Clean Code
NOTE: TOC and these notes do not strictly correspond to the order used in the book itself.
Clean Code
- Code is really the language in which we ultimately express the requirements.
- It is unprofessional for programmers to bend to the will of managers who don’t understand the risks of making messes.
- We are authors. Ratio of time spent reading vs. writing is well over 10:1. Making it easy to read actually makes it easier to write.
- The Boy Scout rule: Leave the campground cleaner than you found it. Isn’t continuous improvement an intrinsic part of professionalism?
What Is Clean Code? (Answers from experts)
- Bad code temps the mess to grow! When others change bad code; they tend to make it worse.
- Clean code is focused. Each function, each class, each module exposes a single-minded attitude that remains entirely undistracted, and unpolluted, by the surrounding details.
- Clean code can be read, and enhanced by a developer other than its original author. It has unit and acceptance tests. It has meaningful names. It provides one way rather than many ways for doing one thing. It has minimal dependencies, which are explicitly defined, and provides a clear and minimal API. Code should be literate since depending on the language, not all necessary information can be expressed clearly in code alone.
- Runs all the tests; Contains no duplications; Expresses all the design ideas that are in the system; Minimizes the number of entities such as classes, methods, functions, and the like.
Prequel and Principles
- Single Responsibility Principle: every module, class or a function should have responsibility over a single part of that program’s functionality and it should encapsulate that part.
- Open Closed Principle: software entities (modules, classes, functions) should be open for extension but closed for modification.
- Dependency Inversion Principle: Classes should depend on abstractions, not on concrete details.
Meaningful Names
-
Use Intention-Revealing Names. Choosing good names takes time but saves more time than it takes.
-
Avoid Disinformation
-
Meaningful Distinctions. It is not sufficient to add number series or noise words, even though the compiler is satisfied. If names must be different, then they should also mean something different.
-
Use Pronounceable Names. Intelligent conversion is now possible.
-
Use Searchable Names.
- Single-letter names and numeric constants have a particular problem that they are not easy to locate across a body of text.
- The length of a name should correspond to the size of its scope.
-
Avoid Encodings
- Hungarian Notation
- Member Prefixes
- I prefer to leave interfaces unadorned (no
I
prefix).
-
Avoid Mental Mapping. One difference between a smart programmer and a professional programmer is that the professional understands that clarity is king.
-
Class Names: nouns or noun phrase. Avoid names like Manager, Data, Professor, Info in the name of the class.
-
Method Names: verbs or verb phrase. Accessors, mutators, predicates should have
get
,set
oris
prefix. -
Don’t Be Cute
- Don’t tell little culture-dependant jokes.
- Say what you mean. Mean what you say.
- Pick One Word per Concept. Using the same term for two different ideas is essentially a pun.
Functions
- Duplication may be the root of all evil in software.
- Writing clean software is like any other kind of writing. When you write a paper or an article you get your thoughts down first, then you massage it until it reads well.
- Master programmers think of systems as stories to be told rather than programs to be written. They use the facilities of their chosen programming languages to construct a much richer and more expressive language that can be used to tell that story.
- Your real goal is to tell the story of the system.
Small!
- Functions should not be 100 lines long. Functions should be hardly ever 20 lines long.
- Every function in this program was just two, or three, or four lines long. Each was transparently obvious. Each told a story. And each led you to the next in a compelling order.
- The blocks within if, else, while etc. statements should be one line long.
- The indent level of a function should not be greater than one or two.
Do One Thing
- FUNCTIONS SHOULD DO ONE THING. THEY SHOULD DO IT WELL. THEY SHOULD DO IT ONLY.
- Sections within Functions: This is an obvious symptom of doing more than one thing. Functions that do one thing cannot be reasonably divided into sections.
- One Level of Abstraction per Function
Use Descriptive Names
- The smaller and more focused a function is, the easier is to choose a descriptive name.
- Don’t be afraid to make a name long. A long descriptive name is better than a short enigmatic name. A long descriptive name is better than a long descriptive comment.
Function Arguments
- The ideal number of argument for a function is zero (niladic). Next comes one (monadic), followed closely by two (dyadic). Three arguments (triadic) should be avoided where possible. More than three (polyadic) requires very special justification - and then shouldn’t be used anyway.
- Argument are hard. They take a lot of conceptual power.
- Arguments are even harder from a testing point of view. If there are no arguments, this is trivial. If there’s one argument it’s not too hard.
assertEquals
might be better written asassertExpectedEqualsActual(expected, actual)
. This strongly mitigates the problem of having to remember the ordering of the arguments.
Output Arguments
- Are harder to understand than input arguments.
- Using an output argument instead of a return value for a transformation is confusing. If a function is going to transform its input argument, then the transformation should appear as the return value.
- In general output arguments should be avoided. If your function must change the state of something, have it change the state of its owning object (use OOP).
Flag Arguments
- Flag arguments are ugly. Passing a boolean into a function is a truly terrible practice. It does one thing if the flag is true and another if the flag is false!
Argument Objects
- Reducing the number of arguments by creating objects out of them may seem like cheating, but it’s not. Likely it is a part of a concept that deserves a name of its own.
Have No Side Effects
- Side effects are lies. Your function promises to do one thing, but it also does another hidden thing.
- Anything that forces you to check the function signature is equivalent to a double-take. It’s a cognitive break and should be avoided.
Command/Query Separation
- Functions should either do something or answer something, but not both.
Prefer Exceptions to Returning Error Codes
- Returning error codes from command function is a subtle violation of command query separation.
- Extract Try/Catch Blocks into functions of their own.
- Error Handling Is One Thing. Functions should do one thing. Thus, a function that handles errors should do nothing else. This implies that if the keyword
try
exists in a function, it should be the very first word in the function and that there should be nothing after thecatch/finally
blocks.
Comments
- Don’t commend bad code - rewrite it.
- The older a comment, and the farther away it is from the code it describes, the more likely it is to be just plain wrong. Programmers cant realistically maintain them.
- Inaccurate comments are far worse than no comments at all.
- Comments do not make up for bad code. “Ooh, I’d better comment that!” No! You’d better clean it!
- Explain yourself in code:
// Check to see if the employee is eligible for full benefits
if ((employee.flags & HOURLY_FLAG) &&
(employee.age > 65))
vs.
if (employee.isEligibleForFullBenefits())
Good Comments
- Legal Comments
- Informative Comments
- Explanation of intent
- Clarification. Before writing, take care there is no better way and then take even more care that they are accurate.
- Warning of Consequences
- TODO comments. This should not be an excuse to leave bad code in the system.
- Amplifications. Javadocs can be just as misleading, nonlocal, and dishonest as any other kind of comment.
Bad Comments
- Mumbling
- Redundant Comments
- Misleading Comments
- Mandated Comments. It’s plain silly to have a rule that says that every function must have a javadoc, or every variable must have a comment.
- Journal Comments (see Tanzer’s code).
- Noise Comments
- Don’t use a comment when you can use a function or a variable.
- Position Markers
- Closing Brace Comments. Try to shorten your function instead.
- Attributions and bylines
- Commented-Out code
- HTML Comments. It should be the responsibility of the tool that generates HTML documentation to transform them.
- Nonlocal information.
- Too much information. Don’t put interesting historical discussions or irrelevant descriptions of details into your comments.
- Inobvious Connection
- Function headers
- Javadocs in nonpublic code
Formatting
- Team should agree on a single set of formatting rules and all members should comply.
- Have an automated tool that apply those formatting rules for you
- Code formatting is about communication and communication is the professional developer’s first order of business.
Vertical Formatting
- Small files are usually easier to understand than large files.
- Vertical openness between concepts <-> vertical density.
- Closely related concepts should be kept vertically close to each other.
- Variable declarations should be declared as close to their usage as possible. Because our functions are very short, local variables should appear at the top of each function.
- If one function calls another, they should be vertically close and the caller should be above the callee, if possible.
Horizontal Formatting
- keep lines short. 100 or 120 chars. Beyond that it is probably just careless.
- use horizontal white space to associate things that are strongly related and disassociate things that are more weakly related.
- Horizontal alignment (see Tanzer) is not useful. It seems to emphasize the wrong things and may lead away the eye from the true intent.
- If we have a long list that needs to be aligned the problem is the length of the list, not the lack of alignment.
- Avoid collapsing scopes down to one line (if, while … in C/Java).
- Good software system is composed of a set of documents that read nicely. They need to have a consistent and smooth style.
Objects and Data Structures
- There’s a reason that we keep our variables private. We don’t want anyone else to depend on them.
- Hiding implementation is about abstractions. We do not want to expose the details of our data. Rather we want to express our data in abstract terms.
- Serious thought needs to be put into the best way to represent the data an object contains. The worst option is to blithely add getters and setters.
Data/Object Anti-Symmetry
- Objects hide their data behind abstractions and expose functions that operate on that data. Data structures expose their data and have no meaningful functions.
- OOP makes it easy to to add new classes without changing existing functions. Procedural code makes it easy to add new functions without changing existing data structures.
- Understand this and choose the approach that is best for the job at hand.
Law of Demeteter
- module should not know about the innards of the objects it manipulates.
- Train Wrecks (
a().b().c()
): whether this is a violation of the Law of Demeter depends whether the internal structure should be hidden or exposed. Ifa
,b
,c
, are just structures with no behaviour, Law of Demeter doesn’t apply. - Hybrids make it had to add new functions but also make it hard to add new data structures. Avoid creating them.
- Hiding structure: If
ctxt
is an object, we should be telling it to do something; we should be be asking it about its internals.
Data Transfer Objects
- DTO is a class with public variables and no functions
- Beans have private variables and are accessed by getters/setters. The quasi-encapsulation provides no benefit.
- Active Records are a special form of DTO with some navigational methods like
save
andfind
. Don’t put business logic in them (it creates a hybrid), treat an Active Record as a data structure and create objects that contain the business rules and hide their internal data (probably just instances of the Active Record).
Error Handling
- Error handling is important, but if it obscures logic, it’s wrong.
- Separate differed concerns, algorithm for … and error handling.
- It’s good practice to start with a try-catch-finally when you’re writing code that could throw exceptions.
try
blocks are like transactions;catch
leaves the program in consistent state. - Write tests that force exceptions, then add behaviour to your handler to satisfy your tests.
- Use unchecked exceptions. The price of checked exceptions is Open/Closed Principle violation.
- Provide context with exceptions - a stack trace can’t tell the intent of the operation that failed.
- Wrap 3rd party APIs, incl. custom exception structure.
- Don’t return null. when we do, we’re essentially creating work for ourselves and foisting problems upon our callers.
- Don’t pass null: returning null from methods is bad, passing null into methods is worse. In most programing languages there is no good way to deal with a null that is passed by a caller incidentally. Therefore, the rational approach is to forbid passing null by default.
Boundaries
- Do not pass
Map
s (or any other interface at a boundary) around your system. Wrap them. - Learnings tests - to check our understanding for new APIs. They are free (we need to learn the API anyway) and they allow us to check if the 3rd party packages are working as expected on new releases.
- Good SW design accommodate change without huge investment and rework. We should avoid letting too much of our code know about the third party particulars.
Unit Tests
- Law 1: You may not write production code until you have written a failing unit test.
- Law 2: You may not write more of a unit test than is sufficient to fail, and not compiling is failing.
- Law 3: You may not write more production code than is sufficient to pass the currently failing test.
Keeping Tests Clean
- Having dirty tests is equivalent to, if not worse than, having no tests.
- Test code is just as important as production code. It is not a second-class citizen. It requires thought, design, and care. It must be kept clean as production code.
Clean Tests
- What makes a clean test? Three things: Readability, readability, and readability. In unit tests readability is perhaps more important than it production code.
- Readability means clarity, simplicity and density of expression.
- Build-Operate-Check pattern. First part build ups the data, the second operates on that data, the third checks the operation yielded expected results.
Domain-Specific testing languages
- Rather than using the APIs of the system directly we build up a set of functions and utilities that make use of those APIs and make tests more convenient to write and easier to read. These functions and utilities become a specialized API used by the tests.
A Dual Standard
The code within the testing API does have a different set of engineering standards than production code. It must be simple, succinct, and expressive, but it need not be as efficient as production code.
One Assert Per Test
- The number of asserts in a test ought to be minimized.
Single Concept per Test
- We want to test a single concept in each test function.
F.I.R.S.T.
- Fast - tests should be fast
- Independent - tests should not depend on each other
- Repeatable - tests should operate in any environment. You should be able to run tests in the production environment, in the QA environment, and on your laptop while riding home on train without a network. If your tests aren’t repeatable in any environment, you’ll always have an excuse for why they fail.
- Self-Validating - tests should have a boolean output. Either they pass or fail.
- Timely - unit tests should be written just before the production code that makes them pass.
Classes
- There is seldom a good reason to have a public variable.
- We like to put private utilities called by a public function right after the public function itself.
Small!
- The first rule of classes is that they should be small. The second rule of classes is that they should be smaller than that.
- Naming helps: if we cannot derive a concise name fora class, than it’s likely too large.
- Class names including weasel words like
Processor
orManager
orSupre
often hint at unfortunate aggregation of responsibilities. - Getting software to work and making software clean are to very different activities.
- The primary goal in managing complexity is to organize so that a developer knows where to look for things an need only understand the directly affected complexity at any given time.
- We want our system to be composed of many small classes, not a few large ones. Each small class encapsulates a single responsibility, has a single reason to change, and collaborates with a few others to achieve the desired system behaviour.
Cohesion
- Classes should have a small number of instance variables.
- Generally the more variables a method manipulates the more cohesive that method is to its class.
- Neither advisable to create a maximally cohesive classes, OTOH, we would like the cohesion to be high.
Organizing for Change
Isolating from Change
- We want to structure out systems so that we muck with little as possible when we update with new or changed features. In an ideal system, we incorporate new features by extending the system, not by making modifications to existing code.
- The lack of coupling means that elements of our system are better isolated from each other and from change.
Systems
Separate Constructing a System from Using It
- Construction is a very different process from use.
- SW systems should separate the startup process (
main
fct), when the application objects are constructed and the dependencies “wired” together, from the runtime logic that takes over after startup. - Factories
- Dependency Injection. Inversion of Control (IoC) moves secondary responsibilities from an object to other objects that are dedicated to that purpose, therefore supporting the Single Responsibility Principle.
Scaling Up
- It’s a myth that we can get systems “right at the first time”. Instead, we implement only today’s stories, then refactor and expand the system to implement new stories tomorrow. TDD, refactoring, clean code makes this work at the code level.
- Software systems are unique compared to physical systems. Their architecture can grow incrementally, if we maintain the proper separation of concerns.
Pure Java AOP Frameworks
- In Spring, you write your business logic as POJOs. POJOs are purely focuses on their domain. They have no dependencies on enterprise frameworks (or any other domain). They allow for truly test driving the application, without doing a Big Design Up Front.
- We can start a SW project with a “naively simple” but nicely decoupled architecture, deliver working user stories quickly, then adding more infrastructure as we scale up.
- A good API should largely disappear from the view most of the time, so the tam expends the majority of its creative efforts focused on the user stories being implemented. If not, then the architectural constraints will inhibit the efficient delivery of optimal value to the customer.
Optimize Decision Making
- Postpone decisions until the last possible moment. This isn’t lazy or irresponsible; it lets us make informed choices with the best possible information.
Systems Need Domain-Specific Languages
- If you are implementing domain logic in the same language that a domain expert uses, there is less risk that you will incorrectly translate the domain into implementation.
Conclusion
- At all levels of abstraction, the intent should be clear.
- Never forget to use the simplest thing that can possibly work.
Emergence
- Is there a set of simple practices that can replace experience? Clearly not.
Rule 1: Runs All the Tests
- Tight coupling makes it difficult to write tests.
- OOP goal of low coupling and high cohesion. Writing tests leads to better designs.
Rule 2-4: Refactoring
No Duplication
- Template-method helps
Expressive
- Code should clearly express the intent of its author.
- You can express yourself by choosing good names. We want to be able to hear a class or a function name and not be surprised when we discover its responsibilities.
- You can also express yourself by keeping your functions and classes small. Small classes and functions are usually easy to name, easy to write, and easy to understand.
- The most important way to be expressive is to try. Remember, the most likely next person to read that code will be you.
- Take a little pride in your workmanship. Spend a little time with each of your functions and classes. Choose better names, split large functions into smaller functions and generally just take care of what you’ve created. Care is a precious resource.
Minimal Classes and Methods
- High class and method counts are sometimes the result of pointless dogmatism.
- Our goal is to keep our overall system small while we are also keeping our functions and classes small. Remember, however, that this rule is the lowest priority of the four rules of Simple Design. So, although it is important to keep class and function count low, it’s more important to have tests, eliminate duplication, and express yourself.
Concurrency
- Objects are abstractions of processing. Threads are abstractions of schedule.
- Decoupling what gets done from when it gets done. This can dramatically improve both the throughput and structure of application.
Writing clean concurrent program is hard - very hard.
- The design of a concurrent algorithm can be remarkably different from the design of single-threaded system.
- Concurrency incurs some overhead, in both performance as well as writing additional code.
- Concurrency bugs aren’t usually repeatable.
- Think about shut-down early and get it working early. It’s going to take longer than you expect.
Concurrency Defense Principles
- Keep your concurrency-related code separate from other code.
- Take data encapsulation to heart; severely limit the access of any data that may be shared.
- Use copies of data. Collect results from multiple threads and then merge the results in a single thread.
- Partition data into independent subsets that can be operated on by independent threads, possible in different processors.
- Keep synchronized sections small.
Testing Threaded Code
- Get you nonthreaded code working first.
- Treat spurious failures as candidate threading issues. Don’t ignore system failures as one-offs.
- Make your threaded code pluggable, so you can run it in various configurations.
- Run with more threads than processors (cores), to encourage system switches.
- Jiggle the code so that threads run in different orderings at different times. The combination of well-written tests and jiggling can dramatically increase the chance finding errors.
Successive Refinement
- You’d be able to read the code from top to the bottom without a lot of jumping around or looking ahead.
- Programming is more a craft than it is a science. To write clean code, you must first write dirty code and then clean it.
- Most freshmen programmers think that the primary goal is to get the program working. Once it is “working” they move to the next task, leaving the program in whatever state they got it to “work”. Most seasoned programmers know this is professional suicide.
- “If the structure of this code was ever going to be maintainable, now was the time to fix it. So I stopped adding features and started refactoring”.
- Refactoring is a lot like solving a Rubik’s cube. There are a lot of little steps required to achieve a large goal. Each steps enables the next.
- Bad schedules cna be redone, bad requirements can be redefined. Bad team dynamics can be repaired. Bad code rots and ferments, becoming an inexorable weight that drags the team down.
Refactoring SerialDate
-
It is only through critiques that we learn. Doctors do it. Layers do it. Pilots do it. And we programmers need to learn how to do it too.
-
First make it work. Get the coverage and extend/make the unit tests work.
-
Then make it right.
-
Get your code into a form that’s easy to change.
Smells and Heuristics
Comments
- Inappropriate information
- Obsolete comment
- Redundant comment
- Poorly written comment
- Commented-out code
Environment
- Build requires more than one step
- Running tests requires more than one step
Functions
- Too many arguments
- Output arguments
- Flag arguments
- Not used (dead) functions
General
- Multiple languages in one source file.
- Obvious behaviour is unimplemented - Principle of least suprise.
- Incorrect behaviour at the boundaries. Don’t rely on your intuition. Prove that your code works in all the corner cases.
- Overridden safeties - turned of failing tests, compiler warnings etc.
- Duplication.
- Code at wrong level of abstraction. Constants, variables, utility functions hat pertain only to the detailed implementation should not be present in the base class. Don’t mix higher and lower level concepts together. You cannot lie or fake your way out of a misplaces abstraction. Isolating abstractions is one of the hardest things that software developers an do, and there is no quick fix when you get it wrong.
- Base classes depending on their derivatives.
- Too much information. Well-defined modules have very small interfaces that allow you to do a lot with a little.  Don’t create classes with a lot of methods and instance variables. Don’t create lots of protected variables and functions for your subclasses. Help keeping low coupling by hiding information.
- Dead code
- Vertical separation
- Inconsistency - goes back to the principle of least surprise.
- Clutter.
- Artificial coupling.
- Feature envy. The methods of a class should be interested in the variables and functions of the class they belong to, and not the variables and functions of other classes.
- Selector arguments. In general it is better to have many functions than to pass some code into a function to select behaviour.
- Obscured intent.
- Misplaced responsibility - code should be placed where a reader would naturally expect it to be.
- Inappropriate static - there might be a reasonable chance that we’ll want the function to be polymorphic.
- Use explanatory variables.
- Function names should say what they do.
- Understand the algorithm.
- Make logical dependencies (i.e. assumptions, e.g. a constant) physical (calling a method providing the data).
- Prefer polymorphism to If/Else or Switch/Case
- Follow standard conventions - coding standards.
- Replace magic numbers with named constants.
- Be precise - don’t be lazy
- expecting the first match to be the only is naive
- don’t use float point numbers to represent currency
- use locks and/or TX
- don’t be too specific, e.g. declaring a variable as
ArrayList
whenList
is good enough - making all variables
protected
by default is not constraining enough
- Structure over convention, e.g. abstract methods > switch with nicely named enumerations.
- Encapsulate conditionals. Turn
if (expected == null || actual == null || areStringsEqual())
into a method -> bool. - Avoid negative conditionals.
- Functions should do one thing.
- Hidden temporal couplings -> make explicit.
- Don’t be arbitrary.
- Encapsulate boundary conditions. We don’t want swarms of
+1s
and-1s
all over the code. Encapsulate then in variables. - Functions should descend only one level of abstraction.
- Keep configurable data at high levels.
- Avoid transitive navigation (Law of Demeter - write shy code).
Java
- Avoid long imports by using wildcards.
- Don’t inherit constants. Use static import instead.
- Constants vs. enums - use enums.
Names
- Choose descriptive names. Don’t be too quick to chose a name.
- Choose names at the appropriate level of abstraction.
- Use standard nomenclature where possible.
- Unambiguous names.
- Use long names for long scopes.
- Avoid encodings.
- Names should describe side-effects.
Tests
- Insufficient tests.
- Use a coverage tool - they report gaps in your testing strategy.
- Don’t skip trivial tests.
- An ignored test is a question about an ambiguity.
- Test boundary conditions.
- Exhaustive tests near bugs. Bugs ten to congregate. When you find a bug in a function, it is wise to do an exhaustive test of that function.
- Test coverage patterns can be revealing.
- Tests should past fast.


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My work has focused on fundamental research concerning the interaction of the surfaces of nanomaterials with the surrounding environment.
Transparent Ohmic contacts were deposited onto the CdTe absorber layer to enhance hole-extraction at the ITO/CdTe interface.
Selenolate and tellurolate ligands could expand our ability to tune the properties of metal nanoparticles, but their stability when bound is unknown. I have been studying how the surface of these novel nanoparticles evolves under ambient conditions following their synthesis.
Particles less than 5nm in size are assumed to be "spheroidal," but small differences in morphology can have a great impact on their effectiveness in catalysis and other applications. I have worked to demonstrate how electron spin resonance is a useful tool for exploring this asymmetry.


{% include head.html %}
{% include nav.html %} {% include covid-19.html %} {% include header.html %} {% include call-to-action.html %} {% include sermons.html %} {% include clubs.html %} {% include map-aside.html %} {% include contact.html %} {% include scripts.html %}


Preparation time
30 mins to 1 hour
Cooking time
1 to 2 hours
Serves
Serves 4
Place 20 cloves of garlic in a pan and cover with half cold water and half full fat milk. Add a pinch of salt and sugar and the sprig of thyme.
Cut a round of greaseproof paper the size of the pan and butter one side. Place the round, butter side down in the pan to cover the garlic.
Place the pan on a high heat, bring to the boil and then reduce heat and simmer gently until the garlic is cooked through.
Remove the paper, strain off the liquid and allow the garlic to steam dry. When cool, peel off the outer skin of the garlic and cut out the germ of the garlic clove. Season with salt and pepper. Set aside.
Make the batter by mixing all batter ingredients together. Allow to stand for 20 minutes. Meanwhile to make the sauce: in another pan, add the white wine and the remaining garlic clove, crushed. Bring to the boil to remove the alcohol, then add the lamb stock and chicken stock. Bring back to the boil and let the liquid reduce by a third.
Add the double cream and bring back to a gentle simmer, reduce to a rich and creamy consistency. Adjust the seasoning and finish with a little lemon juice. Pass through a fine strainer or muslin into a clean pan and keep warm until required.
Preheat the oven to 200C/400F/Gas 6.
Heat a little oil and (clarified) butter in a pan. Season the lamb and then seal in pan on all sides.
Once sealed, place in a hot oven to roast for about 7-8 minutes. Remove from the oven and cover with foil and leave to rest in a hot place, like above the stove, for at least 20 minutes.
To make the garlic fritters: heat the oil for deep-frying in a pan. Dust the garlic cloves in a little flour and shake off the excess. Dip them into the beer batter and deep fry until golden and crisp. Drain on kitchen paper and drizzle with a little lemon juice and season with salt.
Cut the wild garlic leaves into squares and stir into the prepared sauce. Let the leaves wilt in the heat of the sauce.
Spoon the sauce onto plates spreading the garlic leaves evenly.
Cut the best ends into cutlets and lay cut side up on top of the sauce. Place five garlic fritters around the lamb and serve with seasonal vegetables of your choice.


 While basic usage is fairly simple, errator also allows you more sophisticated uses in multi-threaded programs where each thread can have its own exception narration, as well as being able to manage partial narrations.
There are a couple of anti-patterns in errator's use which are important to understand, so we'll lead off with addressing those before launching into a more general discussion on using errator.
note
The documentation generally discusses decorating functions with errator, but errator's decorators can also be used to decorate methods. For brevity, when 'function' is used it should be assumed to mean 'function or method'.
Errator decorators, context managers, and narration management functions work together to manage a set of per-thread stacks of "narration fragments". In "normally" operating code (that is, with no exceptions), these fragments are created at the start of a function or context, and discarded when the function or context completes without an exception (push on call, pop on return).
But when an exception occurs, the fragment is retained, and as the exception passes un-caught up the stack through other errator managed functions or contexts, additional fragments may also be retained, until the exception is caught and errator is told that it may finally discard the fragments. This discarding may be done automatically or under programmatic control, depending on how errator is to be used, but the key is that unless errator discards the fragments, they will simply keep growing in number and may cause memory issues if code experiences numerous errors without disposing of the fragments, not to mention yielding confusing narrations of exceptions.
There are two anti-patterns that can lead to this situation to be aware of.
If you catch an exception in a function that hasn't been decorated with errator decorators (and there are no more errator-decorated functions or contexts at a more global level in the call stack), it will leak narration fragments and the narration will grow, making it useless:
def f1():
"NOTE: not decorated with 'narrate()'"
try:
f2()
except Exception as e:
story = get_narration()
# handle the exception
@narrate("I starting to 'f2'")
def f2():
f3()
@narrate("I've been asked to 'f3'")
def f3():
raise Exception("catch me!")
# some time later...
f1()
The problem is that f1() isn't decorated with narrate()
, and hence errator doesn't know that the exception was handled. Try it-- enter the above code and call f1() twice, and then look at the returned narration from get_narration()
. Remember: this isn't a problem if there is an errator decorated function or context at a more global level in the call stack.
You can fix this a couple of ways:
Approach #1:
# this approach will cause errator to automatically clean fragments:
@narrate("I'm starting f1") # we added decoration to the ``f1()`` function
def f1():
"NOTE: NOW decorated with 'narrate()'"
try:
f2()
except Exception as e:
story = get_narration()
# handle the exception
@narrate("I starting to 'f2'")
def f2():
f3()
@narrate("I've been asked to 'f3'")
def f3():
raise Exception("catch me!")
# some time later...
f1()
Approach #2
# in this approach, you manually clear out the narration fragments
def f1():
"NOTE: no decoration, but we clean up in the exception clause"
try:
f2()
except Exception as e:
story = get_narration()
reset_narration() # CLEANS UP FRAGMENTS
# handle the exception
@narrate("I starting to 'f2'")
def f2():
f3()
@narrate("I've been asked to 'f3'")
def f3():
raise Exception("catch me!")
# some time later...
f1()
For more complex uses of errator, you can turn off automatic fragment cleanup, but if you do so then you must handle cleanup yourself. The following will suffer from the same leakage/growing narration as the first anti-pattern:
@narrate("Look out-- I'm about to f1()!")
def f1():
"we've got f1 decorated"
try:
f2()
except Exception as e:
story = get_narration()
# handle the exception
@narrate("I starting to 'f2'")
def f2():
f3()
@narrate("I've been asked to 'f3'")
def f3():
raise Exception("catch me!")
set_narration_options(auto_prune=False)
# later, in the same thread:
f1()
In this example, even though all functions in the call chain are decorated with narrate()
, we'll still leak fragements and allow the narration to grow. This is because set_narration_options()
was used to turn off "auto_prune", which makes errator not discard fragments when exceptions have been handled. Note that this has to happen in the same thread; each thread can have different narration options.
If you want to have auto_prune off (and there are cases where you might want to do this), fixing this is like the second solution to the first anti-pattern:
@narrate("Look out-- I'm about to f1()!")
def f1():
"we've got f1 decorated"
try:
f2()
except Exception as e:
story = get_narration()
reset_narration() #CLEANS UP THE FRAGMENTS
# handle the exception
@narrate("I starting to 'f2'")
def f2():
f3()
@narrate("I've been asked to 'f3'")
def f3():
raise Exception("catch me!")
set_narration_options(auto_prune=False)
# later, in the same thread:
f1()
Here, we've simply called reset_narration()
after the narration text has been acquired, and this gets rid of all fragments for the thread.
Let's look at an example of a set of functions that can be decorated with errator's narrate()
decorator. Let's suppose we have a set of functions f1
through f6
, where f1
calls f2
, f2
calls f3
, and so forth. If we stopped in the debugger in f6
, Python would report the stack like so:
| func | execution point |
|---|---|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<-- current frame |
When we decorate functions with narrate()
, additional stack frames are added to the trace; we won't show those here, but instead will show what fragments are managed as the execution progresses. Here's the retained narration fragments if f1..f6
are all decorated with narrate()
and the current function is f4
:
| func | execution point | fragments for funcs |
|---|---|---|
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
<-- current frame | f1, f2, f3, f4 |
|
||
|
When f4
returns, the fragments are:
| func | execution point | fragments for funcs |
|---|---|---|
|
||
|
||
|
<-- current frame | f1, f2, f3 |
|
||
|
||
|
Note that the fragment for f4
is removed.
Now suppose that we have an exception in f6
, but the exception isn't captured until f3
, at which point the exception is caught and doesn't propagate up the stack any further. This next table shows the fragments present as the functions either return and the exception propagates upward:
| func | execution point | fragments for funcs |
|---|---|---|
|
normal return | f1 |
|
normal return | f1,f2 |
|
exc handled | f1,f2,f3,f4,f5,f6 |
|
exc passes thru | f1,f2,f3,f4,f5,f6 |
|
exc passes thru | f1,f2,f3,f4,f5,f6 |
|
exception raised | f1,f2,f3,f4,f5,f6 |
Notice that in f3
where the exception is handled we still have all the fragments for all stack frames between the exception origin and the handler, but once the handler returns and errator sees that the exception isn't propagating further it removes the fragments that are no longer useful in narrating an exception (this makes f3
a good place to acquire the narration for the exception; more on that later).
Let's repeat the example from earlier, where we said that a function caught an exception and processed it in f3
:
| func | execution point | fragments for funcs |
|---|---|---|
|
normal return | f1 |
|
normal return | f1,f2 |
|
exc handled | f1,f2,f3,f4,f5,f6 |
|
exc passes thru | f1,f2,f3,f4,f5,f6 |
|
exc passes thru | f1,f2,f3,f4,f5,f6 |
|
exception raised | f1,f2,f3,f4,f5,f6 |
If f3
catches the exception, it's probably a good place to grab the exception narration (this isn't required, but it may be a natural place). Suppose f3()
looks like the following:
@narrate("While I was running f3")
def f3():
try:
f4()
except MyException:
story = get_narration()
In the except
clause, we call get_narration()
to acquire a list of strings that are the narration for the exception. This will return the entire narration that exists for this call stack; that is, it will give a list of narration fragment strings for f1()
through f6()
.
But perhaps the whole narration isn't wanted; perhaps all that's desired is the narration for f3()
through f6()
, as the the narrations before this point actually make the exception narration less clear. You can trim your narration down with by calling get_narration()
with the keyword argument from_here
set to True:
@narrate("While I was running f3...")
def f3():
try:
f4()
except MyException:
story = get_narration(from_here=True)
This will only return the narration strings from the current function to the function that's the source of the exception, in this case f3()
through f6()
. The from_here
argument allows you to control how much narration is returned from get_narration()
. It defaults to False, meaning to return the entire narration.
What happens if you skip decorating some functions in a calling sequence? Nothing much; errator simply won't have anything in it's narration for that function. Below, we indicate a decorated function with an (e)
before the function name, and skip decoration of some functions. When we get to f5
, the captured fragments are as shown:
| func | execution point | fragments for funcs |
|---|---|---|
| (e)f1 | f1 | |
| (e)f2 | f1,f2 | |
|
f1,f2 | |
| (e)f4 | f1,f2,f4 | |
|
<-- current frame | f1,f2,f4 |
|
Suppose you have a function of several variables:
@narrate("While I was calling f...")
def f(x, y):
# do stuff
And a narration with a fixed string doesn't give you enough information as to how the function was called if there was an exception. The narrate()
function allows you to supply it with a callable object instead of a string; this callable will be passed all the arguments that were passed to the function and must return a string, which will then be used as the descriptive string for the narration fragment. This function is only invoked if the decorated function raises an exception, otherwise it goes uncalled.
Lambdas provide a nice way to specify a function that yields a string:
@narrate(lambda a, b: "While I was calling f with x={} and y={}...".format(a, b))
def f(x, y):
# do stuff
But you can supply any callable that can cope with the argument list to the decorated function. This allows your narrations to provide more details regarding the calling context of a particular function, since actual argument values can become part of the narration.
It may be the case that narration at the function level isn't granular enough. You may have a lengthy function or one that calls out to other libraries, each of which can raise exceptions of their own. You might be helpful to have narration capabilities at a more granular level to address this.
To support more granular narration, errator provides a context manager that is created with a call to narrate_cm()
. This context manager acts similarly to the narrate()
decorator. First, a narration fragment is captured when the context is entered. If the context exits "normally" the fragment is discarded. However, if an exception is raised during the context, the fragment is retained as the exception propagates upward.
Suppose we have a function that does two web service calls during its execution, and we'd like to know narration details around each of these activities if any fails in our function. We can use narrate_cm()
to achieve this:
@narrate(lambda a, b:"So call_em was invoked with x={} and y={}".format(a, b))
def call_em(x, y):
# do some stuff to form the first WS call
with narrate_cm("...and I started the first web service call..."):
# do the web service call
# extract data and do the second call, computing a string named ws2_req
with narrate_cm(lambda req: "...I started WS call #2 call with {}".format(req), ws2_req):
# do the second web service call
# and whatever else...
This example was constructed to illustrate a couple of uses. Similarly to narrate()
, narrate_cm()
can be called either with a fixed string, or a callable that returns a string which will be invoked only if there's an exception raised in the context.
The first use of narrate_cm()
simply passes a fixed string. If there's an exception during the first web service call, the string is retained, but when reported the string will be indented a few spaces to show that the narration fragment is within the scope of the function's narration.
The second use of narrate_cm()
passes a lambda as its callable. But unlike passing a callable to narrate()
, you must also supply the arguments to give the callable to narrate_cm()
, in this case the local variable ws2_req. This is because the context manager doesn't know what is import relative to the context-- the function arguments or the local variables. You may pass both postional and keyword arguments to narrate_cm()
.
Errator provides a way to get copies of the actual objects where narration fragments are stored. There are a number of situation where this is useful:
You can get these objects by using the copy_narration()
function. Instead of returning a list of strings like get_narration()
does, this function returns a list of NarrationFragment
objects which are copies of the objects managed by errator itself. The copy_narration()
function takes the same thread
and from_here
arguments as does get_narration()
, so you can control what objects are returned in the same manner. Useful methods on these objects are:
tell()
, which returns a string that is the fragment's part of the overall narrationtell_ex()
, similar to tell()
but provides more contextual information (not fully implemented)fragment_exception_text()
, which returns a string that describes the actual exception; really only useful on the last fragment in the call chainBeing a lower-level object, you should expect its interface to be a bit more volatile, and should stick with calling tell()
if you wish to be isolated from change.
The story errator tells is meant to be user-focused; that is, from the perspective of a program's semantics rather than from that of a stack trace. However, there may be circumstances where it would be helpful to have some of the information in a stack trace merged into the rendered narration. Errator supports this with the verbose
keyword on the get_narration()
function. It defaults to False
, but if set to True
, then each retrieved narration line will be followed by a line that reports the line number, function, and source file associated with the narration fragment.
Consider this narrated program in a file named verbose.py:
from errator import narrate_cm, narrate, get_narration
@narrate("So I started to 'f1'...")
def f1():
f2()
@narrate("...which occasioned me to 'f2'")
def f2():
with narrate_cm("during which I started a narration context..."):
f3()
@narrate("...and that led me to finally 'f3'")
def f3():
raise Exception("oops")
if __name__ == "__main__":
try:
f1()
except:
for l in get_narration(verbose=False):
print(l)
Which yields the following output when run:
So I started to 'f1'...
...which occasioned me to 'f2'
during which I started a narration context...
...and that led me to finally 'f3', but exception type: Exception, value: 'oops' was raised
If we set verbose=True
in the get_narration()
call, then the output looks like the following:
So I started to 'f1'...
line 5 in f1, /home/tom/errator/docs/verbose.py
...which occasioned me to 'f2'
line 10 in f2, /home/tom/errator/docs/verbose.py
during which I started a narration context...
line 10 in f2, /home/tom/errator/docs/verbose.py
...and that led me to finally 'f3', but exception type: Exception, value: 'oops' was raised
line 14 in f3, /home/tom/errator/docs/verbose.py
...thus letting you see the actual lines being executed when the exception is raised.
As errator is meant to help you make sense when something goes wrong, it would be a shame if something went wrong while errator was doing its thing. But since errator users can supply a callable to narrate()
and narrate_cm()
, there's the possibility that an error lurks in the callable itself, and errator could raise an exception in trying to tell you about an exception. Worse, if there is a bug in a callable, you'd only know about it if an exception is raised, which may be difficult to force in testing, or may escape testing and only show up in production.
To help you find problems earlier, errator provides an option that changes the rules regarding when fragments, and hence callables, are formatted. By adding:
set_default_options(check=True)
Before entering an errator decorated function or managed context, you inform errator that you wish to check the generation of every narration fragment, whether there's been an exception raised or not. You can also set the 'check' option on an existing narration's thread with:
set_narration_options(check=True)
which will set fragment checking only for the current thread's narration (or the thread named with the thread=
argument; see the documentation for set_narration_options()
for details).
When the check
option is True, every time a decorated function returns or a managed context exits, errator formats the narration fragment, including calling any callable supplied to exercise the code it refers to. By setting check to True in your testing code, you can be sure that every narration fragment is generated, and hence every callable for a fragment is invoked. This helps you ensure that you have the correct number of arguments to your callable and raises confidence that the callable will operate correctly in a real exception situation (this isn't a guarantee, however, as the conditions that raise an exception my be different from those in testing).
note
You don't want to run production code with
check
set to True (it defaults to False). This is because doing so incurs the execution time of every callable where the check==True applies, which can have significant performance impact on your code. Errator normally only invokes the callable if there's an exception, thus sparing your code from the call overhead and extra execution time. So be sure not have the check option set True in production.
Errator's narrate()
decorator wraps the function being decorated, which means that if you use the various stack and traceback reporting functions in the standard traceback
module, you can get materially longer traces than you'd otherwise like. If you'd rather not see these, errator supplies a set of wrapper functions that are analogs of the functions in traceback
that strip out the errator calls from returned objects or printed stack traces. These functions are all argument-compatible with the functions in traceback
. Specifically, errator provides analogs to:
...all of which remove traces of errator from the output.
narrate()
and supplying a callable, don't forget to include the self
argument in the callable's argument list.narrate_cm()
context manager within the generator to accomplish this.


Biryani is a mixed rice dish with its origins among the Indians of the Indian subcontinent. It is popular throughout South Asia as well as among the diaspora from the region.
The exact origin of the dish is uncertain. In North India, different varieties of biryani developed in the Muslim centers of Delhi (Mughlai cuisine), Lucknow (Awadhi cuisine) and other small principalities. In South India, where rice is more widely used as a staple food, several distinct varieties of biryani emerged from Telangana (specifically Hyderabad), Tamil Nadu (Ambur), Kerala (Malabar), and Karnataka, where minority Muslim communities were present. Andhra is the only region of South India that does not have many native varieties of biryani. During the Safavid dynasty (1501–1736) in Persia, a dish called Berian Pilao (Nastaliq script: بریان پلو) was made with lamb or chicken, marinated overnight – with dahi (yogurt), herbs, spices, dried fruits like raisins, prunes or pomegranate seeds – and later cooked in a tannour oven. It was then served with steamed rice.
According to historian Lizzie Collingham, the modern biryani developed in the royal kitchens of the Mughal Empire (1526-1857), as a confluence of the native spicy rice dishes of India and the Persian pilaf. Indian restaurateur Kris Dhillon believes that the dish originated in Persia, and was brought to India by the Mughals. However, another theory claims that the dish was known in India before the first Mughal emperor Babur came to India. The 16th-century Mughal text Ain-i-Akbari makes no distinction between biryanis and pilaf (or pulao): it states that the word "biryani" is of older usage in India. A similar theory, that biryani came to India with Timur's invasion, appears to be incorrect, because there is no record of biryani having existed in his native land during that period.
What you need to make Biryani (Chicken)
(makes 4 Servings):
300g (1 1/2 cups) white long-grain rice
40ml (2 tablespoons) olive oil
1 onion, finely sliced
2 garlic cloves, crushed
2 teaspoons grated fresh ginger
4 chicken breasts, cut into 2cm dice
1/2 teaspoon ground
1 teaspoon ground cumin
1/2 teaspoon Masterfoods Turmeric Ground
2 cinnamon sticks
Mashed potato, to serve
1 teaspoon white sugar
3 tablespoons sultanas
3 tablespoons slivered almonds, toasted
How to make your Biryani:
1. Cook the rice in salted water for 8 minutes, then drain and set aside.
2. Heat the oil in a large frypan over medium heat, add the onion and cook for 1-2 minutes or until softened. Add the garlic, ginger and chicken, and cook, stirring, for 3 minutes. Add the spices, curry leaves, yoghurt, sugar and sultanas, stir for 1 minute, then reduce heat to very low.
3. Place the rice on top of the sauce. Cover the top of the pan with a folded tea towel, then place the lid on top of the tea towel. Cook for 10 minutes. Remove from the heat and allow to sit for 10 minutes. Remove lid, add nuts and half the coriander and stir well to combine. Garnish with the remaining coriander, and offer chutney and sliced tomatoes and onions with the dish.
Jane Smith
12:23 PM
This is delicious and I learnt something! Double Win!


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2 writes to HasSucceeded
Microsoft.PowerShell.Commands.Management (2)
commands\management\Computer.cs (2)
1966
computerchangeinfo.
HasSucceeded
= false;
1970
computerchangeinfo.
HasSucceeded
= true;
1 reference to HasSucceeded
Microsoft.PowerShell.Commands.Management (1)
commands\management\Computer.cs (1)
1642
return FormatLine(this.
HasSucceeded
.ToString(), this.ComputerName);


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Indicates if sidebar should listen to keyboard.
Boolean, default = true
If .keyboard property is set to true, the sidebar will add event listener to listen for
keyboard events. There are several keyboard keys linked to the sidebar actions:
- Arrow up - previous node
- Arrow down - next node
- Arrow right - expand node
- Arrow left - collapse node
This property can be defined during object creation:
Or any time after the sidebar has been created:
Internally, the feature is implemented by w2utils.keyboard object.
If there more then one sidebar on the screen and all of them have .keyboard set to true, then the last sidebar
where user selects a record will active keyboard listener.


Next: nth-value, Previous: values-list, Up: Data and Control Flow Dictionary
An integer not smaller than 20, the exact magnitude of which is implementation-dependent.
The upper exclusive bound on the number of values that may be returned from a function,
bound or assigned by multiple-value-bind or multiple-value-setq, or passed as a first argument to nth-value. (If these individual limits might differ, the minimum value is used.)
lambda-parameters-limit, call-arguments-limit
Implementors are encouraged to make this limit as large as possible.


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To honour the culture of the Gupta Empire, the pavilion will hold celebrations in correspondence with major events/milestones in the history of the empire. The pavilion will recognize official holidays in its designated country/state but it is not planned for the pavilion to hold an event or close or do something in that vein. However, the pavilion will recognize major Hindu holidays, since that was the main religion of the empire. Such holidays include, Diwali, Holi, Navratri, etc. Whether we will hold festivities of said major Hindu holidays is still not confirmed, but is very probable. Please stay informed as the official list of holidays recognized in the pavilion will be growing in the near future.
EPCOT Gupta Empire Pavilion Concept
EPCOT is a registered trademark of the Walt Disney Company.
This webpage is purely conceptual, and is not intended to represent or depict any actual event, person, or entity, and any such similarities are purely coincidental.


CWC discusses Maharashtra situation, final decision to be announced Friday
“A new government in Maharashtra should be in place before December.”
by PTIThe Congress Working Committee on Thursday granted in-principle approval to the party to form government in Maharashtra along with the NCP and the Shiv Sena, sources said.
The party’s highest decision-making body gave the nod during a meeting held to deliberate on the Maharashtra political scenario. The meeting was chaired by Congress president Sonia Gandhi and held at her 10, Janpath residence, they said.
After the meeting, Congress general secretary K.C. Venugopal told the media that the Congress Working Committee (CWC) was briefed about the party’s discussions with the Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) on Wednesday.
Congress sources said the final decision on the government formation in Maharashtra is expected by Friday.
“The CWC has broadly agreed to go ahead with government formation with the Shiv Sena and the NCP,” the source said.
“Another meeting between the Congress and the NCP will be held on Thursday and a final meeting with Shiv Sena will take place on Friday in Mumbai. The decision on government formation in Maharashtra will be announced in Mumbai on Friday,” the source said.
Senior Shiv Sena leader Sanjay Raut, who will meet NCP president Sharad Pawar later in the day, also exuded confidence that the two parties, along with the Congress, will arrive at a decision on government formation in a day or two.
He said a new government in Maharashtra should be in place before December.


Address: 127.127.30.u
Reference ID: GPS
Driver ID: ONCORE
Serial Port: /dev/oncore.serial.u; 9600 baud, 8-bits, no parity.
PPS Port: /dev/oncore.pps.u; PPS_CAPTUREASSERT required, PPS_OFFSETASSERT supported.
Configuration File: ntp.oncore, or ntp.oncore.u, or ntp.oncoreu, in /etc/ntp or /etc.
This driver supports most models of the Motorola Oncore GPS receivers (Basic, PVT6, VP, UT, UT+, GT, GT+, SL, M12, M12+T), as long as they support the Motorola Binary Protocol.
The interesting versions of the Oncore are the VP, the UT+, the "Remote" which is a prepackaged UT+, and the M12 Timing. The VP is no longer available new, and the UT, GT, and SL are at end-of-life. The Motorola evaluation kit can be recommended. It interfaces to a PC straightaway, using the serial (DCD) or parallel port for PPS input and packs the receiver in a nice and sturdy box. Less expensive interface kits are available from TAPR and Synergy.
|
|
|
|
The driver requires a standard PPS interface for the pulse-per-second output from the receiver. The serial data stream alone does not provide precision time stamps (0-50msec variance, according to the manual), whereas the PPS output is precise down to 50 nsec (1 sigma) for the VP/UT models and 25 nsec for the M12 Timing. If you do not have the PPS signal available, then you should probably be using the NMEA driver rather than the Oncore driver. Most of these are available on-line
The driver will use the "position hold" mode with user provided coordinates, the receivers built-in site-survey, or a similar algorithm implemented in this driver to determine the antenna position.
In addition, on platforms supporting Shared Memory, all of the messages received from the Oncore receiver are made available in shared memory for use by other programs. See the Oncore-SHMEM manual page for information on how to use this option. For either debugging or using the SHMEM option, an Oncore Reference Manual for the specific receiver in use will be required.
The driver was initially developed on FreeBSD, and has since been tested on Linux, SunOS and Solaris.
Configuration
There is a driver specific configuration file ntp.oncore (or ntp.oncore.u or ntp.oncoreu if you must distinguish between more than one Oncore receiver) that contains information on the startup mode, the location of the GPS receiver, an offset of the PPS signal from zero, and the cable delay. The offset shifts the PPS signal to avoid interrupt pileups `on' the second, and adjusts the timestamp accordingly. See the driver source for information on this file. The default with no file is: no delay, no offset, and a site survey is done to get the location of the gps receiver.
The following three options can be set in the driver specific configuration file only if the driver is using the PPSAPI. The edge of the PPS signal that is `on-time' can be set with the keywords [ASSERT/CLEAR] and the word HARDPPS will cause the PPS signal to control the kernel PLL.
Performance
Really good. With the VP/UT+, the generated PPS pulse is referenced to UTC(GPS) with better than 50 nsec (1 sigma) accuracy. The limiting factor will be the timebase of the computer and the precision with which you can timestamp the rising flank of the PPS signal. Using FreeBSD, a FPGA based Timecounter/PPS interface, and an ovenized quartz oscillator, that performance has been reproduced. For more details on this aspect: Sub-Microsecond timekeeping under FreeBSD.


| Number of Classes | Line Coverage | Mutation Coverage | Test Strength | Mutation Score |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | 82% | 25% | 44% | 14%
Killed: 4
Uncertain: 0
|
| Name | Line Coverage | Mutation Coverage | Test Strength | Mutation Score |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RandomPortGreenMailRule.java | 100% |
36% |
57% |
25%
Killed: 4
Uncertain: 0
|
| RandomPortServerSetup.java | 55% |
0% |
0% |
0%
Killed: 0
Uncertain: 0
|


{% include "scaffold/incbootstrap.html" %}
Select Conference
{% include "scaffold/topmenu.html" %}
Conference admin
Create conference
Dates
Name
Owner
State
{% for c in conferences: %}
{{ c.dates }}
{{ c.name }}
{% if c.user_rights().has_permission(name, "Creator"):%}Owner{%endif%}
{{ c.state() }}
{% endfor %}


updateNeofromCSV
CRUDapi
updateNeoFromCSV description
updateNeoFromMongo description
CSV data
Mappings
fileName
or
subGraph
update
getExistingMappings for this file
retrieve graph
match
retrieve
à
Node
attrs
label
subGraph
create
set
alter
delete
Relation
sourceNodeQuery
sourceNodeLabel
targetNodeQuery
targetNodeLabel
relType
relAttrs
create
delete
createNodeAndRelation
Node and Relation
Node attrs
Node label
subGraph
Relation sourceNodeQuery
Relation sourceNodeLabel
Relation relType
Relation attrs
createNodeAndRelation
messages


This is the official AtomicDEX mobile beta program channel -
Android: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.komodoplatform.atomicdex - iOS: https://testflight.apple.com/join/c2mOLEoC - Please use https://github.com/KomodoPlatform/atomicdex/issues for bug reports and feature requests. For critical security bug reports please do send us your encrypted (https://pgp.mit.edu/pks/lookup?op=get&search=0x379287998EE6CF47) report to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and allow up to 24h for reply. For atomicDEX API (mm2) related issue reports or feature requests please do use https://github.com/KomodoPlatform/atomicDEX-API/issues
I kept trying to put my full amount of Rick up for swap Enter details for initial swap amounts Proceed to next screen Go back This allows you to enter a coin amount on the first line without select...
@CrisF are you using the latest version?
0.1.53?
CrisF09-Aug-19 08:20 AM
0.1.5 - 15dcab0ee
Will update
Oszy09-Aug-19 08:21 AM
please uninstall and reinstall don't just update
what were you trying to swap?
CrisF09-Aug-19 08:30 AM
Ok
Trying BCH ETH
Oszy09-Aug-19 08:32 AM
ok let me know
CrisF09-Aug-19 08:45 AM
Hmm, 0.153 swap failed also.
Oszy09-Aug-19 08:49 AM
red screen?
CrisF09-Aug-19 08:49 AM
That didn't come up this time.
Oszy09-Aug-19 08:50 AM
Ok, I am going to report that on github regardless because it happened, you might have to send the logs to someone to see why it fails.
@Cris-F do you have failed swap or exception like above on 0.1.53?
If exception: what are the steps to reproduce?
If you have failed/stuck swaps please use this form: https://forms.gle/e18deJDGYB7M5Ek99
artem.pikulin09-Aug-19 11:55 AM
@CrisF Click on particular swap on History page and you will see this screen:
1
However it displays payments tx id/hashes only and doesn't display spends.


daterange-picker with delimiter @
daterange-picker with format pattern dd/MM/yyyy
daterange-picker with minDate 01/09/2019 and maxDate 01/11/2019
daterange-picker in Compact
daterange-picker with format pattern yyyy-MM-ddy
DateRange Picker with one date selected as first & last
DateRange Picker with no format pattern & min-max dates in ISO format


Neurokernel's long-term development planning is conducted via the composition and revision of Requests for Comments, or RFCs. First employed in the development of the Internet, RFCs are publicly accessible design proposals for major new components or features of a complex computing system. Anyone can write and submit a Neurokernel RFC for consideration; see this page on the project wiki for more information.
| Neurokernel RFC | DOI | Information | Discussion |
|---|---|---|---|
| #1 | Neurokernel: An Open Scalable Software Framework for Emulation and Validation of Drosophila Brain Models on Multiple GPUs, L.E. Givon, A.A. Lazar, February 2014 | Link | |
| #2 | The Cartridge: A Canonical Neural Circuit Abstraction of the Lamina Neuropil - Construction and Composition Rules, A.A. Lazar, N.H. Ukani and Y. Zhou, January 2014 | Link |
A LATEX template for the Neurokernel RFC can be found here: nk_rfc.tex.
Neurokernel's API documentation is available here.
Demonstrations of how to use Neurokernel are available as notebooks for the IPython interactive computing environment. All notebooks can be downloaded as part of Neurokernel's source code. The notebooks below hosted in various branches of the source code (see the project Wiki for more information about each branch).
| Demo | Information |
|---|---|
| How to use Neurokernel's API | Introduction to using Neurokernel's API. |
| Mapping a Network of LPUs onto Multiple GPUs | How to connect and execute several generic LPUs on multiple GPUs. |
| Olfaction Model | Depicts spikes generated by partial Drosophila antennal lobe model in response to a basic olfactory concentration stimulus. |
| Vision Model | Depicts membrane potentials of graded potential neurons in partial Drosophila vision system model generated in response to a basic visual input stimulus. |
| Sensory Integration | Depicts an example of how to integrate models of Drosophila's olfactory and vision systems into a model of multisensory coincidence detection. |
| Lamina Configuration | Depicts the configuration of Drosophila's Lamina model described in Neurokernel RFC #2. |
All the references associated with Neurokernel development are listed on BibSonomy.


depthTools: Depth Tools Package
depthTools is a package that implements different
statistical tools for the description and analysis of gene
expression data based on the concept of data depth, namely, the
scale curves for visualizing the dispersion of one or various
groups of samples (e.g. types of tumors), a rank test to decide
whether two groups of samples come from a single distribution
and two methods of supervised classification techniques, the DS
and TAD methods. All these techniques are based on the Modified
Band Depth, which is a recent notion of depth with a low
computational cost, what renders it very appropriate for high
dimensional data such as gene expression data.
| Version: |
0.4 |
| Depends: |
R (≥ 2.8.0) |
| Published: |
2013-06-13 |
| Author: |
Sara Lopez-Pintado and Aurora Torrente. |
| Maintainer: |
Aurora Torrente <etorrent at est-econ.uc3m.es> |
| License: |
GPL-2 | GPL-3 [expanded from: GPL (≥ 2)] |
| NeedsCompilation: |
no |
| CRAN checks: |
depthTools results |
Downloads:
Reverse dependencies:
Linking:
Please use the canonical form
https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=depthTools
to link to this page.


Looking for our adhoc data?
- We also produce data not included in our standard publications
Inflation measures the rate of increase in prices for goods and services using price indices. The rate of inflation used in the UK government’s inflation target is measured using the Consumer Prices Index (CPI). One way to understand the CPI is to think of a very large shopping basket containing a large selection of the goods and services bought by households, the CPI estimates changes to the total cost of this basket.
Measures of inflation data, including CPI, RPI, CPIH and RPIJ
Complete dataset covering all RPI statistics. Not a National Statistic.
Comprehensive dataset covering input and output index series
The Consumer Price Inflation is a monthly release that contains percentage changes and weights for the CPI, CPIH, RPI and RPIJ.
The ONS House Price Index (HPI) is a monthly release that publishes figures for mix-adjusted average house prices
A first estimate of retail sales in volume and value terms, seasonally and non-seasonally adjusted.
A comprehensive review on the UK economy, including the latest GDP estimate and other statistical outputs of ONS.
Membership and contributions, by contracted out status, is presented for private sector defined benefit occupational schemes.
Gives an overview of the cases ONS expects to decide over the next 12 months, in order of when they are expected to be completed.


View documents in websites right in your browser.
A simple and non annoying Flashlight app for Android.
A location based auto alert app server
Developer


To your knowledge, in the past two weeks, have you had close contact with someone diagnosed with Covid-19? *
Have you had any of these symptoms in the last 24 hours? *
When you took your temperature today, was it 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit (38.0 degrees Celsius) or higher? *
General Comments
* = Required fields
What is your location? *
* = Required fields
You've already filled out the assessment for today. Thank you so much for participating!


|
Simple C++ JSON Libray
|
The json_document class provides an interface for convenient json I/O operations. More...
#include <json_document.h>
Public Member Functions | |
| json_document (const std::string &filename, const json_variant &json_variant) | |
| Initializes the json document with the passed values. More... | |
| json_document (const std::string &filename) | |
Initializes the json document and sets the json_documents filename to filename . More... | |
| json_document () | |
| Initializes the json document with the default values. More... | |
| bool | open (const std::string &filename) |
Opens the file specified with filename and tries to parse the content as json. The json content can be afterwards accessed with json(). More... | |
| bool | open () |
Opens the file specified in the json_document attribute filename and tries to parse the content as json. The json content can be afterwards accessed with json(). More... | |
| bool | save (const std::string &filename, int indent=4) const |
Saves the current json_variant in the file referred in filename . More... | |
| bool | save (int indent=4) const |
| Saves the current json_variant under the current filename. More... | |
| bool | set_json (const std::string &raw_json_string) |
Parses the passed string raw_json_string into a json_variant. The json_variant can be accessed afterwards with json(). More... | |
| void | set_json (const json_variant &variant) |
Sets the internal json value to variant . More... | |
| void | set_filename (const std::string &filename) |
Sets the json_documents filename to filename . More... | |
| std::string | get_filename () const |
| Returns the current json_documents filename. More... | |
| json_variant & | json () |
| Returns a reference to the internally saved json_variant. More... | |
| json_variant | json () const |
| Returns a copy of the internally saved json_variant. More... | |
| void | close () |
| Closes the json document by overwriting the json_variant accessible via json() with the standard json_variant. | |
| json_document (const std::string &filename, const json_variant &json_variant) | |
| Initializes the json document with the passed values. More... | |
| json_document (const std::string &filename) | |
Initializes the json document and sets the json_documents filename to filename . More... | |
| json_document () | |
| Initializes the json document with the default values. More... | |
| bool | open (const std::string &filename) |
Opens the file specified with filename and tries to parse the content as json. The json content can be afterwards accessed with json(). More... | |
| bool | open () |
Opens the file specified in the json_document attribute filename and tries to parse the content as json. The json content can be afterwards accessed with json(). More... | |
| bool | save (const std::string &filename, int indent=4) const |
Saves the current json_variant in the file referred in filename . More... | |
| bool | save (int indent=4) const |
| Saves the current json_variant under the current filename. More... | |
| bool | set_json (const std::string &raw_json_string) |
Parses the passed string raw_json_string into a json_variant. The json_variant can be accessed afterwards with json(). More... | |
| void | set_json (const json_variant &variant) |
Sets the internal json value to variant . More... | |
| void | set_filename (const std::string &filename) |
Sets the json_documents filename to filename . More... | |
| std::string | get_filename () const |
| Returns the current json_documents filename. More... | |
| json_variant & | json () |
| Returns a reference to the internally saved json_variant. More... | |
| json_variant | json () const |
| Returns a copy of the internally saved json_variant. More... | |
| void | close () |
| Closes the json document by overwriting the json_variant accessible via json() with the standard json_variant. | |
Static Public Member Functions | |
| static bool | save (const std::string &filename, const json_variant &json, int indent=4) |
Saves the passed json_variant json in the file called filename . More... | |
| static bool | save (const std::string &filename, const json_variant &json, int indent=4) |
Saves the passed json_variant json in the file called filename . More... | |
The json_document class provides an interface for convenient json I/O operations.
| JSONLIB_NAMESPACE::json_document::json_document | ( | const std::string & | filename, |
| const json_variant & | json_variant | ||
| ) |
Initializes the json document with the passed values.
| filename | needs to be a file path. |
| json_variant | can be any json_variant. |
| JSONLIB_NAMESPACE::json_document::json_document | ( | const std::string & | filename | ) |
Initializes the json document and sets the json_documents filename to filename
.
| JSONLIB_NAMESPACE::json_document::json_document | ( | ) |
Initializes the json document with the default values.
| JSONLIB_NAMESPACE::json_document::json_document | ( | const std::string & | filename, |
| const json_variant & | json_variant | ||
| ) |
Initializes the json document with the passed values.
| filename | needs to be a file path. |
| json_variant | can be any json_variant. |
| JSONLIB_NAMESPACE::json_document::json_document | ( | const std::string & | filename | ) |
Initializes the json document and sets the json_documents filename to filename
.
| JSONLIB_NAMESPACE::json_document::json_document | ( | ) |
Initializes the json document with the default values.
| std::string JSONLIB_NAMESPACE::json_document::get_filename | ( | ) | const |
Returns the current json_documents filename.
| std::string JSONLIB_NAMESPACE::json_document::get_filename | ( | ) | const |
Returns the current json_documents filename.
| json_variant & JSONLIB_NAMESPACE::json_document::json | ( | ) |
Returns a reference to the internally saved json_variant.
| json_variant JSONLIB_NAMESPACE::json_document::json | ( | ) | const |
Returns a copy of the internally saved json_variant.
| json_variant& JSONLIB_NAMESPACE::json_document::json | ( | ) |
Returns a reference to the internally saved json_variant.
| json_variant JSONLIB_NAMESPACE::json_document::json | ( | ) | const |
Returns a copy of the internally saved json_variant.
| bool JSONLIB_NAMESPACE::json_document::open | ( | const std::string & | filename | ) |
Opens the file specified with filename
and tries to parse the content as json. The json content can be afterwards accessed with json().
| filename | needs to be a file path. |
| bool JSONLIB_NAMESPACE::json_document::open | ( | ) |
Opens the file specified in the json_document attribute filename
and tries to parse the content as json. The json content can be afterwards accessed with json().
filename
was already set. If no filename
was set the function will return false. | bool JSONLIB_NAMESPACE::json_document::open | ( | const std::string & | filename | ) |
Opens the file specified with filename
and tries to parse the content as json. The json content can be afterwards accessed with json().
| filename | needs to be a file path. |
| bool JSONLIB_NAMESPACE::json_document::open | ( | ) |
Opens the file specified in the json_document attribute filename
and tries to parse the content as json. The json content can be afterwards accessed with json().
filename
was already set. If no filename
was set the function will return false.
|
static |
Saves the passed json_variant json
in the file called filename
.
| filename | needs to be a file path. |
| json_variant | can be any json_variant but must be a valid json object (must contain a value). |
| indent | defines the spaces used for indentation. If the indent is set to 0 then no indentation and new lines will be created. |
| bool JSONLIB_NAMESPACE::json_document::save | ( | const std::string & | filename, |
| int | indent = 4 |
||
| ) | const |
Saves the current json_variant in the file referred in filename
.
| filename | needs to be a file path. |
| indent | defines the spaces used for indentation. If the indent is set to 0 then no indentation and no new lines will be created. |
| bool JSONLIB_NAMESPACE::json_document::save | ( | int | indent = 4 | ) | const |
Saves the current json_variant under the current filename.
| indent | defines the spaces used for indentation. If the indent is set to 0 then no indentation and no new lines will be created. |
|
static |
Saves the passed json_variant json
in the file called filename
.
| filename | needs to be a file path. |
| json_variant | can be any json_variant but must be a valid json object (must contain a value). |
| indent | defines the spaces used for indentation. If the indent is set to 0 then no indentation and new lines will be created. |
| bool JSONLIB_NAMESPACE::json_document::save | ( | const std::string & | filename, |
| int | indent = 4 |
||
| ) | const |
Saves the current json_variant in the file referred in filename
.
| filename | needs to be a file path. |
| indent | defines the spaces used for indentation. If the indent is set to 0 then no indentation and no new lines will be created. |
| bool JSONLIB_NAMESPACE::json_document::save | ( | int | indent = 4 | ) | const |
Saves the current json_variant under the current filename.
| indent | defines the spaces used for indentation. If the indent is set to 0 then no indentation and no new lines will be created. |
| void JSONLIB_NAMESPACE::json_document::set_filename | ( | const std::string & | filename | ) |
| void JSONLIB_NAMESPACE::json_document::set_filename | ( | const std::string & | filename | ) |
| bool JSONLIB_NAMESPACE::json_document::set_json | ( | const std::string & | raw_json_string | ) |
Parses the passed string raw_json_string
into a json_variant. The json_variant can be accessed afterwards with json().
| void JSONLIB_NAMESPACE::json_document::set_json | ( | const json_variant & | variant | ) |
Sets the internal json value to variant
.
| json_variant | can be any json_variant. |
| bool JSONLIB_NAMESPACE::json_document::set_json | ( | const std::string & | raw_json_string | ) |
Parses the passed string raw_json_string
into a json_variant. The json_variant can be accessed afterwards with json().
| void JSONLIB_NAMESPACE::json_document::set_json | ( | const json_variant & | variant | ) |
Sets the internal json value to variant
.
| json_variant | can be any json_variant. |


If we list all the natural numbers below 10 that are multiples of 3 or 5, we get 3, 5, 6 and 9. The sum of these multiples is 23.
Project Euler #1 source


Soaring tenaciously over the world and standing head and shoulders above our competitors, we have become a force to be reckoned with as chemical suppliers and have established ourselves as one of the top chemical companies in India. We have strengthened our base by forging a network of relationships with the most reputable suppliers from all over the world.


My Biography
I was born on July 3, 1958 in Guanabacoa, Cuba as Ricardo León Sánchez de Reinaldo. I'm married to Suzanne Sanchez. 5150 would be the IQ score for me from Dimension C-137.
I am a genius scientist, capable of creating complex scientific inventions, including brain-enhancing helmets, dream-invading devices, portals to several different dimensions, various energy weapons and force fields, and the world's first amusement park inside the body of a living human. My brilliance can be muddled by my jaded personal views and his alcoholic tendencies. I am easily bored and do not do well with routine. I regularly go to other dimensions to harvest resources and will often willingly kill aliens to get them. I am willing to be extremely brutal such as when people betray me or my life or those close to me are in danger. I am usually portrayed as homicidal and having a large disregard for life, enough that I came close to bombing the world with neutrinos while drunk.
This does not make me completely heartless, because I was startled or annoyed by the loss of life that I deem unnecessary, foolish, or unreasonable. I also was shocked and upset by people I was close to dying or nearly dying.
Contrary to popular belief, I am not a nihilist.  I care about maintaining relationships with others and holds the sentimental value of my family.
I tend to dislike people with authority and government officials. I refuse to join the Council of Ricks, because he views them as a government. I also call the guards at Intergalactic Customs "robots" and claims that I don't respect them, as I deem them bureaucrats and don't like "being told where to go and what to do".
Criminal Record
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Bioterrorism
I made a dysfunctional love potion that spread a flu-like virus to everyone in the world, which I tried to fix by making another virus including praying mantis DNA that caused them to rip apart and mutate into giant praying mantis monsters. I attempted to fix this, by using another potion, but this only made them mutate again, cronenberging the entire world. I couldn't fix the mutations in the end, and just left the dimension with Morty (my grandson), leaving all of the mutated humans behind.
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Child Abuse
I take Morty along with me on all of my adventures.
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Corpse Mutilation
In "Pickle Rick", I ripped apart the bodies of multiple rats and cockroaches and reassembled them into a suit.
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Felony Murder
Through the course of my adventures, many people have died as a direct or indirect result of my actions. These deaths were usually during the commission of various other serious crimes I was committing, including felony evasion, smuggling, fraud, etc.
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Illegal Arms Dealing
I have been selling weapons to a hitman for a long time, also hiring him to kill various living beings.
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Murder
Outside of all of the hostile aliens me killed, I have killed multiple innocent beings too. I ran around with an axe and killed several living versions of my self at different ages, including a baby, a young child, a young adult, and a full adult (although this could also fall under suicide, since they were my own clones).
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Prison Escape
I broke out of the Galactic Federation Prison, killed many of the guards, and finally, blew the entire place up, which in turn, must have freed any other prisoners, assuming any survived the explosion.