C++ Programming
Style Guidelines for OpenMD-1.0
Version 1.0, September 2004
OpenMD Developement Team Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
University of Notre Dame
Notre Dame, IN 46556
The original document is available at http://geosoft.no/development/cppstyle.html
Table of Content
1 Introduction
This document lists C++ coding recommendations common in
the C++ development community.
The recommendations are based on established standards
collected from a number of sources, individual experience, local
requirements/needs, as well as suggestions given in [1] - [4].
There are several reasons for introducing a new guideline
rather than just referring to the ones above. Main reason is that these
guides are far too general in their scope and that more specific rules
(especially naming rules) need to be established. Also, the present guide has
an annotated form that makes it far easier to use during project code reviews
than most other existing guidelines. In addition, programming recommendations
generally tend to mix style issues with language technical issues in a
somewhat confusing manner. The present document does not contain any C++
technical recommendations at all, but focuses mainly on programming style.
For guidelines on C++ programming style
refer to the C++ Programming Practice
Guidelines.
While a given development environment (IDE) can improve
the readability of code by access visibility, color coding, automatic
formatting and so on, the programmer should never rely on such features. Source code should always be
considered larger than the
IDE it is developed within and should be written in a way
that maximize its readability independent of any IDE.
1.1 Layout
of the Recommendations.
The recommendations are grouped by topic and each
recommendation is numbered to make it easier to refer to during reviews.
Layout of the recommendations is as follows:
|
Guideline short description
|
|
Good example if
applicable
|
Bad example if applicable |
|
Motivation, background and additional information.
|
The motivation section is important. Coding standards and
guidelines tend to start "religious wars", and it is important to
state the background for the recommendation.
1.2 Recommendation Importance
In the guideline sections the terms must, should
and can have special meaning. A must requirement must be
followed, a should is a strong
recommendation, and a can is a general guideline.
2 General
Recommendations
|
1. Any violation to the guide is allowed if it enhances readability.
|
|
|
|
The main goal of the recommendation is to improve readability and
thereby the understanding and the maintainability and general quality of
the code. It is impossible to cover all the specific cases in a general
guide and the programmer should be flexible.
|
|
2. The rules can be violated if there are strong personal objections
against them.
|
|
|
|
The attempt is to make a guideline, not to force a particular coding
style onto individuals. Experienced programmers normally want adopt a style
like this anyway, but having one, and at least requiring everyone to get
familiar with it, usually makes people start thinking about programming style and evaluate their own
habits in this area.
On the other hand, new and inexperienced programmers
normally use a style guide as a convenience of getting into the programming
jargon more easily.
|
3 Naming Conventions
3.1 General Naming Conventions
|
3. Names representing types must be in mixed case starting with
upper case.
|
|
Line,
SavingsAccount
|
|
Common practice in the C++ development community.
|
|
4. Variable names must be in mixed case starting with lower case.
|
|
line,
savingsAccount
|
|
Common practice in the C++ development community. Makes variables
easy to distinguish from types, and effectively resolves potential naming
collision as in the declaration Line line;
|
|
5. Named constants (including enumeration values) must be all uppercase
using underscore to separate words.
|
|
MAX_ITERATIONS,
COLOR_RED, PI
|
|
Common practice in the C++ development community. In general, the
use of such constants should be minimized. In many cases implementing the
value as a method is a better choice:
int getMaxIterations() // NOT: MAX_ITERATIONS = 25
{
return 25;
}
This form is both easier to read, and it ensures a
unified interface towards class values.
|
|
6. Names representing methods or functions must be verbs and written in
mixed case starting with lower case.
|
|
getName(),
computeTotalWidth()
|
|
Common practice in the C++ development community. This is identical
to variable names, but functions in C++ are already distingushable from
variables by their specific form.
|
|
7. Names representing namespaces should be all lowercase.
|
|
analyzer,
iomanager, mainwindow
|
|
Common practice in the C++ development community.
|
|
8. Names representing template types should be a single uppercase letter.
|
|
template<typename
T> ...
template<typename
C, typename D> ...
|
|
Common practice in the C++ development community. This makes
template names stand out relative to all other names used.
|
|
9. Abbreviations and acronyms must not be uppercase when used as name [4].
|
|
exportHtmlSource();
openDvdPlayer();
|
exportHTMLSource();
openDVDPlayer(); |
|
Using all uppercase for the base name will give conflicts with the
naming conventions given above. A variable of this type whould have to be
named dVD, hTML etc. which obviously is not very readable. Another problem
is illustrated in the examples above; When the name is connected to
another, the readbility is seriously reduced; the word following the
abbreviation does not stand out as it should.
|
|
10. Global variables should always be referred to using the
:: operator.
|
|
::mainWindow.open(),
::applicationContext.getName()
|
|
In general, the use of global variables should be avoided. Consider
using singleton objects instead.
|
|
11. Private class variables should have underscore suffix.
|
|
class
SomeClass {
private:
int length_;
}
|
|
Apart from its name and its type, the scope of a variable is its most important feature.
Indicating class scope by using underscore makes it easy to distinguish
class variables from local scratch variables. This is important because
class variables are considered to have higher significance than method
variables, and should be treated with special care by the programmer.
A side effect of the underscore naming convention is
that it nicely resolves the problem of finding reasonable variable names
for setter methods and constructors:
void setDepth (int depth)
{
depth_ = depth;
}
An issue is whether the underscore should be added as a
prefix or as a suffix. Both practices are commonly used, but the latter is
recommended because it seem to best preserve the
readability of the name.
It should be noted that scope identification in
variables has been a controversial issue for quite some time. It seems,
though, that this practice now is gaining acceptance and that it is
becoming more and more common as a convention in the professional
development community.
|
|
12. Generic variables should have the same name as their type.
|
|
void
setTopic (Topic *topic)
void
connect (Database *database)
|
void setTopic (Topic *value)
void setTopic (Topic *aTopic)
void setTopic (Topic *x)
void connect (Database *db)
void connect (Database *oracleDB) |
|
Reduce complexity by reducing the number of terms and names used.
Also makes it easy to deduce the type given a variable name only.
If for some reason this convention doesn't seem to fit it is a strong indication that
the type name is badly chosen.
Non-generic variables have a role. These variables can often be
named by combining role and type:
Point startingPoint, centerPoint;
Name
loginName;
|
|
13. Variables with a large scope should have long names, variables with a
small scope can have short names [1].
|
|
|
|
Scratch variables used for temporary storage or indices are best
kept short. A programmer reading such variables should be able to assume
that its value is not used outside a few lines of code. Common scratch
variables for integers are i,
j, k, m,
n and for characters c and d.
|
|
14. The name of the object is implicit, and should be avoided in a method
name.
|
|
line.getLength();
// NOT: line.getLineLength();
|
|
The latter seems natural in the class declaration, but proves
superfluous in use, as shown in the example.
|
3.2 Specific Naming Conventions
|
15. The terms get/set must be used where an attribute is
accessed directly.
|
|
employee.getName();
matrix.getElement (2, 4);
employee.setName
(name); matrix.setElement (2, 4, value);
|
|
Common practice in the C++ development community. In Java this
convention has become more or less standard.
|
|
16. The term compute can be used in methods where something is
computed.
|
|
valueSet->computeAverage();
matrix->computeInverse()
|
|
Give the reader the immediate clue that this is a potential time
consuming operation, and if used repeatedly, he might consider caching the
result. Consistent use of the term enhances readability.
|
|
17. The term find can be used in methods where something is looked
up.
|
|
vertex.findNearestVertex();
matrix.findMinElement();
|
|
Give the reader the immediate clue that this is a simple look up
method with a minimum of computations involved. Consistent use of the term
enhances readability.
|
|
18. The term initialize can be used where an object or a concept is
established.
|
|
printer.initializeFontSet();
|
|
The american initialize should be preferred over the english initialise.
Abbreviation init should be avoided.
|
|
19. Variables representing GUI components should be suffixed by the
component type name.
|
|
mainWindow,
propertiesDialog, widthScale, loginText, leftScrollbar, mainForm, fileMenu,
minLabel, exitButton, yesToggle etc.
|
|
Enhances readability since the name gives the user an immediate clue
of the type of the variable and thereby the objects resources.
|
|
20. The suffix List can be used on names representing a list of
objects.
|
|
vertex (one
vertex), vertexList
(a
list of vertices)
|
|
Enhances readability since the name gives the user an immediate clue
of the type of the variable and the operations that can be performed on the
object.
Simply using the plural form of the base class name for
a list (matrixElement (one
matrix element), matrixElements (list of matrix elements)) shoul be avoided since the two only
differ in a single character and are thereby difficult to distinguish.
A list in this context is the compound data type
that can be traversed backwards, forwards, etc. (typically an STL vector). A plain array is simpler. The suffix Array can be used
to denote an array of objects.
|
|
21. The prefix n should be used for variables representing a number
of objects.
|
|
nPoints,
nLines
|
|
The notation is taken from mathematics where it is an established
convention for indicating a number of objects.
|
|
22.The suffix No should be used for
variables representing an entity number.
|
|
tableNo,
employeeNo
|
|
The notation is taken from mathematics where it is an established
convention for indicating an entity number.
An elegant alternative is to prefix such variables with
an i:
iTable, iEmployee. This effectively
makes them named iterators.
|
|
23. Iterator variables should be called i,
j, k etc.
|
|
for (int i
= 0; i < nTables); i++) {
:
}
vector<MyClass>::iterator
i;
for
(i = list.begin(); i != list.end(); i++) {
Element element = *i;
...
}
|
|
The notation is taken from mathematics where it is an established
convention for indicating iterators.
|
|
24. The prefix is should be used for boolean variables and
methods.
|
|
isSet,
isVisible, isFinished, isFound, isOpen
|
|
Common practice in the C++ development community and partially
enforced in Java.
Using the is prefix
solves a common problem of choosing bad boolean names like status or flag. isStatus or isFlag simply
doesn't fit, and the programmer is forced to choose more meaningful names.
There are a few alternatives to the is prefix that fits better in
some situations. These are the has,
can and should prefixes:
bool hasLicense();
bool canEvaluate();
bool shouldSort();
|
|
25. Complement names must be used for complement operations [1].
|
|
get/set,
add/remove, create/destroy, start/stop, insert/delete, increment/decrement,
old/new, begin/end, first/last, up/down, min/max, next/previous, old/new,
open/close, show/hide, suspend/resume, etc.
|
|
Reduce complexity by symmetry.
|
|
26. Abbreviations in names should be avoided.
|
|
computeAverage();
|
compAvg(); |
|
There are two types of words to consider. First are the common words
listed in a language dictionary. These must never
be abbreviated. Never write:
cmd instead of command
cp instead of
copy
pt instead of
point
comp instead of
compute
init instead of
initialize
etc.
Then there are domain specific phrases that are more
naturally known through their abbreviations/acronym. These phrases should
be kept abbreviated. Never write:
HypertextMarkupLanguage instead
of html
CentralProcessingUnit instead
of cpu
PriceEarningRatio instead of pe
etc.
|
|
27. Naming pointers specifically should be avoided.
|
|
Line
*line;
|
Line *pLine;
Line *linePtr |
|
Many variables in a C/C++ environment are pointers, so a convention
like this is almost impossible to follow. Also objects in C++ are often
oblique types where the specific implementation should be ignored by the
programmer. Only when the actual type of an object is of special
significance, the name should empahsize the type.
|
|
28. Negated boolean variable names must be avoided.
|
|
bool
isError;
bool
isFound;
|
bool isNoError
bool isNotFound |
|
The problem arises when such a name is used in conjunction with the
logical negation operator as this results in a
double negative. It is not immediately apparent what !isNotFound means.
|
|
29. Enumeration constants can be prefixed by a common type name.
|
|
enum Color
{
COLOR_RED,
COLOR_GREEN,
COLOR_BLUE
};
|
|
This gives additional information of where the declaration can be
found, which constants belongs together, and what
concept the constants represent.
An alternative approach is to always refer to the
constants through their common type: Color::RED, Airline::AIR_FRANCE
etc.
|
|
30. Exception classes should be suffixed with Exception.
|
|
class
AccessException {
:
}
|
|
Exception classes are really not part of the main design of the
program, and naming them like this makes them stand out relative to the
other classes.
|
|
31. Functions (methods returning something) should be named after what they
return and procedures (void methods) after what they do.
|
|
|
|
Increase readability. Makes it clear what the unit should do and
especially all the things it is not supposed to do. This again makes it
easier to keep the code clean of side effects.
|
4 Files
4.1 Source Files
|
32. C++ header files should have the extension .hpp. Source
files can have the extension .cpp (recommend), .cc, .c++ or .C. And all of the file names shold be capitalized.
|
|
MyClass.hpp
MyClass.cpp |
myClass.hpp
myClass.cpp |
|
These are all accepted C++ standards for file extension.
|
|
33. A class should be declared in a header file and defined in a source file
where the name of the files match the name of the
class.
|
|
MyClass.hpp,
MyClass.cpp
|
|
Makes it easy to find the associated files of a given class. This
convention is enforced in Java and has become very successful as such.
|
|
34. All definitions should reside in source files.
|
|
class
MyClass
{
public:
int getValue () {return value_;} // NO!
...
private:
int value_;
}
|
|
The header files should declare an interface,
the source file should implement it. When looking for an implementation,
the programmer should always know that it is found in the source file. The
obvious exception to this rule is of course inline functions that must be
defined in the header file.
|
|
35. File content must be kept within 80 columns.
|
|
|
|
80 columns is a common dimension for editors, terminal emulators,
printers and debuggers, and files that are shared between several people
should keep within these constraints. It improves readability when
unintentional line breaks are avoided when passing a file between
programmers.
|
|
36. Special characters like TAB and page break must be avoided.
|
|
|
|
These characters are bound to cause problem for editors, printers,
terminal emulators or debuggers when used in a multi-programmer,
multi-platform environment. Xemacs inserts hard TAB into files which should be avoided
Indent everything to 4 spaces |
|
37. The incompleteness of split lines must be made obvious [1].
|
|
totalSum =
a + b + c +
d + e;
function
(param1, param2,
param3);
setText
("Long line split"
"into two parts.");
for
(tableNo = 0; tableNo < nTables;
tableNo += tableStep)
|
|
Split lines occurs when a
statement exceed the 80 column limit given above. It is difficult to give
rigid rules for how lines should be split, but the examples above should
give a general hint.
In general:
- Break after a comma.
- Break after an operator.
- Align the new line with the
beginning of the expression on the previous line.
|
4.2 Include Files and
Include Statements
|
38. Header files must include a construction that prevents multiple inclusion. The convention is an all uppercase
construction of the module name, the file name and the hpp suffix.
|
|
#ifndef MOD_FILENAME_HPP
#define
MOD_FILENAME_HPP
:
#endif
|
#ifndef _MOD_FILENAME_HPP_
#define _MOD_FILENAME_HPP_
:
#endif |
|
The construction is to avoid compilation errors. The name convention
is common practice. The construction should appear in the top of the file
(before the file header) so file parsing is aborted immediately and
compilation time is reduced.
|
|
39. Include statements should be sorted and grouped. Sorted by their
hierarchical position in the system with low level files included first.
Leave an empty line between groups of include statements.
|
|
#include
<fstream>
#include
<iomanip>
#include
<Xm/Xm.h>
#include
<Xm/ToggleB.h>
#include
"ui/PropertiesDialog.h"
#include
"ui/MainWindow.h"
|
|
In addition to show the reader the individual include files, it also
give an immediate clue about the modules that are involved.
Include file paths must never be absolute. Compiler
directives should instead be used to indicate root directories for
includes.
|
|
40. Include statements must be located at the top of a file only.
|
|
|
|
Common practice. Avoid unwanted compilation side effects by
"hidden" include statements deep into a source file.
|
5 Statements
5.1 Types
|
41. Types that are local to one file only can be declared inside
that file.
|
|
|
|
Enforces information hiding.
|
|
42. The parts of a class must be sorted public, protected and private
[2][3]. All sections must be identified
explicitly. Not applicable sections should be left out.
|
|
|
|
The ordering is "most public first" so people who
only wish to use the class can stop reading when they reach the protected/private sections.
|
|
43. Type conversions must always be done explicitly. Never rely on implicit
type conversion.
|
|
floatValue = static_cast<float> (intValue); // YES!
|
floatValue = intValue; // NO! |
|
By this, the programmer indicates that he is aware of the different
types involved and that the mix is intentional.
|
5.2 Variables
|
44. Variables should be initialized where they are declared.
|
int x = 10;
int y = 20;
|
int x;
int y;
x = 10;
y = 20; |
|
This ensures that variables are valid at any time. Sometimes it is
impossible to initialize a variable to a valid value where it is declared:
int x, y, z;
getCenter
(&x, &y, &z);
In these cases it should be left uninitialized rather
than initialized to some phony value.
|
|
45. Variables must never have dual meaning.
|
|
|
|
Enhance readability by ensuring all concepts are represented
uniquely. Reduce chance of error by side effects.
|
|
46. Use of global variables should be minimized.
|
|
|
|
In C++ there is no reason global variables
need to be used at all. The same is true for global functions or file scope
(static) variables.
|
|
47. Class variables should never be declared public.
|
|
|
|
The concept of C++ information hiding and encapsulation is violated
by public variables. Use private variables and access functions instead.
One exception to this rule is when the class is essentially a data
structure, with no behavior (equivalent to a C struct). In this case it is appropriate
to make the class' instance variables public [2].
Note that structs are kept in C++ for
compatibility with C only, and avoiding them increases the readability of
the code by reducing the number of constructs used. Use a class instead.
|
|
48. Related variables of the same type can be declared in a common statement
[3].
Unrelated variables should not be declared in the same statement.
|
|
float
x, y, z;
float
revenueJanuary, revenueFebruary, revenueMarch; |
|
The common requirement of having declarations on separate lines is
not useful in the situations like the ones above. It enhances readability
to group variables like this.
|
|
49. C++ pointers and references should have their reference symbol next to the variable namerather than to the type name[3]. |
|
float *x;
int &y;
|
float* x;
int& y; |
|
It is debatable whether a pointer is a variable of a pointer type
(float* x) or a pointer to a given type
(float *x). Important in the recommendation given though is the fact
that it is impossible to declare more than one pointer in a given statement
using the first approach. I.e. float* x, y, z; is equivalent with float *x;
float y; float z; The same goes for references.
|
|
50. The const keyword should be
listed before the type name.
|
|
void f1
(const Widget *v);
|
void f1 (Widget const *v); |
|
Neither is better nor worse, but since the former is more commonly
used that should be the convention.
|
|
51. Implicit test for 0 should not be used other than for boolean
variables.
|
|
if (nLines
!= 0)
if
(value != 0.0)
if (pointer != NULL)
if (!isBool) |
if (nLines)
if (value)
if (!pointer)
if (isBool != false) |
|
It is not necessarily defined by the compiler that ints and floats 0
are implemented as binary 0. Also, by using explicit test the statement
give immediate clue of the type being tested. It is common also to suggest
that pointers shouldn't test implicit for 0 either, i.e. if (line == 0) instead of if (line). The latter is regarded as such
a common practice in C/C++ however that it can be used.
|
|
52. Variables should be declared in the smallest scope possible.
|
|
|
|
Keeping the operations on a variable within a small scope, it is
easier to control the effects and side effects of the variable.
|
5.3 Loops
|
53. Only loop control statements must be included in the for() construction.
|
|
sum = 0;
for
(i = 0; i < 100; i++)
sum += value[i];
|
for (i = 0; sum = 0; i < 100; i++)
sum += value[i]; |
|
Increase maintainability and readability. Make it crystal clear what
controls the loop and what the loop contains.
|
|
54. Loop variables should be initialized
immediately before the loop.
|
|
isDone =
false;
while
(!isDone) {
:
}
|
bool isDone = false;
:
while (!isDone) {
:
} |
|
|
|
55. do-while loops can be avoided.
|
|
|
|
do-while loops are less
readable than ordinary while loops and for loops since the conditional is
at the bottom of the loop. The reader must scan the entire loop in order to
understand the scope of the loop.
In addition, do-while loops are not needed. Any do-while loop can easily be rewritten into a while loop or a for loop. Reducing the
number of constructs used enhance readbility.
|
|
56. The use of break and continue in loops should be
avoided.
|
|
|
|
These constructs can be compared to goto and they should only be
used if they prove to have higher readability than their structured
counterpart.
|
|
57. The form while(true) should be used for
infinite loops.
|
|
while
(true) {
:
}
|
for (;;) { // NO!
:
}
while (1) { // NO!
:
} |
|
Testing against 1 is neither necessary nor meaningful. The form for (;;) is not very readable, and it is
not apparent that this actually is an infinite loop.
|
5.4 Conditionals
|
58. The nominal case should be put in the if-part and the exception
in the else-part of an if statement [1].
|
|
isError =
readFile (fileName);
if
(!isError) {
:
} else
{
:
}
|
|
Makes sure that the exceptions don't obscure the normal path of
execution. This is important for both the readability and performance.
|
|
59. The conditional should be put on a separate line.
|
|
if
(isDone)
doCleanup();
|
if (isDone) doCleanup(); |
|
This is for debugging purposes. When writing on a single line, it is
not apparent whether the test is really true or not.
|
|
60. Executable statements in conditionals must be avoided.
|
|
fileHandle
= open (fileName, "w");
if
(!fileHandle) {
:
}
|
if (!(fileHandle = open (fileName, "w"))) {
:
} |
|
Conditionals with executable statements are just very difficult to
read. This is especially true for programmers new to C/C++.
|
5.5 Template
|
61. typename instead of class should be used in template declaration |
|
template <typename T>
inline const T& max (const T &a, const T &b);
|
template <class T>
inline const T& max (const T &a, const T &b); |
|
Semantically there is no difference in this context. So, even if you use class here, any type may be used for template arguments. However, because this use of class can be misleading (not only class types can be substituted for T ). Thus, we prefer the use of typename in this context.
template <typename T, template<T*> class Buf>
class Structure;
If template declaration involves template template parameter, use class instead. |
|
62. template keyword and its parameter must occupy at least one line |
|
template<typename T>
somefunc(T); |
template<typename T> somefunc(T); |
|
|
5.6 Miscellaneous
|
63. The use of magic numbers in the code should be avoided. Numbers other than 0 and 1 should be considered declared as named constants instead. |
|
|
|
If the number does not have an obvious meaning by itself, the readability is enhanced by introducing a named constant instead. A different approach is to introduce a method from which the constant can be accessed. |
|
64. Floating point constants should always be written with decimal
point and at least one decimal.
|
|
double
total = 0.0; // NOT: double total = 0;
double
speed = 3.0e8; // NOT: double speed = 3e8;
double
sum;
:
sum =
(a + b) * 10.0;
|
|
This empasize the different nature of integer and floating point
numbers even if their values might happen to be the same in a specific case.
Also, as in the last example above, it emphasize the type of the assigned variable (sum) at a point in the code where this might not be evident.
|
|
65. Floating point constants should always be written with a digit before
the decimal point.
|
|
double
total = 0.5; // NOT: double total = .5;
|
|
The number and expression system in C++ is borrowed from mathematics
and one should adhere to mathematical conventions for syntax wherever
possible. Also, 0.5 is a lot more readable than .5; There is no way it can
be mixed with the integer 5.
|
|
66. Functions must always have the return value explicitly listed.
|
|
int
getValue() { // NOT: getValue()
:
}
|
|
If not exlicitly listed, C++ implies int return value for functions. A programmer must
never rely on this feature, since this might be confusing for programmers
not aware of this artifact.
|
|
67. goto should not be used.
|
|
|
|
Goto statements violates the idea of
structured code. Only in some very few cases (for instance breaking out of
deeply nested structures) should goto be considered, and only if the
alternative structured counterpart is proven to be less readable.
|
|
68. "0" should be used instead of "NULL".
|
|
|
|
NULLis part of the
standard C library, but is made obsolete in C++.
|
6 Layout and White Space
6.1 Layout
|
69. Basic indentation should be 4.
|
|
for (i =
0; i < nElements; i++)
a[i] = 0;
|
|
Indentation of 1 is to small to emphasize
the logical layout of the code. Indentation larger than 4 makes deeply
nested code difficult to read and increase the chance that the lines must
be split. Choosing between indentation of 2, 3 and 4,
2 and 4 are the more common, we prefer 4.
|
|
70. Block layout should be as illustrated in example 1 below
, and must not be as shown in example 2.
|
|
while
(!done) {
doSomething();
done = moreToDo();
}
|
while
(!done)
{
doSomething();
done = moreToDo();
}
while
(!done)
{
doSomething();
done = moreToDo();
} |
|
Example 3 introduce an extra indentation level which
doesn't emphasize the logical structure of the code as clearly as example 1
and 2.
|
|
71. The class declarations should
have the following form:
|
|
class
SomeClass : public BaseClass {
public:
...
protected:
...
private:
...
}
|
|
This follows partly from the general block rule above. Must follow the order of these access keyword, public comes first, and then protected and private
|
|
72. The function declarations should have the following form:
|
|
void
someMethod() {
...
}
|
|
This follows from the general block rule above.
|
|
73. The if-else class of statements
should have the following form:
|
|
if
(condition) {
statements;
}
if
(condition) {
statements;
} else
{
statements;
}
if
(condition) {
statements;
} else if
(condition) {
statements;
} else
{
statements;
}
|
|
|
|
74. A for statement should
have the following form:
|
|
for
(initialization; condition; update) {
statements;
}
|
|
This follows from the general block rule above.
|
|
75. An empty for statement should
have the following form:
|
|
for
(initialization; condition; update)
;
|
|
This emphasize the fact that the for
statement is empty and it makes it obvious for the reader that this is
intentional. Empty loops should be avoided however.
|
|
76. A while statement should
have the following form:
|
|
while
(condition) {
statements;
}
|
|
This follows from the general block rule above.
|
|
77. A do-while statement should
have the following form:
|
|
do {
statements;
}
while (condition);
|
|
This follows from the general block rule above.
|
|
78. A switch statement should
have the following form:
|
|
switch
(condition) {
case ABC :
statements;
break;
default :
statements;
break;
}
|
|
Note that each case keyword is indented
relative to the switch statement as a whole. This makes the entire switch
statement stand out. Note also the extra space before the
: character. The explicit Fallthrough comment should
be included whenever there is a case statement without a break statement. Leaving the break out is a common error, and it
must be made clear that it is intentional when it is not there.
|
|
79. A try-catch statement should
have the following form:
|
|
try {
statements;
} catch
(Exception &exception) {
statements;
}
|
|
This follows partly from the general block rule above. The discussion about closing brackets for if-else
statements apply to the try-catch statments.
|
|
80. Single statement if-else, for or while statements can be written without brackets.
|
|
if (condition)
statement;
while
(condition)
statement;
for (initialization;
condition; update)
statement;
|
|
It is a common recommendation (Sun Java recommendation included)
that brackets should always be used in all these cases. However, brackets
are in general a language construct that groups several statements.
Brackets are per definition superfluous on a single statement.
|
|
81. The function return type can be put in the left column immediately above
the function name.
|
|
void MyClass::myMethod () {
:
}
|
|
This makes it easier to spot function names within a file since one
can assume that they all start in the first column.
|
6.2 White Space
|
82.
- Conventional operators should be surrounded by a space character.
- C++ reserved words should be followed by a white space.
- Commas should be followed by a white space.
- Colons should be surrounded by white space.
- Semicolons in for statments should be followed by a space character.
|
|
a = (b +
c) * d;
while
(true) {
doSomething
(a, b, c, d);
case
100 :
for
(i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
|
a=(b+c)*d
while(true) ...
doSomething (a,b,c,d);
case 100:
for (i=0;i<10;i++){ |
|
Makes the individual components of the statements stand out.
Enhances readability. It is difficult to give a complete list of the
suggested use of whitespace in C++ code. The examples above however should
give a general idea of the intentions.
|
|
83. Logical units within a block should be separated by one blank line.
|
|
|
|
Enhance readability by introducing white space between logical units
of a block.
|
|
84. Variables in declarations should be left aligned.
|
|
AsciiFile
*file;
int
nPoints;
float
x, y;
|
|
Enhance readability. The variables are easier to spot from the types
by alignment.
|
7 Comments and Documentation
7.1 Comment
|
85. Use // for all comments, including multi-line comments.
|
|
// Comment
spanning
//
more than one line.
|
|
Since multilevel C-commenting is not supported, using // comments
ensure that it is always possible to comment out entire sections of a file
using /* */ for debugging purposes etc.
There should be a space between the "//" and
the actual comment, and comments should always start with an upper case
letter and end with a period.
|
|
86. Comments should be included relative to their position in the code. [1]
|
|
while
(true) {
// Do something
something();
}
|
while (true) {
// Do something
something();
}
|
|
This is to avoid that the comments break the logical structure of
the program.
|
7.2 Documentation
|
87. Documentation style should follow Doxygen conventions
|
|
|
|
Regarding standardized class and method documentation the Java
development community is far more mature than the C++. This is of course
becuase Java includes a tool for extracting such comments and produce high
quality hypertext documentation from it.
There have never been a common convention for writing this kind of
documentation in C++, so when choosing between inventing your own
convention, and using an existing one, the latter option seem natural. As
one of the most popular documentation tools for C++, Doxygen become our primary
choice.
|
|
88. Documentation
block style
|
|
/**
* …
text …
*/
|
|
In Doxygen, there are several valid way to mark a documentation
block, we prefer the java style
|
|
89. @ tag convention should be used |
|
@author
\authour
|
|
Doxygen support two kinds of tag conventions which begin with
“\” or “@”. Both of them are equivalent, however,
we prefer the java style
One obviuos exception is using Latex to represent formula |
|
90. File Documentation |
/*
* Copyright (C) 2000-2009 The Open Molecular Dynamics Engine (OpenMD) project
*
* Contact<EMAIL_ADDRESS>*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License
* as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1
* of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
* All we ask is that proper credit is given for our work, which includes
* - but is not limited to - adding the above copyright notice to the beginning
* of your source code files, and to any copyright notice that you may distribute
* with programs based on this work.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
* along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
*
*/
/**
* @file StringTokenizer.hpp
* @author tlin
* @date 09/20/2004
* @time 11:30am
* @version 1.0
*/ |
|
|
|
91. Variable (include class member variable, struct member variable, union member variable and enum member variable) should be documented right after its declaration |
|
vector<int>::iterator i; /**< iterator */
|
|
Although Doxygen support several kinds of variable documentation, we prefer /**< ... */ |
|
92. Class, Struct, Union, typedef and function (include class member function) should be documented right before their declaration |
|
|
|
|
|
93. Class Documentation |
|
/**
* @class StringTokenizer StringTokenizer.hpp "util/StringTokenizer.hpp"
*
* @brief The string tokenizer class allows an application to break a string into tokens
*
* The set of delimiters (the characters that separate tokens) may be specified either
* at creation time or on a per-token basis.
* An instance of StringTokenizer behaves in one of two ways, depending on whether it was
* created with the returnTokens flag having the value true or false.
*/
class StringTokenizer{
public:
/**
* Constructs a string tokenizer for the specified string. The characters in the delim argument
* are the delimiters for separating tokens. characters are skipped and only serve as
* separators between tokens.
* @param str a string to be parsed.
* @param delim the delimiters, default value is "\t\n\r".
*/
StringTokenizer(const std::string &str, const std::string &delim = "\t\n\r");
/**
* Constructs a string tokenizer for the specified string. The characters in the delim argument
* are the delimiters for separating tokens.
* If the returnTokens flag is true, then the delimiter characters are also returned as tokens.
* Each delimiter is returned as a string of length one. If the flag is false, the delimiter
* characters are skipped and only serve as separators between tokens.
* @param str a string to be parsed.
* @param delim the delimiters.
* @param returnTokens flag indicating whether to return the delimiters as tokens.
*/
StringTokenizer(const std::string& str, const std::string& delim, bool returnTokens);
/**
* Calculates the number of times that this tokenizer's nextToken method can be called
* before it generates an exception.
*
* @return the number of tokens remaining in the string using the current delimiter set.
*/
int countTokens();
/**
* Tests if there are more tokens available from this tokenizer's string.
*
* @return true if there are more tokens available from this tokenizer's string, false otherwise
*/
bool hasMoreTokens();
/**
* Returns the next token from this string tokenizer.
*
* @return the next token from this string tokenizer.
*
* @exception NoSuchElementException if there are no more tokens in this tokenizer's string
*/
std::string nextToken();
/**
* Returns the next token in this string tokenizer's string. The new delimiter set remains the
* default after this call.
*
* @param newDelim the new delimiters.
*
* @return the next token, after switching to the new delimiter set.
*
* @exception NoSuchElementException if there are no more tokens in this tokenizer's string.
*
*/
std::string nextToken(const std::string& newDelim);
/**
* Returns the current delimiter set of this string tokenizer
*
* @return the current delimiter set
*/
std::string getDelimiter();
private:
/**
* Test if character is in current delimiter set.
*
* @param c character to be tested
*
* @return true if character is in current delimiter set, flase otherwise.
*/
bool isDelimiter(char c);
std::string delim_; /**< current delimiter set of this string tokenizer */
bool returnTokens_; /**< flag indicating whether to return the delimiters as tokens */
};
|
|
|
|
94. struct documentation |
|
/**
* @struct Employee
* @brief Employee struct contains some properties of an employee object
* detail description */ struct Employee {
int id; /**< employee indentification number */
string firstName; /**< first name */
string lastName; /**< last name */
string title; /**< job title */
};
|
|
|
|
95. union documentation |
|
/**
* @union Parameter
* @brief ...
* detail description
*/
union Parameter {
int intVar; /**< integer parameter */
float floatVar; /**< float parameter */
string strVar; /**< string paramter */
};
|
|
|
|
96. enum documentation |
|
/**
* @enum Color
* @brief ...
* detail description
*/ enum Color {
COLOR_RED, /**< red color */
COLOR_GREEN, /**< green color */
COLOR_BLUE /**< blue color */
}; |
|
|
|
97. typedef documentation |
|
/**
* @typedef IntVector
* @brief ...
* detail description
*/
typedef std::vector<int> IntVector; |
|
|
|
98. function documentation |
|
/**
* @fn int open(const char *pathname,int flags)
* @brief opens a file descriptor.
* @param pathname the name of the descriptor.
* @param flags opening flags.
* @return descriptor of the file, return -1 if error
*/ int open(const char *pathname,int flags);
|
|
|
|
99. template function documentation |
|
/**
* @fn template <typename T> inline const T& max (const T &a, const T &b)
* @brief
Compares two objects and returns the larger of the two
.
* @template T object type.
* @param a first parameter.
* @param b second parameter.
* @return the larger object
*/
template <typename T>
inline const T& max (const T &a, const T &b);
|
|
|
|
100. template class documentation |
|
/**
* @class Stack
* @brief template stack class.
* detail description.
* @template T element type.
*/
template <typename T>
class Stack {
public:
void push(const T& elem );
void pop();
T top() const;
bool empty() const ;
private:
std::vector<T> elems_;
};
|
|
|
8 References
[1] Code Complete, Steve McConnel -
Microsoft Press
[2] Programming in C++, Rules and
Recommendations, M Henricson, e. Nyquist, Ellemtel (Swedish telecom)
http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/lab/cplus/c++.rules/
[3] Wildfire C++ Programming Style, Keith
Gabryelski, Wildfire Communications Inc.
http://www.wildfire.com/~ag/Engineering/Development/C++Style/
[4] C++ Coding Standard, Todd Hoff
http://www.possibility.com/Cpp/CppCodingStandard.html
[5] Doxygen documentation system
http://www.stack.nl/~dimitri/doxygen/index.html
|


Hello Visitor! I'm Juan Hasbun, and welcome to my About Me page! I was born in California on Sept 1, 1982 and was raised in Cali for the first 17 years of my life along with my family (Dad, Mom, 2 younger sisters, and 2 younger brothers) before we moved up to Oregon. Since then, I have briefly lived in Wyoming, Vancouver (Canada) and California throughout the years but always came back to Oregon.
Both of my parents are immigrants from El Salvador however, I have always considered myself to be 100% American (and would rarely call out that I am El Salvadorian aside from accuracies sake) even with the shame of recent events.
Despite my parents both being Roman Catholics, I am thankful that they decided to raise us as free from religion as they possibly could - to allow us to decide what we do or do not believe in. As such I consider myself to be Agnostic, I cannot prove or disprove in an entity called God, but I refuse to believe that Humans are the pinnacle of the Universes' evolution and so must acknowledge that a Being (or group of) had or continues to exist.
All seriousness aside, I consider myself to be a laid back, and analytical type of person. I am more comfortable staring at a problem and thinking through various scenarios to look for a solution. This is one of the reasons I am excited to attend Epicodus, it will hopefully make me "break out of my shell" and make it easier to work out problems with others instead of just working on it by myself.
Education:
Job Experience:


[gecode-users] looking for an example of path constraints
serge lemouton
serge.lemouton at ircam.fr
Sat Oct 22 17:59:00 CEST 2011
Hi all,
I am trying to use the new path constraints with the cost matrix, but without any success, yet.
In the TSP example script, why simply replacing the
circuit(*this, c, succ, costs, total, opt.icl());
by
path(*this, c, succ, start, end,costs, total, opt.icl());
does'nt find any solution ?
Thanks for any hint,
Serge Lemouton
More information about the users
mailing list


| 018:058 Khan | : |
And your Lord is Most Forgiving, Owner of Mercy. Were He to call them to account for what they have earned, then surely, He would have hastened their punishment. But they have their appointed time, beyond which they will find no escape. |
| 018:058 Maulana | : |
And thy Lord is Forgiving, Full of Mercy. Were He to punish them what they earn, He would certainly hasten the chastisement for them. But for them there is an appointed time from which they will find no refuge. |
| 018:058 Pickthal | : |
Thy Lord is the Forgiver, Full of Mercy. If He took them to task (now) for what they earn, He would hasten on the doom for them; but theirs is an appointed term from which they will find no escape. |
| 018:058 Rashad | : |
Yet, your Lord is the Forgiver, full of mercy. If He called them to account for their deeds, He would annihilate them right there and then. Instead, He gives them a respite until a specific, predetermined time; then they can never escape. |
| 018:058 Sarwar | : |
Your Lord is All-forgiving and All-merciful. Had He wanted to punish them for their sins, He would have been prompt to torment them. For their punishment there is an appointed time, after which there will be no way for them to escape. |
| 018:058 Shakir | : |
And your Lord is Forgiving, the Lord of Mercy; were He to punish them for what they earn, He would certainly have hastened the chastisement for them; but for them there is an appointed time from which they shall not find a refuge. |
| 018:058 Sherali | : |
And thy Lord is Most Forgiving, Lord of Mercy. If HE were to seize them for what they have earned, then surely HE would have hastened the punishment for them. But they have an appointed time from which they will find no refuge |
| 018:058 Yusufali | : |
But your Lord is Most forgiving, full of Mercy. If He were to call them (at once) to account for what they have earned, then surely He would have hastened their punishment: but they have their appointed time, beyond which they will find no refuge. |
Concepts/Themes Covered: أركان الإسلام > التوحيد > توحيد الله تعالي > حلمه جلّ وعلا Pillars of Islam> Islamic> Oneness of Allah> His Patience and Clemency أركان الإسلام > التوحيد > توحيد الله تعالي > ربوبيته جلّ وعلا Pillars of Islam> Islamic> Oneness of Allah> His Divinity, the Great and Almighty أركان الإسلام > التوحيد > توحيد الله تعالي > رحمة الله تعالى Pillars of Islam> Islamic> Oneness of Allah> His Glory's Mercy أركان الإسلام > التوحيد > توحيد الله تعالي > صفات الله تعالى > ذو الرحمة Pillars of Islam> Islamic> Oneness of Allah> His Glory's Characteristics> The Full of All Mercy
This tool uses eight English parallel translations for the Holy Quran imported from Mr. Clay Smith. You can also visit Qurany Concepts for browsing the Quran themes or topics. If you want to search the Holy Quran for keywords, please visit Qurany Keywords.


My Projects
Polar Panic
Polar Panic is a windows phone app that I designed and created in the second half of 2015. It was coded using C#, which I taught myself in preparation for this project.
The object of the game is to match three of the same color of penguin in a row. When you swipe any direction, all the penguins will move in that direction until they hit another penguin or the edge of the board. It features a highscore system, which saves your score and initials to the phone so that high scores are kept between sessions.
Link:
Virtual Classroom
Virtual Classroom is a web application that I made with a group of three other students for a semester long class project. We created a website where anyone can sign up as the teacher of their own online course and livestream lectures to any students that are invited to the class. I was responsible for the video and chat platforms of the project. I implemented the video features using the Google Hangouts API. The teacher's livestream is automatically broadcast as a video on YouTube, and then that video can be embedded in the classroom page and saved as a link on the past lectures page.
The professor of the class that my group created this project for was so impressed with our work that she now uses it as an example project for the assignment.
Link:
Virtual Classroom


Our sincere apologies, and thank you for your patience! We promise you a page as fresh and exciting as our trademark cookies.


{% extends "base.html" %} {% block content %}
OOPS!! Page not Found. Please use our main page to navigate.


This is pretty much how it went:
12:00PM - I loaded my pipe about 1/4 full with salvia 5x extract and lit up. Before this experience I had tried a couple hits using a bit less, and I experienced no effects. But, this time was the breakthrough I guess.
I inhaled the smoke (it was VERY hot, but it's not too hard to inhale once you get used to it). After holding the smoke in for 15-20 seconds, I decided to go sit on my bed. I let the smoke out and immediately began to feel strange, as if I were outside of myself.
12:05PM - Soon, my vision began to turn 2D...I didn't really focus on anything while I was sitting down. My vision was a bit blurred. I kept staring wide-eyed at my dresser and all of a sudden, something started to pull me forward. There appeared to be a very subtle, indescribable path in front of me, like an airstrip, where I'm the plane waiting to take off. I kept feeling this force pulling me onto it, but I just stared in amazement and waited. It felt as if it wanted me to lie back and experience the whole shebang, but I refused to. A few seconds later I heard something say, 'Come with me,'...but still, I didn't want to move. I had no sitter and I didn't want to risk hitting myself in the head or something.
12:15 - I was sort of half awake at this point...VERY spaced out. I walked down the stairs to the first floor and looked outside. There were no visuals, but I was still pretty out of it. 2-3 minutes later I returned to reality.
For the next 30 minutes I was in a rather euphoric state, a little spaced out, but still aware of all my surroundings. Listening to music was extremely pleasurable. In about an hour, the effects were completely gone. Although I know for a FACT that I didn't go through the complete salvia experience, I was still amazed at how powerful the plant was. I was able to control whether or not I wanted to 'take off' into salvia-space, possibly because of the small dose I had taken. This drug is definitely weird, and I'm probably going to try it again, but maybe with a sitter and a larger dose of the 5x extract.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


pick the property i'm interested in
Warning - some of the examples below are tailored around a secific solution/MVP.
The problem (user task) is find the right property (pick the right title record). Building a search based on AddressBase is one potential way of solving the problem. See the 'MVP Candidate' document (google drive) for technology agnostic solutions to the user problem in FPI service
In the MVP Candidate document, we recommend two candidates:
- everything HMLR has in a postcode (all titles)
- every title HMLR has for the postal addresses in a postcode (not land)
If we're building the 'LLC Address component' tech solution - these pages explore/show things that need considering for the Find Property Information service - what to do for the user. Problems the user will have, and based on what we've learnt, suggested solutions in Find property information (FPI).
Things that have to be considered/changed
Show me a journey with 'the best'* of the pieces we've considered
* not user tested yet - so probably not the actual best for users, yet ;)
lab testing (08-09-17) routes
limited examples for lab testing.
- Lab test 1 - Apartments/Flats - testing new search to find leashold owner
All addresses share a F and have individual L's
use no 42 Lincoln Gate, PE1 2RE (all addresses work - but 42 works best)
Custom Built flats (sheltered housing) - this postcode is unusual in that all the addresses are v similar, and all titles are available for them. - Lab test 2 - village - looking for land, village green - we don't have land - journey to FaP
Village Green, OX7 3NY
Current thinking
NOTE: examples below don't show signin/create account, or the final summary screen. This is to help concentrate on the new stuff, so it's easier to see and feel
- in progress (changing daily - 28/07/17) - Addresses with multiple titles
use Apartment 3, Ribbon Factory - 1 title per address scenarios: use 6 Mandela Way, Flat 1 & Flat 2, 6 Mandela way
Note: these addresses only have one title each associated with them
Previous thinking
- v1 - first version (June 30, 2017) more than one title per address: use Flat 1 & Flat 2, 6 Mandela way
variations of each of the pieces
Search page
- Search page
Best option for search is: second example
Results page
- Search result examples - current thinking
add some more results examples here
duplicate addresses - add example for two addresses that link to the same title(s)
previous thinking about results lists
- Results page(s) including page per title, and page per property (new)
because we now have a result per address/not property description
Best option for display of results is: linking to page per property - option 2
page per title will need to change
page per property is a way to help people pick the right title
Organising/ordering results - further examples
Pagination
- Pagination - do what we've done before (back and next 'buttons' at bottom of each page. Stick with 20 results per page.
More than 100 results - license constraint?
- What to do when more than 100 results (probably not needed - according to OS on the internet - postcodes dont have more than 100 delivery addresses)
When we don't have a title for an address / exceptions
Property / title pages
Changing search results to postal addresses is a significant change.
- postal address is the result, but title has property description (A1)
If the two match great, but if they don't we'll need to help the user get from postal to property desc - many postal addresses are covered by more than one title
We need to help the user pick the right title
property/title page examples:
- Addresses with only one title; Postal address doesn't match property description
use 6 Mandela Way, Flat 1 & Flat 2, 6 Mandela way - Addresses with multiple titles
use Apartment 3, ribbon Factory


{% extends 'base.html' %}
{% load static %}
{% block title %}
Home
{% endblock title %}
{% block content %}
A New Way to Build a Healthy LifeStyle!
Upgrade your Health at VeryWell
Health
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DOGS
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A collection of this man's best friend
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{% extends "bottleAnalytics/base.html" %} {% load static %} {% block title %}Analytics{% endblock %} {% block pgtitle %} - Analytics{% endblock %} {% block description %}Review your water intake over the last 24h here.{% endblock %} {% block content %}
| Total consumption | ≈{{ consumption }} liters |
|---|---|
| Ideal (target) consumption | ≈{{ ideal_consumption }} liters |


The order of the text in a program changes the order that things happen.
The order is sometimes important. Putting on socks should normally be done before putting on shoes. Sometimes it is not as important. Putting on a shirt or pants can be done in either order.
The following example shows that the circle is drawn before the rectangle. You can think of this like first paint the circle, then paint the rectangle on top of the circle.
In the following code, anything after a '#' is ignored by the computer when running the code. It is only meant to explain the code for anyone that is reading it.
The examples here can be run with Jupyter notebooks. To instead use them from a Python editor, install open-cv, and replace the "%run" line with "from LibGraphics.Graphics import *"
%run -i 'initGraphics.py' # Initialize the graphics package
# Create a window that will show on the screen.
# The size is 200 width and 150 height.
window = CreateWindow(150, 150)
# Draw a circle at X=60, Y=40, radius=25
DrawCircle(window, 60, 40, 25, 'yellow')
# Rectangle
DrawRectangle(window, 60, 40, 100, 80, 'blue')
WaitForMouseClickAndCloseWindow(window)
The following example shows that the rectangle is drawn before the circle.
%run -i 'initGraphics.py' # Initialize the graphics package
# Create a window that will show on the screen.
# The size is 200 width and 150 height.
window = CreateWindow(150, 150)
# Rectangle
DrawRectangle(window, 60, 40, 100, 80, 'blue')
# Draw a circle at X=60, Y=40, radius=25
DrawCircle(window, 60, 40, 25, 'yellow')
WaitForMouseClickAndCloseWindow(window)
The following example shows that both the rectangle and circle where the order doesn't matter.
%run -i 'initGraphics.py' # Initialize the graphics package
# Create a window that will show on the screen.
# The size is 200 width and 150 height.
window = CreateWindow(150, 150)
# Draw a circle at X=60, Y=40, radius=25
DrawCircle(window, 40, 40, 25, 'yellow')
# Rectangle
DrawRectangle(window, 80, 40, 120, 80, 'blue')
WaitForMouseClickAndCloseWindow(window)
Sometimes the results of steps cannot be seen.
Putting on a shirt and then putting on another shirt may make the first shirt invisible.
The following example shows first a smaller green circle (20) is drawn, then a larger yellow circle (25) is drawn.
%run -i 'initGraphics.py' # Initialize the graphics package
# Create a window that will show on the screen.
# The size is 200 width and 150 height.
window = CreateWindow(150, 150)
# Draw a circle at X=60, Y=40, radius=20
DrawCircle(window, 40, 40, 20, 'green')
# Draw a circle at X=60, Y=40, radius=25
DrawCircle(window, 40, 40, 25, 'yellow')
# Rectangle
DrawRectangle(window, 80, 40, 120, 80, 'blue')
WaitForMouseClickAndCloseWindow(window)
Put a '#' before the second draw circle, and the first circle will show.
The '#' is special and means ignore everything on the line after it.
Like:
#DrawCircle(window, 40, 40, 25, 'yellow')


nitrate groundwater water aquifer climate change nitrogen Baix recharge concentration balance aquifers agricultural mass hydrological Mas-Pla resources Ter Fluvià content future hydrogeological quality areas use (). conditions Selva alluvial effects pollution {border-style Menció decrease given processes distinct flow model pp. px;} rainfall #ffffff;} $$\end{document} \begin{document}$$ \documentclass[pt]{minimal} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-pt} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{wasysym} management soil stream systems Environ Osona Water based climatic input present rates regional time Groundwater changes concentrations estimated inputs land scenarios temperature using River Table considered environmental impact natural rate reduce total crop fertilization manure reduction surface Fig. Hydrol and, aquifers, available average Garrotxa Sci according approach data denitrification high initial load occurrence predicted relevant sedimentary values (Fig. Total analysis aquifers. basin control decades dilution effect especially increase new turnover unconfined used value variations western Catalonia, Climate Mediterranean Nitrate Onyar actions affect area equilibrium expected exploitation infiltration leaching magnitude main mean response studied (./.) (i.e., Boy-Roura Catalonia Soler Spain) annual case evolution human lower organic potential px; selected study taken {font-family (%) (NE Annual Appendix Custodio In: activity adaptation aquifer, attenuation changing decay derived exp fertilizer final flows font-size geological global hydraulic hydrologic key local mixing mountain precipitation process provide provides related resources. sense, stands systems. − . (agriculture) (e.g., (− ./.) ./j.scitotenv... ./s--- //% Average Calbó Data Denitrification Empordà Environmental Folch Nevertheless, Otero Puig alternative applied aquifer. areas, conditions. constant decades. depend different distribution double; fluvio-deltaic higher included increasing irrigation large levels maximum mineralization overall parameters points practices presently production resources, results rocks scale setting solution subsurface treatment uptake varying zones ± (Table (or ././% ./S-()- Catalunya. Crop However, Hydrogeol Institut N/ha/year Nitrates Soil approach. appropriate avoid basins border-color border-width capacity cases change, chemical compared complex considering considers contribution determine discussed dry evapotranspiration extent fact good groundwater. implies indicates inputs, intense layers leaky likely livestock located loss matter necessary need percentage perspective, political polluted predictions projections rainfall, reaches reclaimed reclamation region represent resilient river runoff set soils solid; streams surrounding term terms times treated uses usually wells year {font-style {font-weight (Mas-Pla (livestock)—S ./j.jhydrol... Alcalá Basin Directive, Eq. Galloway KVc Paradis Res Stuart Therefore, achieve actual additional affecting and/or area, areas. associated assume balance, behavior bold budget chloride coastal concentration, concerns conditions, confined contamination content, contribute controlling courier; crops decreasing del demand despite diffuse diminution direct discharge discuss downscaling em; enhance estimate estimations excess existing factor field forested gross however, inflow influence inland large-scale larger left legal limit low mainly major managing means median mg/L needed origin originated outcome paradigmatic period practices, private processes, pt;} ranges ratio recharge, remain rising scarcity shown simulations smaller social strategies summer supply surfaces sustainable table therefore, transport trend type uniform value, vulnerable wastewater wetlands withdrawal


This tool allows to calculate the virtual lens you used when you created your Brenizer Method photo. Every camera format is supported – the results will be relevant to that format (no conversion to 35mm equivalent is done).
Humbly provided by Maximilian Salomon


ArxivEntry
public struct ArxivEntry : Hashable, Codable
extension ArxivEntry: CustomStringConvertible
A single parsed entry
element from arXiv API reponse.
-
A single parsed
See moreauthor
element from arXiv API reponse.Declaration
Swift
public struct Author : Hashable, Codable
-
Returns arXiv identifier of the article.
For detailed explanation of arXiv identifiers see arXiv.org help.
Declaration
Swift
public internal(set) var id: String { get }
-
Returnes article’s title.
Declaration
Swift
public internal(set) var title: String { get }
-
Returnes the date in which the first version of the article was submitted and processed.
Declaration
Swift
public internal(set) var submissionDate: Date { get }
-
Returned the date on which the current version of the article was submitted and processed.
Declaration
Swift
public internal(set) var lastUpdateDate: Date { get }
-
Returnes article’s abstract.
Declaration
Swift
public internal(set) var summary: String { get }
-
Returnes an array of article’s authors.
Declaration
Swift
public internal(set) var authors: [Author] { get }
-
Returns an array of all arXiv, ACM, or MSC category symbols describing article’s classification.
For detailed explanation of article categorisation see arXiv.org help.
If an element from the returned list is arXiv category symbol, it can be used as the argument for
ArxivSubject.init?(symbol:)
. Constructed value can then be used for retrieving articles belonging to the subject.Declaration
Swift
public internal(set) var categories: [String] { get }
-
Returns a symbol of article’s primary category.
For detailed explanation of article categorisation see arXiv.org help.
If the returned value is arXiv category symbol, it can be used as the argument for
ArxivSubject.init?(symbol:)
. Constructed value can then be used for retrieving articles belonging to the subject.Declaration
Swift
public internal(set) var primaryCategory: String { get }
-
Returns URL to article’s abstract page.
Declaration
Swift
public internal(set) var abstractURL: URL { get }
-
Returns URL to article’s full text PDF file.
Declaration
Swift
public internal(set) var pdfURL: URL { get }
-
Returns URL to article’s resolved DOI page if available, or
nil
otherwise.Declaration
Swift
public internal(set) var doiURL: URL? { get }
-
Returns authors’ comment of the article.
Declaration
Swift
public internal(set) var comment: String { get }
-
Returnes a journal reference for the article
Declaration
Swift
public internal(set) var journalReference: String { get }
-
Returnes a DOI for the article if one is provided or empty string otherwise.
Declaration
Swift
public internal(set) var doi: String { get }
-
Declaration
Swift
public var description: String { get }
-
Returns an example of parsed arXiv API response
entry
element.Declaration
Swift
static var example: ArxivEntry { get }
-
Returns version number of the article or
nil
if theid
is without verrsion suffix.Declaration
Swift
var version: Int? { get }
-
Returns
id
without version suffix.Returned value can be used for fetching the latest version of the article.
Declaration
Swift
var latestVersionID: String { get }
-
Returns an array of IDs for all available versions of the article in ascending order.
Declaration
Swift
var allVersionsIDs: [String] { get }


The iframe below has buttons which will add more or less content to the body. The iframe will report the new size to the parent website so that the parent can resize the iframe dynamically. This is useful for things like modal windows with iframes embedded within.


{% extends base_template %} {% load staticfiles %} {% block title %}Donate{% endblock title %} {% block donate_nav %}selected{% endblock donate_nav %} {% block headcss %} {{ block.super }} {% endblock headcss %} {% block headjs %} {{ block.super }} {% endblock headjs %} {% block bodycontents %}
You can make checks payable to "Foundation for Learning Equality" and send them, along with your name and email address, to:
Foundation for Learning EqualityIf you have any questions, please don't hesitate to email our team<EMAIL_ADDRESS>All of your donation goes directly towards our education programs. Our basic operating expenses are independently covered by foundation grants, which means every penny of your donation goes towards increasing opportunities for learners in need!


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public class Matrix
extends java.lang.Object
| Modifier and Type | Field and Description |
|---|---|
static int |
ARCTAN |
static int |
BENT_IDENTITY |
static int |
ELU |
static java.lang.String[] |
famDesc |
static int |
family |
static int |
GAUSSIAN |
static int |
IDENTITY |
static int |
ISRLU |
static int |
ISRU |
static int |
LRELU |
int |
m
The dimensions of the matrix
|
int |
n
The dimensions of the matrix
|
static int |
RELU |
static int |
SIGMOID |
static int |
SINC |
static int |
SINUSOID |
static int |
SOFT_EXP |
static int |
SOFTPLUS |
static int |
SOFTSIGN |
static int |
TANH |
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
float |
absSum()
Calculates the sum of the absolute value of all the elements in the matrix.
|
static float |
acti(float value)
Use the activation function on a single value.
|
static float |
acti(float value,
int family)
Use the activation function on a single value.
|
static Matrix |
acti(Matrix M)
Use the activation function on a single matrix.
|
static Matrix |
acti(Matrix M,
int family)
Use the activation function on a single matrix.
|
static float |
actiDe(float value)
Use the activation function derivative on a single value.
|
static float |
actiDe(float value,
int family)
Use the activation function derivative on a single value.
|
static Matrix |
actiDe(Matrix M)
Use the activation function derivative on a single matrix.
|
static Matrix |
actiDe(Matrix M,
int family)
Use the activation function derivative on a single matrix.
|
static Matrix |
add(Matrix M,
Matrix N)
Adds 2 matrix together and returns the resulting matrix.
|
static Matrix |
blankMatrix(int row,
int column)
Creates a blank matrix filled with 0.0 values
|
static float[][] |
blankMatrixArray(int row,
int column)
Creates a blank 2d floating point array filled with 0.0 values.
|
static float |
calcAccuracy(Matrix Y,
Matrix P)
Gets the similarity of the two matrix.
|
static float |
calcAccuracy(Matrix Y,
Matrix P,
boolean highestIndex)
Gets the similarity of the two matrix.
|
static float |
calcConfidence(Matrix Y)
Splits the matrix into individual rows and averages the confidence on all
possible rows.
|
static float |
calcConfidence(Matrix Y,
int family)
Splits the matrix into individual rows and averages the confidence on all
possible rows.
|
Matrix |
clone()
Clones the existing matrix
|
static float[] |
clone(float[] array)
Clones a 1d floating point array
|
static float[][] |
clone(float[][] array)
Clones a 2d floating point array.
|
static Matrix |
clone(Matrix matrix)
Clones a matrix.
|
static Matrix[] |
clone(Matrix[] matricies)
Clones an array of matrix.
|
void |
compressColumns()
Compresses the matrix into a single column.
|
void |
compressRows()
Compresses the matrix into a single row.
|
static Matrix |
dotp(Matrix M,
Matrix N)
Calculates the dot product of two matrix.
|
static float[] |
familyBounds(int family)
Returns the boundaries of a particular activation function family.
|
static Matrix |
fc(int index,
Matrix M,
Matrix N)
Performs an operation on the 2 matrix passed in.
|
static Matrix |
fs(InfoPacket data,
Matrix M)
Performs an operation on 1 matrix passed in.
|
static Matrix |
fs(int index,
Matrix M)
Performs an operation on 1 matrix passed in.
|
static Matrix |
gaussianMatrix(int row,
int column)
Generates a matrix randomized according to the Gaussian curve.
|
static Matrix |
gaussianMatrix(int row,
int column,
float deviation)
Generates a matrix randomized according to the Gaussian curve.
|
static Matrix |
gaussianMatrix(int row,
int column,
float expectedValue,
float deviation)
Generates a matrix randomized according to the Gaussian curve.
|
float[][] |
getArray()
Gets the entire matrix and outputs as a 2 dimensional floating point value
array.
|
static float |
getConfidence(float[] Y)
Gets the confidence of a 1d floating point array of the sigmoid activation
function.
|
static float |
getConfidence(float[] Y,
float lowerBound,
float upperBound)
Gets the confidence of a 1d floating point array.
|
static float |
getConfidence(float[] Y,
int family)
Gets the confidence of a 1d floating point array with a specified activation
function family.
|
static int |
getHighestIndex(float[] Y)
Gets the index of the highest value inside a 1d floating point array.
|
static int |
getLowestIndex(float[] Y)
Gets the index of the lowest value inside a 1d floating point array.
|
float[] |
getRow(int index)
Gets a row at a particular index.
|
float |
getValue(int index)
Gets the value at a particular index.
|
float |
getValue(int row,
int column)
Gets the value at a particular row and column.
|
void |
init(float[][] ea)
Initializes the matrix with a 2d floating point array.
|
void |
init(float[][] ea,
int m,
int n)
Initializes the matrix with a 2d floating point array and specified
dimensions This differs from __init__(float[][] ea) as the 2d floating point
array can be of zero length initially
|
static int |
matrixCost(Matrix M)
Calculates the cost when compress the matrix using the 2nd schema according
to
this
documentation.
|
static float |
matxF(InfoPacket data,
float x)
Performs an operation on 1 floating point value passed in.
|
static float |
matxF(int index,
float x)
Performs an operation on 1 floating point value passed in.
|
static float |
matxF(int index,
float x,
float y)
Performs an operation on 2 floating point value passed in.
|
static Matrix |
minus(Matrix M)
Negates all values inside the matrix.
|
Matrix |
mul(float a)
Multiplies this matrix with a constant and return itself.
|
static Matrix |
mul(Matrix M,
float value)
Multiplies a matrix with a constant.
|
static Matrix |
mul(Matrix M,
Matrix N)
Multiply 2 matrix pair-wise and returns the resulting matrix.
|
static Matrix |
oneMinus(Matrix M)
Negates all values inside the matrix and plus one to all values
|
void |
print()
Print the matrix out into the console
|
void |
print(java.lang.String file)
Print the matrix out into a file
|
static Matrix |
randomMatrix(int row,
int column)
Generates a matrix randomized evenly in range (-1, 1).
|
static Matrix |
randomMatrix(int row,
int column,
float bound)
Generates a matrix randomized evenly between some boundaries.
|
static Matrix |
randomMatrix(int row,
int column,
float lowerBound,
float upperBound)
Generates a matrix randomized evenly between some boundaries.
|
Matrix |
setColumn(int index,
float value)
Sets an entire column of this matrix to 1 particular value.
|
static Matrix |
setColumn(Matrix matrix,
int index,
float value)
Sets an entire column of a matrix to 1 particular value.
|
Matrix |
setRow(int index,
float value)
Sets an entire row of this matrix to 1 particular value.
|
static Matrix |
setRow(Matrix matrix,
int index,
float value)
Sets an entire row of a matrix to 1 particular value.
|
void |
setValue(int index,
double value)
Sets the value at a particular index.
|
void |
setValue(int index,
float value)
Sets the value at a particular index.
|
void |
setValue(int row,
int column,
double value)
Sets the value at a particular row and column.
|
void |
setValue(int row,
int column,
float value)
Sets the value at a particular row and column.
|
static Matrix |
sign(Matrix matrix)
Replaces every value in the matrix with the sign of that value.
|
float[][] |
slash(float[][] ea,
float location,
float length)
Slashes a 2d floating point array using relative location and length.
|
static float[][] |
slash(float[][] ea,
int start,
int length)
Slashes a 2d floating point array using absolute location and length.
|
static float[] |
slash(float[] ea,
float location,
float length)
Slashes a 1d floating point array using relative location and length.
|
static float[] |
slash(float[] ea,
int start,
int length)
Slashes a floating point array using absolute location and length.
|
Matrix |
slash(float location,
float length)
Slashes the matrix using relative location and length.
|
Matrix |
slash(int start,
int length)
Slashes the matrix using absolute location and length.
|
void |
stack(Matrix a)
Stacks another matrix onto the existing one.
|
static Matrix |
stackMatrix(Matrix a,
Matrix b)
Stacks the 2nd matrix to the 1st matrix.
|
static Matrix |
sub(Matrix M,
Matrix N)
Subtracts 2 matrix and returns the resulting matrix.
|
float |
sum()
Calculates the sum of all the elements in the matrix.
|
Matrix |
T()
Gets the transpose of the matrix
|
static Matrix |
tweak(Matrix matrix)
Introduces Gaussian noise with a deviation of 1 into the matrix.
|
static Matrix[] |
tweak(Matrix[] matricies)
Introduces Gaussian noise with a deviation of 1 into the matrix
|
static Matrix[] |
tweak(Matrix[] matricies,
float deviation)
Introduces Gaussian noise into an array of matrix.
|
static Matrix |
tweak(Matrix matrix,
float deviation)
Introduces Gaussian noise into the matrix.
|
public static final int family
public static final java.lang.String[] famDesc
public static final int IDENTITY
public static final int SIGMOID
public static final int TANH
public static final int ARCTAN
public static final int SOFTSIGN
public static final int ISRU
public static final int RELU
public static final int LRELU
public static final int ELU
public static final int ISRLU
public static final int SOFTPLUS
public static final int BENT_IDENTITY
public static final int SOFT_EXP
public static final int SINUSOID
public static final int SINC
public static final int GAUSSIAN
public int m
public int n
public void init(float[][] ea)
ea
- a 2 dimensional floating point arraypublic void init(float[][] ea, int m, int n)
ea
- the 2d floating point arraym
- number of rows of the matrixn
- number of columns of the matrixpublic Matrix T()
public void print()
public void print(java.lang.String file)
file
- the file name of the file you want to write onpublic float sum()
public float absSum()
public Matrix mul(float a)
a
- the constantpublic void stack(Matrix a) throws java.lang.RuntimeException
a
- the matrix to stack upon the original onejava.lang.RuntimeException
- when the old and new matrix's width is different from each otherpublic Matrix clone()
clone
in class java.lang.Object
public Matrix slash(float location, float length) throws java.lang.RuntimeException
location
- location of the output matrix ranging from 0 to 1length
- length of the output matrix ranging from 0 to 1 (the original
matrix has a length of 1)java.lang.RuntimeException
- when either variable is outside the range of [0, 1]public Matrix slash(int start, int length) throws java.lang.RuntimeException
start
- start row of the output matrixlength
- length of the output matrixjava.lang.RuntimeException
- whenever the location of the output matrix lie outside the
original matrixpublic float getValue(int index)
index
- the index of the valuepublic float getValue(int row, int column)
row
- the row countcolumn
- the column countpublic void setValue(int index, float value)
index
- the index of the valuevalue
- the value to setpublic void setValue(int row, int column, double value)
row
- the row countcolumn
- the column countvalue
- the value to setpublic void setValue(int index, double value)
index
- the index of the valuevalue
- the value to setpublic void setValue(int row, int column, float value)
row
- the row countcolumn
- the column countvalue
- the value to setpublic Matrix setRow(int index, float value) throws java.lang.RuntimeException
index
- the row count to setvalue
- the value to setjava.lang.RuntimeException
public Matrix setColumn(int index, float value) throws java.lang.RuntimeException
index
- the column count to setvalue
- the value to setjava.lang.RuntimeException
public float[][] getArray()
public float[] getRow(int index)
index
- the index of the valuepublic void compressColumns()
public void compressRows()
public float[][] slash(float[][] ea, float location, float length) throws java.lang.RuntimeException
ea
- the 2d floating point arraylocation
- location of the output matrix ranging from 0 to 1length
- length of the output matrix ranging from 0 to 1 (the original
matrix has a length of 1)java.lang.RuntimeException
- when either location or length is outside the range of [0, 1]java.lang.RuntimeException
- when the slashed array have a length of 0public static float[] slash(float[] ea, float location, float length) throws java.lang.RuntimeException
ea
- the 1d floating point arraylocation
- the location of the output arraylength
- the length of the output arrayjava.lang.RuntimeException
public static float[][] slash(float[][] ea, int start, int length) throws java.lang.RuntimeException
ea
- the 2d floating point arraystart
- start row of the output arraylength
- length of the output arrayjava.lang.RuntimeException
- whenever the location of the output array lie outside the
original arraypublic static float[] slash(float[] ea, int start, int length) throws java.lang.RuntimeException
ea
- the floating point arraystart
- start location of the output arraylength
- length of the output arrayjava.lang.RuntimeException
- whenever the location of the output array lie outside the
original arraypublic static Matrix stackMatrix(Matrix a, Matrix b)
a
- the first matrixb
- the second matrixpublic static float[][] blankMatrixArray(int row, int column)
row
- the number of rowscolumn
- the number of columnspublic static Matrix blankMatrix(int row, int column)
row
- the number of rowscolumn
- the number of columnspublic static float[][] clone(float[][] array)
array
- the array to clonepublic static float[] clone(float[] array)
array
- the array to clonepublic static Matrix clone(Matrix matrix)
matrix
- the matrix to clonepublic static Matrix[] clone(Matrix[] matricies)
matricies
- the matrix array to clonepublic static Matrix setRow(Matrix matrix, int index, float value) throws java.lang.RuntimeException
matrix
- the matrix to setindex
- the row count to setvalue
- the value to setjava.lang.RuntimeException
public static Matrix setColumn(Matrix matrix, int index, float value) throws java.lang.RuntimeException
matrix
- the matrix to setindex
- the column count to setvalue
- the value to setjava.lang.RuntimeException
public static Matrix dotp(Matrix M, Matrix N) throws java.lang.RuntimeException
M
- the first matrixN
- the second matrixjava.lang.RuntimeException
- when the dimensions don't match uppublic static Matrix mul(Matrix M, float value)
M
- the matrix to be multipliedvalue
- the value to multiply the matrix topublic static Matrix fc(int index, Matrix M, Matrix N)
index
- the type of operation to performM
- the first matrixN
- the second matrixfor the list of possible operations
public static Matrix fs(InfoPacket data, Matrix M)
data
- the dataM
- the matrix to be operatedList of possible operations
public static Matrix fs(int index, Matrix M)
fs(InfoPacket, Matrix)
but is easier to
use.index
- the type of operation to perform on the matrixM
- the matrix to be operatedpublic static float matxF(InfoPacket data, float x)
famDesc
for a list of possible activation
familiesdata
- the data packetx
- the value to be operatedpublic static float matxF(int index, float x)
matxF(InfoPacket, float)
but is easier
to use.index
- the type of operation to perform on the matrixx
- the value to be operatedpublic static float matxF(int index, float x, float y)
index
- the type of operation to performx
- the first valuey
- the second valuepublic static float[] familyBounds(int family)
family
- the family numberpublic static Matrix add(Matrix M, Matrix N) throws java.lang.RuntimeException
M
- the first matrixN
- the second matrixjava.lang.RuntimeException
- whenever the dimensions do not match uppublic static Matrix sub(Matrix M, Matrix N) throws java.lang.RuntimeException
M
- the first matrixN
- the second matrixjava.lang.RuntimeException
- whenever the dimensions do not match uppublic static Matrix mul(Matrix M, Matrix N) throws java.lang.RuntimeException
M
- the first matrixN
- the second matrixjava.lang.RuntimeException
- whenever the dimensions do not match uppublic static Matrix acti(Matrix M)
family
variable for
the default value.M
- the matrix to pass to the activation functionpublic static Matrix acti(Matrix M, int family)
M
- the matrix to pass to the activation functionfamily
- the activation function family. See possible options at
famDesc
.public static float acti(float value)
family
variable for
the default value.value
- the value to pass to the activation functionpublic static float acti(float value, int family)
value
- the value to pass to the activation functionfamily
- the activation function family. See possible options at
famDesc
.public static Matrix actiDe(Matrix M)
family
variable for
the default value.M
- the matrix to pass to the activation function derivativepublic static Matrix actiDe(Matrix M, int family)
M
- the matrix to pass to the activation function derivativefamily
- the activation function family. See possible options at
famDesc
.public static float actiDe(float value)
family
variable for
the default value.value
- the value to pass to the activation function derivativepublic static float actiDe(float value, int family)
value
- the value to pass to the activation function derivativefamily
- the activation function family. See possible options at
famDesc
.public static Matrix minus(Matrix M)
M
- the matrix to negatepublic static Matrix oneMinus(Matrix M)
M
- the matrix to operatepublic static Matrix sign(Matrix matrix)
Env.epsilon
then it will return 0.matrix
- the matrix to be transformedpublic static Matrix gaussianMatrix(int row, int column, float expectedValue, float deviation)
row
- the number of rows the resulting matrix hascolumn
- the number of columns the resulting matrix hasexpectedValue
- the mean (mu) of the Gaussian curvedeviation
- the deviation (sigma) of the Gaussian curvepublic static Matrix gaussianMatrix(int row, int column, float deviation)
gaussianMatrix(int, int, float, float)
but with a
default mean of 0.row
- the number of rows the resulting matrix hascolumn
- the number of columns the resulting matrix hasdeviation
- the deviation (sigma) of the Gaussian curvepublic static Matrix gaussianMatrix(int row, int column)
gaussianMatrix(int, int, float)
but with a default
deviation of 1row
- the number of rows the resulting matrix hascolumn
- the number of columns the resulting matrix haspublic static Matrix randomMatrix(int row, int column, float lowerBound, float upperBound)
row
- the number of rows the resulting matrix hascolumn
- the number of columns the resulting matrix haslowerBound
- lower boundary of the randomized valuesupperBound
- upper boundary of the randomized valuespublic static Matrix randomMatrix(int row, int column, float bound)
row
- the number of rows the resulting matrix hascolumn
- the number of columns the resulting matrix hasbound
- the upper and lower boundary of the randomized values. In other
words, the value range is (-bound, bound).public static Matrix randomMatrix(int row, int column)
row
- the number of rows the resulting matrix hascolumn
- the number of columns the resulting matrix haspublic static Matrix tweak(Matrix matrix, float deviation)
matrix
- the matrix to tweakdeviation
- the deviation of the tweakspublic static Matrix tweak(Matrix matrix)
matrix
- the matrix to tweakpublic static Matrix[] tweak(Matrix[] matricies, float deviation)
matricies
- the array of matrix to tweakdeviation
- the deviation of the tweakspublic static Matrix[] tweak(Matrix[] matricies)
matricies
- the array of matrix to tweakpublic static int getHighestIndex(float[] Y)
Y
- the input floating point arraypublic static int getLowestIndex(float[] Y)
Y
- the input floating point arraypublic static float getConfidence(float[] Y, float lowerBound, float upperBound)
Y
- the input floating point arraylowerBound
- the lower boundary of the activation functionupperBound
- the upperBound of the activation functionpublic static float getConfidence(float[] Y, int family)
Y
- the input floating point arrayfamily
- the activation function family we are considering.public static float getConfidence(float[] Y)
Y
- the input floating point arraypublic static float calcAccuracy(Matrix Y, Matrix P, boolean highestIndex)
Y
- the first matrixP
- the second matrixhighestIndex
- the mode of the method, whether to get the highest or the lowest
elementgetHighestIndex(float[])
,
getLowestIndex(float[])
public static float calcAccuracy(Matrix Y, Matrix P)
calcAccuracy(Matrix, Matrix, boolean)
methodY
- the first matrixP
- the second matrixpublic static float calcConfidence(Matrix Y, int family)
Y
- the input matrixfamily
- the activation family under considerationpublic static float calcConfidence(Matrix Y)
Y
- the input matrixpublic static int matrixCost(Matrix M)
M
- the matrix under consideration


Hello, I'm Robert. I'm an experinced data analyst and project manager. I'm interested in technology and web development. While I may be able to go quickly by myself, I'd prefer to go far with a team.
When not working, I enjoy spending time with my family. Some of my hobbies include watching movies, playing video games, and reading.


Create a personlaized Bill Clinton Swag based on your spotify account
I'm a college student who loves making web apps and music. This week, my Instagram story feed was filled with people's Clinton Swag. I have worked with Spotify API before and thought it would be a fun idea to make this website. To be clear, this is just for fun and NOT A POLITICAL STATEMENT. I don't have anything for or against Bill Clinton; I wasn't even born when he was president ¯\_(ツ)_/¯
Credit to Thomas Miller for creating the Bill Clinton Swag API . Special shoutout to Tom Scott for creating inspirational videos on Tech. Lastly, here's an awesome video I found that I think everyone should see. Also, I'm not selling your data to advertisers. If you like my content, please consider doanting to help us fight COVID-19
There is one thing that will surely help us in fighting this pandemic: Doantion. If you can, please consider donating to a charity. It could be your local charity. Below is a link to donate to the CDC Foundation. We are in this together!


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Range of Computer Ability Computers exist in a wide range of sizes and power. The smallest are embedded within the circuitry of appliances, such as televisions and wristwatches. These computers are typically preprogrammed for a specific task, such as tuning to a particular television frequency, delivering doses of medicine, or keeping accurate time. They generally are ¡°hard-wired¡±¡ªthat is, their programs are represented as circuits that cannot be reprogrammed. Programmable computers vary enormously in their computational power, speed, memory, and physical size. Some small computers can be held in one hand and are called personal digital assistants (PDAs). They are used as notepads, scheduling systems, and address books; if equipped with a cellular phone, they can connect to worldwide computer networks to exchange information regardless of location. Hand-held game devices are also examples of small computers. Portable laptop and notebook computers and desktop PCs are typically used in businesses and at home to communicate on computer networks, for word processing, to track finances, and for entertainment. They have large amounts of internal memory to store hundreds of programs and documents. They are equipped with a keyboard; a mouse, trackball, or other pointing device; and a video display monitor or liquid crystal display (LCD) to display information. Laptop and notebook computers usually have hardware and software similar to PCs, but they are more compact and have flat, lightweight LCDs instead of television-like video display monitors. Most sources consider the terms ¡°laptop¡± and ¡°notebook¡± synonymous. Workstations are similar to personal computers but have greater memory and more extensive mathematical abilities, and they are connected to other workstations or personal computers to exchange data. They are typically found in scientific, industrial, and business environments¡ªespecially financial ones, such as stock exchanges¡ªthat require complex and fast computations. Mainframe computers have more memory, speed, and capabilities than workstations and are usually shared by multiple users through a series of interconnected computers. They control businesses and industrial facilities and are used for scientific research. The most powerful mainframe computers, called supercomputers, process complex and time-consuming calculations, such as those used to create weather predictions. Large businesses, scientific institutions, and the military use them. Some supercomputers have many sets of CPUs. These computers break a task into small pieces, and each CPU processes a portion of the task to increase overall speed and efficiency. Such computers are called parallel processors. As computers have increased in sophistication, the boundaries between the various types have become less rigid. The performance of various tasks and types of computing have also moved from one type of computer to another. For example, networked PCs can work together on a given task in a version of parallel processing known as distributed computing. |


emnlp emnlp2011 emnlp2011-31 emnlp2011-31-reference knowledge-graph by maker-knowledge-mining
Source: pdf
Author: Mark-Jan Nederhof ; Giorgio Satta
Abstract: The notion of infix probability has been introduced in the literature as a generalization of the notion of prefix (or initial substring) probability, motivated by applications in speech recognition and word error correction. For the case where a probabilistic context-free grammar is used as language model, methods for the computation of infix probabilities have been presented in the literature, based on various simplifying assumptions. Here we present a solution that applies to the problem in its full generality.