pyxtal.crystal module¶
Module for generation of random atomic crystals with symmetry constraints. A pymatgen- or spglib-type structure object is created, which can be saved to a .cif file. Options (preceded by two dashes) are provided for command-line usage of the module:
- spacegroup (-s): the international spacegroup number (between 1 and 230)
- to be generated. In the case of a 2D crystal (using option ‘-d 2’), this will instead be the layer group number (between 1 and 80). Defaults to 36.
- element (-e): the chemical symbol of the atom(s) to use. For multiple
- molecule types, separate entries with commas. Ex: “C”, “H, O, N”. Defaults to “Li”
- numIons (-n): the number of atoms in the PRIMITIVE unit cell
- (For P-type spacegroups, this is the same as the number of molecules in the conventional unit cell. For A, B, C, and I-centered spacegroups, this is half the number of the conventional cell. For F-centered unit cells, this is one fourth the number of the conventional cell.). For multiple atom types, separate entries with commas. Ex: “8”, “1, 4, 12”. Defaults to 16
- factor (-f): the relative volume factor used to generate the unit cell.
- Larger values result in larger cells, with atoms spaced further apart. If generation fails after max attempts, consider increasing this value. Defaults to 1.0
- verbosity (-v): the amount of information which should be printed for each
- generated structure. For 0, only prints the requested and generated spacegroups. For 1, also prints the contents of the generated pymatgen structure. Defaults to 0
- attempts (-a): the number of structures to generate. Note: if any of the
- attempts fail, the number of generated structures will be less than this value. Structures will be output to separate cif files. Defaults to 1
- outdir (-o): the file directory where cif files will be output to.
- Defaults to “out”
- dimension (-d): 3 for 3D, or 2 for 2D, 1 for 1D. If 2D, generates a 2D
- crystal using a layer group number instead of a space group number. For 1D, we use a Rod group number. Defaults to 3
- thickness (-t): The thickness, in Angstroms, to use when generating a
- 2D crystal. Note that this will not necessarily be one of the lattice vectors, but will represent the perpendicular distance along the non- periodic direction. For 1D crystals, we use this value as the cross-sectional area of the crystal. Defaults to None
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pyxtal.crystal.
Add_vacuum
(lattice, coor, vacuum=10.0, dim=2)[source]¶ Adds space above and below a 2D crystal. This allows for treating the structure as a 3D crystal during energy optimization
Parameters: - lattice – the lattice matrix of the crystal
- coor – the relative coordinates of the crystal
- vacuum – the amount of space, in Angstroms, to add above and below
- dim – the axis (0,1,2)->(x,y,z) along which to add space
Returns: - The transformed lattice and coordinates after the
vacuum space is added
Return type: lattice, coor
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pyxtal.crystal.
Permutation
(lattice, coor, PB)[source]¶ Permutes a list of coordinates. Not currently implemented.
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pyxtal.crystal.
cellsize
(sg)[source]¶ Returns the number of duplicate atoms in the conventional lattice (in contrast to the primitive cell). Based on the type of cell centering (P, A, C, I, R, or F)
Parameters: sg – the international spacegroup number Returns: a number between 1 and 4
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pyxtal.crystal.
check_distance
(coord1, coord2, specie1, specie2, lattice, PBC=[1, 2, 3], d_factor=1.0)[source]¶ Check the distances between two set of atoms. The first set is generally larger than the second. Distances between coordinates within the first set are not checked, and distances between coordinates within the second set are not checked. Only distances between points from different sets are checked.
Parameters: - coord1 – multiple lists of fractional coordinates e.g. [[[.1,.6,.4] [.3,.8,.2]],[[.4,.4,.4],[.3,.3,.3]]]
- coord2 – a list of new fractional coordinates e.g. [[.7,.8,.9], [.4,.5,.6]]
- specie1 – a list of atomic symbols for coord1. Ex: [‘C’, ‘O’]
- specie2 – the atomic symbol for coord2. Ex: ‘Li’
- lattice – matrix describing the unit cell vectors
- PBC – the axes, if any, which are periodic. 1, 2, and 3 correspond to x, y, and z respectively.
- d_factor – the tolerance is multiplied by this amount. Larger values mean atoms must be farther apart
Returns: a bool for whether or not the atoms are sufficiently far enough apart
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pyxtal.crystal.
check_wyckoff_position
(points, wyckoffs, w_symm_all, exact_translation=False, PBC=[1, 2, 3])[source]¶ Given a list of points, returns a single index of a matching Wyckoff position in the space group. Checks the site symmetry of each supplied point against the site symmetry for each point in the Wyckoff position.
Parameters: - points – a list of 3d coordinates or SymmOps to check
- wyckoffs – an unorganized list of Wyckoff positions obtained from get_wyckoffs, get_layer, or get_rod
- w_symm_all – a list of site symmetry operations obtained from get_wyckoff_symmetry, get_layer_symmetry, or get_rod_symmetry
- exact_translation – whether we require two SymmOps to have exactly equal translational components. If false, translations related by +-1 are considered equal. If points have been directly generated from a Wyckoff position, we may set this to True. Otherwise, leave False
- PBC – a list of periodic axes (1,2,3)->(x,y,z)
Returns: a single index for the Wyckoff position within the sg. If no matching WP is found, returns False
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pyxtal.crystal.
choose_wyckoff
(wyckoffs, number)[source]¶ Choose a Wyckoff position to fill based on the current number of atoms needed to be placed within a unit cell Rules:
- The new position’s multiplicity is equal/less than (number).
- We prefer positions with large multiplicity.
Parameters: - wyckoffs – an organized list of Wyckoff positions
- number – the number of atoms still needed in the unit cell
Returns: a single index for the Wyckoff position. If no position is found, returns False
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pyxtal.crystal.
connected_components
(graph)[source]¶ Given an undirected graph (a 2d array of indices), return a set of connected components, each connected component being an (arbitrarily ordered) array of indices which are connected either directly or indirectly.
Parameters: graph – a list reprenting the connections between points. The first index represents a point, and the 2nd indices represent the points to which the first point is connected. Can be generated by find_short_dist Returns: a list of connected components. The first index denotes a separate connected component. The second indices denote the points within the connected component which are connected to each other
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pyxtal.crystal.
create_matrix
(PBC=[1, 2, 3])[source]¶ Used for calculating distances in lattices with periodic boundary conditions. When multiplied with a set of points, generates additional points in cells adjacent to and diagonal to the original cell
Parameters: PBC – The axes with periodic boundary conditions. Ex: PBC=[2,3] cancels periodic boundary conditions along the x axis Returns: A numpy array of matrices which can be multiplied by a set of coordinates
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pyxtal.crystal.
distance
(xyz, lattice, PBC=[1, 2, 3])[source]¶ Returns the Euclidean distance from the origin for a fractional displacement vector. Takes into account the lattice metric and periodic boundary conditions, including up to one non-periodic axis.
Parameters: - xyz – a fractional 3d displacement vector. Can be obtained by subtracting one fractional vector from another
- lattice – a 3x3 matrix describing a unit cell’s lattice vectors
- PBC – the axes, if any, which are periodic. 1, 2, and 3 correspond to x, y, and z respectively.
Returns: a scalar for the distance of the point from the origin
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pyxtal.crystal.
estimate_volume
(numIons, species, factor=1.0)[source]¶ Estimates the volume of a unit cell based on the number and types of ions. Assumes each atom takes up a sphere with radius equal to its covalent bond radius.
Parameters: - numIons – a list of the number of ions for each specie
- species – a corresponding list for the specie of each type of ion. Each element in the list should be a string for the atomic symbol
- factor – an optional factor to multiply the result by. Larger values allow more space between atoms
Returns: a float value for the estimated volume
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pyxtal.crystal.
filtered_coords
(coords, PBC=[1, 2, 3])[source]¶ Given a list of 3d fractional coordinates or a single 3d point, transform all coordinates to less than 1 and greater than 0. If one axis is not periodic, does not transform the coordinates along that axis. For example, for the point [1.2,1.6, -.4] with periodicity along the x and z axes, but not the y axis (PBC=[1, 3]), the function would return [0.2, 1.6, 0.6].
Parameters: - coords – a list or array of real 3d vectors, or a single real 3d vector
- PBC – the axes, if any, which are periodic. 1, 2, and 3 correspond to x, y, and z repectively
Returns: a new list of coordinates (or single point) with values scaled between 0 and 1, except for values on the non-periodic axis
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pyxtal.crystal.
find_generating_point
(coords, generators, PBC=[1, 2, 3])[source]¶ Given a set of coordinates and Wyckoff generators, return the coord which can be used to generate the others. This is useful for molecular Wyckoff positions, for which the orientation, and not just the position, is needed for each point in the Wyckoff position. Thus, we need to know which coordinates to use for x, y, and z, so that rotations can be applied correctly using the Wyckoff geneators
Parameters: - coords – a list of fractional coordinates corresponding to a Wyckoff position
- generators – the list of Wyckoff generators for the Wyckoff position. Can be obtained from get_wyckoff_generators
- PBC – a list of periodic axes (1,2,3)->(x,y,z)
Returns: a fractional coordinate [x, y, z] corresponding to the first listed point in the Wyckoff position
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pyxtal.crystal.
find_short_dist
(coor, lattice, tol, PBC=[1, 2, 3])[source]¶ Given a list of fractional coordinates, finds pairs which are closer together than tol, and builds the connectivity map
Parameters: - coor – a list of fractional 3-dimensional coordinates
- lattice – a matrix representing the crystal unit cell
- tol – the distance tolerance for pairing coordinates
- PBC – the axes, if any, which are periodic. 1, 2, and 3 correspond to x, y, and z respectively.
Returns: (pairs) is a list whose entries have the form [index1, index2, distance], where index1 and index2 correspond to the indices of a pair of points within the supplied list (coor). distance is the distance between the two points. (graph) is a connectivity map in the form of a list. Its first index represents a point within coor, and the second indices represent which point(s) it is connected to.
Return type: pairs, graph
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pyxtal.crystal.
gaussian
(min, max, sigma=3.0)[source]¶ Choose a random number from a Gaussian probability distribution centered between min and max. sigma is the number of standard deviations that min and max are away from the center. Thus, sigma is also the largest possible number of standard deviations corresponding to the returned value. sigma=2 corresponds to a 95.45% probability of choosing a number between min and max.
Parameters: - min – the minimum acceptable value
- max – the maximum acceptable value
- sigma – the number of standard deviations between the center and min or max
Returns: a value chosen randomly between min and max
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pyxtal.crystal.
generate_lattice
(sg, volume, minvec=1.0, minangle=0.5235987755982988, max_ratio=10.0, maxattempts=100)[source]¶ Generates a lattice (3x3 matrix) according to the space group symmetry and number of atoms. If the spacegroup has centering, we will transform to conventional cell setting. If the generated lattice does not meet the minimum angle and vector requirements, we try to generate a new one, up to maxattempts times.
Parameters: - sg – International number of the space group
- volume – volume of the conventional unit cell
- minvec – minimum allowed lattice vector length (among a, b, and c)
- minangle – minimum allowed lattice angle (among alpha, beta, and gamma)
- max_ratio – largest allowed ratio of two lattice vector lengths
- maxattempts – the maximum number of attempts for generating a lattice
Returns: a 3x3 matrix representing the lattice vectors of the unit cell. If generation fails, outputs a warning message and returns empty
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pyxtal.crystal.
generate_lattice_1D
(num, volume, area=None, minvec=1.0, minangle=0.5235987755982988, max_ratio=10.0, maxattempts=100)[source]¶ Generates a lattice (3x3 matrix) according to the spacegroup symmetry and number of atoms. If the spacegroup has centering, we will transform to conventional cell setting. If the generated lattice does not meet the minimum angle and vector requirements, we try to generate a new one, up to maxattempts times. Note: The monoclinic Rod groups have different unique axes. Groups 3-7
have unique axis a, while 8-12 have unique axis c. We use periodic axis c for all Rod groups.Parameters: - num – number of the Rod group
- volume – volume of the lattice
- area – cross-sectional area of the unit cell in Angstroms squared. If set to None, a value is chosen automatically
- minvec – minimum allowed lattice vector length (among a, b, and c)
- minangle – minimum allowed lattice angle (among alpha, beta, and gamma)
- max_ratio – largest allowed ratio of two lattice vector lengths
- maxattempts – the maximum number of attempts for generating a lattice
Returns: a 3x3 matrix representing the lattice vectors of the unit cell. If generation fails, outputs a warning message and returns empty
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pyxtal.crystal.
generate_lattice_2D
(num, volume, thickness=None, minvec=1.0, minangle=0.5235987755982988, max_ratio=10.0, maxattempts=100)[source]¶ Generates a lattice (3x3 matrix) according to the spacegroup symmetry and number of atoms. If the layer group has centering, we will use the conventional cell setting. If the generated lattice does not meet the minimum angle and vector requirements, we try to generate a new one, up to maxattempts times. Note: The monoclinic layer groups have different unique axes. Groups 3-7
have unique axis c, while 8-18 have unique axis a. We use non-periodic axis c for all layer groups.Parameters: - num – International number of the space group
- volume – volume of the lattice
- thickness – 3rd-dimensional thickness of the unit cell. If set to None, a thickness is chosen automatically
- minvec – minimum allowed lattice vector length (among a, b, and c)
- minangle – minimum allowed lattice angle (among alpha, beta, and gamma)
- max_ratio – largest allowed ratio of two lattice vector lengths
- maxattempts – the maximum number of attempts for generating a lattice
Returns: a 3x3 matrix representing the lattice vectors of the unit cell. If generation fails, outputs a warning message and returns empty
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pyxtal.crystal.
get_center
(xyzs, lattice, PBC=[1, 2, 3])[source]¶ Finds the geometric centers of the clusters under periodic boundary conditions.
Parameters: - xyzs – a list of fractional coordinates
- lattice – a matrix describing the unit cell
- PBC – the axes, if any, which are periodic. 1, 2, and 3 correspond to x, y, and z respectively.
Returns: x,y,z coordinates for the center of the input coordinate list
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pyxtal.crystal.
get_layer
(num, organized=False)[source]¶ Returns a list of Wyckoff positions for a given 2D layer group. Has option to organize the list based on multiplicity (this is used for random_crystal_2D.wyckoffs) For an unorganized list:
1st index: index of WP in layer group (0 is the WP with largest multiplicity)
2nd index: a SymmOp object in the WP
For an organized list:
1st index: specifies multiplicity (0 is the largest multiplicity)
- 2nd index: corresponds to a Wyckoff position within the group of equal
- multiplicity.
3nd index: corresponds to a SymmOp object within the Wyckoff position
You may switch between organized and unorganized lists using the methods i_from_jk and jk_from_i. For example, if a Wyckoff position is the [i] entry in an unorganized list, it will be the [j][k] entry in an organized list.
For layer groups with more than one possible origin, origin choice 2 is used.
Parameters: - num – the international layer group number
- organized – whether or not to organize the list based on multiplicity
Returns: a list of Wyckoff positions, each of which is a list of SymmOp’s
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pyxtal.crystal.
get_layer_generators
(num, molecular=False)[source]¶ Returns a list of Wyckoff generators for a given layer group. 1st index: index of WP in group (0 is the WP with largest multiplicity) 2nd index: a generator for the WP This function is useful for rotating molecules based on Wyckoff position, since special Wyckoff positions only encode positional information, but not information about the orientation. The generators for each Wyckoff position form a subset of the group’s general Wyckoff position.
Parameters: - num – the layer group number
- molecular – whether or not to return the Euclidean point symmetry operations. If True, cuts off translational part of operation, and converts non-orthogonal operations (3-fold and 6-fold rotations) to (orthogonal) pure rotations. Should be used when dealing with molecular crystals
Returns: a 2d list of SymmOp objects which can be used to generate a Wyckoff position given a single fractional (x,y,z) coordinate
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pyxtal.crystal.
get_layer_symmetry
(num, molecular=False)[source]¶ Returns a list of Wyckoff position site symmetry for a given space group. 1st index: index of WP in group (0 is the WP with largest multiplicity) 2nd index: a point within the WP 3rd index: a site symmetry SymmOp of the point
Parameters: - num – the layer group number
- molecular – whether or not to return the Euclidean point symmetry operations. If True, cuts off translational part of operation, and converts non-orthogonal operations (3-fold and 6-fold rotations) to (orthogonal) pure rotations. Should be used when dealing with molecular crystals
Returns: a 3d list of SymmOp objects representing the site symmetry of each point in each Wyckoff position
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pyxtal.crystal.
get_rod
(num, organized=False)[source]¶ Returns a list of Wyckoff positions for a given 1D Rod group. Has option to organize the list based on multiplicity (this is used for random_crystal_1D.wyckoffs) For an unorganized list:
1st index: index of WP in layer group (0 is the WP with largest multiplicity)
2nd index: a SymmOp object in the WP
For an organized list:
1st index: specifies multiplicity (0 is the largest multiplicity)
- 2nd index: corresponds to a Wyckoff position within the group of equal
- multiplicity.
3nd index: corresponds to a SymmOp object within the Wyckoff position
You may switch between organized and unorganized lists using the methods i_from_jk and jk_from_i. For example, if a Wyckoff position is the [i] entry in an unorganized list, it will be the [j][k] entry in an organized list.
For Rod groups with more than one possible setting, setting choice 1 is used.
Parameters: - num – the international Rod group number
- organized – whether or not to organize the list based on multiplicity
Returns: a list of Wyckoff positions, each of which is a list of SymmOp’s
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pyxtal.crystal.
get_rod_generators
(num, molecular=False)[source]¶ Returns a list of Wyckoff generators for a given Rod group. 1st index: index of WP in group (0 is the WP with largest multiplicity) 2nd index: a generator for the WP This function is useful for rotating molecules based on Wyckoff position, since special Wyckoff positions only encode positional information, but not information about the orientation. The generators for each Wyckoff position form a subset of the group’s general Wyckoff position.
Parameters: - num – the Rod group number
- molecular – whether or not to return the Euclidean point symmetry operations. If True, cuts off translational part of operation, and converts non-orthogonal operations (3-fold and 6-fold rotations) to (orthogonal) pure rotations. Should be used when dealing with molecular crystals
Returns: a 2d list of SymmOp objects which can be used to generate a Wyckoff position given a single fractional (x,y,z) coordinate
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pyxtal.crystal.
get_rod_symmetry
(num, molecular=False)[source]¶ Returns a list of Wyckoff position site symmetry for a given Rod group. 1st index: index of WP in group (0 is the WP with largest multiplicity) 2nd index: a point within the WP 3rd index: a site symmetry SymmOp of the point
Parameters: - num – the Rod group number
- molecular – whether or not to return the Euclidean point symmetry operations. If True, cuts off translational part of operation, and converts non-orthogonal operations (3-fold and 6-fold rotations) to (orthogonal) pure rotations. Should be used when dealing with molecular crystals
Returns: a 3d list of SymmOp objects representing the site symmetry of each point in each Wyckoff position
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pyxtal.crystal.
get_wyckoff_generators
(sg, PBC=[1, 2, 3], molecular=False)[source]¶ Returns a list of Wyckoff generators for a given space group. 1st index: index of WP in sg (0 is the WP with largest multiplicity) 2nd index: a generator for the WP This function is useful for rotating molecules based on Wyckoff position, since special Wyckoff positions only encode positional information, but not information about the orientation. The generators for each Wyckoff position form a subset of the spacegroup’s general Wyckoff position.
Parameters: - sg – the international spacegroup number
- PBC – a list of periodic axes (1,2,3)->(x,y,z)
- molecular – whether or not to return the Euclidean point symmetry operations. If True, cuts off translational part of operation, and converts non-orthogonal operations (3-fold and 6-fold rotations) to (orthogonal) pure rotations. Should be used when dealing with molecular crystals
Returns: a 2d list of SymmOp objects which can be used to generate a Wyckoff position given a single fractional (x,y,z) coordinate
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pyxtal.crystal.
get_wyckoff_symmetry
(sg, PBC=[1, 2, 3], molecular=False)[source]¶ Returns a list of Wyckoff position site symmetry for a given space group. 1st index: index of WP in sg (0 is the WP with largest multiplicity) 2nd index: a point within the WP 3rd index: a site symmetry SymmOp of the point
Parameters: - sg – the international spacegroup number
- PBC – a list of periodic axes (1,2,3)->(x,y,z)
- molecular – whether or not to return the Euclidean point symmetry operations. If True, cuts off translational part of operation, and converts non-orthogonal operations (3-fold and 6-fold rotations) to (orthogonal) pure rotations. Should be used when dealing with molecular crystals
Returns: a 3d list of SymmOp objects representing the site symmetry of each point in each Wyckoff position
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pyxtal.crystal.
get_wyckoffs
(sg, organized=False, PBC=[1, 2, 3])[source]¶ Returns a list of Wyckoff positions for a given space group. Has option to organize the list based on multiplicity (this is used for random_crystal.wyckoffs) For an unorganized list:
1st index: index of WP in sg (0 is the WP with largest multiplicity)
2nd index: a SymmOp object in the WP
For an organized list:
1st index: specifies multiplicity (0 is the largest multiplicity)
- 2nd index: corresponds to a Wyckoff position within the group of equal
- multiplicity.
3nd index: corresponds to a SymmOp object within the Wyckoff position
You may switch between organized and unorganized lists using the methods i_from_jk and jk_from_i. For example, if a Wyckoff position is the [i] entry in an unorganized list, it will be the [j][k] entry in an organized list.
Parameters: - sg – the international spacegroup number
- organized – whether or not to organize the list based on multiplicity
- PBC – a list of periodic axes (1,2,3)->(x,y,z)
Returns: a list of Wyckoff positions, each of which is a list of SymmOp’s
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pyxtal.crystal.
i_from_jk
(j, k, olist)[source]¶ Inverse operation of jk_from_i: gives one list index from 2
Parameters: - k (j,) – indices corresponding to the location of an element in the organized list
- olist – the organized list of Wyckoff positions or molecular orientations
Returns: - one index corresponding to the item’s location in the
unorganized list
Return type: i
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pyxtal.crystal.
index_from_letter
(letter, sg)[source]¶ Given the Wyckoff letter, returns the index of a Wyckoff position within the spacegroup
Parameters: - letter – The wyckoff letter
- sg – the internationl spacegroup number
Returns: a single index specifying the location of the Wyckoff position within the spacegroup (0 is the general position)
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pyxtal.crystal.
jk_from_i
(i, olist)[source]¶ Given an organized list (Wyckoff positions or orientations), determine the two indices which correspond to a single index for an unorganized list. Used mainly for organized Wyckoff position lists, but can be used for other lists organized in a similar way
Parameters: - i – a single index corresponding to the item’s location in the unorganized list
- olist – the organized list
Returns: - two indices corresponding to the item’s location in the
organized list
Return type: [j, k]
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pyxtal.crystal.
letter_from_index
(index, sg)[source]¶ Given a Wyckoff position’s index within a spacegroup, return its number and letter e.g. ‘4a’
Parameters: - index – a single integer describing the WP’s index within the spacegroup (0 is the general position)
- sg – the international spacegroup number
Returns: the Wyckoff letter corresponding to the Wyckoff position (for example, for position 4a, the function would return ‘a’)
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pyxtal.crystal.
matrix2para
(matrix, radians=True)[source]¶ Given a 3x3 matrix representing a unit cell, outputs a list of lattice parameters.
Parameters: - matrix – a 3x3 array or list, where the first, second, and third rows represent the a, b, and c vectors respectively
- radians – if True, outputs angles in radians. If False, outputs in degrees
Returns: a 1x6 list of lattice parameters [a, b, c, alpha, beta, gamma]. a, b, and c are the length of the lattice vectos, and alpha, beta, and gamma are the angles between these vectors
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pyxtal.crystal.
merge_coordinate
(coor, lattice, wyckoffs, w_symm_all, tol, PBC=[1, 2, 3])[source]¶ Given a list of fractional coordinates, merges them within a given tolerance, and checks if the merged coordinates satisfy a Wyckoff position. Used for merging general Wyckoff positions into special Wyckoff positions within the random_crystal (and its derivative) classes.
Parameters: - coor – a list of fractional coordinates
- lattice – a 3x3 matrix representing the unit cell
- wyckoffs – an unorganized list of Wyckoff positions to check
- w_symm_all – A list of Wyckoff site symmetry obtained from get_wyckoff_symmetry
- tol – the cutoff distance for merging coordinates
- PBC – the axes, if any, which are periodic. 1, 2, and 3 correspond to x, y, and z respectively.
Returns: (coor) is the new list of fractional coordinates after merging, and index is a single index of the Wyckoff position within the spacegroup. If merging is unsuccesful, or no index is found, returns the original coordinates and False
Return type: coor, index
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pyxtal.crystal.
para2matrix
(cell_para, radians=True, format='lower')[source]¶ Given a set of lattic parameters, generates a matrix representing the lattice vectors
Parameters: - cell_para – a 1x6 list of lattice parameters [a, b, c, alpha, beta, gamma]. a, b, and c are the length of the lattice vectos, and alpha, beta, and gamma are the angles between these vectors. Can be generated by matrix2para
- radians – if True, lattice parameters should be in radians. If False, lattice angles should be in degrees
- format – a string (‘lower’, ‘symmetric’, or ‘upper’) for the type of matrix to be output
Returns: a 3x3 matrix representing the unit cell. By default (format=’lower’), the a vector is aligined along the x-axis, and the b vector is in the y-z plane
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class
pyxtal.crystal.
random_crystal
(sg, species, numIons, factor)[source]¶ Bases:
object
Class for storing and generating atomic crystals based on symmetry constraints. Given a spacegroup, list of atomic symbols, the stoichiometry, and a volume factor, generates a random crystal consistent with the spacegroup’s symmetry. This crystal is stored as a pymatgen struct via self.struct
Parameters: - sg – the international spacegroup number
- species – a list of atomic symbols for each ion type
- numIons – a list of the number of each type of atom within the primitive cell (NOT the conventional cell)
- factor – a volume factor used to generate a larger or smaller unit cell. Increasing this gives extra space between atoms
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check_compatible
()[source]¶ Checks if the number of atoms is compatible with the Wyckoff positions. Considers the number of degrees of freedom for each Wyckoff position, and makes sure at least one valid combination of WP’s exists.
-
factor
= None¶ The supplied volume factor for the unit cell.
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generate_crystal
(max1=30, max2=30, max3=30)[source]¶ The main code to generate a random atomic crystal. If successful, stores a pymatgen.core.structure object in self.struct and sets self.valid to True. If unsuccessful, sets self.valid to False and outputs an error message.
Parameters: - max1 – the number of attempts for generating a lattice
- max2 – the number of attempts for a given lattice
- max3 – the number of attempts for a given Wyckoff position
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numIons
= None¶ The number of each type of atom in the CONVENTIONAL cell
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sg
= None¶ The international spacegroup number of the crystal.
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species
= None¶ A list of atomic symbols for the types of atoms in the crystal.
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volume
= None¶ The volume of the generated unit cell
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w_symm
= None¶ The site symmetry of the Wyckoff positions
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wyckoffs
= None¶ The Wyckoff positions for the crystal’s spacegroup.
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wyckoffs_organized
= None¶ The Wyckoff positions for the crystal’s spacegroup. Sorted by multiplicity.
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class
pyxtal.crystal.
random_crystal_1D
(number, species, numIons, area, factor)[source]¶ Bases:
object
A 1d counterpart to random_crystal. Generates a random atomic crystal based on a 1d Rod group instead of a 3d spacegroup. Note that each layer group is equal to a corresponding 3d spacegroup, but without periodicity in one direction. The generated pymatgen structure can be accessed via self.struct
Parameters: - number – the Rod group number between 1 and 75. NOT equal to the international space group number, which is between 1 and 230
- species – a list of atomic symbols for each ion type
- numIons – a list of the number of each type of atom within the primitive cell (NOT the conventional cell)
- area – the effective cross-sectional area, in Angstroms squared, of the unit cell
- factor – a volume factor used to generate a larger or smaller unit cell. Increasing this gives extra space between atoms
-
PBC
= None¶ The periodic axis of the crystal.
-
area
= None¶ the effective cross-sectional area, in Angstroms squared, of the unit cell.
-
check_compatible
()[source]¶ Checks if the number of atoms is compatible with the Wyckoff positions. Considers the number of degrees of freedom for each Wyckoff position, and makes sure at least one valid combination of WP’s exists.
-
factor
= None¶ “The volume factor used to generate the unit cell.
-
generate_crystal
(max1=30, max2=30, max3=30)[source]¶ The main code to generate a random atomic crystal. If successful, stores a pymatgen.core.structure object in self.struct and sets self.valid to True. If unsuccessful, sets self.valid to False and outputs an error message.
Parameters: - max1 – the number of attempts for generating a lattice
- max2 – the number of attempts for a given lattice
- max3 – the number of attempts for a given Wyckoff position
-
numIons
= None¶ The number of each type of atom in the CONVENTIONAL cell
-
species
= None¶ A list of atomic symbols for the types of atoms in the crystal.
-
volume
= None¶ The volume of the generated unit cell
-
w_symm
= None¶ A list of site symmetry operations for the Wyckoff positions, obtained from get_rod_symmetry.
-
wyckoffs
= None¶ The Wyckoff positions for the crystal’s spacegroup.
-
wyckoffs_organized
= None¶ The Wyckoff positions for the crystal’s spacegroup. Sorted by multiplicity.
-
class
pyxtal.crystal.
random_crystal_2D
(number, species, numIons, thickness, factor)[source]¶ Bases:
object
A 2d counterpart to random_crystal. Generates a random atomic crystal based on a 2d layer group instead of a 3d spacegroup. Note that each layer group is equal to a corresponding 3d spacegroup, but without periodicity in one direction. The generated pymatgen structure can be accessed via self.struct
Parameters: - number – the layer group number between 1 and 80. NOT equal to the international space group number, which is between 1 and 230
- species – a list of atomic symbols for each ion type
- numIons – a list of the number of each type of atom within the primitive cell (NOT the conventional cell)
- thickness – the thickness, in Angstroms, of the unit cell in the 3rd dimension (the direction which is not repeated periodically)
- factor – a volume factor used to generate a larger or smaller unit cell. Increasing this gives extra space between atoms
-
PBC
= None¶ The periodic axes of the crystal.
-
check_compatible
()[source]¶ Checks if the number of atoms is compatible with the Wyckoff positions. Considers the number of degrees of freedom for each Wyckoff position, and makes sure at least one valid combination of WP’s exists.
-
factor
= None¶ “The volume factor used to generate the unit cell.
-
generate_crystal
(max1=30, max2=30, max3=30)[source]¶ The main code to generate a random atomic crystal. If successful, stores a pymatgen.core.structure object in self.struct and sets self.valid to True. If unsuccessful, sets self.valid to False and outputs an error message.
Parameters: - max1 – the number of attempts for generating a lattice
- max2 – the number of attempts for a given lattice
- max3 – the number of attempts for a given Wyckoff position
-
lgp
= None¶ The number (between 1 and 80) for the crystal’s layer group.
-
numIons
= None¶ The number of each type of atom in the CONVENTIONAL cell
-
sg
= None¶ The number (between 1 and 230) for the international spacegroup.
-
species
= None¶ A list of atomic symbols for the types of atoms in the crystal.
-
thickness
= None¶ the thickness, in Angstroms, of the unit cell in the 3rd dimension.
-
volume
= None¶ The volume of the generated unit cell
-
w_symm
= None¶ A list of site symmetry operations for the Wyckoff positions, obtained from get_wyckoff_symmetry.
-
wyckoffs
= None¶ The Wyckoff positions for the crystal’s spacegroup.
-
wyckoffs_organized
= None¶ The Wyckoff positions for the crystal’s spacegroup. Sorted by multiplicity.
-
pyxtal.crystal.
site_symm
(point, gen_pos, tol=0.001, lattice=array([[1, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1]]), PBC=[1, 2, 3])[source]¶ Given a point and a general Wyckoff position, return the list of symmetry operations leaving the point (coordinate or SymmOp) invariant. The returned SymmOps are a subset of the general position. The site symmetry can be used for determining the Wyckoff position for a set of points, or for determining the valid orientations of a molecule within a given Wyckoff position.
Parameters: - point – a 1x3 coordinate or SymmOp object to find the symmetry of. If a SymmOp is given, the returned symmetries must also preserve the point’s orientaion
- gen_pos – the general position of the spacegroup. Can be obtained using get_wyckoffs(sg)[0], where sg is the desired spacegroup number
- tol – the numberical tolerance for determining equivalent positions and orientations.
- lattice – a 3x3 matrix representing the lattice vectors of the unit cell
- PBC – a list of periodic axes (1,2,3)->(x,y,z)
Returns: a list of SymmOp objects which leave the given point invariant
-
pyxtal.crystal.
ss_string_from_ops
(ops, sg, complete=True)[source]¶ Print the Hermann-Mauguin symbol for a site symmetry group, using a list of SymmOps as input. Note that the symbol does not necessarily refer to the x,y,z axes. For information on reading these symbols, see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann-Mauguin_notation#Point_groups
Parameters: - ops – a list of SymmOp objects representing the site symmetry
- sg – International number of the spacegroup. Used to determine which axes to show. For example, a 3-fold rotation in a cubic system is written as “.3.”, whereas a 3-fold rotation in a trigonal system is written as “3..”
- complete – whether or not all symmetry operations in the group are present. If False, we generate the rest
Returns: “2mm”
Return type: a string representing the site symmetry. Ex
-
pyxtal.crystal.
verify_distances
(coordinates, species, lattice, factor=1.0, PBC=[1, 2, 3])[source]¶ Checks the inter-atomic distance between all pairs of atoms in a crystal.
Parameters: - coordinates – a 1x3 list of fractional coordinates
- species – a list of atomic symbols for each coordinate
- lattice – a 3x3 matrix representing the lattice vectors of the unit cell
- factor – a tolerance factor for checking distances. A larger value means atoms must be farther apart
- PBC – a list of periodic axes (1,2,3)->(x,y,z)
Returns: True if no atoms are too close together, False if any pair is too close


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mongoc_read_prefs_t
A read preference abstraction
Synopsis
mongoc_read_prefs_t provides an abstraction on top of the MongoDB connection read prefences. It allows for hinting to the driver which nodes in a replica set should be accessed first.
You can specify a read preference mode on connection objects, database objects, collection objects, or per-operation. Generally, it makes the most sense to stick with *READ_PRIMARY*. All of the other modes come with caveats that won't be covered in great detail here.
Read Modes
MONGOC_READ_PRIMARY |
Default mode. All operations read from the current replica set primary. |
MONGOC_READ_SECONDARY |
All operations read from the secondary members of the replica set. |
MONGOC_READ_PRIMARY_PREFERRED |
In most situations, operations read from the primary but if it is unavailable, operations read from secondary members. |
MONGOC_READ_SECONDARY_PREFERRED |
In most situations, operations read from secondary members but if no secondary members are available, operations read from the primary. |
MONGOC_READ_NEAREST |
Operations read from the nearest member of the replica set, irrespective of the member’s type. |
Tag Sets
Tag sets allow you to specify custom read preferences and write concerns so that your application can target operations to specific members.
Custom read preferences and write concerns evaluate tags sets in different ways: read preferences consider the value of a tag when selecting a member to read from. while write concerns ignore the value of a tag to when selecting a member except to consider whether or not the value is unique.
You can specify tag sets with the following read preference modes:
primaryPreferred
secondary
secondaryPreferred
nearest
Tags are not compatible with primary and, in general, only apply when selecting a secondary member of a set for a read operation. However, the nearest read mode, when combined with a tag set will select the nearest member that matches the specified tag set, which may be a primary or secondary.
All interfaces use the same member selection logic to choose the member to which to direct read operations, basing the choice on read preference mode and tag sets.


Oh dear, an error. Better luck next time.
Seems like Twitter's fail whale is active again.
Loading @3rdEden's tweets.


This is the webapp for the KGS Json client. You may want to view the source to see example code for sending and receiving messages. To build your own KGS web client, install this webapp on a JSP web server. Then write your javascript client, install it on the same server so that it can call the /access service, and run. A protocol reference is available that explains how to communicate with /access, and lists the different messages used.
Let me know how things go.
Json Output:


--- title: Extending ltrace to make your Ruby/Python/Perl/PHP apps faster layout: post ---
Joe Damato can't blog enough as far as I'm concerned.


Counting people visualization for a product and analisy for your face.
Classifier faces detected on woman or man. This model have 90% accuracy.
Classifier face detected into six emotions: Angry, Happy, Sab, Surprise, Disgust, Fear and Neutral. This model have 67% accuracy.


We got platforms!
- leverage viral communities
- engage scalable web services
- deliver next-generation convergence
- embrace out-of-the-box bandwidth
- extend frictionless networks
- envisioneer end-to-end niches
- repurpose out-of-the-box niches
- monetize dot-com e-markets
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- e-enable bleeding-edge convergence


Claim number: {% if data['claimant'] == 1.2 %} Draft {% else %} 391MC645 {% endif %}
{% if data['claimant'] == 1.2 %}This claim has not been submitted
Your claim is saved as a draft. Continue with claim {% elseif data['claimant'] == 1 %}Your claim has been sent
Jan Clark has until 12 October to respond. They can request an extra 14 days if they need it.
Request a County Court Judgment
Mary Richards has not responded to your claim by the deadline. You can request a County Court Judgment (CCJ) to get what's owed.
Mary Richards can still respond until you request a CCJ.
A CCJ means the court orders the defendant to pay you.
{% elseif data['claimant'] == 3 %}You've requested a County Court Judgment (CCJ).
You requested a CCJ on 19 October. We will contact you within 5 days.
Mary Richards can no longer respond to your claim.
The defendant has rejected your claim
They've requested free mediation to help resolve the dispute. View their response.
The defendant has rejected your claim
- View their response - you can accept or reject it.
- They've requested mediation to help settle the dispute, view mediation.
- They've made an offer to settle the claim, view offer.
The defendant has rejected your claim
- They've made an offer to settle out of court. View their response.
The defendant has rejected your claim
You made a counter offer
Mary Richards has until 11 October 2017 to accept, reject or make their own counter offer. We'll let you know when they respond.
You've requested free mediation
Mary Richards can accept or reject your offer of free mediation. They need to respond by 11 October 2017. We'll let you know when they respond.
You've both accepted mediation
A mediator will contact you within 14 days to agree a date.
The case will be reviewed by a judge
The case could go to a hearing. We'll contact you if a hearing date is set up and explain what you need to do.
{% elseif data['claimant'] == 11 %}The defendant has made an offer
Mary Richards has made an offer and wants to settle out of court. View their offer.
The defendant has responded
Mary Richards believes they owe £1,000 and is prepared to pay this amount by instalments.
Offer from claimant
Mary Richards wants to settle out of court View offer
{% endif %} {% if data['claimant'] == 1.2 or data['claimant'] == 1 %} {% elseif data['claimant'] == 2 or data['claimant'] == 3%}Claim history
Claim history
You have 3 events in your claim history
Claim history
You have 4 events in your claim history
Claim history
You have 2 events in your claim history
More options
{% if data['claimant'] == 1.2 or data['claimant'] == 1 or data['claimant'] == 2 or data['claimant'] == 3 or data['claimant'] == 5 or data['claimant'] == 7%} {% else %}Settle out of court
You can make an offer to settle the claim out of court. This will avoid going to a hearing.
{% endif %} {% if data['claimant'] == 1.2 or data['claimant'] == 1 or data['claimant'] == 2 or data['claimant'] == 3 or data['claimant'] == 4 or data['claimant'] == 5 or data['claimant'] == 8 or data['claimant'] == 9 %} {% else %}Request mediation
You can request free telephone mediation to help resolve the claim without a court hearing.
{% endif %}Cancel your claim
You can cancel your claim if you no longer want to pursue it.


PHOTOS: Jubilation in Kogi over Bello's victory - The Nation Newspaper
by https://www.facebook.com/CheerfulpraiseThere was wild jubilation among supporters of Governor Yahaya Bello over his re-election as Governor of Kogi state.
The Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) Bello winner of the 2019 governorship election in Kogi state.
Bello scored a total of 406,222 votes to defeat his closest rival and candidate of the PDP, Engr Musa Wada who polled a total of 189,704 votes.


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--- authors: - brad-czerniak #categories: ["one", "two"] classes: "background-color--white text-align--center" #date: 2020-03-03 02:02:02 #published: true #tags: ["three", "four"] title: "Product highlights" title_classes: " heading--h1" --- {% include atoms/spacer.html size="4" %} {% assign products = site.products %} {% if products[0] %}
To see all products, check out the Products page
{% else %}There are presently no products.
{% endif %}


public interface ReportFormatter
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
String |
clearSyntax(String s)
Remove dirty output arisen from test names.
|
String |
getFormattedLocation(org.pitest.coverage.BlockCoverage block)
Method name and class formatting (specialized for BlockCoverage,
delegates to generic method).
|
String |
getFormattedLocation(MutationResult mutation)
Method name and class formatting (specialized for MutationResult,
delegates to generic method).
|
String |
makeCsv(Object... os)
Join parameters into a string with separated with comma.
|
String clearSyntax(String s)
s
- text containing test namesString makeCsv(Object... os)
os
- any object whose string representation doesn't contain the
delimiter character (comma)
String getFormattedLocation(org.pitest.coverage.BlockCoverage block)
block
- Covered blockString getFormattedLocation(MutationResult mutation)
mutation
- Finished mutation dataCopyright © 2020. All rights reserved.


In a recent interview when asked what he did in Men in Black, Tommy Lee Jones gave a simple answer, "You can't be too cool in this movie." Isn't that the truth Mr. Jones. And cool he is along with Mr. Smith.
I don't remember laughing so hard and much during any recent movie that I've seen. Men In Black is an all out sci-fi comedy from Barry Sonnenfeld (Get Shorty, The Addams Family). There is a story that carries on in Men In Black, but it's pretty thin. And that's a good thing. For a movie like MIB there's nothing more annoying than a heavy plot to weight down the movie. MIB takes from comic roots, and the story seems to be on that line too, simple and to the point, nothing that gets in the way of the comedy and special effects.
Tommy Lee Jones plays Agent K, who works for the super secret MIB group. They answer to no one, because government asks too many questions. Patenting alien technology and selling it here on Earth creates the funds needed to run the MIB group. The MIB serves as the INS (Immigration and Naturalization Service) of the universe. They get aliens on Earth, and keep track of them. Will Smith plays a NYPD cop who is recruited by Agent K to work for the MIB and he soon becomes Agent J. Smith, who did some alien hunting in Independence Day, gets more to do in this film. And it is a well-deserved part for Smith. Together K and J must find a "bug" who has crash landed here on Earth and is trying to steal a universe in Orion's Belt. Well, there's the story. Pretty simple, but enough to keep the audience at bay for just under two hours.
The bug that has crash-landed here on Earth takes over the body of a farmer, Edgar, played very well by Vincent D'Onofrio. The alien has a hard time inhabitting Edgar's body, and this is one of the comedy bits that runs through the movie. Seeing the alien walk around in Edgar's body, uncomfortable and crowded. The comedy in the movie comes in all forms, some from J encountering new aliens to aliens who take the bodies of bulldogs. Tommy Lee Jones, who admits in interviews that he is not a comedic actor, pulls a great performance out of the hat. His seriousness on the screen equates to some of the funniest scenes. Will Smith who is a natural comic does well (again) as an alien-hunter. The overall production value is noticeable.  This alien is so life like in the movie that it was a how-did-they-do-that moment. The break-room aliens were also hilarious. But, these are just a few of the many aliens that inhabit the world of MIB. And unlike some sci-fi movies where all the aliens are humanoid and speak English, MIB is populated by aliens who are of all shapes and sizes and speak their own native languages. The set designs, alien designs, and costume designs are all well done. From the simple black suits that MIB agents wear to aliens whose heads regenerate after being shot, the movie just drips with big, well done production values.
In the worth mentioning section, I have to mention two things. First is the film score by Danny Elfman. Yet another great movie score by Elfman (Batman, Mission:Impossible, Nightmare Before Christmas). The music fits so well with the film that it is hardly noticeable at times. The second thing that is worth mentioning is the opening sequence that follows a mosquito in flight for five minutes, during the credits, before an untimely death.
Men In Black is one of those heavily hyped films that doesn't disappoint. It has a well-balanced blend of laugh-out-loud comedy and eye-opening-special effects that will appeal to everyone. Go see Men In Black, you won't be sorry.
-- steve kong<EMAIL_ADDRESS>spy on me at: http://mookie.relay.net/mookie/steve-cam.html
The review above was posted to the
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Enter values (Should be separated by commas)
Values (x):
Frequency (f):
Solve
x
f
fx
x-n
(x-n)
2
f(x-n)
2


Web
Github Search is an application built using Angular to search for the profile of different github users.
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This is a simple application about neighbour hood a user can join a neighbourhood and see businesses on that neightbour hood their posta and also the numba of people residing there.
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Instagram clone where one can post, comment on a post, change their profile and also follow people.
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This projects takes a user's order according to their preference and get the total bill plus a notification that has the users credentials.
Visit Website


--- title: Parameter Configuration keywords: fastai sidebar: home_sidebar nb_path: "00_Parameter_Configuration.ipynb" ---
Here we review the requirements for and toolbox functions supporting the configuration of parameters for curve-fitting
with P-CIT before execution of the core importance_sampler
procedure. Most language-agnostic guidance is recreated
directly from the P-CIT Toolbox Manual provided by Annamalai
Natarajan, Samuel Gershman, Luis Piloto, Greg Detre, and Kenneth Norman with Princeton University.
The dimensionality of the data matrix that holds the information required for the analysis is $T \times 6$. $T$ here corresponds to the total number of entries (over all subjects, all items, all repetitions) that you would like analyzed. All entries in the data matrix will need to be numeric (exception-the predictor variable values can be set to NaN; see discussion of baseline items below). The 6 columns correspond to the subject id, sample number, category, predictor variable, dependent variable and net effect cluster respectively. Before we explain each of these columns in detail, let us look at an example data matrix. Table 1 in the P-CIT Toolbox Manual shows data entries from a variant of the think/no-think dataset. The entries in the table correspond to no-think and baseline items from two categories, face and scene. The predictor variable here is the difference between relevant-category and irrelevant-category classifier readouts. The voxels that were fed into the classifier were selected using a bilateral two-region (fusiform gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus) mask. In this variant of the dataset the classifier, was trained on four categories (face, scene, car, shoe) and tested on two categories (face, scene) only.
Column 1 -subject id: Within a data matrix, each subject should be assigned a unique subject ID. From the example data matrix you can see that subject IDs are the same for all entries within a subject.
Column 2 -trial number: The trial number must be unique within each subject but can be repeated across subjects. In the example data matrix, the trial numbers go from 1 through 106 for subject 1 before being repeated for subject 2.
Column 3 -category: Category numbers can be used to represent different conditions within the experiment. The curve-fitting procedure can fit a curve to just one category if need be. If this is irrelevant to your dataset, just set it to -1. From the example data matrix the entries are divided up into to either category 1 (face trials) or category 2 (scene trials).
Column 4 -predictor variable: This column should be populated with predictor variable data from your experiments (e.g., classifier outputs, reaction times - whatever information it is that you are using to predict the dependent variable). In the example data matrix, we are using the difference between relevant-category and irrelevant-category classifier readouts as our predictor variable. Also, note some entries (trial numbers 105, 106) in the example data matrix are NaNs. These entries correspond to the baseline items, where no predictor variable information is available (see the "Computing importance weights for individual curves" section of the main paper, and the "Anchoring the vertical position of the curve using baseline items" section of the supplementary materials). When computing the net effects these baseline items, by default, have their net effects set to zero.
Column 5 -dependent variable: You can populate this column with dependent variable data from your experiments. In the example data matrix, the dependent variable is Bernoulli distributed (i.e., 0 or 1). The toolbox is equipped to handle normally distributed continuous dependent variables as well; refer to Section 6.3 of the Manual.
Column 6 -net effect cluster : This tells the toolbox which trials to group together when computing net effects. In the think/no-think experiment, all 12 repetitions of a given no-think item are grouped within the same net effect cluster. Note that, for all trials within a given net effect cluster, the predictor variable values can be different across these trials, but they all must share the same dependent variable value (e.g., in the think/no-think experiment, each repetition of a given no-think item was associated with a different level of classifier evidence, but all of these repetitions were associated with same dependent variable value - the item was either remembered correctly or incorrectly on the final test). Each net effect cluster should have its own unique identifier value (e.g., in the think/no-think dataset, all of the repetitions of the first no-think item from the first participant were assigned a net effect cluster value of 1; all of the repetitions of the second no-think item from the first participant were assigned a net effect cluster value of 2; and so on). Note also that the trials belonging to a given net effect cluster do not need to be contiguous to one another in the matrix (see Table 1 in the P-CIT Toolbox Manual).
Table 1 in the P-CIT Toolbox Manual depicts a variant of the think/no-think analysis in which 8 no-think items were repeated 12 times and 10 baseline items were assigned one row each; this brings the total number of rows per subject to 106 (8 x 12 + 10 x 1). In the think/no-think paper, authors analyzed data from a total of 26 subjects, hence the total number of rows in the data matrix for this variant of the think/no-think analysis is 2756. They discuss other variants of the think/no-think analysis in Section 4.12 of the Manual.
Refer to Table 2 in the P-CIT Toolbox Manual for parameters, description, example usage and default settings. All
these parameters are initialized in run_importance_sampler
. The default settings correspond to the settings that
were used to do curve-fitting on scene, no-think trials in the Detre et al. paper. Settings related to bootstrap and
scramble analyses are explained in more detail in Sections 4.8 and 4.9 respectively of the P-CIT Toolbox Manual.
In its original implementation in MATLAB, as opposed to accepting any input parameter configuration, parameters were
specified within run_importance_sampler
by altering variable assignments in its code. For a similar workflow, you
could configure your own copy of the function (click "source" above to locate the current implementation) to specify
parameters and run the function. Alternatively, you can provide an analysis_settings
dictionary object as an
argument to run_importance_sampler
, specifying parameters as a set of key-value pairs.
Below we further illustrate a basic example of parameter configuration using the run_importance_sampler
module in
PCITpy.
analysis_settings = {}
analysis_settings['working_dir'] = 'data' # specifies the root subdirectory to find data and store results
analysis_settings['analysis_id'] = 'test' # specifies the target directory
analysis_settings['em_iterations'] = 2 # # expectation maximization iterations
analysis_settings['particles'] = 100000 # # particles used in sampling
analysis_settings['curve_type'] = 'horz_indpnt' # family of curves to be used
# Name of the distribution (and the default canonical link function which maps
# the predictor variable to the DV)
analysis_settings['distribution'] = 'bernoulli'
# Can contain several params;
# for normal distribution the additional parameter is sigma
analysis_settings['dist_specific_params'] = {}
analysis_settings['dist_specific_params']['sigma'] = 1
analysis_settings['beta_0'] = 0 # Initializing beta_0 for linear predictor
analysis_settings['beta_1'] = 1 # Initializing beta_1 for linear predictor
analysis_settings['tau'] = 0.05 # Picks radius to sample curves in curve space
# Specifies if the analyses will need to run on a specific category. Vector
# length should be greater than 0. For instance [2] will cause the analyses to
# be run only on the second category [] will run the analyses on all categories
analysis_settings['category'] = []
# specifies how many std dev away from group mean will the predictor variable
# outliers need to be dropped
analysis_settings['drop_outliers'] = 3
# if TRUE, the independent variables will be z-scored within each subject
analysis_settings['zscore_within_subjects'] = False
# Registering which column in data matrix carries which piece of information
analysis_settings['data_matrix_columns'] = {}
analysis_settings['data_matrix_columns']['subject_id'] = 0
analysis_settings['data_matrix_columns']['trials'] = 1
analysis_settings['data_matrix_columns']['category'] = 2
analysis_settings['data_matrix_columns']['predictor_var'] = 3
analysis_settings['data_matrix_columns']['dependent_var'] = 4
analysis_settings['data_matrix_columns']['net_effect_clusters'] = 5
analysis_settings['resolution'] = 4 # resolution in which data is processed
# Number of chunks you plan to partition the trials x particles matrix.
# An example chunk size will be 2 for a 3000 x 50,000 matrix
analysis_settings['particle_chunks'] = 2
analysis_settings['bootstrap'] = False # indicates this run is a bootstrap run
# if non-negative, specify bootstrap sample number unique for each sample
analysis_settings['bootstrap_run'] = -1
# indicates whether this run is a scramble run
analysis_settings['scramble'] = False
# if non-negative, specify bootstrap sample number unique for each sample
analysis_settings['scramble_run'] = -1
# choosing the appropriate scramble option, leaving at -1 where inapplicable
analysis_settings['scramble_style'] = -1
run_importance_sampler(analysis_settings, run_sampler=False)
Which returns prepared data
and analysis_settings
objects for use as arguments into the importance_sampler module:
(array([[ 1.00000000e+00, 2.00000000e+00, 1.00000000e+00,
-2.22396667e-01, 3.30000000e-01, 1.00000000e+00],
[ 1.00000000e+00, 2.00000000e+00, 1.00000000e+00,
1.15218333e-01, 3.30000000e-01, 1.00000000e+00],
[ 1.00000000e+00, 2.00000000e+00, 2.00000000e+00,
-2.38743333e-01, 3.30000000e-01, 2.00000000e+00],
...,
[ 1.90000000e+01, 1.00000000e+00, 9.50000000e+01,
5.06813333e-01, 3.30000000e-01, 1.82300000e+03],
[ 1.90000000e+01, 1.00000000e+00, 9.60000000e+01,
4.38161333e-01, 6.60000000e-01, 1.82400000e+03],
[ 1.90000000e+01, 1.00000000e+00, 9.60000000e+01,
5.52588333e-01, 6.60000000e-01, 1.82400000e+03]]),
{'working_dir': 'data',
'analysis_id': 'test',
'em_iterations': 2,
'particles': 100000,
'curve_type': 'horz_indpnt',
'distribution': 'bernoulli',
'dist_specific_params': {'sigma': 1},
'beta_0': 0,
'beta_1': 1,
'tau': 0.05,
'category': [],
'drop_outliers': 3,
'zscore_within_subjects': False,
'data_matrix_columns': {'subject_id': 0,
'trials': 1,
'category': 2,
'predictor_var': 3,
'dependent_var': 4,
'net_effect_clusters': 5},
'resolution': 4,
'particle_chunks': 2,
'bootstrap': False,
'bootstrap_run': -1,
'scramble': False,
'scramble_run': -1,
'scramble_style': -1})


the gaian mind |
The planet is some kind of organized intelligence. It's very different from us. It's had 5- or 6-billion years to create a slow moving mind which is made of oceans and rivers and rain forests and glaciers. It's becoming aware of us, as we are becoming aware of it, strangely enough. Two less likely members of a relationship can hardly be imagined - the technological apes and the dreaming planet. And yet, because the life of each depends on the other, there's a feeling towards this immense, strange, wise, old, neutral, weird thing, and it is trying to figure out why its dreams are so tormented and why everything is out of balance.1The planet has a kind of intelligence, it can actually open a channel of communication with an individual human being. The message that nature sends is, transform your language through a synergy between electronic culture and the psychedelic imagination, a synergy between dance and idea, a synergy between understanding and intuition, and dissolve the boundaries that your culture has sanctioned between you, to become part of this Gaian supermind.2
The psychedelic experience is far more than instant psychotherapy or instant regression to infantile traumatic situations, far more than simply a kind of super-aphrodisiac, far more than simply an aid in formulating ideas or coming up with artistic concepts. What the psychedelic experience really is, is opening the doorway into a lost continent of the human mind, a continent that we have almost lost all connection to, and the nature of this lost world of the human mind is that it is a Gaian entelechy. It turns out, if we can trust the evidence of the psychedelic experience, that we are not the only intelligent life forms on this planet, that we share this planet with some kind of conscious mind - call it Gaia, call it Zeta Reticulians who came here a million years ago, call it God Almighty, it doesn't matter what you call it, the fact of the matter is that the claims of religion that there is some kind of higher power can be experientially verified through psychedelics. Now this is not, in Milton's wonderful phrase "The God who hung the stars like lamps in heaven" - it doesn't have to do with that, in my opinion - it isn't cosmic in scale, it's planetary in scale. There is some kind of disincarnate intelligence. It's in the water, it's in the ground, it's in the vegetation, it's in the atmosphere we breath, and our unhappiness, our discomfort, arises from the fact that we have fallen into history and history is a state of benighted ignorance concerning the real facts of how the world works.3
"What the psychedelic experience really is, is opening the doorway into a lost continent of the human mind, a continent that we have almost lost all connection to, and the nature of this lost world of the human mind is that it is a Gaian entelechy."3 Now, why it is that when we dose ourselves with a human neurotransmitter like DMT, why we then encounter armies of elves teaching us a perfected form of communication, this is a very difficult question. When you go to traditional cultures, shamanistic cultures in the Amazon and put this question to them, they answer without hesitation when you ask about these small entities, they say "Oh, yes, those are the ancestors, those are the ancestor spirits with which we work all of our magic." This is worldwide and traditionally the answer that you would get from shamans if you were to ask them how they do their magic - it's through the intercession of the helping spirit who is a creature in another dimension. Well, we may have imagined many different scenarios, a future technological and social innovation, but I think very few of us have imagined the possibility that the real programme of shamanism would have to be taken seriously, and that shamans are actually people who have learned to penetrate into another dimension, a dimension where, for want of a better word, we would have to say the souls of the ancestors are somehow present. It isn't, you see, as though we penetrate into the realm of the dead, it's more as though we discover that this world is the realm of the dead and that there is a kind of higher-dimensional world with greater degrees of freedom, with a greater sense of spontaneity and a lesser dependency on the entropic world of matter, and that that other universe is attempting to impinge into our own, perhaps to rescue us from our historical dilemma, we don't know - perhaps shamans have always had commerce with these magical invisible worlds and it's only the sad fate of Western human beings to have lost touch and awareness with this domain to the point where it comes to us as a kind of a revelation. You see, I believe that the whole fall into history, the whole rise of male dominance and patriarchy really can be traced to a broken connection with the living world of the Gaian mind, and there's nothing airy-fairy about this notion; the living world of the Gaian mind is what shamans access through psychoactive plants, and without psychoactive plants that access comes as an unconfirmable rumour.4
| "The Gaian mind is what we're calling the psychedelic experience. It's an experience of the living fact of the entelechy of the planet - and without that experience we wander in a desert of bogus ideologies. But with that experience the compass of the self can be set."5 |
| References to the works of Terence McKenna: |
|
|
©reated for the benefit of all beings, DIA97 |
|


Modify the properties you would like to change, and click on the Save button.
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Geographic latitude in radians.
Geographic longitude in radians.
Radius distance from the geographic center in Km.


{% extends 'common/base.html' %} {% block page_header %}{{ todo_list.name }}{% endblock page_header %} {% block content %} List Info Created: {{ todo_list.created }} Last Updated: {{ todo_list.last_updated }} Number of list items: {{ todo_list.todoitemmodel_set.count }} Any items in this list will also get deleted. Are you sure you want to delete this list? {% csrf_token %} Yes, Delete Todo List No, Take me back to the List Details {% endblock content %}
Any items in this list will also get deleted. Are you sure you want to delete this list?


Before Change
if new_method == "caching_sha2_password":
self.packet(FastAuthFail).send()
password_answer = self.packet(PasswordAnswer)
password_answer.get()
password = password_answer.password.value.decode()
else:
orig_password = orig_password_hash
elif "caching_sha2_password" in client_auth_plugin:
After Change
orig_password = orig_password_hash
elif "caching_sha2_password" in client_auth_plugin:
log.info(f"Check auth, user={username}, ssl={self.session.is_ssl}, auth_method={client_auth_plugin}: "
"check auth using caching_sha2_password")
password = get_fast_auth_password()
orig_password = HARDCODED_PASSWORD
elif "mysql_native_password" in client_auth_plugin:


Home
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Order
Beandust Espresso
Location:
401 5th Ave
Hours:
Monday 4am-11am
All other days 24hrs


Our story begins with a guy who wants to master CSS.  Little does everyone else know that what is easy to start doing takes years to master. For anyone can draw, but not everyone can make art.


{%extends 'base.html'%} {% block content %} {{ block.super}}
{{user.username}}
Did not find usernames matching the name


We will support the lie that we have commenced, 15 v,—and the thing was
reported among all the Jews, and of course is believed until this day. Why?
Because they were such honourable, holy, devout, and pious men that testified
to it; and as Mr. H has charged me with "..."—so the Pharisees
charged our Saviour, and supported their accusations with lies.
But now for the story:—"..." says Mr. H., "..."
This is the way, then, that Mr. Heys, in his story, accounts for the coming
forth of the Book of Mormon. But as I happen to have in my possession, a
document, written by another Methodist preacher, (for Mr. Heys is not the
first Methodist preacher who has been trying to "..." 2 Tim 4:4 newspaper
stories, etc.) The document referred to is called "..."—and its truth
attested by Benjamin Frankland, John Bedford, Wesleyan ministers, Preston,
24th July, 1838.
What is Mr. Livesey’s statement, then, concerning the origin, and coming
forth of the Book of Mormon—for he has his story too—and his, he states,
is a statement of "..." as well as Mr. Heys’ account; and he is also
a good man as well as Mr. Heys, taking the testimony of their preachers for
it, for two Methodist ministers testify that he is personally known to them,
and that he is an accredited minister of the Methodist Episcopal church in
America. But unfortunately for these good men, their testimony does not agree
any more than the testimony of the false witnesses who were brought against
our Saviour. But now for the story.
Page fifth of Mr. L’s "..."—"..."
This, then, is the account given us by Mr. Livesey of the origin of the Book
of Mormon. He makes it out that the Rev. Solomon Spaulding wrote a novel
called the "..." and that this Rev. Novel Writer’s
production was the document from which the Book of Mormon was taken—that
this was the origin of it. That this was put into the hands of a printer of
the name of Lamdin; that S. Rigdon obtained the manuscript from Lamdin, and
after a few years spent in rewriting and altering it, it was ushered forth to
the world by Joseph Smith, Jr., Rigdon, and others, as a revelation from God.
"...", says he, "..."
The following is Mr. Heys’ story:—"..."
Which, then, of these accounts, I would ask, is true? One says that Joseph
Smith, Jr. is the author and publisher of the Book of Mormon the other says
that Solomon Spaulding is the author of it!


WITNESS LIST Business & Industry Committee May 17, 2005-2:00P SB 100 For: Johnson Jr., Robert E. (Consumer Data Industry Association) SB 629 For: Cornejo, Santiago (Self) Crawford, Clare (Texas ACORN Members - Translator) McElroy, Toni (ACORN) Toledo, Walter (Self and Houston ACORN) SB 674 Against: Fainter Jr., John W. (Association of Electric Companies of Texas Inc.) On: Grover, Jim (Texas Telephone Association) Mintz, David (Texas Apartment Association) Pettijohn, Leslie (Consumer Credit Commissioner) Schuelke, Brad (Texas Attorney General) SB 1056 For: McCarver, Bo (Blackland Community Development Corporation) Oliver, Frank (Blackland Community Development Corporation)


Fill in the following question with the appropriate answers:
$(function() { $( "#choice1" ).selectmenu(); $( "#choice2" ).selectmenu(); });
A(n)
algorithm
flow chart
sketch
program
is a method or a process followed to solve a problem, and a(n)
algorithm
flow chart
sketch
problem
is a task to be performed.
[ check ]
return checkAnswer();


{% extends 'base.html' %} {% load staticfiles %} {% block title %}SogangDjango SNS Landing Page{% endblock %} {% block css %} {% endblock %} {% block bodycontent %}
Social Network Service Project!
Our intention was to create a mock up SNS website which has similar functionalities of facebook but something much much less.
We said, "why don't we try make something a bit challenging for ourselves?" That's how it begun, learning Django, Bootstrap, and Javascript.


business details
business name*
Business Name is mandatory.
state*
Please select the State.
mobile*
city*
Please select the City.
email*
zip code*
address*
Address is mandatory.
Save data


AMERICA 1st CHOICE administration
Welcome,
Edilio
.
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History
Member Personal Information
Plan selected:
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Status:
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Delete?
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Father
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Payment Information
Check or Money Order
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First & Recurring Payment
Only First Payment
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Credit or Debit Card
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Direct Withdrawal
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Credit Card Info
Card type:
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Code:
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Bank:
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Bank of AmericA: 123456789
Chase: 267084131
Manhatan : 123456
Account no:
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🅤🅝🅘ⓒⓞⓓⓔⓡ.🅹🆂
Unicoder.js is a small JS library, which converts given text to some of the more artistic unicode alphabets. You know, for social media and stuff.
Created by
Tim Holman
@twholman
Tweet


| bootswatch_themes | Obtain a list of all available bootswatch themes. |
| bs_add_declarations | Add low-level theming customizations |
| bs_add_rules | Add low-level theming customizations |
| bs_add_variables | Add low-level theming customizations |
| bs_bundle | Add low-level theming customizations |
| bs_current_theme | Obtain the currently active theme at render time |
| bs_dependency | Themeable HTML components |
| bs_dependency_defer | Themeable HTML components |
| bs_get_contrast | Retrieve Sass variable values from the current theme |
| bs_get_variables | Retrieve Sass variable values from the current theme |
| bs_global_add_rules | Global theming |
| bs_global_add_variables | Global theming |
| bs_global_bundle | Global theming |
| bs_global_clear | Global theming |
| bs_global_get | Global theming |
| bs_global_set | Global theming |
| bs_global_theme | Global theming |
| bs_global_theme_update | Global theming |
| bs_remove | Remove or retrieve Sass code from a theme |
| bs_retrieve | Remove or retrieve Sass code from a theme |
| bs_theme | Create a Bootstrap theme |
| bs_themer | Theme customization UI |
| bs_theme_dependencies | Compile Bootstrap Sass with (optional) theming |
| bs_theme_preview | Preview the currently set theme |
| bs_theme_update | Create a Bootstrap theme |
| font_face | Import web fonts into a 'bs_theme()' |
| font_google | Import web fonts into a 'bs_theme()' |
| font_link | Import web fonts into a 'bs_theme()' |
| is_bs_theme | Create a Bootstrap theme |
| run_with_themer | Theme customization UI |
| theme_bootswatch | Obtain a theme's Bootswatch theme name |
| theme_version | Obtain a theme's Bootstrap version |
| versions | Available Bootstrap versions |
| version_default | Available Bootstrap versions |


Hazel
Reviewed July 24, 2019While computer science theory normally analyzes complete and valid programs, the activity of programming consists mostly of incomplete and invalid programs. Hazel is an academic research project by Cyrus Omar that is providing mathematical foundations for incomplete and invalid programs with the aim of improving the experience of programming through improved developer tool services. For example, Hazel provides a semantics for partially evaluating incomplete and invalid expressions. The Hazel project also features an experimental structured editor with a focus on fluid editing and rich input types.
Live evaluation of incomplete terms
Evaluation continues around "empty holes". Unfinished terms are evaluated as far as they can be.
Type errors with live data
Type errors render as partially evaluated expressions with incompatible types being treated as "non-empty holes" and outlined in red.
Rich type input
The Hazel structured editor allows for various kinds of rich data (tables, inputs, pictures, JSON, etc). A former project of Cyrus's featured an IDE-embedded color picker and regex tester.
Fluid Structured Editing
Influenced by work of the mbeddr team, terms in Hazel can be constructed in any order (even from inside-out) and can be used before they are defined.
Collaboration
The Hazel project also features a semantics for editing programs, which makes merging code much more semantic than diffing lines of syntax. For example, a rename operation is semantically one operation, not seperate changes everywhere the name is referenced. They have modeled their code data structure as a CRDT which easily allows for Google-docs-style collaboration.


Before you can manage Workforce Development Fund (WDF) claims, you need to email a copy of the grant letter to be signed.
Coming soon...........


NetDrive for Windows is FREE for personal use.
You can configure NetDrive to use Attachix by following these instructions:
- Click New Site (bottom left button)
- Site Name = Attachix
- Site IP or URL = http://attachix.de/ or the shared with you URL (something like http://ab4chQf.k.attachix.de/)
- Server Type = WebDAV
- Drive = Z (or any other)
- Account = Your Attachix account username (if someone shared attachix URL to you then don't enter username)
- Password = Your Attachix account password (if someone shared attachix URL to you then don't enter password)
- Check the box - Automatic login when NetDrive starts so that you don't have to reenter everything.
- Click Connect and you will then be connected to your attchix disk, which contains all your files.


Follow these steps to start local debugging for Python in VS Code:
main.py
file in a new VS Code window. It is important that you open the project directory itself, not the directory you ran lean init
in.lean backtest
command with the --debug ptvsd
option and wait until the CLI tells you to attach to the debugger.
$ lean backtest "My Project" --debug ptvsd 20210322 18:59:37.352 TRACE:: Engine.Main(): LEAN ALGORITHMIC TRADING ENGINE v<IP_ADDRESS> Mode: DEBUG (64bit) 20210322 18:59:37.359 TRACE:: Engine.Main(): Started 6:59 PM 20210322 18:59:39.055 TRACE:: DebuggerHelper.Initialize(): waiting for PTVSD debugger to attach at localhost:5678...


HELLO EVERYBODY, I AM
DONALD MCKINNEY
JUNIOR UI/UX DEVELOPER
You will begin to realise why this exercise is called the Dickens Pattern (with reference to the ghost showing Scrooge some different futures)
You will begin to realise why this exercise is called the Dickens Pattern (with reference to the ghost showing Scrooge some different futures)


First, over at Beginning Linux they mentioned that you can find out which file to edit using the locale command.
# run this in the shell
locale | grep LANG=
LANG=en_US.UTF-8
The second line above (LANG=en_US.UTF-8
) is the output of the command and what we need to note here is that en_US.UTF-8
means that there's a file in /usr/share/i18n/locales/
named en_US
that's being used for my configuration so I made a copy of that file (in case I messed something up) and the opened it up in emacs (any changes you make in this directory have to be done as root).
Now, what that Beginning Linux post and most other posts say to do is to change the line first_weekday 1
(meaning start on Sunday) to first_weekday 2
(start on Monday). The problem with this is that the en_US
file no longer has that line in it, so you have to add it. Not a big deal, I thought, so I added it as the last line in the file and re-generated the configuration using the locale-gen command.
Which gave me errors like this:
Generating locales (this might take a while)...
en_AG.UTF-8...failed to set locale!
en_US:180: syntax error: not inside a locale definition section
done
It turns out that the file is actually broken into sections and you can't just stick the line any old place, you have to stick it in the right block. If you look in one of the other files that has the line (pick one by grepping first_weekday
) you'll see that the block we want starts with LC_TIME
and ends with END LC_TIME
so I put the line in at the end of the block like so:
% Define the first day of the week to be displayed in a calendar.
% This weekday is relative to the date defined in the <week> keyword.
first_weekday 2
END LC_TIME
I copied the comments from one of the Ukranian settings files. I picked Ukranian because I thought UK stood for United Kingdom, but it turns out they use GB to indicate Great Britain instead - anyway, it works. The comment suggests that you might also be able to change the week
definition instead of adding this line, but here's what that line looks like.
week 7;19971130;1
It seems safer to stick with the first_weekday
.
Next I re-ran the locale-gen command.
sudo locale-gen
And this time it ran without errors.
So, all fixed, then, right? Well, not quite, because this doesn't update the GUI. There are, once again, many pages telling you how to reload the GUI without logging out, but some, like the Beginning Linux page use names of processes or commands that don't seem to exist any more, or, in one case caused the GUI to raise an error message so I decided it wasn't really worth it to mess with the GUI like that when all you have to do is log out and back in - or not care about it until the next time you log in.


New Middle-Eastern Hypercar Is A 1,200-HP Monster
Say hello to the dragon-inspired Ajlani Drakuma hypercar.
by Martin BiggThe 2,012-horsepower Aspark Owl wasn't the only absurdly powerful hypercar that debuted at the Dubai Auto Show this week. After last month's teaser, Middle-Eastern-based company Ajlani Motors has presented its new hypercar called the "Drakuma" with a design inspired by "the soul of the dragon." No, we haven't heard of them either.
The company was founded by Bashar Ajlani, who told Top Gear he is inspired by Pagani. "Horacio Pagani is one of my idols, because he does not compromise when it comes to quality," he told Top Gear.
The car's striking styling is inspired by Lamborghini, with an aggressive front that features 'fangs', large side air intakes, a wide stance, low roof, and doors that open out "like dragon's wings." There are no photos of the interior available, but the Drakuma has room inside for two occupants. Ajlani is investigating options for the chassis, but the body will be built from carbon fiber to keep the car light.
Powering the Drakuma is a mid-mounted twin-turbo V8 producing 1,200 horsepower, but performance estimates haven't been detailed.
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There is a catch, however. The car on display is simply a design prototype built over five years to showcase the founder's dream of becoming the next Pagani. That means the car is still a work in progress and the company is looking for investors to fund the project. While some Middle Eastern manufacturers like W Motors have delivered on their promise with the Fenyr SuperSport and Lykan Hypersport, there are many that haven't. Remember the Devel Sixteen with its wild V16 engine generating 5,000 hp?
Time will ultimately tell if the Drakuma makes it to production, but Ajlani intends to build 99 examples with lots of scope for customer customization. The next logical step will be to make a working prototype to demonstrate the car's performance.


What is the difference between Margin, Border and Padding?
These three guys confused me at first and it wasn't until we were told to research them that I really understood the difference. To help with my explanation, I will be using some screenshots so that my words and references aren't making an even bigger mess in some peoples understanding of them too. Without further ado, let's get stuck into it!
First, let's go over margin. Simplly put, it controls the space FROM the edge of the page to your content. So, let's say you've just started your code and you have a nicely styled title.
Now if I add a blue box to my title, can you can see the white space that seperate my title from the edge of the page? This is what margin is.
Moving on, let's look at border. It is exactly how it sounds which is setting a border around your content space (space that you can define by height and width). Looking at the figure below, adding a 30px border will give me something like this. Note: it takes into account the margin and will start from there.
Last but not least, padding. Padding is similar to margin except now it controls the space from the edges of your border to your content. In the figure below, if I add 60px of padding from the top then you can see the big increase in space. Note: you can use padding even if you don't add a border.


{% extends "blog/base.html" %} {% load blog_filter %} {% block content %}
Your username and password didn't match. Please try again.
{{ form.username.label_tag }} {{ form.username|add_css_class:'form-control' }}
{{ form.password.label_tag }} {{ form.password|add_css_class:'form-control' }}


StaticArray
=
(Fn [(Ref (StaticArray a) b), (Ref (StaticArray a) b)] Bool)
(= a b)
compares two static arrays.
all?
(Fn [(Ref (Fn [(Ref a b)] Bool c) d), (Ref (StaticArray a) b)] Bool)
(all? f a)
checks whether all of the elements in a
match the function f
.
any?
(Fn [(Ref (Fn [(Ref a b)] Bool c) d), (Ref (StaticArray a) b)] Bool)
(any? f a)
checks whether any of the elements in a
match the function f
.
aset!
(Fn [(Ref (StaticArray a) b), Int, a] ())
sets a static array element at the index n
to a new value in place.
aupdate!
(Fn [(Ref (StaticArray a) b), Int, (Ref (Fn [(Ref a b)] a c) d)] ())
(aupdate! a i f)
transmutes (i.e. updates) the element at index i
of an array a
using the function f
in place.
contains?
(Fn [(Ref (StaticArray a) b), (Ref a b)] Bool)
(contains? arr el)
checks wether an element exists in the array.
delete
(Fn [(StaticArray a)] ())
deletes a static array. This function should not be called manually (there shouldn't be a way to create value types of type StaticArray).
element-count
(Fn [(Ref (StaticArray a) b), (Ref a b)] Int)
(element-count a e)
counts the occurrences of element e
in an array.
find
(Fn [(Ref (Fn [(Ref a b)] Bool c) d), (Ref (StaticArray a) b)] (Maybe a))
(find f a)
finds an element in a
that matches the function f
and wraps it in a Just
.
If it doesn’t find an element, Nothing
will be returned.
find-index
(Fn [(Ref (Fn [(Ref a b)] Bool c) d), (Ref (StaticArray a) b)] (Maybe Int))
(find-index f a)
finds the index of the first element in a
that matches the function f
and wraps it in a Just
.
If it doesn’t find an index, Nothing
will be returned.
first
(Fn [(Ref (StaticArray a) b)] (Maybe a))
(first a)
takes the first element of an array and returns a Just
.
Returns Nothing
if the array is empty.
index-of
(Fn [(Ref (StaticArray a) b), (Ref a b)] (Maybe Int))
(index-of a e)
gets the index of element e
in an array and wraps it on a Just
.
If the element is not found, returns Nothing
last
(Fn [(Ref (StaticArray a) b)] (Maybe a))
(last a)
takes the last element of an array and returns a Just
.
Returns Nothing
if the array is empty.
map!
(Fn [(Ref (StaticArray a) b), (Ref (Fn [(Ref a b)] a c) d)] ())
(map! xs f)
Maps a function over the static array xs
, mutating it in place. The difference to Array.endo-map (which does the same thing internally) is that this function takes a ref (since you can never have static arrays as values) and that it returns ().
maximum
(Fn [(Ref (StaticArray a) b)] (Maybe a))
(maximum xs)
gets the maximum in an array (elements must support <
) and wraps it in a Just
.
If the array is empty, it returns Nothing
.
minimum
(Fn [(Ref (StaticArray a) b)] (Maybe a))
(minimum xs)
gets the minimum in an array (elements must support >
) and wraps it in a Just
.
If the array is empty, returns Nothing
nth
(Fn [(Ref (StaticArray a) b), Int] (Maybe a))
(nth xs index)
gets a reference to the n
th element from an array arr
wrapped on a Maybe
.
If the index
is out of bounds, return Maybe.Nothing
predicate-count
(Fn [(Ref (StaticArray a) b), (Ref (Fn [(Ref a b)] Bool c) d)] Int)
(predicate-count a pred)
counts the number of elements satisfying the predicate function pred
in an array.
sum
(Fn [(Ref (StaticArray a) b)] a)
(sum xs)
sums an array (elements must support +
and zero
).
swap!
(Fn [(Ref (StaticArray a) b), Int, Int] ())
(swap! a i j)
swaps the indices i
and j
of an array a
in place.
unsafe-first
(Fn [(Ref (StaticArray a) b)] a)
(unsafe-first a)
takes the first element of an array.
Generates a runtime error if the array is empty.
unsafe-last
(Fn [(Ref (StaticArray a) b)] a)
(unsafe-last a)
takes the last element of an array.
Generates a runtime error if the array is empty.
unsafe-nth
(Fn [(Ref (StaticArray a) b), Int] (Ref a b))
gets a reference to the n
th element from a static array a
.
unsafe-raw
(Fn [(Ref (StaticArray a) b)] (Ptr a))
returns an array a as a raw pointer—useful for interacting with C.


People are freaking out way too much about Guido's static type post. Isn't Guido allowed to speculate and offer some ideas without people predicting that Python is utterly doomed? It's not like static typing could possibly, even given community consensus, happen for several years. And there's clearly not community consensus.
So relax, nothing bad is going to happen. I guess people are a little spooked by the @ thing, which seemed abrupt. But even then there was a big discussion, and that was for something with a far, far smaller impact on the language. It's much more helpful just to talk about the issue of typing. It can't be good for Guido's thought process if he's unable to float an idea without it turning into such an emotional situation.
""" It's not like static typing could possibly, even given community consensus, happen for several years."""
Why not? The design hasn't been fleshed out yet, but once that is done, and it doesn't break any existing code, then it could be here quite soon. Especially considering that Guido is apparently interested in this (as opposed to a feature he doesn't care much about).
But static typing is really really hard. Parameterized types are hard. In particular, the implications are hard. Decorators were really really easy, this isn't that kind of change.# Ian Bicking
Guido doesn't sound like he's asking for opinions on the desirability of a static type option. That decision appears made. He's pretty clearly asking for opinions on implementation.# Eric
Here, here! Everyone is flying off the hilt here on this one. I wish people would just calm down. This has not even gone to python-dev yet, let alone to a PEP. All Guido has done is ask for the AST branch to be finished and while a requirement for the ideas he is throwing out there it needed to be done anyway. This is all just a brain dump by Guido to his blog.
# Brett


Sequence diagram creator.
Title: - SUGGESTED SEQUENCING, WITH AUTHORISATION METHODS - participant Client\nSites as C participant Identity\nService as I participant API\nGateway as G participant Business\nServices as S participant Data\nServices as D participant Postgres\nDatabase as DB Note over C,G : HTTPS C -> I : User, Password I --> C : JWT C -> G : Auth header (Bearer JWT) Note over G,D : HTTP G -> S : Headers S -> D : Headers Note over D,DB : TCP/IP D -> DB : Connection\nString Note right of DB: Stored procs\n and views DB --> D : D --> S : S --> G : G --> C :


#include <avr/io.h>
#include <avr/interrupt.h>
#include <util/delay.h>
Defines | |
| #define | WINDOW_SIZE 4 |
| #define | X_MAX 140 |
| #define | X_MIN 120 |
| #define | Y_MAX 140 |
| #define | Y_MIN 120 |
| #define | Z_MAX 180 |
| #define | Z_MIN 160 |
| #define | STOP 0 |
| #define | ACC 1 |
| #define | LEVEl 20 |
| #define | SPEED1 20 |
| #define | SPEED2 40 |
| #define | SPEED3 60 |
| #define | SPEED4 80 |
| #define | SPEED5 100 |
Functions | |
| void | initArray () |
| unsigned int | isInRange (unsigned int axis, unsigned int upperlimit, unsigned int lowerlimit) |
| void | shiftWindow (unsigned int axis, unsigned int value) |
| unsigned int | deviationFromWindow (unsigned int axis, unsigned int val) |
| int | getDirectionToMove () |
| void | moveBot () |
| void | buzzer_pin_config (void) |
| void | motion_pin_config (void) |
| void | port_init () |
| void | buzzer_on (void) |
| void | buzzer_off (void) |
| void | uart0_init (void) |
| SIGNAL (SIG_USART0_RECV) | |
| void | init_devices () |
| int | main (void) |
Variables | |
| unsigned char | data |
| unsigned int | prevX |
| unsigned int | prevY |
| unsigned int | prevZ |
| unsigned int | X |
| unsigned int | Y |
| unsigned int | Z |
| unsigned int | dX |
| unsigned int | dY |
| unsigned int | dZ |
| unsigned int | offset = 10 |
| unsigned int | flag = 0 |
| unsigned int | dim [3][WINDOW_SIZE] |
| unsigned int | maxMin [3][2] |
| unsigned int | maxSpeed |
| unsigned int | left |
| unsigned int | right |
| #define ACC 1 |
| #define LEVEl 20 |
| #define SPEED1 20 |
| #define SPEED2 40 |
| #define SPEED3 60 |
| #define SPEED4 80 |
| #define SPEED5 100 |
| #define STOP 0 |
| #define WINDOW_SIZE 4 |
| #define X_MAX 140 |
| #define X_MIN 120 |
| #define Y_MAX 140 |
| #define Y_MIN 120 |
| #define Z_MAX 180 |
| #define Z_MIN 160 |
| void buzzer_off | ( | void | ) |
| void buzzer_on | ( | void | ) |
| void buzzer_pin_config | ( | void | ) |
| unsigned int deviationFromWindow | ( | unsigned int | axis, |
| unsigned int | val | ||
| ) |
| int getDirectionToMove | ( | ) |
| void init_devices | ( | ) |
| void initArray | ( | ) |
| unsigned int isInRange | ( | unsigned int | axis, |
| unsigned int | upperlimit, | ||
| unsigned int | lowerlimit | ||
| ) |
| int main | ( | void | ) |
| void motion_pin_config | ( | void | ) |
| void moveBot | ( | ) |
| void port_init | ( | ) |
| void shiftWindow | ( | unsigned int | axis, |
| unsigned int | value | ||
| ) |
| SIGNAL | ( | SIG_USART0_RECV | ) |
| void uart0_init | ( | void | ) |
| unsigned char data |
| unsigned int dim[3][WINDOW_SIZE] |
| unsigned int dX |
| unsigned int dY |
| unsigned int dZ |
| unsigned int flag = 0 |
| unsigned int left |
| unsigned int maxMin[3][2] |
| unsigned int maxSpeed |
| unsigned int offset = 10 |
| unsigned int prevX |
| unsigned int prevY |
| unsigned int prevZ |
| unsigned int right |
| unsigned int X |
| unsigned int Y |
| unsigned int Z |