How to write clean reducers (and test them!)
Last week, someone asked me how I kept my reducers clean and how to properly test them. Since it wasn’t the first time someone asked me that, I decided to write it down for future reference. Here it is!
 If you do not know what I’m talking about, checkout this.
Reducers basic building blocks
To me, a clean reducer has a number of different building blocks. Let’s take a look at the following example. It’s a very simple tweetsReducer that manages an array of tweets.
function tweetsReducer(
state: State = [],
action: Action): State {
let tweet: Tweet;
switch (action.type) {
case "ADD_TWEET":
({tweet} = action.payload);
return [...state, tweet];
default:
return state;
}
}
NOTE: all examples are written using typescript
Default values
First thing we’re going to focus on, is the default value for the input parameter.
state: State = [];
To understand why defining a default parameter is important, you need to know about the lifecycle of Redux. Every Redux implementation has a method called createStore
or something similar. This method creates the store.
What this method also does is dispatch an action to that newly created store. If you’ve used Redux before, then you know that the Store holds a single State object. At startup, this object doesn’t exist yet and in order to create it, every Redux implementation will dispatch an INIT
-like action to get all the default values from the reducers and build the state tree.
Next is a simplified, conceptual snippet that shows what a createStore
method could look like.
function createStore(reducer: Reducer): Store {
// Create the new store and pass the reducer
const store: Store = new Store(reducer)
// dispatch an init action to the store
store.dispatch({type: "REDUX_INIT"});
return store;
}
The dispatching of the INIT
-action will result in the reducer, for example the tweetsReducer, being called with the following parameters.
tweetsReducer(undefined, initActionDispatchedToTheStore: Action);
The first parameter should be the state, but since the State object is not yet created, it will be undefined. This results in the use of the default value of the state parameter, which in our tweetsReducer is an empty array. The initial value won’t always be that easy, this can also be a complex object.
What’s important to remember is to define default states to assure we get a nice, clean state object at startup.
NOTE: Be sure to never define an action with the same name of your Redux implementation’s INIT
-action. You can easily check this in the source code.
NOTE: Often, you can pass an initial state object to the createStore
method as a second parameter. This doesn’t mean that you shouldn’t add the default values to ALL your reducers
Default case
The second part I want to focus on is the default case of the switch statement. This simply returns the state object it was given.
default:
return state;
In most cases, you will have multiple reducers in your application. These will be organised in a tree, matching your state object. Actions dispatched to the store will be delegated to the top reducers which will cascade, if necessary, the actions to the bottom reducers. The result of all these calls will form the new state object. If you forget to add the default case to your reducers, part of your state tree will dissapear. Take a look at the following example and imagine we’ve forgotten to implement the default case in our tweetsReducer.
// Current state tree where we manage an array of users
// and an array of tweets
let currentState: State = {
"tweets": [
{
id: 1,
username:"@KwintenP",
content:"blogpost on clean reducers!"
}
],
"users": []
}
// we dispatch an action to add a user
store.dispatch({type: "ADD_USER", payload: {id: 1, name: "Kwinten"});
The store will send the action, not only to the usersReducers (left out for brevity), but also to our tweetsReducer. When the action enters our tweetsReducer, none of the cases defined would match and since we have no default case, the reducer would return undefined. This would result in the following state object.
{ "tweets": undefined, "users": [{id: 1, name: "Kwinten"}]};
As you can see, the tweets that were previously there, are gone. So, remember to always implement the default case to avoid that parts of your state tree disappear.
ES6 syntax sugar
A little bit of ES6 syntax sugar I like to use in my reducers is the following:
//example payload
action.payload = {tweet: new Tweet(....)};
// we map the single value to the tweet property
let tweet: Tweet;
({tweet} = action.payload);
// Non ES6 equivalent
tweet = action.payload.tweet;
// example payload
action.payload = {tweet: new Tweet(...), id: 1};
// We map multiple values to the properties
let tweet: Tweet;
let id: string;
({tweet, id} = action.payload);
// non ES6 equivalent
tweet = action.payload.tweet;
id = action.payload.id;
I always use this ES6 shorthand in my reducers. In my tweetsReducer (see snippet at the beginning), I define a few variables above my switch statement. I then use these inside my case statements to map the payload to. The reason I do this is to make the reducer more readable. If I now wish to add a tweet to my store, I just look at the top of my case statement and I can immediately see what parameters I need to add to the payload.
case "ADD_TWEET":
({tweet} = action.payload); // my payload needs a tweet object
return [...state, action.payload.tweet];
In this particular example this might not seem that handy, but once your reducers become (a lot) bigger, you’ll be happy if you’ve done this.
NOTE: If you’re using action creators (out of scope for this post), and you should, the problem that it’s not clear what parameters you should pass, becomes less applicable. But, I would strongly recommend to keep doing this for when you’re writing the action creators themselves and for your unit tests.
 To avoid having a single reducer that manages the entire state tree, you could use the concept of reducer composition. Take a look at the next reducer (I removed the implementations of the case statements for brevity):
export function tweetsReducer(state:Array<Tweet> = [], action:Action):Array<Tweet> {
let id:number, tweet:Tweet, tweets: Array<Tweet>;
switch (action.type) {
// first block
case ADD_TWEET: // implementation
case REMOVE_TWEET: // implementation
case SET_TWEETS: // implementation
case UPDATE_TWEET: // implementation
// second block
case TWEET_UN_LIKED: // implementation
case TWEET_LIKED: // implementation
case TWEET_UN_RETWEETED: // implementation
case TWEET_RETWEETED: // implementation
case TOGGLE_STAR_TWEET: // implementation
default:
return state;
}
}
If we were to implement every case in the same reducer, this would already become quite big. If we look closely, we can see that the cases can be divided into two categories. The first block, handle the tweets collection. The second block handles an individual tweet.
Enter reducer composition!
This is an ideal example to demonstrate when you can use reducer composition. We can make the tweetsReducer handle the collection, and make a new tweetReducer, which handles a single tweet. This would look like this:
export function tweetsReducer(state:Array<Tweet> = [], action:Action):Array<Tweet> {
let id:number, tweet:Tweet, tweets: Array<Tweet>;
switch (action.type) {
// collection block
case ADD_TWEET: // implementation
case REMOVE_TWEET: // implementation
case SET_TWEETS: // implementation
case UPDATE_TWEET: // implementation
// single tweet block
case TWEET_UN_LIKED:
case TWEET_LIKED:
case TWEET_UN_RETWEETED:
case TWEET_RETWEETED:
case TOGGLE_STAR_TWEET:
// For the cases above, we delegate to the
// tweetReducer. Here we loop the current
// collection of tweets and if it's the one
// we wish to update, we replace it with the
// result of the tweetReducer.
({id} = action.payload);
return state.map(tweet => tweet.id == id?
tweetReducer(tweet, {type: action.type, payload: {tweet}}):
tweet);
default:
return state;
}
}
export function tweetReducer(state: Tweet = {}, action: Action) {
let tweet: Tweet;
switch (action.type) {
case TOGGLE_STAR_TWEET: // implementation
case TWEET_RETWEETED: // implementation
case TWEET_UN_RETWEETED: // implementation
case TWEET_LIKED: // implementation
case TWEET_UN_LIKED: // implementation
default: return state;
}
Working with reducer composition makes your individual reducers less complex to manage.
Other tips
- You MUST keep your reducers immutable! You can use the new ‘Object.assign’ and the spread operator from ES6 or libraries as Immutable.js or seamless-immutable to do this.
- When you’re using reducer composition, combine your delegating cases at the bottom of your reducer. In the example of reducer composition, all the calls to the tweetReducer are combined at the bottom. This is merely a convention that I’ve found useful in the past.
How to test them
Testing reducers is quite easy and straightforward. You send a state object and an action to the reducer en check your result. But, you cannot forget to test the immutability of your reducers. To ensure this, you can use a library called deepFreeze. Check out this next example.
describe("reducer: tweetsReducer", () => {
describe("on ADD_TWEET", () => {
it("should add a tweet to the
current list of tweets", () => {
// create the initial state object
let tweet: Tweet = new Tweet(...);
let initialState: Array<Tweet> = [tweet];
// perform a deepFreeze on the initial state object
deepFreeze(initialState);
// create the payload
let tweetToAdd: Tweet = new Tweet(...);
let payload: any = {tweet: tweetToAdd};
// Sent the action to the tweetsReducer
let changedState: Array<Tweet> = tweetsReducer(initialState,
{
type: ADD_TWEET,
payload
});
// Verify the changes are correct
expect(changedState.length).toBe(2);
expect(changedState[1]).toBe(payload.tweet);
});
});
});
As you can see, testing reducers consists of four steps:
- Create an
initialState
object. - Perform a deepFreeze on the
initialState
object. This library will perform a recursiveObject.freeze()
on the entire state object protecting it from mutation. This is an easily overlooked but extremely important step in the testing of your reducers! - Call the reducer with the initial state and the correct action.
- Verify the result of your reducer.
At least one test should be added for every case in your reducer’s switch statement. Besides those, you should also add a test for an unknown action to verify you’ve implemented the default case. And one more test for the INIT
-action to make sure you’ve defined a default value for your state. In this particular test you pass undefined as your state value.
Summary
- Use default values for your state object in your reducer
- Implement the default case to just return the state
- Use ES6 syntax sugar to make your reducers look more clean
- Use reducer composition when necessary
- Reducers MUST be immutable
- Use deepFreeze while testing to ensure immutability
- Combine your delegating cases at the bottom of your reducer


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There are also several commercial versions of awk. In this section, we review the ones that we know about.
Mortice Kern Systems (MKS) in Waterloo, Ontario (Canada)[9] supplies awk as part of the MKS Toolkit for MS-DOS/Windows, OS/2, Windows 95, and Windows NT.
[9] Mortice Kern Systems, 185 Columbia Street West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 5Z5, Canada. Phone: 1-800-265-2797 in North America, 1-519-884-2251 elsewhere. URL is http://www.mks.com/.
The MKS version implements POSIX awk. It has the following extensions:
The exp(), int(), log(), sqrt(), tolower(), and toupper() functions use $0 if given no argument.
An additional function ord() is available. This function takes a string argument, and returns the numeric value of the first character in the string. It is similar to the function of the same name in Pascal.
Thompson Automation Software[10] makes a version of awk (tawk)[11] for MS-DOS/Windows, Windows 95 and NT, and Solaris. Tawk is interesting on several counts. First, unlike other versions of awk, which are interpreters, tawk is a compiler. Second, tawk comes with a screen-oriented debugger, written in awk! The source for the debugger is included. Third, tawk allows you to link your compiled program with arbitrary functions written in C. Tawk has received rave reviews in the comp.lang.awk newsgroup.
[10] Thompson Automation Software, 5616 SW Jefferson, Portland OR 97221 U.S.A. Phone: 1-800-944-0139 within the U.S., 1-503-224-1639 elsewhere.
[11] Michael Brennan, in the mawk(1) manpage, makes the following statement: "Implementors of the AWK language have shown a consistent lack of imagination when naming their programs."
Tawk comes with an awk interface that acts like POSIX awk, compiling and running your program. You can, however, compile your program into a standalone executable file. The tawk compiler actually compiles into a compact intermediate form. The intermediate representation is linked with a library that executes the program when it is run, and it is at link time that other C routines can be integrated with the awk program.
Tawk is a very full-featured implementation of awk. Besides implementing the features of POSIX awk (based on new awk), it extends the language in some fundamental ways, and also has a very large number of built-in functions.
This section provides a "laundry list" of the new features in tawk. A full treatment of them is beyond the scope of this book; the tawk documentation does a nice job of presenting them. Hopefully, by now you should be familiar enough with awk that the value of these features will be apparent. Where relevant, we'll contrast the tawk feature with a comparable feature in gawk.
Additional special patterns, INIT, BEGINFILE, and ENDFILE. INIT is like BEGIN, but the actions in its procedure are run before[12] those of the BEGIN procedure. BEGINFILE and ENDFILE provide you the ability to have per-file start-up and clean-up actions. Unlike using a rule based on FNR == 1, these actions are executed even when files are empty.
[12] I confess that I don't see the real usefulness of this. [A.R.]
Controlled regular expressions. You can add a flag to a regular expression ("/match me/") that tells tawk how to treat the regular expression. An i flag ("/match me/i") indicates that case should be ignored when doing matching. An s flag indicates that the shortest possible text should be matched, instead of the longest.
An abort [expr] statement. This is similar to exit, except that tawk exits immediately, bypassing any END procedure. The expr, if provided, becomes the return value from tawk to its parent program.
True multidimensional arrays. Conventional awk simulates multidimensional arrays by concatenating the values of the subscripts, separated by the value of SUBSEP, to generate a (hopefully) unique index in a regular associative array. While implementing this feature for compatibility, tawk also provides true multidimensional arrays.
a[1][1] = "hello" a[1][2] = "world" for (i in a[1]) print a[1][i]
Multidimensional arrays guarantee that the indices will be unique, and also have the potential for greater performance when the number of elements gets to be very large.
Automatic sorting of arrays. When looping over every element of an array using the for (item in array) construct, tawk will first sort the indices of the array, so that array elements are processed in order. You can control whether this sorting is turned on or off, and if on, whether the sorting is numeric or alphabetic, and in ascending or descending order. While the sorting incurs a performance penalty, it is likely to be less than the overhead of sorting the array yourself using awk code, or piping the results into an external invocation of sort.
Scope control for functions and variables. You can declare that functions and variables are global to an entire program, global within a "module" (source file), local to a module, and local to a function. Regular awk only gives you global variables, global functions, and extra function parameters, which act as local variables. This feature is a very nice one, making it much easier to write libraries of awk functions without having to worry about variable names inadvertently conflicting with those in other library functions or in the user's main program.
RS can be a regular expression. This is similar to gawk and mawk; however, the regular expression cannot be one that requires more than one character of look-ahead. The text that matched RS is saved in the variable RSM (record separator match), similar to gawk's RT variable.
Describing fields, instead of the field separators. The variable FPAT can be a regular expression that describes the contents of the fields. Successive occurrences of text that matches FPAT become the contents of the fields.
Controlling the implicit file processing loop. The variable ARGI tracks the position in ARGV of the current input data file. Unlike gawk's ARGIND variable, assigning a value to ARGI can be used to make tawk skip over input data files.
Fixed-length records. By assigning a value to the RECLEN variable, you can make tawk read records in fixed-length chunks. If RS is not matched within RECLEN characters, then tawk returns a record that is RECLEN characters long.
Hexadecimal constants. You can specify C-style hexadecimal constants (0xDEAD and 0xBEEF being two rather famous ones) in tawk programs. This helps when using the built-in bit manipulation functions (see the next section).
Whew! That's a rather long list, but these features bring additional power to programming in awk.
Besides extending the language, tawk provides a large number of additional built-in functions. Here is another "laundry list," this time of the different classes of functions available. Each class has two or more functions associated with it. We'll briefly describe the functionality of each class.
Extended string functions. Extensions to the standard string functions and new string functions allow you to match and substitute for subpatterns within patterns (similar to gawk's gensub() function), assign to substrings within strings, and split a string into an array based on a pattern that matches elements, instead of the separator. There are additional printf formats, and string translation functions. While undoubtedly some of these functions could be written as user-defined functions, having them built in provides greater performance.
Bit manipulation functions. You can perform bitwise AND, OR, and XOR operations on (integer) values. These could also be written as user-defined functions, but with a loss of performance.
More I/O functions. There is a suite of functions modeled after those in the stdio(3) library. In particular, the ability to seek within a file, and do I/O in fixed-size amounts, is quite useful.
Directory operation functions. You can make, remove, and change directories, as well as remove and rename files.
File information functions. You can retrieve file permissions, size, and modification times.
Directory reading functions. You can get the current directory name, as well as read a list of all the filenames in a directory.
Time functions. There are functions to retrieve the current time of day, and format it in various ways. These functions are not quite as flexible as gawk's strftime() function.
Execution functions. You can sleep for a specific amount of time, and start other functions running. Tawk's spawn() function is interesting because it allows you to provide values for the new program's environment, and also indicate whether the program should or should not run asynchronously. This is particularly valuable on non-UNIX systems, where the command interpreters (such as MS-DOS's command.com) are quite limited.
File locking. You can lock and unlock files and ranges within files.
Screen functions. You can do screen-oriented I/O. Under UNIX, these functions are implemented on top of the curses(3) library.
Packing and unpacking of binary data. You can specify how binary data structures are laid out. This, together with the new I/O functions, makes it possible to do binary I/O, something you would normally have to do in C or C++.
Access to internal state. You can get or set the value of any awk variable through function calls.
Access to MS-DOS low-level facilities. You can use system interrupts, and peek and poke values at memory addresses. These features are obviously for experts only.
From this list, it becomes clear that tawk provides a nice alternative to C and to Perl for serious programming tasks. As an example, the screen functions and internal state functions are used to implement the tawk debugger in awk.
Videosoft[13] sells software called VSAwk that brings awk-style programming into the Visual Basic environment. VSAwk is a Visual Basic control that works in an event driven fashion. Like awk, VSAwk gives you startup and cleanup actions, and splits the input record into fields, as well as the ability to write expressions and call the awk built-in functions.
[13] Videosoft can be reached at 2625 Alcatraz Avenue, Suite 271, Berkeley CA 94705 U.S.A. Phone: 1-510-704-8200. Fax: 1-510-843-0174. Their site is http://www.videosoft.com.
VSAwk resembles UNIX awk mostly in its data processing model, not its syntax. Nevertheless, it's interesting to see how people apply the concepts from awk to the environment provided by a very different language.


[gecode-users] FloatVars for 2.2.0 update
Filip Konvička
filip.konvicka at logis.cz
Mon Oct 13 10:05:56 CEST 2008
Dear all,
Here is yet another update of FloatVars for Gecode 2.2.0. This fixes
many bugs and you are advised to use this version instead of the
previous ones.
In case that you already have a patched Gecode 2.2.0 from a previous
version, you may safely re-use that.
Changelog (2008-10-13)
- Major speedup in linear constraints (using FPU state saver now).
- Fixed boolean argument passing for reified constraints.
- Fixed negative scale views' min/max functions.
- Fixed arithmetic propagator implementation of * and /.
- Fixed reified linear constraint entailment detection.
Changelog (2008-09-02):
- Fixed binary arithmetic operator ('min' and 'max' operators)
- Added a patch for Gecode 2.2.0.
Changelog (2008-08-27):
- Basic support for reflection and serialization. This has not been
tested at all!
- Assignment branching was added. See Gecode::Float::Assign_minmax().
- Some cleanup and small fixes here and there.
Cheers,
Filip
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Has taken possession of my entire soul, like these sweet mornings of spring which I enjoy with my whole heart. I am alone, and feel the charm of existence.
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Our conceptions are altered when the point of view is shifted.
When the Apollo 15 astronauts took this picture from lunar orbit,
they saw the Earth as a thin crescent. At the same time, we on
Earth were seeing a nearly full Moon.
Because we live on it, the Earth is the center of things for
us. Around Earth all other celestial bodies circle endlessly, or
so it seemed to our forebears. For countless generations men who
thought about such matters regarded the Earth as the center of
the universe. So satisfying was this view, so entrenched in
doctrine and dogma did it become, that when Copernicus and Kepler
challenged the idea, they stirred up a hornet's nest. The concept
of the Sun as the central stillness in the solar system around
which Earth and all other planets revolve was considered too
unsettling to be tolerated, and edict and persecution sought to
suppress these dangerous new ideas. But in vain, for the
Copernican revolution in human thought continues to this very
day. In countless ways it colors the picture men draw of
themselves and of man's place in the universe.
Apollo's greatest impact was to impress dramatically upon
men's minds, more clearly than ever before, the significance of
the Copernican view. The spectacle of a spacecraft leaving Earth
with the incredible speed of almost 6 miles per second- thirteen
times faster than a rifle bullet- traveling through space like a
miniature planet, bearing men for the first time to another
world, focused the attention of hundreds of millions of people.
We saw Earth as only one of nine planets in the solar system,
insignificant, except to us, among the unreachable stars in the
vast expanse of the heavens. In cosmic perspective Earth is but a
tiny object in a remote corner of space, companion to a modest
star, one of a hundred billion stars making up one of billions of
galaxies scattered over unimaginable distances to beyond the
farthest reaches to which we have been able to peer with the most
powerful telescopes.
But while helping to convey Earth's insignificance in the
cosmic scale, Apollo dramatically displayed Earth's uniqueness
and overwhelming significance on the human scale. Standing in
imagination on the rocky rubble of a lunar plain, looking through
an astronaut's eye and camera out over the vast arid wasteland of
our inhospitable satellite, we saw above the horizon the
beautiful, blue, fragile Earth. It awakened a heightened
appreciation of and sense of responsibility toward our home in
space. In the entire solar system, 6 billion miles across, only
Earth so far as we now know nourishes the vast abundance of life
that we so casually accept. Only by understanding thoroughly our
planet and our place on it can we hope to learn how to use its
resources wisely, to preserve for future generations our island
in space in its pristine vigor and beauty. And that is where the
true significance of Apollo lunar science comes in.
To understand fully our own planet, it is essential that we
study many planets, Photography and Spacecraft making comparisons
among them. An inevitable myopia interferes when we try to learn
about planets from the study of only one. The Moon is a planet in
its own right, by reason of its substantial size and mass, and
what we learn of lunar science also advances Earth science.
As our nearest neighbor in space, the Moon has long been an
object of wonder and study. Through the telescope the astronomer
has seen myriads of craters on its surface clear evidence of lava
flows, and even some suggestion of current volcanic activity. The
Moon is decidedly out of round. The sharpness of telescopic
images, and the suddenness with which stars disappear behind the
Moon and later reappear show clearly that the Moon has virtually
no atmosphere. No mountain systems like the Rockies or the
Himalayas could be seen. Without atmospheric erosion and
mountain-building activity, we supposed that the Moon would
preserve on its face the record of solar system history to the
very earliest days. But viewing the Moon from 239,000 miles away
left much room for speculation and disagreement. So when rockets
became available, plans were quickly laid for investigating the
Moon close at hand, eventually by man himself.


Councillor suspended for slapping woman's bottom
by Karen ComptonA Powys councillor has been suspended for four months after admitting slapping another councillor on the bottom.
Edwin Roderick went on to try to threaten colleague Emily Durrant not to pursue a complaint against him.
He admitted breaching the council's code of conduct at an Adjudication Panel for Wales hearing on Monday.
Mr Roderick has since offered his sincere "heartfelt apologies" and said "nothing like it will happen again".
The panel heard he was "panicking" when he approached Melanie Doel, who chairs Brecon Beacons National Park Authority, asking her to arrange a meeting with the complainant because he had information about her.
In his summing up, the chair of the panel, John Livesey, said the victim had felt degraded and humiliated.
He said Mr Roderick behaved in a way that had "long been deemed unacceptable in public life".
Mr Livesey said the "threats, some would say, were akin to blackmail" adding that he was "naive to think no action would be taken" because the conduct was serious.
Further training
Mr Roderick has been suspended as a councillor, including from his role on the board of the national park authority.
He has also been asked to undertake further training in relation to his breach of the code of conduct.
David Daycock, representing Edwin Roderick, said he was a "rough hewn farmer who was not used to the heightened formality and niceties of committee meetings".
And character witness Councillor Timothy Van-Rees said any breach of the code of conduct was "completely out of character", but it "must be said that Councillor Roderick is not a sophisticate".
Speaking after the hearing Mr Roderick said: "I fully respect the decision of the tribunal and felt I had a fair hearing.
"I apologise yet again to all affected by the case, particularly the complainant.
"I deeply regret the incident and will ensure nothing like it will happen again."
Ms Durrant said she was glad the process had ended and accepted Mr Roderick's apology.


| Package | Description |
|---|---|
| energy.usef.agr.workflow.housekeeping |
Classes implementing aggregator housekeeping.
|
| energy.usef.agr.workflow.nonudi.goals |
Workflow classes for Non-UDI goals of the Aggregator.
|
| energy.usef.agr.workflow.nonudi.initialize |
Workflow classes for Non-UDI initialization of the Aggregator.
|
| energy.usef.agr.workflow.operate.deviation |
Package containing the java components needed for the 'AGR Detect deviations from Prognoses' workflow.
|
| energy.usef.agr.workflow.operate.recreate.prognoses |
Classes for (re-)creation of prognoses in the operate phase by the Aggregator.
|
| energy.usef.agr.workflow.operate.reoptimize |
Package to contain workflow logic around Determining Net Demands
|
| energy.usef.agr.workflow.plan.connection.profile |
Workflow classes for connection profiles in the plan phase of the Aggregator.
|
| energy.usef.agr.workflow.plan.create.aplan |
Classes for creation of A-plans in the plan phase by the Aggregator.
|
| energy.usef.agr.workflow.plan.recreate.aplan |
Classes for creation of A-plans in the plan phase by the Aggregator.
|
| energy.usef.agr.workflow.validate.create.dprognosis |
Package containing the java components needed for the 'Create and Send D-Prognosis' workflow.
|
| energy.usef.brp.workflow.housekeeping |
Classes implementing balance responsible party housekeeping.
|
| energy.usef.brp.workflow.plan.aplan.missing | |
| energy.usef.brp.workflow.plan.connection.forecast |
Connection forecast classes of the Balance Responsible Party.
|
| energy.usef.core.event |
This package contains the core Events which are related to the planboard (cross-role).
|
| energy.usef.core.event.validation | |
| energy.usef.core.workflow.coordinator |
This package contains the core workflow coordinator classes.
|
| energy.usef.cro.workflow.housekeeping |
Classes implementing common reference operator housekeeping.
|
| energy.usef.dso.workflow.coloring |
Classes to implement regime transitions (green/yellow/orange/red) for the DSO.
|
| energy.usef.dso.workflow.housekeeping |
Classes implementing distribution system operator housekeeping.
|
| energy.usef.dso.workflow.validate.create.flexrequest |
This package contains the components needed for the implementation of the 'Create Flex Requests' DSO workflow.
|
| energy.usef.dso.workflow.validate.gridsafetyanalysis |
Grid safety analysis classes of the Distribution System Operator.
|
| energy.usef.mdc.workflow.housekeeping |
Classes implementing meter data company housekeeping.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| HousekeepingEvent
Event that will trigger cleaning up database
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| ExpirableEvent
Interface for events with a period
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| ExpirableEvent
Interface for events with a period
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| ExpirableEvent
Interface for events with a period
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| ExpirableEvent
Interface for events with a period
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| ExpirableEvent
Interface for events with a period
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| ExpirableEvent
Interface for events with a period
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| ExpirableEvent
Interface for events with a period
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| ExpirableEvent
Interface for events with a period
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| ExpirableEvent
Interface for events with a period
|
| StartValidateEvent
Event which will trigger a process to move the PTUs of the specified day to the state
Validate . |
| Class and Description |
|---|
| HousekeepingEvent
Event that will trigger cleaning up database
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| DayAheadClosureEvent
Event which will trigger a process to move the PTUs of the specified day in a state
Day_Ahead_Closed . |
| Class and Description |
|---|
| ExpirableEvent
Interface for events with a period
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| ExpirableEvent
Interface for events with a period
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| ExpirableEvent
Interface for events with a period
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| BackToPlanEvent
Event which will trigger a process to move the PTUs of the specified day back to the state
Plan . |
| DayAheadClosureEvent
Event which will trigger a process to move the PTUs of the specified day in a state
Day_Ahead_Closed . |
| IntraDayClosureEvent
Event which will trigger a process to move the PTUs on a specified day with a specified PTU index in a state
Intra_Day_Closed . |
| MoveToOperateEvent
Event which will trigger a process to move the PTUs on a specified day with a specified PTU index in a state
Operate
and move the previous ones in a state Pending_Settlement . |
| RequestMoveToValidateEvent
Event which will trigger a process to move the PTUs of the specified day to the state
Validate . |
| Class and Description |
|---|
| HousekeepingEvent
Event that will trigger cleaning up database
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| ExpirableEvent
Interface for events with a period
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| HousekeepingEvent
Event that will trigger cleaning up database
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| ExpirableEvent
Interface for events with a period
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| DayAheadClosureEvent
Event which will trigger a process to move the PTUs of the specified day in a state
Day_Ahead_Closed . |
| ExpirableEvent
Interface for events with a period
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| HousekeepingEvent
Event that will trigger cleaning up database
|
Copyright © 2016. All rights reserved.


[gecode-users] Branch specification of ValSplitMin incorrect?
Guido Tack
tack at ps.uni-sb.de
Thu Apr 3 13:11:29 CEST 2008
David Rijsman wrote:
> Small correction, I think it should be "<=" and ">"
>
> On Thu, Apr 3, 2008 at 12:50 PM, David Rijsman
> <davidrijsman at gmail.com> wrote:
>> I am using the reflection functionality and I think the specification
>> of the branch for integer value selection for splitting domain lower
>> half first seems to be incorrect (void
>> ValSplitMin<View>::branchingSpec). The first alternative is specified
>> as "=" and the second alternative as ">". I think it should be "<"
>> and
>> ">="? The value and variable specification seem to be ok.
Thanks! Yes, it should be <= and >. I've fixed it in the svn.
Cheers,
Guido
More information about the gecode-users
mailing list


Speech recognition and synthesis library for Windows - Python 2 and 3.
Based on the abandoned Python 2 library https://github.com/michaelgundlach/pyspeech.
This module adds contains a few more features, the important one being the ability to create
in-process speech recognizers.
Author: Areeb Beigh<EMAIL_ADDRESS>GitHub: https://github.com/areebbeigh/winspeech
License:
Copyright 2016 Areeb Beigh
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
Functions |
| | |
- initialize_recognizer(recognizer)
- Initializes the speech recognizer
Parameters:
recognizer: The type of recognizer to initialize_recognizer. winspeech.INPROC_RECOGNIZER for in process
and winspeech.SHARED_RECOGNIZER for shared recognizer.
- is_listening()
- True if any Listeners are listening.
- listen_for(phrase_list, callback)
- If any of the phrases in the given list are heard,
callback(spoken_text, listener) is executed. Returns a Listener object.
The first argument to callback will be the string of text heard.
The second argument will be the same listener object returned by
listen_for().
Execution takes place on a single thread shared by all listener callbacks.
- listen_for_anything(callback)
- When anything resembling English is heard, callback(spoken_text, listener)
is executed. Returns a Listener object.
The first argument to callback will be the string of text heard.
The second argument will be the same listener object returned by
listen_for_anything().
Execution takes place on a single thread shared by all listener callbacks.
- say(phrase)
- Say the given phrase out loud. This will run on a separate thread.
- say_wait(phrase)
- Say the given phrase out load. This will run on the current thread.
- stop_listening()
- Cause all Listeners to stop listening. Returns True if at least one
Listener was listening.
- stop_talking()
- Stop the current utterance.
|
Data |
| | |
INPROC_RECOGNIZER = 'SAPI.SpInprocRecognizer'
SHARED_RECOGNIZER = 'SAPI.SpSharedRecognizer' |
Author |
| | |
Areeb Beigh<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|


{% extends "../../layouts/guidance.html" %} {% set sectionId = "community" %} {% set pageId = "propose-a-component-or-pattern" %} {% set pageTitle = "Propose a component or pattern " %} {% block subNav %} {% include "../navigation.html" %} {% endblock %} {% block pageContent %}
Anyone can propose a new component or pattern for the DVSA Design System.
To be successful, proposals need to show that the component or pattern being suggested would be useful and unique.
Follow 3 steps to propose a component or pattern for the Design System.
Check if someone else has already suggested your idea or something similar on the community backlog.
If your idea is on the backlog and marked as ‘proposed’, follow the link and comment on the issue. Say you need the component or pattern and share any examples or evidence you have to support the proposal.
If it’s marked ‘to do’ and you would like to work on it, read how to develop a component or pattern.
If your idea is not on the backlog, raise an issue. A member of the Design System team will get in touch to discuss your proposal.
At this stage, you just need to present your idea and evidence of the user needs. You can include screenshots or links to versions of the component or pattern in use, but avoid spending time working on a specific design or writing code.
The Design System team will help you prepare your proposal and share it with the Design System working group to review.
When your proposal is ready, the Design System team will send it to the working group one week before their next monthly meeting.
At the meeting, the working group will review your proposal and decide if it is useful and unique. This review helps people avoid spending time and effort on something that’s not needed for the design system.
After the meeting, the Design System team will let you know the decision and recommendations, if there are any.
If the working group agrees your proposal is useful and unique, the working group will mark it as ‘to do’ on the community backlog.
At this point, you can either start to develop the component or pattern or leave it for someone else to work on.


Module
Module
Screening Module
Score
Score History by VistA Clinic
PHQ-9
Depression
15 - Moderate
20 - Moderate Severe
27 - Severe
02/01/2015 | LI SOC WK OEF ESCREENING
01/14/2015 | LI PRIM CARE HAGARICH
10/10/2014 | LI 2N MHAC URGENT CLINIC
PCL-C
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
43 - Negative
10/10/2014 | LI SOC WK OEF ESCREENING
Import Clinic List
Close
Data Imported from VistA
Are you sure you want to import clinic lists data from VistA?
Yes
Cancel
Import Clinical Reminder List
Close
Data Imported from VistA
Are you sure you want to import Clinical Reminder Lists from VistA?
Yes
Cancel
Import Notes Titles List
Close
Data Imported from VistA
Are you sure you want to import Notes Titles List from VistA?
Yes
Cancel
Close
Average Scores for Veterans by Clinic
VeteranOne, 1234
MAMMOGRAM, MENTAL HYGIENE, MENTAL HYGIENE-OPC
Module
Screening Module
Score
Score History by VistA Clinic
PHQ-9
Depression
15 - Moderate
20 - Moderate Severe
27 - Severe
02/01/2015 | LI SOC WK OEF ESCREENING
01/14/2015 | LI PRIM CARE HAGARICH
10/10/2014 | LI 2N MHAC URGENT CLINIC
PCL-C
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
43 - Negative
10/10/2014 | LI SOC WK OEF ESCREENING
VeteranTwo, 0002


Remove Database
Are you sure you want to remove all the content collected for "
???
" from this device?
No, Cancel
Yes, Remove


{% extends "base.html" %} {% set page_title = "Panelists" %} {% block title %}{{ page_title }}{% endblock %} {% block content %}
Choose from one of the following graph types to get a list of available panelists.


Syntax:
(optimize {quality | (quality value)}*)
Arguments:
quality---an optimize quality.
value---one of the integers 0, 1, 2, or 3.
Valid Context:
Binding Types Affected: None.
Description:
Advises the compiler that each quality should be given attention according to the specified corresponding value. Each quality must be a symbol naming an optimize quality; the names and meanings of the standard optimize qualities are shown in the next figure.
Name Meaning compilation-speed speed of the compilation process debug ease of debugging safety run-time error checking space both code size and run-time space speed speed of the object code
Figure 3-25. Optimize qualities
There may be other, implementation-defined optimize qualities.
A value 0 means that the corresponding quality is totally unimportant, and 3 that the quality is extremely important; 1 and 2 are intermediate values, with 1 the neutral value. (quality 3) can be abbreviated to quality.
Note that code which has the optimization (safety 3), or just safety, is called safe code.
The consequences are unspecified if a quality appears more than once with different values.
Examples:
(defun often-used-subroutine (x y) (declare (optimize (safety 2))) (error-check x y) (hairy-setup x) (do ((i 0 (+ i 1)) (z x (cdr z))) ((null z)) ;; This inner loop really needs to burn. (declare (optimize speed)) (declare (fixnum i)) ))
See Also:
declare, declaim, proclaim, Section 3.3.4 (Declaration Scope)
Notes:
An optimize declaration never applies to either a variable or a function binding. An optimize declaration can only be a free declaration. For more information, see Section 3.3.4 (Declaration Scope).


Applied Scientist at Amazon A9
Pronouns: she/herSince May 2020, I’m an Applied Scientist at Amazon. I help innovate, develop, evaluate, and launch deep-learned models to fuel next-generation Amazon Search, with a focus on improving search quality in new and emerging locales.
I received my Ph.D. in Computer Science from Carnegie Mellon University, where I was advised by Prof. Christos Faloutsos and supported partially by the Snap Graduate Fellowship. My thesis focused on anomaly detection and semi-supervised learning in graphs. Prior to that, I received my B.Tech. (Hons.) in Computer Science and Engineering from Indian Institute of Technology Madras in 2015.
Outside of work, I like to run, play board games, solve puzzles, read, and travel. I am also learning kathak, a North Indian classical dance. I can be bribed with a good chai tea latte, some spicy biriyani, and a basundhi.
My CV is here.
On How People Navigate Through Their Personal Web of Things
Dhivya Eswaran, Shamsi Iqbal, Adam Fourney, Shane Williams, Paul Bennett
CHI 2020 Workshop on Speculative Designs for Emergent Personal Data Trails [paper]
Higher-Order Label Homogeneity and Spreading in Graphs
Dhivya Eswaran, Srijan Kumar, Christos Faloutsos
TheWebConf 2020 [paper] [code]
Intervention-Aware Early Warning
Dhivya Eswaran, Christos Faloutsos, Nina Mishra, Yonatan Naamad
ICDM 2019 [paper] [supplementary]
SedanSpot: Detecting Anomalies in Edge Streams
Dhivya Eswaran, Christos Faloutsos
ICDM 2018 [paper] [supplementary] [code]
ChangeDAR: Online Localized Change Detection for Sensor Data on a Graph
Bryan Hooi, Leman Akoglu, Dhivya Eswaran, Amritanshu Pandey, Marko Jereminov, Larry Pileggi, Christos Faloutsos
CIKM 2018 [paper]
Social-Affiliation Graphs: Patterns and the SOAR Model
Dhivya Eswaran, Reihaneh Rabbany, Artur Dubrawski, Christos Faloutsos
ECML/PKDD 2018 [paper] [code]
GridWatch: Sensor Placement and Anomaly Detection in the Electrical Grid
Bryan Hooi, Dhivya Eswaran, Hyun Ah Song, Amritanshu Pandey, Marko Jereminov, Larry Pileggi, Christos Faloutsos
ECML/PKDD 2018 [paper] [code]
Beyond Anomaly Detection: LookOut for Pictorial Explanation
Nikhil Gupta, Dhivya Eswaran, Neil Shah, Leman Akoglu, Christos Faloutsos
ECML/PKDD 2018 [paper] [code]
SpotLight: Detecting Anomalies in Streaming Graphs
Dhivya Eswaran, Christos Faloutsos, Sudipto Guha, Nina Mishra
KDD 2018 [paper] [video]
Beyond Assortativity: Proclivity Index for Attributed Networks
Reihaneh Rabbany, Dhivya Eswaran, Artur Dubrawski, Christos Faloutsos
PAKDD 2017 [paper] [code]
ZooBP: Belief Propagation for Heterogeneous Networks
Dhivya Eswaran, Stephan Guennemann, Christos Faloutsos, Disha Makhija, Mohit Kumar
VLDB 2017 [paper] [code]
Why You Should Charge Your Friends for Borrowing Your Stuff
Kijung Shin, Euiwoong Lee, Dhivya Eswaran, Ariel D. Procaccia
IJCAI 2017 [paper]
The Power of Certainty: A Dirichlet-Multinomial Model for Belief Propagation
Dhivya Eswaran, Stephan Guennemann, Christos Faloutsos
SDM 2017 [paper] [code]
Modeling Website Topic Cohesion at Scale to Improve Webpage Classification
Dhivya Eswaran, Paul N. Bennett, Joseph J. Pfeiffer III
SIGIR 2015 [paper]
Towards Creating Pedagogic Views from Encyclopedic Resources
Ditty Mathew, Dhivya Eswaran, Sutanu Chakraborti
NAACL 2015 Workshop on Innovative Use of NLP for Building Educational Applications [paper]


Now you must guide your astral bike to safety. Feel the music and let it guide you home. Collect the most notes so you can brag to your family and friends about how you totally ran the rhythm.
Alex Ottoboni, Braden Beck, Matthew Stewart, Alex Nguyen, Joseph Arhar, with object models by Ansley Chen
Press the spacebar to jump, press it again to double jump. Use A and D to move left and right to avoid obstacles. Collect the notes for points and the pills for "power ups". Run the Rhythm!
Warning: Play with caution. 3 out of 5 doctors don't recommend running the rhythm to their family.


Success
You are now logged in. We've stored your JWT in a cookie with the name
"feathers-jwt"
for you. It is:


Solar panels harness the energy of the sun light and convert it into usable electricity. In this article, we are going to have a detailed look at the theory behind the basic principle used in solar panels. Photons are the basic fundamental unit of any form of light energy. The photons that are emitted by the sun (visible light) are captured by the solar panels. The generation of electricity in the solar panels is possible because of a principle called as photovoltaic effect.read more


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void | Create (uint32_t dim, size_t numPoints) |
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AABB | ComputeBoundingBox () const |
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double | ComputeVectorScale () |
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double | ComputeDerivativeScale () |
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const ReducedData & | WriteData (const char *filename) const |
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bool | ReadData (const char *filename) |
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const ReducedData & | WritePointsCSV (const char *filename) const |
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const ReducedData & | WriteVectorsCSV (const char *filename) const |
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const ReducedData & | WriteDerivativesCSV (const char *filename) const |
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template<typename Model > |
| ReducedData & | ComputeData (Model &&original, const DataSet &data, const MatrixXd &W) |
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template<typename Model , typename Embedded > |
| ReducedData & | ComputeDataEmbedded (const ModelEmbedded< Model, Embedded > &original, const DataSet &data, const MatrixXd &W) |
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vector< VectorXd > | points |
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vector< VectorXd > | vectors |
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vector< MatrixXd > | derivatives |
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double | scales [2] |
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size_t | count = 0 |
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uint32_t | dimension = 0 |
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The documentation for this struct was generated from the following files:


All five sample letters have been modified from those made available on ChexSystems Victims. See Chapter One for information about consumer reporting agencies for checking accounts.
ChexSystems/TeleCheck Letters:
1. Initial dispute
2. Demand for removal to reporting agency
3. Procedural request
Financial Institution Letters:
4. Demand for removal to financial institution (abuse/fraud)
5. Demand for removal to financial institution (non-sufficient funds)
Send your letters to the address of the appropriate agency:
ChexSystems Consumer Relations
7805 Hudson Road
Suite 100
Woodbury, MN 55125
TeleCheck Services, Inc.
Attention: Consumer Resolutions-FA
P.O. Box 4514
Houston, TX 77210
1. Initial Dispute
[Your name]
[Your address]
[ChexSystems or TeleCheck address]
[Date]
RE: Consumer ID # [Your Consumer ID #]
Consumer Relations Dept.:
I have recently been informed that there is negative information reported by [name of bank] in the file [ChexSystems/TeleCheck] maintains under my Social Security number. Upon ordering a copy of the report, I see an entry from this bank listing a “[condition, e.g., NSF, overdraft, account abuse]” in [month] [year].
I am unaware of ever having a “[same condition]” from this bank. Please validate this information with [name of bank] and provide me with copies of any documentation associated with this “[same condition]” bearing my signature. In the absence of any such documentation, I ask that this information be immediately deleted from the file you maintain under my Social Security number.
You have 30 days to verify this information and to provide me with a document bearing my original signature. If you cannot, I am demanding removal under the Fair Credit Reporting Act.
This report is severely restricting my banking abilities.
My contact information is as follows:
[Your name, not signed]
[Social Security number]
[Address]
Cc: [Lawyer’s name]
Sincerely,
[Your name, signed]
2. Demand for Removal to Reporting Agency
[Your name]
[Your address]
[ChexSystems or TeleCheck address]
[Date]
RE: Consumer ID # [Your Consumer ID #]
Consumer Relations Dept.:
This letter is in response to your recent claim that [name of bank] has verified this account to be mine. Yet again, you have failed to provide me with a copy of any viable evidence submitted by [name of bank]. Be advised that the description of the procedure used to determine the accuracy and completeness of the information is hereby requested, to be provided within fifteen (15) days of the completion of your reinvestigation.
Additionally, please provide the name, address, and telephone number of each person contacted at [name of bank] regarding this alleged account. I am formally requesting a copy of any documents provided by [name of bank]. If [name of bank] does not validate the debt, it is a violation of the FCRA [611 [15 U.S.C. § 1681i] a 6 B iii:
“a notice that, if requested by the consumer, a description of the procedure used to determine the accuracy and completeness of the information shall be provided to the consumer by the agency, including the business name and address of any furnisher of information contacted in connection with such information and the telephone number of such furnisher, if reasonably available.”
The listed item is entirely inaccurate and incomplete, and represents a very serious error in your reporting.
Failure to comply with federal regulations by credit reporting agencies is investigated by the Federal Trade Commission (see 15 U.S.C. § 41). I am maintaining a careful record of my communications with you for the purpose of filing a complaint with the FTC and the State Attorney General’s office, should you continue in your noncompliance.
My contact information is as follows:
[Same as sample letter #1]
3. Procedural Request
[Your name]
[Your address]
[ChexSystems or TeleCheck address]
[Date]
RE: Consumer ID # [Your Consumer ID #]
Consumer Relations Dept.:
As I have not heard back from you in over [15/30/45] days regarding my notice of dispute dated [date letter was sent], I must presume that no proof in fact exists.
You are currently in violation of the Fair Credit Reporting Act.
Your failure to respond, in writing, hand signed, and in a timely manner, will work as a waiver to any and all of your claims in this matter, and will entitle me to presume that you are reporting my name and Social Security number in error, and that this matter is permanently closed. Remove me from your records immediately.
Failure to respond within 30 days of receipt of this certified letter will result in a small claims action against your company. I will be seeking a minimum of $5,000 in damages for:
- Defamation
- Negligent enablement of identity fraud
- Violation of the Fair Credit Reporting Act
For the purposes of 15 U.S.C. § 1692 et seq., this notice has the same effect as a dispute to the validity of the alleged debt and a dispute to the validity of your claims. This notice is an attempt to correct your records, and any information received from you will be collected as evidence should any further action be necessary. This is a request for information only, and is not a statement, election, or waiver of status.
My contact information is as follows:
[Same as sample letter #1]
4. Demand for Removal to Financial Institution (Abuse/Fraud)
[Your name]
[Your address]
[Name and address of original bank]
[Date]
RE: Acct # [Your account #]
To whom it may concern:
This is a formal notice of dispute regarding information that [name of bank] sent to [ChexSystems/TeleCheck], a consumer reporting agency.
The following false information was sent to [ChexSystems/TeleCheck]:
[List the information the way it is shown in the report]
This information was disputed with [ChexSystems/TeleCheck] on [date]; however, [Name of bank] verified the information as accurate. This falsely reported information damages my financial reputation and should be removed immediately.
[Name of bank] reported [account abuse/suspected fraud/fraud] when in fact, no [abuse/fraud] took place. There was no illegal activity on the account.
[Only include these two sentences if no money is owed to the reporting bank]: [Name of bank] did not experience any financial loss and no money is owed on this account. There was no violation of the account agreement that governed the account.
Under my rights under the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act, I am asking for an investigation of this reported information, and removal of the false information reported to [ChexSystems/TeleCheck].
Sincerely,
[Your name]
cc: [Bank branch where account was opened]
5. Demand for Removal to Financial Institution (Non-Sufficient Funds)
[Your name]
[Your address]
[Name and address of original bank]
[Date]
RE: Acct # [Your account #]
To whom it may concern:
This letter is regarding account # [xxxx-xxx], which you claim [condition, e.g., “I owe $100.00”]. This is a formal notice that your claim is disputed.
I am requesting validation, made pursuant to the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act. Please note that I am requesting “validation”; that is, competent evidence bearing my signature, showing that I have, or ever had, some contractual obligation to pay you.
Please also be aware that any negative mark found on my credit reports, including [ChexSystems/TeleCheck], from your company or any company that you represent for a debt that I do not owe is a violation of the Fair Credit Reporting Act. Therefore if you cannot validate the debt, you must request that all credit reporting agencies delete the entry.
Pending the outcome of my investigation of any evidence that you submit, you are instructed to take no action that could be detrimental to any of my credit reports.
Failure to respond within 30 days of receipt of this certified letter will result in legal action against your company. I will be seeking a minimum of $5,000 in damages for:
- Defamation
- Negligent enablement of identity fraud
- Violation of the Fair Credit Reporting Act
For the purposes of 15 U.S.C. § 1692 et seq., this notice has the same effect as a dispute to the validity of the alleged debt and a dispute to the validity of your claims. This notice is an attempt to correct your records, and any information received from you will be collected as evidence should any further action be necessary. This is a request for information only, and is not a statement, election, or waiver of status.
My contact information is as follows:
[Same as sample letter #1]


Org Chart
Arturo
Manager
ID: 123
Email:
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Office number:<PHONE_NUMBER>
Mari
Engineer
ID: 124
Email:
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>GitHub:
marirocks
Tom
Intern
ID: 125
Email:
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>School: Oakton Community College


MR ERIC WONG PROPERTY & LEASE MANAGERS 26 KESINGTON COURT LONDON, ENGLAND. Dear Friend, I write you in good faith, hoping that you will treat this letter as a desperate search for assistance in a matter that shall benefit both of us. A random search based on your locality from the Internet produced your name and address, Please i apologise for this medium of contact as it appears the only definate way i can have assistance with this matter. I am Eric Wong a property Manager to a deceased Immigrant property magnate who was based in the U.K., also referred to as my client. On Monday, 31 July, 2000, 13:22 GMT 14:22 UK , my client, his wife and their two Children died in the Air France concord plane crash bound for New York in their plan for a world cruise, I have been managing his properties here in the U.K. and some others which he put out for sale. The properties which have long been put out on sale have now been paid for and now the money paid has long been deposited into his local bank account here. I have contacted you to assist in repatriating the money and estate left behind by my client before they get confiscated or declared unserviceable by his bank. Particularly, the bank has issued me with a notice to provide any of his next of kin or have the account confiscated within a short period of time. My late client has an account valued at 30 Million United States Dollars Only. Since I have been unsuccessful in locating any of my clients relatives for some time now and with no one coming forward since my clients passing on, and with the bank now giving me a deadline, I now seek your consent to present you as the next of kin to my deceased client, so that the proceeds of his account valued at 30 Million United States Dollars Only can be paid to you. This I intend we share amongst ourselves in the ratio of 50% to me and 40% for you while the balance 10% we shall use for settling any miscellaneous expenses that might arise. I have all the necessary information that can be used to back up any Claim that we may make and I can assure you that you shall be paid this amount as the next of kin to my late client. All I require is your honest co-operation to enable us see this deal through. I guarantee that this will be executed under a legitimate arrangement that will protect you from any breach of the law. Trust me as his Manager of his Estates, as i have all the needed information, that this is a risk-free relationship. Please get in touch with me via email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>, if you are interested in helping me, so that we can discuss and i can send to you additional details. Best regards, Eric Wong ___________________________________________________________________________


Guardiola, closer to an indefinite holiday than to Germany
by BeSoccerPep Guardiola has once again been linked to Bayern Munich in the last few days. According to 'Kicker', the Spanish coach would opt for a year out rather than returning to German football.
When Guardiola cuts ties, it's usually forever. Already based in Manchester City, Pep has the most difficult task yet in trying to surpass a very comfortable first placed Liverpool. Beyond sporting performance, many are wondering what will become of his future.
With the recent departure of Niko Kovac from Bayern Munich, Germany has come link Guardiola with Bayern Munich once again, raising the possibility of a return to the Allianz Arena.
Featured links
- BREAKING NEWS: Mourinho replaces Pochettino at Tottenham
- The latest football transfers news and rumours
- Wales, golf, Madrid... in that order
- Luis Enrique returns to Spain national team
However, as shown by 'Kicker', this is not something very realistic... atleast not in the coach's mind. Whether or not he stays at City, he has no intention of returning to the Bundesliga.
In fact, as this source states, he would rather opt for a year out to try to put his mind at rest and renew ideas for future projects.
Months ago he said he'd like to be able to coach a national team someday. Who knows if Pep's next adventure has to do with putting himself at the helm of a national team...


Thursday…I got invited to fly down to the Bahamas and spend the weekend learning from some of the most brilliant entrepreneurs, coaches and CEOs. Initially, I had a million reasons why I couldn’t go.
When you begin to live in a way that is connected to your inner and true INTENTIONS and VALUES, the world around aligns to give you exactly what you need exactly when you need it. One of the most powerful and life-changing rituals I have is to start the day with affirmations and visualizing the exact experiences I wanted to have. Instead of getting caught up in thinking “I don’t have” or “I want this but am clueless as to how I will get there”, I just think about what I would like to create and then ask for assistance. From there, I program my mind with powerful mantras to ensure inner confidence that I can achieve it. This is key. As Gabby Bernstein says...ASK. BELIEVE. RECEIVE.
Spending a weekend with visionaries in business taught me a few things:
Failure is part of it. It’s what we do with failure that determines success. If you don’t believe me, check out this link below to see all of the famous people that failed and where they ended up If you are feeling stuck or unsure how to get what you truly desire in life, begin by being grateful for all you have. Then, take some time to write about what you truly want to CREATE. Connect to this vision every day. Often in coaching, I see people lose sight of their bigger vision because they don’t believe it’s possible or they don’t make time and space to clarify what it is they really want. And I completely understand this because I have experienced it many times. There have been times that I’ve forgotten it is only ME who holds the power in my heart to CREATE what it is I desire.  Let it light up your world.


Mega-IO Dashboard
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Bitcoin YTD Performance Exceeds 140%, Outperforms Most Traditional Assets
by Julio Gil-PulgarThe year 2019 is coming to an end. So, it is time to mark a milestone, pause for reflection, and take stock of how bitcoin did this year versus 2018. The good news is that BTC had a remarkable recovery in 2019. And once again, the king of cryptocurrencies is outperforming the traditional asset class.
Bitcoin YTD Performance over 140%
Bitcoin ended the year 2018 on a painful downward trend. After having reached an all-time high of $20,000 in 2017, the cryptocurrency dramatically dropped to below $3,800 at the end of 2018.
Now, the outlook for BTC appears brighter this year. Bitcoin price ended October 2019 on a pretty bullish note. By rising from a five-month low under $7,500 and returning firmly to its path toward smashing the $10,000 price mark.
To continue the story further, this year, bitcoin is significantly outperforming not only other cryptocurrencies but also key traditional assets.
Indeed, the number one cryptocurrency’s YTD performance of ~140% outshines Nasdaq 100 (28.93%), IBM (19.23%), Apple (62.8%), and oil (21.06%).
Most notably, gold, Bitcoin’s competitor as a safe-haven investment, has only registered 14.53% gains YTD .
BTC on Track to Become 2019’s Best-Performing Asset
With its spectacular performance, bitcoin certainly already merits the title of 2019’s best-performing asset.
Most importantly, in spite of volatility, and remaining well below its 2019 high of over $12,500, data suggests that BTC’s recovery is just getting started. For example, as of this writing, Bitcoin is hovering around 00. For many, this price indicates that crypto winter is over. In effect, Delphi Digital’s BTC latest monthly outlook report concludes,
After continuously declining since the YTD price peak in June, the volume has come back to life in this recent resurgence, giving credence to the idea that the bottom is behind us.
Other indicators too suggest bitcoin’s 2019 return to bullishness as well as the strengthening of its network. In this regard, Anthony Pompliano, co-founder and partner at Morgan Creek Digital, pointed out,
195 days until the next Bitcoin halving. Less than 3 million Bitcoin left to mine. Hash rate keeps hitting all-time highs. We are watching the strongest computer network in the world continue to get stronger and stronger.
What do you think of bitcoin’s outlook for 2020? Let us know your thoughts in the comments below!
____________________________________________________________________________________
Images via Shutterstock, Twitter: @charliebilello,
The Rundown


TABLE OF CONTENTS
A. GS1 Related Social Issues 1. Talaq to be a part of madrasa curriculum B. GS2 Related Polity 1. Top court sets aside HC order on riot recompense 2. Centre argues against making marital rape a crime in Delhi high court International Relations 1. With Doklam standoff resolved, PM to visit China 2. Agreeing to disagree 3. Govt to ease norms for organ donors C. GS3 Related Economics 1. Consolidated FDI policy document released 2. Unease of doing business 3. Centre to unveil ‘future-ready’ industrial policy in October 4. Forex reserves: The problem of plenty 5. Minimum wage to vary across states Internal Security and Disaster Management 1. Only Indian phones for defense officials? 2. Eastern turbulence 3. Behind Mumbai flood, cruel August Environment and Ecology 1. Lakes of fire D. GS4 Related E. Prelims Fact F. UPSC Prelims Practice Questions G. UPSC Mains Practice Questions
1. Talaq to be a part of madrasa curriculum
In news:
- To educate Muslims about the practice of talaq after the recent Supreme Court ruling on the matter, a leading dargah of the Sunni sect has decided to include it in the curriculum of the madrasas.
- The dargah has also issued a helpline number for such cases.
1. Top court sets aside HC order on riot recompense
In news:
- Gujarat High Court: directed the State to pay compensation to shrines destroyed in the 2002 communal riots.
- The Supreme Court set aside this particular order of Gujarat High Court.
- State governments view accepted by the court: taxpayers’ money cannot be spent to promote a particular religion.
- Gujarat government scheme : pay up to ₹50,000 as ex-gratia assistance to authorised religious places damaged, destroyed or desecrated during the riots.
Other cases:
Prafull Goradia judgment:
- Supreme Court observation: using “substantial part” of the tax-payers’ money for paying damages to destroyed religious structures would violate Article 27 of the Constitution.
- Article 27. Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion: No person shall be compelled to pay any taxes, the proceeds of which are specifically appropriated in payment of expenses for the promotion or maintenance of any particular religion or religious denomination
2. Centre argues against making marital rape a crime in Delhi high court
Context:
- NGO, RTI Foundation filed a plea before Delhi High Court:
- Strike down the exception under Section 375 (rape) of the IPC, which does not penalize sexual intercourse between a man and his wife if she is over 15 years of age.
- Such an exception would be against the interest of married women as it is violative of Article 14 (equality under law) and 21 (right to life) of the Constitution.
In news:
Center’s response:
- If marital rape is recognized as a crime then it would-
- Destabilize the institution of marriage, apart from being an easy tool for harassing husbands.
- The courts too would find it difficult to rely upon evidence in such circumstances as there could be “no lasting evidence in case of sexual acts between a man and his own wife”.
Basic Information
Section 375 in The Indian Penal Code
375. Rape .—A man is said to commit “rape” who, except in the case hereinafter excepted, has sexual intercourse with a woman under circumstances falling under any of the six following descriptions:—
(First) — Against her will.
(Secondly) —Without her consent.
(Thirdly) — With her consent, when her consent has been obtained by putting her or any person in whom she is interested in fear of death or of hurt.

(Fifthly) — With her consent, when, at the time of giving such consent, by reason of unsoundness of mind or intoxication or the administration by him personally or through another of any stupefying or unwholesome substance, she is unable to understand the nature and consequences of that to which she gives consent.
(Sixthly) — With or without her consent, when she is under sixteen years of age. Explanation.—Penetration is sufficient to constitute the sexual intercourse necessary to the offence of rape.
(Exception) —Sexual intercourse by a man with his own wife, the wife not being under fifteen years of age, is not rape.] STATE AMENDMENT
(Manipur) —(a) in clause sixthly, for the word “sixteen” substitute the word “fourteen”;
Category: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
1. With Doklam standoff resolved, PM to visit China
Context:
- Narendra Modi is all set to visit China for the BRICS summit.
9 th BRICS summit:
- Location: Xiamen, China’s Fujian province.
- Date: September 3-5, 2017.
Basic Information
BRICS:
- BRICS is the acronym for an association of five major emerging national economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa .
- Originally the first four were grouped as “BRIC” (or “the BRICs”), before the induction of South Africa in 2010.
- The BRICS members are all leading developing or newly industrialized countries , but they are distinguished by their large, sometimes fast-growing economies and significant influence on regional affairs; all five are G-20 members.
- The term does not include countries such as South Korea, Mexico and Turkey for which other acronyms and group associations were later created.
Financial structure: Currently, there are two components that make up the financial architecture of BRICS, namely, the New Development Bank (NDB) and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) . Both of these components were signed into treaty in 2014 and became active in 2015.
a. New Development Bank:
- The New Development Bank (NDB) is based in Shanghai.
- The New Development Bank (NDB), formerly referred to as the BRICS Development Bank, is a multilateral development bank operated by the BRICS states.
- The bank’s primary focus of lending will be infrastructure projects with authorized lending of up to $34 billion annually.
- South Africa will be the African Headquarters of the Bank named the “New Development Bank Africa Regional Centre”.
- The bank will have starting capital of $50 billion, with capital increased to $100 billion over time.
- Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa will initially contribute $10 billion each to bring the total to $50 billion.
b. BRICS CRA:
- The BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) is a framework for providing protection against global liquidity pressures .
- This includes currency issues where members’ national currencies are being adversely affected by global financial pressures.
- It is found that emerging economies that experienced rapid economic liberalization went through increased economic volatility, bringing uncertain macroeconomic environment.
- The CRA is generally seen as a competitor to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and along with the New Development Bank is viewed as an example of increasing South-South cooperation.
- It was established in 2015 by the BRICS countries Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.
- The legal basis is formed by the Treaty for the Establishment of a BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement, signed at Fortaleza , Brazil on 15 July 2014.
2. Govt to ease norms for organ donors
Possible amendment to the Human Organs and Tissues Transplantation Act, 1994 (as amended in 2011)
- The government plans to include step-parents, step-siblings and extended family members in the definition of ‘near relatives’ allowed to donate critical organs
- This move is likely to benefit patients awaiting transplants.
Present scenario:
Near relatives include: spouses, children, parents, siblings, grandparents and grandchildren.
1. Consolidated FDI policy document released
Context
- The government has come out with the latest edition of its consolidated FDI policy document – a compilation of the changes made in the past one year in a single document.
Importance:
- It is an initiative aimed at ensuring greater ease of doing business in India and an investor-friendly climate to foreign investors so that the country attracts more FDI.
Consolidated FDI policy:
- For the first time, the document has included start-ups.
- As per the norms, start-ups can raise up to 100 per cent of funds from Foreign Venture Capital Investor (FVCI).
- The document said the start-ups can issue equity or equity linked instruments or debt instruments to FVCI against receipt of foreign remittance.
- Person residing outside India (other than citizens/entities of Pakistan and Bangladesh) will be permitted to purchase convertible notes issued by an Indian start-up company for an amount of Rs 25 lakh or more in a single tranche.
- Non Resident Indians can also acquire convertible notes on non- repatriation basis.
- The start-up issuing convertible notes would be required to furnish reports as prescribed by the RBI
Context:
- Niti Aayog survey shows starting a business remains a difficult task.
Keypoints:
- World Bank’s Ease of Doing Business (2016) Ranking positioned India at a abysmal 130 out of 150 countries.
- A survey by the Niti Aayog and the Mumbai-based think tank, IDFC Institute, post a year disclose that the determinations of the Centre and state governments to ease the system of permits and clearances could not satisfy the interests of most entrepreneurs who are discomforted with the country’s regulatory environment.
- The survey across the country demonstrates that most firms do not use the single-window systems for business and regulatory clearances.
- Survey claims Tamil Nadu,the best performing states where the process takes more than 60 days and on average four months to set up a business in India.
- Persistent drawbacks with governance in India are seen as the reason behind the gap between the claims and realities.
- The difficulty of cutting the red tape of the lower bureaucracy is one of the major hurdles in the process.
- The World Bank’s report (2016), highlighted that delays in issuing construction permits affected the ease of doing business in India.
- A key worry to the administrators come in as entrepreneurs from employment-intensive sectors are more likely to face problems and securing construction and other permits, compared to the capital-intensive ones.
- The survey should serve as a wake-up call to government and a reminder that over two decades after economic reforms the Indian state is still flailing when it comes to easing the path for entrepreneurs.
3. Centre to unveil ‘future-ready’ industrial policy in October
In news:
- The government is all set to announce the new ‘future-ready’ Industrial Policy in October
-
Policy aim:
- To facilitate the use of smart technologies such as the internet of things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics for advanced manufacturing .
- To make India a manufacturing hub by promoting ‘Make in India’
- To subsume the National Manufacturing Policy.
- Six thematic focus groups: manufacturing and MSME; technology and innovation; ease of doing business; infrastructure, investment, trade and fiscal policy; and skills and employability for the future, would facilitate inputs.
-
Constraints to Industrial growth:
- Inadequate infrastructure
- Restrictive labour laws
- Complicated business environment
- Slow technology adoption
- Low productivity
- Challenges for trade including the Indian MSME sector facing tough competition from cheap imports from China and FTA countries,
- Inadequate expenditure on R&D and Innovation.
4. Minimum wage to vary across states
Context:
- The Code on Wages Bill proposed by the Union government.
In news:
- Proposed bill will not fix a single national level minimum wage for the whole country, but will vary across states and geographies.
- Code on Wages Bill 2017: “It provides for national minimum wage for different geographical areas so as to ensure that no State Government fixes the minimum wage below the national minimum wage, notified for that area by the Central Government,”
- The Centre will fix different wages through a notification after consulting the Central Advisory Board.
- As per the new provisions of the bill- if the minimum wages fixed by the states are already higher than the ‘national minimum wage’, the states will not be allowed to lower their wage levels .
- The Code on Wages Bill combines four labour laws — Payment of Wages Act, 1936, Minimum Wages Act, 1948, Payment of Bonus Act, 1965 and Equal Remuneration Act, 1976.
Category: INTERNAL SECURITY AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT
1. Only Indian phones for defense officials?
Context:
In news:
- The Centre is considering the creation of a secure communications ecosystem for its officials, especially those working in the defence sector .
- Proposals:
- Mandating the use of mobile phones manufactured by Indian companies for official communication.
- Secure email service to its officials. The email will offer enhanced security authentication mechanisms such as geo-fencing and device mapping .
Basic Information
-
Geo-fencing
is a feature in a software program that uses the
global positioning system
(GPS) or
radio frequency identification (RFID)
to define geographical boundaries.
Geo-fencing allow an administrator to set up triggers so when a device enters (or exits) the boundaries defined by the administrator, an alert is issued. Many geo-fencing applications incorporate Google Earth, allowing administrators to define boundaries on top of a satellite view of a specific geographical area. Other applications define boundaries by longitude and latitude or through user-created and Web-based maps.
Context:
- Calls for Gorkhaland and Bodoland are churning the region afresh.
- An exceptionally sizeable attendance of women blocked the national highway to Assam demanding Bodoland.
Keypoints:
- The blockade impact can be on the disruption of trade and transport links between the Northeast and the rest of India.
- This region is already facing the burnt of the seasonal floods in the Brahmaputra basin.
- Both these instances together can result in severe economic costs to this region.
- Tea and tourism, which are lifelines of the local economy, have almost crumpled.
- Well-timed state involvement handled with patience and wisdom may prevent these agitations from spreading, and becoming violent.
Reason behind the demand:
- At the roots of these protests lies in the communal identity and their representation. The Gorkhas in the Darjeeling hills and the Bodos in upper Assam believe that a separate state is necessary to protect their collective social, cultural and political identities including language and ethnicity.
- The seeds of separatist politics now churning the region are the result of the constitution of states like Bengal and Assam.
- The majority or dominant groups established their linguistic and ethnic identity without giving much attention towards the minorities, who were then in the margins of the region’s politics.
Way forward:
- The run of identity politics needs to be destroyed, where the autonomous bodies can play a prominent role.
- Gorkhaland Territorial Administration and Bodo Autonomous Council are valuable tools in delivering the public goods and build physical and social infrastructure. However, the unfinished and unsatisfying work of politics in these states may not fully satisfy the aspirations of these groups.
3. Behind Mumbai flood, cruel August
Context:
- Ceaseless showe r in the financial capital of India over the last two days has
- paralyzed the city.
Keypoints:
- Mumbai recorded 315.8 mm of rainfall between 8:30 am and 8:30 pm Tuesday.
- Had so much rainfall occurred in May or June, the condition in Mumbai might have been less severe, says meteorological office.
- Despite these rains being forecast well in advance, no mitigative/preventive steps were taken.
- Mumbai has recieved about 2,000 mm of rainfall this monsoon season (since June), which is more than normal.
- Larger impact of the rains on city life could be due to the moisture saturated soil whose ability to absorb water is diminished.
Reason behind Intense rainfall
- The strong low-pressure area that had developed over southern Madhya Pradesh, is one of the several reasons behind the intense monsoon this year.
- The regional distribution of monsoon rainfall has been quite even.
- Only Kerala, south-interior Karnataka, Vidarbha, eastern Madhya Pradesh, western Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Delhi, and Punjab have had deficient rainfall this season.
- Bengaluru had received massive rains previous week, about 180 mm in a single day, and was faced with similar flooding and resultant chaos.
- Earlier, huge parts of Assam, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha have also faced floods this season.
Category: ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY
Context:
- Lakes froth spilling in Bengaluru is a symptom of a pervasive urban problem.
Keypoints:
- Bellandur lake in Bengaluru has been much in the news for the outpouring foam and froth and the rise of smoke and flames from the area surrounding it.
- City’s heaviest rains in a century, rose the froth and foam as high as 10 to 12 feet from Bellandur and spread onto the streets, endangering traffic and entering shops and homes across the road, causing huge inconvenience to those living in the area.
- In May 2015, the Bellandur lake itself was on fire, creating enormous fear and anxiety in the minds of the people living in the area.
- The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) submitted a report to the Union Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, which resulted in setting up an expert committee by the state government.
- The report highlights the sustained inflow of untreated sewage and industrial effluents as the principal forces behind the phenomena of froth and fire.
- The Silicon Valley of India, which has been known for its hundreds of lakes originally built in the 16th century by damming the natural valley systems is threatened with pollution today.
- The National Green Tribunal has issued a number of directions emphasising the need for removal of silt from the lake, treatment of municipal sewage which is going into the water body, closure of polluting industries, ban on dumping of municipal solid waste around the lake, penalty on apartment buildings in the area which are sending untreated sewage to the lake and an environmental fine of Rs 5 lakh on anyone found dumping waste in and around the lake.
- The untreated wastewater or sewage of local waterbodies feeds the growth of water-weeds, which blankets surface water.
- Apparently, the huge roots of water hyacinth absorb impurities and can lock up pollutants in the water.
- The microbes feeding on the rotting organic matter consume all the oxygen in the water, disturbing the ecology for the survival of fish life.
- When such organic matter naturally breaks down, it releases fatty acids that float to the surface. This is how foam is formed and turns into froth.
- The phosphorus content in the detergents in India is much higher than 2.2 per cent, which contributes to the formation of these weeds.
- Urban planning in India must ensure that wetlands which are natural recharge zones are typically not disturbed
Facts:
- Out of 480 million litres per day (MLD) of wastewater discharged to the lake, only 308 MLD is treated.
- According to the CPCB, 75 per cent of the measured pollution in our rivers from point sources is from municipal sewage and 25 per cent is from industrial effluents.
Nothing here for Today!!!
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NATIONAL PARKS/SANCTURIES/BIOSPHERE RESERVES: Nanda Devi National Park
Rajaji National Park
IUCN Red List: Rameshwaram ornamental, or Rameshwaram parachute spider
Peacock tarantula
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F. Practice Questions for UPSC Prelims Exam
G. UPSC Mains Practice Questions
GS Paper I
- Lake froth spilling in Urban localities are being a major concern in urban ambience. What steps can be taken to address the issue?
GS Paper II
- What are the essentials of a true federalism? Analyze the nature of the Indian federation?
- Examine the need for the review of Indian Constitution?
- Claims for separate statehood are seen repeatedly in news. Can the grant for separate state address the regional problems? What are the problems behind demanding a separate statehood in India?
GS Paper III
- Considering the threats cyberspace poses for the country, India needs a “Digital Armed Force” to prevent crimes. Critically evaluate the National Cyber Security Policy, 2013 outlining the challenges perceived in its effective implementation.
- Are urban floods a cause of concern? What are the measures taken in pre and post disaster management as per the NDMA,2005 guidelines with respect to the urban floods?
- Despite many guidelines the ease of doing business lies abysmal in the country as per the recent NITI aayog survey. What are the hurdles inhibiting the growth in this area despite a significant progress post the economic reforms?What measures can be taken to address the issue?
GS Paper IV
Topic: CASE STUDY ANALYSIS
Question 1.
You are stranded in traffic in your car. You are driving the car. A poor girl looking very frail approaches
you and start begging for money. Looking at her frail appearance, out of compassion, you take out your
wallet to search for a ten Rupees note. The girl who is standing very near to you snatches the wallet
and starts running. A man on a motorbike who see this act, catches the girl and starts beating her in full
view of public. Now the traffic is moving and your car is in the middle of the road.
What will you do in such a situation? Explain the course of action and reason?
Answer
Action should be as follow:
- Park Car- so that no disturbance to the traffic
- Call to destination where I was heading about the emergency so that they will not wait for me.
- Reach the spot where the man is beating girl and immediately stop him and ask him not to beat or take law in his hand. Thank him for taking notice of the theft and taking action, but remind him that the girl is very young and could have acted out of hunger too. Remind him gently that it is a public space and such act physical violence could land him in legal trouble. This should lower his anger.
- If girl is injured- carry out first aid from the box available in the car. Get her something to eat and drink.
- Try to know her history and then informing to NGO or child care centre and personally taking to there will be my choice since leaving her just like that will make her to repeat the act since it’s the poverty and poor care made her to act. If these are given girl will desist from such acts.
- Make an occasional follow up of the girl with the agency to whom she had been handed over to.