{% extends "layouts/base.html" %}
{% block content %}
{% include "partials/banner.html" %}
{% include "partials/index-graph.html" %}
{% include "partials/trials-list.html" %}
{% include "partials/about.html" %}
{% include "partials/about-opentrials.html" %}
{% endblock %}


No build tools required!
Here's another component.
This one subtracts!
Here's another component.
This one subtracts!
Here's another component.
This one finds max of number!
{{maxofnumber}}
This one gives the estimated total space required!
{{Storage1}}
Here's another component.
This one finds min of number!
{{minofnumber}}


This is like your adult allowance. You can spend it on anything, but we need to set a limit up front. These are things you don't need, but want.
Monthly Flex Allowance
How much would you like to spend each month on things other than bills? You may have a rough number right now, there is no right or wrong answer and we can adjust this number later.
This is your Flex allowance.
{{person.item_name}}: ${{person.item_amount}}
Next, We Will Fill Out Your Flow Spending.
Flow spending is non-monthly expenses that often are what break our budget! Think about holidays, birthdays, field trips and quarterly bills.


Fenway Park is a large field used for watching and playing baseball. It is the home field for the Massachussetts baseball team, the Red Sox.
The Freedom Trail is a trail that shows New England during the Reveloutionary War. Thousands of people come during the Summer time to bike or walk on this trail and learn about the many aspects of America in the 1700s and there are many cemetaries too.
The Museum of Fine Arts is a vast mueseum containing hundreds of artwork from many different times and places. Exbihits include artwork from Europe (such as France), Mexico, America, and even Ancient Egypt. Artwork can vary from comtemporary, to even ancient caveman drawings.


French students protest over poverty after attempted suicide
by Alasdair SandfordStudents have demonstrated across France to protest over precarity and living conditions, and show solidarity with a young man who set himself on fire last week to highlight the problem.
The 22-year-old – named in some French media as Anas K – is said to be “between life and death” in hospital after suffering 90% burns. He set himself alight last Friday in front of a university building in Lyon, hours after posting details of his own financial difficulties on social media.
Read more: French student sets himself alight in 'despair' at financial problems
On Tuesday a crowd estimated at almost a thousand gathered at the scene to pay tribute. Several students read out the text of his message, in which he described his personal struggle.
In Paris several hundred people demonstrated in the evening outside the offices of the student welfare body CROUS, before marching to the nearby higher education ministry. There, some entered a front courtyard after an outside gate was ripped down. There were calls for the minister’s resignation.
Other demonstrations took place in several other French cities including Lille – where former President François Hollande was forced to cancel a meeting – as well as Bordeaux, Toulouse, Montpellier, Nantes and the student’s home town of Saint-Etienne.
In his letter, the young man denounced student precarity for which he blamed successive French presidents as well as the European Union, and called on fellow students to continue the fight against insecurity.
Read more:
What does it mean to be poor in Europe today? | Euronews' special coverage


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| Packages that use AbstractCommonColorsPainter.CommonControlState | |
|---|---|
| com.seaglasslookandfeel.painter | |
| com.seaglasslookandfeel.painter.button |
| Uses of AbstractCommonColorsPainter.CommonControlState in com.seaglasslookandfeel.painter |
|---|
| Fields in com.seaglasslookandfeel.painter declared as AbstractCommonColorsPainter.CommonControlState | |
|---|---|
AbstractCommonColorsPainter.CommonControlState |
ComboBoxPainter.type
|
| Methods in com.seaglasslookandfeel.painter that return AbstractCommonColorsPainter.CommonControlState | |
|---|---|
protected AbstractCommonColorsPainter.CommonControlState |
TabbedPaneTabPainter.getButtonType(TabbedPaneTabPainter.Which state)
Get the button colors for the state. |
static AbstractCommonColorsPainter.CommonControlState |
AbstractCommonColorsPainter.CommonControlState.valueOf(String name)
Returns the enum constant of this type with the specified name. |
static AbstractCommonColorsPainter.CommonControlState[] |
AbstractCommonColorsPainter.CommonControlState.values()
Returns an array containing the constants of this enum type, in the order they are declared. |
| Uses of AbstractCommonColorsPainter.CommonControlState in com.seaglasslookandfeel.painter.button |
|---|
| Methods in com.seaglasslookandfeel.painter.button that return AbstractCommonColorsPainter.CommonControlState | |
|---|---|
protected AbstractCommonColorsPainter.CommonControlState |
SegmentedButtonPainter.getButtonType(ButtonPainter.Which state)
Get the button colors for the state. |
| Methods in com.seaglasslookandfeel.painter.button with parameters of type AbstractCommonColorsPainter.CommonControlState | |
|---|---|
Paint |
TexturedButtonPainter.getCommonBorderPaint(Shape s,
AbstractCommonColorsPainter.CommonControlState type)
DOCUMENT ME! |
Paint |
TexturedButtonPainter.getCommonInteriorPaint(Shape s,
AbstractCommonColorsPainter.CommonControlState type)
DOCUMENT ME! |
AbstractRegionPainter.TwoColors |
TexturedButtonPainter.getTexturedButtonBorderColors(AbstractCommonColorsPainter.CommonControlState type)
Get the colors for the border. |
AbstractRegionPainter.TwoColors |
TexturedButtonPainter.getTexturedButtonInteriorColors(AbstractCommonColorsPainter.CommonControlState type)
Get the colors for the interior. |
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eBook
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Messages
Upload eBook :
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eBook
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Note: Pastikan format eBook *.pdf


Reports cases when the first parameter,
such as self
or cls
, is reassigned in a method.
Because in most cases, there are no objectives in such reassignment, the
IDE indicates an error.
Example:
class Account:
def calc(self, balance):
if balance == 0:
self = balance
return self
As a fix, you might want to check and modify the algorithm to ensure that reassignment is needed. If everything is correct, you can invoke intention actions for this code and opt to ignore the warning.


The Sendanor Pricing Calculator is in testing and there might be errors.
Translations: Finnish - English


Mr. Wash has a wide range of services for the care of your vehicle from a simple wash to the crane service that operates 24 hours a day. It also has ecological washes (the company cares about the environment) and interior cleaning. Everything you need to always have your car in optimal condition.
For a deep cleaning that removes any dirt from the body of your vehicle there is nothing better than pressure washing; Your car will be shiny and ready for the road.
If you are worried about the environment, but you cannot tolerate having a dirty car, this is the wash for you, our steam washing guarantees a deep cleaning and special care with the environment.
Having a clean body is one thing, but having a clean engine is a totally different thing. An optimal car is one that is clean inside and out, with this wash the inside is 100 percent covered.
The paint and body deteriorate over time, our special waxing will counteract these effects, and will always give it an impeccable shine.
A car says a lot about its owner, the exterior may be what most attracts people's attention; but if its interior is dirty, the exterior will not matter much. Let your self reflect your personality, this wash will take care of that.
Stranded in the middle of nowhere ?, Do not worry our crane service will get you out of trouble.


BTS Jimin Superfan Oli London appears on U.S. TV Show E! Botched
by KpopSuperfan2019The BTS Superfan who made world headlines last year on Barcroft TV's 'Hooked on the Look' after spending $100,000 on plastic surgery to look like Jimin, has now gone even further.
Oli London has appeared on U.S. TV Show Botched on E! Entertainment and NBC to seek the help of renowned Beverly Hills plastic surgeons Dr Paul Nassif and Dr Terry Dubrow. The BTS obsessed fan appeared on the show with a life-size cardboard cutout of Jimin and even introduced the cardboard cut out to the doctors. He went as far as kissing the Jimin cutout, saying 'I Love You' and confessing that he even takes the cutout to restaurants and sleeps next to it in bed.
"I think all of BTS are just so perfect. But, for me, Jimin is just my ultimate idol," Oli said.
"I've got multiple cardboard cutouts of Jimin. And I take Jimin to the restaurant, I sleep with Jimin in the bed.
"So, I just thought, 'If I can't be with Jimin, at least I can look like him.'"
The doctors appear truly shocked at Oli Londons unusual obsession and they were unable to help him with plastic surgery, turning him away.
Dr Nassif said of Oli Londons botched nose job, that it just has "two little pieces of cartilage".
"So, even if I wanted to, you can't make this smaller. Because, there's no cartilage there. It's gone," Dr. Nassif told Oliver.
"Your nose is already as close as possible. You're done."
The Jimin superfan has since undergone a revision nose job in Korea among numerous other surgeries since meeting the Botched doctors.


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Class Person
java.lang.Object
com.github.jnstockley.addressbook.Person
public class Person
extends java.lang.Object
This class holds all the necessary commands to create a person object,
and to perform full CRUD on the person table of a given database.
- Version:
- 3.2
- Author:
- jnstockley
-
Constructor Summary
Constructors Constructor Description Person()
Creates a person object with all the fields set to either 0, 0.0 or an empty stringPerson(int id, java.lang.String firstName, java.lang.String middleName, java.lang.String lastName, java.lang.String homePhone, java.lang.String mobilePhone, java.lang.String workPhone, java.lang.String homeEmail, java.lang.String workEmail, double height, double weight, java.lang.String gender, java.lang.String race, int addressID, int occupationID)
Creates a person object with the date and time as empty fields mainly used for updating a personPerson(int id, java.lang.String firstName, java.lang.String middleName, java.lang.String lastName, java.lang.String homePhone, java.lang.String mobilePhone, java.lang.String workPhone, java.lang.String homeEmail, java.lang.String workEmail, double height, double weight, java.lang.String gender, java.lang.String race, int addressID, int occupationID, java.lang.String date, java.lang.String time)
Creates a person object with no empty fields mainly used for getting all peoplePerson(java.lang.String firstName, java.lang.String middleName, java.lang.String lastName, java.lang.String homePhone, java.lang.String mobilePhone, java.lang.String workPhone, java.lang.String homeEmail, java.lang.String workEmail, double height, double weight, java.lang.String gender, java.lang.String race, int addressID, int occupationID)
Creates a person object with the id and date and time as empty values -
Method Summary
Modifier and Type Method Description boolean
delete(java.sql.Connection conn, int id)
Removes the person at the passed id from the databaseboolean
equals(Person person)
Checks all the fields of both people and checks if they are equal ignoring casejava.util.List<Person>
get(java.sql.Connection conn)
Creates a list of people stored on a database and returns the people listPerson
get(java.sql.Connection conn, int id)
Retrieves a singular person based on the passed ID and returns itint
getAddressId()
java.lang.String
getDate()
java.lang.String
getFirstName()
java.lang.String
getGender()
double
getHeight()
java.lang.String
getHomeEmail()
java.lang.String
getHomePhone()
int
getId()
java.lang.String
getLastName()
java.lang.String
getMiddleName()
java.lang.String
getMobilePhone()
int
getOccupationId()
java.lang.String
getRace()
java.util.List<Person>
getSimilarPeople(java.sql.Connection conn, java.lang.String field, double data)
Deprecated.java.util.List<Person>
getSimilarPeople(java.sql.Connection conn, java.lang.String field, int data)
Deprecated.java.util.List<Person>
getSimilarPeople(java.sql.Connection conn, java.lang.String field, java.lang.String data)
Deprecated.java.lang.String
getTime()
double
getWeight()
java.lang.String
getWorkEmail()
java.lang.String
getWorkPhone()
Person
insert(java.sql.Connection conn, Person newPerson)
Inserts a new person into the databasevoid
setAddressId(int addressId)
void
setDate(java.lang.String date)
void
setFirstName(java.lang.String firstName)
void
setGender(java.lang.String gender)
void
setHeight(double height)
void
setHomeEmail(java.lang.String homeEmail)
void
setHomePhone(java.lang.String homePhone)
void
setId(int id)
void
setLastName(java.lang.String lastName)
void
setMiddleName(java.lang.String middleName)
void
setMobilePhone(java.lang.String mobilePhone)
void
setOccupationId(int occupationId)
void
setRace(java.lang.String race)
void
setTime(java.lang.String time)
void
setWeight(double weight)
void
setWorkEmail(java.lang.String workEmail)
void
setWorkPhone(java.lang.String workPhone)
java.lang.String
toString()
Person
update(java.sql.Connection conn, int id, Person updatedPerson)
Updates a singular person on the database and returns the new person To keep existing data from the current person set height and weight to 0.0, set addressId and occupationId to 0 or other fields to empty strings, excluding id, date, and timeMethods inherited from class java.lang.Object
equals, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, wait
-
Constructor Details
-
Person
public Person()Creates a person object with all the fields set to either 0, 0.0 or an empty string -
Person
public Person(java.lang.String firstName, java.lang.String middleName, java.lang.String lastName, java.lang.String homePhone, java.lang.String mobilePhone, java.lang.String workPhone, java.lang.String homeEmail, java.lang.String workEmail, double height, double weight, java.lang.String gender, java.lang.String race, int addressID, int occupationID)Creates a person object with the id and date and time as empty values- Parameters:
firstName
- The first name of the personmiddleName
- The middle name of the personlastName
- The last name of the personhomePhone
- The home phone number with no dashes length of 10mobilePhone
- The mobile phone number with no dashed length of 10workPhone
- The work phone number with no dashed length of 10homeEmail
- The home email of the personworkEmail
- The work email of the personheight
- The height of the person in centimetersweight
- The weight of the person in poundsgender
- The gender of the personrace
- The race of the personaddressID
- The address id which corresponds to an address on the databaseoccupationID
- The occupation id which corresponds to an occupation on the database
-
Person
public Person(int id, java.lang.String firstName, java.lang.String middleName, java.lang.String lastName, java.lang.String homePhone, java.lang.String mobilePhone, java.lang.String workPhone, java.lang.String homeEmail, java.lang.String workEmail, double height, double weight, java.lang.String gender, java.lang.String race, int addressID, int occupationID)Creates a person object with the date and time as empty fields mainly used for updating a person- Parameters:
id
- The id of the personfirstName
- The first name of the personmiddleName
- The middle name of the personlastName
- The last name of the personhomePhone
- The home phone number with no dashes length of 10mobilePhone
- The mobile phone number with no dashed length of 10workPhone
- The work phone number with no dashed length of 10homeEmail
- The home email of the personworkEmail
- The work email of the personheight
- The height of the person in centimetersweight
- The weight of the person in poundsgender
- The gender of the personrace
- The race of the personaddressID
- The address id which corresponds to an address on the databaseoccupationID
- The occupation id which corresponds to an occupation on the database
-
Person
public Person(int id, java.lang.String firstName, java.lang.String middleName, java.lang.String lastName, java.lang.String homePhone, java.lang.String mobilePhone, java.lang.String workPhone, java.lang.String homeEmail, java.lang.String workEmail, double height, double weight, java.lang.String gender, java.lang.String race, int addressID, int occupationID, java.lang.String date, java.lang.String time)Creates a person object with no empty fields mainly used for getting all people- Parameters:
id
- The id of the personfirstName
- The first name of the personmiddleName
- The middle name of the personlastName
- The last name of the personhomePhone
- The home phone number with no dashes length of 10mobilePhone
- The mobile phone number with no dashed length of 10workPhone
- The work phone number with no dashed length of 10homeEmail
- The home email of the personworkEmail
- The work email of the personheight
- The height of the person in centimetersweight
- The weight of the person in poundsgender
- The gender of the personrace
- The race of the personaddressID
- The address id which corresponds to an address on the databaseoccupationID
- The occupation id which corresponds to an occupation on the databasedate
- The date the person was createdtime
- The time the person was created
-
-
Method Details
-
getId
public int getId()- Returns:
- the id
-
setId
public void setId(int id)- Parameters:
id
- the id to set
-
getFirstName
public java.lang.String getFirstName()- Returns:
- the firstName
-
setFirstName
public void setFirstName(java.lang.String firstName)- Parameters:
firstName
- the firstName to set
-
getMiddleName
public java.lang.String getMiddleName()- Returns:
- the middleName
-
setMiddleName
public void setMiddleName(java.lang.String middleName)- Parameters:
middleName
- the middleName to set
-
getLastName
public java.lang.String getLastName()- Returns:
- the lastName
-
setLastName
public void setLastName(java.lang.String lastName)- Parameters:
lastName
- the lastName to set
-
getHomePhone
public java.lang.String getHomePhone()- Returns:
- the homePhone
-
setHomePhone
public void setHomePhone(java.lang.String homePhone)- Parameters:
homePhone
- the homePhone to set
-
getMobilePhone
public java.lang.String getMobilePhone()- Returns:
- the mobilePhone
-
setMobilePhone
public void setMobilePhone(java.lang.String mobilePhone)- Parameters:
mobilePhone
- the mobilePhone to set
-
getWorkPhone
public java.lang.String getWorkPhone()- Returns:
- the workPhone
-
setWorkPhone
public void setWorkPhone(java.lang.String workPhone)- Parameters:
workPhone
- the workPhone to set
-
getHomeEmail
public java.lang.String getHomeEmail()- Returns:
- the homeEmail
-
setHomeEmail
public void setHomeEmail(java.lang.String homeEmail)- Parameters:
homeEmail
- the homeEmail to set
-
getWorkEmail
public java.lang.String getWorkEmail()- Returns:
- the workEmail
-
setWorkEmail
public void setWorkEmail(java.lang.String workEmail)- Parameters:
workEmail
- the workEmail to set
-
getHeight
public double getHeight()- Returns:
- the height
-
setHeight
public void setHeight(double height)- Parameters:
height
- the height to set
-
getWeight
public double getWeight()- Returns:
- the weight
-
setWeight
public void setWeight(double weight)- Parameters:
weight
- the weight to set
-
getGender
public java.lang.String getGender()- Returns:
- the gender
-
setGender
public void setGender(java.lang.String gender)- Parameters:
gender
- the gender to set
-
getRace
public java.lang.String getRace()- Returns:
- the race
-
setRace
public void setRace(java.lang.String race)- Parameters:
race
- the race to set
-
getAddressId
public int getAddressId()- Returns:
- the addressId
-
setAddressId
public void setAddressId(int addressId)- Parameters:
addressId
- the addressId to set
-
getOccupationId
public int getOccupationId()- Returns:
- the occupationId
-
setOccupationId
public void setOccupationId(int occupationId)- Parameters:
occupationId
- the occupationId to set
-
getDate
public java.lang.String getDate()- Returns:
- the date
-
setDate
public void setDate(java.lang.String date)- Parameters:
date
- the date to set
-
getTime
public java.lang.String getTime()- Returns:
- the time
-
setTime
public void setTime(java.lang.String time)- Parameters:
time
- the time to set
-
toString
public java.lang.String toString()- Overrides:
toString
in classjava.lang.Object
-
equals
Checks all the fields of both people and checks if they are equal ignoring case- Parameters:
person
- The person that is being checked- Returns:
- Either true if all the fields are equal or false if at least one field is different
-
get
Creates a list of people stored on a database and returns the people list- Parameters:
conn
- The MySQL connection- Returns:
- Either returns a list of people or null if there was an error getting all the people
-
getSimilarPeople
@Deprecated public java.util.List<Person> getSimilarPeople(java.sql.Connection conn, java.lang.String field, java.lang.String data)Deprecated.Creates a list of similar people stored on a database and returns the similar people list- Parameters:
conn
- The MySQL connectionfield
- The field used to determine if a person is similardata
- The value for the passed field to determine if a person is similar- Returns:
- Either returns a list of similar people or null if there was error getting similar people
-
getSimilarPeople
@Deprecated public java.util.List<Person> getSimilarPeople(java.sql.Connection conn, java.lang.String field, int data)Deprecated.Creates a list of similar people stored on a database and returns the similar people list- Parameters:
conn
- The MySQL connectionfield
- The field used to determine if a person is similardata
- The value for the passed field to determine if a person is similar- Returns:
- Either returns a list of similar people or null if there was an error getting similar people
-
getSimilarPeople
@Deprecated public java.util.List<Person> getSimilarPeople(java.sql.Connection conn, java.lang.String field, double data)Deprecated.Creates a list of similar people stored on a database and returns the similar people list- Parameters:
conn
- The MySQL connectionfield
- The field used to determine if a person is similardata
- The value for the passed field to determine if a person is similar- Returns:
- Either returns a list of similar people or null if there was an error getting similar people
-
get
Retrieves a singular person based on the passed ID and returns it- Parameters:
conn
- The MySQL connectionid
- The ID of the person to be returned- Returns:
- Either the requested person from the database or null if there was an error getting the person
-
update
Updates a singular person on the database and returns the new person To keep existing data from the current person set height and weight to 0.0, set addressId and occupationId to 0 or other fields to empty strings, excluding id, date, and time- Parameters:
conn
- The MySQL connectionid
- The id of the person to be updatedupdatedPerson
- The new person that is going to be updated- Returns:
- Either returns the person passed, confirming the update or null if the person was not updated
-
insert
Inserts a new person into the database- Parameters:
conn
- The MySQL connectionnewPerson
- The new person this is going to be inserted into the database- Returns:
- Either returns the passed person, confirming the insert or null if the person wasn't updated
-
delete
public boolean delete(java.sql.Connection conn, int id)Removes the person at the passed id from the database- Parameters:
conn
- The MySQL connectionid
- The ID of the person to be removed- Returns:
- Either true if the person was removed or false if it wasn't
-


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0 points for blank submition.


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http://www.speakers-podium.com/susangranger.
This is a multi-part message in MIME format.
Susan Granger's review of "THE KING AND I" (Warner Bros.)
You cannot compare this 90-minute animated feature with 1) the 2 1/2-hour Rodgers & Hammerstein Broadway musical, 2) the two-hour live-action movie, starring Deborah Kerr and Yul Brynner, which won five Oscars in 1956, or 3) the 1943 novel, "Anna and the King of Siam," based on the real Anna's authentic memoirs. This is a cartoon aimed at rugrats who could not possibly sit through either of its stage and film predecessors. It's an introduction to the enduring musical classic, that's all. Viewed in that light, it's fun but Broadway musical purists will hate it, calling it a travesty. The story begins, not when widowed British schoolteacher Anna Leonowens (voiced by Miranda Richardson with singing by Christiane Noll) and her son (Adam Wylie) arrive in Bangkok to meet the King (Martin Vidnovic), but while they're still at sea. They're threatened by a typhoon and a huge, fire-breathing sea serpent, conjured up by the Kralahome (Ian Richardson), the King's evil advisor. Anna brings Western culture to the splendor of Siam (now Thailand), and she finds its stubborn, irascible ruler quite attractive. "Whistle a Happy Tune,""Getting to Know You," and "Shall We Dance" still sound lovely, and parents should know that, in this version, the King doesn't die.  The animation is colorful and pretty but shows little of the depth and detail of Disney features. On the Granger Movie Gauge of 1 to 10, "The King and I" is a juvenile 4. But, unless you're desperate for a G-rated movie, I'd advise waiting for the video.
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
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Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


This time we will discuss virtual inheritance in C++ and find out why one should be very careful using it. See other articles of this series: N1, N2, N3.
At first let's find out how classes are allocated in memory without virtual inheritance. Have a look at this code fragment:
class Base { ... }; class X : public Base { ... }; class Y : public Base { ... }; class XY : public X, public Y { ... };
It's pretty clear: members of the non-virtual base class 'Base' are allocated as common data members of a derived class. It results in the 'XY' object containing two independent 'Base' subobjects. Here is a scheme to illustrate that:
Figure 1. Multiple non-virtual inheritance.
When we deal with virtual inheritance, an object of a virtual base class is included into the object of a derived class only once. Figure 2 shows the structure of the 'XY' object in the code fragment below.
class Base { ... }; class X : public virtual Base { ... }; class Y : public virtual Base { ... }; class XY : public X, public Y { ... };
Figure 2. Multiple virtual inheritance.
It is at the end of the 'XY' object that memory for the shared subobject 'Base' is most probable to be allocated. The exact implementation of the class depends on the compiler. For example, the classes 'X' and 'Y' may store pointers to the shared object 'Base'. But as far as I understand, this practice is out of use nowadays. A reference to a shared subobject is rather implemented through offset or as information stored in the virtual function table.
The "most derived" class 'XY' alone knows where exactly a subobject of the virtual base class 'Base' is to be allocated. That's why it is the most derived class which is responsible for initializing all the subobjects of virtual base classes.
'XY' constructors initialize the 'Base' subobject and pointers to it in 'X' and 'Y'. After that, all the rest members of the classes 'X', 'Y' and 'XY' are initialized.
Once the 'XY' constructor has initialized the 'Base' subobject, the 'X' and 'Y' constructors are not allowed to re-initialize it. The particular way it will be done depends on the compiler. For example, it can pass a special additional argument into the 'X' and 'Y' constructors to tell them not to initialize the 'Base' class.
Now the most interesting thing which causes much confusion and a lot of mistakes. Have a look at the following constructors:
X::X(int A) : Base(A) {} Y::Y(int A) : Base(A) {} XY::XY() : X(3), Y(6) {}
What number will the base class's constructor take as an argument - 3 or 6? None!
The constructor 'XY' initializes the virtual subobject 'Base' yet does that implicitly. It is the 'Base' constructor which is called by default.
As the 'XY' constructor calls the 'X' or 'Y' constructor, it doesn't re-initialize 'Base'. That's why 'Base' is not being called with an argument passed into it.
Troubles with virtual base classes don't end here. Besides constructors, there are also assignment operators. If I'm not mistaken, the standard tells us that an assignment operator generated by the compiler may assign values to a subobject of a virtual base class multiple times or once. So, you just don't know how many times the 'Base' object will be copied.
If you implement your own assignment operator, make sure you have prevented multiple copying of the 'Base' object. The following code fragment is incorrect:
XY &XY::operator =(const XY &src) { if (this != &src) { X::operator =(*this); Y::operator =(*this); .... } return *this; }
This code leads to double copying of the 'Base' object. To avoid this, we should add special functions into the 'X' and 'Y' classes to prevent copying of the 'Base' class's members. The contents of the 'Base' class are copied just once, in the same code fragment. This is the fixed code:
XY &XY::operator =(const XY &src) { if (this != &src) { Base::operator =(*this); X::PartialAssign(*this); Y::PartialAssign(*this); .... } return *this; }
This code will work well, but it still doesn't look nice and clear. That's the reason why programmers are recommended to avoid multiple virtual inheritance.
Because of the specifics of how virtual base classes are allocated in memory, you can't perform type conversions like this one:
Base *b = Get(); XY *q = static_cast<XY *>(b); // Compilation error XY *w = (XY *)(b); // Compilation error
A persistent programmer, though, will achieve that by employing the operator 'reinterpret_cast':
XY *e = reinterpret_cast<XY *>(b);
However, the result will hardly be of any use. The address of the beginning of the 'Base' object will be interpreted as a beginning of the 'XY' object, which is quite a different thing. See Figure 3 for details.
The only way to perform a type conversion is to use the operator dynamic_cast. But using dynamic_cast too often makes the code smell.
Figure 3. Type conversion.
I agree with many authors that one should avoid virtual inheritance by all means, as well as common multiple inheritance.
Virtual inheritance causes troubles with object initialization and copying. Since it is the "most derived" class which is responsible for these operations, it has to be familiar with all the intimate details of the structure of base classes. Due to this, a more complex dependency appears between the classes, which complicates the project structure and forces you to make some additional revisions in all those classes during refactoring. All this leads to new bugs and makes the code less readable.
Troubles with type conversions may also be a source of bugs. You can partly solve the issues by using the dynamic_cast operator. But it is too slow, and if you have to use it too often in your code, it means that your project's architecture is probably very poor. Project structure can be almost always implemented without multiple inheritance. After all, there are no such exotica in many other languages, and it doesn't prevent programmers writing code in these languages from developing large and complex projects.
We cannot insist on total refusal of virtual inheritance: it may be useful and convenient at times. But always think twice before making a heap of complex classes. Growing a forest of small classes with shallow hierarchy is better than handling a few huge trees. For example, multiple inheritance can be in most cases replaced by object composition.
OK, we now understand and agree with the criticism of multiple virtual inheritance and multiple inheritance as such. But are there cases when it can be safe and convenient to use?
Yes, I can name at least one: Mix-ins. If you don't know what it is, see the book "Enough Rope to Shoot Yourself in the Foot" [3]
A mix-in class doesn't contain any data. All its functions are usually pure virtual. It has no constructor, and even when it has, it doesn't do anything. It means that no troubles will occur when creating or copying these classes.
If a base class is a mix-in class, assignment is harmless. Even if an object is copied many times, it doesn't matter: the program will be free of it after compilation.


I am a Wed Developer with a lot of passion for coding and embracing challenges. In addition to having great enthusiasm for collaboration and helping others, I also enjoy learning new skills daily, and I have a good understanding of how the web and web applications work.
I am currently looking for the right opportunity to work in an environment that will help me progress into a better Web Developer, as well as a better person so that I can become more valuable and have significant impact.
View ResumeThis is a full stack web application that detects human faces with a square box when an image url is inserted in a space provided. The project has a Front-end using ReactJS, it uses an image recognition API, it has it's own server using NodeJS and Express, and finally has a database where it stores user information such email and hashed passwords securely.
This Web Application fetches JSON objects (robots) and displays their picture and name on cards. It actively searches through objects when user is typing into the search bar. Robot pictures are automaticaly generated from robohash.org. This project was built using HTML5, CSS3, JavaScript, React, Node.js.
This project is a Gradient Color Generator. It generates rgb values for each color selected. The generated rgb color can be used anywhere on any platform. This project was built using HTML5, CSS3 and JavaScript.
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|
Wallaroo
0.8
|
#include <attribute.h>
Public Member Functions | |
| Attribute (const std::string &name, const RegToken &token) | |
| virtual void | Value (const std::string &v) |
| operator T () | |
| operator T () const | |
| const char * | c_str () const |
| Attribute & | operator= (const Attribute &a) |
| Attribute & | operator= (const T &v) |
| Attribute & | operator++ () |
| T | operator++ (int) |
| Attribute & | operator-- () |
| T | operator-- (int) |
| Attribute & | operator+= (const T &rhs) |
| Attribute & | operator-= (const T &rhs) |
| Attribute & | operator*= (const T &rhs) |
| Attribute & | operator/= (const T &rhs) |
| Public Member Functions inherited from wallaroo::DeserializableValue | |
| virtual | ~DeserializableValue () |
This is an attribute of a part. An attribute has a type T and you can set its value at runtime by code or from a configuration file.
You can put an Attribute inside your part and read its value and use it as if it were of type T.
| T | The type of the value contained |
|
inline |
Create a Attribute and register it to its part so that you can assign a value to it.
| name | the name of this attribute |
| token | the registration token. You get an instance by calling Part::RegistrationToken() |
|
inline |
Conversion to C style string. It is available only when T
is a std::string
.
|
inline |
Conversion operator to the internal type T
. Retrieve the internal value. Non const version.
|
inline |
Conversion operator to the internal type T
. Retrieve the internal value. Const version.
|
inline |
|
inline |
|
inline |
|
inline |
|
inline |
|
inline |
|
inline |
|
inline |
|
inline |
|
inline |
|
inlinevirtual |
Assign a value to the Attribute using a string as representation
| v | the string representation of the value |
| WrongType | if v cannot be converted to T |
Implements wallaroo::DeserializableValue.


My Media
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instead.
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instead.


The STEM Project was born in Philadelphia at LadyHacks 2014. A small team of open-source developers brought in publicly-available data from the Institude of Education Sciences at the National Center for Education Statistics using CartoDB, Twitter Bootstrap, and jQuery.


THE KING & I
May 7-10, 1987 at the Arabian Theatre
Director - Nancy Godsey
Choreographer - Cherie Boone
Ballet by Missy Diket, Read Diket
Costumes - Read Diket, Melissa Birdsong, Teri Rushing
THE CAST
Captain Orton - John Bisnette
Louis Leonowens - Julian Malone
Anna Leonowens - Teresa Evans Hynum
The Kralahome - L H Walker
The Interpreter - Scott Woodard
The King - Kaleel Rahaim
Lun Tha - Ken Culpepper
Tuptim - Carrie Rogers
Lady Thiang - Judi Valentine
Prince Chululongkorn - Andy MacDonald
Sir Edward Ramsay - Ed Diket
Princess Ying Yaowlak - Jennifer Odom
Royal Wives
Eva Ann Allen, Marilyn Blake, Nancy Clements,
Katie Day, Sarah Odom, Patty Howard, Cindy Round,
Tracy Smith, Judy Woodard
Royal Prince and Princesses
Heather Allen, Susanna Birdsong,
Jeanie Boone, Samantha Carman, Drew Clayton, Kyle Clayton,
Kayli Clements, Allison Cooper, Sarah Crumbley, Turner Crumbley,
Carrie Culpetter, Tally Diket, Mary Green, Darby Hynum,
Sam Lindsay IV, Eric Lazarus, Heather McIntosh, Melissa Myers,
Chris Odom, Joshua Ousle, Ginger Walker
Royal Dancers
Christie Carman, Missy Diket, Jackie Harper,
Jodie Kissinger, Andrea MacDonald, Lynna Neutzling,
Constance Overby, Jennifer Paulsen, Missy Posey,
Heather Suddith, Leah Woodard
Slaves
Greg Boone, Alan Grafton, Blake Valentine, Bobby Wells


public class Java2DFontMetrics
extends java.lang.Object
Since FontState and FontInfo multiply all factors by size, we assume a "standard" font of FONT_SIZE.
| Modifier and Type | Field and Description |
|---|---|
static int |
FONT_FACTOR
This factor multiplies the calculated values to scale
to FOP internal measurements
|
static int |
FONT_SIZE
Font size standard used for metric measurements
|
| Constructor and Description |
|---|
Java2DFontMetrics()
Constructs a new Font-metrics.
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
int |
getAscender(java.lang.String family,
int style,
int size)
Determines the font ascent of the Font described by this
FontMetrics object
|
int |
getCapHeight(java.lang.String family,
int style,
int size)
The size of a capital letter measured from the font's baseline
|
int |
getDescender(java.lang.String family,
int style,
int size)
Determines the font descent of the Font described by this
FontMetrics object
|
java.awt.Font |
getFont(java.lang.String family,
int style,
int size)
Returns a java.awt.Font instance for the desired
family, style and size type.
|
int |
getMaxAscent(java.lang.String family,
int style,
int size)
Determines the font's maximum ascent of the Font described by the current
FontMetrics object
|
int |
getStrikeoutPosition(java.lang.String family,
int style,
int size) |
int |
getStrikeoutThickness(java.lang.String family,
int style,
int size) |
int |
getUnderlinePosition(java.lang.String family,
int style,
int size) |
int |
getUnderlineThickness(java.lang.String family,
int style,
int size) |
int[] |
getWidths(java.lang.String family,
int style,
int size)
Return widths (in 1/1000ths of point size) of all
characters
|
int |
getXHeight(java.lang.String family,
int style,
int size)
Determines the typical font height of a small cap letter
FontMetrics object
|
boolean |
hasChar(java.lang.String family,
int style,
int size,
char c)
Indicates whether the font contains a particular character/glyph.
|
int |
width(int i,
java.lang.String family,
int style,
int size)
Returns width (in 1/1000ths of point size) of character at
code point i
|
public static final int FONT_SIZE
public static final int FONT_FACTOR
public int getMaxAscent(java.lang.String family, int style, int size)
family
- font family (java name) to usestyle
- font style (java def.) to usesize
- font sizepublic int getAscender(java.lang.String family, int style, int size)
family
- font family (java name) to usestyle
- font style (java def.) to usesize
- font sizepublic int getCapHeight(java.lang.String family, int style, int size)
family
- font familystyle
- font stylesize
- font sizepublic int getDescender(java.lang.String family, int style, int size)
family
- font family (jave name) to usestyle
- font style (jave def.) to usesize
- font sizepublic int getXHeight(java.lang.String family, int style, int size)
family
- font family (jave name) to usestyle
- font style (jave def.) to usesize
- font sizepublic int getUnderlinePosition(java.lang.String family, int style, int size)
public int getUnderlineThickness(java.lang.String family, int style, int size)
public int getStrikeoutPosition(java.lang.String family, int style, int size)
public int getStrikeoutThickness(java.lang.String family, int style, int size)
public int width(int i, java.lang.String family, int style, int size)
i
- the character for which to get the widthfamily
- font family (jave name) to usestyle
- font style (jave def.) to usesize
- font sizepublic int[] getWidths(java.lang.String family, int style, int size)
family
- font family (jave name) to usestyle
- font style (jave def.) to usesize
- font sizepublic java.awt.Font getFont(java.lang.String family, int style, int size)
family
- font family (jave name) to usestyle
- font style (jave def.) to usesize
- font sizepublic boolean hasChar(java.lang.String family, int style, int size, char c)
family
- font family (jave name) to usestyle
- font style (jave def.) to usesize
- font sizec
- the glyph to checkCopyright 1999-2020 The Apache Software Foundation. All Rights Reserved.


30 Apr 2015
Ankara, the Concrete Capital
The way in
The coach ride from Safranbolü to Ankara took me about three, four hours. We drove southwest towards Bolu and then southeast towards our destination. The journey took us through some beautiful mountains and plains, parts of which stil held small patches of snow. So much for my plans to travel through warm countries only…
Another thing I noticed during the drive were many small villages along the highway. Most of them looked…poor. Small cabins and sheds nailed together from driftwood and tarp. People dressed in patched, stained clothes toiling away on acres the size of tennis courts with handheld tools. Even in the small cities we passed, most houses were in various states of disrepair and trash was strewn everywhere. Trash also seamed every single meter of road, even in the otherwise most untouched places.
But aboard the coach I had wifi and coffee, so that was good.
The view changed quickly as we approached Ankara: First, there were industrial buildings. Next came massive warehouses, then your assorted megastores and car dealerships. Before long, I saw the city. Ankara is somewhat larger than Izmir and it looks very different. Since the development of Ankara as the capital took place within the last 90 years, the city appears incredibly modern. More modern in fact than any city in, say, Germany. Wherever I looked, I saw shiny, new towers of glass and steel, and more were being built all over the city. Just to give an impression of the developments going on there: When the Republic of Turkey was founded in 1923, its new capital had about 35,000 residents. In 1950, it still had less than 300,000 residents. Today it has 5 million. And it didn’t look like they were going to run out of money or hunger for growth anytime soon. The contrast between this and the countryside I’d just passed through could not have been more striking.
The coach took us past several parks and military installations before reaching the coach station. Again, the coach company provided a handy - and free! - shuttle service to the city centre.
The shuttle itself was easy enough to find: I walked up to the tourist information and grabbed a map. The attendant pointed me towards a carpark full of shuttles. Waving the map energetically, I walked up to a group of teenagers outside and quickly learned which shuttle I needed to get on. This was done by pointing at spots on the map, grunting and waving my hands about. Works like a charm.
Lesson 0089: English. By and large, they don’t speak it here. They teach it as a mandatory class in school, which apparently does a sterling job of turning people off of ever learning the basics. Outside the tourist-y places, speaking English didn’t get me very far. Pointing and grunting did. Generally, the young are more likely to understand English than the old. Those of the female persuasion often seem to speak better English than those of male, but are also more hesitant about starting to speak it. While this whole thing is a bit inconvenient at times, it’s not really a hindrance. At first I got a bit frustrated when they would just keep talking at me in Turkish, even though I very clearly did not understand them…then it occured to me that I was doing the exact same thing in English. Anyway, before you come, download the offline language pack for Google Translate and you’ll be golden.
As I hadn’t planned on coming to Ankara, I had neglected to look up a hostel. So I grabbed a quick meal and found myself a nice cafe with wifi. After finding a hostel and reading for a bit, I walked over the hostel, got a bed and stashed my belongings. Then I went out to explore the city.
Underrated!
The late afternoon found me walking north through the city center and up into the neighbourhood of the university. Past a concert hall advertising its rendition of ‘Carmen’ and through a nice little park.
Is it me or does that fountain look like a cat on a bicycle?
The next day I made the acquaintance of an Australian hostel guest (Hi, Marc!), and through him I also met a Yemeni pilot (Hi, Mohamed!) who was actually living in Turkey. Together we did some more meandering in the city. For example, we visited Kocatepe Mosque, the biggest mosque in Ankara. Marc and I were a bit surprised to learn that the mosque actually had a shopping centre in its basement. Yeup, didn’t see that coming. Despite this somewhat strange property arrangement, the mosque itself is beautiful: Serene on the outside, ornate and lofty on the inside.
->The mosque in question. It’s big.<-
It’s also big on the inside, and rather pretty.
We passed the evening in a bar which had beer and nargile.
A castle!
The next day we decided to go climb up to Ankara’s castle. The castle is well-positioned on a hill overlooking much of the city and actually so old nobody has dated its construction with any certainty. When the Galatians turned up around 300 BCE, they found the castle and started using it for themselves. So there is that.
Why does everything have to be either an incline or stairs?
The castle is also located in a part of town which a friend of mine (Hallo, Holger!) called “historical” and which I would call “shitty”.
Up in the castle
View down from the castle.
In the castle there wasn’t a whole lot to do, besides take in the view or have coffee in a cafe tucked away in the corner. After a while we got bored and headed back down into town.
The way out
In the evening, Mohamed was due to go back to Istanbul, while Marc would leave for Pammukale the next morning. I myself was planning on taking a bus to Amasya or Samsun the next morning as well. I split for a few hours to do sort out some documents for my tax return in a cafe(the dreamy life of the traveler: “Glistening beaches. Dusty winding roads. Smiling locals. Tax deduction with original receipts only.”)
Once I got back, I asked whether the two of them had managed to get their coach tickets. They had. Kinda. More on that in the next article.
A word on Ankara: Many people, both locals and foreigners, seem to dislike the capital. Unlike Istanbul Ankara has few truly ancient ruins or monuments. Instead, its history is the history of the Republic (coincidence, do you think?), which is fairly recent. Not much older than the house I grew up in, in fact. So there is that. Unlike so many other places in Turkey, the landscape is not spectacular. It doesn’t even have beaches. People bemoan the lack of nightlife and entertainment. This seems plausible as a large share of the population are administrators and bureaucrats, whose notion of a. exciting evening out means filing taxes in a cafe. Yes, I know.
But all those factors aside, Ankara seems to be a city that works. It’s organized. It’s clean. It has all the trappings of progress and civilization. It is clearly a place where people go to get stuff done. And even in this terribly functional city you find really nice spots - just look at the pictures! So if you find yourself in the area, give it a try!
Until next time,
Arne


@berkantkz
translator & interpreter, technical support supervisor
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--- layout: page title: Contact Us --- University of Alberta Aerial Robotics Group c/o Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2V4


Chapter 9 Chunks
The ft_chunks
function tries to make it easy to extract the parts of articles you want. This only works with XML format articles though since although we can get text out of PDFs, there is no machine readable way to say “I want the abstract”.
In addition to only working with XML, this function only has knowledge about a few select publishers for which we’ve coded knowledge about how to get different sections of the article. Not all publishers use the same format XML - so each publisher is slightly different for how to get to each section. That is, to get to the abstract requires slightly different xpath for publisher A vs. publisher B vs. publisher C.
9.1 Usage
Get a full text article
Note that unlike previous version of fulltext
you now have to collect (ft_collect()
) the text from the XML file on disk.
Then you can pass to ft_chunks()
, here to get authors.
#> $plos
#> $plos$`10.1371/journal.pone.0086169`
#> $plos$`10.1371/journal.pone.0086169`$authors
#> $plos$`10.1371/journal.pone.0086169`$authors[[1]]
#> $plos$`10.1371/journal.pone.0086169`$authors[[1]]$given_names
#> [1] "Katie"
#>
#> $plos$`10.1371/journal.pone.0086169`$authors[[1]]$surname
#> [1] "Hinde"
#>
#>
#> $plos$`10.1371/journal.pone.0086169`$authors[[2]]
#> $plos$`10.1371/journal.pone.0086169`$authors[[2]]$given_names
#> [1] "Abigail J."
#>
#> $plos$`10.1371/journal.pone.0086169`$authors[[2]]$surname
#> [1] "Carpenter"
#>
#>
#> $plos$`10.1371/journal.pone.0086169`$authors[[3]]
#> $plos$`10.1371/journal.pone.0086169`$authors[[3]]$given_names
#> [1] "John S."
#>
#> $plos$`10.1371/journal.pone.0086169`$authors[[3]]$surname
#> [1] "Clay"
#>
#>
#> $plos$`10.1371/journal.pone.0086169`$authors[[4]]
#> $plos$`10.1371/journal.pone.0086169`$authors[[4]]$given_names
#> [1] "Barry J."
#>
#> $plos$`10.1371/journal.pone.0086169`$authors[[4]]$surname
#> [1] "Bradford"
In another example, let’s search for PLOS articles.
library("rplos")
(dois <- searchplos(q="*:*", fl='id',
fq=list('doc_type:full',"article_type:\"research article\""),
limit=5)$data$id)
#> [1] "10.1371/journal.pone.0044136" "10.1371/journal.pone.0155491"
#> [3] "10.1371/journal.pone.0058100" "10.1371/journal.pone.0168627"
#> [5] "10.1371/journal.pone.0184491"
Then get the full text
Then pull out various sections of each article.
remember to pull out the full text first
x %>% ft_chunks("front")
x %>% ft_chunks("body")
x %>% ft_chunks("back")
x %>% ft_chunks("history")
x %>% ft_chunks("authors")
x %>% ft_chunks(c("doi","categories"))
x %>% ft_chunks("all")
x %>% ft_chunks("publisher")
x %>% ft_chunks("acknowledgments")
x %>% ft_chunks("permissions")
x %>% ft_chunks("journal_meta")
x %>% ft_chunks("article_meta")
9.2 Tabularize
The function ft_tabularize()
is useful for coercing the output of ft_chunks()
into a data.frame,
the lingua franca of data work in R.
#> $plos
#> acknowledgments
#> 1 The authors thank Dr. Tong Huang and Dr. Jingyi Yuan at Zhenhai Lianhua Hospital, Ningbo, China for their valuable work in data collection.
#> 2 This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31301222, QY, XZ, YPH, ZGS), Science and Technology Committee of Shanghai (Grant No. 12JC1407601, YG, JMW, HJS, JW), and the Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning Project of Science and Technology Development Fund (Grant No. 2013JG03, XZ, ZGS).
#> 3 <NA>
#> 4 The authors would like to thank Dr. Shin-Ru Shih, Dr. Daniel Hsu, Dr. Hsuan-Yu Chen and the members of the Liu lab for fruitful discussions. The authors would like to thank Yu-Jung Chen, Chin-Shan Loo, Ai-Lin Cheng and Tsui-Yen Fan for technical supports. The authors would also like to thank Academia Sinica Translational Medicine Program for the administrative support.
#> 5 Derek So had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. We would like to thank ClinicalStudyDataRequest.com for making available the dataset analyzed in this article.
#> permissions.copyright.holder
#> 1 Xu et al
#> 2 Yang et al
#> 3 Yang et al
#> 4 Huang et al
#> 5 So, Knoppers
#> permissions.license
#> 1 This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
#> 2 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
#> 3 This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
#> 4 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
#> 5 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
#> permissions.license_url permissions.copyright.year
#> 1 <NA> <NA>
#> 2 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 2016
#> 3 <NA> 2013
#> 4 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 2016
#> 5 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 2017


An arithmetic progression is a sequence of numbers in which the difference between two consecutive numbers is always the same.
eg 1, 5, 9, 13, 17 - the difference is always 4. This is called the common difference.
Also called an arithmetic progression or arithmetic sequence.


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pfb2pfa - convert a type1 pfb file (binary MSDOS) into a pfa (ASCII)
pfb2pfa [-v] pfbfile [pfafile]
Program converts a binary MSDOS representation for a type1 PostScript font into a readable ASCII version. The MSDOS newline (\r) is converted into the UNIX newline (\n). The output is written in a file whose name is the name that is provided on the command line or the basename of the input file plus extension ".pfa".
With the -v option you get some information about what the program is doing.
Piet Tutelaers <rcpt@urc.tue.nl>


Add drops to your world
Note: Perform an update as described here before attempting this homework (thanks).
This exercise is an extension of the topic discussed in class: Drop Methods
Add multiple drops
Add each of the drop methods defined here to your maze.
Some of the drop methods can be used to make custom keys, and other drop methods can be used to craft items
For example, when a player moves through a doorway you can drop material necessary to craft a recipe for a custom sword or boots
In the future we will use custom armor to get over obstacles (such as water infested with guardians)
Perhaps what would be useful would be a random drop of an item rather than always give the same item this could make the maze more challenging


@ INPROCEEDINGS{Raman22,
author={Raman, Aneesh and Karatsenidis, Konstantinos and Sarkar, Subhadeep and Olma, Matthaios and Athanassoulis, Manos},
Book title = {Proceedings of the TPC Technology Conference on Performance Evaluation & Benchmarking (TPCTC)},
title={BODS: A Benchmark on Data Sortedness},
year={2022} }


This a vey common Questioin to every one on earth .
Most of the people in the world know the date that they were born but they really don't know the exact day of the week it was. Age Calculator is here to solve the issue of you not knowing the day you were born.
.
You can reach us through all our social media platforms.
info@derraphics


We build scalable, data driven applications following
the current trends in the software industry
CUPS OF COFFEE
HOURS OF WORK
SATISFIED CLIENTS
DELIVERED PROJECTS
We provide a solution to digitise the unorganised sellers in dilli haat by proving a inventory manager and a sales, profit, attraction based analytics dashboard.
Episodes allows you to keep track of your favourite tv shows either continuing or ending and also provide you with recommendations based on your likings using machine learning.
Speak up your query on the app, and someone with the solution would answer your call for help.
Developed for DTU's annual cultural fest, which facilitates the problem registrating for events and accomodation and also for navigation and notifications.


Started with an admiration for e30’s. After owning several e30’s, e36’s, e46’s and really enjoying the quality, handling and power characteristics. We leaned towards exploring maintenance and upgrade modifications. Now we’ve collected vast knowledge of BMWs and deliver the quality service to freshen up street cars, modify track cars and make your BMW the ultimate driving machine as it is intended to be. We are true BMW enthusiasts.
Starting from a shell, we built this spec e30 from the ground up. All to specifications, this spec e30 meets the requirements to race in it's class, and it has been put to the test!
This e36 has gone through a long journey! Starting as an automatic 328i, this car has had a manual swap, chassis reinforcements, suspension overhaul, roll bar and track safety equipment installation, down-force modification, and a powertrain upgrade to an s52. This thing is a track time monster!
Started as a university engineering senior exit project. This 318i, was as a neglected 318i that got rejuvenate and given steroids with a vicious turbo-charged m42! Linear power-gains reaching 300HP, suspension and brake upgrades, track safety modifications, and wheels and tires to handle the power. This car has turned many heads at the track and it can handle track time competitors!
Restoration project underway. This 2002 came all original, in fairly good shape and it is a 2002 turbo themed project. This baby is getting the 2002 turbo body, upgraded brakes, a supercharged m42, and an entire rejuvenation treatment.
Started as a very rough e30 M3 race car chassis that was left aside. We have restored this original M3 from the ground up with all original parts and have delivered the near finished project to a client that will now take care of the powertrain; dropping an s54 in it!


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I put this site together to store all my links to great trollface memes. Keep away all you pesky robots, you can't get to my memes without a token!


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what I like most about the way ,and detailed map of my route to name a few.
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what I like most about the 255W is quite helpful since again I use it mostly in areas where I find most helpful.


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| Id |
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| 1 |
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Macron comments on 'clandestine' workers provokes anger in Bulgaria
SOFIA: Bulgaria on Saturday (Nov 2) said it would summon France's ambassador to Sofia on Monday over "insulting" comments about immigration by French President Emmanuel Macron sparked outrage.
Ambassador Florence Robine would be asked for an explanation of the remarks in which Macron spoke of "clandestine networks of Bulgarians and Ukrainians", Ivan Dimov, an advisor to Foreign Minister Ekaterina Zaharieva, said.
Zaharieva had also asked Bulgaria's ambassador to Paris Angel Cholakov to hand in a protest note to the French foreign ministry.
"In my opinion this statement is insulting for the Bulgarian community there (in France)," Zaharieva told the private bTV television.
The row comes after an interview in this week's edition of the French magazine Valeurs Actuelles.
Ukraine summoned France's ambassador to Kiev on Friday for an explanation with the Ukrainian foreign ministry later stating on its website that the ambassador said Macron's words were taken out of context.
In the interview, Macron said that he favoured legal quota-based migration to illegal workers adding that he preferred to have migrants from Guinea or Ivory Coast who worked in a legal way rather than "clandestine networks of Bulgarians and Ukrainians".
Bulgarian Prime Minister Boyko Borissov on Saturday said Macron had contacted him to "confirm his support for Bulgaria" and to say that his comments had been misinterpreted.
"He reassured me that he had never criticised Bulgarian citizens, workers or institutions," Borissov said on Facebook.
Macron's remarks were run by several Bulgarian media outlets on Saturday, sparking an angry reaction from Bulgarian vice premier Krasimir Karakachanov, also the leader of the nationalist VMRO party.
"Nobody has the right to insult the Bulgarian and the Ukrainian people," Karakachanov said, adding the statement was "a new manifestation of political arrogance".
Bulgaria is particularly opposed to the European Commission's mobility package aimed at fighting illegal practices in road transport and improve working conditions for drivers.
The reform, referred to as "the Macron package" is seen by Bulgarian road hauliers as discriminatory and an attempt to do away with competition in the sector from companies coming from central and eastern Europe.


--- layout: archive title: Zulip Chat Archive permalink: /stream/113488-general/topic/inductive.20occurrence.20under.20a.20type.20constructor.html ---
I've got a rose tree definition:
inductive tree : Type | branch : list tree -> tree
The interesting/unusual part here is that the recursive occurrence of "tree" is inside a list, so this can only work if list
is strictly positive, which makes elaboration perhaps tricky, but it does get accepted.
On this type I defined a function:
open tree def f : tree → string | (branch _) := "hello"
which works
#eval (f (branch [])) -- ^ "hello"
but refuses to compute during typechecking:
example : f (branch []) = "hello" := eq.refl "hello" -- type mismatch, term -- eq.refl "hello" -- has type -- "hello" = "hello" -- but is expected to have type -- f (branch list.nil) = "hello"
I poked around the _mut_
and found that the thing gets elaborates to something roughly like this:
mutual inductive tree, lst with tree : Type | branch : lst -> tree with lst : Type | nil : lst | cons : tree → lst → lst
And if I do this encoding manually then the function suddenly computes fine.
Basically my question is: what's going wrong in the original example?
The interesting/unusual part here is that the recursive occurrence of "tree" is inside a list, so this can only work if list is strictly positive, which makes elaboration perhaps tricky, but it does get accepted.
Lean compiles nested inductive types like these to plain inductive types by unfolding the inductive definitions under the hood. This usually doesn't matter so much but you should be aware that this isn't the kernel being lenient, it is the equation compiler doing extra work
Having formulated the question now I can find a relevant wiki page too: https://github.com/leanprover/lean/wiki/Inductive-datatypes. I guess the answer is making it compute is hard.
but refuses to compute during typechecking:
The equation compiler defaults to well founded recursion for definitions on mutual and nested inductives. These have the side effect that the definition's equalities are not by rfl, so you have to use the provided equalities instead of definitional equality
do those have predictable names?
they are called f.equations.stuff
but rw
, simp
and unfold
will use them by direct reference to the definition:
example : f (branch []) = "hello" := by unfold f
rw f
and simp [f]
also work
oh!
#print prefix f
f : tree → string f._main : tree → string f._main.equations._eqn_1 : ∀ (_x : list tree), f._main (branch _x) = "hello" f._sunfold : tree → string f.equations._eqn_1 : ∀ (_x : list tree), f (branch _x) = "hello"
the operative lemma is f.equations._eqn_1
Do #eval/#reduce also use these equations then? (they are both able to reduce this)
#reduce
does not, it unfolds everything by rfl but it also unfolds theorems and stuff as well which is what makes this work
Those f.equations are pretty cool, thank you!
#eval
does not use equations at all, it does unbounded recursion using the original match equations and ignores all the encoding stuff
(Your example doesn't show too much of this since it is nonrecursive, but recursive definitions use a completely different meta implementation in #eval
)
Last updated: Apr 24 2020 at 19:02 UTC


{% extends "atcore/app_users/base.html" %} {% load staticfiles %} {% block title %}{{ tethys_app.name }}{% endblock %} {% block app_icon %} {# The path you provided in your app.py is accessible through the tethys_app.icon context variable #} {% endblock %} {# The name you provided in your app.py is accessible through the tethys_app.name context variable #} {% block app_title %}{{ tethys_app.name }}{% endblock %} {% block app_navigation_items %} {% url 'modflow:home' as home_url %} {% url 'modflow:app_users_manage_resources' as manage_resource_url %} {% url 'modflow:app_users_manage_users' as manage_users_url %} {% url 'modflow:app_users_manage_organizations' as manage_organizations_url %} {% url 'modflow:app_users_user_account' as user_account_url %} {% url 'modflow:settings' as modflow_settings_url %}


Sensor data view controller class class.
More...
#import <SensorDataViewController.h>
Inherits NSViewController, <CPTPlotAreaDelegate>, <CPTPlotSpaceDelegate>, <CPTPlotDataSource>, and <CPTScatterPlotDelegate>.
Sensor data view controller class class.
This class contains the plot for the sensor data. By clicking in the plot area both a negative and a positive threshold line can be set.
- Author
- Benjamin Thiemann
- Date
- 2016/11/16
◆ generatePlotInView:()
| - (void) generatePlotInView: |
|
(nonnull NSView *) |
view |
|
This method draws the graphs with all it's plots in the given view.
- Parameters
-
◆ incomingCalibrationData:()
| - (void) incomingCalibrationData: |
|
(nonnull id) |
sender |
|
This method handles incoming calibraion data.
- Parameters
-
| sender | The sending instance. |
◆ resetGraph()
This method resets the graph.
◆ setParameters:titleSize:()
| - (void) setParameters: |
|
(NSUInteger) |
time |
| titleSize: |
|
(NSUInteger) |
aTitleSize |
|
|
| |
This method sets the given parameters.
- Parameters
-
| time | The maximum time (x axis). |
| aTitleSize | The title size. |
◆ showData:()
| - (void) showData: |
|
(nonnull id) |
sender |
|
This method shows the data in the plot. Invoked when a data acquisition is completed.
- Parameters
-
| sender | The sending instance. |
◆ graph
◆ isCalibrating
Boolean value that indicates whether calibraiton is ongoing.
◆ negativeThresholdLine
| - (CPTScatterPlot*) negativeThresholdLine |
|
protected |
Horizontal line representing the negative threshold.
◆ negativeThresholdValue
| - (float) negativeThresholdValue |
|
protected |
Float value representing the negative threshold.
◆ plotMaxTime
Maximum plot time (scaling of x axis).
◆ positiveThresholdLine
| - (CPTScatterPlot*) positiveThresholdLine |
|
protected |
Horizontal line representing the positive threshold.
◆ positiveThresholdValue
| - (float) positiveThresholdValue |
|
protected |
Float value representing the positive threshold.
◆ sensorDataPlot
| - (CPTScatterPlot*) sensorDataPlot |
|
protected |
◆ titleSize
◆ hostingView
| - (IBOutlet CPTGraphHostingView*) hostingView |
|
readwritenonatomicstrong |
The hosting view for the graph.
The documentation for this class was generated from the following files:


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@import views.html.helpers.scalaBlock @import views.html.helpers.phpBlock @import org.joda.time.DateTime @(title: String, publishDate: DateTime, tags: List[String])
A closure is a function instance that takes variables from the current scope.
@phpBlock( """ $a = 3; $b = 4; $f = function() use ($a, $b) { return $a + $b; } $c = $f(); // now c = 7 """ )These higher order functions can be used to abstract your code at a higher level, especially where you have some common wrapper code around some more specific code. Two good examples where closures can be used to cut boilerplate code are caching and database transactions.
To execute a set of queries in a transaction, you typically have to wrap your in some transaction code to explicitly commit the transaction on success or rollback the transaction on failure.
@phpBlock( """ $database->beginTransaction(); try { $user1->cash -= 100; $user2->cash += 100; $userRepository->persist($user1); $userRepository->persist($user2); $database->commit(); } catch (Exception $e) { $database->rollback(); } """)You can abstract out all the transaction related code into a higher order function like so:
@phpBlock( """ class Database { // higher order function decorates some other function with database transaction code public function transactional(callable $function) { $this->beginTransaction(); try { $function(); $this->commit(); } catch (Exception $e) { $this->rollback(); } } } // give the higher order function a closure to execute inside transaction $database->transactional(function () use ($userRepository, $user1, $user2) { $user1->cash -= 100; $user2->cash += 100; $userRepository->persist($user1); $userRepository->persist($user2); }); """ )Now you have all the transaction code separate from the query code (no longer repeated across your code base).
Typical cache handling code for getting a User object from a UserRepository by user ID looks like the following:
@phpBlock( """ // get value from cache if it exists, otherwise create it and save in cache for later $cacheKey = 'user'; if ($cache->contains($cacheKey)) { $user = $cache->get($cacheKey); } else { $user = $userRepository->get($userId); // important code $this->set($cacheKey, $user); } """ )Like the transactional code example above, this caching code can be abstracted into a higher order function that takes a closure for generating the value to be cached.
@phpBlock( """ class ClosureCache extends ArrayCache { /** * Gets the value from the cache for key, otherwise creates and stores the value * * @param string $key cache key * @param callable $createFunction function to generate and store value for if not in cache */ public function getOrElse($key, callable $createFunction) { if ($this->contains($key)) { return $this->get($key); } else { $value = $createFunction(); $this->set($key, $value); return $value; } } } // get the user from cache by giving closure to compute value $user = $cache->getOrElse('user', function () use ($userRepository, $userId) { return $userRepository->get($userId); }); """ )Closures were added to PHP in version 5.3 and still have a few limitations. Variables in the current scope have to
be explicitly passed to closures with the use
directive. To compare that with a language that
implicitly binds all variables in the current scope to closures, you can do the following in Scala:
As a result, the Scala code has essentially no boilerplate hiding the intent of your code.
Closures are a nice new addition to PHP and can greatly simplify repetitive boilerplate code as the two real-world examples demonstrate. Hopefully the next generation of libraries will make good use of this feature.


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Preparation time
1-2 hours
Cooking time
30 mins to 1 hour
Serves
Serves 2
This dish will impress with the wonderful flavours of langoustine and mullet.
Equipment and preparation: for this recipe you will need a pasta machine.
For the ravioli, heat a large frying pan over a medium heat. Add the butter and langoustine shells and fry for 5-6 minutes. Add the carrots and thyme and fry for 3-4 minutes.
Add the brandy, allow to heat briefly, then light with a match.  (CAUTION: Keep your face and hair away from the flames. Do not leave the pan unattended.) Cook for 2-3 minutes, then add the stock. Bring the mixture to the boil and cook for 20 minutes. Strain the sauce into a clean saucepan, add 110ml/4fl oz cream and cook for a minute. Season to taste.
Put the flour and three eggs in a food processor and pulse until it forms small crumbs. Tip the mixture onto a lightly floured work surface and bring together to form a dough. Knead lightly for 2-3 minutes, or until smooth and elastic. Wrap in cling film and chill in the fridge for 20 minutes.
Meanwhile, blend the salmon and remaining cream to a purée in a small food processor. Season with lemon juice, salt and pepper.
Place the pasta dough on a clean, flat work-surface dusted with flour, then roll out to a thin rectangle and sprinkle with more flour. Divide the dough into two pieces, then pass each piece through a pasta machine several times, gradually reducing the thickness until you reach the thinnest setting and the pasta feels elastic. Cover any dough that you are not using with cling film so that is doesn’t dry out.
Lay a sheet of pasta on the work surface and place spoonfuls of the salmon mixture at equal intervals along the sheet, leaving a gap of 6cm/2½in between each pile. Spoon out eight piles of salmon and top each pile with the langoustine meat.
Beat the remaining egg. Lightly brush the egg around the salmon and langoustine piles. Top with the second sheet of pasta and press down lightly around the edges of the langoustine. Using a 6cm/2½in pastry cutter, stamp out eight ravioli rounds.
Bring a large pan of salted water to the boil and cook the ravioli for 1-2 minutes, or until they float to the top of the pan. Drain, then mix with the chervil and olive oil and season.
For the grey mullet, heat a medium frying pan and add the oil. Once hot add the fish skin-side down and cook for 2-3 minutes on each side. Transfer to a plate and rest for 10 minutes.
For the broad beans, heat the frying pan until hot, add the butter and the broad beans and fry for 2-3 minutes, or until just softened. Season to taste with salt and pepper.
Meanwhile, blanch the asparagus in a saucepan of boiling salted water for 2-3 minutes, or until tender. Reheat the sauce gently.
To serve, spoon the broad beans into the centre of plates, top with the ravioli and asparagus, pour over the sauce and garnish with some cress.


PIVOT_ROOT
Section: Maintenance Commands (8)Updated: Feb 23, 2000
Index Return to Main Contents
NAME
pivot_root - change the root file systemSYNOPSIS
pivot_root new_root put_oldDESCRIPTION
pivot_root moves the root file system of the current process to the directory put_old and makes new_root the new root file system. Since pivot_root(8) simply calls pivot_root(2), we refer to the man page of the latter for further details.Note that, depending on the implementation of pivot_root, root and cwd of the caller may or may not change. The following is a sequence for invoking pivot_root that works in either case, assuming that pivot_root and chroot are in the current PATH:
cd new_root
pivot_root . put_old
exec chroot . command
Note that chroot must be available under the old root and under the new root, because pivot_root may or may not have implicitly changed the root directory of the shell.
Note that exec chroot changes the running executable, which is necessary if the old root directory should be unmounted afterwards. Also note that standard input, output, and error may still point to a device on the old root file system, keeping it busy. They can easily be changed when invoking chroot (see below; note the absence of leading slashes to make it work whether pivot_root has changed the shell's root or not).
EXAMPLES
Change the root file system to /dev/hda1 from an interactive shell:
mount /dev/hda1 /new-root cd /new-root pivot_root . old-root exec chroot . sh <dev/console >dev/console 2>&1 umount /old-root
Mount the new root file system over NFS from <IP_ADDRESS>:/my_root and run init:
ifconfig lo <IP_ADDRESS> up # for portmap # configure Ethernet or such portmap # for lockd (implicitly started by mount) mount -o ro <IP_ADDRESS>:/my_root /mnt killall portmap # portmap keeps old root busy cd /mnt pivot_root . old_root exec chroot . sh -c 'umount /old_root; exec /sbin/init' \ <dev/console >dev/console 2>&1
SEE ALSO
chroot(1), mount(8), pivot_root(2), umount(8)AVAILABILITY
The pivot_root command is part of the util-linux-ng package and is available from ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux-ng/.
Index
This document was created by man2html, using the manual pages.
Time: 05:34:28 GMT, December 24, 2015


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Hi guys,
I bought the RFM12B pin type from RS without knowing they are smaller space. (supidly).
But I managed to solder the pins to the board as seen in the pic. I tried the RFM12B tx and rx demo. It doesn't work.
I suspect my solder might touching seach other, connunity check with meter show it's not. But I"m not sure of two things.
1. How do I check my Arduino is running at 5V or 3.3V? I got it from Freetronics, I check their spec, it said 5V and I check digital pin out when it's high, it reads 5V. So I asume it's actually running at 5V, right? Then I put the 4k7 and 10k voltage divider in input of RFM12B. VDD of RFM12B connected to 3.3v as well. Am i doing it right?
2. At the antenna point, there is two hole to solder. But they have no connunity to each other so. Which one do I use? or should I join them together? Anyone have expereince with those though holes type ones....
Thanks you very much in advances guys. I really want to get this going. I've tried for hours I don't know what next to check, I do hope some helps.
Re: RFM12B DIP though holes type difference
Cool cool cool... It's working now... The problem is that there is two holes near the mark ANT but only one is used and can't join the two. By soldering only antenna wire to one hole closer hole will work.. common sense? dunno.. but here is the answer if anyone come across, I just want to share.
Re: RFM12B DIP though holes type difference
i have the same problem . how did you solve it ??
it's about the rfm12b antenna . the tx works but the rx not ... i have two holes at the DIP module ... and one antenna connected where it says ANT
how can i solve this ??


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School of the AmericasNow called the Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation in Ft. Benning, Georgia. Among the graduates are Leopoldo Galtieri, Omar Torrijos, Roberto D'Aubuisson, and Manuel Noriega -- earning the establishment a nickname "School for Dictators." |


Organization administrators can also invite members by navigating to “Organization” in the main menu and then to “Accounts” in the sub-menu. By clicking “Invite”, you will access a simple form for e-mails of members that you would like to invite. Once filled out, click “Invite” and invitation e-mails will be sent out. New members will need to follow the unique link to complete registration.
You can also manage/disable existing accounts via the contextual menu located at the bottom right corner of each account entry in the list.


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Contexts
The seamless.highlevel.Context class is a wrapper around a workflow graph, that contains of workflow children (cells, transformers, modules, macros, library instances, and subcontexts). By convention, a Context is called ctx
.
Creating a new workflow child
If ctx.a
does not exist yet, then ctx.a = X
:
will bind X to
ctx.a
if X is a cell, transformer, module, macro or context that is not currently bound to a parent context. Example:ctx.a = Transformer()
.will create a new cell
ctx.a
if X is a constant.ctx.a
will have the value X. The celltype will be “structured”. This means that X must be either JSON-serializable, or a Numpy array, or a mixture of both.will create a new Python transformer
ctx.a
if X is a Python function. The transformer will copy the source code and function signature of X.will create a new cell
ctx.a
if X is a transformer that is already bound toctx
. Then, a new connection fromX.result
(the transformer outputpin) toctx.a
is created.will create a new cell
ctx.a
if X is a cell, subcell, or transformer outputpin that is already bound toctx
. Then, a connection from X toctx.a
is created.will create a new subcontext
ctx.a
if X is a context or a subcontext. The workflow children of X are copied intoctx.a
. If X is a context, all connections are copied as well. If X is a subcontext, connections within X are copied, but connections to/from X and its parent context (which may or may not bectx
) are not copied.
ctx["a"]
is an alternative syntax for ctx.a
. This allows the creation of children that are not valid Python attributes, such as ctx["data.txt"] = Cell("text")
.
Cell values (and the workers’ input and output values) are stored as the checksums of their data buffers. Therefore, the workflow graph is always well-defined, yet small in size.
Seamless maintains a checksum-to-buffer cache, either in memory or in a database. It can also query remotely connected Seamless instances.
The Context class can launch a translation of the workflow graph to a low-level representation that can be evaluated.
Transformation
In the graph, each transformer performs a transformation from input + code to result. Seamless keeps a result cache of all transformations. Just like the checksum-to-buffer cache, databases or remote Seamless instances can also be queried. Because of this, the only transformations that are performed are those that have never been performed anywhere before, or where the result value is no longer accessible.
Translation
Before any computation starts, a context has to be translated (using ctx.translate()
or await ctx.translation
). Implicit translation is done if ctx.compute()
is invoked. Changing the topology of the graph (e.g. adding a cell) or changing the cell types only takes effect upon re-translation. The modification of inputs (primarily, cell contents) does not require re-translation. This is because translation creates a low-level context that does the work and holds the data. Most of the methods and properties of the Seamless high-level classes (Cell, Transformer, etc.) are wrappers that interact with their low-level counterparts. Seamless low-level contexts accept input changes but not modifications in topology.
See Seamless explained for a more detailed explanation. See http://sjdv1982.github.io/seamless/sphinx/html/reference.html#context-class for more documentation on the syntax.


The Akan people of Ghana frequently name their children after the day of the week they were born and the order in which they were born. These "day names" have further meanings concerning the soul and character of the person. Middle names have considerably more variety and can refer to their birth order, twin status, or an ancestor's middle name.
Fill the form below and get your Akan name on submitting


| PostgreSQL 9.0.10 Documentation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prev | Up | Chapter 29. Reliability and the Write-Ahead Log | Next |
There are several WAL-related configuration parameters that affect database performance. This section explains their use. Consult Chapter 18 for general information about setting server configuration parameters.
Checkpoints are points in the sequence of transactions at which it is guaranteed that the heap and index data files have been updated with all information written before the checkpoint. At checkpoint time, all dirty data pages are flushed to disk and a special checkpoint record is written to the log file. (The changes were previously flushed to the WAL files.) In the event of a crash, the crash recovery procedure looks at the latest checkpoint record to determine the point in the log (known as the redo record) from which it should start the REDO operation. Any changes made to data files before that point are guaranteed to be already on disk. Hence, after a checkpoint, log segments preceding the one containing the redo record are no longer needed and can be recycled or removed. (When WAL archiving is being done, the log segments must be archived before being recycled or removed.)
The checkpoint requirement of flushing all dirty data pages to disk can cause a significant I/O load. For this reason, checkpoint activity is throttled so I/O begins at checkpoint start and completes before the next checkpoint starts; this minimizes performance degradation during checkpoints.
The server's background writer process automatically performs a checkpoint every so often. A checkpoint is created every checkpoint_segments log segments, or every checkpoint_timeout seconds, whichever comes first. The default settings are 3 segments and 300 seconds (5 minutes), respectively. It is also possible to force a checkpoint by using the SQL command CHECKPOINT.
Reducing checkpoint_segments and/or checkpoint_timeout causes checkpoints to occur more often. This allows faster after-crash recovery (since less work will need to be redone). However, one must balance this against the increased cost of flushing dirty data pages more often. If full_page_writes is set (as is the default), there is another factor to consider. To ensure data page consistency, the first modification of a data page after each checkpoint results in logging the entire page content. In that case, a smaller checkpoint interval increases the volume of output to the WAL log, partially negating the goal of using a smaller interval, and in any case causing more disk I/O.
Checkpoints are fairly expensive, first because they require writing out all currently dirty buffers, and second because they result in extra subsequent WAL traffic as discussed above. It is therefore wise to set the checkpointing parameters high enough that checkpoints don't happen too often. As a simple sanity check on your checkpointing parameters, you can set the checkpoint_warning parameter. If checkpoints happen closer together than checkpoint_warning seconds, a message will be output to the server log recommending increasing checkpoint_segments. Occasional appearance of such a message is not cause for alarm, but if it appears often then the checkpoint control parameters should be increased. Bulk operations such as large COPY transfers might cause a number of such warnings to appear if you have not set checkpoint_segments high enough.
To avoid flooding the I/O system with a burst of page writes, writing dirty buffers during a checkpoint is spread over a period of time. That period is controlled by checkpoint_completion_target, which is given as a fraction of the checkpoint interval. The I/O rate is adjusted so that the checkpoint finishes when the given fraction of checkpoint_segments WAL segments have been consumed since checkpoint start, or the given fraction of checkpoint_timeout seconds have elapsed, whichever is sooner. With the default value of 0.5, PostgreSQL can be expected to complete each checkpoint in about half the time before the next checkpoint starts. On a system that's very close to maximum I/O throughput during normal operation, you might want to increase checkpoint_completion_target to reduce the I/O load from checkpoints. The disadvantage of this is that prolonging checkpoints affects recovery time, because more WAL segments will need to be kept around for possible use in recovery. Although checkpoint_completion_target can be set as high as 1.0, it is best to keep it less than that (perhaps 0.9 at most) since checkpoints include some other activities besides writing dirty buffers. A setting of 1.0 is quite likely to result in checkpoints not being completed on time, which would result in performance loss due to unexpected variation in the number of WAL segments needed.
There will always be at least one WAL segment file, and will normally not be more files than the higher of wal_keep_segments or (2 + checkpoint_completion_target) * checkpoint_segments + 1. Each segment file is normally 16 MB (though this size can be altered when building the server). You can use this to estimate space requirements for WAL. Ordinarily, when old log segment files are no longer needed, they are recycled (renamed to become the next segments in the numbered sequence). If, due to a short-term peak of log output rate, there are more than 3 * checkpoint_segments + 1 segment files, the unneeded segment files will be deleted instead of recycled until the system gets back under this limit.
In archive recovery or standby mode, the server periodically performs restartpoints which are similar to checkpoints in normal operation: the server forces all its state to disk, updates the pg_control file to indicate that the already-processed WAL data need not be scanned again, and then recycles any old log segment files in pg_xlog directory. A restartpoint is triggered if at least one checkpoint record has been replayed and checkpoint_timeout seconds have passed since last restartpoint. In standby mode, a restartpoint is also triggered if checkpoint_segments log segments have been replayed since last restartpoint and at least one checkpoint record has been replayed. Restartpoints can't be performed more frequently than checkpoints in the master because restartpoints can only be performed at checkpoint records.
There are two commonly used internal WAL functions:
LogInsert
and LogFlush
.
LogInsert
is used to place a new record into
the WAL buffers in shared memory. If there is no
space for the new record, LogInsert
will have
to write (move to kernel cache) a few filled WAL
buffers. This is undesirable because LogInsert
is used on every database low level modification (for example, row
insertion) at a time when an exclusive lock is held on affected
data pages, so the operation needs to be as fast as possible. What
is worse, writing WAL buffers might also force the
creation of a new log segment, which takes even more
time. Normally, WAL buffers should be written
and flushed by a LogFlush
request, which is
made, for the most part, at transaction commit time to ensure that
transaction records are flushed to permanent storage. On systems
with high log output, LogFlush
requests might
not occur often enough to prevent LogInsert
from having to do writes. On such systems
one should increase the number of WAL buffers by
modifying the configuration parameter wal_buffers. The default number of WAL
buffers is 8. Increasing this value will
correspondingly increase shared memory usage. When
full_page_writes is set and the system is very busy,
setting this value higher will help smooth response times during the
period immediately following each checkpoint.
The commit_delay parameter defines for how many
microseconds the server process will sleep after writing a commit
record to the log with LogInsert
but before
performing a LogFlush
. This delay allows other
server processes to add their commit records to the log so as to have all
of them flushed with a single log sync. No sleep will occur if
fsync
is not enabled, or if fewer than commit_siblings
other sessions are currently in active transactions; this avoids
sleeping when it's unlikely that any other session will commit soon.
Note that on most platforms, the resolution of a sleep request is
ten milliseconds, so that any nonzero commit_delay
setting between 1 and 10000 microseconds would have the same effect.
Good values for these parameters are not yet clear; experimentation
is encouraged.
The wal_sync_method parameter determines how PostgreSQL will ask the kernel to force WAL updates out to disk. All the options should be the same in terms of reliability, with the exception of fsync_writethrough, which can sometimes force a flush of the disk cache even when other options do not do so. However, it's quite platform-specific which one will be the fastest; you can test option speeds using the utility src/tools/fsync in the PostgreSQL source tree. Note that this parameter is irrelevant if fsync has been turned off.
Enabling the wal_debug configuration parameter
(provided that PostgreSQL has been
compiled with support for it) will result in each
LogInsert
and LogFlush
WAL call being logged to the server log. This
option might be replaced by a more general mechanism in the future.