sim_indiv.Rd
Simulate from simple individual-based model
sim_indiv(max_time = 365, a = 0.3, p = 0.9, mu = -log(p), u = 22, v = 10, g = 10, r = 1/20, b = 1, c = 1, Ih_init = 10, H = 1000, M = 1000, max_infections = 5, migration_matrix = matrix(1), H_auto = FALSE)
| max_time | run simulation for this many days |
|---|---|
| a | human blood feeding rate. The proportion of mosquitoes that feed on humans each day. |
| p | mosquito probability of surviving one day. |
| mu | mosquito instantaneous death rate. mu = -log(p) unless otherwise specified. |
| u | intrinsic incubation period. The number of days from infection to becoming infectious in a human host. |
| v | extrinsic incubation period. The number of days from infection to becoming infectious in a mosquito. |
| g | lag time between human bloodstage infection and production of gametocytes. |
| r | daily recovery rate. |
| b | probability a human becomes infected after being bitten by an infected mosquito. |
| c | probability a mosquito becomes infected after biting an infected human. |
| Ih_init | initial number of infectious humans in each deme. |
| H | human population size in each deme. |
| M | mosquito population size (number of adult female mosquitoes) in each deme. |
| max_infections | maximum number of infections that an individual can hold simultaneously. |
| migration_matrix | matrix giving the probability of migrating from current deme (rows) to new deme (columns). |
| H_auto | if TRUE then human population sizes are chosen automatically based on the migration matrix. In this case the total number of humans is equal to sum(H). |
TODO
# TODO


The rule of the chronogram is that when all letters corresponding to Roman numerals (c, d, i, l, m, v, and x) are added together, they produce a sum equivalent to a specific year of the Christian calendar.


Typographic control for verse, poetry, hymns and lyrics
Proper verse layout has two specific needs:
You should also be able to target individual lines with CSS. For instance, to add line numbers.
The only way to get this effect with sensible HTML is to wrap each line in a span (with its own class), and to write CSS to control runover lines and centering. That's a lot of work to do by hand. Versed does it for you in the browser.
versed.js
and versed.css
on your page.p
s and br
s, and wrap each piece in a div class="versed"
. You can do this easily in markdown, too.Here's a short poem with indented lines.
To one who has been long in city pent,
‘Tis very sweet to look into the fair
And open face of heaven,—to breathe a prayer
Full in the smile of the blue firmament.
Who is more happy, when, with heart’s content,
Fatigued he sinks into some pleasant lair
Of wavy grass, and reads a debonair
And gentle tale of love and languishment?
Returning home at evening, with an ear
Catching the notes of Philomel,—an eye
Watching the sailing cloudlet’s bright career,
He mourns that day so soon has glided by:
E’en like the passage of an angel’s tear
That falls through the clear ether silently.
And here's a longer poem with line numbers.
Thou hast nor youth nor age
But as it were an after dinner sleep
Dreaming of both.
Here I am, an old man in a dry month,
Being read to by a boy, waiting for rain.
I was neither at the hot gates
Nor fought in the warm rain
Nor knee deep in the salt marsh, heaving a cutlass,
Bitten by flies, fought.
My house is a decayed house,
And the jew squats on the window sill, the owner,
Spawned in some estaminet of Antwerp,
Blistered in Brussels, patched and peeled in London.
The goat coughs at night in the field overhead;
Rocks, moss, stonecrop, iron, merds.
The woman keeps the kitchen, makes tea,
Sneezes at evening, poking the peevish gutter.
I an old man,
A dull head among windy spaces.
Signs are taken for wonders. “We would see a sign”:
The word within a word, unable to speak a word,
Swaddled with darkness. In the juvescence of the year
Came Christ the tiger
In depraved May, dogwood and chestnut, flowering Judas,
To be eaten, to be divided, to be drunk
Among whispers; by Mr. Silvero
With caressing hands, at Limoges
Who walked all night in the next room;
By Hakagawa, bowing among the Titians;
By Madame de Tornquist, in the dark room
Shifting the candles; Fraulein von Kulp
Who turned in the hall, one hand on the door. Vacant shuttles
Weave the wind. I have no ghosts,
An old man in a draughty house
Under a windy knob.
After such knowledge, what forgiveness? Think now
History has many cunning passages, contrived corridors
And issues, deceives with whispering ambitions,
Guides us by vanities. Think now
She gives when our attention is distracted
And what she gives, gives with such supple confusions
That the giving famishes the craving. Gives too late
What’s not believed in, or if still believed,
In memory only, reconsidered passion. Gives too soon
Into weak hands, what’s thought can be dispensed with
Till the refusal propagates a fear. Think
Neither fear nor courage saves us. Unnatural vices
Are fathered by our heroism. Virtues
Are forced upon us by our impudent crimes.
These tears are shaken from the wrath-bearing tree.
The tiger springs in the new year. Us he devours. Think at last
We have not reached conclusion, when I
Stiffen in a rented house. Think at last
I have not made this show purposelessly
And it is not by any concitation
Of the backward devils.
I would meet you upon this honestly.
I that was near your heart was removed therefrom
To lose beauty in terror, terror in inquisition.
I have lost my passion: why should I need to keep it
Since what is kept must be adulterated?
I have lost my sight, smell, hearing, taste and touch:
How should I use it for your closer contact?
These with a thousand small deliberations
Protract the profit of their chilled delirium,
Excite the membrane, when the sense has cooled,
With pungent sauces, multiply variety
In a wilderness of mirrors. What will the spider do,
Suspend its operations, will the weevil
Delay? De Bailhache, Fresca, Mrs. Cammel, whirled
Beyond the circuit of the shuddering Bear
In fractured atoms. Gull against the wind, in the windy straits
Of Belle Isle, or running on the Horn,
White feathers in the snow, the Gulf claims,
And an old man driven by the Trades
To a sleepy corner.
Tenants of the house,
Thoughts of a dry brain in a dry season.
Here's a simple classic with shorter lines.
I wandered lonely as a cloud
That floats on high o'er vales and hills,
When all at once I saw a crowd,
A host, of golden daffodils;
Beside the lake, beneath the trees,
Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.
Continuous as the stars that shine
And twinkle on the milky way,
They stretched in never-ending line
Along the margin of a bay:
Ten thousand saw I at a glance,
Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.
The waves beside them danced; but they
Out-did the sparkling waves in glee:
A poet could not but be gay,
In such a jocund company:
I gazed—and gazed—but little thought
What wealth the show to me had brought:
For oft, when on my couch I lie
In vacant or in pensive mood,
They flash upon that inward eye
Which is the bliss of solitude;
And then my heart with pleasure fills,
And dances with the daffodils.
Versed works fine for little extracts, too:
Tenants of the house,
Thoughts of a dry brain in a dry season.
If you have suggestions, add an issue on GitHub.


World’s shortest woman Jyoti Amge’s house burgled in Nagpur
by Nagpur Today, Nagpur NewsNagpur.: Some unidentified thieves broke into the house of Jyoti Amge, world’s shortest woman living in Bagadganj area of Nagpur, in the early hours on Tuesday .
The thieves barged into the house and apparently used the car tools to break open the steel almirah, sources reported.
As soon as they wake up to find the house ransacked, Amge family alerted the police which according to them, reached too late and left without any formal action.
More details are awaited.


I connected emonbase to mobile broadband router and measured uplink data for one day @ nearly 70MB. Configuration was one emontx with 3 CT and 1 Pulse sensors connected to emonbase and ethernet into mobile broadband router.
Can this uplink data throughput be reduced in order to reduce costs?
Thanks
Peter
Re: 3G Bandwidth
Can you clarify? You have posted the emonTx sketch, but you are saying that you have connected the emonBase to the 3G modem/router.
The general answer to your question is yes. You can reduce the data that is sent either by reducing the message length or the frequency, or both. You need to decide what data you need to send and how often it needs updating, then modify (or rewrite) the sketch in the emonBase. For example, instead of simply relaying the data from the emonTx immediately it is received, you could over (say) a 5 minute window accumulate the real and apparent powers and pulse count, record min and max and calculate average voltage and currents, then at the end of the window transmit that over the 3G link. There are innumerable variations on that theme that you could try (e.g. send after 5 minutes or when there is a large change, whichever is the sooner). It all depends on what you are doing and what information you want at the other end.
Re: 3G Bandwidth
Thanks Robert. Not quite as simple as described above I'm using emonbase connected to ethernet bridge wifi and 3G router with a free 3G dongle. My Mobile phone package includes 1GB data a month so I been using my SIM for testing. Once I overcome the data bandwidth issue I plan to build 3G solution based on openwrt.
Your suggestion sounds good, it will not only reduce bandwidth but also reduce the frequency of data transfer. I'm new to programming so it may take me a few days, I'll keep you posted.
Re: 3G Bandwidth
OK, here's (roughly) how I'd approach it. I'm looking at the sketch NanodeRF_Power_RTCrelay_GLCDtemp.ino
At the top you'll need to declare new variables for the quantities you want to accumulate (the same types as the individual values, or maybe larger versions - long instead of int - if there's a danger they will overflow) plus a time that the window will close (type: unsigned long).
In setup() you need to set those to zero. You also need to get the current time and decide when to close the window window_endtime = millis() + 300000; or similar (5 minutes in milliseconds) - look at the Arduino language reference documentation for what millis() is and does.
In loop() after you have received the numbers by radio if (rf12_recvDone()){ and they are from the right place if (node_id == 10) then you can accumulate the powers, like accum_power1 += emontx.power1; (I'd put this after the str.print() statements, which you no longer need, so these can be commented out).
When you have all those, you need to see if it's time to send them and close the window. Do this where the data is sent to the Ethernet. Check whether it is time to do it, if so do it.
etc and finish with
then you need to set
again and zero all the accumulators before closing the "if"
You might want to send similar stuff (or more) to the serial port ( Serial.print( ..... ) ) to enable you to debug without costing bandwidth. You might also want or need to send the actual window length if you do more calculations at the receiving end.
The big disclaimer: I HAVE NOT TRIED THIS. I DON'T GUARANTEE IT EVEN MIGHT WORK. It is how I would start. I hope it gives you a bit of a steer.
One problem I'd need to check up on - what happens when millis() rolls over and starts again from zero. I think how I've done it should work, but you'll have to run it for 7 weeks to find out!
[Edit] No, it won't work properly within one window of millis() rolling over, because window_endtime will have rolled over and will be just greater than zero while the value returned by millis() will be 2^32 less a bit! So it will send data continuously until millis() does roll over. It needs some extra logic to detect window_endtime rolling over and inhibit the transmission until millis() has done so too.
Re: 3G Bandwidth
Thanks a mil. I adapted the lastest version of NanodeRF_Power_RTCrelay_GLCDtemp sketch based on your comments above. I was unable to get millis() working so used "for(int i = 0; i < 10 ; i++) // to count 10 readings" e.g. 10 RF readings and then I averaged. It seems to be working ok as I checked by changing the number of samples and looking for corresponding decrease in average ( and then set back to correct value) . I was getting some negative values -changed to unsigned long rectified this.
However the average value is still updating every twenty seconds. Attached is modified sketch. Any other ideas or have I taken wrong approach. Please excuse my programming.
Re: 3G Bandwidth
I think from what I can see, you are struggling with the basic concept behind the Arduino software.  In effect this is the Windows/Linux/OSX/Android of the Arduino. As far as you are concerned, it does two things. It calls a function called setup( ), then it repeatedly calls a function called loop( ). (It does other things, but those don't concern you here).
What you have to do is work within that framework.
What I was trying to do with millis() (and unfortunately, you haven't left your attempt to use it in so I can't see why it didn't work for you), was to remember a time when it started, then accumulate values for a length of time after that, then the first time round the loop after the time was up, do something with those accumulated values. But you have to do this within the constraints of the main loop. What you actually did with the for (..;..;..) loop that you inserted was to short-circuit this. In fact, because you did not let the main loop run, you added up the same emontx.power1 etc 10 times.
Here is a very stripped-down version of what you want. You need to merge this with the original:
Give me a day or two and I'll try to rewrite your sketch and test it (so you need to subscribe to this thread or keep watching).
In the meantime, check out millis() and see where you went wrong. If you really want to count readings instead of time, then instead of if (millis() > window_endtime) you need if (num_readings > 10 ) or whatever number you wish.
Re: 3G Bandwidth
Thanks again for detailed explanation, I'll work on this over weekend, your time and effort is much appreciated.
Just to confirm I'm using latest Arduino IDE 1.01 for windows, uploading via FTDI, programmer set to AVRISP MK11 and board set to UNO. I tend to use standard sketchs and modify them then compile/verify and upload using IDE. The libraries seem straight forward and are always included in sketch read TXT, anyway this is always verified before upload.
Note I'm assuming I don't need to do anything with bootloader as I not using USB??? is this correct?
This project and your very well written explanation should help me along the path to better understanding code.
Cheers
Peter
Re: 3G Bandwidth
I wouldn't want to mess with the bootloader!
No, stay clear. I'm using USB as a serial port to FTDI to program and read the serial data, and I've not touched the bootloader. You have to really know what you're doing in there.
(I've just installed 1.0.1 - having not had chance to install it! - and I was just about to load a test sketch into the emonTx so that I'd have something to work with. Then I'll edit your sketch and get it going.
Re: 3G Bandwidth
Try this. I have not been able to test it fully because I didn't have access to your server, however it does seem to be doing roughly what you want.
Re: 3G Bandwidth
Great work thanks a mil. Tried above and worked first time. I did notice some very high number when rf fails. I will test further tonight and post results.
Re: 3G Bandwidth
I'm not sure I bothered too much about the failure mode! My main aim was to point you in the right direction. (You do understand now how loop( ) works and how you need to pick out when to do timed things?). Obviously if the rf fails, you need to recognise that and do something sensible rather than just ignore it. What you do depends on what you want - e.g do you assume zero, or power remains constant, or just freeze the average? Your choice.
Re: 3G Bandwidth
Yes thanks. You have definitely helped me understand code a lot better. Cheers
Peter
Re: 3G Bandwidth
Thanks


|
keigeki
1.0.0
傾撃
|
#import <CCProtocols.h>
Instance Methods | |
| (CCTexture2D *) | - texture |
| (void) | - setTexture: |
| Instance Methods inherited from <CCBlendProtocol> | |
| (void) | - setBlendFunc: |
| (ccBlendFunc) | - blendFunc |
CCNode objects that uses a Texture2D to render the images. The texture can have a blending function. If the texture has alpha premultiplied the default blending function is: src=GL_ONE dst= GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA else src=GL_SRC_ALPHA dst= GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA But you can change the blending funtion at any time.
| - (void) setTexture: | (CCTexture2D *) | texture |
sets a new texture. it will be retained
| - (CCTexture2D*) texture |
returns the used texture


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Launch BitClaim testing network. Optimize performance for liquidity on exchanges. Onboard BitClaims existing clients into
decentralized structure. Launch BitClaim testing network. Optimize performance for liquidity on exchanges. Onboard
BitClaims existing clients into decentralized structure.


Self Reflecting
It's no surprise that 2020 was a difficult year for all, but even through all of the trials, there were likely some bright spots for everyone. Looking forward to 2021 and the next challenges that lie ahead, I wanted to take the opportunity to look back on 10 impactful moments in 2020. I challenge you to do the same, tag 5 connections and let 2020 go out on a high(ish) note. After all, some of our best growth and learning comes from persevering in the face of adversity.
My Top 10 (in no particular order):
- Spending 4th of July with my family - by this point, the stay at home period had been going on for about 3.5 months. We'd sacrificed so much and the numbers were starting to level off. So with some careful planning and extra caution, we were able to spend some very important time with some family members. A very bright spot!
- Finishing my basement - I finally have a "real" home office now, and had a fun project to work on and occupy some of my "extra" time for a few months (I did the majority of the work).
- Catching up with Friends - Used some alternative methods to keep up with everyone and reconnect.
- Promoting a Team Member - As a manager, one of my biggest focuses is developing the talents of my team. This year, I was able to reward one of my team members with a well deserved promotion, and seriously advocate for others.
- Starting a new Job - Thankful for my time at Mastercard, but really looking forward to the challenges that lie ahead with my new position at Cigna.
- Being chosen to speak at Alteryx's Analyticon Conference - Well, this happened at the beginning of 2020 and was supposed to materialize in 2020, but will hopefully come to fruition in 2021.
- Family Trips - We took two very safe and carefully planned trips this year when we realized our planned Disney trip likely wasn't going to happen (see #8). We had some great family time "camping" in cabins in Alabama and a Boy Scout property in the St. Louis Area.
- Cancelling our Disney Trip - We were scheduled to take a vacation in October, but with a special needs daughter who is unable to tolerate a mask, had to make a difficult (but correct) decision to postpone.
- Starting an Etsy Shop - At the beginning of 2020, I purchased a 3D Printer. It's been a great distraction and an awesome toy to learn with. The biggest moment was when in August I decided to try to sell some of my designs with decent success (especially for not really marketing all that well). Check it out here if you're interested.
- and finally...March 20 - That's the last day I worked in a real office environment. A lot has changed since then, including accepting my current role at Cigna that will be remote even after all of the WFH situations change for many. I miss the ability to walk to a colleague's desk and have a conversation, but I am relishing the challenge of collaborating in different ways.
Being able to look back, reflect and grow from major moments (most positive, and at least one negative) is a super valuable exercise. As we move into 2021, I'll be looking to continue the reflection on a more regular basis.
Happy New Year to all, and here's to an even more productive 2021!


Before Change
if self.initial_node is None:
raise InputError("Could not find initial node in SLF lattice.")
if self._final_node_id is not None:
self.final_node = self.nodes[self._final_node_id]
else:
// Find the node with no outgoing links.
self.final_node = None
for node in self.nodes:
if len(node.out_links) == 0:
self.final_node = node
break
if self.final_node is None:
raise InputError("Could not find final node in SLF lattice.")
// If word identity information is not present in node definitions then
// it must appear in link definitions.
self._move_words_to_links()
for link in self.links:
if link.word is None:
raise InputError("SLF lattice does not contain word identity "
After Change
node.final = True
final_nodes_found += 1
if final_nodes_found == 0:
raise InputError("Could not find final node in SLF lattice.")
elif final_nodes_found > 1:
// Peter: Not sure if multiple final nodes are allowed, but for now raise an input error. The
// decoder supports multiple final nodes no problem
raise InputError("More then one final node in SLF lattice.")
// If word identity information is not present in node definitions then
// it must appear in link definitions.
self._move_words_to_links()
for link in self.links:
if link.word is None:
raise InputError("SLF lattice does not contain word identity "


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THE SECRET OF MY SUCCESS A film review by Greg Woods Copyright 1987 Greg Woods
This is Michael J. Fox's ("Family Ties," BACK TO THE FUTURE) new movie. It is about a Kansas kid (Fox) who comes to New York to make it to the top. Old plot. It is fairly predictable all the way through, and requires a great deal of suspension of disbelief to enjoy, as Fox's character is repeatedly doing stupid, outrageous things that have no apparent purpose other than to get him into funny, sticky situations. Nevertheless, I found it highly entertaining and a pretty good parody of the business executive world. I don't want to give away too much of the plot, but the basic idea is that Fox gets a job in the mail room and, not content to make his way up through "normal" channels, also takes over the office of a recently canned executive, making decisions and coming up with ideas for how the company should be run (all of them good ones, of course).
Despite the fact that the resolution of almost every scene is predictable, I enjoyed this movie and found myself laughing all the way through. I did find the plot a little forced and contrived, so I give it a +1 on the -4 to +4 scale in use in this group. As a comparison, the person who recently posted a very positive review of RAISING ARIZONA and who referred to MONTY PYTHON AND THE HOLY GRAIL as "a wasted afternoon" would probably NOT like this movie. On the other hand, if you enjoyed OUTRAGEOUS FORTUNE, you'll probably want to catch this one too.
--Greg UUCP: {hplabs, seismo, nbires, noao}!hao!woods CSNET<EMAIL_ADDRESS>ARPA<EMAIL_ADDRESS>INTERNET<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


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net = rbf(nin, nhidden, nout, rbfunc) net = rbf(nin, nhidden, nout, rbfunc, outfunc) net = rbf(nin, nhidden, nout, rbfunc, outfunc, prior, beta)
net = rbf(nin, nhidden, nout, rbfunc)
constructs and initialises
a radial basis function network returning a data structure net
.
The weights are all initialised with a zero mean, unit variance normal
distribution, with the exception of the variances, which are set to one.
This makes use of the Matlab function
randn
and so the seed for the random weight initialization can be
set using randn('state', s)
where s
is the seed value. The
activation functions are defined in terms of the distance between
the data point and the corresponding centre. Note that the functions are
computed to a convenient constant multiple: for example, the Gaussian
is not normalised. (Normalisation is not needed as the function outputs
are linearly combined in the next layer.)
The fields in net
are
type = 'rbf' nin = number of inputs nhidden = number of hidden units nout = number of outputs nwts = total number of weights and biases actfn = string defining hidden unit activation function: 'gaussian' for a radially symmetric Gaussian function. 'tps' for r^2 log r, the thin plate spline function. 'r4logr' for r^4 log r. outfn = string defining output error function: 'linear' for linear outputs (default) and SoS error. 'neuroscale' for Sammon stress measure. c = centres wi = squared widths (null for rlogr and tps) w2 = second layer weight matrix b2 = second layer bias vector
net = rbf(nin, nhidden, nout, rbfund, outfunc)
allows the user to
specify the type of error function to be used. The field outfn
is set to the value of this string. Linear outputs (for regression problems)
and Neuroscale outputs (for topographic mappings) are supported.
net = rbf(nin, nhidden, nout, rbfunc, outfunc, prior, beta)
,
in which prior
is
a scalar, allows the field net.alpha
in the data structure
net
to be set, corresponding to a zero-mean isotropic Gaussian
prior with inverse variance with value prior
. Alternatively,
prior
can consist of a data structure with fields alpha
and index
, allowing individual Gaussian priors to be set over
groups of weights in the network. Here alpha
is a column vector
in which each element corresponds to a separate group of weights,
which need not be mutually exclusive. The membership of the groups is
defined by the matrix indx
in which the columns correspond to
the elements of alpha
. Each column has one element for each
weight in the matrix, in the order defined by the function
rbfpak
, and each element is 1 or 0 according to whether the
weight is a member of the corresponding group or not. A utility
function rbfprior
is provided to help in setting up the
prior
data structure.
net = rbf(nin, nhidden, nout, func, prior, beta)
also sets the
additional field net.beta
in the data structure net
, where
beta corresponds to the inverse noise variance.
x
through it.
net = rbf(1, 5, 1, 'tps'); [y, act] = rbffwd(net, x);
rbferr
, rbffwd
, rbfgrad
, rbfpak
, rbftrain
, rbfunpak
Copyright (c) Ian T Nabney (1996-9)


93. Applying Collective Operations to Intercommunicators
Up: Communicator Argument
Next: Specifics for Intercommunicator Collective Operations
Previous: Specifics for Intracommunicator Collective Operations
To understand how collective operations apply to intercommunicators,
we can view most MPI intracommunicator
collective operations as fitting one of the following categories (see, for
instance,
[56]):
-
All-To-All
-
All processes contribute to the result. All processes
receive the result.
- MPI_ALLGATHER, MPI_IALLGATHER,
MPI_ALLGATHERV, MPI_IALLGATHERV
- MPI_ALLTOALL, MPI_IALLTOALL,
MPI_ALLTOALLV, MPI_IALLTOALLV,
MPI_ALLTOALLW, MPI_IALLTOALLW
- MPI_ALLREDUCE, MPI_IALLREDUCE,
MPI_REDUCE_SCATTER_BLOCK,
MPI_IREDUCE_SCATTER_BLOCK, MPI_REDUCE_SCATTER,
MPI_IREDUCE_SCATTER
- MPI_BARRIER, MPI_IBARRIER
-
All-To-One
-
All processes contribute to the result. One process
receives the result.
- MPI_GATHER, MPI_IGATHER,
MPI_GATHERV, MPI_IGATHERV
- MPI_REDUCE, MPI_IREDUCE
-
One-To-All
-
One process contributes to the result. All processes
receive the result.
- MPI_BCAST, MPI_IBCAST
- MPI_SCATTER, MPI_ISCATTER,
MPI_SCATTERV, MPI_ISCATTERV
-
Other
-
Collective operations that do not fit into one of the above
categories.
- MPI_SCAN, MPI_ISCAN,
MPI_EXSCAN, MPI_IEXSCAN
The data movement patterns of MPI_SCAN, MPI_ISCAN,
MPI_EXSCAN, and MPI_IEXSCAN
do not fit this taxonomy.
The application of collective communication to
intercommunicators is best described in terms of two groups.
For example, an all-to-all
MPI_ALLGATHER operation can be described as collecting data
from all members of one group with the result appearing in all members
of the other group (see Figure 2
). As another
example, a one-to-all MPI_BCAST operation sends data from one
member of one group to all members of the other group.
Collective computation operations such as MPI_REDUCE_SCATTER have
a
similar interpretation (see Figure 3
).
For intracommunicators, these two groups
are the same. For intercommunicators, these two groups are distinct.
For the all-to-all operations, each such operation is described in two phases,
so that it
has a symmetric, full-duplex behavior.
The following collective operations also apply to intercommunicators:
- MPI_BARRIER, MPI_IBARRIER
- MPI_BCAST, MPI_IBCAST
- MPI_GATHER, MPI_IGATHER,
MPI_GATHERV, MPI_IGATHERV,
- MPI_SCATTER, MPI_ISCATTER,
MPI_SCATTERV, MPI_ISCATTERV,
- MPI_ALLGATHER, MPI_IALLGATHER,
MPI_ALLGATHERV, MPI_IALLGATHERV,
- MPI_ALLTOALL, MPI_IALLTOALL,
MPI_ALLTOALLV, MPI_IALLTOALLV,
MPI_ALLTOALLW, MPI_IALLTOALLW,
- MPI_ALLREDUCE, MPI_IALLREDUCE,
MPI_REDUCE, MPI_IREDUCE,
- MPI_REDUCE_SCATTER_BLOCK,
MPI_IREDUCE_SCATTER_BLOCK, MPI_REDUCE_SCATTER,
MPI_IREDUCE_SCATTER.
Figure 2: Intercommunicator allgather. The focus of data to one process is
represented, not mandated by the semantics.
The two phases do allgathers in both directions.
Figure 3: Intercommunicator reduce-scatter. The focus of data to one process
is represented, not mandated by the semantics.
The two phases do reduce-scatters in both directions.
Up: Communicator Argument
Next: Specifics for Intercommunicator Collective Operations
Previous: Specifics for Intracommunicator Collective Operations
Return to MPI-3.1 Standard Index
Return to MPI Forum Home Page
(Unofficial) MPI-3.1 of June 4, 2015
HTML Generated on June 4, 2015


{% extends "global/Page.html" %} {% load staticfiles otree_tags %} {% block title %} Results {% endblock %} {% block content %}
You chose to keep to yourself {{ player.choice }} and to give to your partner {{ player.otherpay |floatformat:2 }}. While your partner chose to keep for himself {{ player.partner_choice }} and to give you {{ player.partner_yourp|floatformat:2 }}.
{% if P_choice %}It was randomly chosen to set payoffs according to your choice.
{% else %}It was randomly chosen to set payoffs according to your partner's choice.
{% endif %}Therefore, your payoff is {{ player.payoff }}
{% next_button %} {% endblock %}


We are
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cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo facilis
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Employment respond committed meaningful fight against oppression social challenges rural legal aid governance. Meaningful work, implementation, process cooperation, campaign inspire.Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.
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Hey, I’m Johm Smith residing in this beautiful world. I create websites and mobile...
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We put a lot of effort in design, as it’s the most important ingredient of successful website.Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit.
We put a lot of effort in design, as it’s the most important ingredient of successful website.Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit.
We put a lot of effort in design, as it’s the most important ingredient of successful website.Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit.
We put a lot of effort in design, as it’s the most important ingredient of successful website.Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit.
We put a lot of effort in design, as it’s the most important ingredient of successful website.Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit.
We put a lot of effort in design, as it’s the most important ingredient of successful website.Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit.
We put a lot of effort in design, as it’s the most important ingredient of successful website.Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit.
We put a lot of effort in design, as it’s the most important ingredient of successful website.Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit.
We put a lot of effort in design, as it’s the most important ingredient of successful website.Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit.


all files
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Now, I’ve taken this drug once before (in the same format, a swallowed pill) and had an ace day. However, this time I thought I could keep a log of how I felt. The following is a combination of that log and a couple of additions from memory.
10.45: MXE taken. I go downstairs with my girlfriend (E) and turn on my xbox.
10.56: Extremities buzzing slightly. Can’t feel my toes.
10.59: Head rush.
11.01: Edges are beginning to seem more defined. I have a slight feeling of disassociation with my body. Slightly harder to write.
11.05: Start playing a game. My friend (N) comes onto xbox Live and we discuss playing co-operatively on something else later. N then leaves to eat.
11.15: I switch to the suggested game and begin to play. I feel much more like I am IN the game – an intense and enjoyable experience!
11.20: VERY strong headrush and a feeling of being “pulled through”.
11.29: I’m still here. N comes online and we attempt to set up a party. I find it difficult to speak, but tell him why. He is very unimpressed.
11.44: N leaves in disgust. I continue to spin around in circles and fire at random things. E stops me and suggests a cup of tea.
11.47: Tea is nice. It’s warmth is lifegiving and pure.
11.48: Things ripple lazily around me, but apparently “I laugh at the thought of suppressing it with my iron will” (or so I said according to E).
11.51: Can feel myself falling out of it.
12.05: Come to. Go upstairs with difficulty and sit down in my chair.
12.15: Still here, but difficult to write.
12.17: From here until 12.27 I wander my memories. I focus particularly on one: a salvia trip that left me with the feeling that I was meant to try something stronger. I consider my recollections of Ayahuasca reports. Several of them mentioned that they felt “called” to it. I feel uneasy and convince myself that I was not meant to be a shaman in any way, though the idea remains.
12.27: I return to “real life” to find things rippling. When the visuals stop, I put on some music and start to read a manga series online. I am drawn into the story, with the monsters seeming all too realistic.
12.36: Enjoying music very much. E asks if I want to come and sit in the bed. I spontaneously take off all my clothes, feeling comfortable and unashamed of myself. I lie down and close my eyes. Immediately I am taken somewhere else. Time seems to stop, and my lonely sense of identity struggles to maintain itself as it travels the void. I feel myself being pulled back, but not before I get the feeling that I am attempting something with the wrong equipment. I look at E, and can see around her head her fears and worries. Most worrying though is the large black entity that I am sure is her mental instabilities (she has slight schizophrenic issues). I push my willpower into it and see it move. I know that there is nothing I can do about it.
13.36: Get up to go to the bathroom. I feel cleansed, and sit back down in my chair. I think about the idea of alchemy’s equivalent exchange. It seems sensible and realistic. I put on “Spoonman” by Underworld.
13.46: E falls asleep.
13.51: The mouse is becoming very hard to move.
14.00: E wakes up, and we decide to go and have a smoke in the bathroom. The bowl on my bong is enormous, and we end up having a good 6 hits each off it. We stand around in the bathroom for a bit, and I attempt to tell E about the feeling that I could be a shaman.
14.27: Sit down at my desk again. Colours seem more vibrant and flashy.
14.30: Put on “Dracul” by Infected Mushroom and remember that I’m going to see them that night, but at some point I need to get on a train to London.
14.55: Notice E is missing, and hope she hasn’t heard me talking to what I thought was her.
15.10: I put on my dressing gown, and E comes in reminding me that I’ve got about an hour before we need to go.
15.37-15.48: I have a shower. The water feels, smells and tastes metallic (but not in a bad way) and I get out feeling very refreshed and much more clear-headed.
16.00: I have a shave, and look in the mirror to see my face looking much more goat-like than I remembered. No, more as if I have a connection with goats and their natural characteristics.
16.10: Leave for the station.
After this the effects definitely wore off, though I was left feeling euphoric for a couple more hours. I didn’t feel any sort of a comedown (though this could be due to the excitement I felt about going to see Infected Mushroom!). All in all I found this to be a great drug, but it did prevent me from doing anything for a couple of hours…
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


List Item 1
List Item 2
List Item 3
List Item 4
This is paragraph1!!
This is paragraph1 2 !
This is paragraph 3!!
This is paragraph 4 !!


|
AString
0.2
A Lightweight C Language String Library
|
宏定义 | |
| #define | FALSE 0 |
| #define | TRUE 1 |
| #define | DEFAULT_SIZE 100 |
类型定义 | |
| typedef unsigned long | asize |
| typedef unsigned int | aunichar |
| typedef unsigned char | aboolean |
| typedef unsigned int | auint |
| typedef unsigned char | auchar |
| #define DEFAULT_SIZE 100 |
| #define FALSE 0 |
| #define TRUE 1 |
| typedef unsigned char aboolean |
| typedef unsigned long asize |
| typedef unsigned char auchar |
| typedef unsigned int auint |
| typedef unsigned int aunichar |


|
xpcc
|
Serial peripheral interface (SPI0) More...
#include <xpcc/architecture/platform/driver/spi/lpc/spi_0.hpp>
Public Types | |
| enum | TransferSize { BIT_04, BIT_05, BIT_06, BIT_07, BIT_08, BIT_09, BIT_10, BIT_11, BIT_12, BIT_13, BIT_14, BIT_15, BIT_16 } |
| enum | FrameFormat { SPI, TI, MICROWIRE } |
| enum | Mode { Mode::MODE_0, Mode::MODE_1, Mode::MODE_2, Mode::MODE_3 } |
| enum | Presacler { DIV002, DIV004, DIV006, DIV008, DIV010, DIV012, DIV014, DIV016, DIV018, DIV020, DIV022, DIV024, DIV026, DIV028, DIV030, DIV032, DIV034, DIV036, DIV038, DIV040, DIV042, DIV044, DIV046, DIV048, DIV050, DIV052, DIV054, DIV056, DIV058, DIV060, DIV062, DIV064, DIV066, DIV068, DIV070, DIV072, DIV074, DIV076, DIV078, DIV080, DIV082, DIV084, DIV086, DIV088, DIV090, DIV092, DIV094, DIV096, DIV098, DIV100, DIV102, DIV104, DIV106, DIV108, DIV110, DIV112, DIV114, DIV116, DIV118, DIV120, DIV122, DIV124, DIV126, DIV128, DIV130, DIV132, DIV134, DIV136, DIV138, DIV140, DIV142, DIV144, DIV146, DIV148, DIV150, DIV152, DIV154, DIV156, DIV158, DIV160, DIV162, DIV164, DIV166, DIV168, DIV170, DIV172, DIV174, DIV176, DIV178, DIV180, DIV182, DIV184, DIV186, DIV188, DIV190, DIV192, DIV194, DIV196, DIV198, DIV200, DIV202, DIV204, DIV206, DIV208, DIV210, DIV212, DIV214, DIV216, DIV218, DIV220, DIV222, DIV224, DIV226, DIV228, DIV230, DIV232, DIV234, DIV236, DIV238, DIV240, DIV242, DIV244, DIV246, DIV248, DIV250, DIV252 } |
| Clock prescaler. More... | |
| enum | MappingSck { MappingSck::PIO0_6, MappingSck::PIO0_10, MappingSck::PIO2_11 } |
| Public Types inherited from xpcc::Spi | |
| enum | DataMode : uint8_t { DataMode::Mode0, DataMode::Mode1, DataMode::Mode2, DataMode::Mode3 } |
| Spi Data Mode, Mode0 is the most common mode. More... | |
| enum | DataOrder : uint8_t { MsbFirst, LsbFirst } |
| Spi Data Order, MsbFirst is the most common mode. | |
| using | ConfigurationHandler = void(*)() |
| The signature of the configuration function. | |
Static Public Member Functions | |
| static void | configurePins (MappingSck mapping=xpcc::lpc::SpiMaster0::MappingSck::PIO0_6, bool useSsel=false) |
| static void | initialize (Mode mode=Mode::MODE_0, Presacler prescaler=Presacler::DIV002, uint8_t serialClockRate=7, TransferSize transferSize=TransferSize::BIT_08, FrameFormat frameFormat=FrameFormat::SPI) |
| Initialize SPI module. | |
| static uint8_t | write (uint8_t data) |
| Write a single byte with the SPI. More... | |
| static bool | setBuffer (uint16_t length, uint8_t *transmit=0, uint8_t *receive=0, BufferIncrease bufferIncrease=BUFFER_INCR_BOTH) |
| static bool | transfer (TransferOptions options=TRANSFER_SEND_BUFFER_SAVE_RECEIVE) |
| static bool | transferSync (TransferOptions options=TRANSFER_SEND_BUFFER_SAVE_RECEIVE) |
| static bool | isFinished () |
| Static Public Member Functions inherited from xpcc::SpiMaster | |
| template<class SystemClock , uint32_t baudrate, uint16_t tolerance = Tolerance::FivePercent> | |
| static void | initialize () |
| Initializes the hardware and sets the baudrate. More... | |
| static void | setDataMode (DataMode mode) |
| Sets a new data mode. | |
| static void | setDataOrder (DataOrder order) |
| Sets a new data order. | |
| static uint8_t | acquire (void *ctx, ConfigurationHandler handler=nullptr) |
| Request access to the spi master within a context. More... | |
| static uint8_t | release (void *ctx) |
| Release access to the spi master within a context. More... | |
| static uint8_t | transferBlocking (uint8_t data) |
| Swap a single byte and wait for completion. More... | |
| static void | transferBlocking (uint8_t *tx, uint8_t *rx, std::size_t length) |
| Set the data buffers and length with options and starts a transfer. More... | |
| static xpcc::ResumableResult< uint8_t > | transfer (uint8_t data) |
| Swap a single byte and wait for completion non-blocking!. More... | |
| static xpcc::ResumableResult< void > | transfer (uint8_t *tx, uint8_t *rx, std::size_t length) |
| Set the data buffers and length with options and starts a non-blocking transfer. More... | |
| Static Public Member Functions inherited from xpcc::Peripheral | |
| template<uint32_t available, uint32_t requested, uint16_t tolerance> | |
| static void | assertBaudrateInTolerance () |
| Since baudrates are usually generated by prescaling a system clock, only several distinct values can be generated. More... | |
Static Protected Attributes | |
| static constexpr uint8_t | fifoSize |
As the NXP peripherals provide a hardware buffer, this implementation is already bufferd.
Features:
|
strong |
|
strong |
Must be an even number between 2 and 252
|
strong |
|
static |
The data is put into the FIFO but it blocks until the data was sent and data from the device is available.


Add receipts and people, then select what each person is paying for to calculate how much each person owes. Additional charges included in receipt totals, such as tax, are split up proportionally.
| Item | Price | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
Grand Total
|
$0.00 |
Created by Ian Glen


It appears you don't have a PDF plugin for this browser. No worries... you can click here to download the PDF file.


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SASTRA gets UGC nod to offer courses
Through open and distance learning mode
by Special CorrespondentSASTRA (Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology and Research Academy), Thanjavur, figures among two other deemed to be universities and a State university in the updated list of higher educational institutions released on Wednesday by the University Grants Commission (UGC) for grant of graded autonomy, entitling them to offer programmes through open and distance learning.
The other three institutions are Alagappa University, Karaikudi; SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur; and Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai.
The UGC had published a list of 25 higher educational institutions countrywide for grant of graded autonomy.
These institutions have been permitted to conduct admissions in two sessions: from January to February end, and from July to August end.
List
The UGC had initially published a list of higher educational institutions on July 31 specifying their recognition to offer programmes in ODL mode.
The UGC notice states that these institutions cannot start or run any professional courses governed by specific Acts of Parliament except with prior and specific approval of the authority constituted thereunder. Courses in engineering, medicine, dental, pharmacy, nursing, architecture, physiotherapy, agriculture, hotel management cannot be offered in ODL mode.
Likewise, no university, institution, deemed to be a university and college can conduct M.Phil. and Ph.D. programmes through distance education mode.


Developed by:
Istiak Morsalin
Roll:1007007
S.M. Ahsanul Haque
Roll:1007008
objectives
Platform
Data Collection & Analysis
Implementation
Limitations
Future Plan
Ensure Better sleep for the common people and give a helping hand to the people who are in a trouble with various sleep disorders.
Android is open source and the worlds most popular mobile platforms. Every day more than 1 million new Android devices are activated worldwide .
For the purpose of finding a solution we collected data Regarding this problem. We found Solution of our problem by analyzing them.Here is some analysis:
There are mainly four parts of GhumBotika that can be accessed by a user:
Part 1: SleepAbout
The first is the Information part. It is mainly a storage of information about sleep
This second part contains a bunch of valuable tips for a better sleep.
has Five Buttons and one CheckBox. Each of them contains individual Relaxation options for the user
This section helps user to maintain a strict sleep cycle.
User Interface Design
Class Diagram Design
User Experience
In our app we followed some of the design patterns of UI for android. Our app uses :
Gesture
Notification Drawer
Action Bar
Navigation
Compound Views and Checklist
Swipe Views
Selection
Widgets
Animation
We used "Abstract Factory Design Pattern" which Is creational software design pattern. This pattern provides interfaces for creating families of related or dependent objects without specifying their concrete classes
Under this Design Pattern we have designed a class diagram that contains all of our classes. Fig shows that:
The Class Diagram shows 23 classes including 15 activity, 4 broadcast receiver and two service class. These classes are used to ensure a concrete user experience.
The tips provided by the app is static. We are not able to provide the users any dynamic tips.
The apk size is comparatively larger and that is why is it runs a little bit slow in low memory devices
The Solutions are not obvious
By analyzing sleep cycle, achieving a sleep graph to represent sleeping pattern of a user.
Analyzing the sleep cycle, awake the user in any IREM stage of sleep near awake time.
Sending Dynamic tips to its users.
Developing preloaded voice for the specific callers in database to make them aware that the user is sleeping.
Developing intelligence that can help user scheduling his/her sleep cycle


This example demonstrates the use of JsonCallbackAnonFunc to pass an anonymous function to a JavaScript module that calls a JValue => JsCmd function on the server. The returned JsCmd is then executed on the client.
Submit the form and see in the logs the data sent via ajax to the server and sent back to the client via a notice.


THE EEL A film review by Steve Rhodes Copyright 1998 Steve Rhodes RATING (0 TO ****): **
Takuro Yamashita, played by Koji Yakusho from the indie smash hit SHALL WE DANCE?, is the Japanese equivalent of an average Joe, what they call a salaryman. An unremarkable white-collar worker, Takuro spends his free time fishing in the evenings.
One day on the way home, while on a crowded commuter train, he reads an anonymous letter whose writer claims that his wife is having an affair while he fishes. He sneaks back early that night and catches his wife having passionate sex with another man.  Takuro rides his bicycle down to the local police station and confesses his crime.
As the beginning credits finish rolling, Takuro is paroled after serving 8 years of his sentence. The warden admonishes him not to get into any trouble. To the detriment of the movie, that is exactly what he does, avoiding confrontation and concentrating on living as serene a life as possible.
Takuro saves a young, suicidal woman named Keiko Hattori (Misa Shimizu), who looks like the wife he murdered. They come to live together. She cooks for him while he spends his time as a barber during the day and a fisherman at night. (When he ever gets a chance to sleep is the story's biggest mystery.)
Set in the Japanese countryside that is rarely shown to American audiences, the film is handsomely photographed by Shigeru Komatsubara. The scenes of the fishing boats at twilight are particularly striking. They carry a little lamp to cut through the fog, and its light casts a lovely glow.
The film, which won the Palm d'Or award last year at Cannes, is directed by Shohei Imamura. Although it starts off like a sports car barreling down the highway in high gear, the director shifts into neutral right after the opening credits end and coasts until almost all momentum is lost. He shifts back into gear briefly toward the end, but by then the dramatic energy has been drained away.
The story contains numerous metaphorical references to Takuro's pet eel. Contemplating their possible meanings provides the best way to stay awake until the end.
THE EEL runs too long at 1:57. The film is in Japanese with English subtitles. It is not rated but would be an R for violence, sex and nudity and would be acceptable for teenagers only if they are older and mature.
Email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Web: www.InternetReviews.com
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Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


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We have Campus all over the World.
Biological Sciences with Foundation BSc(Hons)
Our Biological Sciences with a Foundation Year course is designed to help you gain the skills, knowledge and confidence you need to progress on to a degree in biological sciences. During your foundation year you’ll be assigned an adviser.
BSc Computer Science / Course details
Computer Science is our most flexible programme, allowing you to chose course units to reflect your developing and changing interests. Furthermore, a wide range of themes from across the discipline allow you to specialise in the second and third years.
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As well as studying the compulsory courses in Political Science and Political Economy, Game Theory for Political Science and Political Science and Political Economy : Advanced Topics, you will also write a 10,000-word dissertation on a topic agreed with your supervisor.


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As you test larger circuits, you will likely find bugs. To nail down what's going wrong, exploring what's going on in the subcircuits while running the overall circuit can help. To enter the subcircuit's state, you can use any of three different techniques. The most straightforward is probably to view the simulation hierarchy by clicking the second icon in the explorer pane's upper toolbar (), or by selecting "View Simulation Tree" from the Project menu. This switches the explorer pane so that it shows the hierarchy of subcircuits being simulated.
Double-clicking an element in this hierarchy will display what is happening inside that subcircuit.
The second way you can enter a subcircuit is to bring up its popup menu by right-clicking or control-clicking it, and then choosing the View option.
And the third way is to first ensure the Poke Tool is selected and then click the subcircuit you want to enter; a magnifying glass will appear over the subcircuit's center, and double-clicking the magnifying glass will enter the subcircuit's state.
In any case, once you enter the subcircuit, you'll see that the pins' values in the subcircuit match the values being sent through them from the containing circuit.
While in the subcircuit, you are allowed to alter the circuit. If the
changes affect any of the subcircuit's outputs, they are propagated into the
containing circuit. One exception: The subcircuit inputs are determined based on
the values coming into the circuit from the supercircuit, so it doesn't make
sense to toggle those values. If you attempt to poke a subcircuit's input,
a dialog will pop up asking, The pin is tied to the supercircuit state.
Create a new circuit state?
Clicking No will cancel the toggle request,
while clicking Yes will create a copy of the viewed state,
divorced from the outer circuit, with the input pin toggled.
Once you have completed viewing and/or editing, you can return to the parent circuit either by double-clicking the parent circuit in the explorer pane, or via the Go Out To State submenu of the Simulate menu.
Next: Logisim libraries.


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--- layout: post title: XXXIV! date: 2014-03-06 09:36:06.000000000 +11:00 type: post published: true status: publish categories: [] tags: - life - running meta: _publicize_pending: '1' _rest_api_published: '1' _rest_api_client_id: "-1" _edit_last: '1204261' _oembed_0b8520d30e68f12dfa87dee702837862: "{{unknown}}" author: login: ajaysusarla email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>display_name: partha first_name: '' last_name: '' ---
Last week, I completed 34 years of existence on this wonderful planet. And I wanted to run 34K to celebrate. Although I set out to run the full 34K, the weather turned from bad to worse. What started of as an windy and not-so-cloudy morning transformed itself into a wet and rainy one. It was a really heavy downpour and I had to cut my run short to 20K (20.7KM to be precise in 1:55'11.5). But I thoroughly enjoyed every bit of the run from Portsea to Fort Napean and back.
[caption id="" align="alignnone" width="650"] Portsea to Fort Napean and back.[/caption]
It was a beautiful path all the way to Fort Napean. And I would definitely recommend it to anyone who loves a good run. I did manage to run 34K a few days later though and it was the first time that I ran beyond 20K alone.
Hopefully this year turns out to be better than the last.


To create a button,
you can instantiate one of the many classes that descend from the
AbstractButton
class.
The following table shows the Swing-defined
AbstractButton
subclasses
that you might want to use:
| Class | Summary | Where Described |
|---|---|---|
JButton |
A common button. | How to Use the Common Button API and How to Use JButton Features |
JCheckBox |
A check box button. | How to Use Check Boxes |
JRadioButton |
One of a group of radio buttons. | How to Use Radio Buttons |
JMenuItem |
An item in a menu. | How to Use Menus |
JCheckBoxMenuItem |
A menu item that has a check box. | How to Use Menus and How to Use Check Boxes |
JRadioButtonMenuItem |
A menu item that has a radio button. | How to Use Menus and How to Use Radio Buttons |
JToggleButton |
Implements toggle functionality
inherited by
JCheckBox and
JRadioButton .
Can be instantiated or subclassed
to create two-state buttons.
|
Used in some examples |
AbstractButton
defines —
and thus all Swing buttons have in common.
Next, it describes the small amount of API that
JButton
adds to AbstractButton
.
After that, this section shows you how to use specialized API
to implement check boxes and radio buttons.
As the ButtonDemo
example shows,
a Swing button can display both text and an image.
In ButtonDemo
,
each button has its text in a different place,
relative to its image.
The underlined letter in each button's text
shows the mnemonic — the keyboard alternative —
for each button.
In most look and feels,
the user can click a button by pressing the Alt key and the mnemonic.
For example, Alt-M would click the Middle button in ButtonDemo.
When a button is disabled, the look and feel automatically generates the button's disabled appearance. However, you could provide an image to be substituted for the normal image. For example, you could provide gray versions of the images used in the left and right buttons.
How you implement event handling depends on the type of button you use and how you use it. Generally, you implement an action listener, which is notified every time the user clicks the button. For check boxes you usually use an item listener, which is notified when the check box is selected or deselected.
Below is the code from
ButtonDemo.java
that creates the buttons in the previous example
and reacts to button clicks.
The bold code is the code
that would remain if the buttons had no images.
//In initialization code: ImageIcon leftButtonIcon = createImageIcon("images/right.gif"); ImageIcon middleButtonIcon = createImageIcon("images/middle.gif"); ImageIcon rightButtonIcon = createImageIcon("images/left.gif"); b1 = new JButton("Disable middle button", leftButtonIcon); b1.setVerticalTextPosition(AbstractButton.CENTER); b1.setHorizontalTextPosition(AbstractButton.LEADING); //aka LEFT, for left-to-right locales b1.setMnemonic(KeyEvent.VK_D); b1.setActionCommand("disable"); b2 = new JButton("Middle button", middleButtonIcon); b2.setVerticalTextPosition(AbstractButton.BOTTOM); b2.setHorizontalTextPosition(AbstractButton.CENTER); b2.setMnemonic(KeyEvent.VK_M); b3 = new JButton("Enable middle button", rightButtonIcon); //Use the default text position of CENTER, TRAILING (RIGHT). b3.setMnemonic(KeyEvent.VK_E); b3.setActionCommand("enable"); b3.setEnabled(false); //Listen for actions on buttons 1 and 3. b1.addActionListener(this); b3.addActionListener(this); b1.setToolTipText("Click this button to disable " + "the middle button."); b2.setToolTipText("This middle button does nothing " + "when you click it."); b3.setToolTipText("Click this button to enable the " + "middle button."); ... } public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { if ("disable".equals(e.getActionCommand())) { b2.setEnabled(false); b1.setEnabled(false); b3.setEnabled(true); } else { b2.setEnabled(true); b1.setEnabled(true); b3.setEnabled(false); } } protected static ImageIcon createImageIcon(String path) { java.net.URL imgURL = ButtonDemo.class.getResource(path); ...//error handling omitted for clarity... return new ImageIcon(imgURL); }
JButton
objects —
have just a bit more functionality
than the AbstractButton
class provides:
You can make a JButton
be the default button.
At most one button in a top-level container can be the default button. The default button typically has a highlighted appearance and acts clicked whenever the top-level container has the keyboard focus and the user presses the Return or Enter key. Here is a picture of a dialog, implemented in the ListDialog example, in which the Set button is the default button:
You set the default button
by invoking the setDefaultButton
method
on a top-level container's root pane.
Here is the code that sets up the default button
for the ListDialog
example:
//In the constructor for a JDialog subclass: getRootPane().setDefaultButton(setButton);
JCheckBox
class provides support for check box buttons.
You can also put check boxes in menus,
using the
JCheckBoxMenuItem
class.
Because
JCheckBox
and
JCheckBoxMenuItem
inherit from AbstractButton
,
Swing check boxes have all the usual button characteristics,
as discussed earlier in this section.
For example, you can specify images
to be used in check boxes.
Check boxes are similar to radio buttons but their selection model is different, by convention. Any number of check boxes in a group — none, some, or all — can be selected. A group of radio buttons, on the other hand, can have only one button selected.
Here is a picture of an application that uses four check boxes to customize a cartoon:
A check box generates one item event and one action event
per click.
Usually, you listen only for item events,
since they let you determine
whether the click selected or deselected the check box.
Below is the code from
CheckBoxDemo.java
that creates the check boxes in the previous example
and reacts to clicks.
//In initialization code: chinButton = new JCheckBox("Chin"); chinButton.setMnemonic(KeyEvent.VK_C); chinButton.setSelected(true); glassesButton = new JCheckBox("Glasses"); glassesButton.setMnemonic(KeyEvent.VK_G); glassesButton.setSelected(true); hairButton = new JCheckBox("Hair"); hairButton.setMnemonic(KeyEvent.VK_H); hairButton.setSelected(true); teethButton = new JCheckBox("Teeth"); teethButton.setMnemonic(KeyEvent.VK_T); teethButton.setSelected(true); //Register a listener for the check boxes. chinButton.addItemListener(this); glassesButton.addItemListener(this); hairButton.addItemListener(this); teethButton.addItemListener(this); ... public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent e) { ... Object source = e.getItemSelectable(); if (source == chinButton) { //...make a note of it... } else if (source == glassesButton) { //...make a note of it... } else if (source == hairButton) { //...make a note of it... } else if (source == teethButton) { //...make a note of it... } if (e.getStateChange() == ItemEvent.DESELECTED) //...make a note of it... ... updatePicture(); }
JRadioButton
and
ButtonGroup
classes.
To put a radio button in a
menu, use the
JRadioButtonMenuItem
class.
Other ways of displaying one-of-many choices are
combo boxes and
lists.
Radio buttons look similar to
check boxes,
but, by convention,
check boxes place no limits on how many items
can be selected at a time.
Because JRadioButton
inherits from AbstractButton
,
Swing radio buttons have all the usual button characteristics,
as discussed earlier in this section.
For example,
you can specify the image displayed in a radio button.
Here is a picture of an application that uses five radio buttons to let you choose which kind of pet is displayed:
Each time the user clicks a radio button (even if it was already selected), the button fires an action event. One or two item events also occur — one from the button that was just selected, and another from the button that lost the selection (if any). Usually, you handle radio button clicks using an action listener.
Below is the code from
RadioButtonDemo.java
that creates the radio buttons in the previous example
and reacts to clicks.
//In initialization code: //Create the radio buttons. JRadioButton birdButton = new JRadioButton(birdString); birdButton.setMnemonic(KeyEvent.VK_B); birdButton.setActionCommand(birdString); birdButton.setSelected(true); JRadioButton catButton = new JRadioButton(catString); catButton.setMnemonic(KeyEvent.VK_C); catButton.setActionCommand(catString); JRadioButton dogButton = new JRadioButton(dogString); dogButton.setMnemonic(KeyEvent.VK_D); dogButton.setActionCommand(dogString); JRadioButton rabbitButton = new JRadioButton(rabbitString); rabbitButton.setMnemonic(KeyEvent.VK_R); rabbitButton.setActionCommand(rabbitString); JRadioButton pigButton = new JRadioButton(pigString); pigButton.setMnemonic(KeyEvent.VK_P); pigButton.setActionCommand(pigString); //Group the radio buttons. ButtonGroup group = new ButtonGroup(); group.add(birdButton); group.add(catButton); group.add(dogButton); group.add(rabbitButton); group.add(pigButton); //Register a listener for the radio buttons. birdButton.addActionListener(this); catButton.addActionListener(this); dogButton.addActionListener(this); rabbitButton.addActionListener(this); pigButton.addActionListener(this); ... public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { picture.setIcon(new ImageIcon("images/" + e.getActionCommand() + ".gif")); }
For each group of radio buttons,
you need to create a ButtonGroup
instance
and add each radio button to it.
The ButtonGroup
takes care of unselecting the previously selected button
when the user selects another button in the group.
You should generally initialize a group of radio buttons so that one is selected. However, the API doesn't enforce this rule — a group of radio buttons can have no initial selection. Once the user has made a selection, exactly one button is selected from then on.
setFont
and setForeground
,
are listed in the API tables in
The JComponent Class.
The API for using buttons falls into these categories:
| Method or Constructor | Purpose |
|---|---|
|
JButton(Action) JButton(String, Icon) JButton(String) JButton(Icon) JButton() |
Create a JButton instance,
initializing it to have the specified text/image/action.
|
|
void setAction(Action) Action getAction() |
Set or get the button's properties according to values
from the Action instance.
|
|
void setText(String) String getText() |
Set or get the text displayed by the button. You can use HTML formatting, as described in Using HTML in Swing Components. |
|
void setIcon(Icon) Icon getIcon() |
Set or get the image displayed by the button when the button isn't selected or pressed. |
|
void setDisabledIcon(Icon) Icon getDisabledIcon() |
Set or get the image displayed by the button when it is disabled. If you do not specify a disabled image, then the look and feel creates one by manipulating the default image. |
|
void setPressedIcon(Icon) Icon getPressedIcon() |
Set or get the image displayed by the button when it is being pressed. |
|
void setSelectedIcon(Icon) Icon getSelectedIcon() void setDisabledSelectedIcon(Icon) Icon getDisabledSelectedIcon() |
Set or get the image displayed by the button when it is selected. If you do not specify a disabled selected image, then the look and feel creates one by manipulating the selected image. |
|
setRolloverEnabled(boolean) boolean isRolloverEnabled() void setRolloverIcon(Icon) Icon getRolloverIcon() void setRolloverSelectedIcon(Icon) Icon getRolloverSelectedIcon() |
Use setRolloverIcon(someIcon)
to make the button display the specified icon
when the cursor passes over it.
The setRolloverSelectedIcon method
lets you specify the rollover icon when the
button is selected — this is useful for
two-state buttons such as toggle buttons.
Setting the rollover icon automatically
calls setRollover(true) ,
enabling rollover.
|
| Method or Constructor | Purpose |
|---|---|
|
void setHorizontalAlignment(int) void setVerticalAlignment(int) int getHorizontalAlignment() int getVerticalAlignment() |
Set or get where in the button its contents should be placed.
The AbstractButton class allows
any one of the following values
for horizontal alignment:
RIGHT ,
LEFT ,
CENTER (the default),
LEADING , and
TRAILING .
For vertical alignment:
TOP ,
CENTER (the default), and
BOTTOM .
|
|
void setHorizontalTextPosition(int) void setVerticalTextPosition(int) int getHorizontalTextPosition() int getVerticalTextPosition() |
Set or get where the button's text should be placed,
relative to the button's image.
The AbstractButton class allows
any one of the following values
for horizontal position:
LEFT ,
CENTER ,
RIGHT ,
LEADING , and
TRAILING (the default).
For vertical position:
TOP ,
CENTER (the default), and
BOTTOM .
|
|
void setMargin(Insets) Insets getMargin() |
Set or get the number of pixels between the button's border and its contents. |
|
void setFocusPainted(boolean) boolean isFocusPainted() |
Set or get whether the button should look different when it has the focus. |
|
void setBorderPainted(boolean) boolean isBorderPainted() |
Set or get whether the border of the button should be painted. |
|
void setIconTextGap(int) int getIconTextGap() |
Set or get the amount of space between the text and the icon displayed in this button. |
| Method or Constructor | Purpose |
|---|---|
|
void setMnemonic(int) char getMnemonic() |
Set or get the keyboard alternative to clicking the button.
One form of the setMnemonic method
accepts a character argument;
however,
the Swing team recommends that you use an int argument
instead,
specifying a KeyEvent.VK_X constant.
|
|
void setDisplayedMnemonicIndex(int) int getDisplayedMnemonicIndex() |
Set or get a hint as to which character in the text should be decorated to represent the mnemonic. Note that not all look and feels may support this. |
|
void setActionCommand(String) String getActionCommand() |
Set or get the name of the action performed by the button. |
|
void addActionListener(ActionListener) ActionListener removeActionListener() |
Add or remove an object that listens for action events fired by the button. |
|
void addItemListener(ItemListener) ItemListener removeItemListener() |
Add or remove an object that listens for item events fired by the button. |
|
void setSelected(boolean) boolean isSelected() |
Set or get whether the button is selected. Makes sense only for buttons that have on/off state, such as check boxes. |
|
void doClick() void doClick(int) |
Programmatically perform a "click". The optional argument specifies the amount of time (in milliseconds) that the button should look pressed. |
|
void setMultiClickThreshhold(long) long getMultiClickThreshhold() |
Set or get the amount of time (in milliseconds) required between mouse press events for the button to generate corresponding action events. |
| Constructor | Purpose |
|---|---|
|
JCheckBox(Action) JCheckBox(String) JCheckBox(String, boolean) JCheckBox(Icon) JCheckBox(Icon, boolean) JCheckBox(String, Icon) JCheckBox(String, Icon, boolean) JCheckBox() |
Create a JCheckBox instance.
The string argument specifies the text,
if any, that the check box should display.
Similarly, the Icon argument
specifies the image that should be used
instead of the look and feel's default check box image.
Specifying the boolean argument as true
initializes the check box to be selected.
If the boolean argument is absent or false ,
then the check box is initially unselected.
|
|
JCheckBoxMenuItem(Action) JCheckBoxMenuItem(String) JCheckBoxMenuItem(String, boolean) JCheckBoxMenuItem(Icon) JCheckBoxMenuItem(String, Icon) JCheckBoxMenuItem(String, Icon, boolean) JCheckBoxMenuItem() |
Create a JCheckBoxMenuItem instance.
The arguments are interpreted in the same way as the arguments
to the JCheckBox constructors,
except that any specified icon is shown in addition
to the normal check box icon.
|
| Constructor | Purpose |
|---|---|
|
JRadioButton(Action) JRadioButton(String) JRadioButton(String, boolean) JRadioButton(Icon) JRadioButton(Icon, boolean) JRadioButton(String, Icon) JRadioButton(String, Icon, boolean) JRadioButton() |
Create a JRadioButton instance.
The string argument specifies the text,
if any, that the radio button should display.
Similarly, the Icon argument
specifies the image that should be used
instead of the look and feel's default radio button image.
Specifying the boolean argument as true
initializes the radio button to be selected,
subject to the approval of the ButtonGroup object.
If the boolean argument is absent or false ,
then the radio button is initially unselected.
|
|
JRadioButtonMenuItem(Action) JRadioButtonMenuItem(String) JRadioButtonMenuItem(Icon) JRadioButtonMenuItem(String, Icon) JRadioButtonMenuItem() |
Create a JRadioButtonMenuItem instance.
The arguments are interpreted in the same way as the arguments
to the JRadioButton constructors,
except that any specified icon is shown in addition
to the normal radio button icon.
|
| Constructor | Purpose |
|---|---|
|
JToggleButton(Action) JToggleButton(String) JToggleButton(String, boolean) JToggleButton(Icon) JToggleButton(Icon, boolean) JToggleButton(String, Icon) JToggleButton(String, Icon, boolean) JToggleButton() |
Create a JToggleButton instance,
which is similar to a JButton ,
but with two states.
Normally, you use a JRadioButton
or JCheckBox instead of
directly instantiating JToggleButton ,
but JToggleButton can be useful
when you do not want the typical radio button
or check box appearance.
The string argument specifies the text,
if any, that the toggle button should display.
Similarly, the Icon argument
specifies the image that should be used.
Specifying the boolean argument as true
initializes the toggle button to be selected.
If the boolean argument is absent or false ,
then the toggle button is initially unselected.
|
| Constructor or Method | Purpose |
|---|---|
| ButtonGroup() | Create a ButtonGroup instance.
|
|
void add(AbstractButton) void remove(AbstractButton) |
Add a button to the group, or remove a button from the group. |
|
public ButtonGroup getGroup() (in DefaultButtonModel )
|
Get the ButtonGroup , if any,
that controls a button.
For example:
ButtonGroup group = ((DefaultButtonModel)button.getModel()).getGroup();
|
| public ButtonGroup clearSelection() | Clears the state of selected buttons in the ButtonGroup. None of the buttons in the ButtonGroup are selected . |
JButton
objects
to JToolBar
s.
| Example | Where Described | Notes |
|---|---|---|
ButtonDemo
|
How to Use the Common Button API | Uses mnemonics and icons. Specifies the button text position, relative to the button icon. Uses action commands. |
ButtonHtmlDemo
|
Using HTML in Swing Components | A version of ButtonDemo that uses HTML formatting in its buttons. |
ListDialog
|
How to Use JButton Features | Implements a dialog with two buttons, one of which is the default button. |
DialogDemo
|
How to Make Dialogs | Has "Show it" buttons whose behavior is tied to the state of radio buttons. Uses sizable, though anonymous, inner classes to implement the action listeners. |
ProgressBarDemo
|
How to Monitor Progress | Implements a button's action listener with a named inner class. |
CheckBoxDemo
|
How to Use Check Boxes | Uses check box buttons to determine which of 16 images it should display. |
ActionDemo
|
How to Use Actions | Uses check box menu items to set the state of the program. |
RadioButtonDemo
|
How to Use Radio Buttons | Uses radio buttons to determine which of five images it should display. |
DialogDemo
|
How to Make Dialogs | Contains several sets of radio buttons, which it uses to determine which dialog to bring up. |
MenuDemo
|
How to Use Menus | Contains radio button menu items and check box menu items. |
ColorChooserDemo2
|
How to Use Color Choosers | The crayons in CrayonPanel are implemented as toggle buttons.
|
ScrollDemo
|
How to Use Scroll Panes | The cm button is a toggle button. |


Othello, like all of Shakespeare’s plays, particularly the tragedies, is complex and subtly nuanced. Through its complexities
and subtleties, Shakespeare makes us care about the characters who people this story. We understand their weaknesses and
their strengths, their passions and their nobility. In our engagement in their lives and our pondering over what has gone
wrong and why, we are given the opportunity to analyze human life both in the abstract and in the particular of our own
lives. Shakespeare’s ability to involve us in the lives and fortunes of his characters is one of the best reasons for reading,
rereading, and teaching Othello.
Othello has particular gifts to offer to teenagers. It is a play about passion and reason. Intense feelings are exhibited here:
love, hate, jealousy, envy, even lust. Teenagers struggling with their own passions can empathize with both Roderigo’s and
Othello’s plight. It is also a play that examines, as do Shakespeare’s other works, human relationships and interactions. For
teenagers in the first rush of attempting to understand how romantic relationships work and when and why they might
fail, this text provides much to ponder. In addition, studying the play gives young people a rich literary vehicle for
developing their critical thinking and analytical reading skills. The closer they examine this work, the richer they find it.
This teacher’s guide is intended to assist you by providing a variety of ideas and activities to serve as a springboard to
enrich student learning. It is divided into several parts: (1) a brief literary overview, including a synopsis and a
commentary on the play; (2) suggestions for teaching the play, including activities, discussion questions, and essay topics
to be used before, during, and after reading the play; (3) ideas to extend the students’ learning beyond the play, including
ways to address its themes, ideas for teaching literary analysis, techniques for using the play as a bridge to other works,
and ways to use the play as part of interdisciplinary study and; (4) bibliographies and other resources.
Throughout this guide activities are suggested for students of varying ability levels. You will need to select those that are
most appropriate for your classroom.
OVERVIEW
SYNOPSIS
The play is set primarily in Cyprus. However, the opening act takes place in Venice, providing us with an understanding
of the authoritarian government controlled by the Venetian senators. Also, we begin to understand Othello’s tenuous
standing in Venice, as well as Desdemona’s privileged background.
The first scenes introduce the primary plot, beginning outside Brabantio’s house with Iago already intent upon
manipulation and trouble-making. He encourages Roderigo to rouse Brabantio, Desdamona’s father, and tell him of her
elopement with Othello. Iago makes the announcement as alarming and disruptive as possible. Both Iago and Roderigo
reveal their motivation: Roderigo’s passion for Desdemona and Iago’s appetite for revenge on Othello for choosing
Michael Cassio over him as his second in command. Although Brabantio and Othello had been friends, or at least amiable
acquaintances, Brabantio’s first thought is that his daughter would never have done this of her own free will—Othello
must have used witchcraft and potions.
The secondary plot, introduced in the following scene, is that the Turks have taken a fleet to Cyprus, and the senators
want to send Othello as the best and most experienced general to defend it. The Turks’ threat to Venetian civilization
echoes Brabantio’s concerns about what he interprets as Othello’s barbarian threat to his civilized daughter; he wants the
powerful senators to condemn Othello for wooing her. However, Desdemona declares that her love for the Moor is free
of any external influence.
After Desdemona’s declaration all attention is returned to the attack on Cyprus. Othello is ordered to leave Venice
immediately. Ironically, he commends Desdemona into Iago’s keeping and requests that she be allowed to come to him
in Cyprus. Brabantio warns Othello that if Desdemona deceived her father she could also be false to her husband. At the
end of the act, Iago persuades Roderigo to abandon his plans to kill himself over Desdemona and come to Cypress
disguised and ready seek revenge on Cassio and Othello.
The next act opens with a conversation that tells of the Turks’ drowning in a storm, thus ending their threat to Cyprus.
Cassio arrives, and we learn that Othello’s ship is still at sea. Desdemona and her entourage, including Iago, appear shortly
thereafter; all await news of Othello. Othello appears and a tender moment of reunion with Desdemona ensues. Iago is
A Teacher’s Guide to the Signet Classic Edition of William Shakespeare’s Othello 2
ordered to take over the watch of the city. He seeks Roderigo’s help in his plot to undo Cassio. The plan works smoothly—
Cassio gets drunk and fights with Roderigo and one of the Cypriot leaders. The fight arouses Othello. Based on Iago’s
explanation, Othello dismisses Cassio and names Iago his replacement. Iago, encouraging Cassio to seek Desdemona’s
assistance in returning to Othello’s favor, begins slowly poisoning Othello’s mind by making him think that Desdemona
is illicitly involved with Cassio.
In Act III Iago’s plot progresses. Cassio asks Desdemona to plead his case to Othello. She freely and happily accepts his
suit and pledges herself to urge his case relentlessly. In the meantime Iago continues to poison Othello’s mind.
(III, iii, 356-360)
Iago quickly seizes the opportunity. Othello has given Desdemona a special handkerchief, a family heirloom passed down
from his mother to his bride. Iago gets the handkerchief from Emilia, his wife and Desdemona’s attendant. Emilia is
unaware of her husband’s intent. Iago plants the handkerchief in Cassio’s rooms. At Iago’s urging Othello asks Desdemona
for it. Worried because it seems to mean so much to her husband, Desdemona lies and says she doesn’t have it at the
moment. This arouses Othello’s doubt and distrust.
 Iago continues to manipulate both Othello and
Roderigo, pushing each of them to murder—even persuading Othello to strangle rather than poison Desdemona. An
overwrought Othello has a seizure that Cassio witnesses. Iago uses this as an opportunity to call Othello’s reason into
question with visitors from Venice, one of whom is Desdemona’s relative. Othello can no longer contain his passionate
anger towards Desdemona and publicly chides her and strikes her. Unable to get an admission of guilt from his wife, he
turns to her attendant. When Othello questions Emilia about her mistress’s habits, she staunchly defends Desdemona’s
virtue, but Othello will not accept her testimony.
The final act climaxes in the revelation of Iago’s multi-faceted scheme. Emilia, Roderigo, and Desdemona are its early
casualties. Cassio, though intended to die, survives. Othello finally confronts the truth about Iago’s manipulation and
Desdemona’s innocence and kills himself. The story ends with the witnesses contemplating the tragic tale they must tell
the Venetian court.
COMMENTARY
Because Othello is considered by many to be one of Shakespeare’s major tragedies, criticism of it is as complex as the play
itself. Some call it a modernized Morality play in which the characters are primarily symbolic. This criticism centers on
the characters’ fall from innocence—the snake fouling the Garden—caused by Iago’s manipulation of Othello. Other
critics examine the play in terms of the clash of cultures: military vs. civilian, Moorish vs. Venetian, barbaric vs. civil.
Likewise, the themes of prejudice and of unbridled jealousy are the focus of commentary about the play. Others view the
play as a story of human frailty — the story of the fall of a man of noble bearing and sincere passion and the destruction
of an innocent and real love.
Othello is equally, however, a story of malevolence and manipulation. One of the most intriguing characters in Shakespeare’s
roll call of villains is Iago. From the beginning of the play until the final scenes, Iago plots and maneuvers to bring the
people around him, especially Othello, to doom and destruction. Iago’s tactics are revealed in the opening scene as he
draws first Roderigo and then Brabantio into his service. By presenting the relationship between Othello and Desdemona
in the crudest sexual terms, he rouses Brabantio and Roderigo to become willing workers in his scheme to revenge himself
on the Moor. Just as clearly he enjoys each man’s alarm and anguish. His subsequent conversations with Roderigo, in
which he draws him ever deeper into his plot, prepare us for the cunning with which he begins his cruel work on Othello.
By contrast, Othello is clearly not a dissembler. He is forthright with the senators when asked about his relationship with
Desdemona. Instead of claiming that she was attracted by his noble bearing and grace, he tells them that she was first
caught by his stories of the true adventures of his life and then drawn on to love through her pity for the trials he had
endured. He is not a man who plays games. He accurately sums up his own character:
A Teacher’s Guide to the Signet Classic Edition of William Shakespeare’s Othello 3
...Then must you speak
Of one that loved not wisely, but too well;
Of one not easily jealous, but being wrought,
Perplexed in the extreme; of one whose hand,
Like the base Judean, threw a pearl away
Richer than all his tribe.
(V,ii, 339-344)
Othello and Iago, then, are the two characters at the crux of the play. The major action of the play is the tightening of
Iago’s net around the noble Moor and the decay of the Moor’s nobility. It is this clash and the vulnerabilities of the humans
involved that many critics agree provide the basis for the continuing interest and compelling attraction of Othello.
BEFORE READING
This guide combines literary, dramatic, and cultural approaches to the teaching of Othello. The suggested activities engage
students with the language and formal elements of the play: plot, character, setting, and theme. They also help bring the
play to life for students by involving them in its dramatic action. In addition, they assist students in understanding the
cultural and social context of the play. An array of ideas for visualizing, acting out, reading aloud, and reinterpreting the
roles are included. An effort has been made, too, to keep students involved in thinking, reading, writing, listening, and
speaking about various aspects of the play. Students become a part of the Venetian scene and compare the world of Othello
to their own contemporary world. Finally, the activities show how teachers in subjects other than the language arts can
address the play in their classrooms. Materials included in the bibliography provide a wealth of teaching ideas to
supplement those in this guide. They also direct teachers to other literature that can be used in thematic units.
UNDERSTANDING THE CULTURAL CONTEXT
These activities are designed for the language arts classroom, but can be equally effective in social studies. They help
students understand the cultural and social context of the play.
1. In order for students to understand the subtleties of the play, they should understand something about the culture about
which it was written and in which it was produced. Pair or divide students into groups of three to do mini-research
projects, primarily from encyclopedias and specialized reference texts. A quick turn around time, 24 to 48 hours, will keep
students from bogging down in this preliminary activity and allow them to focus on the play itself. Students can report orally
on the material they gather. The topics should all originate from the play. More than one group can tackle the same topic:
• Who were the Moors?
• Who were the Venetians?
• How were the Moors/Venetians regarded in Shakespeare’s day?
• What were the military duties of ranked officers?
• What was the military hierarchy?
• What was the role of women?
• What was expected of a daughter?
• What was expected of a bride?
• What relationships between men and women were considered above reproach?
• What rules for getting married existed at the time of the play?
• What were the rules of courtship?
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Notebooks
Story: Respecting and eating the |no
Respecting and eating the |no
Title
Respecting and eating the |no
Collection
Summary
Little girls do not eat the |no, and respect it. Adult women do eat it (its head, its body and the bones).
Comments
1) This story is found in Book XI & XII-10
Contributors
Date
7 April 1881
Categories
Keywords
food (respecting and eating the |no) , food (avoidances) , food (eaten by the !kun) , food (eaten by adults and children) , food (eaten by women and girls) , |no (respected by the !kun) , |no (girls do not eat it and respect it) , |no (adult women eat it) , |no (which parts are eaten) , women (and respecting and eating the |no) , animal (the |no eaten and respected by the !kun) , animal (!kun name of) , name (of an animal eaten and respected by the !kun) , name (the |no) , respect (for the |no) , respect (eating the |no)
Story Pages
9795v


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