Health Checks
In this exercise we're going to extend the Java API of our workshop sample application with a health check.
Health Checks in Swarm
The project folder for this exercise is ~/ddev-labs/health-checks
.
Implementing a Health Endpoint
Open the file
api/src/main/java/com/docker/ddev/controller/UtilityController.java
, and add the following healthcheck route, immediately under theJdbcTemplate
declaration in theUtilityController
class:@SuppressWarnings("unchecked") @RequestMapping(value="/healthcheck", method = RequestMethod.GET) public ResponseEntity<?> healthCheck() { logger.info("Performing healthcheck"); if(unhealthy) { return new ResponseEntity<Object>(new CustomErrorType("API unhealthy."), HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR); } JSONObject healthcheck = new JSONObject(); try { String sql = "SELECT to_char(current_timestamp, 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI')"; String status = jdbcTemplate.queryForObject(sql, String.class); healthcheck.put("status", status); } catch (Exception e) { logger.warn("An exception occurred while checking the database: {}", e); return new ResponseEntity<Object>(new CustomErrorType("Database not responding."), HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR); } return new ResponseEntity<JSONObject>(healthcheck, HttpStatus.OK); }
Our healthcheck checks a boolean that flags an unhealthy state, as well as performs its own check on database connectivity. If either fail, a server error is returned. Otherwise, the healthcheck responds with a 200 / OK.
Adjusting the Dockerfile and building the Images
Open the file
api/Dockerfile
, and note that after the secondFROM
we have added an instruction to installcurl
as follows:... FROM java:8-jdk-alpine RUN apk update && apk add curl ...
We need
curl
inside our container to probe the healthcheck endpoint.Build, tag, and push images for all three services of the application by running the provided
build-and-push.sh
script:ubuntu@infra:~/ddev-labs/health-checks$ export MY_DOCKER_ID=<Docker ID> ubuntu@infra:~/ddev-labs/health-checks$ bash build-and-push.sh
Running the Application with Health Checks in a Swarm
Make sure your
infra
node is running in swarm mode. If not please create a swarm withdocker swarm init
.In the
health-checks
folder there is a file calledmy-stack.yml
with the following content. We will be using it to run our application as a stack, which is much the same as an application run using Docker Compose, but taking advantage of all the features of Docker Swarm Mode. Note that we're using our Docker Hub username. This will allow each host within our swarm to pull the image used by each service.version: "3.1" services: database: image: ${MY_DOCKER_ID}/ddev-db:1.0 environment: POSTGRES_USER: gordonuser POSTGRES_DB: ddev ports: - "5432:5432" networks: - back-tier secrets: - postgres_password api: image: ${MY_DOCKER_ID}/ddev-api:1.0 ports: - "8080:8080" - "5005:5005" networks: - front-tier - back-tier secrets: - postgres_password healthcheck: test: ["CMD", "curl", "-f", "http://localhost:8080/utility/healthcheck"] interval: 30s timeout: 10s retries: 3 ui: image: ${MY_DOCKER_ID}/ddev-ui:1.0 ports: - "3000:3000" networks: - front-tier secrets: postgres_password: file: ./devsecrets/postgres_password networks: front-tier: back-tier:
Please note the section
healthcheck
in the details of the serviceapi
. We're doing a health check every 30 seconds. On each check we timeout after 10 seconds. Finally, we assume that the service task is dead after three consecutive failures.Please discuss with your peers what exactly the above
test
command in thehealthcheck
section does. For more details see https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/builder/#healthcheck.Create a stack:
ubuntu@infra:~/ddev-labs/health-checks$ docker stack deploy -c my-stack.yml app
Give it some time to start up. The following command:
ubuntu@infra:~/ddev-labs/health-checks$ watch docker stack ps app
should eventually show this:
Every 2.0s: docker stack ps app Anubis.local: Fri Jul 14 10:09:04 2017 ID NAME IMAGE ... CURRENT STATE n6uvhy7rxmux app_ui.1 ddev-ui:1.0 Running 6 minutes ago woky0lgjcnj1 app_api.1 ddev-api:1.0 Running 6 minutes ago kwhwz3olk5j6 app_database.1 ddev-db:1.0 Running 6 minutes ago
List all containers of the
app
stack:ubuntu@infra:~/ddev-labs/health-checks$ docker container ls | grep app_
which should show something similar to this:
6b4f28d713da ddev-ui:1.0 "/bin/sh -c 'node ..." 8 minutes ago Up 8 minutes 5cd074b02131 ddev-api:1.0 "java -jar /app/dd..." 8 minutes ago Up 8 minutes (healthy) 478f3f1295ba ddev-db:1.0 "docker-entrypoint..." 8 minutes ago Up 8 minutes
Please note the
(healthy)
in theSTATUS
column of theapi
container.Test whether the
api
healthcheck works:ubuntu@infra:~/ddev-labs/health-checks$ curl localhost:8080/utility/healthcheck
it should return something like:
{"status":"2017-07-14 15:03"}
Test whether the app runs as expected:
ubuntu@infra:~/ddev-labs/health-checks$ curl localhost:3000/pet; echo
we should get the HTML for the cat view. Everything seems healthy and functioning correctly at this point.
Responding to Health Failure
Now we're going to artificially trigger an unhealthy state in our application.
Notice in the
UtilityController
class you modified above, there is an additional routesimulate-failure
. Of course you would never have such a route in a real application, but in this case we include it to conveniently induce an unhealthy application state.Monitor the containers:
ubuntu@infra:~/ddev-labs/health-checks$ watch docker container ls
Open another terminal and watch the
api
service:ubuntu@infra:~/ddev-labs/health-checks$ watch docker service ps app_api
And in a third terminal window trigger the failure of the
api
:ubuntu@infra:~/ddev-labs/health-checks$ curl \ localhost:8080/utility/simulate-failure ; echo
Observe what is happening (be patient). How long will you have to wait until failure is reported? Play with the
healthcheck
settings in the stack file to make your wait shorter.Don't forget to clean up after yourself:
ubuntu@infra:~/ddev-labs/health-checks$ docker stack rm app
Health Checks in Kubernetes
The project folder for this part of the exercise is ~/ddev-labs/health-check-kube
.
Implementing a Health Endpoint
Open the file
main.py
and note the endpoint/health
used for health checks:... @app.route("/health", methods=['GET']) def get_health(): if healthy == True: return 'OK', 200 return 'NOT OK', 500 ...
we return OK (200) if a global variable is
True
, otherwise we return NOT OK (500).Open the file
kube.yaml
and note thelivenessProbe
part in the YAML:... livenessProbe: exec: command: - curl - -f - http://localhost:8000/health initialDelaySeconds: 5 periodSeconds: 5
we're using a command to check the health endpoint:
curl -f http://localhost:8000/health
.Create the pod:
ubuntu@infra:~/ddev-labs/health-check-kube$ kubectl create -f kube.yaml
Use the
describe
command to observe the pod:ubuntu@infra:~/ddev-labs/health-check-kube$ kubectl describe pod/liveness-exec
which should show something like this (shortened):
... Events: Type Reason Age From Message ---- ------ ---- ---- ------- Normal Scheduled 16m default-scheduler Successfully assigned liveness-exec to minikube Normal SuccessfulMountVolume 16m kubelet, minikube MountVolume.SetUp succeeded for volume "default-token-6lk8g" Normal Pulling 16m kubelet, minikube pulling image "training/liveness:1.0" Normal Pulled 15m kubelet, minikube Successfully pulled image "training/liveness:1.0" Normal Created 15m kubelet, minikube Created container Normal Started 15m kubelet, minikube Started container
Now after we have confirmed that the pod runs normally when the health endpoint reports OK, it is time to see what's happening when the container running inside the pod becomes unhealthy. For this we run a shell inside the container:
ubuntu@infra:~/ddev-labs/health-check-kube$ kubectl exec -it liveness-exec -- /bin/sh
Once inside the container we use
curl
to set the value of the globalhealth
variable in the app toFalse
:# curl -X POST localhost:8000/health/bad; echo
We can double check that the health endpoint now reports NOT OK:
# curl -I localhost:8000/health
which gives us something like this:
HTTP/1.0 500 INTERNAL SERVER ERROR Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8 Content-Length: 6 Server: Werkzeug/0.14.1 Python/2.7.14 Date: Tue, 13 Feb 2018 19:40:53 GMT
Leave the container by typing
exit
.And check the status of the pod after this:
ubuntu@infra:~/ddev-labs/health-check-kube$ kubectl describe pod/liveness-exec
which returns this (shortened):
... Events: Type Reason Age From Message ---- ------ ---- ---- ------- Normal Scheduled 2h default-scheduler Successfully assigned liveness-http to minikube Normal SuccessfulMountVolume 2h kubelet, minikube MountVolume.SetUp succeeded for volume "default-token-6lk8g" Warning Unhealthy 1m (x3 over 1m) kubelet, minikube Liveness probe failed: HTTP probe failed with statuscode: 500 Normal Pulled 1m (x2 over 2h) kubelet, minikube Container image "training/liveness:1.0" already present on machine Normal Created 1m (x2 over 2h) kubelet, minikube Created container Normal Started 1m (x2 over 2h) kubelet, minikube Started container Normal Killing 1m kubelet, minikube Killing container with id docker://liveness:Container failed liveness probe.. Container will be killed and recreated.
Evidently the pod is killed after 3 unsuccessful retries to probe the health endpoint and then restarted. Kubernetes will abort this process of killing and creating the pod after a few times.
Do the very same as above with a liveness probe base on an HTTP call. Use
kube2.yaml
for this; the pod will be calledliveness-http
this time.Cleanup:
ubuntu@infra:~/ddev-labs/health-check-kube$ kubectl delete pod/liveness-exec ubuntu@infra:~/ddev-labs/health-check-kube$ kubectl delete pod/liveness-http
Optional Challenge: Health Check Endpoint in Python
In order to be able to complete this optional exercise, you must have completed Exercise with Python/Flask API backed by Mongo DB in the API Tests chapter.
Creating the application
Add a GET endpoint
/health
to the API defined in~/ddev-labs/api-tests-flask/api/main.py
:healthy = True @app.route("/health", methods=['GET']) def get_health(): if healthy == True: return 'OK', 200 return 'NOT OK', 500
Add a POST endpoint
/health/<status>
to the API which will be used to simulate a healthy or unhealthy service:@app.route("/health/<status>", methods=['POST']) def set_health(status): global healthy if status.lower() == "good": healthy = True; else: healthy = False; return 'OK', 200
Build the image. Remember we called it
api-tests
.Run a container from this image:
ubuntu@infra:~/ddev-labs/api-tests-flask/api$ docker container run --rm -it \ -p 8000:8000 api-tests
Open another terminal and query the
health
endpoint:ubuntu@infra:~$ curl localhost:8000/health
The result should be:
OK
Switch the health to bad:
ubuntu@infra:~$ curl -X POST localhost:8000/health/bad
Probe the
/health
endpoint again. This time the result should be:NOT OK
.Set the status to
good
again and make sure the/health
endpoint returnsOK
.Kill the container.
Defining the Health Check Command
Now we need to define the command that Docker swarm will use to check the health of the service. We can do this in the Dockerfile
.
Open the
Dockerfile
in theapi
sub-folder.Add the following line to it just before the definition of the
ENTRYPOINT
:HEALTHCHECK CMD curl --fail http://localhost:8000/health || exit 1
Please discuss with your neighbor what exactly the above command does. For more details see https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/builder/#healthcheck
Build the image again.
Running a Service with Health Check
Now we want to run the API as a service.
Make sure your Docker host is running in swarm mode. If not please init a swarm.
Create a file called
api-tests-flask/my-stack.yml
and add the following content:version: '3.1' services: api: image: api-tests ports: - 8000:8000 healthcheck: interval: 2s timeout: 2s retries: 3
Gist: http://bit.ly/2v0UCEb
Save the file.
Deploy the stack using the above stack file:
ubuntu@infra:~/ddev-labs/api-tests-flask$ docker stack deploy -c my-stack.yml api
Now open a second terminal and run the following command to observe the
api-tests
service:ubuntu@infra:~$ watch docker service ps api_api
you should see something like this:
Every 2.0s: docker service ps api_api ID NAME IMAGE NODE DESIRED STATE CURRENT STATE a1cqlkz8jfpg api_api.1 api-tests moby Running Running 20 seconds ago
As we can see, the service is up and running happily.
In another terminal window set the health of the service to
bad
:ubuntu@infra:~$ curl -X POST localhost:8000/health/bad
Observe what is happening in the window running the
watch
command. Give it at least 16 sec. or so.With your neighbor discuss what you saw and why this happened. Specifically discuss why it took approx. 16 seconds until something happened. The result should look something like this:
ID NAME IMAGE NODE DESIRED STATE CURRENT STATE ERROR PORTS u2dfxl7snj26 api_api.1 api-tests moby Running Running 16 seconds ago t5agzq65t8ez \_ api_api.1 api-tests moby Shutdown Failed 25 seconds ago "task: non-zero exit (137): do "
Try to query the
/health
endpoint. What do you see?Set the service to unhealthy again and observe.
For a third time set the service to unhealthy but after approx. 4 to 5 sec. set it back to healthy. What happens? What happens if you wait longer than 6 sec. but less than 16 sec.?
Conclusion
As a developer, you know best what it means for your application to be healthy. Bearing in mind that there could be an enormous number of instances of your application being scheduled across a datacenter (an order of magnitude more once containerized compared to VMs is not uncommon), it is a crucial responsibility for you to write healthcheck endpoints for all your containerized software. That way, your orchestrator (and not your ops team) can take responsibility for maintaining the health of your application.
Also notice the orchestrator's "shoot first" mentality; no actions are taken to try and fix an unhealthy container. It is simply killed and replaced with a fresh container. Make sure to plan for this: if your container enters an unhealthy state, it should try and log what's wrong, finish transactions, push valuable stateful information out to somewhere it can be recovered, and generally take action to compensate for the fact that it is about to be terminated.


The State of Rust 0.8
Another 3 months, another release. This is the first release that I’ve witnessed in its entirety! This is a summary of Rust: its compiler, libraries, documentation, and community. (What is Rust?)
Compiler
The compiler is faring well. It received a lot of attention in compile speed,
although memory usage regressed significantly. It is now mostly fixed in
master. Time compiling fn main() { }
went from 172ms to 112ms on my box.
When compiling programs of any significance, the gap is much larger. There’s
also been some thought put into parallelizing rustc. Michael Woerister’s GSoC
project was debuginfo, and it’s almost in a fully-working state. As of 0.8,
it’s not completely baked — libstd can’t be compiled with it, and stepping
through code isn’t perfect — but it’s a huge step forward, and he created an
extensive testsuite, so it shouldn’t regress. The pretty printer hasn’t seen
much improvement. Default methods, one of the major things Michael Sullivan
worked on over the summer, are in a much better state. If there are any
remaining bugs in them, I haven’t seen them.
Iterators
Iterators are hugely improved for 0.8. The for
loop syntax now uses the
Iterator trait. Additionally, most uses of vector iterators now compile to the
exact same code that indexing or iteration would in C or C++, including the
ability to be vectorized. Additionally, they now use default methods instead
of extension implementations.
Documentation
The documentation is in a much better state than it was 3 months ago. The new rustdoc was started and finished. I started it, and Alex Crichton really polished and finished it the last two weeks before the release. The API documentation is now navigable, and one can actually see the relationship between various types. A bunch of work also went into the tutorials, yielding three new documents: error handling and conditions, iterators and containers, and rustpkg.
rustpkg
Rustpkg continues to advance. Tim put out the call for community involvement, and it’s getting significant traction in actual libraries. There are still a few kinks when using it for development, but when just fetching and building dependencies, it works very well. Servo is porting its whole mini-ecosystem over to rustpkg, uncovering bunches of problems and deficiencies in the process. If you’re interested in helping out with Rust, rustpkg is a major area. Tim is also super nice, and will happily help you get into the codebase.
Libraries
Rust is slowly accreting more and more useful libraries: mostly coming from
the gamedev community, but sometimes other useful things as well. The
new runtime has completely replaced the old, a significant step forward for
Rust’s maturity. rust-http
is making some really nice strides, as well as
the opengl bindings. The standard libraries are becoming nicer to use.
std::run
, in particular, stands out to me as something that’s quite easy to
use, and std::str
saw a lot of work making it more correct.
The Future
This was a great release cycle, and I think the next one will be even better. Alex Crichton was hired as a full-time Rust developer, and he has been doing a lot of important work that just would have taken a while to happen otherwise. I’m very optimistic about this release, much more so than 0.7. I think we might be able to hit milestone 1 for 0.9 or 0.10, though that’s just speculation on my part.
Is Rust Ready?
No. Rust is approaching maturity, but it isn’t there yet. There are still backwards-incompatible changes being made to try and get to milestone 2. The major things that come to mind are closure reform and privacy overhaul (which is being worked on in master right now). Additionally, people in the gamedev community are starting to hit walls with the type system. Those probably won’t be fixed in the time leading up to 1.0, but this is also speculation.
Experimenting with Rust is becoming more viable as time goes on, but using it in production is a bad idea, especially if “low maintenance” is at all valuable.


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"STEPHANAS "crown, a member of the church at Corinth, whose family were among those the apostle had baptized (1 Corinthians 1:16; 16:15, 17). He has been supposed by some to have been the “jailer of Philippi”(comp. Acts 16:33). The First Epistle to the Corinthians was written from Philippi some six years after the jailer’s conversion, and he was with the apostle there at that time.
"STEPHANAS "crown, a member of the church at Corinth, whose family were among those the apostle had baptized (1 Corinthians 1:16; 16:15, 17). He has been supposed by some to have been the “jailer of Philippi”(comp. Acts 16:33). The First Epistle to the Corinthians was written from Philippi some six years after the jailer’s conversion, and he was with the apostle there at that time.


Node.js body parsing middleware.
Parse incoming request bodies in a middleware before your handlers, available
under the req.body
property.
Note As req.body
's shape is based on user-controlled input, all
properties and values in this object are untrusted and should be validated
before trusting. For example, req.body.foo.toString()
may fail in multiple
ways, for example the foo
property may not be there or may not be a string,
and toString
may not be a function and instead a string or other user input.
Learn about the anatomy of an HTTP transaction in Node.js.
This does not handle multipart bodies, due to their complex and typically large nature. For multipart bodies, you may be interested in the following modules:
This module provides the following parsers:
Other body parsers you might be interested in:
$ npm install body-parser
var bodyParser = require('body-parser')
The bodyParser
object exposes various factories to create middlewares. All
middlewares will populate the req.body
property with the parsed body when
the Content-Type
request header matches the type
option, or an empty
object ({}
) if there was no body to parse, the Content-Type
was not matched,
or an error occurred.
The various errors returned by this module are described in the errors section.
Returns middleware that only parses json
and only looks at requests where
the Content-Type
header matches the type
option. This parser accepts any
Unicode encoding of the body and supports automatic inflation of gzip
and
deflate
encodings.
A new body
object containing the parsed data is populated on the request
object after the middleware (i.e. req.body
).
The json
function takes an optional options
object that may contain any of
the following keys:
When set to true
, then deflated (compressed) bodies will be inflated; when
false
, deflated bodies are rejected. Defaults to true
.
Controls the maximum request body size. If this is a number, then the value
specifies the number of bytes; if it is a string, the value is passed to the
bytes library for parsing. Defaults
to '100kb'
.
The reviver
option is passed directly to JSON.parse
as the second
argument. You can find more information on this argument
in the MDN documentation about JSON.parse.
When set to true
, will only accept arrays and objects; when false
will
accept anything JSON.parse
accepts. Defaults to true
.
The type
option is used to determine what media type the middleware will
parse. This option can be a string, array of strings, or a function. If not a
function, type
option is passed directly to the
type-is library and this can
be an extension name (like json
), a mime type (like application/json
), or
a mime type with a wildcard (like */*
or */json
). If a function, the type
option is called as fn(req)
and the request is parsed if it returns a truthy
value. Defaults to application/json
.
The verify
option, if supplied, is called as verify(req, res, buf, encoding)
,
where buf
is a Buffer
of the raw request body and encoding
is the
encoding of the request. The parsing can be aborted by throwing an error.
Returns middleware that parses all bodies as a Buffer
and only looks at
requests where the Content-Type
header matches the type
option. This
parser supports automatic inflation of gzip
and deflate
encodings.
A new body
object containing the parsed data is populated on the request
object after the middleware (i.e. req.body
). This will be a Buffer
object
of the body.
The raw
function takes an optional options
object that may contain any of
the following keys:
When set to true
, then deflated (compressed) bodies will be inflated; when
false
, deflated bodies are rejected. Defaults to true
.
Controls the maximum request body size. If this is a number, then the value
specifies the number of bytes; if it is a string, the value is passed to the
bytes library for parsing. Defaults
to '100kb'
.
The type
option is used to determine what media type the middleware will
parse. This option can be a string, array of strings, or a function.
If not a function, type
option is passed directly to the
type-is library and this
can be an extension name (like bin
), a mime type (like
application/octet-stream
), or a mime type with a wildcard (like */*
or
application/*
). If a function, the type
option is called as fn(req)
and the request is parsed if it returns a truthy value. Defaults to
application/octet-stream
.
The verify
option, if supplied, is called as verify(req, res, buf, encoding)
,
where buf
is a Buffer
of the raw request body and encoding
is the
encoding of the request. The parsing can be aborted by throwing an error.
Returns middleware that parses all bodies as a string and only looks at
requests where the Content-Type
header matches the type
option. This
parser supports automatic inflation of gzip
and deflate
encodings.
A new body
string containing the parsed data is populated on the request
object after the middleware (i.e. req.body
). This will be a string of the
body.
The text
function takes an optional options
object that may contain any of
the following keys:
Specify the default character set for the text content if the charset is not
specified in the Content-Type
header of the request. Defaults to utf-8
.
When set to true
, then deflated (compressed) bodies will be inflated; when
false
, deflated bodies are rejected. Defaults to true
.
Controls the maximum request body size. If this is a number, then the value
specifies the number of bytes; if it is a string, the value is passed to the
bytes library for parsing. Defaults
to '100kb'
.
The type
option is used to determine what media type the middleware will
parse. This option can be a string, array of strings, or a function. If not
a function, type
option is passed directly to the
type-is library and this can
be an extension name (like txt
), a mime type (like text/plain
), or a mime
type with a wildcard (like */*
or text/*
). If a function, the type
option is called as fn(req)
and the request is parsed if it returns a
truthy value. Defaults to text/plain
.
The verify
option, if supplied, is called as verify(req, res, buf, encoding)
,
where buf
is a Buffer
of the raw request body and encoding
is the
encoding of the request. The parsing can be aborted by throwing an error.
Returns middleware that only parses urlencoded
bodies and only looks at
requests where the Content-Type
header matches the type
option. This
parser accepts only UTF-8 encoding of the body and supports automatic
inflation of gzip
and deflate
encodings.
A new body
object containing the parsed data is populated on the request
object after the middleware (i.e. req.body
). This object will contain
key-value pairs, where the value can be a string or array (when extended
is
false
), or any type (when extended
is true
).
The urlencoded
function takes an optional options
object that may contain
any of the following keys:
The extended
option allows to choose between parsing the URL-encoded data
with the querystring
library (when false
) or the qs
library (when
true
). The "extended" syntax allows for rich objects and arrays to be
encoded into the URL-encoded format, allowing for a JSON-like experience
with URL-encoded. For more information, please
see the qs library.
Defaults to true
, but using the default has been deprecated. Please
research into the difference between qs
and querystring
and choose the
appropriate setting.
When set to true
, then deflated (compressed) bodies will be inflated; when
false
, deflated bodies are rejected. Defaults to true
.
Controls the maximum request body size. If this is a number, then the value
specifies the number of bytes; if it is a string, the value is passed to the
bytes library for parsing. Defaults
to '100kb'
.
The parameterLimit
option controls the maximum number of parameters that
are allowed in the URL-encoded data. If a request contains more parameters
than this value, a 413 will be returned to the client. Defaults to 1000
.
The type
option is used to determine what media type the middleware will
parse. This option can be a string, array of strings, or a function. If not
a function, type
option is passed directly to the
type-is library and this can
be an extension name (like urlencoded
), a mime type (like
application/x-www-form-urlencoded
), or a mime type with a wildcard (like
*/x-www-form-urlencoded
). If a function, the type
option is called as
fn(req)
and the request is parsed if it returns a truthy value. Defaults
to application/x-www-form-urlencoded
.
The verify
option, if supplied, is called as verify(req, res, buf, encoding)
,
where buf
is a Buffer
of the raw request body and encoding
is the
encoding of the request. The parsing can be aborted by throwing an error.
The middlewares provided by this module create errors depending on the error
condition during parsing. The errors will typically have a status
/statusCode
property that contains the suggested HTTP response code, an expose
property
to determine if the message
property should be displayed to the client, a
type
property to determine the type of error without matching against the
message
, and a body
property containing the read body, if available.
The following are the common errors emitted, though any error can come through for various reasons.
This error will occur when the request had a Content-Encoding
header that
contained an encoding but the "inflation" option was set to false
. The
status
property is set to 415
, the type
property is set to
'encoding.unsupported'
, and the charset
property will be set to the
encoding that is unsupported.
This error will occur when the request is aborted by the client before reading
the body has finished. The received
property will be set to the number of
bytes received before the request was aborted and the expected
property is
set to the number of expected bytes. The status
property is set to 400
and type
property is set to 'request.aborted'
.
This error will occur when the request body's size is larger than the "limit"
option. The limit
property will be set to the byte limit and the length
property will be set to the request body's length. The status
property is
set to 413
and the type
property is set to 'entity.too.large'
.
This error will occur when the request's length did not match the length from
the Content-Length
header. This typically occurs when the request is malformed,
typically when the Content-Length
header was calculated based on characters
instead of bytes. The status
property is set to 400
and the type
property
is set to 'request.size.invalid'
.
This error will occur when something called the req.setEncoding
method prior
to this middleware. This module operates directly on bytes only and you cannot
call req.setEncoding
when using this module. The status
property is set to
500
and the type
property is set to 'stream.encoding.set'
.
This error will occur when the content of the request exceeds the configured
parameterLimit
for the urlencoded
parser. The status
property is set to
413
and the type
property is set to 'parameters.too.many'
.
This error will occur when the request had a charset parameter in the
Content-Type
header, but the iconv-lite
module does not support it OR the
parser does not support it. The charset is contained in the message as well
as in the charset
property. The status
property is set to 415
, the
type
property is set to 'charset.unsupported'
, and the charset
property
is set to the charset that is unsupported.
This error will occur when the request had a Content-Encoding
header that
contained an unsupported encoding. The encoding is contained in the message
as well as in the encoding
property. The status
property is set to 415
,
the type
property is set to 'encoding.unsupported'
, and the encoding
property is set to the encoding that is unsupported.
This example demonstrates adding a generic JSON and URL-encoded parser as a top-level middleware, which will parse the bodies of all incoming requests. This is the simplest setup.
var express = require('express')
var bodyParser = require('body-parser')
var app = express()
// parse application/x-www-form-urlencoded
app.use(bodyParser.urlencoded({ extended: false }))
// parse application/json
app.use(bodyParser.json())
app.use(function (req, res) {
res.setHeader('Content-Type', 'text/plain')
res.write('you posted:\n')
res.end(JSON.stringify(req.body, null, 2))
})
This example demonstrates adding body parsers specifically to the routes that need them. In general, this is the most recommended way to use body-parser with Express.
var express = require('express')
var bodyParser = require('body-parser')
var app = express()
// create application/json parser
var jsonParser = bodyParser.json()
// create application/x-www-form-urlencoded parser
var urlencodedParser = bodyParser.urlencoded({ extended: false })
// POST /login gets urlencoded bodies
app.post('/login', urlencodedParser, function (req, res) {
res.send('welcome, ' + req.body.username)
})
// POST /api/users gets JSON bodies
app.post('/api/users', jsonParser, function (req, res) {
// create user in req.body
})
All the parsers accept a type
option which allows you to change the
Content-Type
that the middleware will parse.
var express = require('express')
var bodyParser = require('body-parser')
var app = express()
// parse various different custom JSON types as JSON
app.use(bodyParser.json({ type: 'application/*+json' }))
// parse some custom thing into a Buffer
app.use(bodyParser.raw({ type: 'application/vnd.custom-type' }))
// parse an HTML body into a string
app.use(bodyParser.text({ type: 'text/html' }))


Source code for idf_analysis.little_helpers
__author__ = "Markus Pichler"
__credits__ = ["Markus Pichler"]
__maintainer__ = "Markus Pichler"
__email__ =<EMAIL_ADDRESS>__version__ = "0.1"
__license__ = "MIT"
import pandas as pd
[docs]def delta2min(time_delta):
"""
convert timedelta to float in minutes
Args:
time_delta (pandas.Timedelta, pandas.DateOffset):
Returns:
float: the timedelta in minutes
"""
if isinstance(time_delta, pd.DateOffset):
time_delta = time_delta.delta
return int(time_delta.total_seconds() / 60)
[docs]def minutes_readable(minutes):
"""
convert the duration in minutes to a more readable form
Args:
minutes (float | int): duration in minutes
Returns:
str: duration as a string
"""
if minutes <= 60:
return '{:0.0f}min'.format(minutes)
elif 60 < minutes < 60 * 24:
minutes /= 60
if minutes % 1:
fmt = '{:0.1f}h'
else:
fmt = '{:0.0f}h'
return fmt.format(minutes)
elif 60 * 24 <= minutes:
minutes /= 60 * 24
if minutes % 1:
fmt = '{:0.1f}d'
else:
fmt = '{:0.0f}d'
return fmt.format(minutes)
else:
return str(minutes)
[docs]def duration_steps_readable(durations):
"""
convert the durations to a more readable form
Args:
durations (list[int | float]): in minutes
Returns:
list[str]: of the readable duration list
"""
return [minutes_readable(i) for i in durations]
[docs]def height2rate(height_of_rainfall, duration):
"""
calculate the specific rain flow rate in [l/(s*ha)]
if 2 array-like parameters are give, a element-wise calculation will be made.
So the length of the array must be the same.
Args:
height_of_rainfall (float | np.ndarray | pd.Series): height_of_rainfall: in [mm]
duration (float | np.ndarray | pd.Series): in minutes
Returns:
float | np.ndarray | pd.Series: specific rain flow rate in [l/(s*ha)]
"""
return height_of_rainfall / duration * (1000 / 6)
[docs]def rate2height(rain_flow_rate, duration):
"""
convert the rain flow rate to the height of rainfall in [mm]
if 2 array-like parameters are give, a element-wise calculation will be made.
So the length of the array must be the same.
Args:
rain_flow_rate (float | np.ndarray | pd.Series): in [l/(s*ha)]
duration (float | np.ndarray | pd.Series): in minutes
Returns:
float | np.ndarray | pd.Series: height of rainfall in [mm]
"""
return rain_flow_rate * duration / (1000 / 6)


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Start Bootstrap
Book entry
Novels
Anthologies
Story
Menu
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Anthology's title
Anthology's editor
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year of publication
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anthology ISBN
anthology Review
enter the review
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review


Money Play. How should Red play 65?
pips Red=131 White=142
(CorrectAnswer= 0/0, ErrorScore= 0)
Playing on automatic I quickly chose 10/4, 9/4, duplicating 3s. However, that is not the best move. It leaves White with an attack when his home board is the stronger. It also leaves three blots.
Best is 15/9, 6/1. This strengthens the home board, races when ahead and only leaves two blots, one of which can’t be attacked directly.
10/4, 9/4 ‘looks’ obvious but once you think it through the advantages of 15/9, 6/1 become apparent. I wager that many would get this one wrong over the board.
Note that 22/16, 15/10 is a reasonable play but not as strong as 15/9, 6/1.
Best is 15/9, 6/1. This strengthens the home board, races when ahead and only leaves two blots, one of which can’t be attacked directly.
10/4, 9/4 ‘looks’ obvious but once you think it through the advantages of 15/9, 6/1 become apparent. I wager that many would get this one wrong over the board.
Note that 22/16, 15/10 is a reasonable play but not as strong as 15/9, 6/1.
1. Cubeful 2-ply 15/9 6/1 Eq.: +0.234 0.578 0.168 0.006 - 0.422 0.149 0.003 2. Cubeful 2-ply 22/16 15/10 Eq.: +0.218 (-0.016) 0.587 0.109 0.004 - 0.413 0.142 0.004 3. Cubeful 2-ply 15/10 9/3 Eq.: +0.151 (-0.084) 0.557 0.149 0.007 - 0.443 0.164 0.004 4. Cubeful 2-ply 10/4 9/4 Eq.: +0.125 (-0.109) 0.552 0.171 0.009 - 0.448 0.186 0.005 5. Cubeful 0-ply 15/9 10/5 Eq.: +0.064 (-0.170) 0.535 0.158 0.005 - 0.465 0.197 0.007


Patient Profile
Overview
{{ patient.first_name }} {{patient.last_name}}
- {{ patient.sex }} {{ patient.age }} years old
- {{ patient.occupation }}
- {{ patient.address }}
Patient Medical Status
{% for field in form if field.name not in ['csrf_token', 'submit', 'cancel', 'ct_scan'] %}
{% endfor %}
{{ patient[field.name] }}
{% endfor %}
| # | Project Name | Client Company | Hours Spent | Contribution |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | New Company Takeover Review | Deveint Inc | 18 |
|
| 2 | New Partner Contracts Consultanci | Deveint Inc | 13 |
|
| 3 | Partners and Inverstors report | Deveint Inc | 30 |
|
| 4 | New Company Takeover Review | Deveint Inc | 28 |
|
xxFood truck fixie locavore, accusamus mcsweeney's marfa nulla single-origin coffee squid. Exercitation +1 labore velit, blog sartorial PBR leggings next level wes anderson artisan four loko farm-to-table craft beer twee. Qui photo booth letterpress, commodo enim craft beer mlkshk


Monica
{% for i in sample %}
{{i}}
{% endfor %}
Plot1
sunburst plot
statistics
Plot3
read length vs Frequency
Plot4
phylogenetic tree
Pathogen...
xylella
fusarium
whatever
Abundancy rank
Pathogen
Abundance
xylella fastidiosa
a lot
fusarium oxysporum
a lot, but less than xylella


{% extends "layout.html" %} {% block page_title %} Save your answers {% endblock %} {% block content %} Back Save your answers You will receive an email within the next few minutes including a link to return to your advice. Back to your advice {% endblock %}
You will receive an email within the next few minutes including a link to return to your advice.


Your screen resolution: px
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In Group: Exotic Resort Wallpapers
Search Code: #4396565
File Type: jpg
Original Image Size: 1680x1050px
Download in Original Resolution (1680x1050 pixels)
Birthday Cake Wallpapers
47 Images in Collection
Carol Movie Wallpapers
41 Images in Collection
Enrique Iglesias Wallpapers
40 Images in Collection
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38 Images in Collection
Flying Monsters Wallpapers
48 Images in Collection
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43 Images in Collection
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50 Images in Collection
Correct Habits That Will Make Your Life Better
20.12.2016, by Theola Barefield
Bluegrass State Kentucky and its Gains
18.10.2016, by Jonelle Haggett
Adonis - Decoration of Spring Garden and Useful Medicine
05.01.2017, by Leslee Harren
Bulldog Photos
46 Wallpapers
Green Bird Backgrounds
43 Photos
Navy Photos
40 Images
© Wallpapers-Web.com 2016 - 2017


Sweet. If I change the number in the .component4 state, it triggers the onNumberUpdate function in the .component3 state...which just sets myNumber to the value it was given.
We also could have just used a '=' binding to accomplish the same thing without needing an input and output binding. It's good to know how to do input/output though because it gives us more CONTROL over what we want to do when we notice a change to myNumber data. You can also probably see how you could pass data in only one direction by using only a single '<' (input) or '&' (output) binding.
OK another state lesson. Resolves. Let's say we didn't want to transition to a state until we loaded some data up front. Perhaps we had a couple API calls that are all very slow and we don't want to load the page/state/component until we have that data. We can use a state resolve to delay the state transition until all async functions have been completed (or "resolved" in JS nomenclature. get it?).
As an example, we are going to throw a settimeout function in the .component5 state to simulate waiting on a resolve


I was wondering whats the difference between a Geek and a Nerd, because I get called them both and I would like to correct them with the right one. I think I am a Geek I am not entirely sure tho so please help!
The term varies by who uses them... so other people's opinions as to what they mean generally don't matter. What matters is what the person calling you a geek/nerd means by it. Either way... don't correct them.
The two terms are interchangeable as far as I'm concerned.
What is the difference between a Geek and a Nerd? Style.
This is kind of how a feel.
How is everyone a nerd? Just because you spend a lot of doing "cool" stuff, doesn't mean you're not a nerd.  To not be a nerd would mean you are boring and have zero hobbies.
Not factual, but I just get a kick out of the dictionary.com terms. For the record I consider both of them to be compliments because they both (to me) mean the person knows their stuff that they are a geek/nerd for (computer geek/nerd, programming geek/nerd, etc.)
Dictionary wrote:
nerd
noun, Slang.
1.

2.

Dictionary wrote:
geek
noun
1.
a digital-technology expert or enthusiast (a term of pride as self-reference, but often used disparagingly by others).
2.
a person who has excessive enthusiasm for and some expertise about a specialized subject or activity:
a foreign-film geek.
3.
a peculiar or otherwise dislikable person, especially one who is perceived to be overly intellectual.
4.
a carnival performer who performs sensationally morbid or disgusting acts, as biting off the head of a live chicken.
verb (used without object)
5.
to be overexcited about a specialized subject or activity, or to talk about it with excessive enthusiasm (usually followed by out):
I could geek out about sci-fi for hours.

You could be a music geek, movie geek, programming geek, Star Wars geek, cars geek, sports geek, computer hardware geek, history geek, etc.
 Now that phrase can be subjective and different people can view it differently. By "intellectually talented", I mean academically gifted.
Talented in Math, Science(Physics, Chemistry, Biology), History, etc. A nerd can be a well rounded individual in that they might be knowledgeable in many of the listed subjects.

@ BHX: Number 4 for "Geek" is why I chose my handle. I like the juxtaposition of that definition with all of the others which more or less can be seen to center around the same type of idea.
As far as I'm concerned they can both be used interchangeably and refer to a decent intellectual knowledge within a particular field, or a significant amount of time partaking in a particular activity...
Computer geek vs computer nerd
Anime geek vs anime nerd
Sci-fi geek vs sci-fi nerd
If the terms geek or nerd are used just on their own I think that I tend to see them both as meaning generally intelligent.

EDIT: I just checked, im so damned sexy I might have to start its own thread.


TRLC- Banun
/Tropical Rainforest Living Collection/
Freshly filled polybags at waiting for seedlings to be
transplanted into them at TRLC Banun.
Tropical Rainforest Conservation & Research Centre are proud to collaborate with leading
companies that support our mission to protect and preserve Malaysia’s most valuable
asset: our forests.
TRCRC works with companies committed to making a difference and protecting our
forests for generations to come.
Corporate sponsorships and collaboration projects range from tree planting, to offsetting
environmental impact, backing TRCRC’s restoration and conservation work, to delivering
forest public education campaigns, and more.
Is your company interested in sponsoring TRCRC? Is there another way your business
would like to contribute? Please contact<EMAIL_ADDRESS>to learn more.
TRLC Merisuli, Sabah
/Partners/
Our supporters of TRLC Merisuli, Vanke believes in active participation when it comes to TRCRC's restoration efforts.
TRCRC collaborates with a wide range of stakeholders and partners in order to ensure the success of each of the projects it is involved with. Input and participation from government, academia, communities, NGOs, researchers, and the private sector helps to guide project development, implementation as well as monitoring and evaluation.


This image is 200 pixels square.
This div uses the standard box model. Padding and border is added to the width declared.
This div uses the alternate box model. Padding and border do not increase the width declared.


Life get's busy. Easy to do list to save tasks that need to take place during the day. Utilizes HTML, CSS, jQuery and Local Storage
Day Planner GitHubFull stack finance tracking app. Utilizes Handlebars, Sequelize, MySQL, jQuery, Bootstrap, Node.JS.
Cost Tracker App GitHubBurger Devour App. Utilizes Handlebars, Sequelize, jQuery, CSS, MySql, Node.JS.
ORM Burger App GitHubReact Employee directory that can sort in alphabetical order on names, e-mail and sort via phone numbers. Utilizes ReactJS.
React Employee Directory GitHubFull stack react app. Utilizes ReactJS, Atlas MongoDB, Google Maps API, AXIOS, Auth0, MDB React, AOS, Node.js, Express.js, Bootstrap.
Desert Pool Service GitHub


@*
* Copyright 2023 HM Revenue & Customs
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*@
@import include._
@import forms2._
@import config.{ ApplicationConfig}
@import models.businessmatching._
@this(main: include.main)
@(f: forms.Form2[_], edit: Boolean, businessMatching: BusinessMatching, businessTypes:Option[List[String]])(implicit m: Messages, request: Request[_], lang: Lang, appConfig: ApplicationConfig)
@errorPlaceholder = {
@businessTypes.map { types =>
@if(types.size == 1) {
@types.head
} else {
""
}
}
}
@header = {
@components.back_link()
@businessTypes.map { types =>
@if(types.size == 1) {
@errorSummaryWithPlaceholder(f, types.head)
} else {
@errorSummary(f)
}
}
}
@supportingContent = {
@businessMatching.alphabeticalBusinessActivitiesLowerCase(false).map { types =>
@if(types.size > 1) {
@Messages("businessactivities.confirm-activities.subtitle")
@types.map { businessType =>
- @businessType
}
}
}
}
@heading = {
@businessTypes.map { types =>
@if(types.size > 1) {
@Messages("businessactivities.turnover.heading.multiple")
} else {
@Messages("businessactivities.turnover.heading", types.mkString)
}
}
}
@main(
title = Messages("businessactivities.turnover.title") + " - " + Messages("summary.businessactivities"),
heading = header
) {
@form(f, controllers.businessactivities.routes.ExpectedAMLSTurnoverController.post(edit)) {
@fieldsetWithErrorGroup(
f = f("expectedAMLSTurnover"),
heading = heading.toString(),
section = "summary.businessactivities",
panel = false,
supportingContent = supportingContent,
errorGroupPlaceholder = errorPlaceholder.toString()
) {
@radio(
f = f("expectedAMLSTurnover"),
labelText = "businessactivities.turnover.lbl.01",
value = "01"
)
@radio(
f = f("expectedAMLSTurnover"),
labelText = "businessactivities.turnover.lbl.02",
value = "02"
)
@radio(
f = f("expectedAMLSTurnover"),
labelText = "businessactivities.turnover.lbl.03",
value = "03"
)
@radio(
f = f("expectedAMLSTurnover"),
labelText = "businessactivities.turnover.lbl.04",
value = "04"
)
@radio(
f = f("expectedAMLSTurnover"),
labelText = "businessactivities.turnover.lbl.05",
value = "05"
)
@radio(
f = f("expectedAMLSTurnover"),
labelText = "businessactivities.turnover.lbl.06",
value = "06"
)
@radio(
f = f("expectedAMLSTurnover"),
labelText = "businessactivities.turnover.lbl.07",
value = "07"
)
}
@submit(edit)
}
}


2 indicates that the second pair of push|pop functions is
being used (differently numbered pairs won't interfere with each
other)
+ indicates that the layer is being "pushed" onto the
stack at some point, either when the key is pressed or when it is
released
- indicates that the layer is being "popped" off of the
stack at some point
the last 2 indicates the layer-number that will be
activated on "push".
See the project 'readme.md' file on the github page as a
starting point for learning more about how this firmware implements
layers.
Shifted keys are labeled with an sh at the beginning. This
indicates that a 'Shift' is generated with that keypress, the same as if you
had held down 'Shift', and pressed that key.
(null) indicates that no keypress or keyrelease will be
generated for that key, on that layer.
Blank keys indicate "transparency": if you press that key on that layer,
the key will act as if it was on whatever layer is active below the current
one.
Some keys may be labled with special functions (like
[btldr], which tells the Teensy to wait for the host to send it
a new firmware).


Aston Martin unveils first SUV, eyes luxury buyers in China
British carmaker Aston Martin unveiled its first-ever sports utility vehicle (SUV) Wednesday at events in Beijing and Los Angeles, signalling it was banking on China's growing appetite for luxury to prop up sales.
Dubbed the DBX, the new vehicle is the biggest expansion in Aston Martin's range in the brand's history, CEO Andy Palmer said at its launch.
The company—whose cars play a central role in the fictional British spy James Bond blockbuster films—has struggled financially in recent years, posting a loss of 13.5 million pounds last quarter.
But with its growing appetite for gas-guzzling SUVs, China presents an opportunity for the ailing carmaker, which has been hit by Brexit woes and slowing demand in Europe.
Founded in 1913, Aston Martin hopes to "more than double" its sales in China, which currently stand at around 500 units per year, Palmer told AFP.
Nearly half of all new car purchases registered in China last year were SUVs, according to industry sources.
But the growing demand for SUVs was causing environmental headaches.
Emissions from SUVs were the second-largest contributor to the increase in global carbon dioxide (Co2) emissions from 2010 to 2018 after power generation, the International Energy Agency said last month.
In that period, SUVs more than doubled their global market share from 17 percent to 39 percent, with a contribution to annual emissions rising to more than 700 megatonnes of Co2, the agency said.
Palmer said that the DBX was "obviously geared for performance, that's what an Aston Martin is all about" when asked about the environmental impact of the new car.
With a four-litre, V8 twin turbo-charged engine, the DBX is capable of a top speed of 181 miles (291 kilometres) per hour and doing 0-60 miles (97 kilometres) per hour in 4.5 seconds.
Aston Martin says it has splurged on the details and was betting on China's growing demand for luxury for success.
The five-seater is priced at $189,900 in the US, with officials saying they expected a similar price in China.
Palmer said Aston Martin plans to follow in the footsteps of its German rival Porsche, which unveiled an electric model in September, and relaunch its Lagonda series "as a fully electric brand" by 2022 or 2023.


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Tourismus has been delivering world-leading travel technology solutions to travel agents, tour operators and wholesalers for almost 20 years. We offer a comprehensive range of cutting-edge solutions that meet the unique needs of the global travel trade, helping companies remain top of their game in a fiercely competitive market place. Our portfolio of advanced products includes dynamic packaging solutions; consumer-facing websites; integrated booking platforms for your staff and your clients; back-office systems that produce reports on your bookings and client documentation; a CRM to manage your clients and enquiries; a tour operating platform that helps you control pricing and distribute contracts; and an API that connects you to a global database of leading travel suppliers. Traveltek will boost your web presence, equip your staff with advanced booking tools, and take your travel business to the next level, blowing the competition out of the water. Our online Travel Technology Glossary gives simple descriptions to all the industry terminology.


| Class | Description |
|---|---|
| GameState |
GameState.java --- Class for representing a state in the game with an
associated score attached to it.
|
| GameStateFocused_Expansion |
GameStateFocused_Expansion.java --- A GameState focused on expansion.
|
| GameStateFocused_Refinery |
GameStateFocused_Refinery.java --- A GameState focused on the construction of
refineries since they are required at newly acquired base locations for
gathering gas.
|
| GameStateFocused_Technology |
GameStateFocused_Technology.java --- A GameState focused on researching
technologies.
|
| GameStateFocused_Upgrade |
GameStateFocused_Upgrade.java --- A GameState focused on upgrading Units.
|
| GameStateResearch_BioUnits |
GameStateResearch_Bio.java --- A GameState focused on researching
TechType s for bio Units. |
| GameStateResearch_FlyingUnits |
GameStateResearch_FlyingUnits.java --- A GameState focused on researching
TechType s for flying Units. |
| GameStateResearch_MachineUnits |
GameStateResearch_Machines.java --- A GameState focused on researching
TechType s for machine Units. |
| GameStateSpecific_Building |
GameStateSpecific_Building.java --- A GameState focused on specific
buildings.
|
| GameStateSpecific_Tech |
GameStateSpecific_Tech.java --- A GameState focused on researching specific
TechType s. |
| GameStateSpecific_Unit |
GameStateSpecific_Unit.java --- A GameState focused on training specific
UnitType s. |
| GameStateSpecific_Upgrade |
GameStateSpecific_Upgrade.java --- A GameState focused on performing specific
upgrades (
UpgradeType s). |
| GameStateUnits_Bio |
GameStateUnits_Bio.java --- A GameState focused on bio Units.
|
| GameStateUnits_Building |
GameStateUnits_Building.java --- A GameState focused on buildings.
|
| GameStateUnits_Cheap |
GameStateUnits_Cheap.java --- A GameState focused on training / building
cheap Units.
|
| GameStateUnits_Combat |
GameStateUnits_Combat.java --- A GameState focused on training combat Units.
|
| GameStateUnits_Expensive |
GameStateUnits_Expensive.java --- A GameState focused on training / building
expensive Units.
|
| GameStateUnits_Flying |
GameStateUnits_Flying.java --- A GameState focused on flying Units.
|
| GameStateUnits_Gas |
GameStateUnits_Gas.java --- A GameState focused on vaspene gas requiring
Units.
|
| GameStateUnits_Healer |
GameStateUnits_Healer.java --- A GameState focused on healing Units.
|
| GameStateUnits_Machines |
GameStateUnits_Machines.java --- A GameState focused on machine Units.
|
| GameStateUnits_Mineral |
GameStateUnits_Mineral.java --- A GameState focused on mineral requiring
Units.
|
| GameStateUnits_Support |
GameStateUnits_Support.java --- A GameState focused on support Units.
|
| GameStateUnits_TrainingFacilitiesFree |
GameStateUnits_TrainingFacilitiesIdle.java --- A GameState focused on
providing a score based on the available training facilities that are
currently free for the specific UnitType.
|
| GameStateUnits_TrainingFacilitiesIdle |
GameStateUnits_TrainingFacilitiesIdle.java --- A GameState focused on
providing a score based on the available training facilities that are
currently idling for the specific UnitType.
|
| GameStateUnits_Worker |
GameStateUnits_Worker.java --- A GameState focused on training worker Units.
|
| GameStateUpgrade_BioUnits |
GameStateUpgrade_BioUnits.java --- A GameState focused on performing upgrades
(
UpgradeType s) for bio Units. |
| GameStateUpgrade_FlyingUnits |
GameStateUpgrade_FlyingUnits.java --- A GameState focused on performing
upgrades (
UpgradeType s) for flying Units. |
| GameStateUpgrade_MachineUnits |
GameStateUpgrade_MachineUnits.java --- A GameState focused on performing
upgrades (
UpgradeType s) for machine Units. |


NATURAL BORN KILLERS (1994) A Film Review by Ted Prigge Copyright 1997 Ted Prigge
Director: Oliver Stone Writers: Richard Rutowski, David Veloz, and Oliver Stone (based on a script by Quentin Tarantino) Starring: Woody Harrelson, Juliette Lewis, Robert Downey Jr., Tom Sizemore, Tommy Lee Jones, Rodney Dangerfield, Edie McClurg, Bathalzar Getty, Steven Wright, Arliss Howard, Ashley Judd, Rachel Ticotin, Denis Leary, Mark Harmon, Jared Harris
"Natural Born Killers" is a tough flick to review. On one hand, the message that is to be presented - that the media glorifies serial killers too much, and one day it's going to self destruct into a giant stream of pandemonium. But on the other hand, the film's first half has almost nothing to do with the second half, thus quieting some of the blows the second half tries to pull off. Yes, the film manages to bring its brilliant view to the screen, and the message is conveyed. But something is missing. So, this is basically a flawed masterpiece.
As the films previews and general media and contreversy over this state, this is a film about two serial killers who capture the eye of the media, making everyone seem to love them.
The media jumps in on it when they are discovered, represented by a hyprekinetic Aussie journalist named Wade Gale (Robert Downey Jr) who hosts a TV show called "American Maniacs," which not only presents coverage on serial killers past and present, but also glorifies the hell out of them. We don't learn a lot about Wade, since he's basically a characateur (and rightfully so), but we do learn that he is the stereotypical view on the reporter: selfish, egotistical ("Where are the close-ups of ME?!," he screams out once), and amoral. I mean, the guy's not only married to the daughter of a rich man because he got her pregnant, but he also has a mistress.
The film starts off with what seems to be a typical Mickey-and-Mallory bloodbath: the two are in a little diner, are provoked by a couple rednecks, then take everyone out except for one (chosen in a horrifyingly sadistic, not to mention darkly comic, game of "Eeeny, Meeeny, Miny, Moe!" - I'm trying my best to spell these, folks), who is the chosen to tell the tale. It's a wonderfully done scene, filled with lots of black comedy (shots on a bullet about to hit a woman's head, then stops, then shows blood flying against the wall), lots of cool violence (again the bullet and the woman), and even some great music (a great chick punk tune blares out on the soundtrack). It's glorification of what they do fits in perfectly with the movie, as we see the real Mickey and Mallory viewed in the way a movie would present them, although an Oliver Stone flick, judging from the style.
>From here, though, the film looses its way for about an hour. Instead of viewing the message that's supposed to be given here, Stone goes off on an ADD-filled ride. We see how they started out (in a brilliant although kind of useless sequence where her family life is viewed as an American sitcom, complete with a laugh-track).  Now this was a problem I had with the movie: I felt bad that they killed the mother. I was happy when Mickey beat the hell out of the father (that guy gets NO respect...sorry, bad joke). But the mother was merely scared of him. Of course she didn't do anything - the father would have kicked the hell out of her. I mean, I shouldn't have felt bad for the mother dying, I guess.
 This is where it really goes wrong. The film tries to explain the two, how they fight for no reason, how they felt bad for the accidental killing of an Indian who tried to help them. But this fails. The scene where they are caught at a "Drug Zone" where they are buying some poison-killer since they were bitten by rattlesnakes is effective, with a Rodney King-esque beating at the end, and a lot of great mood and composition.
Here is where the film goes right and doesn't wimp out until the final credit has rolled by. We see them in prison after a year, seperated, and Wade wants to do a live interview with Mickey after the superbowl, mainly for high ratings. For the final hour, we get the mayhem the film has been waiting to deliver. The story's boiler erupts, and we see what happens when all these elements are mixed together. The broadcast of the interview prompts a large-scale prison riot, and in this mayhem, Mickey takes out all but two guards, and takes Wade and what's left of his crew hostage on his search for Mallory's cell, the woman he hasn't seen for an entire year.
The ending is brilliant, with great symbolism, and brings the film to an almost satisfying conclusion, if it weren't for the lackluster first half.
Anyway, the style of the film is definitely different than anything I've ever seen before in a big-budget film. Oliver Stone, who is famous for his quick editing (which was used to perfection in "JFK"), kind of overdoes it. Yes, I know what he was getting at with switching between black/white and color, regular Hollywood cameras and super 8, live actoin and cartoons. But for all its worth, it's pretty headache enducing. He sometimes switches things at wrong times, and I kind of feel bad for the actors and crew, since they would probably do a couple lines, then switch it off and get a whole new camera. And I pity the man who had to edit this goddam thing.
The acting is very good, if not sometimes cartoonish. Olvier Stone has said the film is supposed to be that way, since it's a ludicrous situation. He's right. It's a fable, and any way to tell it in some kind of gritty, realistic way would ruin the impact of the film. Anyway, Woody and Juliette are a fantastic couple, each with his or her great perks. Robert Downey Jr and Tommy Lee Jones REALLY go for the high camp, and I can't even decide which one was more so. I'm not saying they were bad, just a tad high on the cartoonish. I mean, when Robert Downey Jr. talks about Elton John confessing his bisexuality to Rolling Stone, he really goes so overboard that he makes Mickey look sane. I also want to talk about how funny Steven Wright was, playing a psychologist being interviewed by Wade...well, that was pretty much it.
I didn't like this film that much the first time I saw it. It was right in the middle of my obsession with Quentin, and I couldn't believe that Stone would be dissing Tarantino's original script so much. I've read the Quentin version, and I kind of like it better (the whole first half is pure Stone), but I'm glad Stone directed this, 'cause it wouldn't be as good with Tarantino directing. But anyway, the second time I saw it, it was the director's cut, and that, mixed with the fact that I was a little over my Quentin obsession, I actually liked it.
With the director's cut, we get some extra footage that didn't make the theater version of the film for various reasons. Interlaced with the film are a couple brutal shots, like more of Woody raping that one hostage, and a shot of Tommy Lee Jones's decapitated head on a stick. But we also get some extra full scenes afterwards, narrated by Stone himself.
The one that really got me was a further explanation of the Indian-killing part. This seemed to deepen it, even if I found it kind of unnecessary to the message of the film, but he took it out for "time limiatations" (???). There's also a scene where Mickey kills a witness (Ashley Judd) during their trial, and a totally unnecessary albeith entertaining bit where Denis Leary gives a rant to the camera. We also see the alternate ending, where Mickey and Mallory are killed by the guardian angel guy (Arliss Howard), but the other ending was chosen (thank god).
To bring a long story to a quick close, "Natural Born Killers" is basically a flawed masterpiece, but at least gives its message across.
MY RATING (out of 4): ***
Homepage at: http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/Hills/8335/
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
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Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


From:Copeland Erin To:Geaccone Tracy Sent:2017-01-11T04:36:59.0000000Z Subject:FW: Business Review Updates
Tracy,
Susan Saini is John Gillis' assistant and she is out today. You should hear from her on Monday.
Erin
-----Original Message-----
From: Lehtinen, Kristi
Sent: Friday, October 19, 2001 4:20 PM
To<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Cc: Copeland, Erin
Subject: Business Review Updates
Importance: High
Susan, the following people have the business review down for October 30,
2-5. Is this correct? If not, please let them know immediately.
Stan Horton
Rod Hayslett
Tracy Geaccone
Also can you please add them to the email distribution for the business
review for updates and future meetings.
If you have any questions - give me a cal...THANKS
Kristi Lehtinen
Financial Analyst
NEPCO
11831 North Creek Pkwy. N
Bothell WA 98011
Phone<PHONE_NUMBER>
Fax<PHONE_NUMBER>
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>***********
EDRM Enron Email Data Set has been produced in EML, PST and NSF format by ZL Technologies, Inc. This Data Set is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 United States License <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/us/> . To provide attribution, please cite to "ZL Technologies, Inc. (http://www.zlti.com)."
***********
California


Chemistry
.
PDB
.Sievers
index
h:\chemistry\_versions\code\chemistry\pdb\sievers.py
Classes
builtins.object
simple_siever
atom_names_siever
atom_hydrogen_siever
class
atom_hydrogen_siever
(
atom_names_siever
)
siever atoms by name from PDB
Method resolution order:
atom_hydrogen_siever
atom_names_siever
simple_siever
builtins.object
Methods defined here:
__init__
(self, *args)
Initialize self. See
help
(type(self)) for accurate signature.
Methods inherited from
atom_names_siever
:
is_match
(self, atom, prefix_name)
sieve
(self, pdb, fix_atoms_serial_number=False)
Methods inherited from
simple_siever
:
__str__
(self)
Return str(self).
Class methods inherited from
simple_siever
:
from_string
(siever_str)
from
builtins.type
help
()
from
builtins.type
Data descriptors inherited from
simple_siever
:
__dict__
dictionary for instance variables (if defined)
__weakref__
list of weak references to the object (if defined)
class
atom_names_siever
(
simple_siever
)
siever atoms by name from PDB
Method resolution order:
atom_names_siever
simple_siever
builtins.object
Methods defined here:
__init__
(self, *args)
Initialize self. See
help
(type(self)) for accurate signature.
is_match
(self, atom, prefix_name)
sieve
(self, pdb, fix_atoms_serial_number=False)
Methods inherited from
simple_siever
:
__str__
(self)
Return str(self).
Class methods inherited from
simple_siever
:
from_string
(siever_str)
from
builtins.type
help
()
from
builtins.type
Data descriptors inherited from
simple_siever
:
__dict__
dictionary for instance variables (if defined)
__weakref__
list of weak references to the object (if defined)
class
simple_siever
(
builtins.object
)
this is
simple_siever
Methods defined here:
__init__
(self, *args)
Initialize self. See
help
(type(self)) for accurate signature.
__str__
(self)
Return str(self).
sieve
(self, pdb, fix_atoms_serial_number=False)
Class methods defined here:
from_string
(siever_str)
from
builtins.type
help
()
from
builtins.type
Data descriptors defined here:
__dict__
dictionary for instance variables (if defined)
__weakref__
list of weak references to the object (if defined)


{% block title %}matt.mccants.io{% endblock title %}
The ramblings and opinions of Matthew McCants
{% block content %}
{% endblock content %}
About
An IT professional with way too many hobbies. Topics range from bicycles to homebrews with stops in security, baguettes, photography, and computer games.


-
$exist:path
- The part of the URL after the controller.
-
$exist:controller
- The part of the URL leading up to the controller.
-
$exist:resource
- The part of the URL representing the resource itself.
-
$exist:prefix
- A path prefix beneath the root.
-
$exist:root
- The root of the current controller hierarchy, either referencing the file system or a collection in the database.


WITNESS LIST Transportation Committee February 11, 1998-9:00A County Roads & Bridges On: Armstrong, Betty (Co. Judges & Comm. Ass.) Bass, Bob (Co. Judges & Comm. Ass.) Cuellar, Robert (TxDOT) Implementation of S.B. 370 On: Reed, Cassie Carlson (TxDOT) Miscellaneous On: Heald, Wes (TxDOT) Olsen, Lawrence (TX Good Roads Assoc.) Oversize & Overweight Trucks On: Cuellar, Robert (TxDOT) Mills, Major Lester (TX DPS) Richardson, Dr. Herbert (TX Transportation Inst.) Sullivan, Patty (Rusk Co. Comm. Court) Webb, Bill (TMTA) Speed Limits On: Lewis, Bill (M.A.D.D.) Richardson, Dr. Herbert (TX Transportation Inst.) Templeton, Bob (TxDOT)


Your Receipt
| Dish | Qty | Price / unit | Total |
| Oyster | 1x | A$12.00 | A$12.00 |
| Fish & Chips | 1x | A$7.50 | A$7.50 |
| Latte | 1x | A$5.00 | A$5.00 |
| Tax 10 % | A$2.45 | ||
| Grand Total | A$26.95 |
| Dish | Qty | Price / unit | Total |
| Oyster | 1x | A$12.00 | A$12.00 |
| Fish & Chips | 1x | A$7.50 | A$7.50 |
| Latte | 1x | A$5.00 | A$5.00 |
| Tax 10 % | A$2.45 | ||
| Grand Total | A$26.95 |


Hot-keys on this page
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# """ # interact with Last.fm # """ # import datetime # import time
# import pylast
# from inasilentway import utils
# LASTFM_CORRECTIONS = { # # Sometimes Last.fm "corrects" album titles. # # Where these are different to Discogs album title versions this means we # # are unable to match the scrobbles to the album. # # # # We keep a mapping of known corrections here so we can move between them # # # 'album': { # 'Desafinado: Bossa Nova & Jazz Samba': 'Desafinado Coleman Hawkins Plays Bossa Nova & Jazz Samba', # noqa # 'Oscar Peterson Plays the Duke Ellington Songbook': 'The Duke Ellington Songbook', # noqa # 'Standard Time Vol.2 - Intimacy Calling': 'Standard Time Vol. 2 (Intimacy Calling)', # noqa # 'White Light/White Heat': 'White Light / White Heat', # },
# 'artist': { # 'Duke Ellington & His Orchestra': 'Duke Ellington And His Orchestra' # } # }
# SPOTIFY_EQUIVALENTS = { # 'album': { # 'Way Out West (OJC Remaster)': 'Way Out West', # "Workin' (RVG Remaster)": "Workin' With The Miles Davis Quintet" # } # }
# def get_lastfm(): # utils.setup_django() # from django.conf import settings
# lastfm = pylast.LastFMNetwork( # api_key=settings.LASTFM_API_KEY, # api_secret=settings.LASTFM_SECRET, # username=settings.LASTFM_USER, # password_hash=settings.LASTFM_PASS # ) # return lastfm
# def scrobble_django_record(record, when): # # TODO: Rename this
# start_time = time.mktime(when.timetuple()) # tracks = [] # for track in record.track_set.all(): # tracks.append( # { # 'artist' : record.artist.first().name, # 'title' : track.title, # 'album' : record.title, # 'timestamp': start_time # } # ) # if track.duration: # mins, secs = track.duration.split(':') # seconds = int(secs) + (int(mins) * 60) # start_time += seconds # else: # start_time += (3 * 60) + 41
# lastfm = get_lastfm() # lastfm.scrobble_many(tracks)
# def get_scrobbles(): # """ # Get this user's scrobbles. All of them. # """ # from django.conf import settings
# from inasilentway.models import Scrobble
# lastfm = get_lastfm()
# if Scrobble.objects.count() > 0: # # oldest = Scrobble.objects.all().order_by('timestamp').first() # # oldest_scrobble = oldest.timestamp # newest = Scrobble.objects.all().order_by('timestamp').last() # print(newest.title) # newest_scrobble = newest.timestamp
# user = lastfm.get_user(settings.LASTFM_USER) # tracks = user.get_recent_tracks(limit=1000, time_from=newest_scrobble) # print(tracks) # return tracks
# def save_scrobbles(scrobbles): # """ # Give some scrobbles, save them to the database # """ # from inasilentway.models import Scrobble # from django.utils import timezone
# for scrobble in scrobbles: # scrob, _ = Scrobble.objects.get_or_create( # timestamp=scrobble.timestamp, # title=scrobble.track.title # ) # scrob.artist = scrobble.track.artist # scrob.album = scrobble.album # scrob.timestamp = int(scrobble.timestamp) # format_string = '%d %b %Y, %H:%M' # scrob.datetime = timezone.make_aware( # datetime.datetime.strptime(scrobble.playback_date, format_string) # ) # scrob.save()
# def save_scrobbles_since(when): # from django.conf import settings
# lastfm = get_lastfm() # user = lastfm.get_user(settings.LASTFM_USER)
# tracks = user.get_recent_tracks( # limit=1000, time_from=time.mktime(when.timetuple())) # save_scrobbles(tracks)
# def load_scrobbles(args): # """ # Commandline entrypoint to get scrobbles and print them (warning, big) # """ # utils.setup_django() # scrobbles = get_scrobbles() # save_scrobbles(scrobbles) # from inasilentway.models import Scrobble # print('We have {} scrobbles'.format(Scrobble.objects.count())) # if len(scrobbles) > 0: # print('Going again') # load_scrobbles(args)
# def match_artist(artist_name): # """ # Given the name of an artist, return a matching Artist # or None # """ # from inasilentway.models import Artist
# artist_matches = Artist.objects.filter( # name__iexact=artist_name # )
# if len(artist_matches) == 0: # if artist_name in LASTFM_CORRECTIONS['artist']: # return match_artist(LASTFM_CORRECTIONS['artist'][artist_name]) # return None
# if len(artist_matches) == 1: # return artist_matches[0]
# if len(artist_matches) > 1: # import pdb; pdb.set_trace() # noqa # print(artist_matches)
# def match(artist, album, title): # """ # Return matches if we have them or none # """ # from inasilentway.models import Record
# match_album = None # match_track = None
# matching_artist = match_artist(artist)
# if album in LASTFM_CORRECTIONS['album']: # album = LASTFM_CORRECTIONS['album'][album]
# album_matches = Record.objects.filter( # title__iexact=album, # artist=matching_artist # )
# if len(album_matches) == 0: # return matching_artist, match_album, match_track
# if len(album_matches) == 1: # match_album = album_matches[0]
# if len(album_matches) > 1: # # E.g. Billie holiday with many "all or nothing at all" albums # return matching_artist, match_album, match_track
# for track in match_album.track_set.all(): # if track.title.lower() == title.lower(): # match_track = track
# return matching_artist, match_album, match_track
# def make_links(scrobbles):
# print('{} unlinked scrobbles'.format(scrobbles.count())) # matches_added = 0
# for scrobble in scrobbles: # matches = match(scrobble.artist, scrobble.album, scrobble.title) # artist, album, track = matches
# if track: # scrobble.isw_track = track
# if artist: # scrobble.isw_album = album # matches_added += 1
# if album: # scrobble.isw_artist = artist
# if any([track, artist, album]): # scrobble.save()
# else: # print('No matches, next') # continue
# print('This run added {} album matches'.format(matches_added))
# def link_scrobbles(args): # """ # Commandline entrypoint to get scrobbles and link them with # records in our collection # """ # utils.setup_django()
# from inasilentway.models import Scrobble
# unlinked = Scrobble.objects.filter( # isw_album__isnull=True, # album__isnull=False # ) # make_links(unlinked) |


This Porject is a quick exercise to illustrate how the default, static and fixed to top navbar work. It includes the responsive CSS and HTML, so it also adapts to your viewport and device.
To see the difference between static and fixed top navbars, just scroll.
To see the difference between static and fixed top navbars, just scroll.


| Roomie | Total Points |
|---|---|
| Kaitlin | 46 |
| Max | 28 |
| Edge | 24 |
| Nick | 20 |
Leaderboard
| Roomie | Total Points |
|---|---|
| Kaitlin | 46 |
| Max | 28 |
| Edge | 24 |
| Nick | 20 |
Assigned Chores
| Task | Assignee | |
|---|---|---|
| Claimed Incomplete1 | Kaitlin | Incomplete |
| Claimed Incomplete2 | Kaitlin | Incomplete |
| Claimed Complete 1 | Kaitlin | Complete |
| Claimed Complete2 | Kaitlin | Complete |
| Claimed complete3 | Kaitlin | Complete |
| Claimed complete4 | Kaitlin | Complete |
| Claimed Incomplete1 | Max | Incomplete |
| Claimed Incomplete2 | Max | Incomplete |
| Claimed Complete 1 | Max | Complete |
| Claimed Complete2 | Max | Complete |
| Claimed complete3 | Max | Complete |
| Claimed complete4 | Max | Complete |
| Claimed Complete 1 | Edge | Complete |
| Claimed Complete2 | Edge | Complete |
| Claimed complete3 | Edge | Complete |
| Claimed complete4 | Edge | Complete |
| Claimed Complete 1 | Nick | Complete |
| Claimed Complete2 | Nick | Complete |
| Claimed complete3 | Nick | Complete |
| Claimed complete4 | Nick | Complete |
| unclaimed1 | Incomplete | |
| unclaimed2 | Incomplete |


While accessibility focuses on people with disabilities, many accessibility requirements also improve usability for everyone. Accessibility especially benefits people without disabilities who are in limiting situations, such as using the web on a mobile phone when visual attention is elsewhere, in bright sunlight, in a dark room, in a quiet environment, in a noisy environment, and in an emergency. Accessibility includes both: Requirements that are more specific to people with disabilities — for example, they ensure that websites work well with assistive technologies such as screen readers that read aloud web pages, screen magnifiers that enlarge web pages, and voice recognition software that is used to input text. Most of these requirements are technical and relate to the underlying code rather than to the visual appearance. Requirements that are also general usability principles — which are included in accessibility requirements because they can be significant barriers to people with disabilities. For example, a website that is developed so that it can be used without a mouse is good usability; and use without a mouse is an accessibility requirement because people with some physical and visual disabilities cannot use a mouse at all. In defining accessibility requirements, care is usually taken to not include aspects that impact all people similarly, and only include aspects that put person with a disability is at a disadvantage relative to a person without a disability.


If you catch yourself in time, there's a nice little feature in Bazaar that can help with this:
bzr merge --uncommitted
. It will merge in the changes that you've made to your working tree but haven't committed yet.e.g.
$ cd some-feature-branch
... hack hack hack ... oops!
$ cd ..
$ bzr branch trunk bug-fix-2357
$ cd bug-fix-2357
$ bzr merge --uncommitted ../some-feature-branch
$ bzr ci -m "Fix up bug 2357. Found this while working on some-feature."
$ bzr send
Don't know what
bzr send
does? Trust me, you want to find out.


--- layout: page title: "Media Resource Control Protocol Version 2 (MRCPv2)" description: "The Media Resource Control Protocol Version 2 (MRCPv2) allows client hosts to control media service resources such as speech synthesizers, recognizers, verifiers, and identifiers residing in servers on the network. MRCPv2 is not a \"stand-alone\" protocol -- it relies on other protocols, such as the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), to coordinate MRCPv2 clients and servers and manage sessions between them, and the Session Description Protocol (SDP) to describe, discover, and exchange capabilities. It also depends on SIP and SDP to establish the media sessions and associated parameters between the media source or sink and the media server. Once this is done, the MRCPv2 exchange operates over the control session established above, allowing the client to control the media processing resources on the speech resource server." ---
| Document Name: | RFC 6768 |
|---|---|
| Document URI: |
urn:ietf:rfc:6768
|
| Online Version: |
https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6768
|
| Organization: | Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) |
| Series: | Request for Comments (RFC) |
| Abstract: | The Media Resource Control Protocol Version 2 (MRCPv2) allows client hosts to control media service resources such as speech synthesizers, recognizers, verifiers, and identifiers residing in servers on the network. MRCPv2 is not a "stand-alone" protocol -- it relies on other protocols, such as the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), to coordinate MRCPv2 clients and servers and manage sessions between them, and the Session Description Protocol (SDP) to describe, discover, and exchange capabilities. It also depends on SIP and SDP to establish the media sessions and associated parameters between the media source or sink and the media server. Once this is done, the MRCPv2 exchange operates over the control session established above, allowing the client to control the media processing resources on the speech resource server. |
application/nlsml+xml
,
text/grammar-ref-list
session
Return to ( Series | Organization | all Specifications )


pyshgp.gp.genome module¶
The genome
module defines classes related to Genomesself.
The Genome
class defines Genomes as flat, linear representations of Push
programs. The GenomeSpawner
class is a factory of random genes (Atoms
)
and random Genomes
.
-
class
pyshgp.gp.genome.
GeneSpawner
(instruction_set: pyshgp.push.instruction_set.InstructionSet, literals: Sequence[Union[pyshgp.push.atoms.Literal, Any]], erc_generators: Sequence[Callable], distribution: pyshgp.utils.DiscreteProbDistrib = 'proportional')[source]¶ Bases:
object
A factory of random Genes (Atoms) and Genomes.
When spawning a random gene, the result can be one of three types of Atoms. An Instruction, a Closer, or a Literal. If the Atom is a Literal, it may be one of the supplied Literals, or it may be the result of running one of the Ephemeral Random Constant generators.
Reference for ERCs: “A field guide to genetic programming”, Section 3.1 Riccardo Poli and William B. Langdon and Nicholas Freitag McPhee, http://www.gp-field-guide.org.uk/
Parameters: - instruction_set (pyshgp.push.instruction_set.InstructionSet) – InstructionSet containing instructions to use when spawning genes and genomes.
- literals (Sequence[pyshgp.push.instruction_set.atoms.Literal, Any]) – A list of Literal objects to pull from when spawning genes and genomes.
If an element of
literals
is not an instance of Literal, an attempt to wrap the value in a Literal will be made. - erc_generator (Sequence[Callable]) – A list of functions (aka Ephemeral Random Constant generators). When one of these functions is called, the output is placed in a Literal and returned as the spawned gene.
- distribution (pyshgp.utils.DiscreteProbDistrib, optional) – A probability distribution describing how frequently to produce Instructions, Closers, Literals, and ERCs. The default is “proportional” which gives all Instructions, Literals, and ERC generators equal probability. If “proportional”, the likelyhood of producing a Closer is the same as the likelyhood of producing an Instruction with opens a code block.
-
instruction_set
¶ InstructionSet containing instructions to use when spawning genes and genomes.
Type: pyshgp.push.instruction_set.InstructionSet
-
literals
¶ A list of Literal objects to pull from when spawning genes and genomes.
Type: Sequence[pyshgp.push.instruction_set.atoms.Literal]
-
erc_generator
¶ A list of functions (aka Ephemeral Random Constant generators). When one of these functions is called, the output is placed in a Literal and returned as the spawned gene.
Type: Sequence[Callable]
-
distribution
¶ A probability distribution describing how frequently to produce Instructions, Closers, Literals, and ERCs.
Type: pyshgp.utils.DiscreteProbDistrib
-
random_erc
() → pyshgp.push.atoms.Literal[source]¶ Materialize a random ERC generator into a Literal and return it.
Returns: A Literal whose value comes from running a ERC generator function. Return type: pushgp.push.atoms.Literal
-
random_instruction
() → pyshgp.push.atoms.Instruction[source]¶ Return a random Instruction from the InstructionSet.
Returns: A randomly selected Literal. Return type: pushgp.push.atoms.Instruction
-
random_literal
() → pyshgp.push.atoms.Literal[source]¶ Return a random Literal from the set of Literals.
Returns: A randomly selected Literal. Return type: pushgp.push.atoms.Literal
-
spawn_atom
() → pyshgp.push.atoms.Atom[source]¶ Return a random Atom based on the GenomeSpawner’s distribution.
Returns: An random Atom. Either an Instruction, Closer, or Literal. Return type: pushgp.push.atoms.Atom
-
spawn_genome
(size: Union[int, Sequence[int]]) → pyshgp.gp.genome.Genome[source]¶ Return a random Genome based on the GenomeSpawner’s distribution.
The genome will contain the specified number of Atoms if size is an integer. If size is a pair of integers, the genome will be of a random size in the range of the two integers.
Parameters: size – The resulting genome will contain this many Atoms if size is an integer. If size is a pair of integers, the genome will be of a random size in the range of the two integers. Returns: A Genome with random contents of a given size. Return type: pushgp.gp.genome.Genome
-
class
pyshgp.gp.genome.
Genome
(atoms: Sequence[pyshgp.push.atoms.Atom] = None)[source]¶ Bases:
list
,pyshgp.push.atoms.Atom
,pyshgp.utils.JSONable
A flat sequence of Atoms where each Atom is a “gene” in the genome.
-
static
from_json_str
(json_str: str, instruction_set: pyshgp.push.instruction_set.InstructionSet)[source]¶ Create a Genome from a JSON string.
-
static
-
class
pyshgp.gp.genome.
GenomeSimplifier
(evaluator: pyshgp.gp.evaluation.Evaluator, verbosity_config: Optional[pyshgp.monitoring.VerbosityConfig] = None)[source]¶ Bases:
object
Simplifies a genome while preserving, or improving, its error.
Genomes, and Push programs, can contain superfluous Push code. This extra code often has no effect on the program behavior, but occasionally it can introduce subtle errors or behaviors that is not covered by the training cases. Removing the superfluous code makes genomes (and thus programs) smaller and easier to understand. More importantly, simplification can imporve the generalization of the given genome/program.
The process of geneome simplification is iterative and closely resembles simple hill climbing. For each iteration, the simplifier will randomly select a small number of random genes to remove. The Genome is re-evaluated and if its error gets worse, the change is reverted. After repeating this for some number of steps, the resulting genome will be the same size or smaller while containing the same (or better) error value.
Reference: “Improving generalization of evolved programs through automatic simplification” Thomas Helmuth, Nicholas Freitag McPhee, Edward Pantridge, and Lee Spector. 2017. In Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO ‘17). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 937-944. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3071178.3071330
https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3071178.3071330
-
simplify
(genome: pyshgp.gp.genome.Genome, origional_errors: numpy.ndarray, steps: int = 2000) → Tuple[pyshgp.gp.genome.Genome, numpy.ndarray][source]¶ Simplify the given geome while maintaining error.
Parameters: - genome – The Genome to simplifiy.
- origional_errors – Error vector of the genome to simplify.
- steps – Number of simplification iterations to perform. Default is 2000.
Returns: A Genome with random contents of a given size.
Return type: pushgp.gp.genome.Genome
-


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Sergey Brin
May 10, 2011
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[REVISION 20070707]
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[REVISION 20070703]
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[REVISION 20060623]
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