Multivar_matching.Rmd
library(fedmatch)
library(data.table)
While name matching is covered well by the tools
infedmatch::merge_plus()
and
fedmatch::fuzzy_match()
, sometimes it is useful to pull in
additional information besides names. These could include company
information fields like industry code, zip codes, countries, and the
like. Or, for loans, it could include loan amounts, origination dates,
or industry codes. Or, one could even want to use multiple different
names at the same time. This is where
fedmatch::multivar_match()
comes into play. It lets you
compare two records based on multiple fields. It does so by assigning a
numeric value from 0-1 for each field, and then computing a weighted sum
(or predicts a probability with a logit model), arriving at a final
multivar_score for a given pair of records. It computes these
multivar_scores for every possible combination of records, and picks the
best match for each
The basic syntax is as follows, using the example company data in fedmatch:
corp_data1_test <- copy(corp_data1)
data.table::setDT(corp_data1_test)
corp_data2_test <- copy(corp_data2)
data.table::setDT(corp_data2_test)
corp_data1_test[, id_1 := seq(1, .N)]
corp_data2_test[, id_2 := seq(1, .N)]
corp_data2_test[, Country := country]
corp_data2_test[, Company := Name]
result <- merge_plus(
data1 = corp_data1_test,
data2 = corp_data2_test,
match_type = "multivar",
by = c("Country", "Company"),
suffixes = c("_1", "_2"),
unique_key_1 = "id_1",
unique_key_2 = "id_2",
multivar_settings = build_multivar_settings(
compare_type = c("indicator", "stringdist"),
wgts = c(.5, .5), nthread = 1
))
result
#> $matches
#> unique_key_1 Company_1 Country_1 State SIC Revenue id_1
#> 1: 1 Walmart USA OH 3300 485 1
#> 2: 2 Bershire Hataway USA 2222 223 2
#> 3: 3 Apple USA CA 3384 215 3
#> 4: 4 Exxon Mobile USA TX 2222 205 4
#> 5: 5 McKesson Germany MA 222 192 5
#> 6: 6 UnitedHealth Group USA MA NA 184 6
#> 7: 7 CVS Health USA RI 1112 177 7
#> 8: 9 AT&T USA TN 4000 163 9
#> 9: 8 General Motors USA MI 2222 166 8
#> 10: 10 Ford Motor Company USA MI NA 151 10
#> Name country state_code SIC_code earnings unique_key_2 id_2
#> 1: Walmart USA OH 3380 490,000 1 1
#> 2: Bershire Hathaway USA NE 2220 220,000 2 2
#> 3: Apple Computer USA CA NA 220,000 3 3
#> 4: Exxon Mobile Inc. USA TX 2222 210,000 4 4
#> 5: McKesson Corp. MA 2222 190,000 5 5
#> 6: UnitedHealth Group USA MA 1130 180,000 6 6
#> 7: UnitedHealth Group USA MA 1130 180,000 6 6
#> 8: AT & T USA TN 4000 160,000 9 9
#> 9: Ford Motor USA MI 2222 150,000 10 10
#> 10: Ford Motor USA MI 2222 150,000 10 10
#> Country_2 Company_2 Country_compare Company_compare multivar_score
#> 1: USA Walmart 1 1.0000000 1.0000000
#> 2: USA Bershire Hathaway 1 0.9882353 0.9941176
#> 3: USA Apple Computer 1 0.8714286 0.9357143
#> 4: USA Exxon Mobile Inc. 1 0.9333333 0.9666667
#> 5: McKesson Corp. 0 0.9285714 0.4642857
#> 6: USA UnitedHealth Group 1 1.0000000 1.0000000
#> 7: USA UnitedHealth Group 1 0.5333333 0.7666667
#> 8: USA AT & T 1 0.9111111 0.9555556
#> 9: USA Ford Motor 1 0.7333333 0.8666667
#> 10: USA Ford Motor 1 0.9111111 0.9555556
#> tier
#> 1: all
#> 2: all
#> 3: all
#> 4: all
#> 5: all
#> 6: all
#> 7: all
#> 8: all
#> 9: all
#> 10: all
#>
#> $matches_filter
#> Null data.table (0 rows and 0 cols)
#>
#> $data1_nomatch
#> Empty data.table (0 rows and 7 cols): Company,Country,State,SIC,Revenue,unique_key_1...
#>
#> $data2_nomatch
#> Name country state_code SIC_code earnings unique_key_2 id_2 Country Company
#> 1: CVS RI 1122 180,000 7 7 CVS
#> 2: GM MI 2222 170,000 8 8 GM
#>
#> $match_evaluation
#> tier matches in_tier_unique_1 in_tier_unique_2 pct_matched_1 pct_matched_2
#> 1: all 10 10 8 1 0.8
#> new_unique_1 new_unique_2
#> 1: 10 8
Let’s go through the arguments:
merge_plus
, except ‘by’ can contain multiple elements,
unlike with merge_plus
.parallel::makeCluster()
base::predict()
multivar_match
returns a data.table with the columns
from both data_1
and data_2
, just like
base::merge()
. In addition, it returns three columns for
each variable in by
: two for the original columns in the
data, and one column with the suffix ‘compare’ that has the numerical
value for the given comparison. For example:
print(result$matches[, .(Company_1, Company_2, Company_compare)])
#> Company_1 Company_2 Company_compare
#> 1: Walmart Walmart 1.0000000
#> 2: Bershire Hataway Bershire Hathaway 0.9882353
#> 3: Apple Apple Computer 0.8714286
#> 4: Exxon Mobile Exxon Mobile Inc. 0.9333333
#> 5: McKesson McKesson Corp. 0.9285714
#> 6: UnitedHealth Group UnitedHealth Group 1.0000000
#> 7: CVS Health UnitedHealth Group 0.5333333
#> 8: AT&T AT & T 0.9111111
#> 9: General Motors Ford Motor 0.7333333
#> 10: Ford Motor Company Ford Motor 0.9111111
print(result$matches[, .(Country_1, Country_2, Country_compare)])
#> Country_1 Country_2 Country_compare
#> 1: USA USA 1
#> 2: USA USA 1
#> 3: USA USA 1
#> 4: USA USA 1
#> 5: Germany 0
#> 6: USA USA 1
#> 7: USA USA 1
#> 8: USA USA 1
#> 9: USA USA 1
#> 10: USA USA 1
Further, it adds one additional column for the overall multivar_score. In our example, we set the weights each equal to 0.5, so the multivar_score is simply the average of our two comparison variables:
print(result$matches[, .(Company_compare, Country_compare, multivar_score)])
#> Company_compare Country_compare multivar_score
#> 1: 1.0000000 1 1.0000000
#> 2: 0.9882353 1 0.9941176
#> 3: 0.8714286 1 0.9357143
#> 4: 0.9333333 1 0.9666667
#> 5: 0.9285714 0 0.4642857
#> 6: 1.0000000 1 1.0000000
#> 7: 0.5333333 1 0.7666667
#> 8: 0.9111111 1 0.9555556
#> 9: 0.7333333 1 0.8666667
#> 10: 0.9111111 1 0.9555556
If you’re not sure what the weights for each variable should be, you
can use the function fedmatch::calculate_weights()
in
conjunction with a validated match set to get an estimate. This uses the
methodology from Felligi and Sunter’s seminal paper A Theory for
Record Linkage. You can find more information on the Record Linkage
Wikipedia page. Essentially, fedmatch looks for which variables are
most likely to match when two records match, and uses this criteria to
weight the variables. Here is an example of how this would work:
set.seed(111)
fake_result_table <- data.table::data.table(
Company_1 = c("ABC Corp", "XYZ Corporation", "Apple Corp", "Banana Corp"),
Company_2 = c("ABC Corporation", "XYZ Inc", "Apple Incorporated", "Banana Stand"),
Country_1 = c("USA", "USA", "TUR", "USA"),
Country_2 = c("MEX", "USA", "TUR", "USA")
)
calculated_weights <- calculate_weights(fake_result_table, c("Company", "Country"),
compare_type = c("stringdist", "indicator"),
suffixes = c("_1", "_2"))
calculated_weights$w
#> Company Country
#> 0.7349053 0.2650947
In this dummy example, the names are giving us more information about
the match quality than the countries, and so the weights are
correspondingly higher. If you’d like more details on the exact
methodology, see the manual documentation for
calculate_weights
.
Rather than using a linear combination of the comparison variables,
we can instead train a logit model on a training set of matches and
non-matches. The explanatory variables are each of the comparison
variables, and the dependent variable is a binary 1/0 for if the two
records are a match or not. This data set needs to be constructed by
hand, and is similar to the type of data set used with
calculate_weights.
However, it must contain both matches
and non-matches for the logit model to be well-trained. Here is an
example of how this would look:
set.seed(111)
corp_data1_test <- copy(corp_data1)
data.table::setDT(corp_data1_test)
corp_data2_test <- copy(corp_data2)
data.table::setDT(corp_data2_test)
corp_data1_test[, id_1 := seq(1, .N)]
corp_data2_test[, id_2 := seq(1, .N)]
corp_data2_test[, Country := country]
corp_data2_test[, Company := Name]
set.seed(111)
fake_result_table <- data.table::data.table(
match = sample(c(1, 0, 1), 1e5, replace = TRUE),
Company_compare = runif(1e5),
Country_compare = sample(c(1, 0), 1e5, replace = TRUE)
)
logit_model <- glm(match ~ Company_compare + Country_compare,
family = "binomial",
data = fake_result_table
)
summary(logit_model)
#>
#> Call:
#> glm(formula = match ~ Company_compare + Country_compare, family = "binomial",
#> data = fake_result_table)
#>
#> Coefficients:
#> Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)
#> (Intercept) 0.69243 0.01502 46.097 <2e-16 ***
#> Company_compare -0.02710 0.02324 -1.166 0.2436
#> Country_compare 0.03155 0.01342 2.351 0.0187 *
#> ---
#> Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
#>
#> (Dispersion parameter for binomial family taken to be 1)
#>
#> Null deviance: 127258 on 99999 degrees of freedom
#> Residual deviance: 127251 on 99997 degrees of freedom
#> AIC: 127257
#>
#> Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 4
result <- merge_plus(corp_data1_test, corp_data2_test,
match_type = "multivar",
multivar_settings = build_multivar_settings(logit = logit_model, compare_type = c("indicator", "stringdist"),
wgts = NULL, nthread = 1),
by = c("Country", "Company"), unique_key_1 = "id_1",
unique_key_2 = "id_2",
suffixes = c("_1", "_2")
)
result
#> $matches
#> unique_key_1 Company_1 Country_1 State SIC Revenue id_1
#> 1: 4 Exxon Mobile USA TX 2222 205 4
#> 2: 5 McKesson Germany MA 222 192 5
#> 3: 6 UnitedHealth Group USA MA NA 184 6
#> 4: 9 AT&T USA TN 4000 163 9
#> 5: 2 Bershire Hataway USA 2222 223 2
#> 6: 7 CVS Health USA RI 1112 177 7
#> 7: 10 Ford Motor Company USA MI NA 151 10
#> 8: 1 Walmart USA OH 3300 485 1
#> 9: 8 General Motors USA MI 2222 166 8
#> 10: 3 Apple USA CA 3384 215 3
#> Name country state_code SIC_code earnings unique_key_2 id_2
#> 1: Walmart USA OH 3380 490,000 1 1
#> 2: Walmart USA OH 3380 490,000 1 1
#> 3: Walmart USA OH 3380 490,000 1 1
#> 4: Walmart USA OH 3380 490,000 1 1
#> 5: Exxon Mobile Inc. USA TX 2222 210,000 4 4
#> 6: Exxon Mobile Inc. USA TX 2222 210,000 4 4
#> 7: UnitedHealth Group USA MA 1130 180,000 6 6
#> 8: AT & T USA TN 4000 160,000 9 9
#> 9: AT & T USA TN 4000 160,000 9 9
#> 10: Ford Motor USA MI 2222 150,000 10 10
#> Country_2 Company_2 Country_compare Company_compare multivar_score
#> 1: USA Walmart 1 0.0000000 0.6734819
#> 2: USA Walmart 0 0.0000000 0.6665064
#> 3: USA Walmart 1 0.3650794 0.6713026
#> 4: USA Walmart 1 0.0000000 0.6734819
#> 5: USA Exxon Mobile Inc. 1 0.2847222 0.6717829
#> 6: USA Exxon Mobile Inc. 1 0.3777778 0.6712266
#> 7: USA UnitedHealth Group 1 0.4497354 0.6707962
#> 8: USA AT & T 1 0.0000000 0.6734819
#> 9: USA AT & T 1 0.4126984 0.6710178
#> 10: USA Ford Motor 1 0.0000000 0.6734819
#> tier
#> 1: all
#> 2: all
#> 3: all
#> 4: all
#> 5: all
#> 6: all
#> 7: all
#> 8: all
#> 9: all
#> 10: all
#>
#> $matches_filter
#> Null data.table (0 rows and 0 cols)
#>
#> $data1_nomatch
#> Empty data.table (0 rows and 7 cols): Company,Country,State,SIC,Revenue,unique_key_1...
#>
#> $data2_nomatch
#> Name country state_code SIC_code earnings unique_key_2 id_2
#> 1: Bershire Hathaway USA NE 2220 220,000 2 2
#> 2: Apple Computer USA CA NA 220,000 3 3
#> 3: McKesson Corp. MA 2222 190,000 5 5
#> 4: CVS RI 1122 180,000 7 7
#> 5: GM MI 2222 170,000 8 8
#> Country Company
#> 1: USA Bershire Hathaway
#> 2: USA Apple Computer
#> 3: McKesson Corp.
#> 4: CVS
#> 5: GM
#>
#> $match_evaluation
#> tier matches in_tier_unique_1 in_tier_unique_2 pct_matched_1 pct_matched_2
#> 1: all 10 10 5 1 0.5
#> new_unique_1 new_unique_2
#> 1: 10 5
Instead of using a weighted sum of comparison scores, we use
base::predict
to arrive at a multivar_score that can be
interpreted as a match probability. A word of caution: the logit
parameters can give very non-intuitive results for the resultant
multivar_scores, because the logit function is of
course non-linear. For example, in one project we were working on, there
was a coefficient of 40 and a coefficient of 3. However, if the variable
with the coefficient of ‘3’ had a comparison score of 0, then the
highest the multivar_score could be was only around 0.6! This was very
unintuitive for us, and shows the complex nature of the logit model.
All that said, the logit model has the benefit of returning an easily-interpretable multivar_score: with a large enough (and clean enough) training set, the fitted multivar_score is simply the probability of a match. This is contrast to the multivar_scores returned by the linear combination: these numbers have no immediate meaning, and can vary dramatically for each project. In one project, a score of .6 might be very good, and in another, very bad. It is a good idea to try both the logit and linear methods and play around with each for your individual project.
Because this method of matching relies on comparing each row of a data set to each other row of a dataset, the time needed to perform a match grows very quickly as the size of each data set increases. There are several ways to help with this:
Here’s how the blocking works:
corp_data1_test <- copy(corp_data1)
data.table::setDT(corp_data1_test)
corp_data2_test <- copy(corp_data2)
data.table::setDT(corp_data2_test)
corp_data1_test[, id_1 := seq(1, .N)]
corp_data2_test[, id_2 := seq(1, .N)]
corp_data2_test[, Country := country]
corp_data2_test[, Company := Name]
result <- merge_plus(
data1 = corp_data1_test,
data2 = corp_data2_test,
match_type = "multivar",
by = c("Company"),
suffixes = c("_1", "_2"),
unique_key_1 = "id_1",
unique_key_2 = "id_2",
multivar_settings = build_multivar_settings(
compare_type = c( "stringdist"),
wgts = c(1), nthread = 1, blocks = "Country"
))
result$matches
#> unique_key_1 Country Company_1 State SIC Revenue id_1
#> 1: 1 USA Walmart OH 3300 485 1
#> 2: 2 USA Bershire Hataway 2222 223 2
#> 3: 3 USA Apple CA 3384 215 3
#> 4: 4 USA Exxon Mobile TX 2222 205 4
#> 5: 6 USA UnitedHealth Group MA NA 184 6
#> 6: 7 USA CVS Health RI 1112 177 7
#> 7: 9 USA AT&T TN 4000 163 9
#> 8: 8 USA General Motors MI 2222 166 8
#> 9: 10 USA Ford Motor Company MI NA 151 10
#> Name country state_code SIC_code earnings unique_key_2 id_2
#> 1: Walmart USA OH 3380 490,000 1 1
#> 2: Bershire Hathaway USA NE 2220 220,000 2 2
#> 3: Apple Computer USA CA NA 220,000 3 3
#> 4: Exxon Mobile Inc. USA TX 2222 210,000 4 4
#> 5: UnitedHealth Group USA MA 1130 180,000 6 6
#> 6: UnitedHealth Group USA MA 1130 180,000 6 6
#> 7: AT & T USA TN 4000 160,000 9 9
#> 8: Ford Motor USA MI 2222 150,000 10 10
#> 9: Ford Motor USA MI 2222 150,000 10 10
#> Company_2 Company_compare multivar_score tier
#> 1: Walmart 1.0000000 1.0000000 all
#> 2: Bershire Hathaway 0.9882353 0.9882353 all
#> 3: Apple Computer 0.8714286 0.8714286 all
#> 4: Exxon Mobile Inc. 0.9333333 0.9333333 all
#> 5: UnitedHealth Group 1.0000000 1.0000000 all
#> 6: UnitedHealth Group 0.5333333 0.5333333 all
#> 7: AT & T 0.9111111 0.9111111 all
#> 8: Ford Motor 0.7333333 0.7333333 all
#> 9: Ford Motor 0.9111111 0.9111111 all
For our dummy example data, this isn’t that useful (we just drop one observation with the Country being Germany). But, if there is a field in the data that is well-populated and trusted, it can be used to dramatically cut down on the number of observations.
Parallelization is implemented with the nthread
argument
and parallel::parLapply()
. The data is split into groups
equal to nthread
, and then each core does its comparison,
all at the same time. This of course can dramatically speed up the
process, but requires more memory and computing power. For details on
the parallel process, see parallel::parLapply
and
parallel::makeCluster
.


Messages are transferred between connected peers over ‘links’. At the sending peer the link is called a sender. At the receiving peer it is called a receiver. Messages are sent by senders and received by receivers. Links may have named ‘source’ and ‘target’ addresses (for example to identify the queue from which message were to be received or to which they were to be sent).
Links are established over sessions. Sessions are established over connections. Connections are (generally) established between two uniquely identified containers. Though a connection can have multiple sessions, often this is not needed. The container API allows you to ignore sessions unless you actually require them.
The sending of a message over a link is called a delivery. The message is the content sent, including all meta-data such as headers and annotations. The delivery is the protocol exchange associated with the transfer of that content.
To indicate that a delivery is complete, either the sender or the receiver ‘settles’ it. When the other side learns that it has been settled, they will no longer communicate about that delivery. The receiver can also indicate whether they accept or reject the message.
Three different delivery levels or ‘guarantees’ can be achieved: at-most-once, at-least-once or exactly-once. See Delivery guarantees for more detail.
A brief summary of some of the key classes follows.
The Container class is a convenient entry point into the API, allowing connections and links to be established. Applications are structured as one or more event handlers. Handlers can be set at Container, Connection, or Link scope. Messages are sent by establishing an approprate sender and invoking its send() method. This is typically done when the sender is sendable, a condition indicated by the on_sendable() event, to avoid execessive build up of messages. Messages can be received by establishing an appropriate receiver and handling the on_message() event.
Bases: proton.reactor.Reactor
A representation of the AMQP concept of a ‘container’, which lossely speaking is something that establishes links to or from another container, over which messages are transfered. This is an extension to the Reactor class that adds convenience methods for creating connections and sender- or receiver- links.
The identifier used to identify this container in any connections it establishes. Container names should be unique. By default a UUID will be used.
The connect() method returns an instance of Connection, the create_receiver() method returns an instance of Receiver and the create_sender() method returns an instance of Sender.
Initiates the establishment of an AMQP connection. Returns an instance of proton.Connection.
@param url: URL string of process to connect to
@param urls: list of URL strings of process to try to connect to
Only one of url or urls should be specified.
@param reconnect: A value of False will prevent the library form automatically trying to reconnect if the underlying socket is disconnected before the connection has been closed.
@param heartbeat: A value in milliseconds indicating the desired frequency of heartbeats used to test the underlying socket is alive.
@param ssl_domain: SSL configuration in the form of an instance of proton.SSLdomain.
@param handler: a connection scoped handler that will be called to process any events in the scope of this connection or its child links
@param kwargs: sasl_enabled, which determines whether a sasl layer is used for the connection; allowed_mechs an optional list of SASL mechanisms to allow if sasl is enabled; allow_insecure_mechs a flag indicating whether insecure mechanisms, such as PLAIN over a non-encrypted socket, are allowed. These options can also be set at container scope.
Initiates the establishment of a link over which messages can be received (aka a subscription). Returns an instance of proton.Receiver.
There are two patterns of use. (1) A connection can be passed as the first argument, in which case the link is established on that connection. In this case the source address can be specified as the second argument (or as a keyword argument). The target address can also be specified if desired. (2) Alternatively a URL can be passed as the first argument. In this case a new connection will be establised on which the link will be attached. If a path is specified and the source is not, then the path of the URL is used as the target address.
The name of the link may be specified if desired, otherwise a unique name will be generated.
Various LinkOptions can be specified to further control the attachment.
Initiates the establishment of a link over which messages can be sent. Returns an instance of proton.Sender.
There are two patterns of use. (1) A connection can be passed as the first argument, in which case the link is established on that connection. In this case the target address can be specified as the second argument (or as a keyword argument). The source address can also be specified if desired. (2) Alternatively a URL can be passed as the first argument. In this case a new connection will be establised on which the link will be attached. If a path is specified and the target is not, then the path of the URL is used as the target address.
The name of the link may be specified if desired, otherwise a unique name will be generated.
Various LinkOptions can be specified to further control the attachment.
A representation of an AMQP connection
Opens the connection.
In more detail, this moves the local state of the connection to the ACTIVE state and triggers an open frame to be sent to the peer. A connection is fully active once both peers have opened it.
Closes the connection.
In more detail, this moves the local state of the connection to the CLOSED state and triggers a close frame to be sent to the peer. A connection is fully closed once both peers have closed it.
The state of the connection as a bit field. The state has a local and a remote component. Each of these can be in one of three states: UNINIT, ACTIVE or CLOSED. These can be tested by masking against LOCAL_UNINIT, LOCAL_ACTIVE, LOCAL_CLOSED, REMOTE_UNINIT, REMOTE_ACTIVE and REMOTE_CLOSED.
Returns a new session on this connection.
The container identifier specified by the remote peer for this connection.
The capabilities desired by the remote peer for this connection.
The hostname specified by the remote peer for this connection.
The capabilities offered by the remote peer for this connection.
The properties specified by the remote peer for this connection.
Bases: proton.Link
A link over which messages are received.
Increases the credit issued to the remote sender by the specified number of messages.
Bases: proton.Link
A link over which messages are sent.
Send specified object over this sender; the object is expected to have a send() method on it that takes the sender and an optional tag as arguments.
Where the object is a Message, this will send the message over this link, creating a new delivery for the purpose.
A representation of an AMQP link, of which there are two concrete implementations, Sender and Receiver.
The source(), target(), remote_source() and remote_target() methods all return an instance of Terminus.
Returns the name of the link
The state of the link as a bit field. The state has a local and a remote component. Each of these can be in one of three states: UNINIT, ACTIVE or CLOSED. These can be tested by masking against LOCAL_UNINIT, LOCAL_ACTIVE, LOCAL_CLOSED, REMOTE_UNINIT, REMOTE_ACTIVE and REMOTE_CLOSED.
Returns true if this link is a sender.
Returns true if this link is a receiver.
The amount of oustanding credit on this link.
The connection on which this link was attached.
The source of the link as described by the local peer.
The target of the link as described by the local peer.
The source of the link as described by the remote peer.
The target of the link as described by the remote peer.
Tracks and/or records the delivery of a message over a link.
Set the local state of the delivery e.g. ACCEPTED, REJECTED, RELEASED.
Settles the delivery locally. This indicates the aplication considers the delivery complete and does not wish to receive any further events about it. Every delivery should be settled locally.
Returns true if the delivery has been settled by the remote peer.
Returns the state of the delivery as indicated by the remote peer.
Returns the local state of the delivery.
Returns true for an incoming delivery if not all the data is yet available.
Returns true for an incoming delivery that has data to read.
Returns true for an outgoing delivery to which data can now be written.
Returns the link on which the delivery was sent or received.
Returns the session over which the delivery was sent or received.
Returns the connection over which the delivery was sent or received.
A general purpose handler that makes the proton-c events somewhat simpler to deal with and/or avoids repetitive tasks for common use cases.
Called when the event loop starts. (Just an alias for on_reactor_init)
Called when the event loop - the reactor - starts.
Called when a message is received. The message itself can be obtained as a property on the event. For the purpose of refering to this message in further actions (e.g. if explicitly accepting it, the delivery should be used, also obtainable via a property on the event.
Called when the remote peer accepts an outgoing message.
Called when the remote peer rejects an outgoing message.
Called when the remote peer has settled the outgoing message. This is the point at which it shouod never be retransmitted.
Called when the sender link has credit and messages can therefore be transferred.
Called when the peer closes the connection with an error condition.
Called when the peer closes the link with an error condition.
Called when the peer closes the session with an error condition.
Called when the socket is disconnected.
Accepts a received message.
Rejects a received message that is considered invalid or unprocessable.
Releases a received message, making it available at the source for any (other) interested receiver. The delivered parameter indicates whether this should be considered a delivery attempt (and the delivery count updated) or not.
Returns the delivery associated with the event, or null if none is associated with it.
Returns the link associated with the event, or null if none is associated with it.
Returns the receiver link associated with the event, or null if none is associated with it. This is essentially an alias for link(), that does an additional checkon the type of the link.
Returns the sender link associated with the event, or null if none is associated with it. This is essentially an alias for link(), that does an additional checkon the type of the link.
Returns the session associated with the event, or null if none is associated with it.
Returns the connection associated with the event, or null if none is associated with it.
Returns the reactor associated with the event.
Returns the context object associated with the event. The type of this depend on the type of event.
The L{Message} class is a mutable holder of message content.
@ivar instructions: delivery instructions for the message @type instructions: dict @ivar annotations: infrastructure defined message annotations @type annotations: dict @ivar properties: application defined message properties @type properties: dict @ivar body: message body @type body: bytes | unicode | dict | list | int | long | float | UUID
The address of the message.
The id of the message.
The priority of the message.
The subject of the message.
The time to live of the message measured in seconds. Expired messages may be dropped.
The reply-to address for the message.
The correlation-id for the message.
The durable property indicates that the message should be held durably by any intermediaries taking responsibility for the message.
The user id of the message creator.
The content-type of the message.
The content-encoding of the message.
The creation time of the message.
The expiry time of the message.
The number of delivery attempts made for this message.
True iff the recipient is the first to acquire the message.
The group id of the message.
The sequence of the message within its group.
The group-id for any replies.
Receives and decodes the message content for the current delivery from the link. Upon success it will return the current delivery for the link. If there is no current delivery, or if the current delivery is incomplete, or if the link is not a receiver, it will return None.
@type link: Link @param link: the link to receive a message from @return the delivery associated with the decoded message (or None)
The address that identifies the source or target node
Indicates whether the source or target node was dynamically created
Properties of a dynamic source or target.
Capabilities of the source or target.
A filter on a source allows the set of messages transfered over the link to be restricted
For at-most-once, the sender settles the message as soon as it sends it. If the connection is lost before the message is received by the receiver, the message will not be delivered.
For at-least-once, the receiver accepts and settles the message on receipt. If the connection is lost before the sender is informed of the settlement, then the delivery is considered in-doubt and should be retried. This will ensure it eventually gets delivered (provided of course the connection and link can be reestablished). It may mean that it is delivered multiple times though.
Finally, for exactly-once, the receiver accepts the message but doesn’t settle it. The sender settles once it is aware that the receiver accepted it. In this way the receiver retains knowledge of an accepted message until it is sure the sender knows it has been accepted. If the connection is lost before settlement, the receiver informs the sender of all the unsettled deliveries it knows about, and from this the sender can deduce which need to be redelivered. The sender likewise informs the receiver which deliveries it knows about, from which the receiver can deduce which have already been settled.


your medical/surgical options are:
- Observation: Keep close tabs on the condition, prepared to make another judgment if the time comes.
- Hemi-Thyroidectomy: Removal of half the thyroid that contains the growth
- Total Thyroidectomy: Removal of the entire thyroid.


My name is Viktoriia. I am 18 years old interactive media designer and developer from Toronto, Ontario.
I am studying at Fanshawe college in the Interactive Media Design program. I know that you will say that she is too young to be an experienced professional in interactive design and media, but in fact this is not the case. I’m like a green apple it seems that it’s not quite ripe yet but then I open up with a sea of extraordinary flavors. Just as in working with me at first it may seem that I am not an experienced specialist at all but in my work I open up and show excellent work.
I love bringing people’s vision to life. Come up with interesting and creative design ideas that will eventually transform into wonderful works that will take people’s breath away. In addition, I enjoy working not only with design but also with web development and motion design. Motion design is my own love. At the moment, I am honing my skills in this area to become a professional and work with global companies.


Tesla’s Cybertruck is available for preorder with a $100 deposit
Production doesn’t start until late 2021
by Andrew J. HawkinsTesla’s newly revealed Cybertruck is now available for preorder at tesla.com/cybertruck. The company is currently taking $100 deposits to reserve the truck. But as Tesla CEO Elon Musk noted during an event in Los Angeles on Thursday night, deliveries are still a ways off.
There are three versions of the truck available:
- Single motor rear-wheel drive with 250 miles of range, 7,500-pound towing capacity, and 0–60 mph capabilities in under 6.5 seconds, for $39,900
- Dual motor all-wheel drive with 300 miles of range, 10,000-pound towing capacity, and 0–60 mph in under 4.5 seconds for $49,900
- Triple motor all-wheel drive with 500 miles of range, 14,000-pound towing capacity, and 0–60 mph in under 2.9 seconds for $69,900 (though this version won’t start production until late 2022)
Autopilot comes standard, but like Tesla’s other vehicles, “full self-driving” capabilities will cost an extra $7,000.
The $100 deposits are fully refundable, Tesla says. Customers can finish configuring their vehicles as production nears in late 2021.


--- layout: default title: 'Connect with the GeoBlacklight community' ---
Join the GeoBlacklight Google Group to follow general project discussions and feature announcements.
Join the GeoBlacklight Slack channel to chat with others in the community and to work through technical questions. Sign up here.
The GeoBlacklight Community Meeting takes place on the second Wednesday of every month.
The GeoBlacklight Community collaborates on a 2-week sprint every Winter and Summer.
Find a bug you want to report? Is documentation missing or unclear? Would you like to suggest a new feature? Anyone can create an issue on GeoBlacklight's GitHub issue tracker.
GeoBlacklight gets even better when organizations share metadata. Contribute your metadata to OpenGeoMetadata or use it to populate your own GeoBlacklight installation.


{% extends "layout.html" %} {% block page_title %} 16 to 19 special post - 16 institutions: 2021 to 2022 - manage your education and skills funding - GOV.UK {% endblock %} {% block content %} {% include version + "/includes/phase_banner_beta.html" %} {% if scenario == '1' %} Select your provider type {% elif scenario == '2' %} Select your organisation type {% else %} {% endif %} {% if scenario == '1' %} There are two sign in options. Which one you use depends on your provider type. {% elif scenario == '2' %} There are two sign in options. Which one you use depends on your organisation type. {% else %} {% endif %} {% if scenario == '1' %} Error: Select a provider type {% elif scenario == '2' %} Error: Select a organiser type {% else %} {% endif %} Multi or single academy trust, academy, or a maintained school Independent learning provider, local authority, further education college, university, or public body Continue {% endblock %}


Touch Events Demo
Run your finger/mouse along button to trigger touchmove
Mouse Events Demo
Run your finger/mouse along button to trigger mousemove


Laravel Supported Versions
This website shows all of the currently supported versions of Laravel and is constantly updated. If the version you are using is in red, upgrade immediately! Orange means you only have security-related updates so plan your upgrade. Green means you have full support. Blue means this version is scheduled for release soon. This website is meant only as a guide.
Currently Supported Versions
Key: = Unsupported, = Bug fixes only, = Full support, = Unreleased (new version coming soon)
| Branch | Initial Release | Active Support Until | Security Support Until | Min PHP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|


Your analysis needs to go beyond the facts provided by the CPS. It needs to reflect motivation and the person’s own understanding of their behaviour.
Consider the offender’s account and attitude, and make links to any previous offending behaviour and previous reports, interventions and periods of supervision.
Do they accept responsibility? Is the offence admitted or denied? It is important to be clear where lack of remorse differs from any inability to show remorse. There could be a reason for an inability to show remorse, for example, autism, or learning disability. People who have suffered trauma may also present very differently, so it is important to consider a person’s history and the impact of any trauma.
To what extent is the offender aware of the impact on the victim? Reference should be made to lasting impacts, whether physical, psychological or emotional. Has there been any deliberate targeting of specific groups? Is there repeat victimisation?
Outline the emotional or cognitive factors that underpin the crime. Were there sexual motivations, financial gains or addictions? What level of premeditation or planning was involved? Are there any patterns suggesting likelihood of similar offending?
Is there any evidence of discrimination in their attitude or behaviour?
Consider whether the offender’s own experience as a victim of others is relevant to their commission of this offence. Has this person been a victim of domestic abuse? What impact has that had? Has this person been subject to racism? Have they suffered trauma in their past that has impacted upon their ability to engage and respond?
If this report is about a person aged 18-24, consider whether their maturity is an issue in this offence. Are they easily led or influenced by a peer group?
This section should lead to some potential considerations of rehabilitative interventions.


F5 Identity and Access Management Solutions > Class 9: Multi-Factor Auth for Cloud Applications > Lab 5: Set up DUO Source | Edit on
Lab – Set up DUO as Second Auth Factor¶
This lab will teach you how to configure DUO as Second Auth Factor. Estimated completion time: 30 minutes
Task - Get the values from DUO Admin Panel¶
1. Log in to the Duo Admin Panel and navigate to
Applications. Then click on F5 BIG-IP APM . |
|
|
Task - Configure the Proxy for APM¶
1. In the Win 7 External open (as administrator ) the
file
C:Program FilesDuo Security Authentication Proxyconfauthproxy.cfg |
|
1. Search the section [radius_server_iframe] and modify the following values according to your DUO account
|
Task - Modify the Access Policy to include DUO¶
| 1. Go to Access -> Authentication -> RADIUS -> Create. | |
2. Create a new record, using the following info and then Finished.
|
|
| 3.  Under the Authentication tab, search for RADIUS Auth and click Add Item | |
8. Create a new record, using the following info (leave the defaults) and then Save.
|
|
| 9. Go to the Macro DUO and click on Edit Terminals. Then Add Terminal and Rename the terminals according to the image. Also change the order. | |
10. Click on the + between AD Auth and
Get Ga Code |
|
| 11. Under the General Purpose tab, choose Decision Box and then Add Item | |
12. Create a new record, using the following info (leave the defaults).
|
|
13. Under the Branch Rules tab change the name
to GOOGLE and then Save. |
|
14. Click on the + in front of the
MFA DECISION fallback branch. |
|
|
|
16. Click on the + in front of the DUO Successful
branch. |
|
| 17. Under the Authentication tab, choose AD Query and then Add Item | |
18. Create a new record, using the following info (leave the defaults).
|
|
| 19. Under the Branch Rules tab, click on change Expression. | |
|
|
21. Create a new expression, using the following info (leave the defaults), then click Add Expression and Save
|
|
| 22. Click on the AD Query DUO box, then go to Branch Rules tab and modify the name to Passed Query and Save | |
23. Click on the + in front of the
AD QUERY DUO Passed Query branch. |
|
| 24. Under the Assignment tab choose Advanced Resource Assign, then Add Item | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 28. Change the ending to Allow and click on Apply Access Policy. |
Task - Configure the APM to use the DUO Service¶
| 1. Go to Access -> Profiles / Policies -> Customization -> Advanced | |
2. Navigate to Access Profiles -> /Common/webtop_demo
-> Common -> header.inc and insert the line
NOTE: Use the |
|
|
|
|
|
5. Go to
|


public class GreenTeaLatte
extends java.lang.Object
| Constructor and Description |
|---|
GreenTeaLatte()
Creates a GreenTeaLatte instance
|
GreenTeaLatte(java.lang.String description)
Creates a GreenTeaLatte instance with a description
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
void |
after(java.lang.String description,
java.lang.Runnable cleanup)
Define a block of code to run after the current node executes any tests
|
void |
afterEach(java.lang.String description,
java.lang.Runnable cleanup)
Define a block of code to run after each test
|
void |
assertTest(java.lang.Boolean resultFromTestExpression)
Evaluates the result from a test expression
|
void |
before(java.lang.String description,
java.lang.Runnable setup)
Define a block of code to run before the current node executes any tests
|
void |
beforeEach(java.lang.String description,
java.lang.Runnable setup)
Define a block of code to run before each test
|
void |
describe(java.lang.String nodeDescription,
java.lang.Runnable nodeCode)
Creates a new node (branch) in the testing code with a description of it
|
void |
it(java.lang.String testDescription)
Creates and attaches a pending test to the current node
|
void |
it(java.lang.String testDescription,
java.lang.Runnable testCode)
Creates and attaches a test to the current node
|
void |
run()
Runs all tests that have been defined
|
void |
setIndentationToSpaces(int amountOfSpaces)
Sets the output indentation to the desired amount of spaces
|
java.lang.String |
toString()
Create a human readable string of current node
|
public GreenTeaLatte()
public GreenTeaLatte(java.lang.String description)
description
- description for entire testing treepublic void setIndentationToSpaces(int amountOfSpaces)
amountOfSpaces
- amount of spacespublic void describe(java.lang.String nodeDescription, java.lang.Runnable nodeCode)
GreenTeaLatte deliciousLatte = new GreenTeaLatte();
deliciousLatte.describe("className", () -> {
deliciousLatte.describe("methodName", () -> {
// define tests and hooks for testing methodName
});
});
nodeDescription
- description of the new nodenodeCode
- code for the tests in the current nodepublic void it(java.lang.String testDescription)
A pending test is a test that does not have the test code written yet. Pending tests will result in a warning, but not an error.
This is meant to be called with the runnable of a describe method, but can be be called on the root node.
testDescription
- description of the pending testpublic void it(java.lang.String testDescription, java.lang.Runnable testCode)
This is meant to be called with the runnable of a describe method, but can be be called on the root node.
Not including a "assertTest" call within a test will act as a pending test and result in a warning.
testDescription
- description of the testtestCode
- code for the testpublic void assertTest(java.lang.Boolean resultFromTestExpression)
This must be called within a test (inside a runnable passed to the `it` method) used to determine if a test failed or passed
resultFromTestExpression
- boolean from a user defined test expressionpublic void before(java.lang.String description, java.lang.Runnable setup)
This only runs once for the "describe" node that it is defined in. Multiple before code blocks can be defined. When there are multiple blocks defined, they will execute in the order that they are defined.
description
- description for the setupsetup
- code for the setuppublic void after(java.lang.String description, java.lang.Runnable cleanup)
This only runs once for the "describe" node that it is defined in. Multiple after code blocks can be defined. When there are multiple blocks defined, they will execute in the order that they are defined.
description
- description for the cleanupcleanup
- code for the cleanuppublic void beforeEach(java.lang.String description, java.lang.Runnable setup)
This only runs once for each "it" test in the current node. Multiple before code blocks can be defined. When there are multiple blocks defined, they will execute in the order that they are defined.
description
- description for the setupsetup
- code for the setuppublic void afterEach(java.lang.String description, java.lang.Runnable cleanup)
This only runs once for each "it" test in the current node. Multiple before code blocks can be defined. When there are multiple blocks defined, they will execute in the order that they are defined.
description
- description for the cleanupcleanup
- code for the cleanuppublic void run()
Runs deepest level tests first.
java.lang.Throwable
- any error that occured to stop tests from running or
throws a RuntimeException after all tests have been run if one of them failedpublic java.lang.String toString()
toString
in class java.lang.Object


Subjects
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id
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Created by Froilan Miranda
Source maps help with debugging as they point the TS code instead of the transpiled JS
This becomes the entry point for our application
We can use the browsers development tools to help find errors in our code
We can use references to specify what typescript files need to be loaded and what order
In TypeScript, there are several places where type inference is used to provide type information when there is no explicit type annotation.
TypeScript supports the common access modifiers that control class members access
Typescript access modifiers are
We use getters and setters to gain access to class properties
Array types can be written in one of two ways
Ko.js allows to quickly create UI elements with loops
Polymorphism in its pure definition means to have many shapes.
Inheritance means that when a class of objects is defined, any subclass or derived class that is defined can inherit the definitions of one or more general classes
Abstract classes are base classes from which other classes may be derived. They may not be instantiated directly.
The super keyword can be used in expressions to reference base class properties and the base class constructor.
Every time you declare a class in typescript it is added to the global namespace
Grouping classes
As we add more validators, we’re going to want to have some kind of organization scheme so that we can keep track of our types and not worry about name collisions with other objects
In languages like C# and Java, one of the main tools in the toolbox for creating reusable components is generics, that is, being able to create a component that can work over a variety of types rather than a single one
you may sometimes want to write a generic function that works on a set of types where you have some knowledge about what capabilities that set of types will have


Writing Plugins for Intellij
Mihai Toader
@mtoader
+
John Lindquist
@johnlindquist
*This webinar is being recorded*
Poll Results
- 33 have written a plugin
- Getting started is hard
- Documentation is sparse
- No info on building UI
What do you want to build?
- 52% - Tooling
- 22% - Language
- 17% - Framework
- 8% - Other
What is this about?
- A non-JetBrains point of view
- Understand your questions/concerns
- De-mystify the process
- Distribute resources
The Basics
- Intellij is a platform
- Intellij (community) is open-source
- Everything is a plugin (JavaScript, etc)
- Mostly anything is possible
Ridiculous ideas
- Send a tweet every time a test passes
- Flip the editor upside-down on Wednesdays
- Random project-wide "Todo" generator
- Auto-move all files to a dir named "stuff"
Good ideas
- Support a new language
- Support a framework
- Enhance the editor (e.g., VIM plugin)
- New refactorings, inspections, generators
Q&A with Mihai
Please ask questions, we'll do our best to answer
Any unanswered questions will be addressed in a follow-up blog post
Why did you choose the Intellij platform to build your plugin?
How did you get started developing your plugin?
What were the main challenges you faced when getting started?
What did you like about the plugin development process?
What would you change about the process?
Have you received much user feedback for your plugin?
Why did you choose to open-source your plugin? Has anyone else contributed?
Thanks for watching!
For future announcements, follow:
http://blogs.jetbrains.com/idea
+
@jetbrains


class Bulb():
def __init__(self, onOff=False): self.onOff = onOff
def turnOn(self): self.onOff = True
def turnOff(self): self.onOff = False
Python OOPs fundamentals
An introduction to Object Oriented programming using Python.
Increasingly it’s becoming important for Data professionals to become better at programming and modern programming is centered around Object Oriented programming paradigm. This article helps in explaining some important programming concepts which are mostly language agnostic but we will be using Python in this article.
Object-oriented programming (OOPs) is a programming paradigm that relies on the concept of classes and objects. The basic idea of OOP is to divide a sophisticated program into a number of objects that interact with each other to achieve the desired functionality. There are several advantages of using OOP for data science:
- Encapsulation: OOPs allow you to wrap data and the methods that operate on that data within a single unit (i.e., an object). This makes it easier to organize and manage your code, as well as protect the data from accidental modification.
- Code reusability: OOPs allow you to create reusable code by defining classes that can be used to create multiple objects with the same behavior. This makes it easier to develop and maintain your code, as you can reuse existing code instead of writing new code from scratch.
- Modularity: OOPs allow you to divide your code into smaller, modular units (i.e., objects). This makes it easier to understand and maintain your code, as you can focus on one piece of functionality at a time.
- Inheritance: OOPs allow you to create a new class that is a modified version of an existing class. This allows you to reuse code from the existing class and override or extend it as needed. This can save time and reduce the amount of code you need to write.
Overall, OOP can help data professionals organize and manage their code more effectively, making it easier to develop and maintain data science projects. Let’s dive into the OOPs concept.
1 What are Objects
and Classes
?
Classes
are the blueprint for defining an Object
. While an Object
is a collection of data/properties and their behaviors/methods.
For example- Think of a class Bulb
that will have a state (On/Off) and methods to turnOn and turnoff the bulb.
Now we can create multiple bulb objects from this Bulb
class.
= Bulb(onOff=True)
b1 = Bulb()
b2 print(f"Bulb 1 state is :{b1.onOff}, Bulb 2 state is :{b2.onOff}")
Bulb 1 state is :True, Bulb 2 state is :False
b1 and b2 are objects of the class Bulb
. Let’s use the turnOn and turnOff methods
to update the bulb properties
.
; b2.turnOn()
b1.turnOff()print(f"Bulb 1 state is :{b1.onOff}, Bulb 2 state is :{b2.onOff}")
Bulb 1 state is :False, Bulb 2 state is :True
We can see from the example above, a Bulb
object contains the onOff
property. Properties
are variables that contain information regarding the object of a class and Methods
like turnOn and turnOff in our Bulb
class are functions that have access to the properties
of a class. Methods
can accept additional parameters, modify properties and return values.
2 Class and Instance variables
In Python, properties can be defined in two ways -
- Class Variables - Class variables are shared by all objects of the class. A change in the class variable will change the value of that property in all the objects of the class.
- Instance Variables - Instance variables are unique to each instance or object of the class. A change in instance variable will change the value of the property in that specific object only.
class Employee:
# Creating a class variable
= "Microsoft"
companyName
def __init__(self, name):
# creating an instance variable
self.name = name
= Employee('Aayush')
e1 = Employee('John')
e2
print(f'Name :{e1.name}')
print(f'Company Name: {e1.companyName}')
print(f'Name :{e2.name}')
print(f'Company Name: {e2.companyName}')
Name :Aayush
Company Name: Microsoft
Name :John
Company Name: Microsoft
We can see above, the class variable is defined outside of the initializer and the instance variable is defined inside the initializer.
= "Amazon"
Employee.companyName print(e1.companyName, e2.companyName)
Amazon Amazon
We can see above changing a class variable in the Employee class changes the class variable in all objects of the class. Most of the time we will be using instance variables but knowledge about class variables can come in handy. Let’s look at an interesting use of class variable -
class Employee:
# Creating a class variable
= "Microsoft"
companyName = []
companyEmployees
def __init__(self, name):
# creating an instance variable
self.name = name
self.companyEmployees.append(self.name)
= Employee('Aayush')
e1 = Employee('John')
e2
print(f'Name :{e1.name}')
print(f'Team Members: {e1.companyEmployees}')
print(f'Name :{e2.name}')
print(f'Company Name: {e2.companyEmployees}')
Name :Aayush
Team Members: ['Aayush', 'John']
Name :John
Company Name: ['Aayush', 'John']
We can see above, we are saving all objects of the Employee
class in companyEmployees
which is a list shared by all objects of the class Employee
.
3 Class, Static and Instance methods
In Python classes, we have three types of methods -
- Class Methods - Class methods work with class variables and are accessible using the class name rather than its object.
- Static Methods - Static methods are methods that are usually limited to class only and not their objects. They don’t typically modify or access class and instance variables. They are used as utility functions inside the class and we don’t want the inherited class to modify them.
- Instance Methods - Instance methods are the most used methods and have access to instance variables within the class. They can also take new parameters to perform desired operations.
class Employee:
# Creating a class variable
= "Microsoft"
companyName = []
companyEmployees
def __init__(self, name):
# creating an instance variable
self.name = name
self.companyEmployees.append(self.name)
@classmethod
def getCompanyName(cls): # This is a class method
return cls.companyName
@staticmethod
def plusTwo(x): # This is a static method
return x+2
def getName(self): # This is an instance method
return self.name
= Employee('Aayush')
e1 print(f"Calling class method. Company name is {e1.getCompanyName()}")
print(f"Calling Static method. {e1.plusTwo(2)}")
print(f"Calling instance method. Employee name is {e1.getName()}")
Calling class method. Company name is Microsoft
Calling Static method. 4
Calling instance method. Employee name is Aayush
We can see above we use the @classmethod
decorator to define the class method. cls
is used to refer to the class just as self
is used to refer to the object of the class. The class method at least takes one argument cls
.
We use @staticmethod
decorator to define static class plusTwo
. We can see that static methods don’t take any argument like self
and cls
.
The most commonly used methods are instance methods and they can be defined without a decorator within the class. Just like the class method they take at least one argument which is self
by convention.
4 Access Modifiers
Access modifiers limit access to the variables and functions of a class. There are three types of access modifiers - public, protected, and private.
4.1 Public Attributes
Public attributes are those methods and properties which can be accessed anywhere inside and outside of the class. By default, all the member variables and functions are public.
class Employee:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name ## Public variable
def getName(self): ## Public method
return self.name
= Employee("Aayush")
e1 print(f"Employee Name: {e1.getName()}")
Employee Name: Aayush
In the case above, both property name
and method getName
are public attributes.
4.2 Protected Attributes
Protected attributes are similar to public attributes which can be accessed within the class and also available to subclasses. The only difference is the convention, which is to define each protected member with a single underscore “_”.
class Employee:
def __init__(self, name, project):
self.name = name ## Public variable
self._project = project ## Protected variable
def getName(self): ## Public method
return self.name
def _getProject(self): ## Protected method
return self._project
= Employee("Aayush", "Project Orland")
e1 print(f"Employee Name: {e1.getName()}")
print(f"Project Name: {e1._getProject()}")
Employee Name: Aayush
Project Name: Project Orland
In the case above, both property _project
and method _getProject
are protected attributes.
4.3 Private Attributes
Private attributes are accessible within the class but not outside of the class. To define a private attribute, prefix the method or property with the double underscore”_“.
class Employee:
def __init__(self, name, project, salary):
self.name = name ## Public variable
self._project = project ## Protected variable
self.__salary = salary
def getName(self): ## Public method
return self.name
def _getProject(self): ## Protected method
return self._project
def __getSalary(self): ## Protected method
return self.__salary
= Employee("Aayush", "Project Orland", "3500")
e1 print(f"Employee Name: {e1.getName()}")
print(f"Project Name: {e1.__getSalary()}")
Employee Name: Aayush
AttributeError: 'Employee' object has no attribute '__getSalary'
We can see above, __salary
property and __getSalary
method are both private attributes and when we call them outside of the class they throw an error that the 'Employee' object has no attribute '__getSalary'
.
5 Encapsulation
Encapsulation in OOP refers to binding data and the methods to manipulate that data together in a single unit, that is, class. Encapsulation is usually used to hide the state and representation of the object from the outside. A good use of encapsulation is to make all properties private of a class to prevent direct access from outside and use public methods to let the outside world communicate with the class.
class Employee:
def __init__(self, name, project, salary):
self.__name = name ## Public variable
self.__project = project ## Protected variable
self.__salary = salary
def getName(self): ## Public method
return self.__name
= Employee("Aayush", "Project Orland", "3500")
e1 print(f"Employee Name: {e1.getName()}")
Employee Name: Aayush
Encapsulation has several advantages -
- Properties of the class can be hidden from the outside world
- More control over what the outside world can access from the class
A good example of encapsulation would be an access control class based on username and password.
class Auth:
def __init__(self, userName=None, password=None):
self.__userName = userName
self.__password = password
def login(self, userName, password):
if (self.__userName == userName) and (self.__password == password):
print (f"Access granted to {userName}")
else:
print("Invalid credentials")
= Auth("Aayush", "whatever")
e1 "Aayush", "whatever") ## This will grant access
e1.login(
"Aayush", "aasdasd") ## This will say invalid creds
e1.login(## This will raise an error as private properties can't be accessed from outside. e1.__password
Access granted to Aayush
Invalid credentials
AttributeError: 'Auth' object has no attribute '__password'
As we can see above __username
and __password
are protected properties and can only be used by the class to grand or reject access requests.
6 Inheritance
Inheritance provides a way to create new classes from the existing classes. The new class will inherit all the non-private attributes(properties and methods) from the existing class. The new class can be called a child class and the existing class can be called a parent class.
import math
class Shape:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
def getArea(self):
pass
def printDetails(self):
print(f"This shape is called {self.name} and area is {self.getArea()}.")
class Square(Shape):
def __init__(self, edge):
## calling the constructor from parent class Shape
__init__(self, name = "Square")
Shape.self.edge = edge
## Overiding the getArea function
def getArea(self):
return self.edge**2
class Circle(Shape):
def __init__(self, radius):
## calling the constructor from parent class Shape
__init__(self, name = "Circle")
Shape.self.radius = radius
## Overiding the getArea function
def getArea(self):
return math.pi * (self.radius**2)
= Square(4)
obj1
obj1.printDetails()
= Circle(3)
obj2 obj2.printDetails()
This shape is called Square and area is 16.
This shape is called Circle and area is 28.274333882308138.
We can see above we defined a parent class Shape
and then we inherited it to create a Square
and Circle
child class. While defining the Square
and Circle
class we overwrote the getArea
function pertinent to the class but we used the printDetails
function from the parent class to print details about child classes. The more common example in the machine learning world would be to create your own models in Pytorch where we inherit from nn.Module
class to create a new model.
6.1 Use of super()
Function
super()
function comes into play when we implement inheritance. The super()
function is used to refer to the parent class without explicitly naming the class. super()
function can be used to access parent class properties, calling the parent class, and can be used as initializers. Let’s look at the example above and see how we can modify the Square
class to use super()
function.
class Shape:
= 100
maxArea def __init__(self, name): self.name = name
def getArea(self): pass
def printDetails(self):
print(f"This shape is called {self.name} and area is {self.getArea()}.")
class Square(Shape):
= 50
maxArea def __init__(self, edge):
super().__init__(name = "Square") ## Initializing parent class
self.edge = edge
def getName(self):
return super().maxArea
def getArea(self):
return self.edge**2
def printDetails(self):
super().printDetails() ## Calling a parent class function
print(f"Max area from Shape class: {super().maxArea}") ## Accessing parent class property
print(f"Max area from Square class: {self.maxArea}")
= Square(4)
obj1
obj1.getName() obj1.printDetails()
This shape is called Square and area is 16.
Max area from Shape class: 100
Max area from Square class: 50
As we can see in the example above we have used -
super().__init__
to initialize the parentShape
classsuper().printDetails()
function to use a method from parent classsuper().maxArea
to access a property of a parent class
There are many advantages of inheritance -
- Reusability - Inheritance makes the code reusable. Common methods and properties can be stored in a parent class and child classes can inherit these methods.
- Modification - Code modification becomes easier if we use inheritance, if we want to make a change in the base class function it will be propagated to the child classes.
- Extensibility - We can derive new classes from the old ones by keeping things we need in the derived class.
7 Polymorphism
Polymorphism refers to the same object exhibiting different forms and behaviors. For example consider our shape class which could be a square, rectangle, polygon, etc. Instead of writing multiple functions to get the area of these shapes, we can use a common function like getArea() and implement this function in the derived class.
import math
class Shape:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
def getArea(self):
pass
def printDetails(self):
print(f"This shape is called {self.name} and area is {self.getArea()}.")
class Square(Shape):
def __init__(self, edge):
## calling the constructor from parent class Shape
__init__(self, name = "Square")
Shape.self.edge = edge
## Overiding the getArea function
def getArea(self):
return self.edge**2
class Circle(Shape):
def __init__(self, radius):
## calling the constructor from parent class Shape
__init__(self, name = "Circle")
Shape.self.radius = radius
## Overiding the getArea function
def getArea(self):
return math.pi * (self.radius**2)
= Square(4)
obj1 print(f"Area of this {obj1.name} is {obj1.getArea()}")
= Circle(3)
obj2 print(f"Area of this {obj2.name} is {obj2.getArea()}")
Area of this Square is 16
Area of this Circle is 28.274333882308138
As we can see above there is a pre-defined dummy method called getArea
in the Shape
class. We override this method in the Square
and Circle
class. This technique is called method overriding
. The advantage of method overriding
is that the derived class can write its own specific implementation based on the requirement while using the same function name.
7.1 Abstract base classes
Abstract base classes define a set of methods and properties that a class must implement in order to inherit the parent class. This is a useful technique to enforce that certain functions within the derived class must exist. To define an abstract base class, we use the abc
module. The abstract base class inherits from the built-in ABC
class and we use the decorator @abstractmethod
to declare an abstract method.
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
class Shape(ABC):
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
@abstractmethod
def getArea(self):
pass
def printDetails(self):
print(f"This shape is called {self.name} and area is {self.getArea()}.")
class Square(Shape):
def __init__(self, edge):
## calling the constructor from parent class Shape
__init__(self, name = "Square")
Shape.self.edge = edge
= Square(4)
obj1 print(f"Area of this {obj1.name} is {obj1.getArea()}")
TypeError: Can't instantiate abstract class Square with abstract methods getArea
We can see above that we have created a Shape
class from the ABC
class which has an abstract method getArea
. Since our child class Square
didn’t have getArea implemented we get an error instantiating this class.
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
class Shape(ABC):
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
@abstractmethod
def getArea(self):
pass
def printDetails(self):
print(f"This shape is called {self.name} and area is {self.getArea()}.")
class Square(Shape):
def __init__(self, edge):
## calling the constructor from parent class Shape
__init__(self, name = "Square")
Shape.self.edge = edge
def getArea(self): return self.edge**2
= Square(4)
obj1 print(f"Area of this {obj1.name} is {obj1.getArea()}")
Area of this Square is 16
We can see above, once we implemented the getArea method, the code runs fine.
Abstract base classes serve as a blueprint for derived classes to implement methods that are required to run the function appropriately.
8 Conclusion
In this article, we learned about what is object-oriented programming and key concepts using Python. A good understanding of these concepts will lay a solid foundation for any software professional to write and understand python code better.
I hope you enjoyed reading it. If there is any feedback on the code or just the blog post, feel free to comment below or reach out on LinkedIn.


For detailed information and updates on the open challenge as well as discussion among participants, there is an ILD mailing list.
If you have any questions or comments, please contact Christina Unger: cunger[at]cit-ec.uni-bielefeld.de


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This utility functions to give a minus margin to an element. The size that you can use is listed in the $spacers
variable located in the file /sass/_variables.scss
. Please add a new size to the file to be able to use more sizes.
Minus margin variations that you can use.
| Utility Class | Description |
|---|---|
| mm-{minusMarginIndex} | Will set minus margins on all sides |
| mmx-{minusMarginIndex} | Will set minus margins on the right and left side |
| mmy-{minusMarginIndex} | Will set minus margins on the top and bottom side |
| mmt-{minusMarginIndex} | Will set minus margins on the top side |
| mmr-{minusMarginIndex} | Will set minus margins on the right side |
| mmb-{minusMarginIndex} | Will set minus margins on the bottom side |
| mml-{minusMarginIndex} | Will set minus margins on the left side |
You can also set minus margins only for certain breakpoints with the format mm-{breakpoint}-{minusMarginIndex}
.
| Utility Class | Description |
|---|---|
| mm-sm-{minusMarginIndex} | Will set minus margins on all sides |
| mmx-md-{minusMarginIndex} | Will set minus margins on the right and left side |
| mmy-lg-{minusMarginIndex} | Will set minus margins on the top and bottom side |
| mmt-xl-{minusMarginIndex} | Will set minus margins on the top side |


Mission
My mission is that encourage , support and love to people
Vission
My vission is that transform my life's journey from "Living " to "winning".
My mission is that encourage , support and love to people
My vission is that transform my life's journey from "Living " to "winning".


class Solution: def maxDistance(self, position: List[int], m: int) -> int: left, right = 1, 10**9 + 1 position = sorted(position) while left < right: mid = (left + right) // 2 if self.check(position, m, mid): left = mid + 1 else: right = mid return left - 1 def check(self, position, m, force): lastIndex = position[0] m -= 1 for pos in position[1:]: if pos - lastIndex >= force: m -= 1 lastIndex = pos return m <= 0


To Do App
Add
Code for 1hrs
Attend a meetup
Read a tech book
Pick stuff from grocery store
Play tennis


{% block ui_content %} {% block ui_intro %}
A paragraph you can use to talk about interactive elements on your site.


This is the proper way, with a style
I don’t know why this would be in italics, but so it appears to be on
my screen.
And this is the way that most people do it:
I just indented this, so it looks like a block quote. I think this is
how most people do block quotes in their documents.
And back to the normal style.


I can view the page even when logged out. If the problem's still happening, I strongly recommend you file a bug.


Check out what you can learn in this week!
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#include <proAudioSdl.h>
Inheritance diagram for DeviceAudioSdl:
Public Member Functions | |
| virtual unsigned int | sampleFromMemory (const AudioSample &sample, float volume=1.0f) |
| virtual bool | sampleDestroy (unsigned int sample) |
| virtual unsigned int | soundPlay (unsigned int sample, float volumeL=1.0f, float volumeR=1.0f, float disparity=0.0f, float pitch=1.0f) |
| virtual unsigned int | soundLoop (unsigned int sample, float volumeL=1.0f, float volumeR=1.0f, float disparity=0.0f, float pitch=1.0f) |
| virtual bool | soundUpdate (unsigned int sound, float volumeL, float volumeR, float disparity=0.0f, float pitch=1.0f) |
| virtual bool | soundStop (unsigned int sound) |
| virtual void | soundStop () |
| virtual unsigned int | soundActive () const |
Static Public Member Functions | |
| static DeviceAudio * | create (unsigned int nTracks=8, unsigned int frequency=22050, unsigned int chunkSize=1024) |
Protected Member Functions | |
| DeviceAudioSdl (unsigned int nTracks, unsigned int frequency, unsigned int chunkSize) | |
| virtual | ~DeviceAudioSdl () |
| void | mixOutputFloat (signed short *outputBuffer, unsigned int nFrames) |
| void | mixOutputSInt (Uint8 *stream, int len) |
Static Protected Member Functions | |
| static void | cbOutput (void *userData, Uint8 *stream, int len) |
Protected Attributes | |
| SDL_AudioSpec | m_spec |
| std::map< unsigned int, _AudioTrack > | mm_sample |
| unsigned int | m_sampleCounter |
| bool | m_isDesiredFormat |
| _AudioTrack * | ma_sound |
| unsigned int | m_nSound |
|
|
constructor. Use the create() method instead
|
|
|
destructor. Use the destroy() method instead
|
|
|
output callback
|
|
|
creates audio device Use this method instead of a constructor.
|
|
|
advanced mixer method
|
|
|
fallback mixer method
|
|
|
deletes a previously created sound sample resource identified by its handle
Implements DeviceAudio. |
|
|
converts a sound sample to internal audio format, returns handle
Implements DeviceAudio. |
|
|
returns number of currently active sounds
Implements DeviceAudio. |
|
|
plays a specified sample continuously and sets its parameters
Implements DeviceAudio. |
|
|
plays a specified sample once and sets its parameters
Implements DeviceAudio. |
|
|
stops all sounds immediately
Implements DeviceAudio. |
|
|
stops a specified sound immediately
Implements DeviceAudio. |
|
|
updates parameters of a specified sound
Implements DeviceAudio. |
|
|
stores whether obtained audio format corresponds to expectations
|
|
|
stores number of parallel tracks
|
|
|
stores maximum sample id
|
|
|
stores audio specification
|
|
|
stores sounds to be mixed
|
|
|
stores loaded sound samples
|
| © 2009-02-04 by Gerald Franz, www.viremo.de | impressum |


Tarun Kurudi
Junior Web Developer, DEV Academy Student
t5 problem solving
What was the problem? Getting my game to display a number count for how many times a circle was clicked What problem solving techniques did you use? I asked google, I took a break and drunk wate / ate food. asked a freind and used google. How did you feel throughout the process? annoyed What did you learn? to relax and that the issue will be solved sooner if i wait and be smart about it. Reflect on how confident you feel using the problem solving techniques and process: Pseudocode - Good, I like to read coding questions out loud and thin about it in the most simple terms, how what it would mean to someone who dosn't code Trying something - well... Rubber ducky method - ok Reading error messages - love this, it helps a lot Console.logging (good) Googling - my fav Asking your peers for help - recently tried this, has been great Asking coaches for help - need to work on this Improving your process with reflection - always good to reflect.


The file broker APIs can be used to filter the scope of HomeGroup searches so that only a specific user's shared files are searched. If your PC is part of a homegroup, then the users on your homegroup are shown below. Select the user to return all files shared by that user.


While Vietnam was more of an adventure, Japan fell on the vacation side. The hospitality was incredible and the hostels felt like 5 star hotels. The cuisine was full of novel tastes and textures. The culture was quirky and energetic. Most importantly though, I got to visit one of my homelands, something I’ve always wanted to do.
The clouds over the Sea of Japan
Hong Kong Express saved me a lot of money this trip
The beginning of a long trip from the airport to hostel
Tokyo
We stayed at a hostel in Akihabara, well known for its Otaku culture. Walk a couple stories up or down and you’d start finding some weird stuff
Quick breakfast at our favorite 24 hour place before heading out to explore
Hachiko, after his owner died he continued to run out here day after day to meet him. Naturally there’s a film adaptation
Zach’s friend Mio took us to an Izakaya
Met Emi as an exchange student at UCSD several years ago, we met again in her territory
Apparently Spumoni’s are very popular in Japan
Roppongi is the party district of Tokyo. Clubs here stay open until 5am, just in time to catch the first subways
Kamakura trip out of Tokyo
Took a day trip to Kamakura. Tatsu, who Amber had met in Thailand (?), came and hung out with us. This was the largest buddha in the world when it was constructed in the 1200s.
Cute statues in the garden
Poor the water on the statue for good luck!
Met Mio and her friend for all you can eat and drink hotpot
Walked around in Shinjuku redlight after dinner
Kyoto
Subway brought us up in the center of a Japanese university, everyone was so fashionable!
Imperial palace, if you walk on the wrong side of the canal an alarm will go off…
Group shot at Imperial Palace
Nasty Crab Miso (sperm) sushi
Had to creep for awhile, but stalked ourself a Geisha
Walking through what seems like a Kyoto suburb
Lots of orange gates
Inari the fox
Arashiyama trip out of Kyoto
Arashiyama, land of the monkeys
Walking down the river
Can feed the monkeys from within the cage
Monkey Selfie with humans
Bamboo Path
Pond of Dragon, my phones new lock screen
Nara trip out of Kytoto
Nara, land of the deer
Randomly saw some turtles on the walk over
Selfie with a photogenic deer. They’re normally not allowed to have antlers but I guess this one was well behaved.
 Got to sleep on tatami mats and wear yukatas
They even gave me one
There was a private cave onsen in Morizuya itself
And they had a rock turtle who was about my age
Brought us breakfast
Satonyu, one of the four onsens we went to. Had outdoor pools, steam rooms, waterfalls, everything!
Freaky sandfish
View over Kinosake and the Maruyama River flowing out to the Sea of Japan


Funko Debuts The Dragon Prince's First Pop! Line
by Adreon PattersonNetflix's animated series The Dragon Prince is the next big property to get the Funko Pop! treatment, as the company unveiled figurines based on human Callum, elf assassin Rayla, crown prince Ezran and the Dragon Prince, Zym.
On its website, Funko wrote, "Go on an epic adventure to the continent of Xadia where magic is very real and elves, humans and dragons struggle for power." The description reads, "Bring home your favorite The Dragon Prince characters including Pop! Callum who is the first human to wield primal magic, Pop! Rayla who is the Moonshadow elf assassin, Pop! Ezran the crown prince of Katolis who can speak with animals and Pop! Zym the infant sky dragon and titular Dragon Prince." Each figurine highlights the characters and their place within the animated series.
Click the button below to start this article in quick view.
Callum wields primal magic in his usual outfit and satchel.
Meanwhile, Rayla levitates into full battle mode with weapons in hand.
A wide-eyed Ezran is the picture of innocence as he holds his pet toad, Bait, close to him.
The Dragon Prince, Zym, shows off a toothy smile.
The Dragon Prince Funko Pop! figurines have not been given a release date, though Funko's website assures they will be available soon.
Featuring the voices of Jack DeSena as Callum, Sasha Rojen as Ezran, Paula Burrows as Rayla, Jesse Inocalla as Soren, Racquel Belmonte as Claudia, Luc Roderique as King Harrow of Katolis and Jason Simpson as Viren, The Dragon Prince Seasons 1 and 2 are available now on Netflix. Season 3 arrives Nov. 22.
https://schema.orgBreadcrumbListListItem1Homehttps://www.cbr.com/ListItem2Nerd Culturehttps://www.cbr.com/category/nerd-culture/ListItem3Funko Debuts The Dragon Prince's First Pop! Linehttps://www.cbr.com/funko-debuts-the-dragon-princes-first-pop-line/


{% extends 'nmatch/base.html' %} {% block body %}
Check out your neighborhood matches in blue below.
Click on a match -- or any neighborhood -- to learn more about it. You'll see how much money the typical person spends on their rent or mortgage each month, how walkable the area is, and what the crime rate is in the community. We've taken data from neighborhing tracts to find your matches, so click on the nearby tracts if you want to learn more about that neighborhood.
You'll also see what amenities are in the neighborhood. General amenities are things like grocery stores and markets. Commercial businesses might include a dry cleaner, salon, or hardware store. Amenities for adults include restaurants, bars, and clubs. We've also identified how many amenities there are specifically for children and seniors in the area.
{% endblock %}


Class FactoryManagerImpl
The default Puli\Manager\Api\Factory\FactoryManager
implementation.
- Puli\Manager\Factory\FactoryManagerImpl implements Puli\Manager\Api\Factory\FactoryManager
Namespace: Puli\Manager\Factory
Author: Bernhard Schussek<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Since: 1.0
Located at Factory/FactoryManagerImpl.php
Author: Bernhard Schussek<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Since: 1.0
Located at Factory/FactoryManagerImpl.php
public
|
#
__construct(
Creates a new factory generator. |
public
|
#
setServers(
Sets the servers included in the createUrlGenerator() method. |
public
object
|
#
createFactory( string|null $path = null, string|null $className = null )
Creates a factory instance. |
public
boolean
|
#
isFactoryClassAutoGenerated( )
Returns whether the factory class should be generated automatically. |
public
|
#
generateFactoryClass( string|null $path = null, string|null $className = null )
Generates a factory class file. |
public
|
#
autoGenerateFactoryClass( string|null $path = null, string|null $className = null )
Auto-generates a factory class file. |
public
|
#
refreshFactoryClass( string|null $path = null, string|null $className = null )
Regenerates the factory class file if necessary. |
public
|
#
addCreateUrlGeneratorMethod(
Adds the createUrlGenerator() method. |
string |
REPO_VAR_NAME
The name of the resource repository variable. |
#
'repo'
|
string |
DISCOVERY_VAR_NAME
The name of the discovery variable. |
#
'discovery'
|


You can run the same code multiple times by using a loop. The most common type of JavaScript loop is called a for loop because it runs for a specific number of times. For loops are declared with three optional expressions separated by semicolons:
for ([initialization]; [condition]; [final-expression])
The initialization statement is executed one time only before the loop starts. It is typically used to define and setup your loop variable.
The condition statement is evaluated at the beginning of every loop iteration and will continue as long as it evaluates to true
. When condition is false
at the start of the iteration, the loop will stop executing. This means if condition starts as false
, your loop will never execute.
The final-expression is executed at the end of each loop iteration, prior to the next condition check and is usually used to increment or decrement your loop counter.
In the following example we initialize with i = 0
and iterate while our condition i < 5
is true. We'll increment i
by 1
in each loop iteration with i++
as our final-expression.
var ourArray = []; for (var i = 0; i < 5; i++) { ourArray.push(i); } // The array now contains [0,1,2,3,4]
A common task in JavaScript is to iterate through the contents of an array. One way to do that is with a for
loop. This code will output each element of the array arr
to the console:
var arr = [10,9,8,7,6]; for (var i=0; i < arr.length; i++) { console.log(arr[i]); }
Remember that arrays have zero-based numbering, which means the last index of the array is length - 1
. Our condition for this loop is i < arr.length
, which stops when i
is at length - 1.
Another type of JavaScript loop is called a while loop, because it runs while a specified condition is true and stops once that condition is no longer true.
var ourArray = []; var i = 0; while(i < 5) { ourArray.push(i); i++; } // The array now contains [0,1,2,3,4]
Apart from the while loop, you can also use the do...while loop. The only difference between the two is that in the second one the condition is evaluated after the loop's body is executed for the first time, instead of before.
var ourArray = []; var i = 0; do { ourArray.push(i); i++; } while(i < 5); // The array now contains [0,1,2,3,4]
Please, take the time to read the lesson, before you answer these questions.


Three main stages
Write-What-Where: Writing arbitrary data to arbitrary locations in the target process's address space
Execution: Hijacking a thread of the target process to execute the code written in stage 1
Restoration: Cleaning up and restoring the execution of the thread hijacked in stage 2


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This quiz focuses on the choice between 'any' or 'some' and words using 'any' and 'some' such as: anybody, someone, anywhere, something, etc. Use this guide to 'any' and 'some' to learn the rules.
Q: Is there _______ who can help me?


The Man with the Golden Gun
Year of Release: 1974 UK Cert: PG Starring: Roger Moore, Christopher Lee, Britt Ekland, Maud Adams
Reviewed by Andy Phillips Rating: *1/2 out of ***** (Poor)
Let me begin by saying that this is easily the worst movie in the entire official (and even unofficial) James Bond series.
An omen of what is to come is provided by the pre-credits sequence, a dull affair featuring a confrontation between a man (it's difficult to give a better description since no mention of him is made elsewhere in the movie) and the assassin of the title. A song with woefully terrible lyrics follows, and the rest of the movie is even worse.
The plot might have been a pleasant change from the usual rule-the-world so often found in the James Bond movies of the 70s, but here we get a confused mismash about a fabled assassin, Francisco Scaramanga (Christopher Lee, putting in a performance which is one of the rare saving graces of this movie) who someone has apparently payed one million dollars to in order to remove Roger Moore's 007. There is also a flimsy connection with the energy crisis and a missing solar cell with 95% efficiency. It's as much of a mess as it sounds.
Bond is "helped" in his task by Mary Goodnight (Ekland), whose character couldn't possibly be any closer to the stereotypical bimbo. During the course of the movie she gets locked in both a closet and a car trunk, blunders around a control room accidentally setting off a laser and serves no purpose in enhancing the plot whatsoever. Maud Adams (later to star in Octopussy) is a much more stronger and useful character, but she hardly features in the movie. Scaramanga's lackey is a dwarf called Nik-Nak, who rather fittingly is also possibly the silliest henchman in the series, serving up annoyance and weak dialogue in equal measures.
Worse still is an almost total lack of action throughout the whole movie. There is but one fight sequence about fifteen minutes in (not counting a ludicrous scene where two teenage girls beat up several dozen trained martial artists -- another misguided attempt at humour).  He is easily the most irritating character in a James Bond movie. Even his presence could have been made bearable by one of the most impressive car stunts in cinematic history, a 360 degree twisting loop jump over a broken bridge -- could have been, except somebody got the idea to dub a mocking whistle tone over the final print. On top of that debacle, the whole end of the film is an anticlimatic sequence in Scaramanga's "funhouse".
The only good thing that came out of this movie was that the producers had to make the next film in the series (the infinitely superior "The Spy who loved Me") a great film in order for the Bond franchise to survive.
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


- Chapter 1: Overview of VB and the VB Development Environment
- Chapter 2: Working with Winforms
- Chapter 3: Controls and Their Uses
- Chapter 4: Variables, Data Types and Operators
- Chapter 5: Arrays and Loop Structures
- Chapter 6: Built-in Functions
- Chapter 7: Writing Your Own Functions and Procedures
- Chapter 8: Getting Data from External Sources
- Chapter 9: Programming Your Own Spreadsheets
- Chapter 10: Scientific Graphics
- Chapter 11: Debugging and Error Handling
- Chapter 12: Package and Deploying Your Application
- Chapter 13: Mathematical Modeling
- Chapter 14: Bioinformatics
- Chapter 15: Web-Based Applications
- Index


src/Types/Types.js
/*
* This file is part of bbj-masks lib.
* (c) Basis Europe<EMAIL_ADDRESS>*
* For the full copyright and license information, please view the LICENSE
* file that was distributed with this source code.
*/
import NumberMask from '../NumberMask'
import DateMask from '../DateMask'
import StringMask from '../StringMask'
/**
* Types
*
* BBj masks factory
*
* @author Hyyan Abo Fakher<EMAIL_ADDRESS>*/
class Types {
/**
* Mask the given number with the given mask according to BBj rules
*
* @param {Number} number the number to format
* @param {String} mask the mask to use for formatting
* @param {String} [groupingSeparator=,] - a char which will be used as a grouping separator
* @param {String} [decimalSeparator=.] - a char which will be used as a decimal separator
* @param {Boolean} [forceTrailingZeros=false] - Affects the output by switching the way a mask with "#" characters in the trailing positions is filled.
* for example, the function `NumberMask.mask(.10:"#.##")` returns ` .10` instead of ` .1 `
* @param {Boolean} [loose=true] when true , errors will be ignored and the method will try at apply the mask
* anyway , otherwise it will stop at first error and throw it.
* @param {Boolean} [ignoreFillChar=false] - when true , then the fill char will always be an empty space
* event if the mask start with a `*`
* @param {Boolean} [trimSpaces=false] - When true , the final masked value will not contain any spaces
* @param {Boolean} [floatSpecialChars=true] - When true , then if any of "-", "+", "$", and "(". characters
* is present in the mask, the first one encountered will be moved
* to the last position where a "#" or "," was replaced by the fill
* character. If no such position exists, the float character is
* left where it
*
* @throws {MaskError} only if loose is disabled
*
* @returns {String} the masked number
*/
static number(
number,
mask,
groupingSeparator = ',',
decimalSeparator = '.',
forceTrailingZeros = false,
loose = true,
ignoreFillChar = false,
trimSpaces = false,
floatSpecialChars = true
) {
return NumberMask.mask(
number,
mask,
groupingSeparator,
decimalSeparator,
forceTrailingZeros,
loose,
ignoreFillChar,
trimSpaces,
floatSpecialChars
)
}
/**
* Mask a date according to bbj masking rules
*
* @param {String} date date as a string
* @param {String} mask mask as a string
* @param {String} [locale=Browser's locale] the language to use ex(en-US). default is to the system language
* @param {String} [timezone=System timezone] the time zone descriptor (e.g. America/Los_Angeles). default to the system
* timezone
*
* @return {String} number masked with the given mask
*/
static date(date, mask, locale, timezone) {
return DateMask.mask(date, mask, locale, timezone)
}
/**
* Mask the given string with the given mask according to BBj rules
*
* @param {String} str the string to mask
* @param {String} mask the mask to use for formatting
* @param {Boolean} [loose=true] when true , errors will be ignored and the method will try at apply the mask
* anyway , otherwise it will stop at first error and throw it.
*
* @throws {MaskIsTooShortError}
* @throws {StringMaskError}
* @throws {MaskError}
*
* @returns {String} the masked string
*/
static string(str, mask, loose = true) {
return StringMask.mask(str, mask, loose)
}
}
export default Types