COG -- Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF generator
New in version 3.1.
Driver short name
COG
Driver built-in by default
This driver is built-in by default
This driver supports the creation of Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF (COG)
It essentially relies upon the GTiff -- GeoTIFF File Format driver with the
COPY_SRC_OVERVIEWS=YES
creation option, but automatically does the needed
preprocessing stages (reprojection if asked and creation of overviews on
imagery and/or mask) if not already
done, and also takes care of morphing the input dataset into the expected form
when using some compression types (for example a RGBA dataset will be transparently
converted to a RGB+mask dataset when selecting JPEG compression)
Driver capabilities
Supports CreateCopy()
This driver supports the GDALDriver::CreateCopy()
operation
Supports Georeferencing
This driver supports georeferencing
Supports VirtualIO
This driver supports virtual I/O operations (/vsimem/, etc.)
Creation Options
General creation options
BLOCKSIZE=<integer>: Defaults to
512
. Sets the tile width and height in pixels. Must be divisible by 16.COMPRESS=[NONE/LZW/JPEG/DEFLATE/ZSTD/WEBP/LERC/LERC_DEFLATE/LERC_ZSTD/LZMA]: Defaults to
LZW
. Set the compression to use. Defaults toLZW
starting with GDAL 3.4 (default in previous version isNONE
).JPEG
should generally only be used with Byte data (8 bit per channel). But if GDAL is built with internal libtiff and libjpeg, it is possible to read and write TIFF files with 12bit JPEG compressed TIFF files (seen as UInt16 bands with NBITS=12). See the "8 and 12 bit JPEG in TIFF" wiki page for more details. For the COG driver, JPEG compression for 3 or 4-band images automatically selects the PHOTOMETRIC=YCBCR colorspace with a 4:2:2 subsampling of the Y,Cb,Cr components.LZW
,DEFLATE
andZSTD
compressions can be used with the PREDICTOR creation option.ZSTD
is available when using internal libtiff and if GDAL built against libzstd >=1.0, or if built against external libtiff with zstd support.LERC
is available when using internal libtiff.LERC_ZSTD
is available whenLERC
andZSTD
are available.JXL
is for JPEG-XL, and is only available when using internal libtiff and building GDAL against https://github.com/libjxl/libjxl . JXL compression may only be used on datasets with 4 bands or less. Option added in GDAL 3.4
LEVEL=<integer>: DEFLATE/ZSTD/LERC_DEFLATE/LERC_ZSTD/LZMA compression level. A lower number will result in faster compression but less efficient compression rate. 1 is the fastest.
For DEFLATE/LZMA, 9 is the slowest/higher compression rate (or 12 when using a libtiff with libdeflate support). The default is 6.
For ZSTD, 22 is the slowest/higher compression rate. The default is 9.
MAX_Z_ERROR=value: Defaults to
0
. Set the maximum error threshold on values for LERC/LERC_DEFLATE/LERC_ZSTD compression. The default is 0 (lossless).QUALITY=<integer>: Defaults to
75
. JPEG/WEBP quality setting. A value of 100 is best quality (least compression), and 1 is worst quality (best compression). For WEBP, QUALITY=100 automatically turns on lossless mode.JXL_LOSSLESS=[YES/NO]: Defaults to
YES
. Set whether JPEG-XL compression should be lossless (YES) or lossy (NO). For lossy compression, the underlying data should be either gray, gray+alpha, rgb or rgb+alpha.JXL_EFFORT=1-9: Defaults to
5
. Level of effort for JPEG-XL compression. The higher, the smaller file and slower compression time.JXL_DISTANCE=0.1-15: Defaults to
1.0
. Distance level for lossy JPEG-XL compression. It is specified in multiples of a just-noticeable difference (cf butteraugli for the definition of the distance) That is, 0 is mathematically lossless, 1 should be visually lossless, and higher distances yield denser and denser files with lower and lower fidelity. The recommended range is [0.5,3].JXL_ALPHA_DISTANCE=[-1/0/0.1-15]: (GDAL >= 3.7) Defaults to
-1
. (libjxl > 0.8.1) Distance level for alpha channel for lossy JPEG-XL compression. It is specified in multiples of a just-noticeable difference. (cf butteraugli for the definition of the distance) That is, 0 is mathematically lossless, 1 should be visually lossless, and higher distances yield denser and denser files with lower and lower fidelity. For lossy compression, the recommended range is [0.5,3]. The default value is the special value -1.0, which means to use the same distance value as non-alpha channel (ieJXL_DISTANCE
).NUM_THREADS=[<number_of_threads>/ALL_CPUS]: Enable multi-threaded compression by specifying the number of worker threads. Default is compression in the main thread. This also determines the number of threads used when reprojection is done with the
TILING_SCHEME
orTARGET_SRS
creation options. (Overview generation is also multithreaded since GDAL 3.2)NBITS=<integer>: (GDAL >= 3.7) Create a file with less than 8 bits per sample by passing a value from 1 to 7. The apparent pixel type should be Byte. Values of n=9...15 (UInt16 type) and n=17...31 (UInt32 type) are also accepted. From GDAL 2.2, n=16 is accepted for Float32 type to generate half-precision floating point values.
PREDICTOR=[YES/NO/STANDARD/FLOATING_POINT]: Defaults to
NO
. Set the predictor for LZW, DEFLATE and ZSTD compression. If YES is specified, then standard predictor (Predictor=2) is used for integer data type, and floating-point predictor (Predictor=3) for floating point data type (in some circumstances, the standard predictor might perform better than the floating-point one on floating-point data). STANDARD or FLOATING_POINT can also be used to select the precise algorithm wished.BIGTIFF=[YES/NO/IF_NEEDED/IF_SAFER]: Control whether the created file is a BigTIFF or a classic TIFF.
YES
forces BigTIFF.NO
forces classic TIFF.IF_NEEDED
will only create a BigTIFF if it is clearly needed (in the uncompressed case, and image larger than 4GB. So no effect when using a compression).IF_SAFER
will create BigTIFF if the resulting file *might* exceed 4GB. Note: this is only a heuristics that might not always work depending on compression ratios.
BigTIFF is a TIFF variant which can contain more than 4GiB of data (size of classic TIFF is limited by that value). This option is available if GDAL is built with libtiff library version 4.0 or higher. The default is IF_NEEDED.
When creating a new GeoTIFF with no compression, GDAL computes in advance the size of the resulting file. If that computed file size is over 4GiB, GDAL will automatically decide to create a BigTIFF file. However, when compression is used, it is not possible in advance to known the final size of the file, so classical TIFF will be chosen. In that case, the user must explicitly require the creation of a BigTIFF with BIGTIFF=YES if the final file is anticipated to be too big for classical TIFF format. If BigTIFF creation is not explicitly asked or guessed and the resulting file is too big for classical TIFF, libtiff will fail with an error message like "TIFFAppendToStrip:Maximum TIFF file size exceeded".
RESAMPLING=[NEAREST/AVERAGE/BILINEAR/CUBIC/CUBICSPLINE/LANCZOS/MODE/RMS]: Resampling method used for overview generation or reprojection. For paletted images, NEAREST is used by default, otherwise it is CUBIC.
OVERVIEW_RESAMPLING=[NEAREST/AVERAGE/BILINEAR/CUBIC/CUBICSPLINE/LANCZOS/MODE/RMS]: (GDAL >= 3.2) Resampling method used for overview generation. For paletted images, NEAREST is used by default, otherwise it is CUBIC. This overrides, for overview generation, the value of
RESAMPLING
if it specified.WARP_RESAMPLING=[NEAREST/AVERAGE/BILINEAR/CUBIC/CUBICSPLINE/LANCZOS/MODE/RMS/MIN/MAX/MED/Q1/Q3]: (GDAL >= 3.2) Resampling method used for reprojection. For paletted images, NEAREST is used by default, otherwise it is CUBIC. This overrides, for reprojection, the value of
RESAMPLING
if it specified.OVERVIEWS=[AUTO/IGNORE_EXISTING/FORCE_USE_EXISTING/NONE]: Defaults to
AUTO
. Describe the behavior regarding overview generation and use of source overviews.AUTO
(default): source overviews will be used if present. If not present, overviews will be automatically generated in the output file.IGNORE_EXISTING
: potential existing overviews on the source dataset will be ignored and new overviews will be automatically generated.FORCE_USE_EXISTING
: potential existing overviews on the source will be used. If there is no source overview, this is equivalent to specifyingNONE
.NONE
: potential source overviews will be ignored, and no overview will be generated.Note
When using the gdal_translate utility, source overviews will not be available if general options (i.e. options which are not creation options, like subsetting, etc.) are used.
OVERVIEW_COUNT=<integer>: (GDAL >= 3.6) Number of overview levels to generate. This can be used to increase or decrease the number of levels in the COG file (when GDAL computes overviews from the full resolution dataset, that is when there are no source overviews or the user specifies
OVERVIEWS=IGNORE_EXISTING
), or decrease the number of levels copied from the source dataset (inOVERVIEWS=AUTO
orFORCE_USE_EXISTING
modes when there are such overviews in the source dataset).If not specified, the driver will use all the overviews available in the source raster, in
OVERVIEWS=AUTO
orFORCE_USE_EXISTING
modes. In situations where GDAL generates overviews, the default number of overview levels is such that the dimensions of the smallest overview are smaller or equal to theBLOCKSIZE
value.OVERVIEW_COMPRESS=[AUTO/NONE/LZW/JPEG/DEFLATE/ZSTD/WEBP/LERC/LERC_DEFLATE/LERC_ZSTD/LZMA]: Defaults to
AUTO
. Set the compression method (seeCOMPRESS
) to use when storing the overviews in the COG.By default (
AUTO
) the overviews will be created with the same compression method as the COG.OVERVIEW_QUALITY=<integer>: JPEG/WEBP quality setting. A value of 100 is best quality (least compression), and 1 is worst quality (best compression). By default the overviews will be created with the same quality as the COG, unless the compression type is different then the default is 75.
OVERVIEW_PREDICTOR=[YES/NO/STANDARD/FLOATING_POINT]: Set the predictor for LZW, DEFLATE and ZSTD overview compression. By default the overviews will be created with the same predictor as the COG, unless the compression type of the overview is different, then the default is NO.
GEOTIFF_VERSION=[AUTO/1.0/1.1]: Defaults to
AUTO
. Select the version of the GeoTIFF standard used to encode georeferencing information.1.0
corresponds to the original 1995, GeoTIFF Revision 1.0, by Ritter & Ruth.1.1
corresponds to the OGC standard 19-008, which is an evolution of 1.0, which clear ambiguities and fix inconsistencies mostly in the processing of the vertical part of a CRS.AUTO
mode (default value) will generally select 1.0, unless the CRS to encode has a vertical component or is a 3D CRS, in which case 1.1 is used.Note
Write support for GeoTIFF 1.1 requires libgeotiff 1.6.0 or later.
SPARSE_OK=[TRUE/FALSE]: (GDAL >= 3.2) Defaults to
FALSE
. Should empty blocks be omitted on disk? When this option is set, any attempt of writing a block whose all pixels are 0 or the nodata value will cause it not to be written at all (unless there is a corresponding block already allocated in the file). Sparse files have 0 tile/strip offsets for blocks never written and save space; however, most non-GDAL packages cannot read such files. On the reading side, the presence of a omitted tile after a non-empty one may cause optimized readers to have to issue an extra GET request to the TileByteCounts array.
Update
Updating a COG file generally breaks part of the optimizations, but still produces a valid GeoTIFF file. Starting with GDAL 3.8, to avoid undesired loss of the COG characteristics, opening such a file in update mode will be rejected, unless the IGNORE_COG_LAYOUT_BREAK open option is also explicitly set to YES.
Note that a subset of operations are possible when opening a COG file in read-only mode, like metadata edition (including statistics storage), that will be stored in a auxiliary .aux.xml side-car file.
File format details
High level
A Cloud optimized GeoTIFF has the following characteristics:
TIFF or BigTIFF file
Tiled (512 pixels by default) for imagery, mask and overviews
Overviews until the maximum dimension of the smallest overview level is lower than 512 pixels.
Compressed or not
Pixel interleaving for multi-band dataset
Optimized layout of TIFF sections to minimize the number of GET requests needed by a reader doing random read access.
Low level
A COG file is organized as the following (if using libtiff >= 4.0.11 or GDAL internal libtiff. For other versions, the layout will be different and some of the optimizations will not be available).
TIFF/BigTIFF header/signature and pointer to first IFD (Image File Directory)
"ghost area" with COG optimizations (see Header ghost area)
IFD of the full resolution image, followed by TIFF tags values, excluding the TileOffsets and TileByteCounts arrays.
IFD of the mask of the full resolution image, if present, followed by TIFF tags values, excluding the TileOffsets and TileByteCounts arrays.
IFD of the first (largest in dimensions) overview level, if present
...
IFD of the last (smallest) overview level, if present
IFD of the first (largest in dimensions) overview level of the mask, if present
...
IFD of the last (smallest) overview level of the mask, if present
TileOffsets and TileByteCounts arrays of the above IFDs
tile data of the smallest overview, if present (with each tile followed by the corresponding tile of mask data, if present), with leader and trailer bytes
...
tile data of the largest overview, if present (interleaved with mask data if present)
tile data of the full resolution image, if present (interleaved with corresponding mask data if present)
Header ghost area
To describe the specific layout of COG files, a description of the features used is located at the beginning of the file, so that optimized readers (like GDAL) can use them and take shortcuts. Those features are described as ASCII strings "hidden" just after the 8 first bytes of a ClassicTIFF (or after the 16 first ones for a BigTIFF). That is the first IFD starts just after those strings. It is completely valid to have ghost areas like this in a TIFF file, and readers will normally skip over them. So for a COG file with a transparency mask, those strings will be:
GDAL_STRUCTURAL_METADATA_SIZE=000174 bytes
LAYOUT=IFDS_BEFORE_DATA
BLOCK_ORDER=ROW_MAJOR
BLOCK_LEADER=SIZE_AS_UINT4
BLOCK_TRAILER=LAST_4_BYTES_REPEATED
KNOWN_INCOMPATIBLE_EDITION=NO
MASK_INTERLEAVED_WITH_IMAGERY=YES
Note
A newline character \n is used to separate those strings.
A space character is inserted after the newline following KNOWN_INCOMPATIBLE_EDITION=NO
For a COG without mask, the MASK_INTERLEAVED_WITH_IMAGERY item will not be present of course.
The ghost area starts with GDAL_STRUCTURAL_METADATA_SIZE=XXXXXX bytes\n
(of
a fixed size of 43 bytes) where XXXXXX is a 6-digit number indicating the remaining
size of the section (that is starting after the linefeed character of this starting
line).
LAYOUT=IFDS_BEFORE_DATA
: the IFDs are located at the beginning of the file. GDAL will also makes sure that the tile index arrays are written just after the IFDs and before the imagery, so that a first range request of 16 KB will always get all the IFDsBLOCK_ORDER=ROW_MAJOR
: (strile is a contraction of 'strip or tile') the data for tiles is written in increasing tile id order. Future enhancements could possibly implement other layouts.BLOCK_LEADER=SIZE_AS_UINT4
: each tile data is preceded by 4 bytes, in a ghost area as well, indicating the real tile size (in little endian order). See Tile data leader and trailer for more details.BLOCK_TRAILER=LAST_4_BYTES_REPEATED
: just after the tile data, the last 4 bytes of the tile data are repeated. See Tile data leader and trailer for more details.KNOWN_INCOMPATIBLE_EDITION=NO
: when a COG is generated this is always written. If GDAL is then used to modify the COG file, as most of the changes done on an existing COG file, will break the optimized structure, GDAL will change this metadata item to KNOWN_INCOMPATIBLE_EDITION=YES, and issue a warning on writing, and when reopening such file, so that users know they have broken their COG fileMASK_INTERLEAVED_WITH_IMAGERY=YES
: indicates that mask data immediately follows imagery data. So when reading data at offset=TileOffset[i] - 4 and size=TileOffset[i+1]-TileOffset[i]+4, you'll get a buffer with:leader with imagery tile size (4 bytes)
imagery data (starting at TileOffsets[i] and of size TileByteCounts[i])
trailer of imagery (4 bytes)
leader with mask tilesize (4 bytes)
mask data (starting at mask.TileOffsets[i] and of size mask.TileByteCounts[i], but none of them actually need to be read)
trailer of mask data (4 bytes)
Note
The content of the header ghost area can be retrieved by getting the
GDAL_STRUCTURAL_METADATA
metadata item of the TIFF
metadata domain
on the datasett object (with GetMetadataItem())
Tile data leader and trailer
Each tile data is immediately preceded by a leader, consisting of a unsigned 4-byte integer, in little endian order, giving the number of bytes of payload of the tile data that follows it. This leader is ghost in the sense that the TileOffsets[] array does not point to it, but points to the real payload. Hence the offset of the leader is TileOffsets[i]-4.
An optimized reader seeing the BLOCK_LEADER=SIZE_AS_UINT4
metadata item will thus look for TileOffset[i]
and TileOffset[i+1] to deduce it must fetch the data starting at
offset=TileOffset[i] - 4 and of size=TileOffset[i+1]-TileOffset[i]+4. It then
checks the 4 first bytes to see if the size in this leader marker is
consistent with TileOffset[i+1]-TileOffset[i]. When there is no mask, they
should normally be equal (modulo the size taken by BLOCK_LEADER and
BLOCK_TRAILER). In the case where there is a mask and
MASK_INTERLEAVED_WITH_IMAGERY=YES, then the tile size indicated in the leader
will be < TileOffset[i+1]-TileOffset[i] since the data for the mask will
follow the imagery data (see MASK_INTERLEAVED_WITH_IMAGERY=YES)
Each tile data is immediately followed by a trailer, consisting of the repetition of the last 4 bytes of the payload of the tile data. The size of this trailer is not included in the TileByteCounts[] array. The purpose of this trailer is forces readers to be able to check if TIFF writers, not aware of those optimizations, have modified the TIFF file in a way that breaks the optimizations. If an optimized reader detects an inconsistency, it can then fallbacks to the regular/slower method of using TileOffsets[i] + TileByteCounts[i].
Examples
gdalwarp src1.tif src2.tif out.tif -of COG
gdal_translate world.tif world_webmerc_cog.tif -of COG -co TILING_SCHEME=GoogleMapsCompatible -co COMPRESS=JPEG
See Also
GTiff -- GeoTIFF File Format driver
How to generate and read cloud optimized GeoTIFF files (before GDAL 3.1)
If your source dataset is an internally tiled geotiff with the desired georeferencing and compression, using cogger (possibly along with gdaladdo to create overviews) will be much faster than the COG driver.


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The firm specialises in finding causal relations in heterogeneous data and making verifiable predictions based on them. For us, the unique power of Machine Learning lies in that it may help us see more clearly as we take a higher perspective at larger and larger volume of data.
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How to Forecast
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A simple JavaScript library to resize, reduce, or change ranges of DOM elements. Open source on GitHub.
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This is some sample text that you can reduce. Below is an excerpt from John Steinback's famous novel, The Grapes of Wraph .
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| Package | Description |
|---|---|
| controller |
This package is the controller package of the model-view-controller
(MVC) pattern.
|
| controller.syntax |
This package is the syntax package of the controller package.
|
| model |
This package is the model package of the model-view-controller
(MVC) pattern.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| And
This class represents and-clauses.
|
| Clause
This interface represents a subdivision among the predicate expressions.
|
| Constant
This class represents constants or values.
|
| DPostDeclaration
This is an abstract class to represent the DPost declarations.
|
| Equal
This class represents equal clauses.
|
| Not
This class represents negative clauses.
|
| ReactiveRule
This class represents the reactive rules of a LPS framework.
|
| Rule
This class represents the rules of the table of truth.
|
| SimpleSentence
This class represents predicates.
|
| Variable
This class represents variables.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| Action
This class represents actions.
|
| Arithmetic
This class represents arithmetic expressions.
|
| Clause
This interface represents a subdivision among the predicate expressions.
|
| Constant
This class represents constants or values.
|
| DSet
This class represents the D set of the database.
|
| Equal
This class represents equal clauses.
|
| FactSet
This class represents the updatable part of the database.
|
| GoalSet
This class represents the set where all goals are defined.
|
| Initiator
This is the class that represents the initiators among the DPost
declarations.
|
| ReactiveRule
This class represents the reactive rules of a LPS framework.
|
| ReactiveRuleSet
This singleton class represents the set of all reactive rules of the LPS
framework.
|
| Rule
This class represents the rules of the table of truth.
|
| RuleSet
This class represents a table of truth.
|
| SimpleSentence
This class represents predicates.
|
| Terminator
This is the class that represents the terminators among the DPost
declarations.
|
| Unifiable
This interface represents a subdivision among the predicate expressions.
|
| Variable
This class represents variables.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| AbstractOperator
This class is the abstract class that gathers all the operator classes.
|
| AbstractSolutionNode
This class is the abstract class that gathers all the solution-node classes.
|
| Action
This class represents actions.
|
| And
This class represents and-clauses.
|
| AndSolutionNode
This class represents a and node in the tree of proof.
|
| Arithmetic
This class represents arithmetic expressions.
|
| ArithmeticSolutionNode
This class represents a arithmetic expression node in the tree of proof.
|
| Clause
This interface represents a subdivision among the predicate expressions.
|
| Constant
This class represents constants or values.
|
| CycleHandler
Singleton class that handle the cycles of an LPS framework.
|
| CycleState
This is the interface to implement in order to add steps to the cycle.
|
| Database
This is a singleton class that represents the database of the framework.
|
| DPostDeclaration
This is an abstract class to represent the DPost declarations.
|
| DSet
This class represents the D set of the database.
|
| Equal
This class represents equal clauses.
|
| EqualSolutionNode
This class represents a equality node in the tree of proof.
|
| FactSet
This class represents the updatable part of the database.
|
| Goal
This class represents goals.
|
| GoalSet
This class represents the set where all goals are defined.
|
| GoalsList
This is a singleton class that represents the goals list of the framework.
|
| Initiator
This is the class that represents the initiators among the DPost
declarations.
|
| Not
This class represents negative clauses.
|
| NotSolutionNode
This class represents a negative node in the tree of proof.
|
| PCExpression
This interface represents the predicate expressions.
|
| ReactiveRule
This class represents the reactive rules of a LPS framework.
|
| ReactiveRuleSet
This singleton class represents the set of all reactive rules of the LPS
framework.
|
| Rule
This class represents the rules of the table of truth.
|
| RuleSet
This class represents a table of truth.
|
| SimpleSentence
This class represents predicates.
|
| SimpleSentenceSolutionNode
This class represents a simple sentence node in the tree of proof.
|
| SubstitutionSet
This class represents the bindings of different variables to unify to
expression or in the context of a solution to a clause.
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| Terminator
This is the class that represents the terminators among the DPost
declarations.
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| Unifiable
This interface represents a subdivision among the predicate expressions.
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| Variable
This class represents variables.
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[t]This vacancy may not be unpublished yet because there are candidates connected that do not have a status showing the candidate recruitment process has been finished yet.[/t]
[t]The vacancy has been unpublished.[/t]
[t]The rating has been stored.[/t]
[t]You have already rated the recruiter before.[/t]


{% extends "layout.html" %} {% block page_title %} Home Office - Visa and Immigration {% endblock %} {% block content %} {% include "includes/phase_banner_alpha.html" %} {% include "includes/outgoing-header.html" %} Generate approval Does the applicant have dependants? Yes No Dependant 1 Granted Refused Dependant 2 Granted Refused Police registration Yes No Sponsor details Course: Electronic Engineering Sponsor: Manchester University Address: Faculty of Engineering, Electronic House, M2 4TG Are the sponsor details correct? Yes No Please correct the sponsor details Course Sponsor Sponsor Faculty of Engineering, Electronic House, M2 4TG {% endblock %}


Our client, a recognized Fintech named “ABCFintech”, wants to offer its current and potential customers an application to pay their bills online. This application is called “My Bill Payments”.
Through this application, a customer gets a centralized platform to pay all their bills from different companies like BC Hydro (Electricity), Rogers (cellphone), Telus (Internet) (from now on, named “billers”) as well as manage them, thus saving time and avoiding overdue balances and late fees.
For example, a person named John Doe wants to pay three bills at the end of the month: BC Hydro, Cellphone (Rogers), and Internet (Telus). John will be able to log in on our application, and through the “Bill retrieval” functionality, he can look up the details of each bill, using as input the biller name and the bill identifier, e.g., Biller name: “Rogers” and Bill ID: 12345.
Assuming that the bill exists, our system will return the bill’s relevant information: Biller name, Bill identifier, amount to pay, and due date. Then, John can pay this bill using his credit card. Hence, John will enter its credit card information into the system: credit card number (16 digits), cardholder name, expiration year-month, and the three-digit security code. In case that John has funds available to cover this payment, our system will flag the bill as paid (preventing that it can be paid again by another user) and register the payment information (credit card first four and last four digits, cardholder name and expiration year-month).
The user can repeat this process as many times as the number of bills. Also, if John wants to review his paid bills, our system will provide a functionality to review all his past payments (payments history).
Version: v1
Service: Gateway
Visibility: Public
Domain: Ingress-gateway
Serialized Data/Content-Type: json
json
API
Description
/api/v1/user
Users service URL
/api/v1/bill
Bills service URL
/api/v1/billers
Billers service URL
Users
Visibility: Private
Domain: Users
Bill
Domain: Bills
Biller
Domain: Billers
db
Domain: Datastore
Table: Users
Tag
Value
Comment
lname
string
Last name of user
fname
First name of user
uname
Email ID of user
password
User’s account password
security_question
Security question in case user forgets password
security_answer
Answer to the security question
user_id
Unique id generated by DynamoDB
Table: Bills
bill_amount
decimal
Amount billed
bill_paid
boolean
true/false
due_date
Due date for the bill
payment_date
Date of the bill payment
cc_first_four_digits
integer
Identification of credit card franchise: Visa, MasterCard etc
cc_last_four_digits
Credit card information for troubleshooting
cc_exp_date
Expiry date of credit card
User id
biller_id
Biller id which issued the bill
bill_id
Bill id
Table: Billers
biller_name
Name of the billing company
active
biller_description
Description of the billing company
Unique id not interpreted by DynamoDB


'I was on the end of it' - Notts County manager Neal Ardley on ruthless Wimbledon dressing room
Magpies boss reveals how bust-ups were not uncommon
by Leigh CurtisNeal Ardley has lifted the lid on the ruthless nature of Wimbledon’s dressing room and admitted that arguments sometimes got physical if you were not pulling your weight.
England star Raheem Sterling was axed from the England squad to play against Montengro last week after the Manchester City star became embroiled in a bust-up with Liverpool’s Joe Gomez.
The incident occurred just 24 hours after Liverpool’s 3-1 win over Manchester City at Anfield when both players had a minor coming together towards the end of the Premier League clash.
England manager Gareth Southgate punished Sterling by leaving him out of the Three Lions’ 7-0 win although he returned for the 4-0 victory over Kosovo at the weekend.
And reflecting on his own career as a player at Wimbledon, where he spent 11 years, Notts County manager Ardley said bust-ups were not uncommon in a dressing room that fiercely demanded high standards.
“When I was playing at Wimbledon it was a regular occurrence,” he said.
“That was the way we rolled. Back then it was ruthless.
“If you didn’t pull your weight then people would have no hesitation in doing whatever it took to let you know.
“Sometimes it was physical. That was the truth. I was on the end of it two days into an apprenticeship.
“But I think the details of that should be for an off the record chat!”


Manage the queue, by deleting songs, or moving them
Getting towards the end of the night? Turning off requests will prevent people from choosing songs.


2014 Winter Enlympics
Schedule
Subject to change
MONDAY FEBRUARY 10
- NoonOpening ceremonies
- Pizza Lunch in the Play Room
- Introduction of Teams
- Explanation of Rules
- Schedule of Events posted
- Toilet Paper Unroll
- 4:00Paper Clip Chain
- Flight Path
TUESDAY FEBRUARY 11
- NoonPing Pong Quarterfinals C vs F
- Ping Pong Quarterfinals D vs E
WEDNESDAY FEBRUARY 12
- NoonPing Pong Semifinal 1 A vs winner C/F
- Ping Pong Semifinal 2 B vs winner D/E
- 4:00Speed Eraser
- Tissue Box Challenge
- Pentathlon: Beer Pong
THURSDAY FEBRUARY 13
- NoonPing Pong Bronze Medal Game
-Losers Semifinal 1 vs 2
- Ping Pong Gold Medal Game
-Winners Semifinal 1 vs 2
FRIDAY FEBRUARY 14
- 4:00Staple Pull
- Rapid Fire
- Pentathlon: Golf (Engineering Hallway)
MONDAY FEBRUARY 17
- NoonStupid Trivia (Little Red)
- Foosball Quarterfinals C vs F
- Foosball Quarterfinals D vs E
TUESDAY FEBRUARY 18
- NoonFoosball Semifinal 1: A vs winner C/F
- Foosball Semifinal 2: B vs winner D/E
- 4:00Office Chair Race (Engineering Hallway)
- Pentathlon: Shooting
WEDNESDAY FEBRUARY 19
- NoonFoosball Bronze Medal Game
-Losers Semifinal 1 vs 2
- Foosball Gold Medal Game
-Winners Semifinal 1 vs 2
- 4:00Chopstick Challenge
- Nice Build
- Pentathlon: Bowling (Engineering hallway)
THURSDAY FEBRUARY 20
- Day for make-up events or take it easy and no nothing
FRIDAY FEBRUARY 21
- NoonPentathlon: Waste Basketball
- Post-it Stickler
- Yank Me
- 4:00Closing Ceremony
- Drinks/snacks in the Playroom
- Announcement of Gold, Silver, and Bronze team winners


--- layout: default ---
You may remember that the default browser activity is to look for an index file. The index file for this site is built using the home.html layout. That's why it shows up on the home page.
The home page should really be customized by the theme. But I've added my own.