Early Modern Homo sapiens
All people today are classified as Homo sapiens. Our species of humans first began to evolve nearly 200,000 years ago in association with technologies not unlike those of the early Neandertals. It is now clear that early Homo sapiens, or modern humans, did not come after the Neandertals but were their contemporaries. However, it is likely that both modern humans and Neandertals descended from Homo heidelbergensis.Compared to the Neandertals and other late archaic humans, modern humans generally have more delicate skeletons. Their skulls are more rounded and their brow ridges generally protrude much less. They rarely have the occipital buns found on the back of Neandertal skulls. They also have relatively high foreheads, smaller faces, and pointed chins.
Neandertal modern Homo sapiens The first fossils of early modern humans to be identified were found in 1868 at the 27,000-23,000 year old Cro-Magnon rock shelter site near the village of Les Eyzies in southwestern France. They were subsequently named the Cro-Magnon people. They were very similar in appearance to modern Europeans. Males were 5 feet 4 inches to 6 feet tall (1.6-1.8 m.) That was 4-12 inches (10-31 cm.) taller than Neandertals. Their skeletons and musculature generally were less massive than the Neandertals. The Cro-Magnon had broad, small faces with pointed chins and high foreheads. Their cranial capacities were up to 1590 cm3, which is relatively large even for people today.
Origins of Modern HumansCurrent data suggest that modern humans evolved from archaic humans primarily in East Africa. A 195,000 year old fossil from the Omo 1 site in Ethiopia shows the beginnings of the skull changes that we associate with modern people, including a rounded skull case and possibly a projecting chin. A 160,000 year old skull from the Herto site in the Middle Awash area of Ethiopia also seems to be at the early stages of this transition. It had the rounded skull case but retained the large brow ridges of archaic humans. Somewhat more advanced transitional forms have been found at Laetoli in Tanzania dating to about 120,000 years ago. By 115,000 years ago, early modern humans had expanded their range to South Africa and into Southwest Asia (Israel) shortly after 100,000 years ago. There is no reliable evidence of modern humans elsewhere in the Old World until 60,000-40,000 years ago, during a short temperate period in the midst of the last ice age.
Important Early Modern Homo sapiens Sites
Date of Fossil
(years ago)East Africa: Herto, Middle Awash 160,000-154,000 Omo 1 195,000 Laetoli 120,000 South Africa: Border Cave 115,000-90,000 Klasies River Mouth 90,000 Israel: Skhul and Qafzeh 92,000-90,000 Australia: Lake Mungo 60,000-46,000 Asia: Annamite Mountains (Laos) 63,000 Ordos (Mongolia) 40,000-20,000 ? Liujiang (China) 139,000-111,000 ? Zhirendong (China) 100,000 ? Zhoukoudian upper cave
(China)27,000 Europe: Peştera cu Oase (Romania) 36,000-34,000 Combe Capelle (France) 35,000-30,000 Mladeč and Předmost
(Czech Republic)35,000-25,000 Cro-Magnon (France) 27,000-23,000
Note: Artifactual evidence indicates that modern humans were in Europe by at least 40,000 and possibly as
early as 46,000 years ago. Dating of the earliest modern human fossils in Asia is less secure, but it is likely
that they were present there by at least 60,000 years ago and possibly 100,000 years ago.It would seem from these dates that the location of initial modern Homo sapiens evolution and the direction of their dispersion from that area is obvious. That is not the case. Since the early 1980's, there have been two leading contradictory models that attempt to explain modern human evolution--the replacement model and the regional continuity model.
The replacement model of Christopher Stringer and Peter Andrews proposes that modern humans evolved from archaic humans 200,000-150,000 years ago only in Africa and then some of them migrated into the rest of the Old World replacing all of the Neandertals and other late archaic humans beginning around 60,000-40,000 years ago or somewhat earlier. If this interpretation of the fossil record is correct, all people today share a relatively modern African ancestry. All other lines of humans that had descended from Homo erectus presumably became extinct. From this view, the regional anatomical differences that we now see among humans are recent developments--evolving mostly in the last 40,000 years. This hypothesis is also referred to as the "out of Africa", "Noah's ark", and "African replacement" model.
The regional continuity model (or multiregional evolution model) advocated by Milford Wolpoff proposes that modern humans evolved more or less simultaneously in all major regions of the Old World from local archaic humans. For example, modern Chinese are seen as having evolved from Chinese archaic humans and ultimately from Chinese Homo erectus. This would mean that the Chinese and some other peoples in the Old World have great antiquity in place. Supporters of this model believe that the ultimate common ancestor of all modern people was an early Homo erectus in Africa who lived at least 1.8 million years ago. It is further suggested that since then there was sufficient gene flow between Europe, Africa, and Asia to prevent long-term reproductive isolation and the subsequent evolution of distinct regional species. It is argued that intermittent contact between people of these distant areas would have kept the human line a single species at any one time. However, regional varieties, or subspecies, of humans are expected to have existed.
Replacement Model ArgumentsThere are two sources of evidence supporting the replacement model--the fossil record and DNA. So far, the earliest finds of modern Homo sapiens skeletons come from Africa. They date to nearly 200,000 years ago on that continent. They appear in Southwest Asia around 100,000 years ago and elsewhere in the Old World by 60,000-40,000 years ago. Unless modern human remains dating to 200,000 years ago or earlier are found in Europe or East Asia, it would seem that the replacement model better explains the fossil data for those regions. However, the DNA data supporting a replacement are more problematical.
Beginning in the 1980's, Rebecca Cann, at the University of California, argued that the geographic region in which modern people have lived the longest should have the greatest amount of genetic diversity today. Through comparisons of mitochondrial DNA sequences from living people throughout the world, she concluded that Africa has the greatest genetic diversity and, therefore, must be the homeland of all modern humans. Assuming a specific, constant rate of mutation, she further concluded that the common ancestor of modern people was a woman living about 200,000 years ago in Africa. This supposed predecessor was dubbed "mitochondrial Eve" . More recent genetic research at the University of Chicago and Yale University lends support to the replacement model. It has shown that variations in the DNA of the Y chromosome and chromosome 12 also have the greatest diversity among Africans today. John Relethford and other critics of the replacement model have pointed out that Africa could have had the greatest diversity in DNA simply because there were more people living there during the last several hundred thousand years. This would leave open the possibility that Africa was not necessarily the only homeland of modern humans.
Critics of the genetic argument for the replacement model also point out that the rate of mutation used for the "molecular clock" is not necessarily constant, which makes the 200,000 year date for "mitochondrial Eve" unreliable. The rate of inheritable mutations for a species or a population can vary due to a number of factors including generation time, the efficiency of DNA repair within cells, ambient temperature, and varying amounts of natural environmental mutagens. In addition, some kinds of DNA molecules are known to be more subject to mutation than others, resulting in faster mutation rates. This seems to be the case with the Y chromosome in human males.
Further criticism of the genetic argument for the replacement model has come from geneticists at Oxford University. They found that the human betaglobin gene is widely distributed in Asia but not in Africa. Since this gene is thought to have originated more than 200,000 years ago, it undercuts the claim that an African population of modern Homo sapiens replaced East Asian archaic humans less than 60,000 years ago.
Regional Continuity Model ArgumentsFossil evidence also is used to support the regional continuity model. Its advocates claim that there has been a continuity of some anatomical traits from archaic humans to modern humans in Europe and Asia. In other words, the Asian and European physical characteristics have antiquity in these regions going back over 100,000 years. They point to the fact that many Europeans have relatively heavy brow ridges and a high angle of their noses reminiscent of Neandertals. Similarly, it is claimed that some Chinese facial characteristics can be seen in an Asian archaic human fossil from Jinniushan dating to 200,000 years ago. Like Homo erectus, East Asians today commonly have shovel-shaped incisors while Africans and Europeans rarely do. This supports the contention of direct genetic links between Asian Homo erectus and modern Asians. Alan Thorne of the Australian National University believes that Australian aborigines share key skeletal and dental traits with pre-modern people who inhabited Indonesia at least 100,000 years ago. The implication is that there was no replacement by modern humans from Africa 60,000-40,000 years ago. However, the evidence does not rule out gene flow from African populations to Europe and Asia at that time and before. David Frayer, of the University of Kansas, believes that a number of European fossils from the last 50,000 years have characteristics that are the result of archaic and modern humans interbreeding.
Assimilation ModelIt is apparent that both the complete replacement and the regional continuity models have difficulty accounting for all of the fossil and genetic data. What has emerged is a new hypothesis known as the assimilation (or partial replacement) model. It takes a middle ground and incorporates both of the old models. Gunter Brauer, of the University of Hamburg in Germany, proposes that the first modern humans did evolve in Africa, but when they migrated into other regions they did not simply replace existing human populations. Rather, they interbred to a limited degree with late archaic humans resulting in hybrid populations. In Europe, for instance, the first modern humans appear in the archaeological record rather suddenly around 45-40,000 years ago. The abruptness of the appearance of these Cro-Magnon people could be explained by their migrating into the region from Africa via an eastern Mediterranean coastal route. They apparently shared Europe with Neandertals for another 12,000 years or more. During this long time period, it is argued that interbreeding occurred and that the partially hybridized predominantly Cro-Magnon population ultimately became modern Europeans. In 2003, a discovery was made in a Romanian cave named Peştera cu Oase that supports this hypothesis. It was a partial skeleton of a 15-16 year old male Homo sapiens who lived about 30,000 years ago or a bit earlier. He had a mix of old and new anatomical features. The skull had characteristics of both modern and archaic humans. This could be explained as the result of interbreeding with Neandertals according to Erik Trinkaus of Washington University in St. Louis. Alan Templeton, also of Washington University, reported that a computer-based analysis of 10 different human DNA sequences indicates that there has been interbreeding between people living in Asia, Europe, and Africa for at least 600,000 years. This is consistent with the hypothesis that humans expanded again and again out of Africa and that these emigrants interbred with existing populations in Asia and Europe. It is also possible that migrations were not only in one direction--people could have migrated into Africa as well. If interbreeding occurred, it may have been a rare event. This is supported by the fact that most skeletons of Neandertals and Cro-Magnon people do not show hybrid characteristics.
Becoming Human: Part 3--biological and cultural evolution of Homo heidelbergensis,
Neandertals, and modern humans. This link takes you to another web page. To
return here, you must click the "back" button on your browser program.
(length = 51 mins, 32 secs)Svante Paabo: DNA Clues to Our Inner Neandertal--the latest genetic information on the
relationship between Neandertals and modern humans. This link takes you to another
web page. To return here, you must click the "back" button on your browser program.
(length = 17 mins, 2 secs)It would be a mistake to assume that from the time modern Homo sapiens began migrating out of Africa that all people in that continent were modern humans. The video below presents evidence of pockets of archaic humans surviving in West Africa until at least 13,000 years ago.
Skull points to a more complex human evolution in Africa--Chris Stringer describes a problematical
human skull from Nigeria. This link takes you to a BBC website. Select the video at the top of the
article. To return here, you must click the "back" button on your browser program.
(length = 1 min, 45 secs)
Expansion Out of the Old World
Homo sapiens began migrating into the lower latitudes of East Asia by at least 70,000 years ago. Along the way, some of them interbred with archaic humans, including both Neandertals and Denisovans. Genetic markers from these archaic human populations are found in the gene pool of some Southern Chinese, New Guinean, and other Micronesian Island populations today. Homo sapiens from Southeast Asia travelled to Australia by 46,000 years ago and possibly as early as 60,000 years ago. Because Australia was not connected to Southeast Asia by land, it is probable that these first Australian Aborigines arrived by simple boats or rafts. Modern humans reached the Japanese Islands by 30,000 years ago or somewhat earlier. Around 35,000-30,000 years ago, Homo sapiens big game hunters moved into Northeastern Siberia. Some of them migrated into North America via the Bering Plain, or Beringia , by 20,000-15,000 years ago. Some Homo sapiens may have reached the Americas a bit earlier than this, but the evidence is still considered questionable by most paleoanthropologists. The Bering Plain intercontinental land connection appeared between Siberia and Alaska as a result of sea levels dropping up to 450 feet (137 m.) during the final major cold period of the last ice age. Until that time, all human evolution had occurred in the Old World.
A consequence of human migrations into new regions of the world has been the extinction of many animal species indigenous to those areas. By 11,000 years ago, human hunters in the New World apparently had played a part in the extermination of 135 species of mammals, including 3/4 of the larger ones (mammoths, mastodons, giant sloths, etc.). Most of these extinctions apparently occurred within a few hundred years. It is likely that the rapidly changing climate at the end of the last ice age was a contributing factor. However, the addition of human hunters with spears to the existing top predators (mostly saber-toothed cats, lions, and dire-wolves) very likely disrupted the equilibrium between large herbivores and their predators. As a consequence there was a major ecosystem disruption resulting in the rapid decline of both non-human carnivores and their prey. Humans were very likely the trigger that set off this "trophic cascade". Unlike most other major predators, people survived by switching their food quest to smaller animals and plants.
Following the arrival of aboriginal people in Australia and Polynesians in New Zealand there were similar dramatic animal extinctions. In both of these cases humans apparently were directly responsible for wiping out easily hunted species. Large vulnerable marsupials were the main victims in Australia. Within 5,000 years following the arrival of humans, approximately 90% of the marsupial species larger than a domesticated cat had become extinct there. In New Zealand, it was mostly large flightless birds that were driven to extinction by human hunters following their arrival in the 10th-13th centuries A.D.
It is sobering to realize that the rate of animal and plant extinction has once again accelerated dramatically. During the last century and a half, the explosion in our global human population and our rapid technological development has allowed us to move into and over-exploit most areas of our planet including the oceans. That exploitation has usually involved cutting down forests, changing the courses of rivers, pushing wild animals and plants out of farm and urban areas, polluting wetlands with pesticides and other man-made chemicals, and industrial-scale hunting of large land animals, whales, and fish. During the early 19th century, there were at least 40,000,000 bison roaming the Great Plains of North America. By the end of that century, there were only a few hundred remaining. They had been hunted to near extinction with guns. The same fate came to the African elephant and rhinoceros during the 20th century. Likewise, commercial fishermen have depleted one species of fish after another during the last half century. Governments have had to step in to try to stem the tide of these human population effects on other species. However, they have been only marginally successful. The World Conservation Union conservatively estimates that 7,266 animal species and 8,323 plant and lichen species are now at risk of extinction primarily due to human caused habitat degradation. The endangered list includes 1/3 of all amphibian species, nearly 1/2 of the turtles and tortoises, 1/4 of the mammals, 1/5 of the sharks and rays, and 1/8 of the birds. This list does not include the many millions of species that are still unknown to science. It is likely that most of them will become extinct before they can be described and studied.
People TodayAre we genetically different from our Homo sapiens ancestors who lived 10-20,000 years ago? The answer is almost certainly yes. In fact, it is very likely that the rate of evolution for our species has continuously accelerated since the end of the last ice age, roughly 10,000 years ago. This is mostly due to the fact that our human population has explosively grown and moved into new kinds of environments, including cities, where we have been subject to new natural selection pressures. For instance, our larger and denser populations have made it far easier for contagious diseases, such as tuberculosis, small pox, the plague, and influenza to rapidly spread through communities and wreak havoc. This has exerted strong selection for individuals who were fortunate to have immune systems that allowed them to survive. There also has been a marked change in diet for most people since the end of the last ice age. It is now less varied and predominantly vegetarian around the globe with a heavy dependence on foods made from cereal grains. It is likely that the human species has been able to adapt to these and other new environmental pressures because it has acquired a steadily greater genetic diversity. A larger population naturally has more mutations adding variation to its gene pool simply because there are more people. This happens even if the mutation rate per person remains the same. However, the mutation rate may have actually increased because we have been exposed to new kinds of man-made environmental pollution that can cause additional mutations.
It is not clear what all of the consequences of the environmental and behavioral changes for humans have been. However, it does appear that the average human body size has become somewhat shorter over the last 10,000 years, and we have acquired widespread immunity to the more severe effects of some diseases such as measles and influenza.
Finally, can we say what direction human evolution will take in the future? This is a fascinating question to consider but impossible to answer because of innumerable unknown factors. Though, it is certain that we will continue to evolve until we reach the point of extinction.
NEWS: Maanasa Raghavan et al. reported on November 20, 2013 (http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/21/science/two-surprises-in-dna-of-boy-found-buried-in-siberia.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1 and http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature12736.html) that a 24,000 year old child skeleton from Malta near Lake Baikal in eastern Siberia shared major DNA markers with Western Europeans and 1/4 of living Native American. A 17,000 year old adult skeleton from Siberia also had genetic markers indicating European origin. This indicates that ice age Homo sapiens from Europe migrated much farther beyond that continent than commonly believed. It also implies that the New World native populations owe their ancestry not only to East Asians but to Europeans as well.
Copyright
1999-2013 by Dennis
O'Neil. All
rights reserved.
illustration
credits


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WITNESS LIST Public Health Committee March 2, 2005-2:00P HB 224 For: Brown, Karen (Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance of Texas; Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance of Austin) Castle, Lana R (Self and Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance Texas; Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance Austin) Chou, Kelley (Self) Lovelace, Joe (National Alliance for the Mentally Ill (NAMI) Texas) Rilling, Frank (Austin Area Mental Health Consumers) Seay, Kathi (Self) Swinney, James (Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance of Texas; Mental Health Association of Tarrant County) Swinney, Sarah E. (Depression and Bi-polar Support Alliance of Texas) On: Dudley, Jr., Harold K. (Dept. State Health Services State Hospital Section) Registering, but not testifying: For: Kern, Diana (NAMI Texas - National Alliance for the Mentally Ill) Steege, Armin (Texas Hospital Association; Seton Shoal Creek Hospital) HB 1025 For: Cornett, OD, John Todd (Texas Optometric Association) On: Kloeris, Chris (Texas Optometry Board (Executive Director)) Ninaud, Christian (Sunset Advisory Commission) Registering, but not testifying: For: Avery, BJ (Texas Optometric Association) Sorrenson, OD, Dr. Laurie (Texas Optometric Association) On: Feinleib, Yvonne (Department of State Health Services, Professional Licensing and Certification Unit) Latta, Mark (Texas Optometry Board (Board Chair)) HB 1028 On: Olvera, David (Sunset Commission) Peterson, Debbie (Dept. of State Health Services) HB 1298 For: Phillips, Sharon (Self and Hep C Advocate Network (HepCAN)) Against: Douglas, Wanda (Texas Nurses Assoc.) On: Heseltine, Gary (DSHS- Infectious Disease Control Unit) Majek, Mark (Board of Nurse Examiners) Registering, but not testifying: For: Parker, PhD, Carolyn A. (Texas AIDS Network) Against: Capelo, Jaime (Texas Academy of Physician Assistants) Woolbert, Lynda (Coalition for Nurses in Advanced Practice) HB 1336 For: Martin, Jim (Texas Pharmacy Assoc.) Purcell, Gerry (Self and Pharmacy Partners) Spence, Daryl (Self) Against: Bain, Doug (Caremark, Inc.) Buley, Chris (Community First Health Plans) Hammond, Bill (Texas Association of Business) Harty, Peter (Medco Health Solutions, Inc.) Horne, Allen (Caremark Rx) Rummel, Leah (Texas Assoc. of Health Plans) On: Bingham, Bill (Texas Dept. of Insurance) Dean, Barbara (HHSC Vendor Drug Program) Mattax, David (Texas Attorney General) Olah, Ray (Texas Attorney General) Registering, but not testifying: For: Beck, Richard (American Pharmacies) Reagan, Karen (Texas Federation of Drug Stores) Rogers, Jr., Johnnie B. (Texas Academy of Independent Pharmacist) Santos, Frank (Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacters of America (PhRMA)) Against: Hammond, Deborah (PacifiCare Prescription Solutions) McWilliams, Andrea (Express Scripts - PBM) Invited Testimony On: Flynn, Tim (Capitol Nurse Practitioner)


Hazard's brace for Belgium
by BeSoccerBelgium went up 3-0 against Russia in the 1st half. A scoreline where Hazard was the protagonist: Thorgan got the first and Eden got a brace just 6 minutes later.
Eden Hazard retrurned to lead Belgium against Russia in a stratospheric first half. Roberto Martinez's men went in at the break 3-0 up with the Madrid star, Eden, and Borussia Dortmund player, Thorgan, stealing the show.
Thorgan Hazard opened the scoring in the 19th minute from a Thorgan Hazard pass. A great goal from just outside the box that was proceeded by an Eden Hazard brace.
The attacker scored a nice half-volley in the dee after Romelu Lukaku's knockdown to make the 2-0 in the 33rd minute. Russia goalkeeper Guilherme failed to keep out Hazard's powerful shot, which was his second in 6 minutes.
In the 40th minute, he only had to score into an empty net after beautiful collective play from Belgium which ended with Kevin de Bruyne's pass of death and the Madrid player with the definiton. A whirlwind performance from Belgium at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow.


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Monospace Font Selector
This website is created for the needs of ClickHouse developers.
In fact it's created because I had some curiosity about monospace fonts.
It allows to quickly check how fonts will look without installation, directly from web browser.
Fonts may take significant time to load.
Source code: https://github.com/alexey-milovidov/font-selector
If you will find the information on this website inaccurate,
or if you want to extend this website, please make pull requests.
Font Rendering
How fonts will look depends on multiple factors:
1. Monitor.
In low-DPI monitors you may see how individual pixels are laid out, how well text is aligned in pixel grid.
To improve quality of font rendering, anti-aliasing and hinting may be required.
(It is not needed in CRT monitors that you are unlikely to use).
Anti-aliasing can be "grayscale" and "subpixel".
Subpixel antialiasing will produce more sharp text with slightly noticeable distortion of colors.
It's a matter of habit, what type of antialiasing would you prefer.
Hinting is used to perfectly align lines of symbols to pixel grid.
Text will appear much more sharp if hinting is used, but kerning and letter shape may be slightly worse.
Hinting is not needed if you use large font size.
There is a statement that subpixel antialiasing and hinting is not required on high-DPI ("retina") displays.
But it depends on actual DPI.
For example, 13" laptop with 1920x1080 resolution have medium DPI and you may find perfectly hinted font better.
30" monitor with 2560x1600 resolution have lower DPI and if you prefer crisp looking fonts, you will definitely need hinting.
32" 4K monitor with 3840x2160 have DPI just slightly more than previous example and font rendering may still benefit for hinting.
There are also bitmap (old-school) fonts that does not require any antialiasing or hinting
(they are already perfectly laid out in pixels). But they can work only in certain sizes.
On retina monitors their usage is mostly impractical.
They will not display correctly on MacBook because it is using non-integer scaling factor for pixels.
2. Operating system.
Different OS implement different mechanisms for font rendering.
Mac OS X does not use subpixel antialiasing nor hinting.
Text will appear slightly blurred on non-"retina" displays and just fine on "retina" displays.
Windows is using "ClearType" rendering method that supports both subpixel antialiasing and hinting.
Linux is using FreeType library that has support for subpixel antialiasing and hinting
but this support is broken in various Linux distributions in numerous different ways.
Default settings in Linux may give unsatisfactory results.
3. The settings of operating system.
For example, on fresh installation of kUbuntu, only grayscale antialiasing is enabled (similar to Mac OS X)
and subpixel antialiasing and hinting are not enabled.
You can enable subpixel antialiasing in system settings that will take effect after restart.
But hinting is totally broken. To enable hinting, put this line to /etc/environment:
FREETYPE_PROPERTIES="truetype:interpreter-version=35 cff:no-stem-darkening=1 autofitter:warping=1"
and restart the system. On some versions, recompilation of FreeType from sources may be necessarily.
More information: https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Font_configuration
https://mrandri19.github.io/2019/07/24/modern-text-rendering-linux-overview.html
Windows allows installation of alternative font rendering libraries instead of ClearType.
4. Application and how the application was packaged.
Some applications don't support subpixel antialiasing and/or hinting even if it is enabled in the OS.
For example, Konsole terminal works perfectly but Kitty does not:
https://github.com/kovidgoyal/kitty/issues/214
Font rendering may differ in your IDE, in terminal and in web browser.
For example, Firefox does support hinting but Chromium does not if it is installed from "snap" package.
Firefox supports bitmap fonts perfectly but Chromium does not.
The font size may depend on application.
For example, Liberation Mono 9pt is rendered in web browser one pt smaller than the same font in KDevelop.
Sometimes the size is different in Firefox and Chromium even with the same settings.
KDevelop supports subpixel AA and hinting if it was installed from apt.
But does not if you run it from AppImage.
Telegram Desktop supports subpixel AA and hinting if it was installed from apt.
But does not if you install it from official website.
Java applications (JetBrains products like CLion, IDEA, DataGrip) does not support hinting.
You can fix it installing different JVM and tuning some settings:
https://superuser.com/questions/614960/how-to-fix-font-anti-aliasing-in-intellij-idea-when-using-high-dpi
Terminal applications may require box drawing characters in font to render UI.
But not always. For example, Konsole will render box drawing characters by itself (by default)
and it will work perfectly even if your font does not have box drawing characters.
But if you copy-paste terminal output to some website, it may break.
5. How the font was packaged.
Some websites (like Google Fonts) may provide web-optimized, incomplete versions of fonts.
For example, if you use Fira Code font from Google Fonts, it will not render console UI correctly
despite the fact that full version of this font has all required characters.
Needless to say that hinting information can be lost in repackaged versions of fonts.
Bitmap fonts cannot be embedded/downloaded for the web page with CSS but they can be used if present in OS.
Only in Firefox, not in Chromium.
If you want to use bitmap fonts on web page without installation, they have to be converted to vector versions.
It can be done in numerous ways but most of them will give terrible results.
So, chances are low that you will see perfect look of Terminus font in your web browser.
It will not work on Mac OS X. It will not work in Chromium.
We deliberately removed all bitmap fonts for automatic download via CSS because they cannot display correctly.
To look at bitmap fonts, do
sudo apt install xfonts-terminus
sudo rm /etc/fonts/conf.d/70-no-bitmaps.conf
sudo ln -s /etc/fonts/conf.avail/70-yes-bitmaps.conf /etc/fonts/conf.d/70-yes-bitmaps.conf
sudo rm /etc/fonts/conf.d/10-scale-bitmap-fonts.conf
How to use this website
You can see the font selector on top. Click on the font you want to look.
There are different categories of fonts.
Most of the fonts have license allowing to freely use/redistribute them on the web.
They are instantly available for selection.
Some fonts are free to use but cannot be redistributed. Examples: Input Mono, Envy Code R.
They can be selected only if you have installed them in your OS.
It is easy. Step 1: go to the official website of the font. Step 2: download the font.
Step 3: if you are using Linux, open "Font Management", then open the font from filesystem, install it.
Step 4: if you are using Firefox, reload the page; if you are using Chromium, restart the web browser.
Some fonts comes with your operating system and cannot be redistributed.
Examples for Mac OS X: Monaco, Menlo, SF-Mono.
Examples for Windows: Lucida Console, Consolas.
These fonts can be selected only if available in your OS.
Some fonts are non-free and purchased separately.
Examples: Cartograph (trial download available), Pragmata Pro, MonoLisa.
These fonts are not included on the website.
Selectors for fonts that cannot be downloaded automatically and not available in your OS will be disabled (gray).
Different fonts are of different completeness/maturity.
We check that font has support for cyrillic letters (а-я) and box drawing characters.
If it does not, the selector will be in 50% opacity. The check is not precise.
The information about fonts availability is updated each second, because some fonts may take time to load.
Some fonts may have multiple variants. For example, Fira and JetBrains may have ligatures enabled or disabled.
Another example, Iosevka allows to choose different stylistic variations for many letters to accomodate everyone's taste.
Unfortunately, we list only one variation for most of the fonts.
Another example is cursive italic variant with handwritten style in Victor Mono and Cartograph.
It will look cool and hip when you share screenshots in social networks!
Unfortunately, default style of all programs that I use for code or as a terminal does not use italics.
And this website does not provide relevant examples.
Below you will find font size selector and examples selector.
The sizes are selected in points (pt). This is done to better match with the size selection in other applications.
But for different fonts, the same pt may correspond to different size.
Note that bitmap fonts are available not in every size.
They will either look terrible if size selection does not match or not render at all.
Right to these selectors you will find "add to favorite" (❤) and "trash" (🗑) buttons.
Add to favorite will move current font to the front of the list, so you can compare your favorite fonts more quickly.
Trash button will delete current font from the list, so you can quickly choose from the remaining fonts.
If you changed your mind and want to return some deleted font, reload the page by pressing F5 or Ctrl+R.
KDevelop example is partially based on the output of Woboq Code Browser.
The source file example is from https://github.com/ClickHouse/ClickHouse/blob/master/src/Common/Volnitsky.h
Konsole example is based on output of clickhouse-client on test dataset available here:
https://clickhouse.tech/docs/en/getting-started/example-datasets/metrica/
What fonts are the best?
There are so many differencies in fonts rendering and perception that makes answering this question impossible.
I refuse even trying to answer this question.
After creating this website I have found that I'm not ready to change the font that I have used before.
It means that creation of this website did not met the goal.
But I hope that this website will allow you to find a font that at least does not look like a trash.
Similar Projects
1. https://www.programmingfonts.org/
Upsides:
- Provides comprehensive list of fonts with info about each of them.
- Allows to test-drive interactively in web browser.
Downsides:
- All bitmap fonts on this website cannot display correctly and will provide misleading look.
- Some fonts on this website were not packaged correctly and has no hinting info. This will also give you misleading look.
- It is very difficult to select "light" theme instead of "dark" for examples.
2. http://www.s9w.io/font_compare/
This website provides the look of fonts rendering in Windows with screenshots.
3. https://github.com/chrissimpkins/codeface
Provides comprehensive list of fonts in form of TTF files and screenshots.
The list of fonts on my website is partially derived from this project.
#pragma once
#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <Core/Types.h>
#include <Poco/Unicode.h>
#include <Common/StringSearcher.h>
#include <Common/StringUtils/StringUtils.h>
#include <Common/UTF8Helpers.h>
#include <common/StringRef.h>
#include <common/unaligned.h>
/** Search for a substring in a string by Volnitsky's algorithm
* http://volnitsky.com/project/str_search/
*
* `haystack` and `needle` can contain zero bytes.
*
* Algorithm:
* - if the `needle` is too small or too large, or too small `haystack`, use std::search or memchr;
* - when initializing, fill in an open-addressing linear probing hash table of the form
* hash from the bigram of needle -> the position of this bigram in needle + 1.
* (one is added only to distinguish zero offset from an empty cell)
* - the keys are not stored in the hash table, only the values are stored;
* - bigrams can be inserted several times if they occur in the needle several times;
* - when searching, take from haystack bigram, which should correspond to the last bigram of needle (comparing from the end);
* - look for it in the hash table, if found - get the offset from the hash table and compare the string bytewise;
* - if it did not match, we check the next cell of the hash table from the collision resolution chain;
* - if not found, skip to haystack almost the size of the needle bytes;
*
* MultiVolnitsky - search for multiple substrings in a string:
* - Add bigrams to hash table with string index. Then the usual Volnitsky search is used.
* - We are adding while searching, limiting the number of fallback searchers and the total number of added bigrams
*/
namespace DB
{
namespace VolnitskyTraits
{
using Offset = UInt8; /// Offset in the needle. For the basic algorithm, the length of the needle must not be greater than 255.
using Id = UInt8; /// Index of the string (within the array of multiple needles), must not be greater than 255.
using Ngram = UInt16; /// n-gram (2 bytes).
/** Fits into the L2 cache (of common Intel CPUs).
* This number is extremely good for compilers as it is numeric_limits<Uint16>::max() and there are optimizations with movzwl and other instructions with 2 bytes
*/
static constexpr size_t hash_size = 64 * 1024;
/// min haystack size to use main algorithm instead of fallback
static constexpr size_t min_haystack_size_for_algorithm = 20000;
static inline bool isFallbackNeedle(const size_t needle_size, size_t haystack_size_hint = 0)
{
return needle_size < 2 * sizeof(Ngram) || needle_size >= std::numeric_limits<Offset>::max()
|| (haystack_size_hint && haystack_size_hint < min_haystack_size_for_algorithm);
}
static inline Ngram toNGram(const UInt8 * const pos) { return unalignedLoad<Ngram>(pos); }
template <typename Callback>
static inline void putNGramASCIICaseInsensitive(const UInt8 * const pos, const int offset, const Callback & putNGramBase)
{
struct Chars
{
UInt8 c0;
UInt8 c1;
};
union
{
Ngram n;
Chars chars;
};
n = toNGram(pos);
const auto c0_al = isAlphaASCII(chars.c0);
const auto c1_al = isAlphaASCII(chars.c1);
if (c0_al && c1_al)
{
/// 4 combinations: AB, aB, Ab, ab
putNGramBase(n, offset);
chars.c0 = alternateCaseIfAlphaASCII(chars.c0);
putNGramBase(n, offset);
chars.c1 = alternateCaseIfAlphaASCII(chars.c1);
putNGramBase(n, offset);
chars.c0 = alternateCaseIfAlphaASCII(chars.c0);
putNGramBase(n, offset);
}
else if (c0_al)
{
/// 2 combinations: A1, a1
putNGramBase(n, offset);
chars.c0 = alternateCaseIfAlphaASCII(chars.c0);
putNGramBase(n, offset);
}
else if (c1_al)
{
/// 2 combinations: 0B, 0b
putNGramBase(n, offset);
chars.c1 = alternateCaseIfAlphaASCII(chars.c1);
putNGramBase(n, offset);
}
else
/// 1 combination: 01
putNGramBase(n, offset);
}
template <bool CaseSensitive, bool ASCII, typename Callback>
static inline void putNGram(const UInt8 * const pos, const int offset, [[maybe_unused]] const UInt8 * const begin, const Callback & putNGramBase)
{
if constexpr (CaseSensitive)
{
putNGramBase(toNGram(pos), offset);
}
else
{
if constexpr (ASCII)
{
putNGramASCIICaseInsensitive(pos, offset, putNGramBase);
}
else
{
struct Chars
{
UInt8 c0;
UInt8 c1;
};
union
{
VolnitskyTraits::Ngram n;
Chars chars;
};
n = toNGram(pos);
if (isascii(chars.c0) && isascii(chars.c1))
putNGramASCIICaseInsensitive(pos, offset, putNGramBase);
else
{
/** n-gram (in the case of n = 2)
* can be entirely located within one code point,
* or intersect with two code points.
*
* In the first case, you need to consider up to two alternatives - this code point in upper and lower case,
* and in the second case - up to four alternatives - fragments of two code points in all combinations of cases.
*
* It does not take into account the dependence of the case-transformation from the locale (for example - Turkish `Ii`)
* as well as composition / decomposition and other features.
*
* It also does not work if characters with lower and upper cases are represented by different number of bytes or code points.
*/
using Seq = UInt8[6];
if (UTF8::isContinuationOctet(chars.c1))
{
/// ngram is inside a sequence
auto seq_pos = pos;
UTF8::syncBackward(seq_pos, begin);
const auto u32 = UTF8::convert(seq_pos);
const auto l_u32 = Poco::Unicode::toLower(u32);
const auto u_u32 = Poco::Unicode::toUpper(u32);
/// symbol is case-independent
if (l_u32 == u_u32)
putNGramBase(n, offset);
else
{
/// where is the given ngram in respect to the start of UTF-8 sequence?
const auto seq_ngram_offset = pos - seq_pos;
Seq seq;
/// put ngram for lowercase
UTF8::convert(l_u32, seq, sizeof(seq));
chars.c0 = seq[seq_ngram_offset];
chars.c1 = seq[seq_ngram_offset + 1];
putNGramBase(n, offset);
/// put ngram for uppercase
UTF8::convert(u_u32, seq, sizeof(seq));
chars.c0 = seq[seq_ngram_offset]; //-V519
chars.c1 = seq[seq_ngram_offset + 1]; //-V519
putNGramBase(n, offset);
}
}
else
{
/// ngram is on the boundary of two sequences
/// first sequence may start before u_pos if it is not ASCII
auto first_seq_pos = pos;
UTF8::syncBackward(first_seq_pos, begin);
/// where is the given ngram in respect to the start of first UTF-8 sequence?
const auto seq_ngram_offset = pos - first_seq_pos;
const auto first_u32 = UTF8::convert(first_seq_pos);
const auto first_l_u32 = Poco::Unicode::toLower(first_u32);
const auto first_u_u32 = Poco::Unicode::toUpper(first_u32);
/// second sequence always start immediately after u_pos
auto second_seq_pos = pos + 1;
const auto second_u32 = UTF8::convert(second_seq_pos); /// TODO This assumes valid UTF-8 or zero byte after needle.
const auto second_l_u32 = Poco::Unicode::toLower(second_u32);
const auto second_u_u32 = Poco::Unicode::toUpper(second_u32);
/// both symbols are case-independent
if (first_l_u32 == first_u_u32 && second_l_u32 == second_u_u32)
{
putNGramBase(n, offset);
}
else if (first_l_u32 == first_u_u32)
{
/// first symbol is case-independent
Seq seq;
/// put ngram for lowercase
UTF8::convert(second_l_u32, seq, sizeof(seq));
chars.c1 = seq[0];
putNGramBase(n, offset);
/// put ngram from uppercase, if it is different
UTF8::convert(second_u_u32, seq, sizeof(seq));
if (chars.c1 != seq[0])
{
chars.c1 = seq[0];
putNGramBase(n, offset);
}
}
else if (second_l_u32 == second_u_u32)
{
/// second symbol is case-independent
Seq seq;
/// put ngram for lowercase
UTF8::convert(first_l_u32, seq, sizeof(seq));
chars.c0 = seq[seq_ngram_offset];
putNGramBase(n, offset);
/// put ngram for uppercase, if it is different
UTF8::convert(first_u_u32, seq, sizeof(seq));
if (chars.c0 != seq[seq_ngram_offset])
{
chars.c0 = seq[seq_ngram_offset];
putNGramBase(n, offset);
}
}
else
{
Seq first_l_seq;
Seq first_u_seq;
Seq second_l_seq;
Seq second_u_seq;
UTF8::convert(first_l_u32, first_l_seq, sizeof(first_l_seq));
UTF8::convert(first_u_u32, first_u_seq, sizeof(first_u_seq));
UTF8::convert(second_l_u32, second_l_seq, sizeof(second_l_seq));
UTF8::convert(second_u_u32, second_u_seq, sizeof(second_u_seq));
auto c0l = first_l_seq[seq_ngram_offset];
auto c0u = first_u_seq[seq_ngram_offset];
auto c1l = second_l_seq[0];
auto c1u = second_u_seq[0];
/// ngram for ll
chars.c0 = c0l;
chars.c1 = c1l;
putNGramBase(n, offset);
if (c0l != c0u)
{
/// ngram for Ul
chars.c0 = c0u;
chars.c1 = c1l;
putNGramBase(n, offset);
}
if (c1l != c1u)
{
/// ngram for lU
chars.c0 = c0l;
chars.c1 = c1u;
putNGramBase(n, offset);
}
if (c0l != c0u && c1l != c1u)
{
/// ngram for UU
chars.c0 = c0u;
chars.c1 = c1u;
putNGramBase(n, offset);
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
/// @todo store lowercase needle to speed up in case there are numerous occurrences of bigrams from needle in haystack
template <bool CaseSensitive, bool ASCII, typename FallbackSearcher>
class VolnitskyBase
{
protected:
const UInt8 * const needle;
const size_t needle_size;
const UInt8 * const needle_end = needle + needle_size;
/// For how long we move, if the n-gram from haystack is not found in the hash table.
const size_t step = needle_size - sizeof(VolnitskyTraits::Ngram) + 1;
/** max needle length is 255, max distinct ngrams for case-sensitive is (255 - 1), case-insensitive is 4 * (255 - 1)
* storage of 64K ngrams (n = 2, 128 KB) should be large enough for both cases */
VolnitskyTraits::Offset hash[VolnitskyTraits::hash_size]; /// Hash table.
const bool fallback; /// Do we need to use the fallback algorithm.
FallbackSearcher fallback_searcher;
public:
using Searcher = FallbackSearcher;
/** haystack_size_hint - the expected total size of the haystack for `search` calls. Optional (zero means unspecified).
* If you specify it small enough, the fallback algorithm will be used,
* since it is considered that it's useless to waste time initializing the hash table.
*/
VolnitskyBase(const char * const needle_, const size_t needle_size_, size_t haystack_size_hint = 0)
: needle{reinterpret_cast<const UInt8 *>(needle_)}
, needle_size{needle_size_}
, fallback{VolnitskyTraits::isFallbackNeedle(needle_size, haystack_size_hint)}
, fallback_searcher{needle_, needle_size}
{
if (fallback)
return;
memset(hash, 0, sizeof(hash));
auto callback = [this](const VolnitskyTraits::Ngram ngram, const int offset) { return this->putNGramBase(ngram, offset); };
/// ssize_t is used here because unsigned can't be used with condition like `i >= 0`, unsigned always >= 0
/// And also adding from the end guarantees that we will find first occurence because we will lookup bigger offsets first.
for (auto i = static_cast<ssize_t>(needle_size - sizeof(VolnitskyTraits::Ngram)); i >= 0; --i)
VolnitskyTraits::putNGram<CaseSensitive, ASCII>(this->needle + i, i + 1, this->needle, callback);
}
/// If not found, the end of the haystack is returned.
const UInt8 * search(const UInt8 * const haystack, const size_t haystack_size) const
{
if (needle_size == 0)
return haystack;
const auto haystack_end = haystack + haystack_size;
if (fallback || haystack_size <= needle_size)
return fallback_searcher.search(haystack, haystack_end);
/// Let's "apply" the needle to the haystack and compare the n-gram from the end of the needle.
const auto * pos = haystack + needle_size - sizeof(VolnitskyTraits::Ngram);
for (; pos <= haystack_end - needle_size; pos += step)
{
/// We look at all the cells of the hash table that can correspond to the n-gram from haystack.
for (size_t cell_num = VolnitskyTraits::toNGram(pos) % VolnitskyTraits::hash_size; hash[cell_num];
cell_num = (cell_num + 1) % VolnitskyTraits::hash_size)
{
/// When found - compare bytewise, using the offset from the hash table.
const auto res = pos - (hash[cell_num] - 1);
/// pointer in the code is always padded array so we can use pagesafe semantics
if (fallback_searcher.compare(haystack, haystack_end, res))
return res;
}
}
return fallback_searcher.search(pos - step + 1, haystack_end);
}
const char * search(const char * haystack, size_t haystack_size) const
{
return reinterpret_cast<const char *>(search(reinterpret_cast<const UInt8 *>(haystack), haystack_size));
}
protected:
void putNGramBase(const VolnitskyTraits::Ngram ngram, const int offset)
{
/// Put the offset for the n-gram in the corresponding cell or the nearest free cell.
size_t cell_num = ngram % VolnitskyTraits::hash_size;
while (hash[cell_num])
cell_num = (cell_num + 1) % VolnitskyTraits::hash_size; /// Search for the next free cell.
hash[cell_num] = offset;
}
};
template <bool CaseSensitive, bool ASCII, typename FallbackSearcher>
class MultiVolnitskyBase
{
private:
/// needles and their offsets
const std::vector<StringRef> & needles;
/// fallback searchers
std::vector<size_t> fallback_needles;
std::vector<FallbackSearcher> fallback_searchers;
/// because std::pair<> is not POD
struct OffsetId
{
VolnitskyTraits::Id id;
VolnitskyTraits::Offset off;
};
OffsetId hash[VolnitskyTraits::hash_size];
/// step for each bunch of strings
size_t step;
/// last index of offsets that was not processed
size_t last;
/// limit for adding to hashtable. In worst case with case insentive search, the table will be filled at most as half
static constexpr size_t small_limit = VolnitskyTraits::hash_size / 8;
public:
MultiVolnitskyBase(const std::vector<StringRef> & needles_) : needles{needles_}, step{0}, last{0}
{
fallback_searchers.reserve(needles.size());
}
/**
* This function is needed to initialize hash table
* Returns `true` if there is nothing to initialize
* and `false` if we have something to initialize and initializes it.
* This function is a kind of fallback if there are many needles.
* We actually destroy the hash table and initialize it with uninitialized needles
* and search through the haystack again.
* The actual usage of this function is like this:
* while (hasMoreToSearch())
* {
* search inside the haystack with the known needles
* }
*/
bool hasMoreToSearch()
{
if (last == needles.size())
return false;
memset(hash, 0, sizeof(hash));
fallback_needles.clear();
step = std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max();
size_t buf = 0;
size_t size = needles.size();
for (; last < size; ++last)
{
const char * cur_needle_data = needles[last].data;
const size_t cur_needle_size = needles[last].size;
/// save the indices of fallback searchers
if (VolnitskyTraits::isFallbackNeedle(cur_needle_size))
{
fallback_needles.push_back(last);
}
else
{
/// put all bigrams
auto callback = [this](const VolnitskyTraits::Ngram ngram, const int offset)
{
return this->putNGramBase(ngram, offset, this->last);
};
buf += cur_needle_size - sizeof(VolnitskyTraits::Ngram) + 1;
/// this is the condition when we actually need to stop and start searching with known needles
if (buf > small_limit)
break;
step = std::min(step, cur_needle_size - sizeof(VolnitskyTraits::Ngram) + 1);
for (auto i = static_cast<int>(cur_needle_size - sizeof(VolnitskyTraits::Ngram)); i >= 0; --i)
{
VolnitskyTraits::putNGram<CaseSensitive, ASCII>(
reinterpret_cast<const UInt8 *>(cur_needle_data) + i,
i + 1,
reinterpret_cast<const UInt8 *>(cur_needle_data),
callback);
}
}
fallback_searchers.emplace_back(cur_needle_data, cur_needle_size);
}
return true;
}
inline bool searchOne(const UInt8 * haystack, const UInt8 * haystack_end) const
{
const size_t fallback_size = fallback_needles.size();
for (size_t i = 0; i < fallback_size; ++i)
if (fallback_searchers[fallback_needles[i]].search(haystack, haystack_end) != haystack_end)
return true;
/// check if we have one non empty volnitsky searcher
if (step != std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max())
{
const auto * pos = haystack + step - sizeof(VolnitskyTraits::Ngram);
for (; pos <= haystack_end - sizeof(VolnitskyTraits::Ngram); pos += step)
{
for (size_t cell_num = VolnitskyTraits::toNGram(pos) % VolnitskyTraits::hash_size; hash[cell_num].off;
cell_num = (cell_num + 1) % VolnitskyTraits::hash_size)
{
if (pos >= haystack + hash[cell_num].off - 1)
{
const auto res = pos - (hash[cell_num].off - 1);
const size_t ind = hash[cell_num].id;
if (res + needles[ind].size <= haystack_end && fallback_searchers[ind].compare(haystack, haystack_end, res))
return true;
}
}
}
}
return false;
}
inline size_t searchOneFirstIndex(const UInt8 * haystack, const UInt8 * haystack_end) const
{
const size_t fallback_size = fallback_needles.size();
size_t ans = std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max();
for (size_t i = 0; i < fallback_size; ++i)
if (fallback_searchers[fallback_needles[i]].search(haystack, haystack_end) != haystack_end)
ans = std::min(ans, fallback_needles[i]);
/// check if we have one non empty volnitsky searcher
if (step != std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max())
{
const auto * pos = haystack + step - sizeof(VolnitskyTraits::Ngram);
for (; pos <= haystack_end - sizeof(VolnitskyTraits::Ngram); pos += step)
{
for (size_t cell_num = VolnitskyTraits::toNGram(pos) % VolnitskyTraits::hash_size; hash[cell_num].off;
cell_num = (cell_num + 1) % VolnitskyTraits::hash_size)
{
if (pos >= haystack + hash[cell_num].off - 1)
{
const auto res = pos - (hash[cell_num].off - 1);
const size_t ind = hash[cell_num].id;
if (res + needles[ind].size <= haystack_end && fallback_searchers[ind].compare(haystack, haystack_end, res))
ans = std::min(ans, ind);
}
}
}
}
/*
* if nothing was found, ans + 1 will be equal to zero and we can
* assign it into the result because we need to return the position starting with one
*/
return ans + 1;
}
template <typename CountCharsCallback>
inline UInt64 searchOneFirstPosition(const UInt8 * haystack, const UInt8 * haystack_end, const CountCharsCallback & count_chars) const
{
const size_t fallback_size = fallback_needles.size();
UInt64 ans = std::numeric_limits<UInt64>::max();
for (size_t i = 0; i < fallback_size; ++i)
if (auto pos = fallback_searchers[fallback_needles[i]].search(haystack, haystack_end); pos != haystack_end)
ans = std::min<UInt64>(ans, pos - haystack);
/// check if we have one non empty volnitsky searcher
if (step != std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max())
{
const auto * pos = haystack + step - sizeof(VolnitskyTraits::Ngram);
for (; pos <= haystack_end - sizeof(VolnitskyTraits::Ngram); pos += step)
{
for (size_t cell_num = VolnitskyTraits::toNGram(pos) % VolnitskyTraits::hash_size; hash[cell_num].off;
cell_num = (cell_num + 1) % VolnitskyTraits::hash_size)
{
if (pos >= haystack + hash[cell_num].off - 1)
{
const auto res = pos - (hash[cell_num].off - 1);
const size_t ind = hash[cell_num].id;
if (res + needles[ind].size <= haystack_end && fallback_searchers[ind].compare(haystack, haystack_end, res))
ans = std::min<UInt64>(ans, res - haystack);
}
}
}
}
if (ans == std::numeric_limits<UInt64>::max())
return 0;
return count_chars(haystack, haystack + ans);
}
template <typename CountCharsCallback, typename AnsType>
inline void searchOneAll(const UInt8 * haystack, const UInt8 * haystack_end, AnsType * ans, const CountCharsCallback & count_chars) const
{
const size_t fallback_size = fallback_needles.size();
for (size_t i = 0; i < fallback_size; ++i)
{
const UInt8 * ptr = fallback_searchers[fallback_needles[i]].search(haystack, haystack_end);
if (ptr != haystack_end)
ans[fallback_needles[i]] = count_chars(haystack, ptr);
}
/// check if we have one non empty volnitsky searcher
if (step != std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max())
{
const auto * pos = haystack + step - sizeof(VolnitskyTraits::Ngram);
for (; pos <= haystack_end - sizeof(VolnitskyTraits::Ngram); pos += step)
{
for (size_t cell_num = VolnitskyTraits::toNGram(pos) % VolnitskyTraits::hash_size; hash[cell_num].off;
cell_num = (cell_num + 1) % VolnitskyTraits::hash_size)
{
if (pos >= haystack + hash[cell_num].off - 1)
{
const auto * res = pos - (hash[cell_num].off - 1);
const size_t ind = hash[cell_num].id;
if (ans[ind] == 0 && res + needles[ind].size <= haystack_end && fallback_searchers[ind].compare(haystack, haystack_end, res))
ans[ind] = count_chars(haystack, res);
}
}
}
}
}
void putNGramBase(const VolnitskyTraits::Ngram ngram, const int offset, const size_t num)
{
size_t cell_num = ngram % VolnitskyTraits::hash_size;
while (hash[cell_num].off)
cell_num = (cell_num + 1) % VolnitskyTraits::hash_size;
hash[cell_num] = {static_cast<VolnitskyTraits::Id>(num), static_cast<VolnitskyTraits::Offset>(offset)};
}
};
using Volnitsky = VolnitskyBase<true, true, ASCIICaseSensitiveStringSearcher>;
using VolnitskyUTF8 = VolnitskyBase<true, false, ASCIICaseSensitiveStringSearcher>; /// exactly same as Volnitsky
using VolnitskyCaseInsensitive = VolnitskyBase<false, true, ASCIICaseInsensitiveStringSearcher>; /// ignores non-ASCII bytes
using VolnitskyCaseInsensitiveUTF8 = VolnitskyBase<false, false, UTF8CaseInsensitiveStringSearcher>;
using VolnitskyCaseSensitiveToken = VolnitskyBase<true, true, ASCIICaseSensitiveTokenSearcher>;
using VolnitskyCaseInsensitiveToken = VolnitskyBase<false, true, ASCIICaseInsensitiveTokenSearcher>;
using MultiVolnitsky = MultiVolnitskyBase<true, true, ASCIICaseSensitiveStringSearcher>;
using MultiVolnitskyUTF8 = MultiVolnitskyBase<true, false, ASCIICaseSensitiveStringSearcher>;
using MultiVolnitskyCaseInsensitive = MultiVolnitskyBase<false, true, ASCIICaseInsensitiveStringSearcher>;
using MultiVolnitskyCaseInsensitiveUTF8 = MultiVolnitskyBase<false, false, UTF8CaseInsensitiveStringSearcher>;
}
milovidov@milovidov-desktop:~/work/ClickHouse$ clickhouse-client
ClickHouse client version <IP_ADDRESS>.
Connecting to localhost:9000 as user default.
 Elapsed: 0.054 sec. Processed 8.87 million rows, 112.70 MB (165.22 million rows/s., 2.10 GB/s.)
milovidov-desktop :)


The algorithm Leabra (local error driven and associative biologically realistic algorithm) allows for the construction of artificial neural networks that are biologically realistic and balance supervised and unsupervised learning within a single framework. This package is based on the 'MATLAB' version by Sergio Verduzco-Flores, which in turn was based on the description of the algorithm by Randall O'Reilly (1996) <ftp://grey.colorado.edu/pub/oreilly/thesis/oreilly_thesis.all.pdf>. For more general (not 'R' specific) information on the algorithm Leabra see <https://grey.colorado.edu/emergent/index.php/Leabra>.
| Version: | 0.1.0 |
| Depends: | R (≥ 2.10) |
| Imports: | plyr (≥ 1.8.4), R6 (≥ 2.2.1) |
| Suggests: | knitr, rmarkdown |
| Published: | 2017-09-22 |
| Author: | Johannes Titz [aut, cre, cph], Sergio Verduczo-Flores [cph], Randall O'Reilly [cph] |
| Maintainer: | Johannes Titz <johannes.titz at gmail.com> |
| BugReports: | https://github.com/johannes-titz/leabRa/issues |
| License: | GPL-2 |
| URL: | https://github.com/johannes-titz/leabRa |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| CRAN checks: | leabRa results |
| Reference manual: | leabRa.pdf |
| Vignettes: |
LeabRa: Biologically realistic neural networks based on Leabra in R |
| Package source: | leabRa_0.1.0.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: leabRa_0.1.0.zip, r-release: leabRa_0.1.0.zip, r-oldrel: leabRa_0.1.0.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: leabRa_0.1.0.tgz, r-oldrel: leabRa_0.1.0.tgz |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=leabRa to link to this page.


Summer vacation 2019 part three I enjoy photographing dragonflies and damselflies; this year I got some pretty reasonable shots of common blue damselflies, white-faced meadowhawks, a twelve-spotted skimmer, and my favourite, ebon…
Turning the Nintendo Switch into Android’s best gaming hardware You got your Google OS in my Nintendo hardware!
Chrome, Firefox to expunge Extended Validation cert signals Google and Mozilla have decided to eliminate Extended Validation signals in their desktop browsers; the certificates were designed to assure users they landed on a legitimate site, not a malicious copycat.
A bootstrapper script for the Cake .NET Core Global Tool on Alpine using ash In this post I provide an Almquist shell (ash) bootstrapper script for the Cake.Tool .NET Core global tool on Alpine Linux
Surrender Dorothy - Wikipedia "Surrender Dorothy" is a famous special effect used in the movie The Wizard of Oz, which later attained local fame as a graffito in the Washington, DC, metropolitan area.
How to build with Cake on Linux using Cake.CoreCLR or the Cake global tool In this post I show how to build .NET Core projects on Linux using the Cake.CoreCLR library or the .NET Core global tool Cake.Tool.
Quick demo of Ghostly - a Windows GitHub Notification client Ghostly is now released and in this video I do a really quick demo of some of the applications features. Read more about it at: https://spectresystems.se/ghostly/ You can install it directly from the windows store at: https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/p/g...
Managing SSL certificates may be getting that much more difficult A blog with tips, tricks and gotchas about Microsoft products - Primarily Exchange, Office 365, identity solutions, and Windows Server.
Overleaf, Online LaTeX Editor An online LaTeX editor that's easy to use. No installation, real-time collaboration, version control, hundreds of LaTeX templates, and more.
Massive biometric security flaw exposed more than one million fingerprints Security company Suprema says it will let customers know if there's any risk involved.
Cloud Native Show: What’s Cloud Native, Really? Get the definition from the engineers on campus up close and personal on the Cloud Native Show. In our Pilot episode, follow Shayne as he explores the Microsoft campus to have Cloud Native explained to him by Distinguished Engineer, Brendan Burns. For mor...


-addstr template: ster?clnt=<name|pass>&com=addstr&str=<str>[&<rule>=pattern...] Order of query params is not important. Feature names must not end with '*' to be legal. Stereotype names must not be '*', '-', or empty string. descript: A new stereotype based on the rule is inserted in the DB. The "rule" parameter is a conjuction of logical operations on the demographic attribures. The form of the pattern is attr_name1[operator]val1|logial_operator|attr_name2[operator]val2... The operator for comparison can my : for equality and >,>:.<:,<,<> for greater than, greater or equal than etc. We use the : and not the = symbol because of the url character restrictions. The logical operations are the "or" and "and". There can be parenthesis too. If there is an existing stereotype with the same name an error will be returnsd. Note that if no rule parameter exists then pserver will create an empty stereotype. If a rule parameter exists pserver will find all the users that satisfies the rule and will create the stereorype profile example : ster?clnt=name|pass&com=addstr&str=educated&rule=expert.computer:yes|and|educ:3 returns : 200 OK, 401 (fail, request error), 501 (fail, server error) 200 OK : no response body exists.


Molly
Data Normalization
Data
Operations
Import data
Select worksheet to import
Worksheet
Done
×
Revert Operation
Normalize Data


<IP_ADDRESS>. Global Sensitivity Analysis¶
Global sensitivity analysis is used to quantify contribution of each input variable to the uncertainty in the output quantity of interest (QoI). In particular, by calculating the global sensitivity indices, users can set preferences between random variables considering both inherent randomness and its propagation through the model. Global sensitivity analysis helps users to understand the overall impact of different sources of uncertainties and their interactions, as well as to accelerate UQ computations by focusing on dominant dimensions or screening out trivial input variables. Sensitivity index can also be used to identify the input variables for which extra experimentation/research may be useful in reducing the uncertainty in the initial specification.
Sobol indices are widely used variance-based global sensitivity measures which have two types: main effect and total effect sensitivity indices. The main effect index quantifies the fraction of variance in QoI that can be attributed to specific input random variable(s) but without considering interactive effect with other input variables. The total effect index, on the other hand, additionally takes the interactions into account. Please read HERE for more details on the equations.
Dakota Sensitivity Analysis is based on efficient Monte Carlo method (See Eqs. (8) and (9) in [Weirs12] which is referred in Dakota Technical manual [Adams20]), and the user has two options to generate the samples on which the statistics are created: Monte Carlo, and Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS). For both, they are required, as shown in figure below, to specify the number of samples and a seed.
The results of the Sensitivity analysis will show both the main effect and total effect Sobol indices for each random variable (RV) for each of the quantity of interest (QoI).
Note
When the associated FEM model is computationally expensive, the user should consider that the actual number of the simulation runs is larger than the number of samples specified in the input panel. The actual number of simulation runs are NS*(2+NRV)
NS = number of samples specified by user
NRV = number of random variables
- Weirs12
Weirs, J. R. Kamm, L. P. Swiler, M. Ratto, S. Tarantola, B. M. Adams, W. J. Rider, and M. S Eldred. Sensitivity analysis techniques applied to a system of hyperbolic conservation laws. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 107:157–170, 2012
- Adams20
Adams et al. DAKOTA, a multilevel parallel object-oriented framework for design optimization, parameter estimation, uncertainty quantification, and sensitivity analysis: version 6.12 user’s manual. Sandia National Laboratories, Tech. Rep. SAND2020-5001 (2020).


--- layout: default title: Jacob Keith ---
This site is under construction. As I am very new to web development, it will likely remain in this state for quite some time :P. Feel free to explore some select projects I've worked on over time, as well as the beginnings of a blog I hope to keep contributing to! For a more in-depth look at what I'm currently up to, check out my Github homepage.
Cheers,
J


FPJS Dashboard Beta
We're excited to announce the beta version of FPJS PRO dashboard.
Monitor your user traffic statistics in real time and get information
on all bots that are running javascript.
We can provide you insights on googlebot crawling patterns and more.
Our team is busy adding new features every week.
Let us know if you have any specific data requests.


Wall Street starts new week on back foot
by Eren Sengezer- Falling crude oil prices weigh on energy shares on Monday.
- Investors remain on edge as US tariff hike looms.
Wall Street's main indexes started the first day of the week in with modest losses as investors refrain from making large bets while waiting for fresh news surrounding the US-China trade conflict. Sides will try to finalize the phase-one of the trade deal in order to avoid the December 15th tariff hike.
As of writing, the Dow Jones Industrial Average and the S&P 500 were down 0.1% and 0.5%, respectively, and the Nasdaq Composite was unchanged on the day.
Additionally, the fact that the data published by China's General Administration of Customs on Sunday showed China's exports fell for the fourth straight month in November revived concerns over a global economic slowdown and weighed on the sentiment.
Among the 11-major S&P 500 sectors, the Energy Index is down 0.7% pressured by a 1% drop in crude oil prices. On the other hand, the Communication Services Index is up 0.5% to lead the winners.


Wendy:
Yes. Atlanta was probably my friend, but I can't recall for sure.
Perhaps I would remember more if something jogged my memory, some kind of proof. Without it, I can't be sure.


Microsoft Certified: Azure Fundamentals
Certified on June 9th 2021
Microsoft Certified: Azure AI Fundamentals
Certified on July 29th 2021
UBC CS Tri-Mentoring Program
Formed group with industry mentor and junior student to
explore
academic planning, networking, and career options
September 2019 - April 2020


Google Chrome Experiments
Google Chrome Experiments is an online showroom of web browser based experiments, interactive programs, and artistic
projects. Launched in March 2009, Chrome Experiments is an official Google website that was originally meant to test
the limits of JavaScript and the Google Chrome browser's performance and abilities.
As the project progressed, it took the role of showcasing and experimenting latest open-source web-based technologies,
such as JavaScript, HTML5, WebGL, Canvas, SVG, CSS, and some others. All the projects on Chrome experiments are made
using open source technologies.
Since its inception and launch, Chrome Experiments has featured only user submitted projects on their site, with a
few exceptions of projects submitted by Google's teams. However these submissions are first curated by the Chrome
Experiments team and then posted on the site for reviews and comments. It is also important to note that the projects are
not hosted on the Google site; Chrome Experiments only posts a verified link to the developer's website.


{{ profile.followers }} Followers
{{ profile.following }} Following
{{ profile.public_gists }} Public gists
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Created on: {{ repo.created_at | date }}
{{ repo.description }}


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Starting Chef Client, version 13.3.42[0m resolving cookbooks for run list: ["apache"][0m Synchronizing Cookbooks:[0m - apache (0.1.0)[0m Installing Cookbook Gems:[0m Compiling Cookbooks...[0m Converging 8 resources[0m Recipe: apache::default[0m * apt_package[apache2] action install (up to date) * service[apache2] action start (up to date) * service[apache2] action enable (up to date) * directory[/var/www/html/fuse] action create (up to date) * cookbook_file[/etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf] action create (up to date) * cookbook_file[/etc/apache2/sites-available/fuse.conf] action create (up to date) * template[/var/www/html/fuse.html] action create (up to date) * execute[a2en] action run [32m- execute sudo a2ensite fuse[0m [0m * template[/var/www/html/fuse/fuse.html] action create (up to date) * service[apache2] action restart [32m- restart service service[apache2][0m [0m[0m Running handlers:[0m Running handlers complete [0mChef Client finished, 2/10 resources updated in 04 seconds[0m [2017-08-26T16:50:29+00:00] WARN: ***************************************** [2017-08-26T16:50:29+00:00] WARN: Did not find config file: /solo.rb, using command line options. [2017-08-26T16:50:29+00:00] WARN: ***************************************** [2017-08-26T16:50:29+00:00] FATAL: Cannot load configuration from fuse.json Starting Chef Client, version 13.3.42[0m resolving cookbooks for run list: ["apache"][0m Synchronizing Cookbooks:[0m - apache (0.1.0)[0m Installing Cookbook Gems:[0m Compiling Cookbooks...[0m Converging 8 resources[0m Recipe: apache::default[0m * apt_package[apache2] action install (up to date) * service[apache2] action start (up to date) * service[apache2] action enable (up to date) * directory[/var/www/html/fuse] action create (up to date) * cookbook_file[/etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf] action create (up to date) * cookbook_file[/etc/apache2/sites-available/fuse.conf] action create (up to date) * template[/var/www/html/fuse.html] action create (up to date) * execute[a2en] action run [32m- execute sudo a2ensite fuse[0m [0m * template[/var/www/html/fuse/fuse.html] action create (up to date) * service[apache2] action restart [32m- restart service service[apache2][0m [0m[0m Running handlers:[0m Running handlers complete [0mChef Client finished, 2/10 resources updated in 04 seconds[0m [2017-08-26T17:51:49+00:00] WARN: ***************************************** [2017-08-26T17:51:49+00:00] WARN: Did not find config file: /solo.rb, using command line options. [2017-08-26T17:51:49+00:00] WARN: ***************************************** [2017-08-26T17:51:49+00:00] FATAL: Cannot load configuration from fuse.json Starting Chef Client, version 13.3.42[0m resolving cookbooks for run list: ["apache"][0m Synchronizing Cookbooks:[0m [0m ================================================================================[0m [31mError Syncing Cookbooks:[0m ================================================================================[0m [0m Unexpected Error:[0m -----------------[0m Errno::EACCES: Permission denied @ rb_sysopen - /home/ubuntu/chef-solo/cookbooks/apache/recipes/default.rb[0m [0m System Info:[0m ------------[0m chef_version=13.3.42 [0m platform=ubuntu [0m platform_version=14.04 [0m ruby=ruby 2.4.1p111 (2017-03-22 revision 58053) [x86_64-linux] [0m program_name=chef-solo worker: ppid=14314;start=18:12:01; [0m executable=/opt/chef/bin/chef-solo[0m [0m [0m Running handlers:[0m [2017-08-26T18:12:02+00:00] ERROR: Running exception handlers Running handlers complete [0m[2017-08-26T18:12:02+00:00] ERROR: Exception handlers complete Chef Client failed. 0 resources updated in 01 seconds[0m [2017-08-26T18:12:02+00:00] FATAL: Stacktrace dumped to /home/ubuntu/chef-solo/chef-stacktrace.out [2017-08-26T18:12:02+00:00] FATAL: Please provide the contents of the stacktrace.out file if you file a bug report [2017-08-26T18:12:02+00:00] ERROR: Permission denied @ rb_sysopen - /home/ubuntu/chef-solo/cookbooks/apache/recipes/default.rb [2017-08-26T18:12:02+00:00] FATAL: Chef::Exceptions::ChildConvergeError: Chef run process exited unsuccessfully (exit code 1) Starting Chef Client, version 13.3.42[0m resolving cookbooks for run list: ["apache"][0m Synchronizing Cookbooks:[0m [0m ================================================================================[0m [31mError Syncing Cookbooks:[0m ================================================================================[0m [0m Unexpected Error:[0m -----------------[0m Errno::EACCES: Permission denied @ rb_sysopen - /home/ubuntu/chef-solo/cookbooks/apache/recipes/default.rb[0m [0m System Info:[0m ------------[0m chef_version=13.3.42 [0m platform=ubuntu [0m platform_version=14.04 [0m ruby=ruby 2.4.1p111 (2017-03-22 revision 58053) [x86_64-linux] [0m program_name=chef-solo worker: ppid=14602;start=18:13:19; [0m executable=/opt/chef/bin/chef-solo[0m [0m [0m Running handlers:[0m [2017-08-26T18:13:20+00:00] ERROR: Running exception handlers Running handlers complete [0m[2017-08-26T18:13:20+00:00] ERROR: Exception handlers complete Chef Client failed. 0 resources updated in 01 seconds[0m [2017-08-26T18:13:20+00:00] FATAL: Stacktrace dumped to /home/ubuntu/chef-solo/chef-stacktrace.out [2017-08-26T18:13:20+00:00] FATAL: Please provide the contents of the stacktrace.out file if you file a bug report [2017-08-26T18:13:20+00:00] ERROR: Permission denied @ rb_sysopen - /home/ubuntu/chef-solo/cookbooks/apache/recipes/default.rb [2017-08-26T18:13:20+00:00] FATAL: Chef::Exceptions::ChildConvergeError: Chef run process exited unsuccessfully (exit code 1) Starting Chef Client, version 13.3.42[0m resolving cookbooks for run list: ["apache"][0m Synchronizing Cookbooks:[0m - apache (0.1.0)[0m Installing Cookbook Gems:[0m Compiling Cookbooks...[0m Converging 8 resources[0m Recipe: apache::default[0m * apt_package[apache2] action install (up to date) * service[apache2] action start (up to date) * service[apache2] action enable (up to date) * directory[/var/www/html/fuse] action create (up to date) * cookbook_file[/etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf] action create (up to date) * cookbook_file[/etc/apache2/sites-available/fuse.conf] action create (up to date) * template[/var/www/html/fuse.html] action create (up to date) * execute[a2en] action run [32m- execute sudo a2ensite fuse[0m [0m * template[/var/www/html/fuse/fuse.html] action create (up to date) * service[apache2] action restart [32m- restart service service[apache2][0m [0m[0m Running handlers:[0m Running handlers complete [0mChef Client finished, 2/10 resources updated in 04 seconds[0m [2017-08-26T18:14:22+00:00] WARN: ***************************************** [2017-08-26T18:14:22+00:00] WARN: Did not find config file: /solo.rb, using command line options. [2017-08-26T18:14:22+00:00] WARN: ***************************************** [2017-08-26T18:14:22+00:00] FATAL: Cannot load configuration from fuse.json Starting Chef Client, version 13.3.42[0m resolving cookbooks for run list: ["apache"][0m Synchronizing Cookbooks:[0m - apache (0.1.0)[0m Installing Cookbook Gems:[0m Compiling Cookbooks...[0m Converging 8 resources[0m Recipe: apache::default[0m * apt_package[apache2] action install (up to date) * service[apache2] action start (up to date) * service[apache2] action enable (up to date) * directory[/var/www/html/fuse] action create (up to date) * cookbook_file[/etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf] action create (up to date) * cookbook_file[/etc/apache2/sites-available/fuse.conf] action create (up to date) * template[/var/www/html/fuse.html] action create (up to date) * execute[a2en] action run [32m- execute sudo a2ensite fuse[0m [0m * template[/var/www/html/fuse/fuse.html] action create (up to date) * service[apache2] action restart[2017-08-26T18:15:25+00:00] FATAL: SIGINT received, stopping [2017-08-26T18:15:25+00:00] FATAL: SIGINT received, stopping [0m Running handlers:[0m [2017-08-26T18:15:28+00:00] ERROR: Running exception handlers Running handlers complete [0m[2017-08-26T18:15:28+00:00] ERROR: Exception handlers complete Chef Client failed. 1 resources updated in 06 seconds[0m [2017-08-26T18:15:28+00:00] FATAL: Stacktrace dumped to /home/ubuntu/chef-solo/chef-stacktrace.out [2017-08-26T18:15:28+00:00] FATAL: Please provide the contents of the stacktrace.out file if you file a bug report [2017-08-26T18:15:28+00:00] ERROR: exit Starting Chef Client, version 13.3.42[0m resolving cookbooks for run list: ["apache"][0m Synchronizing Cookbooks:[0m - apache (0.1.0)[0m Installing Cookbook Gems:[0m Compiling Cookbooks...[0m Converging 8 resources[0m Recipe: apache::default[0m * apt_package[apache2] action install (up to date) * service[apache2] action start (up to date) * service[apache2] action enable (up to date) * directory[/var/www/html/fuse] action create (up to date) * cookbook_file[/etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf] action create (up to date) * cookbook_file[/etc/apache2/sites-available/fuse.conf] action create (up to date) * template[/var/www/html/fuse.html] action create [32m- update content in file /var/www/html/fuse.html from 75d554 to 3336c3[0m [37m--- /var/www/html/fuse.html 2017-08-26 16:20:53.966111000 +0000[0m [37m+++ /var/www/html/.chef-fuse20170826-16199-180x9kq.html 2017-08-26 18:26:29.362111000 +0000[0m [37m@@ -4,13 +4,18 @@[0m [37m [0m [37m
[0m [37m Fuse Assignment by Manoj[0m [37m-


VEGAS VACATION 1997 A film review by Timothy Voon Copyright 1997 Timothy Voon 2 :-( :-( for a forgettable holiday
Cast: Chevy Chase, Beverly D'Angelo, Randy Quaid, Ethan Embry, Marisol Nichols. Screenplay: Elisa Bell. Director: Stephen Kessler.
What was I expecting on this vacation? A five star hotel with a presidential suite and adjoining swimming pool and spa? Fool. I'm forgetting that this is a Chevy Chase movie, where pearls are tossed to swine. I should have rented "Leaving Las Vegas" instead, in which case I would have got a budget motel and a bargain priced prostitute. Then at least I would have been spared the meaningless squander of the Griswald Clan. After four Vacations, "National Lampoon's", "European", "Christmas" and now "Vegas", I think the next family outing should be kept a private affair.
I have great difficulty remembering the basic plot elements with any Chevy Chase movie. In particular the ones where he goes on holiday with his family. What do they end up doing? How does it start or end? The truth is I can't remember. Aren't movies meant to be memorable, the good ones at least. So one can reflect back and say that was a good movie because -- My single memory of any Vacation movie is of a cyclist who starts spurting blood from all his major vessels, after being run down by the Griswald family. Not one for the family photo album I'm afraid.
Little happens in this movie that hasn't already joined the black hole of lost thoughts lingering in my mind. The children, now grown up go their worldly ways as their father abandons the family to the guile of gambling. The wife, lonely and miserable falls into the arms of Wayne Newton. The movie climaxes when they steal a winning lottery ticket from a dead man. Which brings up the only thought provoking moment of the entire movie. Would you do the same?
Timothy Voon e-mail<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


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{# (c) Crown Owned Copyright, 2016. Dstl. #} {% extends "layout.html" %} {% block page_title %}Overall Tool Stats{% endblock %} {% block grid_content %}
Here are all the usage stats for tools, sorted by most used in the last 30 days, you can explore further by downloading all usage stats as a CSV file.
| Name | Usage in the past 30 days | Usage in the past 7 days | Total usage |
|---|---|---|---|
| {{link.name}} {% if link.is_external %} External {% endif %} | {{link.usage_past_thirty_days}} | {{link.usage_past_seven_days}} | {{link.usage.count}} |
Hey there, there aren't any stats generated in the system yet. When users start using the tools more those statistics will appear here.


Homepage
This project contains an 11ty skeleton with a few key features that documentation sites commonly need. It is not a theme - there is as little styling as possible while still keeping it readable. It should be thought of as a collection of utility features / ways to solve docs problems, which you can copy or build a theme on top of.


Create the interception dll
Open the notepadtestdll.vcproj file from the "C:\temp\Notepadtest" directory.
Open the NotepadTestdll.cpp file and find the method "ReadFileReplacement." This will be called first at anytime notepad makes a call to readfile. We have the chance to add any test code we want and then pass on the parameters to the real ReadFile or just return control to notepad.
Add the following code to the top of the ReadFileReplacement function.
MessageBox(NULL, "Test is about to run", "", MB_OK);
nNumberOfBytesToRead += 100;
This will trick ReadFile into thinking the buffer notepad has passed it is 100 bytes larger than it really is and will force a buffer overrun. This test case will cause the application to crash, however it is not a valid test. It is rather a quick and easy demonstration to show the power of injecting your test code into the intercept-path.
Build the notepadTestdll project by clicking Build > "Build Solution"
Launch Notepad
Open the notepadtest.vcproj file from C:\temp\notepadtest, compile the project and run it. Click Build > "Build Solution" this will create the application to launch. Run the application by clicking Debug > "Start" or by pressing f5. Once the application has launched the call to LaunchApplication will start notepad.
Once Notepad has finished loading, make a call to the library we have chosen to intercept. Click File > Open on the menu in Notepad, notice your dialog is displayed because notepad has made a call to the ReadFile function which we are intercepting. After you click OK to the dialog the forced buffer overrun test will execute and Notepad will crash immediately.


The builtin type string.
The string can be any sequence of Unicode characters, including NUL.
The characters are UTF-8 encoded.
Illegal byte sequences may appear but cause an exception for some
operations. Finding a character by index requires going over the string
from the start, since UTF-8 is a variable width encoding. It might be
faster to use indexes on the result of toArray().
| NEW(array) @file |
Create a string from the characters in array.
|
| NEW(array, start) @file |
Create a string from the characters in array starting at index start.
|
| NEW(array, start, end) @file |
Create a string from the characters in array starting at index start
and ending at index end (inclusive).
|
| $Size() int @public |
Return the size of the string in characters.
|
| $ToString() string @public |
Return the string itself, a no-op. Also works on a NIL.
|
| $ToString(formatSpec) string @public |
Return a formatted version of the string.
|
| $Compare(other) int @public |
Return -1 when other sorts after this string, zero when other is
equal to this string, and 1 when other sorts before this string.
|
| $Equal(other) bool @public |
Return TRUE when other is equal to this string, FALSE otherwise.
|
| $asByteString() byteString @public |
Return the string as a byteString.
|
| $toByteString() byteString @public |
Return the string as a byteString.
|
| $toVarString() varString @public |
Return the string converted to a varString.
|
| $toArray() array<nat32> @public |
Return an array with the characters of the string.
|
| $format(arguments) string @file |
Replace placeholders in the string with argument values.
|
| $toInt() int @public |
Return the digits at the start of the string converted to a number.
|
| $toInt(default) int @public |
Return the digits at the start of the string converted to a number.
|
| $quotedToInt() int @public |
Return the digits at the start of the string converted to a number,
ignoring quotes.
|
| $quotedToInt(default) int @public |
Return the digits at the start of the string converted to a number,
ignoring quotes.
|
| $hexToInt() int @public |
Return the hex digits at the start of the string converted to a number.
|
| $hexToInt(default) int @public |
Return the hex digits at the start of the string converted to a number.
|
| $quotedHexToInt() int @public |
Return the hex digits at the start of the string converted to a number,
ignoring quotes.
|
| $quotedHexToInt(default) int @public |
Return the hex digits at the start of the string converted to a number,
ignoring quotes.
|
| $binToInt() int @public |
Return the binary digits at the start of the string converted to a
number.
|
| $binToInt(default) int @public |
Return the binary digits at the start of the string converted to a
number.
|
| $quotedBinToInt() int @public |
Return the binary digits at the start of the string converted to a
number, ignoring quotes.
|
| $quotedBinToInt(default) int @public |
Return the binary digits at the start of the string converted to a
number, ignoring quotes.
|
| $toFloat() float @public |
Return the number at the start of the string converted to a float.
|
| $toFloat(length) float @public |
Return the number at the start of the string converted to a float.
|
| $find(s) int @public |
Return the lowest index where string s appears.
|
| $find(c) int @public |
Return the lowest index of the character c.
|
| $find(s, start) int @public |
Return the lowest index where the string s appears at or after start.
|
| $find(c, start) int @public |
Return the lowest index of the character c at or after start.
|
| $findLast(s) int @public |
Return the highest index where string s appears.
|
| $findLast(c) int @public |
Return the highest index of the character c.
|
| $startsWith(s) bool @public |
Return TRUE when the string starts with s.
|
| $endsWith(s) bool @public |
Return TRUE when the string ends with s.
|
| $hash() nat @public |
Return a number that is a hash value of the string.
|
| $padLeft(minSize, pad) string @public |
Return the string with padding added on the left.
|
| $padRight(minSize, pad) string @public |
Return the string with padding added on the right.
|
| $reverse() string @public |
Return the string with all characters in reverse order.
|
| $replace(from, to) string @public |
Replace the first occurrence of the from character with to.
|
| $replaceAll(from, to) string @public |
Replace all occurrences of the from character with to.
|
| $escape() string @public |
Double all backslashes and put a backslash before a double quote.
|
| $toLower() string @public |
Return a copy of the string with all characters lower-cased.
|
| $toLowerAscii() string @public |
Return a copy of the string with all ASCII characters lower-cased.
|
| $toUpper() string @public |
Return a copy of the string with all characters upper-cased.
|
| $toUpperAscii() string @public |
Return a copy of the string with all ASCII characters upper-cased.
|
| $slice(start) string @public |
Return a copy of the string, starting at index start.
|
| $slice(start, end) string @public |
Return a copy of the string, starting at index start and ending at
end, inclusive.
|
| $split() list<string> @public |
Return a list with the string split at white space.
|
| $split(sep) list<string> @public |
Return a list with the string split into pieces, split at sep.
|
| $splitAnyOf(charSet) list<string> @public |
Return a list with the string split at the characters in charSet.
|
| $trim() string @public |
Return the string with leading and trailing white space removed.
|
| |
| |


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Before Change
// (this would not be the case if multiple context spans make up the same token)
if char_loc == -1:
tokenized_context.append(default_context)
elif token in ["\n"]:
tokenized_context.append(context_by_char_loc[current_char_loc][1])
else:
if char_loc > context_by_char_loc[current_char_loc][0]:
After Change
// TODO: this is a workaround that has no guarantees of being correct
raise ValueError("Context cannot be fully matched as it appears to not cover the end of the sequence for token {}".format(token))
if token.strip() not in context_by_char_loc[current_char_loc][2]:
warnings.warn("subtoken: {} has matched up with the context for token: {}".format(repr(token), repr(context_by_char_loc[current_char_loc][2])))
tokenized_context.append(context_by_char_loc[current_char_loc][1])
assert len(tokenized_context) == len(encoded_output.token_ends)


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&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;&;
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When people find Feminists for Life they often say, “I’m home!”
In celebration of Women’s History Month (March), and in anticipation of Sexual Assault
Awareness Month (April), Feminists for Life is going to welcome new members and
gift members (including student members), and welcome back home those whose support
has lapsed–each with a very special kit.
Our welcome home kit includes three NEW and essential brochures:
* Voices of Feminist Foremothers: filled with powerful pro-life quotes from early
American feminists.
* You Have Better Choices: lists NINE nonviolent choices and the resources and
support available to pregnant women. Also outlines a father’s rights and
responsibilities, and how college activists can transform their campus using
our model “tools for schools.”
* FFL’s newest brochure answers the basic question, “Is abortion a woman’s
right? A fundamental freedom? Or a reflection that we have not met the needs
of women?”
* We explain our pro-life feminist philosophy, identify who is at highest
risk of abortion, our record of achievement and what we are doing to move forward
with woman-centered solutions.
And for a limited time, new, returning and gift members will receive two issues
of The American Feminist on the most controversial and important issues of the day:
“Hard Cases, Exceptional Choices” and “Forward into Light.”
* A dozen Remarkable Pro-Life Women® who faced life’s toughest challenges share
their firsthand accounts in “Hard Cases, Exceptional Choices.” In addition, I’ll
share my answers to the most controversial and important questions of our
day, including “What about rape–including statutory rape, incest and rape–disability,
and life of the mother?” It includes a new thought-provoking ad in English
and Spanish about children with special needs, and another of a woman conceived
in rape.
 This is the essential philosophical
piece that explores the connection between exploitation and violence-including
abortion.
You can be proud to support our revolutionary work. So you-or your gift recipient
will also receive our Feminists for Life bumper sticker for your car or dorm room!
(Regular memberships including gift memberships are just $25 and $15 for students,
including student gift memberships.)
Join (and rejoin) FFL NOW [http://r20.rs6.net/tn.jsp?e=001b3trxJHQKkulHGkj15ZzCkKCLh273oVi85G6G61VTBA0621dg5AhqzkMxugExhhxDKsz91BQxCZEvqjgbu6dyA9cThC-cY9oiSOin6CUJrYLkElM9UFMFCnFalZv87pyorNZFIud53s=]
to be equipped with the information you need to change the culture towards support
for the most vulnerable women and children.
If your membership, donations or monthly pledge is current, I thank you and ask
you to consider a gift membership, or passing this invitation on to someone you
think would be interested in our revolutionary work.
March is Women’s History Month. April is Sexual Assault Awareness Month. We offer
these back-to-back issues during these back-to-back months in hopes that you will
join me in saying there are no exceptions to our principles. Just exceptional people-both
women and children.

Because women deserve better,
Serrin M. Foster
President
P.S. If you are not sure if your membership or support is current, please contact
<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>Sorry, anonymous gift memberships are not accepted. All donations including memberships
are tax-deductible to the extent allowed by law.
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Feminists for Life | P.O. Box 320667 | Alexandria | VA | 22320