- In-house capacity
- The politics of consultants
- Managing changes
- Limitations of limitless choice
- Unclear needs assessments
- Political economy of technology
- Better but not good
- Security
- Redundant development
- The cloud and the Cloud(TM)
It seems like every week I hear of another progressive organization making a large, organization-wide transition to newer technology. The feedback I have received from folks enduring these transitions tend to be these moves are frustrating, time consuming and costly. So, I have been thinking a lot about how these organizations can make this transition more easily without undermining their progressive values.
I think that these things are important as I see an increasing number of organizations spend obscene amounts of resources and money on technology transition – only to see the implementation fail.
At a time where our progressive organizations are under attack, it is hardly something that we can stand to waste resources on. This is especially the case when one considers that most of our organizations are mainly services organizations of information workers and organizers.
This is a starting list if issues I have kept track of from various conversations over the years. I will try to expand on them later.
In-house capacity
The outsourcing of development has two implications for small to medium sized progressive organizations. One: loss of in house technical knowledge resulting in costs for every change requested. Two: loss of knowledge about how technology is used in house to connect that with the direction of technological development/adoption.
The politics of consultants
Incompatible politics of major consultant firms and progressive organizations. Hiring Deloitte to develop your technological solutions while we fight employers and governments that do the same is a bizarre contradiction that many progressive organizations face.
Managing changes
Managing transition before, during and after the adoption of that technology. Who and how that is managed whether it is through corporate “Change Management” or more inclusive and non-consultant driven processes is important to success of the adoption and implementation of that technology.
Limitations of limitless choice
Software and hardware choices seem limitless, but the options examined by the process tend to purposely exclude some progressive options. This is likely because of monopolies providing full suit Software as a Service (SAAS) products. However, limiting choice in software and hardware purchasing to monopolies comes with an inflated price for servicing.
Unclear needs assessments
The difference between needs, wants and advertised capabilities are not clearly defined or costed.
Political economy of technology
Political Economic analysis of technology is not included in the decision making process. Technology transition is too often seen as an apolitical process like payroll. The reason for this disconnect is likely because the application of the political economy of technology has not been clearly explained and/or is not understood. Real world examples are needed.
Better but not good
The different between “better” and “good” technology is obscured through the transition process. Users and managers are usually so frustrated with the current technology that any increase in use/function/efficiency is enough to gain praise. However, better is not the same as good and one cannot expect users to know the difference if they have not spent time looking at options.
Security
Security is not taken seriously in a holistic way that is easy to explain. Without examining all aspects of security including the real world adoption of security by the users and the IT system administrators it is likely to fail. An example is the use of high-end encryption protocols, but without enforcing an effective password policy. A second example is a complex and over-the-top password policy where people cannot remember their passwords and end up writing their passwords everywhere so they remember them.
Redundant development
Many organizations are looking for the same or very similar things, but are all paying for their development. The adoption of open source or centralization of code and processes in progressive organizations is lagging far behind the corporate world.
The cloud and the Cloud(TM)
Misunderstanding the difference between in-house server services and the proprietary “Cloud” means that many services that should be managed in-house are exported to the proprietary cloud. Companies that sell Software as a Service (SAAS) and Infrastructure as a Service (IAAS) spend large sums on sales presentations, shiny pamphlets and expert sales representatives that wine and dine IT departments. Adopting SAAS in the wrong areas can lead to increased costs, loss of control and security issues. While some services are better in the cloud, it is wrong to assume that all services can be done more cheaply or better through renting access.


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You can easily request for a refund by adding your reference code in the form and other details and then submitting it. Please note that we take about 48hrs to realize and confirm refund requests.


Direction Island lies 1.5NM north of Home Island.
It is advisable to follow the channel markers when moving between Direction Island and Home Island as there are numerous shallow areas and coral outcrops along the route.
Whilst Direction Island has nothing ashore, this is where the main yacht anchorage is located.
Position 12°05′16″S, 096°52′55″E.
Holding in the anchorage is good, there is not much shelter from the SE Winds, but there is little swell in the lagoon.
There are several shelters along the edge of the beach. Two of which have large rain-water butts attached which store the roof run-off. Also, there are toilets ashore, with toilet paper provided.
There is a WiFi router in the main shelter where you can sign up for internet online and pay by credit card. The connection is not fast but is useable from the anchorage.
No garbage can currently be disposed of anywhere in Cocos Keeling. Yachts must take everything away with them.
Mosquitoes are a real problem on Direction Island (although this tends to be seasonal); bring plenty of bug spray!
Last updated July 2016.


--- layout: 1.1.1-default title: Violet Documentation permalink: /documentation/violet/legacy/ redirect_from: /software/violet/documentation/legacy/ violet-version: 1.1.1 section: software ---
Welcome to the Violet documentation!
Violet is a CSS framework designed for use by the Lexteam website.
With the coming releases Violet aims to become a more customisable framework that can be used by more than just the Lexteam website.
To do a distribution install, you just need to add the Violet css file to your project
https://www.lexteam.xyz/violet/release/1.1.1/violet.css
https://www.lexteam.xyz/violet/release/1.1.1/violet.min.css
To do a SCSS install, you can use our CLI tool.
npm install lex-violet --global
Now you have the CLI tool installed, you can install Violet to any directory.
violet install
You can now proceed to import Violet to your code
@import "violet/violet";
When a new version of Violet is released, all you have to do is run:
npm update lex-violet
and violet update


UTC
Summer time UTC +1 March to October
Voltage: 220 V
Frequency: 50 Hz
Euro
International dialing code for Madeira is +351.
European GSM mobile network will work in Madeira phone. There is good coverage on most of the island. There is no coverage for non-EU mobile phones.
The Festival of the Atlantic takes place in June, with the Madeira Music Festival, the International Fireworks Competition and performances by philharmonic bands in Funchal city centre.
For more information, go to: www.madeiratourism.org
Emergency 112, Police 222 022.
Coast Guard (Socorros a naufragos) +351 291 230 112.
IMRAY AND ADLARD COLES PILOT BOOKS are available at a discounted price for Noonsite.com users via World Cruising Club
The Atlantic Islands
By Anne Hammick
Published by Imray, Laurie, Norie & Wilson Ltd (Revised 5th edition Dec 2011)
ISBN-13 978<PHONE_NUMBER>
Covers The Azores, Madeira Group, Canary Islands and Cape Verdes. This 5th edition has been redesigned in the same style of other RCC Pilots. The new look includes waypoints as well as better use of colour. All the updates accumulated since 2004 as well as new information gained from visits between 2009 and 2011 are included. Facilities for yachts have improved significantly during recent years and this edition includes full details of new yacht harbours and proposed developments.
Mediterranean Almanac 2015/16
By Lucinda Heikell with Rod Heikell
Published by Imray (December 2014)
2016 supplement available from Imray
ISBN –<PHONE_NUMBER>986
Price - £29.50
See this Noonsite review.


GOOD MORNING, BABYLON A film review by Jeff Meyer Copyright 1987 Jeff Meyer
Seen at the Seattle Film Festival: GOOD MORNING, BABYLON (USA/Italy, 1987) Directors: Paolo and Vittorio Taviani Story and Screenplay: Paolo and Vittorio Taviani; screenplay in collaboration with Tonino Guerra Cast: Vincent Spano, Joaquim De Almeida, Greta Scacchi, Desiree Becker, Omero Antonutti, and Carles Dance as D.W. Griffith Partially subtitled.
This was the much ballyhooed closing film at the festival, made by the Brothers Tavianni who have gained such fame from films like KAOS and NIGHT OF THE SHOOTING STARS; an Italian/American production, it tells the story of two brothers, skilled artisans who move to America to practice their trade. They end up working in Hollywood, attempting to work on D.W. Griffith's production of INTOLERANCE, and to stay together.
I don't know what there is to compliment in this film. The dialogue is usually in English, since the brothers speak it after arriving in America, but the dialogue is usually stilted, with exclamations that seem unnatural and artificial. The plot is too simplistic throughout most of the film, and the characters seem to be something out of a Horatio Alger story; D. W. Griffith is treated like a cross between Leonardo and Moses, and INTOLERANCE is made to look like the ultimate statement of anti-war sentiment (it wasn't).
 This all winds up in an utterly and unintentionally hilarious ten-minute sequence which was supposed to be a tear-jerker, but instead had the audience giggling uncontrollably. The brothers meet up on an Italian battle field, and are individually bayonetted by a fleeing German infantryman while they're bending over one another. And then, in their dying moments (which are drawn out to a fantastic degree), they photograph one another with a newsreel movie camera so that "their sons can see them." I thought part of it was based on a Monty Python sequence I remember, but I can't be sure.
A fair-to-poor film, ending in a truly astonishing screw-up. F. Avoid.
Moriarty, aka Jeff Meyer INTERNET<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Manual UUCP: {uw-beaver, sun, allegra, hplsla, lbl-csam}!fluke!moriarty
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Back to HomeIt may be objected that this interpretation of Woman and Work so far deals only with girls who have had the background of education, home, helpful associates. What of the myriads who are thrust by necessity out on life with no education, with no training, with no fitness? What of the tens of thousands in every big city who are plunged into the vortex of driving industry with no home for fortress of retreat in times of illness, idleness, discouragement? What of those, who have either no associates, or only associates, who drag them down? Many a girl has had to choose between a loneliness more unbroken than prison life, without the security of prison life, and associates, that she knew to be detrimental. Shall we pass judgment of condemnation when she chooses wrong? How much better would we have done in her place?
In other words, if you were on the ragged edge nothing; if you had no home but such as you made for yourself; if you had no savings and had never earned wages that permitted savings; if you had little strength and were spasmodically losing your nerve from fear of want; if you had no security against want, and lost your job, and couldn't get another, what would you do? Particularly, what would you do, if you were a woman past forty, physically a good deal the worse for the wear and tear of city life; with streaks gray in your hair that put you at a discount competing against the nimble agility of youth? Having through no fault of your own, started wrong, is there any vocation where you could begin again, where your mature experience could count against the nimble fingers of youth?
Because there is such a chance for every woman out from the vortex of the city's great unemployed, out from under the wheels of the Juggernaut* car, I am going to set down, with as strict accuracy to detail as I can recall, the story told to me word for word by one who found a way out, which every woman in like case could follow if she would. At the time of writing this, there has just been a meeting in New York of the city's unemployed women*; and women, who had never before in their lives faced an audience, stood up and voiced the cry for work, for a chance to live. Among the white goods workers alone, it was found that more than 22,000 were working on half time, that is, at wages from $3.50 to $4.50* a week. Among the shirtwaist and kimono makers, 10,000 were entirely out of work, 14,000 on half time. Of the 75,000 women workers, allied with women's trades unions in New York alone, 22,000 had been permanently laid off work for the winter. When you consider that of all industrial workers among women, not a tenth ally themselves with any trades unions whatsoever, it is a pretty safe estimate to say that at least 100,000 women workers in industry are out of work in each of the big cities of the East in winter. This estimate is considered under the mark by the union women of New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore.
What is the cause of it? Not hard times; for this country has never at any era in its history suffered hard times as that phrase is understood in other lands. Transition in styles, such as women no longer wearing yards and yards of white petticoats, may have something to do with one trade; but that is only a surface shift of the great economic current throwing such multitudes adrift.
If you look for the real cause, you will find it, not in shifting styles, but, as one woman, who began life at fourteen as a cap maker, expressed it, in the perfection of the machine. One machine to-day does the work of five cash girls; one typewriter, the work of a dozen long-hand secretaries; one sewing machine, driven at top speed by electricity, the work of fifty women at hand-sewing; one canning factory, with machinery self-driven and almost automatic, supplants "mother's home-made pickles and preserves” in ten thousand families.
Do the workers, then, curse the machine and mob the inventor, as the weavers did a hundred years ago in England*? Not a bit of it! I have never heard the faintest shade of resentment in tone toward the machine. Workers to-day realize that the machine has become the burden bearer of the age, a thing making possible ease of production in a way ancient wizards never dreamed and fairy tales could not invent.
Meanwhile, what happens? Fingers of fourteen, fifteen, sixteen to twenty years old are nimbler, quicker, safer with the swift speeding shuttles, or steel cutters, or pleaters, than fingers of thirty-five to forty. Also in an age when competition is fierce as of old, and overhead expenses the heaviest ever known, fingers of fourteen, fifteen, sixteen are cheaper than the fingers of a mature and experienced woman, who has a right to expect to be paid for her knowledge as well as her mechanism.
Good! Turn on the power! Whirl the wheels! Watch the shuttles flying so fast they are a blur to the eye! What happens? Those nimble fingers age twenty-five don't go so fast. The machine power has flagged and fagged the nerve power. At twenty-eight, there is an accident, or broken finger, or a functional smashup from exhausted vitalities. If you look over large audiences of the unemployed, you will be impressed by the fact that 75 per cent. of the idle are those over thirty-five years old; 25 per cent., those under sixteen. At thirty-five and forty, is it to be the scrap heap? That is the question these armies of women in industry are asking themselves; and the fact that there are any hundred thousand women out of work, who want to work, who are desperate to work, who demand to live unharried by constant Fear of Want—by the Spectre of Gaunt Hunger—is more than the sign of a startling economic transition. It is the century tragedy of a machine age. It is the Frankenstein* of our generation, when the horror we have created devours its own offspring.
Is it necessary? Granted these out-of-works are drifters on an economic tide, which they can't control. Are so many hundreds of thousands a year to be permitted to become the flotsam and jetsam of humanity? If so, it will come high in cost for hospitals and asylums and places of refuge. It will come still higher in bitter social discontent and hatred. Socialists say—take over all instruments of production for the public! Doctrinaires* say—let the government give these people a job! Philanthropists say—let us give these people immediate help! The first two suggestions accomplish nothing; for they are years away; and the out-of-works are with us here and now, hungry and sullen at life. The last remedy relieves immediate need; but it doesn't go down to fundamentals; and it offends self-respect; and it is like baling out water thrown in by the waves of a continuous tide. It helps; but it doesn't stop. Then, there is the system being tried successfully in Germany and New Zealand and Australia, government insurance against old age and want through a system of small weekly deductions from earnings*; but this, like the remedies suggested by the Socialists and doctrinaires, does not relieve immediate want. This system is not in vogue yet, and requires years to bring its beneficiaries any returns.
There is no use saying—these people are un-fits; or they would have hoisted themselves out of their predicament by their own efforts. As well tell a man to lift himself up by his boot straps. They are not un-fits. They are misfits. You show how; and they will do the hoisting themselves all right. It isn't—what can a woman do, which implies a victim in a trap. It is—what a woman can do, which implies a way out of dilemmas; so I shall tell the absolutely true story of the woman who found her way out, as nearly in her own words as possible:
''I belonged to that type of family from which so many girls who have to earn their living come. We were neither rich nor poor. We were never in debt; but we never saved. My mother did not believe in the new fashion of women going out to earn a living. She believed that every woman should marry early and settle down with a little family of her own. She did not believe in what you call women-in-industry. Neither did I. I did not think that was what women were made for; and I used to feel a little bit of superiority and contempt, when my old girl friends of the high school began going out to work in offices and factories. We lived in a little New England factory town. If you know anything about factory towns, you will know that the successful men of the family drift to the city, while the women stay on in the factories.
"You can think anything you like about marrying; but there simply aren't enough men to go round in these little villages, any more than there are in England. Now that it is all over and done with, I know where I made my first terrible mistake and sinned, and have paid in suffering for my sin; but lots of women do the same thing; and it doesn't turn out a mistake. I believed I was doing what it was the duty of every woman to do—marry; and it seems a poor sort of joke now; but I would rather have died young than had my name go on a tombstone as an 'old maid.' That used to be one of the jokes of our house. Well, I married! I suppose at the time I thought I was marrying for love; but I know now that I wasn't, that I married for a home, for a man to support me, as thousands of other girls marry; and I was too young to realize that the man I had chosen, married me as a sort of protection against his own waywardness. He needed support that I couldn't give, that I wasn't old enough to give him. I think we both unconsciously tricked each other. He thought if he married a good girl, it would keep him straight. I thought if I married a smart fellow, it would protect me from the blasts of the world. You see we were both simply loving self and didn't know it. Our marriage was a cheat on both sides.
"My brother and I had gone on an excursion to New York for the day. The man, I was to marry, was one of the old boys from our high school. We met him by chance on the street, and he asked us to have lunch with him in one of the big Broadway restaurants. Jokingly, my brother turned to me as we were going to meet him in the restaurant: 'There is a catch for you, Sade! Mack earns twelve-hundred a year as bookkeeper in Wall St. and you can judge from his dress and style of living how much he must earn on the side.' My brother always said something like that to me, when I met a likely man. I didn't answer; but I thought a lot. He was the best dressed man I had ever met; and he looked so prosperous. You could see the waiters jump to serve him the minute he entered. Though I was a country simpleton, I had eyes in my head and couldn't help seeing how the necks of all the women in the restaurant craned as he passed. The check he paid for our lunch amounted to seven dollars; and he tipped the waiter fifty cents*. Then, he took us to a matinee. At the train, saying good-by, he told us he intended to spend his holidays back home for the first time in years. My brother looked at me queerly. On the train, he said: 'Mack always was a four-flusher spending.  How could I confess that diamond ring was on my own finger under my glove, where I had promised to wear it till he came up for his holidays?
"We were married at the end of his holidays. The only inkling of anything amiss came from an old maid aunt, who threw cold water on everybody and everything. She was knitting in the corner by the chimney the day before our wedding.
" 'So he is a free spender,' she said. She always clicked her needles when she was going to say something horrid. 'It's all right for them as has it,' clicking very fast and hard, 'but them as has it don't usually spend it; and them as spend it don't usually have it.'
"It shocked my country ideas to find we were paying a rent of $50 a month for our small apartment east of Fourth Avenue near 23rd Street. It seemed a great deal to pay half one's income in rent. At home, when my father earned $60 a month, we never paid more than $10 for rent*; but when I spoke to my husband about it, he told me to leave business matters to him. He would leave household matters to me. It would affect his standing with the fellows, if they thought he couldn't afford as good an apartment for his wife, as these bachelor boys had for themselves. Who the fellows were, I didn't know. Not a soul came to see us for that first year in New York. It was fearfully lonely. I have often wondered if there is no way for all the lonely people in the big cities to meet and comfort one another. I used to be glad to pass the time of day with the hall boy, or the milk man; and there didn't seem any way to form friends, or make acquaintances. I used to clean the apartment and reclean it and walk the streets and parade the departmental stores to keep from being physically sick with loneliness; but in the evenings and on Sundays, when my husband was home, we were very happy. I really think it is that kind of loneliness drives so many young people out to the dance halls, and the moving pictures, and the cheap restaurants. We got into the way of going to the cheap shows on Saturday nights, and to the cheap restaurants for dinner on Sundays. That is all we could afford. Really, we couldn't afford that; but I didn't know it. I used to long for the birth of our baby for company. I had intended to go up home for the baby; but my father died that winter; and my mother went to live with a married brother.
" ' So you won't go up home for the arrival of His Little Royal Highness?' my husband asked.
" 'How can I?' I answered.
''He seemed terribly worried. I asked him if finances were not all right. He answered, 'of course!' Would I never learn to leave finances to him? Business was for men; and so on, like that! It was a day or two after that the diamond ring was missed, the one he had given me that afternoon at the matinee. I wanted to have the police question the hall boys; but my husband would not hear of it, that would only put the thief on guard. He would employ a private detective to rake the pawn shops. That night, he was late coming home to dinner. I was wild with anxiety and nervousness; and I could not go out for him. I tried to telephone the Wall St. brokerage firm; but the office had closed for the day. It was a rainy summer night, that brought back the very smells of the rose gardens up home. A hurdy-gurdy* was playing, 'The Wearing of the Green,'* or something in the street below our window; and a lot of ragged children were dancing round and round in the gutter. A faint feeling came over me. What if anything happened so that our child would be a poor youngster like those below the window? Had I done all my part? Was the woman's part to let the man support her? In olden days, women used to spin and sew and make all the food. Now, all that is done outside. I can never hear a hurdy-gurdy yet without that same faint feeling, it was a sort of horror.
"There is no use going back over that night. It cripples me to dwell on it. I wanted to send for the police; but was afraid. I sat paralyzed all night listening and listening for steps. By and by, all the steps stopped, and there was nothing but the roar of the Third Avenue L. By morning, I was walking the floor with terror. The minute the clock pointed nine, I called up the brokerage office. The boy, who answered, didn't know who was speaking and for a second didn't catch the name. Then, he said, 'Oh! yes, Mack, he ain't been here for weeks! He was fired for swoipin' office funds!'
''I was stunned. I couldn't believe it. I wouldn't let myself think of the missing ring; but the morning mail killed my last hope. It was a little curt note. It said: 'Don't try to trace me. There has been a mix-up in the office checks. If you trace me, it will end in my arrest and your disgrace. Better go back home.
"Home! There was no home; and he knew it. I, who had married to escape facing life and earning a living outside the home, had now to earn a living for two! I was untrained. I was unskilled. I was temperamentally unfit for any kind of work but in a home. I was one of the thousands of helpless women thrown on the big cities, the very fate I had married to escape. I was ashamed to go back to my native place, humiliated and disgraced. There was no place for me there. My brothers had married. One was supporting mother; and his wife resented that. Our home factories were running slack. There was no work there.
“I didn't come to my senses enough to know what to do till I was convalescing from the birth of the baby in the maternity hospital. I used to think I would be so happy when the baby came; but now I couldn't look at him without crying out as if something stabbed me. Furniture, we paid $1,200 for, I sold to the second hand shops for $300. Of that, $50 went to the maternity hospital, and $50 for the rent of the apartment the month I had been away. That left me $200. While I worked, I arranged to have the baby cared for in the day at a church nursery. Then I paid $50 for a special course in stenography and typewriting with the use of a machine for practice. That left me $150. I rented a little back hall bedroom with the use of a bathroom, where I could do my own washing and light cooking. This took $3.50 a week. Try as I would, I could not keep my living expenses down lower than 30 cents a day, 5 cents for breakfast, coffee and a roll without butter; 10 cents for lunch near the shorthand school, a sandwich and coffee; and 15 cents for supper, coffee and a roll and soup, or a small piece of meat, a cheap cut; and when it rained so that I had to take the car to and from the shorthand school, I had to skip one meal to keep my expenses down to 30 cents a day. That made my living $5.60 a week.  I always wanted enough left to reach my brothers. What if I were unable to learn in thirty weeks? What if I couldn't get a position? The papers were full of accounts of girls lured to dens through advertisements for stenographers.
"It is right here that if some of the able rich women, who want to help, would, they could save so much suffering and waste. If I could have had some one, who was not knocked silly with fright, to advise me in the hospital, I should not have studied stenography at all. I should have done then what I did two years later after such suffering I hate to recall it. I was not cut out for a stenographer. Spelling and punctuation always bothered me. A sharp word from the person dictating rattled me so I lost my head and made more blunders than ever. The only thing I loved doing and wanted always to do and had looked forward to doing as my life work—was home making, cooking and sewing and housekeeping; but there was no one to tell me there was any market value for these things. I hadn't the faintest idea any more than any other young girl has that while every other vocation is crowded with more workers than there is work, the one vocation where there is always more work than there are workers, the one vocation where a capable girl can get pretty nearly any price she asks is home making. I suppose if I thought of it at all I thought of house work as being a servant, stuck away in a basement bedroom off a dark hall next to the ash cans. I didn't know there was such a thing as domestic science. I did know there was scientific nursing; but I didn't take up nursing because I didn't know what to do with my baby during the years of training. A woman worldly wise would have known all those things and could have told me.
"The other way in which rich women could help is in training such misfits as I was to find and fill and fit a special place. Why should any girl at the very end of her resources have to pay out $50 to learn her job? I had thought of dress-making; but at one dress-making school where I applied, the cost would have been $60; and at a school of design, where I wanted to learn millinery, the charge would have been $40*. If the women, who form clubs for struggling girls would provide training for various vocations—yes , even training in cooking—they would have thousands of applicants a year, and could save girls from the employment sharks and fake design schools, where they are bled to their last dollar.
''One other point for the women who want to help—many a girl, when she has finished her training, has not enough money left to furnish car fare; and there begins a weary tramp over miles of city streets to places of possible employment. I have walked ten miles in a day, say from 60th Street to the Battery and back, and gone to a dozen different shops and offices, and found the same sign out on each door—No Applicants for Work Needed. (Author's note: at the very time of writing this, a firm in New York moved into a large new departmental store. They advertised for 1,100 helpers. Only 500 of the applicants had had sufficient training to qualify them for the work; and of the 500, according to the manager, who employed them, only 50 were thoroughly competent, above the average. The firm was literally compelled to open a school to train its employees for its various departments, giving them a living wage during the course of training. If the associations for the betterment of women workers' lives could keep a roof over the strugglers, while they steered them into the training schools, a deal of waste could be saved, and incompetency, the basic fact of all struggling, could be prevented.)
''At the end of four months training and searching, I did get a position in one of the big departmental stores, where one-hundred-and-fifty other stenographers were employed on the out-of-town mail order department. I got this position through the girl who shared the bathroom with me as a place to cook and wash. She was a manicurist, who received $1.50* a day in the ladies' parlor of the same store. She heard of a girl who was leaving and really had me slipped in before I knew it. She was a wonderful little thing, French, I think. She had come from San Francisco, working her way across the continent from point to point by manicuring. She had paid her Pullman* fare from Omaha to New York by manicuring ladies' nails on the train. I asked her why she had come to New York. She said she wanted 'to see life,' and she 'meant to land some swell guy with money.' I asked her what she would have done in my case. She said before any man 'got' her, he would have to settle so much money on her 'snug and tight' before the ceremony. Her views left me sort of sick; but then, had my motives been any better? She was full of catchwords she had heard at lectures about 'efficiency' and 'average' and 'sub-average' and ' super-average'; about plans to get on. She said she, herself, was only 'an average'; but she meant to be a 'super -average.' She told me one of our women who was a foreign buyer had a salary of $7,500 a year, and that the head cashier or auditor on the main floor, a married woman about thirty-five years of age, got $5,000 a year and had never been caught in a mistake in ten years. She said that both these women had begun in the Chicago branch of the store at $1.50 a week. They had come to work with their ‘hair in pig tails tied with a shoe string.' They were pointed out as examples of what we might become; but the hitch in that was they were perfect fits; we were misfits. They were cut out for exactly the work they were doing. I was not fitted for the work I was doing. I had always been called a perfect housekeeper; and in the matter of buying household supplies and clothes, I could make a dollar go as far as most women make ten; but in stenography, my fingers were all thumbs. I didn't think quickly and grasp the meaning; so that I was always slow. In my work, I was very much a 'sub-average.' I was a fore-ordained failure. My wages were $6 a week; and, looking back now, I know it was more than I was worth. I broke my machine on an average once a month. Twice, the repairs cost $2. I was not docked for them. I often had to do the simplest letters over twice; and though I was called down for erasures, I was never dismissed for my blunders. I think that was because it was so plain that I was trying hard. I had to take a cheaper room, this time at $2.50 a week, so near the store that would never need to take the street car. Later, I found a room far over on the West side below 12th Street at $1.50 a week. I was now able to cut my living expenses down to $1.50 a week. This left $3* to clothe the baby and myself. The baby, after the first month, I left with a German woman who lived in the same tenement. She took care of that baby in the day for nothing. I want to tell that; because that is the kind of help that counts for more than the investigations of vice committees, or the lectures of philanthropists. We are told that girls who work in the factories and stores should save for holidays and old age. If any one will tell me how I could save off that salary, I wish they would. One day I remember I was sent from the stenographers' department to pilot an out-of town customer round the store. She asked me what I was paid, and, when I told her, threw up her hands.
" 'Why in the world don't you go West?' she asked. 'Out West, they pay apple and orange pickers $2 and $3* a day. You girls are like our orange growers, before they learned how to distribute their oranges on the market. Oranges used to lie and rot on our ranches. Then, we found out how to distribute oranges; and now no orange grower loses. Why do you stay congested in these big centers like rats in a cellar?'
"I looked her straight in the eye. 'Lady,' I said, 'I don't go West because I can't walk.'
“I don't think she heard me. She was talking in blue streaks like this—'Perfect outrage to pay such wages! Don't wonder girls go to the devil' (I wanted to tell her they didn't; not half as much as idle women. They hadn't time; but she never stopped for breath.) 'Women should boycott stores that pay such wages.' (She had just bought a sealskin sacque* from us.) 'A law ought to be passed establishing a minimum wage of $12 at the least for any girl, who works.' (What difference would that have made, I wonder! There were lots of girls in our store getting more than $12. It was because I was a misfit that I did not earn more. If such a law were passed, the store would simply be compelled to throw out us 'sub-averages' and double up high speed work for those left.) 'Why, there are millions of homes in the West that can't get help for love or money, not for $40* a month and board. Why do you stay in these city rat holes?  'Lady,' I said, good and hard this time, 'I don't go West because I can't walk.'
"And that's another way the strong women could help the weak, if they wanted to; but, after all, we have to work it out for ourselves. Several things impressed me more and more the longer I was in that store. We girls and women were on the wrong tack. You can't get joy out of work unless it is a sort of personal service. Unless you own your job in some sort of permanent way, you won't sing over it. My grandfather was a shoemaker; and he always sang as he cobbled. My father went into a factory; and he never sang. He got crusty and short over his work. Then, speed is the key note of success in modern work. You work up speed; then you speed up more.  If the machine breaks, a new one is bought. If the operator breaks, a new operative is got.  The more experienced you are, the less value you are. That is why so many women workers call themselves Miss when they are Mrs., and wear false bangs, and dye their hair. I began to call myself Miss, my second year.
''Then, John Rockefeller* can talk 'save,' to the crack of doom. There is no 'save,' or 'safe' either for us 'sub-averages.' When I moved from our first apartment to the back hall room, I was still in a decent neighborhood. When I moved to the $1.50 room, the neighborhood was decent enough but it was not sanitary. There was no elevator in the tenement; and there was no ventilation. You could smell stale toilets from the front stair. There was only one dirty bath room for each floor, and perhaps twenty-five tenants lived on each floor —'sub-renters,' I suppose the little manicurist would have called 'sub-averages' like myself. The windows of the inner court were littered with milk jars and plates of butter and meat placed on the ledge to keep cool; and Monday's washing always hung on lines stretched from window to window of the inner court. A wind could blow wash drip across our food.  I have no judgment or blame for either the girls or the men. They were desperate for life. I used to feel after the end of the second year that, if I did not have a holiday or change, I would scream out with hysterics at night. I used to waken myself moaning in my sleep. I suppose these girls and men felt the same. They all looked as if they craved terribly for something. Where uptown folks drank champagne over beefsteak, these people had beer over chop suey. I guess they were as much God's children as the up-town folks, too! Once the German woman, who kept my baby, told me how the priest in her home village used to have his people come and dance on the village green every Sunday afternoon. For us, there was no village green. There were only the movies, the dance halls, Coney Island. There didn't seem any wholesome joy left in work.
''One evening, when the beer drinkers grew screaming noisy, I took my baby, now a wee toddler, and went out for a walk. I wandered from Third Avenue over West across toward Madison along the brown stone fronts. A colored cook stepped from one of the basement doors and threw a tin of potted beef in the garbage can. Before knew it, I had the most terrible physical hunger for that can of potted beef, for ice-cream, for a 'fizz' drink, for beer, for anything with a taste, a lift, a kick to in, place of the soup slops I had been living on for two years. I wanted to break out and do something. Then, I knew what sent the girls in the tenement to the beer gardens and back room saloons. It was a craving of systems that were, well, you can't call them starved, but not nourished. A girl's body and soul crave something beside a crust of bread. It freightened me with the same faint sick feeling I had had that night the hurdy-gurdies played below the apartment window. I seemed to know suddenly why boys and girls went to hell. Those drunken leering fat men and women round the door, who often screamed and fought till daybreak had been boys and girls too, once. I think they fought and beat each other sometimes just for a nervous bust. I suddenly felt as if the city pavements were full of manholes that sucked youth down into sewers and cesspools; and surely God meant youth for something else. I thought He meant it for us to pass on to our children; and now I felt something wild and insurgent in me ready to go to hell. I suppose doctors would say that was the mother instinct in me starved. It wasn't. It was the soul and body of me starved for spiritual and physical food. I felt I would either have to harden and deaden; or go to Hell. I wonder if those girls, who go to Hell desperate for life, aren't better in God's eyes than we respectable girls are, who just quit feeling things by letting our souls turn to stone!
"Here are two other places the strong women can help if they want to, I mean with decent apartments and hotels for girls who work; and with cheap cafaterias with nourishing food for 10 cents*; and with places for wholesome amusement.”
(Author's note: Mrs. Belmont's suffrage rooms, Miss Morgan's Vacation Committee Headquarters for workers, Tremont Inn, the Woman's Trade Union Restaurant, the Y.W.C.A.'s and other similar club homes did not exist at this time, though it should be emphasized very strongly that, if there were a thousand such club rooms, they could not begin to fill the need to-day, of protection for the myriad armies of youth, whose feet are enmeshed in the economic net of the great cities.)
“I had been working now for over two years, and I had saved not a cent; and I knew other women more competent than I was, who had worked for twenty years and saved not a cent. I was now twenty-three. I had never been really hungry, but I craved everything a woman should have, nourishment, rest, fun, security. Surely, this is not much to demand of life. Surely, God meant us to laugh and dance and sing, to be secure from horror and want. I was only twenty-three; but I was losing my nerve. Why? Because I was, not unfit, but a misfit; and I was lonely with a loneliness that was sometimes a terrible deep black pit. It was just Hell. If I had not had the baby, but no, I'll not admit that, though God knows if I had not had the baby and any man asked me to have either beer or whiskey with him that night, I might have joined the noisy screams and dancers next door.  Anyway, I don't want to shock you and I don't suppose you'd publish it if I did say it, but after that night I somehow never could find it in my heart to condemn a girl in the big city even if she went ninety-nine times and nine, that's the Scripture number, isn't it*? straight to hell!
"I made up my mind I'd place my baby in one of those church nurseries again; so he would be well nourished. I wonder, if in the bottom of my heart, I wanted to be free to have my fling. There was a shirtwaist factory down Fourteenth Street way, where I decided I'd try for a position at $10 a week, if I could only keep up the speed for those electric machines. I know you are wondering how I could be so stupid as not to learn that all these experiences were simply driving me from where I didn't belong to where I did belong, and where every woman belongs, into the one thing I was fit for; but I figured this way: $1.50 a week would pay for my baby's keep; $1.50 more would pay for my room. I would have to raise on the cost of food and clothing. I was going under. Put these at $3 a week. I could still do my own washing and cleaning on Sundays. That would leave $4 a week! $4 a week might mean $200* a year saved, if you didn't mangle a finger, or break down, or lose your job in slack seasons. As I said before, I am not quick. I am 'sub-average.' I am faithful and thorough. Could I risk my certain job for an uncertain try!
"I kept thinking of it all week till Sunday, when I went to arrange for the baby to go out to the country with the church nursery. That last ten dollars, I had faithfully kept all these two years tucked in an envelope pinned inside my dress. If I were a misfit and 'sub-average,' at any cost I must find the place I could fit and reconstruct my life. I must quit being a round peg in a square hole. I must stop drifting; or I would end a wreck. I skipped lunch and spent my 10 cents* taking the 'bus out Fifth Avenue. At 86th Street where the conductor calls 'all out,' I noticed a handsome girl in the costume of a trained nurse, wheeling a baby carriage and leading another child about three years old by the hand. No! Don't you think help came rushing out of the rich house to me like the fairy god-mother! It didn't; and it never does.  No, I didn 't save his life! It isn't any wonder yarn I'm telling you. I grabbed him by the neck and humped him back kicking to the trained nurse. He fought and screamed; and for a minute, I held the little carriage to keep it from blowing over in the wind. The costumed nurse thanked me without looking up; but a thought had come to me in a flash.
 She must have sized up in one glance my sallow gaunt face, and shabby genteel pride, and draggled dress. There were tags on my petticoats.
" 'Sure I am,' she laughed.  What is the matter with you; and where do you work?'
“I mentioned the name of the big store.
" 'And get about twenty-five a month, and spend it all slaving your life out. Well, I'm not sorry for you! You might as well be in a good home saving as much as the Quane of England had for spending money. If I could spend five years and seven hundred dollars on my education and don't consider it a come down to do what I'm doing, you girls, who are between the devil and deep sea, shouldn't consider your dignity such fine china that it would go to smash over domestic science.' (Author's note: whoever the nurse was, she enunciated simple truth. The Queen of England had less than $25* a month for an allowance as a girl; and the new system of nursing established in many European cities, combining kindergarten, Montessori features and hospital training, costs about seven hundred dollars and takes nearly five years.)
" 'Quane,' that is the way she said it. I never saw that nurse again and she probably never thought of me again; but her sound hard sense had sort of kicked a door open out of my trap. What was it the average girl looked forward to as her life work? What was it she wanted? Home-making, the trained nurse had called it 'domestic science.' What was it the average woman was best fitted for?—Home-making. What was the one vocation in which I was not 'sub-average' nor even 'average,' but was always 'super-average'? Home-making—domestic science—the science for which every other science and vocation exist.
"And here I was among the army of misfits, because I hadn't had sense to find my fit. Was that trained nurse, getting probably twenty a week and board, any lonelier than I in my back tenement room, with not a cent above the margin of mere existence? Was she not safer, securer, happier? But she had called it domestic science. Was home-making a science? I began to figure out what she said about saving. Could I but get twenty-five* a month and keep, I could save three times more than John Rockefeller had earned the first ten years of his life. Gee! It made me dizzy! I felt as if I had been having a nightmare and had just wakened up.
"Years ago, what had sent our New England boys and girls into factories? The fact that they could earn bigger money in the factories than in the home; that there were more factory jobs than home jobs; but now, was there a single home in all New York, was there a home in all the United States, always sure of home help? Was there enough domestic help to go round all the homes in the United States?
''We women had been hopelessly on the wrong tack. We had been shunning training for the one thing we all looked forward to. I thought of what the customer from the West had said to me—'There are millions of homes can't get help for love or money, for $40 a month and board.' Wasn't it the same right here in New York, where I had been starveling along, where a hundred thousand like me were always starveling along? What was the matter with us? Was it the word 'servant'? Were we such snobs? Was 'servant' any worse badge than 'slave'; and were women, whose very lives depended on permission to operate a machine owned by some man, any better than slaves with a serf's ring round their necks? Why did we shun domestic help? Few of the factory women earned more than $12 a week. The majority did not earn $6 steady the year round. A good nurse help to look after children, a good housekeeper, a good general help could earn at the least $25 a month and board and clothes with two afternoons off a week; at the most up to $40 and $50 clear, that trained nurse must have been earning $100* clear.
"What a woman can save is the exact measure of her security against want and danger. In domestic vocations, she can save practically four-fifths of what she earns. In industrial vocations she can save—what can she save? (State and federal statistics show that the average earnings in industrial vocations are under $6* a week—Author's note.) I could save nothing. I was on the ragged edge of want and desperation, and don't forget the night I craved the can of potted meat! I was on the ragged edge of plain hell. In this vocation, honesty, thoroughness, faithfulness had a market value. Had they fed into the electric-sped-up, devil's inventions of machines? Domestic vocations demanded a uniform. So did our stenographic. We had to wear black dresses with white cuffs and collars. So does a nun's vocation demand a costume. So does the trained nurse's; and that costume protects her wherever she goes. So does an ambassador's vocation demand a costume. Why should domestic help resent a uniform? What was the matter with us? Were we fools and victims of words? Were we to be sneered out of life by prejudice? Were we foolish snobs?
(Author's Note: There isn't a well-to-do home to-day that isn't on the ragged edge of desperation for help; and there isn't a city today that hasn't its armies of women, thrown on the scrap heap by industry, on the ragged edge of desperation for a home. Why don't they come together? Is the washing of dishes so much more repulsive than the washing of small-pox sores by the trained nurse, or the swabbing of diphtheritic throats, or the anointing of syphilitic contagions, which any nurse in every hospital has to do any day of her life at imminent risk to her own health? Are we so democratic in this most democratic of all nations that it is really snobbery that drives a hundred thousand women a year on the scrap heap of industrialism? Let us banish the word "servant," and substitute the word domestic help, as we have substituted the word surgeon for leech! All of which reminds me of a curious experience of my own recently. I was interested in a little girl, who was wrecking her health studying for a vocation she could never possibly fill with financial profit to herself. She was a splendid little housekeeper, thorough, conscientious, careful; and I asked her mother why she didn't let her daughter take a course in domestic science instead of plugging at Latin and foreign languages. The mother looked at me with one long blank stare. ''Do you mean—do you—mean—servant?'' she slowly glowered. ''Of course I don't. I mean the science of domestic life—the chemistry of cooking, the botany of gardening, the finances of housekeeping,” I tried to explain. She almost threw me out of that house.
It may be asked, as the proof of the pudding is in the eating, would I, the author of this book, earn my living by manual labor. What one has done is a very much better answer than what one says one would do. As the narrative of this book shows, I stumbled into mental work because I hadn't the sense or independent vision to see how much happier, healthier and better I would have been taking up manual outdoor work. When health 'smashed, I learned my blunder. When sweat shop pressure was tried on one in mental work, I made up my mind henceforth never to be without my own sit-fast acres, where I could swat physical facts with my own physical hands. When tired out mentally, yes, I have trekked off to Europe, to Florida, to Grand Canyon, to the Pacific, and to the wilds; but the joy of the wilds has been to me that could work physically, cook my own meals, build my own camp fires, groom and saddle my own horse, paddle my own canoe, though I have had to ride fourty miles at a stretch, and have paddled for hours in storms that drenched me to the skin in ice cold water. Where was the fun? I answer, in being alive; in doing what I sweet-pleased physically; in proving to myself that my brains were not turning to punk and my muscles to the flabby consistency of jelly; in a word, in getting the Chinese boots* of conventional life off my soul, and the strangle-hold of a mummied, mural existence off my body. To-day, I never ask my help to do any thing on my land that I cannot turn to and do with my own hands if I need to. A woman known on three continents as the richest and most talented hostess on the Pacific Coast, a woman who has entertained royalty of England and royalty of India and presidents of our own land, and who has been entertained by all three, told me that when she and her husband were building one of their seaside houses, they grew so disgusted with the slow fumbling pace of the carpenters that when the outside work was finished, they summarily fired all help, and that she and her sister with their own hands finished the entire interior of the house, themselves, including lath work, plaster board, panels, fireplaces, floors, all but the actual placing of doors, windows and plumbing, which required skilled labor. I know another woman famed for her skill in outdoor sports who built her own summer house, except the foundation and walls and roof beams. When I asked her why she did it, she turned squarely on me, and retorted—“Why not?” So I confess I have no sympathy whatsoever with the half-baked snobbery that belittles and bewails manual work. Work to me is joy not woe; and the wail chiefly comes, not from the worth whiles, who do things, but from the half-way-ups insecure of their own climbing and the parasites, who batten slugwise on the under side of life.)
To resume the story of the woman, who found her way out: ''I walked back to my mean tenement lodging from 86th Street, and, as I walked, I came to my decision. Even if I had been fitted, built on wires instead of nerves, for electrified machine-driven industry, where would it leave me at thirty-five? Worn out, with little saved, if a cent. In domestic science, I could save at least four-fifths of what I earned. The next day, I put my application in at two employment agencies for the position of domestic help. Here, again, is a place where the rich women who want to help, can. I had to pay a $2 fee at each employment agency; and the places found for me were neither suitable nor safe. In one, the man of the house was a danger for any woman inmate of that home. I left in a week. The wages were $5 a week. In the next place the woman was dishonest and unfair. She expected her help to rise at 5 and work till midnight. She was a boarding-house keeper. She paid $18* a month; and I had not been there a week before I knew that she had no intention of paying the wages unless compelled. She tried to make deductions for breakages. If women who can help want to, why not open a free employment agency, where· such as I can find the place for which we are fitted; where the character of the mistress and of the house and of the surroundings can be as thoroughly investigated as our characters are; where, if we are not fit, we can be trained to be fit.
“By this time I was discouraged by my change, but not downcast. I knew that my place must exist if only I could find it; but I was now reduced to that last $10 I had kept so carefully tucked inside my dress; for I had been reserving my room and paying the keep of the baby, while I experimented in finding a true vocation. I looked at that $10 long the night I came back from my second failure as a domestic help. Would I break it? Would I not? What had I been keeping it for? I wrote out a carefully worded advertisement—'A place wanted by a thoroughly capable and reliable woman as domestic help where faithful work will be appreciated and situation will be permanent. The highest references given and required.' This, I placed in a conservative family daily. The answer came within twenty-four hours. I was requested to call on Madison Avenue not far from the corner on Fifth Avenue where I had encountered the hospital nurse. It was a beautiful, well-regulated home such as I had never before seen in my life. My new employer listened quietly as I told her my faltering story. Then, she asked me what I wished to know about her home. It was so surprising for me to be consulted by an employer as to my rights that I could not ask a word. I was engaged at $25* a month with board and uniform and two afternoons a week off, as general domestic help. Though some nights we were kept up till twelve by company, there were other times when the whole family went out, and we had no duties beyond two in the afternoon. When we were sent to the city on errands, we were sent in a motor, or given car-fare. Often theater tickets were given us. We had a sitting room to receive friends. I do not recall that hours of work were ever specified; but the work we had to do was; and when that was done, we were free to spend the day as we wished. I have again and again had pleasant trips with my employer. I often drive in the park with her. In the summer, we all go from town to their country place.
"I had thought I would resent working under a mistress. Instead, I have found her a counselor and a friend. Once, when a brother, who was on the fruit vessels in the tropics, came to New York ill, she brought him to my room in her New York house and permitted me to nurse him back to health in her home.
"Strikes have come and strikes have gone. Hard times have thrown thousands out of employment; and I have never once known what the fear of want meant. My little boy is in a school; and I spend two afternoons a week with him. Though I began as general domestic help, like the trained nurse, at $25 a month, I have wound up as nursery governess at $35 a month; and now, my mother is housekeeper at $40* a month in the same home. Together, we earn more than my father ever earned in all his life, or than any two of my brothers earn; and we bank four-fifths of it.
"What I ask myself is how could I ever have been such a fool as to welter about on the seas of uncertainty and danger and want in the industrial world as a 'sub-average,' when this, the manifest destiny of a woman, was awaiting me in the safe harbor of a home?”
The term "juggernaut" is derived from the name of the Hindu god Jagannath, the "Lord of the Universe," who is a form of the god Vishnu. The term was poularized in Britain and the United States in the early 1800s by Anglican missionary Rev. Claudius Buchanan when the letters in which he described the "Juggernaut" as violent and bloody were published in Christian missionary magazines. What Buchanan witnessed was the ritual of Rath Yatra held in Puri, India. In this ritual, wooden forms of the gods are placed on large and towering carts and pulled through the streets of Puri. Over time, the meaning of "juggernaut" was separated from its origins to the point where the term is used today simply to refer to an unstoppable force. At the time this book was written, there would have likely been a distinction between the use of the proper "Juggernaut" and the informal "juggernaut." As such, the author's use of the proper "Juggernaut" in this text may be meant to evoke a more violent image in the reader's mind.
This is likely a reference to one of the many organized meetings of women arranged by various Organized Women's Movement and Women's Sufferage organizations in New York City at that time To learn more about the state of working women in the early 20th century, read Sharpless, John and John Rury. "The Political Economy of Women's Work: 1900-1920." Social Science History, vol. 4, no. 3, Summer 1980, pp. 317-346.
A reference to the activities of the Luddites which came to a head in the early 19th century. At this time, there were many riots during which machinery was broken as a protest against the removal of skilled laborers in the textile industry.
Frankenstein by Marry Shelly recounts the story of a scientist named Frankenstein who creates a "monster" and subsequently shuns it out of fear and disgust.
Doctrinaires are people who push for the enforcement of a doctrine without regard to practical considerations.
Germany introduced an old-age social insurance program in 1889, New Zealand adopted an old-age pension in 1898, and Australia established old-age and disability pensions in 1908. The United States did not pass the Social Security Act until 1935.
A hurdy-gurdy is a stringed instrument that produces sound by a hand-cranked wheel rubbing against strings. Single notes played on a hurdy-gurdy sound similar to a violin.
"The Wearing of the Green" is an Irish street ballad that laments the repression of supporters of the Irish Rebellion of 1798. Many versions of this song and its lyrics exist today.
Pullman Car Company was a major producer of a wide variety of railway cars. They were especially known for their sleeper cars, which they operated as well as produced.
Sacque can refer to either a loose-fitting dress or a short, loose-fitting coat for women and children. In this case it is likely referencing a coat as sacque dresses had largely gone out of fashion by the 20th century.
John Rockefeller was an American industrialist and philanthropist who was involved in the oil industry. He is considered to be the wealthiest American of all time.
The biblical number the narrator is likely trying to remember is 77, in reference to Matthew 18:21-22. In this passage, Peter asks Jesus how many times he must forgive another and Jesus answers, "...not seven times, but seventy-seven times."
This may be a reference to a type of shoe popular during the Qing Dynasty (1636-1912) which were also known as "flower pot bottom" shoes due to the unique sole of the shoe which resembles a flower pot.
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by Nicole Thomas
by Nicole Thomas
To celebrate Ball State’s centennial milestone, co-authors Bruce Geelhoed, Michael Szajewski and Brandon Pieczko collaborated on creating “Ball State University,” a photo book emphasizing the significance of students, faculty and Muncie community members with Ball State’s growth throughout its 100-year history.
Organized into six different historical eras, “Ball State University” was published Jan. 7, 2018 as a part of Arcadia Publishing’s Campus History Series.
“What we wanted to do is tell a history of the university that really focused on different people's experiences with the university through a broad and diverse set of experiences,” Szajewski said. “We tried to include photographs and narrative information that really spoke to people's experiences when they were students with the faculty or the community.”
The idea to create a photo-centric history book of Ball State began around August 2016. Arcadia Publishing was interested in working with Ball State to commemorate its history in a photo book format.
At the time, Geelhoed, Szajewski, and Pieczko were all Ball State faculty members before Pieczko later became the processing and digital archivist for University of Georgia Libraries. Geelhoed, a professor of history, Szajewski, the assistant dean for digital scholarship and special collection, and Pieczko spent the end of 2016 and early 2017 planning out the photo book. During summer 2017, the majority of the work for the photo book happened.
While some of the co-authors’ roles overlapped in the creation “Ball State University,” Geelhoed said his job mainly included writing captions for each photograph as well as writing the introductions to each chapter of the photo book.
Pieczko and Szajewski worked together in digitizing and selecting photographs from more than 500,000 photographs in Ball State’s Archives and Special Collections, where “well over half” of the photographs chosen for the photobook had never been published before.
The biggest challenge Geelhoed, Szajewski and Pieczko said they faced was narrowing down the archives’ vast amount of photographs to the nearly 240 needed for the photo book to best visually represent how Ball State has “grown to be a much larger and more diverse, more prominent research institution.”
To lessen their scope and appeal to a wider audience, Geelhoed said the three of them, along with Arcadia Publishing, decided to emphasize “student-faculty interactions as being a strength of Ball State over the years.”
Instead of focusing mainly on buildings, the co-authors instead brought to attention “photographs and stories that many people had not seen or heard before,” said Pieczko.
While creating the book, Szajewski said its production gave him “a sort of reinforced appreciation for how the university has always been really interested in with developing meaningful partnerships with the community.”
“The university's history is really born from the philanthropy of the Ball family,” Szajewski said. “Writing this book reinforced in my mind how significant their relationship with the community the university has been to sustained success of Ball State.”
As the digital archivist for manuscript collections at Ball State from April 2014 to July 2017, Pieczko said that he was “quite familiar with the history of the university.” Yet while working with Geelhoed and Szajewski, Pieczko said he would “often learn something new” about Ball State’s history that he was not aware of before.
“The best discoveries, however, were of photographs I had never seen before,” Pieczko said. “For example, of buildings that once existed on campus but are no more, or of people who made seemingly small yet very significant and lasting contributions to the university.”
Throughout the process of producing the photo book, Szajewski said he believes the Muncie area has a “unique appreciation of its own history and of the importance of studying its own history” which led to the co-authors ability to create this photo book for Ball State’s centennial celebration.
“Ball State, over its history, has done an excellent job of documenting its history through photography, film and video and the work of those photographers,” Szajewski said. “Certainly a lot of gratitude is owed to the university photographers whose life's work and their career was dedicated to taking pictures of things that happened at Ball State, and so I think this is a nice tribute to them and their careers. Without their work, this wouldn't have been possible at all.”
Contact Nicole Thomas with any comments at nrthomas3@bsu.edu.


Notebooks
Story: Parts of the ostrich not to be eaten by children
Parts of the ostrich not to be eaten by children
Title
Parts of the ostrich not to be eaten by children
Collection
Summary
A certain portion of the Ostrich not to be eaten by children. In the Katkop dialect by Díä!kwãin (L V.-20. 5573 rev. and 5574 rev.). ||xabbitten ||xabbitten ate the forbidden part of the ostrich and developed growths on his face afterwards.
Comments
1) This story is found in Book V-20
Contributors
Date
November – December 1875
Categories
Custom and daily life, History (personal)
Keywords
||xabbitten ||xabbitten (ate forbidden parts of the ostrich) , ||xabbitten ||xabbitten (his story) , ||xabbitten ||xabbitten (and the parts of the ostrich not to be eaten by children) , ostrich (children may not eat certain parts of) , ostrich (the eating of) , ostrich (the eating of certain parts is forbidden) , ostrich (the consequences of eating forbidden parts of) , ostrich (avoidance behaviour relating to the eating of) , ostrich (and ||xabbitten ||xabbitten's story) , children (must not eat certain parts of the ostrich) , food (prohibitions relating to) , food (parts of the ostrich are not to be eaten by children) , food (avoidances relating to) , food (eaten by children) , food (and ||xabbitten ||xabbitten's story) , food (parts of the ostrich not to be eaten by children) , food (the consequences of eating forbidden) , food (avoidance behaviour relating to the eating of certain)
Story Pages
5573v-5574v


Even when things don't go as planned, we provide a communications channel to your users.
Move fast, grow your business, we assure the scalability.
Our platform, your business rules.
We make sure everything is up to date, and your users have the best experience possible.
We run on top of best cloud providers so we can assure you scalability, availability and fault tolerance.
Our platform, your data. We deploy independent environments for each of our customers, custom tailored to their needs.


Sets two persistent cookies in the host and redirects ChromeFrame to a page which validates the cookies.


ETF2LY(1) User Commands ETF2LY(1) NAME etf2ly - manual page for etf2ly (LilyPond) 2.14.2 SYNOPSIS etf2ly [OPTION]... ETF-FILE DESCRIPTION Enigma Transport Format is a format used by Coda Music Technology's Finale product. etf2ly converts a subset of ETF to a ready-to-use Lily‐ Pond file. OPTIONS -h, --help show this help and exit --version show version number and exit -o, --output=FILE write output to FILE -w, --warranty show warranty and copyright REPORTING BUGS Report bugs via http://post.gmane.org/post.php?group=gmane.comp.gnu.lily‐ pond.bugs SEE ALSO The full documentation for etf2ly is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the info and etf2ly programs are properly installed at your site, the command info etf2ly should give you access to the complete manual. etf2ly (LilyPond) 2.14.2 February 2013 ETF2LY(1)


Status Info
User Status
Active
A user's request to join EcoHub has been approved and the onboarding
invitation
has been accepted.
Inactive
A user's profile that was previously active has been deactivated.
Outstanding
User's request to join EcoHub has been approved but the onboarding
invitation has not been accepted yet.
Subscription Status
Active
A user's subscription request to join a membership has been approved and
EcoHub login access granted.
Inactive
A user previously active for a membership subscription has now been
deactivated and can no longer access the subscription.


Mitchell Trubisky says he's tired of listening to people criticize Bears on TV
by Marcelo VillaThe Bears’ struggles this season have given the talking heads on TV plenty of material to work with, but Mitchell Trubisky is having none of it.
In fact, the criticism has gotten so bad that the Bears quarterback is trying to get some of the televisions at the team facility turned off, so he doesn’t have to listen to it.
Chicago was a playoff team just a year ago at 12-4, but the Bears have seriously underwhelmed at 3-5 halfway through this season. Not only does the team look bad, but Trubisky, the No. 2 overall pick in 2017, has taken a big step back in his development, so much so that the future of the quarterback position in Chicago is looking like it might be up for grabs real soon.
Trubisky can avoid the criticism on TV all he wants, but the only way for it to truly go away is to play better.


This test sets some toolbar items and submenu items up with Angular.js Click event triggers, using a "data-ng-click" attribute. In the Toolbar control, elements containing these attributes should have a "click" event triggered on them in two cases: When the item itself is clicked, and when its corresponding entry in the Toolbar's spillover menu is clicked.
This test sets up a series of "data-ng-click" attributes on various menu items to make sure they are all triggering properly. We listen for the Toolbar element's "selected" event here because it's a safe way of determining when an item was clicked.


#include "_doctype.html"
So far the explanations to the API is best done by reading the docs for each individual function:
curl_multi_setopt() curl_multi_socket() curl_multi_socket_all() curl_multi_timeout() #include "_footer.html"


Quickstart: Compose and WordPress
Estimated reading time: 3 minutesYou can use Docker Compose to easily run WordPress in an isolated environment built with Docker containers. This quick-start guide demonstrates how to use Compose to set up and run WordPress. Before starting, make sure you have Compose installed.
Define the project
-
Create an empty project directory.
You can name the directory something easy for you to remember. This directory is the context for your application image. The directory should only contain resources to build that image.
This project directory contains a
docker-compose.yml
file which is complete in itself for a good starter wordpress project.Tip: You can use either a
.yml
or.yaml
extension for this file. They both work. -
Change into your project directory.
For example, if you named your directory
my_wordpress
:cd my_wordpress/
-
Create a
docker-compose.yml
file that starts yourWordPress
blog and a separateMySQL
instance with a volume mount for data persistence:version: '3.3' services: db: image: mysql:5.7 volumes: - db_data:/var/lib/mysql restart: always environment: MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: somewordpress MYSQL_DATABASE: wordpress MYSQL_USER: wordpress MYSQL_PASSWORD: wordpress wordpress: depends_on: - db image: wordpress:latest ports: - "8000:80" restart: always environment: WORDPRESS_DB_HOST: db:3306 WORDPRESS_DB_USER: wordpress WORDPRESS_DB_PASSWORD: wordpress WORDPRESS_DB_NAME: wordpress volumes: db_data: {}
Notes:
The docker volume
db_data
persists any updates made by WordPress to the database. Learn more about docker volumesWordPress Multisite works only on ports
80
and443
.
Build the project
Now, run docker-compose up -d
from your project directory.
This runs docker-compose up
in detached mode, pulls
the needed Docker images, and starts the wordpress and database containers, as shown in
the example below.
$ docker-compose up -d
Creating network "my_wordpress_default" with the default driver
Pulling db (mysql:5.7)...
5.7: Pulling from library/mysql
efd26ecc9548: Pull complete
a3ed95caeb02: Pull complete
...
Digest: sha256:34a0aca88e85f2efa5edff1cea77cf5d3147ad93545dbec99cfe705b03c520de
Status: Downloaded newer image for mysql:5.7
Pulling wordpress (wordpress:latest)...
latest: Pulling from library/wordpress
efd26ecc9548: Already exists
a3ed95caeb02: Pull complete
589a9d9a7c64: Pull complete
...
Digest: sha256:ed28506ae44d5def89075fd5c01456610cd6c64006addfe5210b8c675881aff6
Status: Downloaded newer image for wordpress:latest
Creating my_wordpress_db_1
Creating my_wordpress_wordpress_1
Note: WordPress Multisite works only on ports
80
and/or443
. If you get an error message about binding<IP_ADDRESS>
to port80
or443
(depending on which one you specified), it is likely that the port you configured for WordPress is already in use by another service.
Bring up WordPress in a web browser
At this point, WordPress should be running on port 8000
of your Docker Host,
and you can complete the “famous five-minute installation” as a WordPress
administrator.
Note: The WordPress site is not immediately available on port
8000
because the containers are still being initialized and may take a couple of minutes before the first load.
If you are using Docker Machine, you can run the command
docker-machine ip MACHINE_VM
to get the machine address, and then open
http://MACHINE_VM_IP:8000
in a web browser.
If you are using Docker Desktop for Mac or Docker Desktop for Windows, you can use
http://localhost
as the IP address, and open http://localhost:8000
in a web
browser.
Shutdown and cleanup
The command docker-compose down
removes the
containers and default network, but preserves your WordPress database.
The command docker-compose down --volumes
removes the containers, default
network, and the WordPress database.
More Compose documentation
- User guide
- Installing Compose
- Getting Started
- Get started with Django
- Get started with Rails
- Command line reference
- Compose file reference


|
SuperLU 6.0.0
|
LU factorization from cgstrf (CGSSVX) More...
Functions | |
| int | main (int argc, char *argv[]) |
| void | parse_command_line (int argc, char *argv[], int *lwork, float *u, yes_no_t *equil, trans_t *trans) |
| Parse command line inputs. More... | |
| int main | ( | int | argc, |
| char * | argv[] | ||
| ) |


|
QuantLib: a free/open-source library for quantitative finance
Fully annotated sources - version 1.30
|
market quote whose value depends on another quote More...
#include <ql/quotes/derivedquote.hpp>
Public Member Functions | |
| DerivedQuote (Handle< Quote > element, const UnaryFunction &f) | |
Quote interface | |
| Real | value () const override |
| returns the current value More... | |
| bool | isValid () const override |
| returns true if the Quote holds a valid value More... | |
| Public Member Functions inherited from Quote | |
| ~Quote () override=default | |
| virtual Real | value () const =0 |
| returns the current value More... | |
| virtual bool | isValid () const =0 |
| returns true if the Quote holds a valid value More... | |
| Public Member Functions inherited from Observable | |
| Observable () | |
| Observable (const Observable &) | |
| Observable & | operator= (const Observable &) |
| virtual | ~Observable ()=default |
| void | notifyObservers () |
| Public Member Functions inherited from Observer | |
| Observer ()=default | |
| Observer (const Observer &) | |
| Observer & | operator= (const Observer &) |
| virtual | ~Observer () |
| std::pair< iterator, bool > | registerWith (const ext::shared_ptr< Observable > &) |
| void | registerWithObservables (const ext::shared_ptr< Observer > &) |
| Size | unregisterWith (const ext::shared_ptr< Observable > &) |
| void | unregisterWithAll () |
| virtual void | update ()=0 |
| virtual void | deepUpdate () |
Observer interface | |
| Handle< Quote > | element_ |
| UnaryFunction | f_ |
| void | update () override |
Additional Inherited Members | |
| Public Types inherited from Observer | |
| typedef set_type::iterator | iterator |
market quote whose value depends on another quote
Definition at line 40 of file derivedquote.hpp.
| DerivedQuote | ( | Handle< Quote > | element, |
| const UnaryFunction & | f | ||
| ) |
|
overridevirtual |
|
overridevirtual |
returns true if the Quote holds a valid value
Implements Quote.
Definition at line 78 of file derivedquote.hpp.
|
overridevirtual |
This method must be implemented in derived classes. An instance of Observer does not call this method directly: instead, it will be called by the observables the instance registered with when they need to notify any changes.
Implements Observer.
Definition at line 83 of file derivedquote.hpp.
Definition at line 53 of file derivedquote.hpp.
|
private |
Definition at line 54 of file derivedquote.hpp.


--- layout: post title: Fresh from the presses of the W3C date: 2009-10-08 00:00:00 categories: mobile software-development ---
The Mobile Web Best Practices Working Group, which I form a tiny cog of, has released a couple of Last Call documents:
These are both open to public review; please do send comments through to the<EMAIL_ADDRESS>public mailing-list


Preparation time
less than 30 mins
Cooking time
10 to 30 mins
Serves
Serves 4
Dietary
An easy vegetarian paella recipe. Try using it as a template and substituting your favourite seasonal vegetables.
In a frying pan, heat one tablespoon of the vegetable oil over a medium heat. Add the onions and garlic and fry for 2-3 minutes, or until softened.
Add the paella rice, ground turmeric and smoked paprika and stir well to coat the vegetables in the spices.
Add the hot stock and chopped rosemary and bring the mixture to the boil, stirring well. Reduce the heat to a simmer and simmer the mixture, stirring occasionally, for 18-20 minutes, or until the paella rice has absorbed most of the liquid.
Add the cherry tomatoes and peas and continue to simmer for a further 4-5 minutes, or until the rice is just tender.
Remove the pan from the heat and drizzle over the olive oil, then stir until well combined. Stir in the chopped parsley.
Meanwhile, heat a griddle pan over a medium heat. Rub the drained artichokes all over in the remaining three tablespoons of vegetable oil. When the pan is hot, add the oiled artichoke hearts and griddle for 1-2 minutes on each side, or until golden-brown griddle marks appear on both sides (NB: Do not stir the artichoke hearts as you griddle them).
To serve, spoon the paella into the centre of four serving plates. Place some of the griddled artichokes on top of each serving.


REPLACE BEFORE COMMITTING
REPLACE BEFORE COMMITTING
Create
Update
User
REPLACE BEFORE COMMITTING
Username
[error]
Email
[error]
Name
[error]
Password
[error]
Verify Password
[error]
REPLACE BEFORE COMMITTING


Wescott & Hort (GWH)
Source
Text provided by the
Unbound Bible
project from Biola University.
Generated
Wed Aug 03 2016 10:37:20 GMT+0800 (Taipei Standard Time)
Generator
Node.js Tools


| Interface | Description |
|---|---|
| AsyncResponse |
Created by MTX on 2019-04-01.
|
| BookCallBack |
Created by MTX on 2019-04-01.
|
| Scan |
Created by MTX on 2019-02-24.
|
| UserCallBack |
Created by MTX on 2019-04-02.
|
| UserDataChecker |
The interface User data checker.
|
| Class | Description |
|---|---|
| AcceptedBookDetailsActivity | |
| AcceptedBookFragment | |
| AddBookFragment | |
| AddReviewActivity |
Activity that adds a review to a book
|
| AllBookFragment | |
| AllReviewsActivity |
Activity that displays all the reviews regarding a book
|
| BarcodeCaptureActivity |
Reuse of Barcode-Scanner: https://github.com/1priyank1/Barcode-scanner
|
| Book |
Created by MTX on 2019-02-24.
|
| BookAddTest | |
| BookInfoTest | |
| BookList |
Created by MTX on 2019-02-24.
|
| BookRecyclerViewAdapter |
BookRecyclerViewAdapter: custom adapter for RecyclerView, used for adapt all single book to RecyclerView
by fix it with cardView
|
| BookTest | |
| BookValidator |
Created by MTX on 2019-02-24.
|
| BookValidatorTest | |
| BorrowedBookDetailsActivity | |
| BorrowedBookFragment | |
| BuildConfig | |
| ComposeBook |
Created by MTX on 2019-02-24.
|
| ConfirmRequest | |
| CurrentUser |
The type Current user.
|
| DatabaseHandler |
This is the Firebase Database Handler.
|
| EditBookDetailsActivity | |
| EditUserDetailsActivity | |
| EditUserDetailsActivityTest | |
| EditUserDetailsFragment | |
| ExampleInstrumentedTest |
Instrumented test, which will execute on an Android device.
|
| GoogleBookAPI |
The AsyncTask for retrieve book's info from google book library by provided ISBN
|
| HomeFragment | |
| LogIn |
The type Log in.
|
| LoginActivity | |
| LogInTest | |
| MainActivity | |
| MapsActivity | |
| MyBookDetailsActivity | |
| MyBookFragment | |
| NonOwnerBookDetailsActivity | |
| Notification |
Created by MTX on 2019-02-24.
|
| OtherBookDetailsActivity | |
| Receive |
Created by MTX on 2019-02-24.
|
| ReceiveTest | |
| Request |
This class handles the request functionality of the app
When a borrower clicks on requesting a book, the notification is sent to the owner.
|
| RequestActivity | |
| RequestedBookDetailsActivity | |
| RequestedBookFragment | |
| RequestListAdapter | |
| RequestTest | |
| Review |
Created by MTX on 2019-02-24.
|
| ReviewRecyclerViewAdapter |
Recycler View Adapter for displaying all reviews of a book
|
| ScanBookInfo |
Created by MTX on 2019-04-01.
|
| Search | |
| SearchActivityTest | |
| SearchFragment | |
| SearchTest | |
| SignUp |
The type Sign up.
|
| SignUpActivity | |
| SignUpTest | |
| TabViewPagerAdapter | |
| User |
Created by MTX on 2019-02-24.
|
| Userlist | |
| UserProfileFragment | |
| UserRecyclerViewAdapter | |
| UserTest | |
| UserValidator |
Created by MTX on 2019-02-24.
|
| Enum | Description |
|---|---|
| BookStatus |
Created by MTX on 2019-02-24.
|


importance: 4
Make the table sortable: clicks on
elements should sort it by corresponding column.
Each
has the type in the attribute, like this:

*!*
Age
Name
*/!*

5
John

10
Ann

...

In the example above the first column has numbers, and the second one – strings. The sorting function should handle sort according to the type.
Only "string"
and "number"
types should be supported.
The working example:
[iframe border=1 src=“solution” height=190]
P.S. The table can be big, with any number of rows and columns.


{% extends "layout.html" %} {% block page_title %} Money Claims Prototype {% endblock %} {% block content %} {% include "includes/phase_banner_beta.html" %} {{formData | safe}} Apply for Help with Fees Please Note: If you have already applied for HwF in respect of THIS CLAIM, you may already have a reference number. If so, you can save and continue and enter it when asked. Do not use a number related to a different claim. If you don’t have a HwF number for this claim, please follow the instructions below. Apply for Help with Fees (opens in a new tab) If you need to use the paper Help with Fees application rather than the online version, you will not be able to use Online Civil Money Claims to issue your claim. When you apply for Help with Fees you will be asked for the number on your court or tribunal form. Please note that this is N1. When you have completed your Help with Fees application, you will be given a reference number. Please note the number and keep it safe. You will need it later in the claim process. Then return to this page and click the Save and continue box below so that you can start the claim. {% if data.return_page and data.return_page.includes('check-and-send') or data.return_page and data.return_page.includes('check-your-answers')%} Cancel {% else %} {% endif %} {% include 'prototypes/features-to-be-built/includes/contact.html' %} {% endblock %}
If you have already applied for HwF in respect of THIS CLAIM, you may already have a reference number. If so, you can save and continue and enter it when asked. Do not use a number related to a different claim. If you don’t have a HwF number for this claim, please follow the instructions below.
If you need to use the paper Help with Fees application rather than the online version, you will not be able to use Online Civil Money Claims to issue your claim.
When you apply for Help with Fees you will be asked for the number on your court or tribunal form. Please note that this is N1.
When you have completed your Help with Fees application, you will be given a reference number. Please note the number and keep it safe. You will need it later in the claim process. Then return to this page and click the Save and continue box below so that you can start the claim.


At the beginning of the game, each cell of a grid contains a number (or letter).
The goal is to color cells so that there is only one single uncolored number per row and per column.
The coloured cells must not touch each other from the sides. But their corners can touch each other.
All uncolored cells must be connected by their sides to form a single piece
(it must be possible to go through all the uncolored cells from one side to the other).


Virgin West Coast Trains staff set to strike - sparking rail chaos for 24 hours
Members of the Rail, Maritime and Transport (RMT) union will walk out on November 19, following weeks of banning overtime
by James Rodger, https://www.facebook.com/jamesrodgerjournalistTrain managers on Virgin West Coast are to stage a 24-hour strike in a dispute over the dismissal of a colleague.
Members of the Rail, Maritime and Transport (RMT) union will walk out on November 19, following weeks of banning overtime.
RMT general secretary Mick Cash said: "I urge all Virgin West Coast members to continue their magnificent solidarity and support for our colleague who has been treated so disgracefully.
"We cannot allow this appalling situation to continue and our member must be reinstated.
"It is time for the company to stop their aggressive and bullying tactics and sit down with us and right this wrong which has angered staff across the West Coast franchise."
Virgin West Coast runs straight through Birmingham, with trains to and from Birmingham New Street.
Scottish-based company First Group and Italian firm Trenitalia, which is owned by the Italian government, have formed a new business which will take over services from December 8.
The franchise involves running inter-city services between Scotland, the North-West of England, North Wales, the Midlands and London, and was awarded by the Department for Transport. That includes services between Birmingham New Street and Euston.
It means the Virgin Trains brand will disappear after more than 20 years.


Binary vs Text Files
Java IO supports two distinct kinds of files: text files and binary files. To understand difference between these two let’s look at an example. Say we have text file encoded using UTF-8 that contains text: “Привет мир!” (“Hello world!” in Russian), when written to disk this file consists of bytes:
$ xxd -g1 hello_ru.txt 0000000: d0 9f d1 80 d0 b8 d0 b2 d0 b5 d1 82 20 d0 bc d0 ............ ... 0000010: b8 d1 80 21 0a ...!.
Let’s say that we want to print contents of this file to standard output, we can read bytes contained in the file using the following code:
When ran this program prints:
Pretty much the same output as returned by xxd
. This is because FileInputStream
is
a byte stream - a stream that treads file contents as array of bytes. When we call input.read()
we
told stream to read next single byte from file. But wait our file contains text in Russian not
some bytes. To read text we must use another kind of stream called character stream, here is next
program that correctly prints “Привет мир!” to standard output:
This time we are using InputStreamReader
to read file contents.
When we call characterStream.read()
we get next character from file (which may consists of one or more bytes).
Notice that InputStreamReader
to work must known encoding used to
create file, in our case we pass "UTF8"
encoding as a
parameter to InputStreamReader
constructor.
To sum up table below presents classes used to read and write text and binary files in Java:
| Stream | Read | Write |
|---|---|---|
| Byte | FileInputStream |
FileOutputStream |
| Character | InputStreamReader |
OutputStreamWriter |
| Character | FileReader |
FileWriter |
Last two classes FileReader
and FileWriter
are equivalent to using InputStreamReader
and
OutputStreamWriter
with Charset.defaultCharset().name()
as encoding.
Default encoding (charset) may differ between various JVM’s, it is always better to use
InputStreamReader
and OutputStreamWriter
with explicit encoding than to relay on FileReader
and FileWriter
classes.
Finally let’s see class diagrams that connects classes described above with abstract classes
like Reader
and Writer
:
Buffered IO
So far we were using only unbuffered streams, when we call read()
JVM invoked some OS functions that
actually read byte(s) from file. Since calling OS functions is slow this approach is inefficient.
We could do better if we read bytes in big
chunks say by 8KB and then store them in some internal array and serve next 8192 read()
’s from
that internal array without any further OS calls.
Fortunately we don’t need to write such a buffered streams ourselves, Java comes with already tested and documented implementations. Similar to unbuffered streams there are two flavours of buffered streams one for text and one for binary files. Let’s see an example that demonstrates how to use buffered streams:
As you can see all you need to do is to wrap InputStreamReader
into BufferedReader
class.
Table below presents buffered streams for each of the unbuffered streams we already know:
| Stream | Unbuffered | Buffered |
|---|---|---|
| Byte | FileInputStream |
BufferedInputStream |
| Byte | FileOutputStream |
BufferedOutputStream |
| Character | InputStreamReader |
BufferedReader |
| Character | OutputStreamWriter |
BufferedWriter |
Let’s finish by presenting some benchmarks that will show how much we can gain using buffered streams:
| Test | Unbuffered | Buffered |
|---|---|---|
| Read 1MB* | 161 773 ms | 18 568 ms |
| Write 1MB* | 236 892 ms | 22 280 ms |
*Reading from /dev/zero
and writing to /dev/null
on Ubuntu 14 LTS with Oracle Java 8
As we can see there is almost x10 speed gain, so if you find yourself reading or writing
huge files try to use buffered streams!
Line oriented IO
When we work with text files usually we are more interested in reading/writing lines of text instead of characters.
Let’s start with an example that will demonstrate how to read text files line by line:
BufferedReader
class contains useful readLine()
method that allows us to
read entire line from file into String
object. Unfortunately it doesn’t provide
any methods that will allow us to read e.g. numbers from file. If you find yourself
trying to parse lines of text contained in some text file you may want to check
Scanner class.
Scanner
is a huge class that deserves a blog post on it’s own - I will not describe how
to use it here.
When writing content to text files we are in much more better situation thanks to
PrintWriter
class. PrintWriter
allows us to write not only lines of text but also
numbers, booleans and even custom formated strings:
output.txt
file created by this program looks like this:
When you’re working with PrintWriter
you definitely want to familiarize yourself with
printf
method. There is already plenty of blog posts/articles describing how formatting works
e.g. printf cheatsheet and
introduction to printf.
Closing streams after use
In all presented examples so far we always wrapped code reading or writing to stream
into try
block and we always closed the stream inside finally
block.
Closing streams is very important because program can have only
limited number of open files at any given time.
For example on my machine Java program can only have 4080 open files,
after than any attempt to open another file throws:
Generally when dealing with wrapping streams like buffered streams that use
other streams to read/write data we should close only wrapper.
This is particularly important
with BufferedWriter
because closing inner stream may not save data that
were in BufferedWriter
buffer. Following program illustrates this problem:
Running this program will create empty test.txt
file. Changing last line to
buffered.close()
will fix this issue.
Try with resources (Java 7+)
After working with files for a while writing try ... finally
blocks and
manually closing streams becomes tiring.
Java 7 introduced new statement called try-with-resources that greatly
reduces amount of code needed to properly handle streams.
Let’s look at an example:
This code will be translated by Java compiler into (you may use CFR decompiler to get actual code):
As we can see all boring code like finally
and if (stream == null)
will be generated
by compiler for us.
NOTE: When we call buffered.close()
it will write all changes to output
stream and
call output.close()
. Notice that in second finally
block compiler generated code that
tries to close output
stream second time. This is perfectly valid, when you call close()
on already closed streams this is a no-op.
Try-with-resources can be also used with catch
clause:
This will end our tour of classic Java IO. In the next blog post I will present
Files
and Path
classes - they are part of Java NIO and can further simplify working
with files.


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Biographical Sketch of Rebecca
Jane Mercer
Rebecca
Jane, a younger child of Jeremiah and Alcinda, was born on Tenmile Creek. In 1876 she married William (Wade) Lehew
(1853-1928) and the two settled in Tyler County where several of their children
were born. William carried the mail on
horseback along the Star Route from Middlebourne to New Martinsville. Late in the 1880's, William & Rebecca
moved to New Martinsville where William carried the mail from the train station
to the post office. They had 11
children, but several died at birth or at an early age of diphtheria and
scarlet fever.
After William died of old age in New Martinsville, Rebecca lived with the family of her daughter Catherine. She died of cancer of the face at Porter Falls in Wetzel County. Rebecca and William are buried in the Mercer Cemetery in Tyler County.
Provided by Betty Latta Kitchen
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Through this effect we will deactivate the chosen flag.
Create a deactivate flag effect:
In this panel we can select the effect that we want to deactivate among all the flags created in the chapter. We can create a new effect as well. Just by typing the name on the field text


Toolbox for compartment-based dynamic systems with costing and optimization
Get the code
Documentation