- Please read the annotation guideline carefully.
- In the following stage, you will need to annotate if the sentences meet the rules.
-
The guideline helps to classify an example sentence that is not "good" for the language learners.
If a sentence contains any of the following characteristics, then it is not an acceptable example sentence for English learners.
Condition 1: Suitability
1. The blank can be filled with either word in the word set while the sentence is still logical.
Key wordpair: accessible / available
They are attempting to make operate _____ (accessible / available) to a wider audience.
2. The blank can with multiple possible candidates not limited to the word set.
Key wordpair: abrupt / harsh
I was poorly received and the general tone of the person assisting me was rude and _____ (harsh / unpleasant / ......).
3. Rare usage or secondary meaning.
Keyword: becoming
Her dress was becoming and made her look even more beautiful.
Keyword: tiny
After his marriage his tiny sculptures became larger, but the larger they grew, the thinner they became.
Condition 2: Informative
1. Lacks the information to guess the meaning of the keyword.
Keyword: skilled
It and its English derivative "s" thus describe people who are skilled at dining, particularly the refined conversation expected to accompany Greek symposia.
Sentence with useful information that helps to predict the meaning of the keyword:
In the sourcebooks, they are often referred to as cunning shapeshifters, skilled fighters, and capable generals.
2. Long and does not add any useful information to help to guess the meaning of the keyword.
Keyword: accountability
Security issues have been categorised into sensitive data access, data segregation, privacy, bug exploitation, recovery, accountability, malicious insiders, management console security, account control, and multi-tenancy issues.
3. Requires background knowledge to understand the sentence.
Keyword: responsibility
External and offensive counter-intelligence, counter-terrorism, and some direct action is the general responsibility of Mossad, although military units will carry out specific counterterrorism actions.
Keyword: achievement
Article 56 requires members to "take joint and separate action in cooperation with the Organization for the achievement of the purposes set forth in Article 55."
Condition 3: Diversity
When classifying acceptable/ unacceptable example sentences, please consider diversity and phrase usage.
1. Similar word usage should only appear once. Only choose one when there are multiple sentences with the similar word usage.
keyword: little
After founding the Institute he had little time for composing, and appears to have concentrated exclusively on teaching.
When she finds out the truth, she makes a fateful decision to make the most of the little time they have together.
2. Similar phrase usage should only appear once. Only choose one when there are multiple sentences with the similar phrase usage.
keyword: real
The normal distribution is symmetric about its mean, and is non-zero over the entire real line.
For example, consider formula_32 and formula_33, the infinite direct product and direct sum of the real numbers.
Condition 4: Sentence Complexity
1. Contains more than two complex modifiers, such as clauses, prepositional phrases, Infinitive phrases, Participle phrases, etc.
The methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of cultural legacy that the community perceives as essential.
2. Complex appositive.
Moreover, I can feel strong emotion in response to objects of art that are interpretations, rather than representations, or reality.
Condition 5: Lexical Complexity
1. Wrong part of speech.
key wordpair: elder/ elderly -> adj pair
The Rumbia's leaves can be woven into a roof, the women are trained by their elders (women) to inherit the rumbia-weaving skill.
2. Too many acronyms.
Keyword: briefly
Between 2010 and 2014, PSYOP was renamed Military Information Support Operations (MISO), then briefly renamed PSYOP in Aug 2014, only to return to MISO shortly thereafter in 2015.
3. Too many proper nouns.
Keyword: former
It was inspired by BBI's original "Mystery Science Theater 3000" TV series, and was directed by former Executive Producer Jim Mallon.
* Avoid proper noun that changes the meaning of the keyword.
-
Please determine whether the sentence is good for learner to differentiate common and ordinary.
-
Select 3 sentences for common and 3 sentences for ordinary
according to the annotated condition [Accept / Suitability / Informative / Diversity / Sentence Complexity / Lexical Complexity].
-
The Accept sentence should be better for learners.
-
If there are more than 3 acceptable sentences, please consider the usefulness for language learners.
-
You can relax the condition if there are less than 3 acceptable sentences.
But please follow the order [Lexical Complexity] -> [Sentence Complexity] -> [Diversity] -> [Informative] -> [Suitability].
-
For example, if there are less than 3 acceptable sentences, treat [Lexical Complexity] as an acceptable condition.
By doing so, if there are still less than 3 acceptable sentences, treat [Sentence Complexity] as an acceptable condition.
common - ( 0 )
It was quickly abbreviated to "métro", which became a common word to designate all rapid transit systems in France and in many cities elsewhere "(a genericized trademark)".
Year 1422 (MCDXXII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Chou was joined in the next show by his concubine, Lotus Blossom (Paddick) who is, in the words of her master, common as muck.
In "Pinafore", the captain's daughter, Josephine, loves and is loved by a common sailor, but she dutifully tells him, "your proffered love I haughtily reject".
Fletchings may also be cut in different ways, the two most common being "parabolic" (i.e.
Some common applications of optimization techniques in electrical engineering include active filter design, stray field reduction in superconducting magnetic energy storage systems, space mapping design of microwave structures, handset antennas, electromagnetics-based design.
Les Précieuses Ridicules was the first of Molière's many attempts to satirize certain societal mannerisms and affectations then common in France.
Despite its common usage to address people who call with no one answering the phone, the "here" here is semantically contradictory to one's absence.
Perch grow to around 50 cm and or more, but the most common size caught are around 30 cm (1 ft)and or less, and anything over 40 cm and is considered a prize catch.
The most common types of ski injuries are those of the knee , head , neck and shoulder area , hands and back .
ordinary - ( 0 )
The success of this full-length novel rests on its tripartite structure: each section is "short novel size, with counterpoint, motifs, and allusions making up for the lack of more ordinary means of continuity".
(Automatic watchmaking machinery was not developed until the 1860s and Dennison’s machine was probably a modification of an ordinary wheel cutting engine).
Although most often produced in a factory, powdered sugar can also be made by processing ordinary granulated sugar in a coffee grinder, or by crushing it by hand in a mortar and pestle.
The Navy of the United Colonies of the 1775 era offered only a few different jobs above the ordinary level of seaman.
Unicode supports polytonic orthography well enough for ordinary continuous text in modern and ancient Greek, and even many archaic forms for epigraphy.
Initially, the canning process was slow and labour-intensive, as each large can had to be hand-made, and took up to six hours to cook, making canned food too expensive for ordinary people.
The leaders of the three parties – respectively Charles Haughey, Garret FitzGerald and Frank Cluskey – agreed although there was little consultation with any of their parties' ordinary members.
As a child, she had to deal with her birth name's ambiguous and unusual nature, which led to her being bullied and even to her pretending to have an ordinary name.
Like the rest of the cluster, the island is of volcanic origin, with tuff, trachyte and obsidian among its ordinary rocks.
In the example cited, the rubbery chains absorb energy when the substance is hit, so it is much less brittle than ordinary polystyrene.


public class RabbitsGrassSimulationSpace
extends java.lang.Object
| Modifier and Type | Field and Description |
|---|---|
private uchicago.src.sim.space.Object2DGrid |
grassSpace |
static int |
MAX_GRASS_IN_CELL |
private uchicago.src.sim.space.Object2DGrid |
rabbitSpace |
| Constructor and Description |
|---|
RabbitsGrassSimulationSpace(int size)
Constructor that takes as arguments to size
of the space to be created
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
boolean |
addRabbit(RabbitsGrassSimulationAgent rabbit)
Add a rabbit to this space.
|
int |
eatGrassAt(int x,
int y)
Removes the grass found at the specified location
|
uchicago.src.sim.space.Object2DGrid |
getCurrentGrassSpace()
Get the 'grass space' object
|
uchicago.src.sim.space.Object2DGrid |
getCurrentRabbitSpace()
Get the 'rabbit space' object
|
int |
getGrassAt(int x,
int y)
Get the amount of grass currently stored at
the cell location specified
|
int |
getTotalGrass()
Return the total grass found in the landscape
|
boolean |
isCellOccupied(int x,
int y)
Determine if a given cell is occupied
|
boolean |
moveRabbitAt(int x,
int y,
int newX,
int newY)
Moves a rabbit from one location to another.
|
void |
removeRabbitAt(int x,
int y)
Removes the rabbit from the specified location.
|
void |
spreadGrass(int grass)
Randomly distributes an amount of grass around
the landscape
|
private uchicago.src.sim.space.Object2DGrid grassSpace
private uchicago.src.sim.space.Object2DGrid rabbitSpace
public static final int MAX_GRASS_IN_CELL
public RabbitsGrassSimulationSpace(int size)
size
- is the size of the square gridpublic void spreadGrass(int grass)
grass
- the (total) amount of grass to be distributedpublic int getGrassAt(int x, int y)
x
- X coordinate of the desired celly
- Y coordinate of the desired cellpublic uchicago.src.sim.space.Object2DGrid getCurrentGrassSpace()
public uchicago.src.sim.space.Object2DGrid getCurrentRabbitSpace()
public boolean isCellOccupied(int x, int y)
x
- X coordinate of the desired celly
- Y coordinate of the desired cellpublic boolean addRabbit(RabbitsGrassSimulationAgent rabbit)
rabbit
- The rabbit to be placedpublic void removeRabbitAt(int x, int y)
x
- the X coordinate of the cell from which the rabbit is to be removedy
- the Y coordinate of the cell from which the rabbit is to be removedpublic int eatGrassAt(int x, int y)
x
- the X coordinate of the cell from which the grass is to be removedy
- the Y coordinate of the cell from which the grass is to be removedpublic boolean moveRabbitAt(int x, int y, int newX, int newY)
x
- the X coordinate of the original locationy
- the Y coordinate of the original locationnewX
- the X coordinate of the destination locationnewY
- the Y coordinate of the destination locationpublic int getTotalGrass()


flyoutFactory Class
A factory than contains the logic to create flyouts in js.
Constructor
flyoutFactory
()
Item Index
Methods
positionFlyout
-
targetElem
-
containerElem
-
flyoutElem
Positions the flyoutElem based on the container and target elems.
Parameters:
Returns:
none
positionFlyout
-
targetElem
-
containerElem
-
buttonElem
-
flyoutElem
Initializes all event listeners needed for the flyout.
Parameters:
-
targetElem
ObjectThe target element, the flyout will be placed below this element.
-
containerElem
ObjectThe element in the dom the flyout will be appended to, positioning needs to take container offset into account.
-
buttonElem
ObjectThe element what when clicked will toggle the display of the flyout.
-
flyoutElem
ObjectThe flyout element being positioned.
Returns:
none
positionFlyout
-
flyoutElem
-
targetElem
-
containerElem
-
buttonElem
-
[options]
Initializes all event listeners needed for the flyout.
Parameters:
-
flyoutElem
ObjectThe flyout element being positioned.
-
targetElem
ObjectThe target element, the flyout will be placed below this element.
-
containerElem
ObjectThe element in the dom the flyout will be appended to, positioning needs to take container offset into account.
-
buttonElem
ObjectThe element what when clicked will toggle the display of the flyout.
-
[options]
Object optionalAn object containing custom options.
Returns:
none


Hot R.O.D.
🚗
Rides On Demand
🚗
Rachel's Floral Designs
Trom Chocolatier
Japanese Desserts
Amazing Coffee Roasters
Click on customer name above to order a car.


Conversions from pascals More...
Static Public Member Functions | |
| static float | Hectopascals (float pascals) |
| Convert from pascals to hectopascals. More... | |
| static float | Millibars (float pascals) |
| Convert from pascals to millibars More... | |
| static float | Kilopascals (float pascals) |
| Convert from pascals to kilopascals. More... | |
| static float | PoundsPerSquareInch (float pascals) |
| Convert from pascals to pounds per square inch. More... | |
Public Attributes | |
| const float | PER_HECTOPASCAL = 100 |
| Conversion factor from hectopascals to pascals. More... | |
| const float | PER_MILLIBAR = 100 |
| Conversion factor from millibars to pascals. More... | |
| const float | PER_KILOPASCAL = 1000 |
| Conversion factor from kilopascals to pascals. More... | |
| const float | PER_POUND_PER_SQUARE_INCH = 6894.7572799999125f |
| Conversion factor from pounds per square inch to pascals. More... | |
Conversions from pascals
Definition at line 6 of file Pascals.cs.
|
inlinestatic |
Convert from pascals to hectopascals.
| pascals | The number of pascals |
Definition at line 33 of file Pascals.cs.
References Juniper.Units.Units.
|
inlinestatic |
Convert from pascals to kilopascals.
| pascals | The number of pascals |
Definition at line 53 of file Pascals.cs.
References Juniper.Units.Units.
|
inlinestatic |
Convert from pascals to millibars
| pascals | The number of pascals |
Definition at line 43 of file Pascals.cs.
References Juniper.Units.Units.
|
inlinestatic |
Convert from pascals to pounds per square inch.
| pascals | The number of pascals |
Definition at line 63 of file Pascals.cs.
References Juniper.Units.Units.
| const float Juniper.Units.Pascals.PER_HECTOPASCAL = 100 |
Conversion factor from hectopascals to pascals.
Definition at line 11 of file Pascals.cs.
| const float Juniper.Units.Pascals.PER_KILOPASCAL = 1000 |
Conversion factor from kilopascals to pascals.
Definition at line 21 of file Pascals.cs.
| const float Juniper.Units.Pascals.PER_MILLIBAR = 100 |
Conversion factor from millibars to pascals.
Definition at line 16 of file Pascals.cs.
| const float Juniper.Units.Pascals.PER_POUND_PER_SQUARE_INCH = 6894.7572799999125f |
Conversion factor from pounds per square inch to pascals.
Definition at line 26 of file Pascals.cs.


facebook
Email or Phone
Password
Log in
Create a new account
It's free and always will be.
Birthday
Day
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Des
Year
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
Female
Male
By clicking Create Account, you agree to our
Terms and confirm that you have read our Data
Policy, including our Cookie Use Policy.
You may receive SMS message notifications
from Facebook and can opt out at any time.
Create Account


Mandatory Next Project
I swear that I'm not a fanboy - I've hacked my iPhone, and installed (a partially working) iPhone Dev Toolchain on my Macbook.
I picked up an AppleTV, with which I hope to install a linux, HD-decoding capable MythTV on it. Delicious!
So far I've got the 1.0.9 mb_boot_tv bootstick running. Fortunately I came across instructions pointing out that the compiled copy available online is garbage. I also had a backup of my laptop drive from when Tiger was on it.
Ideally, the next step is to build the netboot image to run the Linux Myth frontend with appropriate hacks and driver updates. I may eventually look at modifying the AppleTV drive, but only after I've confirmed the hardware can hack HD. And once I know about AppleTV Take 2.
I'll link this entry up later...
About this entry
You"re currently reading "Mandatory Next Project," an entry on a crick in the net
- Published:
- 01.21.08 / 10pm
- Category:
- Gadget-o-rama, MythTV
Very interested to know how it goes. Those Apple TV boxes *are* tempting.
Will it really matter what Take 2 is like? Is there actually a chance there will be a licensing deal for Canada? We don't even have iTunes movies yet. Hell, we only got our 21 TV shows a few months back.
(oh boy. the new episode of little mosque is available)
Well, the xbox 360 marketplace *finally* got some content, about a buck more per video. If you ask me, that's still too high - I'm not too lazy to go down six flights of stairs and pay $2... The purchases at $9.99 and $14.99 are more interesting than a 24-hour rental for $3.99. But then it depends on the DRM. Do I *own* it? or not?
as an update as I've been sick at home the last couple of days in between high fevers: it's clear that if I bit the bullet and wrote to the internal disk then I'd be a lot further along. I do have a bootable 1.0.9 mb_boot_tv disk, which gets to the tftp server and the (questionable choice of linux kernel and ramdisk) but apparently stops there.
(I've not really been finding some good netboot kernels/ramdisks... I should look for some dsl installations or something as I'm afraid it might be the ram issue)
I think the next thing I'll do is look at a patchstick which, instead of installing the updates, backs up and saves the image of the appletv drive. That's concern numero uno for me right now. It should be easy except that I can't find my USB hard drive enclosure that takes PATA drives, and all my USB-SATA drive enclosures have content I can't eff with, including my Tiger backup.


I’ve been watching football my whole life. Having grown up in New Jersey, My dad has been a Giants fan from the beginning. I spent a lot of my childhood sitting with him and watching Eli Manning and the rest of the team play. From their two Super Bowl upsets in 2008 and 2012 to lazy Sunday afternoons, I associate many positive memories with watching football. It has become obvious to me now that I was watching through rose-colored glasses.
My first experience questioning the sport of football and the NFL as an establishment came after watching the movie Concussion in 2015. The movie tells the true story of Dr. Omalu, a forensic neuropathologist who made the first discovery of CTE, a football-related brain trauma, and fought the NFL to acknowledge its existence. Though shocked and saddened by the story at the time, I noticed the NFL actively taking steps towards reducing head injuries through contact restrictions and fines. I was naive to look the other way and assume the problem had been taken resolved.
It wasn’t until I got to college and took a class titled Body Images & Sports Media when I became truly wary of the issues surrounding sports media, mostly in regards to sexist and racist language directed towards athletes. For decades, studies have pointed out issues of racism in Sports media, a problem especially prevalent in Football. Despite the fact that over 65% of players in the NFL are black, the vast majority of head coaches, league office personnel, and team CEOs/presidents are white. Additionally, most sports commentators are white, meaning that the narratives of black players are often told exclusively from a white point of view.
The lack of diversity in sports media (and across all area of journalism) can perpetuate racist and uninformed conversations among fans, leading to a feedback loop which praises white and black players at disproportionate rates. Though prior research examines language
MORE TO COME!


Preparation time
1-2 hours
Cooking time
30 mins to 1 hour
Serves
Makes 1 large loaf
Dietary
A sweet cinnamon butter filling makes this simple bread really special – and it's much easier to shape than you might expect.
Melt the butter and gently warm the milk in a saucepan.
Tip the flour and cardamom into a large mixing bowl and add the salt to one side of the bowl and the yeast to the other. Add the butter, milk, sugar and egg and turn the mixture round with your fingers. Continue to mix until you have picked up all the flour from the sides of the bowl. Use the mixture to clean the inside of the bowl and keep going until you have a soft dough.
Tip the dough onto a lightly floured surface and begin to knead. Keep kneading for 10–12 minutes. Work through the initial wet stage until the dough starts to form a soft, smooth skin. When your dough feels smooth and silky, put it into a lightly oiled bowl. Cover and leave to rise for 30–40 minutes, until doubled in size.
While the dough is rising, make the filling. Cream the butter and vanilla paste together in a bowl until soft and spreadable. In a separate bowl mix the cinnamon and sugar together.
Line a baking sheet with baking paper. Turn the dough onto a lightly floured surface and knock it back. Roll out the dough into a rectangle, about 25x35cm/10x14in. Turn the dough 90 degrees if necessary, so you have a long edge facing you. Tack the back edge to the work surface, pushing down with your fingers, sticking the dough to the work surface.
Spread the butter mixture evenly over the dough and sprinkle with the cinnamon sugar. Roll up the dough tightly like a Swiss roll, using the tacked edge to create tension. Place on the prepared tray.
Using a clean pair of sharp scissors, cut the roll into 15 slices (approximately 2cm/¾in each) almost all the way through. Pull each slice out to alternate sides and press down gently with your hands. Put the tray inside a clean plastic bag and leave to prove for 20–25 minutes, or until the dough springs back if you prod it lightly with your finger. Do not over prove.
For the sugar syrup, tip the sugar and 100ml/3½fl oz water into a small pan and bring to the boil stirring until the sugar has melted. Boil until reduced by half.
Preheat the oven to 220C/200C Fan/Gas 6. Brush the loaf with beaten egg and bake for 20–25 minutes until risen and golden-brown. Cover with aluminium foil after 10 minutes if it's browning too quickly.
For the icing, mix the icing sugar with enough water to make a thin icing, then stir in the satsuma zest.
Place the loaf on a wire rack to cool. Brush with the sugar syrup then drizzle over the icing. Leave to cool completely.


Four years with Rust
Steve Klabnik - December 21, 2016
Today is four years since I first learned about the existence of Rust. I know this because Rust 0.5 was the first release I used. Rust has changed a lot in that time. For a brief overview of its history, watch this talk of mine. But for today, I thought it would be fun to check out the release announcement and see what’s the same, and what’s changed.
Read More »
This Week in Rust 161
This week in Rust - December 20, 2016
Hello and welcome to another issue of This Week in Rust!
Rust is a systems language pursuing the trifecta: safety, concurrency, and speed.
This is a weekly summary of its progress and community.
Want something mentioned? Tweet us at @ThisWeekInRust or send us a pull request.
Want to get involved? We love contributions.
Read More »
Announcing the First Underhanded Rust Contest
The Rust Programming Language Blog - December 15, 2016
The Rust Community Team is pleased to announce the
first annual Underhanded Rust Contest, inspired by the Underhanded
C and Underhanded
Crypto contests. Our goal with
Rust is to make it easy to write trustworthy
low-level software that is resistant to accidental security vulnerabilities.
Less often challenged has been Rust’s ability to protect against
deliberate vulnerabilities in the face of scrutiny. This challenge is
designed to put our language and the broader Rust
ecosystem to the test, to help us learn where our blind
spots are and what needs to be done to address them. In short, we want you to
break our stuff using reasonable, easy-to-read code. Can you write 100% safe
Rust that hides a logic bug, or hide an exploit in
unsafe Rust that passes an audit?
Now’s your chance!
Read More »
This Week in Rust 160
This week in Rust - December 13, 2016
Hello and welcome to another issue of This Week in Rust!
Rust is a systems language pursuing the trifecta: safety, concurrency, and speed.
This is a weekly summary of its progress and community.
Want something mentioned? Tweet us at @ThisWeekInRust or send us a pull request.
Want to get involved? We love contributions.
Read More »
This Week in Rust 159
This week in Rust - December 06, 2016
Hello and welcome to another issue of This Week in Rust!
Rust is a systems language pursuing the trifecta: safety, concurrency, and speed.
This is a weekly summary of its progress and community.
Want something mentioned? Tweet us at @ThisWeekInRust or send us a pull request.
Want to get involved? We love contributions.
Read More »
This Week in Rust 158
This week in Rust - November 29, 2016
Hello and welcome to another issue of This Week in Rust!
Rust is a systems language pursuing the trifecta: safety, concurrency, and speed.
This is a weekly summary of its progress and community.
Want something mentioned? Tweet us at @ThisWeekInRust or send us a pull request.
Want to get involved? We love contributions.
Read More »
Announcing Rust 1.13
The Rust Programming Language Blog - November 10, 2016
The Rust team is happy to announce the latest version of Rust, 1.13.0. Rust is
a systems programming language focused on safety, speed, and concurrency.
Read More »
Announcing Rust 1.12.1
The Rust Programming Language Blog - October 20, 2016
The Rust team is happy to announce the latest version of Rust, 1.12.1. Rust is a
systems programming language with a focus on reliability, performance, and
concurrency.
Read More »
Announcing Rust 1.12
The Rust Programming Language Blog - September 29, 2016
The Rust team is happy to announce the latest version of Rust, 1.12. Rust is
a systems programming language with the slogan “fast, reliable, productive:
pick three.”
Read More »
Incremental Compilation
The Rust Programming Language Blog - September 08, 2016
I remember when, during the 1.0 anniversary presentation at the
Bay Area Meetup, Aaron Turon talked about Dropbox so far having been
pretty happy with using Rust in production there. The core
team has been in touch with them regularly, he said, asking them, you know,
what do you need? And their answer is always: faster compiles … To the
seasoned Rust user it is no surprise that this solicited a knowing chuckle from
the audience. Improving compile times has actually been a major development
focus after Rust reached 1.0 – although, up to this point, much of the work
towards this goal has gone into laying architectural foundations within
the compiler and we are only slowly beginning to see actual results.
Read More »
Announcing Rust 1.11
The Rust Programming Language Blog - August 18, 2016
The Rust team is happy to announce the latest version of Rust, 1.11. Rust is a
systems programming language focused on safety, speed, and concurrency.
Read More »
What's new with "The Rust Programming Language"?
Steve Klabnik - August 15, 2016
It’s been a while since I’ve mentioned my work on “The Rust Programming Language”, and I wanted to give you all an update. Before we get into the news, though, I’d like to take a moment to reflect on where the book has been, and then we’ll talk about it’s future.
Read More »


This function will be retorned as console[log|warn|dir,etc] handle when the output is disabled with {@link SaninnSalas#config.printToConsole} = false
console.dir does not accept multiparameters if you log logger.dir(x,y) y will be ignored
logger.dir(x,y)
y
The native console.log Function
window.console / global.console
contains all arguments sended to console.x(), including prefix, color, etc
void
This function will be retorned as console[log|warn|dir,etc] handle when the output is disabled with {@link SaninnSalas#config.printToConsole} = false


--- layout: default nav: attributes > ic-limit-children ---
ic-limit-children
- The Limit Children AttributeThe ic-limit-children
allows you to limit the number of children an element can have
after a ic-append-from
or ic-prepend-from
fires.
The value of the attribute should be a valid integer.
Here is a simple example, using a poll interval to update:


Below you will find a quick getting started guide. The left side menu contains the documentation for each page, widget, element or component presented in the demo.
Supina is a HTML/CSS/JS framework that helps you quickly build modern, beautiful and accessible user interfaces for interactive web applications.  Supina includes a lot of UI interactions, effects, elements, components and themes. These featured make it a very powerful companion when it comes to solving all kinds of use cases. Read through the documentation to get an idea of how many widgets and elements are available.
Supina can be used by designers and developers alike. Designers will find the theming and assets-minified separation very useful and easy to modify. Because, in general, developers do not have an eye for design, the AUI framework helps them by removing the design-related issues and lets them concentrate on the app programming part.
Supina uses modern CSS3 solutions, jQuery, jQueryUI, Bootstrap, RaphaelJS, Handebars templates and other jQuery plugins.
First you need to download and uzip the Supina package archive.
The package contains the following:
The assets-minified directory (/assets-minified/) contains the development (uncompressed) files that are used in the site. For production ready enviroments we suggest using the files from the /assets-minified-minified/ directory because they take a lot less space.
The assets-minified directory structure:
The Supina themes can be found in the /assets-minified/themes/ directory. If you open the /themes/ directory right now, you will see the /supina/ sub-directory which contains all the CSS files used for applying style and color for the template layout, widgets and elements.
This file contains the structural classes used for the main template layout. If you were to change the width of the sidebar element, this is the file that you need to edit.
This file contains the styling classes used for the main template layout. For example, this is the file where the sidebar background color and sidebar links colors are defined.
This file contains the styling classes used for widgets and elements. Each widget and element has its own CSS file that handles their structure, like how much spacing should a button have, how tall should it be or similar stuff. To add color & style to that structure you need to edit the framework-color.css file. It contains multiple CSS classes with the same styling based on their role.
This file contains the jQuery scripts used to build the layout template, for example, it contains a function that sets the sidebar height to 100% of the viewport height. This is included in the themes sub-directory because the layout parameters may vary from a theme to another.
You can find the CSS, JS, image files minified in the /assets-minified-minified/ directory.
The files below should be removed from templates only in special cases that require to.
Javascript core:To generate the demonstration and documentation files we use Grunt - the javascript task runner. To find out more about it read the Grunt.js documentation.
We also use grunt to automate the minification and concatenation of the assets-minified.
Install dependencies:You can find all the available grunt tasks in Gruntfile.js
If you encounter bugs or problems with Supina feel free to email us at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>or to write in the comments area on the marketplace. Send your suggestions and feature requests at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>You can hire us to create custom application user interfaces based on Supina or to integrate Supina in your existing projects. Drop us a line at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>describing your requirements and we'll send you a quotation. View our portfolio at http://horiasimon.com


{% extends "admin/admin_base.html" %} {% load static %} {% block content-area %}
Export text items
There are two data format you can download, the CSV and JSON.
If you import as a JSON with line breaks and download it as CSV, the line breaks will render on the result. We recommend you download it as JSON file.


Here you'll find some frequently asked questions about our hotel. We hope that you find it interesting and informative. These are the questions that people call our front desk with most often.
What is the story behind the hotel's theme?
This hotel theme was inspired by my study abroad trip to Paris when I was 22. I loved the cafes, shops, and food. All of the images on this website were taken by me.
What are the check-in and check-out times?
Check-out time is 11am and check-in is between 1 and 5pm. Speak to the front desk staff if you have special circumstances.
In addition to your accommodations, what other services do you offer?
The Hôtel des Bisous is the perfect place for a romantic getaway, a fully catered business meeting, or an event as special as a wedding. We do offer great room service food as well as a full service spa, both of which help our guests feel like they've come to the right place to get away from it all.
Do you have a pool?
Like all hotels we too have a pool, but ours is actually quite unique. You'll just have to see it to believe it.
Do you accept AAA discounts, or other discount cards?
No we don't accept any discount cards, but that doesn't mean we don't have discount prices on our rooms. We do offer different kinds of specials, some seasonal, some for senior, just for returning guests, etc. Visit the events page on this Web site to see if any special discounts are currently in effect, or just call our reservations desk.


--- layout: default title: Blog description: "Find out what’s happening in the automotive industry." ---
{{ post.excerpt | strip_html }}... Read More


In this page will instruct users on selecting a slide layout and a slide design for their
PowerPoint presentation. First they would select the layout, which identifies the
element types on each page. Second, they would select the design of their
presentation, which would any background graphics or colors and logos..
Go to the next page to create a Title.


|
SideCar
|
Collection of settings that relate the the view shown in a PPIWidget. More...
#include </Users/howes/src/sidecar/GUI/PPIDisplay/ViewSettings.h>
Public Slots | |
| void | setRangeFactorAndMax (double rangeFactor, double rangeMaxMax) |
| Register new range factor/max values. More... | |
| void | shift (double x, double y) |
| Shift the horizontal and/or vertical offsets of the radar center. More... | |
| void | moveTo (double x, double y) |
| Set the horizontal and vertical offset of the radar center. More... | |
| void | reset () |
Signals | |
| void | rangeMaxMaxChanged (double value) |
| Notificationn sent out when the maximum range value changes. More... | |
| void | rangeMaxChanged (double value) |
| Notification sent out when the maximum visible range setting changs. More... | |
| Signals inherited from SideCar::GUI::SettingsBlock | |
| void | settingChanged () |
| Notification sent out when a registered value has changed. | |
Public Member Functions | |
| ViewSettings (DoubleSetting *rangeMaxMax, DoubleSetting *rangeMax, DoubleSetting *x, DoubleSetting *y, IntSetting *zoomPower, DoubleSetting *zoomFactor) | |
| Constructor. More... | |
| double | getRangeFactor () const |
| Obtain the last rangeFactor value given in a setRangeFactorAndMax() call. More... | |
| double | getRangeMaxMax () const |
| Obtain the last max range value given in a setRangeFactorAndMax() call. More... | |
| double | getRangeMax () const |
| Obtain the current maximum visible range value. More... | |
| float | getX () const |
| Obtain the current horizontal offset for the radar's center. More... | |
| float | getY () const |
| Obtain the current vertical offset for the radar's center. More... | |
| int | getZoomPower () const |
| Obtain the current view zoom power setting. More... | |
| void | setZoomPower (int value) |
| Change the current view zoom power setting. More... | |
| double | getZoom () const |
| Obtain the current magnification for the view. More... | |
| double | getZoom (int power) const |
| Public Member Functions inherited from SideCar::GUI::SettingsBlock | |
| SettingsBlock (QObject *parent=0) | |
| Constructor. | |
Static Public Member Functions | |
| static Logger::Log & | Log () |
| Obtain Log device for ViewSetting objects. More... | |
Additional Inherited Members | |
| Protected Slots inherited from SideCar::GUI::SettingsBlock | |
| virtual void | postSettingChanged () |
| Notification handler invoked when a Setting object that was registered with one of the add() methods emits its valueChanged() signal. More... | |
| virtual void | emitSettingChanged () |
| Notification handler invoked when the QTimer object registered by the postSettingChanged() method fires. More... | |
| Protected Member Functions inherited from SideCar::GUI::SettingsBlock | |
| void | add (Setting *setting) |
| Relate a Setting object to this SettingsBlock object. More... | |
Collection of settings that relate the the view shown in a PPIWidget.
Specifically, a view has horizontal and vertical offset for the radar's center, where zero offsets place the radar in the center of the screen; a zoom factor that magnifies the data; and a maximum visible range value that limits the samples used for the display.
Definition at line 18 of file ViewSettings.h.
| ViewSettings::ViewSettings | ( | DoubleSetting * | rangeMaxMax, |
| DoubleSetting * | rangeMax, | ||
| DoubleSetting * | x, | ||
| DoubleSetting * | y, | ||
| IntSetting * | zoomPower, | ||
| DoubleSetting * | zoomFactor | ||
| ) |
Constructor.
| rangeMaxMax | |
| rangeMax | |
| x | |
| y | |
| zoomPower | |
| zoomFactor |
Definition at line 16 of file ViewSettings.cc.
References SideCar::GUI::SettingsBlock::add(), rangeMaxChanged(), and rangeMaxMaxChanged().
|
inline |
Obtain the last rangeFactor value given in a setRangeFactorAndMax() call.
Definition at line 52 of file ViewSettings.h.
Referenced by SideCar::GUI::PPIDisplay::PPIWidget::processVideo().
|
inline |
Obtain the current maximum visible range value.
This value should always be less than or equal to getRangeMax().
Definition at line 65 of file ViewSettings.h.
Referenced by SideCar::GUI::PPIDisplay::PPIWidget::initializeContext(), SideCar::GUI::PPIDisplay::PPIWidget::renderScene(), and SideCar::GUI::PPIDisplay::PPIWidget::~PPIWidget().
|
inline |
Obtain the last max range value given in a setRangeFactorAndMax() call.
Definition at line 58 of file ViewSettings.h.
Referenced by SideCar::GUI::PPIDisplay::PPIWidget::initializeContext().
|
inline |
Obtain the current horizontal offset for the radar's center.
Definition at line 71 of file ViewSettings.h.
Referenced by SideCar::GUI::PPIDisplay::PPIWidget::renderScene().
|
inline |
Obtain the current vertical offset for the radar's center.
Definition at line 77 of file ViewSettings.h.
Referenced by SideCar::GUI::PPIDisplay::PPIWidget::renderScene().
|
inline |
Obtain the current magnification for the view.
Definition at line 95 of file ViewSettings.h.
Referenced by moveTo(), and SideCar::GUI::PPIDisplay::PPIWidget::renderScene().
| double ViewSettings::getZoom | ( | int | power | ) | const |
| power |
Definition at line 89 of file ViewSettings.cc.
References SideCar::GUI::DoubleSetting::getValue().
|
inline |
Obtain the current view zoom power setting.
Definition at line 83 of file ViewSettings.h.
Referenced by SideCar::GUI::PPIDisplay::PPIWidget::changeZoom().
|
static |
Obtain Log device for ViewSetting objects.
Definition at line 10 of file ViewSettings.cc.
References Logger::Log::Find().
Referenced by moveTo(), and setZoomPower().
|
slot |
Set the horizontal and vertical offset of the radar center.
| x | horizontal offset to use |
| y | vertical offset to use |
Definition at line 41 of file ViewSettings.cc.
References SideCar::GUI::IntSetting::getValue(), SideCar::GUI::DoubleSetting::getValue(), getZoom(), Log(), LOGINFO, SideCar::GUI::SettingsBlock::postSettingChanged(), and SideCar::GUI::DoubleSetting::setValue().
Referenced by SideCar::GUI::PPIDisplay::PPIWidget::centerAtCursor().
|
signal |
Notification sent out when the maximum visible range setting changs.
| value | new value |
Referenced by ViewSettings().
|
signal |
Notificationn sent out when the maximum range value changes.
| value | new value |
Referenced by ViewSettings().
|
slot |
Register new range factor/max values.
This should only be done when there is an appreciable difference between the given rangeFactor and the value of getRangeFactor(), since the rangeMax values may vary by one or more gate values due to timing accuracy. NOTE: this routine will change the internal rangeMax_ value if it is larger than then new max range value.
| rangeFactor | new gate-to-gate range factor to record |
| rangeMaxMax | new maximum range value to record |
Definition at line 71 of file ViewSettings.cc.
References SideCar::GUI::IntSetting::setValue(), and SideCar::GUI::DoubleSetting::setValue().
Referenced by SideCar::GUI::PPIDisplay::PPIWidget::processVideo().
| void ViewSettings::setZoomPower | ( | int | value | ) |
Change the current view zoom power setting.
| value | new value |
Definition at line 59 of file ViewSettings.cc.
References Log(), LOGINFO, and SideCar::GUI::IntSetting::setValue().
Referenced by SideCar::GUI::PPIDisplay::PPIWidget::changeZoom().
|
inlineslot |
Shift the horizontal and/or vertical offsets of the radar center.
| x | horizontal offset to add |
| y | vertical offset to add |
Definition at line 124 of file ViewSettings.h.
Referenced by SideCar::GUI::PPIDisplay::PPIWidget::changeZoom(), and SideCar::GUI::PPIDisplay::PPIWidget::pan().


Delhi's air quality records marginal improvement due to high wind speed
The overall air quality index in the city read 340 at 9 am, down from 360 at 4 pm on Friday
by Press Trust of IndiaDelhi recorded a marginal improvement in the air quality on Saturday morning due to a slight increase in wind speed.
The overall air quality index in the city read 340 at 9 am, down from 360 at 4 pm on Friday.
Most of the air quality monitoring stations in Delhi recorded AQI in the very poor category.
Nehru Nagar was the most-polluted area with an AQI of 387, while Shadipur (268) was the least polluted.
Neighbouring Ghaziabad (380), Greater Noida (364), Gurgaon (310), Faridabad (318) and Noida (349) also recorded a slight dip in pollution levels.
Weather experts had earlier said an increase in wind speed would result in some improvement in air quality on Saturday and Sunday.
However, pollution is expected to increase again from Monday due to a dip in wind speed under the influence of a fresh western disturbance.


Stat/Transfer will read and write Access databases on Windows.
Although the data are transferred through the Microsoft Access ODBC driver, Access files are treated as a normal Stat/Transfer file type. You can thus choose the file from the normal Open or Save dialog boxes and need not be concerned with the process of configuring an ODBC data source for each file.
In order to use Microsoft Access you must have the ODBC and Access components installed with the Stat/Transfer program. If you did not do this when you installed Stat/Transfer, you can re-run the installation program and install these components.
Standard extension: mdb
Reading Microsoft Access Databases
Stat/Transfer can either read single tables or multiple tables that are joined in an Access "view".
Access has a single "date" type 'Date/Time', which is used to store date, time and date/time values. The format of the column determines how these are displayed. There is no straightforward way outside of Access to determine how a column is formatted. By default, Stat/Transfer reads the first ten cases of the file to determine if each 'Date/Time' column contains date data, time data or both. This information is used to set the type. You can change this default in the ODBC/Access Options of the Options dialog box.
Variable labels are now transferred when reading Access tables.
Writing Microsoft Access Databases
On output, tables can be created in a new file, new tables can be created in an existing file, or existing tables can be overwritten with a new table.
In addition, new data can be now appended to an existing database table. This option is off by default and must be turned on by using the Append to Access and ODBC Tables option in the ODBC/Access Options of the Options dialog box or the SET command DB-TABLE-APPEND in the command processor.
Stat/Transfer will match as many variables as possible to those already in the table and add your data to the matching columns. Obviously at least one column must match exactly and, in addition, the table must be free of constraints, such as those requiring unique keys, that would prohibit a simple 'append' operation.
When writing time or date data to Access, there is no way for Stat/Transfer to set the format. Because of this, these variable types are written as 'Date/Time' values. You may, if you wish, change the format with Access after you have transferred your data.
Missing Data
Access supports a null value, which is the same as Stat/Transfer's missing value.
Output Variable Types
The output variable type that results from each target variable type is given in the following table:
|
Target Type |
Output Type |
|
|
byte int |
Short |
|
|
long |
Long |
|
|
float |
Single |
|
|
double |
Double |
|
|
date time date/time |
Date/Time |
|
|
string |
Character |


Kia ora koutou!
This is my website home page
I'm not sure what to put here, message me if you have any ideas
Otherwise my blogs for Enspiral Dev Academy can be found through the navbar at the top
This is my website home page
I'm not sure what to put here, message me if you have any ideas
Otherwise my blogs for Enspiral Dev Academy can be found through the navbar at the top


--- layout: archive title: Zulip Chat Archive permalink: /stream/113488-general/topic/finset.20bUnion.html ---
Given s : finset ι
and f : ι → ideal R
, what is the idiomatic way to write ⋃ i ∈ (↑s : set ι), f i
?
should I use finset.sup
?
@Chris Hughes what do you think?
I think Union is more readable. And then you have lemmas like mem_Union
.
but that would require subtypes?
I don't see any subtypes. I mean the thing you wrote down. Is that Union
?
that's implicitly two Unions, aka bUnion
One way might be to make iota
a fintype actually.
That's probably the most sensible.
but then you can't do induction
finset.sup
is the easiest to destruct
They're all very easily equivalent, so it probably depends on the use case.
Given
s : finset ι
andf : ι → ideal R
, what is the idiomatic way to write⋃ i ∈ (↑s : set ι), f i
?
Welcome back Kenny! Are you done with exams? What are your current Lean projects?
{% endraw %}Last updated: Apr 24 2020 at 19:02 UTC


189. Perl-like Substr
time limit per test: 0.25 sec.
memory limit per test: 1024
KB
input: standard input
output: standard
output
A small Russian offshore company H&H decided to strike the
world community and develop their own analogue (faster and with lots of
features) of a well-known scripting language Perl. You are hired to participate
in this project and your task is very simple - to code the function substr.
Function substr writes and reads separate substrings:
$value =
substr($string, $offset, $count);
$value = substr($string, $offset);
substr($string, $offset, $count) = $newstring;
substr($string, $offset)
= $newstring;
$string (symbol $ in Perl marks a scalar variable, the strings
in Perl are scalar variables) contains the initial string. $offset defines the
beginning of the substring. Positive values of $offset are counted out from the
beginning of the string, negative - from the end. If the $offset equals to zero,
the substring begins from the first symbol of string. The third argument $count
defines the length of the substring. If $count is omitted, substr returns
everything to the end of the string. If $count is negative, substr leaves that
many characters off the end of the string.
Function substr can be used not
only to get the substring from the string, but also to replace the substring
with the new string. In the last case the lengths of the old substring and the
new one can be different.
You are given a simple Perl-like program (refer to
the input and output specifications) and your task is to output the result of
its execution.
Input
The first line contains two natural numbers N (1<=N<=20) -
the number of initialization lines in the program and M (1<=M<=300) - the
number of remaining lines in the program. Next N lines (no one more than 10000
symbols) contain the string initialization in the following form:
$name =
"value";
$name is the name of the string variable (always starts with symbol
$). The name of the variable consists of up to 20 (including symbol $)
alfa-numerical letters (and the $ in the beginning). The name of the variable is
followed by symbol "=", and then follows the value of the variable - a sequence
of alfa-numerical symbols and the punctuators (space, comma, dot, hyphen,
underline, colon, exclamation and question marks) enclosed in double quotes. The
length of the value is not more than 255 symbols. The name of the variable,
symbol "=", and the value can be delimited by one or more spaces. There is
always a semicolon at the end of the line.
Each of the following M lines
contains the line of the program in one of the following 6 types:
1.
print($name); Output the value of variable $name
2. print(substr($name, $o[,
$c])); Output the substring from variable $name
3. $name1 = $name2; Assign
the value of variable $name1 to the value of variable $name2
4. $name1 =
substr($name2, $o[, $c]); Assign the value of variable $name1 to the substring
from variable $name2
5. substr($name1, $o[, $c]) = $name2; Replace the
substring in $name1with the value of $name2
6. substr($name1, $o[, $c]) =
substr($name2, $o[, $c]); Replace the substring in $name1 with the substring
from $name2
The square brackets indicate that the third argument in
substr can be omitted. There may be no spaces inside the names of the variables
and the names of functions, but there may be one or several spaces in all other
places. There is symbol ";" at the end of each line, the length of each line is
not more than 255 symbols. The values of the variables which weren't initialized
in the first N lines of the input file are considered as empty strings "". The
total number of different variables in the program is not more than 100. No
variable value will have the length of more than 1000 symbols in the course of
the program execution.
The parameters $c and $o have been chosen so, that
the substr returns the "correct" substring, i.e. the beginning and the end of
the substring are within the initial string, and the beginning proceeds the end
(substring is not empty).
You must assume that names of variables are case
sensitive.
Output
The output file must contain the result of the program execution
- one line for each print() operator. No additional symbols, spaces or line
brakes in the output file are permitted.
Sample test(s)
Input
2 9
$a = "0123456789";
$b = "abcdefghigklmn";
print($a);
print( substr($b, 1, 2) );
substr($b, 0, 1) = substr($a,
2, 7);
$c = $b;
print(substr($c,0));
print(substr($a, -2, -1));
print(substr($a, -6, 2));
print(substr($a, -5));
print(substr($a, 1,
2));
Output
0123456789
bc
2345678bcdefghigklmn
8
45
56789
12
| Author: |
Ilya V. Elterman |
| Resource: |
ACM International Collegiate Programming Contest 2003-2004
North-Eastern European Region, Southern Subregion |
| Date: |
2003 October, 9
|
| Server time: 2004-01-14 11:38:56 |
Online Contester Team © 2002 - 2003. All
rights
reserved. | | |


Home
Project Governance
Data Module
Dashboard
Admin
Logout
Welcome Suprit Patra
Show Role
Regular User
Doc
Line Manger
Executive Member
Add New Task
Task ID
Task Description
Task Assigned to
Status
Priority
Due Date
Created Date
312
high
low
15/05/2011
312
high
low
15/05/2011
312
high
low
15/05/2011


Chapter 3 Deductibles and reinsurance
3.1 Introduction
In this chapter, we will introduce the concept of risk-sharing. We will consider two types of risk-sharing including deductibles and reinsurance. The purpose of risk sharing is to spread the risk among the parties involved. For example,
A policyholder purchases automobile insurance with a deductible. The policyholder is responsible for some of the risk , and transfer the larger portion of the risk to the insurer. The policyholder will submit a claim when the loss exceeds the deductible.
A direct insurer can pass on some of the risks to another insurance company known as a reinsurer by purchasing insurance from the reinsurer. It will protect the insurer from paying large claims.
The main goals of the chapter include the derivation of the distribution and corresponding moments of the claim amounts paid by the policyholder, direct insurer and the reinsurer in the presence of risk-sharing arrangements. In addition, the effects of risk-sharing arrangements will reduce the mean and variability of the amount paid by the direct insurer, and also the probability that the insurer will be involved on very large claims.
3.2 Deductibles
The insurer can modify the policy so that the policyholder is responsible for some of the risk by including a deductible (also known as policy excess).
Given a financial loss of \(X\) and a deductible of \(d\),
the insured agrees to bear the first amount of \(d\) of any loss \(X\), and only submits a claim when \(X\) exceeds \(d\).
the insurer will pay the remaining of \(X - d\) if the loss \(X\) exceeds \(d\).
For example, suppose a policy has a deductible of 1000, and you incur a loss of 3000 in a car accident. You pay the deductible of 1000 and the car insurance company pays the remaining of 2000.
Let \(X\) be the claim amount, \(V\) and \(Y\) the amounts of the claim paid by the policyholder, the (direct) insurer, respectively, i.e. \[X = V + Y.\] So the amount paid by the policyholder and the insurer are given by
\[\begin{aligned} V = \begin{cases} X &\text{if } X \le d\\ d &\text{if } X > d, \end{cases} \\ Y = \begin{cases} 0 &\text{if } X \le d\\ X - d &\text{if } X > d. \end{cases}\end{aligned}\] The amounts \(V\) and \(Y\) can also be expressed as \[V = \min(X,d), \quad Y = \max(0,X-d).\]
The relationship between the policyholder and insurer is similar to that between the insurer and reinsurer. Therefore, the detailed analysis of a policy with a deductible is analogous to reinsurance, which will be discussed in the following section.
3.3 Reinsurance
Reinsurance is insurance purchased by an insurance company in order to protect itself from large claims. There are two main types of reinsurance arrangement:
excess of loss reinsurance; and
proportional reinsurance.
3.4 Excess of loss reinsurance
Under excess of loss reinsurance arrangement, the direct insurer sets a certain limit called a retention level \(M >0\). For a claim \(X\),
the insurance company pays any claim in full if \(X \le M\); and
the reinsurer (or reinsurance company) pays the remaining amount of \(X - M\) if \(X > M\).
The position of the reinsurer under excess of loss reinsurance is the same as that of the insurer for a policy with a deductible.
Let \(X\) be the claim amount, \(V, Y\) and \(Z\) the amounts of the claim paid by the policyholder, (direct) insurer and reinsurer, respectively, i.e. \[X = V + Y + Z.\] In what follows, without stated otherwise, we consider the case in which there is no deductible in place, i.e. \(V = 0\) and \[X = Y + Z.\] So the amount paid by the direct insurer and the reinsurer are given by
\[\begin{aligned} Y = \begin{cases} X &\text{if } X \le M\\ M &\text{if } X > M, \end{cases} \\ Z = \begin{cases} 0 &\text{if } X \le M\\ X - M &\text{if } X > M. \end{cases}\end{aligned}\] The amounts \(Y\) and \(Z\) can also be expressed as \[Y = \min(X,M), \quad Z = \max(0,X-M).\]
Example 3.1 Suppose a policy has a deductible of 1000 and the insurer arrange excess of loss reinsurance with retention level of 10000. A sample of loss amounts in one year consists of the following values, in unit of Thai baht: \[3000, 800, 25000, 5000, 20000 .\] Calculate the total amount paid by:*
the policyholder;
the insurer; and
the reinsurer.
Solution:
The total amounts paid by
the policyholders : \[1000 + 800 + 1000 + 1000 + 1000 = 4800.\]
The insurer : \[2000 + 0 + 10000 + 4000 + 10000 = 26000.\]
The reinsurer : \[0 + 0 + 14000 + 0 + 9000 = 23000.\]
3.5 Mixed distributions
In the subsequent sections, we will derive the probability distribution of the random variables \(Y\) and \(Z\), which are the insurer’s and reinsurer’s payouts on claims. Their distributions are neither purely continuous, nor purely discrete. First we start with some important properties of such random variables.
A random variable \(U\) which is partly discrete and partly continuous is said to be a mixed distribution. The distribution function of \(U\), denoted by \(F_U(x)\) is continuous and differentiable except for some values of \(x\) in a countable set \(S\). For a mixed distribution \(U\), there exists a function \(f_U(x)\) such that \[F_U(x) = \Pr(U \le x) = \int_{-\infty}^x f_U(x) dx + \sum_{x_i \in S, x_i \le x } \Pr(U = x_i).\] The expected value of \(g(U)\) for some function \(g\) is given by
\[\begin{equation} \tag{3.1} \mathrm{E}[g(U)] = \int_{-\infty}^\infty g(x) f_U(x) \mathop{}\!d{x} + \sum_{x_i \in S } g(x_i) \Pr(U = x_i). \end{equation}\]
It is the sum of the integral over the intervals at which \(f_U(x)\) is continuous and the summation over the points in \(S\).
The function \(f_U(x)\) is not the probability density function of \(U\) because \(\int_{-\infty}^\infty f_U(x) dx \neq 1\). In particular, it is the derivative of \(F_U(x)\) at the points where \(F_U(x)\) is continuous and differentiable.
Recall that \(X\) denotes the claim amount and \(Y\) and \(Z\) be the amounts of the claim paid by the insurer and reinsurer. The distribution function and the density function of the claim amount \(X\) are denoted by \(F_{X}\) and \(f_X(x)\), where we assume that \(X\) is continuous. In the following examples, we will derive the distribution, mean and variance of the random variables \(Y\) and \(Z\). Furthermore, both random variables \(Y\) and \(Z\) are examples of mixed distributions.
Example 3.2 Let \(F_Y\) denote the distribution function of \(Y = \min(X,M)\). It follows that \[F_Y(x) = \begin{cases} F_X(x) &\text{if } x < M\\ 1 &\text{if } x \ge M \end{cases}.\] Hence, the distribution function of \(Y\) is said to be a mixed distribution.
Solution: From \(Y = \min(X,M)\), if \(y < M\), then \[F_Y(y) = \Pr(Y \le y) = \Pr(X \le y) = F_X(y).\] If \(y \ge M\), then \[F_Y(y) = \Pr(Y \le y) = 1,\] which follows because \(\min(X,M) \le M\).
Hence, \(Y\) is mixed with a density function \(f_X(x)\), for \(0 \le x < M\) and a mass of probability at \(M\), with \(Pr(Y = M) = 1 - F_X(M)\). The last equality follows from \[\begin{aligned} \Pr(Y = M) &= \Pr(X > M) \\ &= 1 - \Pr(X \le M) = 1 - F_X(M). \end{aligned}\]
Example 3.3 Show that \[\mathrm{E}[Y] = \mathrm{E}[\min(X,M)] = \mathrm{E}[X] - \int_0^\infty y f_X(y+M) \mathop{}\!dy.\]
\(\mathrm{E}[Y]\) is the expected payout by the insurer.
\[\begin{aligned} \mathrm{E}[Y] &= \mathrm{E}[\min(X,M)] \\ &= \int_0^\infty \min(X,M) \cdot f_X(x) \, dx \\ &= \int_0^M x \cdot f_X(x) \, dx + \int_M^\infty M \cdot f_X(x) \, dx \\ &= \int_0^M x \cdot f_X(x) \, dx + \int_M^\infty x \cdot f_X(x) \, dx + \int_M^\infty (M - x) \cdot f_X(x) \, dx \\ &= \mathrm{E}[X] + \int_M^\infty (M - x) \cdot f_X(x) \, dx \\ &= \mathrm{E}[X] + \int_0^\infty (-y) \cdot f_X(y+M) \, dy \\ &= \mathrm{E}[X] - \int_0^\infty y \cdot f_X(y+M) \, dy \end{aligned}\]
Note Under excess of loss reinsurance arrangement, the mean amount paid by the insurer is reduced by the amount equal to \(\int_0^\infty y f_X(y+M) \mathop{}\!dy.\)
Example 3.4 Let \(X\) be an exponential distribution with parameter \(\lambda\) and \(Y = \min(X,M)\). Then \[F_Y(x) = \begin{cases} 1 - e^{-\lambda x} &\text{if } x < M\\ 1 &\text{if } x \ge M \end{cases}.\] A plot of the distribution function \(F_Y\) is given in Figure 1. Hence, \(Y\) is a mixed distribution with a density function \(f_Y(x) = f_X(x)\) for \(0 < x < M\) and a probability mass at \(M\) is \(\Pr(Y = M) = 1 - F_X(M)\).
Using (3.1), the expected value of \(Y\), \(\mathrm{E}[Y]\) is given by
\[\begin{aligned} \mathrm{E}[Y] &= \int_{0}^M x f_X(x) \mathop{}\!d{x} + M(1 - F_X(M)). \end{aligned}\]
Example 3.5 Let \(F_Z\) denote the distribution function of \(Z = \max(0,X-M)\). It follows that \[F_Z(x) = \begin{cases} F_{X}(M) &\text{if } x = 0\\ F_{X}(x + M) &\text{if } x > 0 \end{cases}.\] Hence, the distribution function of \(Z\) is a mixed distribution with a mass of probability at \(0\).
Solution: The random variable \(Z\) is the reinsurer’s payout which also include zero claims. Later we will consider only reinsurance claims, which involve the reinsurer, i.e. claims such that \(X > M\).
The distribution of \(Z\) can be derived as follows:
For \(x =0\), \[F_Z(0) = \Pr(Z = 0) = \Pr(X \le M) = F_X(M).\]
For \(x > 0\), \[\begin{aligned} F_Z(x) &= \Pr(Z \le x) = \Pr(\max(0,X-M) \le x) \\ &= \Pr(X- M \le x) = \Pr(X \le x + M) = F_X(x + M).\end{aligned}\]
Example 3.6 Let \(X\) be an exponential distribution with parameter \(\lambda\) and \(Z = \max(0,X-M)\). Derive and plot the probability distribution \(F_Z\) for \(\lambda = 1\) and \(M = 2\).
Example 3.7 Show that \[\mathrm{E}[Z] = \mathrm{E}[\max(0,X-M)] = \int_M^\infty (x- M) f_X(x) \mathop{}\!dx = \int_0^\infty y f_X(y+M) \mathop{}\!dy.\] Comment on the result.
Solution: The expected payout on the claim by the reinsurer, \(\mathrm{E}[Z]\), and can also be found directly as follows: \[\begin{aligned} \mathrm{E}[Z] &= \mathrm{E}[\max(0,X-M)] \\ &= \int_0^M 0 \cdot f_X(x) \, dx + \int_M^\infty (X-M) \cdot f_X(x) \, dx \\ &= 0 + \int_0^\infty y \cdot f_X(y + M) \, dy.\end{aligned}\] It follows from the previous results that \[\mathrm{E}[X] = \mathrm{E}[Y + Z] = \mathrm{E}[Y]+ \mathrm{E}[Z].\]
Example 3.8 Let the claim amount \(X\) have exponential distribution with mean \(\mu = 1/\lambda\).
Find the proportion of claims which involve the reinsurer.
Find the insurer’s expected payout on a claim.
Find the reinsurer’s expected payout on a claim.
Solution: 1. The proportion of claims which involve the reinsurer is \[\Pr(X > M) = 1 - F_X(M) = e^{-\lambda M} = e^{-M/\mu}.\]
The insurer’s expected payout on a claim can be calculated by \[\begin{aligned} \mathrm{E}[Y] &= \mathrm{E}[X] - \int_0^\infty y \cdot \lambda e^{-\lambda(y+M)} \, dy \\ &= \mathrm{E}[X] - e^{-\lambda M} \int_0^\infty y \cdot \lambda e^{-\lambda \cdot y} \, dy \\ &= \mathrm{E}[X] - e^{-\lambda M} \mathrm{E}[X] \\ &= (1 - e^{-\lambda M}) \mathrm{E}[X].\end{aligned}\]
It follows from the above result that the reinsurer’s expected payout on a claim is \(e^{-\lambda M} \mathrm{E}[X].\)
Example 3.9 An insurer covers an individual loss \(X\) with excess of loss reinsurance with retention level \(M\). Let \(f_X(x)\) and \(F_X(x)\) denote the pdf and cdf of \(X\), respectively.
Show that the variance of the amount paid by the insurer on a single claim satisfies: \[\mathrm{Var}[\min(X,M)] = \int_0^M x^2 f_X(x) \mathop{}\!dx + M^2 (1 - F_X(M)) - (\mathrm{E}[\min(X,M)])^2.\]
Show that the variance of the amount paid by the reinsurer on a single claim satisfies: \[\mathrm{Var}[\max(0,X-M)] = \int_M^\infty (x-M)^2 f_X(x) \mathop{}\!dx - (\mathrm{E}[\max(0,X-M)])^2.\]
3.6 The distribution of reinsurance claims
In practice, the reinsurer involves only claims which exceed the retention limit, i.e. \(X > M\). Information of claims which are less or equal to \(M\) may not be available to the reinsurer. The claim amount \(Z\) paid by the reinsurer can be modified accordingly to take into account of non-zero claim sizes.
Recall from Example 3.1, there are only three claims whose amounts exceed the retention level of . Such claims, consisting of , 9000 and 23000 which involves the reinsurer are known as reinsurance claims.
Let \(W = Z|Z>0\) be a random variable representing the amount of a non-zero payment by the reinsurer on a reinsurance claim. The distribution and density of \(W\) can be calculated as follows: for \(x > 0\), \[\begin{aligned} \Pr[W \le x ] &= \Pr[Z \le x | Z >0] \\ &= \Pr[X - M \le x | X > M] \\ &= \frac{\Pr[M < X \le x + M]}{\Pr[X > M]}\\ &= \frac{F_X(x+M) - F_X(M)}{1-F_X(M)}.\end{aligned}\] Differentiating with respect to \(x\), we obtain the density function of \(W\) as \[f_W(x) = \frac{f_X(x+M)}{1 - F_X(M)}.\] Hence, the mean and variance can be directly obtained from the density function of \(W\).
3.7 Proportional reinsurance
Under excess of loss reinsurance arrangement, the direct insurer pays a fixed proportion \(\alpha\), called the proportion of the risk retained by the insurer, and the reinsurer pays the remainder of the claim.
Let \(X\) be the claim amount, \(Y\) and \(Z\) the amounts of the claim paid by the policyholder, (direct) insurer and reinsurer, respectively, i.e. \[X = Y + Z.\] So the amount paid by the direct insurer and the reinsurer are given by \[Y = \alpha X, \quad Z = (1 - \alpha) X.\] Both of the random variables are scaled by the factor of \(\alpha\) and \(1- \alpha\), respectively.
Example 3.10 Derive the distribution function and density function of \(Y\).
Solution: Let \(X\) has a distribution function \(F\) with density function \(f\). The distribution function of \(Y\) is given by \[\Pr(Y \le x) = F(x/a).\] Hence, the density function is \[f_Y(x) = \frac{1}{a}f(x/a).\]
You can get more examples from Tutorials.


§383-32 Filing of claim. Claims for benefits shall be made in accordance with such regulations as the department of labor and industrial relations may prescribe. [L 1939, c 219, §6(b); am L 1941, c 304, §1, pt of subs 18; RL 1945, §4233; RL 1955, §93-31; am L Sp 1959 2d, c 1, §27; HRS §383-32]
Case Notes
Department is under no duty to maximize amount of benefits that applicant is entitled to by alerting applicant to possible alternatives. 55 H. 250, 517 P.2d 773 (1973).