Notes on Photogrammetry
created: 2019-11-01 modified: 2019-11-01Introduction
According to the ASPRS[1], photogrammetry is the science or art of obtaining reliable measurements by means of photography.
As most of us carry high resolution cameras on our cellphones (which are usually packed with other sensors, like compasses), we have a really useful experiment platform on which to try different methods.
Camera Calibration
A very important first step is to obtain calibration parameters from our camera. We could either find information from the phone manufacturer, or, in our case, calculate it from a reference.
The vertical field of view is the vertical angle from the camera that is observed in the resulting image. We can measure it by using a reference target that we know the size and distance from the camera to. To simplify matters, we'll consider the target to be centered and going from top to bottom of the image. With \(d\) being the distance to the target and \(h\) it's height: $$ FoV_v = 2 tan^{-1}(\frac{h}{2d}). $$
As suggested by [2] we can use doors as readily available targets. In Brazil, they are typically 210 cm high. Walk away from the door until it covers the image vertically, measure your distance from it and use the following calculator to obtain the field of view:
This value will be cached on your browser and used automatically.
Camera
VR
References
-
1942_dec_247-283.pdf — Definitions Of Terms Used In Photogrammetric Surveying And Mapping↩
-
how-to-measure-size-of-object-using.html — How to measure the size of an object using a camera - internet archive↩


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#EveryDayAPhoto 2019
Western New York is a beautiful place – and each day, Buffalo News photographers will bring you a photo to prove it. Our challenge is to look at things differently, to remind us all to slow down and enjoy our surroundings. Check back each morning to see our favorite image for the day. View the images in full screen for the most impact. – Cathaleen Curtiss, director of photography
23 Nov 2019, 05:00 by https://www.facebook.com/sara.p.meehan
Day 327: Nov. 23, 2019 - A gull in flight over Gratwick Park in North Tonawanda.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 326: Nov. 22, 2019 - One lone yellow apple remains on a tree on Five Mile Road in the Town of Allegany.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 325: Nov. 21, 2019 - The shapes and colors of the Electric Tower and M&T Center's gold dome bank are reflected in Fountain Plaza in downtown Buffalo.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 324: Nov. 20, 2019 - Wind turbines from the Steel Winds wind energy plant on the former Bethlehem Steel site tower over the Buffalo skyline across Lake Erie from Hamburg Town Park.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 323: Nov. 19, 2019 - Main Street in downtown Buffalo near the former AM&A's building.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 322: Nov. 18, 2019 - Ice crystals illuminated by the early morning light cling to the trees in Delaware Park.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 321:Nov. 17, 2019 - The recent snowfall adds a highlight to the steeple domes of Sts. Cyril & Methody Macedonian Orthodox Church against a backdrop of clouds and the setting sun along Lake Avenue in Blasdell.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 320: Nov. 16, 2019 - A full moon hovers above a North Buffalo neighborhood in the morning as daylight takes over.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 319: Nov. 15, 2019 - The sun shines through a morning fog at Delaware Park.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 318: Nov. 14, 2019 - Barren trees and the well-traveled roadway contrast with the bright fresh snow in Colonial Circle in Buffalo.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 317: Nov. 13, 2019 - A peaceful place to sit in a snow-covered Parkside Park on Charlotte Avenue in Hamburg.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 316: Nov. 12, 2019 - Flags covered in snow line the graves in the Field of Valor at Forest Lawn in Buffalo.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 315: Nov. 11, 2019 - A dusting of snow clings to the leaves of a fern near the Buffalo Zoo.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 314: Nov. 10, 2019 - Sunshine breaks through thick clouds on the Buffalo waterfront near Erie Basin Marina.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 313: Nov. 9, 2019 - Softball diamonds from above at Sunshine Park in West Seneca.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 312: Nov. 8, 2019 - A tree stands alone in a field on Fredonia-Stockton Road in the Town of Pomfret.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 311: Nov. 7, 2019 - Some color still dots the forest as the last leaves begin to fall away on Five Mile Road in the Town of Allegany.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 310: Nov. 6, 2019 - Fog lifts over Green Lake in Orchard Park.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 309: Nov. 5, 2019 - The recent wind and rain has knocked most of the leaves off area trees, but this maple tree on Exchange Street in Buffalo remains covered in yellow.Cathaleen Curtiss/Buffalo News
Day 308: Nov. 4, 2019 - Sunday was the final voyage for the Maid of the Mist VII for the 2019 season.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 307: Nov. 3, 2019 - Birdhouses resembling bird condos are lined up near a farmyard on Keith Road in Conewango.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 306: Nov. 2, 2019 - An old barn on Campbell Road in Amherst shows the faded remains from an advertisment for Mail Pouch tobacco.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 305: Nov. 1, 2019 - A fog settles over the Polonia District of Buffalo on a rainy fall day.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 304: Oct. 31, 2019 - A big pumpkin with a happy little face waits to greet trick-or-treaters at a home in Orchard Park.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 303: Oct. 30, 2019 - The sun sets behind the south redoubt at Old Fort Niagara in Youngstown.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 302: Oct. 29, 2019 - Holcomb Pond is surrounded by the colorful autumn colors in the Zoar Valley Multiple Use Area in Collins.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 301: Oct. 28, 2019 - Wild flowers growing in a field on Kellogg Road in Leon stand out against the autumn trees.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 300: Oct. 27,2019 - A colorful view across Erie Basin Marina towards the courtyard behind Waterfront Village Center.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 299: Oct. 26, 2019 - A curious alpaca from Woodside Farm keeps an eye on the photographer as the others graze in a field at the farm on Gowanda State Road in Lawtons.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 298: Oct. 25, 2019 - Silhouetted by the setting sun, area scholastic rowing teams practice on the water off LaSalle Park in Buffalo.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 297: Oct. 24, 2019 - Buildings on the Ontario skyline appear to rise from the fall colors of the Niagara River gorge.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 296: Oct. 23, 2019 - A forest near Perrysburg Town Park shows off its brilliant fall color on a sunny day.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 295: Oct. 22, 2019 - The hills behind an Amish barn on North Hill Road in Ellington are awash with fall colors.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 294: Oct. 21, 2019 - Golden light from the rising sun glows in the fog at Niagara Falls Country Club in Lewiston.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 293: Oct. 20, 2019 - The vibrant colors of dusk are reflected on the greenhouses of Spoth's Farm Market on Transit Road in East Amherst.Cathaleen Curtiss/Buffalo News
Day 292: Oct. 19, 2019 - A small leaf takes the shape of a heart among the pine needles on a path at Scoby Dam Park in Springville.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 291: Oct. 18, 2019 - Rows of pumpkins all different shapes and sizes are for sale on a front lawn in Holland.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 290: Oct. 17, 2019 - Vehicle lights on Court Street are reflected in the sheen created by the morning rain.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 289: Oct. 16, 2019 - A grasshopper rests its head on a fence wire as it soaks up the afternoon sun.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 288: Oct. 15, 2019 - A bright red sumac on a fall afternoon, stands out against the muted yellows and greens of the trees growing on the edges of the Eastern Hills Mall parking lot.Cathaleen Curtiss/Buffalo News
Day 287: Oct. 14, 2019 - The Edward M. Cotter fireboat is docked outside of the City of Buffalo Water Intake on Lake Erie in Buffalo.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 286: Oct. 13, 2019 - Fishermen look for a catch on the bank of the Niagara River on Unity Island as the sun sets.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 285: Oct. 12, 2019 - Flat Man, a sculpture by Larry Griffis Jr., is near the Greenway Trail at the Outer Harbor in Buffalo. Built in the mid-1960s, the 25-foot steel sculpture was moved to the Outer Harbor from East Otto in 2017.Cathaleen Curtiss/Buffalo News
Day 284: Oct. 11, 2019 - A #BNDrone view of the Concrete Central grain elevator on the Buffalo River.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 283: Oct. 10, 2019 - A vintage pickup truck with a full load of pumpkins lets visitors know that they have arrived at Pumpkinville on Sugartown Road in Great Valley near Ellicottville.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 282: Oct. 9, 2019 - A ship traveling on Lake Ontario is silhouetted by the setting sun.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 281: Oct. 8, 2019 - A deer feeds on some crab apples at the Burchfield Nature and Arts Center in West Seneca.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 280: Oct. 7, 2019 - A blue heron lingers on the banks of Hoyt Lake shortly after sunset.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 279: Oct. 6, 2019 - A bin filled with gourds of all shapes and colors are for sale at Boka Farms in Lockport.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 278: Oct. 5, 2019 - Tourists enjoy a close-up look at the Horseshoe Falls from the Maid of the Mist.James P. McCoy/Buffalo News
Day 277: Oct 4. 2019 - A bird sits on the edge of the roof at the Auto Zone store on Elmwood Avenue in North Buffalo.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 276: Oct. 3, 2019 - A view from above the corner of Elmwood Park in the City of Tonawanda.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 275: Oct. 2, 2019 - Water from the previous night's rain drips from an apple at Blackman Homestead Farm in Lockport.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 274: Oct. 1, 2019 - The iron hinges contrast with the weathered green paint on the front doors to the First Baptist Church in Warsaw.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 273: Sept. 30, 2019 - Under the Buffalo skyline, an Erie County Sheriff's deputy looks over New Era Field from a stairwell on the 300 level as fans tailgate in the parking lot before the game against the Patriots.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 272: Sept. 29, 2019 - Nancy Rubins' sculpture "Monochrome I, Built to Live Anywhere, at Home Here, 2010-2011" was recently moved from its original location on the west side of the Albright-Knox Art Gallery to the east side.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 271: Sept. 28, 2019 - Dead pine trees in a forest along West Valley Road in Ashford are colorless on a similarly gray day.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 270: Sept. 27, 2019 - The sun rises over the street lights and buildings on Seneca Street in Buffalo.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 269: Sept. 26, 2019 - An aerial view of the iconic Horseshoe Falls and Niagara River.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 268: Sept. 25, 2019 - An old Farmall tractor from a bygone era is parked in a yard at Hurd Orchard in Holley.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 267: Sept. 24, 2019 - Jason Myers of Sanborn watches the sunset over Lake Ontario from Fort Niagara State Park in Youngstown.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 266: Sept. 23, 2019 - A lone deer stands in the setting Sun at Holy Cross Cemetery in Lackawanna.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 265: Sept. 22, 2019 - Reminiscent of Paris's "love locks," padlocks are collecting on the Pine Street bridge overlooking the locks in Lockport.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 264: Sept. 21, 2019 - The sky behind the Grand Island Bridge is aglow from the late evening sun.Cathaleen Curtiss/Buffalo News
Day 263: Sept. 20, 2019 - A harvester works alongside a tractor pulling a trailer of bins as it picks Elvira grapes on a vineyard at Dan Sprague Farms in Irving.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 262: Sept. 19, 2019 - Grain silos and the Skyway, two symbols of a past era, are reflected in the Buffalo River.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 261: Sept. 18, 2019 - As the winner of the Skyway corridor competition was being announced work crews were busy working to rebuild the Buffalo Skyway.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 260: Sept 17, 2019 - The setting sun paints the sky a brilliant hue over the Niagara Falls, Ont., skyline and the North Grand Island Bridges in a view from the Sandy Beach Yacht Club in Grand Island.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 259: Sept. 16, 2019 - A lone sunflower catches the late afternoon light on Northampton Street in Buffalo.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 258: Sept. 15, 2019 - A leaf is silhouetted by a nearly full harvest moon.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 257: Sept. 14, 2019 - Morning light streams in through windows on the five steam-driven pumps at the Colonel F.G. Ward Pumping Station, highlighting a lone red wrench.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 256: Sept. 13, 2019 - Maple leaves are showered from a sprinkler in North Buffalo.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 255: Sept. 12, 2019 - The lake freighter H. Lee White sails up the Buffalo River in Buffalo.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 254: Sept. 11, 2019 - The Spirit of Buffalo passes by downtown on Lake Erie.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 253: Sept. 10, 2019 - A brilliant red sunrise contrasts with the tree lights that line Freeman Road in Lancaster.Cathaleen Curtiss/Buffalo News
Day 252: Sept. 9, 2019 - Billowy clouds appear to hover over the Fairmont Creamery building in downtown Buffalo.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 251: Sept. 8, 2019 - Brightly colored zinnias wait to be cut at the Flower Stand in Springville.Harry Scull Jr./Buffalo News
Day 250: Sept. 7, 2019 - A look at the criss-crossing iron beams of the North Grand Island Bridges spanning the Niagara River.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 249: Sept. 6, 2019 - Sailboats from the Buffalo H
Day 248: Sept. 5, 2019 - A bicyclist rides around Hoyt Lake as the sunset paints the water in shades of pink and orange.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 247: Sept. 4, 2019 - A colorful window basket decorates a building at Locks 34/35 on the Erie Canal in Lockport.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 246: Sept. 3, 2019 - Baskets of fresh peaches sit on a table at the farm of Bryan and Caitlin LoVullo, the former Dan Tower farm, in Youngstown.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 245: Sept. 2, 2019 - Grasses are silhouetted at sunset in front of Lake LaSalle on the University at Buffalo North Campus in Amherst.Cathaleen Curtiss/Buffalo News
Day 244: Sept. 1, 2019 - Enjoying the summer, left to right, Tyler Baker, 12, his cousin Avery Antonelli, 9, sister Aubrey Baker, 9, and cousin Lucas Milleville, 9, race down Dragster Drench at Fantasy Island.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 243: Aug 31, 2019 - Rebecca Vincent, employee of the Flower Stand in Springville, cuts zinnias.Harry Scull Jr./Buffalo News
Day 242: Aug. 30, 2019 - The Lockview IV passes under a bridge on the Erie Canal in Lockport.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 241: Aug. 29, 2019 - The lights from The Terrace at Delaware Park located on the upper level of the Marcy Casino is reflected on Hoyt Lake.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 240: Aug. 28, 2019 - The Buffalo skyline, including the Buffalo River, lighthouse, and marina as seen from The News drone.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 239: Aug. 27, 2019 - A bumblebee collects pollen from a sunflower at the Farm in Peace farm in Collins.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 238: Aug. 26, 2019 - Light from the stage cast long shadows on people as they wait in line at the Irish Festival.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 237: Aug. 25, 2019 - A red door at one of the entrances to Parkside Lutheran Church in North Buffalo stands out against the stone facade.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 236: Aug. 24, 2019 - A visitor to the historic Cobblestone District crosses over Mississippi Street.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 235: Aug. 23, 2019 - Chimneys and weathered paint create contrasts on the Mod-Pac Corporation's facility on Elmwood Avenue in Buffalo.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 234: Aug. 22, 2019 - Vivid sunflowers stand tall in a field at the Sunflowers of Sanborn farm.John Hickey/Buffalo News
Day 233: Aug 21, 2019 - A goat from Let's Goat Buffalo searches for higher foliage on the exterior wall of the Richardson Olmsted Campus. The goats helped clean out invasive plants this week at the historic landmark.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 232: Aug. 20, 2019 - Weathered paint and rust create art on an old Ford pickup truck parked in a field at Sunflowers of Sanborn.John Hickey/Buffalo News
Day 231: Aug. 19, 2019 - Ferns soak-in the rain at Reinstein Woods Nature Preserve in Depew.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 230: Aug. 18, 2019 - The Skywheel lights up the midway as riders descend from a swing ride.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 229: Aug. 17, 2019 - The flag at the Central Library patriotically frames one of the Statue of Liberty replicas atop the Liberty Building.Harry Scull Jr./Buffalo News
Day 228: Aug. 16, 2019 - Intricate iron and masonry is seen in the transom above the entrance to former Police Station No. 13, now the offices of Environmental Education Associates on Austin Street.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 227: Aug. 15, 2019 - A paddle-boarder moves past the USS Little Rock near Canalside in Buffalo.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 226: Aug. 14, 2019 - Ellie Remus, 6 and her cousin Reese Nevans, 11, give their grandpa's dog Buddy a cool break in a baby pool on Grand Island.James P. McCoy/Buffalo News
Day 225: Aug. 13, 2019 - Jon Fisher, of West Seneca carries a giant llama that he won for his daughter Evelin, 11, at a bottle game on the midway at the Erie County Fair.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 224: Aug. 12, 2019 - The Lockview V filled with passengers passes under a bridge on the Erie Canal in Lockport.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 223: Aug. 11, 2019 - Fair patrons enjoy riding the swings on the midway at night at the Erie County Fair in Hamburg.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 222: Aug. 10, 2019 - Rich Gernatt and his nephew, Austin Smith, bale hay along Reed Road in Sardinia.Harry Scull Jr./Buffalo News
Day 221: Aug. 8, 2019 - Wheat grows in a field on Cambria- Wilson Road in Cambria.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 220: Aug. 8, 2019 - The hood ornament of a 1934 Pierce Arrow V-12 Model 1248A, glistens in the showroom of The Buffalo Transportation Pierce-Arrow Museum.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 219: Aug. 7, 2019 - The Town of Pembroke barn sits in the late-day sunshine as snow plows are stored all in a row waiting for a colder day.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 218: Aug. 6, 2019 - A bumble bee collects pollen from a flower in Buffalo.James P. McCoy/Buffalo News
Day 217: Aug. 5, 2019 - Petunias and SunPatiens brighten the front walk leading to the Buffalo and Erie County Botanical Gardens.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 216: Aug. 4, 2019 - A crucifix on the altar at Our Lady of Charity Parish in South Buffalo is bathed in sunlight.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 215: Aug. 3, 2019 - The bright sun hitting the silver baseball markers on the seats at Sahlen Field creates an interesting pattern.James P. McCoy/Buffalo News
Day 214: Aug. 2, 2019 - Sakari, the male polar bear at the Buffalo Zoo, jumps into the pool in his habitat at the Arctic Edge exhibit.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 213: Aug. 1, 2019 - A sign posted to a tree along the bank of Hoyt Lake is engrossed by the growing bark, causing the appearance that the tree is eating the sign.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 212: July 31, 2019 - The curving streets of Waterfront Village seen from the sky on a summer afternoon.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 211: July 30, 2019 - A pink lily pad flower sits on top of the water in a pond at Reinstein Woods Nature Preserve in Depew.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 210: July 29, 2019 - The Richardson Towers rise behind the Albright-Knox Art Gallery as people picnic by Hoyt Lake.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 209: July 28, 2019 - An ant tries to cross a Queen Anne's Lace flower growing along Transit Road in Amherst.Cathaleen Curtiss/Buffalo News
Day 208: July 27, 2019 - A boat passes the Buffalo Breakwater Lighthouse on the outer breakwater near Buffalo. This lighthouse, constructed in 1961, replaced the 1914 lighthouse that was struck by the freighter Frontenac on July 26, 1958, pushing it backwards nearly 20 feet and knocking it out of service.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 207: July 26, 2019 - Mike Hewson of North Tonawanda helps Connor Cinelli of Grand Island launch a boat from Blue River Marina on Grand Island, for an early day of fishing on Lake Erie.James P. McCoy/Buffalo News
Day 206: July 25, 2019 - The Buffalo fireboat Edward M. Cotter returns, after a two month restoration, with its nozzles spraying a salute on the Buffalo River. The Cotter is the oldest active fireboat in the world.James P. McCoy/Buffalo News
Day 205: July 24, 2019 - A Monarch butterfly rests on a flower at 18 Mile Creek Park in Hamburg.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 204: July 23, 2019 - A flower stands out along the trail at DeVeaux Woods State Park in Niagara Falls.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 203: July 22, 2019 - People in colorful kayaks float in the Buffalo River on a warm summer day.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 202: July 21, 2019 - Baseballs are gathered in a basket near the pitching machine during Buffalo Bisons batting practice at Sahlen Field. The National Baseball Hall of Fame induction ceremony takes place at 1:30 p.m on Sunday, July 21, 2019.James P. McCoy/Buffalo News
Day 201: July 20, 2019 - The setting sun shines through the haze illuminating downtown Buffalo on a warm summer night.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 200: July 19, 2019 - A perfect night for fitness in the park at Wilkeson Pointe in Buffalo Harbor State Park.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 199: July 18, 2019 - Hundreds of students at the University at Buffalo signed a life-size buffalo, which is proudly on display in the North Campus Student Union.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 198: July 17, 2019 - Wind turbines can be seen through the haze as a sailboat glides on Lake Erie.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 197: July 16, 2019 - A bird flies in front of the moon. Tonight will be a Full Buck Moon, which is a full moon in July named after the new antlers that emerge from male deer around this time of the year.James P. McCoy/Buffalo News
Day 196: July 15, 2019 - The July sun brings out the rich colors of the flowers of a Sombrero Salsa Red Echinacea Plant in the front yard garden of a home on Summer Street in Buffalo.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 195: July 14, 2019 - Student sailors negotiate the shoreline on Lake Ontario near Olcott.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 194: July 13, 2019 - Mohan, the newest greater one-horned rhino, born June 17 at the Buffalo Zoo, made his first public appearance Friday. Mohan is the fourth calf born to Tashi and her second conceived via artificial insemination.John Hickey/Buffalo News
Day 193: July 12, 2019 - The iconic Hotel Lenhart is located across the street from Bemus Bay in Bemus Point, owned and operated by the same family since 1880, the original hotel was destroyed by fire in 1891.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 192: July 11, 2019 - The setting sun casts a warm glow over Lake Erie as a pair of fishermen enjoy the evening.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 191: July 10, 2019 - A dragonfly rests on a flower in downtown Buffalo. Dragonflies have compound eyes made up of thousands of smaller eyes, giving them nearly 360-degree vision.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 190: July 9, 2019 - The tall ship Denis Sullivan passes the Buffalo Lighthouse as it leaves the Buffalo Harbor.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 189: July 8, 2019 - The sun sets behind the Denis Sullivan, one of 12 tall ships docked at Canalside for the Basil Port of Call.James P. McCoy/Buffalo News
Day 188: July 7, 2019 - Downtown Buffalo in a view from the 37th floor of Seneca One.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 187: July 6, 2019 - Tall ships, from left, Santa Maria, HMCS Oriole, St. Lawrence II, Appledore IV, and Appledore V are docked in Erie Basin Marina in Buffalo as part of the Basil Port of Call.John Hickey/Buffalo News
Day 186: July 5, 2019 - Fireworks explode behind the Pride of Baltimore II, a reconstruction of an early 19th century clipper, as the Connecting Terminal is lit in patriotic colors at Canalside.James P. McCoy/Buffalo News
Day 185: July 4, 2019 - Bluenose II and St. Lawrence II sail on Lake Erie near Port Colborne. The ships will be in the Parade of Sail. The Bluenose II, from Lunenberg, Nova Scotia, is a national treasure of Canada.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 184: July 3, 2019 - Fireworks launched from the Niagara Gorge light up the sky over Niagara Falls. This is the view from the Prospect Point Observation Tower at Niagara Falls State Park.James P. McCoy/Buffalo News
Day 183: July 2, 2019 - Second Officer David Damkiaer-Classen of Denmark climbs up the rigging to work aloft aboard the Picton Castle. One of several ships that will be arriving in Buffalo this week.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 182: July 1, 2019 - A deer grazing in a meadow near the Lakeside Bike Park pause to check out the park visitors. The Outer Harbor Wellness Trail is a paved path that runs along Lake Erie from Ohio Street.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 181: June 30, 2019 - A Red Admiral butterfly rests on a sculpture at the Buffalo and Erie County Naval & Military Park.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 180: June 29, 2019 - Xavier Powell, 12, of Buffalo, and his nephew Kyrie Toe, 2, pretend to soar in the breeze at the top at Wilkeson Pointe on Fuhrmann Boulevard along the Outer Harbor.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 179: June 28, 2019 - Tibetan monks of the Depung Loseling Monastery created a mandala in the fire hall of the Lily Dale Assembly using this colorful blessed sand from India.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 178: June 27, 2019 - Glen Falls, created as water tumbles over the Onondaga Escarpment, is located on Ellicott Creek in the Village of Williamsville.James P. McCoy/Buffalo News
Day 177: June 26, 2019 - Yellow Iris line a walkway at the Richardson Olmsted Campus.Cathaleen Curtiss/Buffalo News
Day 176: June 25, 2019 - It is not a desert in a far off place -- these hills made of sand barged in from ports around the Great Lakes are along Fuhrmann Boulevard in South Buffalo.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 175: June 24, 2019 - Chris Barberic and Rick Waters of Grand Island enjoy a peaceful day of fishing on Woods Creek at Buckhorn Island State Park on Grand Island.James P. McCoy/Buffalo News
Day 174: June 23, 2019 - A boater in Lake Erie cruises past Erie Basin Marina as the sun sets.James P. McCoy/Buffalo News
Day 173: June 22, 2019 - Rows and rows of columns line the Central Terminal's head house, where parcels and goods were shipped in the terminal's heyday.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 172: June 21, 2019 - Reenactor Alan Eimiller stands in front of the French Castle in Old Fort Niagara in Youngstown.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 171: June 20, 2019 - Akron Falls flows at an aesthetic rate over the cliffs in the park after a recent rainfall in Akron.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 170: June 19, 2019 - A motorboat passes a kayak on the Buffalo River.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 169: June 18, 2019 - Laura and Bryce Carpenter along with their dog Marley watch the beautiful sunset from The West River Road Shoreline Trail on Grand Island.James P. McCoy/Buffalo News
Day 168: June 17, 2019 - Wild grass blows in the wind on Unity Island.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 167: June 16, 2019 - American Goldfinch play on a feeder in Springville.Harry Scull Jr./Buffalo News
Day 166: June 15, 2019 - Great Lakes vessel the American Mariner can be seen in the Ship Canal Commons along the Buffalo waterfront.John Hickey/buffalo News
Day 165: June 14, 2019 - Round stones collect on the shore of Lake Ontario in Olcott.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 164: June 13, 2019 - The sun sets behind wind energy turbines in Wethersfield along Route 78 near Bliss.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 163: June 12, 2019 - Zack Kotch climbs a top rope wall at Central Rock Gym.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 162: June 11, 2019 - An ornate facade on an old building on Broadway near Emslie Street in Buffalo.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 161: June 10, 2019 - An old windmill in the sunshine on Rogers Road in the Town of Hume.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 160: June 9, 2019 - City Hall anchors the Buffalo skyline.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 159: June 8, 2019 - A view of the ornate altar at Corpus Christi Church, built from 1907-1909 to help serve the spiritual needs of the quickly growing Polish community living on the East Side of Buffalo.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 158: June 7, 2019 - A Canada goose crosses the Black Rock Channel as fog shrouds the Peace Bridge.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 157: June 6, 2019 - Raindrops gather on a hosta leaf in a garden in Clarence.Cathaleen Curtiss/Buffalo News
Day 156: June 5, 2019 - Familiar buildings of downtown Buffalo are visible in this BNdrone view from Sycamore Street.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 155: June 4, 2019 - Trees and rocks on the banks of Murder Creek below Akron Falls are covered in moss. The surrounding 284-acre park is part of the Onondaga escarpment and has been controlled by Erie County since 1947, making it one of the county's oldest parks.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 154: June 3, 2019 - A hummingbird takes a sip from a feeder that is designed to resemble a flower.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 153: June 2, 2019 - Blessed Trinity Church on Leroy Avenue in Buffalo takes on an amber glow as the sun sets.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 152: June 1, 2019 - Sailboats enjoy the evening breeze on Lake Erie.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 151: May 31, 2019 - Adirondack chairs sit in the green grass at Buffalo Harbor State Park.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 150: May 30, 2019 - Cristiano Pereira brushes on a coat of varnish over the restored mural in the front of the theater at the North Park Theatre.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 149: May 29, 2019 - Light posts reflect in a puddle at Buffalo Harbor State Park in Buffalo.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 148: May 28, 2019 - The rusted metal of a marine tower of the Great North Grain Elevator, which belongs to ADM Flour Milling Co., is viewed from the Buffalo River. The structure was used to load and unload lake shipments. The elevator and marine tower are no longer in use.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 147: May 27, 2019 - The American flag flies on a sailboat at the Small Boat Harbor.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 146: May 26, 2019 - Yellow and red tulips bloom in a yard in Orchard Park.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 145: May 25, 2019 - Morning light illuminates the skyline of downtown Buffalo.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
144: May 24, 2019 - Railroad tracks in North Buffalo glisten from the light of the setting sun.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 143: May 23, 2019 - Tart cherry trees form rows of blossoms in an orchard on Lake Road in Olcott.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 142: May 22,2019 - Fishermen cast their lines from a boat near the Outer Harbor.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 141: May 21, 2019 - A stem of heart-shaped flowers, commonly referred to as bleeding hearts, adorn a garden in Western New York - a sure sign that spring has arrived.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 140: May 20, 2019 - Four geese identify the threat of a hawk nearby and quickly moved their 35 goslings into the water and surrounded them for protection at Tifft Nature Preserve.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 139: May 19, 2019 - A pair of deer feed on new buds and leaves in the underbrush near East Aurora.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 138: May 18, 2019 - Alexander Hernandez mows the lawn in Father Conway Park as he and his teammates from Buffalo Parks try to catch up amid all the wet weather we've been having.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 137: May 17, 2019 - The weathered brick exterior of Sloan's Antique Shop at William and Smith streets in Buffalo.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 136: May 16, 2019 - A redbud tree outside the Amherst Public Library in Williamsville is a burst of color.John Hickey/Buffalo News
Day 135: May 15, 2019 - Wild mustard plants are covered with brilliant yellow flowers in a vineyard on Bennett State Road in Silver Creek.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 134: May 14, 2019 - Luna the polar bear doesn't appear to be bothered by the cool, rainy weather as she blows bubbles in the water at the Buffalo Zoo Arctic Edge exhibit.John Hickey/Buffalo News
Day 133: May 13, 2019 - A tree stump in the woods near Elma looks to be in anguish.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 132: May 12, 2019 - The Niagara Mohawk building is reflected in rain puddles on Huron Street.Cathaleen Curtiss/Buffalo News
Day 131: May 11, 2019 - Rowers on the Black Rock Channel move toward the Peace Bridge on a foggy afternoon.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 130: May 10, 2019 - A ray of sun lights up a new maple leaf dripping from the rain in Elma.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 129: May 9, 2019 - Bright tulips bloom in a garden along Chapin Parkway in Buffalo.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 128: May 8, 2019 - Spring planting is a high-pressure time of year for farmers, especially since the weather plays a major role. Workers for Amos Zittel & Sons, located in the Eden Valley since 1897, take advantage of a sunny day to plant as much as possible.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 127: May 7, 2019 - Visitors to Delaware Park enjoy the sunshine on a warm spring day at Hoyt Lake.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 126: May 6, 2019 - Leaves are starting to show on a tree limb along the banks of the Buffalo River.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 125: May 5, 2019 - Yellow flowers surround tree roots in a wooded area alongside Ellicott Creek at Glen Park in Williamsville.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 124: May 4, 2019 - The trees at Allegany State Park in Salamanca are starting to show color as the new buds form.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 123: May 3, 2019 - The late evening sun shines through the fog that has descended over the Niagara River near the Peace Bridge.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 122: May 2, 2019 - This drone view of a softball diamond in Sheridan Park on Sheridan Drive in the Town of Tonawanda shows the paths of the grounds crew.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 121: May 1, 2019 - Tourists are dwarfed by the majesty of the American and Horseshoe Falls in Niagara Falls.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 120: April 30, 2019 - Cherry trees behind the Buffalo History Museum at One Museum Court are beginning to blossom just in time for the 2019 Cherry Blossom Festival, which kicks off on Wednesday, May 1.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 119: April 29, 2019 - A sky view of Ashland Avenue in the Elmwood Village.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 118: April 28, 2019 - The Administration building at Allegany State Park in Salamanca on a picture-perfect day at the park.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 117: April 27, 2019 - Thawing icebergs gently float down the Niagara River near Tow Path Park in Buffalo.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 116: April 26, 2019 - With the Erie Canal still drained of water, workers do repairs and maintenance on Lock 35, front, and Lock 34 in Lockport to prepare for the upcoming navigation season, which begins May 17.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 115: April 25, 2019 - Colorful tulips bloom at Seneca Greenhouse in West Seneca.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 114: April 24, 2019 - Dufray Dalla, left, and his friends Divin Malalu, center, and Gedeon Ntadi stop to take in the view of the ice floes in the Niagara River from the dock in Black Rock Canal Park.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 113: April 23, 2019 - Crews on an ice breaker and a barge head out to remove the Ice Boom near the Erie Basin Marina by the Light House and break water.John Hickey/Buffalo News
Day 112: April 22, 2019 - Pussy willows ready for Dyngus Day, remain at a stand in the Broadway Market.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 111: April 21, 2019 - Sun reflects on the ceiling of St Joseph's Cathedral in Buffalo.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 110: April 20, 2019 - The Buffalo lighthouse is reflected in the Buffalo River in thick fog.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 109: April 19, 2019 - The Elm Street exits and on-ramps to the I-190, sometimes called the Niagara Thruway, weave around each other in front of the Buffalo skyline, with Sahlen Field at center.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 108: April 18, 2019 - A cardinal rests on a bare branch in East Aurora.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 107: April 17, 2019 - The break in the clouds shines sunlight on the UB Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences building in Buffalo.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 106: April 16, 2019 - Budding trees at sunrise in Orchard Park.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 105: April 15, 2019 - Windowsills of a building on Seneca Street in Buffalo, create abstract lines and angles.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 104: April 14, 2019 - A boarded up house along William Street in Buffalo is in need of some tender loving care, but the lines and wood grain of the building are artistic.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 103: April 13, 2019 - The pedestrian bridge is covered in rainwater over the Union Ship Canal in the Ship Canal Commons of Buffalo Lakeside Commerce Park.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 102: April 12, 2019 - A chickadee clings to a cattail at Tifft Nature Preserve in Buffalo.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 101: April 11, 2019 - Ice remaining on the lake - with downtown Buffalo in the distance - is visible from Hamburg Town Park.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 100: April 10, 2019 - The Richardson Towers are framed by the sculpture "look and see 2005" by artist Jim Hodges, which is on display at the Richardson Olmsted Campus as part of the Albright-Knox Art Gallery's Public Art Initiative.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 99: April 9, 2019 - The statues at the top of the Liberty Building in Buffalo are shrouded in fog.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 98: April 8, 2019 - A Sea Nettle Jellyfish known as chrysaora fuscescens moves about in the new Aliens of the Sea Exhibit at the Aquarium of Niagara in Niagara Falls.John Hickey/Buffalo News
Day 97: April 7, 2019 - A flag flies in the wind in front of 245 North St.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 96: April 6, 2019 - The Scajaquada Expressway crosses Delaware Avenue, splitting Delaware Park.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 95: April 5, 2019 - A portion of the glass pavilion of the Robert H. Jackson United States Courthouse lines up in front of Statler City in Buffalo.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 94: April 4, 2019 - The Edward M. Cotter breaks ice at Erie Basin Marina as work begins to repair the docks. Eric Christensen, left, manager of the Erie Basin Marina for Smith Boys, and Don Poleto, Harbor Master, watch the progress.John Hickey/Buffalo News
Day 93: April 3, 2019 - Buffalo City Hall, the Skyway and boats dry-docked at RCR Yachts are all framed by Skyway supports.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 92: April 2, 2019 - Spring snow dusts the trees and path leading to a carriage house along Hunts Corners Road in Akron.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 91: April 1, 2019 - A bright red barn emerges through the white of a spring snow on Route 20A in Warsaw.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 90: The sun rises on UB Stadium and the new Murchie Family Fieldhouse.Harry Scull Jr./Buffalo News
Day 89: Downtown Buffalo makes a picturesque backdrop as members of the Buffalo Fire Department's water and ice rescue teams participate in a 16-hour training exercise at the Small Boat Harbor, learning how to safely rescue someone from the water in icy conditions. The training was conducted by New York State Special Operations.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 88: March 29, 2019 - Hikers maneuver the rocky shoreline of the Niagara Gorge below Whirlpool State Park.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 87: March 28, 2019 - Laundry hangs outside to dry in the sunshine on a line near Centerville.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 86: March 27, 2019 - Old Erie County Hall in Buffalo is framed by nearby buildings.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 85: March 26, 2019 - Half of the "Eight Caryatid Figures" created by Augustus Saint-Gaudens in 1906-07 take the place of columns at the Albright-Knox Art Gallery. The marble figures, which were permanently installed in 1934, were commissioned by John J. Albright to complement the design of the museum's original 1905 building.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 84: March 25, 2019 - Colorful buildings that are part of the Sail Buffalo Sailing School on Fuhrmann Boulevard reflect in the Buffalo River.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 83: March 24, 2019 - Canada geese rest in some grass at the Iroquois National Wildlife Refuge in Basom.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 82: March 23, 2019 - A fisherman stands in the midst of the waterfall in Cazenovia Park while trying his luck to catch a fish in Cazenovia Creek.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 81: March 22, 2019 - Mountains of ice remain piled up on the Lake Erie breakwater in the Outer Harbor, remnants from the historic wind storm last month.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 80: March 21, 2019 - Juny Caracalla rolls into spring at Alix Rice Peace Park Skatepark in Amherst.John Hickey/Buffalo News
Day 79: March 20, 2019 - The sun lights up Whitehaven Road as it sets on Grand Island.James P. McCoy/Buffalo News
Day 78: March 19, 2019 - Trees cast long shadows on fresh snow in Days Park in Allentown.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 77: March 18, 2019 - The Erie County Sheriff Pipes and Drums march in the St. Patrick's Day Parade on Delaware Avenue.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 76: March 17, 2019 - The cross at the top of the steeple at The Chapel at Lockport glistens in the evening sun.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 75: March 16, 2019 - Rain puddles around a yellow painted arrow in the parking lot of RiverWorks in Buffalo.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 74: March 15, 2019 - The Hamid Circus Elephants perform at the 73rd annual Shrine Circus at the Hamburg Fairgrounds. The elephants are retiring this year from the Shrine Circus.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 73: March 14, 2019 - The sun rises over River Oaks Marina on Grand Island.James P. McCoy/Buffalo News
Day 72: March 13, 2019 - Ice crystals on a window in Buffalo.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 71: March 12, 2019 - The downtown Buffalo skyline at dusk.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 70: March 11, 2019 - A section of pipe that is an industrial sculpture at LaSalle Park skate plaza frames the Buffalo skyline.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 69: March 10, 2019 - The ice breaker William H. Latham heads up the Niagara River under the South Grand Island Bridges in the Town of Tonawanda.John Hickey/Buffalo News
Day 68: March 9, 2019 - A fisherman leaves a trail to get to his fishing spot at the Small Boat Harbor.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 67: March 8, 2019 - The twin statues of Lady Liberty atop the Liberty Building viewed from the observation deck at Buffalo City Hall.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 66: March 7, 2019 - Ice chunks float in the Inner Harbor off the Erie Basin Marina.John Hickey/Buffalo News
Day 65: March 6, 2019 - A pair of white swans take flight over Olcott Beach.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 64: March 5, 2019 - The observation tower at the entrance to Erie Basin Marina is barely visible from LaSalle Park through the snow.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 63: March 4, 2019 - Players enjoy a game of pond hockey at Gallagher Beach.Harry Scull Jr./Buffalo News
Day 62: March 3, 2019 - Runners get a heavy dose of snowfall as they pass down Ohio Street in the Old First Ward during the Shamrock Run.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 61: March 2, 2019 - A field of dried sunflowers on Witmer Road in North Tonawanda against the backdrop of a golden sunset.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 60: March 1, 2019 - The late afternoon sun casts long shadows over the snowy scene at LaSalle Park in Buffalo.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 59: Feb. 28, 2019 - Everything at Prospect Point in Niagara Falls State Park is coated in a layer of ice from the frozen mist of the falls.James P. McCoy/Buffalo News
Day 58: Feb. 27, 2019 - Reflections in a window of the new Explore & More Children's Museum under construction at Canalside.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 57: Feb. 26, 2019 - An old barn along Route 242 in Ellicottville.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 56: Feb. 25, 2019 - Ice builds up along Hoover Road in Hamburg.Harry Scull Jr./Buffalo News
Day 55: Feb. 24, 2019 - An arched transom over the elaborate doorway to the old Trico Building.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 54: Feb. 23, 2019 - Boats are covered for the winter at East Pier Marina in North Tonawanda.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 53: Feb. 22, 2019 - The rear fender detail on a 1960 Chevrolet El Camino parked out front of the Pierce-Arrow Museum in downtown Buffalo.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 52: Feb. 21, 2019. A view of the City of Buffalo from Hamburg beach.Harry Scull/Buffalo News
Day 51: Feb. 20, 2019 - What goes up must come down. Families enjoy a day of skiing at Holiday Valley Ski Resort in Ellicottville.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 50: Feb. 19, 2019 - Grant Scime ice fishes with his children Maggie and Charlie at a small boat harbor on River Road in North Tonawanda.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 49: Feb. 18, 2019 - Dried hydrangea petals are frozen in a puddle in East Amherst.Cathaleen Curtiss/Buffalo News
Day 48: Feb. 17, 2019 - The evening sun peeks through clouds behind tree branches at Delaware Park.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 47: Feb. 16, 2019 - A tree growing out of a rock formation is known as Eagle Claw in Panama Rocks, which was established as a privately operated park in 1885 in Chautauqua County.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 46: Feb. 15, 2019 - George Frederiksen, 13, walks his Irish setter Sam in Delaware Park.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 45: Feb. 14, 2019 - A fawn leaps effortlessly through the deep snow off Trevitt Road in the Town of Boston.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 44: Feb. 13, 2019 - The Peace Bridge is illuminated in red to honor the victims of Flight 3407 on the 10-year anniversary of the tragic crash.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 43: Feb. 12, 2019 - Wind-whipped grass forms patterns on the dunes at Sunset Bay.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 42: Feb. 11, 2019 - Smokestacks and power lines at Occidental Chemical in Niagara Falls are silhouetted by the setting sun.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 41: Feb. 10, 2019 - A row of street lamps on the Elmwood Avenue bridge that crosses Route 198 near Delaware Park in Buffalo.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 40: Feb. 9, 2019 - Snow falls on a farm on Route 20A in Warsaw.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 39: Feb. 8, 2019 - Ice remained on a pine branch on Three Rod Road in the Town of Marilla.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 38: Feb. 7, 2019 - The ice on frozen crab apples starts to melt as temperatures in Buffalo begin to rise.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 37: Feb. 6, 2019 - Ice formations on the breakwater on the Lake Erie side create an Arctic-looking landscape at Sunset Bay.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 36: Feb. 5, 2019 - The Ice breakers William H. Latham and Niagara Queen II break up the ice near the Niagara Power Station intakes on the Niagara River in Niagara Falls.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 35: Feb. 4, 2019 - Luke, Leo, and Nora Kelly take advantage of the warmer temperatures to build a snowman in Orchard Park.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 34: Feb. 3, 2019 - A postcard perfect winter scene on Back Creek Road in the Town of Boston.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 33: Feb. 2, 2019 - The historic fireboat Edward M. Cotter breaks up ice at the mouth of the Buffalo River to prevent ice jams as warmer weather arrives this week.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 32: Feb. 1, 2019 - Heavy wind whips snow across a field on Davison Road in Clarence.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 31: Jan. 31, 2019 - A desperate young deer nibbles on the branches of a discarded Christmas tree in Elma while scavenging for food.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 30: Jan. 30, 2019 - As snowflakes whiz past the steeple of the Lafayette Avenue Presbyterian Church, Elmwood Avenue is empty as Buffalo hunkers down for the storm.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 29: Jan. 29, 2019 - Marc Mutka walks to his ice-fishing spot at the Small Boat Harbor in Buffalo.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 28: Jan. 28, 2019 - Ice from the mist of the falls coats everything beneath Niagara Falls at Prospect Point in Niagara Falls State Park.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 27: Jan. 27, 2019 - Sunset in the Town of Pembroke.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 26: Jan. 26, 2019 - A snowy scene surrounds a creek near Hubbard Road in East Aurora.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 25: Jan. 25, 2019 - Lumagination lights up the Buffalo and Erie County Botanical Gardens.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 24: Jan. 24, 2019 - A train crosses Fargo Road in the Town of Pembroke at sunset.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 23: Jan. 23, 2019 - Barren trees punctuate the landscape in snow-covered Soldiers Circle, the hub for Frederick Law Olmsted's Bidwell Parkway, left, Lincoln Parkway, top, and Chapin Parkway, bottom.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 22: Jan. 22, 2019 - The late afternoon sun glistens on the snow covering the tree branches in Amherst.Cathaleen Curtiss/Buffalo News
Day 21: Jan. 21, 2019 - A view of the super blood wolf moon from North Buffalo, Sunday, Jan. 20, 2019 at 11:41 p.m., as the total coverage began. This will be the last total lunar eclipse until May 26, 2021.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 20: Jan. 20, 2019 - A work horse rests in a snow-covered pasture with its canine companion keeping a watchful eye in Fillmore.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 19: Jan. 19, 2019 - A bird of another feather. A white goose shared open ice-free water along the shore of Lake Erie in Silver Creek and was getting along swimmingly with a community of mallard ducks.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 18: Jan. 18, 2019 - Large chunks of ice float in the Buffalo River near Canalside as the sun sets.Cathaleen Curtiss/Buffalo News
Day 17: Jan. 17, 2019 - Cecelia Schroeder in the orange coat, leads a group on a Senior Stroll through Reinstein Woods Nature Preserve in Cheektowaga. Schroeder leads the walk every third Wednesday of the month.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 16: Jan. 16, 2019 - Ornate lampposts on the northern plaza of the Buffalo Museum of Science.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 15: Jan. 15, 2019 - The sun sets behind a row of trees at the East Aurora Country Club golf course.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 14: Jan. 14, 2019 - The downtown Buffalo skyline, viewed from Oishei Children's Hospital.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 13: Jan. 13, 2019 - The sun sets behind gazebos on the Outer Harbor.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 12: Jan. 12, 2019 - A rainbow arches over the Niagara River near the American Falls at Niagara Falls State Park.John Hickey/Buffalo News
Day 11: Jan. 11, 2019 - Ice covered trees surround Indian Falls in Pembroke.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 10: Jan. 10, 2019 - Liberty Building and City Hall are aligned in a view from Clinton Street on the East Side.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 9: Jan. 9, 2019 - The sun sets behind a snow fence on the shore of Lake Erie after a gray day in Buffalo.Mark Mulville/Buffalo News
Day 8: Jan. 8, 2019 - Fishermen on the docks at the Small Boat Harbor.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 7: Jan 7, 2019 - Clergy from the Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church of Buffalo led the way to the waters of the Niagara River near Broderick Park to the start of their new year with a blessing of the water.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 6: Jan. 6, 2019 - A basketball makes its way through the hoop in the Cardinal O'Hara High School gymnasium in front of a U.S. flag draped on a nearby wall.Robert Kirkham/Buffalo News
Day 5: Jan.5, 2019 - Murder Creek flows over Akron Falls in Akron Falls Park.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 4: Jan. 4, 2019 - The statue representing Commerce atop Old Erie County Hall is juxtaposed with the statue of Lady Liberty atop the Liberty Building.Derek Gee/Buffalo News
Day 3: Jan. 3. 2019 - Reflections of trees on Hoyt Lake behind the Buffalo History Museum.Sharon Cantillon/Buffalo News
Day 2 - Jan. 2, 2019 - Niagara Street leading toward downtown Buffalo is bursting with color as night falls on the city.John Hickey/Buffalo News
Day 1: Jan. 1, 2019 - Happy New Year! Fireworks light up the sky just after midnight in downtown, Buffalo.Robert Kirkham/ Buffalo News
Related content


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PART III
OPERATION
301. REQUIREMENTS.
(a) The following are required for operation of the ECM Mark 2:
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(1) CSP 889 (or 888) complete, in operating condition.
(2) The effective Key List.
(3) The set of Code Wheels upon which the Key List is based.
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302. PREPARATION OF MACHINE.
(a) Prepare the machine for operation in accordance with paragraph 106.
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(1) Insure the motor plug and indicator plug are in the proper receptacles as shown in Plate 8.
(2) For motor operation, insure the pawl of the emergency hand drive gear rides in the channel ring (See Plate 8).
(3) Insure the power cord Is plugged into the proper source of power for the type of motor installed in the machine.
(4) The ground connection clip of the power cord should be connected to the metal of the Type 8 Safe Locker or to the ship's structure. This suppresses radio-interference; no difference in the operation of the ECM may be noticed.
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303. KEY LIST.
(a) The effective edition of the Key List is determined by associated communication publications: Crypto-Channel Charts, CSPMs, etc.
(b) Each ECM Mark 2 Key Setting contains:
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(1) The Code Wheel Arrangement.
(2) The Index Setting(s) and corresponding 26-30 Letter Check.
(3) Certain types of Key Lists may, in addition, contain one or more Initial Code Wheel Alignments.
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(c) The following illustration is an example of the Key Setting Form most generally used. It Is based on CSP 1336.
(d) The Code Wheel Arrangement consists of ten numbers corresponding to the numbers engraved on the Code Wheels. The Key List omits any letter prefixes or suffixes of the individual Code Wheel designations and in some Key Lists only the final digit may be shown.
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(1) (A) The Code Wheels corresponding to the first group of five numbers listed (generally designated "AL:") are to be Inserted in the Alphabet Maze (the rear row) In order from left to right, as appearing in the Key List.
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(B) The Code Wheels corresponding to second group d five numbers listed designated "ST:") are to be inserted in the Stepping Maze (the middle row) in order from left to right, as appearing in the Key List.
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(2) The letter "R" (reverse) appearing after a Code Wheel number in the Key List indicates that that particular Code Wheel is to be inserted in the reversed position (i.e., with the engraved alphabet letters appearing upside down to the operator).
(e) (1) The Index Wheels are normally not removed from the Cipher Unit, and their arrangement normally remains the same. Certain Key Lists, however, may call for a different Index Wheel Arrangement, in which case the Index Wheel spindle is removed and the Wheels rearranged in accordance with the "tens" digits d the Index Wheel Arrangement.
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(2) Different Index Wheel Settings are given, corresponding to the different secrecy classifications d the messages for which the Key List was designed. Normally there are three Index Settings, one each for SECRET, CONFIDENTIAL and RESTRICTED messages, respectively.
(3) The five letter group following each index Setting is the corresponding 26-30 Letter Check. The five letter group is the encipherment 1 the letter "A" on the 26th to 30th steps inclusive from the Zeroize position using the Code Wheel Arrangement and the Index Wheel Setting given in the Key.  ITS USE IS MANDATORY.
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304. CODE WHEEL SET.
(a) The set 1 Code Wheels upon which the Key List is based is shown in the Instructions appearing in the Key List, generally in paragraph 1. A Key List is said to be based upon a particular set d Code Wheels because that particular set was used to obtain the 26-30 Letter Check(s) given in the Key Setting.
305. CODE WHEEL ARRANGEMENT.
(a) To make the Code Wheel Arrangement:
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(1) Remove the lid from the cover by lifting straight up.
(2) Loosen the four thumb-screws which secure the Cipher Unit (CSP 887) and remove the Cipher Unit by lifting it straight up from the machine.
CAUTION: Use BOTH HANDS in removing and inserting the Cipher Unit.
(3) Remove the Code Wheel spindles, Insert the Code Wheels in the Cipher Unit in the arrangement and positions shown by the Key. Insert the Code Wheel spindles.
(4) Carefully insert the Cipher Unit into the machine and secure it by means of the four thumb screws.
CAUTION: Use BOTH HANDS in removing and inserting the Cipher Unit.
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306. INDEX WHEEL SETTING.
(a) Rotate, by hand, the Index Wheels until they are set at the positions given in the Key List. The Index Wheels are not moved mechanically and are not to be moved again during the course d enciphering (or deciphering) the particular message.
(b) BE SURE THE INDEX WHEELS ARE IN EXACT ALIGNMENT.
(c) Replace the lid.
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307. ZEROIZING.
(a) The process of turning the Code Wheels so that each one is set with the
letter "O" opposite
the white reference lines is called "Zeroizing", and when the Code Wheels
are all set, it is called
the "Zeroize position". All processes (except special methods of operation)
start from the
Zeroize position.
(b) To Zeroize:
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(1) Set the Controller at "R" (Reset). The motor should start as soon as
the Controller is turned
away from "O" (OFF).
(2) Set the Zeroizer (the "up and down" switch at the front left) at
"Zeroize".
(3) Press the "RPT" Key, then the "Blank" Key and hold both keys down. The
Code Wheels will
step until each Code Wheel has reached its zeroize position (i.e., with the
letter "O" opposite the
white reference line) where it will stop.
NOTE: If each Code Wheel does not step and automatically stop at its
zeroize position, the cause
should be ascertained and corrected. See paragraph 506.
(4) When all Code Wheels have stopped at the Zeroize position release the
Blank and Repeat
Keys.
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308. 26-30 LETTER CHECK.
(a) The 26-30 Letter Check is given as a method 1 checking:
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(1) That the machine is operating properly.
(2) That the Code Wheel Arrangement is correct.
(3) That the Index Setting is correct.
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(b) A correct check assures the operator that the machine is in initially
good operating
condition. It does not insure that the machine will continue to function
perfectly beyond the
30th step, but failure beyond this point is not likely to occur.
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NOTE: Periodic checks for steps up to 10,000 are given in paragraph 519.
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(c) To make the 26-30 Letter Check.
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(1) Make the Code Wheel Arrangement and Index Setting in accordance with
the Key Setting.
(2) Zeroize.
(3) Set the Zeroizer at "Operate", and set the Controller at "E"
(Encipher). Reset the counter to
zero.
(4) Press the "Repeat" Key, then the "Blank" Key, and hold both Keys down
until the counter approaches twenty-five. Release both Keys, and, by means at the "Blank" Key, step the Code Wheels until the counter reads twenty-five.
(5) Press (Encipher) the letter "A" five times.
(6) The printed encipherment of "A" should check with the values given in
the Key List.
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(d) Failure to produce the 26-30 Letter Check may indicate:
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(1) An incorrect set of Code Wheels or an error in the Code Wheel
Arrangement.
(2) An error in the Setting (or Arrangement) of the Index Wheels.
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-27-
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NOTE: If an Index Wheel is improperly positioned (i.e. set "half-way") the
resultant 26-30
Letter Check will consist of five alike letters).
(3) The machine is not functioning properly. (The most common fault is
dirty contacts of the
Code Wheels or Cipher Unit. (See paragraph 403.)
(4) An error In the 26-30 Letter Check given in the Key List. Every
precaution is taken to
insure that the correct value is given, however, a simple typographical
error in the Code Wheel
Arrangement will give an entirely different 26-30 Letter Check. An error in
an Index Setting
will give an erroneous check for that Setting. Four correct letters should
be accepted. If the 26-30 Letter Check is not obtained, it should be attempted on a second machine
or with other Code
Wheels if these are available. Code Wheel and Cipher Unit contacts should
be cleaned (see
paragraph 403). If the 26-30 Letter Check cannot be obtained, and the
operator is satisfied
that everything is functioning correctly, the 26-30 Letter Check as
appearing in the Key List
should be ignored. However, under no condition will the machine be used if
the 26-30 Letter
Check so obtained is five alike letters. (See paragraphs 328 and 511).
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(e) THE 26-30 LETTER CHECK SHALL BE MADE EACH TIME CSP 887 IS INSERTED IN
THE
MACHINE AND AFTER EACH CHANGE OF CODE WHEEL ARRANGEMENT OR INDEX SETTING.
ITS USE IS MANDATORY
309. CODE WHEEL ALIGNMENT.
(a) The Code Wheel Alignment is a group of five letters, selected at
random, to which the Code
Wheels of the Stepping Maze (the front row of five Code Wheels) are set
prior to encipherment
(or decipherment).
(b) This alignment (or reading) of the Code Wheels of the Stepping Maze at
the start of the
actual encipherment is transmitted unenciphered as the INTERNAL INDICATOR
of the message. It
shall be recorded on the message being enciphered for reference purposes in
case a verification
is requested.
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CAUTION: THE CODE WHEEL ALIGNMENT FOR EACH MESSAGE ENCIPHERED BY A
PARTICULAR
KEY SETTING MUST BE DIFFERENT. THE SELECTION OF THE LETTERS MUST BE
ENTIRELY AT
RANDOM, THE LETTERS "O" AND "Z" MUST NOT BE USED, AND THE LETTERS MUST NOT
FOLLOW
A REGULAR SYSTEM OF PROGRESSION. (See paragraph 329).
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(c) To make the Code Wheel alignment:
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(1) Zeroize the Code Wheels, (pan. 307). Set the Controller at "R" (Reset)
and the Zeroizer at
"Operate". The left (#1) Code Wheel of the Stepping Maze will step one
letter for each time the
numeral "1" Key is pressed. Press and release this Key the number of times
required to align
#1 Code Wheel to the first letter of the Code Wheel Alignment.
NOTE: While the Code Wheels of the Stepping Maze are being aligned, the
Code Wheels, of the
Alphabet Maze will also step.
(2) Similarly align, in succession, the second (#2) Code Wheel with the
numeral "2" key, the
third (#3) Code Wheel with the numeral "3" key, etc, until the Code Wheels
of the Stepping
Maze are aligned to the letters chosen.
CAUTION: The Code Wheels must be aligned in correct sequence. If any Code
Wheel is stepped past
the correct letter or if the Code Wheels are not set in proper sequence,
the entire process must
be re-commenced from the zeroize position.
(3) Do not use the Repeat Key in this operation, and avoid a "staccato"
touch of the numeral
Keys. It is possible to press the Key and release it quickly enough that
the Code Wheels of the
Stepping Maze will step, but the Code Wheels of the Alphabet Maze will not,
thus resulting in an
incorrect setting.
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-28-
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(4) After the Code Wheels of the Stepping Maze have been set to the Code
Wheel Alignment, CHECK THE ALIGNMENT OF THE CODE WHEELS OF THE ALPHABET MAZE TO INSURE THAT All FIVE OF THESE WHEELS ARE NOT ALIGNED TO "O". While the Code Wheels of the
Stepping Maze are
being aligned, the Code Wheels of the Alphabet Maze should step in an
irregular manner. If for
any reason they do not step, this will be indicated by the fact that all
five Code Wheels of the
Alphabet Maze will remain aligned to "O". Therefore, if all five of these
Code Wheels are found
on "O" alter the Code Wheel Alignment has been made, the machine is not
functioning properly.
In this case, make the 26-30 check and follow instructions in paragraph 308.
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(d) Certain methods of operation require manual alignment of the Code
Wheels. When this Is
required, follow Instructions appearing in the Key List.
310. HEADINGS AND INDICATORS.
(a) To type the Heading and Indicators alter having set-up the Code Wheel
Alignment:
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(1) Set the Controller to "P" (Plain) and the Zeroizer to "Operate".
(2) Type the heading, date/time group and any other identification data
desired.
(3) Advance the tape by means of the space bar, or press the tape release
tab and pull the tape
two or three inches.
(4) Type the External Indicator. The External Indicator is given in the Key
List, Rotating
Indicator List, Crypto-Channel Charts, etc. Many of the crypto-channels In
which the ECM is
used have been assigned several Rotating Indicators for each
classification. It is important that
these Indicators be used equally and in random order, and checked off as
used so that an Indicator
will not be used again until all the others have been employed, and so that
an alphabetical or
other pattern will not be apparent.
(5) Space once and type the Internal Indicator (the letters chosen for the
Code Wheel Alignment
see paragraph 309(a)). Space once.
(6) Reset the Counter to zero.
NOTE: Certain Operators may prefer to type the Heading, Indicators, etc.
before aligning the
Code Wheels. In this case, perform the operations of this paragraph before
those of paragraph
309.
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PROCESS TO BE FOLLOWED FOR ENCIPHERMENT ONLY. -
311. ENCIPHERMENT.
(a) Having aligned the Code Wheels, typed the Heading, External and
Internal Indicators, etc:
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(1) Set the Controller to "E" (Encipher) and the Zeroizer to "Operate".
Reset the Counter to
Zero.
(2) Type the text to be enciphered, using the space bar and alphabet keys
only. Spell out
numerals. The letter "X" shall normally be used to represent every mark of
punctuation. When
necessary for clarity, punctuation marks may be spelled out. The only
abbreviations for
punctuation authorized are PAREN, PARA, and QUES. All punctuation shall be
kept at a minimum
and used only when necessary to attain clearness. The enciphered text will
appear on the tape In
groups of five letters When padding is added at either or both ends to
conceal a particularly
short message, one in stereotyped form, or one which has been or may be
encrypted in another
system, the use of spaces and other stereotyped padding must be avoided.
(See Chapter IV,
Communication Instructions for example of objectionable padding.)
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312. COMPLETING THE MESSAGE.
(a) Set the Controller to "P" (Plain). Leave the Zeroizer at "Operate".
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-29-
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(b) Note the Counter reading and if necessary, type the letter "X" as many
times as required to
produce a counter reading which is a multiple of five. Space once.
(c) Type the Internal Indicator, space once and type the External Indicator.
(d) Advance the tape until all printing is clear of the guide and tear off
the tape. The tape is now
ready for pasting on the message blank.
313. EXAMPLE.
(a) The following example illustrates the appearance of a message
enciphered in this manner. It is based on the sample Key Setting shown in paragraph 303(c). JOROM is assumed to be the CONFIDENTIAL External Indicator.
314. CHECK DECIPHERMENT.
(a) As a check on accuracy, an enciphered message shall be check-deciphered
prior to
transmission, preferably by another coding officer, and if possible, on a
second machine using a
different set of Code Wheels. In an emergency the check-decipherment may be
deferred until
after transmission, but should be completed as soon as possible. THE
CHECK-DECIPHERMENT IS
MANDATORY.
PROCESSES COMMON TO DECIPHERMENT ONLY
315. DECIPHERMENT.
(a) To prepare the machine for deciphering a message:
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(1) Insert the Code Wheels in accordance with the Code Wheel Arrangement
appearing in the
Key List.
(2) Set the Index Wheels in accordance with the Index Setting in the Key
List which corresponds
to the secrecy classification of the message as determined by the External
Indicator of the
Message.
(3) Make the 26-30 Letter Check.
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(b) To decipher the message:
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(1) Zeroize.
(2) Set the Zeroizer at "Operate", leave the Controller at "R" (Reset).
(3) Align the #1 (left) Code Wheel of the Stepping Maze to the first letter
of the Internal
Indicator of the message by pressing and releasing the numeral "1" Key.
Similarly, align #2
Code Wheel to the second letter of the Internal Indicator by means of the
numeral "2" Key, etc.,
until all five Code Wheels of the Stepping Maze have been aligned to the
letters of the Internal
Indicator.
(4) Set the Controller at "D" (Decipher), leaving the Zeroizer at
"Operate". Reset the Counter
to zero.
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-30-
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(5) Type the text to be deciphered, ignoring spacing between groups. The
space bar is
inoperative while the Controller is set at "D" . The Plain text will appear
with normal spacing
between worth, except that "X" will be printed where "Z" would normally
appear -
XERO,XEBRA, RENDEXVOUS etc.
(6) Upon completion of the decipherment advance the tape until the printing
is clear of the tape
channel and tear off the tape.
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JOINT ARMY-NAVY METHOD
OF OPERATION OF THE ECM
316. GENERAL.
(a) The U.S. Army general method of operation of the ECM differs from the
method in general
use by the U.S. Navy in that:
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(1) The Code Wheels are aligned by hand.
(2) The Code Wheels of the Alphabet Maze are aligned to the Code Wheel
Alignment as well as the
Code Wheels of the Stepping Maze.
(3) The Code Wheel Alignment is enciphered, by means of an additional
element of the Key
Setting before it is included in the message as the Internal Indicator.
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(b) The U.S. Army method of operation is used in Joint Army-Navy ECM
systems.
317. KEY LISTS.
(a) The following illustration is an example of the Key Setting Form most
generally used in
Joint Army-Navy Key Lists. It is based on CSP 1336.
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(b) The sample Key List illustrated provides for both SECRET and
CONFIDENTIAL messages. The Key Setting consists of:
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(1) The arrangement of the Code Wheels in the Alphabet Maze (U.S. Army:
Cipher Rotors)
designated "Cip/Alp:".
(2) The arrangement of the Code Wheels in the Stepping Maze (U.S. Army:
Control Rotors)
designated Con/Stp: -
(3) The setting of the Index Wheels (U.S. Army: Index Rotors) for SECRET
messages designated
"SEC" and corresponding 26-30 Letter Check.
(4) The setting of the Index Wheels (U.S. Army: Index Rotors) for
CONFIDENTIAL messages,
designated "CON" and corresponding 26-30 Letter Check.
(5) The Alignment of the Code Wheels which is initially used in the process
of encipherment,
called the Initial Code Wheel Alignment (U.S. Army: Initial Alignment)
designated "Initial Alignment".
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(c) The use of the 26-30 Letter Check is not mandatory in the U.S. Army.
When given in the
Key List, the use of the 26-30 Letter Check is mandatory In the U.S. Navy
regardless of the
particular Key List in use. The 26-30 Letter Check Is made in the same
manner as in the
standard U.S Navy general method of operation.
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-31-
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318. DEFINITIONS.
(a) In this method of operation, two different Code Wheel Alignments are
used, requiring
differentiation:
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(1) The MESSAGE CODE WHEEL ALIGNMENT Is the alignment appearing upon the
Code Wheels at
the start of the actual encipherment of the message. It consists of five
letters selected at random.
(2) The INITIAL CODE WHEEL ALIGNMENT is the alignment given in the Key List
and is used in
the process of enciphering the Message Code Wheel Alignment.
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(b) The INTERNAL INDICATOR Is the encipherment of the Message Code Wheel
Alignment, using
the Initial Code Wheel Alignment at the beginning of the encipherment.
(c) The EXTERNAL INDICATOR is provided for by each Key List.
319. ENCIPHERMENT.
(a) Arrange the Code Wheels in accordance with the Key List and set the
Index Wheels to the
Setting corresponding to the classification of the message.
(b) Make the 26-30 Letter Check.
(c) Set the Controller to "P" (Plain) and set the Zeroizer to "Operate".
Type the Heading,
Date/Time Group and any identification data desired. Type the EXTERNAL
INDICATOR and space
once.
(d) Set the Controller to "E" (Encipher). Align, by hand both the Code
Wheels of the Alphabet
Maze and the Code Wheels of the Stepping Maze to the INITIAL CODE WHEEL
ALIGNMENT given
in the Key.
(e) Select at random a group of five letters to use as the MESSAGE CODE
WHEEL ALIGNMENT.
Make a note of the five letter group on the message being enciphered for
reference purposes in
case a verification is requested.
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CAUTION: THE MESSAGE CODE WHEEL ALIGNMENT FOR EACH MESSAGE ENCIPHERED BY A
PARTICULAR KEY SETTING MUST BE DIFFERENT. THE SELECTION OF THE LETTERS MUST
BE
ENTIRELY AT RANDOM, THE LETTERS "O" AND "Z" MUST NOT BE USED, AND THE
LETTERS MUST
NOT FOLLOW A REGULAR SYSTEM OF PROGRESSION. (See paragraph 329.)
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(f) Type (Encipher) the Message Code Wheel Alignment. The resultant
encipherment is the
INTERNAL INDICATOR.
(g) Align, by hand, both the Code Wheels of the Alphabet Maze and the Code
Wheels of the
Stepping Maze to the letters of the Message Code Wheel Alignment (the five
letters selected at
random (paragraph (e) above.)
(h) Reset the counter to zero.
(i) Type the text to be enciphered, using the space bar and alphabet keys
only. Spell out
numerals. The letter "X" shall normally be used to represent every mark of
punctuation. When
necessary for clarity, punctuation marks may be spelled out. The only
abbreviations for
punctuation authorized are PAREN, PARA, and QUES. All punctuation shall be
kept at a minimum
and used only when necessary to attain clearness. The enciphered text will
appear on the tape in
groups of five letters. When padding is added at either or both ends to
conceal a particularly
short message, one in stereotyped form, or one which has been or may be
encrypted in another
system, the use of spaces and other stereotyped padding must be avoided.
(See Chapter IV,
Communication Instructions for example of objectionable padding.)
(j) When the text has been completely enciphered, note the counter reading.
If it is not a
multiple of five, set the Controller to "P" (Plain) and type the letter "X"
as many times as are
needed to produce a reading which is a multiple of five. Space once. Set
the Controller back to
"E" (Encipher).
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(k) Align, by hand, both the Code Wheels of the Alphabet Maze and the Code
Wheels of the
Stepping Maze to the Initial Code Wheel Alignment. Type (Encipher) the
Message Code Wheel
Alignment. Check the resultant encipherment with the first Internal
Indicator (paragraph (f).)
They must be the same.
(l) Set the Controller to "P" (Plain). Type the External Indicator.
(m) Advance the tape until all printing is clear of the tape channel and
tear off the tape.
320. EXAMPLE.
(a) The following example represents the appearance of a message enciphered
In this manner. It
is based on the sample-Key Setting shown in paragraph 317 (a). QYBAL Is
assumed to be the
CONFIDENTIAL External Indicator.
321. DECIPHERMENT.
(a) Arrange the Code Wheels in accordance with the Key List and set the
Index Wheels in
accordance with the classification of the message.
(b) Make the 26-30 Letter Check.
(c) Turn the Controller to "D" (Decipher) and set the Zeroizer to
"Operate". Align, by hand,
both the Code Wheels of the Alphabet Maze and the Code Wheels of the
Stepping Maze to the Initial
Code Wheel Alignment given in the Key.
(d) Type (decipher) the Internal Indicator. The resultant decipherment is
the Message Code
Wheel Alignment.
(e) Advance the tape until the portion of the tape containing the Message
Code Wheel Alignment
is clear of the tape channel. (These five letters must be destroyed after
use and must not appear
on the delivery copy of the message). -
(f) Set the Controller to "P" (Plain) and type any identification data
desired. Set the Controller
to "D" (Decipher) and set the Counter to zero.
(g) Align, by hand, both the Code Wheels of the Alphabet Maze and the Code
Wheels of the
Stepping Maze to the Message Code Wheel Alignment (the five letter
decipherment on the tape
(paragraph (d)).
(h) Type the text to be deciphered ignoring spacing between groups. The
plain text will appear
with normal spacing between words.
 PARALLEL OPERATION.
(a) Parallel operation of the ECM is not recommended except in unusual
circumstances.
Experience has shown that the reliable operating speed of the parallel
arrangement is far below
that of a single machine. The two machines tend to "out of step" if this
speed is exceeded. For this
reason, and because general use of parallel operation would require a
number of machines far in
excess of the number available, parallel operation should be kept at a
minimum.
(b) The following instructions for Parallel Operation are given for
instances in which its use is
authorized.
323. PREPARATION OF MACHINES FOR PARALLEL OPERATION.
(a) Both machines must be equipped with motors designed for operation on
the same type power.
(b) To prepare the machine for parallel operation:
(1) Determine which machine has the higher speed;
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(A) Prepare each machine for individual operation.
(B) Set the Controller of both machines to "R", and reset the Counters to
zero.
(C) Press both "Repeat" Key Levers. Simultaneously press both "Blank"
Keylevers, and hold
them down approximately one minute. Release the Keys simultaneously, and
turn both machines
off.
(D) Note the Counter readings. The machine with the higher Counter reading
should be used as
the secondary machine (to the right), the machine with the lower Counter
reading should be
used as the master machine (to the left).
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(2) Disconnect the power cord of the secondary machine from the source of
power. (Secure it in
manner which will prevent accidental re-connection).
(3) Replace the fuses in the master machine with 10 ampere fuses. (This is
necessary because
5 ampere fuses are insufficient to start both motors at the same time. Five
(5) ampere fuses
will work, if the master machine is always started first, then the
secondary machine.
(4) Place the secondary machine to the right of the master machine. Using
the Connecting Cable
(ENG 111) connect from the "Output" of the master machine to the "Input of
the secondary
machine. The machines are now ready for parallel operation.
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324. OPERATING PROCEDURE.
(a) Set the Zeroizers of both machines at "Zeroize" and both Controllers at
"R" (Reset).
(b) (1) Zeroize the master machine according to previous instructions.
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(2) Set the master machine Zeroizer at "Operate" and make the Code Wheel
Alignment from its
own keyboard in the normal manner.
(3) Set the Zeroizer to "Zeroize".
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(c) Zeroize the secondary machine and make the Code Wheel Alignment from
its keyboard in the
normal manner.
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CAUTION: Both machines cannot be set up from a single keyboard.
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-34-
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(d) Set both machines to "P" (Plain), with the Zeroizers at "Operate" and
operate the space bar
once.* Type the plain text of the Heading and any other pertinent data. If
it is desired that the
secondary machine not print this matter, turn the Controller to "Off"
position.
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*NOTE; It is necessary to operate the space bar only on some machines. The
purpose of this
operation is to clear any stop-pins unlatched on the Printer.
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(e) Set the master machine to "Encipher" and the secondary machine to
"Decipher". Reset both
counters to zero and proceed with the encipherment. The master machine will
print the
enciphered text, the secondary machine will print the decipherment of the
enciphered text.
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NOTE: Always use the master machine for encipherment. In so doing, the
electrical impulses of
the encrypted text travel through the alphabet maze of the secondary
machine and are
deciphered, producing a decipherment of the encipherment. If the right hand
machine is used as
a master, the left hand machine will act merely as a printer indicating
only the keylever which
has been depressed on the right hand machine. No check on the correctness
of the enciphered text
will result unless the machines are used in the manner indicated.
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325. EMERGENCY OPERATION.
(a) To prepare the machine for operation on an emergency power supply of 24
volts, DC:
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(1) Disconnect the power lead.
(2) Interchange the position of the motor plug (designated "DC" or "AC",
depending upon the
type of motor) and the indicator plug so that the pointer of the indicator
plug points to "24 DC".
See Plate 8c.
(3) Raise the pawl from the channel ring and slip the channel ring to the
outside, allowing the pawl to engage the ratchet (See Plate 8c).
(4) Connect the power lead to a source of 24 volts direct current. (See
para. 211(d).)
(5) Proceed with the normal operation of the machine except, for each Key
lever pressed,
completely depress the emergency hand drive lever once. Make a full down
stroke for each letter
and permit the motor to stop before pressing the next letter. Do not "pump
the handle".
Emergency operation cannot be hurried; it is a slow process.
 This is most important when making the Code Wheel Alignment.
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(b) When operating with low voltage it is ABSOLUTELY ESSENTIAL that the
contacts of the Code
Wheels and Cipher Unit be clean. (See paragraph 403.)
(c) To return the machine to normal operation:
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(1) Lift the pawl and slide the channel ring under the pawl and allow the
pawl to engage the
channel of the ring. (See Plate 8.)
(2) Interchange the position of the Motor plug and Indicator plug, so that
the Indicator plug
points to "115" volts. (See Plate 8.)
(3) Connect the power lead to the normal source of power.
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-35-
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326. CORRECTION OF ERRORS.
(a) During encipherment, if the wrong keylever is pressed, that letter only
will be in error.
The decipherment will appear exactly as typed - with a one letter garble. It is
essential that no
attempt be made to correct the actual error other than a complete re-encipherment. The
error may be
ignored, and if the check-decipherment is intelligible without confusion,
leave the one-letter
garble in the text. If desired, the word "ERROR" or the letter "E" repeated
several times, may be
enciphered followed by the last correct word, proceeding with the
encipherment from that
point.
(b) During decipherment, if the wrong keylever Is pressed, that letter only
will be in error. If
the error is ignored and the decipherment continued, only a one letter
garble will result, and
the text should be easily completed by inspection.
(c) If the check-decipherment reveals the omission of entire words or
phrases, the best
practice is to re-encipher the text in its entirety.
(d) In order to check the encipherment or decipherment of a certain portion
of the text or to
recommence decipherment at the point at which a garble occurs:
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(1) Check the first letter of the portion of the text to be checked and
determine the interval
from the beginning of the encipherment (or decipherment) to this letter.
NOTE: It is recommended that the check be started one or two groups (five
or ten letters) before
the point of the garble to insure that the starting point has been
correctly determined.
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(A) On encipherment, the interval is difficult to determine because it is
necessary to count each
letter of plain text plus the spaces, assuming the original typist did not
make errors. If the
portion to be checked has just been typed, the counter reading may be noted
and the interval
"counted back" and one added to the number thus obtained.
(B) On decipherment, the interval may be determined from the regular
arrangement of the
cipher groups.
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(2) Zeroize and align the Code Wheels.
(3) Set the Controller at "E" (Encipher) or "D" (Decipher), according to
the process desired,
leaving the "Zeroizer" at "Operate". Reset the Counter to zero.
(4) Press the "Repeat" Keylever, then the "Blank" keylever and allow the
Code Wheels to step
until the counter reading approaches the interval previously determined,
then release both
Keylevers. Using the "Blank" keylever step the Code Wheels until the
Counter reading is one less
than the recorded interval.
NOTE: The paper tape feed can be suppressed by holding the tape release tab
down while the Code
Wheels are being stepped with the "Blank" keylever.
(5) Record the alignment of all Code Wheels and the Counter reading.
(6) Proceed with the encipherment (or decipherment) from the letter
previously checked.
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(A) If the printed text Is garbled, reset the Code Wheels, by hand, to the
alignment previously
recorded (paragraph (5) above). Proceed with the encipherment (or
decipherment) but begin
with one letter previous to the letter checked.
(B) If the printed text is still garbled, reset the Code Wheels, by hand,
to the alignment
previously recorded and proceed with the encipherment (or decipherment) but
begin one letter
after the letter checked.
(C) If the text Is still garbled, try adding two letters then subtracting
two letters, etc. until five letters plus or minus have been tried. Failure of correct text to
appear indicates than an
incorrect alignment has been used, the machine is not functioning properly,
or that an error
has been made in computing the interval.
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327. GARBLES.
(a) Should decipherment fail completely:
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(1) If the letters of the two Internal Indicators at the beginning and end
of the message are not
identical, try the various combinations until an alignment is obtained that
will produce
intelligible text.
(2) The External Indicator of one classification may have been used for the
message, but an
Index Setting for another classification may have been used. Try all the
Index Settings given in
that particular Key Setting.
(3) The Key Setting for the previous or following day may have been used.
(4) The enciphering machine may have been defective or the enciphering
operator may have
failed to make the 26-30 Letter Check. Try the process given in paragraph
328.
(5) When using the Joint Army-Navy method of operation one additional
garble is possible. If
the operator should select a "Z" in violation of paragraph 319 (e) the
Internal Indicator will
decipher with an "X" in the Message Code Wheel Alignment Instead of the
"Z". In this case, try
substituting a "Z" for an "X" in the Message Code Wheel Alignment.
A MESSAGE WHOLLY UNDECIPHERABLE MUST BE TRIED BY THE PROCESS GIVEN IN THE
NEXT
PARAGRAPH BEFORE A SERVICE IS REQUESTED.
|
328. SPECIAL CHECKING PROCESS FOR "SIMPLE-SUBSTITUTION".
(a) A mono-alphabetical ("simple-substitution") cipher capable of being
solved by an amateur cryptanalyst can be produced by the ECM if certain operating procedures are
not faithfully
followed by the operator.
(b) The primary cause of the production of a simple substitution cipher is
the mis-alignment
of an Index or a Code Wheel. If an Index Wheel is not accurately positioned, the
stepping control
circuits to the Code Wheels of the Alphabet Maze will be broken, and the
Code Wheels of the
Alphabet Maze will not step. If a Code Wheel of the Stepping Maze is not
accurately positioned
(generally in Joint Army-Navy method of operation wherein the Code Wheels
are aligned by
hand) the stepping circuits will also be broken. The resultant encipherment
in either case will
be a "simple-substitution".
(c) The operator can definitely insure against the production of a simple
substitution cipher by
faithfully performing the 26-30 Letter Check, and, when using the U.S. Navy
general method of
operation, checking the alignment of the Code Wheels of the Alphabet Maze
after making the Code
Wheel Alignment to see that all five are not aligned to "O". A machine
capable of producing a
"simple-substitution" encipherment will not give the correct 26-30 Letter
Check, nor will the
check-decipherment, if properly performed, decipher.
(d) When a message is wholly undecipherable, in order to check the
possibility of its having
been enciphered on a machine improperly adjusted:
|
(1) Prepare the machine for operation in the normal manner, except turn any
Index Wheel
between two numbers or remove it entirely.
(2) Set the Controller at "D" (Decipher) and set the Zeroizer to "Operate".
Reset the counter to
zero.
(3) (A) If the message was enciphered by the standard U.S. Navy method of
operation, zeroize
the Code Wheels, and leave them aligned to 00000.
|
|
| |
-37-
|
(B) If the message was enciphered using the Joint Army-Navy method of
operation, align by
hand, the Code Wheels of the Alphabet Maze to the Initial Code Wheel
Alignment and decipher the
Internal Indicator to produce the Message Code Wheel Alignment. Align, by
hand, the Code
Wheels of the Alphabet Maze to the resultant Message Code Wheel Alignment.
(The Code Wheels
of the Alphabet Maze must not step during this process.)
|
NOTE: For either method of operation, the Code Wheels of the Stepping Maze
may be ignored
entirely since the mis-alignment of the Index Wheel prevents these Code
Wheels from
controlling the stepping of the Code Wheels in the Alphabet Maze. For this
reason, when using
either method of operation, a Code Wheel Alignment need not be made on the
Code Wheels of the
Stepping Maze.
|
|
(4) Type (decipher) the message. While deciphering, the Code Wheels of the
Alphabet Maze
must remain aligned to the original Code Wheel Alignment (00000 if using
standard Navy
method, or if using the Joint Army-Navy method, the Message Code Wheel
Alignment). If they do
not, it indicates the Index Wheel is making contact.
(5) RESET THE INDEX WHEEL TO THE CORRECT ALIGNMENT
|
(e) If the message deciphers properly it indicates the enciphering machine
was operating
incorrectly. The deciphering activity should report, as opportunity
affords, to the enciphering
activity with information to the Chief of Naval Operations any message so
deciphered.
(f) The deciphering activity must not relay the cipher text of a message
enciphered in the above
manner, but should re-encipher the message. Prior to re-encipherment, the
order of sentences
should be changed. Different indicators and Date-Time Group should be used,
and other standard
re-encipherment practices followed to prevent linkage with the original
message.
(g) The seriousness of such an encipherment cannot be over-emphasized. A
simple substitution
can result only through carelessness of the operator. THIS CARELESSNESS IS
INEXCUSABLE. The
ECM Mark 2, like any machine, is not fool-proof. Common sense and faithful
observance of
instructions on the part of the operator are essential.
(h) OPERATORS MUST TAKE CARE TO USE THE ECM PROPERLY.
329. RANDOM SELECTION OF CODE WHEEL ALIGNMENTS.
(a) Code Wheel Alignments must be selected at random and any definite
system of progression
must not be followed. Random selection of Code Wheel Alignments is
imperative to insure the
greatest possible variety of starting points. A Code Wheel Alignment which
is not selected at
random is likely to be repeated using the same Key Setting. Two messages
with the same starting
point is a condition sought by cryptanalysts.
(b) There are several methods which may be employed to produce random Code
Wheel
Alignments:
|
(1) Cipher groups may be selected at random from a group of messages.
(2) An average of one out of ten letters may be deleted from the cipher
groups of a message, and
the letters used consecutively.
(3) Poker chips or cards may be labled with the letters of the alphabet and
five selected at
random for each setting.
(4) A cipher machine may be prepared for encipherment using a random Code
Wheel
Arrangement and the keys depressed at random or a cipher message typed.
Letters of the cipher
groups thus produced may be used consecutively for Code Wheel Alignments.
|
(c) In each case, the letters "O" and "Z" should be deleted to prevent
accidental use.
330. MESSAGE LENGTH.
(a) Very long messages to be enciphered with the ECM Mark 2 should be
broken up into parts,
each of which uses a different Code Wheel Alignment. Each part should not
exceed three-hundred
and fifty (350) groups in length.
(b) This limitation on message length is imposed, for convenience in
traffic handling and for uniformity of
procedure between the services. The cryptographic security of the ECM is
not involved.
|
| |
-38-
|
|


| WinAPI Wrapper |
The Thread class simplifies the use of threads. See Multiple Threads for details.
The Thread class has the following functions:
| Function | Related WinAPI function | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Thread | - | Does nothing. Use Create() to actually create the thread. |
| Create | CreateThread | Creates thread in either running (default) or suspended state. You can call it in the constructor of a derived (final) class. |
| ~Thread | WaitForSingleObject CloseHandle | Waits until the thread terminates and then destroys all its remainings. |
| Run | ThreadProc | An abstract method for derived classes. It is called as the actual thread procedure. |
| Suspend | SuspendThread | Suspends a running thread. |
| Resume | ResumeThread | Resumes a suspended thread. |
| Exit | ExitThread | Stops execution of a thread as if the thread procedure ended. |
| Sleep | Sleep | Suspends thread execution for a specified amount of time. |
| SetPriority | SetThreadPriority | Sets thread priority. |
| GetPriority | GetThreadPriority | Returns current thread priority. |
| SetAffinityMask | SetThreadAffinityMask | Selects processors on which the thread can run. |
| SetIdealProcessor | SetThreadIdealProcessor | Selects the preferred processor for the thread. |
| Terminate | TerminateThread | Called from another thread breaks execution of the thread and kills it. The use of this function is strongly discouraged. |
WinAPI Wrapper, WinAPI Wrapper classes, Processes and Threads Overview, Processes and Threads Functions, Multiple Threads


{% extends 'store/base.html' %} {% load static %} {% block title %} Delete product {% endblock %} {% block content %}
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