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java.lang.Object gr.forth.ics.graph.algo.Generators
public class Generators
Graph generator utilities.
| Method Summary | |
|---|---|
static Path |
createCycle(Graph g,
int nodes)
Creates a cycle with the specified number of nodes. |
static void |
createFoldedGrid(Graph g,
int... nodesPerDimension)
Creates a grid with the specified number of rows and columns, which folds around and connects back to itself. |
static void |
createGeneral(Graph g,
int... nodeDegreeDistribution)
Creates a graph that tries to honor the specified degree distribution. |
static void |
createGeneral(Graph g,
java.util.Random random,
int... nodeDegreeDistribution)
Creates a graph that tries to honor the specified degree distribution. |
static void |
createGrid(Graph g,
int... nodesPerDimension)
Creates a grid with the specified number of rows and columns. |
static Path |
createPath(Graph g,
int nodes)
Creates a path with the specified number of nodes. |
static void |
createRandom(Graph g,
int nodes,
double p)
Creates a random graph, using Erdos-Renyi algorithm. |
static void |
createRandom(Graph g,
java.util.Random random,
int nodes,
double p)
Creates a random graph, using Erdos-Renyi algorithm. |
static void |
createRandomBiconnectedGraph(Graph g,
int nodes)
Creates a random biconnected graph. |
static void |
createRandomBiconnectedGraph(Graph g,
java.util.Random random,
int nodes)
Creates a random biconnected graph. |
static void |
createRandomDag(Graph g,
int nodes,
double p)
Creates a random dag, using Erdos-Renyi algorithm, while making sure that no cycle exists. |
static void |
createRandomDag(Graph g,
java.util.Random random,
int nodes,
double p)
Creates a random dag, using Erdos-Renyi algorithm, while making sure that no cycle exists. |
static Node |
createRandomTree(Graph g,
int nodes,
Direction directionFromRoot)
Creates a random tree with specified number of nodes. |
static Node |
createRandomTree(Graph g,
java.util.Random random,
int nodes,
Direction directionFromRoot)
Creates a random tree with specified number of nodes. |
static void |
createRingLattice(Graph g,
int nodes,
int neighbors)
Creates a ring lattice. |
static void |
createSmallWorld_Kleinberg(Graph g,
int gridSize,
double clusteringExponent)
Constructs a random graph with small world properties. |
static void |
createSmallWorld_Kleinberg(Graph g,
java.util.Random random,
int gridSize,
double clusteringExponent)
Constructs a random graph with small world properties, based on Kleinberg's algorithm. |
static void |
createSmallWorld_Watts(Graph g,
int nodes,
int k,
double p)
Constructs a random graph with small world properties, based on Watts/Strogatz algorithm. |
static void |
createSmallWorld_Watts(Graph g,
java.util.Random random,
int nodes,
int k,
double p)
Constructs a random graph with small world properties, based on Watts/Strogatz algorithm. |
| Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object |
|---|
clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait |
| Method Detail |
|---|
public static Path createPath(Graph g, int nodes)
g
- the graph object in which to create the pathnodes
- the number of nodes that the created path will have
Path
object denoting the created pathpublic static Path createCycle(Graph g, int nodes)
g
- the graph object in which to create the cyclenodes
- the number of nodes that the created cycle will have
Path
object denoting the created cycle. Its first node will also be its last nodepublic static void createGrid(Graph g, int... nodesPerDimension)
g
- the graph object in which to create the cyclenodesPerDimension
- how many nodes to create for each dimension
(the number of dimensions is the number of the int arguments)public static void createFoldedGrid(Graph g, int... nodesPerDimension)
g
- the graph object in which to create the cyclenodesPerDimension
- how many nodes to create for each dimension
(the number of dimensions is the number of the int arguments)public static void createSmallWorld_Kleinberg(Graph g, int gridSize, double clusteringExponent)
g
- the graph object in which to create the graphgridSize
- the grid size (length of row or column dimension)clusteringExponent
- the clustering exponent parameter (somewhere around 2 is a good choice)public static void createSmallWorld_Kleinberg(Graph g, java.util.Random random, int gridSize, double clusteringExponent)
g
- the graph object in which to create the graphrandom
- the random number generator to usegridSize
- the grid size (length of row or column dimension)clusteringExponent
- the clustering exponent parameter (somewhere around 2 is a good choice)public static void createSmallWorld_Watts(Graph g, int nodes, int k, double p)
k
-neighbors and then randomly
rewire the edges, with probability p
, in such a way that a small world networks can be created for
certain values of p
and k
that exhibit low characteristic path lengths and high clustering coefficient.
g
- the graph object in which to create the graphnodes
- the number of nodes to createk
- the number of neighbors for each node, in the generated ring latticep
- the probability of an edge rewiringpublic static void createSmallWorld_Watts(Graph g, java.util.Random random, int nodes, int k, double p)
k
-neighbors and then randomly
rewire the edges, with probability p
, in such a way that a small world networks can be created for
certain values of p
and k
that exhibit low characteristic path lengths and high clustering coefficient.
g
- the graph object in which to create the graphrandom
- the random number generator to usenodes
- the number of nodes to createk
- the number of neighbors for each node, in the generated ring latticep
- the probability of an edge rewiringpublic static void createRingLattice(Graph g, int nodes, int neighbors)
g
- the graph object in which to create the graphnodes
- the number of nodes to createneighbors
- the number of (outgoing) neighbors of each nodepublic static void createRandom(Graph g, int nodes, double p)
g
- the graph object in which to create the graphnodes
- the number of nodes to generatep
- the probability (0 >= p >= 1)
that, for any pair of nodes,
an edge between them should be createdpublic static void createRandom(Graph g, java.util.Random random, int nodes, double p)
g
- the graph object in which to create the graphrandom
- the random number generator to usenodes
- the number of nodes to generatep
- the probability (0 >= p >= 1)
that, for any pair of nodes,
an edge between them should be createdpublic static Node createRandomTree(Graph g, int nodes, Direction directionFromRoot)
g
- the graph object in which to create the treenodes
- the number of nodes the produced tree will havedirectionFromRoot
- Direction.OUT
creates edges from the root towards
to the leaves; Direction.IN
creates edges from the leaves to the root; Direction.EITHER
creates both pairs of edges.
null
if nodes == 0
public static Node createRandomTree(Graph g, java.util.Random random, int nodes, Direction directionFromRoot)
g
- the graph object in which to create the treerandom
- the random number generator to usenodes
- the number of nodes the produced tree will havedirectionFromRoot
- Direction.OUT
creates edges from the root towards
to the leaves; Direction.IN
creates edges from the leaves to the root; Direction.EITHER
creates both pairs of edges.
null
if nodes == 0
public static void createRandomBiconnectedGraph(Graph g, int nodes)
g
- the graph object in which to create the biconnected graphnodes
- the number of nodes the produced biconnected graph will havepublic static void createRandomBiconnectedGraph(Graph g, java.util.Random random, int nodes)
g
- the graph object in which to create the biconnected graphrandom
- the random number generator to usenodes
- the number of nodes the produced biconnected graph will havepublic static void createRandomDag(Graph g, int nodes, double p)
createRandom(Graph, Random, int, double)
would generate.
g
- the graph object in which to create the graphnodes
- the number of nodes to generatep
- the probability (0 >= p >= 1)
that, for any pair of nodes,
an edge between them should be created.public static void createRandomDag(Graph g, java.util.Random random, int nodes, double p)
createRandom(Graph, Random, int, double)
would generate.
g
- the graph object in which to create the graphrandom
- the random number generator to usenodes
- the number of nodes to generatep
- the probability (0 >= p >= 1)
that, for any pair of nodes,
an edge between them should be created.public static void createGeneral(Graph g, int... nodeDegreeDistribution)
GraphChecker.isSequenceGraphical(int[])
.
g
- the graph object in which to create the graphnodeDegreeDistribution
- the distribution of node degrees, which must be graphicalGraphChecker.isSequenceGraphical(int[])
public static void createGeneral(Graph g, java.util.Random random, int... nodeDegreeDistribution)
GraphChecker.isSequenceGraphical(int[])
.
g
- the graph object in which to create the graphrandom
- the random number generator to usenodeDegreeDistribution
- the distribution of node degrees, which must be graphicalGraphChecker.isSequenceGraphical(int[])
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Click the "Try it" button to toggle between adding and removing the "mystyle" class on the DIV element.
Clicking the above button toggles this div's class and changes it's CSS Properties
Below will display the page coordinates of where you clicked
Below shows the Element Clicked


--- author: Nathaniel date: "2015-12-25T00:00:00Z" published: true title: A Christmas with the Gipper & Nancy, 1983. type: post ---


Access token part of the URI
Because of the security weaknesses associated with the URI method, including the high likelihood that the URL containing the access token will be logged, it SHOULD NOT be used unless it is impossible to transport the access token in the "Authorization" request header field or the HTTP request entity-body. Resource servers MAY support this method.


{% extends "base.html" %} {% block title %}
Medieval catalogues > BENEDICTINES: THE SHORTER CATALOGUES > Glastonbury > Catalogue, 1247, with additions
{% endif %}431 identified entries found.
All data was derived from the List of Identifications by Professor Richard Sharpe.
{% if not printing %}
A key to codes used in the List is available (opens in new tab).{% endif %}


--- title: The Weyl-Heisenberg Group keywords: fastai sidebar: home_sidebar nb_path: "01weylheisenberg.ipynb" ---
Where $\omega = e^{\frac{2\pi i}{d}}$.
Let's check that we really get a POVM. Recall that a POVM (a positive operator valued measure) consists in a set of positive semidefinite operators that sum to the identity, i.e., a set $\{E_{i}\}$ such that $\sum_{i} E_{i} = I$.
We can form a POVM whose elements are all rank-1:
d = 3
povm_from_state = weyl_heisenberg_povm(qt.rand_ket(d))
assert np.allclose(sum(povm_from_state), qt.identity(d))
Or not!
povm_from_dm = weyl_heisenberg_povm(qt.rand_dm(d))
assert np.allclose(sum(povm_from_dm), qt.identity(d))
The $d^2$ POVM elements form a linearly independent basis for quantum states in a $d$ dimensional Hilbert space. This works because the Weyl-Heisenberg (unitary) displacement operators themselves form an operator basis!
d = 4
O = qt.rand_unitary(d)
assert np.allclose(O, from_weyl_heisenberg_basis(to_weyl_heisenberg_basis(O)))


Welcome to Pixelstack
Jaymie Jones, Web Developer, Bodyboarder, Gamer, PhotographerWho Is Jaymie Jones
Builder of things on the internet.Developing in Ruby on Rails, Drupal, WordPress and more, along with frameworks such as Bootstrap, Foundation, Bourbon, Bourbon Neat and more.


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we's Hvvv Uhh Team O' $Ix $peCIaLizeD CuliNAree Artistss DAT Willl BLo Yo'' Mind wit THuh ConcOcShunS. Iff uu TYNk u HVVV WUttt IT TakeS, U $hould ConsIdUHH Joinin uS.
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An inverter is an electrical circuit that consists of a PMOS and a NMOS transistor. Its task is to turn the input voltage from high potential to low potential or the other way round.
Simulate until 1e-11 s. Display the input voltage vin.p.v as well as the output voltage mp.S.v. It shows that the input voltage is inverted.


Strip Club Invites Kanye West To Come Host His Sunday Service At Their Venue
by Peace FM OnlineThis past Sunday (Nov. 17), Kanye West touched down in Houston to join famed pastor and televangelist Joel Osteen at his Lakewood Church for his latest Sunday Service experience. The Jesus Is King rapper joined Osteen in the pulpit, where he spoke on re-dedicating his life to Christ.
As Ye was in the pulpit espousing how his Christian-led reformation has changed his way of thinking, he controversially said that he considers strip clubs to be akin to a form of sex trafficking.
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Many clingyalumni of avionics schools find themselves yearning for the exciting and complex profession of designing, maintaining, and operating aircraft flight systems after graduation. [G|D]
The teacher admonished the students for not understanding the difference between adenine and anions, emphasizing the importance of learning the basics of chemistry. [G|D]
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There were aplenty of carpentry projects assigned by the assignor for the new apprentices to complete, which provided much-needed experience and practice. [G|D]


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The following is a largely complete list of the parameters that enzo understands, and a brief description of what they mean. They are grouped roughly by meaning; an alphabetical list is also available. Parameters for individual test problems are also listed here.
This parameter list has two purposes. The first is to describe and explain the parameters that can be put into the initial parameter file that begins a run. The second is to provide a comprehensive list of all parameters that the code uses, including those that go into an output file (which contains a complete list of all parameters), so that users can better understand these output files.
The parameters fall into a number of categories:
Generally the external parameters are the only ones that are modified or set, but the internal parameters can provide useful information and can sometimes be modified so I list them here as well. Some parameters are true/false or on/off boolean flags. Eventually, these may be parsed, but in the meantime, I use the common convention of 0 meaning false or off and 1 for true or on.
This list includes parameters for current version as of February 2004 (the revision number v1_0_0).
StopTime (external) - This parameter specifies the time (in code units) when the calculation will halt. For cosmology simulations, this variable is automatically set by CosmologyFinalRedshift. No default.
StopCycle (external) - The cycle (top grid timestep) at which the calculation stops. A value of zero indicates that this criterion is not be used. Default: 0
StopFirstTimeAtLevel (external) - Causes the simulation to immediately stop when a specified level is reached. Default value 0 (off), possible values are levels 1 through maximum number of levels in a given simulation.
StopCPUTime - Reserved for future use.
ProblemType (external) - This integer specifies the type of problem to be run. It's value causes the correct problem initializer to be called to set up the grid, and also may trigger certain boundary conditions or other problem-dependent routines to be called. The possible values are listed below. [Not all of these problems run with more than one processor. The list of those known to work in parallel are: 23, 25, 30.] Default: none. For other problem-specific parameters follow the links below.
| 1 - Shock Tube | 20 - Zeldovich Pancake | 25 - Test Gravity: Sphere |
| 2 - Wave Pool | 21 - Pressureless Collapse | 26 - Gravity Equilibrium Test |
| 3 - Shock Pool | 22 - Adiabatic Expansion | 27 - Collapse Test |
| 4 - Double Mach Reflection | 23 - Test Gravity | 30 - Cosmology Simulation |
| 5 - Shock In A Box | 24 - Spherical Infall | 40 - Supernova Restart |
TopGridRank (external) - This specified the dimensionality of the root grid and by extension the entire hierarchy. It should be 1,2 or 3. Default: none
TopGridDimensions (external) - This is the dimension of the top or root grid. It should consist of 1, 2 or 3 integers separated by spaces. For those familiar with the KRONOS or ZEUS method of specifying dimensions, these values do not include ghost or boundary zones. A dimension cannot be less than 3 zones wide and more than MAX_ANY_SINGLE_DIRECTION - NumberOfGhostZones*2. MAX_ANY_SINGLE_DIRECTION is defined in fortran.def. Default: none
DomainLeftEdge, DomainRightEdge (external) - These float values specify the two corners of the problem domain (in code units). The defaults are: 0 0 0 for the left edge and 1 1 1 for the right edge.
LeftFaceBoundaryCondition, RightFaceBoundaryCondition (external) - These two parameters each consist of vectors of integers (of length TopGridRank). They specify the boundary conditions for the top grid (and hence the entire hierarchy). The first integer corresponds to the x-direction, the second to the y-direction and the third, the z-direction. The possible values are: 0 - reflecting, 1 - outflow, 2 - inflow, 3 - periodic. For inflow, the inflow values can be set through the next parameter, or more commonly are controlled by problem-specific code triggered by the ProblemType. Default: 0 0 0
BoundaryConditionName (external) - While the above parameters provide an easy way to set an entire side of grid to a given boundary value, the possibility exists to set the boundary conditions on an individual cell basis. This is most often done with problem specific code, but it can also be set by specifying a file which contains the information in the appropriate format. This is too involved to go into here. Default: none
InitialTime (internal) - The time, in "code" units, of the current step. For cosmology the units are in free-fall times at the initial epoch (see output format). Default: generally 0, depends on problem
Initialdt (internal) - The timestep, in "code" units, for the current step. For cosmology the units are in free-fall times at the initial epoch (see output format). Default: generally 0, depends on problem
GridVelocity (obsolete) - For problems in which the grid must move. Originally implemented, but was never used, and so almost surely doesn't work. Default: 0 0 0
dtDataDump (external) - The time interval, in code units, between time-based outputs. A value of 0 turns off the time-based outputs. Default: 0
CycleSkipDataDump (external) - The number of cycles (top grid timesteps) between cycle-based outputs. Zero turns off the cycle-based outputs. Default: 0
DataDumpName (external) - The base file name used for both time and cycle based outputs. Default: data
RedshiftDumpName (external) - The base file name used for redshift-based outputs (this can be overridden by the CosmologyOutputRedshiftName parameter). Normally a four digit identification number is appended to the end of this name, starting from 0000 and incrementing by one for every output. This can be over-ridden by including four consecutive R's in the name (e.g. RedshiftRRRR) in which case the an identification number will not be appended but the four R's will be converted to a redshift with an implied decimal point in the middle (i.e. z=1.24 becomes 0124). Default: RedshiftOutput
CosmologyOutputRedshift[####] (external) - The time and cycle-based outputs occur regularly at constant intervals, but the redshift outputs are specified individually. This is done by the use of this statement, which sets the output redshift for a specific identification number (this integer is between 0000 and 9999 and is used in forming the name). So the statement CosmologyOutputRedshift[1] = 4.0 will cause an output to be written out at z=4 with the name RedshiftOutput0001 (unless the base name is changed either with the previous parameter or the next one). This parameter can be repeated with different values for the number (####). Default: none
CosmologyOutputRedshiftName[####] (external) - This parameter overrides the parameter RedshiftOutputName for this (only only this) redshift output. Can be used repeatedly in the same manner as the previous parameter. Default: none
dtMovieDump (external) - The time interval, in code units, between movie dumps. A value of 0 turns off the movie dumps. Default: 0
MovieRegionLeftEdge, MovieRegionRightEdge (external) - These two parameters control the region for which movie dumps are made. When a movie dump is generated (see the section on output format), only those grid points and particles within this region are written out to the movie data files.
MovieDumpName (external) - This character parameter is the base name of the movie dumps. Default: MovieData
OutputFirstTimeAtLevel (external) - This forces enzo to output when a given level is reached, and at every level thereafter. Default is 0 (off). User can usefully specify anything up to the maximum number of levels in a given simulation.
XrayLowerCutoffkeV, XrayUpperCutoffkeV, XrayTableFileName, (external) - These parameters are used in 2D projections (enzo -p ...). The first two specify the X-ray band (observed at z=0) to be used, and the last gives the name of an ascii file that contains the X-ray spectral information. A gzipped version of this file good for bands within the 0.1 - 20 keV range is available here. If these parameters are specified, then the second field is replaced with integrated emissivity along the line of sight in units of 10^-23 erg/cm^2/s.
ExtractFieldsOnly (external) - Used for extractions (enzo -x ...) when only field data are needed instead of field + particle data. Default is 1 (TRUE).
dtRestartDump - Reserved for future use.
dtHistoryDump - Reserved for future use.
CycleSkipRestartDump - Reserved for future use.
CycleSkipHistoryDump - Reserved for future use.
RestartDumpName - Reserved for future use.
HistoryDumpName - Reserved for future use.
ParallelRootGridIO (external) - Normally, for the mpi version, the root grid is read into the root processor and then partitioned to separate processors. However, for very large root grids (e.g. 512^3), the root processor may not have enough memory. If this toggle switch is set on (i.e. to the value 1), then each processor reads its own section of the root grid. More I/O is required (to split up the grids and particles), but it is more balanced in terms of memory. ParallelRootGridIO and ParallelParticleIO MUST be set to 1 (TRUE) for runs involving > 64 cpus! Default: 0 (FALSE). See also Unigrid below.
Unigrid (external) - This parameter must be set to 1 (TRUE) in order to enable some modifications which prevent process 0 from instantiating a (useless) copy of a top grid sized field. Must be set TRUE for unigrid runs with ParallelRootGridIO = 1 so that large simulations would start on distributed-memory systems. Default: 0 (FALSE)
StaticHierarchy (external) - A flag which indicates if the hierarchy is static (1) or dynamic (0). In other words, a value of 1 takes the a out of amr. Default: 1
RefineBy (external) - This is the refinement factor between a grid and it's subgrid. For cosmology simulations, I have found the number 2 to be most useful. Default: 4
MaximumRefinementLevel (external) - This is the lowest (most refined) depth that the code will produce. It is zero based, so the total number of levels (including the root grid) is one more than this value. Default: 2
CellFlaggingMethod (external) - The method(s) used to specify when a cell should be refined. This is a list of integers, up to five, as described by the following table. The methods combine in an "OR" fashion: if any of them indicate that a cell should be refined, then it is flagged. For cosmology simulations, methods 2 and 4 are probably most useful. Note that some methods have additional parameters which are described below. Default: 1
| 1 - refine by slope | 5 - refine by baryon overdensity (currently disabled) |
| 2 - refine by baryon mass | 6 - refine by Jeans length |
| 3 - refine by shocks | 7 - refine if cooling time < cell width/sound speed |
| 4 - refine by particle mass |
RefineRegionLeftEdge, RefineRegionRightEdge (external) - These two parameters control the region in which refinement is permitted. Each is a vector of floats (of length given by the problem rank) and they specify the two corners of a volume. Default: set equal to DomainLeftEdge and DomainRightEdge.
MinimumOverDensityForRefinement (external) - These float values (up to 5) are used if the CellFlaggingMethod is 2, 4, or 5 although in slightly different ways. For Method 5, this is the overdensity in terms of (rho/<rho> - 1), where rho is the density of the cell, and <rho> is the mean density. For the others, the meaning is actually just rho/<rho> where rho is the density of the appropriate species. This value is converted into a mass, by multiplying by the volume of the a top grid cell. This result is then stored in the next parameter (unless it is set directly in which case this parameter is ignored), and this defines the mass resolution of the simulation. Note that the volume is of a top grid cell, so if you are doing a multi-grid initialization, you must divide this number by r^(d*l) where r is the refinement factor, d is the dimensionality and l is the (zero-based) lowest level. For example, for a two grid setup where a cell should be refined whenever the mass exceeds 4 times the mean density of the subgrid, this value should be 4 / (2^(3*1)) = 4 / 8 = 0.5. Keep in mind that this parameter has no effect if it is changed in a restart output; if you want to change the refinement mid-run you will have to modify the next parameter. Up to five numbers may be specified here, each corresponding to the respective CellFlaggingMethod. Default: 1.5
MinimumMassForRefinement (internal) - This float is usually set by the parameter above and so is labeled internal, but it can be set by hand. It is the mass (in units such that the entire mass in the computational volume is 1.0) above which a refinement occurs if the CellFlaggingMethod is appropriately set. There are five numbers here again, as per the above parameter. Default: none
MinimumMassForRefinementLevelExponent (external). This parameter modifies the behaviour of the above parameter. As it stands, the refinement based on the MinimumMassForRefinement (hereafter Mmin) parameter is complete Lagrangian. However, this can be modified. The actual mass used is Mmin*r^(l*alpha) where r is the refinement factor, l is the level and alpha is the value of this parameter (MinimumMassForRefinementLevelExponent). Therefore a negative value makes the refinement super-Lagrangian, while positive values are sub-Lagrangian. There are up to five values specified here, as per the above two parameters. Default: 0.0
MinimumSlopeForRefinement (external) - If CellFlaggingMethod is 1, then local gradients are used as the refinement criteria. All variables are examined and the relative slope is computed: abs(q(i+1)-q(i-1))/q(i). Where this value exceeds this parameter, the cell is marked for refinement. This causes problems if q(i) is near zero. This is a single integer (as opposed to the list of five for the above parameters). Default: 0.3
MinimumPressureJumpForRefinement (external) - If refinement is done by shocks, then this is the minimum (relative) pressure jump in one-dimension to qualify for a shock. The definition is rather standard (see Colella and Woodward's PPM paper for example) Default: 0.33
MinimumEnergyRatioForRefinement (external) - For the dual energy formalism, and cell flagging by shock-detection, this is an extra filter which removes weak shocks (or noise in the dual energy fields) from triggering the shock detection. Default: 0.1
FluxCorrection (external) - This flag indicates if the flux fix-up step should be carried out around the boundaries of the sub-grid to preserve conservation (1 - on, 0 - off). Strictly speaking this should always be used, but I have found it to lead to a less accurate solution for cosmological simulations because of the relatively sharp density gradients involved. However, it does appear to be important when radiative cooling is turned on and very dense structures are created (this note added sheepishly in April/99). It does work with the ZEUS hydro method, but since velocity is face-centered, momentum flux is not corrected. Species quantities are not flux corrected directly but are modified to keep the fraction constant based on the density change. Default: 1
InterpolationMethod (external) - There should be a whole section devoted to the interpolation method, which is used to generate new sub-grids and to fill in the boundary zones of old sub-grids, but a brief summary must suffice. The possible values of this integer flag are shown in the table below. The names specify (in at least a rough sense) the order of the leading error term for a spatial Taylor expansion, as well as a letter for possible variants within that order. The basic problem is that you would like your interpolation method to be: multi-dimensional, accurate, monotonic and conservative. There doesn't appear to be much literature on this, so I've had to experiment. The first one (ThirdOrderA) is time-consuming and probably not all that accurate. The second one (SecondOrderA) is the workhorse: it's only problem is that it is not always symmetric. The next one (SecondOrderB) is a failed experiment, and SecondOrderC is not conservative. FirstOrderA is everything except for accurate. If HydroMethod = 2 (ZEUS), this flag is ignored, and the code automatically uses SecondOrderC for velocities and FirstOrderA for cell-centered quantities. Default: 1
| 0 - ThirdOrderA | 3 - SecondOrderC |
| 1 - SecondOrderA | 4 - FirstOrderA |
| 2 - SecondOrderB |
ConservativeInterpolation (external) - This flag (1 - on, 0 - off) indicates if the interpolation should be done in the conserved quantities (e.g. momentum rather than velocity). Ideally, this should be done, but it can cause problems when strong density gradients occur. This must(!) be set off for ZEUS hydro (the code does it automatically). Default: 1
MinimumEfficiency (external) - When new grids are created during the rebuilding process, each grid is split up by a recursive bisection process that continues until a subgrid is either of a minimum size or has an efficiency higher than this value. The efficiency is the ratio of flagged zones (those requiring refinement) to the total number of zones in the grid. This is a number between 0 and 1 and should probably by around 0.4 for standard three-dimensional runs. Default: 0.2
NumberOfBufferZones (external) - Each flagged cell, during the regridding process, is surrounded by a number of zones to prevent the phenomenon of interest from leaving the refined region before the next regrid. This integer parameter controls the number required, which should almost always be one. Default: 1
RefineByJeansLengthSafetyFactor (external) - If the Jeans length refinement criterion (see CellFlaggingMethod) is being used, then this parameter specifies the number of cells which must cover one Jeans length. Default: 4
StaticRefineRegionLevel[#] (external) - This parameter is used to specify regions of the problem that are to static refined, regardless of other parameters. This is mostly used as an internal mechanism to keep the initial grid hierarchy in place, but can be specified by the user. Up to 20 static regions may be defined (this number set in macros_and_parameters.h), and each static region is labeled starting from zero. For each static refined region, two pieces of information are required: (1) the region (see the next two parameters), and (2) the level at which the refinement is to occurs (0 implies a level 1 region will always exist). Default: none
StaticRefineRegionLeftEdge[#], StaticRefineRegionRightEdge[#] (external) - These two parameters specify the two corners of a statically refined region (see the previous parameter). Default: none
HydroMethod (external) - This integer specifies the hydrodynamics method that will be used. Currently implemented are: 0 - PPM DE (a direct-Eulerian version of PPM), 1 - PPM LR (a Lagrange-Remap version of PPM), 2 - ZEUS (a Cartesian, 3D version of Stone & Norman). The PPM LR version is not recommended. Note that if ZEUS is selected, it automatically turns off ConservativeInterpolation and the DualEnergyFormalism flags. Default: 0
Gamma (external) - The ratio of specific heats for an ideal gas (used by all hydro methods). If using multiple species (i.e. MultiSpecies > 0), then this value is ignored in favour of a direct calculation (except for PPM LR) Default: 5/3.
CourantSafetyNumber (external) - This is the maximum fraction of the CFL-implied timestep that will be used to advance any grid. A value greater than 1 is unstable (for all explicit methods). The recommended value is 0.4. Default: 0.6.
DualEnergyFormalism (external) - The dual energy formalism is needed to make total energy schemes such as PPM DE and PPM LR stable and accurate in the "hyper-Machian" regime (i.e. where the ratio of thermal energy to total energy < ~0.001). Turn on for cosmology runs with PPM DE and PPM LR.  Integer flag (0 - off, 1 - on). When turned on, there are two energy fields: total energy and thermal energy. Default: 0
DualEnergyFormalismEta1, DualEnergyFormalismEta2 (external) - These two parameters are part of the dual energy formalism and should probably not be changed. Defaults: 0.001 and 0.1 respectively.
PressureFree (external) - A flag that is interpreted by the PPM DE hydro method as an indicator that it should try and mimic a pressure-free fluid.  Default: 0
PPMFlatteningParameter (external) - This is a PPM parameter to control noise for slowly-moving shocks. It is either on (1) or off (0). Default: 0
PPMDiffusionParameter (external) - This is the PPM diffusion parameter (see the Colella and Woodward method paper for more details). It is either on (1) or off (0). Default: 1 [Currently disabled (set to 0)]
PPMSteepeningParameter (external) - A PPM modification designed to sharpen contact discontinuities. It is either on (1) or off (0). Default: 0
ZEUSQuadraticArtificialViscosity (external) - This is the quadratic artificial viscosity parameter C2 of Stone & Norman, and corresponds (roughly) to the number of zones over which a shock is spread. Default: 2.0
ZEUSLinearArtificialViscosity (external) - This is the linear artificial viscosity parameter C1 of Stone & Norman. Default: 0.0
ComovingCoordinates (external) - Flag (1 - on, 0 - off) that determines if comoving coordinates are used or not. In practice this turns on or off the entire cosmology machinery. Default: 0
CosmologyFinalRedshift (external) - This parameter specifies the redshift when the calculation will halt. Default: 0.0
CosmologyOmegaMatterNow (external) - This is the contribution of all non-relativistic matter (including HDM) to the energy density at the current epoch (z=0), relative to the value required to marginally close the universe. It includes dark and baryonic matter. Default: 1.0
CosmologyOmegaLambdaNow (external) - This is the contribution of the cosmological constant to the energy density at the current epoch, in the same units as above. Default: 0.0
CosmologyComovingBoxSize (external) - The size of the volume to be simulated in Mpc/h (at z=0). Default: 64.0
CosmologyHubbleConstantNow (external) - The Hubble constant at z=0, in units of 100 km/s/Mpc. Default: 0.5
CosmologyInitialRedshift (external) - The redshift for which the initial conditions are to be generated. Default: 20.0
CosmologyMaxExpansionRate (external) - This float controls the timestep so that cosmological terms are accurate followed. The timestep is constrained so that the relative change in the expansion factor in a step is less than this value. Default: 0.01
CosmologyCurrentRedshift (information only) - This is not strictly speaking a parameter since it is never interpreted and is only meant to provide information to the user. Default: n/a
TopGridGravityBoundary (external) - A single integer which specified the type of gravitational boundary conditions for the top grid. Possible values are 0 for periodic and 1 for isolated (for all dimensions). The isolated boundary conditions have not been tested recently, so caveat emptor. Default: 0
SelfGravity (external) - This flag (1 - on, 0 - off) indicates if the baryons and particles undergo self-gravity.
GravitationalConstant (external) - This is the gravitational constant to be used. For cgs units it should be 4*pi*G. For cosmology, this value must be 1 for the standard units to hold. Default: 4*pi.
GreensFunctionMaxNumber (external) - The Green's functions for the gravitational potential depend on the grid size, so they are calculated on a as-needed basis. Since they are often re-used, they can be cached. This integer indicates the number that can be stored. They don't take much memory (only the real part is stored), so a reasonable number is 100. [Ignored in current version]. Default: 1
GreensFunctionMaxSize - Reserved for future use.
S2ParticleSize (external) - This is the gravitational softening radius, in cell widths, in terms of the S2 particle described by Hockney and Eastwood in their book Computer Simulation Using Particles. A reasonable value is 3.0. [Ignored in current version]. Default: 3.0
GravityResolution (external) - This was a mis-guided attempt to provide the capability to increase the resolution of the gravitational mesh. In theory it still works, but has not been recently tested. Besides, it's just not a good idea. The value (a float) indicates the ratio of the gravitational cell width to the baryon cell width. [Ignored in current version]. Default: 1
ComputePotential (external) - This flag (1 -on, 0 - off) indicates if the gravitational potential is to be computed on the mesh. This is necessary if the energy conservation is to be computed. [not tested] Default: 0
BaryonSelfGravityApproximation (external) - This flag indicates if baryon density is derived in a strange, expensive but self-consistent way (0 - off), or by a completely reasonable and much faster approximation (1 - on). This is an experiment gone wrong; leave on. Well, actually, it's important for very dense structures as when radiative cooling is turned on, so set to 0 if using many levels and radiative cooling is on [ignored in current version]. Default: 1
MaximumGravityRefinementLevel (external) - This is the lowest (most refined) depth that a gravitational acceleration field is computed. More refined levels interpolate from this level, provided a mechanism for instituting a minimum gravitational smoothing length. Default: MaximumRefinetLevel (unless HydroMethod is ZEUS and radiative cooling is on, in which case it is MaximumRefinementLevel - 3).
MaximumParticleRefinementLevel (external) - This is the level at which the dark matter particle contribution to the gravity is smoothed. This works in an inefficient way (it actually smoothes the particle density onto the grid), and so is only intended for highly refined regions which are nearly completely baryon dominated. It is used to remove the discreteness effects of the few remaining dark matter particles. Not used if set to a value less than 0. Default: -1
PointSourceGravity (external) - This flag (1 - on, 0 - off) indicates if there is to be a (constant) point source gravitational field. Default: 0
PointSourceGravityConstant (external) - The magnitude of the point source acceleration at a distance of 1 length unit. Default: 1
PointSourceGravityPosition (external) - If the PointSourceGravity flag is turned on, this parameter specifies the center of the point-source gravitational field. Default: 0 0 0
UniformGravity (external) - This flag (1 - on, 0 - off) indicates if there is to be a uniform gravitational field. Default: 0
UniformGravityDirection (external) - This integer is the direction of the uniform gravitational field: 0 - along the x axis, 1 - y axis, 2 - z axis. Default: 0
UniformGravityConstant (external) - Magnitude (and sign) of the uniform gravitational acceleration. Default: 1
ParticleBoundaryType (external) - The boundary condition imposed on particles. At the moment, this parameter is largely ceremonial as there is only one type implemented: periodic, indicated by a 0 value. Default: 0
ParticleCourantSafetyNumber (external) - This somewhat strangely named parameter is the maximum fraction of a cell width that a particle is allowed to travel per timestep (i.e. it is a constant on the timestep somewhat along the lines of it's hydrodynamic brother). Default: 0.5
NumberOfParticles (obsolete) - Currently ignored by all initializers, except for TestGravity and TestGravitySphere where it is the number of test points. Default: 0
NumberOfParticleAttributes (internal) - It is set to 3 if either StarParticleCreation or StarParticleFeedback is set to 1 (TRUE). Default: 0
ParallelParticleIO (external) - Normally, for the mpi version, the particle data are read into the root processor and then distributed to separate processors. However, for very large number of particles, the root processor may not have enough memory. If this toggle switch is set on (i.e. to the value 1), then Ring i/o is turned on and each processor reads its own part of the particle data. More I/O is required, but it is more balanced in terms of memory. ParallelRootGridIO and ParallelParticleIO MUST be set for runs involving > 64 cpus! Default: 0 (FALSE).
RadiativeCooling (external) - This flag (1 - on, 0 - off) controls whether or not a radiative cooling module is called for each grid. There are currently two possibilities, controlled by the value of another flag. If the MultiSpecies flag is off, then equilibrium cooling is assumed, and a file called cool_rates.in is read to set a cooling curve. This file consists of a set of temperature and the associated cgs cooling rate; a sample compute with a metallicity Z=0.3 Raymond-Smith code is provided in amr_mpi/exe/cool_rates.in. If the Multispecies flag is on, then the cooling rate is computed directly by the species abundances. This routine (which uses a backward differenced multi-step algorithm) was plundered from the Hercules code written by Peter Anninos and Yu Zhang, featuring rates from Tom Abel. Default: 0
MultiSpecies (external) - If this flag (1, 2, 3- on, 0 - off) is on, then the code follows not just the total density, but also the ionization states of Hydrogen and Helium. If set to 2, then a nine-species model (including H2, H2+ and H-) will be computed, otherwise only six species are followed (H, H+, He, He+, He++, e-). If set to 3, then a 12 species model is followed, including D, D+ and HD [Deuterium is currently broken]. This routine, like the last one, is based on work done by Abel, Zhang and Anninos. Default: 0
GadgetEquilibriumCooling(external) -
An implementation of the ionization equilibrium cooling code used in the
GADGETcode which
includes both radiative cooling and a uniform metagalactic UV background specified by the
TREECOOL file (in the amr_mpi/exe directory). When
this parameter is turned on, MultiSpecies and RadiationFieldType are forced to 0 and
RadiativeCooling is forced to 1.
[Not in public release version]
MultiMetals (external) - This is a placeholder right now. It was added so that the user could turn on or off additional metal fields - currently there is the standard metallicity field (Metal_Density) and two additional metal fields (Z_Field1 and Z_Field2). Acceptable values are 1 or 0, default 0 (off).
StarParticleCreation (external) - If set to 1 or 2, then one of
two possible, experimental, star formation algorithms is used. The
algorithms are from
Cen & Ostriker (1992) and the implementation is
by Chris Loken, Brian O'Shea and GLB. The second algorithm (2) is
recommended. Defaut: 0
[Not in public release version]
StarParticleFeedback (external) - If set to 1 or 2, then one of
two possible star feedback algorithms is used. The second (StarParticleFeedback=2)
is recommended. Default: 0
[Not in public release version]
StarMakerOverDensityThreshold (external) - The overdensity threshold
(relative to the total mean density, not just the dark matter mean density)
before star formation will be considered. Default: 100
[Not in public release version]
StarMakerMassEfficiency (external) - The fraction of identified baryonic mass in a cell (Mass*dt/t_dyn) that is converted into a star particle. Default: 1 [Not in public release version]
StarMakerMinimumMass (external) - The
minimum mass of star particle,
in solar masses. Note however, the star maker algorithm 2 has a "stochastic"
star formation algorithm that will, in a pseudo-random fashion, allow star
formation even for very low star formation rates. It attempts to do
so (relatively successfully according to tests) in a fashion that conserves
the global average star formation rate. Default: 1e9
[Not in public release version]
StarMakerMinimumDynamicalTime (external) - When the star formation
rate is computed, the rate is proportional to M_baryon * dt/max(t_dyn,
t_max) where t_max is this parameter. This effectively sets a limit
on the rate of star formation based on the idea that stars have a non-negligible
formation and life-time. The unit is years. Default: 1e6
[Not in public release version]
StarMassEjectionFraction (external) - The mass fraction of created
stars which is returned to the gas phase. Default: 0.25
[Not in public release version]
StarMetalYield (external) - The mass fraction of metals produced
by each unit mass of stars created (i.e. it is multiplied by mstar, not
ejected). Default: 0.02
[Not in public release version]
StarEnergyToThermalFeedback (external) - The fraction of the rest-mass
energy of the stars created which is returned to the gas phase as thermal
energy. Default: 1e-5
[Not in public release version]
StarEnergyToStellarUV (external) - The fraction of the rest-mass
energy of the stars created which is returned as UV radiation with a young
star spectrum. Default: 3e-6
[Not in public release version]
StarEnergyToQuasarUV (external) - The fraction of the rest-mass
energy of the stars created which is returned as UV radiation with a quasar
spectrum. Default: 5e-6
[Not in public release version]
RadiationFieldType (external) - This integer parameter specifies the type of radiation field that is to be used. It can currently only be used if MultiSpecies = 1 (i.e. no molecular H support). The following values are used: (1) - Haardt & Madau spectrum with q_alpha=-1.5; (2) - Haardt & Madau spectrum with q_alpha = -1.8; (3) - reserved for experimentation; (4) - H&M spectrum (q_alpha=-1.5) supplemented with an X-ray Compton heating background from Madau & Efstathiou (see astro-ph/9902080); (9) - a constant molecular H2 photo-dissociation rate; (10) - internally computed radiation field using the algorithm of Cen & Ostriker; (11) - same as previous, but with very, very simple optical shielding fudge. Default: 0
RadiationFieldLevelRecompute (external) - This integer parameter is used only if the previous parameter is set to 10 or 11. It controls how often (i.e. the level at which) the internal radiation field is recomputed. Default: 0
RadiationSpectrumNormalization (external) - This parameter was initially used to normalize the photo-ionization and photo-heating rates computed in the RadiationFieldCalculateRates() and then passed on to calc_photo_rates(), calc_rad() and calc_rates() routines. Later, the normalization as a separate input parameter was dropped for all cases by using the rates computed in RadiationFieldCalculateRates() with one exception: The molecular hydrogen (H2) dissociation rate. There a normalization is performed on the rate by multiplying it with RadiationSpectrumNormalization. Default:
UseMinimumPressureSupport (external) - When radiative cooling is turned on, and objects are allowed to collapse to very small sizes (i.e. a few cells), and they are evolved for many, many dynamical times, then unfortunate things happen. Primarily, there is some spurious angular momentum generation, and possible some resulting momentum non-conservation. To alleviate this problem, a very simple fudge was introduced: if this flag is turned on, then a minimum temperature is applied to grids with level == MaximumRefinementLevel. This minimum temperature is that required to make each cell Jeans stable multiplied by the parameter below. If you use this, it is advisable to also set the gravitational smoothing length in the form of MaximumGravityRefineLevel to 2 or 3 less than MaximumRefinementLevel. Default: 0
MinimumPressureSupportParameter (external) - This is the parameter alluded to above. Very roughly speaking, is is the number of cells over which a gravitationally bound small cold clump, on the most refined level, will be spread over. Default: 100
Riemann problem or arbitrary discontinuity breakup problem. The discontinuity initially separates two arbitrary constant states: Left and Right. Default values correspond to the so called Sod Shock Tube setup (test 1.1). A table below contains a series of recommended 1D tests for hydrodynamic method, specifically designed to test the performance of the Riemann solver, the treatment of shock waves, contact discontinuities, and rarefaction waves in a variety of situations (Toro 1999, p. 129).
| Test | LeftDensity | LeftVelocity | LeftPressure | RightDensity | RightVelocity | RightPressure |
| 1.1 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.125 | 0.0 | 0.1 |
| 1.2 | 1.0 | -2.0 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 0.4 |
| 1.3 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1000.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.01 |
| 1.4 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.01 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 |
| 1.5 | 5.99924 | 19.5975 | 460.894 | 5.99242 | -6.19633 | 46.0950 |
ShockTubeBoundary (external) - Discontinuity position. Default: 0.5
ShockTubeDirection (external) - Discontinuity orientation. Type: integer. Default: 0 (shock(s) will propagate in x-direction)
ShockTubeLeftDensity, ShockTubeRightDensity (external) - The initial gas density to the left and to the right of the discontinuity. Default: 1.0 and 0.125, respectively
ShockTubeLeftVelocity, ShockTubeRightVelocity (external) - The same as above but for the velocity component in ShockTubeDirection. Default: 0.0, 0.0
ShockTubeLeftPressure, ShockTubeRightPressure (external) - The same as above but for pressure. Default: 1.0, 0.1
Wave Pool sets up a simulation with a 1D sinusoidal wave entering from the left boundary. The initial active region is uniform and the wave is entered via inflow boundary conditions.
WavePoolAmplitude (external) - The amplitude of the wave. Default: 0.01 - a linear wave.
WavePoolAngle (external) - Direction of wave propagation with respect to x-axis. Default: 0.0
WavePoolDensity (external) - Uniform gas density in the pool. Default: 1.0
WavePoolNumberOfWaves (external) - The test initialization will work for one wave only. Default: 1
WavePoolPressure (external) - Uniform gas pressure in the pool. Default: 1.0
WavePoolSubgridLeft, WavePoolSubgridRight (external) - Start and end positions of the subgrid. Default: 0.0 and 0.0 (no subgrids)
WavePoolVelocity1(2,3) (external) - x-,y-, and z-velocities. Default: 0.0 (for all)
WavePoolWavelength (external) - The wavelength. Default: 0.1 (one-tenth of the box)
The Shock Pool test sets up a system which introduces a shock from the left boundary. The initial active region is uniform, and the shock wave enters via inflow boundary conditions. 2D and 3D versions available. (D. Mihalas & B.W. Mihalas, Foundations of Radiation Hydrodynamics, 1984, p. 236, eq. 56-40.)
ShockPoolAngle (external) - Direction of the shock wave propagation with respect to x-axis. Default: 0.0
ShockPoolDensity (external) - Uniform gas density in the preshock region. Default: 1.0
ShockPoolPressure (external) - Uniform gas pressure in the preshock region. Default: 1.0
ShockPoolMachNumber (external) - The ratio of the shock velocity and the preshock sound speed. Default: 2.0
ShockPoolSubgridLeft, ShockPoolSubgridRight (external) - Start and end positions of the subgrid. Default: 0.0 and 0.0 (no subgrids)
ShockPoolVelocity1(2,3) (external) - Preshock gas velocity (the Mach number definition above assumes a zero velocity in the laboratory reference frame. Default: 0.0 (for all components)
A test for double Mach reflection of a strong shock (Woodward & Colella 1984). Most of the parameters are "hardwired": d0 = 8.0, e0 = 291.25, u0 = 8.25*sqrt(3.0)/2.0, v0 = -8.25*0.5, w0 = 0.0
DoubleMachSubgridLeft (external) - Start position of the subgrid. Default: 0.0
DoubleMachSubgridRight (external) - End positions of the subgrid. Default: 0.0
A stationary shock front in a static 3D subgrid (Anninos et al. 1994). Initialization is done as in the Shock Tube test.
ShockInABoxBoundary (external) - Position of the shock. Default: 0.5
ShockInABoxLeftDensity, ShockInABoxRightDensity (external) - Densities to the Right and to the Left of the shock front. Default: dL=1.0 and dR = dL*((Gamma+1)*m*m)/((Gamma-1)*m*m + 2), where m=2.0.
ShockInABoxLeftVelocity, ShockInABoxRightVelocity (external) - Velocities to the Right and to the Left of the shock front. Default: vL=shockspeed and vR=shockspeed-m*sqrt(Gamma*pL/dL)*(1-dL/dR), where m=2.0, shockspeed=0.9*sqrt(Gamma*pL/dL)*m.
ShockInABoxLeftPressure, ShockInABoxRightPressure (external) - Pressures to the Right and to the Left of the shock front. Default: pL=1.0 and pR=pL*(2.0*Gamma*m*m - (Gamma-1))/(Gamma+1), where m=2.0.
ShockInABoxSubgridLeft, ShockInABoxSubgridRight (external) - Start and end positions of the subgrid. Default: 0.0 (for both)
A test for gas dynamics, expansion terms and self-gravity in both linear and non-linear regimes [Brian et al. (1995), Sect. 3.4-3.5; Norman & Brian (1998), Sect. 4]
ZeldovichPancakeCentralOffset (external) - Offset of the pancake plane. Default: 0.0 (no offset)
ZeldovichPancakeCollapseRedshift (external) - A free parameter which determines the epoch of caustic formation. Default: 1.0
ZeldovichPancakeDirection (external) - Orientation of the pancake. Type: integer. Default: 0 (along the x-axis)
ZeldovichPancakeInitialTemperature (external) - Initial gas temperature. Units: degrees Kelvin. Default: 100
ZeldovichPancakeOmegaBaryonNow (external) - Omega Baryon at redshift z=0; standard setting. Default: 1.0
ZeldovichPancakeOmegaCDMNow (external) - Omega CDM at redshift z=0. Default: 0 (assumes no dark matter)
An 1D AMR test for the gravity solver and advection routines: the two-sided one-dimensional collapse of a homogeneous plane parallel cloud in Cartesian coordinates. Isolated boundary conditions. Gravitational constant G=1; free fall time 0.399. The expansion terms are not used in this test. (Brian et al. 1995, Sect. 3.1).
PressurelessCollapseDirection (external) - Coordinate direction. Default: 0 (along the x-axis).
PressurelessCollapseInitialDensity (external) - Initial density (the fluid starts at rest). Default: 1.0
PressurelessCollapseNumberOfCells (external) - ???. Default: GridDimension[PressurelessCollapseDirection] - 2
A test for time-integration accuracy of the expansion terms (Brian et al. 1995, Sect. 3.3).
AdiabaticExpansionInitialTemperature (external) - Initial temperature for Adiabatic Expansion test; test example assumes 1000 K. Default: 200. Units: degrees Kelvin
AdiabaticExpansionInitialVelocity (external) - Initial expansion velocity. Default: 100. Units: km/s
AdiabaticExpansionOmegaBaryonNow (external) - Omega Baryon at redshift z=0; standard value 1.0. Default: 1.0
AdiabaticExpansionOmegaCDMNow (external) - Omega CDM at redshift z=0; default setting assumes no dark matter. Default: 0.0
We set up a system in which there is one grid point with mass in order to see the resulting acceleration field. If finer grids are specified, the mass is one grid point on the subgrid as well. Periodic boundary conditions are imposed (gravity).
TestGravityDensity (external) - Density of the central peak. Default: 1.0
TestGravityMotionParticleVelocity (external) - Initial velocity of test particle(s) in x-direction. Default: 1.0
TestGravityNumberOfParticles (external) - The number of test particles of a unit mass. Default: 0
TestGravitySubgridLeft, TestGravitySubgridRight (external) - Start and end positions of the subgrid. Default: 0.0 and 0.0 (no subgrids)
TestGravityUseBaryons (external) - Boolean switch. Type: integer. Default: 0 (FALSE)
A test based on Bertschinger's (1985) 3D self-similar spherical infall solution onto an initially overdense perturbation in an Einstein-de Sitter universe.
SphericalInfallCenter (external) - Coordinate(s) for the accretion center. Default: top grid center
SphericalInfallFixedAcceleration (external) - Boolean flag. Type: integer. Default: 0 (FALSE)
SphericalInfallFixedMass (external) - ???. Default: If SphericalInfallFixedMass is undefined and SphericalInfallFixedAcceleration==TRUE, then SphericalInfallFixedMass = SphericalInfallInitialPerturbation*TopGridVolume
SphericalInfallInitialPerturbation (external) - The perturbation of initial mass density. Default: 0.1
SphericalInfallOmegaBaryonNow (external) - Omega Baryon at redshift z=0; standard setting. Default: 1.0
SphericalInfallOmegaCDMNow (external) - Omega CDM at redshift z=0. Default: 0.0 (assumes no dark matter) Default: 0.0
SphericalInfallSubgridIsStatic (external) - Boolean flag. Type: integer. Default: 0 (FALSE)
SphericalInfallSubgridLeft, SphericalInfallSubgridRight (external) - Start and end positions of the subgrid. Default: 0.0 and 0.0 (no subgrids)
SphericalInfallUseBaryons (external) - Boolean flag. Type: integer. Default: 1 (TRUE)
Sets up a 3D spherical mass distribution and follows its evolution to test the gravity solver.
TestGravitySphereCenter (external) - The position of the sphere center. Default: at the center of the domain
TestGravitySphereExteriorDensity (external) - The mass density outside the sphere. Default: tiny_number
TestGravitySphereInteriorDensity (external) - The mass density at the sphere center. Default: 1.0
TestGravitySphereRadius (external) - Radius of self-gravitating sphere. Default: 0.1
TestGravitySphereRefineAtStart (external) - Boolean flag. Type: integer. Default: 0 (FALSE)
TestGravitySphereSubgridLeft, TestGravitySphereSubgridRight (external) - Start and end positions of the subgrid. Default: 0.0 and 0.0 (no subgrids)
TestGravitySphereType (external) - Type of mass density distribution within the sphere. Options include: (0) uniform density distrubution within the sphere radius; (1) a power law with an index -2.0; (2) a power law with an index -2.25 (the exact power law form is, e.g., r^-2.25, where r is measured in units of TestGravitySphereRadius). Default: 0 (uniform density)
TestGravitySphereUseBaryons (external) - Boolean flag. Type: integer . Default: 1 (TRUE)
Sets up a hydrostatic exponential atmosphere with the pressure=1.0 and density=1.0 at the bottom. Assumes constant gravitational acceleration (uniform gravity field).
GravityEquilibriumTestScaleHeight (external) - The scale height for the exponential atmosphere . Default: 0.1
A self-gravity test.
CollapseTestInitialTemperature (external) - Initial gas temperature. Default: 1000 K. Units: degrees Kelvin
CollapseTestNumberOfSpheres (external) - Number of spheres to collapse; must be <= MAX_SPHERES=10 (see Grid.h for definition). Default: 1
CollapseTestRefineAtStart (external) - Boolean flag. Type: integer. If TRUE, then initializing routine refines the grid to the desired level. Default: 1 (TRUE)
CollapseTestSphereCoreRadius (external) - An array of core radii for collapsing spheres. Default: 0.1 (for all spheres)
CollapseTestSphereDensity (external) - An array of density values for collapsing spheres. Default: 1.0 (for all spheres)
CollapseTestSpherePosition (external) - A two-dimensional array of coordinates for sphere centers. Type: float[MAX_SPHERES][MAX_DIMENSION]. Default for all spheres: 0.5*(DomainLeftEdge[dim] + DomainRightEdge[dim])
CollapseTestSphereRadius (external) - An array of radii for collapsing spheres. Default: 1.0 (for all spheres)
CollapseTestSphereTemperature (external) - An array of temperatures for collapsing spheres. Default: 1.0. Units: degrees Kelvin
CollapseTestSphereType (external) - An integer array of sphere types. Default: 0
CollapseTestSphereVelocity (external) - A two-dimensional array of sphere velocities. Type: float[MAX_SPHERES][MAX_DIMENSION]. Default: 0.0
CollapseTestUniformVelocity (external) - Uniform velocity. Type: float[MAX_DIMENSION]. Default: 0 (for all dimensions)
CollapseTestUseColour (external) - Boolean flag. Type: integer. Default: 0 (FALSE)
CollapseTestUseParticles (external) - Boolean flag. Type: integer. Default: 0 (FALSE)
A sample cosmology simulation.
CosmologySimulationDensityName (external) - This is the name of the file which contains initial data for baryon density. Type: string. Example: GridDensity. Default: none
CosmologySimulationTotalEnergyName (external) - This is the name of the file which contains initial data for total energy. Default: none
CosmologySimulationGasEnergyName (external) - This is the name of the file which contains initial data for gas energy. Default: none
CosmologySimulationVelocity[123]Name (external) - These are the names of the files which contain initial data for gas velocities. Velocity1 - x-component; Velocity2 - y-component; Velocity3 - z-component. Default: none
CosmologySimulationParticleMassName (external) - This is the name of the file which contains initial data for particle masses. Default: none
CosmologySimulationParticlePositionName (external) - This is the name of the file which contains initial data for particle positions. Default: none
CosmologySimulationParticleVelocityName (external) - This is the name of the file which contains initial data for particle velocities. Default: none
CosmologySimulationNumberOfInitialGrids (external) - The number of grids at startup. 1 means top grid only. If >1, then nested grids are to be defined by the following parameters. Default: 1
CosmologySimulationSubgridsAreStatic (external) - Boolean flag, defines whether the subgrids introduced at the startup are static or not. Type: integer. Default: 1 (TRUE)
CosmologySimulationGridLevel (external) - An array of integers setting the level(s) of nested subgrids. Max dimension MAX_INITIAL_GRIDS is defined in CosmologySimulationInitialize.C as 10. Default for all subgrids: 1, 0 - for the top grid (grid #0)
CosmologySimulationGridDimension[#] (external) - An array (arrays) of 3 integers setting the dimensions of nested grids. Index starts from 1. Max number of subgrids MAX_INITIAL_GRIDS is defined in CosmologySimulationInitialize.C as 10. Default: none
CosmologySimulationGridLeftEdge[#] (external) - An array (arrays) of 3 floats setting the left edge(s) of nested subgrids. Index starts from 1. Max number of subgrids MAX_INITIAL_GRIDS is defined in CosmologySimulationInitialize.C as 10. Default: none
CosmologySimulationGridRightEdge[#] (external) - An array (arrays) of 3 floats setting the right edge(s) of nested subgrids. Index starts from 1. Max number of subgrids MAX_INITIAL_GRIDS is defined in CosmologySimulationInitialize.C as 10. Default: none
CosmologySimulationUseMetallicityField (external) - Boolean flag. Type: integer. Default: 0 (FALSE)
CosmologySimulationInitialFractionH2I (external) - The fraction of molecular hydrogen (H_2) at InitialRedshift. This and the following chemistry parameters are used if MultiSpecies is defined as 1 (TRUE). Default: 2.0e-20
CosmologySimulationInitialFractionH2II (external) - The fraction of singly ionized molecular hydrogen (H2+) at InitialRedshift. Default: 3.0e-14
CosmologySimulationInitialFractionHeII (external) - The fraction of singly ionized helium at InitialRedshift. Default: 1.0e-14
CosmologySimulationInitialFractionHeIII (external) - The fraction of doubly ionized helium at InitialRedshift. Default: 1.0e-17
CosmologySimulationInitialFractionHII (external) - The fraction of ionized hydrogen at InitialRedshift. Default: 1.2e-5
CosmologySimulationInitialFractionHM (external) - The fraction of negatively charged hydrogen (H-) at InitialRedshift. Default: 2.0e-9
CosmologySimulationInitialTemperature (external) - A uniform temperature value at InitialRedshift (needed if the initial gas energy field is not supplied). Default: 550*((1.0 + InitialRedshift)/201)^2
CosmologySimulationOmegaBaryonNow (external) - This is the contribution of baryonic matter to the energy density at the current epoch (z=0), relative to the value required to marginally close the universe. Typical value 0.06. Default: 1.0
CosmologySimulationOmegaCDMNow (external) - This is the contribution of CDM to the energy density at the current epoch (z=0), relative to the value required to marginally close the universe. Typical value 0.94. Default: 0.0 (no dark matter)
All of the supernova parameters are to be put into a restart dump's parameter file. Note that ProblemType must be reset to 40, otherwise these are ignored.
SupernovaRestartEjectaCenter[#] (external) - Input is a trio of coordinates in code units where the supernova's energy and mass ejecta will be centered. Default: FLOAT_UNDEFINED
SupernovaRestartEjectaEnergy (external) - The amount of energy instantaneously output in the simulated supernova, in units of 1e51 ergs. Default: 1.0
SupernovaRestartEjectaMass (external) - The mass of ejecta in the supernova, in units of solar masses. Default: 1.0
SupernovaRestartEjectaRadius (external) - The radius over which the above two parameters are spread. This is important because if it's too small the timesteps basically go to zero and the simulation takes forever, but if it's too big then you loose information. Units are parsecs. Default: 1.0 pc
SupernovaRestartName (external) - This is the name of the restart data dump that the supernova problem is initializing from.
SupernovaRestartColourField - Reserved for future use.
huge_number (external) - The largest reasonable number. Rarely used. Default: 1e+20
tiny_number (external) - A number which is smaller than all physically reasonable numbers. Used to prevent divergences and divide-by-zero in the following C++ functions: ComputeElementalDensity(), ComputePressure(), ComputePressureDualEnergyFormalism(), ComputeTemperatureField(), ComputeTimeStep(), CorrectForRefinedFluxes(). Problem dependent. Modify with caution! Default: 1e-20.
A currently independent analog, tiny, defined in fortran.def, does the same job for a large family of FORTRAN routines: calcdiss(), calc_dt(), calc_rates(), colh2diss(), coll_rates(), cool1d_multi(), cool1d(), cool_multi_time(), cool_time(), euler(), grid_cic(), interp3d(), inteuler(), int_lin3d(), intrmp(), lgrg(), multi_cool(), ppm_de(), ppm_lr(), solve_cool(), solve_rate(), tscint[123]d(), zeus_main(), zeus_source(). Modification of tiny must be done with caution and currently requires recompiling the code, since tiny is not a parameter yet.
TimeActionParameter[#] - Reserved for future use.
TimeActionRedshift[#] - Reserved for future use.
TimeActionTime[#] - Reserved for future use.
TimeActionType[#] - Reserved for future use.
TimeLastRestartDump - Reserved for future use.
TimeLastDataDump (internal) - The code time at which the last time-based output occurred.
TimeLastHistoryDump - Reserved for future use.
TimeLastMovieDump (internal) - The code time at which the last movie dump occurred.
CycleLastRestartDump - Reserved for future use.
CycleLastDataDump (internal) - The cycle number at which the last cycle-based output occurred.
CycleLastHistoryDump - Reserved for future use.
InitialCPUTime - Reserved for future use.
InitialCycleNumber (internal) - One cycle is one top grid timestep. This is the cycle number of the current step. Default: 0
RestartDumpNumber - Reserved for future use.
DataLabel[#] (internal) - These are printed out into the restart dump parameter file. One Label is produced per baryon field with the name of that baryon field. The same labels are used to name data sets in HDF files.
DataUnits[#] - Reserved for future use.
DataDumpNumber (internal) - The identification number of the next output file (the 0000 part of the output name). This is used and incremented by both the cycle based and time based outputs. Default: 0
HistoryDumpNumber - Reserved for future use.
MovieDumpNumber (internal) - The identification number of the next movie output file. Default: 0
VersionNumber (internal) - Sets the version number of the code which is written out to restart dumps.
PointSourceGravityCoreRadius (external)


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Image Abstraction Microservice
User stories:
ix
1) User Story : I can get the image URLs, width, height, size and thumbnails
for a set of images relating to a given search string.
2) User Story : I can paginate through the responses by adding a ?offset=x parameter to the URL.
3) User Story : I can get a list of the most recently submitted search strings.
Example usage:
https://image-search-abstractionz.herokuapp.com/api/v1/search/cats
https://image-search-abstractionz.herokuapp.com/api/v1/search/dogs?offset=10
https://image-search-abstractionz.herokuapp.com/api/v1/recent/


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WITNESS LIST Local Government Ways & Means Committee April 27, 2005-8:00A HB 2244 For: Carpenter, David (American Electric Power Company) Against: Gill, David (TXU Electric Delivery Co.) Jewell, Michael (Direct Energy, CPL Retail Energy, WTU Retail Energy, Reliant & Alliance for Retail Markets) Oldham, Phillip (Texas Coalition for Competitive Electricity) HB 2244 - Committee Substitute (CSHB2244) For: Carr, Snapper (TX Municipal League) HB 2326 For: Robinson, Jim (Self and Harris Co. Appraisal Dist.) HB 2638 For: Aghamalian, Brandon (City of Fort Worth) On: Welch, Ken (Comptroller) HB 2779 For: Leininger, David (City of Irving) McCullough, Steve (City of Irving) HB 3187 For: Barrera, Enrique (City of San Antonio) Martinez, Dennis (San Antonio Public Library Foundation)


Universal Windows Code Samples by All-In-One Code Framework
Universal Windows app: Download and extract zip file.
This sample demonstrates how to download and extract zip file in universal Windows app.


List of crime types: ['ARSON', 'ASSAULT', 'BATTERY', 'BURGLARY', 'CRIM SEXUAL ASSAULT', 'CRIMINAL DAMAGE', 'CRIMINAL TRESPASS', 'DECEPTIVE PRACTICE', 'GAMBLING', 'HOMICIDE', 'INTERFERENCE WITH PUBLIC OFFICER', 'INTIMIDATION', 'KIDNAPPING', 'LIQUOR LAW VIOLATION', 'MOTOR VEHICLE THEFT', 'NARCOTICS', 'OBSCENITY', 'OFFENSE INVOLVING CHILDREN', 'OTHER NARCOTIC VIOLATION', 'OTHER OFFENSE', 'PROSTITUTION', 'PUBLIC INDECENCY', 'PUBLIC PEACE VIOLATION', 'ROBBERY', 'SEX OFFENSE', 'STALKING', 'THEFT', 'WEAPONS VIOLATION', 'total']
Use violent crime count: Includes homicide, assault, battery, sexual assault, domestic violence, robbery
Use all crimes count:
Select one single year from 2003 to 2013.
We use random permutation test to calculate the significance of coefficients. Namely, we permute the features n times, and for each permutation, we train a new Negative Binomial model and get the coefficients. With the n permutations, we get the distribution of coefficients, from which the significance of true coefficient can be calculated.
It may take up 20 minutes to run 1000 iterations to get the p-value. However, if running only 10 iterations, the results are expected in a few seconds.


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This site is for presenting the current progress of the neighboorhoods involved in the Reinvent Phoenix Project.
To view visualizations of the data, please choose from one of the Districts or Focus Areas in the navigation above.
For more information please see the Reinvent Phoenix Project Website or share your thoughts on My Plan Phoenix.


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title: CNVS 0.2.2
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headline: "CNVS 0.2.2"
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What's new in version 0.2.2
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Shift in naming for screen-size breakpoints.
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Shift in naming for screen-size breakpoints.
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Shift in naming for screen-size breakpoints.