The ten member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) constitute an economic powerhouse, yet these countries also harbor a mostly hidden burden of poverty and neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). Almost 200 million people live in extreme poverty in ASEAN countries, mostly in the low or lower middle-income countries of Indonesia, the Philippines, Myanmar, Viet Nam, and Cambodia, and many of them are affected by at least one NTD. However, NTDs are prevalent even among upper middle-income ASEAN countries such as Malaysia and Thailand, especially among the indigenous populations. The three major intestinal helminth infections are the most common NTDs; each helminthiasis is associated with approximately 100 million infections in the region. In addition, more than 10 million people suffer from either liver or intestinal fluke infections, as well as schistosomiasis and lymphatic filariasis (LF). Intestinal protozoan infections are widespread, while leishmaniasis has emerged in Thailand, and zoonotic malaria ( Plasmodium knowlesi infection) causes severe morbidity in Malaysia. Melioidosis has emerged as an important bacterial NTD, as have selected rickettsial infections, and leptospirosis. Leprosy, yaws, and trachoma are still endemic in focal areas. Almost 70 million cases of dengue fever occur annually in ASEAN countries, such that this arboviral infection is now one of the most common and economically important NTDs in the region. A number of other arboviral and zoonotic viral infections have also emerged, including Japanese encephalitis; tick-borne viral infections; Nipah virus, a zoonosis present in fruit bats; and enterovirus 71 infection. There are urgent needs to expand surveillance activities in ASEAN countries, as well as to ensure mass drug administration is provided to populations at risk for intestinal helminth and fluke infections, LF, trachoma, and yaws. An ASEAN Network for Drugs, Diagnostics, Vaccines, and Traditional Medicines Innovation provides a policy framework for the development of new control and elimination tools. Together with prominent research institutions and universities, the World Health Organization (WHO), and its regional offices, these organizations could implement important public health improvements through NTD control and elimination in the coming decade.
ASEAN was founded in 1967 in order to promote economic and cultural development; to promote trade, agricultural, industrial, and scientific collaboration; and to promote peace and stability in the region [ 1 ]. Today, ten member states—Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR), Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Viet Nam—comprise ASEAN ( Fig 1) and, together, include a population of approximately 636 million people or almost 10% of the global population ( Table 1 ) [ 2 , 3 ]. The largest number of people live in Indonesia (>250 million people), followed by the Philippines and Viet Nam (with approximately 107 and 93 million people, respectively) [ 2 ].
Image Credit: Wikimedia contributor Addicted04.
| Country | Population(July 2014) [ 2 ] | % <US$1.25 per day [ 5 , 101 ] | % <US$2 per day or below poverty line [ 2 , 6 ] | Total <US$2 per day or below poverty line * |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brunei Darussalam | 0.4 million | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
| Cambodia | 15.4 million | 18.6% (2009) | 49.5% (2009) | 7.6 million |
| Indonesia | 253.6 million | 16.2% (2011) | 43.3% (2011) | 109.8 million |
| Lao PDR | 6.8 million | 37.4% (2010) | 22% (2013) | 1.5 million |
| Malaysia | 30.1 million | 0% (2009) | 2.3% (2009) | 0.7 million |
| Myanmar | 55.7 million | Not reported | 32.7% (2007) | 18.2 million |
| Philippines | 107.7 million | 18.4% (2009) | 41.5% (2009) | 44.7 million |
| Singapore | 5.6 million | Not reported | Not reported | Not reported |
| Thailand | 67.7 million | 0.4% (2010) | 4.1% (2010) | 2.8 million |
| Viet Nam | 93.4 million | 8.3% (2010) | 11.3% (2012) | 10.6 million |
| ASEAN | 636.4 million | 195.9 million | ||
| Global | 7.2 billion [ 102 ] | 2.8 billion [ 7 ] | ||
| % of Global Population | 8.8% | 7.0% |
*Calculated by multiplying the proportion of people living below the different poverty levels by the total population
The countries that comprise ASEAN have experienced impressive economic growth in recent years. According to the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the six major ASEAN economies—Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Viet Nam—have averaged between 4.6% and 7.1% economic growth since 2011 (and as projected into 2015) [ 4 ]. However, such rapid growth has also left a substantial fraction of people economically marginalized. Overall, almost 200 million people in ASEAN countries, or roughly 30% of the population, live in extreme poverty, i.e., on less than US$2 per day, or below their national poverty lines [ 5 – 7 ]. Together, Indonesia and the Philippines account for about three-quarters of ASEAN’s poor, although even middle-income nations, such as Malaysia and Thailand, have hundreds of thousands of economically disadvantaged people.
Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) mostly affect people who live in extreme poverty; these diseases are also known to promote poverty even further because of their chronic and debilitating effects [ 8 , 9 ]. Indeed, a substantial portion of the “bottom 200 million” people of the Southeast Asian region suffers from more than one NTD. While the NTDs of Southeast Asia were reviewed in 2010 [ 10 , 11 ], here we summarize some of the revised estimates published over the last four years for the 14 of 17 NTDs (as defined by WHO) endemic among the countries of ASEAN ( Box 1). These estimates are based on publicly-available and updated WHO Preventive Chemotherapy and Transmission (PCT) data, supplemented with additional data, in order to provide an overview and suggest policy recommendations for the region.
Helminths
Cysticercosis/Taeniasis*
Dracunculiasis (guinea-worm disease)
Echinococcosis*
Foodborne trematodiases*
Lymphatic filariasis*
Onchocerciasis (river blindness)
Schistosomiasis*
Soil-transmitted helminthiases*
Protozoa
Chagas disease
Human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)
Leishmaniasis*
Bacteria
Buruli ulcer*
Leprosy (Hansen’s disease)*
Trachoma*
Yaws*
Virus
Dengue/Severe dengue*
Rabies*
*Major NTDs affecting ASEAN Countries
Additional Major NTDs Affecting ASEAN Countries
Strongyloidiasis and Toxocariasis
Intestinal Protozoan Infections
Malaria caused by Plasmodium knowlesi
Melioidosis
Japanese Encephalitis
Nipah Virus Infection
Enterovirus 71
(From
New studies by Pullan et al. [ 12 ] on soil-transmitted helminth infections determined that 126.7 million people in Southeast Asia are infected with Ascaris roundworms, while 115.3 million are infected with Trichuris whipworms, and 77.0 million have hookworm infections, including a high proportion of cases with Ancylostoma ceylanicum infections, a unique zoonotic hookworm infection found in ASEAN countries, especially Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, and Lao PDR [ 13 , 14 ]. Thus, approximately one-half of the people of Southeast Asia living in poverty have one or more soil-transmitted helminth infection. Indigenous populations, such as the Orang Asli communities in peninsular Malaysia, are disproportionately affected, with high levels of community prevalence and intensities [ 15 ]. Hookworm infections in the region have long been known as a leading cause of anemia [ 16 – 18 ], and, moreover, helminthic infections with Trichuris trichiura or Ascaris lumbricoides in the region are also statistically associated with anemia and iron deficiency anemia, leading to incidences of low-birth-weight infants and inadequate growth and mental development in children, as well as high maternal mortality and low productivity in adults [ 8 ]. Two additional soil-transmitted helminth infections—strongyloidiasis and toxocariasis—are common among indigenous and other populations living in poverty [ 19 , 20 ] and are probably widespread in the region, but there are no published data on their overall prevalence. According to WHO and its PCT database, almost 120 million pre-school- and school-aged children require periodic deworming for soil-transmitted helminth infections in ASEAN, which accounts for more than 13% of the global population eligible for deworming ( Table 2 ) [ 21 , 22 ]. Similarly, ASEAN countries account for more than 13% of the global population that require mass treatment for lymphatic filariasis (LF) [ 23 , 24 ], or more than 15 million people if we extrapolate from the widely used number of 120 million people globally living with LF [ 25 ]. It is very encouraging, though, that through the Global Program to Eliminate LF (GPELF), launched in 2000, there now is a clear path to the elimination of LF. Within ASEAN, Viet Nam, Cambodia, and Malaysia have already achieved their targets [ 26 , 27 ], with the other member states making excellent progress [ 27 ].
| Country | Children with intestinal helminth infections in 2012 [ 20 , 21 ] | Population requiring treatment for lymphatic filariasis in 2012 [ 22 , 23 ] | Population requiring treatment for schistosomiasis annually in 2013 [ 28 , 33 ] | New Leprosy cases reported in 2012 [ 103 ] | Dengue fever apparent and inapparent cases [ 73 ] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brunei Darussalam | Not reported | 15,000 | 2 | 12,732 apparent | |
| 38,421 inapparent | |||||
| <0.1 million total | |||||
| Cambodia | 1.2 million preSAC | Under surveillance | 6,008 | 475 | 0.4 million apparent |
| 2.9 million SAC | 1.2 million inapparent | ||||
| 1.6 million total | |||||
| Indonesia | 16.9 million preSAC | 113.2 million | 3,035 | 18,994 | 7.6 million apparent |
| 43.5 million SAC | 23.0 million inapparent | ||||
| 30.6 million total | |||||
| Lao PDR | 0.5 million preSAC | 132,644 | 9,164 | 88 | 0.1 million apparent |
| 1.4 million SAC | 0.4 million inapparent | ||||
| 0.5 million total | |||||
| Malaysia | <0.1 million | ||||
| Myanmar | 3.2 million preSAC | 41.7 million | 3,013 | 1 million apparent | |
| 8.1 million SAC | 3.0 million inapparent | ||||
| 4.0 million total | |||||
| Philippines | 8.9 million preSAC | 29.4 million | 499,901 | 2,150 | 3.1 million apparent |
| 22.2 million SAC | 9.3 million inapparent | ||||
| 12.4 million total | |||||
| Singapore | None | 15 | 0.2 million apparent | ||
| 0.5 million inapparent | |||||
| 0.7 million total | |||||
| Thailand | <0.1 million | 73,495 | 220 | 1.9 million apparent | |
| 1.8 million inapparent | |||||
| 7.7 million total | |||||
| Viet Nam | 3.4 million preSAC | Under surveillance | 296 | 2.6 million apparent | |
| 5.2 million SAC | 8.0 million inapparent | ||||
| 10.6 million total | |||||
| ASEAN | 34.1 million preSAC | 184.5 million | 517,796 | 25,253 | 68.2 million |
| 83.3 million SAC | |||||
| 117.4 million total | |||||
| Global | 875.9 million | 1.41 billion | 237 million | 232,857 | 390 million |
| %Global Population | 13.4% | 13.1% | 0.2% | 10.8% | 17.4% |
SAC: school-age children, preSAC: pre-school age children.
Among the platyhelminth infections, Furst et al. [ 28 ] estimate that 9.3 million people suffer from bile duct liver fluke infections in the region (39% of the global number of cases), including 8.03 million cases of opisthorchiasis, mostly in Lao PDR and Thailand, and 1.25 million cases of clonorchiasis in Viet Nam. Approximately 3.4 million people live with intestinal flukes in the Philippines and Thailand, which represents more than half the global disease burden [ 28 ]. It is worth emphasizing that the full effect of these fluke infections may go beyond the primary disease symptoms. For example, there is some evidence that fluke infections, which constitute a strong risk factor for bile duct cancer (cholangiocarcinoma) [ 29 ], have the greatest incidence rates in Thailand (85/100,000 versus <0.5/100,000 in the Western world) [ 29 – 31 ]. In addition, according to WHO, in the Philippines in 2013, about 500,000 school-aged children required preventive chemotherapy and over 865,000 people were treated for schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma japonicum, with a prevalence as high as 65% in some communities [ 32 – 34 ]. In addition, WHO reports, over 150,000 people were treated in Cambodia and Lao PDR for what were likely S. mekongi infections, and a little over 10,000 were treated in Indonesia for infections with, likely, S. japonicum [ 33 ]. Another parasite involving gastropod intermediate hosts in its life cycle and endemic to the region is Angiostrongylus, which causes eosinophilic meningitis, eosinophilic meningoencephalitis, and, rarely, ocular disease during occasional outbreaks in the region, particularly in Thailand. Due do difficulties in diagnosis of the actual parasite, the true number of infections in the past might be underestimated [ 35 ]. Taeniasis and cysticercosis, common cestode diseases [ 36 , 37 ], and possibly echinococcosis [ 38 ], are likewise found in Southeast Asia, but there is a dearth of information regarding their prevalence and disease burden.
None of the protozoan kinetoplastid infections on WHO’s list of 17 NTDs are considered highly endemic to Southeast Asia. However, visceral leishmaniasis, caused by Leishmania siamensis, has recently emerged in southern Thailand [ 39 ], with the first case of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Thailand reported in 2012 [ 40 ]. Intestinal protozoan infections are widespread among Southeast Asia’s most impoverished populations, including indigenous populations [ 41 ]. The major intestinal protozoan infections are giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis, which have been linked to malnutrition or impaired growth in Southeast Asia [ 42 , 43 ], and Blastocystis infection [ 44 ]. In recent reports from the region, B. hominis, in particular, has gained increased attention for causing opportunistic infections in individuals immunocompromised by cancer or HIV-1 infection [ 45 – 48 ]. The intestinal protozoa have emerged as important waterborne parasites in Southeast Asia [ 49 , 50 ]. Toxoplasmosis is also common among the Orang Asli indigenous communities of Malaysia [ 51 ], and presumably other indigenous and impoverished populations across the region, although no overall prevalence estimates for either the intestinal protozoan infections or toxoplasmosis are published.
While not ordinarily classified as an NTD, Southeast Asia faces a serious disease burden from malaria, with both Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax found in every ASEAN country [ 52 ]. An estimated 7.5 million infections occur in ASEAN countries [ 53 , 54 ]. P. knowlesi has emerged as the fifth (and zoonotic) human malaria species, with a large human focus first reported in 2004 from Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, and, subsequently, elsewhere in Peninsular Malaysia and Southeast Asia (except Lao PDR) [ 55 – 57 ]. Today, P. knowlesi malaria is found in wild monkey populations, where it is the most common cause of clinical and severe malaria in Malaysia [ 56 ]. There are no overall published prevalence estimates for this type of malaria in Southeast Asia, but by defining actual and potential monkey reservoirs, Moyes et al. [ 56 ] recently provided innovative maps of transmission areas, and defined areas of intense transmission to Malaysia and other areas.
Tuberculosis (TB) is also not classified as an NTD, although WHO has determined that a high disease burden of TB occurs in six ASEAN countries—Cambodia, Indonesia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Thailand, and Viet Nam [ 58 ]. Cases of extremely drug-resistant TB have occurred in Thailand and Malaysia [ 58 , 59 ]. Leprosy and trachoma are the only major bacterial NTDs from WHO’s list that are found commonly in Southeast Asia. Buruli ulcer and yaws also occur in Southeast Asia, but are not as widely prevalent as in sub-Saharan Africa and Australia [ 10 , 60 , 61 ], although yaws is still endemic in parts of Indonesia [ 61 ]. WHO estimates that ASEAN countries account for approximately 10% of the world’s registered leprosy cases, with three-quarters of the cases found in Indonesia [ 62 ]. Trachoma is still considered endemic only in Cambodia and Lao PDR, and surveillance for elimination is underway in Viet Nam [ 63 ]. A recent analysis of febrile illnesses in the Mekong region identified scrub typhus ( Orientia tsutsugamushi), murine typhus ( Rickettsia typhi), and members of the spotted fever group rickettsiae as important etiologies, as are leptospirosis ( Leptospira spp.), salmonellosis ( Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Paratyphi), and melioidosis ( Burkholderia pseudomallei) [ 64 , 65 ]. Indeed, melioidosis has emerged as a major neglected bacterial infection and serious cause of gram-negative sepsis and bacteremic pneumonia in Southeast Asia, but especially in northern Thailand [ 66 – 68 ]. While the number of cases may have increased in Indonesia following the 2004 Asian tsunami [ 66 ], there are no recent published incidence or disease burden estimates. Leptospirosis, on the other hand, is an emerging zoonotic bacterial infection causing high numbers of infections with death following natural disasters, especially flooding in densely populated urban areas [ 69 , 70 ], such as in the aftermath of Typhoon Ondoy in the Philippines in 2009 [ 71 ]. Leptospirosis is also on the rise in Malaysia, with a markedly increased number of deaths in more recently reported incidents [ 72 ].
Dengue (and other arboviral infections) and rabies are the two major viral NTDs. New estimates by Bhatt et al. [ 73 ] indicate that approximately 68 million apparent and inapparent dengue infections occur annually in the countries of ASEAN, accounting for more than 17% of the global disease burden. Moreover, dengue represents a major economic threat, with some estimates indicating that the disease results in almost US$1 billion in annual economic losses for the region [ 74 ]. Other important arboviral infections include Japanese encephalitis (JE), West Nile virus, and chikungunya [ 75 , 76 ]. Less described, but potentially endemic, infections include those caused by Zika virus, Tembusu virus, and Usutu virus [ 77 , 78 ]. Tick-borne diseases, such as tick-borne encephalitis and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, are also potentially emerging neglected viral diseases, particularly amongst the economically marginalized population. There is a dearth of published studies describing the incidence and prevalence of tick-borne diseases in countries of ASEAN, although these diseases are endemic in neighboring countries such as Japan and China [ 79 , 80 ]. Still, other key emerging viral infections include Nipah virus, a zoonosis from fruit bats, which was transmitted to pigs and humans [ 81 ], or enterovirus 71, an important cause of Hand-Foot-and-Mouth disease and meningoencephalitis in children [ 82 ]. There is a need for more active surveillance of these diseases and estimates of incidence and disease burden for the Southeast Asian region. Currently, all of the JE affected countries of Southeast Asia, except for Indonesia, maintain sentinel, subnational, or national surveillance programs, while Cambodia, Thailand, and Viet Nam implement programs of vaccination [ 83 ]. The global burden of disease of four arbovirus infections, including JE and chikungunya, was recently reported, although the burden affecting the Southeast Asian region as a whole was not specified [ 84 ]. Finally, canine rabies represents an important public health threat to the region. While canine rabies has been practically eliminated in Singapore and Malaysia [ 85 ], the remainder of the region, especially the poorest areas of countries such as Indonesia or the Philippines, continue to report cases [ 86 ].
A summary of the number of cases of the major NTDs affecting ASEAN is shown in Table 3 . The major soil-transmitted helminth infections cause the most frequent NTDs, followed by dengue, LF, liver/lung fluke infections, malaria, schistosomiasis, and leprosy. However, there is an extreme dearth of information for the intestinal protozoan and other infections, zoonotic malaria from P. knowlesi, toxoplasmosis, all of the bacterial NTDs other than leprosy, and all of the viral NTDs other than dengue fever. Only fragmentary information is available from local settings, with no national and/or regional burdens comprehensively assessed. This calls for urgent action to conduct active surveillance for these NTDs and to define the full extent of NTD-caused illnesses within the respective countries and collectively within the region. Efforts incorporating advanced tools, such as remote sensing or geographic information systems, as was initiated for the soil-transmitted helminth infections [ 87 ], should be generally implemented. In addition, there is a need to intensify and improve assessments of the economic impact of the NTDs among ASEAN countries, especially amongst the economically marginalized populations. This concerted effort will equip the region with evidence-based information, which is pertinent, especially as ASEAN moves closer towards her aspiration to become a single entity as the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) in 2015. Educating cabinet officials and parliamentarians in these nations on how NTDs are trapping 200 million Southeast Asians in poverty, while exercising a “whole of government” approach, could create opportunities for advocacy to bring in new and additional resources to fight these diseases.
| Disease | Number of cases Southeast Asian Region[in millions] | Population infected / [%] | Global Burden / [%] | reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ascariasis | 126.7 | 21 | 15.5 | [ 12 ] |
| Trichuriasis | 115.3 | 19 | 24.7 | [ 12 ] |
| Hookworm infection | 77.0 | 13 | 17.5 | [ 12 ] |
| Dengue fever | 68.2 | 11 | 17.4 | [ 73 ] |
| Lymphatic filariasis | Not determined | 2 | 13.1 | [ 25 ] |
| Liver fluke infection | 9.3 | 1 | 39.2 | [ 28 ] |
| Malaria | 7.5 | 1 | 3.6 | [ 53 , 54 ] |
| Intestinal fluke infection | 3.4 | <1 | 50.7 | [ 28 ] |
| Schistosomiasis | 1.0 | <1 | <1 | [ 33 , 34 ] |
| Leprosy | 0.02 | <1 | <1 | [ 103 ] |
Through integrated mass drug administration, there are needs to expand coverage for the soil-transmitted helminth infections, LF, schistosomiasis, and trachoma. Currently, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) through its Neglected Diseases Program is supporting integrated mass drug administration for these diseases in the nations of Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, the Philippines, and Viet Nam [ 88 ]. Given how widespread the intestinal protozoa are in ASEAN, it might be worthwhile investigating whether nitazoxanide is effective and safe if added to current drug regimens [ 89 , 90 ]. Together with intersectoral collaboration that includes water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) [ 91 ], there may be opportunities for multilateral collaboration on the control and elimination of these diseases. Such scientific cooperation will be particularly important for the vector-borne NTDs, including the arboviruses and other emerging viral infections, which are transmitted across national borders and are not currently amenable to mass drug administration (MDA) approaches.
For many of the NTDs affecting the region though, new drugs, diagnostics, and vaccines are needed. Therefore, there is dire urgency to identify mechanisms for support of the development of such products even though return on investment may be through poverty reductions rather than more traditional mechanisms. Meaningful outcomes can be generated with active involvement of universities and biotechnology enterprises, which have the capabilities for translational research and development, especially in some of the major research institutes in Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, and elsewhere, as well as through developing country vaccine manufacturers in Thailand, Indonesia, and Viet Nam. These activities must include efforts to engage innovative financing schemes through organizations such as the Asian Development Bank or the Malaysian Investment Development Authority (MIDA), among others. Great benefits have been achieved in the past through collaborative efforts such as the Regional Network on Asian Schistosomiasis and Other Important Zoonosis (RNAS+), founded in 1998. By strengthening the collaboration between control and research authorities in the region (and including China), RNAS+ now provides advice on regional strategies on the mobilization of resources with respect to multinational projects on several parasitic diseases in Southeast Asia, primarily schistosomiasis but also other helminth infections [ 92 , 93 ]. A new, promising development is the establishment of the ASEAN Network for Drugs, Diagnostics, Vaccines, and Traditional Medicines Innovation (ASEAN-NDI) [ 94 ], founded in 2009 to parallel the African Network for Drugs and Diagnostics Innovation (ANDI), a network championed by the World Health Organization Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (WHO-TDR) [ 95 ]. These initiatives helped to implement the idea of establishing regional innovation networks. Activities with the network include the assessment of the product research and development (R&D) landscape for the triple burden of disease in the region: infectious tropical diseases, non-communicable diseases, and preventable diseases due to accidents and traumas. The results of the mapping exercise indicated a diverse spectrum of capacity for ASEAN member states to pursue R&D on drugs, diagnostics, vaccines, and traditional medicine [ 96 ]. Likewise, the geographically broader Asia Pacific NTD Initiative [ 97 ] in support of WHO’s Regional Strategic Plan for Integrated NTD Control in the South-East Asia Region [ 98 ] and WHO’s Regional Action Plan for Neglected Tropical Diseases in the Western Pacific [ 99 ] assists in the formulation of national NTD plans of action, monitoring programs, and the mobilization of internal and external funds. The stated goal of the five-year (2012–2016) Asia Pacific NTD Initiative is to reduce suffering and increase productivity through minimal investments in capacity-building, health education, integrated planning, and technical assistance to overcome the existing logistical bottlenecks. While regional governments and other donors have already contributed nearly 50% of the total budget, the initiative still reports a US$121 million dollar funding gap. Nonetheless, various countries have already started to see benefits from this initiative. For instance, the WHO target of deworming at least 75% of school-age children has been reached in Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Viet Nam [ 100 ]. The continued funding of such innovative partnerships, including setting aside a specific percentage of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for the purpose, will be essential for future successes. Finally, science diplomacy is potentially also in the remit of ASEAN, and this area could be repurposed to focus on codevelopment of vaccines, drugs, and diagnostics for NTDs now affecting Southeast Asia [ 66 ].
Almost 200 million people live in extreme poverty in the ten ASEAN countries.
Helminth infections are the most common NTD, especially the intestinal helminthiases and fluke infections.
Intestinal protozoan infections are widespread and Plasmodium knowlesi infection is an important cause of severe malaria.
Vector-borne bacterial and viral infections are major causes of morbidity and mortality in the region, as are Nipah virus and enterovirus 71 infection.
An ASEAN Network for Drugs, Diagnostics, Vaccines, and Traditional Medicines Innovation (ASEAN-NDI) provides a policy framework for the development of new control and elimination tools.
Ngui R, Lim YA, Chong Kin L, Sek Chuen C, Jaffar S. Association between anaemia, iron deficiency anaemia, neglected parasitic infections and socioeconomic factors in rural children of West Malaysia. PLoS neglected tropical diseases. 2012;6(3):e1550.
Furst T, Keiser J, Utzinger J. Global burden of human food-borne trematodiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Infectious diseases. 2012;12(3):210–21.
Moyes CL, Henry AJ, Golding N, Huang Z, Singh B, Baird JK, et al. Defining the geographical range of the Plasmodium knowlesi reservoir. PLoS neglected tropical diseases. 2014;8(3):e2780.
Limmathurotsakul D, Dance DA, Wuthiekanun V, Kaestli M, Mayo M, Warner J, et al. Systematic review and consensus guidelines for environmental sampling of Burkholderia pseudomallei. PLoS neglected tropical diseases. 2013;7(3):e2105.
Shepard DS, Undurraga EA, Halasa YA. Economic and disease burden of dengue in Southeast Asia. PLoS neglected tropical diseases. 2013;7(2):e2055.


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Mahama supports GJA awards with laptops
Former President John Dramani Mahama has extended special congratulations to the Ghana Journalists Association (GJA) on the occasion of its 70th anniversary.
He has also presented two MacBook Pro laptops to the GJA as prize packages for the 2019 GJA Journalist of the Year and 2019 Most Promising Female Journalist.
The GJA will on Saturday host the 2019 Journalist of the year award, which coincides with its 70th anniversary.
President Mahama who is also the Flagbearer of the National Democratic Congress (NDC) said in a letter signed by Special Aide Joyce Bawah Mogtari that: “The donation to the specified award winners is in furtherance of his desire to better equip our journalists and support the work of the media.”
The Ghana Journalist Association which is celebrating its 70th anniversary will later today Saturday, November 23, 2019, organise its 24th awards ceremony.
GJA will use the occasion to honour journalists who have distinguished themselves and helped improve development and Democracy in the country.
The 70th-anniversary celebration is themed “Freedom, Democracy and Independence of the media in Ghana.”
The awards are in six categories.
Category One is competitive and it has News Reporting, Sports, Education, Features, Small-scale Illegal Mining and Maritime Reporting.
There are 26 categories under Category Two and it is made up of Investigative Reporting, Health and Sanitation, Political Reporting, HIV/AIDS, Agricultural Science, Business, Finance and Economic Reporting, Telecommunications, Transport and Road Safety, among others.
Category Three is solely dedicated to the morning shows on both TV and radio, Best Columnist, Best Newspaper and Best Radio and Television Station.
Category Four is reserved for media houses only, while Category Five is non-competitive and reserved for industry leadership awards.
Category Six has the Best Female Journalist of the Year 2018, the Komla Dumor Most Promising Young Journalist of the Year and the Professor P.A.V. Ansah Journalist of the Year.
The Ghana Journalists Association since 1949, has been the umbrella organization representing Ghanaian Journalists.
It is registered as a professional association and listed as one of several bodies on the board of the National Media Commission.


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- (void)putFileStream:(nonnull NSInputStream *)inputStream
withRequest:(nonnull SDLPutFile *)putFileRPCRequest;
func putFileStream(_ inputStream: InputStream, withRequest putFileRPCRequest: SDLPutFile)
A stream containing the data to put to the module.
A SDLPutFile object containing the parameters for the put(s) @discussion The proxy will read from the stream based on the max MTU size and send them in individual putFile requests. This may result in multiple responses being received, one for each request. Note: the length parameter of the putFileRPCRequest will be ignored. The proxy will substitute the number of bytes read from the stream.


At first collect the sql file,which is already provided.Then import it in your hosting phpmyadmin.Then just hit the projct on your browser and you will get installtion form to install easily.
Give your information and click install.Installation is done.
If you want to change again after installation once,just go to .env file on your project root,and give your information that's it.
If you wanna change your project url again,then just go project root/index.php and then change project url.
If you already created an account and you have the credential,then just login using credential.
If you are not created account yet,just click on "create an accoun" from landing page and then create an account using information,then log in.
After login you found dashboard.In dashboard you will found current month total event,last and next month total event which you already created.
Also found a graphp for current month event in every single day
Also found this year total event in a single month in a chart view.
After clicking event you will found a calender in calender you see your existing event which you already created with very nice day,month and week view.
You will got your daily event in your email.To enable this please execute this in your hosting corn jobs
0 0 * * * wget -O /dev/null http://yourprojecturl.com/public/account/mail-me
You can create a new event by clicking a day in that calender.You can also set multiple reminder for every event.Then most interesting feature is reminder,in reminder you can set date,email,text.After set the reminder the script will send an automatically email(inputed email) in that date(inputed date) using that text(inputed text).For automatically get reminder email please set the below in your hosting corn jobs
0 0 * * * wget -O /dev/null http://yourprojecturl.com/public/account/mail-reminder
You can update an existing event with or without reminder by clicking an existing event in calender.
In create event menu you can create event with your event title and start time and end time information if you wanna set a reminder just click on add reminder you can add multiple reminder also.You can also create and event in calender.
In table event you found your existing event which you already created,you can also update them and move to trash them.
In trash menu you found that event which already moved to trash.You can delete them or restore them.
Two menu in settings
Update Info
you can update your information
Change Password
You can change your existing password
Table Report
Using a start time and end time you can see a report in table view
Calender Report
Using a start time and end time you can see a report in calender view
For update V1 to V2 just execute below code in your database sql.That's enough
-- phpMyAdmin SQL Dump
-- version 4.0.10deb1
-- http://www.phpmyadmin.net
--
-- Host: localhost
-- Generation Time: Nov 02, 2015 at 12:22 AM
-- Server version: 5.5.46-0ubuntu<IP_ADDRESS>
-- PHP Version: 5.5.9-1ubuntu4.14
SET SQL_MODE = "NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO";
SET time_zone = "+00:00";
--
-- Database: `scheduler`
--
-- --------------------------------------------------------
--
-- Table structure for table `schedule_reminder`
--
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `schedule_reminder` (
`id` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`schedule_id` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL,
`reminder_date` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
`reminder_email` text COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci NOT NULL,
`reminder_text` longtext COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci NOT NULL,
`created_by` int(11) NOT NULL,
`updated_by` int(11) NOT NULL,
`created_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
`updated_at` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
`deleted_at` timestamp NULL DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
KEY `schedule_reminder_schedule_id_foreign` (`schedule_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COLLATE=utf8_unicode_ci AUTO_INCREMENT=78 ;
--
-- Constraints for dumped tables
--
--
-- Constraints for table `schedule_reminder`
--
ALTER TABLE `schedule_reminder`
ADD CONSTRAINT `schedule_reminder_schedule_id_foreign` FOREIGN KEY (`schedule_id`) REFERENCES `schedule` (`id`);


Sporting Life betting tips: Current available previews
by Sporting LifeCheck out Sporting Life's best bets across racing, football and more.
Click on the links for full in-depth betting previews
Racing
Will appear here
Football
Tuesday's Champions League (Nov 26)
- 1pt Juventus to beat Atletico Madrid at 23/20 (General)
- 1pt Tottenham to score 3+ goals against Olympiakos at 11/10 (General)
- 2pts Jed Wallace to score anytime in Millwall v Wigan at 10/3 (Unibet, Bet365)
- 2pts Chris Gunter to be shown a card in Reading v Leeds at 4/1 (Sky Bet)
Snooker
UK Championship (Nov 26-Dec 8)
- 1pt e.w Mark Allen at 16/1 (General)
- 1pt Mark Allen/Ronnie O'Sullivan final at 25/1 (Betway)
Golf
Alfred Dunhill Championship (Nov 28-Dec 1)
- 3pts e.w. Brandon Stone at 22/1 (Coral 1/5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7)
- 2pts e.w. Zander Lombard at 25/1 (General 1/5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7)
- 1pt e.w. Johannes Veerman at 125/1 (General 1/5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7)
- 1pt e.w. Jake McLeod at 150/1 (Coral, Sky Bet 1/5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7)
- 1pt e.w. Julien Guerrier at 175/1 (Betfair, Paddy Power 1/5 1,2,3,4,5,6,7)
Our fully transparent tipping record can be found by clicking here


I'm a Computer Science student, with a love for Networking, Software development, machine learning, Designing and analyzing algorithms, I plan to pursue a career in software engineering. This summer I enrolled in Fullstack Academy, a top coding boot camp in New York.
Fullstack Academy is a top-ranked software development school based in New York City. Immersive courses (both full-time & part-time) cover a broad curriculum centered on full-stack JavaScript. Topics taught include Node.js, React, Express, SQL & NoSQL databases, advanced HTML & CSS, and CS fundamentals.
Diagnose, troubleshoot, resolve hardware, software, or other network and system problems, and replace defective components when necessary. Develop databases that support web applications and websites
Configure and define parameters for installation or testing of local area network (LAN), wide area network (WAN), hubs, routers, switches, controllers, multiplexers, or related networking equipment. Oversee the daily performance of computer systems.
Install and perform minor repairs to hardware, software, or peripheral equipment, following design or installation specifications.
GPA: 3.6
Apart from being a web developer, I enjoy most of my time being outdoors. In the summer my family and I love to go to six flags
When forced indoors, I follow a number of sci-fi and fantasy genre movies and television shows, I play basketball, and I spend a large amount of my free time exploring the latest technology advancements in the back-end web development world and new AI Technology.
A Progressive web application that shows a user’s recent purchases and organizes how much they spend on each account and categorizes what they spend their purchases on and styling on the website.
- Implemented the data table to show user’s transactions of where they spend their money, what category (food, travel, etc), the amount and which account was used and the design of the website.
- Used React BootStrap for the design of the website, React Bootstrap for the table and google chart for graphs.
- Technology used: React, Redux, Cloud Firestore, Express, Plaid API, D3.js, Agile(Waffle), Heroku, TDD (Mocha) (2018)
2018- An ecommerce site that sells different type of starships from star wars, the products can be purchase as a guest or as a logged in user. This website used React, Redux, Express, Sequelize, Webpack, and Postgress to be completed. (Pair Project) (2018)
2018- An app that locates nearby restrooms based on the user’s location. This App used React-Native, Express, Redux, Sequelize and API from Yelp to be completed. (Pair Project for Stackathon) (2018)
2018This website used HTML, CSS and JavaScript to be completed (Solo Project) (2017)
2017


README
CrcIO
StumpyPNG
Chunk
Datastream
Filter
PNG
Scanline
Utils
class
CrcIO
CrcIO
IO
Reference
Object
Defined in:
stumpy_png/crc_io.cr
Constructors
.new
Instance Method Summary
#crc
: UInt32
#read
(slice : Slice(UInt8))
#reset
#size
: Int32
#size=
(size)
#write
(slice : Slice(UInt8))
Constructor Detail
def self.
new
#
[
View source
]
Instance Method Detail
def
crc
: UInt32
#
[
View source
]
def
read
(slice : Slice(UInt8))
#
[
View source
]
def
reset
#
[
View source
]
def
size
: Int32
#
[
View source
]
def
size=
(size)
#
[
View source
]
def
write
(slice : Slice(UInt8))
#
[
View source
]


Master Shubain:
Ah, you've returned! How did you fare? You have done well; I think you are ready to take the test. Take this recommendation to Master Gwain in the Town of Gludio.


End of Days (1999) Arnold Schwarzenegger, Gabriel Byrne, Kevin Pollak, Robin Tunney, Rod Steiger, CCH Pounder, Miriam Margolyes. Screenplay by Andrew W. Marlowe. Directed by Peter Hyams. 118 minutes. Rated R, 1 star (out of five stars)
Review by Ed Johnson-Ott, NUVO Newsweekly www.nuvo-online.com Archive reviews at http://us.imdb.com/ReviewsBy?Edward+Johnson-Ott
To receive reviews by e-mail at no charge, send subscription requests to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>or e-mail<EMAIL_ADDRESS>with the word "subscribe" in the subject line.
Hollywood never fails to astound me. Every time I think those coked-up little buggers have hit rock bottom; they come up with a new excavating tool. I was truly convinced that "Wild Wild West" marked 1999 studio filmmaking at its most hapless, but then along comes "End of Days" to prove me wrong.  The result? Nothing but groans and yawns. Even the Devil himself is unable to produce a decent scare in this festival of the inept. At the very least, "End of Days" should have done us the courtesy of being bad-enough-to-be-good, but it can't even manage that. It's just lousy.
Arnold Schwarzenegger, still recovering from heart problems and "Batman & Robin," plays an ex-cop turned security agent or bodyguard or something. Along with his obligatory comic relief partner (Kevin Pollak, impersonating Matthew Perry's Chandler character from "Friends"), he gets involved in some major league supernatural hoodoo. It seems that Satan (Gabriel Byrne) gets a shot at world domination only once every thousand years (and here I thought he'd pulled it off with the Republican landslide of '94).
Ah, but this deal has more catches than a New Year's Eve pass from a Halfway House. The unholy union must take place on December 31, 1999 (you see, 999 is just 666 turned upside down), but only between 11 p.m. and Midnight (no wonder this guy is so cranky). And if the Chosen One is given refuge in a church, the devil won't know where she is, because he can't see into the sanctuary. You know, it's kind of like Superman's X-ray vision and lead walls, only evil.
A group of guerrilla Catholic priests decide the best way to stop the situation is by killing the girl. Arnold chooses to save the girl and kick the hell out of Satan, if you'll pardon the expression. And Kevin meets up with an exploding van and has to make some decisions of his own. Oh, the anguish! Oh, the humanity! Oh, the writing!
Andrew W. Marlowe's screenplay ladles implausibility upon implausibility, from the preposterous otherworldly histrionics to his handling of Jericho Cane, Schwarzenegger's character. Cane starts the film a la Mel Gibson in the first "Lethal Weapon," preparing to put a gun in his mouth due to ongoing despondence over the murder of his wife and daughter. Twenty minutes later, he's racing through the bowels of New York City, deciphering clues that Sherlock Holmes and Kreskin would find baffling.
When Cane meets up with Christine York, he instantly switches to Terminator father figure mode, with the young woman serving as surrogate daughter. In case anyone misses the connection, the camera comes in for a close up of Christine's music box, which just happens to be identical to one owned by Cane's daughter. Subtle, Marlowe, subtle.
Speaking of cameras, director Peter Hyams is just the man to take Marlowe's script and make it even more self-important, murky and annoying. Hyams' direction shows all the subtlety of a Gwar video, with Cane running a gauntlet of ridiculous action set pieces, punctuated with loads of big explosions. Eager to satisfy Arnold's core audience, he even throws in a few pairs of breasts as well. What a guy.
Had the film delivered some decent scares, or even maintained a consistently ominous tone, the bombastic clichés might have been tolerable, but "End of Days" is simply a flaccid special effects show. The cast is just as ineffective. In his early scenes, Gabriel Byrne attempts to invest Beelzebub with some panache, but he all too soon turns into just another standard issue monster.  That should count for something.
Way back in the aftermath "The Exorcist" and "The Omen," supernatural swill like "End of Days" might have passed muster as a B-movie. But that was then and this is now. "The X-Files" and "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" deliver real scares on a weekly basis and, if we want to see the Devil, all we have to do is flip on "The 700 Club" and take a gander at Pat Robertson's grinning maw. After enduring "End of Days," all I can say is "Get thee behind me, Satan. And while you're at it, get thee a better agent as well."
© 1999 Ed Johnson-Ott
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


WHY CHOOSE US?
Helping you reach your health & Fitness Goals
Royal Fitness Club offers an atmosphere unique in the fitness industry. We focus on creating healthy lifestyles through all disciplines of fitness training. Our clientele will have access to different types of group exercise classes and will be heavily encouraged to participate in as many as possible. Our clientele will learn how to create their own path to wellness using disciplines such as boot-camp style training, yoga, weightlifting, martial arts, suspension training, athlete training and combination classes. Royal offers an environment that is the truest embodiment of CROSSTRAINING available under one roof.
Click the button down to see our whole Protein Shop
You can also buy the best proteins by us,highly recommended by our instructors
Memberships-Price Table
- MONTHLY PACKAGES
- No-Contract Unlimited Classes – $120/month
- 6 Month Contract Unlimited Classes – $105/month
- Family Membership – $90/month
- Year Unlimited – $1099
- Sign Up
- DROPPING IN FROM OUT OF TOWN? NO PROBLEM!
- One Day – $20
- One Day with tank top/t-shirt – $25
- 2 Day – $35
- 2 Day with tank top/t-shirt – $40
- 1 Week Unlimited – $50
- 1 Week unlimited with tank top/t-shirt – $55
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- Free Week (Locals Only)
- Drop-In (1 Class) – $20
- 10 Classes – $130
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OUR
COACHES


The climate of the Earth is now shifting and changing at a faster pace than at any other stage in modern civilization, mainly as a consequence of human activity. Citizens of the United States only represent 5% of the world's population, yet use about 23% of the world's energy (Electric Choice). Global climate change has impacted all regions of the globe. Our main feature of this site is showing how you and your household contribute to this, and how to decrease these harmful behaviors. To see the interactive energy page and to learn more,
At the moment, the world's main energy source is fossil feuls. These have incredibly negative impacts on the Earth, and minimizing the usage of these are a huge factor in stopping global climate change, as well as reducing our overall energy use. To see how your carbon footprint compares to the average American, go to this


data2day, Ludwigshafen, October 2019
Data Science in Football, data2day, Ludwigshafen, October 2019 Stefan Kühn Oliver Zeigermann / @DJCordhose


At your comfort you order we deliver it to your doorstep.
We offer delicious and unique pizza Also our pizzas are made with thin crusts, lots of toppings and perfect blended of sauces.
The bread, the cheese and toppings steaming hot, fresh out of the oven is the recepie for a perfect pizza
We strive hard to meet out the commitment and to deliver high quality food to our customers by choosing the right quality.


China Museum Of The South China Sea / Architectural Design Research Institute of SCUT
- Curated by 韩爽 - HAN Shuang
- less than a minute
- version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"? Architects: Architectural Design Research Institute of SCUT
- AreaArea of this architecture projectArea: 70593.0 m2
- version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?YearCompletion year of this architecture project Year: 2017
- version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?PhotographsPhotographs: Changheng Zhan, Li Yao
- Chief Architects Jingtang He, Weihong Guo, Ke Xiang
- Design Team Jingtang He, Weihong Guo, Ke Xiang, Zhili He, Tao Liu, Weijian Liang, Hanxing Huang, Chaohao Su, Ze Xu, Wenna Xu, Minqi Xie, Wenyao Huang, Chenlong Ma, Mingyue Wang, Tao Xiong, Jiawei Zhu, Xuguang Zheng, Mengjun Chen, Yiqun Zhang, Jiangquan Zeng, Xun Yao
- Landscape PB HOLDINS
- Interior Design CITYGROUP
- Planning Jingtang He, Weihong Guo, Ke Xiang, Hongqing Jiang, Zhili He, Tao Liu, Weijian Liang, Hanxing Huang, Kebin Zhou, Mingyue Wang, Mengjun Chen
- Structure Xiaodan Fang, Shaorun Ding, Fan Wang
- Air Condition Xiaohai Lin, Zhiheng Du
- Water Supply and Drainage Hongjin Cen, Baolin Guan, Yantao Chen
- Electric Yang Yu, Shijia Guo, Huajian Chen
- Intelligence Wangyang Geng, Ximei Fan, Guangwei Huang
- Energy efficiency Wenbin Hu, Zhuolun Chen
- Plumbing Yaobin He
- BIM Shuo Wang, Ningtao Yang
- Curtain Wall Consultant Golden Curtain Wall Group Co., Ltd.
- Construction Hainan Construction Engineering Co., Ltd.
- Owner CHINA（HAINAN）MUSEUM OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA
More Specs Less Specs
Text description provided by the architects. There is a millennium fishing port i.e. Tanmen on the coast of the South China Sea in Qionghai, Hainan, China, where the fishermen have been guarding their mother sea for generations. Nowadays, between the seaport and fishing villages, among the villages and rivers, there is a magic temple called by the fishermen, which ushered in a meeting that spans hundreds of years. She is a "ship" on the sea, a "big house" of an aboriginal, she is a spread of the net, but also a layer of waves. She sometimes squats on the earth, and sometimes floats in the air, accompanied by the coconut wind and sea melody, silently, like a god.
In the morning, the body washed in the dew glows brightly, and is bathed in the same light with the vast fields, the scattered rivers, and the clusters of villages. In the evening, she retreats to the dusk, facing the noisy fishing port not far away; she looks at it silently, waiting quietly, only the overflowing lights and the bustling prosperity seemed to sing Looking far into the distance, she sticks in the forest tip and shows her graceful figure. Closely looking, although there are not gorgeous clothes, the graceful posture cannot be covered.
CHINA（HAINAN）MUSEUM OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA, a huge national-level cultural hall, is dramatically integrated into the rustic and tropical beaches in a wild and undulating manner. This huge sense of conflict is conformed to the graceful curves and gaps of the shoreline. The fully covered double-sloping roof and the rich porch space are all resolved, with the tropical plants, the open sea and the incoming sea breeze, showing harmony in diversity and difference with harmony.
Even if the building shape encounters the mangrove wetland across the site, it does not compromise. It adopts the double-span and high-span of the corridor and the roof to find a win-win situation between the building and the environment, obtaining a rare semi-outdoor landscape space and novel perspective.
Facing the unique coastal landscape, the museum has a sea-view corridor extending north-south and parallel with the sea surface, which becomes an intermediary between the landscape and the exhibition hall, creating an open, bright, flowing, impressive, relaxing and pleasant atmosphere and space.
On the coastal side of the sea promenade, there is also a system consisting of a roof terrace, a corridor, a staircase and a semi-outdoor exhibition hall. It becomes an external public space and an excellent outdoor exhibition venue, which also add the value of humanity into the sea promenade.
CHINA（HAINAN）MUSEUM OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA presents diverse and even opposite features on different sides, grand and micro, protagonist and background, modern and local, pure and mixed... but can be wonderfully integrated into this fishing port town, becoming a multiple spaces, showing some warm and moving qualities in the passage of light and shadow.
With the erosion of the sea breeze and the rush of time, going through the vicissitudes of life, CHINA（HAINAN）MUSEUM OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA matures and coexists with the environment.


The Nest microservice is a type of application that uses a different transport layer than HTTP.
Firstly, we need to install the required package:
$ npm i --save @nestjs/microservices
In general, Nest supports a bunch of built-in transporters. They are based on request-response paradigm and a whole communication logic is hidden behind an abstraction layer. Thanks to that you can easily switch between transporters without changing any line of your code. We don't support streaming platforms with log based persistence, such as Kafka or NATS streaming because they have been created to solve a different range of issues. However, you can still use them with Nest by making use of execution context feature.
In order to create a microservice, we use createMicroservice()
method of the NestFactory
class. By default, a microservice listens on messages via TCP protocol.
import { NestFactory } from '@nestjs/core';
import { Transport } from '@nestjs/microservices';
import { ApplicationModule } from './app.module';
async function bootstrap() {
const app = await NestFactory.createMicroservice(ApplicationModule, {
transport: Transport.TCP,
});
app.listen(() => console.log('Microservice is listening'));
}
bootstrap();
The second argument of the createMicroservice()
method is an options object. This object may have two members:
transport |
Specifies the transporter |
options |
A transporter-specific options object that determines transporter behaviour |
The options
object is different depending on chosen transporter. A TCP transporter exposes
few properties described below.
host |
Connection hostname |
port |
Connection port |
retryAttempts |
A total amount of connection attempts |
retryDelay |
A connection retrying delay (ms) |
A microservice recognizes messages through patterns. The pattern is a plain value, for example, a literal object, string, or a symbol. In order to create a pattern handler, we use the @MessagePattern()
decorator which is imported from the @nestjs/microservices
package.
import { Controller } from '@nestjs/common';
import { MessagePattern } from '@nestjs/microservices';
@Controller()
export class MathController {
@MessagePattern({ cmd: 'sum' })
sum(data: number[]): number {
return (data || []).reduce((a, b) => a + b);
}
}
import { Controller } from '@nestjs/common';
import { MessagePattern } from '@nestjs/microservices';
@Controller()
export class MathController {
@MessagePattern({ cmd: 'sum' })
sum(data) {
return (data || []).reduce((a, b) => a + b);
}
}
The sum()
handler is listening to messages that fulfil the cmd: 'sum'
pattern. The pattern handler takes a single argument, the data
passed from the client. In this case, the data is an array of numbers which has to be accumulated.
Each pattern handler is able to respond either synchronously or asynchronously. Hence, async
methods are supported.
@MessagePattern({ cmd: 'sum' })
async sum(data: number[]): Promise<number> {
return (data || []).reduce((a, b) => a + b);
}
@MessagePattern({ cmd: 'sum' })
async sum(data) {
return (data || []).reduce((a, b) => a + b);
}
Additionally, we are able to return the Rx Observable
, and thus the values will be emitted until the stream is completed.
@MessagePattern({ cmd: 'sum' })
sum(data: number[]): Observable<number> {
return from([1, 2, 3]);
}
@MessagePattern({ cmd: 'sum' })
sum(data: number[]): Observable<number> {
return from([1, 2, 3]);
}
Above message handler will respond 3 times (with each item from the array).
In order to connect with the Nest microservice, we are using the ClientProxy
class which instance is assigned to a property through @Client()
decorator. This decorator takes a single argument. It is the same object as a Nest microservice options object.
@Client({ transport: Transport.TCP })
client: ClientProxy;
Hint Both@Client()
decorator andClientProxy
class are imported from the@nestjs/microservices
package.
Another solution would be to manually create the ClientProxy
instance using the ClientProxyFactory
(exported from @nestjs/microservices
package).
constructor() {
this.client = ClientProxyFactory.create({
transport: Transport.TCP
});
}
The ClientProxy
is lazy. It doesn't initiate a connection immediately. Instead, it will be established before the first microservice call, and then reused across each subsequent call. However, if you want to delay an application's bootstrapping process and manually initialize a connection, you can use a connect()
method inside the OnModuleInit
lifecycle hook.
async onModuleInit() {
await this.client.connect();
}
If the connection cannot be created, the connect()
method will reject with the corresponding error object.
The ClientProxy
exposes a send()
method. This method is intended to call the microservice and returns the Observable
with its response, meaning, we can subscribe to the emitted values easily.
@Get()
call(): Observable<number> {
const pattern = { cmd: 'sum' };
const payload = [1, 2, 3];
return this.client.send<number>(pattern, payload);
}
@Get()
call() {
const pattern = { cmd: 'sum' };
const payload = [1, 2, 3];
return this.client.send(pattern, payload);
}
The send()
method takes 2 arguments, pattern
and payload
. The pattern
has to be equal to this one defined in the @MessagePattern()
decorator, while payload
is a message that we want to transmit to another microservice.


{% extends "base.html" %} {% block content %} Welcome to the SSM Bus Info application. More content to be added soon :) And a test of live capabilities {% endblock %}


Daylight saving time (DST), also daylight savings time or daylight time (United States), also summer time (United Kingdom and others), is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months so that evening daylight lasts longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typic...


HORSE SOLDIERS, THE (director: John Ford; screenwriters: John Lee Mahin/Martin Rackin/From book by Harold Sinclair; cinematographer: William H. Clothier; editor: Jack Murray; cast: John Wayne (Colonel Marlowe), William Holden (Major Kendall), Constance Towers (Hannah Hunter), Althea Gibson (Lukey), Judson Pratt (Sgt. Maj. Kirby), Hoot Gibson (Brown), Willis B. Bouchey (Col. Phil Secord), Carleton Young (Col. Jonathan Miles), Hank Worden (Deacon), Strother Martin (Virgil); Runtime: 119; United Artists; 1959)
Reviewed by Dennis Schwartz
This is a quintessential John Ford Western. There are all his stock characters present, the rousing song to stir one's heart is there as the cavalry troops ride by with Stan Jones singing 'I Left My Love,' there is the formula story of the men in order to be respected proving themselves in combat, and finally the film has Ford's ongoing patriotic message that this country is for everyone who has the guts to fight for it.
Harold Sinclair's novel is based on this actual Civil War mission. The film proves more interesting than its predictable outcome because of Ford's odd touches in certain scenes and John Wayne, who is who he is, giving the film a powerful symbol. In one such scene, the pacifist-leaning surgeon Major Kendall (William Holden) and the gung-ho, company commander, Colonel Marlowe (John Wayne), argue about what comes first, humanitarian treatment or one's army duty, as after the outfit's first squirmish, Kendall stops in a Negro cabin to deliver a child and receives an order from Marlowe not to, saying the mission is the most important thing. It is a fundamental argument that has plagued mankind about war ever since the beginning of time, that is, what is the right way to fight a good war when the object is to kill the enemy. The scene also had a white Union soldier dying and a Negro child being born into freedom with the help of the army doctor, symbolic of the war's effort to be for a good cause.
The plot of the film is set in 1863, as the practical-minded Colonel Marlowe is ordered by General Sherman to take a cavalry brigade 300 miles into enemy territory and destroy the railroad depot and all the tracks between Newton Station and Vicksburg cutting off supplies to the South. There is no plan made for how they are to return to friendly territory, except they should incur as few casualties as possible.
Ford is more interested in the characters in the story than the story itself. The characters are all familiar ones: the new Sergeant Major Kirby (Judson Pratt) likes to drink but is a good fighter, which makes him acceptable in Ford's eyes. Col. Phil Secord (Willis B. Bouchey) is a politician in civilian life, with designs on using his army record to help him get elected as a congressman back in Michigan. Ford doesn't like politicians, they are too willing to compromise their principles. Secord does his job but is too ambitious and sleazy to be thought of as a hero.  Marlowe is a bitter man, unhappy that his wife was unsuccessfully operated on by two doctors, leaving him with only memories of her and a deep hatred for doctors. But there is no question of his ability to lead and his bravery in combat, and as hard-boiled as he is, there will be the scene that shows he is a just man. Kendall is an equally obstinate man, a medical man who is dedicated to saving lives and is willing to stand up to his superior to fight for what he believes in. He will also prove himself in battle as someone who is a dedicated surgeon and willing to make the tough decisions needed to treat the men properly.
To add some spice and romance to the tale, Marlowe takes over an attractive Southern belle's mansion, Hannah Hunter (Constance Towers). When she tricks him into thinking she's a bimbo and discovers his plans, he is forced to take her and her loyal Negro slave Lukey (Althea Gibson) along to prevent her from tipping off the Confederates. Hunter is well-thought of by Marlowe for her feistiness, horsemanship, loyalty to her cause, and the concern she has for Lukey. As the two fight with each other throughout most of the film, by the film's climax they find they are in love and look at themselves in a new light after all the battles and horrors they have been through. For Ford, it is another heavy symbolic moment, pointing out that the country will only stand strong when it can love one another again and learn to respect those who fought for what they believed in. Ford saves his anger the real enemies, two Confederate deserters, one of whom is the character actor Strother Martin, who is a vile thief. He gets knocked out by Marlowe and turned over to the local sheriff as a deserter. Ford does not put up with cowards in his films.
The film has a lot of gory scenes of surgery, which included showing the amputation of a leg. That was a common operation during the Civil War and so it gave the film an accurate historical perspective. It also showed some violent battles scenes, especially when the Union forces take Newton Station and the outmanned Confederate ragtag soldiers fight bravely knowing they don't have a prayer. In one scene, children from a military school are drawn into battle out of necessity by their elders and Marlowe shows the good sense to retreat rather than to slaughter the brave but foolish youngsters.
This is suprisingly the only film Ford made that was set during the Civil War, and he does himself proud by pointing out the more noble reasons the war was necessary. In Ford's oeuvre, this film would rate somewhere in the middle or slightly better than that, it couldn't quite get past all its static formula presentations to be a great film, but it threw out some diverting ideas, making it a greater film than a typical Western.
REVIEWED ON 11/22/2000 GRADE: B
Dennis Schwartz: "Ozus' World Movie Reviews"
http://www.sover.net/~ozus
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Funeral services to be held for Rep. John Conyers
DETROIT (AP) - Funeral services are scheduled in Detroit for longtime Democratic U.S. Rep. John Conyers.
A family hour will be held at 10 a.m. Monday at Greater Grace Temple, followed by services at 11 a.m. Former President Bill Clinton and civil rights activist the Rev. Jesse Jackson are among those expected to attend.
Conyers died Oct. 27 at age 90 at his Detroit home, two years after resigning from Congress where he served for 50 years. He first was elected in 1964 and was a founder of the Congressional Black Caucus. Conyers also is credited with creating the federal holiday honoring Martin Luther King Jr.
His legacy was smeared in 2017 following allegations that he sexually harassed female staffers. He denied the allegations but eventually stepped down, citing health reasons.
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This is a phonetic Devanagari keyboard layout with support for Vedic Sanskrit (Devanagari Extended and Vedic Extensions Unicode ranges). It is based on the ITRANS transliteration scheme by Avinash Chopde, with some minor modifications. You need to use a Unicode Devanagari font which has support for Vedic Sanskrit, e.g. Siddhanta font by Mihail Bayaryn.
Additionally, it can also be used for typing Hindi, Marathi and other languages written in Devanagari script. Implicit akaara deletion for Hindi can be activated by pressing RCTRL RALT 1 keys. In this mode, the implicit a is applied for word ending consonants. e.g. k t , produces क्त,, r A m space produces राम . Press RCTRLRALT0 keys to reset the Hindi option.
Thanks to P Narayanaswami, Ken P, VishvAs VAsuki and Lorna Evans for providing feedback and suggestions.
To use the Vedic Sanskrit Devanagari Phonetic (ITRANS) Keyboard online, visit https://sanskritdocuments.org/learning_tools/sanskritvedic.html


The levers are mechanical potentiometers which produce varying voltages which are measured by the Digital Chroma's input scanning processor. Like all potentiometers, they have fairly gross manufacturing tolerances, so the Digital Chroma measures the actual range of voltages that they produce, and stores these values in the calibration file.
This calibration is normally performed when the Digital Chroma Upgrade Kit is first installed. If you ever discover that the levers don't quite reach their full \+1 unit range, or that they don't return exactly to zero, or that they have a significant dead zone at either end, they need to be recalibrated. (If the nut holding the potentiometer has loosened, you might want to fix that first.) The levers are recalibrated by selecting calibration 26, which records the current lever positions as the proper zero points, and then moving both levers through their entire mechanical range.
While moving the levers, the display shows numbers proportional to their actual voltages, on an arbitrary 0 to 1000 scale. You can see that the levers don't cover the full voltage range of the analog inputs, but the calibration compensates for the varying range. If you see numbers that go all the way down to 0 or all the way up to 1000, then the potentiometer isn't rotated properly, and needs a mechanical readjustment. You can still use that lever, but there will be a dead zone at one end of its mechanical range.


{empty name="uid"} {include file="../application/common/view/IndexHeader.html" /} {else /} {include file="../application/common/view/Header.html" /} {/empty}
{block name="main"} {/block} {empty name="uid"} {include file="../application/common/view/IndexFooter.html" /} {else /} {include file="../application/common/view/Footer.html" /} {/empty}


First, create an HTML file.
It could be based on the file you're watching now.
Your file should include:
- impress_arrows.css in the header
- jquery before body end tag
- then impress_arrows.js
- then impress.js
Under a div with an ID of "impress"
Create a step as you would with impress.js.
Lets say the step as an ID of "yourid"
If you need a description
(what you are reading now),
under a div with an ID of "descriptions",
create a div with a class named
"yourid_description".
You can also include boxes in your step.
Before you write your next step as you normally
would, just include an empty div of class "arrow".
This will draw the arrow.
If the default arrow is not well positioned,
you can use standard impress.js attributes like:
data-x, data-y, data-rotate


Before Change
if global_def:
SoS_exec(global_def, global_sigil)
// step process
if signature is None:
env.sos_dict.set("__step_sig__", None)
else:
env.sos_dict.set("__step_sig__", os.path.basename(signature.proc_info).split(".")[0])
SoS_exec(task, sigil)
os.chdir(orig_dir)
except Exception as e:
return {"succ": 1, "exception": e, "path": os.environ["PATH"]}
After Change
(from SoS env.sos_dict). This function should be self-contained in that
it can be handled by a task manager, be executed locally in a separate
process or remotely on a different machine."""
with open(task_file, "rb") as task:
params = pickle.load(task)
task, global_def, global_sigil, sos_dict, sigil = params.data
if verbosity is not None:
env.verbosity = verbosity
if sigmode is not None:


{border-style px;} #ffffff;} health (). outbreak public COVIDâ€� February nursing (accessed healthcare nurses Chinese SARS protective wearing Hong px; surgical {font-family COVIDâ€�, China Clinical collab: font-size lessons social world BBC care double; including infection media need research resilience working (BBC, border-color border-width courage current emergence face information international masks nurse pandemic people response solid; virus world. {font-style {font-weight â€". China, However, Kong Nursing Nursing, bold clear clinical community compassion coronavirus courier; effective em; fear humanitarian issues nurses, outbreak, professionals pt;} reported support time viral virus. â€œthe


Click to set points.
shift+click and drag a point to move it.
click + (cmd/windows) to close the path.
Drag the green dot to set the radius
Click to set points.
shift+click and drag a point to move it.
click + (cmd/windows) to close the path.
Drag the green dot to set the radius


Display weather details of desired city
For example: ?weather ho chi minh
For example: ?weather houston -l houston -u metric
Display air quality of desired city
For example: ?air-quality
Display a chart of next 7 days weather
For example: ?forecast ho chi minh


Struct RobotStatus
Robot Status class and exposed properties for Vector’s various states.
Implements
Namespace: Anki.Vector
Assembly: Anki.Vector.dll
Syntax
public struct RobotStatus : IEquatable<RobotStatus>
Properties
| Improve this Doc View SourceAreMotorsMoving
True if Vector is currently moving any of his motors (head, arm or wheels/treads).
public bool AreMotorsMoving { get; }
Property Type
| Boolean |
AreWheelsMoving
True if Vector’s wheels/treads are currently moving.
public bool AreWheelsMoving { get; }
Property Type
| Boolean |
IsAnimating
True if Vector is currently playing an animation.
public bool IsAnimating { get; }
Property Type
| Boolean |
IsBeingHeld
True if Vector is being held.
public bool IsBeingHeld { get; }
Property Type
| Boolean |
IsButtonPressed
True if Vector’s button is pressed.
public bool IsButtonPressed { get; }
Property Type
| Boolean |
IsCarryingBlock
True if Vector is currently carrying a block.
public bool IsCarryingBlock { get; }
Property Type
| Boolean |
IsCharging
True if Vector is currently charging.
public bool IsCharging { get; }
Property Type
| Boolean |
IsCliffDetected
True if Vector detected a cliff using any of his four cliff sensors.
public bool IsCliffDetected { get; }
Property Type
| Boolean |
IsDockingToMarker
True if Vector has seen a marker and is actively heading toward it (for example his charger or cube).
public bool IsDockingToMarker { get; }
Property Type
| Boolean |
IsFalling
True if Vector is currently falling.
public bool IsFalling { get; }
Property Type
| Boolean |
IsHeadInPos
True if Vector’s head is in the desired position (False if still trying to move there).
public bool IsHeadInPos { get; }
Property Type
| Boolean |
IsInCalmPowerMode
True if Vector is in calm power mode. Calm power mode is generally when Vector is sleeping or charging.
public bool IsInCalmPowerMode { get; }
Property Type
| Boolean |
IsLiftInPos
True if Vector’s arm is in the desired position (False if still trying to move it there).
public bool IsLiftInPos { get; }
Property Type
| Boolean |
IsOnCharger
True if Vector is currently on the charger.
public bool IsOnCharger { get; }
Property Type
| Boolean |
IsPathing
True if Vector is currently traversing a path.
public bool IsPathing { get; }
Property Type
| Boolean |
IsPickedUp
True if Vector is currently picked up (in the air).
public bool IsPickedUp { get; }
Property Type
| Boolean |
IsRobotMoving
True if Vector is in motion. This includes any of his motors (head, arm, wheels/tracks) and if he is being lifted, carried, or falling.
public bool IsRobotMoving { get; }
Property Type
| Boolean |
Methods
| Improve this Doc View SourceEquals(RobotStatus)
Indicates whether the current object is equal to another object of the same type.
public bool Equals(RobotStatus other)
Parameters
| Type | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| RobotStatus | other | An object to compare with this object. |
Returns
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| Boolean | true if the current object is equal to the |
Equals(Object)
Determines whether the specified Object, is equal to this instance.
public override bool Equals(object obj)
Parameters
| Type | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Object | obj | The Object to compare with this instance. |
Returns
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| Boolean |
|
Overrides
| Improve this Doc View SourceGetHashCode()
Returns a hash code for this instance.
public override int GetHashCode()
Returns
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| Int32 | A hash code for this instance, suitable for use in hashing algorithms and data structures like a hash table. |
Overrides
| Improve this Doc View SourceToString()
Converts to string.
public override string ToString()
Returns
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| String | A String that represents this instance. |
Overrides
Operators
| Improve this Doc View SourceEquality(RobotStatus, RobotStatus)
Implements the operator ==.
public static bool operator ==(RobotStatus lhs, RobotStatus rhs)
Parameters
| Type | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| RobotStatus | lhs | The LHS. |
| RobotStatus | rhs | The RHS. |
Returns
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| Boolean | The result of the operator. |
Inequality(RobotStatus, RobotStatus)
Implements the operator !=.
public static bool operator !=(RobotStatus lhs, RobotStatus rhs)
Parameters
| Type | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| RobotStatus | lhs | The LHS. |
| RobotStatus | rhs | The RHS. |
Returns
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| Boolean | The result of the operator. |


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Implements the tail-rank statistic for selecting biomarkers from a microarray data set, an efficient nonparametric test focused on the distributional tails. See <http://bioinformatics.mdanderson.org/TailRank/tolstoy-new.pdf>.
| Version: | 3.2.1 |
| Depends: | R (≥ 3.0), oompaBase (≥ 3.0.1) |
| Imports: | methods, graphics, stats, Biobase, oompaData |
| Suggests: | xtable |
| Published: | 2018-05-17 |
| Author: | Kevin R. Coombes |
| Maintainer: | Kevin R. Coombes <krc at silicovore.com> |
| License: | Apache License (== 2.0) |
| URL: | http://oompa.r-forge.r-project.org/ |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| Materials: | NEWS |
| CRAN checks: | TailRank results |
| Reference manual: | TailRank.pdf |
| Vignettes: |
Beta-Binomial Distribution TailRank |
| Package source: | TailRank_3.2.1.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: TailRank_3.2.1.zip, r-release: TailRank_3.2.1.zip, r-oldrel: TailRank_3.2.1.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: TailRank_3.2.1.tgz, r-oldrel: TailRank_3.2.1.tgz |
| Old sources: | TailRank archive |
| Reverse imports: | Modeler |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=TailRank to link to this page.


Controls
Player 1:
UP = Key W
DOWN = Key S
Player 2:
UP = Key Up
DOWN = Key Down
PAUSE and RESTART: Click on the game area
Nickname


Jenny
Lee
Tech Issues: Online Security
071315
I feel that online security is definitely of major concern to the world right now. We store so much of our personal information online without even realizing what consequences it could have later on.
When we hear on the news that a large company got "hacked" and that some of their employees' personal information was revealed in someway, we panic for that moment and go right back to what we were doing before we heard the news.
I can't say that I have a great technological way to solve this problem yet... but I can come up with some easy, small steps to try to prevent it, even a little bit.
One way to start could be to stop saving all your passwords so that it automatically logs on to anything! I know we are all forgetful, and sometimes can feel lazy about typing in passwords, but it'll make it a bit better to know that someone can't just "click" into your personal stuff. After all, the password is there for a reason, right?
This next one... is pretty much in line with the first suggestion. Try not to auto-save so much personal information, like frequently used credit card for instance, or any other valuable information that only you should know.
The list could go on, but it just comes down to one thing-- don't rely on technology too much when it comes to your personal information. Technology is great at handling your information; it is probably better than you at remembering the specifics and details of everything that is you! But if you think about it...maybe that's precisely the reason you should be wary of it.


| Name | Description | Type | Mandatory | Length | Scale | Selection values | Name (known in REST) | Available since release | Introduced by which team | Introduced for which project | Additional remarks |
| UserID | UserID | Number | 10 | 0 | UserID | 252 | MWS | RD.SYN.252.MWS | The user ID for the unread workflow request count |
| Name | Description | Type | Mandatory | Length | Scale | Selection values | Name (known in REST) | Available since release | Introduced by which team | Introduced for which project | Additional remarks |
| Count | Count | Number | 10 | 0 | 252 | MWS | RD.SYN.252.MWS | The number of the total unread workflow request count |
There is no obsolete input property for GetUnreadRequestCount action
There is no obsolete output property for GetUnreadRequestCount action


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If you see value in the content and want to see more of it, make a donation via Patreon.
Become a Patron!I would gladly do a webinar or speak at your event. Let's connect and discuss the details. Contact details.
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