You can't change or erase what happened in the past, all you can change is your attitude toward it.
Mistake in life is not to be taken lightly. For some, one small mistake could define who they are and enslave our lives in an unending quest to redeem or fix the mistake that he or she has done in the past. So let’s first begin by understanding what mistake is and how it affects our happiness.
Understanding the Nature of Life Mistake
1. Mistake is like a ghost.
When we do not reconcile or do not know how to reconcile with our mistake, the mistake becomes an open loop which endlessly haunts our lives. The more we wish to not think about our mistake, the more our minds irresistibly wander back to the mistake to relive it. Even though that particular mistake might have happened many years ago, or you might be at work or in the middle of a party, our mistake will not rest or give us a break. It will continue to enter into our conscious mind to remind us of its presence.
2. The mistake itself is not what makes us unhappy. It’s our attitude towards it that makes us unhappy.
Mistake is fueled by our biases toward it. The more we resist, avoid, hide, deny, blame, bend, or twist the reality of our mistake the more powerful it becomes in our lives. It draws power from our desire to not accept or come to term with it. The feeling of guilt, depression, anger, frustration, self-hating, and embarrassment. All of which originate from our desire that the past should or should not have been otherwise. It’s the void in our want from reality which we desperately want to change but can’t. The only way for a mistake to lose its power is for us to allow our mistake to be, without disliking it or denying its reality. Accept the mistake as it is without any filters. This is how a mistake loses its power and slowly fade away from our lives.
3. Mistake is by default inevitable.
Nobody wants to make mistake. Yet, why do we make mistake? Nobody would make a mistake if they know ahead of time what would be the consequence of that action. But the point here is we don’t. That is why we must make mistake. There is no avoiding it. So when we look back at our mistake in life especially ones that our minds often replay in our heads, it is important to understand that there was nothing we can do to change the past. It is something that must happen the way it did and not any other way.
Changing Our Attitude with Our Mistakes in Life
So how does one deal with one’s mistake? Here are 4 definitive steps to overcoming your mistake in life:
1. Take Full Responsibility For Your Mistake And All Its Ramification
- If we are unwilling to accept its consequences, then we are not ready to fully come to terms with our mistake. Have the courage to face your mistake. Be responsible for it. Don't run away from it. Mistake is by definition undesirable. But when we made a mistake, we must be strong and mature enough to take full responsibility for it whether or not it was intentionally or unintentionally, whether it effects just you or many other people.
2. Think About What Is Best At This Very Moment
- Is there a benefit in going over our mistake? If there is then please do. But if brooding over our mistake only rubs the salt in the wound, then perhaps there is no point in letting our mistake take over our lives. The best question to ask in this situation is, "What can we control at this moment?" Can we change the past? No. Can we change what is in the now? Yes. So let's focus on what we can change instead of what we can't. Let's ask relevant questions like, "How can I do my best now so that I can avoid more mistake in the future?" or "What is the best thing to do right now?" So without the burden of the past, move on by letting go of the past which you no longer have control and focus on what you can control in the present moment.
3. Learn to Forgive Ourselves
- It's impossible to move on if we do not forgive ourselves from our mistake. The characteristic of mistake in life is that they inevitable. Thus, it must happen the way it did. Looking back, you would never have done it. But because you did not know. That's why you made that mistake. So don't take it personally. Anyone who was in your shoes would have made the same mistake.
4. Accepting Our Mistake as It Is. Do not Avoid, Hide, Deny, Blame Others, Bend, or Twist the Reality of Our Mistake.
- If you can't openly tell others your mistake, then this is perhaps a good indicator that there is something you still cannot accept about it. Of course, I am not suggesting for us to go out and tell everybody of our mistake either. My point is simply to come to understand ourselves to see if we still have our biases toward our mistake. If we still do then it is time to reconcile ourselves with these mistakes.
Learning to Be with Your Mistake
The best way to reconcile with any mistakes in life is to accept it. Accepting is different from justifying our wrong doing. Accepting our mistake is to understand that there is no way of going back to fix the past of what we have done. Accepting our mistake is to be courageous and mature enough to accept whatever outcome and ramification that resulted as the direct or indirect outcome of our mistake. Accepting is to see no value in brooding or regretting our mistake, but instead see the value in what is in front of us. It is to be in the now by taking in the mistake as is, not as what you hope or do not hope it would be.
As a basic practice, when the mind wanders back to your mistake in life, do not fight it. Do not find excuses for yourself about why you were not wrong. Do not look for a scapegoat. Observe the feelings associated with our mistakes, but let it be as it is without hoping the mistake would happen otherwise. Simply, know it and be mindful of it. Take it as it is. And understand that it must happen the way it did. Remind yourself of what is the best thing to do right now by knowing what you can and what you can’t control. And let go of our feelings by seeing how the bad feelings that comes with your mistake does not help you or anyone to be better. Eventually, your mistake will begin to lose its power as you slowly come to understand its nature. Don’t let your mistake of the past clouds what is in front you today.
Posted with : Dealing With Unhappiness , True Happiness Essential


Commentary: Running may help you live longer but more isn’t necessarily better
by Zeljko PedisicRunning just once a week, or for 50 minutes a week, reduces the risk of death at a given point in time, says Victoria University's Zeljko Pedisic.
MELBOURNE: It’s free, requires no equipment and the scenery can be stunning – it’s no wonder running is among the world’s most popular sports.
The number of recreational runners in Australia has doubled from 2006 to 2014. Now more than 1.35 million Australians (7.4 per cent of the population) run for fun and exercise.
READ: Even a little running might help you live longer
Our study, published November 2019 in the British Journal of Sports Medicine, suggests running can significantly improve your health and reduce the risk of death at a given point in time.
And you don’t have to run fast or far to reap the benefits.
OUR STUDY
Past research has found running reduces the risk of obesity, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, disability, type 2 diabetes, heart disease and cancer.
It also improves aerobic endurance, heart function, balance and metabolism.
READ: Commentary: High-intensity workouts boost health and fitness - even for those less fit
These are important components of your overall health status. So, it would be reasonable to assume participation in running increases longevity. But the previous scientific evidence on this has been inconsistent.
Our review summarised the results of 14 individual studies on the association between running or jogging and the risk of death from all causes, heart disease and cancer.
Our pooled sample included more than 230,000 participants, 10 per cent of whom were runners. The studies tracked participants’ health for between 5.5 and 35 years. During this time, 25,951 of the participants died.
READ: Commentary: It's better to exercise before breakfast
When we pooled the data from the studies, we found runners had a 27 per cent lower risk of dying during the study period from any cause compared with non-runners.
Specifically, running was associated with a 30 per cent lower risk of death from heart disease and a 23 per cent lower risk of death from cancer.
MORE ISN’T NECESSARILY BETTER
We found running just once a week, or for 50 minutes a week, reduces the risk of death at a given point in time. The benefits do not seem to increase or decrease with higher amounts of running.
This is good news for those who don’t have much time on their hands for exercise. But it should not discourage those who enjoy running to do it more often and for longer durations. We found even “hardcore” running (for example, every day or four hours a week) is beneficial for health.
READ: Commentary: Exercise can fast-track your workplace well-being – here’s why and how
Nor do the benefits necessarily increase by running at high speeds. We found similar benefits for running at any speed between 8 and 13 kmh. It might be that running at your own “most comfortable pace” is the best for your health.
BUT KEEP IN MIND THE RISKS AS WELL
Running may lead to overuse injuries. These occur as a consequence of repeated mechanical stress on the tissue without sufficient time for recovery.
A history of injury and a longer duration of activity increase the risk of overuse injuries.
You can minimise the risk by avoiding uneven or hard surfaces, wearing appropriate footwear, and not suddenly increasing the pace or duration of running.
There is always the risk of sudden death during exercise, but this occurs very rarely.
Importantly, we found that the overall benefits of running far outweigh the associated risks. Shorter duration and lower pace of running will further reduce the risks.
TIPS FOR BEGINNERS
Start slow and gradually increase the pace, duration and weekly frequency. Set your aim at 50 minutes a week or more, and run at a comfortable speed. Be persistent, but don’t let yourself run out of steam.
READ: Taking up running after 50? It’s never too late to start training
The benefits will be similar, regardless of whether you do it in one go or in multiple sessions spread across the week.
If you don’t like running alone, consider joining a running group or an organised event such as a park run. Running in a group can increase your motivation and provide a fun social experience.
READ: Commentary: Exercise, not diet, is the key to weight loss
It can be hard to start running, but it shouldn’t be too hard. If you don’t like running, don’t force it; there are more than 800 other interesting sports to choose from.
The benefits of many other sports (such as swimming, tennis, cycling and aerobics) are comparable to the ones we found for running.
Zeljko Pedisic leads the Active Living and Public Health research group at the Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University. This article first appeared on The Conversation.


One of the most beloved PC gaming series of all time just returned with a stunning trailer
by Kevin Webb, Business Insider US- Valve revealed “Half-Life: Alyx” with a trailer earlier today, and confirmed a March 2020 release window for the new game.
- “Half-Life: Alyx” is the first entry in the “Half-Life” series in more than 12 years, and Valve says “Half-Life: Alyx” will be a “flagship VR game.”
- Valve is best-known as the company behind Steam, the most popular online store for computer games. However, Valve has a long history of video-game development and has made investments in virtual-reality technology.
- The new game has players take on the role of “Half-Life 2” co-star Alyx Vance for a story taking place between “Half-Life 1” and “Half-Life 2.”
- Visit Business Insider’s homepage for more stories.
After more than 12 years, Valve has finally given fans a look at the future of the “Half-Life” series with a trailer for “Half-Life: Alyx.”
Valve described “Half-Life Alyx” as the company’s “flagship VR game,” and it looks to offer an interesting spin on “Half-Life’s” first-person-shooter formula.
Valve launched a first-party VR headset, the Valve Index, earlier this year, and “Half-Life: Alyx” will be available for free to all Valve Index owners when its released in March 2020. The game will be available for purchase on the Oculus Rift, Oculus Quest (if you tether it to a PC), HTC Vive, and Windows Mixed Reality headsets.
While Valve is best-known for operating Steam, the massively popular online gaming platform, the company was built on the success of the original “Half-Life.” The last game in the series, “Half-Life 2: Episode 2,” ended with a shocking cliffhanger back in 2007. Fans spent years asking Valve to offer a conclusion to the series, but their pleas went unanswered – until now.
The “Half-Life” series has always been tied to major innovations in the PC gaming space. The first game was one of the most innovative video games of the 90s, pairing a flexible, innovative game design with a rich sci-fi horror story. The physics engine of “Half-Life” eventually became the basis for “CounterStrike” and “Team Fortress,” two of the most influential online shooting games of all time.
Similarly, the Source Engine developed for “Half-Life 2” has provided the foundation for a number of popular games over the last decade, including this year’s “Apex Legends.” “Half-Life 2” was also the first game to require Steam to install, introducing millions of players to a new type of online gaming platform. Steam has skyrocketed in popularity in the years sense, with more than 90 million monthly users.
Though the virtual reality business isn’t exactly new, “Half-Life: Alyx” could spark fresh interest in an industry that has struggled to win over hardcore gamers. “Half-Life: Alyx” won’t offer an conclusion to the cliffhanger that has kept fans on edge for more than decade, but its exciting to see Valve return to the beloved franchise.


| Jump to DART Documentation Main Index |
The forward operator is performed in get_obs_ens_distrb_state
. A limited call tree for get_obs_ens_distrb_state
is shown below.
The QC_LOOP is in get_obs_ens_distrb_state
because the qc across the ensemble is known. This removes the need for a transpose of the forward_op_ens_handle. Note this is different from Lanai.
The window opening and closing in get_obs_ens_distrb_state
is as follows:
However, there may be occasions where having only the first ens_size processors perform the forward operator. For example, if the forward operator is being read from a file, or the forward operator uses a large portion of the state. Or when debugging it may be easier to have 1 task per ensemble member.
To transpose and do the forward operators like Lanai, you can use the filter_nml namelist option distribute_state = .false. The process is the same as above except the window creation and destruction are transposing the state.
get_state
.
x = get_state(i, state_handle)
where x is the state at index i. state_handle
is passed from above.
During model_interpolate get_state
returns an array. Durring get_state
returns a single value (the mean state).
DART software - Copyright UCAR. This open source software is provided by UCAR, "as is", without charge, subject to all terms of use at http://www.image.ucar.edu/DAReS/DART/DART_download


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IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT PATNA Criminal Miscellaneous No.42697 of 2018 Arising Out of PS.Case No. -116 Year- 2018 Thana -BARUN District- AURANGABAD ====================================================== 1. Md. Kalam Ansari @ Mohammad Kalam Ansari, S/o Mohammad Abdul Rehman, R/o Village- Keshopur, P.S.- Barun, District- Aurangabad (Bihar). .... .... Petitioner/s Versus 1. The State of Bihar, Through The Principal Secretary Cum Commissioner Department of Mines And Geology Government of Bihar, Patna. .... .... Opposite Party/s ====================================================== Appearance : For the Petitioner/s : Mr. Ravindra Kumar For the Opposite Party/s : Mr. Naresh Dikshit ====================================================== CORAM: HONOURABLE MR. JUSTICE VINOD KUMAR SINHA ORAL ORDER
2 24-07-2018 Heard the parties.
The petitioners are apprehending their arrest in connection with Barun P.S.Case no.116 of 2018 /34 of the Indian Penal Code and Section 4/40 of Bihar Mines and Mineral Concession Rule and 15 of Prevention of Pollution Act, 1986.
Allegation against the petitioners who happen to be owner of the tractor is that their tractor along with several other tractors were intercepted by the police carrying illegal sand.
Submission of the learned counsel for the petitioner is that they were transporting sand from one place to another and they have valid challan but could not produce at the time of raid.
Heard learned A.P.P. also.
Having heard both sides and in view of the facts and Patna High Court Cr.M isc. No.42697 of 2018 (2) dt.24-07-2018 2/2 circumstances, as stated above, let the petitioner, above named, in the event of arrest or surrender before the court below within a period of six weeks from the date of receipt of the order, be released on bail on furnishing bail bond of Rs.25,000/- (Twenty Five Thousand) with two sureties of the like amount each to the satisfaction of the learned C.J.M. Aurangabad in connection with Barun P.S.Case No.116 of 2018 subject to condition as laid down under Section 438 (2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
With following conditions :
(i) One of the bailors of the petitioner shall be a local person having sufficient immovable property within the jurisdiction of the concerned court.
(ii) The petitioner will not induce any witness or tamper with the evidence.
(iii) The petitioner shall co-operate in the investigation of the case and make himself available as and when required by the Police, otherwise, the prosecution is free to move for cancellation of his bail bond. With the aforesaid direction, this application is allowed.
(Vinod Kumar Sinha, J) chn/-
U


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Help the residents of Scrabbletown develop their plot of land by laying down roads for them. You and your opponent score points depending on the value of the road tiles you place on the board. Tiles with more roads or bigger roads score more points.
Remember though; you can only place tiles next to other tiles if their road colours match up. All the tiles you play in a turn must be next to each other. You can rotate tiles by clicking on them.
If you lay roads through a commercial zone (grey square) your tile value is doubled. But if you lay roads through a parkland zone (green square) the tile value is taken off of your score.
The game ends when the bag of tiles is empty and a player has played all the tiles in their rack. The value of any tiles remaining in the other player's rack are subtracted from their score. The winner is the person with the highest score.


Heart
Winning
The Cranberries
I Don't Want To Miss a Thing
The cranberries on may05 2020
Dreams
The cranberries on may05 2020
Just my imagination
The cranberries on may05 2020
Zombie
The cranberries on may05 2020
Animal instinct
The cranberries on may05 2020


This project is my take of the freeCodeCamp - APIs and Microservices Certification: Timestamp Microservice project.


edu.uci.isr.yancees.server.core
Class AbstractPluginTreeBuilder
java.lang.Object
edu.uci.isr.yancees.server.core.AbstractPluginTreeBuilder
- Direct Known Subclasses:
- NotificationManager, ProtocolManager, SubscriptionManager
- public abstract class AbstractPluginTreeBuilder
- extends java.lang.Object
Parses a DOM tree using the plug-ins installed in the plug-in manager
The plug-in manager may be shared with other builder or may be exclusive for
this builder.
|
Method Summary |
PluginInterface |
parse(org.w3c.dom.Node tree)
Parses a generic message object, containng a valid parsed
DOM tree, returning the head of the Plug-in structured generated. |
PluginInterface |
parse(org.w3c.dom.Node tree,
PluginInterface commonSource)
Parses a generic message object, containng a valid parsed
DOM tree, and return the plug-in structured built. |
void |
setPluginManager(PluginManagerInterface pm)
Configures the plug-in manager to be used in the resoluiton of the tags
in the incomming subscriptions. |
| Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object |
clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait |
print
protected final boolean print
- See Also:
- Constant Field Values
plugManager
protected PluginManagerInterface plugManager
ROOT_CONTEXT
protected final java.lang.String ROOT_CONTEXT
- See Also:
- Constant Field Values
AbstractPluginTreeBuilder
protected AbstractPluginTreeBuilder()
setPluginManager
public void setPluginManager(PluginManagerInterface pm)
- Configures the plug-in manager to be used in the resoluiton of the tags
in the incomming subscriptions.
- Parameters:
pm
- is the reference to the plug-in manager.
parse
public PluginInterface parse(org.w3c.dom.Node tree)
throws ParserException
- Parses a generic message object, containng a valid parsed
DOM tree, returning the head of the Plug-in structured generated.
- Parameters:
tree
- is the DOM Tree to be parsed
- Returns:
- the root plugin interface of the head of the plugin parsing sturcture.
- Throws:
ParserException
parse
public PluginInterface parse(org.w3c.dom.Node tree,
PluginInterface commonSource)
throws ParserException
- Parses a generic message object, containng a valid parsed
DOM tree, and return the plug-in structured built. It provides a common
source plug-in thata all leaf plug-ins need to subscribe to. This method
is used to merge plug-in evaluation trees, as the case with notification
and subscription subtrees.
- Parameters:
tree
- is the DOM tree to be parsedcommonSource
- is a plug-in that all leafs must subscribe to.
- Returns:
- the root plugin interface.
- Throws:
ParserException


|
If you have any further questions, please refer them to the
MinGW mailing list.
This page is updated by the MinGW Developers as time permits. The
Q&A provided here were obtained from the MinGW mailing list,
its members, various MinGW related web sites and experience. We would like to
thank all who have contributed to this FAQ.
- What is mingw?
- Copyright issues
- msvcrt vs crtdll?
- Where to get mingw
- Using older versions
- How to install
- Mailing list
- Other compiler distributions
- Help
- Runtime libraries
- Debugging
- IDEs and editors
- Using mingw as a cross-compiler
- Compiling and building
- More compiling and building issues
- Compiler output
- COM support
- Make programs
- Patches
- GUIs/application frameworks/user interfaces
- Libraries
- Other programming tools
- How/where to report bugs
- Other resources
-
What is MinGW?
MinGW is a compiler system based on the GNU GCC and Binutils projects
that compiles and links code to be run on Win32 (Windows) systems. It
provides C, C++ and Fortran compilers plus other related tools.
'MinGW' refers to the "Minimalist GNU for Windows" project. If you
see references to mingw32 instead of mingw, they are referring to
the same compiler system. The project's name change from mingw32 to mingw is
to prevent the implication that mingw will only works on 32 bit systems.
As 64 and higher bit machines become more common, mingw will evolve
to work with them. The project was originally started by
Colin Peters, was taken over by Mumit Khan and is now maintained by
a group of developers through the Sourceforge web
site. Mingw uses the Microsoft runtime libraries, distributed with the Windows
operating system. Unlike other ports of gcc to Windows, the
runtime libraries are not distributed using Gnu's
General Public License. You, therefore, do not have to distribute
your source code with your programs.
Back to index
Mingw executables
Gcc distributions such as mingw provide a gcc executable
which can be used to compile files in any language the distribution
supports. They also provide other compiler drivers, which in the
case of mingw are executables such as g++, c++, g77, etc.
These drivers invoke the appropriate compiler programs
to compile your source code. Note that g++ and c++ are identical
files except for the name difference. This is for historical purposes
and allows backward compatibility with Unix compiler distributions which
link c++ to g++. While you can compile and link different language files through
the gcc program and the various other compiler drivers, it's
recommended that you use the appropriate driver for the language you're
working with. That way, determining what language specific libraries
are needed and other language specific issues are all handled for you by
the driver. The g++ and c++ executables are for C++, the g77 executable is for
FORTRAN and the gcc executable is for C.
Along with the compiler drivers, you'll find other tools in your
bin directory. This includes cpp, a preprocessor which handles
directives such as #include and #define .
You'll also find windres, which is responsible for compiling Windows
resource files into a usable format. The executables dlltool and
dllwrap are programs used in creating and working with dlls (dynamic
link libraries). The executable ar (i.e. archiver) lets you create
and work with static libraries. The executable gdb is the Gnu
debugger. Other executables are in this directory as well. For more
information on these programs, see the Gnu documentation in the
Help section.
Back to index
Copyright issues
Various licenses come with Open Software. Some Open Software
code requires you to redistribute your own source code
when you add their code to your programs. Some source code is public
domain and you can do whatever you like with it, including sell
your own program which makes use of it. One of the nice features
of mingw is that you can do whatever you wish with the programs you
create using it and you are not required to distribute your own
source code. You'll need a legal copy of crtdll.dll or msvcrt.dll on
the Windows system the program will run on, but most Windows
operating systems have one or both supplied with the operating
system and they may be available from the Microsoft web site.
For those interested in the actual legal details and technical
points regarding copyright of the mingw compiler system, copyright
information is included in the headers and the source files of the
compiler distribution package.
The following also applies:
- The mingw basic runtime system, which is basically the glue
to the underlying operating system, is completely in the public
domain. The runtime system includes mingw headers (such as stdio.h),
libraries (such as libmingw32.a) and import libraries for
CRTDLL/MSVCRT.
- W32API, which consists of the headers and import libraries related to
WIN32 API access, is released under
copyright. The copyright agreement states no restrictions are
placed on programs or object files compiled with the library. There are
restrictions if you wish to distribute the library as part of another
package.
- Mingw development tools, which include compilers, linkers, other
tools in the bin directory, etc., are released under the
GNU General Public License.
- Profiled code, which is code compiled and linked with the
-pg option for runtime
profiling, also falls under the GNU General Public License.
Here are some further reference sources for the various
licenses that apply to pieces of the mingw distribution:
Back to index
msvcrt vs crtdll?
Mingw requires the Microsoft runtime libraries. You'll need
either crtdll.dll or msvcrt.dll on a system in order to run a
program. There are two distributions of mingw, one for each
runtime library option. Use the version of mingw for the type
of runtime library you wish to work with. Which is better? That
depends on what you need. Crtdll is on all Win32 systems, but is
no longer updated. It is available on platforms such as Windows
3.11/Windows NT 3.5 and platforms that use Win32s. Msvcrt is not
guaranteed to be on every Windows operating system, but it is more
up-to-date and may offer more features. It handles threading better
than crtdll and supplies functions such as _i64toa and _atoi64
that crtdll doesn't. There is a possibility that crtdll may not
be supported in future releases of mingw.
Back to index
Where to get mingw?
You can download mingw from
http://www.mingw.org
Back to index
Using older versions?
It's highly recommended that you use the latest version of
mingw. There are older versions available on the Internet or
through books and CDs. Older versions may have more bugs and can
be more difficult to install or use than the latest version.
Please be sure that you have downloaded and are working with the
latest version, especially if you are having any difficulties with
installation or use. If you are not sure of your version, you can
type gcc -dumpversion to find out what you are
using. The current version is 2.95.2.
Back to index
How to install?
To install mingw, choose the distribution you want, either
mingw using crtdll.dll or mingw using mscvrt.dll. Download
the distribution. Unzip it. (Zip/unzip utilities are available
from
ftp://ftp.freesoftware.com/pub/infozip/.)
If the bin directory that holds mingw executables isn't already
in your path, add it. That's it.
If you need help setting your path, try the following.
On Windows NT, select Start/Settings/Control Panel/System/Environment
and edit your path. For Windows 95/98, edit your autoexec.bat file.
If you already have a line that starts with PATH or SET PATH, add the
mingw bin directory to your list or you can add the
following after the line that sets your path in autoexec.bat:
SET PATH=C:\mingw32\bin;%PATH%
Substitute the directory your mingw binaries (such as gcc.exe)
are located in for C:\mingw32\bin. If your autoexec.bat file runs any
other batch files at the end of it, be sure to place the lines to
change your path before calling another batch file. For example,
my autoexec.bat file has a line that runs a batch file to change the
screen color when it's done setting everything else. When I place path
changes after the batch file call, the path never gets updated. This
is only a problem with calling other batch files (files with .bat extension).
You can run programs like doskey from your autoexec.bat with no problem.
Back to index
Coexisting with djgpp
Mingw can be installed and run when other compilers are on
your machine.
The important thing is that mingw needs to be
able to find its executables in the file path. If you mix djgpp
file paths with mingw file paths, you can have problems when
your system tries to find the appropriate executables. If you
must have both compilers' locations in your path, make sure the
proper one comes first in the list. The safest situation is to
only have the compiler you're working with listed in your current
path. One solution djgpp users have found that lets them run both
compilers is to create two batch files, one for each compiler. Set
up correct paths and other environment variables in each batch
file. Run the appropriate batch file before doing any compiling.
Another solution is to create a link in Windows that will open up
a DOS box and set the appropriate environment variables for each
compiler through Windows.
Back to index
Mailing list
There is a mailing list for mingw. You can join or find out
more about it from
http://lists.sourceforge.net/mailman/listinfo/mingw-users.
The list covers announcements, information regarding compilation of various
libraries using mingw, discussion of problems and work-arounds and
other mingw related topics.
-
The mingw32 mailing list archives are open to anyone, subscribers and
non-subscribers alike. You can now post messages to the list even if
you are not a subscriber.
-
Just a reminder... Developers on this list all have their favorite
tools, libraries and operating systems. Please be tolerant of other developers
who don't necessarily want to work with your favorites. Thank you.
Back to index
Other compiler distributions
Other compiler packages are available for Win32 systems. These
include:
- lcc-win from
http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~lcc-win32/ is a Win32 C
compiler complete with integrated environment. I believe the
distribution includes a working GUI resource editor that has been
reported to work with other compilers such as mingw.
- bloodshed Dev-C++ from
http://www.bloodshed.net/devcpp.html is a distribution of mingw32 with
an IDE and other integrated tools.
- rsxnt, rsxntdj from
http://www.mathematik.uni-bielefeld.de/~rainer/
is used in conjunction with Gnu compilers on various platforms such
as djgpp and emx to create Win32 executables.
- Watcom from
http://www.openwatcom.org/ is a collection of multi-platform C/C++ and
Fortran compilers with integerated development environments. Sybase
has recently agreed to release the Watcom compiler under an Open Source
License under the management of SciTech Software Inc.
Their plans are to work with other Open Source development groups
once development of the new Open Source version commences.
Check their web site for the latest news on Watcom development.
Back to index
Help
Compiler, Win32 and C functions help files
The following are URLs of sources for compiler, Win32, C++ or C function
documentation available freely through the Internet.
If you know of any other documentation, please mention it
so it can be added to the list.
Tutorials
OpenGL Tutorials:
Database Tutorials:
- ODBC Oracle Example Program,
ftp://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/win95/prog/odbcora8.zip
An example of how to write ODBC code. The Visual C++ version
compiles with the mingw32 C compiler (although main really should be
declared with a return value of int for mingw to be happy). When creating
the executable, be sure to link in -lodbc32 .
C++ Tutorials:
Back to index
Runtime Libraries
The gcc compiler series has been built successfully with many different
runtime libraries. Mingw provides two different runtime library options,
crtdll.dll and msvcrt.dll. See the msvcrt vs crtdll? section for more information.
Both crtdll.dll and msvcrt.dll are available on most, if not all, Windows operating
systems. The Cygnus gcc distribution uses the Cygnus runtime library which is
available under the GNU General Public License.
Similarly, the U/Win gcc distribution uses its own runtime library which is also
available under the GNU General Public License. The main problem with using
GPL'd runtime libraries is that all source must be distributed with the executables
created by the compiler. When crtdll.dll or msvcrt.dll are used as runtime libraries
this is not an issue.
Other runtime libraries are usable with mingw/gcc. One such library in the works
is PW32, the Posix-over-Win32 layer. It provides a subset of POSIX and UNIX functions.
The Watcom runtime library source is now available for download from Sybase's web site
on their download page. Another option might be to combine mingw with
the Watcom runtime library.
To find out more about PW32, try it out or volunteer to help, see
http://pw32.sourceforge.net/
If anyone manages to use mingw with the Watcom runtime library, please
let me know so I can add details to the FAQ.
Back to index
Debugging
Write statements
The simplest method of debugging is to add write statements to
the code in order to tell what's going on. In C, puts and printf
are useful. In C++, cout is helpful. In Windows, the MessageBox
is helpful as long as you don't call it during a paint routine. If
you do anything in a Windows application that tries to repaint the screen during a paint
call, you can get stuck in an infinite loop. Some programmers find using assert
statements a good method to help debug.
Map files and crash addresses
If you can get the address of a program crash and you have a map
file for your program, you can locate the line or routine where the program crashed.
Certain systems, such as Windows NT and some Windows 98 machines, have
a program named Dr. Watson available which will supply information about
a program when it crashes. Some commercial compilers also supply a program
with this functionality. If you have one of these programs available on
your system, you can use the address of the crash supplied by it to
help locate the problem. If anyone knows of any freeware programs that duplicate
this functionality or has source code to find the address during a
crash, please let me know.
Here are three ways to create a map file. Choose the method
you like best. In these examples, I've used sample names
such as file.map and file.exe. Change the map, executable and object
files to ones more relevant to your particular project.
ld file.exe -Map file.map
nm --extern-only --defined-only -v --print-file-name file.exe > file.map
g++ -Wl,-Map,file.map -o file file.o otherfile.o
On systems such as Windows NT, you can specify what application is run
when a program crashes. To do so, edit the Debugger value for the
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\AeDebug
registry key and change it to the program you want run after a crash.
Windows makes available the ID of the process to debug and
an event ID to signal when the debugger finishes calling
DebugActiveProcess. These can be passed via command line to the program
listed as Debugger. Setting the auto value for this registry key
to 1 causes the program listed as Debugger to automatically run.
Setting it to 0 brings up a crash dialog instead.
Dr. MinGW
Dr. MinGW is a just-in-time exception handler for mingw.
See
http://www.fe.up.pt/~em96115/gnu-win32/ for a copy.
It will automatically install itself as the default debugger in
the registry if run with the proper options. If you do not
already have some debugger installed on your system, you may
have to add HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\AeDebug
to your registry by hand before successfully running the install option.
Debugger
For more in depth debugging, you will most likely need the help
of a debugger program. Mingw includes gdb (Gnu debugger) in its
distribution.
GUI debugger
Many people prefer a GUI front end to their debugger. Mingw
currently does not supply this in its distribution. This leaves
two options for GUI debuggers. Use one from another compiler distribution
or use a GUI front end to gdb. Here are some links for both options.
These are some GUI front ends to gdb:
Check the
Other compiler distributions
section for other compilers with different debuggers.
Back to index
IDEs and editors
What IDEs are available?
There are several IDEs (Integrated Development Environments)
for Win32 platforms. Some are freeware and some are not. Some
are specifically tailored to mingw and others are for more
general use.
- RSXIDE,
http://www.mathematik.uni-bielefeld.de/~rainer/
Built in support for djgpp, rsxnt, emx/nt09d and mingw. Works with
any editor that supports DDE. This program in conjunction with an editor
like PFE makes an easy-to-use but flexible IDE.
- DFE95,
http://www.musc.edu/~brannanp/dfe95/
Works with mingw.
- Vide, http://www.objectcentral.com
Tested with mingw.
- Quincy 2000, http://www.midifitz.com/alstevens/quincy2000
From Al Stevens. Covered in various Dr. Dobb's articles and Al
Stevens books on learning C++. The Quincy 99 version had a bug when running
on Windows NT. Don't know if this has been corrected in the latest version.
- JFE (Jen's File Editor),
http://cs-alb-pc3.massey.ac.nz/software/
For use with mingw. The source is available in the file jfesrc.zip, but
appears to be written to compile using the Microsoft compiler. The IDE is
available in gcc.exe along with a small gcc distribution. Has some nice features
including automatically building HTML documentation files for projects and easy
viewing of and navigation to functions in a project. (I personally miss the key-mapping
functionality of PFE though.)
- Code Magic,
http://www.codemagiccd.com/
- Super IDE,
http://protostar.hypermart.net/
- Pow! - Programmers Open Workbench,
http://www.fim.uni-linz.ac.at/pow/Pow.htm
- ACIDE,
http://pages.zoom.co.uk/andyc/
Can be configured to work with many languages/compilers.
- Visual Programming Armoury,
http://www.zdnet.co.uk/software/free/dev/java/sw49.html
- Assembler Laboratory, http://tihlde.org/~kurtg/
- Octopod, http://www.octopod.net
Commercial IDE.
What editors are available?
Other reference sites
- Free Editors for C/C++ Programming with Windows at
http://www.blockdev.net/Community/Editors/
lists other editor and IDE resources.
- For those who prefer DOS editors, there are many good options such as edwin and pedit.
Back to index
Using mingw as a cross-compiler
See
http://www.nanotech.wisc.edu/~khan/software/gnu-win32/mingw-cross-howto.txt
for definitive information regarding cross-compilers.
Linux cross-compiler information, C/C++ binaries for Linux, plus links to various multimedia libraries
are also available from
http://www.devolution.com/~slouken/SDL/Xmingw32/.
Thanks to Carl-Michael Kleffner for recommending this link.
Back to index
Compiling and Building
How to create a console application
Here's an example. The following is a code sample for a simple
C program. Cut and paste it into a file named hello.c to try it out.
#include <stdio.h>
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
printf ("Hello\n");
return (0);
}
If you want to create a console mode executable hello.exe
from a c file called hello.c, try the following:
gcc -c hello.c
This compiles hello.c into an object file, hello.o
gcc -o hello hello.o
This creates an executable hello.exe from hello.o
Alternatively, you can compile and link in one step using:
gcc -o hello hello.c
The following is a code sample for a simple
C++ program. Cut and paste it into a file named hello.cpp to try it out.
#include <iostream>
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
cout << "Hello" << endl;
return (0);
}
For the C++ program, use the following to compile and link:
g++ -c hello.cpp
g++ -o hello hello.o
How to create a windows application?
Here's an example. The following is a code sample for a simple
Windows program. Cut and paste it into a file named hello.c to try it out.
#include <windows.h>
int WINAPI WinMain (HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, PSTR szCmdLine, int iCmdShow)
{
MessageBox (NULL, "Hello", "Hello Demo", MB_OK);
return (0);
}
If you want to create a Windows executable hello.exe,
from a c file called hello.c, try the following:
gcc -c hello.c
This compiles hello.c into an object file, hello.o
gcc -o hello hello.o -mwindows
This creates an executable hello.exe from hello.o
The -mwindows switch is needed to create Windows executables
instead of console applications. It assures the appropriate Windows libraries
are linked in for you.
To get a console screen along with a standard windows application, add
the -mconsole flag as well as -mwindows .
If you have resources from a resource file (.rc) that also need
to be added to your executable, you'll need to compile the resource
file as well as your other source files and include the compiled resources
when linking to create the executable. Here's an example that shows how to
compile and link in a resource file named resfile.rc.
windres -o resfile.o resfile.rc
gcc -o hello hello.o resfile.o -mwindows
How to create a dll
Here's an example. Cut and paste the following into a file
named dllfct.h:
#ifdef BUILD_DLL
// the dll exports
#define EXPORT __declspec(dllexport)
#else
// the exe imports
#define EXPORT __declspec(dllimport)
#endif
// function to be imported/exported
EXPORT void tstfunc (void);
Cut and paste the following into a file named dllfct.c:
#include <stdio.h>
#include "dllfct.h"
EXPORT void tstfunc (void)
{
printf ("Hello\n");
}
Cut and paste the following into a file named hello.c:
#include "dllfct.h"
int main ()
{
tstfunc ();
return (0);
}
To create the dll and an executable that uses it, try the following:
gcc -c hello.c
gcc -c -DBUILD_DLL dllfct.c
dllwrap --output-lib=libtstdll.a --dllname=tst.dll --driver-name=gcc dllfct.o
gcc -o hello.exe hello.o -L./ -ltstdll
For more information on dlls, see
http://www.nanotech.wisc.edu/~khan/software/gnu-win32/dllhelpers.html
How to create a def file for a dll
There are several methods that can be tried in order to create a definition file
(.def) when one is not supplied.
Back to index
More compiling and building issues
main or WinMain?
Windows programs use WinMain instead of main. However,
mingw is set up so that you can use either.
Why are my executable sizes large?
Some users on the mingw32 mailing list have noticed
ending up with unusually large executable sizes. This can happen
if you leave in debugging information. To make your executables
smaller, try linking with the -s switch or use the strip program
on the final executable (not the object or library files). Compiling
without the -g option is another alternative.
Linking to other compilers' libraries
Due to binary compatibility issues between different compilers, you cannot
directly link in libraries or object code from one compiler to another compiler such
as mingw and expect it to work. The reverse is true as well. Even dlls are not
completely portable across compilers. To deal with this issue, various
standards such as COM and CORBA were created.
If you want to use a library or objects from one compiler with another,
the easiest way to do it is to have the source (.c, .cpp, .rc, .def, etc.) and
to compile and build that code with the desired compiler and its tools. You can use
the same dll with different compilers with varying degrees of success. You'll need either
a .def file or to use calls such as LoadLibrary/GetProcAddress to do so. The self-hosting
version of mingw32 provides better support of Visual C++ binary compatibility. You can use
certain libraries built with Visual C++ with this version of mingw32 without having to rebuild them
using mingw and vice versa.
Linking libraries
If you place libraries before the object files that reference them,
the linker will be unable to find them. The linker works left-to-right,
single pass. The easiest way to avoid the problem is to place all libraries
after the object files. It is also recommended that libraries to be linked
with should not be repeated on the command line. While listing the same library
more than once works with several linkers, the mingw linker currently has problems
with this situation and may leave needed routines out of the link when this is done.
Here's an example of a line that links in multiple objects and libraries:
gcc -o hello hello.o util.o pdcurses.a -ltstdll
The command links in the libraries pdcurses.a and libtstdll.a to create
an executable hello.exe.
Linking to dlls
Although dlls are supposed to be fairly portable across different Windows compilers,
accessing dlls through a library file (.lib or .a) is not. The library
file formats are specific to particular compilers and cannot be used
portably with different compilers unless the compiler provides support
for it.
There are two ways to link to a dll.
- Provide a library file to let the program know what routines are
in the dll and where to find them.
- Use LoadLibrary/FreeLibrary and GetProcAddress.
In order to use Microsoft or other compiler dlls, you can use any
of the following methods:
(Note: While C functions in dlls are generally portable across compilers,
I'm told that this isn't necessarily true for C++. When writing your
own dlls, you can mark C++ functions and data in dlls as extern "C" to
help bridge some of the C++ portability issues between compilers. See
the mingw32 mailing list archives for more portability concerns regarding dlls.)
What are other useful compiler flags?
You can get help by using the --help option.
For example:
gcc --help
You can display the compiler version using the -dumpversion option.
You can display the platform using the -dumpmachine option.
You can specify include files not in your path by using -I .
For example:
gcc -c hello.c -I../pdcurses
You can specify a directory for library files indicated by the -l
option by using -L .
You can use -g to add debug information for the debugger to work
properly.
You can use -D to specify a define.
For example:
gcc -c hello.c -D__WINDOWS__
You can use -v to find out more about the executables being
invoked.
For example:
gcc -v
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Compiler output
Error redirection
Mingw displays compilation and linking errors to stderr instead
of stdout. To easily view these errors, you may need to redirect
the output to stdout or a file. Some methods to do so include using
one of the following programs:
Keeping the dos box open
Some users have had trouble with the dos box closing after
building a program and haven't been able to see their errors. The
mingw32 mailing list came up with several suggestions on how to
deal with this. One suggestion from Franco Bez is as follows:
By modifying a few Registry Keys - you can add a context menu item
Run - stay open , so you simply right click on
the Batch file and choose Run - stay open and your batch
runs and stays open.
The following Registry files do this and a little more:
- context menu
DOS Box for Folders and files - opens a dos box in the folder
- context menu
Notepad for all files, even those with missing/unknown
extension - opens the file in Notepad for editing
- context menu
Run - stay open for bat, com and exe files
Place the following lines in a file (such as Win95_98.reg or WinNT.reg) and
simply merge the file for your system to your registry by doubleclicking it.
The example below is for Windows NT. If you are using a Windows 95 or 98
system, change all the occurrences of cmd to command.com .
 Programmers have had
much better luck writing COM applications in C than C++. Work is in
progress to improve support. Check the mingw32 mailing list archives
for more details on COM and more links to example files.
Back to index
Make programs
To keep from having to continually type all your compiler
commands on the command line, working with a make program is one very
good solution. There are several versions of make available both as
freeware and commercially.
Here are some URLs:
Back to index
Patches
If you have changes to source code, it may be easier to distribute
them as patches than to send the entire code to someone or list the changes by hand.
Patching is an automated process of updating files using tools such as
patch and diff.
Patches can be created by comparing two files with the diff program or
from various version control systems such as RCS. Several versions of diff
have been ported to Windows and DOS. See sites such as Virtually Un*x listed
in the Other programming tools section. There are also several versions of
patch available for use in applying patches to source code. One site that
includes it is Mumit's site also listed in the Other programming tools section.
Detailed help information on using diff and patch and the various options available
for working with them is also available in WinHelp format from the Virtually Un*x
site.
To create a patch, compare the two versions of the file with diff.
Here's an example:
diff --ignore-all-space old\file.cpp current\file.cpp > patch.fil
The example ignores whitespace and compares the old version of file.cpp
in directory old with the latest version in directory current. The
output is redirected to a file. Most patches these days also include
the -c or -u option which allows programmers
to figure out what has changed in a file by viewing the context of the
lines around it. Another common option is -r for working
with entire directories instead of single files. The option -p
may also be useful. It adds information on what C functions a change
appears in.
To patch a file, you'll need the original source file (old version)
and the file with the patches created by diff. Here's an example of
how to call patch:
patch -o file.cpp ..\old\file.cpp patch.fil
The command patches file.cpp in the old directory and outputs the updated
file to file.cpp (specified by the -o option). Another useful
switch for use with patch is -p which can affect the naming/location
of files and can be used when working with compared directories.
Back to index
GUIs/application frameworks/user interfaces
Can I use MFC or OWL?
Mingw provides access to the Win32 API. Theoretically, if you
own the MFC source code you could build MFC libraries for mingw.
No one's tried this so far. If anyone does successfully accomplish
it, please say so and it will be added to this document.
For OWL owners, there is a port with additional features which
supports various compilers including the gcc compiler line. See
http://owlnext.starbase21.com/
for details. Thanks to Greg Chicares for supplying this information.
What GUIs/application frameworks/user interface libraries are available?
There are a number of these available. The following are known
to have worked with mingw. There are several other libraries
out there.
Back to index
Libraries
If you've had luck with building other programming libraries and would like
to see them added to the list, please e-mail information on where
these libraries can be found and what you needed to do to build
them.
Here is a list of some of the libraries and programs that
can be built with mingw.
Graphics libraries
OpenGL
- Where to get it?
You can get access to OpenGL when you install a framework like
fltk or wxWindows. You can also install it yourself and
use it directly. See the Tutorials section for more information
on working with OpenGL on a Win32 platform.
If you wish to install it yourself, OpenGL and glut headers
are available from
http://www.cim.pe.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~kawachi/software/cygwin_glut-e.html
Create a GL directory under your include directory
(for example: i386-mingw32/include/GL ).
You will need to move the gl*.h files to this directory. If you
do not have glut32.dll installed on your system, move it to your
Windows system directory.
To get a copy of the glaux.h header, you can download it
from
http://people.montana.com/~bowman/Software/ming.htm
- How to compile OpenGL applications
There are some sample OpenGL programs available from
http://trant.sgi.com/opengl/examples/win32_tutorial/win32_tutorial.html
While they don't include a make file, you can compile them just
as you would any other programs. To link, don't forget the flags:
-mwindows -lglut -lglu32 -lopengl32
For the examples included at
http://www.cim.pe.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~kawachi/software/cygwin_glut-e.html,
link with the following flags:
-mwindows -lglut32 -lglu32 -lopengl32
DirectX
The latest version of DirectX for gcc is available from
http://pws.prserv.net/thefortins/cyg-directx.html
An alternative version of DirectX is available from
http://people.montana.com/~bowman/Software/ming.htm.
If you're using mingw32 version 2.95 or later, you only need
to do step 2 and add only the files that are not already in your
current mingw distribution. Many of the OpenGL and DirectX libraries and
includes have already been added to 2.95 and later distributions and
overwriting them can cause problems.
There are some compatibility issues for Windows NT 4. It does
not provide full DirectX support for the latest versions of DirectX. See
the mingw32 mailing list for more information.
For installation tips and getting started, see
http://nrmassey.future.easyspace.com/Dx
libpng and libjpeg
Information on building and using these libraries with
mingw is available from
http://www.wonderstorm.com/techstuff/gcc-mingw32.html
Mesa
See
ftp://ftp.teleport.com/pub/users/pgarceau for more information.
Simple DirectMedia Layer, libu and other multimedia libraries
http://www.devolution.com/~slouken/SDL/intro/toc.html
Simple DirectMedia Layer (SDL), cross-platform multimedia library.
http://www.rhrk.uni-kl.de/~klaux/libu.html
Libu C++ toolkit for SDL.
Also has links to cross-compiled versions of Freetype, libpng and zlib.
Database libraries
Xbase
http://linux.techass.com/projects/xdb/
Dbase/Clipper compatible, cross-platform database library.
Successfully compiled with file locking off under mingw.
MetaKit
http://www.equi4.com/metakit/
Cross platform, C++ database library.
libodbc++
http://www.orcane.net/freeodbc++/
C++ class library, similar to JDBC, for ODBC access.
Compiled and built successfully with mingw. For now, see the
mingw32 mailing list for some of the changes that were needed.
See also, ODBC access below since ODBC is required to use this library.
Oracle access
Oracle can be accessed using Oracle's pro*c and sqllib80.dll
(or sqllib18.dll for those with older versions of pro*c).
There's an example article on how to access Oracle from unsupported
compilers at http://technet.oracle.com.
Oracle's OCI interface also works in some cases using oci.dll or ociw32.dll.
If there's enough interest, I'll add source code for doing this to the FAQ as well.
ODBC access
An ODBC manager (such as ODBC Data Sources program accessible via the
Control Panel) is necessary to run ODBC programs. If anyone has any
URLs for where to get an ODBC manager, please let me know.
Some possibilities if you don't already have one on your system
are to check the following:
I'd be interested to hear if anyone has any luck with these.
Other libraries
Other programs
Back to index
Other programming tools
I have links to various tools throughout the FAQ such as
in the Make, IDEs and editors, Debugging and Other resources links, but here are
some that weren't specifically mentioned elsewhere.
- Unix style tools
Many users have found Win32 or DOS versions of Unix programming
tools very helpful. Here are some places to find ports of well-known
Unix tools.
- Other tools
For those who prefer working with tools other than those found in Unix
environments, here are some sites to check. If anyone else has favorite
programming tools to add, feel free to suggest them.
- DOS utilities,
http://www.freedos.org/freedos/software/
If you want utilities similar to standard MS DOS ones, check this
site. It even includes a deltree version that works on Windows NT. All
tools here are compiled for DOS 16 bit systems. Source is included with
most.
Back to index
How/where to report bugs
When sending in a bug report, please be sure to send a short
example of the problem. If the problem cannot be recreated, it
cannot be debugged. Also, see the list of known problems at
http://www.nanotech.wisc.edu/~khan/software/gnu-win32/gcc.html
before reporting a problem.
You can now report bugs through the mingw site hosted at Sourceforge.
You can also report bugs to cygwin. See
http://gcc.gnu.org/faq.html#bugreport for more information.
You can also bring problems up on the mingw32 mailing list.
Back to index
Other resources
If anyone has any other mingw pages they've put together that they'd like to add,
they can be placed here.
- Self-hosting version of mingw32,
ftp://ftp.franken.de/pub/win32/develop/gnuwin32/mingw32/porters/Mikey/
Emulates VC++ and GNU development environments for mingw32.
I personally recommend use of the latest versions of PDCurses (2.4) and less (346), if
you've downloaded earlier ones. See the Libraries and Other programming tools sections for
links to the latest versions.
- Miscellaneous mingw utilities and examples,
ftp://ftp.xraylith.wisc.edu/pub/khan/gnu-win32/mingw32/misc/
Includes COM, DLL and LoadLibrary examples, redir program, patch program plus more.
- Anders Norlander's mingw32 page,
http://www.acc.umu.se/~anorland/gnu-win32/index.html
Includes various tools and utilities for mingw, including reimp, pexports
(for working with dlls) and uuidgen (for working with COM).
- Paul Sokolovsky's Development Page,
http://www.is.lg.ua/~paul/devel/
Various ports of libraries, alternative binutils and some tutorials on
dlls.
- Fredos Homepage,
http://penguin.at0.net/~fredo/
More mingw32 related ports.
- The Code Foundry,
http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Station/1177/foundry.html
Win32 code including a conio library. Other useful information on
Win32 programming also available at this site.
- Command line globbing,
http://sourceware.cygnus.com/ml/cygwin/1999-11/msg00052.html
Bruce E. Wampler recommended this information on globbing for mingw.
- UTF-8 support for windres,
http://www.egroups.com/group/mingw32/1511.html
- Vijay Mukhi's Technology Cornucopia,
http://users.neca.com/vmis/
Socket, COM, OLE and other programming examples.
- The Code Project, http://www.codeproject.com/
Lots of code samples and some tutorials. Unfortunately, the emphasis here is mainly MFC and Visual C++,
but there is some Win32 code if you look for it and the site maintainers have said they'd welcome any type of
programming related submissions.
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The Mystery of Cloomber
by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
Chapter VIII: “Statement of Israel Stakes”
Additional Information
- Year Published: 1889
- Language: English
- Country of Origin: England
- Source: Doyle, A. C. (1889). The Mystery of Cloomber.London, England: Ward and Downey.
-
Readability:
- Flesch–Kincaid Level: 9.5
- Word Count: 4,414
- Genre: Mystery
- Keywords: 19th century literature, british literature, mystery, sir arthur conan doyle, the mystery of cloomber
- ✎ Cite This
Downloads
[Copied and authenticated by the Reverend Mathew Clark, Presbyterian Minister of Stoneykirk, in Wigtownshire]
Maister Fothergill West and the meenister say that I maun tell all I can aboot General Heatherstone and his hoose, but that I maunna say muckle aboot mysel’ because the readers wouldna care to hear aboot me or my affairs. I am na sae sure o’ that, for the Stakes is a family weel kenned and respecked on baith sides o’ the Border, and there’s mony in Nithsdale and Annandale as would be gey pleased to hear news o’ the son o’ Archie Stakes, o’ Ecclefechan.
I maun e’en do as I’m tauld, however, for Mr. West’s sake, hoping he’ll no forget me when I chance to hae a favour tae ask.[1] I’m no able tae write mysel’ because my feyther sent me oot to scare craws instead o’ sendin’ me tae school, but on the ither hond he brought me up in the preenciples and practice o’ the real kirk o’ the Covenant, for which may the Lord be praised!
It way last May twel’month that the factor body, Maister McNeil, cam ower tae me in the street and speered whether I was in want o’ a place as a coachman and gairdner. As it fell oot I chanced tae be on the look oot for something o’ the sort mysel’ at the time, but I wasna ower quick to let him see that I wanted it.
“Ye can tak it or leave it,” says he sharp like. “It’s a guid place, and there’s mony would be glad o’t. If ye want it ye can come up tae my office at twa the morn and put your ain questions tae the gentleman.”
That was a’ I could get frae him, for he’s a close man and a hard one at a bargain—which shall profit him leetle in the next life, though he lay by a store o’ siller in this. When the day comes there’ll be a hantle o’ factors on the left hand o’ the throne, and I shouldna be surprised if Maister McNeil found himsel’ amang them.
Weel, on the morn I gaed up to the office and there I foond the factor and a lang, thin, dour man wi’ grey hair and a face as brown and crinkled as a walnut. He looked hard at me wi’ a pair o’ een that glowed like twa spunks, and then he says, says he:
“You’ve been born in these pairts, I understan’?”
“Aye,” says I, “and never left them neither.”
“Never been oot o’ Scotland?” he speers.
“Twice to Carlisle fair,” says I, for I am a man wha loves the truth; and besides I kenned that the factor would mind my gaeing there, for I bargained fur twa steers and a stirk that he wanted for the stockin’ o’ the Drumleugh Fairm.
“I learn frae Maister McNeil,” says General Heatherstone—for him it was and nane ither—“that ye canna write.”
“Na,” says I.
“Nor read?”
“Na,” says I.
“It seems tae me,” says he, turnin’ tae the factor, “that this is the vera man I want. Servants is spoilt noo-a-days,” says he, “by ower muckle eddication. I hae nae doobt, Stakes, that ye will suit me well enough. Ye’ll hae three pund a month and a’ foond, but I shall resairve the right o’ givin’ ye twenty-four hoors’ notice at any time. How will that suit ye?”
“It’s vera different frae my last place,” says I, discontented-like.
And the words were true enough, for auld Fairmer Scott only gave me a pund a month and parritch twice a day.
“Weel, weel,” says he, “maybe we’ll gie ye a rise if ye suit. Meanwhile here’s the han’sel shillin’ that Maister McNeil tells me it’s the custom tae give, and I shall expec’ tae see ye at Cloomber on Monday.”
When the Monday cam roond I walked oot tae Cloomber, and a great muckle hoose it is, wi’ a hunderd windows or mair, and space enough tae hide awa’ half the parish.
As tae gairdening, there was no gairden for me tae work at, and the horse was never taken oot o’ the stables frae week’s end tae week’s end. I was busy enough for a’ that, for there was a deal o’ fencing tae be put up, and one thing or anither, forbye cleanin’ the knives and brushin’ the boots and such-like jobs as is mair fit for an auld wife than for a grown man.
There was twa besides mysel’ in the kitchen, the cook Eliza, and Mary the hoosemaid, puir, benighted beings baith o’ them, wha had wasted a’ their lives in London, and kenned leetle aboot the warld or the ways o’ the flesh.
I hadna muckle tae say to them, for they were simple folk who could scarce understand English, and had hardly mair regard for their ain souls than the tods on the moor. When the cook said she didna think muckle o’ John Knox, and the ither that she wouldna give saxpence tae hear the discourse o’ Maister Donald McSnaw o’ the true kirk, I kenned it was time for me tae leave them tae a higher Judge.
There was four in family, the general, my leddy, Maister Mordaunt, and Miss Gabriel, and it wasna long before I found that a’ wasna just exactly as it should be. My leddy was as thin and as white as a ghaist, and many’s the time as I’ve come on her and found her yammerin’ and greetin’ all by hersel’. I’ve watched her walkin’ up and doon in the wood where she thought nane could see her and wringin’ her honds like one demented.
There was the young gentleman, tae, and his sister—they baith seemed to hae some trouble on their minds, and the general maist of a’, for the ithers were up ane day and down anither; but he was aye the same, wi’ a face as dour and sad as a felon when he feels the tow roond his neck.
I speered o’ the hussies in the kitchen whether they kenned what was amiss wi’ the family, but the cook she answered me back that it wasna for her tae inquire into the affairs o’ her superiors, and that it was naething to her as long as she did her work and had her wages. They were puir, feckless bodies, the twa o’ them, and would scarce gie an answer tae a ceevil question, though they could clack lood eneugh when they had a mind.
Weel, weeks passed into months and a’ things grew waur instead o’ better in the Hall. The general he got mair nairvous, and his leddy mair melancholy every day, and yet there wasna any quarrel or bickering between them, for when they’ve been togither in the breakfast room I used often tae gang round and prune the rose-tree alongside o’ the window, so that I couldna help hearin’ a great pairt o’ their conversation, though sair against the grain.
When the young folk were wi’ them they would speak little, but when they had gone they would aye talk as if some waefu’ trial ere aboot to fa’ upon them, though I could never gather from their words what it was that they were afeared o’.
I’ve heard the general say mair than ance that he wasna frighted o’ death, or any danger that he could face and have done wi’, but that it was the lang, weary waitin’ and the uncertainty that had taken a’ the strength and the mettle oot o’ him. Then my leddy would console him and tell him that maybe it wasna as bad as he thocht, and that a’ would come richt in the end—but a’ her cheery words were clean throwed away upon him.
As tae the young folks, I kenned weel that they didna bide in the groonds, and that they were awa’ whenever they got a chance wi’ Maister Fothergill West tae Branksome, but the general was too fu’ o’ his ain troubles tae ken aboot it, and it didna seem tae me that it was pairt o’ my duties either as coachman or as gairdner tae mind the bairns. He should have lairnt that if ye forbid a lassie and a laddie to dae anything it’s just the surest way o’ bringin’ it aboot. The Lord foond that oot in the gairden o’ Paradise, and there’s no muckle change between the folk in Eden and the folk in Wigtown.
There’s ane thing that I havena spoke aboot yet, but that should be set doon.
The general didna share his room wi’ his wife, but slept a’ alane in a chamber at the far end o’ the hoose, as distant as possible frae every one else. This room was aye lockit when he wasna in it, and naebody was ever allowed tae gang into it. He would mak’ his ain bed, and red it up and dust it a’ by himsel’, but he wouldna so much as allow one o’ us to set fut on the passage that led tae it.
At nicht he would walk a’ ower the hoose, and he had lamps hung in every room and corner, so that no pairt should be dark.
Many’s the time frae my room in the garret I’ve heard his futsteps comin’ and gangin’, comin’ and gangin’ doon one passage and up anither frae midnight till cockcraw. It was weary wark to lie listenin’ tae his clatter and wonderin’ whether he was clean daft, or whether maybe he’d lairnt pagan and idolatrous tricks oot in India, and that his conscience noo was like the worm which gnaweth and dieth not. I’d ha’ speered frae him whether it wouldna ease him to speak wi’ the holy Donald McSnaw, but it might ha’ been a mistake, and the general wasna a man that you’d care tae mak’ a mistake wi’.
Ane day I was workin’ at the grass border when he comes up and he says, says he:
“Did ye ever have occasion tae fire a pistol, Israel?”
“Godsakes!” says I, “I never had siccan a thing in my honds in my life.”
“Then you’d best not begin noo,” says he. “Every man tae his ain weepon,” he says. “Now I warrant ye could do something wi’ a guid crab-tree cudgel!”
portrait of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
“Aye, could I,” I answered blithely, “as well as ony lad on the Border.”
“This is a lonely hoose,” says he, “and we might be molested by some rascals. It’s weel tae be ready for whatever may come. Me and you and my son Mordaunt and Mr. Fothergill West of Branksome, who would come if he was required, ought tae be able tae show a bauld face—what think ye?”
“‘Deed, sir,” I says, “feastin’ is aye better than fechtin’—but if ye’ll raise me a pund a month, I’ll no’ shirk my share o’ either.”
“We won’t quarrel ower that,” says he, and agreed tae the extra twal’ pund a year as easy as though it were as many bawbees. Far be it frae me tae think evil, but I couldna help surmisin’ at the time that money that was so lightly pairted wi’ was maybe no’ so very honestly cam by.
I’m no’ a curious or a pryin’ mun by nature, but I was sair puzzled in my ain mind tae tell why it was that the general walked aboot at nicht and what kept him frae his sleep.
Weel, ane day I was cleanin’ doon the passages when my e’e fell on a great muckle heap o’ curtains and auld cairpets and sic’ like things that were piled away in a corner, no vera far frae the door o’ the general’s room. A’ o’ a sudden a thocht came intae my heid and I says tae mysel’:
“Israel, laddie,” says I, “what’s tae stop ye frae hidin’ behind that this vera nicht and seein’ the auld mun when he doesna ken human e’e is on him?”
The mair I thocht o’t the mair seemple it appeared, and I made up my mind tae put the idea intae instant execution.
When the nicht cam roond I tauld the women-folk that I was bad wi’ the jawache, and would gang airly tae my room. I kenned fine when ance I got there that there was na chance o’ ony ane disturbin’ me, so I waited a wee while, and then when a’ was quiet, I slippit aff my boots and ran doon the ither stair until I cam tae the heap o’ auld clothes, and there I lay doon wi’ ane e’e peepin’ through a kink and a’ the rest covered up wi’ a great, ragged cairpet.
There I bided as quiet as a mouse until the general passed me on his road tae bed, and a’ was still in the hoose.
My certie! I wouldna gang through wi’ it again for a’ the siller at the Union Bank of Dumfries, I canna think o’t noo withoot feelin’ cauld a’ the way doon my back.
It was just awfu’ lyin’ there in the deid silence, waitin’ and waitin’ wi’ never a soond tae break the monotony, except the heavy tickin’ o’ an auld clock somewhere doon the passage.
First I would look doon the corridor in the one way, and syne I’d look doon in t’ither, but it aye seemed to me as though there was something coming up frae the side that I wasna lookin’ at. I had a cauld sweat on my broo, and my hairt was beatin’ twice tae ilka tick o’ the clock, and what feared me most of a’ was that the dust frae the curtains and things was aye gettin’ doon intae my lungs, and it was a’ I could dae tae keep mysel’ frae coughin’.
Godsakes! I wonder my hair wasna grey wi’ a’ that I went through. I wouldna dae it again to be made Lord Provost o’ Glasgie.
Weel, it may have been twa o’clock in the mornin’ or maybe a little mair, and I was just thinkin’ that I wasna tae see onything after a’—and I wasna very sorry neither—when all o’ a sudden a soond cam tae my ears clear and distinct through the stillness o’ the nicht.
I’ve been asked afore noo tae describe that soond, but I’ve aye foond that it’s no’ vera easy tae gie a clear idea o’t, though it was unlike any other soond that ever I hearkened tae. It was a shairp, ringin’ clang, like what could be caused by flippin’ the rim o’ a wineglass, but it was far higher and thinner than that, and had in it, tae, a kind o’ splash, like the tinkle o’ a rain-drop intae a water-butt.
In my fear I sat up amang my cairpets, like a puddock among gowan-leaves, and I listened wi’ a’ my ears. A’ was still again noo, except for the dull tickin’ o’ the distant clock.
Suddenly the soond cam again, as clear, as shrill, as shairp as ever, and this time the general heard it, for I heard him gie a kind o’ groan, as a tired man might wha has been roosed oot o’ his sleep.
He got up frae his bed, and I could make oot a rustling noise, as though he were dressin’ himsel’, and presently his footfa’ as he began tae walk up and doon in his room.
Mysakes! it didna tak lang for me tae drap doon amang the cairpets again and cover mysel’ ower. There I lay tremblin’ in every limb, and sayin’ as mony prayers as I could mind, wi’ my e’e still peepin’ through the keek-hole, and’ fixed upon the door o’ the general’s room.
I heard the rattle o’ the handle presently, and the door swung slowly open. There was a licht burnin’ in the room beyond, an’ I could just catch a glimpse o’ what seemed tae me like a row o’ swords stuck alang the side o’ the wa’, when the general stepped oot and shut the door behind him. He was dressed in a dressin’ goon, wi’ a red smokin’-cap on his heid, and a pair o’ slippers wi’ the heels cut off and the taes turned up.
For a moment it cam into my held that maybe he was walkin’ in his sleep, but as he cam towards me I could see the glint o’ the licht in his e’en, and his face was a’ twistin’, like a man that’s in sair distress o’ mind. On my conscience, it gies me the shakes noo when I think o’ his tall figure and his yelley face comin’ sae solemn and silent doon the lang, lone passage.

Where it cam frae is mair than I can tell or what was the cause o’t. It might ha’ been that the general made it, but I was sair puzzled tae tell hoo, for his honds were baith doon by his side as he passed me. It cam frae his direction, certainly, but it appeared tae me tae come frae ower his heid, but it was siccan a thin, eerie, high-pitched, uncanny kind o’ soond that it wasna easy tae say just exactly where it did come frae.
The general tuk nae heed o’t, but walked on and was soon oot o’ sicht, and I didna lose a minute in creepin’ oot frae my hidin’ place and scamperin’ awa’ back tae my room, and if a’ the bogies in the Red Sea were trapesin’ up and doon the hale nicht through, I wud never put my heid oot again tae hae a glimpse o’ them.
I didna say a word tae anybody aboot what I’d seen, but I made up my mind that I wudna stay muckle langer at Cloomber Ha’. Four pund a month is a good wage, but it isna enough tae pay a man for the loss o’ his peace o’ mind, and maybe the loss o’ his soul as weel, for when the deil is aboot ye canna tell what sort o’ a trap he may lay for ye, and though they say that Providence is stronger than him, it’s maybe as weel no’ to risk it.
It was clear tae me that the general and his hoose were baith under some curse, and it was fit that that curse should fa’ on them that had earned it, and no’ on a righteous Presbyterian, wha had ever trod the narrow path.
My hairt was sair for young Miss Gabriel—for she was a bonnie and winsome lassie—but for a’ that, I felt that my duty was tae mysel’ and that I should gang forth, even as Lot ganged oot o’ the wicked cities o’ the plain.
That awfu’ cling-clang was aye dingin’ in my lugs, and I couldna bear to be alane in the passages for fear o’ hearin’ it ance again. I only wanted a chance or an excuse tae gie the general notice, and tae gang back to some place where I could see Christian folk, and have the kirk within a stone-cast tae fa’ back upon.
But it proved tae be ordained that, instead o’ my saying the word, it should come frae the general himsel’.
It was ane day aboot the beginning of October, I was comin’ oot o’ the stable, after giein’ its oats tae the horse, when I seed a great muckle loon come hoppin’ on ane leg up the drive, mair like a big, ill-faured craw than a man.
When I clapped my een on him I thocht that maybe this was ane of the rascals that the maister had been speakin’ aboot, so withoot mair ado I fetched oot my bit stick with the intention o’ tryin’ it upon the limmer’s heid. He seed me comin’ towards him, and readin’ my intention frae my look maybe, or frae the stick in my hand, he pu’ed oot a lang knife frae his pocket and swore wi’ the most awfu’ oaths that if I didna stan’ back he’d be the death o’ me.
Ma conscience! The words the chiel used was eneugh tae mak’ the hair stand straight on your heid. I wonder he wasna struck deid where he stood.
We were still standin’ opposite each ither—he wi’ his knife and me wi’ the stick—when the general he cam up the drive and foond us. Tae my surprise he began tae talk tae the stranger as if he’d kenned him a’ his days.
“Put your knife in your pocket, Corporal,” says he. “Your fears have turned your brain.”
“Blood an’ wounds!” says the other. “He’d ha’ turned my brain tae some purpose wi’ that muckle stick o’ his if I hadna drawn my snickersnee. You shouldna keep siccan an auld savage on your premises.”
The maister he frooned and looked black at him, as though he didna relish advice comin’ frae such a source. Then turnin’ tae me—“You won’t be wanted after to-day, Israel,” he says; “you have been a guid servant, and I ha’ naething tae complain of wi’ ye, but circumstances have arisen which will cause me tae change my arrangements.”
“Vera guid, sir,” says I.
“You can go this evening,” says he, “and you shall have an extra month’s pay tae mak up t’ye for this short notice.”
Wi’ that he went intae the hoose, followed by the man that he ca’ed the corporal, and frae that day tae this I have never clapped een either on the ane or the ither. My money was sent oot tae me in an envelope, and havin’ said a few pairtin’ words tae the cook and the wench wi’ reference tae the wrath tae come and the treasure that is richer than rubies, I shook the dust o’ Cloomber frae my feet for ever.
Maister Fothergill West says I maunna express an opeenion as tae what cam aboot afterwards, but maun confine mysel’ tae what I saw mysel’. Nae doubt he has his reasons for this—and far be it frae me tae hint that they are no’ guid anes—but I maun say this, that what happened didna surprise me. It was just as I expeckit, and so I said tae Maister Donald McSnaw.
I’ve tauld ye a’ aboot it noo, and I havena a word tae add or tae withdraw. I’m muckle obleeged tae Maister Mathew Clairk for puttin’ it a’ doon in writin’ for me, and if there’s ony would wish tae speer onything mair o’ me I’m well kenned and respeckit in Ecclefechan, and Maister McNeil, the factor o’ Wigtown, can aye tell where I am tae be foond.
[1] The old rascal was well paid for his trouble, so he need not have made such a favour of it.—J.F.W.


1. When measuring height/length of a child who cannot securely stand, place the infant such that his or her feet are flat against the foot board.
True
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2. When taking a supine length measurement, straighten the infant's
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RATING: 9/10
"..Here for his envy, will not drive us hence: Here we may reign secure, and in my choice To reign is worth ambition through in Hell: Better to reign in Hell, then serve in Heaven!.." - John Milton
Despite of its misleading title, "The Devil's Advocate" is a shocking and inspiring thriller, visually beautiful as well as thought provoking. The Devil has been portrayed thousands of times throughout the years. Every year Hollywood produces countless movies about the Evil One. Yet, there has not been a single film or book (besides "Rosemary's baby" ) that was good enough to be called interesting. Most of what we see about the subject is either regular horror films, that despite of their primitive premiss take themselves too seriously, or we watch action films of supernatural forces where the Devil is nothing more than a foul beast. In either case 90% of these movies are pure cliches - dumb and predictable. When I went out to see "The Devil's Advocate" I was expecting one of the two "genres" mentioned above. I got neither. What I saw was a fabulous, intelligent and amazing film, which engages both heart and mind. The first surprise was the cast, which can boast of Keanue Reeves, Charlize Therone and Al Pacino. Only the fact that some of the most famous, and not to mention, talented actors of our time agreed to star in this film immediately draws your attention. Throughout the picture, you start realizing the unusual complexity of the story and script.
Kevin Lomax (Reeves) is a success in the courtroom and out of it. He's a young Florida defense attorney who has never lost a case. No matter how repugnant the crime, no matter how guilty the defendant, Kevin Lomax has the power to mesmerize the jury into accepting his arguments, buying into his logic, being convinced by his charisma; and freeing his clients. Soon after he has successfully won the case, where he defended an obviously guilty child molester, Lomax is invited to New York, where a powerful law firm has become aware of the Florida hotshot's acquittal record.  It is this charismatic and charming man that opens the door to a completely different world; a world of luxury and pleasure, wealth and power; a world of endless possibilities. This is heaven on earth. But as Lomax tastes the power of being a wealthy New York attorney, something in him changes. Winning is no longer just a goal; it becomes an obsession. Soon he starts to realize that things are not what they seem to be; and all the things he once had and cared about -a happy marriage with Mary Ann (CHARLIZE THERON), his relationship with his mother, all his happiness - everything disappear amidst the sparkling illusion of paradise. He suddenly realizes that Heaven and Hell can coexist..at the same place and at the same time.
I do not intend to reveal anything else, since all of the interesting surprises will be presented in the intense and inspiring climax. 'The Devil's Advocate' is a story about some characteristically American values: ambition, drive, materialism. Going after success and its trappings is a classic American male behavior, and Kevin Lomax shows us what can happen when that behavior gets out of hand. Winning has become such a core value in our culture that we never stop to consider the consequences of our own actions. This is a story about a man that has always been a winner and was rewarded for it with the kind of things that winning brings - wealth and power. At the end he realizes that winning may not always be the best thing, but then it is too late. The characters in this film are both complex and real, partly because of the good writing, partly because of some wonderful performances by every actor. This is probably Reeves' best performance. He manages to create a believable character - a kind of example, a role model for the American way of life. Kevin's wife, Mary Ann is most likely the hardest character to play, since she goes through a complex and difficult emotional evolution. From being strong, devoted and ambitious (a female copy of her husband) to vulnerable, hurt and on the verge of madness. Charlize Theron gracefully floats into this character. The most interesting of performances and characters is John Milton - the essence of Kevin Lomax's temptation. The invitation by a modern-day Satan to enter a world, represented by the excess of our most worldly pleasures. Al Pacino is nothing less than astonishing, an award worthy performance that is as good as anything seen this year. His power and presence is felt everywhere throughout the film, even where he is not present. This eerie and unsettling feeling is one of the elements that help creating the movie's intense and frightening atmosphere. At the same time he provides the most entertaining moments and colorful quotes. I can't imagine an audience not smiling when he screams out: "I am a humanist!" . And the fact that Milton's law firm is involved in all the dirty business, from drugs and money laundering to murder, doesn't prevent the Devil to call himself John Milton, who is the author of the most brilliant epic about Christianity. This is entertaining by itself.
As I have said previously, the major difference from the other films with diabolical themes, is the complexity of the story.  And the purpose of his existence is not to posses innocent children. One of the many interesting things in this film is the fact that the Devil is never really pulling the strings by himself -- he's giving people their choice, their free will to decide -- a demon whose world is our own, with all its mundane events. He appears in human form and presents human choices, and his greatest lure is what we have in common with him: our greed, ego, jealousy, competitiveness, lust, dishonesty. Another thing is that the director is very careful to not let the monster out of the box, so to speak, by using any images that are obvious. Things appear and disappear in a moment; sometimes they seem real and sometimes they seem like a bad dream, so that when the events in the story actually do emerge into reality, the Lomaxes don't know what's real and what isn't anymore. The third element is the fabulous production design, grand art direction and rich cinematography. These elements help creating a strange and surreal world - heaven and hell almost floating into each other. Hell is here not a blackness, haunted by ghosts and monsters, but the rarified world of New York's ultra-wealthy and privileged society.
After a thought provoking finale, I sat amazed by what I have seen. If you are looking for entertainment, action and ugly monsters, this is not the right answer for you, but if you are interested in a more serious and inspiring film experience, this is a spectacular and meaningful movie that is well worth your money and time.
"..There is no greater calamity than lavish desires. There is no greater guilt than discontentment. And there is no greater disaster than greed.." - Lao-Tzu
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google_translate
0.2.4
Contents
Introduction
Examples
Contribute
API
Command line
google_translate
Docs
»
Contents
Edit on GitHub
Contents
¶
Contents
Introduction
Description
Features
Requirements
Installation
License
Quick start
Examples
Translate
Additional Translations
Detect Source Language
Detect typos
Text romanization
Python logging
Proxy
User-Agent
Caching
Advanced
Contribute
Report an issue
Send a pull request
Not sure how to help?
API
Main classes
Other classes
Command line
Usage
Options
Examples
Indices and tables
¶
Index
Search Page


Nonzero
| input | (Tensor) the input tensor. |
|---|---|
| out | (LongTensor, optional) the output tensor containing indices |
[`torch_nonzero(..., as_tuple=False) <torch.nonzero>`] (default) returns a 2-D tensor where each row is the index for a nonzero value. [`torch_nonzero(..., as_tuple=True) <torch.nonzero>`] returns a tuple of 1-D index tensors, allowing for advanced indexing, so ``x[x.nonzero(as_tuple=True)]`` gives all nonzero values of tensor ``x``. Of the returned tuple, each index tensor contains nonzero indices for a certain dimension. See below for more details on the two behaviors.
When as_tuple
is False
(default):
Returns a tensor containing the indices of all non-zero elements of
input
. Each row in the result contains the indices of a non-zero
element in input
. The result is sorted lexicographically, with
the last index changing the fastest (C-style).
If input
has \(n\) dimensions, then the resulting indices tensor
out
is of size \((z \times n)\), where \(z\) is the total number of
non-zero elements in the input
tensor.
When as_tuple
is True
:
Returns a tuple of 1-D tensors, one for each dimension in input
,
each containing the indices (in that dimension) of all non-zero elements of
input
.
If input
has \(n\) dimensions, then the resulting tuple contains \(n\)
tensors of size \(z\), where \(z\) is the total number of
non-zero elements in the input
tensor.
As a special case, when input
has zero dimensions and a nonzero scalar
value, it is treated as a one-dimensional tensor with one element.
#> torch_tensor #> 0 #> 1 #> 2 #> 4 #> [ CPULongType{4,1} ]# }


KVision core classes. This includes base interfaces for all components, basic CSS enums (for colors, borders and backgrounds) and the main Widget class.
enum class BGATTACH
Definitions of CSS background attachment options. |
|
enum class BGCLIP
Definitions of CSS background clipping options. |
|
enum class BGORIGIN
Definitions of CSS background origin options. |
|
enum class BGREPEAT
Definitions of CSS background repeat options. |
|
enum class BGSIZE
Definitions of CSS background size. |
|
enum class BORDERSTYLE
Definitions of CSS border styles. |
|
class Background
Type-safe definition of CSS background. |
|
class Border
Type-safe definition of CSS border. |
|
enum class COLOR
Definitions of CSS color names. |
|
class Color
Type-safe definition of CSS color. |
|
interface Component
Base interface for all components. |
|
interface Container : Component
Base interface for all containers. |
|
abstract class StyledComponent : Component
Base class for components supporting CSS styling. |
|
enum class UNIT
Definitions of CSS units. |
|
open class Widget : StyledComponent
Base widget class. The parent of all component classes. |
|
open class WidgetWrapper : Widget
This class allows to wrap a component into separately styled DIV element. |
typealias CssSize = Pair<Int, UNIT>
This type is used for defining CSS dimensions (width, heights, margins, paddings, etc.). |
|
typealias ResString = String
This type is used for accessing resources with CommonJS require function. |
|
typealias StringBoolPair = Pair<String, Boolean>
Helper type used to define CSS classes. |
|
typealias StringPair = Pair<String, String>
Helper type used to define CSS style attributes. |


| Package | Description |
|---|---|
| org.javasimon.javaee |
Java EE support for Simons contains Java EE components (servlet filter and EJB/CDI interceptor) that can be used or extended.
|
| org.javasimon.proxy |
Provides everything to wrap any class a Proxy generated with java.lang.reflect.
|
| org.javasimon.source |
MonitorSource is the interface used as function to transform execution context (method invocation,
HTTP request...) into a Simon. |
| org.javasimon.spring |
Support classes to automatically monitor Spring beans with the
Monitored annotation. |
| org.javasimon.spring.webmvc |
MonitoringHandlerInterceptor is a Spring MVC interceptor which can be used to monitor
time spent in Controller and View. |
| Class and Description |
|---|
| AbstractMethodStopwatchSource
Base class for Stopwatch sources working on method locations.
|
| AbstractStopwatchSource
Base implementation for
MonitorSource producings stopwatches. |
| MonitorSource
Monitor source provides monitors (Simons) for a specific "location" name.
|
| StopwatchSource
Stopwatch source is source that uses
Stopwatch as the monitor type. |
| Class and Description |
|---|
| AbstractMethodStopwatchSource
Base class for Stopwatch sources working on method locations.
|
| AbstractStopwatchSource
Base implementation for
MonitorSource producings stopwatches. |
| MonitorSource
Monitor source provides monitors (Simons) for a specific "location" name.
|
| StopwatchSource
Stopwatch source is source that uses
Stopwatch as the monitor type. |
| Class and Description |
|---|
| AbstractStopwatchSource
Base implementation for
MonitorSource producings stopwatches. |
| CachedMonitorSource
Monitor source playing the role of cache for delegate monitor source.
|
| CachedStopwatchSource
Cached sources using
Stopwatch as monitors. |
| DisabledMonitorSource
Disabled monitor source.
|
| DisabledStopwatchSource
Disabled stopwatch source.
|
| MonitorSource
Monitor source provides monitors (Simons) for a specific "location" name.
|
| StopwatchSource
Stopwatch source is source that uses
Stopwatch as the monitor type. |
| Class and Description |
|---|
| AbstractMethodStopwatchSource
Base class for Stopwatch sources working on method locations.
|
| AbstractStopwatchSource
Base implementation for
MonitorSource producings stopwatches. |
| MonitorSource
Monitor source provides monitors (Simons) for a specific "location" name.
|
| StopwatchSource
Stopwatch source is source that uses
Stopwatch as the monitor type. |
| Class and Description |
|---|
| AbstractStopwatchSource
Base implementation for
MonitorSource producings stopwatches. |
| MonitorSource
Monitor source provides monitors (Simons) for a specific "location" name.
|
| StopwatchSource
Stopwatch source is source that uses
Stopwatch as the monitor type. |
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