as well.
Just like scripting, or writing an R script, writing a snakefile is a kind of programming. So you’ll have to do a lot of debugging :) :(.
what do (snakemake) workflows do for me?
The main reason to use snakemake is that it lets be sure that my workflow completed properly. snakemake tracks which commands fails, and will stop the workflow in its tracks! This is not something that you usually do in shell scripts.


3.0 Introduction
3.1 Objectives
3.2 Word Processing Basics
3.2.1 Opening Word Processing Package
3.2.2 Overview of the User Interface
3.2.3 Backstage View
3.2.4 Using The Icons Below Menu Bar
3.3 Opening and closing Documents
3.3.1 Opening Documents
3.3.2 Saving Documents
3.3.3 Page Setup
3.3.4 Print Preview
3.3.5 Printing of Documents
3.4 Text Creation and manipulation
3.4.1 Document Creation
3.4.2 Editing Text
3.4.3 Text Selection
3.4.4 Cut, Copy and Paste
3.4.5 Font and Size selection
3.4.6 Alignment of Text
3.5 Formatting the Text
3.5.1 Paragraph Indenting
3.5.2 Bullets and Numbering
3.5.3 Changing case
3.6 Table Manipulation
3.6.1 Draw Table
3.6.2 Changing cell width and height
3.6.3 Alignment of Text in cell
3.6.4 Delete / Insertion of row or column
3.6.5 Border and shading
3.7 Summary


Major Projects
- Project One: Onboarding
-
Project Description
You will create a single-page design that features a sign-up process to get new users to join some type of project, such as an email list, a software beta test, or an open-source community. Focus on designing for an effortless, engaging entry of personal information; and friendly, frictionless client-side tests and alerts for malformed, missing, or incomplete information. The goal of this project is to experiment with patterns of interaction that persuade someone to sign up for whatever it is you’re offering, which is not at all an easy task.
Project Goals
- Create a touch-friendly, mobile-first responsive web design
- Experiment with design and interaction patterns for pleasing user experience
- Design progressively enhanced page using at least two media queries
- Apply design principles including typography, color, and material design
- Engage in agile, iterative development; documented with plenty of commit comments
Deliverables & Milestones
-
First Deliverable: (Due 02/20) Create a Basecamp post describing your work
in progress. Title the post with your name and project number (example Daniel Krieglstein: Project 1). Your post should
include:
- The URL to your GitHub repository, and the URL to your Github Pages live link
- Two questions eliciting feedback on from fellow students
- Second Deliverable: (Due 02/27) Give constructive comments to help at least three other students.
-
Third Deliverable: (Due 03/06) Edit your original Basecamp post under Project 1 by fixing your code
based on feedback from the professor and fellow students. Additionally, add the following:
- Add a 3-4 sentence self-critique memo of your project and your progress in class to this point
Requirements
- Project must be built with only one valid well-formed HTML file, one valid CSS file, and one JavaScript file.
- All source files in UTF-8/Unicode character encoding.
- No code-generators like WYSIWYGs, Bootstrap, or other off-the-shelf frameworks
- HTML, CSS, and JavaScript files should both be indented with 2 spaces per level of indent; indent all CSS style rules inside the declaring block, and further indent all rules and blocks inside your media queries
- Must pass HTML and CSS validators!
- HTML requirements:
- Only structural, semantic uses of HTML elements and attributes. Absolutely no table markup, break tags, or any other use of HTML to achieve a particular page layout.
-
At least three HTML form elements, written in conjunction with
<label>
tags and thefor
attribute - Semantically structured text-based HTML content to accompany any media elements (image, audio, video)
- CSS requirements:
- CSS file should open with a set of reset styles. Meyers, and the Form section of Normalize.
- Use at least two min-width media queries to enhance your mobile-first styles for larger screens
- JavaScript requirements:
- JavaScript that throws no uncaught errors and is loaded unobtrusively (no JavaScript event attributes in your HTML, in other words; attach events to any elements requiring interaction)
- JavaScript that uses only asynchronous methods and callbacks
- Git requirements:
- A Git repository with frequent commits and meaningful commit messages that accurately reflect each set of changes that you make
- GitHub repository must contain only the files and commits from this project
- Project Two: Redesign THIS Website!
-
Project Description
Some of the very worst designed websites you’ll come across are for banking, credit card payment, HR portals, and other non-optional websites for certain classes of customers or workers. Self-selected teams of 3 students will redesign this website. Additionally, you will add a compelling log in page, as if this were an on-line course for sale. Your redesigned should employ sound principles of human-computer interaction, user experience, and emotional design.
Project Goals
- Conduct a task analysis for creating a user-centered design
- Apply design principles including color/material, typography, accessible media, and grid-based design.
- Execute a progressively enhanced, touch-friendly, mobile-first responsive design focused on system users and tasks.
- Write informative text content; catch error conditions and guide users accordingly.
- Experiment with design and interaction patterns for pleasing user experience.
- Engage in agile, iterative web design and development within a team-based work-flow on GitHub, via pull requests and code reviews.
Deliverables & Milestones
- Lab 5 (Due 03/15) Whole team: Create a group or join a group on Basecamp Project 2: Group Sign Up. Groups should be 3 people each. Group names should be creative. Each group member should list their GitHub username and one team member should be chosen to initiate lab 5.
- First Deliverable: Task Analysis (Due 03/20) Whole Team: Create a Basecamp post describing your work in progress. Title the post with your team name and project number (example: Team Wonder Women - Project 2). Your post should include the full names of all team members, and a screen-by-screen task analysis of your redesign. Use screen shots and simple text to explain your plan of action.
- Second Deliverable: (Due 04/03) Whole Team: Update your project 2 Basecamp post with the URL to your group GitHub repository, live link (GitHub pages), and two questions eliciting feedback from fellow students.
- Comments: (Due 04/10) Individual: Give constructive comments to help at least three other teams.
-
Final Deliverable: (Due 04/24)Whole Team: Revise your team Basecamp post under Project 2
to add links to each member's individual fork of the group GitHub repository. Individual forks should include README.md files with
following:
- A 3-4 sentence self-critique memo of your project and your progress in class to this point.
Requirements
- All source files in UTF-8/Unicode character encoding.
- No code-generators like WYSIWYGs, Bootstrap, or other off-the-shelf frameworks
- HTML, CSS, and JavaScript files should both be indented with 2 spaces per level of indent; indent all CSS style rules inside the declaring block, and further indent all rules and blocks inside your media queries.
- Must pass HTML and CSS validators!
- HTML requirements:
- Only structural, semantic uses of HTML elements and attributes. Absolutely no table markup, break tags, or any other use of HTML to achieve a particular page layout.
-
Valid HTML form elements, written in conjunction with
<label>
tags and thefor
attribute. - Semantically structured text-based HTML content to accompany any media elements (image, audio, video)
- CSS requirements:
- CSS file should open with a set of reset styles. Meyers, and the Form section of Normalize.
- Use at least two min-width media queries to enhance your mobile-first styles for larger screens.
- JavaScript requirements:
- JavaScript that throws no uncaught errors and is loaded unobtrusively (no JavaScript event attributes in your HTML, in other words; attach events to any elements requiring interaction).
- JavaScript that uses only asynchronous methods and callbacks
- Git requirements:
- Whole team: A shared team Git repository with frequent commits from each team member and meaningful commit messages that accurately reflect each set of changes.
- Each team member: An individual Git repository with feature branches, frequent commits, and meaningful commit messages that accurately reflect each set of changes that you make, including experimental work that you ultimately might not push upstream to the shared group repository.
- All GitHub repositories (team and individual) must contain only the files and commits from this project.
- Project Three: User-Tested, Revised Web Portal
-
Project Description
The final project of the course asks you to subject your group's redesign project to a series of low-stakes user tests, and to suggest improvements to the website, based on what you learn through your user tests.
You should structure your tests around the guidance in Chapter 9 of Krug's book. You are welcome to use as a starting point his sample script and recording release form available at Krug's website. However, your script must be modified to match your specific project and tasks, obviously.
Project Goals
- Evaluate user interface designs with human subjects.
- Demonstrate how user-centered concerns can be incorporated into system development life cycles.
- Explain the need to evaluate system usability.
- Conduct usability tests on mobile and traditional devices.
Deliverables & Milestones
-
Create a Basecamp post for the group describing your work. (Due 04/24)
Title the post with the same group name and project 3. Your post should include the names of your group members and the
following:
- Testing script with a welcome to your participant, an explanation of the process, and an outline of the exact tasks you will be asking participants to complete.
- Testing notes + 3 major issues per participant.
- A group-authored recommendation report on the three most pressing issues identified through your testing, including:
- an explanation as to why the issues you’ve selected are most pressing.
- possible approach to implementing fixes/improvements to address the issue.
- future usability tests you’d run to ensure the quality of the fix.
Requirements
- Test your site with three different participants not in our class. At least one participant should use a mobile device (phone or tablet); at least one should use a traditional device (desktop or laptop)
- When possible, have participants use their own devices (but have a backup device ready to use)
- Figure out how to best involve online students in your group who cannot be present on campus for testing; include those details in your site plan


This map reflects the transportation choice of people living in New York, based on the taxi zone level and focused on home to work commute. Information in each taxi zone can be explored by moving mouse, and the red points in the map indicates the location of subway stations.
—LEGEND OF TAXI ZONE COLORS—
—INFORMATION OF THE TAXI ZONE—
Please move the mouse around
—EXPLORE AIRPORT LOCATION—
About
Know our study
Background
What is Congestion Surcharge
Motivation
Why we need to study
Objective
How to study
Data and Methodology
Mathematics | Coding
Data
Census Static Data
● Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics (LEHD)/ Origin-Destination Employment Statistics(LODES) data
● American Community Survey (ACS) data
Trip Data
● Taxi and Limousine Commission (TLC)
● Here map API
● Uber API
Methodology
Nested Logit Models
In order to quantify the impact of the Manhattan Congestion Pricing policy, we need to compare the
simulated ridership under the new pricing scenario against the simulated baseline scenario. For that purpose,
we willrst use the LEHD/LODES as a proxy for urban mobility, then train a model based on choices
reported in ACS and actual proportions of taxi, FHV and shared FHV observed in the data, andnally
compare the simulated ridership to prior observed preferences to assess the predicted modal shifts.
Further
Will
Come...
Our Amazing Team
Stanislav Sobolevsky
Projrct Instructor
Katie Voorhees
Lead of literature review and report writting
Rufei sheng
Lead of modeling and analysis
Soham R Mody
Lead of modeling and analysis
Xiaoning He
Lead of data gathering and cleaning
Sam Manzi
Lead of data gathering and cleaning
BE THE BEST TEAM!
Contact Us
Share us with your opinion about Manhattan Congestion Surcharge !
Project Background
Much of New York's growing populationnds itself regularly frustrated while traversing the city. Subways are experiencing an increasing amount of delays due to an aging infrastructure. Driving speeds in Manhattan's Central Business District (south of 60th street) have slowed to an average of 7.2 mph, with speeds in the Midtown core" 30% slower than the rest of the CBD. While the
subway and bus are still the third and fourth most popular ways to travel in NYC (after private vehicles and
walking), public transit ridership has been declining since 2015, exacerbatingnancial challenges at the MTA. Department of Transportation (DOT)
ocials attribute the loss in ridership to consumers increasingly choosing For-Hire Vehicles (FHV), particularly during off-peak hours. The challenges facing NYC's complex transportation ecosystem have motivated
this research.
New York lawmakers have responded to these challenges with an initiative unprecedented in the United
States - congestion pricing. With aims to relieve congestion and recover some diverted revenue, New York
State's Department of Taxation and Finance imposed a congestion surcharge on February 2, 2019 aimed
at taxis and FHVs. The tax adds $2.75 to FHV trips, $2.50 to
taxi trips and $.75 to ride-share or pool trips. The tax applies to every trip that begins, ends or passes
through Manhattan south of 96th Street. On April 1, 2019 the NY State budget passed, approving a future
congestion tax for all vehicles entering Manhattan's CBD below 60th St. Revenue from the tax are earmarked for MTA capital investments, but
this larger scale congestion pricing scheme is not scheduled to be in eect until December 2020. The tax will collect around $11 from both for-hire and private vehicles, and will include exemptions for low income New
Yorkers and drivers with disabilities.
Motivation
Why we need to care about this new policy?
While transportations advocates eagerly anticipate the revenue from the congestion pricing plan, many
drivers, particularly from the outer boroughs and suburban areas, are skeptical of the plan's potential
to reduce trac congestion and lament paying a tax aimed at repairing a public transit system they may
not use. Regardless of one's political opinion of the plan, the circumstances emphasize the importance of
understanding the effect of pricing changes on people's transportation choices.
Goals
Open data are used to model the dynamics behind transportation mode shift in New York
City. We use the data-driven model to explore the impacts of the initial Feb. 2, 2019 congestion tax
and anticipate the mode shift that may be provoked by the December 2020 implementation of larger scale
congestion pricing, as well as an alternative scenario in which MTA prices were increased by 30% in order to
fund repairs.
Projetcs impacts on the following dimensions will be considered when evaluating the "effectiveness" of each policy scenario:
● Traffic reduction
● Job increase or decrease
● Tax Revenue (earmarked for public transit investments)


SCREAM A film review by Christopher Null Copyright 1996 Christopher Null
My review notes for SCREAM consist of three whole words:
Totally. F***ing. Scary.
What has been billed as the first "really scary" movie in a long time surprisingly lives up to its promise (due, in part, to the fact that there hasn't been a really scary movie since THE EXORCIST III in 1990), with plenty of screaming on the screen and in the audience. Wes Craven's SCREAM is a true exercise in the horror film -- an in-depth study of the genre that terrifies at the same time as it good-naturedly pokes a little fun at itself.
Anyway, Miramax is practically *begging* critics not to reveal the plot, so I'll just give you the starting point: an all-alone Drew Barrymore answers a phone call from a deranged killer, and it goes downhill from there. Be aware that the "star" of the show is not Barrymore, but is actually Neve Campbell (THE CRAFT). And the *real* stars are a couple of her character's friends, played by a now-blonde Rose McGowan (THE DOOM GENERATION) and Matthew Lillard (HACKERS), who totally steal the show.
Of course, these are only two of the dozens of characters who serve as Fresh Meat for our killer, the most notable of which is probably Courtney Cox as a trashy tabloid TV reporter covering the story.
Thank God Craven has imbued SCREAM with witty dialogue, fine plot development, and an ending that actually seems remotely plausible. While he does let up with the terror in the final act (I won't be having any nightmares tonight), I left pleasantly surprised and a bit shaken up from so much jumping in my seat. I'm sure you'll agree. It's a... well... a scream.

The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


Wellington weekly rents up 7.4% in a year – NZ’s highest increase
Press Release – Trademe
Tenants are trying to get ahead of the summer rental rush as rents in New Zealand’s three main centres warm up, according to that latest Trade Me Rental Price Index.
Trade Me’s Aaron Clancy said the median weekly rent in Wellington, Auckland and Christchurch rose between $20 and $40 per week on the year prior.
“Rents in Wellington city saw the largest annual increase, up 7.4 per cent on last year to $580 in October. Christchurch City saw a 5 per cent lift to $420, and Auckland City rents rose 3.6 per cent to $570.”
Mr Clancy said tenants in our largest cities appeared to be trying to beat the seasonal summer rental rush and hunting out their next flat early. “October saw a growing demand for rentals in our three main metros … Wellington City saw enquiries jump 7 per cent on the year prior and Auckland City experienced a 14 per cent spike in demand.
“Typically we see rents begin to heat up from December onwards but this year tenants are trying to get ahead of the game and secure a rental before Christmas. It could prove to be a very wise move, while prices are increasing now we’re predicting they’re only going to get higher as we head into the business end of summer. There will almost certainly be some new records set in early 2020.”
Wellington rentals the most popular
Mr Clancy said rentals in Wellington were the most popular of any region after the number of enquiries on properties to rent in the region rose 13 per cent on last year.
“The continuing theme of the Wellington property market is the massive demand for rental properties which keeps pushing rents up considerably. The number of rental properties available in Wellington jumped 12 per cent on September but demand continues to outstrip what’s available so we keep seeing rents head north.
“The most popular rental property in New Zealand in October was in the Lower Hutt suburb of Fairfield. The two-bedroom house was listed for $340 per week in October and saw an incredible 117 enquiries in the first two days onsite.”
Wellington’s most popular rental listings in Oct 201 9
| Rental address | Suburb | Enquiries in first 2 days | |
| 1 | Fairfield Avenue | Fairfield | 117 |
| 2 | Mortimer Terrace | Aro Valley | 101 |
| 3 | Randwick Crescent | Woburn | 93 |
“We’ve seen an increasing number of Wellington tenants looking for rentals outside the city centre in the, traditionally, quieter areas like Lower Hutt and Porirua, opting for a longer commute to work and more affordable rents.
“The median weekly rent in the Wellington region reached $550 per week after an 11.1 per cent increase year-on-year. Taking a closer look at the region, rents in Wellington City rose 7.4 per cent on the year prior to $580, rents in Porirua were up 10 per cent to $550 and Lower Hutt saw the median weekly rent rise 15.6 per cent to $520.
Auckland rentals in demand
“Demand for rentals in Auckland is on the rise and tenants in the Super City are facing more competition.
“The number of enquiries on rental properties in Auckland rose 21 per cent on last year while the number of properties available dipped 2 per cent.”
Mr Clancy said after a quiet couple of months, the median weekly rent in Auckland rose 1.8 per cent year-on-year to $560 per week in October.
The districts with the highest median weekly rents in October were Waiheke Island and Waitakere City which saw an 18 per cent jump to $580 and a 5 per cent boost to $530 per week respectively.
Mr Clancy said the most popular rental property in Auckland in October was a three-bedroom house in West Harbour which had 75 enquiries in the first two days onsite.
Auckland’s most popular rental listings in Oct 201 9
| Rental address | Suburb | Enquiries in first 2 days | |
| 1 | Oreil Ave | West Harbour | 75 |
| 2 | Vine Street | Mangere East | 55 |
| 3 | Manukau City | Mangere | 55 |
Solid rent growth for houses
Mr Clancy said nationwide, the median weekly rent increased across all house sizes when compared to October last year with rents for large houses (5+ bedrooms) seeing the largest jump, rising 6.3 per cent to $840 per week.
“Small houses (1-2 bedrooms) reached a new high in Wellington after a 7.1 per cent increase to $450 per week. Surprisingly, the median weekly rent for large houses (5+ bedrooms) in Wellington fell for the first time in a while after a 3.5 per cent dip to $965 per week.”
Townhouses, apartments and units in hot demand
“The number of enquiries for townhouses, apartments and units nationwide rose a solid 23 per cent on October last year as more Kiwis opt for urban properties.
Mr Clancy said the national median weekly rent for townhouses, units and apartments increased when compared to October 2018 with townhouses seeing the largest rent jump, rising 8 per cent on last year to $540.
“Looking across the main centres, the largest increase was for units in Wellington which saw rents rise 13.5 on last year to $420 per week.”
Content Sourced from scoop.co.nz
Original url


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{% extends "base.html" %} {% block main %}
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Before Change
fea = fea.toarray()
if len(fea.shape) == 1:
fea = np.array([fea]).T
extracted.append(fea)
// combine the feature outputs into one array.
After Change
// columns could be a string or list of
// strings; we don"t care because pandas
// will handle either.
if transformers is not None:
if isinstance(transformers, list):
for transformer in transformers:
extracted.append(self._handle_feature(transformer.transform(self._get_col_subset(X, columns))))
else:
extracted.append(self._handle_feature(transformers.transform(self._get_col_subset(X, columns))))
else:
extracted.append(self._handle_feature(self._get_col_subset(X, columns)))
// combine the feature outputs into one array.
// at this point we lose track of which features
// were created from which input columns, so it"s
// assumed that that doesn"t matter to the model.
return np.hstack(extracted)
def _handle_feature(self, fea):
if hasattr(fea, "toarray"):


For instructions on how to use autosplitting on console, check out these SNES Classic and FXPak/SD2Snes tutorial videos! (If you don't have EmoTracker, you can download EmoTracker here)
NOTE: Make sure to apply custom sprites to generated DASH roms and not the vanilla rom!


- client - Variable in class com.rallydev.rest.client.HttpClient
-
- client - Variable in class com.rallydev.rest.RallyRestApi
-
- clone() - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.request.QueryRequest
-
Clone this request.
- close() - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.client.HttpClient
-
Release all resources associated with this instance.
- close() - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.RallyRestApi
-
Release all resources associated with this instance.
- CollectionUpdateRequest - Class in com.rallydev.rest.request
-
Represents a WSAPI request to update a collection.
- CollectionUpdateRequest(JsonObject, JsonArray, boolean) - Constructor for class com.rallydev.rest.request.CollectionUpdateRequest
-
Create a new update request for the specified collection and values.
- CollectionUpdateRequest(String, JsonArray, boolean) - Constructor for class com.rallydev.rest.request.CollectionUpdateRequest
-
Create a new update request for the specified collection and values.
- CollectionUpdateResponse - Class in com.rallydev.rest.response
-
Represents a WSAPI response from updating a collection.
- CollectionUpdateResponse(String) - Constructor for class com.rallydev.rest.response.CollectionUpdateResponse
-
Create a new collection update response from the specified JSON encoded string.
- com.rallydev.rest - package com.rallydev.rest
-
Provides the main interface to the Rest API.
- com.rallydev.rest.client - package com.rallydev.rest.client
-
Provides the underlying http client implementations.
- com.rallydev.rest.request - package com.rallydev.rest.request
-
Provides objects for encoding requests to the Rest API.
- com.rallydev.rest.response - package com.rallydev.rest.response
-
Provides objects for parsing responses from the Rest API.
- com.rallydev.rest.util - package com.rallydev.rest.util
-
Provides utilities for working with the Rest API.
- create(CreateRequest) - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.RallyRestApi
-
Create the specified object.
- CreateRequest - Class in com.rallydev.rest.request
-
Represents a WSAPI request to create an object.
- CreateRequest(String, JsonObject) - Constructor for class com.rallydev.rest.request.CreateRequest
-
Create a new create request with the specified type and values.
- CreateResponse - Class in com.rallydev.rest.response
-
Represents a WSAPI response from creating an object
- CreateResponse(String) - Constructor for class com.rallydev.rest.response.CreateResponse
-
Create a new create response from the specified JSON encoded string.
- credentials - Variable in class com.rallydev.rest.client.BasicAuthClient
-
- get(GetRequest) - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.RallyRestApi
-
Get the specified object.
- getBody() - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.request.CollectionUpdateRequest
-
Get the JSON encoded string representation of the object to be updated.
- getBody() - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.request.CreateRequest
-
Get the JSON encoded string representation of the object to be created.
- getBody() - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.request.UpdateRequest
-
Get the JSON encoded string representation of the object to be updated.
- getClient() - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.RallyRestApi
-
Get the underlying http client implementation.
- getEndpoint() - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.request.GetRequest
-
- getErrors() - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.response.Response
-
Get any errors returned in the response.
- getFetch() - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.request.CollectionUpdateRequest
-
Get the current list of fields to be returned on the updated object.
- getFetch() - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.request.CreateRequest
-
Get the current list of fields to be returned on the created object.
- getFetch() - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.request.GetRequest
-
Get the current list of fields to be returned on the retrieved object.
- getFetch() - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.request.QueryRequest
-
Get the current list of fields to be returned on the matching objects.
- getFetch() - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.request.UpdateRequest
-
Get the current list of fields to be returned on the updated object.
- getGsonBuilder() - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.request.Request
-
Get the Gson Builder used for JSON serialization in this request.
- getLimit() - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.request.QueryRequest
-
Get the maximum number of records to be returned from the query.
- getObject() - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.response.CreateResponse
-
Get the created object.
- getObject() - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.response.GetResponse
-
Get the retrieved object.
- getObject() - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.response.UpdateResponse
-
Get the updated object.
- getOidFromRef(String) - Static method in class com.rallydev.rest.util.Ref
-
Get the ObjectID from the specified ref url
- getOrder() - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.request.QueryRequest
-
Set the order by which the result set will be sorted.
- getPageSize() - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.request.QueryRequest
-
Get the page size of the result set.
- getPageSize() - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.response.QueryResponse
-
Get the page size of the results
- getParams() - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.request.Request
-
Get the list of additional parameters included in this request.
- getProject() - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.request.QueryRequest
-
Get the project which the result set should be scoped to.
- getQueryFilter() - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.request.QueryRequest
-
Get the filter by which the result set will be narrowed down.
- getRelativeRef(String) - Static method in class com.rallydev.rest.util.Ref
-
Create a relative ref url from the specified ref
- GetRequest - Class in com.rallydev.rest.request
-
Represents a WSAPI request to retrieve a specific object.
- GetRequest(String) - Constructor for class com.rallydev.rest.request.GetRequest
-
Create a new get request for the specified object.
- GetResponse - Class in com.rallydev.rest.response
-
Represents a WSAPI response from retrieving a single object.
- GetResponse(String) - Constructor for class com.rallydev.rest.response.GetResponse
-
Create a new get response from the specified JSON encoded string.
- getResults() - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.response.CollectionUpdateResponse
-
Get the results of the collection update
- getResults() - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.response.QueryResponse
-
Get the results of the query
- getRoot() - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.response.CollectionUpdateResponse
-
Get the name of the root JSON result
- getRoot() - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.response.CreateResponse
-
Get the name of the root JSON result
- getRoot() - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.response.DeleteResponse
-
Get the name of the root JSON result
- getRoot() - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.response.GetResponse
-
Get the name of the root JSON result
- getRoot() - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.response.QueryResponse
-
Get the name of the root JSON result
- getRoot() - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.response.Response
-
Get the name of the root JSON result
- getRoot() - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.response.UpdateResponse
-
Get the name of the root JSON result
- getServer() - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.client.HttpClient
-
Get the current server being targeted.
- getStart() - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.request.QueryRequest
-
Get the start index of the result set.
- getStart() - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.response.QueryResponse
-
Get the start index of the results
- getTotalResultCount() - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.response.QueryResponse
-
Get the total number of objects that matched the query
- getTypeEndpoint() - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.request.QueryRequest
-
- getTypeFromRef(String) - Static method in class com.rallydev.rest.util.Ref
-
Get the type from the specified ref url
- getWarnings() - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.response.Response
-
Get any warnings returned in the response.
- getWorkspace() - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.request.QueryRequest
-
Get the workspace which the result set should be scoped to.
- getWsapiUrl() - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.client.HttpClient
-
Get the WSAPI base url based on the current server and WSAPI version
- getWsapiVersion() - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.client.HttpClient
-
Get the current version of the WSAPI being targeted.
- getWsapiVersion() - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.RallyRestApi
-
Get the current version of the WSAPI being targeted.
- gsonBuilder - Variable in class com.rallydev.rest.request.Request
-
Gson Builder used for JSON serialization in this request.
- SECURITY_ENDPOINT_DOES_NOT_EXIST - Static variable in class com.rallydev.rest.client.BasicAuthClient
-
- SECURITY_TOKEN_KEY - Static variable in class com.rallydev.rest.client.BasicAuthClient
-
- SECURITY_TOKEN_PARAM_KEY - Static variable in class com.rallydev.rest.client.BasicAuthClient
-
- securityToken - Variable in class com.rallydev.rest.client.BasicAuthClient
-
- server - Variable in class com.rallydev.rest.client.HttpClient
-
- setApplicationName(String) - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.client.HttpClient
-
Set the value of the X-RallyIntegrationName header included on all requests.
- setApplicationName(String) - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.RallyRestApi
-
Set the value of the X-RallyIntegrationName header included on all requests.
- setApplicationVendor(String) - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.client.HttpClient
-
Set the value of the X-RallyIntegrationVendor header included on all requests.
- setApplicationVendor(String) - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.RallyRestApi
-
Set the value of the X-RallyIntegrationVendor header included on all requests.
- setApplicationVersion(String) - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.client.HttpClient
-
Set the value of the X-RallyIntegrationVersion header included on all requests.
- setApplicationVersion(String) - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.RallyRestApi
-
Set the value of the X-RallyIntegrationVersion header included on all requests.
- setClientCredentials(URI, String, String) - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.client.HttpClient
-
- setFetch(Fetch) - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.request.CollectionUpdateRequest
-
Set the current list of fields to be returned on the updated object.
- setFetch(Fetch) - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.request.CreateRequest
-
Set the current list of fields to be returned on the created object.
- setFetch(Fetch) - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.request.GetRequest
-
Set the current list of fields to be returned on the retrieved object.
- setFetch(Fetch) - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.request.QueryRequest
-
Set the current list of fields to be returned on the matching objects.
- setFetch(Fetch) - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.request.UpdateRequest
-
Set the current list of fields to be returned on the updated object.
- setGsonBuilder(GsonBuilder) - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.request.Request
-
Set the Gson Builder used for JSON serialization in this request.
- setLimit(int) - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.request.QueryRequest
-
Set the maximum number of records to be returned from the query.
- setOrder(String) - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.request.QueryRequest
-
Get the order by which the result set will be sorted.
- setPageSize(int) - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.request.QueryRequest
-
Set the page size of the result set.
- setParams(List<NameValuePair>) - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.request.Request
-
Set the list of additional parameters included in this request.
- setProject(String) - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.request.QueryRequest
-
Specify the project which the result set should be scoped to.
- setProxy(URI) - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.client.HttpClient
-
Set the unauthenticated proxy server to use.
- setProxy(URI, String, String) - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.client.HttpClient
-
Set the authenticated proxy server to use.
- setProxy(URI) - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.RallyRestApi
-
Set the unauthenticated proxy server to use.
- setProxy(URI, String, String) - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.RallyRestApi
-
Set the authenticated proxy server to use.
- setQueryFilter(QueryFilter) - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.request.QueryRequest
-
Set a filter by which the result set will be narrowed down.
- setScopedDown(boolean) - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.request.QueryRequest
-
If a project has been specified, set whether to include matching objects in child projects in the result set.
- setScopedUp(boolean) - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.request.QueryRequest
-
If a project has been specified, set whether to include matching objects in parent projects in the result set.
- setStart(int) - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.request.QueryRequest
-
Set the 1-based start index of the result set.
- setWorkspace(String) - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.request.QueryRequest
-
Specify the workspace which the result set should be scoped to.
- setWsapiVersion(String) - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.client.HttpClient
-
Set the current version of the WSAPI being targeted.
- setWsapiVersion(String) - Method in class com.rallydev.rest.RallyRestApi
-
Set the current version of the WSAPI being targeted.


PLANET SICK-BOY: http://www.sick-boy.com
In his previous films, writer/director Jim Jarmusch (Dead Man) seemed to take great pride in fusing different cultures together, and Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai is certainly no different. The picture stars Forest Whitaker (Light it Up) as the titular Ghost Dog, a stealthy hit-man that follows an ancient Samurai code while working for New Jersey mobsters. Ghost Dog gives its protagonist a best friend that can't speak English and features a blistering hip-hop score from Wu-Tang Clan's RZA.
While that description may make Ghost Dog sound like a mess of a film, it remains pleasantly simple. Ghost Dog is a withdrawn, ninja-like loner that lives in a shack on the roof of a Jersey apartment building with his pigeons. He makes homemade weapons and burglary devices, and follows a strict ethical code that he follows to the letter. Constantly reading and referring to `Hagakure: The Way of the Samurai,' an 18th century Japanese code for warrior discipline, Ghost Dog insists on communicating with his bosses solely through carrier pigeons and is paid annually on the first day of autumn for the previous year's work.
How does a guy this quirky get hooked up with the mob, you ask? Years ago, a young Ghost Dog was saved during a beat-down by a gangster named Louie (John Tormey, Kiss Me Guido), who took the pup under his wing (in this scene, Ghost Dog is played by Damon Whitaker, Forest's younger brother) and slowly entrusts him with bigger and bigger tasks.
On one particular job, Ghost Dog is told to `take care of' a mobster named Handsome Frank (Richard Portnow, Howard Stern's dad in Private Parts), who is boffing Louise (Tricia Vessey, The Alarmist), the red-hot daughter of Vargo (Henry Silva, The End of Violence), the family's Don. Ghost Dog follows through on the hit, but is caught off-guard by Louise's presence at the scene.
Throw in Ghost Dog's odd relationships with a French-speaking ice cream hawker and a young girl from the projects that shares his fondness for a good read, and you've got…well, you've got a Jarmusch film. His work is generally geared much more toward character development than they are plot-driven, and Ghost Dog is no exception. His Mafia characters are almost cartoonish in nature, a point that the director emphasizes by having the Don watch Felix the Cat, Woody Woodpecker, Itchy & Scratchy and Betty Boop.
Jarmusch also uses quotes from `The Hagakure' as title card bumpers between scenes. The idea seems okay, but some of them are particularly absurd . Imagine you're enjoying a film and are hit with something like `There is something to be learned from a rainstorm. When meeting with a sudden shower, you try not to get wet and run quickly along the road. But doing such things as passing under the eaves of houses, you still get wet. When you are resolved from the beginning, you will not be perplexed, though you still get the same soaking.' Dude, if I wanted to use my brain, I would have stayed home and read a book.
Still, Jarmusch does wonders with the culture clash between gangster, samurai and hip-hop. One of the goons admits that Flava Flav is his favorite rap star, quoting the Public Enemy second-fiddle with his tough Jersey accent. Cinematography wiz Robby Müller, who also worked on Dead Man, gives Ghost Dog a dark, seedy look, and RZA's score is likely to be one of the year's best.
1:55 - R for strong violence and language
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