Register for the next Adult Astronomy Camp
The next Beginning Adult Astronomy Camp is
October 16-18, 2015
To reserve your place in October's Astronomy Camp, please mail your completed application and signed disclaimer forms to the following address. Please include a check for the $600 tuition made payable to "Astronomy Camp". We will then send you follow-up information.
October 16-18, 2015
To reserve your place in October's Astronomy Camp, please mail your completed application and signed disclaimer forms to the following address. Please include a check for the $600 tuition made payable to "Astronomy Camp". We will then send you follow-up information.
Dr. Don McCarthy
Astronomy Camp
Steward Observatory
933 N. Cherry Ave.
Tucson, AZ 85721-0065
Astronomy Camp
Steward Observatory
933 N. Cherry Ave.
Tucson, AZ 85721-0065
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Site Design by Jacob Omann. Maintained by Astronomy Camp. Updated December 23, 2014
All Images, Media and Content - Copyright © 2012 Astronomy Camp
Site Design by Jacob Omann. Maintained by Astronomy Camp. Updated December 23, 2014


Ophir Fire Boundaries
Your internet is slow. By GAWD, Lady, upgrade
your internet speed and my memory! Holy Moly,
this is going to take a while. I need a coffee!
| # | Lat/Long | # | Lat/Long | # | Lat/Long | # | Lat/Long |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 00.00N/000.00W | 6 | 00.00N/000.00W | 11 | 00.00N/000.00W | 16 | 00.00N/000.00W |
| 2 | 00.00N/000.00W | 7 | 00.00N/000.00W | 12 | 00.00N/000.00W | 17 | 00.00N/000.00W |
| 3 | 00.00N/000.00W | 8 | 00.00N/000.00W | 13 | 00.00N/000.00W | 18 | 00.00N/000.00W |
| 4 | 00.00N/000.00W | 9 | 00.00N/000.00W | 14 | 00.00N/000.00W | 19 | 00.00N/000.00W |
| 5 | 00.00N/000.00W | 10 | 00.00N/000.00W | 15 | 00.00N/000.00W | 20 | 00.00N/000.00W |
Ophir Subscription Boundares
ORFPD offers annual subscription to those residents who neither fall in Gold Beach nor Ophir’s fire district. The cost per year is $000.00. For this fee, ORFPD will respond to a calls at your house and surrounding property.
The following are coordinates for the subscription boundaries.
| # | Lat/Long | # | Lat/Long | # | Lat/Long | # | Lat/Long |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 00.00N/000.00W | 6 | 00.00N/000.00W | 11 | 00.00N/000.00W | 16 | 00.00N/000.00W |
| 2 | 00.00N/000.00W | 7 | 00.00N/000.00W | 12 | 00.00N/000.00W | 17 | 00.00N/000.00W |
| 3 | 00.00N/000.00W | 8 | 00.00N/000.00W | 13 | 00.00N/000.00W | 18 | 00.00N/000.00W |
| 4 | 00.00N/000.00W | 9 | 00.00N/000.00W | 14 | 00.00N/000.00W | 19 | 00.00N/000.00W |
| 5 | 00.00N/000.00W | 10 | 00.00N/000.00W | 15 | 00.00N/000.00W | 20 | 00.00N/000.00W |
Resident Responsibilities
There are several items residents can do that will help volunteer fire fighters protect your home and property in the event of a fire.
1. Defenisble Space
Defensible space is, in simplified terms, “room” for the fire fighters to do their jobs. Your house is more likely to withstand a wildfire if grasses, brush, trees, and other common forest fuels are removed, reduced, or modified to reduce a fire’s intensity.
1. Accessibility
Ensure access to the house is clear and kept up so that fire trucks can safely pass. Make sure trees limbs are trimmed to 15ft high and roads are clear from both obstructions and large pot holes.


The connection instance to be used when creating a new connection to the servers. It must be a type.
Defaults to {@link ConnectionTCPFull} on Node and {@link ConnectionTCPObfuscated} on browsers.
Whether to connect to the servers through IPv6 or not. By default this is false.
The timeout in seconds to be used when connecting. This does nothing for now.
How many times a request should be retried.
Request are retried when Telegram is having internal issues (due to INTERNAL error or RPC_CALL_FAIL error),
when there is a errors.FloodWaitError less than floodSleepThreshold, or when there's a migrate error.
defaults to 5.
How many times the reconnection should retry, either on the initial connection or when Telegram disconnects us.
May be set to a negative or undefined value for infinite retries, but this is not recommended, since the program can get stuck in an infinite loop.
defaults to 5
How many times we should retry borrowing a sender from another DC when it fails. defaults to 5
The delay in milliseconds to sleep between automatic reconnections. defaults to 1000
Whether reconnection should be retried connection_retries times automatically if Telegram disconnects us or not. defaults to true
does nothing for now
The threshold below which the library should automatically sleep on flood wait and slow mode wait errors (inclusive).
For instance, if a FloodWaitError for 17s occurs and floodSleepThreshold is 20s, the library will sleep automatically.
If the error was for 21s, it would raise FloodWaitError instead. defaults to 60 sec.
Device model to be sent when creating the initial connection. Defaults to os.type().toString().
System version to be sent when creating the initial connection. defaults to os.release().toString() -.
App version to be sent when creating the initial connection. Defaults to 1.0.
Language code to be sent when creating the initial connection. Defaults to 'en'.
System lang code to be sent when creating the initial connection. Defaults to 'en'.
Does nothing for now. don't change.
Whether to try to connect over Wss (or 443 port) or not.
Generated using TypeDoc
Interface for creating a new client. All of these have a default value and you should only change those if you know what you are doing.


CAMERA BUFF (AMATOR) (director/writer: Krzysztof Kieslowski; screenwriter: Jerzy Stuhr; cinematographer: Jacek Petrycki; cast: Jerzy Stuhr (Philip Mosz), Malgorzata Zabkowska (Irka Mosz), Ewa Pokas (Anna), Jerzy Nowak (Osuch), Stefan Czyzewski (The Director), Tadeusz Bradecki (Witek), Krzysztof Zanussi (Himself), Andrzej Jurga (Himself), 1979-Poland)
Reviewed by Dennis Schwartz
To make artistic films in a repressed country is very difficult, but to make documentaries for an amateur filmmaker can work simply because he is an amateur and is not expected to be after something politically dangerous, therefore he is thought of as less of a risk to those governments.
This film is about how a factory worker, Philip Mosz (Stuhr), who bought himself a cheap hand-held 8 mm Russian camera (costing him two months salary) for the birth of his daughter to record her birth and infant years. His boss (Stefan Czyzewski) spotted the camera and asked him to make a movie about the factory. From that humble beginning, as soon as Philip felt the things he could do with the camera, he knew that this would be his vocation. He thought he could make a difference in society by pointing out how things really are, exposing any corruption, and giving people a record of how they are living.
Kieslowski went from making documentaries to making this fictional film, and in some ways this film is semi-autobiographical, as it is about what power there is in the camera, especially for one who is an artist.
Philip is the central focus of the film, as he undergoes a transformation of personality. We first see him as a picture of contentment: he is satisfied with his job as a procurer, travelling around Poland buying products for his factory, and we see him satisfied with his marriage--he even mentions, "If someone wants only one thing in life, he'll get it."
When he shows the completed film to his boss about factory life, it is met with approval except for four minor changes the boss insists upon. The naive new filmmaker has no qualms about getting rid of the pigeons, but he doesn't understand why he can't leave in the film the men coming out of the lavatory, or the men taking money behind a curtain, or showing the little man with glasses in many of the scenes.
After winning third prize for the film in a contest sponsored by the film club, the movie bug has really bitten him. He has joined the film club where he gets romantically interested in one of the club leaders, Ana (Ewa), who makes it her personal business to see that he gets help in his new film career. His wife becomes displeased with him for spending so much time away from the family and threatens to walk out on him, which she will shortly do. But Philip can't stop filming anything that moves, as his techniques and artistic plans grow. To get help, the club introduces him to Krzysztof Zanussi for advice and to have the famous director talk to his film club, and they also get him a meeting with Andrzej Jurga, who tells him to make a film about a worker and he'll see that it gets on TV. This turns out to be a bitter-sweet trap for Philip, because he gets his work on TV and it is met with success by his friends and neighbors who watched it, but his boss is displeased that it is about a cripple in the factory, and does not blame Philip for doing it because he is young, but blames his superior, the elderly and kind-hearted Osuch (Nowak), whom he forces to resign his post as head of culture and coerces him into early retirement. It seems that even though he didn't intend to, he hurts those who are not responsible for what he does.
This is a political spoof on the artist's role and limits in Communist Poland and a comedy, as it comically exaggerates the film buff's growing pathology and voyeuristic tendencies. The power in the story was in the subtle reminders, showing that behind the obvious censorship, there is a real censorship problem for everyone, it is not only in the conflicts between the artist and the authorities-- but, for both the artist and the viewer who must demand that the truth and integrity of the work be preserved. Poland is a good example of such a battlefield, with the then state-owned film industry in charge of funding projects, documentary films are sometimes the best records of such history, unless you have the artistic deftness, like Kieslowski has shown, to make a film as wickedly ironical as this one is and get it past the censors.
Since the film's theme has been done many times before, and the comic efforts of the film were rather flat, what made this film provocative, was the absorbing performance by Jerzy Stuhr, who would become a regular in many of the director's later films, which spanned a career of over 20 years. Stuhr was able to make this political tale into a human interest story, something that deceptively caught the artist's struggle, highlighting the conflict over his compulsion to film and his personal sacrifice of losing his family.
For the filmmaker, as Kieslowski sees it, home-life is secondary. And for showing that struggle through Stuhr's eyes, the film is memorable, though it is not one of the director's top-flight artistic works, yet it is still worth seeing.
REVIEWED ON 8/25/99 GRADE: B-
Dennis Schwartz: "Ozus' World Movie Reviews"
http://www.sover.net/~ozus
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>© ALL RIGHTS RESERVED DENNIS SCHWARTZ
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


FEARLESS A film review by Scott Renshaw Copyright 1993 Scott Renshaw
Starring: Jeff Bridges, Rosie Perez, Isabella Rossellini, John Turturro, Tom Hulce. Screenplay: Rafael Yglesias. Director: Peter Weir.
Peter Weir is a director whose best work has ventured into the darker corners (PICNIC AT HANGING ROCK, THE LAST WAVE); Jeff Bridges is an actor whose best work has involved loners or characters on the fringe (THE FABULOUS BAKER BOYS, THE FISHER KING). The collaboration of these two individuals, along with one of the fall's most compelling trailers, gave me high hopes for FEARLESS. It only delivered halfway. FEARLESS contains a handful of gripping moments and one outstanding performance by Bridges, but it also has some hollow interpersonal moments and a lack of focus that holds it back from real greatness.
Bridges is Max Klein, a San Francisco architect who walks a way from a devastating plane crash with a single scratch, and having saved several other passengers. Afterwards, Max finds himself possessed of a surreal peace, a sense that he has triumphed over death. His reaction baffles disaster psychologist Bill Perlman (John Turturro), as well as Max's wife Laura (Isabella Rossellini), who finds herself unable to relate to him. Dr. Perlman tries introducing Max to fellow survivor Carla Rodrigo (Rosie Perez), a devoutly religious woman thrown into a severe depression by the death of her infant son in the crash. While Max begins to draw Carla out, he remains unable to connect with anyone else, leaving his friends and family to wonder whether he'll ever return.
FEARLESS begins and ends, quite literally, with a bang. Max's emergence from the smoking wreckage of the crash, holding a baby and followed by other survivors, is a haunting and marvelously crafted scene. Indeed, FEARLESS maintains an intense, hypnotic energy for the first fifteen minutes, as Max's odd new persona takes hold. Then, rather abruptly and much to the worse, it shifts gears into fairly run-of-the-mill family drama. Max alienates his wife and son; wife Laura clings with a tenacious optimism that eventually he'll snap out of it. This tangent of the story doesn't work for two basic reasons. One, Laura isn't all that interesting, and Rossellini doesn't succeed in projecting any warmth or concern.  He's a man who has turned his trauma into carte blanche to treat everyone around him with a divine condescension, a palpable impression that their experience of life can't be as pure as his.
The story picks up steam again once Max and Carla link up. Their relationship is handled delicately, and avoids the too obvious step into romance. Bridges and Perez convey a kind of unspoken communication which punches home how stranded these survivors feel in a world of people who can't possibly understand. But again there are swings into scenes without a note of truth, like an awkwardly acted group therapy session. There's also a distracting and obvious swing at ambulance-chasing lawyers personified by Max's attorney (Tom Hulce). By the time FEARLESS hits its wrenching climax, a flashback to the moment of the crash wonderfully scored by Maurice Jarre, I felt as though I had been through a ride as bumpy as the passengers on that plane had.
While Max Klein's character may not have endeared itself to me, Bridges' performance did. Like he did in STARMAN, Bridges carries himself like an alien among us, but this time an alien with some smugness. It is he who takes an unlikable character and invests him with some caring. Max really believes he can save people, but he doesn't understand that he's obsessed with his new self- identification as a savior. It is only when he tries to take Carla with him--rather dramatically--that he comes to a certain understanding. This performance shores up my judgment of Bridges as the best American leading actor around, and it almost holds FEARLESS together on its own. However, FEARLESS takes its metaphysics too seriously, and doesn't keep its eye on what works best: the reactions of two survivors to a world now seen with different eyes.
On the Renshaw scale of 0 to 10 survivors: 5.
-- Scott Renshaw Stanford University Office of the General Counsel
.
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


| Top |
| cairo_font_face_t * | cairo_ft_font_face_create_for_ft_face () |
| cairo_font_face_t * | cairo_ft_font_face_create_for_pattern () |
| void | cairo_ft_font_options_substitute () |
| FT_Face | cairo_ft_scaled_font_lock_face () |
| void | cairo_ft_scaled_font_unlock_face () |
| unsigned int | cairo_ft_font_face_get_synthesize () |
| void | cairo_ft_font_face_set_synthesize () |
| void | cairo_ft_font_face_unset_synthesize () |
The FreeType font backend is primarily used to render text on GNU/Linux systems, but can be used on other platforms too.
cairo_font_face_t * cairo_ft_font_face_create_for_ft_face (FT_Face face
,int load_flags
);
Creates a new font face for the FreeType font backend from a
pre-opened FreeType face. This font can then be used with
cairo_set_font_face()
or cairo_scaled_font_create()
. The
cairo_scaled_font_t returned from cairo_scaled_font_create()
is
also for the FreeType backend and can be used with functions such
as cairo_ft_scaled_font_lock_face()
. Note that Cairo may keep a reference
to the FT_Face alive in a font-cache and the exact lifetime of the reference
depends highly upon the exact usage pattern and is subject to external
factors. You must not call FT_Done_Face()
before the last reference to the
cairo_font_face_t has been dropped.
As an example, below is how one might correctly couple the lifetime of the FreeType face object to the cairo_font_face_t.
static const cairo_user_data_key_t key; font_face = cairo_ft_font_face_create_for_ft_face (ft_face, 0); status = cairo_font_face_set_user_data (font_face, &key, ft_face, (cairo_destroy_func_t) FT_Done_Face); if (status) { cairo_font_face_destroy (font_face); FT_Done_Face (ft_face); return ERROR; }
face |
A FreeType face object, already opened. This must
be kept around until the face's ref_count drops to
zero and it is freed. Since the face may be referenced
internally to Cairo, the best way to determine when it
is safe to free the face is to pass a
cairo_destroy_func_t to |
|
load_flags |
flags to pass to FT_Load_Glyph when loading
glyphs from the font. These flags are OR'ed together with
the flags derived from the cairo_font_options_t passed
to |
a newly created cairo_font_face_t. Free with
cairo_font_face_destroy()
when you are done using it.
Since 1.0
cairo_font_face_t *
cairo_ft_font_face_create_for_pattern (FcPattern *pattern
);
Creates a new font face for the FreeType font backend based on a
fontconfig pattern. This font can then be used with
cairo_set_font_face()
or cairo_scaled_font_create()
. The
cairo_scaled_font_t returned from cairo_scaled_font_create()
is
also for the FreeType backend and can be used with functions such
as cairo_ft_scaled_font_lock_face()
.
Font rendering options are represented both here and when you
call cairo_scaled_font_create()
. Font options that have a representation
in a FcPattern must be passed in here; to modify FcPattern
appropriately to reflect the options in a cairo_font_options_t, call
cairo_ft_font_options_substitute()
.
The pattern's FC_FT_FACE element is inspected first and if that is set,
that will be the FreeType font face associated with the returned cairo
font face. Otherwise the FC_FILE element is checked. If it's set,
that and the value of the FC_INDEX element (defaults to zero) of pattern
are used to load a font face from file.
If both steps from the previous paragraph fails, pattern
will be passed
to FcConfigSubstitute, FcDefaultSubstitute, and finally FcFontMatch,
and the resulting font pattern is used.
If the FC_FT_FACE element of pattern
is set, the user is responsible
for making sure that the referenced FT_Face remains valid for the life
time of the returned cairo_font_face_t. See
cairo_ft_font_face_create_for_ft_face()
for an example of how to couple
the life time of the FT_Face to that of the cairo font-face.
pattern |
A fontconfig pattern. Cairo makes a copy of the pattern
if it needs to. You are free to modify or free |
a newly created cairo_font_face_t. Free with
cairo_font_face_destroy()
when you are done using it.
Since 1.0
void cairo_ft_font_options_substitute (const cairo_font_options_t *options
,FcPattern *pattern
);
Add options to a FcPattern based on a cairo_font_options_t font
options object. Options that are already in the pattern, are not overridden,
so you should call this function after calling FcConfigSubstitute()
(the
user's settings should override options based on the surface type), but
before calling FcDefaultSubstitute()
.
Since 1.0
FT_Face
cairo_ft_scaled_font_lock_face (cairo_scaled_font_t *scaled_font
);
cairo_ft_scaled_font_lock_face() gets the FT_Face object from a FreeType
backend font and scales it appropriately for the font. You must
release the face with cairo_ft_scaled_font_unlock_face()
when you are done using it. Since the FT_Face object can be
shared between multiple cairo_scaled_font_t objects, you must not
lock any other font objects until you unlock this one. A count is
kept of the number of times cairo_ft_scaled_font_lock_face()
is
called. cairo_ft_scaled_font_unlock_face()
must be called the same number
of times.
You must be careful when using this function in a library or in a threaded application, because freetype's design makes it unsafe to call freetype functions simultaneously from multiple threads, (even if using distinct FT_Face objects). Because of this, application code that acquires an FT_Face object with this call must add its own locking to protect any use of that object, (and which also must protect any other calls into cairo as almost any cairo function might result in a call into the freetype library).
scaled_font |
A cairo_scaled_font_t from the FreeType font backend. Such an
object can be created by calling |
The FT_Face object for font
, scaled appropriately,
or NULL
if scaled_font
is in an error state (see
cairo_scaled_font_status()
) or there is insufficient memory.
Since 1.0
void
cairo_ft_scaled_font_unlock_face (cairo_scaled_font_t *scaled_font
);
Releases a face obtained with cairo_ft_scaled_font_lock_face()
.
scaled_font |
A cairo_scaled_font_t from the FreeType font backend. Such an
object can be created by calling |
Since 1.0
unsigned int
cairo_ft_font_face_get_synthesize (cairo_font_face_t *font_face
);
Since 1.12
void cairo_ft_font_face_set_synthesize (cairo_font_face_t *font_face
,unsigned int synth_flags
);
FreeType provides the ability to synthesize different glyphs from a base font, which is useful if you lack those glyphs from a true bold or oblique font. See also cairo_ft_synthesize_t.
font_face |
The cairo_ft_font_face_t object to modify |
|
synth_flags |
the set of synthesis options to enable |
Since 1.12
void cairo_ft_font_face_unset_synthesize (cairo_font_face_t *font_face
,unsigned int synth_flags
);
See cairo_ft_font_face_set_synthesize()
.
font_face |
The cairo_ft_font_face_t object to modify |
|
synth_flags |
the set of synthesis options to disable |
Since 1.12
#define CAIRO_HAS_FT_FONT 1
Defined if the FreeType font backend is available. This macro can be used to conditionally compile backend-specific code.
Since 1.0
#define CAIRO_HAS_FC_FONT 1
Defined if the Fontconfig-specific functions of the FreeType font backend are available. This macro can be used to conditionally compile backend-specific code.
Since 1.10
A set of synthesis options to control how FreeType renders the glyphs for a particular font face.
Individual synthesis features of a cairo_ft_font_face_t can be set
using cairo_ft_font_face_set_synthesize()
, or disabled using
cairo_ft_font_face_unset_synthesize()
. The currently enabled set of
synthesis options can be queried with cairo_ft_font_face_get_synthesize()
.
Note: that when synthesizing glyphs, the font metrics returned will only be estimates.
Since 1.12


Technology Stack
Programming Languages
Scientific Python Stack
Web Scraping
Machine Learning and Statistics
Natural Language Processing
Others


You may use the "insert", "del", "delLast" and "delAll" methods to manual adding and deleting elements in list, or use the input field (use Enter and Backspace keys)
You can see the more usage examples in the Documentation


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|
Simbody
3.5
|
This is a primitive useful for computations involving a single cubic Bezier curve segment. More...
Public Member Functions | |
| CubicBezierCurve_ () | |
| Construct an uninitialized curve; control points will be garbage. More... | |
| template<int S> | |
| CubicBezierCurve_ (const Vec< 4, Vec3P, S > &controlPoints) | |
| Construct a cubic Bezier curve using the given control points B=[b0 b1 b2 b3]. More... | |
| template<int S> | |
| CubicBezierCurve_ (const Row< 4, Vec3P, S > &controlPoints) | |
| Alternate signature accepts a Row of control points, although they are stored internally as a Vec. More... | |
| const Vec< 4, Vec3P > & | getControlPoints () const |
| Return a reference to the Bezier control points B=[b0 b1 b2 b3] that are stored in this object. More... | |
| Vec< 4, Vec3P > | calcAlgebraicCoefficients () const |
| Calculate the algebraic coefficients A=[a3 a2 a1 a0] from the stored Bezier control points. More... | |
| Vec< 4, Vec3P > | calcHermiteCoefficients () const |
| Calculate the Hermite (geometric) coefficients H=[h0 h1 hu0 hu1] from the stored Bezier control points. More... | |
| Vec3P | evalP (RealP u) const |
| Evaluate a point on this curve given a value for parameter u in [0,1]. More... | |
| Vec3P | evalPu (RealP u) const |
| Evaluate the tangent Pu=dP/du on this curve given a value for parameter u in [0,1]. More... | |
| Vec3P | evalPuu (RealP u) const |
| Evaluate the second derivative Puu=d2P/du2 on this curve given a value for parameter u in [0,1]. More... | |
| Vec3P | evalPuuu (RealP u) const |
| Evaluate the third derivative Puuu=d3P/du3 on this curve. More... | |
| RealP | calcDsdu (RealP u) const |
| Return ds/du, the change in arc length per change in curve parameter. More... | |
| UnitVec3P | calcUnitTangent (RealP u) const |
| The unit tangent vector t=dP/ds where s is the arc length. More... | |
| Vec3P | calcCurvatureVector (RealP u) const |
| The curvature vector c=dt/ds where t is the unit tangent vector (t=dP/ds) and s is arclength. More... | |
| RealP | calcCurvatureSqr (RealP u) |
| Return k^2, the square of the scalar curvature k at the point P(u) on the curve. More... | |
| RealP | calcTorsion (RealP u) |
| Return tau, the torsion or "second curvature". More... | |
| UnitVec3P | calcUnitNormal (RealP u) const |
| In our definition, the unit normal vector n points in the "outward" direction, that is, it points away from the center of curvature (opposite the curvature vector). More... | |
| RealP | calcCurveFrame (RealP u, TransformP &X_FP) const |
| Return the magnitude of the curvature (always positive), and a frame whose origin is a point along the curve, x axis is the outward unit normal n, y is the unit tangent t, and z=x X y is the binormal b, which is a normal to the osculating plane. More... | |
| void | split (RealP u, CubicBezierCurve_< P > &left, CubicBezierCurve_< P > &right) const |
| Split this curve into two at a point u=t such that 0 < t < 1, such that the first curve coincides with the u=0..t segment of this curve, and the second coincides with the u=t..1 segment. More... | |
| void | bisect (CubicBezierCurve_< P > &left, CubicBezierCurve_< P > &right) const |
| Split this curve into two at the point u=1/2 (halfway in parameter space, not necessarily in arclength). More... | |
| Geo::Sphere_< P > | calcBoundingSphere () const |
| Return a sphere that surrounds the entire curve segment in the u=[0..1] range. More... | |
| Geo::AlignedBox_< P > | calcAxisAlignedBoundingBox () const |
| Return an axis-aligned bounding box (AABB) that surrounds the entire curve segment in the u=[0..1] range. More... | |
| Geo::OrientedBox_< P > | calcOrientedBoundingBox () const |
| Return an oriented bounding box (OBB) that surrounds the entire curve segment in the u=[0..1] range. More... | |
Static Public Member Functions | |
Utility methods | |
These static methods provide operations useful for working with cubic Bezier curves. See the CubicHermiteCurve_ class for related operations. | |
| static Row< 4, P > | calcFb (RealP u) |
| Calculate the Bernstein basis functions Fb=[B0..B3] for a given value of the parameter u. More... | |
| static Row< 4, P > | calcDFb (RealP u) |
| Calculate first derivatives dFb=[B0u..B3u] of the Bernstein basis functions for a given value of the parameter u. More... | |
| static Row< 4, P > | calcD2Fb (RealP u) |
| Calculate second derivatives d2Fb=[B0uu..B3uu] of the Bernstein basis functions for a given value of the parameter u. More... | |
| static Row< 4, P > | calcD3Fb (RealP u) |
| Calculate third derivatives d3Fb=[B0uuu..B3uuu] of the Bernstein basis functions for a given value of the parameter u. More... | |
| template<int S> | |
| static Vec< 4, Vec3P > | calcAFromB (const Vec< 4, Vec3P, S > &B) |
| Given the Bezier control points B=~[b0 b1 b2 b3], return the algebraic coefficients A=~[a3 a2 a1 a0]. More... | |
| template<int S> | |
| static Vec< 4, Vec3P > | calcBFromA (const Vec< 4, Vec3P, S > &A) |
| Given the algebraic coefficients A=~[a3 a2 a1 a0], return the Bezier control points B=~[b0 b1 b2 b3]. More... | |
| template<int S> | |
| static Vec< 4, Vec3P > | calcHFromB (const Vec< 4, Vec3P, S > &B) |
| Given the Bezier control points B=~[b0 b1 b2 b3], return the Hermite coefficients H=~[h0 h1 hu0 hu1]. More... | |
| template<int S> | |
| static Vec< 4, Vec3P > | calcBFromH (const Vec< 4, Vec3P, S > &H) |
| Given the Hermite coefficients H=~[h0 h1 hu0 hu1], return the Bezier control points B=~[b0 b1 b2 b3]. More... | |
| template<int S> | |
| static Vec3P | evalPUsingB (const Vec< 4, Vec3P, S > &B, RealP u) |
| Given Bezier control points B and a value for the curve parameter u, return the point P(u) at that location. More... | |
| template<int S> | |
| static Vec3P | evalPuUsingB (const Vec< 4, Vec3P, S > &B, RealP u) |
| Given Bezier control points B and a value for the curve parameter u, return the first derivative Pu(u)=dP/du at that location. More... | |
| template<int S> | |
| static Vec3P | evalPuuUsingB (const Vec< 4, Vec3P, S > &B, RealP u) |
| Given Bezier control points B and a value for the curve parameter u, return the second derivative Puu(u)=d2P/du2 at that location. More... | |
| template<int S> | |
| static Vec3P | evalPuuuUsingB (const Vec< 4, Vec3P, S > &B, RealP u) |
| Given Bezier control points B and a value for the curve parameter u, return the third derivative Puuu(u)=d3P/du3 at that location. More... | |
| static Mat< 4, 4, P > | getMb () |
| Obtain the Bezier basis matrix Mb explicitly. More... | |
| template<int S> | |
| static Vec< 4, P > | multiplyByMb (const Vec< 4, P, S > &b) |
| Form the product of the Bezier basis matrix Mb and a 4-vector, exploiting the structure of Mb. More... | |
| static Mat< 4, 4, P > | getMbInv () |
| Obtain the inverse inv(Mb) of the Bezier basis matrix explicitly. More... | |
| template<int S> | |
| static Vec< 4, P > | multiplyByMbInv (const Vec< 4, P, S > &b) |
| Form the product of the inverse inv(Mb) of the Bezier basis matrix Mb and a 4-vector, exploiting the structure of inv(Mb). More... | |
| static Mat< 4, 4, P > | getMhInvMb () |
| Obtain the product Mh^-1*Mb explicitly; this is the matrix used for conversion from Bezier to Hermite bases since H=Mh^-1 Mb B and is the inverse of the matrix Mb^-1*Mh. More... | |
| template<int S> | |
| static Vec< 4, P > | multiplyByMhInvMb (const Vec< 4, P, S > &v) |
| Given a vector v, form the product inv(Mh)*Mb*v, exploiting the structure of the constant matrix inv(Mh)*Mb (not symmetric). More... | |
| static Mat< 4, 4, P > | getMbInvMh () |
| Obtain the product Mb^-1*Mh explicitly; this is the matrix used for conversion from Hermite to Bezier bases since B=Mb^-1 Mh H and is the inverse of the matrix Mh^-1*Mb. More... | |
| template<int S> | |
| static Vec< 4, P > | multiplyByMbInvMh (const Vec< 4, P, S > &v) |
| Given a vector v, form the product inv(Mb)*Mh*v, exploiting the structure of the constant matrix inv(Mb)*Mh (not symmetric). More... | |
This is a primitive useful for computations involving a single cubic Bezier curve segment.
Objects of this class contain the Bezier control points, but these can easily be converted to algebraic or Hermite coefficients. A useful feature of the Bezier control points representation is that the curve (not necessarily planar) lies within the convex hull of the four control points. We can use that fact to create a bounding sphere or oriented bounding box around the curve. We can check whether the control points are already convex to ensure that the contained curve is well behaved, and subdivide if not.
Note that a cubic Bezier spline (made up of multiple segments) would not necessarily be composed of these because a spline can be contructed more compactly with shared end points. However, the primitive and inline methods here can be used for fast curve segment computations.
The primary reference for this implementation is the book "Geometric Modeling, 3rd ed." by Michael E. Mortenson, Industrial Press 2006, chapter 4. We follow Mortenson's notation here (with some name changes) and equation numbers are from the text. See CubicHermiteCurve_ comments for an introduction; here we add the Bezier description to the algebraic and Hermite (geometric) forms described there.
The curve is parameterized by a scalar u in [0..1], such that points on the curve, and their derivatives with respect to u are given by
P(u) = B0(u) b0 + B1(u) b1 + B2(u) b2 + B3(u) b3 (4.2) Pu(u) = B0u(u) b0 + B1u(u) b1 + B2u(u) b2 + B3u(u) b3 Puu(u) = B0uu(u) b0 + B1uu(u) b1 + B2uu(u) b2 + B3uu(u) b3 Puuu(u) = B0uuu(u) b0 + B1uuu(u) b1 + B2uuu(u) b2 + B3uuu(u) b3
where the Bi's are the (scalar) Bernstein polynomials given by
B0(u) = (1-u)^3 = -u^3 + 3u^2 - 3u + 1 (4.5) B1(u) = 3 u (1-u)^2 = 3u^3 - 6u^2 + 3u B2(u) = 3 u^2(1-u) = -3u^3 + 3u^2 B3(u) = u^3 = u^3
B0u(u) = -3u^2 + 6u - 3 B0uu(u) = -6u + 6 B0uuu(u) = -6 B1u(u) = 9u^2 - 12u + 3 B1uu(u) = 18u - 12 B1uuu(u) = 18 B2u(u) = -9u^2 + 6u B2uu(u) = -18u + 6 B2uuu(u) = -18 B3u(u) = 3u^2 B3uu(u) = 6u B3uuu(u) = 6
In matrix notation, let Fb=[B0 B1 B2 B3], and U=[u^3 u^2 u 1]. Then Fb = U Mb where Mb, the Bezier basis transformation matrix, and its inverse are:
[ -1 3 -3 1 ] [ 0 0 0 1 ] Mb = [ 3 -6 3 0 ] inv(Mb) = [ 0 0 1/3 1 ] [ -3 3 0 0 ] [ 0 1/3 2/3 1 ] [ 1 0 0 0 ] [ 1 1 1 1 ]
Now we can write the algebraic, Hermite, and Bezier forms in matrix notation. Let A=~[a3 a2 a1 a0], H=~[h0 h1 hu0 hu1], B=~[b0 b1 b2 b3]. We have
P(u) = U A = U Mh H = U Mb B (4.7) A = Mh H = Mb B H = inv(Mh) A = inv(Mh) Mb B (4.8) B = inv(Mb) A = inv(Mb) Mh H (4.9)
where these equations show how to convert among the algebraic, Hermite, and Bezier forms. Note that while U, Fb, Mh, and Mb are ordinary matrices, A, H, and B are hypermatrices since their elements are 3-vectors. Multiplying out the matrix products gives:
[ 1 0 0 0 ] [ 1 0 0 0 ] Mh^-1 Mb = [ 0 0 0 1 ] Mb^-1 Mh = [ 1 0 1/3 0 ] [ -3 3 0 0 ] [ 0 1 0 -1/3 ] [ 0 0 -3 3 ] [ 0 1 0 0 ]
Because of the sparsity of the matrices and the many common subexpressions above, it saves a considerable amount of computation to work out the necessary products by hand, and this implementation does that. For example, to find the Bezier control points B given the Hermite coefficients H, or vice versa, the matrix-vector multiply would take 3x28=84 flops, while the hand-worked versions are:
[h0 ] -1 [ b0 ] [b0] -1 [ h0 ] H = [h1 ] = Mh Mb B = [ b3 ] B = [b1] = Mb Mh H = [h0 + hu0/3] [hu0] [3 (b1-b0)] [b2] [h1 - hu1/3] [hu1] [3 (b3-b2)] [b3] [ h1 ]
which instead take 3x4=12 flops, 7X faster. Conversion between Bezier and algebraic is a little more expensive:
[ b3-b0 + 3 (b1-b2) ] [ a0 ] A = Mb B = [ 3 (b0+b2) - 6 b1 ] B = Mb^-1 A = [ a1/3 + a0 ] [ 3 (b1-b0) ] [ (a2 + 2 a1)/3 + a0 ] [ b0 ] [ a3 + a2 + a1 + a0 ]
which take about 3x10=30 flops, still almost 3X faster than a matrix-vector multiply.
|
inline |
Construct an uninitialized curve; control points will be garbage.
|
inlineexplicit |
Construct a cubic Bezier curve using the given control points B=[b0 b1 b2 b3].
|
inlineexplicit |
|
inline |
Return a reference to the Bezier control points B=[b0 b1 b2 b3] that are stored in this object.
|
inline |
Calculate the algebraic coefficients A=[a3 a2 a1 a0] from the stored Bezier control points.
Cost is 30 flops.
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inline |
Calculate the Hermite (geometric) coefficients H=[h0 h1 hu0 hu1] from the stored Bezier control points.
Cost is 12 flops.
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inline |
Evaluate a point on this curve given a value for parameter u in [0,1].
Values outside this range are permitted but do not lie on the curve segment. Cost is 20 flops.
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inline |
Evaluate the tangent Pu=dP/du on this curve given a value for parameter u in [0,1].
Values outside this range are permitted but do not lie on the curve segment. Cost is 15 flops.
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inline |
Evaluate the second derivative Puu=d2P/du2 on this curve given a value for parameter u in [0,1].
Values outside this range are permitted but do not lie on the curve segment. Cost is 10 flops.
|
inline |
Evaluate the third derivative Puuu=d3P/du3 on this curve.
Parameter u is ignored here since the 3rd derivative of a cubic curve is a constant. Cost is 3 flops.
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inline |
Return ds/du, the change in arc length per change in curve parameter.
This is the magnitude of the tangent vector Pu=dP/du. Cost is about 40 flops.
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inline |
The unit tangent vector t=dP/ds where s is the arc length.
This is undefined at a cusp (Pu(u)==0). Cost is about 55 flops.
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inline |
The curvature vector c=dt/ds where t is the unit tangent vector (t=dP/ds) and s is arclength.
Cost is about 55 flops.
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inline |
Return k^2, the square of the scalar curvature k at the point P(u) on the curve.
Curvature is undefined at a cusp (where Pu==0) and is zero at an inflection point (|Pu X Puu|==0). Cost is about 31 flops.
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inline |
Return tau, the torsion or "second curvature".
Torsion is a signed quantity related to the rate of change of the osculating plane binormal b, with db/ds=tau*n where n is the "outward" unit normal. Torsion is undefined at either a cusp (where Pu==0) or an inflection point (where |Pu X Puu|==0). Cost is about 30 flops.
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inline |
In our definition, the unit normal vector n points in the "outward" direction, that is, it points away from the center of curvature (opposite the curvature vector).
The normal is undefined at a cusp (Pu(u)==0), and arbitrary at an inflection point (|Pu X Puu|==0). If the curve is a straight line then every point has Puu==0, so the normal is arbitrary everywhere. Cost is about 105 flops.
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inline |
Return the magnitude of the curvature (always positive), and a frame whose origin is a point along the curve, x axis is the outward unit normal n, y is the unit tangent t, and z=x X y is the binormal b, which is a normal to the osculating plane.
So the vectors n,t,b form a right-handed set; this convention is different from Struik's since he has n pointing the opposite direction. This frame is undefined at a cusp (Pu==0), and the normal is arbitrary at an inflection point (Puu(u)==0) or if the curve is a line (Puu==0 everywhere). Cost is about 160 flops.
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inline |
Split this curve into two at a point u=t such that 0 < t < 1, such that the first curve coincides with the u=0..t segment of this curve, and the second coincides with the u=t..1 segment.
Each of the new curves is reparameterized so that its curve parameter goes from 0 to 1. This method is only allowed for tol <= t <= 1-tol where tol is the default tolerance for this precision. Cost is 3x15=45 flops.
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inline |
Split this curve into two at the point u=1/2 (halfway in parameter space, not necessarily in arclength).
This is a faster special case of the split() method. Cost is 3x10=30 flops.
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inline |
Return a sphere that surrounds the entire curve segment in the u=[0..1] range.
We use the fact that the curve is enclosed within the convex hull of its control points and generate the minimum bounding sphere that includes all four control points.
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inline |
Return an axis-aligned bounding box (AABB) that surrounds the entire curve segment in the u=[0..1] range.
We use the fact that the curve is enclosed within the convex hull of its control points and generate the minimum axis-aligned box that includes all four control points.
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inline |
Return an oriented bounding box (OBB) that surrounds the entire curve segment in the u=[0..1] range.
We use the fact that the curve is enclosed within the convex hull of its control points and generate an oriented bounding box that includes all four control points.
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inlinestatic |
Calculate the Bernstein basis functions Fb=[B0..B3] for a given value of the parameter u.
This is an optimized calculation of U*Mb, taking 9 flops.
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inlinestatic |
Calculate first derivatives dFb=[B0u..B3u] of the Bernstein basis functions for a given value of the parameter u.
Cost is 10 flops.
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inlinestatic |
Calculate second derivatives d2Fb=[B0uu..B3uu] of the Bernstein basis functions for a given value of the parameter u.
Cost is 5 flops.
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inlinestatic |
Calculate third derivatives d3Fb=[B0uuu..B3uuu] of the Bernstein basis functions for a given value of the parameter u.
For a cubic curve this is just a constant. Cost is 0 flops.
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inlinestatic |
Given the Bezier control points B=~[b0 b1 b2 b3], return the algebraic coefficients A=~[a3 a2 a1 a0].
All coefficients are 3-vectors. Cost is 30 flops.
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inlinestatic |
Given the algebraic coefficients A=~[a3 a2 a1 a0], return the Bezier control points B=~[b0 b1 b2 b3].
All coefficients are 3-vectors. Cost is 27 flops.
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inlinestatic |
Given the Bezier control points B=~[b0 b1 b2 b3], return the Hermite coefficients H=~[h0 h1 hu0 hu1].
All coefficients are 3-vectors. Cost is 12 flops.
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inlinestatic |
Given the Hermite coefficients H=~[h0 h1 hu0 hu1], return the Bezier control points B=~[b0 b1 b2 b3].
All coefficients are 3-vectors. Cost is 12 flops.
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inlinestatic |
Given Bezier control points B and a value for the curve parameter u, return the point P(u) at that location.
Cost is 30 flops. Note that if you need to do this for the same curve more than twice, it is cheaper to convert to algebraic form using calcAFromB() (30 flops) and then evaluate using A (20 flops).
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inlinestatic |
Given Bezier control points B and a value for the curve parameter u, return the first derivative Pu(u)=dP/du at that location.
Cost is 31 flops. Note that if you need to do this for the same curve more than once, it is cheaper to convert to algebraic form using calcAFromB() (30 flops) and then evaluate using A (15 flops).
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inlinestatic |
Given Bezier control points B and a value for the curve parameter u, return the second derivative Puu(u)=d2P/du2 at that location.
Cost is 26 flops. Note that if you need to do this for the same curve more than once, it is cheaper to convert to algebraic form using calcAFromB() (30 flops) and then evaluate using A (10 flops).
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inlinestatic |
Given Bezier control points B and a value for the curve parameter u, return the third derivative Puuu(u)=d3P/du3 at that location.
Cost is 21 flops. Note that if you need to do this for the same curve more than once, it is cheaper to convert to algebraic form using calcAFromB() (30 flops) and then evaluate using A (3 flops).
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inlinestatic |
Obtain the Bezier basis matrix Mb explicitly.
This is mostly useful for testing since specialized routines can save a lot of CPU time over working directly in matrix form. This is a constant matrix so there is no computation cost. The matrix is symmetric although we return a full 4x4 here.
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inlinestatic |
Form the product of the Bezier basis matrix Mb and a 4-vector, exploiting the structure of Mb.
Since Mb is symmetric you can also use this for multiplication by a row from the left, i.e. ~b*Mb=~(~Mb*b)=~(Mb*b). Cost is 10 flops.
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inlinestatic |
Obtain the inverse inv(Mb) of the Bezier basis matrix explicitly.
This is mostly useful for testing since specialized routines can save a lot of CPU time over working directly in matrix form. This is a constant matrix so there is no computation cost. The matrix is symmetric although we return a full 4x4 here.
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inlinestatic |
Form the product of the inverse inv(Mb) of the Bezier basis matrix Mb and a 4-vector, exploiting the structure of inv(Mb).
Since inv(Mb) is symmetric you can also use this for multiplication by a row from the left, i.e. ~b*Mb^-1=~(Mb^-T*b)=~(Mb^-1*b). Cost is 9 flops.
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inlinestatic |
Obtain the product Mh^-1*Mb explicitly; this is the matrix used for conversion from Bezier to Hermite bases since H=Mh^-1 Mb B and is the inverse of the matrix Mb^-1*Mh.
This is mostly useful for testing since specialized routines can save a lot of CPU time over working directly in matrix form. There is a very efficient method for forming matrix-vector products with this matrix. This is a constant matrix so there is no computation cost.
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inlinestatic |
Given a vector v, form the product inv(Mh)*Mb*v, exploiting the structure of the constant matrix inv(Mh)*Mb (not symmetric).
Cost is 4 flops.
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inlinestatic |
Obtain the product Mb^-1*Mh explicitly; this is the matrix used for conversion from Hermite to Bezier bases since B=Mb^-1 Mh H and is the inverse of the matrix Mh^-1*Mb.
This matrix is not symmetric. This method is mostly useful for testing since specialized routines can save a lot of CPU time over working directly in matrix form. There is a very efficient method for forming matrix-vector products with this matrix. This is a constant matrix so there is no computation cost here.
|
inlinestatic |
Given a vector v, form the product inv(Mb)*Mh*v, exploiting the structure of the constant matrix inv(Mb)*Mh (not symmetric).
Cost is 4 flops.


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Zen factory is a collection of hand-coded responsive designs for CSS Zen Garden, which is a website that showcases the power and versatility of CSS. You can find the source code for Zen Factory and my designs at GitHub.


“You are unique. You have different talents and abilities. You don’t have to always follow in the footsteps of others. And most important, you should always remind yourself that you don't have to do what everyone else is doing and have a responsibility to develop the talents you have been given.”
“There is nothing more rare, nor more beautiful, than a woman being unapologetically herself; comfortable in her perfect imperfection. To me, that is the true essence of beauty.”
Training other with how to work on Android Platform on Live Projects as well as FreeLancing Projects.
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Functions
| void | ncm_mpsf_0F1_q () |
| void | ncm_mpsf_0F1_d () |
| gdouble | ncm_sf_0F1 () |
| void | ncm_mpsf_0F1_free_cache () |
Functions
ncm_mpsf_0F1_q ()
void ncm_mpsf_0F1_q (mpq_t b
,mpq_t q
,mpfr_ptr res
,mp_rnd_t rnd
);
Computes the Hypergeometric function ${}_0F_1(b;x)$.
[skip]
ncm_mpsf_0F1_d ()
void ncm_mpsf_0F1_d (gdouble b
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,mpfr_ptr res
,mp_rnd_t rnd
);
Computes the Hypergeometric function ${}_0F_1(b;x)$.
[skip]
ncm_sf_0F1 ()
gdouble ncm_sf_0F1 (gdouble b
,gdouble x
);
Computes the Hypergeometric function ${}_0F_1(b;x)$.
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Dealing with Conflict
Aug. 9, 2015
When faced with conflict, I find that my response usually follows a pattern. At first I withdraw, and introspect to analyze what I’m feeling. I usually have to write my thoughts down to get clarity on the situation. Then, after I’ve written out how I feel, I’m able to take action and communicate with or confront others.
One time I was traveling in a foreign country with a friend who spoke the language. I had studied the language for years, but wasn’t used to speaking it and had a hard time following the speed at which native speakers would talk. Sometimes when I spoke, my friend would laugh at my mistakes. They also wouldn’t practice with me when we were alone. I felt embarrassed about my speaking skills, and became increasingly resentful that my friend wasn’t being more helpful with my attempts to improve.
My response was to spend more time studying and practicing on my own. I’d spend my free time going over the vocabulary and grammar, trying to get better. I also wrote about how I was feeling, and realized I really wanted my friend’s support in learning. They didn’t understand how hard I was trying and how big of a deal it was for me. My frustration was becoming unbearable, and they weren’t even aware. I finally told my friend about my struggles, and asked them to practice with me for a day. They agreed, and when we had a conversation in the language, they were amazed at how much I actually knew. My shyness and perfectionism had kept me from speaking up in public, even though I was becoming pretty competent.
In retrospect, I could have spoken up earlier. If I’d talked to my friend about my feelings of frustration and inadequacy as they arose, they would have been more sympathetic and helped me out. But my pride kept me from discussing the way I felt, and drove me to study in private.
Now I’ve started to understand that other people are often not aware of the inner tension you’re experiencing, and silently building up resentment at them for not reading your mind is unproductive. The best way to clear the air and resolve a budding conflict that stems from lack of communication is to communicate, honestly and compassionately.


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Loads a far pointer (segment selector and offset) from the second operand (source operand) into a segment register and the first operand (destination operand). The source operand specifies a 48-bit or a 32-bit pointer in memory depending on the current setting of the operand-size attribute (32 bits or 16 bits, respectively). The instruction opcode and the destination operand specify a segment register/general-purpose register pair. The 16-bit segment selector from the source operand is loaded into the segment register specified with the opcode (DS, SS, ES, FS, or GS). The 32-bit or 16-bit offset is loaded into the register specified with the destination operand.
If one of these instructions is executed in protected mode, additional information from the segment descriptor pointed to by the segment selector in the source operand is loaded in the hidden part of the selected segment register.
Also in protected mode, a null selector (values 0000 through 0003) can be loaded into DS, ES, FS, or GS registers without causing a protection exception. (Any subsequent reference to a segment whose corresponding segment register is loaded with a null selector, causes a generalprotection exception (#GP) and no memory reference to the segment occurs.)
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Next: Use of Read-Time Conditionals, Previous: Conforming Programs, Up: Conforming Programs
Note that conforming code may rely on particular implementation-defined values or features. Also note that the requirements for conforming code and conforming implementations do not require that the results produced by conforming code always be the same when processed by a conforming implementation. The results may be the same, or they may differ.
Portable code is written using only standard characters.
Conforming code may run in all conforming implementations, but might have allowable implementation-defined behavior that makes it non-portable code. For example, the following are examples of forms that are conforming, but that might return different values in different implementations:
(evenp most-positive-fixnum) ⇒ implementation-dependent (random) ⇒ implementation-dependent (> lambda-parameters-limit 93) ⇒ implementation-dependent (char-name #\A) ⇒ implementation-dependent


Top Gun is a 1986 American action drama film directed by Tony Scott, and produced by Don Simpson and Jerry Bruckheimer, in association with Paramount Pictures.
| Year | Song | Billboard Position |
|---|---|---|
| 1986 | Take My Breath Away | #1 |
| 1986 | Danger Zone | #2 |
| 1986 | Heaven in Your Eyes | #12 |
| 1986 | Playing with the Boys | #60 |
To return to the home page click here.


This file lists a number of project ideas for Open vSwitch. The ideas here overlap somewhat with those in the [OPENFLOW-1.1+.md] file.
Each of these projects would ideally result in a patch or a short series of them posted to ovs-dev.
Please read [CONTRIBUTING.md] and [CodingStyle.md] in the top of the source tree before you begin work. The [OPENFLOW-1.1+.md] file also has an introduction to how OpenFlow is implemented in Open vSwitch. It is also a good idea to look around the source tree for related code, and back through the Git history for commits on related subjects, to allow you to follow existing patterns and conventions.
Open vSwitch has OpenFlow protocol support for meters, but it does not have an implementation in the kernel or userspace datapaths. An implementation was proposed some time ago (I recommend looking for the discussion in the ovs-dev mailing list archives), but for a few different reasons it was not accepted. Some of those reasons apply only to a kernel implementation of meters. At the time, a userspace implementation wasn't as interesting, because the userspace switch did not perform at a production speed, but with the advent of multithreaded forwarding and, now, DPDK support, userspace-only meters would be a great way to get started.
Open vSwitch allows some weak ciphers to be used for its secure connections. Security audits often suggest that the project remove those ciphers, but there's not a clean way to modify the acceptable ciphers. At the very least, the cipher list should be audited, but it would be nice to make it configurable.
Open vSwitch does not insist on perfect forward security via ephemeral Diffie-Hellman key exchange when it establishes an SSL/TLS connection. Given the wiretapping revelations over the last year, it seems wise to turn this on. (This would probably amount to finding the right OpenSSL function to call or just reducing the acceptable ciphers further.)
These changes might have backward-compatibility implications; one would have to test the behavior of the reduced cipher list OVS against older versions.
ovs-vsctl and other programs would be easier to use if bash command completion (with ``tab'', etc.) were supported. Alex Wang<EMAIL_ADDRESS>is leading a team for this project.
Auxiliary connections are a feature of OpenFlow 1.3 and later that allow OpenFlow messages to be carried over datagram channels such as UDP or DTLS. One place to start would be to implement a datagram abstraction library for OVS analogous to the ``stream'' library that already abstracts TCP, SSL, and other stream protocols.
Some basic support for OpenFlow 1.4 is missing and needs to be implemented. These can be found by looking through lib/ofp-util.c for mentions of OFP14VERSION followed by a call to OVSNOT_REACHED (which aborts the program).
OpenFlow 1.4 introduces OFPMPFLOWMONITOR for notifying a controller of changes to selected flow tables. This feature is based on NXSTFLOWMONITOR that is already part of Open vSwitch, so to implement this feature would be to extend that code to handle the OpenFlow 1.4 wire protocol.
OpenFlow 1.3 also includes this feature as a ONF-defined extension, so ideally OVS would support that too.
OpenFlow 1.4 section 7.4.4 ``Controller Role Status Message'' defines a new message sent by a switch to notify the controller that its role (whether it is a master or a slave) has changed. OVS should implement this.
OpenFlow 1.3 also includes this feature as a ONF-defined extension, so ideally OVS would support that too.
OpenFlow 1.4 section 7.4.5 ``Table Status Message'' defines a new message sent by a switch to notify the controller that a flow table is close to filling up (or that it is no longer close to filling up). OVS should implement this.
OpenFlow 1.3 also includes this feature as a ONF-defined extension, so ideally OVS would support that too.
OpenFlow 1.4 adds a feature whereby a controller can ask the switch to send it copies of messages that change groups and meters. (This is only useful in the presence of multiple controllers.) OVS should implement this.
OpenFlow 1.3 also includes this feature as a ONF-defined extension, so ideally OVS would support that too.
Each of these projects would ideally result in confirmation that features work or bug reports explaining how they do not. Please sent bug reports to dev at openvswitch.org, with as many details as you have.
Ben Pfaff has a collection of files reporting Open vSwitch conformance to OpenFlow 1.3 provided by one of the vendors at the ONF plugfest last year. Some of the reported failures have been fixed, some of the other failures probably result from differing interpretations of OpenFlow 1.3, and others are probably genuine bugs in Open vSwitch. Open vSwitch has also improved in the meantime. Ben can provide the results, privately, to some person or team who wishes to check them out and try to pick out the genuine bugs.
Build a ``fuzzer'' for the OpenFlow protocol (or use an existing one, if there is one) and run it against the Open vSwitch implementation. One could also build a fuzzer for the OSVDB protocol.
The Ryu controller comes with a suite of ``certification tests'' that check the correctness of a switch's implementation of various OpenFlow 1.3 features. The INSTALL file in the OVS source tree has a section that explains how to easily run these tests against an OVS source tree. Run the tests and figure out whether any tests fail but should pass. (Some tests fail and should fail because OVS does not implement the particular feature; for example, OVS does not implement PBB encapsulation, so related tests fail.)
OFTest is a test suite for OpenFlow 1.0 compliance. The INSTALL file in the OVS source tree has a section that explains how to easily run these tests against an OVS source tree. Run the tests and figure out whether any tests fail but should pass, and ideally why. OFTest is not particularly well vetted--in the past, at least, some tests have failed against OVS due to bugs in OFTest, not in OVS--so some care is warranted.
Each of these projects would ideally result in creating some new documentation for users. Some documentation might be suitable to accompany Open vSwitch as part of its source tree most likely either in plain text or ``nroff'' (manpage) format.
Open vSwitch has a tutorial that covers its advanced features, but it does not have a basic tutorial. There are several tutorials on the Internet already, so a new tutorial would have to distinguish itself in some way. One way would be to use the Open vSwitch ``sandbox'' environment already used in the advanced tutorial. The sandbox does not require any real network or even supervisor privilege on the machine where it runs, and thus it is easy to use with hardly any up-front setup, so it is a gentle way to get started.
FlowVisor is a proxy that sits between OpenFlow controllers and a switch. It divides up switch resources, allowing each controller to control a ``slice'' of the network. For example, it can break up a network based on VLAN, allowing different controllers to handle packets with different VLANs.
It seems that Open vSwitch has features that allow it to implement at least simple forms of FlowVisor control without any need for FlowVisor. Consider an Open vSwitch instance with three bridges. Bridge br0 has physical ports eth0 and eth1. Bridge v9 has no physical ports, but it has two ``patch ports'' that connect it to br0. Bridge v11 has the same setup. Flows in br0 match packets received on vlan 9, strip the vlan header, and direct them to the appropriate patch port leading to v9. Additional flows in br0 match packets received from v9, attach a VLAN 9 tag to them, and direct them out eth0 or eth1 as appropriate. Other flows in br0 treat packets on VLAN 11 similarly. Controllers attached to bridge v9 or v11 may thus work as if they had full control of a network.
It seems to me that this is a good example of the power of OpenFlow and Open vSwitch. The point of this project is to explain how to do this, with detailed examples, in case someone finds it handy and to open eyes toward the generality of Open vSwitch usefulness.
The Open vSwitch website has a few ``cookbook'' entries that describe how to use Open vSwitch in a few scenarios. There are only a few of these and all of them are dated. It would be a good idea to come up with ideas for some more and write them. These could be added to the Open vSwitch website or the source tree or somewhere else.
Record a demo of Open vSwitch functionality in use (or something else relevant) and post it to youtube or another video site so that we can link to it from openvswitch.org.
If you plan to contribute code for a feature, please let everyone know on ovs-dev before you start work. This will help avoid duplicating work.
Please consider the following:
Testing. Please test your code.
Unit tests. Please consider writing some. The tests directory has many examples that you can use as a starting point.
ovs-ofctl. If you add a feature that is useful for some ovs-ofctl command then you should add support for it there.
Documentation. If you add a user-visible feature, then you should document it in the appropriate manpage and mention it in NEWS as well.
Coding style (see the [CodingStyle.md] file at the top of the source tree).
The patch submission guidelines (see [CONTRIBUTING.md]). I recommend using "git send-email", which automatically follows a lot of those guidelines.
Please report problems to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Local Variables: mode: text End:


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Qitup is the easiest way to show everyone your inner DJ.
To create a party, simply give it a name and a password which your users will use to join.
Tell your friends the password and get the party rolling.
Playing the music off your laptop? No problem. Qitup works with Spotify Connect which allows you to queue music for any device.
Simple, straight-to-the-point design makes it easier than ever to make your next party the most democratic ever.
Built for creative people. Made for high performance.
Using either Spotify or Qitup account.
For tracks, artists or albums
Easily create or join a party
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>location_on
Guelph, Canada
© 2017 Qitup.ca A queuing company


{% extends "layout.html" %} {% block title %} {% endblock %} {% block article %}
Under the party funding system, donations can be made to central parties, such as the Labour Party or the Conservative Party, but also to individual politicians.
Donations of this type can be used to fly MPs on ‘fact finding’ trips abroad. Donors can also make contributions to the politician’s private office, which can be used to cover extra staff, research or accommodation, or any political activity that can’t come out of taxpayer funds, such as party conference expenses.
Donations to private offices must be registered with the Electoral Commission. The information is updated quarterly, starting in September 2010 (for older data, visit the Electoral Commission).
Explore the data
You can browse the MPs on the right; use the search above; or take a look at some of our analysis below.
{% elif title.header == "Outside Interests" %}Under current Parliamentary rules, our lawmakers are allowed to hold second jobs as long as they are declared on a public register. There are rules, however, that prevent them from accepting cash in return for favour.
Numerous scandals have revealed the weakness of these rules.
It is argued that Parliament is richer for the experience these outside jobs bring. The fact that much of the time, this experience is limited to being a director of a private healthcare company, or an advisor to a financial services firm – rather than, say, bringing the experience of being a carer, or a scientist – weakens the case fought by Parliamentarians to keep earning on the side.
The information here is from the MPs and Lords registers of interests. It allows us to see which legislators earn the most outside politics; and as important, who they are working for.
Explore the data
You can browse the politicians on the right; use the search above; or take a look at some of our analysis below.
{% else %}You can browse the politicians on the right; use the search above; or take a look at some of our analysis below.
{% endif %}As always, if you find glitches or inaccuracies in the data, please let us know, and always check information at the source before citing.
{% if entry.party %} {{ entry.party }} {% endif %} {% for label in entry["labels"] %} {{ label }} {% endfor %}


| Home | Trees | Indices | Help |
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object --+ | named._Named --+ | named._NamedBase --+ | vector3dBase.Vector3dBase --+ | vector3d.Vector3d --+ | NvectorBase
Base class for ellipsoidal and spherical Nvector
s.
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Inherited from Inherited from Inherited from Inherited from Inherited from |
| Properties | |
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Ecef Get the ECEF class (EcefKarney), lazily. |
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H Class property with retrievable name.
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datum Get the pass-thru datum ( Datum ) or
None .
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h Class property with retrievable name.
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isEllipsoidal Check whether this n-vector is ellipsoidal ( bool or
None if unknown).
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isSpherical Check whether this n-vector is spherical ( bool or
None if unknown).
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lam Get the (geodetic) longitude in radians
(float ).
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lat Get the (geodetic) latitude in degrees
(float ).
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latlon Get the (geodetic) lat-, longitude in degrees (LatLon2Tuple(lat, lon) ).
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latlonheight Get the (geodetic) lat-, longitude in degrees and height
(LatLon3Tuple(lat, lon, height) ).
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latlonheightdatum Get the lat-, longitude in degrees with height and datum
(LatLon4Tuple(lat, lon, height, datum) ).
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lon Get the (geodetic) longitude in degrees
(float ).
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phi Get the (geodetic) latitude in radians
(float ).
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philam Get the (geodetic) lat-, longitude in radians (PhiLam2Tuple(phi, lam) ).
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philamheight Get the (geodetic) lat-, longitude in radians and height
(PhiLam3Tuple(phi, lam, height) ).
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philamheightdatum Get the lat-, longitude in radians with height and datum
(PhiLam4Tuple(phi, lam, height, datum) ).
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xyzh Get this n-vector's components (Vector4Tuple (x, y, z, h) )
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Inherited from Inherited from Inherited from |
| Method Details |
New n-vector normal to the earth's surface.
Example: >>> from pygeodesy.sphericalNvector import Nvector >>> v = Nvector(0.5, 0.5, 0.7071, 1) >>> v.toLatLon() # 45.0°N, 045.0°E, +1.00m |
Return a string for the height
See Also: Function pygeodesy.hstr. |
DEPRECATED, use property philam.
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DEPRECATED, use property latlon.
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DEPRECATED, use property philamheight or
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DEPRECATED, use property
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DEPRECATED, use property xyzh or
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Convert this n-vector to
Example: >>> v = Nvector(0.5, 0.5, 0.7071) >>> c = v.toCartesian() # [3194434, 3194434, 4487327] >>> p = c.toLatLon() # 45.0°N, 45.0°E |
Convert this n-vector to an
Example: >>> v = Nvector(0.5, 0.5, 0.7071) >>> p = v.toLatLon() # 45.0°N, 45.0°E |
Return a string representation of this n-vector. Height component is only included if non-zero.
Example: >>> Nvector(0.5, 0.5, 0.7071).toStr() # (0.5, 0.5, 0.7071) >>> Nvector(0.5, 0.5, 0.7071, 1).toStr(-3) # (0.500, 0.500, 0.707, +1.00) |
Convert this n-vector to a 3-D vector, ignoring the height.
|
Normalize this n-vector to unit length.
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| Property Details |
EcefGet the ECEF class (EcefKarney), lazily.
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HClass
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datumGet the pass-thru datum (
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hClass
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isEllipsoidalCheck whether this n-vector is ellipsoidal (
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isSphericalCheck whether this n-vector is spherical (
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lamGet the (geodetic) longitude in
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latGet the (geodetic) latitude in
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latlonGet the (geodetic) lat-, longitude in
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latlonheightGet the (geodetic) lat-, longitude in
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latlonheightdatumGet the lat-, longitude in
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lonGet the (geodetic) longitude in
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phiGet the (geodetic) latitude in
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philamGet the (geodetic) lat-, longitude in
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philamheightGet the (geodetic) lat-, longitude in
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philamheightdatumGet the lat-, longitude in
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xyzhGet this n-vector's components (Vector4Tuple
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| Generated by Epydoc 3.0.1 on Sun Aug 20 14:42:11 2023 | http://epydoc.sourceforge.net |


Getting Started with Gradle on Heroku
This is a sample Gradle application deployed to Heroku. It's a
reasonably simple app - but a good foundation for understanding how
to get the most out of the Heroku platform.
Getting Started with
Gradle Source on GitHub
To deploy your own copy, and learn the fundamentals of the Heroku
platform, head over to the
Getting Started with Gradle on Heroku
tutorial.
How this sample
app works
- This app was deployed to Heroku, either using Git or by
using Heroku
Button on the repository.
- When Heroku received the source code, it fetched all the
dependencies in the pom.xml,
creating a slug.
- The platform then spins up a dyno, a lightweight container
that provides an isolated environment in which the slug can be
mounted and executed.
- You can scale your app, manage it, and deploy over 150 add-on services, from
the Dashboard or CLI.
Next Steps
- If you are following the Getting
Started guide, then please head back to the tutorial and follow
the next steps!
- If you deployed this app by deploying the Heroku Button,
then in a command line shell, run:
git clone
https://github.com/heroku/gradle-getting-started.git
- this will
create a local copy of the source code for the app
cd gradle-getting-started
- change directory
into the local source code repository
heroku git:remote -a <your-app-name>
-
associate the Heroku app with the repository
- You'll now be set up to run the app locally, or deploy
changes to Heroku
Helpful Links
Please do
work through the Getting Started guide, even if you do know how to
build such an application. The guide covers the basics of working
with Heroku, and will familiarize you with all the concepts you need
in order to build and deploy your own apps.


Documentation Contents
Logging APIs
Changes and New Features
Changes and New Features in Java SE 5.0
The management interface for the logging facility is implemented. Refer to
Monitoring and Management API for the Logging Facility
.
Handlers can now be added to Loggers using the logging configuration file. See the .handlers property in
java.util.logging.LogManager
. See
4635817
for details.


HummingKit
HummingKit is an SDK (Software Development Kit) designed to ease the use of Apple Music API. Written in Swift 5.2, HummingKit takes advantage of Swift’s outstanding performance and latest features, offering an approachable entry for developers dealing with the Apple Music API.
Features
HummingKit provides a friendly way to deal with the Apple Music API by handling burdensome works, such as composing and conducting requests, handling status and errors, parsing responses and more.
- [x] Apple Music API High Coverage
- [x] Apple Music API User Privacy Verification
- [x] Apple Music API Request Authentication
- [x] Apple Music API Request URL / JSON Parameter Encoding
- [x] Apple Music API Request Pagination
- [x] Apple Music API Request Asynchronous Status Handling
- [x] Apple Music API Response Decoding
- [x] Apple Music API Resource Relationships Fetching
- [x] Documentation
Requirements
- Swift 5.2+
- Xcode 11+
- iOS 11.0+ / macOS 10.13+ * / tvOS 11.0+ / watchOS 4.0+ * (*) For certain functionalities, macOS 11.0+ / watchOS 7.0+ are required.
Integration
HummingKit comes with flexibility in terms of integration. From importing it as a dependency of your projects, to building frameworks upon it, HummingKit provides an optimal integration solution.
Swift Package Manager
Swift Package Manager is a tool for automating the distribution of Swift code specifically. HummingKit supports Swift Package from design.
NOTE
Once a Swift Package is added to an Xcode project, the package’s dependency repositories are also added to the project automatically. HummingKit is of no exception of this rule.
In Your Xcode Project
When your project is opened in Xcode, select File > Swift Packages > Add Package Dependency
from the menu bar. Enter https://github.com/TonyTang2001/HummingKit.git
once prompted to do so. After specifying Rules
in accordance to your need and select Target to add to, HummingKit is successfully added to your project as a Swift Package.
In Your Framework
Once your Swift package is set up, add HummingKit as a dependency by adding it to the dependencies
value of your Package.swift
.
dependencies: [
.package(url: "https://github.com/TonyTang2001/HummingKit.git", .upToNextMajor(from: "0.9.0"))
]
Community
HummingKit embraces developer community as an indispensable factor for creations and improvements. Everyone is welcome to collaborate on this project and providing feedbacks and suggestions.
Feel free to ask questions if you have one!
Collaboration
All scales of collaboration are welcome. From introducing a grand feature to fixing a typo among in-line comments, you are improving this project and contributing to the whole open-source community.
Q&A
There might be questions regarding certain functionality or blocks of codes, or you may have found a serious bug in this project. Please file an issue in this repository. Your words are important!
Dependencies
HummingKit is built upon widely-adopted frameworks for a portion of its functionality.


Slides for my #confoo talk, "Patterns of Pluggable Gems" are up at https://speakerdeck.com/jasonrclark/patterns-of-pluggable-gems-confoo-2014
2/26/2014, 12:52:25 PM
Favs: 0
Retweets: 0
link--- layout: tweet ---
Slides for my #confoo talk, "Patterns of Pluggable Gems" are up at https://speakerdeck.com/jasonrclark/patterns-of-pluggable-gems-confoo-2014
2/26/2014, 12:52:25 PM
Favs: 0
Retweets: 0
link


Function |
Function object. |
Node |
Node object. |
calc_node_depth |
Calculate the depth of nodes which is following under the target node. |
children_checker |
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copy_node |
Copy function :param node: node object, target node to copy. |
copy_nodes_along_graph |
Copy node object from root to the target node based on ``graph’’ This method differs from deepcopy(root) in that it copies only the nodes along ``graph’‘.:param graph: list of ``(i, Node object)’’ where ``i’’ is the index of the next node of graph and ``Node object’’ is the parent node.This graph is obtained by using ``get_parent_node’‘.:return: the index of target node node in the parent, copied the target node object and copied root object.. |
func_id_checker |
|
get_all_node |
function for getting all node in the solution |
get_all_nonterminal_nodes |
function for getting all terminal node in the solution |
get_all_terminal_nodes |
function for getting all terminal node in the solution |
get_all_terminal_points |
function for getting all terminal points in the solution this function is for crossover in MLPS-GP |
get_graph_to_target |
function for searching a graph from root node to a target node. |
get_n_children |
Get the number of children of function that id = func_id. |
get_parent_node |
function for searching parent node of target node. |
n_children_checker |
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node_array_equal |
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node_checker |
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node_equal |
Function for comparing two nodes. |
nodes_checker |
|
set_children |
Setter for children to node :param node: node object. |
set_id |
Function for setting id to node object. |


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Task Description
A trajectory
is a curve that describes the motion of an object, such as the orbit of a comet
or the flight path of a rocket.
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Program Input
The
first line of the input file specifies the number of trajectories described in
the file. Each line thereafter is a separate trajectory descriptor. Each trajectory
is described by two values: (1) the initial speed in meters per second, and (2)
the launch angle in degrees.
2
44.8 30.0
72.1 56.9
Program Output
The
program must write the three computed values to the output file using the text
prompts shown in the example output below. Each trajectory should produce four
lines of output in the order shown. You must include unit measures (like meters
and seconds). For contest purposes you may ignore round-off error.
trajectory 1
horizontal distance: 177 meters
flight time: 4.57 seconds
maximum height: 25.6 meters
trajectory 2
horizontal distance: 485 meters
flight time: 12.3 seconds
maximum height: 186 meters
|
Hint
To compute the horizontal (or X axis) and vertical (or Y axis) components of the initial velocity use the formulas below. See Figure 2 for the corresponding vector diagram. One way to solve this task is to break it down into sub
tasks like this:
|


Alex:
What are you still doing here? You must take the warrant I gave you to my adjutant
Leirynn
.
Do whatever she says!
Ask about the Floran Militia


{% extends "base.html" %} {% block content %}
You will be asked to follow a link to reset your password


{% extends "base.html" %} {% block app_content %}
Family members
{{ form.edit() }}
{{ form.delete() }}
{{ 'Add new member' }}


Let us make data management easier with the help of linked data and the DATEX format.
Do you not know what this means?
Do not worry, we will explain this to you by giving an example!


Lakers’ Danny Green Gets Drug Tested One Day After Monster Dunk Against Atlanta Hawks (VIDEO + TWEET)
by Darrelle LincolnDanny Green did something on Sunday night that many NBA fans just aren’t used to as he skied high for a put-back dunk in Sunday’s win over the Atlanta Hawks.
That dunk was so crazy and athletic that the league thought something might be going on, so they sent a random test his way.
The Los Angeles Lakers veteran took to Twitter to announce he had been drug tested.
To be fair, that was a pretty monstrous dunk for a 32-year-old.


Why decentralized exchange protocols matter
Why Decentralized Exchange Protocols Matter 为什么去中心化的交易协议是至关重要
本文翻译自：https://medium.com/@FEhrsam/why-decentralized-exchange-protocols-matter-58fb5e08b320
翻译时间：2017-10-14
Decentralized exchange is early today but feels like it will be essential in a few years.
去中心化的交易在今天看来为时尚早，但我觉得在未来的几年里将会是至关重要的。
First, the difference between a decentralized exchange and a decentralized exchange protocol:
首先，去中心化的交易所和去中心化的交易协议是有所不同的：
EtherDelta, an early decentralized exchange（以德，早期的去中心化交易所）
A decentralized exchange has some combination of decentralized properties. At the moment this most likely means some mix of 1) on-blockchain trade clearing, 2) ability for users to retain control of their funds, and 3) hosting an orderbook in some decentralized manner (this is currently inefficient with current levels of blockchain scaling). They are mostly frontend apps for now. They may run on a decentralized exchange protocol (see below). In the future they may not be a frontend, but rather nodes in a p2p network which relay orders to others, and have only programmatic interfaces. Early examples of decentralized exchanges with frontends include EtherDeltaand OasisDEX. Neither currently use an underlying decentralized exchange protocol. They are small at the moment— EtherDelta does about 2% of the largest centralized exchange’s volume per day.
一个去中心化的交易所有一些去中心化的特性。目前这些特性表现在：1、链上的交易结算。2、用户能够保留对其资金的控制能力。3、用某种去中心化的方式来委托订单（以目前的区块链规模，效率还比较低下）。他们这些（去中心化交易所）目前订单平台多以app的形式。他们或许运行在去中心化的交易协议上（见下文）。在未来他们不仅是一个订单平台，而是成为用来广播订单给其他人的P2P网络中的节点，还具有编程接口。早期的去中心化交易所有EtherDelta和OasisDEX。这两者目前都没有使用底层的去中心化交易协议。他们目前的规模还很小——EtherDelta 每天的交易规模仅仅是最大的中心化交易所的2%。
A decentralized exchange protocol defines some combination of: a common trade order format, a way to reward those who spread orders, and a way to complete a trade when a match is found. Examples include Kyber, 0x, Swap, and OmiseGO.
一个去中心化的交易协议定义了如下的一组特性 ：一个通用的交易订单格式，对传播订单的人有奖励，找到一个匹配来完成交易。 First, they allow you to remain in control of your funds. So no risk of the exchange being hacked or going insolvent. This can lead to higher liquidity, as users may be willing to leave orders open on the orderbook for longer when counterparty risk is gone.
去中心化交易的益处
去中心化交易所有一些明显的益处。首先，它能够让你完全保留对自己资产的掌控，就不会有交易所被攻击和无法偿还的风险。这可以产生更高的流动性，因为当相应的风险消失后，用户更愿意将自己的订单公开在订单表上更长的时间。
Second, they create global orderbooks. Decentralized exchanges are borderless and can serve anyone from any country.
第二，它将产生全球的订单表。去中心化的交易所是无国界的，可以服务来自任何一个国家的用户。
Third, they are low friction. No signup required, just trade.
第三，更少的阻力。无需注册，直接交易。
Benefits of decentralized exchange protocols
Decentralized exchange protocols bring the benefits of decentralized exchanges and add a few more.
去中心化交易协议的益处
去中心化的交易协议除了具有去中心化交易所的益处外，还具有更多的益处：
First, extending the idea of global orderbooks, decentralized exchange protocols create even more global pools of liquidity. Orders share the same format and can be matched by anyone in any venue, from a p2p relay network to a decentralized exchange app to a text message. If you want to try a demo, check out the 0x order generator. It lets you create a link to a trustless trade you can send to anyone to complete.
首先，扩大全球订单表的概念，去中心化交易协议创造更多的全球流动性池。通过去中心化的APP发布信息在P2P网络里广播订单，因为该订单使用同一种格式可以让任何人在任何地点被匹配到。如果你像试一些去中心化交易协议的原型，可以点击 https://0xproject.com/portal。 可以用此来创建一个含有无需信任的交易需求的链接，发送此链接给任何人来完成交易匹配。
Second, decentralized exchange protocols significantly lower the friction of running a decentralized application (dapp). Most decentralized apps will require multiple tokens to work in concert to power them. For example, an app might use a combination of Ether to commit transactions to the blockchain, Filecoin to store and retrieve data, something like Golem to perform more heavy computation, and a token native to the application itself. When launching an app, it’s unlikely a user will have all of these tokens in the right ratios at the right time to seamlessly run it. So a just-in-time mechanism for acquiring tokens is needed. So if you’re designing a dapp or wallet like Metamask, this means you’d be likely to integrate a decentralized exchange protocol, where no third party API or account setup is required.
第二，去中心化的交易协议可以显著降低运行去中心化应用（dapp）的阻力。大多数的去中心化应用需要多种代币协同运行来支持。例如，一个app可能需要使用不同的以太坊代币来提交交易记录给区块链，Filecoin用来存储和检索数据，有些像Golem用来运行更多的计算，而且一个代币内置属于一个应用。当你安装了一个app，用户不大可能将这些所有代币按正确的比例和正确的时间无缝地运行在这个app上。所以需要一个即时获取代币的机制。如果你设计一个例如Metamask的dapp或者钱包，这就意味着你需要内置一个去中心化的交易协议，而无需第三方的API或者账户设置。
Further, there’s a category of behaviors which decentralized exchange protocols uniquely enable. This is where things really get interesting.
此外，还有一些去中心化交易协议特有的特性。这才是真正有趣的地方。
Consider the case of a smart contract which needs to acquire different tokens to operate. Smart contracts can’t make web-based API calls, so they can’t directly access web-based centralized exchanges. But they can call other smart contracts, so they can directly access decentralized exchanges. As smart contracts become more autonomous and complex, this feels like a must have. As a result, blockchain native dapps and scripts will prefer and often need to use decentralized exchanges. While there aren’t many dapps now so volume is low, there will be lots of “real” (vs. speculative) volume when dapps become plentiful.
考虑到一个智能合约需要不同的代币来运行的情况。智能合约不能调用基于web的API，所以他们无法直接访问基于web端的中心化交易所。但他们可以访问调用其他智能合约，所以他们可以直接访问去中心化的交易所。当智能合约变得越来越自治且复杂，这将会是必然的趋势。结果是，区块链原生dapp和脚本将经常运行和使用去中心化的交易协议。现在还没有那么多的dapp所以（去中心化交易协议）容量还比较低，当dapp越来越多的时候，将会有很多「真实」（相比于投机）的容量。
dApps accessing a global liquidity pool thanks to a shared decentralized exchange protocol, from 0x whitepaper 通过共享的去中心化交易协议，dapp获得全球范围的流动性池——来自0x白皮书
Decentralized exchange protocols are also open standards that are easy for anyone to build on and customize. For example, dYdX, a protocol for decentralized derivatives, is being built on 0x. People can create any sort of custom product they want using these protocols which is then freely available for anyone else to trade, use, or modify.
去中心化交易协议是开放标准的，易于任何人建立和订制协议。比如，dYdX，一个去中心化的金融衍生协议，就是创建在0x上。人们可以使用这些协议创建任何类型的定制化产品，然后免费给其他用户去交易、使用或者修改。
Finally, decentralized exchange protocols can automatically support new tokens immediately. For applications creating and supporting thousands of tokens this will be a requirement. Imagine millions of single day prediction markets with tokens representing each outcome. The same requirement applies when we get thousands of tokenized information feeds around different topics. If you believe we are headed to a world of thousands of tokens, supporting them all natively is critical. And if you are dealing with thousands of tokens, you are likely to want to do it through code rather than manually, which is where the programmatic interface of decentralized exchange protocols is also important.
最后，去中心化的交易协议可以自动立刻支持新发行的代币。对那些创建和支持数千种代币的应用来说，这点是十分需要的。想象单日展示有数以百万计代币（价格）结果的预测市场。当我们获得关于不同主题的数千个代币化信息源时，也有同样的需求。如果你相信我们正走向一个有着数千万代币的世界，支持其代币是至关重要的。而且如果你正在处理着数千个代币，那么你更可能希望通过代码而不是手工去处理，这就是为什么去中心化交易协议的编程接口是如此重要。
Drawbacks
There are some drawbacks. Decentralized exchange requires users to manage security of their own funds and tools for that are immature. They currently have low throughput and face the same scalability challenges as their underlying blockchains, so those wanting low latency and high throughput will prefer centralized exchanges for quite a while. They currently offer little to no support for fiat currencies. They are probably challenging to deal with for regulated entities like traditional financial institutions. Finally, the lack of a block reward-like incentive supercharger in decentralized exchange protocols may make their network effects harder to get off the ground than in some other tokens. But most of these drawbacks can be overcome with time.
缺点
也有一些缺点。去中心化的交易需要用户自己管理资产的安全，而目前此类工具的安全性还不够成熟。（中心化交易）目前有着低并发和面对着如底层区块链一样的可扩展性的挑战，所以有些人在相当长的时间里，希望使用低延迟和高并发的中心化交易所。（去中心化交易）目前也不支持法币。这可能对类似传统金融机构的组织来说是一个挑战。最后，在去中心化交易协议里，对大的承兑商缺乏区块奖励激励可能会让其网络效率相比于其他代币更难提高。但是大多数的缺点都会随着时间推移被克服。
Zooming out a bit, the future of decentralized exchange is mind boggling. The number and scope of assets that become tokenized will exceed what we see in current financial markets by orders of magnitude. Thanks to decentralized exchange protocols, those tokens will be tradable on unified global markets. And tokens, unlike most assets, allow programmatic interaction with their corresponding systems, so the ability for interplay between the asset, its native system, and other assets is higher than ever. Buckle up.
说远一些，去中心化交易的未来令人难以执行。未来代币化的资产规模上会超过目前的金融市场。由于去中心化交易协议的存在，这些代币可以在不统一的国际市场上可交易。而代币不同于其他资产，允许相应的系统调用编程接口，因此他们有能力在不同的资产之间调配操作，它的内在的系统和其他资产比以往任何时候都要优异。系好安全带（我们坐在区块链的快速列车上）
作者：Fred Ehrsam
区块链中文字幕组
致力于前沿区块链知识和信息的传播，为中国融入全球区块链世界贡献一份力量。 如果您懂一些技术、懂一些英文，欢迎加入我们，加微信号：w1791520555 本文由币乎社区（bihu.com）内容支持计划赞助。
本文译者简介
茶猫 产品经理，区块链技术爱好者，致力于区块链产品分析，欢迎添加微信公众号：bitzhidao
本文由币乎社区（bihu.com）内容支持计划赞助。
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This is a demo version of RIPE Atlas Tracepath, only some measurements can be used. Data and IP addresses details may be outdated.
Choose one of the following demo measurements, hit the Load graph button to load a sample graph that has already been customized or push the Load measurement button to build it from scratch.
To use the real version, download and install it.
To run your own distributed traceroute, host a RIPE Atlas probe, start earning credits and perform your own customised measurements.
If needed, enter a RIPE Atlas API key which is authorized to access the given measurement into the API Key field.
Hit the Load measurement button and wait until the results are loaded and the graph displayed.
Once the graph has been shown you can adjust probes' and ASes' position by moving them on the canvas; multiple selection allowed using the shift key. Double click on an AS or probe to restore its default position.
Click on a probe to highlight its path toward the target and to show details about its traceroute results.
You can save the graph using the Save graph button, exporting it as a PNG image or JSON blob, and import it later using the Load graph button.
Options are available to show/hide probes and text results.
Data source
IP addresses information are taken from RIPE Stat.
Internet Exchange Points information are taken from PeeringDB.


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Definitions are sorted by export status, category, package, and then by lexicographic order.
| 5.1 Exported definitions | ||
| 5.2 Internal definitions |
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| 5.1.1 Functions | ||
| 5.1.2 Generic functions | ||
| 5.1.3 Structures |
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select.lisp (file)
select.lisp (file)
Select a single index, but do not drop a dimension.
select.lisp (file)
Range, including START, excluding END.
select.lisp (file)
select.lisp (file)
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Map sequence into a simple-bit-vector, using 1 when PREDICATE yields true, 0 otherwise.
select.lisp (file)
Return the element of OBJECT specified by SUBSCRIPTS.
select.lisp (file)
(setf ref) (generic function)
Stores VALUE into the place specified by SUBSCRIPTS.
select.lisp (file)
ref (generic function)
Return the slices of OBJECT specified by SELECTIONS.
select.lisp (file)
(setf select) (generic function)
Stores VALUES into the locations given by SELECTIONS.
select.lisp (file)
select (generic function)
Return an index of the positions in SEQUENCE which satisfy PREDICATE.
select.lisp (file)
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select.lisp (file)
structure-object (structure)
canonical-representation (method)
including-start (function)
(setf including-start) (function)
including-end (function)
(setf including-end) (function)
Select a single index, but don’t drop a dimension.
select.lisp (file)
structure-object (structure)
canonical-representation (method)
nodrop-index (function)
(setf nodrop-index) (function)
Range, including start, excluding end.
select.lisp (file)
structure-object (structure)
canonical-representation (method)
range-start (function)
(setf range-start) (function)
range-end (function)
(setf range-end) (function)
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| 5.2.1 Macros | ||
| 5.2.2 Functions | ||
| 5.2.3 Generic functions | ||
| 5.2.4 Structures |
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Loops over all possible subscripts in REPRESENTAITONS, making them available in SUBSCRIPTS during the execution of BODY. The iterator is constructed using the function SETUP (see for example ROW-MAJOR-SETUP). When INDEX is given, a variable with that name is provided, containing an index that counts iterations.
select-dev.lisp (file)
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Test if all canonical representations are singletons.
select-dev.lisp (file)
Canonical representation of a contiguous set of array indices from START (inclusive) to END (exclusive).
select-dev.lisp (file)
select-dev.lisp (file)
select-dev.lisp (file)
select-dev.lisp (file)
Return the canonical representations of SELECTIONS given the corresponding AXES, checking for matching length.
select-dev.lisp (file)
Canonical representation of array indexes from canonical-sequence SEQUENCE.
May share structure. Vectors of the upgraded type of (SIMPLE-ARRAY ARRAY-INDEX (*)) are preferred for efficiency, otherwise they are coerced.
select-dev.lisp (file)
select-dev.lisp (file)
select-dev.lisp (file)
Canonical representation of a singleton index (a nonnegative integer, which is a valid array index).
select-dev.lisp (file)
Return SUBSCRIPTS (a list) and ITERATOR (a closure, no arguments) that increments the contents of SUBSCRIPTS in column-major order. TERMINATOR is called when all subscripts have been visited.
select-dev.lisp (file)
select-dev.lisp (file)
select-dev.lisp (file)
select.lisp (file)
select.lisp (file)
select.lisp (file)
select.lisp (file)
select.lisp (file)
select.lisp (file)
select-dev.lisp (file)
select-dev.lisp (file)
select.lisp (file)
select.lisp (file)
select.lisp (file)
select.lisp (file)
select.lisp (file)
select.lisp (file)
select.lisp (file)
select.lisp (file)
Return the dimension of a canonical-representation, or NIL for singleton selections (they are dropped).
select-dev.lisp (file)
Return a list for the dimensions of canonical representations, dropping singletons.
select-dev.lisp (file)
select-dev.lisp (file)
Return a closure that sets the car of CONS to the next value each time it is called, resetting and calling CARRY when it reaches the end of its range.
select-dev.lisp (file)
Return SUBSCRIPTS (a list) and ITERATOR (a closure, no arguments) that increments the contents of SUBSCRIPTS in row-major order. TERMINATOR is called when all subscripts have been visited.
select-dev.lisp (file)
Test if SYMBOL has special semantics for SELECTION.
select-dev.lisp (file)
Test if a canonical REPRESENTATION is a singleton.
select-dev.lisp (file)
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Return the dimension of axis. Needs to be defined for non-integer axes.
select-dev.lisp (file)
Canonical representation of SELECTION, given information in AXIS. The default methods use dimensions as AXIS.
Each selection needs to be resolved into a canonical representation, which is either a singleton, a range, or a sequence of subscripts. They should only be constructed with the corresponding CANONICAL-SINGLETION, CANONICAL-RANGE and CANONICAL-SEQUENCE functions.
@c(CANONICAL-REPRESENTATION) needs to ensure that the represented subscripts are valid for the axis.
Unless a specialized method is found, the dimension of the axis is queried with AXIS-DIMENSION and resolution is attempted using the latter. Methods that resolve symbols should test them with SELECT-RESERVED-SYMBOL? and use CALL-NEXT-METHOD.
select-dev.lisp (file)
The canonical representation for NODROP.
select.lisp (file)
The canonical representation for RANGE.
select.lisp (file)
The canonical representation for INCLUDING.
select.lisp (file)
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Canonical representation of a contiguous set of array indices from START (inclusive) to END (exclusive).
select-dev.lisp (file)
structure-object (structure)
canonical-representation (method)
alexandria.0.dev:array-index
canonical-range-start (function)
(setf canonical-range-start) (function)
alexandria.0.dev:array-index
canonical-range-end (function)
(setf canonical-range-end) (function)
Canonical representation of a sequence of array indexes.
select-dev.lisp (file)
structure-object (structure)
canonical-representation (method)
(simple-array alexandria.0.dev:array-index (*))
canonical-sequence-vector (function)
(setf canonical-sequence-vector) (function)
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