WITNESS LIST Health & Human Services Committee March 22, 2005 - 9:00A SB 40 FOR: Horton, Colleen Public Policy Director (Texas Center for Disability Studies), Austin, TX Mizcles, Amy Director of Governmental Affairs/Arc of Texas (The Arc of Texas), Austin, TX Mizcles, Amy Director of Governmantal Affairs/Arc of Texas (The Disability Policy Consortium), Austin, TX Murphree, Susan Disability Policy Specialist (Advocacy, Inc.), Austin, TX Registering, but not testifying: For: Borel, Dennis Executive Director (Coalition of Texans with Disabilities), Austin, TX Marshall, Susan Public Policy and Community Outreach Director (Texans Care for Children), Austin, TX Miller, Carol Government Relations Coordinator (National Association of Social Workers), Austin, TX Rachofsky, Marcia Policy Analyst (Texas Mental Health Consumers), Austin, TX Stalvey, Beth Public Policy Director (Texas Council for Developmental Disabilities), Austin, TX On: Horn, Adelaide Deputy Commissioner (Department of Aging and Disability Services), Austin, TX Providing written testimony: For: Lynch, Louise Director, Developmental Disabilities (Austin Travis County Mental Health Mental Retardation Center), Austin, TX SB 52 FOR: Linial, George President (Texas Association of Homes and Services for the Aging), Austin, TX ON: Cortes, Leslie Physician (Department of Aging and Disability Services), Austin, TX Registering, but not testifying: For: Caballero, Leticia Government Relations (Texas Health Care Association), Austin, TX Thomason, David Vice President of Public Policy (Texas Association of Homes and Services for the Aging), Austin, TX On: Henderson, Don Manager, Quality Assurance (Department of Aging and Disability Services), Austin, TX SB 98 FOR: Spelce, Kit Abney Statewide Grant Manager Insure-a-kid (Insure-a-kid), Austin, TX ON: Kirsch, Lisa Senior Policy Advisor (Health and Human Services Commission), Austin, TX Waggoner, Pamela Insurance (Texas Association of School Boards), Austin, TX Registering, but not testifying: For: Atherton, Beth Non-profit Director, Insure-a-kid (Insure-a-kid), Dripping Springs, TX Berger, Ed Vice President, Government Relations (SETON Healthcare Network), Austin, TX Camacho, Jose Executive Director (Texas Association of Community Health Centers), Austin, TX Marshall, Susan Public Policy and Outreach Director (Texans Care for Children), Austin, TX Perkins, Vicki Director of Advocacy (Christus Santa Rosa Children's Hospital), San Antonio, TX Quinzi, Patty Lobbyist (Association of Texas Professional Educators), Austin, TX Rachofsky, Marcia Policy Analyst (Texas Mental Health Consumers), Austin, TX Riddering, Hannah Taxi Driver (Texas National Organization for Women), Austin, TX Sperry, Bryan (Children's Hospital Association of Texas), Austin, TX SB 127 FOR: Caldwell, Katy Executive - Healthcare (Montrose Clinic), Houston, TX Harrell, Curt Retired Hospital Laboratory Director (Bexar Area Harm Reduction Coalition), San Antonio, TX Hayes, Tracey Director Communicable Disease Prevention Project (ACLU), Austin, TX Krepko, Martin Teach Behavioral Medicine (City of Dallas Injecting Drug Users (South Dallas)), Dallas, TX Martin, William Professor, Rice Un.; Sn. Fellow, Insitute for Public Policy (Self), Houston, TX Parker, Carolyn Executive Director (Texas AIDS Network), Austin, TX ON: Edmonds, Shannon (Texas District and County Attorneys Association), Austin, TX Registering, but not testifying: For: Calvert, Raif Associate Director Legislative Public Affairs (Texas Academy of Family Physicians), Austin, TX Calvert, Raif Manager of Public Affairs (Texas Academy of Internal Medicine), Austin, TX Herzog, Greg (Texas Medical Association), Austin, TX Katz, Ashley Social Worker (National Association of Social Workers), Austin, TX Miller, Carol Government Relations Coordinator (National Association of Social Workers, Texas), Austin, TX Riddering, Hannah Taxi Driver (Texas National Organization for Women), Austin, TX On: Kaspar, Robert Physician (Department of State Health Services), Austin, TX SB 184 FOR: Camacho, Jose Executive Director (Texas Association of Community Health Centers), Austin, TX Goehrs, Homer Physician (Retired physicians), Austin, TX ON: Garanflo, Jamie Director, Customer Affairs (Texas State Board of Medical Examiners), Austin, TX Registering, but not testifying: For: Kroll, Carrie Advocacy Director (Texas Pediatric Society), Austin, TX SB 424 ON: Garanflo, Jamie Director of Customer Affairs (Texas State Board of Medical Examiners), Austin, TX SB 492 FOR: Brimberry, Micheal Pharmacist (Self; Seton Healthcare Network), Austin, TX Downing, Pat Pharmacist (Texas Pharmacy Association Compounding Academy), Longview, TX Leeah, Travis Pharmacist (Texas Pharmacy Association), Temple, TX ON: Dodson, Gay Executive Director (Texas State Board of Pharmacy), Austin, TX Tannert, Karen Pharmacist (Texas Department of Health Services), Austin, TX Registering, but not testifying: For: Banda, Jennifer (Texas Hospital Association), Austin, TX Berger, Ed Vice President, Government Relations (Seton Healthcare Network), Austin, TX Copeland, Chris Attorney (Texas Veterinary Medical Association), Austin, TX McMahan, Mike Pharmacist, Owner (McMahan Pharmacy Services), Goldthwaite, TX Perkins, Vicki Director of Advocacy (Christus Santa Rosa Health Care), San Antonio, TX Volney, Dan Pharmacy Owner (Unique Pharmaceuticals), Temple, TX Wohlgemuth, Christen Government Relations Coordinator (Texas Pharmacy Association - Academy of Independent Pharmacists), Austin, TX Zamrazil, Kristie Director, Public Affairs (Texas Pharmacy Association), Austin, TX SB 568 FOR: Bushnell, Robert Vice President Government Division, Lifeline Systems (Personal Emergency Response Provider), Framingham, MA Pewitt, Bill Lobbyist (Lifeline Systems), Austin, TX AGAINST: Homrighaus, Henry (Texas Burglar and Fire Alarm Association), San Antonio, TX ON: Mills, Stephen (Department of State and Health Services), Austin, TX SB 747 FOR: Camacho, Jose Executive Director (Texas Association of Community Health Centers, Inc.), Austin, TX Realini, Janet Physician (Texas Medical Association), San Antonio, TX Riddering, Hannah Taxi Driver (Texas National Organization for Women), Austin, TX AGAINST: Emick, Stacey Legislative Director - Texas Right to Life (Self), Houston, TX Getting, Roy (Texas Fathers Alliance), Austin, TX ON: Heartwell, Stephen Professor (University of Texas Health Science Center at Dallas), Dallas, TX Kirsch, Lisa Senior Policy Advisor (Health and Human Services Commission), Austin, TX Registering, but not testifying: For: Banda, Jennifer (Texas Hospital Association), Austin, TX Barnett, Mary Certified Nurse-Midwife (Consortium of Texas Certified Nurse Midwives), Austin, TX Bilbrey, Jennifer Public Affairs (Self), San Antonio, TX Bujanda, Miryam Policy Advocacy, Manager (Methodist Healthcare Ministries), San Antonio, TX Calvert, Raif Associate Director Public and Legislative Affairs (Texas Academy of Family Physicians), Austin, TX Calvert, Raif Manager of Public Affairs (Texas Academy of Internal Medicine), Austin, TX Coeyman, Barbara Minister (Unitarian Universalist Church), Austin, TX Cutrer, Jennifer Executive Director, Government Affairs (Parkland Health and Hospital System), Dallas, TX Girard, Chuck Lobbyist (Texas Association of OB/GYNs), Austin, TX Headrick, Kelly Vice President, Government Relations (American Cancer Society), Austin, TX Hillier, King Director of Government Relations (Harris County Hospital District), Houston, TX Katz, Ashley Social Work (Self and National Assocition of Social Workers), Austin, TX Kroll, Carrie Advocacy Director (Texas Pediatric Society), Austin, TX Marshall, Susan Public Policy and Community Outreach Director (Texans Care for Children), Austin, TX McCown, Scott Director (Center for Public Policy Priorities), Austin, TX Melrick, Gillian (Self), Austin, TX Miller, Carol Government Relations Coordinator (National Association of Social Workers, Texas), Austin, TX Ortego, Olivia Ashley Management (Self), Austin, TX Paffe, Heather (Texas Association of Planned Parenthood Affiliates), Austin, TX Parks, Glenda Health Care Manager (Self), Austin, TX Peters, Richard Consultant (Texas Association of Public and Nonprofit Hospitals), Austin, TX Romberg, Peggy CEO (Women's Health and Family Planning Association of Texas), Austin, TX Rossie, Sharon Graduate Student (Self), Round Rock, TX Sabo, Jason Vice President for Public Policy (United Ways of Texas), Austin, TX Skotak, Kimberly Public Affairs/Administrative Assistant (Self), Austin, TX Tierney, Danielle Public Affairs (Self), Austin, TX Trester, Elliot Physician (Self and Indigent Patients), Austin, TX Vitola, Rose Student (Self), Austin, TX Woolbert, Lynda Pediatric Nurse Practictioner (Texas Nurse Practitioners), Austin, TX On: Jones, Cindy Manager - Preventive and Primary Care (Department of State Health Services), Austin, TX Providing written testimony: For: Adams, Theresa Membership Coordinator (League of Women Voters of Texas), Austin, TX Anderson, Rebecca Assistant to the Director (People for the American Way), Austin, TX Sable, Ellen (National Council of Jewish Women), Austin, TX SB 812 FOR: Crews, Brian Attorney (Texas Council of Community Mental Health and Mental Retardation, Inc.), Austin, TX Stasney, John Attorney (Texas Council of Mental Health Mental Retardation Services), Dallas, TX Registering, but not testifying: On: Shiels, Heather Manager, Contracts (Department of State Health Services), Austin, TX SB 873 Registering, but not testifying: For: Banda, Jennifer (Texas Hospital Association), Austin, TX Bujanda, Miryam Policy Advocate, Manager (Methodist Health Care Ministries), San Antonio, TX Calvert, Raif Associate Director of Legislative and Public Affairs (Texas Academy of Family Physicians), Austin, TX Calvert, Raif Manager of Public Affairs (Texas Academy of Internal Medicine), Austin, TX Kroll, Carrie Advocacy Director (Texas Pediatric Society), Austin, TX Realini, Janet Physician (Texas Medical Association), San Antonio, TX On: Garanflo, Jaimie Director of Customer Affairs (Texas State Board of Medical Examiners), Austin, TX Kirsh, Lisa Senior Policy Advisor (Texas Health and Human Services Commission), Austin, TX


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Ordinal Regression¶
[1]:
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import scipy.stats as stats
from statsmodels.miscmodels.ordinal_model import OrderedModel
Loading a stata data file from the UCLA website.This notebook is inspired by https://stats.idre.ucla.edu/r/dae/ordinal-logistic-regression/ which is a R notebook from UCLA.
[2]:
url = "https://stats.idre.ucla.edu/stat/data/ologit.dta"
data_student = pd.read_stata(url)
[3]:
data_student.head(5)
[3]:
| apply | pared | public | gpa | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | very likely | 0 | 0 | 3.26 |
| 1 | somewhat likely | 1 | 0 | 3.21 |
| 2 | unlikely | 1 | 1 | 3.94 |
| 3 | somewhat likely | 0 | 0 | 2.81 |
| 4 | somewhat likely | 0 | 0 | 2.53 |
[4]:
data_student.dtypes
[4]:
apply category
pared int8
public int8
gpa float32
dtype: object
[5]:
data_student['apply'].dtype
[5]:
CategoricalDtype(categories=['unlikely', 'somewhat likely', 'very likely'], ordered=True)
This dataset is about the probability for undergraduate students to apply to graduate school given three exogenous variables: - their grade point average(gpa
), a float between 0 and 4. - pared
, a binary that indicates if at least one parent went to graduate school. - and public
, a binary that indicates if the current undergraduate institution of the student is public or private.
apply
, the target variable is categorical with ordered categories: unlikely
< somewhat likely
< very likely
. It is a pd.Serie
of categorical type, this is preferred over NumPy arrays.
The model is based on a numerical latent variable \(y_{latent}\) that we cannot observe but that we can compute thanks to exogenous variables. Moreover we can use this \(y_{latent}\) to define \(y\) that we can observe.
For more details see the the Documentation of OrderedModel, the UCLA webpage or this book.
Probit ordinal regression:¶
[6]:
mod_prob = OrderedModel(data_student['apply'],
data_student[['pared', 'public', 'gpa']],
distr='probit')
res_prob = mod_prob.fit(method='bfgs')
res_prob.summary()
Optimization terminated successfully.
Current function value: 0.896869
Iterations: 17
Function evaluations: 21
Gradient evaluations: 21
[6]:
| Dep. Variable: | apply | Log-Likelihood: | -358.75 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Model: | OrderedModel | AIC: | 727.5 |
| Method: | Maximum Likelihood | BIC: | 747.5 |
| Date: | Wed, 02 Nov 2022 | ||
| Time: | 17:11:14 | ||
| No. Observations: | 400 | ||
| Df Residuals: | 395 | ||
| Df Model: | 5 |
| coef | std err | z | P>|z| | [0.025 | 0.975] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pared | 0.5981 | 0.158 | 3.789 | 0.000 | 0.289 | 0.908 |
| public | 0.0102 | 0.173 | 0.059 | 0.953 | -0.329 | 0.349 |
| gpa | 0.3582 | 0.157 | 2.285 | 0.022 | 0.051 | 0.665 |
| unlikely/somewhat likely | 1.2968 | 0.468 | 2.774 | 0.006 | 0.381 | 2.213 |
| somewhat likely/very likely | 0.1873 | 0.074 | 2.530 | 0.011 | 0.042 | 0.332 |
In our model, we have 3 exogenous variables(the \(\beta\)s if we keep the documentation’s notations) so we have 3 coefficients that need to be estimated.
Those 3 estimations and their standard errors can be retrieved in the summary table.
Since there are 3 categories in the target variable(unlikely
, somewhat likely
, very likely
), we have two thresholds to estimate. As explained in the doc of the method OrderedModel.transform_threshold_params
, the first estimated threshold is the actual value and all the other thresholds are in terms of cumulative exponentiated increments. Actual thresholds values can be computed as follows:
[7]:
num_of_thresholds = 2
mod_prob.transform_threshold_params(res_prob.params[-num_of_thresholds:])
[7]:
array([ -inf, 1.29684541, 2.50285886, inf])
Logit ordinal regression:¶
[8]:
mod_log = OrderedModel(data_student['apply'],
data_student[['pared', 'public', 'gpa']],
distr='logit')
res_log = mod_log.fit(method='bfgs', disp=False)
res_log.summary()
[8]:
| Dep. Variable: | apply | Log-Likelihood: | -358.51 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Model: | OrderedModel | AIC: | 727.0 |
| Method: | Maximum Likelihood | BIC: | 747.0 |
| Date: | Wed, 02 Nov 2022 | ||
| Time: | 17:11:15 | ||
| No. Observations: | 400 | ||
| Df Residuals: | 395 | ||
| Df Model: | 5 |
| coef | std err | z | P>|z| | [0.025 | 0.975] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pared | 1.0476 | 0.266 | 3.942 | 0.000 | 0.527 | 1.569 |
| public | -0.0586 | 0.298 | -0.197 | 0.844 | -0.642 | 0.525 |
| gpa | 0.6158 | 0.261 | 2.363 | 0.018 | 0.105 | 1.127 |
| unlikely/somewhat likely | 2.2035 | 0.780 | 2.827 | 0.005 | 0.676 | 3.731 |
| somewhat likely/very likely | 0.7398 | 0.080 | 9.236 | 0.000 | 0.583 | 0.897 |
[9]:
predicted = res_log.model.predict(res_log.params, exog=data_student[['pared', 'public', 'gpa']])
predicted
/opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.10.8/x64/lib/python3.10/site-packages/statsmodels/miscmodels/ordinal_model.py:419: FutureWarning: Support for multi-dimensional indexing (e.g. `obj[:, None]`) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version. Convert to a numpy array before indexing instead.
xb = xb[:, None]
[9]:
array([[0.54884071, 0.35932276, 0.09183653],
[0.30558191, 0.47594216, 0.21847593],
[0.22938356, 0.47819057, 0.29242587],
...,
[0.69380357, 0.25470075, 0.05149568],
[0.54884071, 0.35932276, 0.09183653],
[0.50896794, 0.38494062, 0.10609145]])
[10]:
pred_choice = predicted.argmax(1)
print('Fraction of correct choice predictions')
print((np.asarray(data_student['apply'].values.codes) == pred_choice).mean())
Fraction of correct choice predictions
0.5775
Ordinal regression with a custom cumulative cLogLog distribution:¶
In addition to logit
and probit
regression, any continuous distribution from SciPy.stats
package can be used for the distr
argument. Alternatively, one can define its own distribution simply creating a subclass from rv_continuous
and implementing a few methods.
[11]:
# using a SciPy distribution
res_exp = OrderedModel(data_student['apply'],
data_student[['pared', 'public', 'gpa']],
distr=stats.expon).fit(method='bfgs', disp=False)
res_exp.summary()
[11]:
| Dep. Variable: | apply | Log-Likelihood: | -360.84 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Model: | OrderedModel | AIC: | 731.7 |
| Method: | Maximum Likelihood | BIC: | 751.6 |
| Date: | Wed, 02 Nov 2022 | ||
| Time: | 17:11:15 | ||
| No. Observations: | 400 | ||
| Df Residuals: | 395 | ||
| Df Model: | 5 |
| coef | std err | z | P>|z| | [0.025 | 0.975] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pared | 0.4690 | 0.117 | 4.021 | 0.000 | 0.240 | 0.698 |
| public | -0.1308 | 0.149 | -0.879 | 0.379 | -0.422 | 0.161 |
| gpa | 0.2198 | 0.134 | 1.638 | 0.101 | -0.043 | 0.483 |
| unlikely/somewhat likely | 1.5370 | 0.405 | 3.792 | 0.000 | 0.742 | 2.332 |
| somewhat likely/very likely | 0.4082 | 0.093 | 4.403 | 0.000 | 0.226 | 0.590 |
[12]:
# minimal definition of a custom scipy distribution.
class CLogLog(stats.rv_continuous):
def _ppf(self, q):
return np.log(-np.log(1 - q))
def _cdf(self, x):
return 1 - np.exp(-np.exp(x))
cloglog = CLogLog()
# definition of the model and fitting
res_cloglog = OrderedModel(data_student['apply'],
data_student[['pared', 'public', 'gpa']],
distr=cloglog).fit(method='bfgs', disp=False)
res_cloglog.summary()
[12]:
| Dep. Variable: | apply | Log-Likelihood: | -359.75 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Model: | OrderedModel | AIC: | 729.5 |
| Method: | Maximum Likelihood | BIC: | 749.5 |
| Date: | Wed, 02 Nov 2022 | ||
| Time: | 17:11:15 | ||
| No. Observations: | 400 | ||
| Df Residuals: | 395 | ||
| Df Model: | 5 |
| coef | std err | z | P>|z| | [0.025 | 0.975] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pared | 0.5167 | 0.161 | 3.202 | 0.001 | 0.200 | 0.833 |
| public | 0.1081 | 0.168 | 0.643 | 0.520 | -0.221 | 0.438 |
| gpa | 0.3344 | 0.154 | 2.168 | 0.030 | 0.032 | 0.637 |
| unlikely/somewhat likely | 0.8705 | 0.455 | 1.912 | 0.056 | -0.022 | 1.763 |
| somewhat likely/very likely | 0.0989 | 0.071 | 1.384 | 0.167 | -0.041 | 0.239 |
Using formulas - treatment of endog¶
Pandas’ ordered categorical and numeric values are supported as dependent variable in formulas. Other types will raise a ValueError.
[13]:
modf_logit = OrderedModel.from_formula("apply ~ 0 + pared + public + gpa", data_student,
distr='logit')
resf_logit = modf_logit.fit(method='bfgs')
resf_logit.summary()
Optimization terminated successfully.
Current function value: 0.896281
Iterations: 22
Function evaluations: 24
Gradient evaluations: 24
[13]:
| Dep. Variable: | apply | Log-Likelihood: | -358.51 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Model: | OrderedModel | AIC: | 727.0 |
| Method: | Maximum Likelihood | BIC: | 747.0 |
| Date: | Wed, 02 Nov 2022 | ||
| Time: | 17:11:15 | ||
| No. Observations: | 400 | ||
| Df Residuals: | 395 | ||
| Df Model: | 5 |
| coef | std err | z | P>|z| | [0.025 | 0.975] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pared | 1.0476 | 0.266 | 3.942 | 0.000 | 0.527 | 1.569 |
| public | -0.0586 | 0.298 | -0.197 | 0.844 | -0.642 | 0.525 |
| gpa | 0.6158 | 0.261 | 2.363 | 0.018 | 0.105 | 1.127 |
| unlikely/somewhat likely | 2.2035 | 0.780 | 2.827 | 0.005 | 0.676 | 3.731 |
| somewhat likely/very likely | 0.7398 | 0.080 | 9.236 | 0.000 | 0.583 | 0.897 |
Using numerical codes for the dependent variable is supported but loses the names of the category levels. The levels and names correspond to the unique values of the dependent variable sorted in alphanumeric order as in the case without using formulas.
[14]:
data_student["apply_codes"] = data_student['apply'].cat.codes * 2 + 5
data_student["apply_codes"].head()
[14]:
0 9
1 7
2 5
3 7
4 7
Name: apply_codes, dtype: int8
[15]:
OrderedModel.from_formula("apply_codes ~ 0 + pared + public + gpa", data_student,
distr='logit').fit().summary()
Optimization terminated successfully.
Current function value: 0.896281
Iterations: 421
Function evaluations: 663
[15]:
| Dep. Variable: | apply_codes | Log-Likelihood: | -358.51 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Model: | OrderedModel | AIC: | 727.0 |
| Method: | Maximum Likelihood | BIC: | 747.0 |
| Date: | Wed, 02 Nov 2022 | ||
| Time: | 17:11:15 | ||
| No. Observations: | 400 | ||
| Df Residuals: | 395 | ||
| Df Model: | 5 |
| coef | std err | z | P>|z| | [0.025 | 0.975] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pared | 1.0477 | 0.266 | 3.942 | 0.000 | 0.527 | 1.569 |
| public | -0.0587 | 0.298 | -0.197 | 0.844 | -0.642 | 0.525 |
| gpa | 0.6157 | 0.261 | 2.362 | 0.018 | 0.105 | 1.127 |
| 5.0/7.0 | 2.2033 | 0.780 | 2.826 | 0.005 | 0.675 | 3.731 |
| 7.0/9.0 | 0.7398 | 0.080 | 9.236 | 0.000 | 0.583 | 0.897 |
[16]:
resf_logit.predict(data_student.iloc[:5])
[16]:
| 0 | 1 | 2 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0.548841 | 0.359323 | 0.091837 |
| 1 | 0.305582 | 0.475942 | 0.218476 |
| 2 | 0.229384 | 0.478191 | 0.292426 |
| 3 | 0.616118 | 0.312690 | 0.071191 |
| 4 | 0.656003 | 0.283398 | 0.060599 |
Using string values directly as dependent variable raises a ValueError.
[17]:
data_student["apply_str"] = np.asarray(data_student["apply"])
data_student["apply_str"].head()
[17]:
0 very likely
1 somewhat likely
2 unlikely
3 somewhat likely
4 somewhat likely
Name: apply_str, dtype: object
[18]:
data_student.apply_str = pd.Categorical(data_student.apply_str, ordered=True)
data_student.public = data_student.public.astype(float)
data_student.pared = data_student.pared.astype(float)
[19]:
OrderedModel.from_formula("apply_str ~ 0 + pared + public + gpa", data_student,
distr='logit')
[19]:
<statsmodels.miscmodels.ordinal_model.OrderedModel at 0x7faa615c3f40>
Using formulas - no constant in model¶
The parameterization of OrderedModel requires that there is no constant in the model, neither explicit nor implicit. The constant is equivalent to shifting all thresholds and is therefore not separately identified.
Patsy’s formula specification does not allow a design matrix without explicit or implicit constant if there are categorical variables (or maybe splines) among explanatory variables. As workaround, statsmodels removes an explicit intercept.
Consequently, there are two valid cases to get a design matrix without intercept.
specify a model without explicit and implicit intercept which is possible if there are only numerical variables in the model.
specify a model with an explicit intercept which statsmodels will remove.
Models with an implicit intercept will be overparameterized, the parameter estimates will not be fully identified, cov_params
will not be invertible and standard errors might contain nans.
In the following we look at an example with an additional categorical variable.
[20]:
nobs = len(data_student)
data_student["dummy"] = (np.arange(nobs) < (nobs / 2)).astype(float)
explicit intercept, that will be removed:
Note “1 +” is here redundant because it is patsy’s default.
[21]:
modfd_logit = OrderedModel.from_formula("apply ~ 1 + pared + public + gpa + C(dummy)", data_student,
distr='logit')
resfd_logit = modfd_logit.fit(method='bfgs')
print(resfd_logit.summary())
Optimization terminated successfully.
Current function value: 0.896247
Iterations: 26
Function evaluations: 28
Gradient evaluations: 28
OrderedModel Results
==============================================================================
Dep. Variable: apply Log-Likelihood: -358.50
Model: OrderedModel AIC: 729.0
Method: Maximum Likelihood BIC: 752.9
Date: Wed, 02 Nov 2022
Time: 17:11:15
No. Observations: 400
Df Residuals: 394
Df Model: 6
===============================================================================================
coef std err z P>|z| [0.025 0.975]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C(dummy)[T.1.0] 0.0326 0.198 0.164 0.869 -0.356 0.421
pared 1.0489 0.266 3.945 0.000 0.528 1.570
public -0.0589 0.298 -0.198 0.843 -0.643 0.525
gpa 0.6153 0.261 2.360 0.018 0.104 1.126
unlikely/somewhat likely 2.2183 0.785 2.826 0.005 0.680 3.757
somewhat likely/very likely 0.7398 0.080 9.237 0.000 0.583 0.897
===============================================================================================
[22]:
modfd_logit.k_vars
[22]:
4
[23]:
modfd_logit.k_constant
[23]:
0
implicit intercept creates overparameterized model
Specifying “0 +” in the formula drops the explicit intercept. However, the categorical encoding is now changed to include an implicit intercept. In this example, the created dummy variables C(dummy)[0.0]
and C(dummy)[1.0]
sum to one.
OrderedModel.from_formula("apply ~ 0 + pared + public + gpa + C(dummy)", data_student, distr='logit')
To see what would happen in the overparameterized case, we can avoid the constant check in the model by explicitly specifying whether a constant is present or not. We use hasconst=False, even though the model has an implicit constant.
The parameters of the two dummy variable columns and the first threshold are not separately identified. Estimates for those parameters and availability of standard errors are arbitrary and depends on numerical details that differ across environments.
Some summary measures like log-likelihood value are not affected by this, within convergence tolerance and numerical precision. Prediction should also be possible. However, inference is not available, or is not valid.
[24]:
modfd2_logit = OrderedModel.from_formula("apply ~ 0 + pared + public + gpa + C(dummy)", data_student,
distr='logit', hasconst=False)
resfd2_logit = modfd2_logit.fit(method='bfgs')
print(resfd2_logit.summary())
Optimization terminated successfully.
Current function value: 0.896247
Iterations: 24
Function evaluations: 26
Gradient evaluations: 26
OrderedModel Results
==============================================================================
Dep. Variable: apply Log-Likelihood: -358.50
Model: OrderedModel AIC: 731.0
Method: Maximum Likelihood BIC: 758.9
Date: Wed, 02 Nov 2022
Time: 17:11:16
No. Observations: 400
Df Residuals: 393
Df Model: 7
===============================================================================================
coef std err z P>|z| [0.025 0.975]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C(dummy)[0.0] -0.6834 254.944 -0.003 0.998 -500.365 498.998
C(dummy)[1.0] -0.6508 254.944 -0.003 0.998 -500.333 499.031
pared 1.0489 0.266 3.944 0.000 0.528 1.570
public -0.0588 0.298 -0.197 0.844 -0.643 0.525
gpa 0.6153 0.261 2.360 0.018 0.104 1.126
unlikely/somewhat likely 1.5349 254.945 0.006 0.995 -498.148 501.218
somewhat likely/very likely 0.7398 0.080 9.237 0.000 0.583 0.897
===============================================================================================
[25]:
resfd2_logit.predict(data_student.iloc[:5])
[25]:
| 0 | 1 | 2 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0.544858 | 0.361972 | 0.093170 |
| 1 | 0.301918 | 0.476667 | 0.221416 |
| 2 | 0.226434 | 0.477700 | 0.295867 |
| 3 | 0.612254 | 0.315481 | 0.072264 |
| 4 | 0.652280 | 0.286188 | 0.061532 |
[26]:
resf_logit.predict()
[26]:
array([[0.54884071, 0.35932276, 0.09183653],
[0.30558191, 0.47594216, 0.21847593],
[0.22938356, 0.47819057, 0.29242587],
...,
[0.69380357, 0.25470075, 0.05149568],
[0.54884071, 0.35932276, 0.09183653],
[0.50896793, 0.38494062, 0.10609145]])
[ ]:
Binary Model compared to Logit¶
If there are only two levels of the dependent ordered categorical variable, then the model can also be estimated by a Logit model.
The models are (theoretically) identical in this case except for the parameterization of the constant. Logit as most other models requires in general an intercept. This corresponds to the threshold parameter in the OrderedModel, however, with opposite sign.
The implementation differs and not all of the same results statistic and post-estimation features are available. Estimated parameters and other results statistic differ mainly based on convergence tolerance of the optimization.
[27]:
from statsmodels.discrete.discrete_model import Logit
from statsmodels.tools.tools import add_constant
We drop the middle category from the data and keep the two extreme categories.
[28]:
mask_drop = data_student['apply'] == "somewhat likely"
data2 = data_student.loc[~mask_drop, :]
# we need to remove the category also from the Categorical Index
data2['apply'].cat.remove_categories("somewhat likely", inplace=True)
data2.head()
/tmp/ipykernel_6943/1247146098.py:4: FutureWarning: The `inplace` parameter in pandas.Categorical.remove_categories is deprecated and will be removed in a future version. Removing unused categories will always return a new Categorical object.
data2['apply'].cat.remove_categories("somewhat likely", inplace=True)
[28]:
| apply | pared | public | gpa | apply_codes | apply_str | dummy | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | very likely | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.26 | 9 | very likely | 1.0 |
| 2 | unlikely | 1.0 | 1.0 | 3.94 | 5 | unlikely | 1.0 |
| 5 | unlikely | 0.0 | 1.0 | 2.59 | 5 | unlikely | 1.0 |
| 8 | unlikely | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.00 | 5 | unlikely | 1.0 |
| 10 | unlikely | 1.0 | 1.0 | 3.65 | 5 | unlikely | 1.0 |
[29]:
mod_log = OrderedModel(data2['apply'],
data2[['pared', 'public', 'gpa']],
distr='logit')
res_log = mod_log.fit(method='bfgs', disp=False)
res_log.summary()
[29]:
| Dep. Variable: | apply | Log-Likelihood: | -102.87 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Model: | OrderedModel | AIC: | 213.7 |
| Method: | Maximum Likelihood | BIC: | 228.0 |
| Date: | Wed, 02 Nov 2022 | ||
| Time: | 17:11:16 | ||
| No. Observations: | 260 | ||
| Df Residuals: | 256 | ||
| Df Model: | 4 |
| coef | std err | z | P>|z| | [0.025 | 0.975] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pared | 1.2861 | 0.438 | 2.934 | 0.003 | 0.427 | 2.145 |
| public | 0.4014 | 0.444 | 0.903 | 0.366 | -0.470 | 1.272 |
| gpa | 0.7854 | 0.489 | 1.605 | 0.108 | -0.174 | 1.744 |
| unlikely/very likely | 4.4147 | 1.485 | 2.974 | 0.003 | 1.505 | 7.324 |
The Logit model does not have a constant by default, we have to add it to our explanatory variables.
The results are essentially identical between Logit and ordered model up to numerical precision mainly resulting from convergence tolerance in the estimation.
The only difference is in the sign of the constant, Logit and OrdereModel have opposite signs of he constant. This is a consequence of the parameterization in terms of cut points in OrderedModel instead of including and constant column in the design matrix.
[30]:
ex = add_constant(data2[['pared', 'public', 'gpa']], prepend=False)
mod_logit = Logit(data2['apply'].cat.codes, ex)
res_logit = mod_logit.fit(method='bfgs', disp=False)
[31]:
res_logit.summary()
[31]:
| Dep. Variable: | y | No. Observations: | 260 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Model: | Logit | Df Residuals: | 256 |
| Method: | MLE | Df Model: | 3 |
| Date: | Wed, 02 Nov 2022 | Pseudo R-squ.: | 0.07842 |
| Time: | 17:11:16 | Log-Likelihood: | -102.87 |
| converged: | True | LL-Null: | -111.62 |
| Covariance Type: | nonrobust | LLR p-value: | 0.0005560 |
| coef | std err | z | P>|z| | [0.025 | 0.975] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pared | 1.2861 | 0.438 | 2.934 | 0.003 | 0.427 | 2.145 |
| public | 0.4014 | 0.444 | 0.903 | 0.366 | -0.470 | 1.272 |
| gpa | 0.7854 | 0.489 | 1.605 | 0.108 | -0.174 | 1.744 |
| const | -4.4148 | 1.485 | -2.974 | 0.003 | -7.324 | -1.505 |
Robust standard errors are also available in OrderedModel in the same way as in discrete.Logit. As example we specify HAC covariance type even though we have cross-sectional data and autocorrelation is not appropriate.
[32]:
res_logit_hac = mod_logit.fit(method='bfgs', disp=False, cov_type="hac", cov_kwds={"maxlags": 2})
res_log_hac = mod_log.fit(method='bfgs', disp=False, cov_type="hac", cov_kwds={"maxlags": 2})
[33]:
res_logit_hac.bse.values - res_log_hac.bse
[33]:
pared 6.526362e-08
public -3.820145e-07
gpa 8.616114e-08
unlikely/very likely 3.570613e-07
dtype: float64


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Select plan -
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$5.99 per month
5 job posting
1 featured job
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Select plan -
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| ArgumentToString
ArgumentToString
|
1.0
(100%)
|
| AssertionErrorWrapper
AssertionErrorWrapper
|
1.0
(100%)
|
| ClassExtensionHelper
ClassExtensionHelper
|
1.0
(100%)
|
| ClassInstantiatorFactory
ClassInstantiatorFactory
|
1.0
(100%)
|
| ClassProxyFactory
ClassProxyFactory
|
1.0
(100%)
|
| ClassProxyFactory.MockMethodInterceptor
ClassProxyFactory.MockMethodInterceptor
|
1.0
(100%)
|
| DefaultClassInstantiator
DefaultClassInstantiator
|
1.0
(100%)
|
| EasyMockProperties
EasyMockProperties
|
1.0
(100%)
|
| ErrorMessage
ErrorMessage
|
1.0
(100%)
|
| ExpectedInvocation
ExpectedInvocation
|
1.0
(100%)
|
| ExpectedInvocationAndResult
ExpectedInvocationAndResult
|
1.0
(100%)
|
| ExpectedInvocationAndResults
ExpectedInvocationAndResults
|
1.0
(100%)
|
| Invocation
Invocation
|
1.0
(100%)
|
| JavaProxyFactory
JavaProxyFactory
|
1.0
(100%)
|
| LastControl
LastControl
|
1.0
(100%)
|
| MethodSerializationWrapper
MethodSerializationWrapper
|
1.0
(100%)
|
| MockBuilder
MockBuilder
|
1.0
(100%)
|
| MockInvocationHandler
MockInvocationHandler
|
1.0
(100%)
|
| MocksBehavior
MocksBehavior
|
1.0
(100%)
|
| MocksControl
MocksControl
|
1.0
(100%)
|
| ObjectMethodsFilter
ObjectMethodsFilter
|
1.0
(100%)
|
| ObjenesisClassInstantiator
ObjenesisClassInstantiator
|
1.0
(100%)
|
| Range
Range
|
1.0
(100%)
|
| RecordState
RecordState
|
1.0
(100%)
|
| ReflectionUtils
ReflectionUtils
|
1.0
(100%)
|
| ReplayState
ReplayState
|
1.0
(100%)
|
| Result
Result
|
1.0
(100%)
|
| Result.DelegatingAnswer
Result.DelegatingAnswer
|
1.0
(100%)
|
| Result.ReturningAnswer
Result.ReturningAnswer
|
1.0
(100%)
|
| Result.ThrowingAnswer
Result.ThrowingAnswer
|
1.0
(100%)
|
| Results
Results
|
1.0
(100%)
|
| RuntimeExceptionWrapper
RuntimeExceptionWrapper
|
1.0
(100%)
|
| ThrowableWrapper
ThrowableWrapper
|
1.0
(100%)
|
| UnorderedBehavior
UnorderedBehavior
|
1.0
(100%)
|


Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book.
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--- layout: default title: Public Works Contractor description: "Since 1998, Terracare Associates has been at the forefront of public-private partnership and public works management services in the United States." parent: Public Services sidebar: Public Maintenance Services class: infrastructure banner: PI_bobcat_home_banner.jpg banner-heading: "Public Private Partnership" banner-cta: "" relevant_links: - link: '/p3/2014/07/22/public-private-partnerships.html' title: 'Public Private Partnerships' ---
After successfully completing a five year contract, the Centennial’s city council voted to extend its contract and Terracare Associates-TCA will continue to provide public works services for five more years.
Our partnership with the City of Centennial and private industry leader CH2M Hill makes this project so successful that it has garnered numerous awards including: National Council for Public-Private Partnerships Service Award, American Public Works Association-Colorado Chapter Innovative Customer Service Call Center Award, APWA Innovative Customer Service Call Center Award, and APWA-Colorado Maintenance-Operation for Energy Award.
Expertise in the public-private partnership landscape gives us a full understanding of the inherent difficulties of public expectation. We are proactive in developing communication plan that works for each government agency as well as a wide range of stakeholders. We offer a high degree of professionalism and this allows us to continually deliver the timely completion of critical infrastructure projects and meet the highest standards of our public works clients.
Terracare Associates-TCA also serves as public works and/or maintenance contractor for the City of Lone Tree, CO, Cottonwood Heights, Utah and numerous districts and authorities throughout the region.


At MountainView, we understand that God has gifted every believer for ministry and as each person serves according to their gifts and abilities the whole body is built up together. Some of these ministries include serving through music, food preparation and service, teaching, financial administration, maintenance of the building and grounds, prayer, compassion outreach, leading different ministries, planning events, evangelism, hospitality, overseeing the audio and visual presentation, discipleship, youth ministry, visiting the sick and elderly and more. We do not all have the same function, but we are all one in Christ.
Brady Farr, Francois Jardine, and Douglas Steytler are the elder-pastors of MountainView Bible Church.
Brady is an American church-planting missionary with Biblical Ministries Worldwide, who has been serving in pastoral ministry in the U.S and South Africa for the last twenty years.
Francois grew up in South Africa, played rugby with the Blue Bulls and the Lions, and has served in pastoral ministry in several other churches before coming to serve at MountainView.
Douglas is Executive Director of Christian Mission International, the Southern African branch of The Voice of the Martyrs. He has been faithfully serving in church leadership for many years.
MountainView also has four deacons. These men carry much of the weight of the ministry at MountainView. They are responsible for member care, building care, church finances and coordinating church programs and events.
Several families, who had been commuting from the south of Johannesburg to Sandton Bible Church in the Fourways area, had the vision to start a new Bible church closer to home. These families asked American missionaries with Biblical Ministries Worldwide, who had been serving at Sandton Bible Church, if they would lead the new church plant in the south.
The initial efforts began with a series of Bible studies, and as God worked through relationships, the group expanded, and on 31 October 2004, Sunday morning services began in Glenanda.
MountainView moved to the Sha-Mani Conference Centre in Alberton in 2005 and met there for several years. As children, youth, and ladies' and men's ministries grew, the church to almost 80 believers.
We saved up for years toward the purchase of our own building, and in August of 2010, we purchased a house in Glenanda (four houses away from where MountainView began in 2004!) that had a massive living area that we could renovate into a church hall. The house has become home and is now a very busy place! God has continued to provide leadership for the church through the years from missionaries and local men. As we continue to grow, both in numbers and financially, we look forward to moving into a larger facility in the future.


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Most gulls don't bother to learn more than the simplest facts of flight - how to get from shore to food and back again.
— Richard Bach, Jonathan Livingston Seagull
To fly as fast as thought, to anywhere that is, you must begin by knowing that you have already arrived.
— Richard Bach, Jonathan Livingston Seagull
Overcome space, and all we have left is Here. Overcome time, and all we have left is Now.
— Richard Bach, Jonathan Livingston Seagull


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Library: Iterators
istreambuf_iterator input_iterator
|
char_type equal() int_type |
istreambuf_iterator() istream_type operator*() |
operator++() streambuf_type traits_type |
Iterator that reads successive characters from the stream buffer for which it was constructed
#include <streambuf> namespace std { template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT> > class istreambuf_iterator; }
The class template istreambuf_iterator reads successive characters from the stream buffer for which it was constructed. operator*() gives access to the current input character, if any, and operator++() advances to the next input character. If the end of stream is reached, the iterator becomes equal to the end of stream iterator value, which is constructed by the default constructor, istreambuf_iterator(). An istreambuf_iterator object can be used only for one-pass-algorithms.
namespace std { template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT> > class istreambuf_iterator : public iterator<input_iterator_tag, charT, typename traits::off_type, charT*, charT&> { public: typedef charT char_type; typedef typename traits::int_type int_type; typedef traits traits_type; typedef basic_streambuf<charT, traits> streambuf_type; typedef basic_istream<charT, traits> istream_type; class proxy; istreambuf_iterator() throw(); istreambuf_iterator(istream_type& s) throw(); istreambuf_iterator(streambuf_type *s) throw(); istreambuf_iterator(const proxy& p) throw(); char_type operator*() const; istreambuf_iterator& operator++(); proxy operator++(int); bool equal(istreambuf_iterator& b) const; }; template<class charT, class traits> bool operator==(const istreambuf_iterator<charT, traits>& a, const istreambuf_iterator<charT, traits>& b); template<class charT, class traits> bool operator!=(const istreambuf_iterator<charT, traits>& a, const istreambuf_iterator<charT, traits>& b); }
char_type
The type char_type is a synonym for the template parameter charT.
int_type
The type int_type is a synonym of type traits_type::int_type.
istream_type
The type istream_type is a synonym of type basic_istream<char_type, traits_type>.
typedef basic_istream<charT, traits> istream_type;
streambuf_type
The type streambuf_type is a synonym of type basic_streambuf<char_type, traits_type>.
traits_type
The type traits_type is a synonym for the template parameter traits.
Class istreambuf_iterator<charT,traits>::proxy is a temporary placeholder for the return value of the post-increment operator. It keeps the character pointed to by the previous value of the iterator for some possible future access.
istreambuf_iterator() throw();
Constructs the end of stream iterator.
istreambuf_iterator(istream_type& s) throw();
Constructs an istreambuf_iterator that inputs characters using the basic_streambuf object pointed to by s.rdbuf(). If s.rdbuf() is a null pointer, the istreambuf_iterator is the end-of-stream iterator.
istreambuf_iterator(streambuf_type *s) throw();
Constructs an istreambuf_iterator that inputs characters using the basic_streambuf object pointed to by s. If s is a null pointer, the istreambuf_iterator is the end-of-stream iterator.
istreambuf_iterator(const proxy& p) throw();
Constructs an istreambuf_iterator that uses the basic_streambuf object embedded in the proxy object.
char_type operator*() const;
Returns the character pointed to by the input sequence of the attached stream buffer. If no character is available, the iterator becomes equal to the end-of-stream iterator.
istreambuf_iterator& operator++();
Increments the input sequence of the attached stream buffer to point to the next character. If the current character is the last one, the iterator becomes equal to the end-of-stream iterator.
proxy operator++(int);
Increments the input sequence of the attached stream buffer to point to the next character. If the current character is the last one, the iterator becomes equal to the end-of-stream iterator. The proxy object returned contains the character pointed to before carrying out the post-increment operator.
bool equal(istreambuf_iterator& b) const;
Returns true if and only if both iterators are at end of stream, or neither is at end of stream, regardless of what stream buffer object they are using.
template<class charT, class traits> bool operator==(const istreambuf_iterator<charT, traits>& a, const istreambuf_iterator<charT, traits>& b);
Returns a.equal(b).
template<class charT, class traits> bool operator!=(const istreambuf_iterator<charT, traits>& a, const istreambuf_iterator<charT, traits>& b);
Returns !(a.equal(b)).
// // istreambuf_iterator.cpp // #include <iostream> // for cout, endl #include <fstream> // for ofstream, istreambuf_iterator #include <stdio.h> // for tmpnam () and remove () int main ( ) { // create a temporary filename const char *fname = tmpnam (0); if (!fname) return 1; // open the file is_iter.out for reading and writing std::ofstream out (fname, std::ios::out | std::ios::in | std::ios::trunc); // output the example sentence into the file out << "Ceci est un simple exemple pour démontrer le\n" "fonctionnement de istreambuf_iterator."; // seek to the beginning of the file out.seekp (0); // construct an istreambuf_iterator pointing to // the ofstream object underlying streambuffer std::istreambuf_iterator<char, std::char_traits<char> > iter (out.rdbuf ()); // construct an end of stream iterator const std::istreambuf_iterator<char, std::char_traits<char> > end; std::cout << std::endl; // output the content of the file while (!iter.equal (end)) { // use both operator++ and operator* std::cout << *iter++; } std::cout << std::endl; // remove temporary file remove (fname); return 0; } Program Output: Ceci est un simple exemple pour démontrer le fonctionnement de istreambuf_iterator.
basic_streambuf, basic_istream, ostreambuf_iterator
ISO/IEC 14882:1998 -- International Standard for Information Systems --Programming Language C++, Section 24.5.3


Before Change
async def test_pin_form_success(hass, pin_form):
Test successful PIN entry.
with patch(MOCK_API_TEST_PIN, return_value=True,) as mock_test_pin, patch(
MOCK_API_UPDATE_SAVED_PIN,
return_value=True,
) as mock_update_saved_pin:
result = await hass.config_entries.flow.async_configure(
pin_form["flow_id"], user_input={CONF_PIN: TEST_PIN}
)
assert len(mock_test_pin.mock_calls) == 1
assert len(mock_update_saved_pin.mock_calls) == 1
expected = {
"title": TEST_USERNAME,
After Change
async def test_pin_form_success(hass, pin_form):
Test successful PIN entry.
with patch(MOCK_API_TEST_PIN, return_value=True,) as mock_test_pin, patch(
MOCK_API_UPDATE_SAVED_PIN,
return_value=True,
) as mock_update_saved_pin, patch(
ASYNC_SETUP, return_value=True
) as mock_setup, patch(
ASYNC_SETUP_ENTRY, return_value=True
) as mock_setup_entry:
result = await hass.config_entries.flow.async_configure(
pin_form["flow_id"], user_input={CONF_PIN: TEST_PIN}
)
assert len(mock_test_pin.mock_calls) == 1
assert len(mock_update_saved_pin.mock_calls) == 1
assert len(mock_setup.mock_calls) == 1
assert len(mock_setup_entry.mock_calls) == 1


Czechs Hold Mass Anti-Government Protest On Eve Of Velvet Revolution
by APAround a quarter of a million Czechs attended a rally in Prague against Prime Minister Andrej Babis on the eve of the 30th anniversary of the country’s Velvet Revolution that toppled the former communist regime. The November 16 demonstration is the second massive protest opposing Babis. Demonstrators believe the populist billionaire is a threat to democracy. The 64-year-old Babis, who is facing accusations of fraud and conflicts of interest at home, is also the subject of an EU investigation. He denies any wrongdoing.


{% extends "narrow_base.html" %} {% load staticfiles %} {% load humanize %} {% load i18n %} {% load cloudinary %} {% block imports %}
{% cloudinary_includes %} {% cloudinary_js_config %} {% endblock %} {% block title %} {% trans "Your Settings" %} {% endblock %} {% block body %}{% blocktrans %} Click the card below to register a credit card with Masanga Runners. If you do this, you won't be charged anything initially. From then on, whenever you agree to pay out a challenge, or a runner you're sponsoring runs, you card will be automatically charged, without having to do anything! {% endblocktrans %}
{% trans "Register your card with Masanga Runners" %} {% else %}{% blocktrans %} Click the button below if you want to have Masanga Runners forget your card. {% endblocktrans %}
{% trans "Forget my card" %} {% endif %}{% blocktrans %} You can connect your Masanga Runners account to your Runkeeper account! Runkeeper is a mobile app that makes it easy to keep track of your runs. If you connect your accounts, your runs will automatically show up on Masanga Runners every day. {% endblocktrans %}
{% trans "Register with runkeeper!" %}{% blocktrans %} Right now, anyone can see your page. This will help potential sponsors to find out about you and decide whether or not to sponsor you. If you don't want anyone except for yourself to see your sponsorships, runs, and challenges, click the button below to make your page private. {% endblocktrans %}
{% trans "Click here to make your page private." %} {% else %}{% blocktrans %} Right now, no one can see your page. Potential sponsors won't be able to see information on you when they're trying to decide whether or not to sponsor you.  %} {% endif %}{% blocktrans %} Click the button below if you want to unsubscribe from all reminder emails from us. {% endblocktrans %}
{% trans "Unsubscribe from our emails" %} {% else %}{% blocktrans %} Click the button below if you want to subscribe to reminder emails. {% endblocktrans %}
{% trans "Subscribe to our emails" %} {% endif %}


{% from "checkboxes/macro.html" import govukCheckboxes %} {% from "fieldset/macro.html" import govukFieldset %} {% from "user/macro.html" import user_name %} {% from "includes/app-list.html" import app_list with context %} {% from "includes/datasource-list.html" import datasource_list with context %} {% extends "base.html" %} {% set page_title = user_name(user) %} {% set pronoun = "Your" if user == request.user else "User's" %} {% block content %}
The user of this account has not logged in for over 90 days.
If appropriate, please visit the GitHub page for their membership of the Ministry of Justice organisation to free up space.


{%- extends 'base.html' -%} {%- block content -%}
The original team has broken up, but it consisted of:
Robert "Mayhem" Kaye
Chief Quatsch Officer
Mayhem is an über-geek who also loves to tinker endlesslessly, but he actually does love to sleep. Mayhem understands technology, and the importance of education, so therefore is willing to take on the business aspects of making this site run. He lives in Barcelona, Spain and runs the MetaBrainz Foundation as a day job.
You can find him on Twitter as MayhemBCN or view his rather unique personal home-page.
Marc "Trench" Tschudin
Chief Unfug Officer
Trench is an über-geek and loves to model random things, turning information into bits and bits into education. A general do-gooder who practically never sleeps.
Monkey
Volunteer web designer
Monkey is a skilled web engineer and overall designer who created our logo and helps us with web design for this website. Thank you for all your help in making our pages look nice!
You can find Monkey at { Monkey.Do }.
Anonymous Helpers
System Administration, UX Consulting
We had a number of other people help us with this project. In particular a friend of the project spent a lot of time advising us on how to setup our hosting infrastructure for optimium efficiency and stability. Another friend advised us how to create the proper User Experience for our site, ensuring that the site is useful, easy to understand and working as one would expect a modern web site to work.
However, due to the sensitive nature of this site, these helpers would prefer to remain anonymous. Thank you very much anonymous helpers, we couldn't have done it without you!
While we were creating this project we needed to learn quite a few things about the nuances of human sexuality. We also needed advisors to review our work to ensure that our work was accurate, inclusive and sensitive. Our board of advisors have given many hours of their own time to help the creation of this project. Thank you to all of you!
Shauna B
Education specialist
As a journalist specializing in sex education, Shauna has seen all too often what can happen when people don’t receive adequate education. She hopes that Hidden Beauty can help young people and adults gain a better understanding about bodies and realize just how beautiful they truly are.
Ms. J
Healthcare provider
Ms J is a healthcare provider in emergency care. She spent many years involved in sexual health promotion and education as well as working as a birthing consultant. Since her early days, the human body has been of fascination and she’s always sought out images and resources to bring human sexual and reproductive anatomy to our daily vision. There could’t be more truth in the words We Are Beautiful.
Kirsten T
Educator
Kisten has provided valuable insight into the educational aspects of this project as well as providing a general sanity checking perspective. She advised us on issues relating to giving birth and being a mother. She also provided us perspectives on how to structure our data model in order to adequately capture information on our models who are mothers. Additionally, she spent a great deal of time copy editing our site.


Widget
Dashboard / Widget
Widget Simple
To use add.widget-simple
to create a widget, and add the
.widget-simple-icon
class for the icon, and add the
.widget-simple-text
class for the text.
Widget Simple Card
To use add.widget-simple-card
to create a widget, and add the
.widget-simple-card-icon
class for the icon, and add the
.widget-simple-card-text
class for the text.
Widget Border
To use add.widget-border
to create a widget, and add the
.widget-border-icon
class for the icon, and add the
.widget-border-text
class for the text.
Widget Border Card
To use add.widget-border-card
to create a widget, and add the
.widget-border-card-icon
class for the icon, and add the
.widget-border-card-text
class for the text.


Open Source Events
This Project is about fjjfoj ffjfnfnf gngrgnf gogojgjg gjodjgjg
This Project is about fjjfoj ffjfnfnf gngrgnf gogojgjg gjodjgjg
This Project is about fjjfoj ffjfnfnf gngrgnf gogojgjg gjodjgjg
This Project is about fjjfoj ffjfnfnf gngrgnf gogojgjg gjodjgjg


Islamabad (Urdu: اسلام آباد) is the capital city of Pakistan located within the federal Islamabad Capital Territory. With a population of two million, it is the 10th largest city of Pakistan, while the larger Islamabad Rawalpindi metropolitan area is the third largest in Pakistan with a population exceeding five million. The city is the political seat of Pakistan and is administered by the Islamabad Metropolitan Corporation, supported by the Capital Development Authority (CDA).


A | |
| Ast | |
C | |
| Candidates | |
| Cost | Measture the cost of term |
F | |
| FunctionIngredients | |
H | |
| Heap [Search] | |
I | |
| IntermediateTypes | |
| Io | |
L | |
| ListMethods | |
N | |
| NonTerminal [IntermediateTypes] | |
O | |
| OrderedType [Search] | |
P | |
| Preprocessor | |
| PrintMethods | |
S | |
| Search | In this module, find the correct body of given Ast by iterative search |
| Solver | Dealing with solver methods |
| Stringfier | |
T | |
| Terms | this has the methods which are relevant with term in ast |
| Transformer | related with transformation |
| TransitionMap [IntermediateTypes] | |
V | |
| Verifier | verify the answer of sygus string |
W | |
| WorklistBFS [Search] | |
Z | |
| Z3solver | All methods which use z3 library are in here |


Bank Application
Create bank account
Owner
Name
Address
Email
Birth Date
Gender
Account
Number
Balance
Pin code
Create account
error text


Tue Nov 26, 2019
I got a new bike! It’s a nice upgrade from my extremely old and now-broken Norco mountain bike. This time around, I looked for a decent hybrid bike and my local bike shop recommended the Reid City 3.
I didn’t want a cheap Canadian Tire or Sportchek bike with a short life and flimsy no-name components, nor did I want to pay a premium for a well-known brand such as Trek or Giant. And although you can definitely save money going for a well-serviced used bike, I opted for new because I tend to keep my stuff for a long time. So, I decided to go with Reid - a promising newcomer.
Reid is an Australian company and they’ve only recently introduced their bikes to Canada. They’re decently priced ($570 CAD retail, but it’s the end of the season, so I got 20 percent off that). But the most important thing is that they have a lifetime warranty on the frame, so they’re not messing around. The City 3 comes with decent Shimano, Suntour, and Tektro components as well as Kenda tires. And if I wanted to, upgrading the components wouldn’t be a problem with the hydroformed aluminum frame serving as a solid base to work with.
The City 3 can be classified as a dual-sport hybrid because it has a slightly thicker tire and a suspension fork, which traditional hybrids don’t have. It’s great for constantly switching between gravel trails and paved roads, which is pretty much all we have around here in the Vancouver suburbs.
When compared to other dual-sport hybrids on the market, the City 3 holds up really well on paper. To get a specific idea of what that means, let’s do a spec comparison between the City 3 and the Trek Dual Sport 1, another entry-level hybrid on the market from a more well-known brand.
Trek’s Dual Sport 1 retails for $660, but is it worth almost $100 more than the City 3? The Trek’s smooth welding joints and internal routing do give the frame a sleeker more aerodynamic look. But the bikers I’ve spoken with all agree that internal cable routing is a royal pain if you have to repair the cables. So, pretty, but impractical.
Both bikes use the exact same Tektro M280 mechanical disc brakes for that extra bit of stopping power. Another perk of disc brakes is that switching wheels or repairing flats is a lot easier than with V-brakes. Both bikes also sport responsive 700cc wheels for that road-bike feel.
Further comparison, however, puts the City 3 firmly ahead in my mind, especially when looking at the suspension.
Both bikes have a Suntour NEX suspension fork, but you can lock out the suspension on the City 3, whereas you can’t on the Trek. But isn’t the ability to adapt to different riding conditions the very definition of a dual-sport hybrid? Switching between a stable, rigid ride on the road and a softer, cushioned ride on the trails is a really great feature. I’m not entirely sure why Trek excluded suspension lock-out - after all, if you’re adding the extra weight of a suspension fork onto a hybrid, you may as well make it as versatile and useful as possible.
Other component choices also leave me favouring the City 3. For example, both bikes use Shimano Altus components (which I understand to be a step above Shimano Tourney). The Trek, however, uses a Tourney on the front derailleur and an Altus on the rear derailleur. The City 3 uses Altus for everything.
Also, the City 3 is a 27-speed bike opposed to Trek’s 21 speeds. And the City 3 uses a modern Shimano cassette but the Trek uses an inferior SunRace freewheel.
I could go on, but the point isn’t to bash Trek (Editor’s note: it’s too late for that buddy) - the point is that Reid did not make any compromises when putting the City 3 package together. Sure, the City 3 isn’t an expensive enthusiast mountain bike, but for a “starter” bike it more than earns its premium commuter label without a mark-up for brand recognition.
Will the Reid City 3 fall apart in a year or two? Maybe. I haven’t owned mine long enough, so perhaps a follow-up on quality control would be in order. But, I’m not too worried - I’m happy with it so far. The only problems I’m experiencing are typical for a brand new bike - the cables are stretching (totally normal as the cables settle in) and causing chain skips and mushy brakes. But my bike shop is giving me six months of free service, so I’ll definitely get it tuned up once I’ve broken it in more.
Anyway, let’s move on, because - as they say in the tech world - user experience trumps specs. Poring over specifications may be fun for geeks, but doesn’t really answer the essential question - is the City 3 fun to ride?
The answer to that question gets into subjective territory. But the short answer is no. The City 3 is not fun to ride.
But the City 3 isn’t a fun friend that you party with. The City 3 is a serious, dependable friend who won’t let you down.
And to be honest, I like that sort of friend better.
Sure, you might have more fun screaming down hills on a full-suspension mountain bike. And yes, you may have fun gliding along a straight at insane speeds on a road bike. But the City 3 will get you to work on time - and you’ll smile while doing it. Because this bike gives you a smooth, solid ride with no drama.
The City 3 is nimble and rock solid on the road with decent speed on the highest gears. I know this bike is faster than my old bike because I hear louder cries of protest than usual from dog walkers when I forget to ring my bell as passing by. And even though the City 3 doesn’t come close to matching the speeds of a dedicated road bike, it is sprightly and easier to handle.
This bike really shines on hills. With a locked suspension and 27 gears, the City 3 handles killer slopes with aplomb; those uphill slogs just feel easy. In fact, I haven’t yet encountered any steep grades that force me to jump off and push it up the hill. With my previous bike, there were plenty of these slightly humiliating moments.
Gravel trails are bumpier than they would be on a mountain bike, but the suspension does take the edge off - more so when going downhill. I think it’s safe to say that this bike is not designed for technical downhill trails or jumps.
In retrospect, you could probably ditch the suspension, save some weight and be totally fine. But the suspension is a nice perk, especially if you’re not a speed freak.
And that’s the story of the City 3 really - it doesn’t excel at any one thing, but it offers some all-round goodness and a gratifying mix of efficiency and play. It is utilitarian - but not boring.
What you get with this bike is a stylish, dependable ride to work and a thoughtful design. All the hardware mounts are there for putting on a bike rack, lights, fenders, or a water bottle holder and making this the ultimate commuting machine.
And perhaps I was a bit too harsh earlier - after all, you can have a bit of fun with your serious friend on the weekends as long as you don’t party too hard.


A tsukurimono stands on Square 8, representing what used to be Lady Yūgao’s dwelling. The waki sings, standing on Square 5, facing it. This Kakaru is spread over five eight-beat measures (honji). It starts simply with the waki singing a non-congruent sashinori chant accompanied by the drums in flexible rhythmic setting. Half-way in the third honji, the kotsuzumi player initiates a from flexible to strict setting, a motion recognizable by his much shorter kakegoe. At this point, the percussionists also switch from the sparse mitsuji to the steadier tsuzukepatterns. This change coincides with a , as the waki starts reciting a poem. It refers to a Confucian disciple and to ‘empty gourds,’ a metaphor for poverty. This foreshadows the theme of sadness that will weave through the next three shōdan.


Woman, dog safe after car lands in Dania Beach canal
by 7 News WSVNDANIA BEACH, FLA. (WSVN) - A woman has safely escaped after her car landed in a Dania Beach canal.
Broward Sheriff Fire Rescue crews responded to the scene near the intersection of Old Griffin Road and Bryan Road, Sunday morning.
Cellphone video taken at the scene showed divers near the submerged white Audi.
Officials said the woman and her dog were able to get out safely.
However, a witness said the driver was actually trying to avoid hitting a dog and as a result landed in the canal.
The car has since been towed away from the scene.


fishbase.ropensci.org/sealifebase is a RESTful Application Programming Interface (API) to the Sealifebase database.
Sealifebase database and web portal are completely separate entities from this API. Sealifebase is kind enough to give us a copy of their database, from which we provide some of it through this API.
Source code for this API: https://github.com/ropensci/fishbaseapi
find the docs at https://fishbaseapi.readme.io/
See the bottom of the Sealifebase website for details on usage.
The Sealifebase API follows the same license as Sealifebase. It is free for non-commercial use with attribution as defined by the terms of the CC-BY-NC license (see above). Commercial users should first contact Sealifebase maintainers at https://sealifebase.ca/mail/MailForm.php.


CASTELLANI PAINT - phenol liquid
Physicians Total Care, Inc.
Disclaimer: Most OTC drugs are not reviewed and approved by FDA, however they may be marketed if they comply with applicable regulations and policies. FDA has not evaluated whether this product complies.
Active Ingredient
Phenol 1.5%
Purpose
First Aid Antiseptic
Uses
- •
- First aid antiseptic to help protect against skin infection in minor cuts, scrapes or burns
Warnings
For external use only
Do not use
- •
- in eyes
- •
- with bandages
- •
- on large areas of the body
- •
- longer than one week unless directed by a doctor
- •
- stop use and consult a doctor if condition persists
- •
- in case of deep puncture wounds, animal bites, or serious burns, consult a doctor
- •
- if known to be sensitive to any ingredients in this product,
Stop use and ask a doctor or pharmacist if skin irritation or sensitivity develops or increases or if the condition persists or gets worse.
When using this product
- •
- check skin for sensitivity to phenol prior to application.
- •
- care should be taken to avoid spilling and guard against staining. Castellani Paint Modified will stain skin and clothing.
KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN.
Directions
- •
- clean the affected area
- •
- apply a small amount on the area one to three times daily.
Other Information
Store at controlled room temperature.
Inactive Ingredients
Acetone, basic violet 14 (basic fuchsine), resorcinol, SD alcohol 40B (13%), water.
Questions or Comments?
1-800-PEDiNOL (733-4665) or visit us at www.pedinol.com
PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 29.57 mL Bottle Label
PEDiNOL™
castellani paint
modified with color
phenol 1.5%
first aid antiseptic
net vol. 1 fl. oz. (29.57 ml)
Distributed by:
Physicians Total Care, Inc.
Tulsa, OK 74146
NDC 54868-0127-0
Physicians Total Care, Inc.


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Anish Chopra
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Complex Number Arithmetic
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i
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+
i
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Voicemail
public struct Voicemail
A voicemail record.
-
Unique ID of the voicemail record
Declaration
Swift
public let id: String
-
The ID of the Sudo Platform user that owns the voicemail.
Declaration
Swift
public let owner: String
-
The ID of the Sudo that received the voicemail.
Declaration
Swift
public let sudoOwner: String
-
The ID of the
PhoneNumber
associated with the voicemail.Declaration
Swift
public let phoneNumberId: String
-
The ID of the
CallRecord
associated with the voicemail.Declaration
Swift
public let callRecordId: String?
-
Timestamp that represents the time the voicemail was created.
Declaration
Swift
public let created: Date
-
Timestamp that represents the last time the voicemail was updated.
Declaration
Swift
public let updated: Date
-
The E.164 formatted phone number that received the voicemail.
Declaration
Swift
public let localPhoneNumber: String
-
The E.164 formatted phone number of the caller.
Declaration
Swift
public let remotePhoneNumber: String
-
The duration of the voicemail recording in seconds.
Declaration
Swift
public let durationSeconds: UInt
-
The media object that can be used to download the voicemail recording.
Declaration
Swift
public let media: MediaObject


--- order: 6 title: Ork – Feral Orks name: Warlord Snagga Snagga’s Feral Ork Horde introduction: |
forces: - feral-ork using_the_army_list: | Unlike the very rigid formations used by the Imperium, Ork formations vary widely in both size and composition. The rules for creating Ork formations reflect this. The different types of Ork formations you may choose are shown on the army list that follows. The army list includes the following information: Type : The name of the formation. Core Units : The units that make up the formation. An Ork player can choose to double or triple the number of units in the formation if he wishes. A formation with double the normal number of units is called a _big_ formation, and a formation with three times the normal number of units is called a _’uge_ formation. Cost : Most Ork formations have three values. The first value is the cost for the basic formation, the second is its cost if it is a big formation, and the third value is its cost if it is a ’uge formation. If the formation only has one cost then it may not be increased in size. Up to one third of the points available to an Ork army can be spent on aircraft and Gargants. Extra Units : An Ork formation may include any of the extra units listed in theSome says we’z Feral, nomadz they calls uz. I just say we’z always marching, konkering we iz…
Extrascolumn. You may include any number of extra units in a formation unless it is specifically noted otherwise. If there is a limitation then the limit is doubled for a big formation and tripled for a ’uge formation. All of the core, extra, and free units in an Ork formation count as being part of one large formation. The different units may not move off on their own. special_rules_text: | The _Mob Rule_ (see [_Mob Rule_](#feral-ork-mob-rule)) and _Power of the Waaagh!_ (see [_Power of the Waaagh!_](#feral-ork-power-of-the-waaagh)) rules apply to all Ork formations. special_rules: - feral-ork-epic-tournament-special-rules ---
Warlord Snagga Snagga’s Feral Ork Horde armies have a strategy rating of 3. All formations have an initiative rating of 3+, but receive modifiers depending on the action chosen when taking an action test (see Power of the Waaagh!), or the size of the formation when rallying (see Mob Rule).
| Cost | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Core Units | Normal | Big | ’Uge | Extra Units |
| Boarboyz Horde | Five Boarboyz | 100 | 175 | 250 |
|
| Junka Brigade | Six Boyz and six Junkatrukks | 175 | 300 | n/a |
|
| 0–1 Madboyz Horde | Six Madboyz | 100 | n/a | n/a |
|
| 0–1 Steam Gargant | One Steam Gargant | 200 | 350 | 500 | None |
| Trappas | Six Wildboyz | 150 | n/a | n/a |
Add up to one Nobz for +35 points Note: All units in the formation have Scout |
| Warband | Two Nobz, six Boyz and two Grotz | 200 | 350 | 500 |
|
| Wildboyz | Two Nobz and six Wildboyz | 125 | 225 | 325 |
|


DISCLAIMER: It is the responsibility of the user to not enter any sensitive information. The author does not bear responsibility for any data loss/misuse. This application does not send your data to the server. If you remove/uninstall the app all data will be lost.


Rack, a modular Ruby webserver interface
Rack provides a minimal, modular and
adaptable interface for developing web applications in Ruby. By wrapping
HTTP requests and responses in the simplest way possible, it unifies and
distills the API for web servers, web frameworks, and software in between
(the so-called middleware) into a single method call.
The exact details of this are described in the Rack specification, which all Rack applications should conform to.
Specification changes in this release
With Rack 1.0, the Rack specification (found in SPEC) changed
in the following backward-incompatible ways. This was done to properly
support Ruby 1.9 and to deprecate some problematic techniques:
- Rack::VERSION has been pushed to [1,0].
- Header values must be Strings now, split on "\n".
- rack.input must be rewindable and support reading into a buffer, wrap with
Rack::RewindableInput if
it isn‘t.
- Content-Length can be missing, in this case chunked transfer encoding is
used.
- Bodies can now additionally respond to to_path with a filename to be
served.
- String bodies are deprecated and will not work with Ruby 1.9, use an Array
with a single String instead.
- rack.session is now specified.
Supported web servers
The included handlers connect all kinds of web servers to Rack:
- Mongrel
- EventedMongrel
- SwiftipliedMongrel
- WEBrick
- FCGI
- CGI
- SCGI
- LiteSpeed
- Thin
These web servers include Rack handlers
in their distributions:
- Ebb
- Fuzed
- Phusion Passenger (which is mod_rack for Apache and for nginx)
- Unicorn
Any valid Rack app will run the same on
all these handlers, without changing anything.
Supported web frameworks
The included adapters connect Rack with existing Ruby web frameworks:
These frameworks include Rack adapters
in their distributions:
- Camping
- Coset
- Halcyon
- Mack
- Maveric
- Merb
- Racktools::SimpleApplication
- Ramaze
- Ruby on Rails
- Rum
- Sinatra
- Sin
- Vintage
- Waves
- Wee
Current links to these projects can be found at wiki.ramaze.net/Home#other-frameworks
Available middleware
Between the server and the framework, Rack can be customized to your applications
needs using middleware, for example:
- Rack::URLMap, to route to
multiple applications inside the same process.
- Rack::CommonLogger, for
creating Apache-style logfiles.
- Rack::ShowException, for catching unhandled exceptions and presenting them
in a nice and helpful way with clickable backtrace.
- Rack::File, for serving static
files.
- …many others!
All these components use the same interface, which is described in detail
in the Rack specification. These
optional components can be used in any way you wish.
Convenience
If you want to develop outside of existing frameworks, implement your own
ones, or develop middleware, Rack
provides many helpers to create Rack
applications quickly and without doing the same web stuff all over:
rack-contrib
The plethora of useful middleware created the need for a project that
collects fresh Rack middleware.
rack-contrib includes a variety of add-on components for Rack and it is easy to contribute new
modules.
rackup
rackup is a useful tool for running Rack
applications, which uses the Rack::Builder DSL to configure
middleware and build up applications easily.
rackup automatically figures out the environment it is run in, and runs
your application as FastCGI, CGI, or standalone with Mongrel or
WEBrick—all from the same configuration.
Quick start
Try the lobster!
Either with the embedded WEBrick starter:
ruby -Ilib lib/rack/lobster.rb
Or with rackup:
bin/rackup -Ilib example/lobster.ru
By default, the lobster is found at localhost:9292.
Installing with RubyGems
A Gem of Rack is available. You can
install it with:
gem install rack
I also provide a local mirror of the gems (and development snapshots) at my
site:
gem install rack --source http://chneukirchen.org/releases/gems/
Running the tests
Testing Rack requires the test/spec
testing framework:
gem install test-spec
There are two rake-based test tasks:
rake test tests all the fast tests (no Handlers or Adapters)
rake fulltest runs all the tests
The fast testsuite has no dependencies outside of the core Ruby
installation and test-spec.
To run the test suite completely, you need:
* camping
* fcgi
* memcache-client
* mongrel
* ruby-openid
* thin
The full set of tests test FCGI access
with lighttpd (on port 9203) so you will need lighttpd installed as well as
the FCGI libraries and the fcgi gem:
Download and install lighttpd:
http://www.lighttpd.net/download
Installing the FCGI libraries:
curl -O http://www.fastcgi.com/dist/fcgi-2.4.0.tar.gz
tar xzvf fcgi-2.4.0.tar.gz
cd fcgi-2.4.0
./configure --prefix=/usr/local
make
sudo make install
cd ..
Installing the Ruby fcgi gem:
gem install fcgi
Furthermore, to test Memcache sessions, you need memcached (will be run on
port 11211) and memcache-client installed.
History
- March 3rd, 2007: First public release 0.1.
- May 16th, 2007: Second public release 0.2.
- HTTP Basic authentication.
- Cookie Sessions.
- Static file handler.
- Improved Rack::Request.
- Improved Rack::Response.
- Added Rack::ShowStatus, for
better default error messages.
- Bug fixes in the Camping adapter.
- Removed Rails adapter, was too alpha.
- February 26th, 2008: Third public release 0.3.
- LiteSpeed handler, by Adrian Madrid.
- SCGI handler, by Jeremy Evans.
- Pool sessions, by blink.
- OpenID authentication, by blink.
- :Port and :File options for opening FastCGI sockets, by blink.
- Last-Modified HTTP header for Rack::File, by blink.
- Rack::Builder#use now accepts blocks, by Corey Jewett. (See
example/protectedlobster.ru)
- HTTP status 201 can contain a Content-Type and a body now.
- Many bugfixes, especially related to Cookie handling.
- August 21st, 2008: Fourth public release 0.4.
- New middleware, Rack::Deflater,
by Christoffer Sawicki.
- OpenID authentication now needs ruby-openid 2.
- New Memcache sessions, by blink.
- Explicit EventedMongrel handler, by Joshua Peek<EMAIL_ADDRESS>- Rack::Reloader is not loaded in
rackup development mode.
- rackup can daemonize with -D.
- Many bugfixes, especially for pool sessions, URLMap, thread safety and
tempfile handling.
- Improved tests.
- Rack moved to Git.
- January 6th, 2009: Fifth public release 0.9.
- Rack is now managed by the Rack Core Team.
- Rack::Lint is stricter and follows
the HTTP RFCs more closely.
- Added ConditionalGet middleware.
- Added ContentLength middleware.
- Added Deflater middleware.
- Added Head middleware.
- Added MethodOverride middleware.
- Rack::Mime now provides popular
MIME-types and their extension.
- Mongrel Header now streams.
- Added Thin handler.
- Official support for swiftiplied Mongrel.
- Secure cookies.
- Made HeaderHash case-preserving.
- Many bugfixes and small improvements.
- January 9th, 2009: Sixth public release 0.9.1.
- April 25th, 2009: Seventh public release 1.0.0.
- SPEC change: Rack::VERSION has been pushed to [1,0].
- SPEC change: header values must be Strings now, split on "\n".
- SPEC change: Content-Length can be missing, in this case chunked transfer
encoding is used.
- SPEC change: rack.input must be rewindable and support reading into a
buffer, wrap with Rack::RewindableInput if it
isn‘t.
- SPEC change: rack.session is now specified.
- SPEC change: Bodies can now additionally respond to to_path with a filename
to be served.
- NOTE: String bodies break in 1.9, use an Array consisting of a single
String instead.
- New middleware Rack::Lock.
- New middleware Rack::ContentType.
- Rack::Reloader has been
rewritten.
- Major update to Rack::Auth::OpenID.
- Support for nested parameter parsing in Rack::Response.
- Support for redirects in Rack::Response.
- HttpOnly cookie support in Rack::Response.
- The Rakefile has been rewritten.
- Many bugfixes and small improvements.
- October 18th, 2009: Eighth public release 1.0.1.
- Bump remainder of rack.versions.
- Support the pure Ruby FCGI
implementation.
- Fix for form names containing "=": split first then unescape
components
- Fixes the handling of the filename parameter with semicolons in names.
- Add anchor to nested params parsing regexp to prevent stack overflows
- Use more compatible gzip write api instead of "<<".
- Make sure that Reloader doesn‘t break when executed via ruby -e
- Make sure WEBrick respects the :Host option
- Many Ruby 1.9 fixes.
Contact
Please mail bugs, suggestions and patches to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Mailing list archives are available at <groups.google.com/group/rack-devel>.
There is a bug tracker at <rack.lighthouseapp.com/>.
Git repository (send Git patches to the mailing list):
You are also welcome to join the rack channel on irc.freenode.net.
Thanks
The Rack Core Team, consisting of
- Christian Neukirchen (chneukirchen)
- James Tucker (raggi)
- Josh Peek (josh)
- Michael Fellinger (manveru)
- Ryan Tomayko (rtomayko)
- Scytrin dai Kinthra (scytrin)
would like to thank:
- Adrian Madrid, for the LiteSpeed handler.
- Christoffer Sawicki, for the first Rails adapter and Rack::Deflater.
- Tim Fletcher, for the HTTP authentication code.
- Luc Heinrich for the Cookie sessions, the static file handler and bugfixes.
- Armin Ronacher, for the logo and racktools.
- Aredridel, Ben Alpert, Dan Kubb, Daniel Roethlisberger, Matt Todd, Tom
Robinson, Phil Hagelberg, and S. Brent Faulkner for bug fixing and other
improvements.
- Brian Candler, for Rack::ContentType.
- Graham Batty, for improved handler loading.
- Stephen Bannasch, for bug reports and documentation.
- Gary Wright, for proposing a better Rack::Response interface.
- Jonathan Buch, for improvements regarding Rack::Response.
- Armin Röhrl, for tracking down bugs in the Cookie generator.
- Alexander Kellett for testing the Gem and reviewing the announcement.
- Marcus Rückert, for help with configuring and debugging lighttpd.
- The WSGI team for the well-done and documented work they‘ve done and
Rack builds up on.
- All bug reporters and patch contributers not mentioned above.
Copyright
Copyright (C) 2007, 2008, 2009 Christian Neukirchen <purl.org/net/chneukirchen>
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the
following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 IN
NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
Links


Icon of the Present:
########################
%name1%: Then was this Isle of Souls sealed between dimensions in order to hide it from someone?
N: That is was it recorded in the Kamael's "Lost History." To continue...
This Isle of Souls was sealed between dimensions because if it had been left in this world, there was a high probability of it being discovered. In other words, it was being hidden from someone with the ability to scan the entire world...
########################
"Then...a god?"


 Why would anybody ever eat anything besides breakfast food? Positive is always better than negative. Barack Obama said, “Yes we can,” and now he’s president.
I don't like vegetables, but I'm very good at vegetable puns. I took your idea and I made it better. It was a pizza stuffed with little pizzas. And the crusts of those little pizzas were stuffed with chocolate.
So, I just slept seven hours, which is twice as long as I usually sleep. I wonder who else was born in Eagleton... Voldemort probably. How ever many waffles it takes to keep you in business. I'm gonna get drunk and then I'm gonna order a three course meal where each course is made of dessert.
- The Field of Dreams
- Bridges Of Madison County
- State Capital
- Grotto of the Redemption
- National Mississippi River Museum and Aquarium
- Des Moines Art Center
- John Wayne Birthplace & Museum
- Johnny Carson Birthplace and Museum
- Buddy Holly Plane Crash Site
- Amana Colonies


--- title: About layout: page ---
The University of Texas at Dallas commitment to excellence in teaching and research extends to every aspect of academic life in the university. The Collegium V Honors College (col·le·gi·um five) provides a four-year honors experience that encourages intellectually creative, inquisitive, and highly motivated students to extend their educational experience beyond the scope of the classroom. Small classes, innovative instruction, world class faculty, and an array of extracurricular events offer Collegium V members unique opportunities not otherwise available.
The council is elected from denizens of the lounge each year to plan events, handle CV involvement with on campus activities, and to generally assist in the operation of the lounge. The council may be contacted in person in the lounge, or by email to any of the council members. Please direct general inquiries of the council to [cvcouncil@utdallas.edu](mailto:cvcouncil@utdallas.edu).The current CV council is listed below:
The CV network is unique at UTD in that it is entirely student managed. The admins are known mostly by logon identities, and so that is how they are listed below. The admins may be found on IRC, and in the event that IRC is down, they may be found in the lounge fixing IRC.


This is the main IDE where all coding happens. Let your imagination run, and build anything you want here!
The main search. Search through Sandbox for your friends, projects, and even help from Google or Stack Overflow
The file manager, which provides easy access to all your files and projects stored on Github
The chat portion of Sandbox, which allows for fun and bouncing around new thoughts and ideas that can lead to the next big thing!
Allows you to pay for only the features you need! Add as many features as you would like, or as few as you need, and build the perfect plan for you.
Lorem ipsum...
Lorem ipsum...
Lorem ipsum...


Redirect POC::Preloader
The concept of redirecting cordova app to storage directory if update is present there.
Workflow
- Check the storage folder for update package
- If update is found - redirect there
- If update isn't found - use redirect to packaged index.html


SafeDllSearchMode
Safe DLL search mode [4] is enabled by default. To disable this feature we can create a DWORD name SafeDllSearchMode with value 0
[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager]
If SafeDllSearchMode is enabled, the search order is as follows:
- 1 The directory from which the application loaded
- 2 32-bit System directory (C:\Windows\System32)
- 3 16-bit System directory (C:\Windows\System)
- 4 Windows directory (C:\Windows)
- 5 The current working directory (CWD)
- 6 Directories in the PATH environment variable (system then user)
If SafeDllSearchMode is disabled, the search order is as follows:
- 1 The directory from which the application loaded
- 2 The current working directory (CWD) [ moved up the list ]
- 3 32-bit System directory (C:\Windows\System32)
- 4 16-bit System directory (C:\Windows\System)
- 5 Windows directory (C:\Windows)
- 6 Directories in the PATH environment variable (system then user)
Calling the SetDllDirectory(“”) or SetDllDirectory(“C:\\program files\\MyApp\\”) disables SafeDllSearchMode and uses the search order described for SetDllDirectory.
LoadLibraryEx function [5] takes another argument where a flag can be set to change the search order but I didnt get round to test it.


Spicy jalapeno bacon ipsum dolor amet ham hock shankle short ribs, kielbasa pancetta filet mignon buffalo tongue meatloaf shoulder bacon beef ribs venison alcatra capicola.  Pancetta cow chuck corned beef, tenderloin beef ribs jowl alcatra ribeye beef hamburger pork doner. Beef ribs drumstick pork loin bacon brisket kielbasa. Cow alcatra ground round fatback tail t-bone. Shoulder chicken hamburger, meatloaf pork loin ham short ribs tongue burgdoggen kevin drumstick.
Biltong kielbasa jowl pork loin, sausage frankfurter ground round salami boudin chuck bresaola. Filet mignon hamburger bacon ground round pork loin meatloaf. Ball tip meatball turducken, kielbasa picanha pastrami chuck shoulder sirloin prosciutto. Meatloaf landjaeger buffalo, ribeye shoulder tongue boudin filet mignon chuck leberkas tri-tip pork chop salami. Strip steak salami alcatra beef ribs, pork chop pork belly boudin. Ribeye bacon turkey rump, pancetta swine ham hock brisket. Short loin andouille kevin, porchetta tongue sausage spare ribs turkey corned beef shankle brisket picanha.
Tail rump pastrami chicken turkey salami t-bone shoulder meatball. Pork loin buffalo sirloin, landjaeger doner andouille shankle brisket pig. Beef tenderloin beef ribs pork chop corned beef filet mignon. Spare ribs buffalo ribeye chuck ham boudin tongue drumstick fatback andouille tail meatloaf filet mignon pork chop tri-tip.
Tail rump pastrami chicken turkey salami t-bone shoulder meatball. Pork loin buffalo sirloin, landjaeger doner andouille shankle brisket pig. Beef tenderloin beef ribs pork chop corned beef filet mignon. Spare ribs buffalo ribeye chuck ham boudin tongue drumstick fatback andouille tail meatloaf filet mignon pork chop tri-tip.
 Strip steak chuck venison, meatloaf pork ribeye short ribs sausage kielbasa chicken. Pork chop spare ribs hamburger andouille alcatra flank. Biltong prosciutto ribeye, tri-tip kielbasa jerky swine t-bone. Jowl pancetta sausage, swine picanha short ribs filet mignon pork chop strip steak prosciutto rump venison meatball beef ribs. Ham pork chop leberkas, andouille alcatra frankfurter pork ribeye ball tip kielbasa.
Sausage leberkas andouille cupim spare ribs tail. T-bone pork drumstick pastrami short loin landjaeger buffalo tenderloin tri-tip. Filet mignon kielbasa pork chop doner tail tongue, turducken chicken beef ribs turkey bresaola kevin leberkas. Kevin biltong shank sausage. Pork belly shoulder beef short loin turducken hamburger.
Does your lorem ipsum text long for something a little meatier? Give our generator a try… it’s tasty!


WATCH: Detailed Video Of VP Chiwenga Being Welcomed Back Home After Months In Hospital
by Timothy NdoroVP Chiwenga Returns Home
Early this morning, Vice President Constantino Chiwenga was welcomed back home following a long medical leave. The Vice President had been in China where he was being treated following reports that he was allegedly poisoned although it is not quite clear who may have committed the dastardly deed. State-owned media reported that the Vice President was being treated for an undisclosed ailment.
The Vice President was welcomed by officials from the Chinese Embassy as well as his older brother Onismo and son Tawanda. However, curiously, his wife Mary appeared no to be at the Airport. There have been reports that Chiwenga banned his wife from visiting him because he was paranoid that she was being used to spy on him.
Here is the video of the return of the Vice President.
Related Content:
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EXCLUSIVE PICS: VP Chiwenga BACK in Zim… Received by Chinese Ambassador, no gvt official in site
-
“Mnangagwa Plotting To Replace Chiwenga With Joice Mujuru” – Jonathan Moyo Drops Bombshell [UPDATED]
-
Sick VP Chiwenga to be BOOTED OUT by ZANU-PF Bigwigs Mugabe style…
-
Ailing VP Chiwenga ‘BANS’ wife Marry from visiting him in hospital
-
Ailing VP Chiwenga fires bodyguards amid fears of spying
Trending Articles:
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Man confesses to murder 33 years later… As victim’s avenging spirit torments his family
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‘Buy Your Forex From The Black Market And We will Confiscate Your Goods,’ Government Declares War On Importers Buying Forex On Black Market
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PICS: “Evil Cop” Who Vigorously Beat Up Civilians In Brutal Assault By Police UNMASKED
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WATCH: Zimbabwean Thugs Unleashing Reign Of Terror In South Africa Exposed & Arrested After CCTV Footage
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Pictures From Latest National Day of Prayer at State House Hosted By First Lady Amai Mnangagwa
To View and Apply for the latest Jobs and Vacancies in Zimbabwe, Please Visit our Sister website iHarare Jobs


Before Change
steps = len(ts)
pg = create_progress_bar(steps)
for x, xch, y, lengths, ids in ts:
x, xch, y = self._wrap(x, xch, y)
pred = self.model((x, xch, lengths))
correct, count, overlaps, golds, guesses = self.process_output(pred, y.data, lengths, ids, None, None)
total_correct += correct
total_sum += count
After Change
pg = create_progress_bar(steps)
for batch_dict in ts:
fx = self.model.make_input(batch_dict)
inputs = fx[:-1]
y = fx[-1]
lengths = batch_dict["lengths"]
ids = batch_dict["ids"]
pred = self.model(inputs)
correct, count, overlaps, golds, guesses = self.process_output(pred, y.data, lengths, ids, None, None)


Ken's Cheese House
34 Chatley Avenue
Seattle,WA 98765
October 23,2017
Fred Flintstone
Sales Manager
Cheese Specialists Inc.
456 Rubble Road
Rockville, IL 78777
Dear Mr.Flintstone,
With reference to our telephone conversation today, I am writing
to confirm your order for: 120 x Cheddar Deluxe Ref. No. 8
56.
The order will be shipped within three days via UPS and should
arrive at your shore in about 10 days.
Please contact us again if we can help in any way.
Your sincerely,
Kenneth Beare
Director of Ken's Cheese House


00 Home
01 Destination
02 Crew
03 Technology
01 Pick your destination
Moon
Mars
Europa
Titan
Moon
See our planet as you’ve never seen it before. A perfect relaxing trip away to help
regain perspective and come back refreshed. While you’re there, take in some history
by visiting the Luna 2 and Apollo 11 landing sites.
Avg. distance
384,400 km
Est. travel time
3 days


--- layout: post ---
The code in this post does not necessarily reflect how I would write production targeted code.
As an experimentation the code written for it is usually wrote with the intention of "Just Making it work" to not waste too much time.
The snippet or code samples you may see here may contain traces of Bad Code, Code Smells, Spaghetti Code, Unoptimized code...
Please bear with me anyway, it hurts me as much as it hurts you.


1. Conan The Barbarian is a work of true genius.
2. Conan The Barbarian is a work of true genius.
3. Conan The Barbarian is a work of true genius.
4. Conan The Barbarian is a work of true genius.
5. Conan The Barbarian is a work of true genius.
6. Conan The Barbarian is a work of true genius.
7. Conan The Barbarian is a work of true genius.
8. Conan The Barbarian is a work of true genius.
9. Conan The Barbarian is a work of true genius.
10. Conan The Barbarian is a work of true genius.


To analyse the requests that a system makes the proxy can be used to record all requests and their corresponding responses.
Recorded requests can be retrieved as a list of requests received by the proxy in either JSON or Java code.
HttpRequest[] recordedRequests = new ProxyClient("localhost", 1090)
.retrieveRecordedRequests(
request()
);
var proxyClient = require('mockserver-client').proxyClient;
proxyClient("localhost", 1090)
.retrieveRecordedRequests({})
.then(
function (recordedRequests) {
console.log(JSON.stringify(recordedRequests));
},
function (error) {
console.log(error);
}
);
curl -v -X PUT "http://localhost:1090/retrieve?type=REQUESTS"
HttpRequest[] recordedRequests = new ProxyClient("localhost", 1090)
.retrieveRecordedRequests(
request()
.withPath("/some/path")
.withMethod("POST")
);
var proxyClient = require('mockserver-client').proxyClient;
proxyClient("localhost", 1090).retrieveRecordedRequests({
"path": "/some/path",
"method": "POST"
}).then(
function (recordedRequests) {
console.log(JSON.stringify(recordedRequests));
},
function (error) {
console.log(error);
}
);
curl -v -X PUT "http://localhost:1090/retrieve?type=REQUESTS" -d '{
"path": "/some/path",
"method": "POST"
}'
String recordedRequests = new ProxyClient("localhost", 1090)
.retrieveRecordedRequests(
request()
.withPath("/some/path")
.withMethod("POST"),
Format.JAVA
);
curl -v -X PUT "http://localhost:1090/retrieve?type=REQUESTS&format=JAVA" -d '{
"path": "/some/path"
}'
String recordedRequests = new ProxyClient("localhost", 1090)
.retrieveRecordedRequests(
request()
.withPath("/some/path")
.withMethod("POST"),
Format.JSON
);
var proxyClient = require('mockserver-client').proxyClient;
proxyClient("localhost", 1090).retrieveRecordedRequests({
"path": "/some/path",
"method": "POST"
}).then(
function (recordedRequests) {
console.log(JSON.stringify(recordedRequests));
},
function (error) {
console.log(error);
}
);
curl -v -X PUT "http://localhost:1090/retrieve?type=REQUESTS&format=JSON" -d '{
"path": "/some/path"
}'
Recorded requests-response pairs can be retrieved as a list of expectations containing the request and response that was proxied in either JSON or Java code.
The list of retrieved expectations can be used to setup expectations in MockServer to support mocking.
Expectation[] recordedExpectations = new ProxyClient("localhost", 1090)
.retrieveRecordedExpectations(
request()
);
var proxyClient = require('mockserver-client').proxyClient;
proxyClient("localhost", 1090)
.retrieveRecordedExpectations({})
.then(
function (recordedExpectations) {
console.log(JSON.stringify(recordedExpectations));
},
function (error) {
console.log(error);
}
);
curl -v -X PUT "http://localhost:1090/retrieve?type=RECORDED_EXPECTATIONS"
Expectation[] recordedExpectations = new ProxyClient("localhost", 1090)
.retrieveRecordedExpectations(
request()
.withPath("/some/path")
.withMethod("POST")
);
var proxyClient = require('mockserver-client').proxyClient;
proxyClient("localhost", 1090).retrieveRecordedExpectations({
"path": "/some/path",
"method": "POST"
}).then(
function (recordedExpectations) {
console.log(JSON.stringify(recordedExpectations));
},
function (error) {
console.log(error);
}
);
curl -v -X PUT "http://localhost:1090/retrieve?type=RECORDED_EXPECTATIONS" -d '{
"path": "/some/path",
"method": "POST"
}'
String recordedExpectations = new ProxyClient("localhost", 1090)
.retrieveRecordedExpectations(
request()
.withPath("/some/path")
.withMethod("POST"),
Format.JAVA
);
curl -v -X PUT "http://localhost:1090/retrieve?type=RECORDED_EXPECTATIONS&format=JAVA" -d '{
"path": "/some/path"
}'
String recordedExpectations = new ProxyClient("localhost", 1090)
.retrieveRecordedExpectations(
request()
.withPath("/some/path")
.withMethod("POST"),
Format.JSON
);
var proxyClient = require('mockserver-client').proxyClient;
proxyClient("localhost", 1090).retrieveRecordedExpectations({
"path": "/some/path",
"method": "POST"
}).then(
function (recordedExpectations) {
console.log(JSON.stringify(recordedExpectations));
},
function (error) {
console.log(error);
}
);
curl -v -X PUT "http://localhost:1090/retrieve?type=RECORDED_EXPECTATIONS&format=JSON" -d '{
"path": "/some/path"
}'