Building a Space Station
问题描述 :
The space station is made up with a number of units, called cells. All cells are sphere-shaped, but their sizes are not necessarily uniform. Each cell is fixed at its predetermined position shortly after the station is successfully put into its orbit. It is quite strange that two cells may be touching each other, or even may be overlapping. In an extreme case, a cell may be totally enclosing another one. I do not know how such arrangements are possible.
All the cells must be connected, since crew members should be able to walk from any cell to any other cell. They can walk from a cell A to another cell B, if, (1) A and B are touching each other or overlapping, (2) A and B are connected by a `corridor’, or (3) there is a cell C such that walking from A to C, and also from B to C are both possible. Note that the condition (3) should be interpreted transitively.
You are expected to design a configuration, namely, which pairs of cells are to be connected with corridors. There is some freedom in the corridor configuration. For example, if there are three cells A, B and C, not touching nor overlapping each other, at least three plans are possible in order to connect all three cells. The first is to build corridors A-B and A-C, the second B-C and B-A, the third C-A and C-B. The cost of building a corridor is proportional to its length. Therefore, you should choose a plan with the shortest total length of the corridors.
You can ignore the width of a corridor. A corridor is built between points on two cells’ surfaces. It can be made arbitrarily long, but of course the shortest one is chosen. Even if two corridors A-B and C-D intersect in space, they are not considered to form a connection path between (for example) A and C. In other words, you may consider that two corridors never intersect.
输入:
n
x1 y1 z1 r1
x2 y2 z2 r2
…
xn yn zn rn
The first line of a data set contains an integer n, which is the number of cells. n is positive, and does not exceed 100.
The following n lines are descriptions of cells. Four values in a line are x-, y- and z-coordinates of the center, and radius (called r in the rest of the problem) of the sphere, in this order. Each value is given by a decimal fraction, with 3 digits after the decimal point. Values are separated by a space character.
Each of x, y, z and r is positive and is less than 100.0.
The end of the input is indicated by a line containing a zero.
输出:
Note that if no corridors are necessary, that is, if all the cells are connected without corridors, the shortest total length of the corridors is 0.000.
样例输入:
3 10.000 10.000 50.000 10.000 40.000 10.000 50.000 10.000 40.000 40.000 50.000 10.000 2 30.000 30.000 30.000 20.000 40.000 40.000 40.000 20.000 5 5.729 15.143 3.996 25.837 6.013 14.372 4.818 10.671 80.115 63.292 84.477 15.120 64.095 80.924 70.029 14.881 39.472 85.116 71.369 5.553 0
样例输出:
20.000 0.000 73.834
解题代码:
//* @author<EMAIL_ADDRESS>import java.io.*; import java.util.Arrays; public class Main { static int[] p; public static void main(String[] args) throws NumberFormatException, IOException { InputStreamReader is=new InputStreamReader(System.in); BufferedReader in=new BufferedReader(is); while(true) { int a=Integer.parseInt(in.readLine()); if(a==0)break; double[][] dd=new double[a][4]; for(int i=0;i< a;i++) { String[] ss=in.readLine().split(" "); for(int j=0;j< 4;j++) dd[i][j]=Double.parseDouble(ss[j]); } p=new int[a]; for(int i=0;i< a;i++) p[i]=i; rir[] yy=new rir[7000]; int len=0; for(int i=0;i< a;i++) for(int j=i+1;j< a;j++) { if(i==j) continue; double dis=(dd[i][0]-dd[j][0])*(dd[i][0]-dd[j][0])+ (dd[i][1]-dd[j][1])*(dd[i][1]-dd[j][1])+ (dd[i][2]-dd[j][2])*(dd[i][2]-dd[j][2]); dis=Math.sqrt(dis); dis-=dd[i][3]; dis-=dd[j][3]; if(dis< 0) dis=0; yy[len]=new rir(i,j,dis); len++; } Arrays.sort(yy,0,a*(a-1)/2); //for(int i=0;i< a*(a-1)/2;i++) //System.out.println(yy[i].juli+" "+yy[i].x+" "+yy[i].y); double sum=0; for(int i=0;i< len;i++) { if(un(yy[i].x,yy[i].y)) { sum+=yy[i].juli; } } System.out.printf("%.3f\n",sum); } } static int root(int x) { int b=x; while(p[b]!=b) b=p[b]; return p[x]=b; } static boolean un(int a,int b) { int aa=root(a); int bb=root(b); if(aa==bb)return false; if(aa>bb) p[aa]=bb; else p[bb]=aa; return true; } } class rir implements Comparable< rir> { int x; int y; double juli; public rir(int xx,int yy,double j) { x=xx;y=yy;juli=j; } @Override public int compareTo(rir o) { if(juli-o.juli< 0)return -1; if(juli==o.juli)return 0; else return 1; } }
这个方法是错的，不信你试试：
20 5
1 A:9
1 A:9
1 A:9
1 A:6
1 A:4
正确答案应该是19，这个答案是18
写的好····· Pollard Rh
代码可真够长的！
递归还真是一门学问，学习了
算法是程序的灵魂，算法分简单和复杂，如果不搞大数据类，程序员了解一下简单点的算法也是可以的，但是会算法的一定要会编程才行，程序员不一定要会算法，利于自己项目需要的可以简单了解。
程序是对的。有些地方用了C++的写法
我表示楼主不要乱抄题，你写的另一个题吧，直接扒了代码没跑吧
5.1处，反了；“上一个操作符的优先级比操作符ch的优先级大，或栈是空的就入栈。”如代码所述，应为“上一个操作符的优先级比操作符ch的优先级小，或栈是空的就入栈。”
具体实现上有所差别，但思路是一样的
不考虑最后将结果排序的话，快排的时间复杂度是O(N) ，而堆排的是O(N*logK)
非常好，初学者就应该先理解递归
约瑟夫也用说这么长……很成熟的一个问题了，分治的方法解起来o(n)就可以了，有兴趣可以看看具体数学的第一章，关于约瑟夫问题推导出了一系列的结论，很漂亮


nips nips2004 nips2004-185 nips2004-185-reference knowledge-graph by maker-knowledge-mining
Source: pdf
Author: Alan L. Yuille
Abstract: This paper analyses the Contrastive Divergence algorithm for learning statistical parameters. We relate the algorithm to the stochastic approximation literature. This enables us to specify conditions under which the algorithm is guaranteed to converge to the optimal solution (with probability 1). This includes necessary and sufﬁcient conditions for the solution to be unbiased.
[1]. G. Hinton. “Training Products of Experts by Minimizing Contrastive Divergence””. Neural Computation. 14, pp 1771-1800. 2002.
[2]. Y.W. Teh, M. Welling, S. Osindero and G.E. Hinton. “Energy-Based Models for Sparse Overcomplete Representations”. Journal of Machine Learning Research. To appear. 2003.
[3]. D. MacKay. “Failures of the one-step learning algorithm”. Available electronically at http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/mackay/abstracts/gbm.html. 2001.
[4]. C.K.I. Williams and F.V. Agakov. “An Analysis of Contrastive Divergence Learning in Gaussian Boltzmann Machines”. Technical Report EDI-INF-RR-0120. Institute for Adaptive and Neural Computation. University of Edinburgh. 2002.
[5]. H. Robbins and S. Monro. “A Stochastic Approximation Method”. Annals of Mathematical Sciences. Vol. 22, pp 400-407. 1951.
[6]. H.J. Kushner and D.S. Clark. Stochastic Approximation for Constrained and Unconstrained Systems. New York. Springer-Verlag. 1978.
[7]. L. Younes. “On the Convergence of Markovian Stochastic Algorithms with Rapidly Decreasing Ergodicity rates.” Stochastics and Stochastic Reports, 65, 177-228. 1999.
[8]. S.C. Zhu and X. Liu. “Learning in Gibbsian Fields: How Accurate and How Fast Can It Be?”. IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. Vol. 24, No. 7, July 2002.
[9]. H.J. Kushner. “Asymptotic Global Behaviour for Stochastic Approximation and Diffusions with Slowly Decreasing Noise Effects: Global Minimization via Monte Carlo”. SIAM J. Appl. Math. 47:169-185. 1987.
[10]. G.B. Orr and T.K. Leen. “Weight Space Probability Densities on Stochastic Learning: II Transients and Basin Hopping Times”. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 5. Eds. Giles, Hanson, and Cowan. Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA. 1993.
[11]. G.R. Grimmett and D. Stirzaker. Probability and Random Processes. Oxford University Press. 2001.
[12]. B. Van Roy. Course notes. Prof. (www.stanford.edu/class/msande339/notes/lecture6.ps). B. Van Roy. Stanford.
[13]. P. Bremaud. Markov Chains: Gibbs Fields, Monte Carlo Simulation, and Queues. Springer. New York. 1999.


R/high_level_UI.R
H5S_H5D_subset_assign.Rd
Selecting and assigning subsets of HDF5-Spaces and HDF5-Datasets
subset_h5.H5S(x, d1, ..., op = h5const$H5S_SELECT_SET, envir = parent.frame()) # S3 method for H5S [(x, d1, ..., op = h5const$H5S_SELECT_SET, envir = parent.frame()) subset_h5.H5D(x, d1, ..., dataset_xfer_pl = h5const$H5P_DEFAULT, flags = getOption("hdf5r.h5tor_default"), drop = TRUE, envir = parent.frame()) # S3 method for H5D [(x, d1, ..., dataset_xfer_pl = h5const$H5P_DEFAULT, flags = getOption("hdf5r.h5tor_default"), drop = TRUE, envir = parent.frame()) subset_assign_h5.H5D(x, d1, ..., dataset_xfer_pl = h5const$H5P_DEFAULT, envir = parent.frame(), value) # S3 method for H5D [(x, d1, ..., dataset_xfer_pl = h5const$H5P_DEFAULT, envir = parent.frame()) <- value
| x | |
|---|---|
| d1 | First dimension of the object |
| ... | Used for other dimension of the object |
| op | Operation to perform on the |
| envir | The environment in which the dimension indices |
| dataset_xfer_pl | An object of class |
| flags | Some flags governing edge cases of conversion from HDF5 to R. This is related to how integers are being treated and
the issue of R not being able to natively represent 64bit integers and not at all being able to represent unsigned 64bit integers
(even using add-on packages). The constants governing this are part of |
| drop | Logical. When reading data, should dimensions of size 1 be dropped. |
| value | The value to assign to the dataset |
For x
being a H5S
, the same object is returned, but with the selection set as requested. For
H5D
it retrieves the subset of data requested or sets the subset of data assigned, as for any n-dimensional array
in R.
Used for subsetting HDF5-Datasets or HDF5-Spaces or for assigning data into HDF5-Datasets. There are some differences to consider with R itself.
Most importantly HDF5-COMPOUND objects only have a single dimension internally to HDF5 (a vector), but they correspond to R-data.frames,
which are 2 dimensional. For an HDF5 COMPOUND object, it is currently not possible to only sub-select a specific column.
All columns have to be extracted (using 1-dimensional access with [
and can then be subset in R itself.
The same is true for writing a COMPOUND object (H5T_COMPOUND
). A complete data-frame
is needed, not just a subset of the columns.
Another important differences is for datasets of HDF5-ARRAY type H5T_ARRAY
where the access to the object is only for the dimension of the object itself, not including the dimensions of the underlying array type.


To start playing with console app enter your identity and desired push channel
After login Chat client is accessible via global `ChatClientHelper.client` variable, open development console in browser and play with it!
You can review your configuration in JSON here


- Home
- Result
{% if query and results %}
{% endif %}
{% include "category/_items.html" with products=results %}
{% bootstrap_pagination results url=query_string %}
{% else %}
{% trans "Search:" %} {{ query }}
{% trans "Sorry, no matches found for your request." context "Search without results text" %}
{% trans "Try again or shop new arrivals." context "Search without results text" %}


--- layout: archive ---
"Burren Peil is a researcher and PhD student in Human Centered Design and Engineering. Their work explores art, collaborative reflection, co-design, and embodiment as mechanisms for leaning into difficult but necessary sociotechnical conversations about the relationships between affect, culture, design, identities, and systems. In practice, they draw from their background in user experience and the comparative history of ideas to iteratively prototype experiential learning workshops with a team of interdisciplinary collaborators as small-scale community interactions for collaborative rethinking and healing.
The purpose of these workshops is to build community while equipping participants with guidance from critical areas of study. This guidance is leveraged for gaining a more meaningful understanding of affect, culture, design, identities, and systems in context together to aid participants in learning to navigate their worlds with agency while advocating for themselves and their communities. A critical part of this work is employing design to facilitate raising critical awareness, sometimes understood as trauma sensitivities, across multi-axes of social differences collaboratively. Burren employs qualitative methods to document this process and raise insights for equitable structural change within and beyond human-computer interaction."


{% extends 'layout-tt-1.html' %} {% block pageTitle %} Coronavirus (COVID-19) - NHS.UK {% endblock %} {% block content %}
Self-isolation is when you do not leave your home because you have or might have coronavirus (COVID-19). This helps stop the virus spreading to other people.


--- creation_epoch:<PHONE_NUMBER> lastmod_epoch:<PHONE_NUMBER> categories: ['Computer Problems'] title: Install Windows 7 (boot) 64-bit to RAID array 3TB on Gigabyte Hybrid EFI motherboard --- Short Answer: You can't. Not with a RAID array with more than 2.2TB of a single volume disk. The FakeRAID on the Gigabyte motherboard with Hybrid EFI does not have a ROM that supports booting from a volume larger than 2.2TB in EFI mode. This means you can't install Windows 7 (or later) 64-bit onto a RAID array.
If you want a > 2.2TB disk for OS boot you'll have to use a non-RAID mode or possibly an add-on controller if you can find one.
For storage-only (not boot or OS install) you can have disks greater than 2.2TB.
I tried multiple tricks. At one point I got a USB disk to boot in EFI mode and start the install after I used diskpart to manually partition a GPT volume of 4TB RAID. Windows did the extracting files, but it failed to make the disk bootable. I just got error messages about how setup failed.
I contacted Gigabyte support who verified that using RAID will not work as the Hybrid EFI and RAID ROM didn't support bootable volumes larger than 2.2TB. Disappointing as my motherboard is only from 2011 and has no BIOS update to full UEFI.
My take-away is Hybrid EFI is not as good as full UEFI if you are dealing with larger volumes. Also of note is that Gigabyte's FakeRAID in RAID10 mode only supports 4 drives even though RAID10 isn't the restriction for this only the RAID controller implementation. Maybe I'll find an add-on RAID card that can boot EFI with volumes >2.2TB or perhaps I'll just get a SSD for my OS.
My setup:
My original support inquiry with Gigabyte and their response:
From : Rodney
Sent : 8/29/2013 23:43
Question : I have two 2TB SATA drives in a RAID0 (stripe) array for a single 4TB.
I am unable to install Windows 7 64-bit Professional Edition onto this single 4TB drive.
I set "EFI CD/DVD Boot Option" to "EFI"
My SATA option is RAID.
I have the F7 BIOS (latest stable, non-beta).
I begin by booting from the USB DVD with Windows 7 64-bit installer. I arrive at the screen to select which disk to install to. As expected the 4TB RAID array does not appear. I choose to install driver and use the "AMD SATA RAID Driver (Preinstall driver, press F6 during Windows* setup to read from floppy)" -- version -- "3.3.1540.33, 2012/10/25"
I can now see the 4TB (shows as 3700GB) drive. I select the drive and click on Install.
I get an error from Windows that it cannot install to the selected drive. "Windows cannot be installed to this disk. This computer's hardware may not support booting to this disk."
I also attempted using a Windows 7 USB install drive (FAT32 formatted), but that gave me the same error.
How do I install Windows 7 64-bit Professional Edition to a 4TB disk?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Model Name : GA-970A-UD3(rev. 1.0/1.1)
--------------------------
M/B Rev : 1.0
BIOS Ver : F7
Serial No. : [removed]
Purchase Dealer : Amazon.com
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VGA Brand : Nvidia Model : GT 430
CPU Brand : AMD Model : Phenom II X4 970 Speed : 3.5GHz
Operation System : Win 7 64-bit SP : 1
Memory Brand : Corsair Type : DDR3
Memory Size : 8GB Speed : PC3-12800
Power Supply : 600 W
USB DVD-RW Drive
Answer : Dear Customer,
Due to the raid rom limitation the OS cannot exceed 2.2TB, please use the raid
as the storage or you will need to use an single drive as the OS.


|
Evolutionary Diversification in Anolis Lizards
|
Parameters for Individual class. More...
#include <individual.hpp>
Public Attributes | |
| double | BETA_PARAM = 3.0 |
| \( \alpha \) of Beta distribution in \( F(u,v) \) | |
| size_t | CARRYING_CAPACITY = 1000u |
| \( K_{\max} \) in \( K_e(I)\) | |
| double | AVG_NUM_OFFSPINRGS = 4.0 |
| \( b \) in \( w(I) \) | |
| double | HEIGHT_PREFERENCE = 2.0 |
| \( h_0 \) in \( \Xi(y_0,y_1 \mid u,v) \) | |
| double | DIAMETER_PREFERENCE = 2.0 |
| \( h_1 \) in \( \Xi(y_0,y_1 \mid u,v) \) | |
| double | TOEPAD_SELECTION = 2.0 |
| \( s_0 \) in \( W(x_0,x_1 \mid u,v) \) | |
| double | LIMB_SELECTION = 2.0 |
| \( s_1\) in \( W(x_0,x_1 \mid u,v) \) | |
| double | PREF_COMPETITION = 2.0 |
| \(c_y\) in \(C_y(I,J)\) | |
| double | MORPH_COMPETITION = 2.0 |
| \(c_x\) in \(C_x(I,J)\) | |
| double | MATING_SIGMA = 0.05 |
| \( \sigma_a \) in \( \psi(f,c \mid m) \) | |
| double | MU_LOCUS = 1e-4 |
| Mutation rate per locus per generation. More... | |
| unsigned long | MUTATION_MASK = 0 |
| Flag set to protect specific traits from mutations. More... | |
| double | MIGRATION_RATE = 0.005 |
| Migration rate \(m\) (i.e., \(Nm\) makes the expected # of migrants) | |
Static Public Attributes | |
| static constexpr double | NORMAL_SIGMA = 0.3 |
| \( \sigma \) of Normal distribution in v2 \( F(u,v) \) | |
| static constexpr double | C0 = 1.0 |
| \( c_0 \) of Normal distribution in v2 \( F(u,v) \) | |
| static constexpr double | C1 = 0.5 |
| \( c_1 \) of Normal distribution in v2 \( F(u,v) \) | |
Parameters for Individual class.


|
MoveToCode
|
Classes | |
| interface | IAudioInfluencer |
| Interface that should be implemented by any class that wishes to influence how an audio source sounds. More... | |
| class | AudioInfluencerController |
| Class which supports components implementing Microsoft.MixedReality.Toolkit.Audio.IAudioInfluencer being used with audio sources. More... | |
| class | AudioLoFiEffect |
| An audio effect that limits the frequency range of a sound to simulate being played over various telephony or radio sources. More... | |
| class | AudioOccluder |
| Class that implements Microsoft.MixedReality.Toolkit.Audio.IAudioInfluencer to provide an audio occlusion effect, similar to listening to sound from outside of an enclosed space. More... | |
Enumerations | |
| enum class | AudioLoFiSourceQuality { NarrowBandTelephony = 0 , WideBandTelephony , AmRadio , FmRadio , FullRange } |
| Source quality options, used by the AudioLoFiEffect, that match common telephony and radio broadcast options. More... | |
Source quality options, used by the AudioLoFiEffect, that match common telephony and radio broadcast options.


A lot of the past week has been focused on some catching up and tidying up in my active projects in metadata manipulation and publishing tools, EML
, RNeXML
, and rfigshare
. The full story of the week and half unfolds on github, but summarizing progress here.
rfigshare
Changes to httr
interface orginally broke rfigshare
, though working with @hadley the original mechanism was restored through sign_oauth1.0()
. The changes provided a much nicer mechanism for handling oauth
authentication without having to specify tokens directly, and resulted in a relatively straightforward overhaul of the authentication mechanism in the package, while still preserving the package API. During this process I also tackled a bunch of outstanding issues, such as: pretty-printing results, fixing behavior of search and adding authors, getting embeddable image URLs and flushing out the test suite and activiting full travis integration of the tests. See package NEWS for a more complete list (v0.2-9 and v0.3). This version is now on CRAN.
In the process I learned a bit more about httr
’s oauth handling.
RNeXML
Main focus has been moving manuscript text foward, flushing out a more complete description of package functions, organization, and use cases. In particular this has focused on:
Outlining the tiered levels of metadata manipulation (from the elementrary
get_metadata()
to the XPath and SPARQL queries) and metadata generation (fromtitle
andcreator
to automatic taxonomic reference links using taxize to building on existing and custom ontologies; and the related example of extending the schema itself using metadata (simmap).Finalizing and writing out this simmap example was the other goal, illustrating extending the package.
Lost too much time on some of the fine points of travis integration with package dependencies on specific users and branches of Github, on omegahat, and cases where apt-get cannot get background dependencies automatically.
EML
Still need to continue mansucript writing and extending functionality; meanwhile minor changes to reflect updates to rfigshare and to travis integration.
rfishbase
Some momentum on rfishbase2.0 thanks to involvement from @tpoi


{% extends 'messages/web/reminders/base.html' %} {% block content %}
The following products on your Breeze® Card ending in {{ card.last_four }} are below {{ reminder.threshold }} remaining round trips.


Details of errors
| Error | Your data | Row number(s) | How to fix it |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conflicting | n/a | 73-143 | Units must not be used when the Txt_Value field is used |
| Incorrect | mS/cm | 144-147 | You must supply units exactly as it's given in the EA controlled list. |
| Incorrect | degC | 156-159 | You must supply units exactly as it's given in the EA controlled list. |
| Missing | n/a | 148-151 | Unit values must be supplied when the Value field is used |
| Conflicting | n/a | 73-143 | Units must not be used when the Txt_Value field is used |
| Incorrect | mS/cm | 144-147 | You must supply units exactly as it's given in the EA controlled list. |
| Incorrect | degC | 156-159 | You must supply units exactly as it's given in the EA controlled list. |
| Missing | n/a | 148-151 | Unit values must be supplied when the Value field is used |
| Incorrect | mS/cm | 144-147 | You must supply units exactly as it's given in the EA controlled list. |
| Incorrect | degC | 156-159 | You must supply units exactly as it's given in the EA controlled list. |
| Missing | n/a | 148-151 | Unit values must be supplied when the Value field is used |


| NUMBER | NAME | AMOUNT | MES_UNIT | UNIT_PRICE | VALUE | DISCOUNT_PERCENT |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| {{number}} | {{name}} | {{amount}} | {{measurmentUnit}} | ${{unitPrice}} | ${{value}} | {{discountPercent}} |
| TOTAL DISCOUNT | ${{totalDiscount}} | |||||
| SUB.DISCOUNT | ${{subtractedDiscount}} | |||||
| TOTAL TAX | ${{totalTax}} |


Color models
Figure: Jmol color model.
Figure: Rasmol modern color model.
Figure: Rasmol color model.
Figure: Vesta color model.


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It is like that summer night that is too hot to sleep. All I hear are bugs and frogs, ringing, occupying the sound spectrum. I don’t know which night I remembered.It is that summer night, but it is also many many other nights. I only remember that night. Where all the nights are the same night.
Gathering is an installation that took place within the duration of the unification and despersing of solar electronic bugs to the hosts. This is an instance of a larger archival project called Electronic Entomology. Selected hosts are asked to host a solar electronic bug in one's private space indefinitely as long as one desires. Agreed hosts are asked to give a name to the bug and send the image of the bugs in the current location. Some of the bugs are asked to be burrowed to participate in
musical performances 1, installations 1, 2, and various reunions to come in the future.
This particular group of 26 bugs belongs to a group called receptacle and was dispersed in New Haven in November of 2020. Each bugs' body and voice was composed with the particular host in mind - appendix, avatar. Throughout the week, bugs were picked up one by one with a brief introduction. Some were mailed to remote locations followed by a phone call.
It is a living monument of relatedness.
Whether we love each other or hate each other, whether we don’t care for each other, or we continue the relationships, the group of bugs symbolizes the temporal relatedness of this group. As we all happened to be, and as we all happen to relate to each other, and as we move on with our lives, the group, grouping, collection, gathering, division, species, cohorts, all of which are temporal grouping mechanisms that have us orient each other in time and space. We are brought together here implicating and being implicated, through another bodies. It is like riding on the same airplane, walking on the same side of the street, having a child together, being in the same building, having the same last name, to like dogs more than cats, being called for jury duty, a person who has to check ethnicity question “others.”
bon ^ erma ^ lucasito ^ receptical sample image ^
Avatar of personality occupying the same space. They converse peacefully and aggressively, they cry together. Rejection and affection, theater of relationships. Surrogate and appendix. Two nemesis now face to face sit across from each other chirping away, and two that are lovers now are lovers of all others. They are all together now here only to be part again.
Each of the bugs relates to each other beyond the scope of classification and documentation that exist now, which is to be discovered as more bugs are made. I wonder where they end up in decades. Bugs, the hosts, where are they, how they have been?
Bugs may be looked as avatars at times, but that is only our concern. In a parallel, bugs chirp away on their own rhythms. Uninterested in the logic of ours. Chirps away vibrating to slightest changes of beams of photons. Relating through their body.


This game part of the classic games, please visit that page first for general information about these games.
| Actions | Agents | Manual Control | Action Shape | Action Values | Observation Shape | Observation Values | Num States |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Discrete | 2 | No | (1,) | Discrete(7) | (6, 7, 2) | [0,1] | ? |
from pettingzoo.classic import connect_four_v0
agents= ['player_0', 'player_0']
AEC Diagram
Connect Four is a 2 player turn based game, where players must connect four of their tokens vertically, horizontally or diagonally. The players drop their respective token in a standing grid, where each token will fall as far down into its column as possible. Players cannot fill up a column with more than 6 token, and the game ends when either a player has made a sequence of 4 token, or when all 7 columns have been filled.
The observation space is 2 stacks of a 6x7 grid. Each stack represents the placement of the corresponding agent’s token, where 1 indicates that the agent has a token placed in that cell, and 0 means they do not have a token in that cell. 0 can be interpreted as either the cell being empty, or the other agent may have a token in that cell.
The action space is integers from 0 to 6, where the action represents which column a token should be dropped in. If a token is dropped in a column that is full, the game will terminate with an illegal move error. The possible actions each agent can make is stored in infos[agent], and is updated on every step.
If an agent successfully connects four of their tokens, they will be rewarded 1 point. At the same time, the opponent agent will be awarded -1 points. If the game ends in a draw, both players are rewarded 0.
The legal moves available for each agent, found in env.infos[agent]['legal_moves']
, are updated after each step. Taking an illegal move ends the game with a reward of -1 for the illegally moving agent and a reward of 0 for all other agents.


Customize your own home page
The site is working, change the URL in your browser to get to any custom page. But, don't forget to overwrite this index.html with your own. You typically have 3 choices :
- 1. Create an overview page for your project
- 2. Create an empty html page with this code in the head tag to redirect to one of your documentation page :
<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="0; url=http://example.com/"/>
- 3. Configure your server to automatically redirect home page to one your documentation page


Welcome to the home assistant service
Describe how you are doing today.
Describe how you like to spend your free time.
Describe what kind of music and movies you like.
Describe what kinds of things you like to shop for online.
Enter 3 words that you think best describe yourself.
Explain your choice of words above.
Describe what time you usually go to bed and wake up.
Describe a recent thing that stressed you out.
Enter your Mechanical Turk ID#.
Submit


 Stranded at a gas station with nothing more than two sidearms, you must fight to survive.
Monster Shroud is an experimental game prototype that uses the Kinect and Wiimote to control a character in first person shooter style. Instead of the traditional control scheme using keyboard and mouse or a gamepad, the player controls the character by actually moving his or her body, tracked by Kinect. As this game is purely experimental, there are plenty of things still left to work out, such as accuracy, jitter removal, and movement.
Additional Models from Turbosquid
Sounds from Freesound.org"
tags: Windows Kinect Singleplayer Unity
# tag options: "Windows", "Mac", "Linux",
# "Singleplayer", "Multiplayer",
# "Controller-Compatible", "VR",
# "Game-Jam"
project_members: {
John Choi: "Project Lead, Lead Programmer",
Rhiannon Malia: "AI Programmer, Animator",
Anton Pleshakov: "Particles, Textures, Title",
Tom Garncarz: "Level Designer, Textures",
Daniel Vu: "Modeler, textures, UV maps",
Sylvia Kosowski: "Modeler, textures, UV maps",
Gordon Estes: Plot scripting
}
stage_game_path: monster-shroud/
builds: {
Windows: monster-shroud.zip
}
thumbnail: screenshot1.jpg
top-img: screenshot1.jpg
screenshots: [
screenshot2.jpg,
screenshot3.jpg,
screenshot4.jpg,
screenshot5.jpg
]
# Optional
top-img-fit: cover
# top-img-fit options:
# "cover" - Cover the entire top area with the image, without squashing/stretching
# "fill" - Fit the FULL image into the top area, squashing/stretching as necessary
---


出版商：John Wiley & Sons
语言：英语
本书pdf是文字识别版，影印质量很好。
相关书籍：
The Claisen Rearrangement - D. Stanley Tarbell
The Preparation of Aliphatic Fluorine Compounds - Albert L. Henne
The Cannizzaro Reaction - T. A. Geissman
The Formation of Cyclic Ketones by Intramolecular Acylation - William S. Johnson
Reduction With Aluminum Alkoxides (the Meerwein-Ponndorfverley Reduction) - A. L. Wilds
The Preparation of Unsymmetrical Biaryls by The Diazo Reaction and The Nitrosoacetylamine Reaction - Werner E. Bachmann and Roger A. Hoffman
Replacement of The Aromatic Primary Amino Group by Hydrogen - Nathan Kornblum
Periodic Acid Oxidation - Ernest L. Jackson
The Resolution of Alcohols - A. W. Ingersoll
The Preparation of Aromatic Arsonic and Arsinic Acids by The Bart, Bechamp, and Rosenmund Reactions - Cliff S. Hamilton and Jack F. Morgan


toe - table of (terminfo) entries
toe [-v[n]] [-ahsuUV] file...
With no options, toe lists all available terminal types by primary name
with descriptions. File arguments specify the directories to be scanned; if no
such arguments are given, your default terminfo directory is scanned. If you
also specify the -h option, a directory header will be issued as each
directory is entered.
There are other options intended for use by terminfo file
maintainers:
- -a
- report on all of the terminal databases which ncurses would search, rather
than only the first one that it finds.
- If the -s is also given, toe adds a column to the report,
showing (like conflict(1)) which entries which belong to a given
terminal database. An "*" marks entries which differ, and
"+" marks equivalent entries.
- Without the -s option, toe does not attempt to merge
duplicates in its report
- -s
- sort the output by the entry names.
- -u file
- says to write a report to the standard output, listing dependencies in the
given terminfo/termcap source file. The report condenses the
“use” relation: each line consists of the primary name of a
terminal that has use capabilities, followed by a colon, followed by the
whitespace-separated primary names of all terminals which occur in those
use capabilities, followed by a newline
- -U file
- says to write a report to the standard output, listing reverse
dependencies in the given terminfo/termcap source file. The report
reverses the “use” relation: each line consists of the
primary name of a terminal that occurs in use capabilities, followed by a
colon, followed by the whitespace-separated primary names of all terminals
which depend on it, followed by a newline.
- -vn
- specifies that (verbose) output be written to standard error, showing
toe's progress.
- The optional parameter n is a number from 1 to 10, interpreted as
for tic(1M). If ncurses is built without tracing support, the
optional parameter is ignored.
- -V
- reports the version of ncurses which was used in this program, and
exits.
Without sorting, the -a option reports all of the names found in all of
the terminal databases found by the TERMINFO and TERMINFO_DIRS
environment variables:
MtxOrb162 16x2 Matrix Orbital LCD display
MtxOrb204 20x4 Matrix Orbital LCD display
MtxOrb Generic Matrix Orbital LCD display
qvt101+ qume qvt 101 PLUS product
qvt119+-25 QVT 119 PLUS with 25 data lines
qansi-g QNX ANSI
qvt103 qume qvt 103
qnxw QNX4 windows
qansi-w QNX ansi for windows
qnxm QNX4 with mouse events
qvt203-25-w QVT 203 PLUS with 25 by 132 columns
qansi-t QNX ansi without console writes
. . .
Use the -a and -s options together to show where
each terminal description was found:
--> /usr/local/ncurses/share/terminfo
----> /usr/share/terminfo
*-+-: 9term Plan9 terminal emulator for X
*---: Eterm Eterm with xterm-style color support (X Window System)
*-*-: Eterm-256color Eterm with xterm 256-colors
*-*-: Eterm-88color Eterm with 88 colors
*-+-: MtxOrb Generic Matrix Orbital LCD display
*-+-: MtxOrb162 16x2 Matrix Orbital LCD display
*-+-: MtxOrb204 20x4 Matrix Orbital LCD display
*-*-: NCR260VT300WPP NCR 2900_260 vt300 wide mode pc+ kybd
*-+-: aaa ann arbor ambassador/30 lines
*-+-: aaa+dec ann arbor ambassador in dec vt100 mode
*-+-: aaa+rv ann arbor ambassador in reverse video
. . .
- /usr/share/terminfo/?/*
- Compiled terminal description database.
This utility is not provided by other implementations. There is no relevant
X/Open or POSIX standard for toe.
The program name refers to a developer's pun:
- tic,
- tac (now tack),
- toe.
It replaced a -T option which was briefly supported by the
ncurses infocmp utility in 1995.
The -a and -s options were added to toe
several years later (2006 and 2011, respectively).
tic(1M), infocmp(1M), captoinfo(1M), infotocap(1M),
curses(3X), terminfo(5).
This describes ncurses version 6.2 (patch 20200212).


CodeWerdz Project
The CodeWerdz Project provides analytics about code and docs for your git repositories. We build tools to analyze developer behaviour, run continuous analysis against OSS repos, and publish the results of that analysis as reports.
Motivation
We would like to see developer culture shift from a code-centric model, where the code is considered the most important thing, to a product-centric model, where the code is considered just one component of a shippable product, which also includes unit tests, and documentation.
To that end, we want to understand the current industry norms of developer behaviour regarding documentation, and try to understand what factors influence the success of a product-oriented culture.
To determine that, we will look at a variety of open-source projects, where code and docs are stores side-by-side in a revision control system. For those projects, we will analyze the commit behaviour of the developers trying to answer questions like:
- What is the ratio of code to docs, in terms of overall character volume?
- How often is a commit 100% code or 100% docs?
- For commits that are a mix of code and docs, what is a typical ratio?
- Are docs committed in spikes or continuously?
- Does the overall size of the team affect this ratio?
- What is the code-to-docs ratio for each contributor?
- Are any contributors 100% code or 100% docs? If so, does that correlate to team size?
- Do projects that have a more doc-oriented culture have more success?
We will look at a large variety of factors, across many open source repositories in popular communities like GitHub, Apache Software Foundation, Bitbucket, in order to get a large sample size.
We will also have a contribution model so that companies may independently measure their private repositories and publish the results, so that we can include an understanding of both for-profit industry as well as open-source communities. We will try to determine if there is a material difference between open-source and closed-source behaviour.
Tools
The analysis tools will be comprised of three primary components:
-
A CI task to run the analysis against many repositories. This component will maintain a list of repositories to analyze and coordinate the individual analysis tasks.
-
A standalone CLI tool that analyzes a single Git repository and produces metrics in a standardized data file.
-
A report builder that aggregates and publishes the analysis results to a public website. It will merge together the data created by CI with the manually submitted data from community members who have analyzed their private repositories.
Contributors
- Troy Howard - Project Coordinator
- Nik Blanchet - Creative Naming Engineer
License
MIT License Copyright (c) 2017 codewerdz Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.


Mateo Remsburg, assistant vice president for enrollment management and executive director for undergraduate admissions, said there are 5,160 students who did a campus tour visit and afterward expressed interest in applying for enrollment for the Fall 2023; of those, 39% confirmed their intent to enroll at OU.
Students will confirm their intent to enroll beginning in December of the previous year through August, while the vast majority of students confirm by May 1, the National Decision Date, Remsburg said.
“About 37% of admitted students have visited campus either through our daily campus visits or one of our larger open house-type events,” Remsburg wrote in an email. “However, those students who are admitted and do visit campus in some manner confirm their intent to enroll at about 80%.”
Maire Stonecipher is one of five desk coordinators for the tour guide program, and she said the program offers different events – throughout the year – to engage with potential and admitted students.
During the Fall Semester, the tour guide program offers OHIO Discovery Days, which give students an overview of OU, an opportunity to listen to students speak and a resource fair displaying all aspects of the university. There are also OHIO Experience Days, which allow students interested in a specific major to visit the university and shadow a student in that field.
Also, during the Spring Semester, admitted students have the opportunity to engage in the OHIO Up Close program, an open-house-style event where tour guides serve as featured student speakers, give campus tours, guide families into residence halls or provide personal student experiences, Remsburg said.
Stonecipher said she thinks it’s not only important for the university to track how many students commit to OU after going on a campus tour, but also motivating for tour guides to see how their tours helped influence a prospective student to enroll.
“The moments where you actually see a freshman walking on campus, and they're like, ‘you gave me my first tour, and you made me want to come here,’ are honestly the most rewarding thing in the whole world,” Stonecipher said.
Associate Director of Visits and Events Brian Heidlebaugh said the tour guide training process entails a combination of informative sessions, mentoring, and shadowing, taking about a month to complete.
Also, each new tour guide is assigned a mentor. Each mentor will show examples of how to give the tours, where to go and key talking points, Heidlebaugh said. Mentors are also responsible for monitoring the trainee’s progress throughout the training period and go on real tours to step in and help if needed.
“(The mentors’) valuable input and constructive feedback contribute to the enhancement of the trainees' performance,” Heidlebaugh wrote in an email.
After prospective students complete a guided tour at OU, they are sent a survey to rate their visit experience. On average, there is about a 15% response rate to the surveys across all visits and events, Remsburg said.
Stonecipher said it’s important to leave a long-lasting impact on the families who book tours and give a good representation of the university. Ultimately, the goal is to encourage students to come to OU.
“We want to make sure (potential students are) getting to see every aspect of campus and not leaving feeling like they need to come back for any reasons other than to come here,” Stonecipher said.


Try out our Premium Member services: Virtual Legal Assistant, Query Alert Service and an ad-free experience. Free for one month and pay only if you like it.
IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT PATNA Civil Writ Jurisdiction Case No.19471 of 2015 ====================================================== In The Matter Of News Report Published In The Hindustan Hindi Dainik Anr Hindustan Times ( Both )patna Dated 15th December 2015 .... .... Petitioner/s Versus The Government of Bihar & Ors .... .... Respondent/s ====================================================== Appearance : For the Respondents : Mr. Anjani Kumar, AAG 6 For Pollution Control Board : Mr. Shivendra Kishore, Sr. Adv. Ms. Binita Singh, Advocate Mr. Mrigank Mauli, learned Counsel, as Amicus Curiae ====================================================== CORAM: HONOURABLE THE ACTING CHIEF JUSTICE and HONOURABLE MR. JUSTICE CHAKRADHARI SHARAN SINGH ORAL ORDER
(Per: HONOURABLE MR. JUSTICE CHAKRADHARI SHARAN SINGH ) 8 19-05-2016 We have heard Mr. Mrigank Mauli, learned Counsel, appearing as Amicus Curiae, and Mr. Anjani Kumar, learned Additional Advocate General No. 6, appearing for the State respondents. We have also heard Mr. Shivendra Kishore, learned Senior Counsel, appearing for the Pollution Control Board.
A counter affidavit has been filed on behalf of the State of Bihar. It is not clear from the said counter affidavit as to what concrete action has been taken for controlling air pollution and whether any penal action has been taken against any person responsible for causing air pollution.
The stand, taken on behalf of the Bihar Pollution Patna High Court CWJC No.19471 of 2015 (8) dt.19-05-2016 2/3 Control Board (hereinafter referred to as "the Board"), appears, to us, to be equally vague.
In the facts and circumstances, we direct the Board to prepare a comprehensive plan for prevention, control and abatement of air pollution and to secure execution thereof as they are statutorily obliged under Section 17 (1) of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 (hereinafter referred to as "the Act"). The Board shall, thereafter, make available the said plan to the State Government within a period of 15 days from today. The Board may also advise the State Government of any manner concerning the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution, as envisaged under Section 17 (1) (b) of the Act.
The Board shall, thereafter, be required to file an affidavit in this case as regards actions taken by them in discharge of the duties as cast upon them under Section 17 of the Act. Section 17 (2) of the Act enables the Board to establish or recognize laboratory/laboratories to enable it to perform its function under the provisions of the Act. The Board will be required to inform this Court whether laboratory/laboratories, as required under Section 17 (2) of the Act, have been established/recognized or not.
Upon receipt of the plan submitted by the Board, Patna High Court CWJC No.19471 of 2015 (8) dt.19-05-2016 3/3 as required under Section 17 (1) of the Act, the respondent- State of Bihar will be required to proceed and inform this Court with regard to the action taken by them, on 28.06.2016, when the case will be listed.
The Secretary of the Board will also be required to file an affidavit stating as to whether in compliance of the present order, the Board has submitted the plan to the State Government.
Place this matter, under the same heading, on 28th June, 2016.
(I.A. Ansari, ACJ.) (Chakradhari Sharan Singh, J.) Prabhakar Anand/-
U √ T X


- g - Variable in class warlock.graphic.Color
-
- Game - Class in warlock.game
-
- Game(Camera, Lobby) - Constructor for class warlock.game.Game
-
Initialize a new game and read info from lobby.
- GameOverPhase - Class in warlock.game
-
- GameOverPhase(Game, ArrayList<Player>) - Constructor for class warlock.game.GameOverPhase
-
Create a new GameOverPhase
- GamePhase - Class in warlock.game
-
- GamePhase(Game) - Constructor for class warlock.game.GamePhase
-
Abstract class
- GameState - Class in warlock.state
-
- GameState() - Constructor for class warlock.state.GameState
-
- get(String) - Static method in class warlock.attribute.AttributeHandler
-
Returns the attribute with the tag.
- getAck() - Method in class warlock.network.Packet
-
- getAckBit() - Method in class warlock.network.Packet
-
- getAffectedTag() - Method in class warlock.attribute.StatusEffectType
-
- getAffectedType() - Method in class warlock.attribute.StatusEffectType
-
- getAIMode() - Method in class warlock.player.ai.AIPlayer
-
- getAngle() - Method in class warlock.phys.Vector
-
- getAttr() - Method in class warlock.attribute.StatusEffect
-
Get the attribute this status effect is inflicted on
- getAttributeTag() - Method in class warlock.attribute.Attribute
-
- getAttributeType() - Method in class warlock.attribute.Attribute
-
- getBaseValue() - Method in class warlock.attribute.Attribute
-
- getCamera() - Method in class warlock.game.Game
-
- getCamera() - Method in class warlock.graphic.Graphic
-
- getCamera() - Method in class warlock.state.GameState
-
- getCameraPositionX() - Method in class warlock.camera.Camera
-
- getCameraPositionY() - Method in class warlock.camera.Camera
-
- getCameraPositionZ() - Method in class warlock.camera.Camera
-
- getClosestProjectile(Warlock) - Method in class warlock.level.Level
-
Returns the closest projectile to a warlock.
- getClosestWarlock(Warlock) - Method in class warlock.level.Level
-
Return the closest warlock to another.
- getClosestWarlock() - Method in class warlock.object.warlock.Warlock
-
- getColumnIterator() - Method in class warlock.shop.Shop
-
- getCooldown() - Method in class warlock.spell.Spell
-
- getCurrentCooldown() - Method in class warlock.spell.Spell
-
- getCurrentlySelected() - Method in class warlock.shop.Shop
-
- getDamage() - Method in class warlock.object.projectile.Projectile
-
- getDefaultValue() - Method in class warlock.attribute.AttributeType
-
- getDefinition(Character) - Method in class warlock.font.Font
-
Return the definition of a certain character in the fontmap
- getDefinition() - Method in class warlock.font.FontDefinition
-
- getDefinitionSize() - Method in class warlock.graphic.VertexDefination
-
- getDescription() - Method in class warlock.spell.Spell
-
- getDrawMethod() - Method in class warlock.graphic.VertexDefination
-
- getExprStamp() - Method in class warlock.attribute.StatusEffect
-
- getFacingAngle() - Method in class warlock.object.warlock.Warlock
-
- getFirstTo() - Method in class warlock.game.Game
-
- getFirstTo() - Method in class warlock.lobby.Lobby
-
- getGold() - Method in class warlock.player.Player
-
- getGoldCost() - Method in class warlock.shop.ShopItem
-
- getGroundSize() - Method in class warlock.game.Game
-
- getGroundSize() - Method in class warlock.lobby.Lobby
-
- getGroundType() - Method in class warlock.object.LevelObject
-
- getGroundTypeAt(double, double) - Method in class warlock.level.Level
-
Return the ground type enumeration at position (x, y)
- getHeading() - Method in class warlock.object.projectile.Projectile
-
- getHealthColor() - Method in class warlock.object.warlock.Warlock
-
Get the color the healthbar should have based on damage taken (green full health, red
damaged).
- getHeight() - Method in class warlock.camera.Camera
-
- getHeight() - Method in class warlock.font.FontDefinition
-
- getHeight() - Method in class warlock.hud.interactable.Interactable
-
- getHud() - Method in class warlock.game.GamePhase
-
- getInflicter() - Method in class warlock.attribute.StatusEffect
-
- getInstance() - Static method in class warlock.state.GameState
-
- getItem() - Method in class warlock.shop.ShopItemSpell
-
- getItemDescription() - Method in class warlock.shop.ShopItem
-
- getItemDescription() - Method in class warlock.shop.ShopItemSpell
-
- getKillingblows() - Method in class warlock.player.Player
-
- getKnockback() - Method in class warlock.object.projectile.Projectile
-
- getLastStatusEffect(String) - Method in class warlock.object.warlock.Warlock
-
The last inflicted status effect of the attribute type "tag"
- getLength() - Method in class warlock.phys.Vector
-
- getLevel() - Method in class warlock.object.LevelObject
-
- getLevel() - Method in class warlock.player.Player
-
Proxy
- getLevelData(String) - Method in class warlock.spell.Spell
-
Get the data of name dataName of the current level
- getLifetime() - Method in class warlock.message.Message
-
- getLifetime() - Method in class warlock.object.projectile.Projectile
-
- getLobbyList() - Method in class warlock.lobby.Lobby
-
Get the array of players that's on player slots
- getLookAtX() - Method in class warlock.camera.Camera
-
- getLookAtY() - Method in class warlock.camera.Camera
-
- getLookAtZ() - Method in class warlock.camera.Camera
-
- getMagnitude() - Method in class warlock.attribute.StatusEffect
-
- getMagnitude() - Method in class warlock.attribute.StatusEffectType
-
- getMaxLevel() - Method in class warlock.spell.Spell
-
- getMessage() - Method in class warlock.message.Message
-
- getMinModeTime() - Method in class warlock.player.ai.AIMode
-
- getMomentum() - Method in class warlock.object.warlock.Warlock
-
- getMouseAngle() - Method in class warlock.input.InputHandler
-
- getMouseX() - Method in class warlock.input.InputHandler
-
- getMouseY() - Method in class warlock.input.InputHandler
-
- getMovementVector() - Method in class warlock.object.warlock.Warlock
-
- getMoveTo() - Method in class warlock.object.warlock.Warlock
-
- getName() - Method in class warlock.attribute.AttributeType
-
- getName() - Method in class warlock.player.Player
-
- getName() - Method in class warlock.shop.ShopColumn
-
- getOffset() - Method in class warlock.font.FontDefinition
-
- getOwner() - Method in class warlock.game.GamePhase
-
- getOwner() - Method in class warlock.spell.Spell
-
- getOwningPlayer() - Method in class warlock.object.LevelObject
-
- getPhase() - Method in class warlock.game.Game
-
- getPlayer() - Method in class warlock.game.Game
-
- getPlayer() - Method in class warlock.hud.Hud
-
- getPlayer() - Method in class warlock.player.ai.AIMode
-
- getPlayerId() - Method in class warlock.player.Player
-
- getPlayersIterator() - Method in class warlock.game.Game
-
- getPosition() - Method in class warlock.object.LevelObject
-
- getPrimaryColor() - Method in class warlock.player.Player
-
- getProgramId() - Method in class warlock.graphic.ShaderProgram
-
- getProjectionMatrix() - Method in class warlock.camera.Camera
-
- getRandom() - Static method in class warlock.ExtraMath
-
- getScore() - Method in class warlock.player.Player
-
- getScoreTable() - Method in class warlock.game.Game
-
- getScreenHeight() - Method in class warlock.graphic.Graphic
-
- getScreenWidth() - Method in class warlock.graphic.Graphic
-
- getSecondaryColor() - Method in class warlock.player.Player
-
- getSelfPlayer() - Method in class warlock.lobby.Lobby
-
- getSequenceNumber() - Method in class warlock.network.Packet
-
- getShopOwner() - Method in class warlock.shop.ShopItem
-
- getShoppingPlayer() - Method in class warlock.shop.Shop
-
- getShopTime() - Method in class warlock.game.Game
-
- getShopTime() - Method in class warlock.lobby.Lobby
-
- getShortcut() - Method in class warlock.spell.Spell
-
- getShortcutAsString() - Method in class warlock.spell.Spell
-
- getSize() - Method in class warlock.font.Font
-
The default font size
- getSize() - Method in class warlock.object.LevelObject
-
- getSource() - Method in class warlock.hud.interactable.InteractableInfo
-
- getSpell(SpellShortcut) - Method in class warlock.object.warlock.Warlock
-
- getSpellIcon() - Method in class warlock.spell.Spell
-
- getSpellLevel() - Method in class warlock.spell.Spell
-
- getSpellName() - Method in class warlock.spell.Spell
-
- getStartingGold() - Method in class warlock.lobby.Lobby
-
- getTag() - Method in class warlock.attribute.AttributeType
-
- getTarget() - Method in class warlock.spell.Spell
-
- getText() - Method in class warlock.hud.interactable.InteractableTextField
-
- getTexture() - Method in class warlock.font.Font
-
- getTexture(String) - Static method in class warlock.resource.ResourceHandler
-
- getTimeLeft() - Method in class warlock.attribute.StatusEffect
-
Returns the time left on this status effect.
- getTooltip() - Method in class warlock.attribute.AttributeType
-
- getType() - Method in class warlock.spell.Spell
-
- getValue() - Method in class warlock.attribute.Attribute
-
- getValue() - Method in class warlock.hud.interactable.InteractableIntCounter
-
- getVAO() - Method in class warlock.graphic.VertexDefination
-
- getVBO() - Method in class warlock.graphic.VertexDefination
-
- getViewMatrix() - Method in class warlock.camera.Camera
-
- getWarlock() - Method in class warlock.player.ai.AIMode
-
- getWarlock() - Method in class warlock.player.Player
-
- getWarlocksInDistance(Vector, Warlock, double) - Method in class warlock.level.Level
-
Returns a ArrayList of warlocks in a circular distance of a point (vector), bar from self.
- getWarlocksLeft() - Method in class warlock.level.Level
-
- getWidth() - Method in class warlock.camera.Camera
-
- getWidth() - Method in class warlock.font.FontDefinition
-
- getWidth() - Method in class warlock.hud.interactable.Interactable
-
- getX() - Method in class warlock.hud.interactable.Interactable
-
- getX() - Method in class warlock.hud.interactable.InteractableInfo
-
- getX() - Method in class warlock.object.LevelObject
-
- getX() - Method in class warlock.phys.Vector
-
- getY() - Method in class warlock.hud.interactable.Interactable
-
- getY() - Method in class warlock.hud.interactable.InteractableInfo
-
- getY() - Method in class warlock.object.LevelObject
-
- getY() - Method in class warlock.phys.Vector
-
- GOLD - Static variable in class warlock.graphic.Color
-
- Graphic - Class in warlock.graphic
-
- Graphic(int, int) - Constructor for class warlock.graphic.Graphic
-
- GREEN - Static variable in class warlock.graphic.Color
-
- GREENISH - Static variable in class warlock.graphic.Color
-
- GREY - Static variable in class warlock.graphic.Color
-
- GroundType - Enum in warlock.level
-
- GUI - Static variable in class warlock.constant.ZLayers
-
- GUI_BACKGROUND - Static variable in class warlock.constant.ZLayers
-
- GUI_FOREGROUND - Static variable in class warlock.constant.ZLayers
-


B. Verkin Institute for Low
Temperature Physics & Engineering of Ukrainian Academy of Sciences,
47, Nauky Ave.,
61103 Kharkov, Ukraine
+38(057)341-09-90
Graduated from Kharkov National University in 2014.
Since 2017 - Junior Researcher of the Theoretical Department


Analyzing, please wait...
{% if modal_density_output_simple %}
Condition: {{disease}}
Feature: {{featureName}}
Number of UMLS terms: {{num_cui_with_disease}}
Number of UMLS terms matched a pattern: {{num_cui_with_pattern}}
Number of UMLS terms with temporal constrain: {{num_cui_with_dur}}
Number of Clinical Trials: {{num_trials_with_disease}}
Filter applied on Clinical Trials:
{% for key in filter_dict %}
{{key}}: {{filter_dict[key]}}
{% endfor %}
Negation information according to current term: {{featureName}}
| | Inclusion (with pattern) | Exclusion (with pattern) |
| Negation | {{num_cui_neg_inc}} ({{num_cui_neg_inc_patt}}) | {{num_cui_neg_exc}} ({{num_cui_neg_exc_patt}}) |
| Non-negation | {{num_cui_noneg_inc}} ({{num_cui_noneg_inc_patt}}) | {{num_cui_noneg_exc}} ({{num_cui_noneg_exc_patt}}) |
Top 100 events by frequency according to current term: {{featureName}}
| UMLS term | CUI | Semantic group | Semantic type | Frequency Prior To | Frequency After |
{% for name, cui, sty, sty_desc, group, freq_pt, freq_af in event_freq_output_simple %}
| {{name}} | {{cui}} | {{group}} | {{sty}} ({{sty_desc}}) | {{freq_pt}} | {{freq_af}} |
{% endfor %}
Top 100 terms by frequency that is co-occurrence with the current term: {{featureName}}
| UMLS term | CUI | Semantic group | Semantic type | Co-occurrence Frequency |
{% for name, cui, sty, sty_desc, group, freq in cooccur_freq_output_simple %}
| {{name}} | {{cui}} | {{group}} | {{sty}} ({{sty_desc}}) | {{freq}} |
{% endfor %}
{% endif %}
{%endblock%}


Energy
Temperature
Steps
Iterations
SAInitialTemperature
edgeCrossingsFactor
nodeDistanceFactor
borderDistanceFactor
edgeLengthFactor
nodeEdgeDistanceFactor
triangleTopRectangleBottomFactor
Run


User Interface
01. resize:
1.1 resize: vertical
This div resizes vertically.
1.2 resize: horizontal
This div resizes vertically.
1.3 resize: both
This div resizes both horizontally and vertically.
02. outline-offset:
This div has a 4 pixels solid red outline 15 pixels outside the border edge.


#include <grapher.h>
Public Types | |
| typedef void(* | keyboard_function )(unsigned char key, GLint x, GLint y) |
| Keyboard event handler typedef. | |
| typedef void(* | click_function )(GLint button, GLint x, GLint y) |
| Click even handler typedef. | |
| typedef void(* | idle_function )(void) |
| The idle function typedef. | |
Static Public Member Functions | |
| static int | initialize (int argc, char **argv, short int options=AXES_ON|GRID_ON|X_LIN|Y_LIN, short int k_options=ZOOM_KEYS_ON|AXES_KEYS_ON|GRID_KEYS_ON|QUIT_KEYS_ON) |
| Initialize the grapher. | |
| static void | run () |
| Enter the OpenGL main loop after initialization. | |
| static void | redraw () |
| User-requested redraw. | |
| static void | add (primitive &p) |
| Add a primitive to the plot. | |
| static void | remove (primitive &p) |
| Remove a primitive from the plot. | |
| static void | add (point &p) |
| Add a point to the plot. | |
| static void | remove (point &p) |
| Remove a point from the plot. | |
| static void | set_keyboard_function (keyboard_function k) |
| Set up a keyboard event handler. | |
| static void | set_click_function (click_function c) |
| Set up a click event handler. | |
| static void | set_idle_function (idle_function i) |
| Set the idle function handler. | |
| static void | zoom (double scale) |
| Zoom in / out by a scale. | |
| static double | get_x_coord (GLint x) |
| Transform a screen x coordinate to a world one. | |
| static double | get_y_coord (GLint y) |
| Transform a screen y coordinate to a world one. | |
| static point | get_point (GLint x, GLint y) |
| Returns the x, y point clicked on, in plot-space. |
You might think of this class as a container for all the graphing primitives you plan to plot
| typedef void(* glot::grapher::click_function)(GLint button, GLint x, GLint y) |
Click even handler typedef.
| button | - GLint button pressed | |
| x | - GLint x coordinate | |
| y | - GLint y coordinate |
| typedef void(* glot::grapher::idle_function)(void) |
The idle function typedef.
See set_idle_funciton(...) for more details
| typedef void(* glot::grapher::keyboard_function)(unsigned char key, GLint x, GLint y) |
Keyboard event handler typedef.
| key | - unsigned char | |
| x | - GLint x coordinate | |
| y | - GLint y coordinate |
| static void glot::grapher::add | ( | point & | p | ) | [static] |
| static void glot::grapher::add | ( | primitive & | p | ) | [static] |
| static point glot::grapher::get_point | ( | GLint | x, | |
| GLint | y | |||
| ) | [static] |
Returns the x, y point clicked on, in plot-space.
Deprecation likely
| static double glot::grapher::get_x_coord | ( | GLint | x | ) | [static] |
| static double glot::grapher::get_y_coord | ( | GLint | y | ) | [static] |
| static int glot::grapher::initialize | ( | int | argc, | |
| char ** | argv, | |||
| short int | options = AXES_ON|GRID_ON|X_LIN|Y_LIN , |
|||
| short int | k_options = ZOOM_KEYS_ON|AXES_KEYS_ON|GRID_KEYS_ON|QUIT_KEYS_ON | |||
| ) | [static] |
Initialize the grapher.
| argc | - same as argc used for OpenGL initialization | |
| argv | - same as argv used for OpenGL initialization | |
| options | - startup options | |
| k_options | - the default keyboard actions options |
| static void glot::grapher::redraw | ( | ) | [static] |
User-requested redraw.
If you create an event handler that will make some changes to the graph, you can make those changes and then request a redraw with this function.
| static void glot::grapher::remove | ( | point & | p | ) | [static] |
| static void glot::grapher::remove | ( | primitive & | p | ) | [static] |
| static void glot::grapher::run | ( | ) | [static] |
Enter the OpenGL main loop after initialization.
In general, you will set up your event handlers, main code, etc., and then when you've gotten everything in place, you call grapher::run() to start the program's OpenGL portion.
| static void glot::grapher::set_click_function | ( | click_function | c | ) | [static] |
Set up a click event handler.
| c | - the function you'd like to handle click events |
| static void glot::grapher::set_idle_function | ( | idle_function | i | ) | [static] |
Set the idle function handler.
Animation is done by setting the idle_function handler, and this provides the interface. This might be deprecated in favor of an option that just allows the user to turn on animation, which would consist of simply setting OpenGL's idle function to grapher's display function.
| static void glot::grapher::set_keyboard_function | ( | keyboard_function | k | ) | [static] |
Set up a keyboard event handler.
| k | - the function you'd like to handle key events |
The idea behind this is that these default behaviors are not the programmer's responsibility to code up as well. They are interface freebies.
Bitwise or options together from the set: ZOOM_KEYS_ON / ZOOM_KEYS_OFF AXES_KEYS_ON / AXES_KEYS_OFF GRID_KEYS_ON / GRID_KEYS_OFF
| static void glot::grapher::zoom | ( | double | scale | ) | [static] |
Zoom in / out by a scale.
| scale | - the scale by which to zoom |


Express is a routing and middleware web framework that has minimal functionality of its own: An Express application is essentially a series of middleware function calls.
Middleware functions are functions that have access to the request object (req
), the response object (res
), and the next middleware function in the application’s request-response cycle. The next middleware function is commonly denoted by a variable named next
.
Middleware functions can perform the following tasks:
If the current middleware function does not end the request-response cycle, it must call next()
to pass control to the next middleware function. Otherwise, the request will be left hanging.
An Express application can use the following types of middleware:
You can load application-level and router-level middleware with an optional mount path. You can also load a series of middleware functions together, which creates a sub-stack of the middleware system at a mount point.
Bind application-level middleware to an instance of the app object by using the app.use()
and app.METHOD()
functions, where METHOD
is the HTTP method of the request that the middleware function handles (such as GET, PUT, or POST) in lowercase.
This example shows a middleware function with no mount path. The function is executed every time the app receives a request.
var express = require('express')
var app = express()
app.use(function (req, res, next) {
console.log('Time:', Date.now())
next()
})
This example shows a middleware function mounted on the /user/:id
path. The function is executed for any type of
HTTP request on the /user/:id
path.
app.use('/user/:id', function (req, res, next) {
console.log('Request Type:', req.method)
next()
})
This example shows a route and its handler function (middleware system). The function handles GET requests to the /user/:id
path.
app.get('/user/:id', function (req, res, next) {
res.send('USER')
})
Here is an example of loading a series of middleware functions at a mount point, with a mount path.
It illustrates a middleware sub-stack that prints request info for any type of HTTP request to the /user/:id
path.
app.use('/user/:id', function (req, res, next) {
console.log('Request URL:', req.originalUrl)
next()
}, function (req, res, next) {
console.log('Request Type:', req.method)
next()
})
Route handlers enable you to define multiple routes for a path. The example below defines two routes for GET requests to the /user/:id
path. The second route will not cause any problems, but it will never get called because the first route ends the request-response cycle.
This example shows a middleware sub-stack that handles GET requests to the /user/:id
path.
app.get('/user/:id', function (req, res, next) {
console.log('ID:', req.params.id)
next()
}, function (req, res, next) {
res.send('User Info')
})
// handler for the /user/:id path, which prints the user ID
app.get('/user/:id', function (req, res, next) {
res.end(req.params.id)
})
To skip the rest of the middleware functions from a router middleware stack, call next('route')
to pass control to the next route.
NOTE: next('route')
will work only in middleware functions that were loaded by using the app.METHOD()
or router.METHOD()
functions.
This example shows a middleware sub-stack that handles GET requests to the /user/:id
path.
app.get('/user/:id', function (req, res, next) {
// if the user ID is 0, skip to the next route
if (req.params.id === '0') next('route')
// otherwise pass the control to the next middleware function in this stack
else next()
}, function (req, res, next) {
// send a regular response
res.send('regular')
})
// handler for the /user/:id path, which sends a special response
app.get('/user/:id', function (req, res, next) {
res.send('special')
})
Middleware can also be declared in an array for reusability.
This example shows an array with a middleware sub-stack that handles GET requests to the /user/:id
path
function logOriginalUrl (req, res, next) {
console.log('Request URL:', req.originalUrl)
next()
}
function logMethod (req, res, next) {
console.log('Request Type:', req.method)
next()
}
var logStuff = [logOriginalUrl, logMethod]
app.get('/user/:id', logStuff, function (req, res, next) {
res.send('User Info')
})
Router-level middleware works in the same way as application-level middleware, except it is bound to an instance of express.Router()
.
var router = express.Router()
Load router-level middleware by using the router.use()
and router.METHOD()
functions.
The following example code replicates the middleware system that is shown above for application-level middleware, by using router-level middleware:
var express = require('express')
var app = express()
var router = express.Router()
// a middleware function with no mount path. This code is executed for every request to the router
router.use(function (req, res, next) {
console.log('Time:', Date.now())
next()
})
// a middleware sub-stack shows request info for any type of HTTP request to the /user/:id path
router.use('/user/:id', function (req, res, next) {
console.log('Request URL:', req.originalUrl)
next()
}, function (req, res, next) {
console.log('Request Type:', req.method)
next()
})
// a middleware sub-stack that handles GET requests to the /user/:id path
router.get('/user/:id', function (req, res, next) {
// if the user ID is 0, skip to the next router
if (req.params.id === '0') next('route')
// otherwise pass control to the next middleware function in this stack
else next()
}, function (req, res, next) {
// render a regular page
res.render('regular')
})
// handler for the /user/:id path, which renders a special page
router.get('/user/:id', function (req, res, next) {
console.log(req.params.id)
res.render('special')
})
// mount the router on the app
app.use('/', router)
To skip the rest of the router’s middleware functions, call next('router')
to pass control back out of the router instance.
This example shows a middleware sub-stack that handles GET requests to the /user/:id
path.
var express = require('express')
var app = express()
var router = express.Router()
// predicate the router with a check and bail out when needed
router.use(function (req, res, next) {
if (!req.headers['x-auth']) return next('router')
next()
})
router.get('/user/:id', function (req, res) {
res.send('hello, user!')
})
// use the router and 401 anything falling through
app.use('/admin', router, function (req, res) {
res.sendStatus(401)
})
Error-handling middleware always takes four arguments. You must provide four arguments to identify it as an error-handling middleware function. Even if you don’t need to use the next
object, you must specify it to maintain the signature. Otherwise, the next
object will be interpreted as regular middleware and will fail to handle errors.
Define error-handling middleware functions in the same way as other middleware functions, except with four arguments instead of three, specifically with the signature (err, req, res, next)
):
app.use(function (err, req, res, next) {
console.error(err.stack)
res.status(500).send('Something broke!')
})
For details about error-handling middleware, see: Error handling.
Starting with version 4.x, Express no longer depends on Connect. The middleware functions that were previously included with Express are now in separate modules; see the list of middleware functions.
Express has the following built-in middleware functions:
Use third-party middleware to add functionality to Express apps.
Install the Node.js module for the required functionality, then load it in your app at the application level or at the router level.
The following example illustrates installing and loading the cookie-parsing middleware function cookie-parser
.
$ npm install cookie-parser
var express = require('express')
var app = express()
var cookieParser = require('cookie-parser')
// load the cookie-parsing middleware
app.use(cookieParser())
For a partial list of third-party middleware functions that are commonly used with Express, see: Third-party middleware.


This iterator function breaks a string into parts based on a separator string.
For example the string "a,b,c" is separated by "," into "a", "b", and "c".
Function Separate[ ]
| @x:func Separate[s~string,sep~string](act) | ||||||
|
Semantics
This is an iterator function that iterates over all the parts of s as separated by sep.


Calculates individual and cumulative percentages for a range of data and a corresponding range of data bins.
If this function is not available, you must install the Analysis ToolPak add-in.
Syntax
HISTOGRAM(inprng, outrng, binrng, pareto, chartc, chart, labels)
HISTOGRAM?(inprng, outrng, binrng, pareto, chartc, chart, labels)
Inprng is the input range.
Outrng is the first cell (the upper-left cell) in the output table or the name, as text, of a new sheet to contain the output table. If FALSE, blank, or omitted, places the output table in a new workbook.
Binrng is an optional set of numbers that define the bin ranges. The values must be in ascending order. The values are interpreted as more than value A up to value B, more than value B up to value C, and so on. One additional bin is created for values for less than the minimum value specified in binrng.
Pareto is a logical value.
If pareto is TRUE, data in the output table is presented in both ascending-bin order and descending-frequency order.
If pareto is FALSE or omitted, data in the output table is presented in ascending-bin order only.
Chartc is a logical value. If chartc is TRUE, HISTOGRAM generates a cumulative percentages column in the output table. If both chartc and chart are TRUE, HISTOGRAM also includes a cumulative percentage line in the histogram chart. If omitted, chartc is FALSE.
Chart is a logical value. If chart is TRUE, HISTOGRAM generates a histogram chart in addition to the output table. If omitted, chart is FALSE.
Labels is a logical value.
If labels is TRUE, then the first row or column of inprng contains labels.
If labels is FALSE or omitted, all cells in inprng are considered data. Microsoft Excel generates appropriate data labels for the output table.
Return to index


Creates a tensor filled with a scalar value.
tf.compat.v1.fill
tf.compat.v2.fill
tf.fill( dims, value, name=None )
This operation creates a tensor of shape dims
and fills it with value
.
# Output tensor has shape [2, 3]. fill([2, 3], 9) ==> [[9, 9, 9] [9, 9, 9]]
tf.fill
differs from tf.constant
in a few ways:
tf.fill
only supports scalar contents, whereas tf.constant
supports
Tensor values.tf.fill
creates an Op in the computation graph that constructs the
actual
Tensor value at runtime. This is in contrast to tf.constant
which embeds
the entire Tensor into the graph with a Const
node.tf.fill
evaluates at graph runtime, it supports dynamic shapes
based on other runtime Tensors, unlike tf.constant
.dims
: A Tensor
. Must be one of the following types: int32
, int64
. 1-D.
Represents the shape of the output tensor.value
: A Tensor
. 0-D (scalar). Value to fill the returned tensor.
@compatibility(numpy) Equivalent to np.full @end_compatibilityname
: A name for the operation (optional).A Tensor
. Has the same type as value
.


Focus on your state. Click a deck of cards. Scroll down. Read about your emotional condition.
Don't get too involved card just shows your mood and is not a fortune teller. Also find the cards divided in astrological houses. Click the deck again to repeat.


Stack maps and patch points in LLVM¶
Definitions¶
In this document we refer to the “runtime” collectively as all components that serve as the LLVM client, including the LLVM IR generator, object code consumer, and code patcher.
A stack map records the location of live values
at a particular
instruction address. These live values
do not refer to all the
LLVM values live across the stack map. Instead, they are only the
values that the runtime requires to be live at this point. For
example, they may be the values the runtime will need to resume
program execution at that point independent of the compiled function
containing the stack map.
LLVM emits stack map data into the object code within a designated Stack Map Section. This stack map data contains a record for each stack map. The record stores the stack map’s instruction address and contains a entry for each mapped value. Each entry encodes a value’s location as a register, stack offset, or constant.
A patch point is an instruction address at which space is reserved for
patching a new instruction sequence at run time. Patch points look
much like calls to LLVM. They take arguments that follow a calling
convention and may return a value. They also imply stack map
generation, which allows the runtime to locate the patchpoint and
find the location of live values
at that point.
Motivation¶
This functionality is currently experimental but is potentially useful in a variety of settings, the most obvious being a runtime (JIT) compiler. Example applications of the patchpoint intrinsics are implementing an inline call cache for polymorphic method dispatch or optimizing the retrieval of properties in dynamically typed languages such as JavaScript.
The intrinsics documented here are currently used by the JavaScript compiler within the open source WebKit project, see the FTL JIT, but they are designed to be used whenever stack maps or code patching are needed. Because the intrinsics have experimental status, compatibility across LLVM releases is not guaranteed.
The stack map functionality described in this document is separate from the functionality described in Computing stack maps. GCFunctionMetadata provides the location of pointers into a collected heap captured by the GCRoot intrinsic, which can also be considered a “stack map”. Unlike the stack maps defined above, the GCFunctionMetadata stack map interface does not provide a way to associate live register values of arbitrary type with an instruction address, nor does it specify a format for the resulting stack map. The stack maps described here could potentially provide richer information to a garbage collecting runtime, but that usage will not be discussed in this document.
Intrinsics¶
The following two kinds of intrinsics can be used to implement stack
maps and patch points: llvm.experimental.stackmap
and
llvm.experimental.patchpoint
. Both kinds of intrinsics generate a
stack map record, and they both allow some form of code patching. They
can be used independently (i.e. llvm.experimental.patchpoint
implicitly generates a stack map without the need for an additional
call to llvm.experimental.stackmap
). The choice of which to use
depends on whether it is necessary to reserve space for code patching
and whether any of the intrinsic arguments should be lowered according
to calling conventions. llvm.experimental.stackmap
does not
reserve any space, nor does it expect any call arguments. If the
runtime patches code at the stack map’s address, it will destructively
overwrite the program text. This is unlike
llvm.experimental.patchpoint
, which reserves space for in-place
patching without overwriting surrounding code. The
llvm.experimental.patchpoint
intrinsic also lowers a specified
number of arguments according to its calling convention. This allows
patched code to make in-place function calls without marshaling.
Each instance of one of these intrinsics generates a stack map record in the Stack Map Section. The record includes an ID, allowing the runtime to uniquely identify the stack map, and the offset within the code from the beginning of the enclosing function.
‘llvm.experimental.stackmap
’ Intrinsic¶
Syntax:¶
declare void
@llvm.experimental.stackmap(i64 <id>, i32 <numShadowBytes>, ...)
Overview:¶
The ‘llvm.experimental.stackmap
’ intrinsic records the location of
specified values in the stack map without generating any code.
Operands:¶
The first operand is an ID to be encoded within the stack map. The
second operand is the number of shadow bytes following the
intrinsic. The variable number of operands that follow are the live
values
for which locations will be recorded in the stack map.
To use this intrinsic as a bare-bones stack map, with no code patching support, the number of shadow bytes can be set to zero.
Semantics:¶
The stack map intrinsic generates no code in place, unless nops are needed to cover its shadow (see below). However, its offset from function entry is stored in the stack map. This is the relative instruction address immediately following the instructions that precede the stack map.
The stack map ID allows a runtime to locate the desired stack map record. LLVM passes this ID through directly to the stack map record without checking uniqueness.
LLVM guarantees a shadow of instructions following the stack map’s
instruction offset during which neither the end of the basic block nor
another call to llvm.experimental.stackmap
or
llvm.experimental.patchpoint
may occur. This allows the runtime to
patch the code at this point in response to an event triggered from
outside the code. The code for instructions following the stack map
may be emitted in the stack map’s shadow, and these instructions may
be overwritten by destructive patching. Without shadow bytes, this
destructive patching could overwrite program text or data outside the
current function. We disallow overlapping stack map shadows so that
the runtime does not need to consider this corner case.
For example, a stack map with 8 byte shadow:
call void @runtime()
call void (i64, i32, ...)* @llvm.experimental.stackmap(i64 77, i32 8,
i64* %ptr)
%val = load i64* %ptr
%add = add i64 %val, 3
ret i64 %add
May require one byte of nop-padding:
0x00 callq _runtime
0x05 nop <--- stack map address
0x06 movq (%rdi), %rax
0x07 addq $3, %rax
0x0a popq %rdx
0x0b ret <---- end of 8-byte shadow
Now, if the runtime needs to invalidate the compiled code, it may patch 8 bytes of code at the stack map’s address at follows:
0x00 callq _runtime
0x05 movl $0xffff, %rax <--- patched code at stack map address
0x0a callq *%rax <---- end of 8-byte shadow
This way, after the normal call to the runtime returns, the code will execute a patched call to a special entry point that can rebuild a stack frame from the values located by the stack map.
‘llvm.experimental.patchpoint.*
’ Intrinsic¶
Syntax:¶
declare void
@llvm.experimental.patchpoint.void(i64 <id>, i32 <numBytes>,
i8* <target>, i32 <numArgs>, ...)
declare i64
@llvm.experimental.patchpoint.i64(i64 <id>, i32 <numBytes>,
i8* <target>, i32 <numArgs>, ...)
Overview:¶
The ‘llvm.experimental.patchpoint.*
’ intrinsics creates a function
call to the specified <target>
and records the location of specified
values in the stack map.
Operands:¶
The first operand is an ID, the second operand is the number of bytes
reserved for the patchable region, the third operand is the target
address of a function (optionally null), and the fourth operand
specifies how many of the following variable operands are considered
function call arguments. The remaining variable number of operands are
the live values
for which locations will be recorded in the stack
map.
Semantics:¶
The patch point intrinsic generates a stack map. It also emits a
function call to the address specified by <target>
if the address
is not a constant null. The function call and its arguments are
lowered according to the calling convention specified at the
intrinsic’s callsite. Variants of the intrinsic with non-void return
type also return a value according to calling convention.
On PowerPC, note that <target>
must be the ABI function pointer for the
intended target of the indirect call. Specifically, when compiling for the
ELF V1 ABI, <target>
is the function-descriptor address normally used as
the C/C++ function-pointer representation.
Requesting zero patch point arguments is valid. In this case, all
variable operands are handled just like
llvm.experimental.stackmap.*
. The difference is that space will
still be reserved for patching, a call will be emitted, and a return
value is allowed.
The location of the arguments are not normally recorded in the stack
map because they are already fixed by the calling convention. The
remaining live values
will have their location recorded, which
could be a register, stack location, or constant. A special calling
convention has been introduced for use with stack maps, anyregcc,
which forces the arguments to be loaded into registers but allows
those register to be dynamically allocated. These argument registers
will have their register locations recorded in the stack map in
addition to the remaining live values
.
The patch point also emits nops to cover at least <numBytes>
of
instruction encoding space. Hence, the client must ensure that
<numBytes>
is enough to encode a call to the target address on the
supported targets. If the call target is constant null, then there is
no minimum requirement. A zero-byte null target patchpoint is
valid.
The runtime may patch the code emitted for the patch point, including the call sequence and nops. However, the runtime may not assume anything about the code LLVM emits within the reserved space. Partial patching is not allowed. The runtime must patch all reserved bytes, padding with nops if necessary.
This example shows a patch point reserving 15 bytes, with one argument in $rdi, and a return value in $rax per native calling convention:
%target = inttoptr i64 -281474976710654 to i8*
%val = call i64 (i64, i32, ...)*
@llvm.experimental.patchpoint.i64(i64 78, i32 15,
i8* %target, i32 1, i64* %ptr)
%add = add i64 %val, 3
ret i64 %add
May generate:
0x00 movabsq $0xffff000000000002, %r11 <--- patch point address
0x0a callq *%r11
0x0d nop
0x0e nop <--- end of reserved 15-bytes
0x0f addq $0x3, %rax
0x10 movl %rax, 8(%rsp)
Note that no stack map locations will be recorded. If the patched code
sequence does not need arguments fixed to specific calling convention
registers, then the anyregcc
convention may be used:
%val = call anyregcc @llvm.experimental.patchpoint(i64 78, i32 15,
i8* %target, i32 1,
i64* %ptr)
The stack map now indicates the location of the %ptr argument and return value:
Stack Map: ID=78, Loc0=%r9 Loc1=%r8
The patch code sequence may now use the argument that happened to be allocated in %r8 and return a value allocated in %r9:
0x00 movslq 4(%r8) %r9 <--- patched code at patch point address
0x03 nop
...
0x0e nop <--- end of reserved 15-bytes
0x0f addq $0x3, %r9
0x10 movl %r9, 8(%rsp)
Stack Map Format¶
The existence of a stack map or patch point intrinsic within an LLVM Module forces code emission to create a Stack Map Section. The format of this section follows:
Header {
uint8 : Stack Map Version (current version is 3)
uint8 : Reserved (expected to be 0)
uint16 : Reserved (expected to be 0)
}
uint32 : NumFunctions
uint32 : NumConstants
uint32 : NumRecords
StkSizeRecord[NumFunctions] {
uint64 : Function Address
uint64 : Stack Size
uint64 : Record Count
}
Constants[NumConstants] {
uint64 : LargeConstant
}
StkMapRecord[NumRecords] {
uint64 : PatchPoint ID
uint32 : Instruction Offset
uint16 : Reserved (record flags)
uint16 : NumLocations
Location[NumLocations] {
uint8 : Register | Direct | Indirect | Constant | ConstantIndex
uint8 : Reserved (expected to be 0)
uint16 : Location Size
uint16 : Dwarf RegNum
uint16 : Reserved (expected to be 0)
int32 : Offset or SmallConstant
}
uint32 : Padding (only if required to align to 8 byte)
uint16 : Padding
uint16 : NumLiveOuts
LiveOuts[NumLiveOuts]
uint16 : Dwarf RegNum
uint8 : Reserved
uint8 : Size in Bytes
}
uint32 : Padding (only if required to align to 8 byte)
}
The first byte of each location encodes a type that indicates how to
interpret the RegNum
and Offset
fields as follows:
| Encoding | Type | Value | Description |
| 0x1 | Register | Reg | Value in a register |
| 0x2 | Direct | Reg + Offset | Frame index value |
| 0x3 | Indirect | [Reg + Offset] | Spilled value |
| 0x4 | Constant | Offset | Small constant |
| 0x5 | ConstIndex | Constants[Offset] | Large constant |
In the common case, a value is available in a register, and the
Offset
field will be zero. Values spilled to the stack are encoded
as Indirect
locations. The runtime must load those values from a
stack address, typically in the form [BP + Offset]
. If an
alloca
value is passed directly to a stack map intrinsic, then
LLVM may fold the frame index into the stack map as an optimization to
avoid allocating a register or stack slot. These frame indices will be
encoded as Direct
locations in the form BP + Offset
. LLVM may
also optimize constants by emitting them directly in the stack map,
either in the Offset
of a Constant
location or in the constant
pool, referred to by ConstantIndex
locations.
At each callsite, a “liveout” register list is also recorded. These are the registers that are live across the stackmap and therefore must be saved by the runtime. This is an important optimization when the patchpoint intrinsic is used with a calling convention that by default preserves most registers as callee-save.
Each entry in the liveout register list contains a DWARF register
number and size in bytes. The stackmap format deliberately omits
specific subregister information. Instead the runtime must interpret
this information conservatively. For example, if the stackmap reports
one byte at %rax
, then the value may be in either %al
or
%ah
. It doesn’t matter in practice, because the runtime will
simply save %rax
. However, if the stackmap reports 16 bytes at
%ymm0
, then the runtime can safely optimize by saving only
%xmm0
.
The stack map format is a contract between an LLVM SVN revision and the runtime. It is currently experimental and may change in the short term, but minimizing the need to update the runtime is important. Consequently, the stack map design is motivated by simplicity and extensibility. Compactness of the representation is secondary because the runtime is expected to parse the data immediately after compiling a module and encode the information in its own format. Since the runtime controls the allocation of sections, it can reuse the same stack map space for multiple modules.
Stackmap support is currently only implemented for 64-bit platforms. However, a 32-bit implementation should be able to use the same format with an insignificant amount of wasted space.
Stack Map Section¶
A JIT compiler can easily access this section by providing its own
memory manager via the LLVM C API
LLVMCreateSimpleMCJITMemoryManager()
. When creating the memory
manager, the JIT provides a callback:
LLVMMemoryManagerAllocateDataSectionCallback()
. When LLVM creates
this section, it invokes the callback and passes the section name. The
JIT can record the in-memory address of the section at this time and
later parse it to recover the stack map data.
On Darwin, the stack map section name is “__llvm_stackmaps”. The segment name is “__LLVM_STACKMAPS”.
Stack Map Usage¶
The stack map support described in this document can be used to precisely determine the location of values at a specific position in the code. LLVM does not maintain any mapping between those values and any higher-level entity. The runtime must be able to interpret the stack map record given only the ID, offset, and the order of the locations, records, and functions, which LLVM preserves.
Note that this is quite different from the goal of debug information, which is a best-effort attempt to track the location of named variables at every instruction.
An important motivation for this design is to allow a runtime to commandeer a stack frame when execution reaches an instruction address associated with a stack map. The runtime must be able to rebuild a stack frame and resume program execution using the information provided by the stack map. For example, execution may resume in an interpreter or a recompiled version of the same function.
This usage restricts LLVM optimization. Clearly, LLVM must not move stores across a stack map. However, loads must also be handled conservatively. If the load may trigger an exception, hoisting it above a stack map could be invalid. For example, the runtime may determine that a load is safe to execute without a type check given the current state of the type system. If the type system changes while some activation of the load’s function exists on the stack, the load becomes unsafe. The runtime can prevent subsequent execution of that load by immediately patching any stack map location that lies between the current call site and the load (typically, the runtime would simply patch all stack map locations to invalidate the function). If the compiler had hoisted the load above the stack map, then the program could crash before the runtime could take back control.
To enforce these semantics, stackmap and patchpoint intrinsics are considered to potentially read and write all memory. This may limit optimization more than some clients desire. This limitation may be avoided by marking the call site as “readonly”. In the future we may also allow meta-data to be added to the intrinsic call to express aliasing, thereby allowing optimizations to hoist certain loads above stack maps.
Direct Stack Map Entries¶
As shown in Stack Map Section, a Direct stack map location records the address of frame index. This address is itself the value that the runtime requested. This differs from Indirect locations, which refer to a stack locations from which the requested values must be loaded. Direct locations can communicate the address if an alloca, while Indirect locations handle register spills.
For example:
entry:
%a = alloca i64...
llvm.experimental.stackmap(i64 <ID>, i32 <shadowBytes>, i64* %a)
The runtime can determine this alloca’s relative location on the stack immediately after compilation, or at any time thereafter. This differs from Register and Indirect locations, because the runtime can only read the values in those locations when execution reaches the instruction address of the stack map.
This functionality requires LLVM to treat entry-block allocas specially when they are directly consumed by an intrinsics. (This is the same requirement imposed by the llvm.gcroot intrinsic.) LLVM transformations must not substitute the alloca with any intervening value. This can be verified by the runtime simply by checking that the stack map’s location is a Direct location type.
Supported Architectures¶
Support for StackMap generation and the related intrinsics requires some code for each backend. Today, only a subset of LLVM’s backends are supported. The currently supported architectures are X86_64, PowerPC, and Aarch64.


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