[SYMBOL]
[A]
[B]
[C]
[D]
[E]
[F]
[G]
[H]
[I]
[J]
[K]
[L]
[M]
[N]
[O]
[P]
[Q]
[R]
[S]
[T]
[U]
[V]
[W]
[X]
[Y]
[Z]
! (exclamation point)
!
(Boolean NOT) operator
!
(logical negation) operator
2nd
with
find command
!$,
specifying last argument on previous line
!=
(not equal) operator
2nd
3rd
!~
(pattern-matching) operator
[!
] filename wildcards
in
C shell quoting
command
line exit status, reversing in bash and zsh
filename
wildcard
filtering
vi text through Unix command
find
command operator
history
substitution commands
!!
and !\: sequences
!$
notation
!$
sequence
2nd
3rd
!*
notation
!*
sequence
!\:n*
sequence
!^
sequence
bash
shell quoting and
regular expression metacharacter
sed
editor replacements
sed
address followed by
test
command using
in
X Window System comments
" (quotes, double)
$
and ' inside, in C shell quoting
around
filenames, renaming files and
converting
straight quotes to curly quotes with sed
for
comments in vi .exrc file
in
command arguments
in
prompts
2nd
3rd
4th
in
regular expressions
in
sed scripts
in
shell quoting
2nd
3rd
ls
-Q command output
passing
wildcards to programs
search
patterns in csplit program
shell
arrays, expanded values
variable
interpolation in Perl
wildcard
pattern matching in case statements
"Syntax error" error message
# (hash mark)
#
and ## filename wildcards
#!
notation
2nd
in
Bourne shell scripts
in
Perl scripts
\:
(colon) used in place of
in
comments
#
$Id $, commenting RCS files in a shell or Perl script
dynamic
prompts in tcsh and zsh shells
erase
character
in
crontab entries
shell
prompt for zsh shells
vi
editor, alternate filename
$ (dollar sign)
$#
command-line argument
$(
) command substitution operator
2nd
$*
argument
2nd
$-
variable, displaying current flags
$@
argument
2nd
3rd
4th
passing
arguments to getopt
replacement
by arguments passed to function
$_
variables in Perl
2nd
$0
parameter, script names in
$1
command-line arguments
2nd
$1,
$2, etc., command-line arguments in
$Id
$ in RCS files
in
bash shell prompt
2nd
inside
double quotes in C shell quoting
end
of line anchor in regular expressions
end
of line indicator in various utilities
2nd
metacharacter
in regular expressions and shells
quoting
in Bourne shell
regular expression metacharacter
matching
at end of line (Perl)
matching
newline at the end of multiline pattern space
use
in Unix programs
sed
addressing symbol
value
of Bourne shell exit status variable (?), getting
variable
names, preceding
2nd
3rd
as
wildcard
$HOME environment variable
2nd
$HOME/.rhosts file
$LOGDIR environment variable
% (percent sign)
%?,
prefixing job numbers
arithmetic
operator (modulus)
formatting
operator in Python
in shell prompts
%!
for zsh hisotry number
%#
(dynamic prompt), tcsh and zsh shells
%{
and %} delimiters for nonprinting escape sequences
C
(csh) shell
vi
editor, current filename
& (ampersand)
&
(logical AND) operator
&!
background operator, Z shell
&&
(Boolean AND) operator
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
&|
background operator, Z shell
commands
ending with
2nd
3rd
metacharacter
in regular expressions
< > (angle brackets)
>
>
(greater than) operator
2nd
>
(redirection) operator
>
as Bourne shell secondary prompt
>
tcsh shell prompt
>&
(redirection) operator
>>
(Unix redirect and append) operator
>=
(greater than or equal to) operator
2nd
3rd
<
<
(less than) operator
2nd
3rd
<
redirection character
<<
(here document) operator
2nd
<<-
operator, removing tab characters
<<-
operator, removing TABs with
<=
(less than or equal to) operator
2nd
3rd
<
>, enclosing event names
<->
filename wildcard
<=>
(comparison) operator in Perl
\<
\\\> regular expression metacharacters
2nd
<defunct> status under System V
' (quotes, single)
;
(semicolon), using with in C shell
around
filenames, renaming files and
in
alias quoting
2nd
in
bash pre-prompt commands
in
prompts
2nd
3rd
in
shell quoting
2nd
3rd
inside
double quotes (C shell)
passing
wildcards to programs
regular
expressions, quoting
strings
in case statements
( ) (parentheses)
\(\)
escaped-parenthesis
operators in sed
2nd
find
command operator
regular
expression metacharacters
2nd
commands
printed in by ps
grouping
operator
combining
commands with
extended
regular expressions
Perl
regular expressions
use
in Unix programs
nesting
regular expressions in
operator
precedence, overriding with
Perl
operators, resolving ambiguity in
subshell
operator
2nd
($?CSHRC_READ) prompt test
* (asterisk)
**
filename wildcard (zsh)
***
filename wildcard (zsh)
arithmetic
operator (multiplication)
executable
files, denoting in ls -F listings
filename
wildcard
2nd
multiplication
operator
regular
expression metacharacter
2nd
quantifier
in Perl
repeating
character sets with
use
in Unix programs
shell
metacharacter
wildcard
character
2nd
+ (plus sign)
+
operator (one or more)
++
(autoincrement) operator
addition
(arithmetic) operator
2nd
3rd
data
command option
filename
wildcard
in
job numbers
regular
expression metacharacter
2nd
3rd
quantifier
in Perl
, (comma) in filenames
- (dash)
-
numerical subtraction operator
->
(dereferencing) operator
2nd
command-line
arguments starting with
2nd
3rd
double
dashes, converting to em-dashes in sed
filenames
starting with
subtraction
arithmetic operator
with
<< operator
-1 process ID
-atime operator (find command)
-ctime operator (find command)
-exec operator (find command)
{
} operator, using with
creating
custom tests
using
with -type and -name
xargs
command vs.
-fstype operator (find command)
-group operator (find command)
-inum operator (find command)
2nd
3rd
-ls operator (find command)
-man macros (troff)
-mtime operator (find command)
2nd
-name operator (find command)
2nd
-print
operator, combining with
using
with -exec
-name option, effect on resources
-newer operator (find command)
-nouser or -nogroup operators (find command)
-ok operator (find command)
-perm operator (find command)
-print operator (find command)
-name
operator, using with
-prune operator (file command)
quick
finds in current directory
-prune operator (find command)
preventing
networked filesystem searches
-sb option (scrollbar) for xterms
-size operator (find command)
-sl option (save lines) for xterms
-type operator (find command)
2nd
-user operator (find command)
-v (verbose) option
-xdev operator (find command)
preventing
networked filesystem searches
. (dot)
.
(string concatenation) operator
.
and .. in directories
2nd
.
and .. in pathnames
.
command, reading files with
..
(integer-range) operator in zsh
./
(dot slash), filenames beginning with
in
filenames
2nd
filenames
beginning with
ls
command and
wildcards
and
regular
expression metacharacter
matching
any character (except newline) in Perl
matching
any character with
use
in Unix programs
relative
pathname for current directory
repeat
command in vi editor
.bash_login file
.bash_profile file
CDPATH
variable
.bashrc file
CDPATH
variable
logout
file, making all top-level interactive shells read
.csh filename extension
.cshdirs file for tcsh shells
.cshrc file
2nd
cd
aliases in
color,
setting in
if
(! $?prompt) exit test
multiline
prompt showing directory stack
prompt
setting
set
echo verbose command
.cshrc files
tcsh
shells, use of
.cshrc.$HOST file
.dircolorsrc file
2nd
.emacs initialization file
.emacs_ml file
.enter file
.exit file
.exrc file
local
settings for vi
setting
up vi editor with
.history file
tcsh
shells
.hushlogin file
.inputrc file
.login file
2nd
interactive
C shells and
SHLVL
variable, resetting
TERM
environment variable, testing
terminal
type, setting with qterm
.logout file
reading
when last top-level shell exits
running
commands when logging out
.logout file (C shell)
.profile file
bash
shell
Bourne shells
testing
TERM variable with case statement
CDPATH
variable in
hung
terminal and
Korn
shells
login
shells
stty
commands in
terminal
type, setting with qterm
.qtermtab file
editing
.rhosts file
2nd
3rd
.sh filename extension
.sh_logout file
.shosts file
.tcshrc file
multiline
prompt showing directory stack
set
echo verbose command
shlvl
shell variable
.tcshrc files
.Xdefaults file
xrdb
utility vs.
.Xresources file
.Z file extension (compress program)
.zlogin file
.zprofile file
.zshenv file
.zshrc file
2nd
3rd
/ (slash)
/*
$Id $ */, commenting C program RCS files
/*/*
wildcard metacharacters in case statements
arithmetic
operator (division)
arithmetic
opertor (division)
Bourne-type
shells, quoting and
delimiter
for regular expressions in sed
directory,
denoting in ls -F listings
in
filenames
2nd
in
pathnames
2nd
wildcard
matching across
absolute
pathnames
tar
archives and
search
patterns in vi editor, delimiting
shell,
treatment of
/bin directory
2nd
3rd
/bin/passwd,
automating
/bin/time
utility
programs
in
remote
shell (rsh)
/boot directory
/dev directory
2nd
/dev/null file
examples
2nd
redirecting
output to
/dev/tty
file
/dev/zero
file
/dev/null file
grep
command, using with
replacing
log files with symbolic links to
/dev/tty file
/etc directory
/etc/apt directory
/etc/csh.cshrc file
/etc/csh.login file
/etc/fstab file
shared
filesystems in
/etc/hosts file
IP
address to hostname mapping
/etc/hosts.allow file
hosts.allow file
tcp_wrappers
package
/etc/hosts.equiv file
/etc/inetd.conf file
2nd
Samba
daemons, adding to
swat,
adding to
/etc/inputrc file
/etc/man.config file
/etc/nologin file
2nd
/etc/passwd file
documentation
on System V machine, reading
Samba
authentication, using for
storing
passwords on Mac OS X
/etc/profile file
Korn
shell
/etc/securetty file
disabling
root access
/etc/services file
swat
tool
/etc/ttys file
2nd
/etc/ttytab file
/g regular expression modifier
/lib directory
/mnt directory
/opt directory
2nd
/proc filesystem
/stat
file (statistics on the kernel and system)
hardware
memory
information
security
checks using
statistics
by PID
statistics
on current process
/sbin directory
/tmp directory
history
files in
sharing
with SMB network
/u directory
/usr directory
/usr/bin
directory
local
programs and
programs
in
/usr/bsd directory
remote
shell (rsh)
/usr/dict/words
file
/usr/lib/crontab
file
/usr/lib/crontab.local
file
/usr/lib/spell
directory
/usr/lib/X11/app-defaults
file
/usr/libexec/makewhatis
file
/usr/local
directory
/usr/local/bin
directory
/usr/local/man
directory
/usr/man
directory
/usr/share/man
directory
/var directory
/var/log/lastlog file
/var/log/wtmp file
/var/run/utmp file
; (semicolon)
code
separator in color escape sequences
separating
awk procedures
separating
commands
2nd
in
case statements
find
-exec and
in
shell functions
= (equal sign)
=>
(fat comma) operator in Perl
==
(numeric equality) operator
==
(relational) operator
=~
(pattern binding) operator
in
alias definitions
2nd
assignment
operator
relational
operator
2nd
socket
files
? (question mark)
?)
wildcard metacharacters in case statements
?*)
wildcard metacharacters in case statements
Bourne
shell variable for command exit status
filename
wildcard
2nd
nonprinting
characters, converting to with ls -q
regular
expression metacharacter
2nd
quantifier
in Perl
use
in Unix programs
as
secondary shell prompt
shell
wildcard, matching with fast find commands
wildcard
character
@ (at sign)
@ARGV
array
@INC
array
2nd
csh
built-in operator
filename
wildcard
files
as symbolic links, in ls -F listings
for
array names
in
Perl array values
kill
character
[ ] (brackets)
[
command
numeric
tests, syntax errors
string
text syntax errors
[^
] filename wildcard
bash
shell prompts, nonprinting characters
range
operator
references
to lists in Perl
regular
expression metacharacters
^
(caret) within
character
classes
range,
specifying
wildcards
2nd
fast
find commands, using with
\ (backslash)
\!
operator (C shell)
2nd
\(\)
regular
expression metacharacters
\(\)
regular expression metacharacters
\{
\} regular expression metacharacters
2nd
\1,
\2, ... metacharacters, recalling remembered patterns
in
alias quoting
escaping
regular expression delimiters in sed
escaping
regular expression metacharacters
extended
regular expressions and
in
X Window System resource definitions
multiline
pipes in C shell scripts
multiple-line
statements in Python
before
newline, shell quoting and
2nd
Perl
variables, preventing interpolation in
in
prompt settings
quoting
newlines in sed
regular expression metacharacters
\<
\\\>, matching words with
use
in Unix programs
in
shell quoting
Bourne
shell
C
shell
shell,
terminal and program quoting, conflicts in
\ (backspace), stripping from formatted manpages
\: (colon)
\:p
operator, printing command without executing it
between
item=attribute values
Bourne
shell operator
parameter
substitution, use in
command
in vi
2nd
in
command-line options
ex
commands, issuing from vi
logical
operator
2nd
as
null character
separating
fields
2nd
separating
terminal type values
shell
script comments
string
editing operators
translation
table, event and action mappings
\:0 (zero) operator, in history substitutions
\:g (global) operator
\:gt operator (C shell)
\:p operator
^^
history substitution, using with
\:q (quote) string modifier (C shell)
\:q (string editing) operator
\:x (string editing) operator, breaking line into words
\d (matching numbers) in Perl regular expressions
\s (matching whitespace characters) in Perl regular expressions
\W (non-word character character)
\w in regular expressions
2nd
^ (caret)
[^
] filename wildcard
^[
(ESC character)
^^
sequence in history substitution
^xy^yx,
shorthand substitution command
beginning
of line anchor in regular expressions
2nd
beginning
of line indicator in various utilities
filename
wildcard
in
control keys
regular expression metacharacter
matching
at beginning of line (Perl)
matching
newline at the beginning of a multiline pattern space
negating
character classes with
use
in Unix programs
within
[ ] metacharacters
_ (underscore)
ASCII
class for
in
filenames
` (backquotes)
\`
\`, nested command substitution
arguments,
reading
capturing
command output in an array
command
substitution operators
2nd
3rd
excluding
files from deletion
getopt,
using with
nesting
command
substitution with
expr
command, running with
for
loops combined with
quoting
in Bourne shell
redirecting
standard output
{ } (braces)
\{
\} regular expression metacharacters
2nd
awk
procedures, enclosing
dereferencing,
use in
filename
wildcards
find
command
2nd
GNU
find command and
in
shells
2nd
pattern-expansion characters
building
strings with
for
loop, using with
foreach
loop, using with
quoting
alias argument in
sed
commands enclosed in
shell
functions, using in
variable
values, interpolating
| (vertical bar)
|&
operator
||
(Boolean OR) operator
2nd
3rd
4th
testing
scripts with
alternation
operator
2nd
3rd
bitwise
or operator
command
separator in ex editor
filename
wildcard
files,
named pipe (FIFO)
logical
OR operator
noclobber
variable and
pipes
redirecting
standard output
2nd
regular expression metacharacter
alternation
in pattern matching
use
in Unix programs
separating
multiple ex editor commands
wildcard
metacharacter in case statements
~ (tilde)
~
and !~ (pattern-matching) operators
abbreviation
for any directory
filenames
ending with
Emacs
backup files
2nd
for
home directory
2nd
3rd
in
pathnames
0 (zero) process ID
[SYMBOL]
[A]
[B]
[C]
[D]
[E]
[F]
[G]
[H]
[I]
[J]
[K]
[L]
[M]
[N]
[O]
[P]
[Q]
[R]
[S]
[T]
[U]
[V]
[W]
[X]
[Y]
[Z]
abbreviations for words, vi editor
.exrc
files, saving in
commands,
using as
fixing
typos with
abbreviations in pathnames
absolute pathnames
2nd
3rd
archiving
with
creating
to
directory containing new search path
Emacs
and
links
to
2nd
in
shell setup files
tar,
avoiding with
access control
files
[See permissions]
firewalls,
using
host-based,
rsh command and
incoming
connections, with tcp_wrappers
remote
access [See ssh]
Samba
2nd
sshd
program
user-based,
xauth command and
access method for software package files, choosing
access modes for files [See also permissions]2nd
private
directory
setting
for files with find
supplying
with mkdir command
access times for files
-atime
operator with find
locating
files by
last-access
time, showing
accidental file deletion, protecting against
accounting name for commands
accounts [See also groups; users]
protecting
setup,
changing
addresses
IP
displayed
with netstart -n
displaying
with dig
hostname
mapping to
NAT
(Network Address Translation)
2nd
3rd
sed
editor
TCP
and UDP
addressing lines for batch editing
adduser (or useradd) utility
Adobe Acrobat Reader and PDF
Advanced Maryland Automatic Network Disk Archiver (Amanda)
afio utility
age of files
agents
-agent
option, ssh
compromised
machines in DDoS attacks
SSH,
problems with
agrep command (approximate grep)
2nd
-d
option
compound
searches with
2nd
multiple
patterns with AND (or OR) queries
AIX
OpenSSH
ps
command
alias command
-d
(directory) option
-g
(global) option in zsh shell
-m
(match) option
-t
(tracked) option
Bourne-type
shells
aliases
2nd
!*
sequence in
Bourne-type
shells
removing
C
shell
2nd
if-then-else
in
with
command-line arguments
for
cd command
2nd
changing
to shell functions
clean,
removing stale files with
for
constant-width fonts
defined
on command lines
file-deletion
findpt
group-write
permissions
inside
the ($?prompt) test
kill
command and
Korn
shell
limitations
of
lr,
listing recently changed files
ls
command
newer
(printing newest filename)
permission
changes, handling with
precmd
(tcsh shell)
prompt
set inside
for
pushd command
quoting
2nd
fixing
in csh with makealias and quote
reading
logout file when using exit command
recursive
redefining
commands, problems with
setprompt
shell
functions and
simulating
in Bourne shell
sourceable
scripts, options for
tracked
wildcards
in
word
vectors and
zsh
alphabetic sorting vs. numeric
ALT key in Emacs
alternation in regular expression pattern matching
2nd
alternation operator (|)
2nd
Amanda (Advanced Maryland Automatic Network Disk Archiver)
anacron system
anchors (in regular expressions)
^
and $ anchor characters
anchor
characters, examples of
and (-a) operator, case command
AND operator
&
(logical AND) operator
&&
(Boolean) AND
2nd
3rd
agrep
command, searching for multiple patterns
and operator (Boolean)
Ange-ftp mode (Emacs)
anonymous FTP
server,
configuring
anonymous functions (Python)
Apache webserver, module for running Python
2nd
append command (ex)
applications
default
files for resources
names
of, resources and
relationship
with kernel, shell, and utilities
running
remotely and viewing on local display
appres (application resource) utility
approximate patterns, searching for [See agrep command]
apsfilter script
apt-get tool
archives
Amanda
system
copying
without asking for password
CPAN
(Comprehensive Perl Archive Network)
cpio
tape archiver
deleted
files on tape
filename
extensions
packing
up and moving files
shell
tar
[See tar utility]
version
control systems
CVS
RCS
arguments [See also command line; commands]
executing
as commands (xarg command)
filenames
in
finding
last
iterating
shell variables over
maximum
allowable
passed
to scripts
passing
lists to other programs with $@
Python
functions
lambdas
as
reading
by shells
separators
for
2nd
C
shell quoting and
inside
backquotes
showargs
script
stored
in $1, $2, etc.
too
many, dealing with
arguments too long error message
@ARGV array (Perl)
argv, variables set to
arithmetic (built-in) for shells
arithmetic operators
array indexes, Perl
arrays
awk
utility and
Perl
2nd
3rd
iterating
through
lists
vs.
operators
used with
shell
browsing
directories with
expanding
ranges
arrow keys
cursor
motion in vi text-input mode without using
Emacs
editor, moving around in
mapping
in vi
ASCII [See also non-ASCII characters]
converting
to EBCDIC with dd
encoding
binary files into
MIME
encoding
uuencoding
end-of-line
characters
filename
extension
printable
representation of unprintable and non-ASCII characters
xterm
table of characters and character classes
zeros
(NUL characters)
ash shell
2nd
aspell utility
-a
option
Assembly language code extension
assignment operator (=)
associative arrays
2nd [See also hashes]
awk
utility
at commands
2nd
-l
option
-r
option
atq
command
2nd
atrm
command, removing jobs in queue
limiting
file size
quieting
output
AT environment variable
atan2 command (awk)
atomic operation, testing for and creating lockfile
attribute code (bold, underscore, etc.)
Audio\:\:SoundFile module
authentication
PAM
(Pluggable Authentication Modules)
with
SMB server
SSH
problems
with
auto-save file (Emacs)
autoconf utility
autoincrement (++) operator
autoloading shell functions
Korn
shells
automake utility
automated deletion commands, risks of
automatic directory setup
automating /bin/passwd
autowrite (vi), job control and
awk utility
2nd
-f
option
arrays
and
associative
arrays
centering
lines
command-line
syntax
counting
files by types
echo
command, using with
eval
compared to
extended
regular expressions, use of
2nd
grep
programs
lexical
analyzer
line-by-line
and search using
line-numbering
with
operators
2nd
patterns
procedures
regular
expressions, documentation for
running
directly
searching
for a character in a column
sorting
lines by length
straightening
columns
variables
2nd
wrappeing
awk programs in shell scripts
[SYMBOL]
[A]
[B]
[C]
[D]
[E]
[F]
[G]
[H]
[I]
[J]
[K]
[L]
[M]
[N]
[O]
[P]
[Q]
[R]
[S]
[T]
[U]
[V]
[W]
[X]
[Y]
[Z]
b (branch) command, sed editor
2nd
background color
background jobs
bringing
into foreground with fg command
killing
listing
with their job numbers
notification
of state change in
putting
into foreground
suspending
with stop command
background processes
2nd
3rd
exit status
testing
with if statement
exit
status of
listing
with jobs command
output
from, stopping
overloading
system with
preventing
continuation after logout
running
at lower priority with nice command
shell
capabilities for manipulating
stopping
automatically upon attempt to write to screen
watching
backquotes [See `, under Symbols]
BACKSPACE key
Emacs
editor
erase
character
location
for
backup files
bkedit
script
Emacs
2nd
ignoring
with ls -B
file
ownership and
ispell
program
macro
for creation in vi editor
backup option (xrdb)
backups
compression,
advantages and disadvantages of
cpio
tape archiver
excluding
files from
GNU
tar, using with remote tape drive
incremental
industrial
strength
making
to a local device
deciding
what to back up
floppies
or zip disks
tape
making
your own
protecting
against accidental file deletions
RCS
and CVS
to
remote tape drive using tar
restoring
files from tape with tar
remote
restoring
restoring
a few files
tar
utility
absolute
pathnames, avoiding
avoiding
absolute pathnames
options
for
tar
command line arguments, order of
wildcards,
using
utilities
for
versions
control systems, using
barewords used as hash keys
base64 encoding
basename program
bugs
in
examples
loops,
using with
bash (Bourne-again shell)
2nd [See also bsh; shell scripts; shells]3rd
.bashrc
file
.bashrc
or .bash_profile, hung terminals and
{
} (pattern-expansion characters)
aliases
2nd
arrays
browsing
directories with
expanding
ranges
BASH_ENV
variable
bash2,
built-in kill command
case
statements
choosing
built-in, external, or shell functions
command
history [See history of commands]
command-line
editing
completion
features
hostnames
disown
command
dynamic
prompts, simulating
editing
history substitutions
environment
variables for shell functions, changing
environment
variables, unsetting
exit
status of command line, reversing
exporting
shell functions
fc
-l command, listing previous commands with
forcing
to use internal exit command
globbing
(wildcard expansion), preventing
hash
command
history
-r command, cautions about
history
file
ignoreeof
variable
job
control commands
limiting
file size
loading
changed PATH
login
and nonlogin, startup files
logout
file, running commands when logging out
octal
character strings
parameter
expansion shortcuts
passing
command history to
pre-prompt
commands
2nd
process
substitution
prompts
$
in
newline
(\n) character in
nonprinting
escape characters
showing
directory stack
subshell
level, showing
read-only
functions
redirecting
standard I/O
scripts
in this book
SHLVL
environment variable
showargs
script
special
characters/operators
string
editing operators
stty
tostop command, background jobs writing to terminal
terminal
port type, putting into ttykind shell variable
ulimit
-c command, removing limits on core dumps
wildcards,
failing to match
BASH_ENV environment variable
batch editing
awk
utility
command-line
syntax
operators
2nd
patterns
and procedures
system
variables
changing
many files by editing one
ed editor
example
failure
on big files
ex editor
example
useful
commands
line
addressing
patch
program
running
scripts in vi
scripts,
writing
BEGIN and END patterns, awk
behead script
2nd
Bell Labs research operating system (Plan 9)
Berkeley Internet Name Daemon (bind)
DNS
cache, setting up local
Berkeley-based Unix
ex,
vi, view, edit commands, linked to same executable file
group
file ownership
printing
commands
tr
command, ranges in
bg command
2nd
putting
jobs in background
bg_nice option (zsh)
bgnice option (ksh)
binary characters, inserting into Emacs files
binary files
accessible
by users in /usr/bin subdirectory
archiving
system test file
encoding
into ASCII
MIME
encoding
uuencoding
executables,
access time updates
searching
for words in
system,
in /sbin directory
bind (Berkeley Internet Name Daemon)
DNS
cache, setting up
bind command
-l
option
binding operator (=~)
bindkey command
-c
option
-k
option
-l
option
-v
option
tcsh
editing
bit bucket
bitmaps
bitwise or (|) operator
bkedit script
ending
and setting exit status
parameter
substitution in
blank lines, squashing extras
blank shell prompts
blocks
of
bytes, counting with tail -b command
of
code, defining in Python
of
text, defining with patterns
of
related options in smb.conf files
body of email, forming properly
bold text
2nd
Boolean operators
combining
awk patterns with
boot -v command
boundary-checking versions of C functions
Bourne shells
2nd
3rd [See also bash; ksh; sh; zsh]
newlines
in prompts
profile
file
scripts
in this book, running on
types
of
branch (b) command, sed editor
2nd
break command
2nd
awk
broken links
browseable option (smb.conf)
browsers
closing
window by killing its processes
for
Samba
SMB
network
text
copied from, reformatting
BSD Unix
file
ownership
Filesystem
Hierarchy Standard, support of
group
membership
make
utility, versions of
nice
command
2nd
C
shell
ps
-a command
ps
-aux command
ps
ax command
renice
command
2nd
signals
user/group
infrastructure
bsplit utility
buffer overflow, security vulnerability
buffers
edited,
saving as files in vi
hold
space in sed
numbered,
recovering vi editor deletions in
pattern
space in sed
pipes,
buffering of output
recovered
with vi -r, cautions about
vi
editor, using to copy and move text
buildhash script
built-in commands
2nd
builtin
command, forcing use with
C
shell, determining whether to use
faster
prompt setting with
shells
bunzip2 file decompression program
button presses
defining
with xmodmap
byte order, converting with dd
bzip2 utility
2nd
3rd
[SYMBOL]
[A]
[B]
[C]
[D]
[E]
[F]
[G]
[H]
[I]
[J]
[K]
[L]
[M]
[N]
[O]
[P]
[Q]
[R]
[S]
[T]
[U]
[V]
[W]
[X]
[Y]
[Z]
c function (for changing directories)
C language
C
mode for programming in Emacs
csh
shell
2nd
interoperability
of programs on different Unix systems
lexical
analyzer for syntax checking
program
file extensions
2nd
tcsh
shell
2nd
C shell (csh)
2nd
3rd
4th [See also shell scripts; shells; tcsh shell]
!^
and !$, specifying first and last arguments on previous line
.cshrc
file
.login file
TERM
variable, testing
.logout
file
\:gt
operator
{
} (pattern-expansion characters), building strings with
{
and } and ; (with find command)
aliases
if-then-else
in
with
command-line arguments
arrays
expanding
ranges
avoiding
alias loops
background
processing
built-in
string operators
choosing
among built-in commands, external commands, or shell functions
command
history [See history of commands]
configuration
files
aliases
csh
command name
current
directory, updating in status line
defining
variables
editing
history and variable substitutions
environment
variables, unsetting
eval
command
exit
status of previous command
forcing
to use internal exit command
foreach
loop
globbing
(wildcard expansion)
history
[See history of commands]
history
characters
history
file
ignoreeof
shell variable
limiting
file size
multiline
commands
passing
command history to
port,
testing
prompt
%
in
problems
caused by
setting
quotation
marks around filenames
quoting
in
here
documents
rules
for
showing
with verbose and echo settings
special
characters
special
characters in filenames
redirecting
standard I/O
2nd
noclobber
variable
rehash
command
2nd
repeating
commands with repeat command
script
file extension
search
path for commands, changing
sed
newlines quoting and backslashes in shell script
set
echo verbose command
special
characters/operators in
su
-f stucklogin command
cable modems
DHCP
and
firewalls
gateways
cache, DNS
cancel command (System V)
canonical hostname
capitalization [See case]
CAPS LOCK key
2nd
capturing in patterns
carriage returns
Macintosh,
ASCII character for
translating
to newlines
case
\:l
operator
\:u
operator
case
sensitivity
case-insensitive
searches, faking
case-insensitive
sorts
case-sensitivity
in
regular expressions
converting to/from uppercase or lowercase
awk
utility
dd
utility
filtering
vi text through tr command
sed
transform command
5th [See also tr command]
ispell
program and
lc
operator
sort
command, sort order
uc
operator
uppercase
letters in vi character and line commands
uppercase
without CAPS LOCK in vi
vi
and ex editors, capitalizing words
case statements
2nd
adding
to .profile to test TERM variable
debugging
port,
testing
testing
exit status for commands
testing
pathnames for calling a script
testing
tty name
testing
two strings using
in
while loop, handling arguments with
wildcard
pattern matching
in
xmessage command line
cat command
2nd
-e
option, marking ends of lines with $
-n
option
-s
option, squashing extra blank lines
-t
and -e options, displaying whitespace
-v
-e options
-v
-t and -e options, displaying whitespace
-v
option
2nd
creating
mail header with
exit
status, testing
file,
adding to end of another file
for
loops combined with
redirecting
I/O
starting
pipelines
CBLKWID (comment block width) environment variable
cd command
2nd
3rd
+n
and -n options (zsh)
aliases
for
cdpath
variable and
PWD
environment variable and
CD-ROMs
cdrom
protocol
loopback
mounts
mounting
2nd
cdable_vars shell variable
CDPATH environment variable
cdpath shell variable
centering lines, script for
CERT
intruder
detection checklist
safely
setting up anonymous FTP, guide for
security
checklists
security
vulnerabilities, information about
CGI scripts, Python module for
2nd
cgrep script
2nd
chain of processes to a window
change command (ex)
change times for files
inode
information
find
-ctime, accessing with
character classes
for
ASCII characters
defining
in Perl regular expressions
character commands in vi
character sets (in regular expressions)
exceptions
to, indicating with [^ ]
matching
a character with
repeating
with *
character strings [See strings]
characters
converting
with tr command
counting
with tail -c command
counting
with wc command
2nd
deleting
from a file with dd
deleting
in Emacs
nonprintable
displaying
with od c command
nonprinting
[See also special characters]
showing
with cat -v or od -c
ranges
of, specifying for regular expressions
special
[See special characters]
translating
with tr command
charClass resource (xterm)
checkout command (co) in RCS
checkout, CVS repository
checksed script
chess script
chgrp command
child processes
changes
to environment of
environment
variables, inheritance of
exit
status returned to parent
file
descriptors given to
killing
parent of
relationship
to parent
signals
and
child signal
CHLD (child) signal
chmod command
2nd
3rd
-R
option
changing
permissions for directory tree
=
operator
adding
and subtracting permissions
go+rx
bin to give other users access to bin directory
go-w
bin, write access to bin directory
numeric
mode
permissions,
changing
symbolic
modes
chmod function (Perl)
chopping columns out of a file
chown command
chown function (Perl)
Christiansen, Tom
chroot, anonymous FTP connections
ci (checkin) command (RCS)
Citrix
Metaframe
2nd
class methods (Python)
class of objects, application resources associated with
class variables (Python)
classes (Python)
clean alias, removing stale files with
cleanup script
clear command
clear text SMB passwords
CLICOLOR environment variable
clients
ICA
Python
as web client
RDP,
for Unix (rdesktop)
RDP,
HOBLink JWT
remote,
starting for X window systems
from
interactive logins
with
rsh and ssh
SSH,
problems with
Unix
VNC, connecting to Windows server
VNC
(Virtual Network Computing)
CLIPBOARD selection (xterm)
clock in Unix
close command (awk)
close( ) method (for Perl objects)
closing windows
by
exiting the shell
by
killing window processes
cmd field in crontab entries
cmp operator (Perl)
cmp program
co (checkout) command (RCS)
-j
option, merging file versions with
-p
option, sending file to standard output
Collinson, Peter
color
displaying
names of with ls command
in
shell prompts
LS_COLORS
environment variable
2nd
columns
chopping
out of a file
column
utility, creating with
rebalancing
into table with variable-width columns
cutting
ls
-C command, listing output in
2nd
pasting
data into
searching
files for character in
straightening
text
in, with pr command
COLUMNS environment variable
comma (,) in filenames
comma, “fat comma” operator (=>)
command characters [See special characters]
command command, disabling shell function lookup
command directories
command editing mode
command interpreters [See shells]
command line
aliases
for arguments
as
shell scripts
awk
building
strings with { }
completion
features
command-specific
completion
editor
functions for
Emacs
Emacscommand
completion [See command line]
filename
completion
filename
completion, ignoring file suffixes
menu
completion
editing
on
2nd
3rd
bash
shell
Emacs
editing mode
ksh
(Korn shell)
2nd
tcsh
shell
vi
editing mode
zsh
shell
executing
commands with long list of files as arguments
finding
last argument on
interactive
applications, controlling with Expect program
interpretation
by shell
multiline
commands and secondary prompts
parameters,
unsetting
parsing
repeating
commands
at
set intervals
copy
and paste, using
with
variations
reprinting
wilth CTRL-r
saving
to file
sed
editor
separating
commands with semicolon (\:)
shortcuts
string-editing
(\:) operators
submitting
for execution at a later time
too
many arguments, dealing with
command search path [See search path]
command substitution
2nd
3rd
Bourne
shell quoting and
examples
of
excluding
files from rm command
find
command output, using with
in
for loops
grep
command, using in vi editor
nested
command-line arguments
@ARGV
array passed to Perl scripts
finding
last
handling
in Bourne shell scripts
for
loops, using
parsing
parsing
standard
of
a process
quoting
2nd
setting
and parsing
starting
with - (dash)
2nd
storing
single-line string in
tar,
correct order for
testing
with case statement
command-line parameters [See command-line arguments]
commands
ampersand
(&) character at the end of, putting into background with
awk
utility, categories of
binding
to keys
built-in
2nd
faster
prompt setting with
combining
with grouping ( ) operator
custom,
creating
Bourne-type
aliases
if-then-else,
putting in C shell alias
Korn
shell aliases
shell
functions
sourceable
scripts
zsh
aliases
default,
specifying shell with #!
displaying
running commands
ex
editor
exit
status of
external,
shell execution of
filtering
text through with vi editor
fmt
command, neatening lines with
finding
where located
functions,
working with
history
of
in
.exrc file for vi editor
interactive
internal
and external
interpretation
by shells
2nd
arguments
passed to a script, showing
Bourne
shell quoting
C
shell quoting
choosing
built-in, external or shell functions in bash
choosing
built-in, external, or shell functions in C shell
evaluation
of command line
executing
external commands
interactive
use vs. shell scripts
overwriting
files accidentally
quoting
with here documents
redirections
running
other programs
search
path for commands
wildcards
in aliases
joining
with pipes
in
.logout file
logout
file, creating for Bourne and Korn shells
multiple
control commands, while loops with
naming
null
PATH
environment variable
periodic
preprompt
2nd
printed
in parentheses by ps
printing
without
executing (\:p operator)
System
V
putting
names of into shell prompts
redefining
with aliases, problems with
redirection
[See redirecting input and output]
remote-login
utilities
repeating
[See repeating commands]
running
at login
running
one while using another with shell escapes
search
path
rehash
command, updating with
search
table (C shells), resetting
sed
editor
operations
of
sed,
order of
sequences
of, executing automatically with Emacs
standard
input, reading
storing
for startup of vi
Tcl
typing
at the shell prompt
versions
versions
of
vi editor
custom,
creating
line
vs. character
commenting
#,
shell understanding of
\:
and #, beginning with
Bourne shell
using
\: in place of #
for
ease of use
in
zsh
RCS
files
shell
scripts
smb.conf
files
in
X resource files
comments
in
crontab entries
in
Emacs editor
in
.exrc file for vi editor
lines
in program comment block, cleaning up
committing modifications to CVS files
Common Unix Printing System (CUPS)
communicating with Unix
communications utilities
compare
two
most recent revisions of several RCS files
comparing
file-times,
exact comparisons
files
cmp
program, using
diff
commands, using
make
program, using
lines
for uniqueness (uniq command)
numbers
strings
for pattern matching
word
counts in two files
complete command
completion features of shells
editor
functions for
filename
completion
ignoring
file suffixes
menu
completion
Comprehensive Perl Archive Network (CPAN)
2nd
Comprehensive TEX Archive Network (CTAN)
compress command
compressed files
encoding
into 7-bit representation
filename
extensions
manpage,
finding with grep -Z
tar
archive
tar utility
gzip
and bzip2 utilities
compressing a directory tree
fine-tuning
compressing files
compression
bzip2
utility
GNU
tar archives
gzip
unpacking
tar archives
tar
archives, advantages and disadvantages
Computer Emergency Response Team [See CERT]
concatenate [See cat command]
concatenating strings with . operator
concatenation in regular expressions
Concurrent Version System [See CVS]
conditional expressions [See expressions, conditional]
configuration files
.exrc
for vi editor
/etc/inetd.conf
file
bash
shell
C shells
reading
at different times
configure.in
file (Makefile.in)
daemons,
rereading of
etc/inetd.conf
file
ifconfig,
for network devices
kernel,
device lines from
Korn
shell
login shells
contents
of
man
(/etc/man.config)
named.conf
pathnames
in
shells
.cshrc.$HOST
file for per host setup
automatic
terminal setups
C
shell
system-wide
setup
smb.conf
sources.list
system
tcsh
shell
for
vi editor (.exrc)
zsh
shells
configuration information, manipulation in DoS attacks
configure command
configuring
anonymous
FTP server
color
ls
devices,
user-space tools for
filesystem
mounts
installed
software packages
kernel
Message
Transfer Agents (MTAs)
modems
network
devices with ifconfig
USB
workstations
with DHCP
configuring terminals
finding
terminal settings with stty command
hung
terminals, fixing
querying
terminal type with qterm
size
of xterm windows
terminal
type, setting
xterm
copy
and paste between windows
fonts
changing dynamically
menus
xclipboard
xterms
fonts
selecting
confirming
file
deletions with rm -i
substitutions
in vi
connectivity
/etc/services
(database of well-known ports)
configuring
anonymous FTP server
DHCP
(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
diagnosing
network problems with ping and traceroute
DNS
(Domain Name Service)
firewalls
gatewaying
form personl LAN over a modem
gateways
and NAT
inetd
file, managing Internet services
mail
SSH
(Secure Shell)
status
and troubleshooting
TCP/IP
addresses and ports
consoles
serial
constant-width fonts
2nd
in
xterm
constants, scalars defined as in Perl scripts
CONT (continue) signal
context diffs
continue command
2nd
continue command (awk)
control characters
2nd
Emacs
and
ex
and vi editors and
od
-c command, displying with
quoting
in Emacs
storing
in shell variables
X
event translations
controlling process
controlling terminal
controlling tty, write command and
Conway, Damian
Cooper, Michael
copy and paste
configuring
xterms for
repeating
command with
in
tty-type virtual consoles
into
windows running vi
copy command (ex)
copying
archives,
without asking for password
directory
trees with tar and pipes
everything
you do into a file with script
files
2nd
between
filesystems
ownership
of copy
scp
utility
files
to different directories
links
remote
files, shortcut for
text
with vi editor
copying text
between
xterm windows
button
combinations for selecting in xterms
xclipboard,
using in xterms
core dumps
eliminating
entirely
files,
wildcard matching and
limiting
file size
QUIT
signal, creating with
core flavors of Unix
corrupt files
cos command (awk)
count command
count.it script
counting
characters,
lines, and words in files
counting occurrences with vi editor
cp command
2nd
-p
option
exit
status
i
option
cpio command
cpio operator (find command)
cpio utility
cps shell function
CPU
/proc/cpuinfo
file
listing
usage by processes
CPU time
CPU-bound process
lowering
scheduling priority with nice
create function (tar)
cron command
2nd
cron daemon
cron system
2nd
crontab
entries, adding
execution
scheduling
Expect
scripts, using
jobs,
running on system environment
limiting
file size
standard
input, including in cron entry
trash
directory, cleaning out
crontab command
crontab entries
2nd
adding
editing
example
removing
time
fields
crontab files
find
commands, adding to
personal
crontab system
e option
finding
your files with wrong permissions
crontab.local file
cryptdir script
cryptography
keys,
problems with on SSH
csh (C shell)
at
command output, quieting
hangups,
background processes and
job
control commands
limiting
file size
nice command
BSD
Unix
System
V
PWD environment variable
Emacs
and
quoting
in scripts
shell variables
listing
stop
command
stty
-tostop command, background jobs writing to terminal
unlimit
coredumpsize command
wildcards,
failing to match
csh shell
csh time variable
CSHRC_READ environment variable
csplit program
-f
option
s
option
CTAN (Comprehensive TEX Archive Network)
ctime (change time for files)
ctime command
time
conversion routines
CTRL -\ (to quit)
CTRL key
specifying
with stty command
CTRL-c command
aborting
programs
canceling
commands with
INT
signal, sending
killing
foreground job
CTRL-command, sending QUIT signal
CTRL-d (end-of-input character)
CTRL-d command
ending
scripts
exiting
Bourne shell
CTRL-g in Emacs, canceling entire operation
Ctrl-M character
CTRL-q (Emacs quoting command)
CTRL-q command
killing
processes
CTRL-q command, restarting stopped output
CTRL-r (reprint) character
CTRL-s command
stopping
output
CTRL-v
escaping
keys in vi mappings
CTRL-x in Emacs macros
CTRL-z command
2nd
3rd
4th
putting
jobs in background
stopping
a subshell
CTRLv
temporarily
disabling vi keymaps
CUPS (Common Unix Printing System)
curl application
2nd
current directory
2nd
3rd
4th
advantages
of
alias
for, storing in shell variable
determining
group file ownership
finding
in
C-shell status line
links
to
PWD
environment variable
quick
finds in
in
shell prompts
dirs
command output, using
multiline
C-shell prompt
current job
2nd
current process
statistics
on
cursor for xterm windows [See pointer]
cursors
moving
in vi text-input mode without arrow keys
custom commands, creating
Bourne-type
aliases
if-then-else,
putting in C shell alias
Korn
shell aliases
propagating
shell functions
exporting
bash functions
FPATH
search path
shell
functions
functions
calling functions
loops,
using
simulating
in Bourne shell
sourceable
scripts
zsh
aliases
customization
Emacs
2nd
and
how to avoid
searches
customizing
X
Window System
cut command
2nd
3rd
4th
who
command output, cutting
cutting and pasting text
between
vi's
cvs
CVS_RSH
environment variable
CVSROOT
environment variable
2nd
CVS
Emacs
support of
cvs
remote
repositories
repositories
CVS (Concurrent Version Control) system
CVS (Concurrent Version System)
archiving
files
cvs
add command
cvs
checkout command
cvs
commit command
cvs
diff
cvs
import command
cvs
init command
cvs
log command
conflicting
change, examining log message on
cvs
remove command
cvs
update command
cvsroot
directory for archive storage
cvs diff command
CVS_RSH environment variable
CVSROOT environment variable
2nd
cwd shell variable
cwdcmd alias for tcsh shell status line updates
cx script
[SYMBOL]
[A]
[B]
[C]
[D]
[E]
[F]
[G]
[H]
[I]
[J]
[K]
[L]
[M]
[N]
[O]
[P]
[Q]
[R]
[S]
[T]
[U]
[V]
[W]
[X]
[Y]
[Z]
d or D (delete) command, sed editor
d or D (delete) commands, sed editor
daemons
controlling
terminal and
cron
daemon
DHCP
inetd
disabling
for security
lpd
filters
nmbd
printer
removable
media on Linux
restarting
with the kill command
Samba
restarting
to share printers
SMB
SMB,
running
sshd
.pam
file
problems
with
sshd,
disabling printing and mail checking for
tcpd
vold,
for removable media
Darwin
2nd
adding
users to system
enabling
root access in
data types
Python
data types (Perl)
hashes
lists
references
scalars
databases
distributed,
updating
find
command
date and time
Bourne
shell prompts, putting in
date and time, including in shell prompt
date command
+
option
current
date in dynamic shell prompt
dater script
dd command
creating
file for debugging purposes
restoring
files from remote tape drives
restoring
files remotely
dd utility
2nd
splitting
files with
DDoS (distributed denial-of-service attack)
dead links, listing
dead processes [See zombies]
Debian dselect tool [See dselect tool]
Debian Linux [See Linux]
debugging
Bourne
shell scripts
2nd
copying
your work with script program
line
numbers reset in redirected loops
making
a file for testing
numeric
tests, errors in
output,
piping to pager
quoting
command line arguments
saving
output in file and displaying on screen
shell
variable
shell
variables
string
test syntax errors
time
keeping on Unix systems
unmatched
code or fi unexpected errors
unmatched
operators
core
dumps and
keysyms
network
connectivity
Perl
code in Emacs editor
recursion
depth, messages about
setup
files for account with hung terminal
su
command, using to emulate accounts
decimal numbers
sorting
with sort
declaring variables in Perl
decoding uuencoded tar files
decompressing files
bunzip2
program
dedent script, removing whitespace from text
deferencing references
defining
Python
functions
DEL character
delayed execution
at
command
cron
system
sleep
command
delete (d or D) commands, sed editor
multiline
delete
delete command (awk)
delete command (ex)
delete function (Perl)
DELETE key
Emacs
editor
erase
character
location
for
redefined,
debugging with xevBACKSPACE
delete script
deleted files
archiving
on tape
deleted text, recovering with vi editor
deleting
characters
from a file with dd
d
command, sed editor
directories
duplicate
lines
Perl
script, using
extra
characters with ^
files
2nd [See also removing files]
-inum
and -exec operators, using with find command
by
last access date
confirmation
before deleting
with
Emacs
preventing
by making directories unwritable
program
for
RCS
system
wildcards
and
files
with nonprint characters in names
function
definitions
linked
files
unconnected
symbolic links
deleting files
archiving
deleted files with tar
denial-of-service attacks (DoS)
2nd
comsuming
all resources
manipulation
of configuration information
physical
attacks on equipment
swap
space vulnerability in
dependency conflicts in package installation/removal
dereferencing operator (->)
deroff command
deroff w command
desktops
display
numbers
Gnome
and Enlightenment programs
rdesktop
(RDP client for Unix)
sharing
with VNC
connecting
to Windows VNC server
setting
VNC up on Unix
destroying processes with kill
device drivers
device drivers, resetting to kill processes
devices
dialup
PPP session, setting up
disk
partitioning
filesystem
types and /etc/fstab
filesystems
removable,
mounting/umounting
kernel
boot output, reading
kernel
configuration
loopback
mounts
modems
network
filesystems, mounting
network,
configuring with ifconfig
not
recognized by kernel
serial
consoles
sound
cards
Universal
Serial Bus (USB), configuring
df command
output,
parsing with sed
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
NAT
and
dialback script
dialup session, setting up
dialup terminal type
dictionaries
ispell
program, adding words to
spell
program
system
word file
dictionary files for spell command
dictionary order, sorting in
dierctory hierarchy
diff command
-c option
added
lines, listing of
changed
lines, marking of
deletions,
listing of
difference
sections, marking of
listings,
start of
running
on lists of files
-e
option
-u option
added
lines, listing of
changed
lines, marking of
deletions,
listing of
difference
sections, marking of
listings,
start of
batch
editing, use in
cmp
program vs.
comparing
sets of files
context
diffs
cvs
CVS,
use with
diff3
script
output,
feeding to patch program
r
option
sdif
command
tabstops,
problems with
dig command
2nd
DNS
queries with
dircolors command
-p
option
LS_COLORS
environment variable, setting
dircolors command (GNU)
directories
!$
sequence
/u
absolute
pathnames and
aliases
for
archived
on tape drives, restoring
automatic
setup for entering and exiting
backing up
excluding
files from backup
browsing
with shell arrays
changing
2nd
changing
with c (shell function)
comparing
with diff -r command
contents
of
counting
files in
current
[See also current directory]
current
directory
deep
directory tree, finding files in
deleting
directory tree
archives/backups
of
changing
permissions of
compressing
2nd
copying
with tar and pipes
grepping
skipping
parts with find command
directory
tree, duplicating
dirname
command
Emacs
editor, viewing and manipulating in
emacs
hacks
files
in
files,
finding
change
and modification times
oldest
and newest with ls -t and ls -u
subdirectories,
listing with ls -R
finding files
GNU
ls command, features of
2nd
listing
directories with ls -d
home
finding
(for anyone)
linking
links
to
listing
contents with ls -lai command
manual
page files, searching for
organization
of
access
bin
directory for programs and scripts
creating
many
creating
new
naming
files
private
or personal
ownership
permissions
[See also permissions]2nd
execute
without read permission
fully
accessible directory within unreadable
search
access
search
permission
sticky
bit and
printing
files to
remotely
mounted, hung terminals and
safer
file deletion in
in
search path
sharing
local with SMB network
sharing
with SMB network
subdirectories
creating
temporary
changes in
temporary,
setting different for vi
write
permission, denying to limit file creation
directory stack
clearing
with dirs -c
clearing
with popd command
directorys
moving
to temporarily with pushd and popd commands
Dired mode (Emacs)
dirname command
bugs
in
loops,
using with
dirs command
-c
option, clearing the stack
output
in prompt, using
dirsfile variable for tcsh shells
disabling bash built-in commands
disk controllers
disk quotas
file
permissions, changing without chown
disk space
hard
links vs. symbolic links
reports
on
swap
space for temporary files
disk space, optimizing
compressed
tar archive
compressing
a directory tree
fine-tuning
compressing
files
emptyig
files
executable
binaries, stripping
limiting
file sizes
links
and
log
files and
quotas
on disk usage
disks
partitioning
PCs
removable,
mounting/unmounting
disown command
vs.
nohup
disowned processes
controlling
terminal and
killing
parent processes by name
display command, vis vs.
DISPLAY environment variable
2nd
3rd
checking
setting in xwrist script
hard-coded
into shell setup file on remote machine
setting
for remote X client
DISTDIR environment variable
distributed database, updating
distributed denial-of-service attacks (DDoS)
distribution release for software packages
Distutils program
dmesg command
getting
last ten lines from
DNS (Domain Name Service)
cache,
checking
NETBIOS
name
queries,
making with dig
DNS MX (mail exchanger) record for a host, looking up
do command (awk)
DocBook
doctor program
documentation [See also (see also manual pages]
Perl
2nd
domains, NT
Doman Name Service [See DNS]
DoS [See denial-of-service attacks]
dos2unix application
dot (.) [See ., Under Symbols]
dot (.) files
showing
with ls -a option
2nd
wildcard
matching and
double quotes [See ", under Symbols]2nd
[See ", under Symbols]
doubled word typing errors, finding
downloading files from the Internet with wget
drive controllers
kernel
boot output for
dselect tool
access
method, choosing
choosing
packages for installation or removal
configuring
packages
exiting
exiting
select function
installing
packages
removing
packages
updating
information on available packages
du command
-k
option
s
option
dump command
arguments,
correct order for
industrial
strength backups with
dumping files to the screen
cat
command
duplicate lines, deleting
2nd
Perl
script, using
DVD-ROMs
DVI (“device independent”) printer language
DVORAK keyboards
2nd
dynamic expansion in Emacs
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
dynamic IP addresses
dynamic prompts
simulating
[SYMBOL]
[A]
[B]
[C]
[D]
[E]
[F]
[G]
[H]
[I]
[J]
[K]
[L]
[M]
[N]
[O]
[P]
[Q]
[R]
[S]
[T]
[U]
[V]
[W]
[X]
[Y]
[Z]
each function (Perl)
EBCDIC, converting ASCII to
echo command
awk
or cut, using with
backslashes
(\) in shell quoting and argument separation
checking
shell interpretation of regular expression special characters
ending
with n\\>&m operator
escaped
characters, handling
external
versions of
opttest
script (example)
PATH
for directory, finding
printing
value of individual shell variable
showing
values of variables
storing
control characters in shell variables
testing
filenames with wildcards in them
turning
off for secret answers
writing
special escape sequences
zmore
script, use in
echo shell variable
ed editor
2nd
batch
editing, example of
diff
command, using with script
ex
commands and
failure
on big files
search
and replacement patterns, regular expression metacharacters in
edit option (xrdb)
editing
advanced
techniques in Emacs
columns,
creating automatically with column
command-line,
with ksh
history
and variable substitutions with \: (colon) string editing operators
interactive,
on command line
interactive, on shell command line
command
history
paired
item checking in text
scripts
for
behead
script, removing mail/news headers
centering
lines
cutting
columns or fields
encoding
binary files into ASCII
fmt.sh
joining
lines with join
making
text in columns with pr
offset
script, indenting text
pasting
into columns
program
comment blocks, cleaning up
2nd
rotating
text with rot
splitting
files by context (csplit)
straightening
jagged columns columns
text
conversion with dd
translating
characters with tr
uniq
command
writing
spell
checking [See spell checking]
editing modes (command)
editing modes, Emacs
EDITOR environment variable
editors
batch
2nd [See also entries under individual editor names]
awk
ed
ex
line
addressing
patch
sed
completion,
functions for
EDITOR
environment variable
Emacs
2nd
3rd [See also Emacs editor]
file
ownership and
ignoring
signals
locking
files before editing
Python
sed
vi
2nd [See also vi editor]
running
ex scripts in
vim
egrep command
2nd
3rd
-f
option
-i
option
-v option
excluding
files from deletion
case-insensitive
searches, faking
extended
regular expressions, use of
2nd
picking
processes to kill
regular
expression, building for
regular
expressions to match tar archive filenames
regular
expressions used with, search pattern examples
running
on RCS files
eight-bit filenames, deleting files with
elapsed time
elif statement
else statement
using
while leaving then empty
Emacs editor
2nd
.emacs file
abbreviations
in
search
customization file, adding to
advantages
of
backup
and auto-save files
backup
files
ignoring
with ls -B
built-in
editor functions in pdksh shell
command
completion
command-line
editing
customization
and
how to avoid
deleting
characters and lines
directories
for hacks
exiting
features,
listing of
cusomization
editing
modes
FTP
HTTP
keyboard
macros and advanced editing
mail
mouse,
not having to use with
windows
file
ownership
insert
mode vs. overwrite
inserting
binary characters into files
moving
around in
online
help, key bindings abbreviations vs. those used in this book
psychotherapist
program
PWD,
unsetting before using
searches,
customization of
shells,
running in
signals,
ignoring
starting
temporary
files generated by
undoing
actions
email [See also mail]
header
and body, proper formation of
MH
system, command completion for
reformatting
messages for xterms
shortcut
for multiple addresses
SMTP
(Simple Message Transfer Protocol)
empty files
2nd
empty num variable, numeric test error
empty passwords, SSH server and
emptying files
emulating Windows API (wine program)
enable command
encoding
binary
files into ASCII
MIME
encoding
uuencoding
full
binary text with base64
encrypting all files in a directory (crypdir script)
end anchor ($) in regular expressions
end of a file, displaying with tail command
End of file unexpected error
exit
early, using to find error
END pattern, awk
end-of-file character (expect eof command)
end-of-input character (usually CTRL-d)
end-of-line characters [See newlines]
endless loops
starting
with shell functions
Enlightenment
enscript program
entering directories, automatic setup for
env command
2nd
3rd
checking
for environment changes at different systems
running
scripts from kernel
ENV environment variable
Bourne
shells, setting up
Korn
shells, setting
environment
current
process, finding for
temporary
changes in
environment variables
2nd
$HOME
$HOME
and $LOGDIR
AT
CBLKWID
(comment block width)
CDPATH
CLICOLOR
in
.cshrc.$HOST file
CSHRC_READ
CVS_RSH
CVSROOT
2nd
DISPLAY
2nd
setting
for remote X client
DISTDIR
EDITOR
ENV,
for Bourne shells
EXINIT
2nd
FPATH
HISTFILESIZE
HISTSIZE
2nd
HOME
LINES
and COLUMNS
LOGDIR
LS_COLORS
LSCOLORS
MANPATH
2nd
modification
by programs
names
PATH
path
shell variable and
predefined,
listing of
PWD
SAVEHIST
(zsh)
setting
in shell setup files
SHELL
shell
functions and
shell
functions, changing for
shell
variables vs.
2nd
SHLVL
system-wide
setup
C
shells
TERM
2nd
terminal
setup, testing for
WINNAME
WORDLIST
2nd
zsh
shells
epoch
eq operator
equality
ne
(string inequality test) operator
erase character
#
as
BACKSPACE
DELETE
erase character, setting automatically for X terminals
erase characters, setting
error messages [See also standard error]
program
names included in
scrolling
off screen
signals
as
errors
End
of file unexpected
exit
early, using to find error
unmatched
operators as cause
fi
unexpected
line
#\: ;; unexpected
numeric
test syntax errors
stderr
[See standard error]
string
test syntax errors
wildcard
matching failure
ESC key
file
completion and
ESC Z string
ESC-x in Emacs
escape sequences
copied
by script program into files
for
colors
nonprinting,
in shell prompts
prompt
settings and
titlebar
text, changing in xterms
writing
with echo command
xterm
VT Fonts menu
escaping regular expression metacharacters
etc/group file
passwords
ethereal program
Ethernet address
ethernet cards
eval command
2nd
awk
compared to
last
parameter from command line, picking
resize
output, evaluating
scanning
contents of variables
sed,
using with
evaluating
expressions
2nd
multiple
commands
event translations
overriding
default
translation
table
events
ex command, line-numbering with
ex editor
appending
to file
batch
editing, example of
capitalizing
words
commands
confirming
substitutions
deleting
by patterns
ex
command mode in vi
file
recovery
global
command
line
addressing
2nd
multiple
setup files
protecting
vi keymaps from interpretation by
quoting
| (vertical bar)
regular expressions used in
search
and replace commands
running
scripts in vi
saving
part of file
search
and replacement patterns, regular expression metacharacters in
search
patterns and global commands, using
settings
startup
commands
switching
between files
yank
buffers
exchange command (x), sed editor
2nd
excluding files from deletion
exec command
manipulation
of file descriptors
replacing
one shell with another
typing
at shell prompt
exec system call
typing
at a shell prompt
executable files
#!,
making directly executable with
chmod
command
external,
tracking locations with aliases
last-access
time
locating
for programs
multiple
commands linked to a file
permissions
on
strip
command
execute permission
changing
with chmod
for
directories
script
for changing
shell
scripts
without
read permission
execution statistics, report summarizing
execution, delayed [See delayed execution]
exim program
EXINIT environment variable
2nd
exists function (Perl)
exit ( ) function (Perl)
exit command
awk
utility
effect
on subshells
ending
scripts
lpc
reading
logout file when using
exit status
dead
processes and
diff
and cmp, returned by
of
loops
of
pipelines
printing
for any program not returning zero
returned
by \: operator
returned
by processes
reversing
for command line in bash and zsh
rm
and rm -f command
sh
-e command
testing
with if statement
testing
with loops
of
Unix processes
values
for expr
2nd
zero
exit test, if (! $?prompt)
exiting
directories,
automatic setup for
Emacs
loops
shell
to close a window
exp command (awk)
expansion of wildcards by shells
quoting
regular expressions to prevent
shortcuts
expect command
expect eof command
Expect programs
automating
/bin/passwd
cryptdir
script
dialback
script
passmass
script
rftp
script
Tcl
language, writing in
testing
interactive programs
exporting bash shell functions
expr command
2nd
arguments
$*
$@
arithmetic
operators used with
examples
of
exit
status values
logical
operators used with
matching
parts of strings with regular expressions
relational
operators used with
syntax
testing
character strings
expressions
2nd [See also operators]3rd
conditional
2nd
order
of evaluation in Perl
in
Python lambdas
regular
expressions vs.
extended expressions, matching more than one process
extended grep [See egrep command]
extended partition
extended regular expressions
2nd
extensions, filename
\:e
string editing operator
wildcard
matching and
external commands
2nd
3rd
C
shell, determining whether to use
creating
subshell for execution in Perl
executing
setting
shell variables with
extract function (tar)
[SYMBOL]
[A]
[B]
[C]
[D]
[E]
[F]
[G]
[H]
[I]
[J]
[K]
[L]
[M]
[N]
[O]
[P]
[Q]
[R]
[S]
[T]
[U]
[V]
[W]
[X]
[Y]
[Z]
factorial functions
failure of commands, indication in exit status
false (exit status) utility
false values in Perl
fast find commands
database
for
databases
for
matching
shell wildcards
fc command
-e
option, starting editor and loading file with recent history
-l
option, listing previous commands
fg command
2nd
job
numbers, supplying to
fgrep command
2nd
running
on RCS files
fgrep command (fixed grep)
-f
option
fi statements
fi unexpected error
fields
in
crontab entries
cutting
separating
with \: (colon)
sort
command
changing
delimiter
fignore shell variable
file access mode [See permissions]
file descriptors
closing
files
currently pointing to, viewing
manipulation
by exec command
open
files and
shell
redirecation capabilities
standard
error or stderr
standard
input or stdin
standard
output or stdout
redirecting
file permissions [See permissions]
file protection mode, supplying for directories
file protocol (URI types)
file utility
File\:\:Find module (Perl)
filehandles in Perl
filenames
changing
with rename function (Perl)
completion
by shells
2nd
conventions
converting
form uppercase to lowercase
ending
with ~
executable
vs. source
extensions
for
finding
with cat command
links
and
path
name components, stripping with basename
special
characters, quoting in C shell
stripped
from pathnames
symbols
in
whitespace
in
wildcards
for
failing
to match
file’s
name and extension as separate entities
grep
-l command, listing matching files
listing
of
nom
script, listing nonmatching files
pathnames,
not using in
shell
handling of
vgrep
script, listing nonmatching files
files
appending
to existing with vi editor
backing
up [See also backup files]2nd
excluding
from
vi
editor, macro for
backup
and auto-save, Emacs
binary,
searching
comparing
cmp
program, using
diff
commands, using
make
program, using
compressing
copying
from subdirectories to single directory
counting
number in a directory
creating,
using wildcards
deleted,
archiving on tape
directory
contents, explanation of
Emacs
editor, viewing and manipulating in
empty
emptying
finding
access
times
by
age and size
change
and modification times
counting
by types
GNU
ls command, features of
2nd
listing
subdirectories with ls -R
newest
file, printing name of
nonprintable
characters in filenames, showing
oldest
or newest with ls -t or ls -u
showing
hidden files with ls -a or ls -A
spaces
in filenames
symbolic
links, unconnected
type
of file in each directory, listing with ls -F
unique
filenames, picking automatically
finding
with find command [See find command]
hosts.equiv
2nd
inodes
linking
creating
and removing links
directories,
linking
directory,
links to
filenames
for symbolic links
links,
types of
reasons
for
stale
symbolic links
lockfiles
modification
by attackers, checking for
names
for [See filenames]
newly
created, setting default mode in unmask
old
and new version, saving with vi editor
open,
and file descriptors
overwriting
accidentally
ownership
of [See ownership, file]
packing
up and moving [See archives]
permissions
for [See permissions]
printing
[See also printing]
shortcut
for
Python,
opening, closing and reading
reading
to/writing from
2nd [See also redirecting input and output]3rd
recovering
with vi -r command
recovered
buffers, cautions about
remote,
copying to local system
removing
[See deleting removing files rm command]
renaming
copying
or comparing set of
interactively
saving
part of with vi editor
searching
by
column, using awk
with
grep commands
look
program
rcsgrep
script
security
[See security]
showing
contents of
cat
-v or od -c, showing nonprinting characters
cat
command
displaying
end with tail command
file
types, finding
head,
displaying beginning with
less
and more pagers
numbering
lines
squashing
extra blank lines with cat -s
size of
batch
editing and
limiting
splitting
by context (csplit)
switching
among with vi editor
temporary
handling
text with
testing
uncompressing
filesystem check (fsck) program
Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS)
web
site information on
filesystems
/proc
navigating
Unix filesystem
cd,
speeding up with aliases
changing
directories
changing
directories with c (shell function)
current
directory
current
directory, finding
directories,
automatic setup when entering/exiting
home
directory, finding (for anyone)
loop
control, break and continue
marking
your place with shell variable
relative
and absolute pathnames
shell
pushd and popd commands
NFS
and SMBFS, mounting
Perl
functions for
removable,
mounting/unmounting
synchronizing
with rsync program
for
USBs
filtering text through Unix commands
fmt
command
greps
filters
2nd
apsfilter
for
graphics
grep
command as
lpd
daemon, running files through
find command
$(
) operator, used with
-atime operator
locating
files based on last access time
-exec operator
creating
custom tests
large
recursive greps, using for
-exec
option
-inum
operator
-mtime
operator
-name
operator
-newer
option, using in incremental file backups
-nouser
or -nogroup operators
-ok
option
-perm
operator
-prune
operator
2nd
quick
find in current directory
-size
operator
-type
operator
-user
and -group operators
clearing
out unneeded files with
cpio operator
archiving
deleted files on tape
directory
tree, delving through
duplicating
a directory tree
fast
find commands
database
for
matching
shell wildcards
fast
find databases, using
features
and basic operators
filename-matching
patterns
files
for compression
files
you own with wrong permissions
finding
many things with one command
grepping
a directory tree
hard
links to a file, finding
lookfor
script, using in
loops
using
maxdepth
operator
modified
files, checking for
networked
filesystem, preventing from searching
old
files, searching for
operators
regex
and iregex options
running
commands on results
search
operators
skipping
parts of directory tree
time
operators (-mtime, -atime, and -ctime)
exact
file-time comparisons
unconnected
symbolic links, finding
xargs
command, using with
exec option
changing
permissions for directory tree
finding
current
directory
file
types
home
directory (for anyone)
findpt alias
firewalls
gateways
functioning as
fixed dynamic addresses
fixed grep [See fgrep command]
fixed length records, converting to/from variable-length records
flags
displaying
current
flavors of Unix
floating-point numbers
Perl
data type
sort
command and
floppies
backing
up to
loopback
mounts
flow-control operators for loops (in Perl)
fmt command
-p
option, reformatting program source code
2nd
3rd
-tuw
options
disk
initializer command
ending
punctuation for sentences and
filtering
text from vi editor through
filtering
vi text through
reformatting
fortune with
fmt.sh script
fmtarg variable (xmessage utility)
fold utility
font resource (xterm)
2nd
fonts
default
selecting
xterm,
changing dynamically
VT
Fonts menu
xterm,
VT Fonts menu
2nd
for command (awk)
for loops
2nd
3rd
4th
break
and continue commands in
break
and continue, controlling with
command-line
arguments, handling with
2nd
commands,
varying while repeating
2nd
here
documents, using to print form letters
in
command-line arguments
with
multiple variables
sed
scripts, use in
standard
input, stepping through
wildcards,
using with
forcing file removal/moving without warnings
foreach loop
foreach loops
commands,
varying while repeating
iterating
through arrays
iterating
through list elements
foreground color
foreground jobs
interrupting
with notification of state change in background job
killing
nice
command and
foreground processes
process
group and
fork system call
2nd
processes
forking out of control
format
tape
drives
formatted manpage files
formatting
markup
languages for
formatting Python output
Fortran program source file extension
fpath array (zsh)
FPATH environment variable
2nd
Korn
shell
zsh
shell
2nd
free disk space
checking
with df
free memory
information
about
Free Software Foundation website
FreeBSD
sections,
searching in manpages
FreeBSD Unix
disk
partitions
enabling
gatewaying
ifconfig
file output
inetd.conf
file
info
command
installing
software with FreeBSD packages
kernel
boot output for devices
OpenSSH
serial
consoles
single
user mode
software
installation with FreeBSD Ports
software
installation with Ports system
strings
utility, searching for words in binary files
swapinfo
utility
fsck (filesystem check) program
FTP
anonymous
ftp
anonymous
FTP server, configuring
Emacs
facility for
ftp
program
ftp
protocol (URI types)
securing
with port forwarding
function keys, mapping in vi
functional programming languages, functions in
functions
@-functions,
vi editor
combining
defining
and using simple
newlines
in
reusing
definition
buffer
overflow, causing
built-in
editor functions, tcsh
C
language, boundary checking
Perl
exit(
)
filesystem
hash
functions
print
Python
anonymous,
creating
class
methods
defining
shell
2nd
3rd [See also shell functions]
tar
utility
[SYMBOL]
[A]
[B]
[C]
[D]
[E]
[F]
[G]
[H]
[I]
[J]
[K]
[L]
[M]
[N]
[O]
[P]
[Q]
[R]
[S]
[T]
[U]
[V]
[W]
[X]
[Y]
[Z]
g or G (get) commands, sed editor
2nd
3rd
G
(Get) command
gateways
functioning
as firewalls
personal
LAN over a modem
gawk utility
paired
item check script
standard
I/O
variables
version
history
geometry variable (xmessage utility)
get (g or G) commands, sed editor
2nd
G
(Get) command
get command
copying
files from remote host to Unix machine
getline command (nawk)
getopt command
parsing
output
getopts command
2nd
getty program
2nd
3rd
Linux
virtual consoles, use in
GID (group ID)
primary
group, finding for
zero,
for superuser group
global (\:g) string editing operator
global aliases
global command (ex)
global commands with pattern matches
global commands, using in vi editor
global
searches
global crontab entries
global initializations (Emacs), disabling
global replacements
globbing
enabling/preventing
in shells
shell
failure to match wildcards and
Gnome
GNU
autoconf
and automake utilities
context
greps
dircolors
command
Emacs
[See Emacs editor]
fast
find utility (locate)
find
command, {} and
head
command
ls
command
-Q
(quoting) option
displaying
color names
slocate
command
spell,
download site for
tail
program
follow=name and retry options
follow
option
tar
command
tar
utility
command-line
arguments, order of
gzip
and bzip2 options
remote
tape drive, using with
storing
absolute pathnames
wildcards,
using with
wget
utility
GNU Readline
GNU-Darwin auto-installer for OS X (One-Step)
GNUS (Emacs Usenet client)
gprof profiler
grabchars program
graphical user interfaces [See GUIs]
graphics
conversion
programs
graymaps
greater than (>) operator
2nd
greater than or equal to (>=) operator
greedy and non-greedy regular expressions
grep command
-exec
operator (find command), using for
-l
option
listing
matching files
-n
option, number lines with
-Z
option for compressed files
cgrep
script
finding
commands containing the word "error"
finding
file with particular word or string in it
lookfor
script, using in
piping
output to pager
redirecting
output
regular
expressions used with, search pattern examples
regular
expressions, evaluating and matching
regular expressions, use of
printing
every address in your incoming mailbox
v option
excluding
files from deletion
who
command, using with
c option
listing
nonmatching files
e
option
grep commands
agrep
2nd
case-insensitive
searches
compound
searches
2nd
egrep
2nd
egrep
-f and fgrep -f
fgrep
GNU
context greps
-A
option
-B
option
-C
option
grep
-c
option
-i
option
-l
option
-v
option
2nd
-w
option
ps
command, using with
highlighting
text with hgrep
multiline
context grep using sed
rcsgrep
2nd
running
on RCS files with rcsgrep script
searching
files for matching line of text
group ID [See GID]
grouping operator (( ))
2nd
3rd
groups
denying
permissions with
file
ownership
file
ownership, determining
group
ownership and
ownership
of files in directories
ownership
of files, changing
permissions
denying
directory
with setgid bit
listing
for files
setting
to same as file owner
process
groups
Unix
user/group infrastructure
groups command
2nd
gsub command (awk)
gt operator (Perl)
guest accounts
GUIs (graphical user interfaces)
operating
systems
Python
Tcl/Tk
commands for, using in wish shell
wrapping
interactive programs with, using Expect
gunzip utility
-N
option
recreating
original tar files with
c
option, writing uncompressed data to standard output
gzcat command
gzip utility
2nd
3rd
4th
gzip
-c command
gzip
l command
[SYMBOL]
[A]
[B]
[C]
[D]
[E]
[F]
[G]
[H]
[I]
[J]
[K]
[L]
[M]
[N]
[O]
[P]
[Q]
[R]
[S]
[T]
[U]
[V]
[W]
[X]
[Y]
[Z]
h or H (hold) commands, sed editor
h
command
hacking
handlers for DDoS attacks
hangups [See HUP signals]
hangups, background processes and
hard disk quota limits
hard drives
hard links
2nd
-i
file in home directory for confirmation of file deletion
broken
copying
disk
space and
finding
for files
symbolic
links vs.
tar
-l command, printing messages about
to
.enter and .exit files
hardware
/proc
filesystem files
dialup
PPP sessions
disk
partitioning
PCs
filesystem
types and /etc/fstab
filesystems
mounting
NFS and SMBFS
kernel
boot output for devices
kernel
configuration to support
modems
network
devices, configuring
serial
consoles
sound
cards and other
supported
hardware lists
USB
configuration
hash codes
hash command
hashes (Perl)
2nd
functions
for
iterating
over
head command
2nd
3rd
4th
c
option to print characters/bytes
GNU
version, c nk and c nm options
n
option to control number of lines displayed
head of a pathname (\:h operator)
headers, mail
creating
with cat
proper
formation of
removing
with behead script
help
command
versions
info
commands
man
command
searching
online manual pages
terminals,
tty command
Unix
system names
whatis
command
whereis
command
who
command
help command (lpc)
here documents
2nd
hereis document terminators
hgrep script
hidden files, listing with and ls -a and ls -A
hierarchy, filesystem
highlighting
hgrep
script, using
in
shell prompts
histchars shell variable, changing history characters with
histfile shell variable (tcsh)
HISTFILESIZE environment variable
history command
-d
and -f options, showing dates and times
-D
option, showing elapsed time
-h
option
-r
(reverse) option
bash
shell, cautions about using
-w
option
listing
specified number of previous commands
history number in shell prompts
2nd
3rd
multiline
C-shell prompt
history of commands
2nd
!$
sequence for safety with wildcards
changing
history characters with histchars
checking
with \:p operator
history
numbers
history substitution
!$
sequence
!\:n*
sequence
mkdir
command, using with
history
substitutions
narrowing
searches with
passing
to other shells
repeating
commands with
saving
history in history file
bash,
ksh, and zsh shells
C
shells
shell
command line-editing
bash
Emacs
editing mode
ksh
(Korn shell)
tcsh
shell
vi
editing mode
zsh
history shell variable
history substitution
2nd
3rd
disabling
in bash
editing
substitutions in C shells, zsh, and bash
for
loop, using for
HISTSIZE environment variable
2nd
HOBLink JWT RDP client
hold (h or H) commands, sed editor
2nd
h
command
HOLD SCREEN button
hold space (sed editor)
transforming
part of a line, use in
home directory
bin
subdirectory, creating
finding
2nd
HOME
environment variable
pathname
of
HOME environment variable
2nd
host allow directive
host tool
host-based access control
host-based modems
hostname command
hostnames
completion
by shells
for
IP address, finding with dig -x
mapped
to IP addresses by DNS
NETBIOS
in
shell prompts
multiline
C-shell prompt
showing
with who am i command
hosts
.cshrc.$HOST
file for per host setup
trusted-host
authentication on SSH
hosts.equiv file
HTML
converted
into PostScript
editing
files with batch editing script
file
extensions
htmllib and HTMLParser modules
HTMLParser module
HTTP
Emacs
facility for
URI
protocol types
hung terminals, fixing
aborting
programs
output
stopped by HOLD SCREEN or SCROLL LOCK button
program
waiting for input
stalled
data connection
stopped
jobs, checking for
HUP (hangup) signals
2nd
ignoring
with nohup command
hyphen , under symbols) [See - (dash]
HZ constant, frequency of system time updates
[SYMBOL]
[A]
[B]
[C]
[D]
[E]
[F]
[G]
[H]
[I]
[J]
[K]
[L]
[M]
[N]
[O]
[P]
[Q]
[R]
[S]
[T]
[U]
[V]
[W]
[X]
[Y]
[Z]
i-number (inodes)
i-numbers
deleting
files by
I/O-bound processes
nice
command, effect of
ICA client, installing
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)
2nd
diagnostic
and traffic control messages
icons
navigation,
for resources shared with SMB network
text,
setting for xterms
IDE (Integrated Development Environment), Emacs as
identifiers [See also entries under identifier names]
group
ID (GID)
process
ID (PID)
user
IDs (UIDs)
identity, Python objects
if (! $?prompt) exit test
if command (awk)
if statements
\:
used as do-nothing place filler
debugging
syntax
for Bourne shell
test
command, using with
testing
exit status with
in
xmessage command line
if-then-else loops
cgrep
script, using in
csh
aliases, use in
Perl
scripts, using in
if/else block, testing multiple conditionals in
ifconfig tool
2nd
3rd
IFS (internal field separator) shell variable
ignoreeof variable
ignoring filenames in ls command listing
@INC array (Perl)
module
paths in
incremental backups
incremental searches in Emacs
indentation
in
Bourne shell scripts with <<- operator
Perl
script for text
in
Python scripts
index command (awk)
indexes
Bourne
shell arrays
C
shell arrays
hashes
industrial strength backups
inequality
!=
operator
ne
operator
inetd daemon
disabling
for security reasons
Expect
scripts with
running
Samba daemons
infinite loops
tail
-f command, creating with
info command
inheritance
process
information
variables
_ _init_ _( ) method (Python classes)
init program
2nd
3rd
collecting
child processes after parent exits
initialization files (Emacs)
initializing new cvsroot
inodes
2nd
-ctime
(change time) operator, using with find
file
permissions in
i-numbers
for parent directory entries
information
in
ls
-c command for
ls
-i command, listing number for each directory entry
tar
utility and
input [See input/output standard input]
input events
input/output (I/O) [See also standard error; standard input; stardard
output]
checking
statistics for security problems
find
command -print0 option
output
from at command, quieting
output
from background jobs, stopping
output
from command, sending to nohup.out file
piping
shell loop output to pager
Python
redirecting
[See redirecting input and output]
redirecting
for programs
stopped
terminal output, debugging
INPUTRC environment variable
inputrc file
customizing
bash editing in
insert command (ex)
insert mode for pasting text
insertion mode (Emacs)
installing
Python
installing Perl
installing software
/usr/bin
and other directories for
challenges
of
curl
application, using
Debian
apt-get tool, using
configuring
sources.list file
Debian
dselect tool, using
access
method, choosing
choosing
packages for installation or removal
configuring
packages
exiting
exiting
select function
installing
packages
removing
packages
updating
information on available packages
FreeBSD
packages, using
FreeBSD
Ports, using
GNU
wget utility, using
make
utility, problems with differing versions
RPM,
using
simplifying
the make process
instance of an object, application resources associated with
instance variables (Python)
instances of Python classes
INT (interrupt) signal
killing
processes waiting for NFS resources
sending
with CTRL-c command
int command (awk)
Integrated Development Environment (IDE), Emacs as
interactive command-line editing
2nd
bash
Emacs
editing mode
ksh
(Korn shell)
tcsh
shell
vi
editing mode
zsh
shell
interactive commands
interactive logins
starting
remote X clients from
interactive mode for shells
interactive programs
controlling
with Expect program
nice
command and
testing
with Expect
interactive renaming of files
interactive shells
2nd
3rd
Bourne shell
ENV
environment variable
setup
files, reading at different times
interactive spell checking
interation in loops
intergers in Perl
internal commands
internal field separator (IFS) shell variable
Internet
Internet Control Message Protocol [See ICMP]
Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)
Internet Protocol (IP)
interoperability
POSIX
standard
interpolating variables
interpretation of commands by shells [See commands]
interpreted languages
interpreter
Python
interpreter, perl
interrupt characters, setting
interrupting commands
in
a string of commands separated by semicolons
interrupting jobs
interrupts
shell
scripts, trapping exits caused by
intr key
intruder detection
invalid symbolic links
invisible files
IP (Internet Protocol)
addresses
DHCP
and
displaying
with dig
mapping
hostnames to
network
devices
private
network addresses and
addresses
and ports
addresses
ports
IP
masquerading on Linux
TCP,
UDP, and ICMP with
Version
4 (IPv4)
Version
6 (IPv6)
IP Control Message Protocol [See ICMP]
irc utility
IRIX systems
restricted
shell (rsh)
isc-dhcpd daemon
ispell program
iterating
through
arrays
through
key-value pairs in hashes
through
list elements with foreach
iterating shell variables over arguments
[SYMBOL]
[A]
[B]
[C]
[D]
[E]
[F]
[G]
[H]
[I]
[J]
[K]
[L]
[M]
[N]
[O]
[P]
[Q]
[R]
[S]
[T]
[U]
[V]
[W]
[X]
[Y]
[Z]
Java
applet
VNC client
HOBLink
JWT (RDP client)
jiffies (hundredths of a second)
job control
2nd
autowrite
and
basics
of
how
it works
using
from your shell
Linux
virtual consoles, use in
potential
problems with
process
groups
remote
login sessions, stopping
running
background jobs without
shell
features for
STOP
signal, using to stop forking processes
job numbers
putting
job into foreground or background with
job numbers, assignment to background processes
jobs
at
command, checking and removing
at
command, making quiet
current
job
2nd
deciding
when to run
effective
use of
foreground
killing
killing
by process ID number
notification
of changed job state
output
from background jobs, stopping
previous
job
running
without job control
stopping
to relieve overloaded system
terminating
or stopping, control keys for
jobs command
2nd
3rd
stopped
jobs, checking for
join command
jot utility
commands,
repeating with
Joy, Bill
[SYMBOL]
[A]
[B]
[C]
[D]
[E]
[F]
[G]
[H]
[I]
[J]
[K]
[L]
[M]
[N]
[O]
[P]
[Q]
[R]
[S]
[T]
[U]
[V]
[W]
[X]
[Y]
[Z]
kernel
backing
up
daemons
relationship
with shell, utilities, and applications
running
scripts from
2nd
env
command, using
script
filename as argument
scheduler
program
signals
and
starting
processes
statistics
on (/proc/stat file)
kernel boot output for
kernels
boot
output, reading
configuration
modules
for device drivers
PPP
code in
recompiling
to turn on IP forwarding
Kernighan, Brian
key bindings
bindkey
command
to
built-in Emacs editor functions in Korn shell
key bindings in Emacs
for
incremental searches
key definitions
key mappings
.exrc
file for vi editor, saving in
key-value pairs for hashes
keybindings
zsh
command-line editing
keyboard macros, Emacs
keyboard shortcuts
command
completion in Emacs
vi
map commands
2nd
keycode keyword
keymap table, maintained by X server
keymapping
keymaps, vi [See also map commands, vi]
cursor
motion in text-input mode without arrow keys
further
examples of
noremap
command and
pasting
text into window system running vi
protecting
from interpretation by ex
for
repeated edits
repeating
keys
defining
with xmodmap
public/private
key pair for encrypted information
keys function (Perl)
keys, cryptographic
SSH,
problems with
keysym mappings
keysyms
debugging
kill 9 command
kill character, @ (at sign) as
kill command
2nd
%num
-l
option, signals for
-STOP
$$
aborting
programs
closing
window by killing its processes
shell
script, using
web
browser (example)
xterm
window (example)
hung
window or process in a window, killing
jobs,
killing by job number
KILL
or 9 option
killall
-i
killing
all processes
killing
processes by name
pid
process
ID-1 and
restarting
daemons
stopping
jobs on overloaded system
unkillable
processes
user
ID and
zap
script, using
kill key
KILL signal
2nd
killall command, i (interactive) option
ksh (Korn shell)
2nd
.profile
file
alias
command
aliases
2nd
3rd
arrays
expanding
ranges
bgnice
option
command
history [See history of commands]
command-line
arguments in shell scripts
command-line
editing
completion
features
dynamic
prompts, simulating
ENV
variable
environment
variables
fc
-l command, listing previous commands with
FPATH
search path for shell functions
globbing
(wildcard expansion), preventing
history
file
ignoreeof
variable
job
control commands
limiting
file size
logging
out of
logout,
running commands at
parsing
strings, using set and IFS
passing
command history to
prompt,
setting
prompts
nonprinting
characters in
read-only
functions
reading
arguments
redirecting
standard I/O
scripts
in this book
shell
functions for pushd and popd commands
special
characters/operators in
string
editing operators
terminal
port type, putting into ttykind shell variable
ulimit
-c command, removing limits on core dumps
wildcards,
failing to match
[SYMBOL]
[A]
[B]
[C]
[D]
[E]
[F]
[G]
[H]
[I]
[J]
[K]
[L]
[M]
[N]
[O]
[P]
[Q]
[R]
[S]
[T]
[U]
[V]
[W]
[X]
[Y]
[Z]
la function
lambda statement (Python)
lambda statements (Python)
as
function arguments
last access time for files
deleting
files by
last line of a file (ed and sed), referring to with $
last modification time for files
2nd [See also timestamps]
last operator (Perl)
lastcomm command
piping
output or redirecting to a file
LATEX
Layer 3 Internet Protocol (IP)
Layer 4 protocols
2nd
lc operator
LDAP server for system passwords
leave function
length command (awk)
lensort script
less command
highlighting
matched patterns
zless,
for compressed files
less program
2nd
3rd
-N
option, numbering lines with
-s
option for squashing extra blank lines
PAGER
environment variable
piping
ls command output to
piping
to
less than (<) operator
2nd
less than or equal to (<=) operator
lesskey program
letter-sized pages
letters, ASCII class for
lexical analyzer (lex)
lf function
2nd
libraries
Perl modules
using
in scripts
shell
functions
licenses
Citrix
Microsoft,
in a WTS environment
lightweight varieties of Unix
limit and ulimit system calls
line #\: ;; unexpected error
line command
line commands in vi
line editors [See batch editing]
line function
line numbers
resetting
in
sed addresses
line termination characters [See newlines]
line termination in Python
line-by-line and search using sed, awk, or perl
linefeeds (Unix), ASCII character for
lines
addressing
for batch editing
comparing
for uniqueness
counting
with wc command
deleting duplicate
Perl
script, using
deleting
duplicates
deleting
in Emacs
joining
with join command
macro
for wrapping in vi editor
numbering
in file printout
sorting
by length
LINES and COLUMNS environment variables
resizing/resetting
for windows
lines of text retained by scrollbar
Lingua\:\:EN\:\:NameParse Perl module
link count
linking files
2nd
creating
and removing links
directories,
linking
directory,
links to
filenames
for symbolic links, showing
hard
links
hard
links vs. symbolic links
reasons
for
symbolic
links
stale
linkname, ln command and
links
-links
operator (find command)
copying
disk
space and
to
.exrc files
to
filenames
2nd
to files
inodes
and
hard links
finding
to files
optimizing
disk space with
to
programs
2nd
tar
-l command, printing messages about hard links
unlinking
in Perl
Linux
2nd
/proc
filesystem
adding
users to system
automount
daemons and devfsd for removable media
backups
to a local device
compression,
advantages/disadvantages of
deciding
what to back up
floppies
or zip disks
tape
utilities
for
bash
shell
color
names, displaying with GNU ls command
Debian Linux
apt-get
tool
dselect
tool for accessing dpkg installation package
kernel
boot output for devices
single-user
mode
devices
on PCIbus, showing
disk
partitions
displaying
latest entries from kernel ring buffer
enabling
gatewaying
groups,
changing primary with newgrp
HOWTO
for kernel configuration
HOWTO
for serial consoles
HZ
constant for system time updates
ifconfig
file output
info
command
installing
software with RPM
IP
masquerading
ipconfig
and route files (2.4 kernels)
listing
all processes running on
loadkeys
command
2nd
system-level
changes to key mappings
mounting
SMB drives onto their local filesystems with smbmnt
netstart,
displaying routing information with
nvi-1.79
editor, locking files before editing
OpenSSH
port,
testing for
Python,
inclusion of
Red
Hat and Debian, shortcut to creating periodic processes
Red Hat Linux
/contrib
directory, sshd.pam file
/proc
filesystem (in Version 6.2)
adduser
(or useradd) utility
Filesystem
Hierarchy Standard (FHS), support of
installing
chroot with anonftp-* (RPM)
performance
issues, shell as interpreter
single
user mode, accessing
route
command
security,
web site information on
signal
15 (termination)
sound
card configuration
TCP
wrappers
USB
devices on
virtual
consoles
2nd
switching
between
tty-type,
scrolling, and copy and paste operations
virtual
machine running Windows
LISP programming language
Emacs
customization
lists
references
to
ln command
-s
option
s
option
lndir program
load averages, system
load option (xrdb)
loadkeys command
local command
local crontab entries
local dictionary files
local programs
LOCAL_OPTIONS option (zsh)
locate command
2nd
database
for
shell
wildcards, matching
updating
database for
lockfiles, creating
locking files (RCS)
log command (awk)
log files
CVS
CVS,
examining for conflicting changes
disk
space and
global
alias for in zsh
monitoring
with tail -f
smb.conf,
settings for
log-file-monitoring programs
tail
-f
LOGDIR environment variable
2nd
logging (xterm), elimination for security reasons
logging in
changing
login sequence
logging out
background
processes in Bourne shells, avoiding termination of
by
killing user's login shell
logical expressions, evaluating
logical operators
login command
login shells
2nd
3rd
bash
C
shell, setting up
command
search table, resetting for scripts
killing
Korn
shell
setup
files
setup
files, contents of
SHELL
environment variable
xterm
or rxvt, running on
zsh
shell, setting up
login(l) command, system-wide setup
logins
disabling
external
root login access
interactive
starting
remote X clients from
procedure
for terminals (non-network)
remote
stopping
sessions
root
shells
disallowing
terminal
hangs during
loginsh variable (tcsh shell)
loginshell variable, setting
LOGNAME environment variable
logout command (C shell)
logout files, creating for Bourne and Korn shells
logouts
accidental,
from Bourne shells
bash
shell
long listing (-l option)
long listing, ls -l command
look command
2nd
df
options
lookfor shell script
loopback mounts
loops
alias
definition
basename
and dirname used with
controlling
with break and continue
2nd
endless
exit
status of
for
loops in Bourne-type shells, repeating commands with
foreach
loops, repeating commands with variations
if-then-else,
putting in C shell aliases
iterating
through arrays
parameters
for
in
Perl scripts
flow-control
operators
redirected
input/output, line numbers reset in
running
command and testing exit status
in
shell functions
loosely typed language
lp command
LPDEST
environment variable
lpc commands
exit
help
restart
status
lpd daemon
filter
scripts
running
files through filter
LPDEST environment variable
lpq command
lpr command
for
loop, using with
PRINTER
environment variable
printing
10 file copies, shortcut for
lprm command
lpstat command
lr alias
ls command
--
color option
-A
option
filenames
beginning with . (dot)
-b option
listing
filenames with nonASCII characters
printing
octal values of nonprinting characters
-c
option
-C
option (output in columns)
-d
option (listing directories)
-F
(tcsh built-in)
2nd
-i
option
-il
option
-l
option
2nd
character
count for files
checking
startup files for ownership
file
permissions and
file
permissions, listing
2nd
listing
files by last modification time
-lai
option
-lg
option
-Q
(quoting) option
-q option
converting
nonprinting characters to ?
nonASCII
characters
-R
option (listing subdirectories)
-s
option
-t
option
-u
option
aa
option
aliases
for
-C
option
-F
option with
-la
(for ls -a or -A)
ll
(for ls -l)
lr
color,
displaying names in
-G
option
filenames
and
find
command, using with
GNU
piping
output to wc command
shell
functions with options
System
V Unix, nonprinting characters and
ls flag (for login shell)
LS_COLORS environment variable
2nd
setting
with dircolors command
LSCOLORS environment variable
lt operator (Perl)
LyX editor
[SYMBOL]
[A]
[B]
[C]
[D]
[E]
[F]
[G]
[H]
[I]
[J]
[K]
[L]
[M]
[N]
[O]
[P]
[Q]
[R]
[S]
[T]
[U]
[V]
[W]
[X]
[Y]
[Z]
m (ending escape sequence)
m (map) option (tset command)
m command, marking place in vi editor
M-x in Emacs [See ESC-x in Emacs]
MAC (Ethernet) address
Mac OS X
Darwin
downloading
and installing One-Step
enabling
root access to
passwords,
storing
SSH
on
swap
space, checking contents of /var/vm with ls
Terminal
application
color
capabilities
command-k
to delete scrollback buffer
user
and group management through Netinfo
Macintosh
carriage
returns in text files, translating to newlines
keyboards,
CTRL and CAPS LOCK
Microsoft
Word file, converting for Unix
macros
Emacs
troff
-man
magic-space tcsh editor function
mail
directory
for
Emacs
facility
headers,
removing with behead script
permissions
for files
SMTP
(Simple Message Transfer Protocol)
mail exchanger (MX) records
2nd
stored
by DNS
mail program
\
(backslash) before history characters
redirecting
input for
redirecting
standard error to
sending
yourself email copy of fortune
shortcut
for multiple addresses
Mail User Agents (MUAs or UAs)
mailboxes, disk space and
mailto utility
Main Options menu (xterm)
make utility
configuring
source code
installing
Samba
make
clean command
make
distclean command
software
installation problems with differing versions
makealias command
Makefile.in (configure file)
Makefiles (or makefiles)
for
NIS
for
Perl
makewhatis utility
man command
command-line
options
MANPATH environment variable
2nd
adding
manual pages
formatted
with nroff commands
locating
for a program
MANPATH
environment variable
Perl
perldata
manpage for variable interpolation
on
Unix system
searching
for
shell prompts
types
of
map commands, vi
2nd [See also keymaps, vi]
arrow
key mappings in text-input mode, disadvantages of
command
mode maps
text-input
mode maps
|
(vertical bar), quoting in
arrow
keys, mapping
disabling
temporarily
map( ) function
mappings, keyboard events at server level [See keysym mappings]
mark command
markup languages
master password file
master word list, ispell program
match command (awk)
matching [See grep commands pattern matching regular expressions]
max log size directive (smb.conf)
maxdepth operator (find command)
maximum file size, setting in shells
memory
information
about from meminfo file
virtual
memory statistics, checking
menu completion
menu prompts
menus
xterm
merge option (xrdb)
merging files
in
CVS
in
RCS
Message Transfer Agents (MTAs)
MX
records, use of
META key in Emacs [See ESC-x in Emacs]
metacharacters
. (dot)
csplit
search patterns, escaping in
display
by cat -v command
displayed
by od -c
in regular expressions
^
and $ anchor characters
2nd
3rd
4th
.
(dot), matching any character with
examples
of use
Perl
search
and replace commands for sed or ex
valid
metacharacters for different Unix programs
shell
in
shells
wildcard
pattern matching in case statements
in
X event translations
Metaframe (Citrix)
2nd
Metamail utilities
methods
Python
Microsoft
licensing,
strictness of
security
Windows
[See Windows]
Word
(Macintosh) file, converting to Unix
MIME encoding
mimencode utility
minus sign , under Symbols) [See - (dash]
MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
mkdir (2) system call, adding directories and their hard links
mkdir command
2nd
history
substitution
m
option
p
(parents) option
mkfifo command
mod_python module
2nd
modem input, written with send
modem output, reading by expect
modems
2nd
personal
LAN over, gatewaying from
testing
with Expect program
modems, checking for stalled data connections
modes
access
permissions after chmod
editing
modes in Emacs
for
directories
xterm
menus, setting with
modification times for files
-mtime
operator (find command)
csh
alias to list recently changed
finding
files by
listing
newest file
sorting
files by (ls -t)
modifiers (in regular expressions)
modifiers for patterns
modules
kernel,
for device drivers
PAM
(Pluggable Authentication Modules)
Perl
Audio\:\:SoundFile
CPAN
(Comprehensive Perl Archive Network)
use
module statement in scripts
Python
2nd
cgi
checking
your version for
htmllib
and HTMLParser
2nd
mod_python
urllib
urllib2
2nd
modulus (%) operator
month order, sorting in
more command
case-insensitive
searches, faking
more program
-s
option for squashing extra blank lines
PAGER
environment variable
piping
to
sed
output, displaying
starting
MOTD, security and
mount command
loop
option
mounting
Network
File System
mounting filesystems
2nd
Network
File System
mouse
copy
and past in tty-type virtual terminals with
Emacs
editors, not having to use in
mouse for xterms
move command (ex)
moving blocks of text delimited by patterns
moving files and directories
between
filesystems
file,
moving into another directory
moving text with vi editor
Mozilla browser, closing window by killing its processes
mt command
MTAs [See Message Transfer Agents]
mtr (Matt’s traceroute)
MUAs (Mail User Agents)
multiline commands
secondary
prompts and
sed
editor
multiline quoting, Bourne shell
multiline replacement strings, sed editor
multiline shell prompts
multiple-line patterns, grep using sed
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions [See MIME encoding]
munchlist script
mutliprocessing on Unix
mv command
-f
option
file
ownership and
i
option
modifying
file without write permission
renaming
files
renaming
groups of files and
MX [See mail exchanger record]
mx function
my operator (Perl variable declaration)
[SYMBOL]
[A]
[B]
[C]
[D]
[E]
[F]
[G]
[H]
[I]
[J]
[K]
[L]
[M]
[N]
[O]
[P]
[Q]
[R]
[S]
[T]
[U]
[V]
[W]
[X]
[Y]
[Z]
n or N (next) commands, sed editor
n\\>&m operator
echo
commands ending with
examples
redirecting
standard output and standard error
named buffers, transferring text among with vi editor
named pipes (FIFOs)
named.conf file
names
of
applications and resources
computers
on network
Domain
Name Service (DNS)
of
programs, in error messages
SMB
peers (NETBIOS)
usernames
nameservers (NS)
namesort script
namespaces in Python
naming
commands
2nd
environment
variables
files
shell
scripts
NAT [See Network Address Translation]
natd daemon
navigating Unix filesystem
automatic
directory setup
cd,
speeding up with aliases
changing
directories
changing
directories with c (shell function)
current
directory
finding
finding
(anyone’s) home directory
loop
control, break and continue
marking
your place with shell variable
relative
and absolute pathnames
shell
pushd and popd commands
navigation icons for resources shared with SMB network
nawk utility
awk
variables, support of
examples
version
history
ndown (network down) script
ndown script
ne (inequality) operator
neatening text [See editing fmt command]
negative numbers as variable values
nested command substitution
nested loops, breaking or continuing
2nd
nesting
`
` (backquotes)
NETBIOS name
Netinfo, Mac OS X user/group management with
Netinfo, storing MacOS X passwords
netpbm package
netscape -remote technique
netstat command
2nd
Network Address Translation (NAT)
2nd
for
PPP connections
private
addresses
network cards, kernel boot output for
network devices
configuring
with ifconfig
network devices, configuring
Network File System [See NFS]
Network Information Service (NIS)
network interfaces for gateways
network time synchronization
networking language (SMB on Windows)
networking utilities
networks [See also connectivity]
archiving
files for
checking
connections for security breaches
computers,
names of
configuration
of network devices (ifconfig file)
diagnosing
problems with ping and traceroute
printing
over
CUPS
package
starting
and disabling for dialup connections
newer alias (printing newest filename)
newgrp command
2nd
newlines
\n
in
bash shell prompt
in
Bourne-type shells
in
event translation tables
as
argument separators
awk
procedures, separating
in
Bourne shell quoting
different
characters for
DOS,
converting to Unix
Mac
vs. Unix
quoted
in sed, shell interpretation of
in
sed replacement
in
sed multiline replacement strings
translating
Mac carriage returns to
in
vi @-functions
news
Emacs
facility for
removing
headers with behead script
next (n or N) commands, sed editor
2nd
next command (awk)
next operator (Perl)
nextdir command
NFS (Network File System)
directories
remotely mounted by, hung terminals and
directories,
backups to remote tape drive
find
command, preventing from searching
installing
packages residing on server
mounting
NFS (Network File Systems)
file
recovery, vi -r command vs.
nice command
background
processes and
BSD Unix
C
shell
standalone
foreground
jobs and
renice
command
2nd
3rd
System V
standalone
nice numbers
2nd
BSD
C shell nice
BSD
standalone nice
System
V C shell nice
System
V standalone nice
niceness
System
V, C shell nice
NIS (Network Information Service)
nl program (line-numbering)
nmbd daemon
nobody (generic user for HTTP web pages)
noclobber shell variable
2nd
noglob option
nohup command
background
processes, avoiding termination of
disown
vs.
nohup.out file
nom script
trap
command in
non-ASCII characters in filenames, deleting files with
non-rewinding tape devices
noninteractive shells
nonlogin files
bash
nonlogin shells
Bourne
shell, .profile file and
startup
files
xterm,
configuring for
nonprintable characters
displaying
with od command
nonprintable characters in filenames
nonprintable or control characters
nonprinting characters
erasing
with sed to eliminate extra blank lines
filenames
with, file deletion and
ls
command, System V Unix
octal
values of, printing with ls -b
showing
with cat -v
nonprinting escape sequences in a prompt
noremap command (vi)
not a tty message
not equal to (!=) operator
NOT operator
not operator
NOT operator (!)
NOT operator (!), using with find command
notification of changed job state
notification of job-state changes
nroff program
-man
macros
commands
in
formatting
text with sed
NT domains
NUL characters
2nd
delimiters,
using as
null command
null or unset variables, errors caused by
numbering lines
numbers
ASCII
class for
numeric exit status
numeric mode (chmod)
numeric operators
numeric sorting, alphabetic vs.
numeric tests, syntax errors in
nup (network up) script
nup script
[SYMBOL]
[A]
[B]
[C]
[D]
[E]
[F]
[G]
[H]
[I]
[J]
[K]
[L]
[M]
[N]
[O]
[P]
[Q]
[R]
[S]
[T]
[U]
[V]
[W]
[X]
[Y]
[Z]
object oriented programming (OOP) in Perl
objects
file
extension
Python
creating
file
objects
resources
in applications, association with
objects, Perl
releasing
resources with close( )
octal character strings
octal number
permissions
written as
octal numbers
permissions,
writing as
values
of nonprinting characters
od -c command, displalying nonprintable files
2nd
od c command, dumping raw directory contets to screen
od command
-c
option
“device independent” (DVI) printer language
“fat comma” operator (=>)
offset script
“inverse if” statement
2nd
oldlinks script
on-disk address of file data blocks
One-Step (GNU-Darwin auto-installer for OS X)
online documentation [See info command manual pages]
online manual source file extension
open files
file
descriptors and
OpenSSH
Pluggable
Authentication Modules (PAM), problems with
operating systems
BSD
Unix, versions of make utility
filename
wildcards
shells
emulating operating systems
graphical
interfaces
interoperability
POSIX
standard for interoprability
operators
&&
<<
(here document) operator
(
) (subshell) operator
=
(assignment) operator
\:
(colon), string editing
\:gt
operator (C shell)
arithmetic
array
array-expanding
awk
utility
2nd
Boolean
in
expressions
precedence
of
for
find command
-exec
-name
search
operators
time
(-mtime, -atime, and -ctime)
2nd
find command
!
and -name
flow-control,
for loops in Perl
if
command, awk
logical
numerical
parameter
substitution (Bourne shell)
precedence of
Boolean
operators in Perl
redirect
and append (>>)
relational
2nd
in
shells, listing with definitions
shift
(Perl)
string
2nd
string
editing
unmatched
optimizing disk space
compressing
a directory tree
fine-tuning
compressing
files
executable
binaries, stripping
limiting
files sizes
links,
using
quotas
on disk usage
opttest script
or (-o) operator, case command
OR operator
|
(logical OR) operator
|
in extended regular expressions
agrep
command, searching for multiple patterns
evaluating
OR expressions
or operator (|)
OR operator (||)
2nd
or operator (Boolean or)
orphans
out-of-date links [See symbolic links, stale]
output [See input/output standard output]
overriding event translations
overwrite mode (Emacs)
overwriting files
ownership, file
changing
with chown function in Perl
changing
without chown command
determining
directory,
setting sticky bit
disk
quotas and
groups
2nd
groups,
determining for
permissions
remote
files, scp -p command and
security
and
user,
group, and world
[SYMBOL]
[A]
[B]
[C]
[D]
[E]
[F]
[G]
[H]
[I]
[J]
[K]
[L]
[M]
[N]
[O]
[P]
[Q]
[R]
[S]
[T]
[U]
[V]
[W]
[X]
[Y]
[Z]
p (print) command, sed editor
packages
Python
packed file extension
packets
packing files [See archives compression]
page description languages
consistency
of
page size for printing
PAGER environment variable
pager programs
more
displaying
sed output
pagers
-s
option to squash extra blank lines
redirecting
input/output to
shell
debugging output, piping to
pagers, piping shell loop output to
paircheck script
paired item checking
PalmOS
terminal
emulators on
PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules)
paragraphs, preserving with fmt
parameter expansion
command-line
argument quoting, errors caused by
shortcuts
parameter substitution
\:
(colon) used in
\:
used in
examples
of
parameters, command-line [See command-line arguments]
parent directory
2nd
creating
links
to
listing
in cdpath variable
parent process
PID
for
parent process ID (PPID)
parent-child relationships
environment
variables and
parsing
command-line
command-line
arguments
2nd
3rd
HTML,
Python module for
2nd
strings
using sed editor
strings
with set command
partitioning disks
passmass script
passwd command
passwd file
root
password, resetting
users,
adding entry for
passwords
access
by attackers
for
VNC server
empty
SSH
server not allowing
groups
local
resources shared with SMB network
root,
forgetting
Samba
clear
text vs. encrypted
for
SMB server
system
file
paste program
pasting text
between
vi's
from
window systems into vi
in
tty-type virtual consoles with the mouse
pasting text in xterm windows
between
windows
xclipboard,
using
patch program
2nd
context
diffs, use of
PATH environment variable
2nd
3rd
command
version, getting
finding
commands
path
shell variable and
searching
with #!
shell
functions, searching for
path shell variable
pathnames
absolute
avoiding
in archives
tar
utility, avoiding use with
editing
Emacs,
PWD variable and
filenames
stripped from
files
archived on tape drives
GNU
tar backups to remote tape drive
head
of, returning with \:h operator
links
to
login
shell
matching
with wildcard expressions in GNU tar
relative
[See also relative pathnames]
absolute
vs.
script,
testing for
in
shell setup files
stripped
from filenames
symbols
in
tail
of, returning with \:t operator
wildcards
in
reasons
not to use
paths
changing
in shell startup files
echo
$PATH command, finding directory pathnames
local,
sharing with SMB network
in
Perl scripts
search
paths, shells
2nd
3rd [See also search path]
set
path command, hung terminals and
tail
of each path in dirs output for C shell prompt
in
URIs
pattern matching
2nd
3rd [See also regular expressions]
in
case statements
compound
searches with vi
global
commands useful with
lowercase
letters
quick
reference
replacement
patterns
search
and replace commands
search
patterns
replacement
patterns
search
patterns in vi editor
global
searches
wildcards
in case statements
pattern space (sed editor)
2nd
deleting
contents with d command
deleting
portion of with D command
edits
across line boundaries
pattern-expansion characters ({ })
pattern-matching operators ~ and !~
patterns
2nd [See also regular expressions; replacement patterns; search patterns]
aliases
matching a wildcard-type pattern in zsh
awk
utility
csplit
program, for searches
job
control mechanism, use of
matching
in Expect program
regular
expressions vs. wildcards (file-matching patterns)
replacement,
valid regular expression metacharacters for
in
sed
pausing scripts
pbm (portable bitmap) format
pbmplus package
PCL (Printer Command Language)
PCs
keyboard,
CTRL and CAPS LOCK
partitioning
PC BIOS disk
text
files, removing carriage returns from
Universal
Serial Bus (USB), support of
PDF
pdksh (public domain Korn shell)
2nd
aliases
command-line
editing
FPATH
environment variable for shell functions
history
file
performance
displaying
running commands
global
and local problems
problems
with, checking for security breaches
I/O
statistics
network
connections
processes
swap
space
virtual
memory statistics
process
scheduling at lower priority with nice
system
load, checking with uptime
timing
processes
timing
programs
period (.) , under Symbols) [See . (dot]
PERIOD shell variable
periodic commands
periodic execution of programs
crontab
entries, adding
shortcuts
to creating
standard
input, including in cron entry
Perl
branching
and looping
bug
reports, filing
commenting
RCS files
compiling
configuration
information
configuring
Configure
shell script
CPAN,
library modules on
data
types
documentation
Plain
Old Documentation (POD) system
documentation
(perldoc system)
fields,
cutting
File\:\:Find
module
grep,
simulating actions of
installation,
checking
interpreter
(perl)
line-by-line
and search using
modules
using
in scripts
offset
script
pattern
matching [See regular expressions]
programming
in Emacs, editing modes for
Python
vs.
regular
expression syntax for ranges
regular
expressions
documentation
for
scripts
anatomy
of typical
sl
script
sorting
lines by length
sorting
names by surname, script for
Text\:\:Autoformat
module
Unix-like
operators
unlink(
) system call, using
variables
2nd
arrays
hash
scalar
versions
2nd
perl interpreter
permissions
changes,
handling with aliases
changing
with chmod
=
operator
for
executable files
execute permission
without
read permission
files
managed by team of people
finding
files by
fully
accessible directory within unreadable directory
group,
in directory with setgid bit
group-write
searching
for and removing
groups
that deny
2nd
information
neither personal nor modifiable
lockfiles
managing
modifying
files without write access
octal
number, writing as
personal
information
read-only
remote
directory backups and
security
and
set
incorrectly
shell
scripts
sticky
bit
umask
command
2nd
personal directories
personal word list, ispell program
pg program
piping
to
pgm (graymap) format
pick script
PID [See process ID]
pid (process ID)
killing
jobs by
pid (process IDs)
Pike, Rob
ping program
pipelines
exit
status of
starting
with cat command
pipes
buffering
output
commands
joined with
copying
directory trees
2nd
find
output to xargs ls -l
locate
command output to xargs
ls
command output
ps
command in
redirecting
input/output
2nd
|&
operator
named
pipes (FIFOs)
to
pagers
tpipe
command
redirecting
standard error (but not standard output)
pixmaps
pkg_add utility
Plan 9 operating system
2nd
Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)
plus sign [See +, under Symbols]
pnm graphic format
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
configuring
connection for gatewaying
setting
up dialup session
pointers
to
other files or directories [See symbolic links]
PTR
record for IP address
for
screen navigation
pop operator (Perl)
popd command
2nd
3rd
clearing
directory stack with
portable bitmap format
Portable Bitmap Package
portable graymap format
portable pixmap formats
ports
firewalls
and
HTTP
requests
IP
addresses and
numbers
for
port
forwarding, problems with
SMTP
requests
terminal,
listing of types
testing
port (tty) numbers for terminal setup
well-known,
database in /etc/services
POSIX (Portable Operating System Interface)
Post Office Protocol (POP or POP3)
postfix program
PostScript
converting
text files to
page
description language
source
file extension (.ps)
text
files, converting to
ppm (pixmap) format
pr command
2nd
-l
option (page length)
-m
option (one file per column)
-number
option for columns
sX
option (setting column separator to x)
t
and n options
h
(heading) option
precedence of operators
Boolean
operators in Perl
predefined environment variables
preprompt commands
setting
previous job
primary groups
primary partitions
print command (awk)
print function
PRINT_EXIT_VALUE option (zsh)
printcap file
apsfilter,
installing
printenv command
2nd
3rd
checking
for environment changes at different systems
Printer Command Language (PCL)
PRINTER environment variable
printer queue, watching for errors (watchq script)
printexitvalue shell variable (tcsh)
printf command (awk)
2nd
printing
commands
without executing them (\:p operator)
2nd
Common
Unix Printing System (CUPS)
files,
shortcut for
formatting
plain text with enscript
formatting
plain text with pr
languages
for
converting
text files into
converting
typeset files into
lp-style
commands
lpc
commands
lpr-style
commands
markup
languages, formatting with
network
Portable
Bitmap Package
printers,
configuring to share with SMB network
over
Samba
2nd
from
Unix to Windows printer
to
Unix printers
spooling system
converting
source files
lp
and lpr
spooling
system for
symbolic
links, using
typesetting
manpages
with nroff commands
Unix
hitory of
using
different printers
priocntl command
priority of processes
changing
with renice command
Unix
definition of
priority ordering for processes
stopped
jobs and
private addresses
private directories
private keys [See public-key cryptography]
procedural programming languages, functions in
procedures (awk utility)
process groups
priority
of processes in, modifying
signals
sent from keyboard
process ID (PID)
2nd
3rd
-1
kill
command, feeding to
statistics
of process by
unique
filenames, use in
zmore
script (example)
process substitution
in
nom script example
tee
command, using with
processes
/proc
filesystem
hardware
information
statistics
by PID
background
[See background processes]
background
and foreground
chain
leading to your window
checking
for security breaches
cleaning
up unkillable
closing
a window by killing its processes
shell
script, using
web
browser (example)
xterm
window (example)
commands
printed in parentheses by ps
controlling
process
controlling
terminal
creating
new with fork and exec calls
defined
destroying
with kill command
disowning
exit
status of
exit
status returned by
foreground
[See foreground processes]
interactively
killing those matching a pattern
killing
all
killing
by name
killing interactively
zap
script, using
listing
with ps command
2nd
managing,
overview of
open
files for reading from/writing to
parent-child
relationships
priority,
lowering with nice command
queue
by priority
restarting
daemon shell script with kill command
scheduling
at
command, running once with
regular,
periodic execution with cron
signals
and
actions
in response to signals
kill-9
command, sending KILL and STOP signals
spawning
stopped
vs. terminated
stopping
terminal
windows without shells
timing
tracking
down with ps command
-a
option, on BSD systems
-a
option, on System V
-ax
option on BSD
-e
option, on System V
runaway
processes
Unix
handling of
unrelated,
communicating through FIFOs
profiler (GNU gprof)
programming
Unix
[See also shell scripts][See also shell scripts]
programming languages
Emacs
as IDE for
functions
in
loosely
typed
Tcl
programming, shell [See shell scripts]
programming, Unix
programs
aborting
bin
directory for
environment,
modifying
file
deletion
filename
wildcards, passing to without shell interpretation
filters
links
to
names of
giving
multiple names with links
in
error messages
periodic
execution with cron
crontab
entries, adding
shortcuts
to creating
standard
input, including in cron entry
redirecting
input and output of
shells
running
timing
Unix
2nd [See also shells]
as
tools
waiting
for input
prompt shell variable
2nd
if
(! $?prompt) exit test
setting
to see aliases hidden in the ($?prompt) test
PROMPT_COMMAND (bash shell variable)
promptpid variable
prompts
2nd
$
(dollar sign), in Bourne shell prompts
blank
Bourne-type
shells, primary
C-shell,
stray prompt problems
characters
displayed in different sehlls
current
directory in, using dirs command output
dynamic
simulating
external
commands sending signals to set variables
faster
setting with built-ins
highlighting
and color in
history
number in
2nd
menu
prompt for naive users
modified,
script program and
multiline
preprompt
commands, setting
preprompt,
preexecution and periodic commands
PS1,
PS2 variables
right-side
secondary
>
as
?
as
Bourne
shell quoting and
multiline
commands and
session
info in window title or status line
static
subshell
level, showing
typing
commands at
propagating shell functions
exporting
bash functions
FPATH
search path
Korn
shell
zsh
shell
protocols [See also individual protocol names]
curl
application, support of
URI
types
wget
utility, support of
prune operator (find command)
ps command
2nd
-a (all) option
BSD-derived
systems
System
V
-ag
options, displaying all processes on system
-ax
option
-ef
options (System V)
-el
options
AIX
version of
aux
options (Berkeley style)
aux
options (Berkeley-style)
aux
or -ef options, listing chain of processes
checking
current processes for security breaches
checking
for application running on remote display
commands
printed in parentheses
displaying
programs
e
(everything) option
grep,
using with
listing
of command output fields
in
pipes
runaway
shell script, locating
showing
all jobs with -x or -e options
x
option
zombies,
listing
PS1 environment variable
2nd
PS2 environment variable
pseudo-terminal
pstat utility
psychotherapist program, Emacs
ptbk script (for incremental backups)
pty
public directive (smb.conf)
public key cryptography
authentication,
not working on SSH
installing
key file on remote host
passphrase,
problems with
SSL,
use of
public-domain version of Korn shell [See pdksh]
punctuation in filenames
push operator (Perl)
pushd command
2nd
3rd
4th
aliases
for
pushing or pulling information
put command
copying
files to remote host from Unix
restoring
text with vi editor
pwd command
2nd
PWD environment variable
storing
in prompt to give current directory
unsetting
before using Emacs
Python
installation
Disutils
program and
modules,
checking for
overview
of language
functions
GUIs
I/O
and formatting
indentation
modules
and packages
objects
Perl
vs.
portability
of
web,
interacting with
cgi
module
htmllib
and HTMLParser modules
mod_python
module
urllib
module
urllib2
module
[SYMBOL]
[A]
[B]
[C]
[D]
[E]
[F]
[G]
[H]
[I]
[J]
[K]
[L]
[M]
[N]
[O]
[P]
[Q]
[R]
[S]
[T]
[U]
[V]
[W]
[X]
[Y]
[Z]
qmail program
qterm program
2nd
+usrtab
option
query option (xrdb)
querying terminal type (qterm)
queues
printing
jobs
2nd
processes
by priority
quieting at jobs
quit command
ex
sed
quit key
QUIT signal
2nd
ignoring
in System V with nohup command
killing
processes waiting for NFS resources
quota command
quota systems for disk usage
quote command
quoting
aliases
C
shell
fixing
in csh with makealias and quote
in
Bourne shell
multiline
rules
for
special
characters
in
C shell
2nd
rules
for
special
characters
in
case statement wildcard pattern matching
command-line
arguments
errors
caused by
control
characters in Emacs
filename
arguments containing wildcards
hereis
document terminators
in C shell
special
characters quoting
in shells
\
(backslashes) quoting
preventing
wildcard expansion with
quote
characters from Windows, formatting for Unix
regular
expression special characters to prevent shell expansion of
regular
expressions used with grep or egrep
in shells
here
documents
showing
with verbose and echo settings
special
characters and their meanings
showing
results with showargs
special
characters in key bindings
QWERTY keyboards
2nd
qx( ) function
[SYMBOL]
[A]
[B]
[C]
[D]
[E]
[F]
[G]
[H]
[I]
[J]
[K]
[L]
[M]
[N]
[O]
[P]
[Q]
[R]
[S]
[T]
[U]
[V]
[W]
[X]
[Y]
[Z]
rand command (awk)
random numbers in nawk (srand)
ranges
..
(integer-range) operator in zsh
character
ranges (hyphen-separated)
character
ranges in regular expressions
2nd
expanding
Perl
regular expression syntax for
rc shell
rcp command
-r
option
RCS (Revision Control System)
archiving
files
ci
(checkin) command
co (checkout command)
-p
option, sending file to standard output
comparing
directory with subdirectory, using pr
Emacs
support for
file
utility, recognizing archives with
listing
revision numbers with rcsrevs script
merging
two or more file versions with rcsmerge and co j
searching
files with rcsgrep commands
unlocking
files
rcsdiff command
2nd
rcsegrep.fast script
rcsgrep command
2nd
a
option
rcsgrep script
RD (Receive Data) light
rdesktop (RDP client for Unix)
read command
ex
editor
reading
from the keyboard
while
loops using
read permission
changing
with chmod
for
directories
2nd
execute
permission without
finding
files by
shell
scripts
read-only files
read-only functions
reading files, access time and
reading from terminals
process
groups and
reading-tar process
readline command
Readline library
inputrc
file
setup
filename, choosing
recomment script
recovering files
cpio
tape archive
Emacs,
using
vi
-r command
recovered
buffers, cautions about
recursion, tracing depth of
recursive aliases
recursive functions
recursive permission changing
recursive searching with grep
Red Hat Linux [See Linux]
redirect operator (>>)
redirecting input and output
C
shell
cat
command
commands
combined with grouping (( )) operator
cron
system output
to
/dev/null
FIFOs,
using
line
numbers in redirected loops
to
multiple processes
noclobber,
using
openstandard
I/O files without
pagers,
piping to
of
programs
shell
capabilities
shell
output and errors into temporary file
standard
error (only), piping
standard
input and standard output, using
standard
output and standard error
Bourne
shells
standard
output, shell processing of
tee
program
redo operator (Perl)
references (Perl)
2nd
dereferencing
reformatting text from one window before pasting it into another
registry settings for clear text SMB passwords
regular expressions
2nd [See also pattern matching]3rd
agrep
command
2nd
awk
utility
egrep
command
2nd
examples
of
expr command
matching
parts of strings
testing
character strings
expressions,
understanding
extended
alternation
mechanism
filename-matching
patterns vs.
finding
lines that don't match a pattern
globally
substituting for each match
interpreting
limiting
extent of match
matching
a character with a character set
matching
specific number of sets with \{ \}
matching
words with \< \\\>
metacharacters
2nd
3rd
for
different Unix programs
pattern
context
pattern
matching, quick reference
replacement
patterns
search
and replace commands
search
patterns
2nd
Perl
metacharacters
in
potential
problem areas
range
of characters, specifying with [ ]
repeated
patterns, matching with \(\)
repeating
character sets with *
retrieving
only matched text with xgrep script
sed
editor
addresses
2nd
delimiting
searching
for patterns split across lines
sequence
of characters, describing
showmatch
script, testing with
simple
vs. extended
substituting
for matches in nawk
tar
archive files, matching filenames of
wildcards
vs.
rehash command
2nd
resetting
command search table
relational operators
2nd
if
command, awk
relative pathnames
2nd
creating
current
directory and
links,
avoiding invalidation of
in
shell setup files
symbolic
links to
remainder, modulus (%) operator
remote access
conrolling
[See ssh]
disallowing
for security
rsh
[See rsh]
remote clients, starting for X window systems
Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP)
client
for Unix (rdesktop)
remote directories, hung terminals and
remote files
Emacs,
opening with
shortcut
for copying
remote logins
status
line updates
stopping
sessions
remote restoration of backup files
remote shells [See also rsh; ssh]
setup
files for
remote tape drive, tar backups to
2nd
remove option (xrdb)
removing
command-line
arguments
software
packages, dependency conflicts caused by
removing files
confirmation
before deletion
deleting
directories
deleting
files with odd names
eight-bit
filenames
filenames
starting with - (dash)
i-numbers,
using
directory
sticky bit permission and
emptying
files instead of
excluding
some files from
find
command and
interactively,
with file-deletion script or alias
rm command
-f
option (no confirmation)
dangers
of
safety
techniques for
safe
delete program
safer
file deletion in some directories
selective
deletion of
stale
files, deleting
rename function
renaming files
directory
sticky bit permission and
groups
of
2nd
interactively
mv
command, using
with
nonprinting characters in names
ownership
and
write
access and
renice command
2nd
3rd
rep command, vis command vs.
repeat command
.
(dot), in vi
clearing
directory stack with popd
repeating commands
2nd
at
set intervals
copy
and paste, using
cycle
of commands
with
history substitution
with
variations
for
loop, using
foreach
loop, using
replacement patterns
sed
editor, delimiting
special