Suppose you have a large i.i.d. sample. The CLT implies that with chance about 95%, the sample mean is within 2 SDs of the population mean.
This can be expressed in a different way:
That is the same as saying:
That is why the interval sample mean $\pm ~ 2 \sigma/\sqrt{n}$ is used as an interval of estimates of $\mu$.
The interval sample mean $\pm ~ 2 \sigma/\sqrt{n}$ is called an approximate 95% confidence interval for the parameter $\mu$. The interval has a confidence level of 95%.
You could choose a different confidence level, say 80%. With that choice, you would expect the interval to be narrower. To find out exactly how many SDs you have to go on either side of the center to pick up a central area of about 80%, you have to find the corresponding $z$ on the standard normal curve, as shown below.
As you know from Data 8 and can see in the figure, the interval runs from the 10th to the 90th percentile of the distribution. So $z$ is the 90th percentile of the standard normal curve, also known as the "90 percent point" of the curve. The scipy
method is therefore called ppf
and takes a decimal value as its argument.
stats.norm.ppf(.9)
Therefore an approximate 80% confidence interval for the population mean $\mu$ is given by "sample mean $\pm ~ 1.28\sigma/\sqrt{n}$".
Let's double check that 2 is a good choice of $z$ for a 95% interval. The $z$ we need is the 97.5 percent point:
stats.norm.ppf(.975)
That's $z = 1.96$, which we have been calling 2. It's good enough, but $z = 1.96$ is also commonly used for constructing 95% confidence intervals.
Let $\lambda$ be any confidence level. Let $z_\lambda$ be the point such that the interval $(-z_\lambda, ~ z_\lambda)$ contains $\lambda$% of the area under the standard normal curve. In our example above, $\lambda$ was 80 and $z_\lambda$ was 1.28.
Then if $n$ is large,
$$ \frac{\lambda}{100} ~ \approx ~ P(\bar{X}_n \in \mu ~ \pm ~ z_\lambda \sigma/\sqrt{n}) ~ = ~ P(\mu \in \bar{X}_n ~ \pm ~ z_\lambda \sigma/\sqrt{n}) $$The random interval $\bar{X}_n ~ \pm ~ z_\lambda \sigma/\sqrt{n}$ is called an approximate $\lambda$% confidence interval for the population mean $\mu$. There is about a $\lambda$% chance that this random interval contains the parameter $\mu$.
The only difference between confidence intervals of different levels is the choice of $z$ which depends on the level. The other two components are the sample mean and its SD.
Let's return to an example very familiar from Data 8: a random sample of 1,174 pairs of mothers and their newborns.
baby = Table.read_table('baby.csv')
baby
The third column consists of the ages of the mothers. Let's construct an approximate 95% confidence interval for the mean age of mothers in the population. We did this in Data 8 using the bootstrap, so we will be able to compare results.
We can apply the methods of this section because our data come from a large random sample.
n = 1174
ages = baby.column('Maternal Age')
samp_mean = np.mean(ages)
samp_mean
The observed value of $\bar{X}_n$ in the sample is 27.23 years. We know that $n = 1174$, so all we need is the population SD $\sigma$ and then we can complete our calculation.
But of course we don't know the population SD $\sigma$.
So we estimate $\sigma$ by the SD of the data. There is some error in this estimate, of course, but it gets divided by $\sqrt{n}$ and therefore doesn't have much effect. Remember that our methods rely on the CLT and are only valid when $n$ is large.
The estimate of $\sigma$ is about 5.82 years.
sigma_estimate = np.std(ages)
sigma_estimate
So an approximate 95% confidence interval for the mean birth weight of babies in the population is $(26.89, 27.57)$ years.
samp_mean - 2*sigma_estimate/(n**0.5), samp_mean + 2*sigma_estimate/(n**0.5)
No bootstrapping required! But let's compare our interval to the interval we got in Data 8 by using the bootstrap percentile method. Here is the function bootstrap_mean
from Data 8.
def bootstrap_mean(original_sample, label, replications):
"""Displays approximate 95% confidence interval for population mean.
original_sample: table containing the original sample
label: label of column containing the variable
replications: number of bootstrap samples
"""
just_one_column = original_sample.column(label)
n = len(just_one_column)
means = make_array()
for i in np.arange(replications):
bootstrap_sample = np.random.choice(just_one_column, size=n)
resampled_mean = np.mean(bootstrap_sample)
means = np.append(means, resampled_mean)
left = percentile(2.5, means)
right = percentile(97.5, means)
resampled_means = Table().with_column(
'Bootstrap Sample Mean', means
)
resampled_means.hist(bins=15)
print('Approximate 95% confidence interval for population mean:')
print(np.round(left, 2), 'to', np.round(right, 2))
plt.plot(make_array(left, right), make_array(0, 0), color='yellow', lw=8);
Let's construct a bootstrap 95% confidence interval for the population mean. We will use 5000 bootstrap samples as we did in Data 8.
bootstrap_mean(baby, 'Maternal Age', 5000)
The bootstrap confidence interval is essentially identical to the interval (26.89, 27.57) that we got by using the normal approximation.
As we did in Data 8, let's observe that the distribution of maternal ages in the sample is far from normal:
baby.select('Maternal Age').hist()
But the probability distribution of the mean of the large sample is approximately normal, by the Central Limit Theorem.


Welcome to the Bookstore
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Enhance your Intelligence
Explore the human mind
Basics of psychology


DNN uses a CSS (cascading style sheet) to control the fonts, styles and colors applied across the site. The CSS maintained in this editor is the default CSS applied to all site pages. Where a skin package containing a CSS file is applied to a page or the site, this CSS will override the CSS maintained on the Admin > Site Setting page.
For information on using CSS, visit http://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/
The DNN Stylesheet Editor


The idea is simple:
What you're left with is a cartoon-ish, chunky liquid. Use the controls to see the components of this process.
The most computationally intensive step is blurring the raster. Convolution is expensive, O(n^2), and it's being done by the CPU here, rather than the GPU. To run at full speed, you need a nice computer.
See the Git repository for full source code listing.
Original idea: How to simulate liquid


|
pf
|
This is a template library for particle filtering. Templated abstract base classes for different particle filters are provided (e.g. the Bootstrap Filter, the SISR filter, the Auxiliary Particle Filter, the Rao-Blackwellized particle filter), as well as non-abstract (but indeed templated) base classes for closed-form filtering algorithms (e.g. Kalman Filter, Hidden Markov Model filter, etc.).
Once you have a certain model in mind, all you have to do is make it into a class that inherits from the filter you want to use.
This code makes use of the following libraries:
Also, your compiler must enable C++17.
git clone
this Github repostory, cd
into the directory where everything is saved, then run the following commands:
mkdir build && cd build/ cmake .. -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX:PATH=/usr/local sudo cmake --build . --config Release --target install --parallel
You may subsitute another directory for /usr/local
, if you wish. This will also build unit tests that can be run with the following command (assuming you're still in build/
):
./test/pf_test
Note: for this to method work, you will need to install Catch2 "system wide" so that its *.cmake
files are installed as well. To do this, click here.
This is a header-only library, so there will be no extra building necessary. If you just want to copy the desired header files from include/pf
into your own project, and build that project by itself, that's totally fine. There is no linking necessary, either. If you go this route, though, make sure to compile with C++17 enabled. Note, also, that this code all makes use of Eigen v3.3 and Boost v1.65.1. Unit tests use the Catch2 library.
Don't know how to use this? No problem. Check out the examples
sub-directory. This is a stand-alone cmake project, so you can just copy this sub-directory anywhere you like, and start editing.
For example, copy to Desktop
and have at it:
cp -r ~/pf/examples/ ~/Desktop/ cd Desktop/examples/ mkdir build && cd build cmake .. make
If there are no error messages, you will have an executable named pf_example
in that same directory. Running it without command line arguments will prompt you for arguments and tell you how it can be used.
Want to contribute to this project? Great! Click here for details on how to do that. We also have an "ideas list" you can check out here.
A full-length tutorial paper is available here, and a shorter introduction paper is available here.
Click the "DOI" link above. Or, if you're impatient, click 'here' for a Bibtex citation.


The Sixth Sense (1999) * * * * A movie review by Serdar Yegulalp Copyright 1999 by Serdar Yegulalp
"The Sixth Sense" absolutely blind-sided me. I don't know what I was expecting, in retrospect -- maybe something along the lines of "Poltergeist", with the spirits of the dead tormenting children in a special effects showdown. What I got was an absolutely breath-stopping story that probably ranks as one of the best movies of the whole year.
"The Sixth Sense" could be considered the antithesis of "The Haunting". That movie, with its gum-wrapper screenplay and gobs of CGI, inspired more audiences to laugh and sneer than to be scared or even thrilled. "The Sixth Sense" has the most minimal of surfaces concealing one of the most remarkable of stories, and needs no CGI to make its magic work.
Bruce Willis, in an atypically restrained and gentle role, plays Malcom Crowe, a gifted child psychologist. As the movie opens, he is confronted by one of his ex-patients, who rants that Crowe has failed him, and to punctuate this point turns a gun on himself. One year later, we find Crowe, humbled and sinking down into himself, estranged from his wife, and working on a new case: a young boy named Cole (Haley Joel Osment), who is withdrawn and fearful.
One of the most shameless things that happened during the marketing of this movie was how several key secrets were revealed during the promotions. I don't want to make the same mistakes again, so allow me to tread very carefully here. Cole's terror comes from a peculiar gift he has, one which makes him very much a pariah and an outcast, but for reasons which become clearer later on. Crowe isn't sure what to make of the gift -- is the boy lying to get attention? -- but slowly casts more and more of his beliefs with the boy.
A description like this does not do this movie justice. On the surface, this is a fantastically well-made film: the timing and presentation of every scene is flawless. The director and screenwriter, M. Night Shyamalan, was responsible for the enjoyable but slight "Wide Awake" last year; nothing in that movie seemed to presage what "The Sixth Sense" would offer. Shyamalan has managed to infuse every scene in this movie with a primal dread that most other films can't even come close to.
Volumes have been written about Hale Joel Osment, as Cole. He is half the reason the film works as well as he does: his hollowed-out eyes, creaky voice, and disturbing visual tics let him steal every scene he's in. What's better is that it's not simply a gimmick performance; it's all inserted into the movie for a reason.
One of the most astounding things about this movie -- and again, I'm trying hard not to ruin anything -- is the way it plays on assumed knowledge. There is a revelation at the end, which I will not discuss here, that forces us to COMPLETELY re-evaluate everything we have seen and take it in a new light. Even better, it doesn't come off as a gratuitous gimmick, but as something that needs to happen to allow the characters their final moment of peace.
"The Sixth Sense" is the kind of rare movie that makes up for a whole season's worth of mediocrities and disappointments. See it, and for God's sake, don't ruin it for your friends.
Sent via Deja.com http://www.deja.com/ Share what you know. Learn what you don't.
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
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|


WEEK 24 FRIDAY
Year 1 (Year 2)
FIRST READING 1 Timothy 6:2-12
“But as for you, man of God, aim at righteousness.”
A reading from the first Letter of Saint Paul to Timothy
Beloved: Teach and urge these duties. If any one teaches otherwise and
does not agree with the sound words of our Lord Jesus Christ and the teaching which
accords with godliness, he is puffed up with conceit, he knows nothing; he has
a morbid craving for controversy and for disputes about words, which produce
envy, dissension, slander, base suspicions, and wrangling among men who are
depraved in mind and bereft of the truth, imagining that godliness is a means
of gain. There is great gain in godliness with contentment; for we brought
nothing into the world, and we cannot take anything out of the world; but if we
have food and clothing, with these we shall be content. But those who desire to
be rich fall into temptation, into a snare, into many senseless and hurtful
desires that plunge men into ruin and destruction. For the love of money is the
root of all evils; it is through this craving that some have wandered away from
the faith and pierced their hearts with many pangs. But as for you, man of God,
shun all this; aim at righteousness, godliness, faith, love, steadfastness,
gentleness. Fight the good fight of the faith; take hold of the eternal life to
which you were called when you made the good confession in the presence of many
witnesses.
The word of the Lord
RESPONSORIAL PSALM Ps 49:6-7.8-10.17-18.19-20 (R. Mt 5:3)
R. Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.
Why should I fear in evil days the malice of the foes who
surround me, those who trust in their wealth, and boast of the vastness of
their riches?
R. Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the
kingdom of heaven.
No man can ransom a brother, nor pay a price to God for his life. How
high is the price of his soul! The ransom can never be enough! No one can buy
life unending, nor avoid coming to the grave.
R. Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the
kingdom of heaven.
Then do not fear when a man grows rich, when the glory of his house
increases. He takes nothing with him when he dies; his glory does not follow
him below.
R. Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the
kingdom of heaven.
Though he flattered himself while he lived, 'People will praise me for
all my success,' yet he will go to join his forebears, and will never see the
light any more.
R. Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the
kingdom of heaven.
FIRST READING 1 Corinthians 15:12-20
“If Christ has not been raised, your faith is futile.”
A reading from the first Letter of Saint Paul to the Corinthians
Brethren: If Christ is preached as raised from the
dead, how can some of you say that there is no resurrection of the dead? But if
there is no resurrection of the dead, then Christ has not been raised; if
Christ has not been raised, then our preaching is in vain and your faith is in
vain. We are even found to be misrepresenting God, because we testified of God
that he raised Christ, whom he did not raise if it is true that the dead are
not raised. For if the dead are not raised, then
Christ has not been raised. If Christ has not been raised, your faith is futile
and you are still in your sins. Then those also who have fallen asleep in Christ
have perished. If for this life only we have hoped in Christ, we are of all men
most to be pitied. But in fact Christ has been raised from the dead, the first
fruits of those who have fallen asleep.
The word of the Lord
RESPONSORIAL PSALM
Psalm 17:1.6-7.8 and 15 (R. 15b)
R. When I awake, O Lord, I shall be filled with the vision of your presence.
O LORD, hear a cause that is just, pay heed to my
cry. Turn your ear to my prayer: no deceit is on my lips.
R. When I awake, O Lord, I shall be filled with the
vision of your presence.
To you I call; for you will surely heed me, O God.
Turn your ear to me; hear my words. Display your merciful love. By your right hand
you deliver from their foes those who put their trust in you.
R. When I awake, O Lord, I shall be filled with the
vision of your presence.
Guard me as the apple of your eye. Hide me in the
shadow of your wings. As for me, in justice I shall behold your face; when I
awake I shall be filled with the vision of your presence.
R. When I awake, O Lord, I shall be filled with the
vision of your presence.
R. Alleluia. Blessed are you, Father, Lord of heaven and earth, that you have revealed to little ones the mysteries of the kingdom. R. Alleluia.
GOSPEL Luke 8:1-3
“There were women with them who provided for them out of their means.”
A reading from the holy Gospel according to Luke
At that time: Jesus went on through cities and villages, preaching and
bringing the good news of the
The Gospel of the Lord


This package was debianized by Marc Haber on
Fri, 1 Jun 2001 15:13:54 +0000.
It was downloaded from http://www.adel.nursat.kz/apg/
Upstream Author: Adel I. Mirzazhanov
Copyright:
Copyright (c) 1999, 2000, 2001
Adel I. Mirzazhanov. All rights reserved
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
are met:
1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
with the distribution.
3. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote
products derived from this software without specific prior
written permission.


My Team
Manager
Name: Juan Vazquez
ID: 234
Email:
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Office Number: 255
Engineer
Name: Jose Rodriguez
ID: 260
Email:
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Github:
jvprofits28
Intern
Name: Veronika Dizard
ID: 105
Email:
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>School: Edmonds Community College


Wouldn't it be really nice if asking the user to give you some information could be easy? As easy as:
MyForm = Form()
usrn_box = MyForm.add_widget(TitleText, name="Your name:")
internet = MyForm.add_widget(TitleText, name="Your favourite internet page:")
MyForm.edit()
# usrn_box.value and internet.value now hold the user's answers.
If you think so, this library is for you.
The best way to see how it works is to download the source code and have a look at EXAMPLE.py
.
If you want to install it, you can do:
python setup.py install
A quirk in Debian means that you will need the python-dev package to be able to install this package.
values=
)The last two of which return the index(es) of the choices the user made.
A guide to some of the options you can feed them is given at the start of __init__.py
. There are many more. Each widget is also very easy to subclass for specific uses.
Form objects have three methods and one other feature that you'll find useful:
.add_widget(WidgetClass, ....)
adds a new widget to the form. Any arguments you specify are passed to the widget constuctor. Keep hold of the return value (which is a weakref to the widget) because you'll want it later to get the value of the widget out again, or to alter the properties of the widget..display()
which draws everything on the screen, and which you might want to call if you are producing a display-only screen, and are updating the values for it..edit()
also updates the screen, but also lets the user edit all the values in the form. After this method returns, you can get the values you are interested in by examining the .value
of each widget.
A typical sequence is to create a new form, populate it with widgets, and then put it on the screen with .display() or .edit(). When you've finished with a Form, just let it go out of scope, and it will clean itself up. If you want to make sure, you can call .destroy() on it.
If there is just one control on the screen that you want the user to edit, you can call the .edit() method of that widget, rather than of the containing form.
The "Titled" versions show the name of the widget (specified with name=string
when creating it) on the screen.
You can override the default placement of the widget on the with the arguments relx=
and rely=
.
You can stop a user from editing the value of a widget by passing in editable=False
. This can be changed after widget creation (eg. usrname_box.editable=False
).
Left to themselves, the multi-line widgets grab all of the remaining screen space (down and to the right) to display themselves in. You can alter this by specifying request_height=lines
and/or request_width=chars
at creation, which is probably the method you'll choose for most layouts (again, see the EXAMPLE.py
script for a good few examples. There are a couple of other controls as well, as you can see in the source.
npyscreen is written to let you write quick interfaces to console programs in a *NIX/BSD/OS X environment. I use it for putting a front end on system admin scripts, and for a couple of lager projects.
It is designed to be as non-intrusive as possible into the rest of your code, so you can use it to develop an application that will later have a full gui, if that is your wish.
In other words, if you have python on your system, you can probably run this code.
It doesn't use anything that is not part of the standard python library, which was a deliberate design choice.
You'll need python version 2.3 or above, though.As far as I know, there are no curses widget kits under active development for python. The standard library curses module is powerful, but only gives access to the underlying curses system. npyscreen does its very best to shield you from all of that: it'll even try to protect you from the worst effects of screen re-sizes and the like.
It is not an interface to the CDK. There is one of those on the web somewhere, but I don't know how well it works.
On the other hand, this library is much more powerful, and easy to use, than using external programs such as dialog.
Download and install the library. Examine the example script distributed with the library, which is intended as a mini-tutorial.
One thing that the programmer must note is that it is up to him or her to initialise curses. The function wrapper() in the library will do this for you. At the moment, it is merely a different name for the function curses.wrapper() in the standard library, so see your system's help files or the python website for more information.
Yes, you can. Try not to, though, they are horrid things.
For lists or lines of text longer than the screen, use the multi-line version of the widgets instead, not an actual Form object bigger than the screen.
In the default set, the code used to see whether the viewable screen area needs scrolling is called when the user enters a new widget, not every time the cursor moves.
Adding code to the update code of scrollable wigets is on my to-do list. In the real world, everything is fine unless you have willfully awkward users.
None of the default widget set does, because their function doesn't require it, and I don't think using colour in curses for the sake of it makes for good UI design. Not everyone can tell colours apart, and you don't know how a user's system will display your application.
It is easy to subclass each widget class to use a fixed colour scheme (for example, you could subclass the slider class to provide a green bar on a white background, for example), if that is what you require. However, because of the way that curses handles colours, I have not yet decided on a generic API to specify arbitrary foreground and background colour-combinations throughout your application. Suggestions are welcome.
When I have sorted out this issue, proper colour support will be added in a future release.
For this sort of thing, use the widget MultiLineText or the function StringToEditor(string).
You don't want one of these. Really, you don't. I coded a basic version, and then realised that there is a reason that Microsoft are integrating Word with Outlook, that all of the major graphical toolkits have people crying out to have their favourite editors embedded, and so on. The reason is that little tiny boxes for editing text in are very frustrating for the user. Should lines wrap? If so, in what way? What should the key bindings be? Why can't it work like my editor does? etc. etc. etc.
There is a reason that nobody uses the built-in editor in mutt. Everyone uses vi, vim, emacs, nano, pico or whatever else they like.
So: if you want your users to be able to enter more than a line of text, let them do it in a temporary file, with an editor of their choice. Then you can read that back into your program. That, in my opinion, is The Right Thing to Do.
I've given you a widget to do this: it's called MultiLineText. There is also a function called StringToEditor(string) if you want something even more flexible.
The special characters used by curses are defined by the terminal used, and not by the program asking for them. The character ACS_CKBOARD defined by rxvt is not nice (on my system), but looks very good in other terminals. All of that said, it is not a major problem, just annoying.
aterm, which is based on rxvt, might be a good alternative for many people (for those who for some reason don't want to use xterm).
(If your application is to run on rxvt, you could simply subclass Slider and Button to look slightly different. Or you could ask the rxvt people to define a better character.)
Any suggestions for alternative designs for these widgets welcome, bearing in mind that they should work on monochrome as well as colour displays.


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noun: ritual; plural noun: rituals
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Hank has an atlas. Hank has a map. Hank has a jacket. Hank has a cap. Hank is now rested. Hank had his nap. Hank has a rocket. It has a red tip. Hank has to travel, himself, on this ship.  Hank is in his rocket, he has a blast. Hank will blastoff, for his trip now at last.
in-context


ENLIGHTENMENT GUARANTEED Directed by Doris Dorrie With Uwe Ochsenknecht, Gustav Peter Wohler The Screen NR 109 min
Imagine if you will a German Zen comedy.
All right. It's a lot better than it sounds. Veteran director Doris Dorrie, who made her reputation in 1985 with Men., matches up her frequent collaborator Uwe Ochsenknecht with newcomer Gustav Peter Wohler as a pair of bumbling German brothers who travel to Japan for a retreat in a Buddhist monastery. Both actors do a wonderful job.
The story divides into three parts. The first, and funniest, introduces us to the brothers at home in Munich, where Uwe is a salesman in a kitchen showroom, and Gustav is a Feng Shui consultant. Uwe has a wife and four screaming children, and comes home one day to find his wife fed up and gone, taking the kids and the furniture with her. He cries drunkenly on Gustav's shoulder, and begs his brother to take him along on his long-planned trip to the Monzen Monastery outside of Tokyo. When he sobers up the next day and realizes the folly of his request, it's too late - Gustav has bought him a ticket, and there's no getting out of it.
Part two chronicles the misadventures of the brothers in the neon jungle of Tokyo, and while the humor holds up fairly well, it begins to show its age and effort as it dips into territory covered many times in movies like The Out-of-Towners. In material that is more gag-based than reality-based, they get lost, lose their money and credit cards, and wind up sleeping in cartons and working in a German beer hall on the Ginza Strip to hustle the train fare to the monastery.
Part three is at the monastery, and this is where you'll need all your reserves of enlightenment to keep laughing. Life in a monastery is made up of a lot of repetitive routines, and they are repeated and repeated here. While this makes for good enlightenment, it makes for slow comedy. But the opportunity for a look at life inside a Zen monastery is some recompense. Interestingly, Uwe - the loutish salesman with no background or interest in Eastern philosophy - takes to the life better than his brother. There's a sort of Zen Murphy's Law at work in the monastery, and what can go wrong for them does go wrong. But by degrees they both learn to let go and accept the peace and beauty of the here and now, and emerge from Monzen very different from the men who went in.
Dorrie teaches graduate film students in Munich, and she was inspired to make this when her students balked at her challenge to them to make a movie using the new Digital technology. "Okay, if you won't do it," she thought, "I will." The medium fit the meditative message perfectly: she was able to "leave everything behind," and make her movie using a single cameraman and a crew that fit into one car. But the look of the movie reads much richer than such simplicity would lead one to expect. Cameraman Hans Karl Hu has captured some wonderful shots, including a classic overhead shot of pedestrians crossing a busy downtown Tokyo intersection. And Dorrie reminds us of what she's up to technically by having Uwe record their adventures with his own hand-held digital video camera.
As the Abbot of Monzen explains, enlightenment is not the achievement of something, but the absence of something. As the movie moves along, it discards its laughs along with the other worldly baggage, but a lot of quiet smiles remain. And Santa Fe, a veritable hotbed of enlightenment, should provide the ideal audience for this story.
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
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review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
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ctap package¶
Submodules¶
ctap.attestation module¶
Attestation packages
Contains constants, enums and classes for creating attestations
Classes:
- Enums:
- ATTESTATION ATTESTATION_STATEMENT
-
class
ctap.attestation.
ATTESTATION
[source]¶ Bases:
enum.Enum
Attestion field enum
-
ATT_STMT
= 3¶
-
AUTH_DATA
= 2¶
-
FMT
= 1¶
-
-
class
ctap.attestation.
ATTESTATION_STATEMENT
[source]¶ Bases:
enum.Enum
Attestation statement field enum
-
ALG
= 'alg'¶
-
SIG
= 'sig'¶
-
-
class
ctap.attestation.
AttestationObject
[source]¶ Bases:
object
Attestation object that provides static utlity methods for creating various different attestation objects of different types or formats
-
static
create_packed_self_attestation_object
(credential_source: ctap.credential_source.PublicKeyCredentialSource, authenticator_data: bytes, client_data_hash) → dict[source]¶ Creates a packed self attestation object
Parameters: - credential_source (PublicKeyCredentialSource) – credential source being attested to
- authenticator_data (bytes) – authenticator data
- client_data_hash ([type]) – client data hash received in the request
Returns: dictiontary containing appropriate fields and values
Return type:
-
static
ctap.constants module¶
Collection of constants and enums used by CTAP messaging. Field and parameters names can be obtained by accessing the appropriate enum fields.
Enums:
CTAPHID_ERROR
CTAPHID_KEEPALIVE_STATUS
CMD_TYPE
CTAP_CMD
CTAP_STATUS_CODE
AUTHN_PUBLIC_KEY_CREDENTIAL_USER_ENTITY
AUTHN_PUBLIC_KEY_CREDENTIAL_RP_ENTITY
AUTHN_GETINFO_PARAMETER
AUTHN_PUBLIC_KEY_CREDENTIAL_SOURCE
AUTHN_GETINFO_PIN_UV_PROTOCOL
AUTHN_GETINFO_TRANSPORT
AUTHN_GETINFO_VERSION
AUTHN_PUBLIC_KEY_CREDENTIAL_DESCRIPTOR
AUTHN_GETINFO
AUTHN_GET_CLIENT_PIN_RESP
AUTHN_MAKE_CREDENTIAL
AUTHN_GET_CLIENT_PIN
AUTHN_GET_CLIENT_PIN_SUBCMD
AUTHN_GET_ASSERTION
AUTHN_CMD
AUTHN_GETINFO_OPTION
-
class
ctap.constants.
AUTHN_CMD
[source]¶ Bases:
enum.Enum
AUTHN CBOR request command values
-
AUTHN_BioEnrollment
= b'\t'¶
-
AUTHN_ClientPIN
= b'\x06'¶
-
AUTHN_CredentialManagement
= b'\n'¶
-
AUTHN_GetAssertion
= b'\x02'¶
-
AUTHN_GetInfo
= b'\x04'¶
-
AUTHN_GetNextAssertion
= b'\x08'¶
-
AUTHN_MakeCredential
= b'\x01'¶
-
AUTHN_PlatformConfig
= b'\x0c'¶
-
AUTHN_Reset
= b'\x07'¶
-
AUTHN_VendorFirst
= b'@'¶
-
AUTHN_VendorLast
= b'\xbf'¶
-
-
class
ctap.constants.
AUTHN_GETINFO
[source]¶ Bases:
enum.Enum
Fields in the GetInfo Response
-
AAGUID
= 3¶
-
ALGORITHMS
= 10¶
-
DEFAULT_CRED_PROTECT
= 12¶
-
EXTENSIONS
= 2¶
-
MAX_AUTHENTICATOR_CONFIG_LENGTH
= 11¶
-
MAX_CREDENTIAL_COUNT_IN_LIST
= 7¶
-
MAX_CREDENTIAL_ID_LENGTH
= 8¶
-
MAX_MSG_SIZE
= 5¶
-
OPTIONS
= 4¶
-
PIN_UV_AUTH_PROTOCOLS
= 6¶
-
TRANSPORTS
= 9¶
-
VERSIONS
= 1¶
-
-
class
ctap.constants.
AUTHN_GETINFO_OPTION
[source]¶ Bases:
ctap.constants.AUTHN_GETINFO_PARAMETER
GET Info options fields
-
CLIENT_PIN
= 'clientPin'¶
-
CONFIG
= 'config'¶
-
PLATFORM_DEVICE
= 'plat'¶
-
RESIDENT_KEY
= 'rk'¶
-
USER_PRESENCE
= 'up'¶
-
USER_VERIFICATION
= 'uv'¶
-
USER_VERIFICATION_TOKEN
= 'uvToken'¶
-
-
class
ctap.constants.
AUTHN_GETINFO_PARAMETER
[source]¶ Bases:
enum.Enum
Get info parameter is currently empty
-
class
ctap.constants.
AUTHN_GETINFO_PIN_UV_PROTOCOL
[source]¶ Bases:
ctap.constants.AUTHN_GETINFO_PARAMETER
Range of values for UV Protocol
Current only accepted version number if 1
-
VERSION_1
= 1¶
-
-
class
ctap.constants.
AUTHN_GETINFO_TRANSPORT
[source]¶ Bases:
ctap.constants.AUTHN_GETINFO_PARAMETER
Transport options for CTAP
USB NFC BLE INTERNAL
-
BLE
= 'ble'¶
-
INTERNAL
= 'internal'¶
-
NFC
= 'nfc'¶
-
USB
= 'usb'¶
-
-
class
ctap.constants.
AUTHN_GETINFO_VERSION
[source]¶ Bases:
ctap.constants.AUTHN_GETINFO_PARAMETER
Acceptable CTAP version values
CTAP2 (FIDO 2) CTAP1 (U2F)
-
CTAP1
= 'U2F_V2'¶
-
CTAP2
= 'FIDO_2_0'¶
-
-
class
ctap.constants.
AUTHN_GET_ASSERTION
[source]¶ Bases:
enum.Enum
GET Assertion request fields ]
-
ALLOW_LIST
= 3¶
-
EXTENSIONS
= 4¶
-
HASH
= 2¶
-
OPTIONS
= 5¶
-
OPTIONS_RK
= 'rk'¶
-
OPTIONS_UV
= 'uv'¶
-
PIN_AUTH
= 6¶
-
PIN_PROTOCOL
= 7¶
-
RP_ID
= 1¶
-
-
class
ctap.constants.
AUTHN_GET_CLIENT_PIN
[source]¶ Bases:
enum.Enum
Get Client PIN request fields
-
KEY_AGREEMENT
= 3¶
-
NEW_PIN_ENC
= 5¶
-
PIN_AUTH
= 4¶
-
PIN_HASH_ENC
= 6¶
-
PIN_PROTOCOL
= 1¶
-
SUB_COMMAND
= 2¶
-
-
class
ctap.constants.
AUTHN_GET_CLIENT_PIN_RESP
[source]¶ Bases:
enum.Enum
Fields in GET CLIENT PIN RESP
-
KEY_AGREEMENT
= 1¶
-
PIN_TOKEN
= 2¶
-
RETRIES
= 3¶
-
-
class
ctap.constants.
AUTHN_GET_CLIENT_PIN_SUBCMD
[source]¶ Bases:
enum.Enum
SubCommand options for Get Client PIN
-
CHANGE_PIN
= 4¶
-
GET_KEY_AGREEMENT
= 2¶
-
GET_PIN_TOKEN
= 5¶
-
GET_RETRIES
= 1¶
-
SET_PIN
= 3¶
-
-
class
ctap.constants.
AUTHN_MAKE_CREDENTIAL
[source]¶ Bases:
enum.Enum
Make credential request fields
-
EXCLUDE_LIST
= 5¶
-
EXTENSIONS
= 6¶
-
HASH
= 1¶
-
OPTIONS
= 7¶
-
OPTIONS_RK
= 'rk'¶
-
OPTIONS_UV
= 'uv'¶
-
PIN_AUTH
= 8¶
-
PIN_PROTOCOL
= 9¶
-
PUBKEY_CRED_PARAMS
= 4¶
-
RP
= 2¶
-
USER
= 3¶
-
-
class
ctap.constants.
AUTHN_PUBLIC_KEY_CREDENTIAL_DESCRIPTOR
[source]¶ Bases:
enum.Enum
Fields in a Public Key Credential Descriptor and acceptable values for the TYPE field - currently on public-key
-
ID
= 'id'¶
-
TRANSPORTS
= 'transports'¶
-
TYPE
= 'type'¶
-
TYPE_PUBLIC_KEY
= 'public-key'¶
-
-
class
ctap.constants.
AUTHN_PUBLIC_KEY_CREDENTIAL_RP_ENTITY
[source]¶ Bases:
enum.Enum
Fields in the Public Key Credential RP Entity
-
ICON
= 'icon'¶
-
ID
= 'id'¶
-
NAME
= 'name'¶
-
-
class
ctap.constants.
AUTHN_PUBLIC_KEY_CREDENTIAL_SOURCE
[source]¶ Bases:
enum.Enum
Fields within a Public Key Credential Source
-
ALG
= 'alg'¶
-
ID
= 'id'¶
-
KEY_PAIR
= 'keypair'¶
-
OTHER_UI
= 'otherUI'¶
-
PRIVATE_KEY
= 'privateKey'¶
-
RP_ID
= 'rpId'¶
-
SIGNATURE_COUNTER
= 'signatureCounter'¶
-
TYPE
= 'type'¶
-
USER_HANDLE
= 'userHandle'¶
-
-
class
ctap.constants.
AUTHN_PUBLIC_KEY_CREDENTIAL_USER_ENTITY
[source]¶ Bases:
enum.Enum
Fields in the Public Key Credential User Entity
-
DISPLAYNAME
= 'displayName'¶
-
ICON
= 'icon'¶
-
ID
= 'id'¶
-
NAME
= 'name'¶
-
-
class
ctap.constants.
CMD_TYPE
[source]¶ Bases:
enum.Enum
CMD Type for HID messages
Either Initialization or Continuation
-
CONTINUATION
= 0¶
-
INITIALIZATION
= 1¶
-
-
class
ctap.constants.
CTAPHID_ERROR
[source]¶ Bases:
enum.Enum
Error codes for CTAP HID these are for the HID portion of the connection, not the authenticator which can be found in CTAP_STATUS_CODE
-
ERR_CHANNEL_BUSY
= b'\x06'¶
-
ERR_INVALID_CHANNEL
= b'\x0b'¶
-
ERR_INVALID_CMD
= b'\x01'¶
-
ERR_INVALID_LEN
= b'\x03'¶
-
ERR_INVALID_PAR
= b'\x02'¶
-
ERR_INVALID_SEQ
= b'\x04'¶
-
ERR_LOCK_REQUIRED
= b'\n'¶
-
ERR_MSG_TIMEOUT
= b'\x05'¶
-
ERR_OTHER
= b'\x7f'¶
-
-
class
ctap.constants.
CTAPHID_KEEPALIVE_STATUS
[source]¶ Bases:
enum.Enum
Keep alive status codes
-
STATUS_PROCESSING
= b'\x01'¶
-
STATUS_UPNEEDED
= b'\x02'¶
-
-
class
ctap.constants.
CTAP_CMD
[source]¶ Bases:
enum.Enum
HID CMD options
INIT MSG CBOR PING CANCEL ERROR KEEPALIVE WINK LOCK
-
CTAPHID_CANCEL
= b'\x11'¶
-
CTAPHID_CBOR
= b'\x10'¶
-
CTAPHID_ERROR
= b'?'¶
-
CTAPHID_INIT
= b'\x06'¶
-
CTAPHID_KEEPALIVE
= b';'¶
-
CTAPHID_LOCK
= b'\x04'¶
-
CTAPHID_MSG
= b'\x03'¶
-
CTAPHID_PING
= b'\x01'¶
-
CTAPHID_WINK
= b'\x08'¶
-
-
class
ctap.constants.
CTAP_STATUS_CODE
[source]¶ Bases:
enum.Enum
CTAP Response status codes, these include error codes that the authenticator shoud send when processing requests
-
CTAP1_ERR_CHANNEL_BUSY
= b'\x06'¶
-
CTAP1_ERR_INVALID_CHANNEL
= b'\x0b'¶
-
CTAP1_ERR_INVALID_COMMAND
= b'\x01'¶
-
CTAP1_ERR_INVALID_LENGTH
= b'\x03'¶
-
CTAP1_ERR_INVALID_PARAMETER
= b'\x02'¶
-
CTAP1_ERR_INVALID_SEQ
= b'\x04'¶
-
CTAP1_ERR_LOCK_REQUIRED
= b'\n'¶
-
CTAP1_ERR_OTHER
= b'\x7f'¶
-
CTAP1_ERR_TIMEOUT
= b'\x05'¶
-
CTAP2_ERR_ACTION_TIMEOUT
= b':'¶
-
CTAP2_ERR_CBOR_UNEXPECTED_TYPE
= b'\x11'¶
-
CTAP2_ERR_CREDENTIAL_EXCLUDED
= b'\x19'¶
-
CTAP2_ERR_EXTENSION_FIRST
= b'\xe0'¶
-
CTAP2_ERR_EXTENSION_LAST
= b'\xef'¶
-
CTAP2_ERR_INVALID_CBOR
= b'\x12'¶
-
CTAP2_ERR_INVALID_CREDENTIAL
= b'"'¶
-
CTAP2_ERR_INVALID_OPTION
= b','¶
-
CTAP2_ERR_KEEPALIVE_CANCEL
= b'-'¶
-
CTAP2_ERR_KEY_STORE_FULL
= b'('¶
-
CTAP2_ERR_LIMIT_EXCEEDED
= b'\x15'¶
-
CTAP2_ERR_MISSING_PARAMETER
= b'\x14'¶
-
CTAP2_ERR_NOT_ALLOWED
= b'0'¶
-
CTAP2_ERR_NO_CREDENTIALS
= b'.'¶
-
CTAP2_ERR_NO_OPERATIONS
= b'%'¶
-
CTAP2_ERR_NO_OPERATION_PENDING
= b'*'¶
-
CTAP2_ERR_OPERATION_DENIED
= b"'"¶
-
CTAP2_ERR_OPERATION_PENDING
= b'$'¶
-
CTAP2_ERR_PIN_AUTH_BLOCKED
= b'4'¶
-
CTAP2_ERR_PIN_AUTH_INVALID
= b'3'¶
-
CTAP2_ERR_PIN_BLOCKED
= b'2'¶
-
CTAP2_ERR_PIN_INVALID
= b'1'¶
-
CTAP2_ERR_PIN_NOT_SET
= b'5'¶
-
CTAP2_ERR_PIN_POLICY_VIOLATION
= b'7'¶
-
CTAP2_ERR_PIN_REQUIRED
= b'6'¶
-
CTAP2_ERR_PIN_TOKEN_EXPIRED
= b'8'¶
-
CTAP2_ERR_PROCESSING
= b'!'¶
-
CTAP2_ERR_REQUEST_TOO_LARGE
= b'9'¶
-
CTAP2_ERR_SPEC_LAST
= b'\xdf'¶
-
CTAP2_ERR_UNSUPPORTED_ALGORITHM
= b'&'¶
-
CTAP2_ERR_UNSUPPORTED_EXTENSION
= b'\x16'¶
-
CTAP2_ERR_UNSUPPORTED_OPTION
= b'+'¶
-
CTAP2_ERR_UP_REQUIRED
= b';'¶
-
CTAP2_ERR_USER_ACTION_PENDING
= b'#'¶
-
CTAP2_ERR_USER_ACTION_TIMEOUT
= b'/'¶
-
CTAP2_ERR_UV_BLOCKED
= b'<'¶
-
CTAP2_ERR_VENDOR_FIRST
= b'\xf0'¶
-
CTAP2_ERR_VENDOR_LAST
= b'\xff'¶
-
CTAP2_OK
= b'\x00'¶
-
ctap.credential_source module¶
Provides a class to manage a credential source
Classes:
-
class
ctap.credential_source.
PublicKeyCredentialSource
[source]¶ Bases:
object
Manages a PublicKeyCredentialSource
-
debug
() → dict[source]¶ Constructs a JSON str of the data within this credential
Returns: json debug object Return type: dict
-
from_bytes
(data: bytes, without_id=False)[source]¶ Loads a credential source from bytes. This should be called when reloading a credential source from storage or after decrypting a non-resident key.
without_id is used to indicate whether the id attribute should be set, in the case of a non-resident key this should be True due to the id being the encrypted contents of this.
Parameters:
-
generate_id
()[source]¶ Generates a new random credential ID of size CREDENTIAL_ID_SIZE and sets its value to _id in this credential source
-
get_alg
() → int[source]¶ Gets the algorithm for this credential
Returns: COSE algorithm identifier Return type: int
-
get_bytes
(without_id=False) → bytes[source]¶ Constructs a JSON object containing the data associated with this credential source and encodes the JSON String as bytes. This should be used for storing the credential source to disk or when the credential source is going to be wrapped and set on the server, for example, a non-resident key.
without_id allows excluding the ID parameter, which in the case of a non-resident key will be the wrapped encrypted data itself.
Parameters: without_id (bool, optional) – If set to True excludes the ID from the data. Defaults to False. Returns: [description] Return type: bytes
-
get_cose_public_key
()[source]¶ Encodes the public key in a COSE compatible format
Returns: COSE encoded public key Return type: cose
-
get_loaded_bytes
() → bytes[source]¶ Gets the bytes that were originally loaded for this credential source or None if it is new. This is used to index and updated stored credential sources
Returns: Original bytes loaded into the credential source or None if new Return type: bytes
-
get_other_ui
() → dict[source]¶ Gets the other UI components from the user entity
Returns: containing other ui elements Return type: dict
-
get_private_key
() → crypto.crypto_provider.AuthenticatorCryptoPrivateKey[source]¶ Gets the private key
Returns: private key Return type: AuthenticatorCryptoPrivateKey
-
get_public_key_credential_descriptor
() → dict[source]¶ Returns a dictionary containing the public key credential description, consisting of the credential ID and the type.
The optional transports parameter is currently not set but could be.
Returns: containing credential ID and type Return type: dict
-
get_rp_entity
() → authenticator.datatypes.PublicKeyCredentialRpEntity[source]¶ Gets the associated RP Entity
Returns: rp entity associated with credential source Return type: PublicKeyCredentialRpEntity
-
get_signature_counter
() → int[source]¶ Gets the signature counter as an integer
Returns: integer encoded signature counter Return type: int
-
get_signature_counter_bytes
() → bytes[source]¶ Gets the signatures counter as bytes
Returns: signature counter Return type: bytes
-
get_type
() → str[source]¶ Gets the type of this credential
Returns: credential type, usually public-key Return type: str
-
get_user_entity
(include_identifiable: bool = False) → dict[source]¶ Gets the user entity for this credential source
if include_identifiable is set it will include user identifiable information in the dictionary (other_ui), otherwise it will not
Parameters: include_identifiable (bool, optional) – set to True to include user identifiable information. Defaults to False. Returns: - contain a minimum of the user handle (id) and possibly
- other_ui as well
Return type: dict
-
init_new
(alg: int, key_pair: crypto.crypto_provider.AuthenticatorCryptoKeyPair, rp_entity: PublicKeyCredentialRpEntity, user_entity: PublicKeyCredentialUserEntity, keytype='public-key')[source]¶ Initalises a new credential source, generating a new channel ID. This should be called when creating new credential sources only, not when reloading a previously generated one
Parameters: - alg (int) – COSE algorithm for this credential source
- key_pair (AuthenticatorCryptoKeyPair) – Crypto key pair for credential
- rp_id (PublicKeyCredentialRpEntity) – Relying Party entity
- user_entity (PublicKeyCredentialUserEntity) – User Entity
- keytype (str, optional) – type. Defaults to “public-key”.
-
set_other_ui
(other_ui: dict)[source]¶ Sets the other UI components
Parameters: other_ui (dict) – dictionary of other UI data from the user entity
-
set_private_key
(private_key: crypto.crypto_provider.AuthenticatorCryptoPrivateKey)[source]¶ Sets the private key to private_key
Parameters: private_key (AuthenticatorCryptoPrivateKey) – private key to set
-
set_rp_entity
(rp_entity: authenticator.datatypes.PublicKeyCredentialRpEntity)[source]¶ Sets the rp entity
Parameters: rp_entity (PublicKeyCredentialRpEntity) – RP entity to set
-
ctap.exceptions module¶
Exceptions for transactions and low level HID errors
-
exception
ctap.exceptions.
CTAPHIDException
(err_code: ctap.constants.CTAPHID_ERROR, message='Something went wrong')[source]¶ Bases:
Exception
Exception raised when accessing the storage medium
-
message -- explanation of the error
-
get_error_code
() → ctap.constants.CTAPHID_ERROR[source]¶ Gets the error code in this exception
Returns: error that is set in the exception Return type: ctap.constants.CTAPHID_ERROR
-
-
exception
ctap.exceptions.
ChannelNotFoundException
(message='Unknown channel ID')[source]¶ Bases:
Exception
Exception raised when a message is received with an unknown channel ID
-
message -- explanation of the error
-
ctap.keep_alive module¶
Keep alive object that is created with each request to faciliate the sending of keep alive messages
Classes:
-
class
ctap.keep_alive.
CTAPHIDKeepAlive
(ctaphid: CTAPHID)[source]¶ Bases:
object
Class to automatically send keep-alive messages during the processing of a request
-
start
(max_val=120000)[source]¶ starts the keep alive sender. This will send keep-alive messages at interval set in _interval which is every second. It will keep sending them until the max_val is reached and will then stop
Parameters: max_val (int, optional) – maximum period for which keep alive messages should be sent. Defaults to 120000 milliseconds/ 120 seconds/2 minutes. Raises: Exception
– thrown if no channel has been set
-
update_status
(status: ctap.constants.CTAPHID_KEEPALIVE_STATUS)[source]¶ Change the status being sent in the keep-alive message
Parameters: status (ctap.constants.CTAPHID_KEEPALIVE_STATUS) – new status to send
-
ctap.messages module¶
Contains the classes that handle CTAP message requests and responses. Requests classes include verification of the submitted parameters
Classes:
-
class
ctap.messages.
CTAPHIDCBORRequest
(packet: hid.packets.HIDInitializationPacket)[source]¶ Bases:
ctap.messages.CTAPHIDCMD
CTAP CBOR Request consists of:
- Request
- CMD CTAPHID_CBOR BCNT 1..(n + 1) DATA CTAP command byte DATA + 1 n bytes of CBOR encoded data
-
class
ctap.messages.
CTAPHIDCBORResponse
(cid, CTAP_Status: ctap.constants.CTAP_STATUS_CODE, payload_data: bytes = b'')[source]¶ Bases:
ctap.messages.CTAPHIDCMD
CTAP CBOR Response consists of:
- Response at success
- CMD CTAPHID_MSG BCNT 1..(n + 1) DATA CTAP status code DATA + 1 n bytes of CBOR encoded data
-
class
ctap.messages.
CTAPHIDCMD
(cid: bytes, cmd: ctap.constants.CTAP_CMD, bcnt, payload: bytes)[source]¶ Bases:
abc.ABC
Abstract CMD that provides core structure that all other requests and responses follow
-
append_continuation_packet
(packet: hid.packets.HIDPacket)[source]¶ Adds a continuation packet to original initialisation packet.
This should be used to accumualted packets into a single complete message
TODO Check handling of out of sequence packets
Parameters: packet (HIDPacket) – packet to add
Raises: Exception
– thrown when the packet to be appended is not- a continuation packet
-
static
create_message
(packet: hid.packets.HIDPacket) → ctap.messages.CTAPHIDCMD[source]¶ Creates a message object of the appropriate type for a received HIDPacket
Parameters: packet (HIDPacket) – Initialization packet to create message from Raises: CTAPHIDException
– thrown if the command is not knownReturns: Command message of appropriate type Return type: CTAPHIDCMD
-
get_cmd
() → ctap.constants.CTAP_CMD[source]¶ Gets the encoded command portion of the messages
Returns: encoded command Return type: ctap.constants.CTAP_CMD
-
get_hid_packets
() → [<class 'hid.packets.HIDPacket'>][source]¶ Returns a list of one or more HID packets that correctly encode the contents of this message. If it doesn’t fit into a single Initialization packet it will be split into the appropriate continuation packets
Returns: array of HID packets Return type: [HIDPacket]
-
get_payload
() → bytes[source]¶ Gets the payload bytes portion of this message
Returns: payload Return type: bytes
-
is_complete
() → bool[source]¶ Checks if the message is complete or whether there are remaining continuation packets to be received.
Returns: - True if the message is complete and ready to
- be processed, False if further packets are required
Return type: bool
-
-
class
ctap.messages.
CTAPHIDCancelRequest
(packet: hid.packets.HIDInitializationPacket)[source]¶ Bases:
ctap.messages.CTAPHIDCMD
CTAP HID Cancel Request. Consists of the following:
- Request
- CMD CTAPHID_CANCEL BCNT 0
-
class
ctap.messages.
CTAPHIDCancelResponse
(cid)[source]¶ Bases:
ctap.messages.CTAPHIDCMD
CTAP Cancel Response consisting of:
- Response at success
- CMD CTAPHID_CANCEL BCNT 0
-
class
ctap.messages.
CTAPHIDErrorResponse
(cid, error_code: ctap.constants.CTAPHID_ERROR)[source]¶ Bases:
ctap.messages.CTAPHIDCMD
CTAP Error Response consists of:
- Response at success
- CMD CTAPHID_ERROR BCNT 1 DATA Error code
-
class
ctap.messages.
CTAPHIDInitRequest
(packet: hid.packets.HIDInitializationPacket)[source]¶ Bases:
ctap.messages.CTAPHIDCMD
Init request
-
class
ctap.messages.
CTAPHIDInitResponse
(version: authenticator.datatypes.AuthenticatorVersion)[source]¶ Bases:
ctap.messages.CTAPHIDCMD
CTAP Init Response consists of:
CMD CTAPHID_INIT BCNT 17 (see note below) DATA 8-byte nonce DATA+8 4-byte channel ID DATA+12 CTAPHID protocol version identifier DATA+13 Major device version number DATA+14 Minor device version number DATA+15 Build device version number DATA+16 Capabilities flags
-
CAPABILITY_CBOR
= b'\x04'¶
-
CAPABILITY_NMSG
= b'\x08'¶
-
CAPABILITY_WINK
= b'\x01'¶
-
set_capability_flag
(flag)[source]¶ Sets the capability flag
Flag is the XOR of the CAPABILITY flags defined in the class :param flag: flag to set :type flag: int
-
set_channel_id
(channel_id: bytes)[source]¶ Sets the channel id
Parameters: channel_id (bytes) – channel id
-
set_nonce
(nonce: bytes)[source]¶ Sets the nonce value of the message
Parameters: nonce (bytes) – nonce value
-
-
class
ctap.messages.
CTAPHIDKeepAliveResponse
(cid, status_code: ctap.constants.CTAPHID_KEEPALIVE_STATUS)[source]¶ Bases:
ctap.messages.CTAPHIDCMD
CTAP KeepAlive Response consists of:
- Response at success
CMD CTAPHID_KEEPALIVE BCNT 1 DATA Status code
The following status codes are defined STATUS_PROCESSING 1 The authenticator is still processing the current request. STATUS_UPNEEDED 2 The authenticator is waiting for user presence.
-
class
ctap.messages.
CTAPHIDLockRequest
(packet: hid.packets.HIDInitializationPacket)[source]¶ Bases:
ctap.messages.CTAPHIDCMD
CTAP Lock Reqeust consists of:
- Request
- CMD CTAPHID_PING BCNT 1 DATA Lock time in seconds 0..10. A value of 0 immediately releases the lock
-
class
ctap.messages.
CTAPHIDLockResponse
(cid)[source]¶ Bases:
ctap.messages.CTAPHIDCMD
CTAP Lock Response consists of:
- Response at success
- CMD CTAPHID_PING BCNT 0 DATA N/A
-
class
ctap.messages.
CTAPHIDMsgRequest
(packet: hid.packets.HIDInitializationPacket)[source]¶ Bases:
ctap.messages.CTAPHIDCMD
CTAP2 MSG Request
Receives parameters as per the standard:
-
class
ctap.messages.
CTAPHIDMsgResponse
(cid, U2F_Status, payload_data: bytes)[source]¶ Bases:
ctap.messages.CTAPHIDCMD
CTAP MSG Response consists of the following:
- Response at success
- CMD CTAPHID_MSG BCNT 1..(n + 1) DATA U2F status code DATA + 1 n bytes of data
-
class
ctap.messages.
CTAPHIDPingRequest
(packet: hid.packets.HIDInitializationPacket)[source]¶ Bases:
ctap.messages.CTAPHIDCMD
CTAP Ping Reqeust consists of:
- Request
- CMD CTAPHID_PING BCNT 0..n DATA n bytes
-
class
ctap.messages.
CTAPHIDPingResponse
(cid, payload_data: bytes)[source]¶ Bases:
ctap.messages.CTAPHIDCMD
CTAP Ping Response consists of:
- Response at success
- CMD CTAPHID_PING BCNT n DATA N bytes
-
class
ctap.messages.
CTAPHIDWinkRequest
(packet: hid.packets.HIDInitializationPacket)[source]¶ Bases:
ctap.messages.CTAPHIDCMD
CTAP Wink Request consists of:
- Request
- CMD CTAPHID_WINK BCNT 0 DATA N/A
-
class
ctap.messages.
CTAPHIDWinkResponse
(cid, payload_data: bytes)[source]¶ Bases:
ctap.messages.CTAPHIDCMD
CTAP Wink Response consists of:
- Response at success
- CMD CTAPHID_WINK BCNT 0 DATA N/A
ctap.transaction module¶
Contains classes and Enums for managing transactions
-
class
ctap.transaction.
CTAPHIDTransaction
(channel_id: bytes)[source]¶ Bases:
object
Transaction class the enforces and hold the request-response messages associated with a CTAP transaction
-
cancel
(response: ctap.messages.CTAPHIDCancelResponse)[source]¶ Cancels the request by setting the state to cancel and setting the response to cancel
Parameters: response (CTAPHIDCancelResponse) – cancel response to send
-
error
(response: ctap.messages.CTAPHIDErrorResponse)[source]¶ Sets the transaction to an error state and sets an error response to be sent
Parameters: response (CTAPHIDErrorResponse) – error response to send
-
get_cid
() → bytes[source]¶ Gets the channel id associated with this transaction
Returns: channel id bytes Return type: bytes
-
is_error_transaction
() → bool[source]¶ Checks whether this is a special error transaction that may not have a corresponding request
Returns: True if it is an error transaciton, False if not Return type: bool
-
is_keep_alive_transaction
() → bool[source]¶ Checks whether this is a special keep-alive transaction that may not have a corresponding request
Returns: True if it is a keep-alive transaciton, False if not Return type: bool
-
keep_alive
(response: ctap.messages.CTAPHIDKeepAliveResponse)[source]¶ Sets the transaction to a keep-alive state and sets the keep-alive response to be sent.
Parameters: response (CTAPHIDKeepAliveResponse) – keep-alive response to send
-
set_request
(request: ctap.messages.CTAPHIDCMD)[source]¶ Sets the request part of this transaction
Parameters: request (CTAPHIDCMD) – request to be set
Raises: TransactionStateException
– thrown if transaction is in an invalid state to receive a requestTransactionChannelIDException
– thrown if the request does not match the transaction channel id
-
set_response
(response: ctap.messages.CTAPHIDCMD)[source]¶ Sets the response part of the transaction
Parameters: response (CTAPHIDCMD) – response to set
Raises: TransactionStateException
– thrown if transaction is in an invalid state to receive a responseTransactionChannelIDException
– thrown if the response does not match the transaction channel id
-
verify_state
(target_state: ctap.transaction.TRANSACTION_STATE)[source]¶ Verifies the state machine of the CTAP HID Transaction.
If a request has been received it must be followed by a response being sent before the next request can be received.
Parameters: target_state (TRANSACTION_STATE) – Enum of target transaction state Returns: True if valid, False if not Return type: bool
-


WITNESS LIST Intergovernmental Relations Committee May 12, 2005 - 8:30A HB 150 Registering, but not testifying: For: Rocha, Susan C. (City of Round Rock), Round Rock, TX Rodriguez, Marc A. (City of San Antonio), Austin, TX HB 167 Registering, but not testifying: For: Oliver, Harold (Windcrest Economic Developement Foundation), Austin, TX Schneider, Bruce (Self), Fort Worth, TX Waterfield, Dick (Self), Austin, TX HB 233 Registering, but not testifying: For: Sprinkle, G.K. Public Policy Consultant (Tx Ambulance Association), Austin, TX HB 525 Registering, but not testifying: For: Henneberger, John (Texas Low Income Housing Information Service), Austin, TX Way, Heather K. (Texas Low Income Housing Information Service), Austin, TX HB 585 FOR: Arronge, Steven Earl and Assoc. (Timberwood Park Committee), San Antonio, TX Pfeiffer, Joe (Timberwood Area Research Committee), San Antonio, TX Rossman, Ray (Self), San Antonio, TX Rothman, Laurie (Self), San Antonio, TX Schaefer, Steve (Self), San Antonio, TX Spain, Denise (Self), San Antonio, TX AGAINST: Garza, Jesus Planning Manager (City of San Antonio), San Antonio, TX Registering, but not testifying: For: Manny, David A. (Self), San Antonio, TX Against: Day, Aaron (City of Fort Worth), Fort Worth, TX HB 639 Registering, but not testifying: For: Clark, Mark Executive Director (Houston Police Officers Union), Houston, TX DeLord, Ron President (Combined Law Enforcement Associations of Texas), Austin, TX Gaylor, Tom Deputy Executive Director (Texas Municipal Police Association), Austin, TX Higgins, Mike (Texas State Association of Firefighters), Ausstin, TX HB 950 Registering, but not testifying: For: Allison, Jim General Counsel (County Judges and Commissioners Association of Texas), Austin, TX York, Van L. Judge (Borden County), Gail, TX On: Mitchell, Cynthia Denton County Clerk (Texas Associations of Counties), Denton, TX HB 961 Registering, but not testifying: For: Sprinkle, G.K. (Daily Court Review), Austin, TX HB 1267 Registering, but not testifying: For: Floyd, Robert A. (State Firefighters and Fire Marshalls Association), Austin, TX HB 1606 FOR: Pope, Clay (City of Houston), Austin, TX Registering, but not testifying: For: Dyer, Jay (Texas Association of Builders), Austin, TX Travis, Ann Director of Government Affairs (City of Houston), Houston, TX HB 1835 FOR: Harris, Jerry Attorney (CA 1100, Ltd; a Texas Limited Partnership), Austin, TX ON: Hart, Norbert J. (City of San Antonio), San Antonio, TX Horton, Susan (Texas Municipal League), Brady, TX Registering, but not testifying: For: Dyer, Jay (Texas Association of Builders), Austin, TX Rice, Chuck (Texas Land Developers Association and Pohl Brown Associates), Austin, TX Against: Rocha, Susan (City of Round Rock), Round Rock, TX HB 2374 Registering, but not testifying: For: Lyons, Steve Lt. (Houston Police Department/ City of Houston), Houston, TX HB 2457 Registering, but not testifying: For: Clark, Mark Executive Director (Houston Police Officers' Union), Houston, TX HB 2491 FOR: Morris, Mark (JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A.), Austin, TX Registering, but not testifying: For: Anderson, Bruce W. (Liberty Capital), Austin, TX Beinke, Allen (Gonzalez Financial Holdings), San Antonio, TX Place, Allen (Texas Land Title Association), Austin, TX For Committee Amendment: Schwartz, A.R. (Genisis), Galveston, TX SB 1896 Registering, but not testifying: For: Bristol, Valarie Director External Affairs (The Nature Conservancy of Texas), Austin, TX


Police arrest suspected killers of PDP Women Leader in Kogi
by Agency ReportThe Police Command in Kogi State has arrested six suspects in connection with the killing of one Mrs Salome Abuh, at Ochadamu, Ofu Local Government Area of the state, on November 18.
The spokesman for the command, Deputy Superintendent of Police William Aya disclosed this while speaking with the News Agency of Nigeria, in Lokoja on Monday.
Aya said that the suspects were brought in on Friday.
Abuh, a former councillor and Women Leader of the Peoples Democratic Party was set ablaze on November 18 in her husband’s house at Ochadamu, by hoodlums.
Aya said the police had started interrogating the suspects to ascertain their level of culpability in the death of the woman.
He said that the outcome of the investigation would be made public as soon as it was completed.
President Muhammadu Buhari had on Sunday directed the police to arrest the killers of Abuh with a view to bringing them to justice.
(NAN)


Getting blocked on a set of code or a project is a huge trigger for me and causes a disproportionate emotional response. I just want to keep progressing and keep my flow but can’t find a way to move past my mistake. A technique I regularly use is taking a good break from the screen, getting some fresh air and try again later.
After trying out this exercise (and this sounds weird) I’m looking forward to the next time I am in a ‘triggered’ situation. I’m looking forward to seeing how I will handle it. Will I identify the emotion my body is feeling? Or will I rage quit! I can definitely see this method, especially the “Stop, Breath” aspect being usable in programming and even more so in every day life. That pause that gives me time to choose my response allows me to speak logically and not just emotionally.


Package org.jspecify.annotations
Important warning
These annotations are under development, and any aspect of their naming, locations, or design is subject to change until the JSpecify 1.0 release. Moreover, supporting analysis tools will be tracking the changes on varying schedules. Releasing a library using these annotations in its API is strongly discouraged at this time.
What's here?
This package will contain annotations supporting a variety of static analyses. For now it supports just nullness analysis.Nullness
The primary annotations of interest areNullMarked
and Nullable
. Together they
provide declarative, use-site nullness for Java types. Less frequently, their negations
may be useful: NullUnmarked
and NonNull
, respectively.
For a comprehensive introduction to JSpecify, please see jspecify.org.
Note on tool behavior
Each of these annotations defines a single meaning shared by all compatible tools (and libraries). JSpecify documentation aims to provide unambiguous, tool-independent answers for how to properly annotate your APIs in all circumstances. However, tools are permitted to respond to the information you provide however they see fit (or not at all). JSpecify compatibility does not require that any particular finding must or must not be issued to the user, let alone its message or severity.
In fact, it's important to remember that declarative annotations are merely one source
of information an analyzer may consult in concluding an expression is safely non-null. Just like
one analyzer might determine that an int
expression can take on only positive values,
another might likewise determine that a declaratively nullable expression can take on only
non-null values. In both cases the declarative knowledge is correct, but the inferred
knowledge is both correct and more specific.
On the other end, the tools might even enforce nothing at all. In particular, your annotated code (or other code dependent on its annotated APIs) might be compiled and run without any appropriate tool even in use. Therefore adopting JSpecify annotations is not a replacement for explicitly checking arguments at runtime.
-
ClassDescriptionIndicates that the annotated type usage (commonly a parameter type or return type) is considered to exclude
null
as a value; rarely needed within null-marked code.Indicates that the annotated type usage (commonly a parameter type or return type) is considered to includenull
as a value.Indicates that the annotated element and the code transitively enclosed within it are null-marked code: there, type usages are generally considered to excludenull
as a value unless specified otherwise.Indicates that the annotated element and the code transitively enclosed within it is null-unmarked code: there, type usages generally have unspecified nullness unless explicitly annotated otherwise.


Ivanka Trump Drives Netizens Nuts by Casually Walking in DC in Pink 'Pyjama' Suit
US First Daughter Ivanka Trump is well known for her flashy fashion statements, having made a braless appearance at the UN General Assembly and caused a Twitter storm with a lizard-like designer dress gaffe; but this time, the US presidential adviser has set the Internet ablaze by opting for a suit that resembled pyjamas.
Donald Trump’s eldest daughter Ivanka Trump was photographed in a silk pyjama-like suit as she was leaving the bar Off The Record in Washington, DC in the company of her husband Jared Kushner, also a senior adviser to the president, where the couple had congratulated Donald Trump Jr. on his book “Triggered” reaching first place on The New York Times bestseller list, the Daily Mail reported.
As her pink blazer and wide-legged trousers looked particularly oversized, netizens could not help remarking on not only the US presidential daughter’s fashion taste, but also her love for comfort – noting that the suit particularly resembled sleepwear.
Some, however, observed that Ivanka still looked classy and stunning, as she accessorised her look with a metallic clutch and strappy sandals, while definitely making a match with her 38-year-old husband, who was wearing a navy blue suit and tie.
Ivanka Trump previously had her own namesake line of fashion items, including clothes, bags, shoes and accessories, which she announced she was shutting down after assuming an advisory position at the White House.


I KNOW WHAT I WANT A film review by Ann Miller Copyright 1993 Ann Miller
I saw this movie years ago but remember it still because of the disturbingly strange psychology of it. It is perhaps the most alien movie I have ever seen in English. It's like seeing a foreign film which somehow emerged from the western movie industry. For one thing, the character at the core of the movie does not think, act or look like any other female character I've seen before or since. Unlike the romantically yearning female characters I'm used to seeing, she is a startlingly a-sexual and hard-headed person.  She's just determined to be logical about men and to remain impervious to the tug of passion. Perhaps that is why the movie rubbed me the wrong way. I'm accustoming to sharing the emotions of an open, genuine person at the heart of a film. I'm not accustomed to making the stretch to sympathize with a detached, inauthentic individual as the main character. I found the heroine hard to like and hard to relate to--but not evil. She is simply someone who doesn't know what she wants. This movie's title is sarcastic and tongue in cheek, for this woman is out of touch with herself. She is not merely fighting to suppress her feelings, like the Cher character in Moonstruck, she has succeeded in defeating her feelings entirely, to the point where she is totally unconscious of them.
It is important to avoid a sexual double standard in being overly critical of the female lead in I Know What I Want. Plenty of male characters lose touch with their feelings. A HEART IN WINTER (UN COUER EN HIVER) or WIDE SARGASSO SEA are recent films on that theme. Would the star of I Know What I Want seem so strange and wrong if she were a man? Fact is, in real life, many people of both sexes try to keep passion *in it's place*, somewhere under the thumb of practical logic. This movie just takes an unusual, ironic look at that effort.
I KNOW WHAT I WANT* is strange because of it's attitude--a salty Scottish bite, not overly sympathetic to any of the characters--dry and ironic. There are casualties who suffer from the heroine's inability to feel, but the movie is about her and not about the people around her who suffer because of her.  This is a stretch for a modern audience. But if you can accept that there are a few women in the world who try to get the upper hand over their feelings, then this classic movie is an interesting experience.
Ann Miller aka a.h.
.
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


|
Widgets In Pygame
1.0
|
Public Member Functions | |
| None | __init__ (self, list[list[Widget]] widgets, bg_color=(255, 255, 255, 0)) |
| def | redraw (self) |
| Public Member Functions inherited from wipyg.abstracts.GridContainer | |
| None | __init__ (self) |
| def | set_grid (self, int col, int line, Widget w) |
| Widget | get_grid (self, int col, int line) |
| Widget | del_cell (self, int col, int line) |
| Public Member Functions inherited from wipyg.abstracts.Container | |
| None | kill (self) |
| def | react (self, Event event) |
| None | update (self, *args, **kwargs) |
| def | add_widget (self, Widget w) |
| def | del_widget (self, Widget w) |
| def | disable (self) |
| def | enable (self) |
| Public Member Functions inherited from wipyg.abstracts.Widget | |
| Tuple[int, int] | add_reaction (self, int type, callback) |
| def | del_reaction (self, Tuple[int, int] idReaction) |
Public Attributes | |
| lines | |
| columns | |
| rect | |
| image | |
| Public Attributes inherited from wipyg.abstracts.Widget | |
| container | |
Properties | |
| bg_color | |
| Properties inherited from wipyg.abstracts.GridContainer | |
| lines | |
| columns | |
A gridded Container without frills Attributes ---------- bg_color : color The background color of the Frame
| None wipyg.containers.Frame.__init__ | ( | self, | |
| list[list[Widget]] | widgets, | ||
bg_color = (255, 255, 255, 0) |
|||
| ) |
Create a gridded container that simply display all its children in the minimum space, each centered in its cell Parameters ---------- widgets : list[list[Widget]], optional An initial grid of widgets, don't give it an empty list bg_color : color The background color of the Frame, by default transparent Raises ------ ValueError widgets can't be empty, there must be at least one cell in the grid
| def wipyg.containers.Frame.redraw | ( | self | ) |
Redraw the image attribute to reflect the state of the Widget, normally implemented by a subclass and shouldn't have to be manually called Raises ------ NotImplementedError
Reimplemented from wipyg.abstracts.Widget.
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For information on how to use me, go here.
To send a test event to clients, click here Chess event stream


Preparation time
less than 30 mins
Cooking time
30 mins to 1 hour
Serves
Serves 4-6
Baking sea bass in a crust of salt keeps the fish beautifully moist and really enhances its flavour.
For the sea bass, preheat the oven to 210C/425F/Gas 7.
Place the sea bass onto a large baking tray. Whisk the egg whites until soft peaks form when the whisk is removed. Place the salt into a large bowl and gradually add the egg white, mixing well until you achieve the consistency of wet sand. Pour the mixture over the sea bass and smooth to cover totally.
Place in the oven and bake for 30 minutes, or until the crust is golden-brown and the bass is cooked (check by inserting a knife into the thick part of the flesh and ensuring that the fish has reached 38C/100F).
Meanwhile for the pasta, heat a frying pan until hot. Add the pancetta and cook until crispy. Drain onto kitchen paper, reserving the cooking fat.
Cook the pasta according to the packet instructions then drain and place back into the cooking pan with a little of the cooking water.
To make the pesto, place the basil, pine nuts, parmesan and garlic into a food processor or pestle and mortar, and blend or pound to a fine purée. Add the olive oil and mix once more.
Toss the pasta with the pesto, crumble in the fried pancetta and add a little of the cooking fat, to taste. Add most of the remaining basil leaves and toss to combine. Season to taste with a little salt and plenty of freshly ground black pepper.
To serve, crack the salt coating on the sea bass and discard, taking care to lift off the skin of the sea bass. Spoon the pasta into serving bowls and top with a piece of sea bass. Finish with a scattering of basil leaves and drizzle of extra virgin olive oil.


Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons. Sometimes this sharing is not equal and leads to the formation of partial charges on molecules.
Consider water. The electron associated with the hydrogen atom tends to spend more time orbiting the oxygen ato m . This doesn't result in the loss of electrons like we saw in ions. It's just unequally shared. Therefore:
We know that opposite charges attract, even weak opposites. This weak attraction between the partly positive and partly negative parts of water allows for the formation of hydrogen bonds.
Since the water has opposite charges on different parts of the same molecule we call it Polar.
Since water molecules are attracted to each other by hydrogen bonds, water exhibits a property called surface tension . Water molecules will attract to each other to form a film and will resist any attempt to separate them. This is easily seen when water beads up on a hard surface to form something like a sphere.
Even though the hydrogen bonds in water are considered very weak, they can be strong when in numbers. In some cases, weaker bonds can overcome stronger bonds (salt or sugar dissolves in water).
Saturation occurs when there are no longer enough hydrogen bonds to overcome the stronger ionic bonds. This is why you can only dissolve a certain amount of sugar in iced tea. Eventually the water will not be able to interfere with the ionic bonds holding the crystals together.
In fact, if enough individual ions are added to water they will eventually form a crystal shape and fall to the bottom of the container.


Precision Development (PD) believes that well planned and tactical deployments of caffeine is the secret to perfection. That is, of course, when added to our team of highly trained developers and aspiring software engineers that have worked on projects at the ever-so crunchy University of Toronto Scarborough, CIBC, Wind River Systems, ShawCor, CaseWare, and more. This diverse skillset and collective addiction to caffeinated beverages is why we've decided to aim for the number one spot at the CSCC01 Finale and eventually saving the world!
Hello, I'm Brandon and I’m a 4th year Computer Science student at the University of Toronto, at Scarborough. I've worked as a Test Developer at Wind River Systems and as a Software Developer at ShawCor in the past as part of the co-op program at UTSC. My more recent term was at ShawCor, where I worked for 8 months as part of the UTSC co-op program followed by another 8 months of part time work, independent from UTSC and concurrent to my studies. At the moment, I am focusing on my studies and I plan to graduate in the Winter 2016 term. After university, I plan to take a short, well earned, vacation where I plan to travel as well as work on personal projects. I look forward to working in team PD!
I’m a 3rd year Computer Science student currently in co-op. I have had a one year co op at CaseWare Int. as a tool developer, test writer, and framework developer. I’ve developed experience in agile development, issue tracking, and git branching model during my stay at CaseWare. I’m well versed in C#, Java, Scala, Javascript, SQL and PHP, all used during my time at CaseWare and during personal projects. I’m however inexperienced in the design aspect of development. I hope to learn how to properly plan and create efficient and powerful software with my team mates.
I am a 3rd year student currently enrolled in the Computer Science Specialist program at the University of Toronto Scarborough. I had previously worked at CIBC as a Test Analyst for an 8 month co-op term where I received the “CIBC Technology Co-op Program Achievement Award” for exceptional work ethic and management skills. Throughout the years I have worked on several projects including a virtual-reality application used as a medical assessment tool to study patients with schizophrenia. While working on these projects, I had developed strong skills in several programming languages such as C, C++, C#, Java, Python, and HLSL. During my free time, I enjoy writing shaders and image post-processing effects that take advantage of the GPU's power.
Hi, I’m a 3rd year Student currently enrolled in Computer Science at the University of Toronto. For the past three years I’ve been studying and working hard towards my goal of becoming a software engineer. During this time I’ve worked on many projects from websites, databases, software and mobile applications. I’ve developed strong skills in many different languages such as C, Java, and HTML. Whether or not I was working alone or working in a team environment I have always learned something new and challenged those around me. Alongside developing my technical and mechanical skills I also have experience with customer service. As a supervisor for a private tennis club, I established many important relationships and resolved many difficult situations. Outside of work, I partake in different hobbies such as Basketball, Traveling and Music. I am excited to work alongside my fellow teammates and I am confident that we will do our very best.
Hi, I'm Daniel - A third year Computer Science specialist at UTSC. I've spent the past three years indulging my passion for technology both at the University of Toronto Scarborough and on my own time. At UTSC I've been rapidly advancing my development skills by developing course projects such as Android Apps., java programs, etc., and side projects like my website, and several small GML games that I've created (see my GITHub). In my personal life I'm a tech. enthusiast that's interested in CPU&GPU benchmarking, systembuilding (especially gaming PC's), and various DIY Projects (like a glowing wall mounted water-cooled bare-bone PC). I look forward to seeing how my skill set and passion for technology advance the projects we work on.


Early in art history, there was a fascination for painting landscapes. I think this is because of our fundamental connection with the environment. It's part of who we are.
It is even more important these days, when we are being pulled away from just "being" with nature. Time and responsibilities get in the way. Investigating the world to find a landscape to paint is not only fun, but also good for your soul.
Disclaimer: you will probably live longer - not my fault. Be warned.
When doing a landscape painting, the process I use is as follows: I should say this is my way, it's possibly not the "right" way, whatever that is.
Choosing Your Image
I spend hours looking at the world, taking photos and making sketches. Choosing an image to paint is half the fun!

What lights you up is what you should paint.
The only advice I offer is that in the early stages, you should try to choose images that are reasonably simple. A complicated image will crush your will to live. (Or at the very least have you chucking a tanty. Um….hang on, maybe that's just me).
Roughing In
In this case, we have used Napthol Red Light as a ground. Start by blocking in darks. You may wish to consider blocking in your darks with an unexpected colour such as Dioxazine Purple.
If you're not comfortable with going straight to paint, you can mark your painting out in chalk first.
landscape painting - roughing in
You can "warm up" or "cool down" a painting with the colours you use in your underpainting. Flashes of that colour will appear, making your landscape painting more lively and interesting.
The important thing though, is that you lay out your structure. Horizon here, trees there, hill over there, creepy toothless farmer behind shrubbery, etc.
This is a great way of "balancing" all of the elements at a very early stage, so changes can be made if necessary.
landscape painting - positioning the elements
This leads us to composition. There are lots and lots of rules regarding composition. When you find out what they are, please let me know!
Seriously now, essentially they are using the elements so that there are no "empty" spots in the painting.
You can "balance" a painting by adding forms (structure) or movement (direction of objects for example).
As an example, a person looking towards the centre of the painting can lead your eye in that direction.
landscape painting - composition
You can also use tone to balance a painting. I recently painted a large headland in a panoramic format. This large block of tone sat fairly heavily on the right hand side. I needed an element to counterbalance that. Rather than using darkness, I used a very bright sunrise to create interest and attention on the far left. Voila. Sorted.
Think a bit creatively about solving compositional problems. A very basic format for a balanced composition is this example of the "square rule", which involves placing your prominent or significant compositional object along a line that roughly breaks your painting into a square and a rectangle:
landscape painting - square rule
Ultimately though, rules are made to be broken. And breaking the rules can sometimes help you say what you want to say with more power.
Creating an "unbalanced" composition can make viewing a painting slightly uncomfortable. Handy, if that's your goal.
Once you've blocked in darks, it's often handy to work out your lights. In other words, find a large area of the palest colour, and block that in (for example the sky). This will give you your two tonal extremes.
landscape painting - block in your darks and lights
After this point I block in all the "intermediate" colours such as highlights on trees, large grassy areas, blocking in rocks and working from dark to light.
There are several reasons for approaching your landscape painting in this way:
It is a great opportunity to check the composition, and see if all of the structure, and the tones within the piece are balanced. It's not too late to move things around.
Imagine you're firing a rifle. The first shot misses. But it's close - so you adjust your sights. Think of your landscape painting in the same way. The roughing in process is your first shot.
Every layer after this is adjusting. Acrylics on white canvas can often be quite transparent. A second coat is a good idea for building "strength" in your darks.
Never be afraid to build layers on top of one another. It will all add to the interest.
PS. Every time you paint, you improve your brush skills!
Intermediate Stage
At this point I re-establish the sky. Often the sky is a large area requiring some subtle shifts in hue and tone. For me, I want to focus purely on that and not worry about overpainting something. I get the sky as close to finished as possible, knowing that I'll probably have to touch up some parts later. Now we move on.
Because your darks are now quite solid, you have something to build on. Start looking at the "intermediate" colours and tones in relation to the darks. See if you can isolate the next dark colour (slightly lighter than the darkest dark).
As examples, look at the trees and see if you can find the next "lightest" colour. And paint it!
landscape painting - adding intermediate colours
Apply the same principle to everything else within that "dark" tonal range, for example, grass, rocks, cows, creepy dudes, etc.
At this point you can still apply highlights. BUT. The approach is "tighter" than the roughing in process. In other words, you are putting gradually more detail into your landscape painting, allowing it to evolve in layers.
This will eventually give your painting much more life and dimension.
Now is the time to start really using the nuances of your paintbrush. The amount of pressure you apply, the amount of pigment you apply, and how deftly you use your brush - all of these things are becoming much more important.
Time to understand your paintbrushes people! The better you understand your paintbrush, the happier you will be with this stage of your landscape painting.
Final Stage
Now it's time to tidy up. This is where we apply the final subtle highlights to the edges of the trees, or possibly even add daubs of the sky colour (daubs: such a good word) into the trees to create the impression of gaps in the foliage.
This is where we tidy up any places that overlap. Trees over sky, tree trunks over grass, and finer leaves and branches in foliage.
This is also a great place to add flashes of colour by suggesting wildflowers, or even just spots of colour 'cause you can.  It would be very boring without them.
landscape painting by Mark Waller - completed
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I like to coat my paintings with a coat of protective clear (I use Atelier Gloss Medium & Varnish - think they are changing the name to just Gloss Varnish ).
Some of you may prefer a matt look. That's also possible, and there are lots of products on the market. Whatever you use, just remember to use something. This will protect your wonderful landscape painting for generations to come. (Serves those grandchildren right!).
You'll develop your own process for creating your own great landscape painting. But two things are very important.
Develop your powers of observation:
Being able to find vital pieces of information will make finding good subjects much more fun. It will also make painting them more fun and much more satisfying.
Develop your brush skills:
All over this site there are lots of little tips and techniques that will help you do that. Or for our DVD tutorials click here!
Have fun exploring!
Ultimately, the more skills you have, the more freedom you have to chuck paint around, especially with landscape painting.