It is a common refrain from students that types “get in the way” when programming. While we have all experienced frustration trying to convince a compiler to run a program we believed to be valid, types, as concepts, are much more fundamental than this.
The goal of this lecture is to suggest a way of thinking about types that will, hopefully, be useful with any programming language, even those with little syntactic emphasis on types, and reduce the frustration associated with this concepts in languages that do feature types as syntactic elements.
We deal with types seamlessly in our daily lives. When we go to a restuarant, we don’t expect the people at the next table to take our order or refill our drinks, we expect the wait staff to do that. Said another (super weird) way, we don’t call the refill_drinks()
method on the folks at the next table, because we know, implicitly, that they don’t respond to that method.
Have you ever skipped lunch and then tried to take a bite out of your laptop? Probably not, but, if you did, it probably didn’t work out very well for you. Laptops have is_edible
set to false
(or, if you prefer, they don’t don’t implement the Food
interface). They have the wrong type.
The point here is that the actual world around us has types. We would call it “strongly typed” because every object in the world does, in fact, have a set of specific types. Some of those types are complicated (imagine a chair made out of chocolate), and they can change depending on context (a waiter eating at a restaurant), but they exist nonetheless.
Just as the entire world is full of types, every programming language has types, whether they are made explicit or not. For example, the code below only makes sense if x
has a round(n)
method, otherwise its result will be an error of some kind (depending on the language):
function prettify(x) {
return x.round(2);
}
So, despite the fact that no types were specified, they still exist. There isn’t necessarily a name that we could use to describe the type of x
concisely, its type is defined by the methods called on it. In this case, any object that has a round(n)
method satisfies the type. But even though its type is, perhaps, ill-defined, it does, in fact, exist.
When we perform this sort of analysis in a programming language without explicit types we apply “Duck Typing” (if it quacks like a duck, it’s probably a duck). In this case, we might replace “quacking” with “rounding”.
As an aside, can you think of anything that quacks like a duck but isn’t actually a duck? What about the code above, can you think of a type that might have a round(n)
method that wouldn’t necessarily make sense as an argument to this function?
Languages that rely on Duck Typing are “dynamically typed” because the types are handled at runtime (just like “dynamic analysis” is performed by running the program). There is another category of languages, including popular examples like Java, that are “statically typed” because types are specified (in one way or another) in the actual program code and can be “checked” (or “enforced”) without running the program.
One nice feature of Duck Typing is that it doesn’t require us to do anything to guarantee that a value will “work” in a particular situation, we just have to make sure it has the required fields or methods. For instance, in Javascript, x
could be an entirely anonymous object, created on the fly, there is no need for it to be declared in a particular way.
prettify({
round: function() {
// Code goes here
,
}; })
On the other hand, in order to determine the type that we’re supposed to provide for x
, we need to study the entire body of the function to see how the value is actually used. Further, if the function changes, we may need to update how we use it. For example, assume someone changed prettify(x)
to call a different method on x
.
function prettify(x) {
return x.floor();
}
Now, instead of passing in something that has a round(n)
method, we need to give it something that has a floor()
method. But we have no way of knowing this unless we study the updated code.
To get around this shortcoming, we can label x
to make it easier to identify such changes. In fact, once we do this, it is straightforward to determine whether our types are correct statically, that is, without running the program.
For example, we could update the function to declare that x
must be a number
(which seems reasonable). Now, only instances of the number
type will be allowed, and the program will refuse to compile (or run) at all if we fail to adhere to this requirement.
function prettify(x: number) {
.round(2);
return x }
Further, if someone decides to use floor()
instead of round(n)
, we won’t need to update our code at all (assuming those are both methods on number
).
One drawback, though, is that we have forced callers to provide an instance of number
even though we only actually intend to use a small piece of the functionality that number
provides. Additionally, the function can no longer accept arbitrary, but compatible, types, like the anonymous object we constructed above.
To get around these problems, we might declare an interface and then allow x
to have any type that implements the interface. However, at least in languages like Java, that still requires the type of x
to declare that it implements the interface. In other words, we still can’t provide an anonymous object the way we could with Duck Typing.
interface Roundable { ... }
class MyRoundable implements Roundable { ... }
Some languages, therefore, relax this latter requirement and provide what is known as “Structural Typing”. In this case, we must name (or otherwise specify, see below) the type of x
, but we can pass any value for x
as long as it satisfies the required interface, regardless of whether it has been declared to satisfy the interface.
function prettify(x: Roundable) {
.round(2);
return x }
In some languages, we don’t even have to name these interfaces, we can declare them anonymously, inline. For example, we could write the prettify(x)
function to declare that it uses the round(n)
method right in the function header.
function prettify(x: { round: (n: number) => number }) {
.round(2);
return x }
Note, however, that calling any method on x
other than round(n)
within the body of prettify(x)
will now result in a (static) type error because that is the only method we have declared. Once we need more than one method or field in our type declaration, it is usually best to use a named interface instead.
At the end of the day, a programming language is a tool, and each contains, embedded within its design, a set of trade-offs that give it advantages and disadvantages, depending on the task to be completed.
Type systems are among the dimensions along which these trade-offs are made. Some languages allow enormous amounts of information to be embedded in types, others omit types entirely from their syntax.
Programmers must remember that types are pervasive in the world, and exist in all programming languages, regardless of syntax. At the same time, they should make the best possible use of the language at hand.


Written by: Marta Kauffman & David Crane
Directed by: Kevin Bright
Transcribed by: Kreidy
[Scene: Monica and Chandler's apartment. It's a scene from 1016 TOW Rachel's Going Away Party.]
Jennifer Aniston (V.O.): Previously on Friends.
Monica: Erica, are you okay?
Erica: Yeah, you know, maybe I ate too much. I keep getting these stomach-aches. They come and go like every few minutes.
Monica: Oh my God!
Chandler: Relax! We'll just get her some antacids.
Monica: She doesn't have a stomach-ache. She's in labor!
Chandler: Oh my God!
[Cut to Ross's apartment. Ross and Rachel are there. It's another scene from 1016 TOW Rachel's Going Away Party.]
Rachel: So if you think I didn't say goodbye to you because you don't mean as much to me as everybody else, you're wrong. It's because you mean more to me.
Ross: Rach!
Rachel: What?!
(He walks over and kisses her. They pull back, Rachel looks at him, and they kiss again.)
[Scene: Ross's bedroom. Rachel is putting on her shoes as Ross shows up from underneath the covers.]
Ross: Hey.
Rachel: Shh.. Go back to sleep. I have to go home.
Ross: Oh. This was amazing.
Rachel: It really was. You've learned some new moves!
Ross: Yeah, well, this guy at work gave me "Sex for Dummies" as a joke.
Rachel: Ah.
Ross: Who's laughing now?
Rachel: I know!
(They kiss.)
OPENING CREDITS
[Scene: The delivery room at the hospital. Monica, Chandler and Erica are there. Erica is in labor, and she is breathing heavily.]
Monica: Breathe, breathe, breathe... Good.
Chandler: Next time, can I say breathe?
Monica: No, last time you said it like Dracula, and it scared her! Can I get you anything? You want some more ice chips?
Erica: No, I'm okay.
Monica: Alright, I'll be right back.
Chandler: Where are you going?
Monica: To use the bathroom.
Chandler: You can't leave me alone with her.
Monica: What?
Chandler: This is exactly the kind of social situation that I am not comfortable with!
Monica: What kind of social situation are you comfortable with?
Chandler: It's just that we've never spent any time, you know, alone together.
Monica: You'll be fine. Nah, you won't, but I'll be back in two minutes.
Chandler: Okay.
(Monica leaves, and Chandler closes the door. Erica just looks at him.)
Chandler: So, ah... Any plans for the summer?
Erica: I don't know. Maybe church-camp?
Chandler: Hah. May not wanna mention this. So, you ever wonder which is worse, you know; going through labor or getting kicked in the nuts?
Erica: What?
Chandler: Well, it's just interesting.
(Erica just looks at him like he's crazy.)
Chandler: One of life's great, unanswerable questions. I mean, who knows? Maybe there's something even more painful than those things? Like this.
[Scene: Joey and Rachel's apartment. Joey is there as Phoebe enters. Joey is holding a baby duck.]
Phoebe: Morning.
Joey: Hey!
Phoebe: What's that?
Joey: It's my house-warming present for Monica and Chandler.
Phoebe: It's a baby chick and duck!
Joey: Uh-huh. And I named them Chick Jr. and Duck Jr.
Phoebe: I did not see that coming.
Joey: Yeah, I figure they'll love it at the new house, you know? It has that big backyard. And then, when they get old, they can go to that special farm that Chandler took the other chick and duck to.
Phoebe: Yes.
Joey: Yeah. It's a shame people can't visit there.
Phoebe: That is the rule, though.
(Ross enters.)
Phoebe: Guess what? You're almost an uncle!
Ross: What?
Joey: Yeah, Erica went into labor last night. Monica and Chandler are at the hospital right now!
Ross: Oh my God!
Phoebe: Yeah, and I have a definite feeling it's gonna be a girl.
Ross: Phoebe, you were sure Ben was gonna be a girl.

Ross: Is Rachel here?
Joey: Uh, I think she's still asleep. Hey, hey, how did it go with you guys last night? She seemed pretty pissed at you.
Ross: Uh, we, y'know, we worked things out.
Phoebe: What's that smile? Did something happen with you two?
 We totally did it!
Joey: Oh my God. You and Rachel?
Ross: I know, it's pretty great.
Joey: So what does that mean? Are you guys getting back together?
Ross: Oh, I.. I don't know. We didn't really get to talk.
Phoebe: But do you wanna get back together?
Ross: I don't know. It was incredible. I mean, it just felt so right. When I was holding her, I mean, I never wanted to let her go. You know what? Yeah, I do. I wanna be together.
Phoebe: (screaming) YAY!
Ross: Shhh!
Phoebe: (quietly) Yay!
Joey: So, so is she still going to Paris?
Ross: Wow, I hadn't thought of that. I hope not.
Phoebe: Oh, this is like the best day ever. Ever! You guys might get back together, Monica and Chandler are getting their baby, there are chicks and ducks in the world again! Oh, I feel like I'm in a musical! (Singing) "Daa - raa... When the sun comes up, bright and beaming! And the moon comes..."
(Rachel enters from her room.)
Rachel: Morning!
Phoebe: Guess we'll never know how it ends.
Joey: Okay.
Ross: Hey.
Rachel: Hey.
Ross: Hey. How did you sleep?
Rachel: Good. You?
Ross: Good.
Joey: I bet you did!
Ross: Uh. Would you guys mind giving us a minute?
Joey: Sure, yeah. Will you just keep an eye on the chick and the duck?
Rachel: Chick and the duck? Didn't they die...
Phoebe: (interrupting) Dive. Yeah, they dove head-first into fun on the farm.
(Joey and Phoebe leave.)
Ross: So...
(He kisses her.)
Ross: Morning.
Rachel: You too. Last night was just wonderful.
Ross: It really was.

Ross: I know, me too. It was... You know, it was like one of those things you think is never gonna happen, and then it does, and it's everything you want it to be.
Rachel: Uh-huh. I know. It was just, it was just the perfect way to say goodbye. (She hugs him, and Ross looks crushed.)
[Scene: The Hospital. Erica is moaning and about to give birth. Monica, Chandler, a nurse and a doctor are there with her.]
Monica: It's just a little bit more, honey.
Erica: Help me! This hurts!
Chandler: Is it really that bad?
Erica: Uh-huh! I think it's time to kick you in the nuts and see which is worse!
(Monica gives Chandler a look.)
Doctor: The baby's head is crowning.
(Monica walks down to Erica's legs to watch the birth.)
Monica: Oh! Oh my God!  Chandler, you have to see this!
(Chandler is standing by Erica's head.)
Chandler: I'm okay.
Monica: Chandler, you don't wanna miss this. This is the birth of your child! It's the miracle of life!
Chandler: Alright. Wow, that is one disgusting miracle.
Doctor: Start pushing. Here we go. Here come the shoulders...
(The baby starts crying, and the doctor holds it up.)
Monica: It's a... It's a boy!
Chandler: Wow!
Erica: Is he okay?
Doctor: He's just fine.
Monica: Oh, you did it!
Chandler: (emotional) It's a baby! A beautiful little baby! And some other stuff I'm gonna pretend I don't see.
Doctor: Would you like to cut the umbilical cord?
(A nurse gives Monica a pair of scissors. Monica gives it to Chandler, and they cut it together.)
Chandler: Well, that's spongy.
Monica: (to her son) Oh, hey handsome!  (To Chandler, on the verge of tears) Oh, we are so lucky!
Chandler: I know.
(Monica looks at him.)
Chandler: I mean, I know that's not possible, but he does.
Nurse: We'll just get him cleaned up a bit.
(The doctor hands the boy to the nurse, and she walks over to another part of the room with him.)
Chandler: Okay.
Monica: (To Erica) Oh my God, he's beautiful. Thank you so much.
Erica: I'm really happy for you guys.
Chandler: How do you feel?
Erica: I'm tired!
Doctor: Well, you don't have that much time to relax. The other one will be along in a minute.
(Chandler stares at the doctor, completely shocked. Monica just freezes and turns around slowly.)
Monica: I... I'm sorry, who should be along in a what now?
Doctor: The next baby should be along in a minute.
Monica: We only ordered one!
Doctor: You know it's twins, right?
Chandler: Oh, yeah! These are the faces of two people in the know!
COMMERCIAL BREAK
[Scene: The hospital. Continued from earlier.]
Doctor: I can't believe you didn't know it's twins! This has never happened before.
Chandler: Well, gosh. That makes me feel so special and good.
Monica: (to the doctor) Wait, did you know it was twins?
Doctor: Yeah, it's here in the paperwork we got from the clinic in Ohio.
Monica: (to Erica) Anybody tell you?
Erica: I don't think so. Although, they did mention something about two heartbeats. But I thought that was just mine and the baby's. They kept saying both heartbeats are really strong, and I thought well, that's good 'cause I'm having a baby.
Monica: This is unbelievable.
Erica: Twins actually run in my family.
Chandler: Interesting! (To Monica) Can I see you for a second?
(They walk over to the door.)
Chandler: What do we do?
Monica: What do you mean "what do we do"?
Chandler: (panicking) Twins! Twins!!
Monica: Chandler, you're panicking!
Chandler: Uh-huh! Join me, won't you?! Okay, what do you say we keep one, and then just like have an option on the other one?
Monica: We can't split them up!
Chandler: Why not? We could give each of them half a medallion, and then years later, they'll find each other and be reunited. I mean, that's a great day for everybody.
Monica: Okay, what if the person who adopts the other one is horrible?
Chandler: What if they're not? What if it's adopted by a king?
Monica: Yeah, because I hear the king is looking to adopt.
Chandler: Monica, we are not ready to have two babies!
Monica: That doesn't matter! We have waited so long for this. I don't care if it's two babies. I don't care if it's three babies! I don't care if the entire cast of "Eight is Enough" comes out of there! We are taking them home, because they are our children!
Chandler: (smiles) Okay. Shhh...
(He hugs her.)
Chandler: Okay.
Monica: Okay!
Chandler: Okay!
Doctor: It looks like we're about ready over here.
(Monica and Chandler run back to Erica's bed.)
Doctor: Come on, Erica, start pushing again now.
Erica: Ow!
(Erica screams.)
Doctor: Here she comes!
Chandler: (shocked) She? It's a girl?
Doctor: Yeah.
Chandler: (To Monica) Well, now we have one of each! (To the doctor) And that's enough!
[Scene: Central Perk. Ross, Phoebe and Joey are there.]
Ross: And then she said it was the perfect way to say goodbye.
Joey: Oh my God! What did you say?
Ross: Nothing! What do you say to that?
Phoebe: Ross, you've got to tell her how you feel!
Ross: No way!
 Is that what a dinosaur would do?
Ross: What?
Joey: Dude, I'm just trying to speak your language.
Phoebe: Ross, Rachel doesn't know that you wanna get back together. If she did, she might feel differently. She might not even go.
Ross: You really think so?
Phoebe: I'm telling you! Oh, okay! This is the part of the musical where there'd be a really good convincing song. (Singing) "Bam-bam, don't take no for an answer. Bam-bam, don't let love fly away. Bam-bam-bam-bam..."
(Rachel enters and interrupts Phoebe's song.)
Rachel: Hi!
Phoebe: Can't a girl finish a song around here?
Joey: Hey!
Rachel: Hi! So I just dropped Emma off at my mom's.
Ross: Okay.
Joey: Oh, you're not taking her with you tonight?
Rachel: No, we decided that I would go ahead and set up first, and then my mom would bring Emma to Paris on Sunday.
Phoebe: Wow, eight hour flight with a one-year old? Good luck, mom.
Rachel: Are you kidding? Eight hours with my mother talking about Atkins? Good luck, Emma!
(Rachel walks up to the counter.)
Ross: Alright, you know what? You're right. I should at least tell her how I feel.
(He stands up.)
Joey: Ross, wait!
Ross: What? What?
Joey: Could you get me a muffin?
(Ross walks up to Rachel, but Gunther gets there first.)
Gunther: Rachel?
Rachel: Yeah?
Gunther: I... I know you're leaving tonight, but I just have to tell you. I love you.
(Ross is shocked.)
Gunther: I... I don't know if that changes your plans at all, but I thought you should know.
Rachel: (touched) Gunther... Oh... I love you too. Probably not in the same way, but I do. And, and when I'm in a café, having coffee, or I see a man with hair brighter than the sun, I'll think of you. Aw.
(She kisses him on the cheek and looks over at the others.)
Rachel: Oh... Bye guys.
(Rachel leaves.)
Ross: Oh my God!
Phoebe: Unbelievable!
Joey: Hey, you know what might help?
Ross: I'm not getting you a muffin!
[Scene: The hospital. Monica and Chandler are holding the twins, while two nurses are taking care of Erica.]
Monica: Do you think they recognize each other from in there?
Chandler: Maybe. Unless they're like two people who have lived in apartments next to each other for years, and then one day they're pushed through a vagina and they meet.
Nurse: We're going to take Erica to recovery now.
Monica: There's something that we wanna tell you. We decided to name the girl-baby Erica.
Erica: Oh my God, that's just like my name!
Monica: Son of a gun, it is!
Erica: Anyway, I'm gonna go and get some rest.  You're gonna make great parents. Even Chandler.
Monica: Okay, well, bye!
Erica: Bye!
Chandler: Bye!
Monica: We'll call you!
Erica: Okay.
Chandler: Have fun at church-camp!
(The nurses take Erica to the recovery room. Monica and Chandler smile at each other.)
Monica: Oh, look at these little bunnies!
Chandler: I know! You ready to trade?
Monica: Okay.
Chandler: Okay.
Monica: Alright, let's see..
(They start trying to trade babies while holding one each. They have no idea how to do it, so they just shift the babies around in their arms. They give up pretty quickly.)
Chandler: We could trade later.
Monica: Yeah, I'm good.
[Scene: Monica and Chandler's apartment. Joey and Phoebe are there. There is a white crib decorated with balloons in the middle of the apartment. Also, there are boxes all over the apartment. Joey is working on something on the coffee table.]
Phoebe: Hey, what are you working on?
Joey: It's a... It's a "welcome home" sign for the baby.
(He holds up a white poster with huge red letters. It reads, "Welcome Home Baby." There is also a huge red stain on the left of the poster.)
Phoebe: How sweet! Oh, is that the baby?
(She points at the stain.)
Joey: No, I sat in the paint.
(Ross enters with a gift for the baby.)
Ross: Hey.
Phoebe: Hey. So, did you talk to Rachel?
Ross: No, and I'm not going to.
Phoebe: What?
Joey: Why not?
Ross: Because she's just going to shoot me down. You guys saw what happened with Gunther.
Phoebe: How can you compare yourself to Gunther? I mean, sure, he's sexy in a more obvious way. You have a relationship with her, you slept together last night.
Ross: Yeah, and she still wants to go! It's pretty clear where she is.
Joey: Yeah, I know what you mean. I mean, sometimes...
(He sits down in the wet paint again.)
Phoebe: Uh, Joe?

Ross: Look, even if I were gonna tell her, I don't have to do it now. Okay? I'll be seeing her again. We've got time.
Phoebe: No, you don't! She's going to Paris! She is going to meet somebody. Do you know how many hot guys there are in Paris? It's... It's a city of Gunthers!
(Mike enters with a roll of paper in his hand.)
Mike: Hey!
Phoebe: Hey! What do you have there?
Mike: Oh, I made a little something. If I had more time to work on it, it'd be better, but..
(He shows them a beautiful banner he has made. It reads, "Welcome to the World, Baby Bing.")
Ross: Oh my God! You did that yourself?
Phoebe: Honey, that's gorgeous!
Joey: You know, the baby can't read, Mike!
(Rachel enters.)
Rachel: Hi! You guys, the car-service just got here. I can't believe they're not home yet!  I wanna see the baby!
Joey: Monica just called from the cab. She said they should be here any minute. And apparently, there's some big surprise.
Phoebe: Yeah, did she sound happy about it? 'Cause my friend Ethel's baby was born with a teeny, tiny beard.
(Monica enters carrying her son.)
Rachel: Oh my God!
Ross: Oh my God!
(They all walk over to see the baby.)
Rachel: Hi! Oh my gosh!
(Chandler enters carrying his daughter.)
Chandler: Hey.
(Everybody turns around.)
Phoebe, Ross, Rachel: Hey.
(They turn back around to see the baby Monica's carrying, but then they realise what the surprise is. Ross, Mike, Phoebe and Rachel gasp and stare at Chandler and his baby. Joey hasn't figured it out yet.)
Joey: (To Monica) Hey, so what is the big surprise?
Rachel: Oh.
(Joey stares at Chandler and Monica and finally puts two and two together. He gasps.)
Ross: Oh my God!
Rachel: What... What...
Ross: Okay, okay, awkward question. The hospital knows you took two, right?
Monica: Yes, it's twins!
Ross: Oh my God.
Joey: Oh, they're so cute! Now, what, what kinds are they?
Monica: (points at the baby she's holding) This is a boy, (points at the baby Chandler is holding) and that's a girl.
Chandler: Her name is Erica.
Rachel: Aw..
Joey: Hey, that pregnant girl's name was Erica.
Chandler: Yeah. It's a shame you two didn't get to spend more time together.
Monica: Yeah, we named the boy Jack after dad.
Ross: Aw, he's gonna be so happy.
Phoebe: Oh, Jack Bing. I love that.  "Jack Bing, Morning Gazette. I'm gonna blow this story wide open!"
(Chandler and Monica carry Erica and Jack over to the crib and put them down carefully.)
Rachel: Oh my gosh. Wow, so beautiful.
Mike: (To Phoebe) I want one.
Phoebe: Oh yeah? Well, tell me which one, and I'll try slip it in my coat.
Mike: Seriously. Wanna make one of those?
Phoebe: One? How about a whole bunch?
Mike: Really?
Phoebe: Yeah! Ooh, we could teach them to sing, and we can be like the Von Trapp family! Only without the Nazis. Although that sounds kinda dull.
Rachel: Oh, you guys, I can't believe this. But I'll leave now, or I'm gonna miss my plane.

(They hug.)
Rachel: Me too. Oh, I'm just sorry I'm not gonna be around to watch you two attempt to handle this! Alright, I can't say goodbye to you guys again. I love you all so much.
Monica: I love you.
Chandler: I love you.
Monica: Call us when you get there.
Rachel: I will. Ross, come here.
(She pulls him over to the door.)
Rachel: I just want you to know.. Last night.. I'll never forget it.
Ross: Neither will I.
(They hug as Phoebe and Joey stare at the two of them.)
Rachel: Alright, now I really have to go. Okay. Au revoir! Oh, they're gonna really hate me over there.
(She leaves.)
Phoebe: So, you just let her go?
Ross: Yeah.
Joey: Hey, maybe that's for the best.
Ross: Yeah?
Joey: Yeah. You know? You just... Look, you gotta... You gotta think about last night the way she does, okay? Maybe, maybe sleeping together was the perfect way to say goodbye?
Phoebe: But now she'll never know how he feels!
Joey: Maybe that's okay. You know? Maybe, maybe it is better this way? I mean, now, now you can move on. I mean, you've been trying to for so long, maybe now that you're on different continents.. (Looks at Phoebe) Right?
(Phoebe nods.)
Joey: Maybe now you can actually do it. You know? You can finally get over her.
Ross: Yeah, that's true. Except I don't wanna get over her.
Joey: What?
Ross: I don't! I wanna be with her.
Joey: Really?
Ross: Yeah, I'm gonna go after her.
Joey: Yeah, you are!
Phoebe: Woo!
(Monica and Chandler look shocked as Ross goes to leave.)
Phoebe: Wait, wait! Get your coat! Get your coat!
Ross: My coat...
Joey: This is so cool!
Chandler: I have no idea what's going on, but I am excited!
Joey: But Ross, Ross. What do you, what do you think she's going to say?
Ross: I don't know, but I.. Look, even if she shoots me down, at least I won't spend the rest of my life wondering what would have happened. Where - where is my coat?!
Phoebe: You didn't bring one! My cab's downstairs, I'll drive you to the airport.
Ross: Okay, guys, wish me luck.
Phoebe: Hurry!
Joey: Good luck, good luck!
(Phoebe and Ross leave.)
[Scene: The street right in front of Central Perk. Phoebe's cab is there. Ross and Phoebe run over and jump in.]
Ross: There's no seatbelt!
Phoebe: That's okay. If - if we hit anything, the engine will explode, so you know, it's better if you're thrown from the car.
(Ross looks terrified.)
Ross: Alright, alright, let's do this!
Phoebe: Okay!
(A guy comes up and gets into the backseat of the cab.)
Ross: Hey!
Man: 18th and East End.
Phoebe: I - I don't take passengers.
Man: Hey! The law says you have to accept any fare.
Ross: No, you don't understand. This isn't a real cab.
Man: Alright, I gotta report you. What's your medallion number?
Phoebe: My medallion number is, "Get out of the cab!"
Man: What?
Ross: (screaming) Get out of the cab!
Phoebe: Get out of the cab!
(The man jumps out, obviously a little scared. Phoebe drives off.)
[Scene: Monica and Chandler's apartment. Monica, Chandler and Joey are there, packing the last boxes.]
Joey: Oh, hey, hey, can I give you guys your house-warming present now?
Monica: Now, that you can do.
Joey: Alright!
(Cut to Joey's apartment. Joey looks inside the cardboard box that used to be the home of Chick Jr. and Duck Jr., but they have disappeared.)
Joey: Ah... Chick Jr.? Duck Jr.? Don't hide from mama!
[Scene: Phoebe's cab. Phoebe is driving very fast, and a terrified Ross has closed his eyes.]
Phoebe: You can open your eyes now.
Ross: Are we off the bridge?
Phoebe: Yes.
Ross: Is the old woman on the bicycle still alive?
Phoebe: Yes, she jumped right back up.
(Ross opens his eyes.)

Phoebe: Do you wanna get to Rachel in time?
Ross: Yes, but I don't wanna die in your cab!
Phoebe: You should have thought of that before you got in!
(They drive up to a toll-booth.)
Phoebe: Toll-booth.
Ross: What?
Phoebe: (screaming) Toll-booth! Four bucks. There are quarters in the glove compartment.
(Ross tries to open a plastic bag filled with quarters, but he's quite slow.)
Phoebe: Hurry!
Ross: Okay!
Phoebe: Okay.
(Phoebe tries to throw some quarters out the window, but she has forgotten to open the window, and she and Ross scream.)
Phoebe: Damn, that window is clean.
[Scene: Joey's apartment. Joey is still looking for the birds.]
Joey: Quack, quack, tweet, tweet, quack, quack, tweet, tweet, quack, quack, tweet, tweet, quack, quack, tweet, tweet, quack, tweet, quack...
(Monica and Chandler enter.)
Chandler: We were wondering what was taking so long with the gift, but now we understand you were doing this.
Joey: Okay, I wanted to surprise you, but for your house-warming gift, I got you a baby-chick and a baby-duck!
(Chandler grins, while Monica is less enthusiastic.)
Chandler: Really? You got us a chick and a duck?
Monica: Oh, great! Just what you want for a new house with infants. Bird feces.

Chandler: Oh, don't worry, we'll find them.
Monica: Actually, I'm gonna go check on the twins.
Chandler: Alright.
(Monica turns around and is about to leave when she steps on something.)
Monica: Oh God! What did I just step on?
Joey: Oh!
Chandler: It's okay, it's just an egg roll.
Monica: Oh..
Joey: You stepped on my egg roll?
Monica: I'm sorry, I didn't know to look for Chinese food on the floor.
Joey: Just put it on a plate and leave.
(She does so.)
Chandler: Okay, let's find these birds.
Joey: Alright.
(Suddenly, they hear the birds.)
Joey: Wait, wait. Do you hear that?
(They realise that the birds are in the foosball table.)
Joey: Oh! They're in the table!
Chandler: Well, that can't be good!
Joey: We gotta get them out of there!
Chandler: How?
Joey: Oh, oh! Maybe we can lure them out. You know any birdcalls?
Chandler: Oh, tons, I'm quite the woodsman.
Joey: Well, maybe we can just tip the table a little.
Chandler: Joey, wait! The ball!
Joey: Oh!
(The ball rolls into one of the goals, and Chandler and Joey listen in horror as the ball makes its way inside the table. Finally, they can hear the birds again.)
Joey: Oh God! So what do we do?
Chandler: I don't know. Maybe we can open this up somehow.
Joey: Okay.
Chandler: No... It's all glued together.
Joey: Does that mean we have to bust it open?
Chandler: I don't know. Maybe.
Joey: Oh my God!
Chandler: I know! It's.. It's the foosball table.
Joey: All right, you know what? We don't have a choice. It's like I would have said in that sci-fi movie if I'd gotten the part. "Those are our men in there, we have to get them out! Even if I have to sacrifice the most important thing in my life; my time-machine."
Chandler: Did that movie ever get made?
Joey: It did not.
[Scene: The airport. Ross and Phoebe run in.]
Phoebe: Ross, where are you going?
Ross: To talk to Rachel, isn't that why we took a ride in the death-cab?
Phoebe: What? What are you just gonna walk up to her at the gate? Have you never chased anyone through the airport before?
Ross: Not since my cop-show got cancelled.
Phoebe: You have to get a ticket to get past security.
Ross: What? We're never gonna make it!
Phoebe: Not with that attitude!
(They run to the ticket counter, but they get stuck behind a group of old people who are walking very slowly.)
Ross: Okay, if you could all walk slower, that'd be great.
[Scene: The gate. Rachel walks up to the man at the gate and gives him her passport.]
Gate attendant #1: (with a French accent) Madame, your passport please?
Rachel: Oh my God! I was so afraid I wasn't gonna remember any of my high-school French, but I understood every word you just said!
Gate attendant #1: Your boarding pass, please.
Rachel: Oh.
(She starts looking through her purse, but she can't find it.)
Rachel: Oh, shoot. I had it. Oh, I can't believe this.
Gate attendant #1: Madame, if you don't have your boarding pass...
Rachel: I have it, I have it, I have it. Oh, okay, I can't find it, but I remember that I was in seat 32C, because that's my bra-size.
Gate attendant #1: Madame, you must have your boarding pass..
Rachel: Okay, fine! But you know what? If I was in 36D, we would not be having this problem.
[Scene: The ticket-counter. Ross and Phoebe come running.]
Ross: Hey, I need a ticket.
Phoebe: Just one? I drive you all the way down here, and I don't get to see how it works out?
Ross: Fine, two tickets, I need two tickets.
Phoebe: We're on our honeymoon.
Ticket agent: And the destination?
Ross: I don't care. Whatever is the cheapest.
Phoebe: I'm so lucky I married you.
[Scene: The gate. Rachel is still searching for her boarding pass.]
Rachel: Oh! Shoot!  Where is it? Oh! Oh! I found it! I found it!
(She runs up to the gate and the gate attendant standing there.)
Rachel: Hah! I found it! I told you I would find it! In your face!
[Scene: The ticket-counter. Ross and Phoebe have their tickets and start looking at the screens in order to find the gate.]
Ross: Okay, flight 421 to Paris. I don't see it, do you see it?
Phoebe: No, did we miss it?
Ross: No, no, no. That's impossible. It doesn't leave for another 20 minutes.
Phoebe: Maybe we have the flight-number wrong. God.
(Phoebe picks up her cell-phone and calls Monica. Monica is still packing in her apartment.)
Monica: Hello.
Phoebe: Hey, it's me. Here's Ross.
Ross: What? Hey, hey, listen..
(Monica is standing by the crib, and she's looking at her babies.)
Monica: Oh my God! Ross, you wouldn't believe the cute little noises the twins are making. Listen.
(She holds the phone down to the twins.)
Ross: Monica? Monica, Monica, Monica, Monica..?
Monica: Oh, I'm sorry. Shoot, they were doing it before.
Ross: That's alright. Listen, listen.
Monica: Oh, wait, wait, wait! Here they go again.
(She holds down the phone to the twins again.)
Ross: Monica? Monica, Monica, Monica, Monica..?
Monica: Isn't that cute?
Ross: That is precious! Listen! I need Rachel's flight information.
Monica: Oh, okay. Alright, it's flight 421. Leaves at 8:40.
Ross: Yes, that's what I have. It's not on the board.
Monica: That's what it says here. Flight 421, leaves at 8:40, Newark airport.
Ross: What?
Monica: Newark airport. Why, where are you?
Ross: JFK.
(Ross sadly hangs up the phone, while Phoebe looks at him. Cut to Rachel at the gate. She gives her boarding pass to the gate attendant, and she goes onboard. The gate attendant closes the door and locks it.)
[Scene: Joey's apartment. Joey and Chandler are still trying to get the birds out of the foosball-table.]
Joey: (yelling) Don't worry, you guys, we're gonna get you out of there.
Chandler: And we're also gonna buy you tiny, bird hearing-aids.

Joey: Okay. Here goes.
Chandler: What's the matter?
Joey: I need to say goodbye to the table first.
Chandler: I understand.
Joey: Okay. Table, you have given us so many great times. And you guys, Jordan, Victor, Joel... All of you guys. What can I say? You guys make us look good. You wanna say anything?
Chandler: I don't know. Except that, for one last time... (he touches the players as he says the following) Good game, good game, good game, good game, good game, good game, good game.
Joey: Okay, here we go. I can't do it.
Chandler: Well, I can't do it either.
(Monica enters.)
Monica: Hey! Did you find them?
Joey: Yeah, they're stuck inside the table!
Chandler: We have to bust it open, but neither of us can do it!
Monica: Oh, well sure. This gotta be so hard. I'll do it. Gimme!
(Monica grabs the hammer and the crowbar and gets ready to bust it open.)
[Scene: Phoebe's cab. She's driving faster than ever before.]
Ross: Phoebe! Wow! No, no, no!
(Phoebe screams.)
Phoebe: Well, I've never gone this fast before.
Ross: Phoebe, forget it, okay? Newark is - is like an hour away. There's no way we're gonna make it in time.
Phoebe: She's got her cell, you could call her.
Ross: I am not doing this over the phone.
Phoebe: You don't have any other choice!
(She lets go of the steering wheel to get her cell-phone from her purse. Ross screams and reaches over in order to hold onto the wheel. Cut to the plane. Rachel is sitting in her seat when her cell-phone rings.)
Rachel: Hello?
Phoebe: Rachel? Oh, good. Hey, by the way, did you just get on the plane?
Rachel: Yeah.
Phoebe: (To Ross) For what it's worth, we would have caught her if we were at the right airport.
Ross: Yay.
Phoebe: Uh, Rach, hang on.
(Phoebe tries to give her phone to Ross, but he won't take it. He mouths "no.")
Rachel: Phoebe? Is everything okay?
Phoebe: Uhm, actually no. No, you've... You have to get off the plane.
Rachel: What? Why?
Phoebe: I have this feeling that something's wrong with it. Something is wrong with the left Philange.
Rachel: Oh, honey, I'm sure there's nothing wrong with the plane.
(The passenger in the seat next to Rachel looks at her and seems a little nervous.)
Rachel: Alright, look, I have to go. I love you, and I will call you the minute I get to Paris.
(Rachel hangs up.)
Passenger #1: Uhm, what was that?
Rachel: Oh, that was just my crazy friend. She told me I should get off the plane, because she had a feeling that there was something wrong with the left Philange.
Passenger #1: Okay, that doesn't sound good.
Rachel: I wouldn't worry about it. She's always coming up with stuff like this, and you know what? She's almost never right.
Passenger #1: But she is sometimes.
Rachel: Well...
(The passenger stands up and gets his suitcase from the overhead compartment.)
Rachel: Wait, what are you doing?
Passenger #1: Well, I can't take this plane now.
Air stewardess: Excuse me, sir, where are you going?
Passenger #1: I have to get off this plane, okay? Her friend has a feeling something's wrong with the left Philange.
Rachel: Could I get some peanuts?
Passenger #2: What's wrong with the plane?
Air stewardess: There's nothing wrong with the plane.
Passenger #1: Yeah! The left Philange!
Air stewardess: There is no Philange!
Passenger #1: Oh my God. This plane doesn't even have a Philange!
Passenger #2: I'm not flying on it!
Air stewardess: Ma'am, please sit down!
Passenger #3: What's going on?
Passenger #1: We're all getting off. There is no Philange!
(Everybody walks out of the plane.)
Rachel: This is ridiculous! I...
(She notices that everybody is leaving.)
Rachel: Yeah, okay.
(Rachel leaves as well.)
[Scene: Joey's apartment. Monica has completely destroyed the foosball-table, and Chandler and Joey are holding the birds.]
Monica: Alright. My job here is done.
Chandler: That was... Impressive.
Joey: Yeah, you didn't even use the tools for most of it!
Monica: Yeah, they were just slowing me down. Alright, I have to get back to the babies. I'll see you girls later.
(Monica leaves.)
Chandler: Sorry about the table, man.
Joey: Yeah.
Chandler: You gonna buy a new one?
Joey: Probably not. Nah. I don't know how much I'm gonna wanna play after you go.
Chandler: Well, at least we got these little guys out.
Joey: Yeah.
Chandler: Aww, we were worried about you! Hm. I guess I better get used to things crapping in my hand, huh?
Joey: I'm gonna miss these little guys. It was nice having birds around again.
Chandler: Hey, you know what? Maybe we should keep them here with you.
Joey: What?
Chandler: Yeah, I mean we've got a lot going on right now. And, plus, here they'd have their own room.
Joey: I could get a goose!
Chandler: You know, I - I think you're set with the poultry.
Joey: Thanks man. Did you hear that, you guys? You're gonna get to stay here! And, and it's good, you know, 'cause, 'cause now you have a reason to come visit.
Chandler: I think there may be another reason. So, awkward hug or lame cool guy handshake?
Joey: Uh, lame cool guy handshake, yeah.
(They do the lame cool guy handshake. They look at each other, and then they hug.)
[Scene: The gate at the airport. The passengers are standing in line, and they're about to board the plane again.]
Gate attendant #2: Ma'am, I assure you, the plane is fine.
Passenger #2: And you fixed the Philange?
Gate attendant #2: Yes, the Philange is fixed. As a matter of fact, we put a whole lot of extra Philanges onboard, just in case.
(Rachel walks up to the gate. Cut to Ross and Phoebe who come running up to the gate.)
Ross: Where is she?
Phoebe: I don't see her.
Ross: Rachel! Rachel Green!
Phoebe: There she is!
Ross: Rachel! Rachel!
Gate attendant #2: Wow, excuse me, sir, do you have a boarding pass?
Ross: No, no, I just have to talk to someone.
Gate attendant #2: I'm sorry, you cannot go any further without a boarding pass.
Ross: No, no, no, but...
Phoebe: (screaming) RACHEL!!
(Rachel comes back to the gate.)
Rachel: Oh my God... What.. What are you guys doing here?
Phoebe: Okay, you're on.
Rachel: What? What? Ross, you're scaring me. What's going on?
Ross: Okay, the thing is..
Rachel: Yeah?
Ross: Don't go.
Rachel: What?
Ross: Please, please stay with me. I am so in love with you. Please, don't go.
Rachel: Oh my God.
Ross: I know, I know. I shouldn't have waited 'till now to say it, but I'm..  I'm sorry, but I'm telling you now. I love you. Do not get on this plane.
Gate attendant #2: Miss? Are you boarding the plane?
Ross: Hey, hey. I know you love me. I know you do.
Gate attendant #2: Miss?
Rachel: I - I have to get on the plane.
Ross: No, you don't.
Rachel: Yes, I do.
Ross: No, you don't.
Rachel: They're waiting for me, Ross. I can't do this right now, I'm sorry. I'm sorry.
Ross: Rachel?
Rachel: I'm so sorry.
(She boards the plane.)
Ross: I really thought she'd stay.
Phoebe: I'm sorry.
(Phoebe hugs Ross.)
[Scene: Monica and Chandler's apartment. Joey, Chandler, Monica and the twins are there. Everything has been put into boxes.]
Monica: Well, that's it. Everything's packed.
Chandler: Wow, this is weird.
Monica: I know.
Joey: Yeah. Uh, does this mean there's nothing to eat?
Monica: I put three lasagnas in your freezer.
Joey: I love you!
(He hugs her. Phoebe enters.)
Joey: Hey!
Phoebe: Hey.
Joey: So did you guys make it in time?
Phoebe: Yeah, yeah, he talked to her, but she got on the plane anyway.
Chandler: Where's Ross?
Phoebe: He went home. He didn't want to see anybody.
[Scene: Ross's apartment. Ross enters and checks his messages.]
Rachel: (on the answering machine) Ross, hi. It's me. I just got back on the plane. And I just feel awful. That is so not how I wanted things to end with us. It's just that I wasn't expecting to see you, and all of a sudden you're there and saying these things... And... And now I'm just sitting here and thinking of all the stuff I should have said, and I didn't. I mean, I didn't even get to tell you that I love you too. Because of course I do. I love you. I love you. I love you. What am I doing? I love you! Oh, I've gotta see you. I've gotta get off this plane.
Ross: Oh my God!
Rachel: (on the answering machine) Excuse me?
Air stewardess: (on the answering machine) Miss? Please, sit down!
Rachel: (on the answering machine) I'm sorry. I'm really sorry, but I need to get off the plane, okay? I need to tell someone that I love love them.
Air stewardess: (on the answering machine) Miss, I can't let you off the plane.
Ross: Let her off the plane!
Air stewardess: (on the answering machine) I am afraid you are gonna have to take a seat.
Rachel: (on the answering machine) Oh, please, miss, you don't understand!
Ross: Try to understand!
Rachel: (on the answering machine) Oh, come on, miss, isn't there any way that you can just let me off...
(The message is finished. Ross jumps over to the answering machine.)
Ross: No! No! Oh my God. Did she get off the plane? Did she get off the plane?
Rachel: I got off the plane.
Ross: You got off the plane.
(He walks over and kisses her.)
Rachel: I do love you.
Ross: I love you too, and I'm never letting you go again.
Rachel: Okay. 'Cause this is where I wanna be, okay? No more messing around. I don't wanna mess this up again.
Ross: Me neither, okay?
Rachel: Okay. You and me, alright? This is it.
Ross: This is it. Unless we're on a break.
(Rachel gives him a look.)
Ross: Don't make jokes now.
(They kiss again.)
[Scene: Monica and Chandler's apartment. Chandler and Monica are holding the twins. Joey and Phoebe are sitting by the window, while Ross and Rachel are standing together. The apartment is completely empty. Two men are carrying a large dresser.]
Monica: Okay, please be careful with that. It was my grandmother's. Be careful.
(Two other men are rolling the big white dog out of the apartment.)
Monica: If that falls off the truck, it wouldn't be the worst thing.
(She slips them some money.)
Ross: Wow.
Rachel: I know. It seems smaller somehow.
Joey: Has it always been purple?
Chandler: (to his children) Look around, you guys. This was your first home. And it was a happy place, filled with love and laughter. But more important, because of rent control, it was a friggin' steal!
(Monica and Chandler put Jack and Erica in their stroller.)
Phoebe: Hey, do you realise that at one time or another we all lived in this apartment?
Monica: Oh, yeah, that's true.
Ross: Uh, I haven't.
Monica: Wait a minute. What about that summer during college that you lived with grandma, and you tried to make it as a dancer?
Ross: Do you realise we almost made it ten years without that coming up?
Monica: Oh, honey, I forgot. I promised Treeger that we'd leave our keys.
Chandler: Oh, okay.
(Chandler and Monica walk over to the kitchen-counter and leave their keys. Then the other four pick out their keys and leave them as well.)
Phoebe: So, I guess this is it.
Joey: Yeah. I guess so.
Monica: (crying) This is harder than I thought it would be.
Chandler: Oh, it's gonna be okay.
(Chandler hugs her. Monica hugs Ross and Rachel as Chandler gets the stroller with the twins.)
Rachel: (crying) Do you guys have to go to the new house right away, or do you have some time?
Monica: We got some time.
Rachel: Okay, should we get some coffee?
Chandler: Sure. Where?
(They all leave the apartment. Joey helps Chandler with the stroller in the hallway, while Monica and Rachel have their arms around each other. Everybody walks downstairs to Central Perk. The camera goes inside the apartment again, and it pans around. We see the keys on the counter, and the final shot is of the frame around the peephole. The screen fades to black.)
THE END


Some functions for performing non-negative matrix factorization, non-negative CANDECOMP/PARAFAC (CP) decomposition, non-negative Tucker decomposition, and generating toy model data. See Andrzej Cichock et al (2009) <doi:10.1002/9780470747278> and the reference section of GitHub README.md <https://github.com/rikenbit/nnTensor>, for details of the methods.
| Version: | 0.99.4 |
| Depends: | R (≥ 3.4.0) |
| Imports: | methods, fields, rTensor, plot3D, tagcloud |
| Suggests: | testthat |
| Published: | 2018-09-16 |
| Author: | Koki Tsuyuzaki, Manabu Ishii, Itoshi Nikaido |
| Maintainer: | Koki Tsuyuzaki <k.t.the-answer at hotmail.co.jp> |
| License: | Artistic-2.0 |
| URL: | https://github.com/rikenbit/nnTensor |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| Materials: | NEWS |
| CRAN checks: | nnTensor results |
| Reference manual: | nnTensor.pdf |
| Package source: | nnTensor_0.99.4.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: nnTensor_0.99.4.zip, r-release: nnTensor_0.99.4.zip, r-oldrel: nnTensor_0.99.4.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: nnTensor_0.99.4.tgz, r-oldrel: nnTensor_0.99.4.tgz |
| Old sources: | nnTensor archive |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=nnTensor to link to this page.


{% extends "base.html" %} {% block title %}Alyssa and Ben's Wedding: Thank you!{% endblock %} {% block header %}
Your update has been processed.
{{ invitee.rsvp_yes_text|safe }}


Version: {{version}}
Manifest: {{manifestVersion}}
Screen: XS
Screen: SM
Screen: MD
Screen: LG
Screen: XL
to see bounty availabilities (this requires a private endpoint that doesn't work otherwise)
Sets Currently Held
Sets For Sale
Shopping List
0">
Clear All
{{n.name}}
{{n.name}}
{{n.hash}}
{{n.name}}
{{n.hash}}


60
He Will Tread Down Our Foes
TO THE CHOIRMASTER: ACCORDING TO SHUSHAN EDUTH. A MIKTAM OF DAVID; FOR INSTRUCTION; WHEN HE STROVE WITH ARAM-NAHARAIM AND WITH ARAM-ZOBAH, AND WHEN JOAB ON HIS RETURN STRUCK DOWN TWELVE THOUSAND OF EDOM IN THE VALLEY OF SALT.
1 O God, you have rejected us, broken our defenses;
you have been angry; oh, restore us.
2 You have made the land to quake; you have torn it open;
repair its breaches, for it totters.
3 You have made your people see hard things;
you have given us wine to drink that made us stagger.
4 You have set up a banner for those who fear you,
that they may flee to it from the bow.
Selah
5 That your beloved ones may be delivered,
give salvation by your right hand and answer us!
6 God has spoken in his holiness:
“With exultation I will divide up Shechem
and portion out the Vale of Succoth.
7 Gilead is mine; Manasseh is mine;
Ephraim is my helmet;
Judah is my scepter.
8 Moab is my washbasin;
upon Edom I cast my shoe;
over Philistia I shout in triumph.”
9 Who will bring me to the fortified city?
Who will lead me to Edom?
10 Have you not rejected us, O God?
You do not go forth, O God, with our armies.
11 Oh, grant us help against the foe,
for vain is the salvation of man!
12 With God we shall do valiantly;
it is he who will tread down our foes.


Copy & Paste is the most convenient way to import and export data in Postico.
Postico, like most other Mac apps, copies tabular data in "Tab Separated Values" (TSV) format: columns are separated by tabs, and row are separated with newlines. The limitation of this format is that your data can't contain tabs or newlines. Postico replaces these special characters with spaces when you copy data to the clipboard.
You can also copy data in other formats using the "Copy Special" command. Postico offers the following alternative formats for copying: TSV with headers, CSV, CSV with headers, SQL Insert Statements.
Postico also allows pasting data in TSV format. This is great for importing data from spreadsheets in Excel or Numbers, or from MySQL databases using Sequel Pro, or even from tables on websites in Safari.
Here's how to paste data into Postico:
Since CSV files are not standardized, Postico is flexible and supports many configurations. Nevertheless, not all CSV files can be imported and in some cases you have to change the file's encoding. The default settings are such that a file exported from Postico with the "International" setting (see below) can be imported. This is also the same format that the PostgreSQL command COPY (...) CSV HEADER; uses. (Except for the handling of empty strings, see below.)
Character Encoding
Postico can import UTF-8 files only. If your CSV file has a different encoding, use your favorite text editor to convert.
Column Separators
Postico supports CSV files with the most common column separator characters: comma (,), semicolon (;), tab, or pipe (|)
Line Separators
Supported line separators are: Unix (LF), Windows (CRLF), Mac (CR). You do not need to configure this, Postico automatically allows any of these separators.
Quoting
Only double quotes are allowed. When a field contains the quote character, it can be escaped either by doubling (e.g. "") or by preceding it with a backslash (\").
Decimal Separator
Decimal numbers can use either period (.) or comma (,)
Postico has special handling for numbers and NULL values. All other types are sent to the server without modification.
Numbers
Postico automatically validates numbers, replaces the decimal separator if necessary and removes optional grouping characters (eg. thousands separator).
NULL values
All empty values in the CSV file are converted to NULL. Postico treats empty strings as NULL.
Dates
Since dates are sent to the server without modification, they will be imported according to the configuration of the database server.
The date format YYYY-MM-DD is recommended for importing (should always work).
Dates in other formats are interpreted according to the servers DATESTYLE. Make sure that the server and your import file have the same DATESTYLE.
(PostgreSQL Documentation)
Import in Postico is transactional. Either the whole import completes successfully; or the database is not changed at all. You will never end up with a half-finished import.
Postico achieves this by wrapping INSERT statements in a transaction. This allows Postico to rollback (undo) the import in the event of an error.
Before the import, Postico executes "BEGIN" to start a transaction, and after a successful import "COMMIT". If a transaction is already running (e.g. because you manually issued a BEGIN statement), Postico creates a SAFEPOINT instead. After a successful import, the safepoint is released. This means that a failed import will not cause an already running transaction to fail.
This list contains common errors which can occur during the import.
Postico can export tables and query results as "Comma Separated Values" (CSV) files. You can export either a single table, or multiple tables at once.
When exporting the current table (by selecting "Export" from the File menu), all rows in the table will be exported, even though Postico only displays the first page. If filters are active, they will be used, and only filtered rows will be exported.
Make sure the keyboard focus is on the table view when selecting export; otherwise you may end up exporting the selected table in the sidebar.
You can export multiple tables by selecting them in the sidebar or in the grid view (hold down the shift or command keys). Then right-click and chose export from the context menu. When exporting multiple tables, Postico will create a folder containing one CSV file per table.
You can also export query results in the SQL Query view.
Unfortunately CSV is a very losely defined format. Applications implement CSV in very different ways. This fact is made even worse by the fact that apps change behavior depending on your system's language & region settings.
I've examined the CSV file support of popular applications, and I came to the conclusion that most apps understand one of two formats, which I call "International" and "Continental":
Most apps allow using double quotes (") around values that can contain special characters. This allows CSV to store data that contains special characters like the field separator or newlines. Postico also uses quotes:
This produces output compatible with the majority of applications I've tested. However, there are two more settings (mostly for compatibility with Microsoft Excel):


For freelance enquiries, or just to say hi feel free to email me at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>I’d love to hear from you!


5 references to AllSigned
Microsoft.PowerShell.Commands.Utility (1)
commands\utility\ImplicitRemotingCommands.cs (1)
3094
if (executionPolicy == ExecutionPolicy.Restricted || executionPolicy == ExecutionPolicy.
AllSigned
)
System.Management.Automation (4)
security\SecurityManager.cs (1)
266
else if ((_executionPolicy == ExecutionPolicy.
AllSigned
) ||
security\SecuritySupport.cs (3)
148
case ExecutionPolicy.
AllSigned
:
351
return ExecutionPolicy.
AllSigned
;
374
case ExecutionPolicy.
AllSigned
:


Geoggle
The Countries Of The World Quiz
Play
Before you begin...
Set a quiz nickname
Select difficulty
Easy
Hard
Play again?
Finish


Method List
Search:
- #compose_message Mongoid::Includes::Errors::InvalidIncludes
- #each_loaded_document Mongoid::Includes::Relations::Eager
- #eager_load Mongoid::Includes::EagerLoad
- #for_class_name Mongoid::Includes::Inclusion
- #from Mongoid::Includes::Inclusion
- #full_preload Mongoid::Includes::EagerLoad
- #include? Mongoid::Includes::Inclusions
- #includes Mongoid::Includes::Criteria
- #inclusions Mongoid::Includes::Criteria
- #initialize Mongoid::Includes::Errors::InvalidIncludes
- #initialize Mongoid::Includes::Inclusions
- #initialize Mongoid::Includes::Inclusion
- #load_documents_for Mongoid::Includes::Inclusion
- #loader Mongoid::Includes::Inclusion
- #modifier Mongoid::Includes::Inclusion
- #nested? Mongoid::Includes::Inclusion
- #polymorphic_belongs_to? Mongoid::Includes::Inclusion
- #preload_nested Mongoid::Includes::EagerLoad
- #preload_polymorphic Mongoid::Includes::EagerLoad
- #push Mongoid::Includes::Inclusions
- #type Mongoid::Includes::Errors::InvalidIncludes
- #type Mongoid::Includes::Errors::InvalidPolymorphicIncludes


--- layout: default --- {% include preloader.html %} {% include header.html %} {% include about.html %} {% include latest.html %} {% include articles.html %} {% include contact.html %} {% include scripts.html %}


Get Started
Landmark Website template
Written by: Oluwatobi Alonge
Contact<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Configuration and Start Project
To get the project started you need to install all the libraries used for this project using:
npm install
You need to have node and npm installed for this to work. For more details visit here
Once installation is done, start the project using:
gulp
Your default browser will automatically open and the project will run automatically on localhost:3000
Folder Structure
build
- css
- documentation
- img
- js
[...all].html
img
js
scss
template
[...all].html
| Folder | Details |
|---|---|
| build Folder | When the html, css and js are written they are compiled into the build folder compressed (smaller size), this will make the pages load faster |
| img | The folder contains all the images used in this project |
| js | Folder contains all the javascript used in this project |
| scss | The project contains all the scss files in this project will are later compiled to css and saved in the build folder. More details about SCSS is found below |
| template | This contains all the general components of the sites like header, footer, modal, etc. The files are compiled into the HTML file which calls them in the build |
| [...all].html | The pages written in HTML example index.html (hompepage), contact.html |
HTML
To refer to general templates like header, footer etc, you can find them in html files written like:
<- header ->
@@include('template/header.html')
<- footer ->
@@include('template/footer.html')
<- Menu ->
@@include('template/menu.html')
<- Modal ->
@@include('template/modal.html')
FONT
Font-awesome font was used, it can be found http://fontawesome.io/icons/
<link href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/5.13.0/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
CSS
If you want to make changes to the SCSS files, then you need to understand SCSS, more details here. The libray used is tailwindcss
Modal
All the modals are in a file named modal.html in template folder. To add a new modal, you can copy and paste the code below: here:

Modal Name
<button class="close-modal" aria-label="close modal" data-close>
✕
</button>

Add content here:::

To call the new modal, make sure the html page has main.js file called in the script tag, then add:
data-open="modalIdhere"
to the html tag you want to use in calling the modal
Slider
Sliders were added in 2 ways, some inside the HTML and others inside Javascript files because it's happening on click
1. Inside HTML
Starting with the main carousels, example of this can be found in index.html, investors-relations.html, hospitality.html, completed-development.html and media.html. To change images for this carousels, you need to change the background images which can be found in a div with class "swiper-slide"

For the multi view Sliders, example of this can be found in index.html, about-us.html, investors-relations.html you need to look for a img tag in swiper-slide. you can go ahead and change the file path

2. Inside JS
Some sliders are in the JS, only after an event has occured. Example are in development.js and service.js
To change any data you need to look for businessInfo which is an array of objects. the data is explained below:
id: 1,
bImg: "img/development/LMV33.jpg",
title: "Enjoy the Cool Breeze of the Atlantic Ocean",
text:
"Landmark Village is a mixed use, state-of-the-art development on a 38,000m2 site along the Atlantic Ocean waterfront in Victoria Island, Lagos. The project will include five individual 9-storey towers and will fully embody Landmark Africa’s “Business.Leisure.Lifestyle” concept. The project is designed to be the first Lagos equivalent of The Rockefeller Centre in New York, Canary Wharf in London, Melrose Arch in Johannesburg and Victoria & Alfred Waterfront in Cape Town.",
items: [
{
src: "https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2567/5697107145_a4c2eaa0cd_o.jpg",
w: 1200,
h: 600,
},
{
src: "https://farm2.staticflickr.com/1043/5186867718_06b2e9e551_b.jpg",
w: 1200,
h: 600,
},
{
src: "https://farm7.staticflickr.com/6175/6176698785_7dee72237e_b.jpg",
w: 1200,
h: 600,
},
],
In HTML, I called the slider on click using the code below:

| Parameters | Details |
|---|---|
| Id | A unique value that will be added in both HTML (data-slide) and in the JS file (id) |
| bImg | This is where the background img url will be added |
| title | Slider title |
| text | Slder description |
| items | If the slider has a photo gallery, I am using items to call gallery. Photo gallery images can be changed here |
Gallery
For hospitality.html, The image url can be changed in items object of businessInfo variable in service.js
items: [
{
src: "https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2567/5697107145_a4c2eaa0cd_o.jpg",
w: 1200,
h: 600,
},
{
src: "https://farm2.staticflickr.com/1043/5186867718_06b2e9e551_b.jpg",
w: 1200,
h: 600,
},
{
src: "https://farm7.staticflickr.com/6175/6176698785_7dee72237e_b.jpg",
w: 1200,
h: 600,
},
],
For Gallery in career.html, you can change it in the html, the img tag inside gallery-card


Select the type of Question You want to Edit:
Fill in the blanks
Multiple Choice
Descriptive
OK
Select the question you want to edit:
OK
Submit
Delete
Submit
Delete
Submit
Delete
Back


|
gtsam
4.0.0
gtsam
|
This is a base class for the various HMF2 implementations.
The HMF2 eliminates the factor graph such that the active states are placed in/near the root. This base class implements a function to calculate the ordering, and an update function to incorporate new factors into the HMF.
Public Member Functions | |
| IncrementalFixedLagSmoother (double smootherLag=0.0, const ISAM2Params ¶meters=ISAM2Params()) | |
| default constructor | |
| virtual | ~IncrementalFixedLagSmoother () |
| destructor | |
| virtual void | print (const std::string &s="IncrementalFixedLagSmoother:\n", const KeyFormatter &keyFormatter=DefaultKeyFormatter) const |
| Print the factor for debugging and testing (implementing Testable) | |
| virtual bool | equals (const FixedLagSmoother &rhs, double tol=1e-9) const |
| Check if two IncrementalFixedLagSmoother Objects are equal. | |
| Result | update (const NonlinearFactorGraph &newFactors=NonlinearFactorGraph(), const Values &newTheta=Values(), const KeyTimestampMap ×tamps=KeyTimestampMap(), const FastVector< size_t > &factorsToRemove=FactorIndices()) |
| Add new factors, updating the solution and re-linearizing as needed. More... | |
| Values | calculateEstimate () const |
| Compute an estimate from the incomplete linear delta computed during the last update. More... | |
| template<class VALUE > | |
| VALUE | calculateEstimate (Key key) const |
| Compute an estimate for a single variable using its incomplete linear delta computed during the last update. More... | |
| const ISAM2Params & | params () const |
| return the current set of iSAM2 parameters | |
| const NonlinearFactorGraph & | getFactors () const |
| Access the current set of factors. | |
| const Values & | getLinearizationPoint () const |
| Access the current linearization point. | |
| const VectorValues & | getDelta () const |
| Access the current set of deltas to the linearization point. | |
| Matrix | marginalCovariance (Key key) const |
| Calculate marginal covariance on given variable. | |
| const ISAM2Result & | getISAM2Result () const |
| Get results of latest isam2 update. | |
Public Types | |
| typedef boost::shared_ptr< IncrementalFixedLagSmoother > | shared_ptr |
| Typedef for a shared pointer to an Incremental Fixed-Lag Smoother. | |
Protected Member Functions | |
| void | eraseKeysBefore (double timestamp) |
| Erase any keys associated with timestamps before the provided time. | |
| void | createOrderingConstraints (const KeyVector &marginalizableKeys, boost::optional< FastMap< Key, int > > &constrainedKeys) const |
| Fill in an iSAM2 ConstrainedKeys structure such that the provided keys are eliminated before all others. | |
Protected Attributes | |
| ISAM2 | isam_ |
| An iSAM2 object used to perform inference. More... | |
| ISAM2Result | isamResult_ |
| Store results of latest isam2 update. | |
|
inlinevirtual |
Compute an estimate from the incomplete linear delta computed during the last update.
This delta is incomplete because it was not updated below wildfire_threshold. If only a single variable is needed, it is faster to call calculateEstimate(const KEY&).
Implements gtsam::FixedLagSmoother.
|
inline |
Compute an estimate for a single variable using its incomplete linear delta computed during the last update.
This is faster than calling the no-argument version of calculateEstimate, which operates on all variables.
| key |
|
virtual |
Add new factors, updating the solution and re-linearizing as needed.
| newFactors | new factors on old and/or new variables |
| newTheta | new values for new variables only |
| timestamps | an (optional) map from keys to real time stamps |
| factorsToRemove | an (optional) list of factors to remove. |
Implements gtsam::FixedLagSmoother.
|
protected |
An iSAM2 object used to perform inference.
The smoother lag is controlled by what factors are removed each iteration


| Column 1 | Column 2 |
|---|---|
| Row 1 Data 1 | Row 1 Data 2 |
| Row 2 Data 1 | Row 2 Data 2 |
| Date | Event | Venue |
|---|---|---|
| 12 February | Waltz with Strauss | Main Hall |
| 15 February | Waltz with Strauss | Main Hall |
| 16 February | Waltz with Strauss | Main Hall |
| 19 February | Waltz with Strauss | Main Hall |
| Name | ID | Membership Dates | Balance | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Joined | Canceled | |||
| Margaret Nguyen | 427311 | n/a | 0.00 | |
| Edvard Galinski | 533175 | 37.00 | ||
| Hoshi Nakamura | 601942 | n/a | 15.00 |


{{gettext("We're backed by top investors from all over the world")}}
{{gettext("Watch the video")}}
{{gettext("Fundraising")}}
{{gettext("We are a well-capitalized startup that has sold tokens in three previous rounds to build our platform.")}}
{{gettext("$38.1M")}}
{{gettext("total raised to date")}}
{{gettext("800+")}}
{{gettext("investors")}}
{{gettext("Interested in getting a stake in Origin? Sign up to receive the latest updates.")}}
{% include 'components/email-input.html' %}
{{gettext("Featured Investor")}}
{{gettext("\"The reason we invested in Origin was primarily because of the team. They have amazing backgrounds and they come from iconic consumer companies.\"")}}
{{gettext("\"We're talking about over 100,000 members around the world that are hard-core fans of Origin. Origin has done a tremendous job executing at a global scale.\"")}}
{{gettext("Sophie Liao")}}
{{gettext("Founding Partner, Oyster VC")}}
{{gettext("\"Origin stands out from any of the other decentralized applications that we've invested into, because they've gone out there and built probably the best community that we've seen. For us, that was a game changer.\"")}}
{{gettext("Paul Veradittakit")}}
{{gettext("Co-investment Officer at Pantera Capital")}}
{{gettext("We are backed by top venture capital firms and investors in Silicon Valley and around the world")}}
{{gettext("United States")}}
{{gettext("Pantera Capital")}}
{{gettext("Foundation Capital")}}
{{gettext("Blocktower Capital")}}
{{gettext("Germany")}}
{{gettext("1kx")}}
{{gettext("United Kingdom")}}
{{gettext("Blockchain.com")}}
{{gettext("Eterna Capital")}}
{{gettext("Saudi Arabia")}}
{{gettext("KBW Ventures")}}
{{gettext("Hong Kong")}}
{{gettext("Sora Ventures")}}
{{gettext("Kenetic Capital")}}
{{gettext("Korea")}}
{{gettext("Hashed")}}
{{gettext("Metaps+")}}
{{gettext("China")}}
{{gettext("PreAngel Fund")}}
{{gettext("FBG")}}
{{gettext("SNZ Holdings")}}
{{gettext("Continue Capital")}}
{{gettext("BlockAsset")}}
{{gettext("Russia")}}
{{gettext("Crypto Bazaar")}}
{{gettext("Japan")}}
{{gettext("Smart Contract")}}
{{gettext("Gumi")}}
{{gettext("Singapore")}}
{{gettext("Spartan")}}
{{gettext("QCP Capital")}}
{{gettext("Hong Kong")}}
{{gettext("Sora Ventures")}}
{{gettext("Kenetic Capital")}}
{{gettext("Korea")}}
{{gettext("Hashed")}}
{{gettext("Metaps+")}}
{{gettext("Japan")}}
{{gettext("Smart Contract")}}
{{gettext("Gumi")}}
{{gettext("Singapore")}}
{{gettext("Spartan")}}
{{gettext("QCP Capital")}}
{{gettext("Individual Investors")}}
{{gettext("We are supported by some of the best angel investors and previous founders in Silicon Valley.")}}


Pope’s England outing pleases Dyche
The Burnley keeper made his first competitive appearance for the Three Lions in Kosovo.
Burnley boss Sean Dyche was delighted to see the latest step in Nick Pope’s development, with a first England start for the Clarets goalkeeper.
Pope played the full 90 minutes of the Three Lions’ 4-0 win in Kosovo, adding to the previous international cap he won as a substitute against Costa Rica 18 months ago.
Last season was a concerning one for the 27-year-old, with a bad shoulder injury and competition from Tom Heaton and Joe Hart rendering him a peripheral figure at Turf Moor.
After no Premier League appearances in 2018/19 he has emerged as the club’s undisputed number one this term, with Heaton sold to Aston Villa and Hart on the bench.
A nod from Gareth Southgate has now confirmed he is back on the up.
“I’m pleased for him,” said Dyche.
“It was a dominant night (in Kosovo), but the one thing I know from being a defender, let alone being a goalkeeper, is that it’s lovely when you’re playing and you get a clean sheet.
“He’ll be very pleased with that, regardless of whether he had a relatively quiet evening or not.
“And just the feeling of being out there and playing and being part of it. He’s enjoyed the experience. He’s come through a serious injury and keeps delivering performances and I think he continues to improve, as well.”
Burnley visit Watford on Saturday, having entered the international break on the back of a 3-0 win over West Ham.
Matej Vydra (hip) will not be involved against his former club, with Johann Berg Gudmundsson (hamstring) and Danny Drinkwater also on the sidelines.


Features
Diagon Alley NFT intelligent management platform is committed to becoming the most professional decentralized NFT management platform in the world. The final product is a trustless, transparent, and well-incentive platform for NFT production, trading, auctions and other operations. It will publish its own chains, and will provide cross-chain services for NFTs on different chains. Based on Substrate development, combined with Polkadot’s cross-chain ecology, it introduces unlimited possibilities for NFT transactions. The Diagon Alley NFT intelligent service platform is committed to exploring user needs, expanding the scale of the NFT field, reducing user thresholds, and enabling users to conduct large-scale transactions safely and at low cost. It is the responsibility of the building to expand and accumulate the NFT user pool.
Magic Hamper
Magic Hamper tokens can be used to obtain a magic hamper. Users can collect cards of interest (or valuable) by purchasing different series of magic hamper, art auction function, game character image auction function, and so on.
NFT Mining
In the current Magic Hamper Token mining, the tokens (MH) obtained in the early stage of the Magic Hamper need to be obtained in the form of platform currency DAY mining. When DAY mining is over, all subsequent MH tokens are mined through MH tokens and NFT magic hamper cards, which are divided into 3 years. Each NFT mining cycle is one month, and a total of 10 million MH tokens will be mined. Each account is only allowed to use one NFT Magic Hamper Card for mining.
NFT Management
The current management of NFT mainly includes: NFT production, NFT trading, and NFT auction.
Short Video Service
Each short video will be mapped to become an NFT, and the content of the short video will be stored on BT, which is completely decentralized storage. Each video will correspond to a unique NFT. The user has full ownership of this NFT. The value generated by this NFT belongs to the user and is not subject to exploitation and control by centralized platforms.
Token
DAY is the platform token circulating on the platform. In the future, after the main network of the platform is launched, it will serve as the circulating token of the main network. The governance of the main network needs to be carried out through DAY.
- MH creation mining only supports DAY, MH tokens are Magic Hamper tokens, and Magic Hamper purchases only support MH tokens.
- DAY is the designated token for NFT production, and the platform supports the majority of users to make NFTs, and trade and auction works.
- DAY, as the designated token platform for the auction of artworks, also supports the auction of artworks by ordinary users, and DAY is the designated auction token.
- Game animation derivatives only support DAY to purchase future games and animations, which is also the direction for the platform to enter.
- Cross-chain support platform will use a unique cross-chain protocol and mainstream public chains such as Ethereum, TRON, Bitcoin, and Polkadot to cross-chain after the main-net goes online.
TOKEN DISTRIBUTION
blah blah blah...
News
Latest news
Team
We are a young team with highly talented team members!
Kivens
Chief Executive OfficerGraduates from China's top 3 universities, once worked in Baidu, NetEase, Meituan and other first-line Internet companies, technical experts in the blockchain field, core developers in the top public blockchain, with five years of experience in the blockchain field, an evangelist in the blockchain field, investor of BTC and ETH at the very beginning.
Hayden W.
CTOFormer Microsoft technical experts, algorithm experts, have in-depth research on encryption algorithms and cryptography.
wolf king
Senior VPGraduate of China's top 3 universities, former technical expert in the field of Baidu financial payment, in-depth research in the field of digital finance, early investor in BTC and ETH.
Frequently Asked Questions
-
What is DAY?
DAY is the platform token circulating on the platform. In the future, after the main network of the platform is launched, it will serve as the circulating token of the main network. The governance of the main network needs to be carried out through DAY.
-
What is MH?
MH is the token type used in Blind Box.
-
Dolor sit amet consectetur adipiscing elit?
Eleifend mi in nulla posuere sollicitudin aliquam ultrices sagittis orci. Faucibus pulvinar elementum integer enim. Sem nulla pharetra diam sit amet nisl suscipit. Rutrum tellus pellentesque eu tincidunt. Lectus urna duis convallis convallis tellus. Urna molestie at elementum eu facilisis sed odio morbi quis
-
Tempus quam pellentesque nec nam aliquam sem et tortor consequat?
Molestie a iaculis at erat pellentesque adipiscing commodo. Dignissim suspendisse in est ante in. Nunc vel risus commodo viverra maecenas accumsan. Sit amet nisl suscipit adipiscing bibendum est. Purus gravida quis blandit turpis cursus in.
-
Tortor vitae purus faucibus ornare. Varius vel pharetra vel turpis nunc eget lorem
dolor?
 Mauris vitae ultricies leo integer malesuada nunc vel. Tincidunt eget nullam non nisi est sit amet. Turpis nunc eget lorem dolor sed. Ut venenatis tellus in metus vulputate eu scelerisque.


Start Bootstrap
Home
(current)
About
Services
Contact
Add Client
Pipeline Settings
Lead In
Contact Made
Needs Defined
Proposal Made
Negotiations Started
Client Name


APPRO is an ultra-responsive html5 template. It works perfectly on all devices, and looks pretty in every device likes desktop, laptop, tablet and mobile.


User guide
Lean, Mean, Protein Machine (LMPM) is a suite of machine learning algorithms to assist protein designers in experiments involving protein expression. This interactive online web app facilitates its usage and is complementary to our python module, lmpm.
Overview
Proteins can be secreted into the media, expressed on the membrane or remain in the cytoplasm. The localization of a protein can be different depending on the species. Since the localization of the protein is key for its function, protein designers need to make sure expressed proteins are present in the localization of interest.
Our machine learning model predicts protein localization from its sequence, thus helping protein designers in their experiments. More details about the model can be found on our about page.
The web app offers two main functions:
- Predict protein localization: predict the most likely localization of a protein given its sequence. It also predicts the probability that the protein is predicted at the target localization.
- Improve protein sequence for a target localization: mutate the protein sequence in certain positions and visualize how each mutation affects the probability the protein is localized at the target localization. This function can only be accessed once the first function has been run.
Predict protein localization
This function is available from the bottom of the home page. The user enters one amino acid sequence of interest in the text box. As specified in the informative box, the sequence can either be in single-letter amino acid format (e.g. ALYN) or in three-letter format (e.g. AlaLeuTyrAsp). Caps are not important, but the sequence must not contain any symbol not corresponding to an amino acid. Bad inputs will prompt an error specifying where the error is. There is an example sequence pre-loaded in case the user wants to try out the web app.
After defining the input sequence, the user must select one organism and one localization of interest. Even if only one localization or organism are selected, all the probabilities are available on the results page in form of a table.
The user has the option to include the calculation of $\Delta G$ as an additional feature to improve the accuracy of the model slightly. This computation does not require a significant amount of extra time and increases the accuracy of the model.
This is how the input form looks like if filled out properly:
Upon pressing the Predict
button, the web app featurizes the input sequence and uses
the model corresponding to the selected organism to predict the localization probability. This
process is generally fast (<1 minute), but can take up more time if the input sequence is
long.
The results show the predicted probability that the protein is found on the target localization. The probability value ranges from 0% to 100% and indicates the confidence the model has that the protein is secreted in that localization. The probability alone does not have much informative value. It is only useful to comparing the probability of being to that localization versus the probability of being in another localization. Thus, the second line of the results shows the localization that has the highest probability for the input sequence and selected organism. In this case, the probability of being in the cytoplasm is the highest, so the second line and visual figure indicates that the most likely localization in H. sapiens is cytoplasm.
Details such as the query and the probabilities for all organisms and all localizations can be accessed by toggling the collapsable menu below the image.
Improve protein sequence
This function is available from the results page after predicting the localization of a target
protein. The user can access it by expanding the collapsible menu
"Mutate sequence to improve the localization score
". The form is very
similar to the previous case. Note that at this point the user is able to modify the target
location or organism, since after seeing the results the user may find it more useful to
optimize the
sequence for a different localization than initially planned.
In addition to the fields of the previous form, this one includes a "Positions
"
field.
This field determines the residues of the protein sequence to mutate. Valid values include
integers and
ranges of integers, similar to: 1,4-7,9,14
. The selected positions will be mutated
for each
of the possible amino acid residues.
The results are displayed in the form of a heatmap. The heatmap indicates the increase (red) or decrease (blue) in probability that the protein is expressed in the target localization. This visualization can help the user decide what mutations to incorporate in the protein sequence in order to improve its expression in the target localization.
In addition to the graphic visualization, the page returns the list of top 15 mutations that increase further the probability of getting the target localization.
FAQs
What if I get an error when I try to make predictions?
Our web app detects the errors just like our python module and returns a clear message indicating what caused the error. Go back or contact us to fix it. For instance, if you used a sequence with non-valid amino acids you would get the following error page:
What if my target species is neither E. coli, S. cerevisiae, nor H. sapiens?
So far, our model has only been trained for these three species, which are very common in protein expression experiments. As a rough estimate, you can use E. coli for any bacterial species, H. sapiens for mammalian cells, and S. cerevisiae for any other eukaryotic cell. Note, however, that the predicted localization my depend between species, so the accuracy that our model has for the target species cannot be guaranteed in other species. We are planning on incorporating more model species such as Drosophila melanogaster or Mus musculus into the set of models we have.
What if the web app is not able to process my sequence?
Currently, the web app is hosted in a free Heroku dyno that only offers 500Mb of RAM. The
initial Docker image with the minimum environment required to run the app is already close to that limit,
so the web app crashes when using long sequences or trying to mutate more than two positions even in a short sequence.
To try out the app, make predictions on amino acid sequences less than 14 amino acis. To try out the mutation function,
make predictions on amino acid sequences less than 14 amino acids, not including additional features, and mutating only 2 residues of the protein.
With this memory limitation, the best way to use the web app is locally. If you want to test the app locally, you need to have
a working Docker installation (see Docker's website for information on how to install Docker), log in to Docker hub and access http://localhost:5000/
after running the following commands:
git clone https://github.com/Lean-Mean-Protein-Machine-Learning/LMPM.git
cd LMPM
docker build -t lmpm_web .
docker run -d -it -p 5000:5000 --name lmpm_image lmpm_web
Note that the base image was obtained from docker, so building the container only takes 30 seconds and consumes about 500Mb of memory. The local version of the web app will not have any problems processing longer amino acid sequences.


headings
none
H1
H2
H3
H4
Hello, stranger
This is the presentation mode. You can
download
your presentation or
exit fullscreen
templates
Hello
world!


Slick.Plugins.ContextMenu - Context Menu (global from any columns right+click)
This plugin subscribes internally to the "onContextMenu" event
Mouse Right-Click the row to open a Context Menu (global any columns)
The context menu showing on left columns will show only commands (from Title to EffortDriven)
The context menu showing on Priority column will show list of options that will be applied to the Priority
cell
You can dynamically change the behavior and show Commands & Options over the Priority column
(choose option below, then try it over Priority column)
Slick.Plugins.CellMenu - Cell Menu (from a single cell click)
The "Action" column is demoing this functionality
This plugin subscribes internally to the "onClick" event
Regular Cell Click (left mouse or touch) will open a Cell Menu
It will also "autoAdjustDrop" (bottom/top) and "autoAlignSide" (left/right)
Very similar to the global Context Menu except that it's on a single cell click instead of a right+click
Uses the same context menu structure as the global one but is defined on a column definition level
A good usage example is with an "Action" button/cell as shown in the grid
Note that the Action text is just a placeholder, user can click anywhere in the cell to trigger the
action.
Common Features
It will also "autoAdjustDrop" (bottom/top) and "autoAlignSide" (left/right) by default but could be turned
off
There are 2 sections, the first section can have an Options array (change value of a field)
and second section can have an array of Commands (execute a command)
These 2 lists are static arrays and are not meant to be dynamic however you can...
Use override callback functions to change show/hide, enable/disable, use/block certain item(s)
These callbacks are: "menuUsabilityOverride", "itemVisibilityOverride", "itemUsabilityOverride"
... e.g. in the demo, the "Action" menu is only available when Priority is set to "High" via
"menuUsabilityOverride"
There are many properties available for each list items:
disabled, divider, tooltip, cssClass, iconCssClass, iconImage
There are also a few SlickGrid Events you can subscribe
onBeforeMenuShow, onBeforeMenuClose, onAfterMenuShow, onCommand, onOptionSelected
There 2 ways to execute a Command/Option
via onCommand/onOptionSelected (use a switch/case to parse command/option and do something with it)
via action callback (must be defined on each command/option)
Each Command/Option have full knowledge of the column definition, data context object
and are available arguments of the subsribe events (or action callback)
Lots of options, looks at each plugin to see the entire list of options available


-
Jul 26 2017
Introducing Lens.js
I've been in the web game for quite a while. Started in grade school on Angelfire, moved up from HTML 2.0, through 3.2 and the dHTML days. I learned Javascript. I learned CSS 2.0, then 2.1, then 3.0
I survived the browser wars.


3 Round Stones is currently exploring the implementation of NanoPublications within Callimachus. This would allow users the opportunity to create NanoPublications via a friendly user-interface without having to write raw RDF. These NanoPublications are generated via controlled vocabularies which can be loaded from existing files or created within Callimachus.
The NanoPublications can also be annotated in accordance with the Open Annotation model. Users can make arbitary annotations about these NanoPublications in the form of bookmarks, comments, tags, classifications, or descriptions. Since all of these annotations (and the NanoPublication itself) are stored as RDF behind the scenes, they can be easily queried to generate reports or analytics.
You can also try creating one yourself.