- mark(int) - Method in class permafrost.tundra.io.MarkableFileInputStream
-
Marks the current position in this input stream.
- mark(int) - Method in class permafrost.tundra.io.MarkableInputStream
-
Marks the current position in this input stream.
- MarkableFileInputStream - Class in permafrost.tundra.io
-
A file input stream which supports the mark and reset methods.
- MarkableFileInputStream(File) - Constructor for class permafrost.tundra.io.MarkableFileInputStream
-
Creates a MarkableFileInputStream by opening a connection to an actual file named by the
given File object.
- MarkableFileInputStream(FileDescriptor) - Constructor for class permafrost.tundra.io.MarkableFileInputStream
-
Creates a MarkableFileInputStream by opening a connection to an actual file named by the
given FileDescriptor object.
- MarkableFileInputStream(String) - Constructor for class permafrost.tundra.io.MarkableFileInputStream
-
Creates a MarkableFileInputStream by opening a connection to an actual file with the given name.
- MarkableInputStream - Class in permafrost.tundra.io
-
A filter input stream which supports the mark and reset methods.
- MarkableInputStream(InputStream) - Constructor for class permafrost.tundra.io.MarkableInputStream
-
Creates a new MarkableInputStream, which wraps the given input stream
object in a stream that supports the mark and reset methods.
- markPosition - Variable in class permafrost.tundra.io.MarkableFileInputStream
-
The marked position that will be returned to upon calling the reset method.
- markSupported() - Method in class permafrost.tundra.io.MarkableFileInputStream
-
Returns true because this class supports marking and resetting the stream.
- markSupported() - Method in class permafrost.tundra.io.MarkableInputStream
-
Returns true because this class supports marking and resetting the stream.
- match(String, String, boolean) - Static method in class permafrost.tundra.io.FileHelper
-
Returns true if the given file matches the given pattern.
- match(File, String, boolean) - Static method in class permafrost.tundra.io.FileHelper
-
Returns true if the given file matches the given pattern.
- match(String, String) - Static method in class permafrost.tundra.lang.StringHelper
-
Returns true if the given regular expression pattern matches the entirety of the given string.
- match(String, String, boolean) - Static method in class permafrost.tundra.lang.StringHelper
-
Returns true if the pattern matches the entirety of the given string.
- match(HTTPMethod, String) - Method in class permafrost.tundra.net.http.route.HTTPRoute
-
Returns an IData document containing matched URI template parameters extracted from the given URI.
- match(String, String) - Method in class permafrost.tundra.net.http.route.HTTPRoute
-
Returns an IData document containing matched URI template parameters extracted from the given URI.
- match(HTTPMethod, String) - Method in class permafrost.tundra.net.http.route.HTTPRouteList
-
Returns the route that matches the given HTTP request method and URI, or null if no route in the list matches.
- match(String, String) - Method in class permafrost.tundra.net.http.route.HTTPRouteList
-
Returns the route that matches the given HTTP request method and URI, or null if no route in the list matches.
- match(HTTPMethod, String) - Method in class permafrost.tundra.net.http.route.HTTPRouteTable
-
Returns the matching route for the given HTTP request method and URI, or null if no matching route is found.
- match(String, String) - Method in class permafrost.tundra.net.http.route.HTTPRouteTable
-
Returns the matching route for the given HTTP request method and URI, or null if no matching route is found.
- matcher() - Method in class permafrost.tundra.flow.VariableSubstitutor
-
Returns a regular expression matcher which matches percent-delimited variable substitution statements.
- matcher(String) - Static method in class permafrost.tundra.flow.VariableSubstitutor
-
Returns a regular expression matcher which matches percent-delimited variable substitution statements
in the given string.
- matches(HTTPMethod, String) - Method in class permafrost.tundra.net.http.route.HTTPRoute
-
Returns true if the given HTTP request method and URI match this routing instruction.
- matches(String, String) - Method in class permafrost.tundra.net.http.route.HTTPRoute
-
Returns true if the given HTTP request method and URI match this routing instruction.
- maximum - Variable in class permafrost.tundra.math.NormalDistributionEstimator
-
- mean - Variable in class permafrost.tundra.math.NormalDistributionEstimator
-
- merge(IData...) - Static method in class permafrost.tundra.data.IDataHelper
-
Merges multiple IData documents into a single new IData document.
- merge(IData) - Method in class permafrost.tundra.data.IDataMap
-
Copies all of the mappings from the specified document to this map.
- merge(Map<? extends String, ? extends Object>) - Method in class permafrost.tundra.data.IDataMap
-
Copies all of the mappings from the specified Map to this IDataMap.
- MessageDigestAlgorithm - Enum in permafrost.tundra.security
-
List of supported message digest algorithms.
- MessageDigestHelper - Class in permafrost.tundra.security
-
- method - Variable in class permafrost.tundra.net.http.route.HTTPRoute
-
The HTTP method used for matching against HTTP requests.
- MIMETypeHelper - Class in permafrost.tundra.mime
-
- minimum - Variable in class permafrost.tundra.math.NormalDistributionEstimator
-


{% asset components/intro @inline %} {% assign portrait = site.url | append: '/assets/photo-de-nicolas-hoizey.jpg' %}
My name is Nicolas Hoizey. I am passionate about the Web and photography, among many other interests.


Classes vs. ID's?Technical Blog1/25/15There is often confusion about when it is appropriate to use IDs and when Classes should be used instead. This blog is geared to display the differences. One thing that must be known is that ID'sare unique, where as Classes can be applied to many things. In general, use ID whenever you want to refer to a specific element and Class when you have a number of things that are all alike. For instance, common ID elements are things like header, footer, sidebar. Common Class elements are things like highlight or external-link.
The most basic precedence you should understand of these two, however, is that ID selectors take priority over class selectors. If you had something like this:
|
|


networkx.generators.classic.circulant_graph¶
-
circulant_graph
(n, offsets, create_using=None)[source]¶ Generates the circulant graph \(Ci_n(x_1, x_2, ..., x_m)\) with \(n\) vertices.
Returns: - The graph :math:`Ci_n(x_1, …, x_m)` consisting of :math:`n` vertices :math:`0, …, n-1` such
- that the vertex with label :math:`i` is connected to the vertices labelled :math:`(i + x)`
- and :math:`(i - x)`, for all :math:`x` in :math:`x_1` up to :math:`x_m`, with the indices taken modulo :math:`n`.
Parameters: - n (integer) – The number of vertices the generated graph is to contain.
- offsets (list of integers) – A list of vertex offsets, \(x_1\) up to \(x_m\), as described above.
- create_using (NetworkX graph constructor, optional (default=nx.Graph)) – Graph type to create. If graph instance, then cleared before populated.
Examples
Many well-known graph families are subfamilies of the circulant graphs; for example, to generate the cycle graph on n points, we connect every vertex to every other at offset plus or minus one. For n = 10,
>>> import networkx >>> G = networkx.generators.classic.circulant_graph(10, [1]) >>> edges = [ ... (0, 9), (0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), ... (4, 5), (5, 6), (6, 7), (7, 8), (8, 9)] ... >>> sorted(edges) == sorted(G.edges()) True
Similarly, we can generate the complete graph on 5 points with the set of offsets [1, 2]:
>>> G = networkx.generators.classic.circulant_graph(5, [1, 2]) >>> edges = [ ... (0, 1), (0, 2), (0, 3), (0, 4), (1, 2), ... (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 4)] ... >>> sorted(edges) == sorted(G.edges()) True


Battle Two: Ruby Vs Javascript
Technical Blog Post
Two powerfully packed languages, one Mic.
November 22, 2014
Two Divas. One Mic. Three Pips. One Mic. Five Temptations. One Mic.
Today we're gonna look at ways java and ruby syntax are different. as a refresher, Ruby and Javascript are both Programming languages. this means that you can sweet talk a computer into doing your deeds, as long as you're speaking it's language. So, Let's get into a few things I've learned so far about Javascript that's been different from Ruby.
- One
- Two
- Three
- Four


| Opcode/Instruction | Op/En | 64/32 bit Mode Support | CPUID Feature Flag | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
0F AE /6 XSAVEOPT mem |
M | V/V | XSAVEOPT | Save state components specified by EDX:EAX to mem, optimizing if possible. |
|
REX.W + 0F AE /6 XSAVEOPT64 mem |
M | V/V | XSAVEOPT | Save state components specified by EDX:EAX to mem, optimizing if possible. |
| Op/En | Operand 1 | Operand 2 | Operand 3 | Operand 4 |
| M | ModRM:r/m (w) | NA | NA | NA |
Performs a full or partial save of processor state components to the XSAVE area located at the memory address specified by the destination operand. The implicit EDX:EAX register pair specifies a 64-bit instruction mask. The specific state components saved correspond to the bits set in the requested-feature bitmap (RFBM), which is the logical-AND of EDX:EAX and XCR0.
The format of the XSAVE area is detailed in Section 13.4, “XSAVE Area,” of Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Soft-ware Developer’s Manual, Volume 1.
Section 13.9, “Operation of XSAVEOPT,” of Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer’s Manual, Volume 1 provides a detailed description of the operation of the XSAVEOPT instruction. The following items provide a high-level outline:
Use of a destination operand not aligned to 64-byte boundary (in either 64-bit or 32-bit modes) will result in a general-protection (#GP) exception. In 64-bit mode, the upper 32 bits of RDX and RAX are ignored.
RFBM ← XCR0 AND EDX:EAX; /* bitwise logical AND */ OLD_BV ← XSTATE_BV field from XSAVE header; 1. There is an exception made for MXCSR and MXCSR_MASK, which belong to state component 1 — SSE. XSAVEOPT always saves these to memory if RFBM[1] = 1 or RFBM[2] = 1, regardless of the value of XINUSE. IF in VMX non-root operation THEN VMXNR ← 1; ELSE VMXNR ← 0; FI; LAXA ← linear address of XSAVE area; COMPMASK ← 00000000_00000000H; IF XRSTOR_INFO = (cid:162)CPL,VMXNR,LAXA,COMPMASK(cid:178) THEN MODOPT ← 1; ELSE MODOPT ← 0; FI; IF RFBM[0] = 1 and XINUSE[0] = 1 THEN store x87 state into legacy region of XSAVE area; /* might avoid saving if x87 state is not modified and MODOPT = 1 */ FI; IF RFBM[1] = 1 and XINUSE[1] THEN store XMM registers into legacy region of XSAVE area; /* might avoid saving if XMM registers are not modified and MODOPT = 1 */ FI; IF RFBM[2] = 1 AND XINUSE[2] = 1 THEN store AVX state into extended region of XSAVE area; /* might avoid saving if AVX state is not modified and MODOPT = 1 */ FI; IF RFBM[1] = 1 or RFBM[2] = 1 THEN store MXCSR and MXCSR_MASK into legacy region of XSAVE area; FI; XSTATE_BV field in XSAVE header ← (OLD_BV AND ~RFBM) OR (XINUSE AND RFBM);
None.
XSAVEOPT:
void _xsaveopt( void * , unsigned __int64);
XSAVEOPT:
void _xsaveopt64( void * , unsigned __int64);
| #GP(0) |
If a memory operand effective address is outside the CS, DS, ES, FS, or GS segment limit. If a memory operand is not aligned on a 64-byte boundary, regardless of segment. |
| #SS(0) | If a memory operand effective address is outside the SS segment limit. |
| #PF(fault-code) | If a page fault occurs. |
| #NM | If CR0.TS[bit 3] = 1. |
| #UD |
If CPUID.01H:ECX.XSAVE[bit 26] = 0 or CPUID.(EAX=0DH,ECX=1):EAX.XSAVEOPT[bit 0] = 0. If CR4.OSXSAVE[bit 18] = 0. If the LOCK prefix is used. If 66H, F3H or F2H prefix is used. |
| #GP |
If a memory operand is not aligned on a 64-byte boundary, regardless of segment. If any part of the operand lies outside the effective address space from 0 to FFFFH. |
| #NM | If CR0.TS[bit 3] = 1. |
| #UD |
If CPUID.01H:ECX.XSAVE[bit 26] = 0 or CPUID.(EAX=0DH,ECX=1):EAX.XSAVEOPT[bit 0] = 0. If CR4.OSXSAVE[bit 18] = 0. If the LOCK prefix is used. If 66H, F3H or F2H prefix is used. |
Same exceptions as in protected mode.
Same exceptions as in protected mode.
| #SS(0) | If a memory address referencing the SS segment is in a non-canonical form. |
| #GP(0) |
If the memory address is in a non-canonical form. If a memory operand is not aligned on a 64-byte boundary, regardless of segment. |
| #PF(fault-code) | If a page fault occurs. |
| #NM | If CR0.TS[bit 3] = 1. |
| #UD |
If CPUID.01H:ECX.XSAVE[bit 26] = 0 or CPUID.(EAX=0DH,ECX=1):EAX.XSAVEOPT[bit 0] = 0. If CR4.OSXSAVE[bit 18] = 0. If the LOCK prefix is used. If 66H, F3H or F2H prefix is used. |


--- layout: page title: Equipment - Camera and lens description: The SonotaCo UFO Detect software supports a range of CCTV cameras and video decoders. Best choice is Dazzle DVC range permalink: /equipment-camera-and-lens/ image: img/equipment/equipment-camera-and-lens.jpg ---
The SonotaCo UFO Detect software supports a range of CCTV cameras and video decoders, the choice is yours. However a number of stations are using the following CCTV configuration;
Camera: KPF 131 HR or VE-6047EF/OSD Lens: Fujinon YV2.8Ã—2.8LA-SA2 1/3€³ 2.8-8mm / F1.4, (IR) or Tokina 3-8.2 mm F0.98 (IR) There are better cameras and lenses available, but these were chosen because the offer the best overall price / performance. This is considered very important given our aim of affordability. Low cost solutions will increase participation, extend the network more quickly and will help to grow the UKMON community.
With larger sensor and higher sensitivity, Watec CCTV cameras are a popular choice for meteor monitoring applications, but cost significantly more than the VE-6047EF/OSD. We are achieving very good results with the VE-6047EF.
The table below provides a simple comparison between the KPF 131 HR, VE-6047EF/OSD and the Watec 902 H2 Ulimate CCTV cameras.
| Item | KPF 131 HR | VE-6047EF/OSD | Watec 902 H2 Ultimate |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sensor | 1/3" Sony Super HAD II | 1/3" Sony Super HAD II | 1/2" Sony Ex View HAD |
| Resolution | 582 x 500 | 960 x 582 | 752 x 582 |
| Sensitivity | 0.0002 lx | 0.01 lx | 0.0001 lx |
| S/N | > 50db | > 120db | > 50db |
| Est. Cost | £60 | £40 | £230 |
The Fujinon lens gives good brightness and a good overall image quality. It's field of view on a 1/3 camera ranges from 35 degrees to 99 degrees but for our purposes operating much beyond 70 degrees is not ideal and optical aberration becomes very significant. A fixed focus auto-iris lens may offer better image quality. We have not yet looked at this option. The Tokina 3-8.2 mm F0.98 (IR) also provides good quality images or other tested alternative is Tokina 3-8.2 mm F0.98 (IR).
The auto iris is required to protect the CCTV sensor from direct sunlight. The camera will be outside day and night and direct sunlight could burn the CCD sensor. An auto iris is a simple solution; the iris should close whenever the camera power supply is disconnected, A timer on the camera power supply therefore protects the CCD from damage (see Cabling and Power). There are other options but this is perhaps the simplest. An alternative to a timer is to use a daylight sensor to switch off the 12v supply in the daytime
The CCTV camera produces a composite video output that needs to be converted into a digital format for the PC. There are many video capture devices available but the Dazzle DVC 101 provides a very simple plug-and-play package that is cost effective package.


Simple and Easy recipes for people who are learnig to cook and who also are trying to be healthy
Resoruces, stoties, and guide for prospective parents who are interested in internationaladoption
Here you will real stories on adopoties and their experience being adopited along with links for prespecitve parents
Make up is art, your face is canvas and I am the artist. I created this website for women who are intersted in make up.
My quest in finding fun beers from all over the united states
I'm in love with cities I've never been to and people I've never met. I created this travel app so I could keep track of all the places I have traveled to.
It Simple map interface that allows users to pin travel desentiations
CodeUp blog is my journey living in the Silicon Valley and learning to code.
Here you will find resources, articles, and my experinces in becomeing and front-end web developer.


class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide .title[ # A Grammar of Graphics ] .subtitle[ ## SISBID 2023
https://github.com/dicook/SISBID
] .author[ ### Di Cook (
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>)
Heike Hofmann (
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>)
Susan Vanderplas (
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>) ] .date[ ### 07/26-28/2023 ] --- class: inverse middle 🔮 👽 👼 **TWO MINUTE CHALLENGE**
 .large[Write down as many types of data plots that you can think of.] Go to menti.com and enter code 2821 2021
 🕐
You've got 2 minutes!
---

 --- # What is a data plot? - data - **aesthetics: mapping of variables to graphical elements** - geom: type of plot structure to use - transformations: log scale, ... - layers: multiple geoms, multiple data sets, annotation - facets: show subsets in different plots - themes: modifying style # Why? With the grammar, a data plot becomes a statistic. It is a functional mapping from variable to graphical element. Then we can do statistics on data plots. With a grammar, we don't have individual animals in the zoo, we have the genetic code that says how one plot is related to another plot. --- # Elements of the grammar .pull-left[  ``` ggplot(data = <DATA>) + <GEOM_FUNCTION>( mapping = aes(<MAPPINGS>), stat = <STAT>, position = <POSITION> ) + <COORDINATE_FUNCTION> + <FACET_FUNCTION> ``` ] .pull-right[ The 7 key elements of the grammar are: - **DATA** - **GEOM_FUNCTION** - **MAPPINGS** - STAT - POSITION - COORDINATE_FUNCTION - FACET_FUNCTION ] --- # Example: Tuberculosis data Current tuberculosis data from [WHO](http://www.who.int/tb/country/data/download/en/), the case notifications table. Also can download with R package, [getTBinR](https://github.com/seabbs/getTBinR). ```r ggplot(tb_us, aes(x = year, y = count, fill = sex)) + geom_bar(stat = "identity") + facet_grid(~ age) ```  🔮 👽 👼 **TWO MINUTE CHALLENGE** Go to menti.com and enter code 2821 2021 - What do you learn about tuberculosis incidence in the USA from this plot? - Give three changes to the plot that would improve it. ---

 ??? - Incidence is declining, in all age groups, except possibly 15-24 - Much higher incidence for over 65s and 35-44 year olds - We do not know the underlying population size - There appears to be a structural change around 2008. Either a recording change or a policy change? - Missing information for 1998 # no longer true - Cannot compare counts for male/female using stacked bars, maybe fill to 100% to focus on proportion - Colour scheme is not color blind proof, switch to better palette - Axis labels, and tick marks? --- # Fix the plot ```r # This uses a color blind friendly scale ggplot(tb_us, aes(x=year, y=count, fill=sex)) + geom_bar(stat="identity") + * facet_grid(~age_group) + * scale_fill_manual("Sex", values = c("#DC3220", "#005AB5")) ```  .bottom[Colorblindness-friendly color schemes, https://davidmathlogic.com/colorblind/#%23005AB5-%23DC3220] --- # Compare males and females ```r # Fill the bars, note the small change to the code ggplot(tb_us, aes(x=year, y=count, fill=sex)) + * geom_bar(stat="identity", position="fill") + facet_grid(~age_group) + scale_fill_manual("Sex", values = c("#DC3220", "#005AB5")) + * ylab("proportion") ```  🔮 👽 👼 **TWO MINUTE CHALLENGE** - What do we learn about the data that is different from the previous plot? - What is easier, what is harder or impossible to learn from this arrangement? ??? - Focus is now on proportions of male and female each year, within age group - Proportions are similar across year - Roughly equal proportions at young and old age groups, more male incidence in middle years --- # Separate plots .pull-left[ ```r # Make separate plots for males and females, focus on counts by category ggplot(tb_us, aes(x=year, y=count, fill=sex)) + geom_bar(stat="identity") + * facet_grid(sex~age_group) + scale_fill_manual("Sex", values = c("#DC3220", "#005AB5")) ```  ] .pull-right[ 🔮 👽 👼 **TWO MINUTE CHALLENGE** - What do we learn about the data that is different from the previous plot? - What is easier, what is harder or impossible to learn from this arrangement? ] --- # Make a pie ```r # How to make a pie instead of a barchart - not straight forward ggplot(tb_us, aes(x=year, y=count, fill=sex)) + geom_bar(stat="identity") + facet_grid(sex~age_group) + scale_fill_manual("Sex", values = c("#DC3220", "#005AB5")) + * coord_polar() ```  Not a pie, a [rose plot](https://datavizcatalogue.com/methods/nightingale_rose_chart.html)! --- # Stacked bar ```r # Step 1 to make the pie ggplot(tb_us, aes(x = 1, y = count, fill = factor(year))) + * geom_bar(stat="identity", position="fill") + facet_grid(sex~age_group) + scale_fill_viridis_d("", option="inferno") ```  --- # Pie chart ```r # Now we have a pie, note the mapping of variables # and the modification to the coord_polar ggplot(tb_us, aes(x = 1, y = count, fill = factor(year))) + geom_bar(stat="identity", position="fill") + facet_grid(sex~age_group) + scale_fill_viridis_d("", option="inferno") + * coord_polar(theta = "y") ```  --- 🔮 👽 👼 **TWO MINUTE CHALLENGE** - What are the pros, and cons, of using the pie chart for this data? - Would it be better if the pies used age for the segments, and facetted by year (and sex)? Go to menti.com and enter code 2821 2021 --- # Line plot vs barchart  A line plot allows reading the counts for the two sexes. The counts are displayed in the same plot, and males and females can be directly compared as well as temporal trend. --- # Line plot vs barchart  Computing proportion and displaying only this, forces the attention to be on the one quantity. Proportion here is computed separately for year and age, which means we are directly comparing the counts within these subsets. Adding the guideline to indicate equal proportions is an important baseline. --- class: inverse middle # Your turn Make sure you can make all the TB plots just shown. If you have extra time, try to: - Facet by gender, and make line plots of counts of age. - Show the points only, and overlay a linear model fit.
−
+
07
:
00
--- # Resources - [posit cheatsheets](https://posit.co/resources/cheatsheets/) - [ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis, Hadley Wickham](https://ggplot2-book.org), [web site](https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org) - [R Graphics Cookbook, Winston Chang](http://www.cookbook-r.com/Graphs/) - [Data Visualization, Kieran Healy](https://socviz.co) - [Data Visualization with R, Rob Kabacoff](https://rkabacoff.github.io/datavis/index.html) - [Fundamentals of Data Visualization, Claus O. Wilke](https://serialmentor.com/dataviz/) --- # Share and share alike
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.


lmfit - C/C++ library for Levenberg-Marquardt least-squares minimization and curve fitting
#include <lmmin.h>
void lmmin( int n_par, double *par, int m_dat, const void *data, void (*evaluate)(...), const lm_control_struct *control, lm_status_struct *status, void (*printout)(...) );
The user must supply the following callback routines:
void (*evaluate)( const double *par, int m_dat, const void *data, double *fvec, int *info );
void (*printout)( int n_par, const double *par, int m_dat, const void *data, const double *fvec, int printflags, int iflag, int iter, int nfev );
For the latter, a default implementation is available:
void lm_printout_std(...);
Control parameters must be given in form of a record
typedef struct { double ftol; double xtol; double gtol; double epsilon; double stepbound; int maxcall; } lm_control_struct;
Default values:
extern const lm_control_struct lm_control_float, lm_control_double;
Finally, the user must provide a record to receive status information
typedef struct { double fnorm; int nfev; int info; } lm_status_struct;
Status messages, indexed by status.info, are supplied in
extern const char *lm_infmsg[];
#include <lmcurve.h>
void lmcurve_fit( int n_par, double *par, int m_dat, const double *t, const double *y, double (*f)(...), const lm_control_struct *control, lm_status_struct *status);
The user must supply the function
double f( double t, const double *par );
With version 3.0, the application programming interface has changed substantially.
Generic minimization and one-dimensional curve fitting have been separated more clearly, and the interface for the latter has been greatly simplified (see lmcurve.h and demo/curve1.c). Furthermore, control (input) and monitoring variables (output) parameters are now stored in two different records. For better readability of the code, even the innermost function declarations of evaluate and printout have been changed.
Determine a parameter vector par (of dimension n_par) that minimizes the Euclidean norm of a vectorial function fvec(par) (of dimension m_dat >= n_par).
The most important application is curve fitting: to approximate data y(t) by a function f(t;par), minimize the norm of the residual vector fvec = y(t) - f(t;par).
The Levenberg-Marquardt minimization starts with a steepest-descent exploration of the parameter space, and achieves rapid convergence by crossing over into the Newton-Gauss method. For more background, see Moré 1978, Madsen et al. 2004, and comments in the source code.
The minimization routine lm_minimize requires the following arguments:
dimension of parameter vector par;
parameter vector. On input, it must contain a reasonable guess; on output, it contains the solution found to minimize ||fvec||;
dimension of residue vector fvec;
lm_minimize does not care about this pointer; it just forwards it to evaluate and printout;
a routine that calculates the residue vector fvec for given parameter vector par; setting *info to a negative value causes lm_minimize to terminate;
a record holding numeric limits and other auxiliary parameters; it should always be initialized from provided default records to ensure upward compatibility; available default records: lm_control_float, lm_control_double (for fvec computed to single or double precision, respectively);
relative error desired in the sum of squares;
relative error between last two approximations;
orthogonality desired between fvec and its derivs;
step used to calculate the Jacobian;
initial bound to steps in the outer loop;
maximum number of iterations;
OR'ed bits to print (1) status, (2) parameters and norm, (4) residues at end of fit, (8) residues at every step;
status
a record describing the status of the minimization process.
norm of the residue vector fvec;
actual number of iterations;
status of minimization; for explanation print lm_infmsg[status.info];
a routine that can be used to inform about the progress of the minimization (iflag: location of call within lm_minimize, iter: outer loop counter, nfev: number of calls to evaluate); if no monitoring is desired, lm_minimize may be called with printout or control.printflags set to 0.
See application sample demo/curve1.c.
See application sample demo/surface1.c.
Several application samples are provided; they also serve as test suite to ascertain that the fit algorithm overcomes well-known numerical problems:
demo/morobropro.c: m=3, n=2, modified Rosenbrock problem, testing robustness for widely different vectorial components.
demo/powell.c: m=2, n=2, Powell 1970, with singular Jacobian at the solution par=0.
demo/hat.c: m=2, n=1, asymetric mexican hat function ||F(p)||. Fit result depends on starting value - lmfit does not strive to overcome the limitation to local optimisation.
lmfit is ready for use with C or C++ code. The implementation is self-contained; it does not require external libraries.
Main web site: http://joachimwuttke.de/lmfit/
Download location: http://joachimwuttke.de/src/
Installation with the usual sequence (./configure; make; sudo make install). By default, installation goes to /usr/local. Make sure LD_LIBRARY_PATH contains /usr/local/lib. In some Linux distributions, it is necessary to run sudo ldconfig to register the library.
After installation, this documentation is available through man lmfit.
There is no mechanism to impose constraints within the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm.
According to my experience, no such mechanism is needed. Constraints can be imposed by variable transform or by adding a penalty to the sum of squares. Variable transform seems to be the better solution. In the above examples: use p0^2 and 10*tanh(p1) instead of p0 and p1.
If you think your problem cannot be handled in such a way, I would be interested to learn why. Please send me one data set (plain ASCII, two columns, blank separated) along with the fit function and a brief explanation of the application context.
The problem is only well posed if the covariance matrix of the input data is known. In this case, the error propagation towards the output parameters can be calculated in linear approximation (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_least_squares). Note that fit parameters are correlated with each other even if the input covariance matrix is diagonal.
In linear approximation, the output covariance matrix depends mainly on the Jacobian of the fit function (evaluated for all data points) versus the fit parameters (at their optimum values). It seems not advisable to use the Jacobian fjac that is calculated in the beginning of the main iteration in lm_lmdif(...), as it is only returned after some transformations.
I would be glad to include code for the calculation of parameter covariances in this distribution; contributions would be highly welcome.
If fit results are robust, it does not matter by which implementation they have been obtained. If the results are not robust, they should not be published anyway. Therefore, in publishing fit results obtained with lmfit it is generally not necessary to cite the software.
However, in methodological publications that involve usage of lmfit a citation might be in order. The preferred form is:
Joachim Wuttke: lmfit - a C/C++ routine for Levenberg-Marquardt minimization with wrapper for least-squares curve fitting, based on work by B. S. Garbow, K. E. Hillstrom, J. J. Moré, and S. Moshier. Version <..>, retrieved on <..> from http://joachimwuttke.de/lmfit/.
K Levenberg: A method for the solution of certain nonlinear problems in least squares. Quart. Appl. Math. 2, 164-168 (1944).
D W Marquardt: An algorithm for least squares estimation of nonlinear parameters. SIAM J. Appl. Math. 11, 431-441 (1963).
J M Moré: The Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm: Implementation and theory. Lect. Notes Math. 630, 105-116 (1978).
K Madsen, H B Nielsen, O Tingleff: Methods for non-linear least squares problems. http://www.imm.dtu.dk/pubdb/views/edoc_download.php/3215/pdf/imm3215.pdf (2004).
Joachim Wuttke<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Copyright (C) 2009-13 Joachim Wuttke.
Software: FreeBSD License
Documentation: Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike.


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Preparation time
overnight
Cooking time
30 mins to 1 hour
Serves
Serves 4
For the jerk chicken, using a sharp knife, make deep cuts into the chicken flesh and place into a bowl.
 Pour the marinade over the chicken and turn to coat all the pieces. Place into the fridge for at least four hours, but preferably overnight.
Preheat the oven to 200C/400F/Gas 6.
Heat a griddle pan until very hot. Add the chicken pieces and sear for 2-3 minutes on each side, then place onto a baking tray.
Spoon the remaining marinade over the chicken and transfer to the oven to cook for 20-25 minutes, or until the chicken is completely cooked through. Remove from the oven and leave to rest for 2-3 minutes before serving.
For the rice, place the rice into a saucepan with 400ml/14fl oz of cold water. Cover with a lid and place over a high heat. Bring to the boil, then reduce the heat and simmer very gently until all of the water has been absorbed and the rice is tender (about 10-15 minutes). Turn off the heat and leave to steam for 5-6 minutes.
Place the rice into a bowl and add all the remaining rice ingredients and mix well to combine. Season, to taste, with salt and freshly ground black pepper.
 Garnish with a couple of wedges of lime.


{% extends "base.html" %} {% import "bootstrap/wtf.html" as wtf %} {% block page_content %}
{{ form_desc }}
{{ wtf.quick_form(form, form_type="horizontal", horizontal_columns=('sm', 6, 6)) }}The following settings will be used:
{% if title == 'ConfigThrow' %} {% endif %}This is another row (under the form) FLAME© 2016


Hi.
There.
Hello.
Deeper.
We have to
go deeper.
Is there anybody there?
Oh, well.
Nothing to see here.


Extracting USGS Terrain data at RAP
Niles Oien<EMAIL_ADDRESS>October 2001
The WorldTerrain program is used to process the USGS Digital Elevation
Model (DEM) data files into ASCII or MDV files (MDV can then be converted
into netCDF). It is probably best explained by the following script that
runs the program.
#!/bin/csh
#
# This is a script to run the WorldTerrain program to extract two
# MDV files covering Afghanistan from the USGS elevation
# dataset. It is well documented so I can point
# other people at it. If you want to extract terrain data,
# copy this file to another name and edit the
# commands that run WorldTerrain at the bottom of this
# file.
#
# One file is at the maximum resolution of the
# USGS dataset (0.00833333333333 degrees in latitude
# and longitude) and the other covers a wider area
# at a lower resolution.
#
# For the WorldTerrain program to run, all the USGS
# Digital Elevation Model (DEM) files must be in one
# directory. This is something of a hassle since a
# lot of disk space is needed (Just under 1.9 GB).
# At the time of writing this is too much for one CD.
# The DEM files are unpacked on
#
# aoaws@venus:/d1/terrain
#
# And the software (including a copy of this script) is in :
#
# aoaws@venus:/d1/terrain/prog
#
#
# Myself, Deirdre Garvey, Frank Hage and Mike Dixon
# know the password for aoaws@venus.
#
# The WorldTerrain program is checked in as :
#
# apps/mdv_utils/src/WorldTerrain
#
# The program is not efficient. For each grid point,
# it opens a DEM file, reads an elevation value, and
# then closes the DEM file again. The upshot is that
# a given DEM file will probably be read several times.
#
# Also the program produces only lat/lon projection MDV files.
#
# For these reasons, it is best to run the program only
# to initially extract the terrain data. Remapping the
# data onto other grid projections is probably best done by
# running MdvResample on the output of WorldTerrain.
#
# WorldTerrain also produces ascii data in the files
# ascii.dat, ascii.lat and ascii.lon. The file ascii.dat
# is a two dimensional ASCII file that has the whole grid
# in it, ascii.lon and ascii.lat are one dimensional and
# have the longitudes and latitudes used for the grid in them.
#
# The program just uses the nearest appropriate DEM point,
# there is no internal interpolation.
#
# ---------------------------------------------------------
#
# To run the program, the usage is :
#
# WorldTerrain DEM_DIR ll_lat ll_lon Nx Ny Dx Dy Outfilename
#
# Where :
#
# DEM_DIR is the directory where the USGS DEM files are,
# ll_lat is the lower left latitude,
# ll_lon is the lower left longitude,
# Nx is the number of points to extract in the longitude direction,
# Ny is the number of points to extract in the latitude direction,
# Dx is the increment in longitude, in degrees,
# Dy is the increment in latitude, in degrees, and
# Outfilename is the MDV filename, with extension.
#
#
# First the small coverage, high resolution file :
#
WorldTerrain ../ 25.0 60.0 1801 1801 0.00833333333333 0.00833333333333 Afghan_HiRes.mdv
#
# That should cover 25N to 40N and 60E to 75E (you have to do some
# minor math to get the coverage you want).
#
#
# Then the wider coverage, lower resolution file :
#
WorldTerrain ../ 15.0 45.0 901 601 0.05 0.05 Afghan_WideArea.mdv
#
# That should cover 15N to 45N and 45E to 90E
#
# Niles Oien October 2001.
#


[1] There is free WiFi internet access available in all the rooms.
[2]
[3] Also, the hotel has one computer with public access if you don't have a computer with you.
[4]
[5] From 5 -6 p.m. there is free wine tasting and appetizers available to all the guests.


behindthesofa is[^W]was an open Certificate Transparency log.
URL: https://ct.filippo.io/behindthesofa/
Log ID: sLeEvIHA3cR1ROiD8FmFu5B30TTYq4iysuUzmAuOUIs=
You can contact the operator via Twitter.
behindthesofa is hosted at the Up in the Air Consulting Ltd headquarters, colocated with the BENJOJONET AS.
behindthesofa is only reachable over modern protocols, so insecure HTTP and IPv4 are not supported.
The log accepts non-expired chains issued by roots in the Java SE Root Certificate program.
The following monitors include behindthesofa:
-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY----- MFkwEwYHKoZIzj0CAQYIKoZIzj0DAQcDQgAEWTmyppTGMrn+Y2keMDujW9WwQ8lQ HpWlLadMSkmOi4+3+MziW5dy1eo/sSFI6ERrf+rvIv/f9F87bXcEsa+Qjw== -----END PUBLIC KEY-----
behindthesofa is powered by Trillian, which is still in development.
behindthesofa runs on an HPE ProLiant MicroServer Gen8 with OpenBSD 6.1, thanks to Go cross-compilation.
Planned maintenance, outage post-mortems and change announcements happen on the log Twitter account.


In 2100, participants use virtual mining (proof of stake) to mint tokens that are linked to Twitter usernames. This process creates a unique commodity per Twitter account.
Each account is represented as an ERC-20 token and has a fixed supply of 2,100. Collectively, the top 10,000 Twitter accounts create an approximate supply of 21 million tokens: 10,000 non-fungible groups of 2100 (the protocol is not limited to these accounts, but we speculate they will matter most).
The owner of the username on Twitter is entitled to 10% of the token supply (210 tokens). ‘Stakers’ compete to mint and own the remaining 1890 tokens.
To mine 2100 tokens, participants stake the DAI stablecoin on the Twitter username of their choice. Forgoing interest on their staked DAI entitles them to shares of the username tokens as they are minted.
We speculate that 2100 tokens provide multiple forms of utility, and when combined with a fixed per-username token supply, create a ‘Schelling point’ where tokens representing the most popular usernames become the most highly valued assets.
In a May 2019 interview with @joerogan, @jack recounted that Twitter was not invented but ‘discovered’. With this statement, he was referring to the post-internet inevitability of a Twitter-like protocol.
We theorize that 2100, or something like it, will be also be ‘discovered’ post-blockchain, and that socially-linked commodities are (yet another) a natural outcome of the democratization of financial engineering.
As evidence of this, we cite three previous (but imperfect) implementations of this idea:
Created in 1999 by @maxkeiser and Michael R. Burns, the Hollywood Stock Exchange, or HSX, is a web-based, multiplayer game in which players use simulated money to buy and sell simulated shares of actors, directors, upcoming films, and film-related options.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Stock_ExchangeCreated in November 2015 by @blader, Stolen! was a fast paced mobile game that quickly gained popularity. The goal of the game was to steal Twitter accounts from other users using in-game currency S-bucks which was earned by holding popular accounts.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolen!Augur is a decentralized prediction market platform built on the Ethereum blockchain that was founded in 2014. In 2019, prediction markets betting on the follower count of Twitter celebrities become popular trading venues.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augur_(software)Both Stolen and HSX achieved finite success, but suffered from the problem that their commodity had no value outside of a single app. They both had hardened game mechanics that could not transcend their niche gaming use cases. Stolen also suffered from censorship when Twitter withdrew API access.
Augur Twitter markets have given us the closest approximation of a censorship resistant platform-independent commodity, however Augur markets predicting Twitter followers exist only for a specific window of time and for a specific range of Twitter followers. Further, follower count can be sybil-attacked and is not always correlated with an increase in popularity.
2100 proposes a mechanism to create long-lived, censorship resistant, and platform independent username-based commodities. The protocol is designed to handle this baseline use case and as such relies on other applications to be built on top.
2100 commodities exist on the Ethereum blockchain and are interoperable with other dapps that immediately enhance their utility. Here are a few examples of how they can be used:
When there’s no cost associated with subscribing to a feed on public networks like Twitter, users can subscribe to an arbitrarily large number of accounts. This creates a problem for influencers and popular accounts because they can’t prioritize or distinguish die-hard fans from casual fans or bots.
2100 tokens can facilitate a weighted (and sybil resistant) subscription model. With sybil resistant subscriptions, influencers can do a lot more for their fans:
One problem with digital collectables is that they’re scarce individually, but not scarce collectively. During the baseball-card bubble of the1990s, there were multiple brands that produced cards for a given player: ‘Donruss’, ‘Upper Deck’, etc., but total volume was constrained by the cost of production and distribution. If we replayed this era with a near-zero marginal cost of production and distribution (both enabled by Ethereum) there would be hundreds or thousands of cards per player. 2100 creates the possibility of commodity-backed collectables:
Use Set Protocol (or another protocol) to create sets of 2100 tokens. These act like ETFs to create diversified exposure to a theme.
Toronto Raptors rebalancing set:
The co-existence of brands and individuals on Twitter allows for both kinds of identities to be included in a set.
A casual criticism of Bitcoin is that it ‘isn’t backed by anything’. Those who have studied it more thoroughly understand that Bitcoin is backed by social consensus, and that it is the current ‘Schelling point’ for digital scarcity.
Similarly, there is no inherent relationship between 2100 tokens and Twitter accounts. This relationship can only emerge over time as 2100 acquires value via social consensus. It is a property that emerges with the correct functioning of the 2100 protocol and the emergence of token utility in applications like those described above.
While our long term goal is to completely decentralize the 2100 protocol, the costs of fully decentralized staking on the ‘long tail’ of 10,000 Twitter account names are currently too prohibitive. For 2100 to succeed, a stakers ‘cost of production’ for each token must be very low.
For this reason, 2100 will start out with a centralized staking platform that keeps track of user balances and generates tokens “off-chain”. Users can at any time redeem tokens on-chain using a message signed by Citizen Hex’s private keys.
2100 token contracts are created when Citizen Hex approves that a string of lowercase characters is an existing Twitter username.
Anyone in the world can send a tweet specifying which Twitter username should be added to 2100:
"Add @SnoopDogg to #2100
Citizen Hex will verify that “snoopdogg” is an existing Twitter username, that a token with the name “snoopdogg” has not yet been created, and that “snoopdogg” isn’t on the username blacklist (See “Owner Opt-Out and Blacklist”). Citizen Hex will use its private keys to sign an authorization message.
Anyone can then broadcast this authorization message to the Ethereum blockchain to create the account token contract.
When the token contract is created, 0.0021 tokens will be minted to the user who submitted the transaction as a reward for creating the contract.
After creation, tokens on 2100 username contracts are generated each Ethereum block by Citizen Hex. This generation of tokens takes place in a database owned by Citizen Hex and tokens are not minted on-chain until a user requests settlement. Every block will generate 0.00021 username tokens until the maximum supply of 2,100 is reached.
Users deposit DAI (a token pegged in value to the US Dollar) into a non-custodial Ethereum contract. Citizen Hex never has possession of these funds and users can deposit or withdraw DAI at any time.
When a user deposits DAI, Citizen Hex detects this amount and credits the user with the equivalent staking allocation in a database owned by Citizen Hex. When a user withdraws DAI, Citizen Hex removes the staking allocation in its database.
Users can log on to the 2100 app to see their staking allocation. They then choose how much of their allocation they want to stake on particular user name accounts.
For every Ethereum block detected by Citizen Hex, 0.00021 tokens are generated in a Citizen Hex database for each username account. 90% of these tokens are divided pro-rata to users who have staked on these accounts. 10% of these tokens are reserved for the Twitter account owner as an ‘owners reward’ ((see “Owners Reward”).
For example, Alice has chosen to stake 1 DAI on $SnoopDogg and Bob has staked 2 DAI. For each block, Alice will be credited (1/3*0.00021*90%) 0.000063 $SnoopDogg, Bob will be credited (2/3*0.00021*90%) 0.000126 $SnoopDogg, and @SnoopDogg will be credited (0.00021*10%) 0.000021 $SnoopDogg.
At any time a user can choose to take their off-chain tokens and mint them on-chain. Once on-chain these assets are fully interoperable with other tokens on the Ethereum network.
A user clicks a button in the 2100 app and the app signs an authorization message for the 2100 smart contract to mint the tokens they are owed. When the user broadcasts this authorization message on-chain, the 2100 smart contract mints the tokens.
Following the example above, Alice wants to redeem 0.000063 $SnoopDogg from the centralized app and put it on the decentralized Ethereum blockchain. She clicks “Redeem” in the app and she receives an authorization message. She broadcasts this message to the Ethereum network, sending it to the 2100 smart contract, which instructs the “snoopdogg” token contract to credit her balance with 0.000063.
The 2100 smart contract enforces that the authorization message cannot be used more than once and that the message is signed by Citizen Hex. When a token is minted on-chain it is now fully in possession of the user and can be used however she wants.
Owners of a Twitter username will be credited 10% of the minted token issuance on the contract that shares their username. Until an owner's address is known, rewards will be issued to the zero address (0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000).
Owners of a username on the Twitter platform can change the issuance address and claim any existing tokens to their own Ethereum address by tweeting out a message specifying their Ethereum address.
Citizen Hex will monitor Twitter for this tweet and sign an authorization message that claims any current and ongoing owner’s reward tokens to a specific address. This tweet mechanism that only the owner of a Twitter account can claim their owner’s rewards.
When this message is broadcast on-chain, the 2100 smart contract will verify its authenticity and store the owner’s address. The 2100 centralized app will detect this change and credit the owner’s Ethereum address with any outstanding tokens, and will issue new tokens to this address.
An owner can then mint their tokens on-chain like any other user of the application.
Twitter allows username owners to change their username. This changes the url of the account profile and how it is mentioned in tweets, but keeps all other existing data such as followers, likes, etc.
In order to keep the social consensus that 2100 tokens use Twitter usernames as reference, a 2100 username token must also be able to alter its symbol to match a Twitter username change.
When a Twitter account is renamed, anyone in the world can send a tweet specifying which username changed:
Citizen Hex will verify that this happened and sign a message authorizing a name change on the $andrewyangvfa token contract.
Anyone can broadcast this message on-chain to change the token’s name and symbol. If an existing 2100 token contract exists with the new symbol (andrewyang), it will be changed to the old symbol (andrewyangvfa).
The address of the 2100 token contract does not change at the end of this process and thereby closely mirrors the Twitter platforms username change feature.
This mechanism deters stakers from moving funds out of the old username token contract and into the new username token contract at the moment the Twitter account changes its username.
The intent of the move is to be the first stakers in a smaller pool on the official username contract and to devalue holders of the old username contract token. However, after a user or Citizen Hex detects the change, this discrepancy will be fixed and these opportunistic stakers will instead be mining unofficial and thus devalued tokens.
Should the owner of a Twitter username not want their username to be used in the 2100 app they can tweet a message:
Citizen Hex will verify that this tweet was sent by the account that wants to opt-out.
If there is no account token with that username, Citizen Hex will broadcast a message on-chain that will add this username to a blacklist. The token contract for this name will never be able to be created once a name is on the blacklist.
If there is a token contract that has its symbol set to the same string as the user’s account, Citizen Hex will broadcast a message that both adds the name to the blacklist and also scrambles the symbol and name of the token contract by hashing the name with the current block number. For example, the token with the symbol “snoopdogg” will have its symbol changed to “6455ffc29962d86b8b08c96b3db27ca0958a1bf1768ccecfde467d3b2bb0b782”
The 2100 centralized app will detect this change and immediately halt staking on this account. Users who have generated tokens on this account can still mint them on-chain, but no further tokens will be generated off-chain or minted.


class: left, middle, inverse, title-slide # Different Kinds of DIF ## Justifications and Considerations ### --- class: middle # Introduction + "Group" assignment is a Catch-22 in statistics/measurement + Often need to assign people to groups for various reasons + Often have to run the statistical model to make our classifications + Finding important aspects of group membership is a way for us to compare (age-grading, diagnoses, regression modelling) + But what can we do to ensure our group membership, for DIF testing is meaningful? --- class: middle # "Fixed Effects" models + What constitutes a meaningful group? + Consequence - may ignore heterogeneity in treatment effects even within groups + May inflate or a deflate the causual estimate (plus, can you interpret them within group?) + General lesson: A group indicator can induce more problems if not thought through + Problems... --- class: middle # Differential Item Functioning (DIF) + Invariance/DIF analysis starts with the premise that items are invariant, when one can, 1. Match respondents on "ability" or a sum score, or the like, 2. Model the responses probabilities to certain items or item categories 3. Note whether the probability of that response to a given item for respondents is the same regardless of group membership (note that in factor analysis/SEM, one may instead start with other parameters before item intercepts to make sure freeing those item parameters across groups does not "substantially" change the model fit) --- class: middle # Formalizing Given, participant `i`, item `j`, value on latent trait, `t`, selection variable (or group), `v` `\(F(X_{ij}=x_{ij}|T=t_i, V_i=v_i) = F(X_{ij}=x_{ij}|T=t_i)\)` Non Invariance Occurs when: `\(F(X_{ij}=x_{ij}|T=t_i, V_i=v_i) \neq F(X_{ij}=x_{ij}|T=t_i)\)` --- class: middle # Strategies + Typically, items are removed when measurement non-invariance is found + There are various philosophies: + DIF found: Item removal (no questions asked - testing agencies) + DIF found: Item removal if DIF can be explained + DIF found: Items removed/altered/some parameters are allowed to change --- class: middle "The authors will be concerned with one specific shift of meaning that occurs when the concepts of measurement invariance and bias are used in the area of personality and attitude testing. Especially ... when items invoke a frame of reference, for example, by inducing a within-group comparison...." - Borsboom et al., 434 --- class: middle # More on DIF + DIF is classically assumed to be a sign of unintended multidimensionality + More accurately, a responses are thought to be a function of the target latent construct AND something related to group membership + Shealy and Stout (1993) point out, more accurately, that it's not necessarily "group" membership per se that causes DIF but some other construct that two groups differ "on" + This is a measurement threat --- class: middle # But...An alternative + Absolute and Relative Measurement Invariance + We typically look at absolute invariance + In some cases when absolute non-invariance is found, relative invariance might still hold ---  --- Absolute DIF `$$P(X_{is}=1|\theta_s, \delta_i, \gamma_i, G_s)=\frac{exp(\theta_s-\delta_i + \gamma_i*G_)}{1+ exp(\theta_s-\delta_i +\gamma_i*G)}$$`  --- class: middle # Recovering Measurement via Relative Measurement Relative Trait Value: `\(\large z_i = \frac{t_i-\mu_{Tv}}{\sigma_{Tv}}\)` Relative Difficulty: `\(\large \delta_{i_{rel}} = \frac{\delta_{i_{abs}}-\mu_{T_{v}}}{\sigma_{T_{v}}}\)` ---  --- class: middle # What about relative DIF? + In classroom settings, diagnostic assessment may be of interest and we'd like to compare similar groups + How should we identify groups + we have "observed" groups (or at least we think we do...) + But what happens when the observed groupings (i.e. don't match the goupings we're actually interested in - in the case of DIF)? --- # Our example + Two "groups" - each normally distributed (I know...) + Group 0 ~ `\(\mathcal{N}(\mu = 0, \sigma^2=1)\)` + Group 1 ~ `\(\mathcal{N}(\mu = 1, \sigma^2=1)\)` + Relative abilities are found by standardizing ability distributions relative to their own distribution (first distribution, already) + Relative difficulties are found by standardizing item difficulties relative to each groups ability distribution ---  --- class: middle ## Example: Group 0 .pull-left[Person ability = 0 logits Item difficulty = 1 logit Group ability mean = 0 Group ability sd = 1] .pull-right[ `\(z_1 = \frac{0-0}{1} = 0\)` `\(\delta_{rel}=\frac{1-0}{1}=1\)` `\(p(X=1) = \frac{exp(0-1)}{1+exp(0-1)}\)` =27% chance of endorsing the item] --- class: middle ## Example: Group 1 .pull-left[Person ability = 0 logits Item difficulty = 1 logit Group ability mean = 1 Group ability sd = 1] .pull-right[ `\(z_1 = \frac{0-1}{1} = -1\)` `\(\delta_{rel}=\frac{1-1}{1}=0\)` `\(p(X=1) = \frac{exp(-1-0)}{1+exp(-1-0)}\)` = 10% chance of endorsing the item] --- class: middle # Relative Invariance `\(F(X_{ij}=x_{ij}|W=w_i, V_i=v_i) = F(X_{ij}=x_{ij}|W=w_i)\)` Non Invariance Occurs when: `\(F(X_{ij}=x_{ij}|W=w_i, V_i=v_i) \neq F(X_{ij}=x_{ij}|W=w_i)\)` Where `W` is the within group, relative, position ## We've effectively switched units + How do we feel about this? --- class: middle # Not an unheard of problem + "Value of the dollar" + Defined as the number of falafel/pita sandwiches one can purchase with $1 + Santa Barbara: 1/8th of a sandwich + Cairo, Egypt: 3 sandwiches + If I want to compare the wealth of a person in Santa Barbara with the wealth of a person in Egypt, what would I do? --- class: middle # why is this important to me? ### Group Membership "There is nothing outside the text" - Derrida, 1976, p. 158; ***Of Grammatology*** "There is no outside text" (maybe - "it n’y a pas de hors-texte") --- class: middle # A reading measure example + Let's say there's an assessment of reading strategy use, we'll call it the SUM (strategy Use Measure) -- + Intended to be multidimensional but treated unidimensionally -- + The assessment has a section testing knowledge of English-Spanish Cognates -- + While the assessment has 157 items, I've cherry picked a set of items that exhibit DIF (for didactic purposes) -- + Note - this is NOT a fair characterization of the assessment --- # I run a Rasch model and find evidence that some items have DIF (I've selected 9 items, some of which show absolute DIF) + Relative measurement not ruled out + I need to test whether I can measure within my "identified" groups + Heritage Spanish Speakers vs. Not heritage Spanish Speakers --- # strategy - trialing a method + Use a clustering method (for instance, latent class analysis) -- + Predict cluster/class membership by subgroup -- + Is there a cluster/class group members are most likely to be part of? Is it as expected based on theory? -- + Compare the cluster/distribution/class shape most like my view of a "group" to what the observed item response proportions -- + Re-estimate the cluster with just the heritage Spanish speakers and just the non-heritage Spanish speakers (English speakers) --- class: middle # Key point **For this to work, I need to have a response process theory in mind** - "Those who read like Spanish Speakers" and "Those who do not" --- ## Key items ![Qcog3](QCOG3.jpg) ![Qcog20](QCOG20.jpg) --- class: middle # Data and Methods Description + 328 heritage Spanish Speakers + 999 non-heritage Spanish Speakers + Used Latent Class Analysis + Exploratory Method + Effectively "finds" groups in the data - distributions that are alike + Accept or reject based on fit criteria + Categorical Latent Variable ---  ---  --- class: middle, center # Structural Model ![sem](semplot.png) --- class: middle ## Methods + Probability of being in a given class given self-identified heritage language + Multinomial logistic regression + Reference Outcome: Class 3 - the "Spanish reading profile" + Reference of the Language Predictor: non-heritage Spanish Speakers --- class: middle ## Results + Compared to non-heritage Spanish Speakers, those who identify as heritage Spanish Speakers are 3 logits less likely to be in the class 1 and class 2. + Flipping the reference classes and language groups around: + Students who are Spanish at home Speakers are 3 logits more likely to be in reference class 3 (Spanish at home) than any other class relative to non-Spanish at home speakers + 3 logits ~ 95% + -3 logits ~ 5% --- class: middle ## That's promising for relative measurement + But let's think about that - it's not 100% -- + What do the profiles look like when I run an LCA without each group? + Model without heritage Spanish speakers + Model with heritage Spanish speakers ---  ---  --- # Final Not Spanish Speakers Compared to full final model .pull-left[ ![](DIF_DIF_presi2_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-14-1.png) ] .pull-right[ ![](DIF_DIF_presi2_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-15-1.png) ] --- ## Just Spanish Compared to Final Model .pull-left[ ![](DIF_DIF_presi2_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-16-1.png) ] .pull-right[ ![](DIF_DIF_presi2_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-17-1.png) ]


| Bull Kelp One of about 20 varieties of kelp in the Monterey Bay sanctuary, bull kelp is the most plentiful type in the sanctuarys northern reaches. This algae may grow to 60 feet (18 meters), its upper reaches using its gas-filled balls to float on the surface. More hardy than giant kelp, bull kelp can survive in the rough outer waters of the bay. |


As an avid long-time user of ephedrine, both in pill form and as a strong ma-huang herbal tea, I've always been interested in the near-trippy sensations experienced by users of this substance. A few years ago, I decided to try combining my traditional dose (on this occasion, enough of the herbal tea to equal about three typical ephedrine pills of the over the counter variety) with passionflower tea.
The effect of combining these two substances was a considerably stronger effect of the ephedrine on my mind and body, though its varied effects were increased in various proportions.
The somatic effect was an increase in the pleasant tingling that usually accompanies an ephedrine high. This tingling was great enough, that in combination with a euphoric mental state, it had me giggling for a good portion of the evening. Colors seemed noticeably brighter, sounds more 'crystaline', and any physical contact immensely pleasurable.
Negative side effects were minimal, though the one notable one was an inability to maintain an erection: something which has never occurred for me on any other drug (excepting perhaps very large quantities of alcohol), including ephedrine alone, LSD, ecstasy, heroin, coke, pot and various pharmaceuticals. I attribute this to an apparently great increase in blood pressure during this experiment. Pulse rate, however, did not seem to increase any more than on ephedrine alone.
I've repeated the experiment many times since, with both ephedra teas and OTC ephedrine pills, in combination with herbal passionflower, and always to much the same set of results. Similar results may be obtainable using syrian rue instead of passionflower, though I have not tried this combination.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


TO RONALD KLIFF,
Hello Ronald kliff!How are you? am fine. I love your books.Your books are funny and fantasy. i love your books like mailda.She is funny,smart and naughty. She is cute.You wrote that Ms.Tunchbull hides people in the cupboard in the sharp chokey for hours when do anything wrong.Ms.Trunchbull puts them in for 2 hours or more than one day. That's how i nmoticed it was fantasy. It was unbelievable. I can't wait for another book to come
from,Chris


The Test Container’s Edit menu has a Properties… option. If you select this option and if a control implements the ISpecifyPropertyPages interface, the container will display the controls property sheet and the included property pages.
If a control does not support the ISpecifyPropertyPages interface but does support aggregation, selecting the Properties… option from the Edit menu will display extended properties of the control in the Test Container.
Below the Properties… option in the Edit menu will be any one menu option for each object (OLE) verb that a control may support.


x_meeting_assemble_control_jest
Building
List
List Check Room Idle
Create
Update
Delete
Search
Room
List
Get
Create
Edit
Delete
Search
Meeting
Get
Create
Edit
Remove
Wait Confirm
Confirm Allow
Confirm Deny
Accept
Reject
Manual Completed
Add Invite
Coming Month
Coming Day
On Month
On Day
Search
List Next
List Prev
Attachment
List With Meeting
Upload
Update
Download
Delete
List Next
List Prev


--- layout: page title: About Me description: This is what I do. background: '/img/bg-about.jpg' ---
During 2016-2020,I finished my batcheler degree at Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. And I am about start my new journey at University of Southern California 2021 spring.


-
Instagram reportedly blocked in China amid Hong Kong protests
www.reuters.com
NEW YORK (Reuters) - Instagram, the popular photo-sharing service owned by Facebook Inc , has been blocked in China, according to numerous reports, ...
-
Android Lollipop: Google practically makes it official
phandroid.com
Yesterday was Google's 16th birthday. To celebrate, they topped a birthday cake with lollipops. Anyone remotely interested in Android would know that
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Alibaba pays $459 million for stake in Chinese hotel tech company
www.reuters.com
BEIJING (Reuters) - Alibaba Group Holding Ltd, in its first big investment since raising $25 billion in a record-breaking New York initial public ...
-
Yahoo-AOL merger proposal: recipe for revival, or stagnation?
www.reuters.com
(Reuters) - A proposed merger of Internet pioneers AOL Inc and Yahoo Inc could create a nimbler player in Web video, but strong growth, the measure ...
-
Tech Q&A: Money-stealing virus, spotting a sweetheart scam, and more
www.foxnews.com
Want to know how to avoid a virus that can steal money in bank accounts right from your computer?
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Romania seeks probe into ex-ministers in school software deal
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BUCHAREST (Reuters) - Romania's anti-corruption prosecutor's office, or DNA, is seeking to launch a criminal inquiry against nine ex-government ...
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Android Wallpaper: Video Games
phandroid.com
After a short hiatus we're happy to be back with another edition of Android Wallpaper! This week our theme is
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Turn your old and unwanted phone into cash
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Kim Komando gives tips on how you can make the most money when selling your old phone.
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7 Funniest iPhone 6 Bend Jokes, Pictures, and Videos
phandroid.com
The iPhone 6 Bend problem may have been blown out of proportion - afterall, things bend if you bend them, but lets put the murky details aside for a ...
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First 10 things every new Moto X (2nd Gen) owner should do
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We think it's one of the best Android phones available and if you -- or someone you know -- picked up a new Moto X (2nd Gen) today, here's a quick ...
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My first experience with a ‘follow-me’ drone
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I looked over my shoulder, trying to avoid direct eye contact.
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From the Forums: who’s laughing at plastic phones now, guilty pleasure ...
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What is the best streaming music app to listen to your favorite guilt pleasure songs on an Android phone fool-proofed for use by even your luddite ...
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Experts: Cheap Mars mission could prove lucrative for India
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India’s successful, low-cost Mars mission is a major milestone for the country’s space program, with experts predicting that it could open the door ...
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Sony getting serious about America? US event scheduled for October 9th
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Sony could be looking to make a statement about their intentions to have a bigger presence here in the United States. The company has scheduled an ...
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Mobile Roar 63: Moto X review, #bendgate, Nexus 6 leaks, and more!
phandroid.com
This week the mobile world was saturated with Apple drama, and it even seeped into our podcast. #bendgate is real, the iOS 8.0.1 update was a ...
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Mars rover Curiosity drills 1st hole into huge Martian mountain
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NASA's Mars rover Curiosity has taken its first bite out of the giant mountain that it crossed interplanetary space to explore.
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Madden Mobile update lets you create a league with your friends
phandroid.com
We'd gushed about Madden Mobile ahead of NFL's opening kickoff, and now it's getting even better. We're about four weeks into the NFL season and the ...
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HTC M8 EYE said to launch next month with a 13MP Duo Camera [RUMOR]
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HTC is said to be working on a new HTC One M8 -- dubbed the M8 EYE -- that could launch next month with a 13MP Duo camera. Anyone going to miss ...
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Deal: Amazon offering more than 2 dozen premium Android apps worth $135… ...
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Amazon has put on one of its best free apps deals yet. The company has listed 27 different paid apps for the low, low cost of zero. The cost of ...
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New Mexico police catch a 'ghost' on camera
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Next time you see a ghost, ‘who you gonna call?’ For those who live in Espanola, New Mexico, it won’t be Bill Murray and his fellow Ghostbusters, but ...
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Sharpshooters raise $1.2M for military charities
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Patriotic Americans from around the country headed to Texas recently for the landmark Remington Great American Shoot raising nearly $1.2 million for ...
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FCC filing suggests standalone 3G LG smart watch could be on its way
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With Samsung launching their Gear S standalone smart watch, other competitors could be ready to join the fray. An LG smart watch has recently passed ...
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Russian Soyuz capsule reaches space station despite stuck solar array
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A Russian-built Soyuz capsule carrying a crew of three reached the International Space Station late Thursday (Sept.
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Conan O’Brien brings his comedic genius to #BendGate with hilarious new ...
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With all the doom and gloom surrounding the iPhone 6+'s bend issues, it's sometimes important to step back and make light of the situation. No one ...
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Moto X (2nd Gen) now available from Verizon Wireless
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Artificial atoms talk ... and scientists listen
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For the first time, physicists have figured out how to communicate with an artificial atom using sound instead of light
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FAA green lights commercial drone use for movie and TV companies
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Thanks to a ruling by the FAA Thursday, a number of movie and TV production companies looking to shoot a dramatic aerial sequence can now ignore the ...
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Apple: ‘Bendgate’ brouhaha overblown
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Apple says that only a handful of customers have contacted the company after experiencing structural integrity problems with the new iPhone 6 Plus.
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Ancient stone toolmaking didn't just spread out of Africa with humans
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An advanced way of crafting stone tools, once thought to have only originated in Africa, may have been invented elsewhere independently, according to ...
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Motorola Shamu (Nexus 6) photographed alongside the LG G3
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Not sure if Nexus 6 or Moto S. In any case, this alleged Shamu is looking mighty hefty. Expect more leaks in the days/weeks to come.


The standard compiler gcc
for Mac OSX is actually the clang
compiler, this means that you need to use its assembler and linker as well. If you try to do the compilation in steps, you will notice that "as
" is not the clang assembler however, which causes it to break down.
In this article I will discuss a simple solution to this problem.
Intro
I was working on a microkernel (CS 452: Real Time Programming)
, and I needed to do my compilations with a custom compiler, assembler and linker, so I could compile for ARM. However this required me to use an older version of gcc without the --with-as=
flag, thus I needed to get the assembler to run as a seperate command.
Enter a complication: I needed this to run tests on my local machine (Mac), as well as on those of my partners (Windows running cygwin), I also needed this to compile on a remote Linux server, which could do the necessary cross-compilation.
My resulting makefile had the following basic structure.
# Create the assembly file so that we can use a seperate assembler in the next step
%.s: %.c
$(CC) -S $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $<
# Use out assembler to compile an object file
%.o: %.s
$(AS) $(ASFLAGS) -o $@ $<
# Combine the object files using the linker
%.elf: %.o
$(LD) $(LDFLAGS) -Map $*.map -o $@ $*.o $(INC) -lgcc
chmod a+r $@
First we generate the assembly files, next we assemble the resulting files into object files. Finally we produce the elf file that will represent my Kernel.
This will run properly on the linux machine, however when I try to use the same makefile to generate code locally, it fails.
Solution
The error I get looks like this.
test_cbuf.s:5:Unknown pseudo-op: .cfi_startproc
test_cbuf.s:9:Unknown pseudo-op: .cfi_def_cfa_offset
So the assemble results from gcc
can't be read by the assembler?
It seems the gcc
and the as
progams that Mac has by default use differing standards.
The correct assembler to use uses a command like the following:
clang -c -x assembler $@
Now to solve my situation above:
-
I can give a different
AS = "clang -c -x assembler"
variable to my makefile- But then I either need to call it that way always (a pain) or add different instructions
-
I can add a simple bash script that calls the code above, one that is earlier in my
$PATH
I opted for the second solution, mostly since this seems to be a more common use-case for me.


Lightning may have been to blame for Michael Healy-Rae fire, locals say
TD brought to hospital from Kilgarvin for smoke inhalation treatment after small blaze at premises
Lightning may have be responsible for the fire which struck the Kilgarvan commercial complex and office belonging to the Kerry TD Michael Healy-Rae.
The Independent TD was due to be released this lunchtime from hospital in Tralee where he had been taken and treated for smoke inhalation after putting out the fire in his shop.
Gardaí said the fire was accidental and was not suspicious.
The TD’s Kilgarvan village complex houses his post office and the regional postal sorting office for Kenmare and the surrounding area, as well as his political office and shop, petrol pump station and cafe. His farm is nearby.
Michael Healy Rae and his brother Danny Healy-Rae, also an Independent TD who owns a pub in the village, had used fire extinguishers to tackle the minor fire believed to have started in the fuse board area at the back of the Mace shop and post office.
The buildings have not suffered serious damage. One unit of the fire service attended.
Mr Healy-Rae suffered smoke inhalation, however. Emergency services including an ambulance were dispatched to the scene.
His brother Danny Healy-Rae told Radio Kerry he was “fine” and had been taken to hospital as a precautionary measure for an X-ray.
He had managed to extinguish the fire but then suffered the smoke inhalation, his brother said.
He was expected to be released around lunchtime, other family members said.
Locals believe a “belt of lightning” may have struck the fuse board, as there was severe lightning and thunder in the Kilgarvan and Mangerton area yesterday.
It is the latest accident in recent years to befall the Independent TD, author and businessman. In March 2016 he was tossed by a cow who had calved on his farm and he ended up in hospital, and almost exactly a year later he nearly choked when eating a chicken dinner.


|
BeBOP: pOSKI
v1.0.0
parallel Optimized Sparse Kernel Interface library
|
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <poski/poski_threadcommon.h>
#include <poski/poski_matrixcommon.h>
#include <poski/poski_tunematcommon.h>
#include <poski/poski_matmulttype.h>
#include <poski/poski_kerneltype.h>
#include <poski/poski_malloc.h>
#include <poski/poski_print.h>
Functions | |
| char * | poski_GetMatTransforms (const poski_matstruct_t A_tunable) |
| Returns the estimated number of seconds available for tuning. | |
| int | poski_TuneMat_run (poski_mat_t A_tunable) |
| Tune matrix using the selected threading model. | |
| int | poski_TuneHint_Structure_run (poski_mat_t A_tunable, poski_tunehint_t hint, int k, int *r, int *c) |
| char* poski_GetMatTransforms | ( | const poski_matstruct_t | A_tunable | ) |
Returns the estimated number of seconds available for tuning.
Fraction of observed workload available for tuning. Fraction of hint workload available for tuning. The estimate is based on the larger of the following two quantities:
Implement this routine, given that we will need to allocate temporary vectors.
Check that the new data structure really is faster than the old.
Basic outline of this routine's implementation:
WHILE !IsTuned(A) AND tuning_time_left > 0 AND i_heur <= NUM_HEURISTICS DO LET heur = GetHeuristic( i_heur ); LET results = NULL IF GetTotalCostEstimate(heur, A) <= tuning_time_left THEN LET t0 = GetTimer(); results = EvaluateHeuristic( heur, A ); // results == NULL if heuristic does not apply to A LET elapsed_time = GetTimer() - t0; tuning_time_left -= elapsed_time; ENDIF IF results THEN LET t0 = GetTimer(); A_tuned = ApplyHeuristic( heur, results, A ); // convert A to new data structure LET elapsed_time = GetTimer() - t0; tuning_time_left -= elapsed_time; A = ChooseFastest( A, A_tuned, A->trace ); ENDIF i_heur = i_heur + 1; DONE
| [in] | A_tunable | Valid matrix handle. |
| int poski_TuneHint_Structure_run | ( | poski_mat_t | A_tunable, |
| poski_tunehint_t | hint, | ||
| int | k, | ||
| int * | r, | ||
| int * | c | ||
| ) |
Attempt to allocate space for this list. If it fails, we still record that there is a mix of block sizes present, but do not record the list. This behavior is OK because the implementation is free to regard/disregard hints as desired.


Number
: number
| Values: | Coll | Count | Dual | Grpa | Grpl | Inv | Pauc | Plur | Ptan | Sing | Tri |
Number
is usually an inflectional feature of nouns and,
depending on language, other parts of speech (pronouns,
adjectives, determiners, numerals,
verbs) that mark agreement with nouns.
In languages where noun phrases are pluralized using a specific function
word (pluralizer), this function word is tagged DET and Number=Plur
is its lexical feature.
Sing
: singular number
A singular noun denotes one person, animal or thing.
Examples
- [en] car
Plur
: plural number
A plural noun denotes several persons, animals or things.
Examples
- [en] cars
- [yo] àwọn àgùntàn “the sheep (plural)”
- [tl] mga guro “teachers”
Dual
: dual number
A dual noun denotes two persons, animals or things.
Examples
- [sl] singular glas “voice”, dual glasova “voices”, plural glasovi “voices”
- [ar] singular سَنَةٌ sanatun “year”, dual سَنَتَانِ sanatāni “years”, plural سِنُونَ sinūna “years”.
Tri
: trial number
A trial pronoun denotes three persons, animals or things. It occurs in pronouns of several Austronesian languages, such as Biak.
Examples
- [bhw] sko “they three”
- [bhw] singular ibiser “he is hungry”, dual subiser “they two are hungry”, trial skobiser “they three are hungry”, plural sibiser “they are hungry”
Pauc
: paucal number
A paucal noun denotes “a few” persons, animals or things.
Examples
- [wbp] singular karli “boomerang”, paucal karlipatu “a few boomerangs”
Grpa
: greater paucal number
A greater paucal noun denotes “more than several but not many” persons, animals or things. It occurs in Sursurunga, an Austronesian language.
Examples
- [sgz] singular iau “I”, dual giur “the two of us”, paucal gimtul “the few of us”, greater paucal gimhat “we”, plural gim “we”
Grpl
: greater plural number
A greater plural noun denotes “many, all possible” persons, animals or things. Precise semantics varies across languages.
Examples
- [ff] singular ngesa “field”, plural gese “fields”, greater plural geseeli “many fields”
Inv
: inverse number
Inverse number means non-default for that particular noun. (Some nouns are by default assumed to be singular, some dual or plural.) Occurs e.g. in Kiowa.
Examples
- [kio] ę́:dè sân khópdɔ́: “This child is sick.” (basic, singular)
- [kio] ę́:dè sân ę̀khópdɔ́: “These two children are sick.” (basic, dual)
- [kio] ę́:gɔ̀ są̂:dɔ̀ èkhópdɔ́: “These children are sick.” (inverse, plural)
Count
: count plural
A special plural form of nouns (and other parts of speech, such as adjectives) if they occur after numerals.
In Bulgarian and Macedonian, this form is known variously as “counting form”,
“count plural” or “quantitative plural” (Sussex and Cubberley 2006, p. 324).
(The form originates in the Proto-Slavic dual but it should not be marked
Number=Dual
because 1. the dual vanished from Bulgarian and 2. the form is
no longer semantically tied to the number two.)
Other languages (e.g., Russian) have forms that are not necessarily related to dual, yet they are used exclusively with numerals.
Examples
- [bg] три стола / tri stola “three chairs” vs. столове / stolove “chairs”
- [ru] шага́, шара́, ряда́ / šagá, šará, rjadá “steps, balls, rows”
Ptan
: plurale tantum
Some nouns appear only in the plural form even though they denote one
thing (semantic singular); some tagsets mark this distinction.
Grammatically they behave like plurals, so Plur
is obviously the
back-off value here; however, if the language also marks gender, the
non-existence of singular form sometimes means that the gender is
unknown. In Czech, special type of numerals is used when counting
nouns that are plurale tantum (NumType = Sets).
Examples
- [en] scissors, pants
- [cs] nůžky, kalhoty
Coll
: collective / mass / singulare tantum
Collective or mass or singulare tantum is a special case of singular. It applies to words that use grammatical singular to describe sets of objects, i.e. semantic plural. Although in theory they might be able to form plural, in practice it would be rarely semantically plausible. Sometimes, the plural form exists and means “several sorts of” or “several packages of”.
Examples
- [cs] lidstvo “mankind”
References
- Sussex, Roland and Cubberley, Paul. 2006. The Slavic Languages. Cambridge University Press.
Number in other languages: [arr] [bej] [bg] [bm] [cs] [cy] [el] [en] [ess] [eu] [fi] [fr] [ga] [gn] [gub] [hbo] [hu] [hy] [it] [ky] [myv] [orv] [pcm] [pt] [qpm] [ru] [sl] [sv] [tpn] [tr] [tt] [u] [uk] [urb] [urj]


1 reference to RaiseOutputProcessingStateChangedEvent
System.Management.Automation (1)
engine\remoting\commands\ReceiveJob.cs (1)
1596
_outputProcessingNotification.
RaiseOutputProcessingStateChangedEvent
(processingOutput);


系统固件¶
CAENUpgrader¶
CAENUpgrader allows to perform the following operations on the DT5495 board:
Upgrade the MFPGA firmware
Load the User firmware on the UFPGA
Verify the Main and User FPGA firmware
Read the release number of the MFPGA firmware
Store and get the Product Unlock Code in case of paid firmware
Get the Board Info file (useful in case of support requests)
Get Main FPGA Firmware¶
The following instructions allow to read the release number of the MFPGA firmware:
Select the “Get Firmware Release” option in the Board tab.
Select the “V2495” item in the Board Model combo box.
Set the connection parameters according to your communication link and hardware setup.
Press the Get FW Rel button. The software displays the release number in a message window.
Upgrade Main FPGA Firmware¶
The MFPGA firmware can be downloaded from CAEN website at the DT5495 web page: The firmware file is available in Altera RPD format.
The following instructions allow to upgrade the MFPGA firmware:
Select the “Upgrade Firmware” option in the Board tab.
Select the “DT5495” item in the Board Model combo box.
Set the connection parameters according to your communication link and hardware setup.
Select the MFPGA by checking the relevant checkbox.
Select the Main application firmware RPD file.
Press the Upgrade button. The outcome of the upgrade process is shown in a message window.
Power cycle the board to reconfigure the MFPGA with the firmware just updated on the flash. Please refer to Sect. Power-on Configuration Sequence to check the outcome of the process.
Upgrade User FPGA Firmware¶
The UFPGA demo firmware projects are available on CAEN website at the DT5495 web page.
User demo firmware or custom user firmware can be recompiled and the generated RPD file can be uploaded into the FLASH memory of the User FPGA.
The custom or the Demo RPD firmware file can be uploaded only on the application 1 page of the USER FPGA FLASH of the DT5495!
The following instructions allow to upgrade the UFPGA firmware: - Select the “Upgrade Firmware” option in the Board tab. - Select the “V2495” item in the Board Model combo box. - Set the connection parameters according to your communication link and hardware setup. - Select the UFPGA by checking the relevant checkbox. - Select Application 1 as the only supported target application image. - Select your User firmware or a CAEN Demo firmware RPD file. - Press the Upgrade button. The outcome of the upgrade process is shown in a message window.
At the end of the upgrade process, the CAEN Upgrader will force a reconfiguration of the UFPGA from the selected userapplication image.
Address Map¶
The DT5495 board can be accessed via both Ethernet and USB interface. All registers are accessible from both communication interfaces.
The following table illustrates the DT5495 address map:
User FPGA Data Access¶
The UFPGA data access space is allocated specifically for the readout of data produced in the UFPGA logic which need to exploit the maximum readout throughput available. This space can be accessed by using the available block transfer mechanism over the Ethernet or USB communication interfaces.
Block data transfer allows to implement a faster readout. Block transfers requests over Ethernet or USB do not trigger any transfer over the internal local bus between the MFPGA and UFPGA: a data prefetch mechanism, implemented in the MFPGA, stores User data into a local data queue (prefetch data queue). Consequently, data from the UFPGA data access space are read from the prefetch data queue in the MFPGA.
User FPGA Register Access¶
UFPGA register address range is allocated for User register read/write.
A read or write transfer (single cycle) can be triggered on the local bus by performing a corresponding read transfer in the 0x1000-0x7FFF address interval.
The local bus master in the MFPGA acts as a transparent bridge between the communication interface (ETH/USB) and the local bus in this interval. A couple of examples are given to illustrate the transparent bridge behaviour.
Configuration ROM¶
Only the 8 LSBs of each location of the Configuration ROM are significant.
Note: The oui0/1 fields represent CAEN Manufacturer identifier (IEEE OUI), which is equal to 0x40E6.
Note: The board serial number can be read with two accesses: if the serial number on the module front panel is 1245(hex 0x4DD), for instance, the Serial Number’s MSB (0x8180) will be 0x04, while the Serial Number’s LSB (0x8184) will be 0xDD.
Configuration and Status Registers¶
Flash Configuration¶
This address range is reserved to flash remote programming.
Note: access to the FLASH is through the provided functions of the PLULib library.
Internal Scratch SRAM¶
This area is available either for test access or for volatile data storage. Any address in this interval is implemented by an internal RAM location.


Module providing fast linear operations wrapped in matrix emulators.
See also
Get the DCT fast operation dictionary for the given image shape.
| Parameters: | shape (list or tuple) – The shape of the image which the dictionary is the DCT dictionary. |
|---|---|
| Returns: | matrix (magni.utils.matrices.Matrix) – The specified DCT dictionary. |
See also
Examples
Create a dummy image:
>>> import numpy as np, magni
>>> img = np.random.randn(64, 64)
>>> vec = magni.imaging.mat2vec(img)
Perform DCT in the ordinary way:
>>> dct_normal = magni.imaging._fastops.dct2(vec, img.shape)
Perform DCT using the present function:
>>> from magni.imaging.dictionaries import get_DCT
>>> matrix = get_DCT(img.shape)
>>> dct_matrix = matrix.T.dot(vec)
Check that the two ways produce the same result:
>>> np.allclose(dct_matrix, dct_normal)
True
Get the DFT fast operation dictionary for the given image shape.
| Parameters: | shape (list or tuple) – The shape of the image which the dictionary is the DFT dictionary. |
|---|---|
| Returns: | matrix (magni.utils.matrices.Matrix) – The specified DFT dictionary. |
See also
Examples
Create a dummy image:
>>> import numpy as np, magni
>>> img = np.random.randn(64, 64)
>>> vec = magni.imaging.mat2vec(img)
Perform DFT in the ordinary way:
>>> dft_normal = magni.imaging._fastops.dft2(vec, img.shape)
Perform DFT using the present function:
>>> from magni.imaging.dictionaries import get_DFT
>>> matrix = get_DFT(img.shape)
>>> dft_matrix = matrix.T.dot(vec)
Check that the two ways produce the same result:
>>> np.allclose(dft_matrix, dft_normal)
True


The need for localizing software arises from differences in cultural conventions. These differences involve: language itself; representation of numbers and currency; display of time and date; and ordering and classification of characters and strings.
Of course, language itself varies from country to country, and even within a country. Your program may require output messages in English, Deutsche, Français, Italiano, or any number of languages commonly used in the world today.
Languages may also differ in the alphabet they use. Examples of different languages with their respective alphabets are given below:
American English: | a-z, A-Z, and punctuation |
German: | a-z, A-Z, punctuation, and äöü ÄöÜ ß |
Greek: | -, -, and punctuation |
The representation of numbers depends on local customs, which vary from country to country. For example, consider the radix character, the symbol used to separate the integer portion of a number from the fractional portion. In American English, this character is a period; in much of Europe, it is a comma. Conversely, the thousands separator that separates numbers larger than three digits is a comma in American English, and a period in much of Europe.
The convention for grouping digits also varies. In American English, digits are grouped by threes, but there are many other possibilities. In the example below, the same number is written as it would be locally in three different countries:
1,000,000.55 | US |
1.000.000,55 | Germany |
10,00,000.55 | Nepal |
We are all aware that countries use different currencies. However, not everyone realizes the many different ways we can represent units of currency. For example, the symbol for a currency can vary. Here are two different ways of representing the same amount in US dollars:
$24.99 | US |
USD 24.99 | International currency symbol for the US |
The placement of the currency symbol varies for different currencies, too, appearing before, after, or even within the numeric value:
¥ 155 | Japan |
13,50 DM | Germany |
£14 19s. 6d. | England before decimalization |
The format of negative currency values differs:
öS 1,1 | -öS 1,1 | Austria |
1,1 DM | -1,1 DM | Germany |
SFr. 1.1 | SFr.-1.1 | Switzerland |
HK$1.1 | (HK$1.1) | Hong Kong |
Local conventions also determine how time and date are displayed. Some countries use a 24-hour clock; others use a 12-hour clock. Names and abbreviations for days of the week and months of the year vary by language.
Customs dictate the ordering of the year, month, and day, as well as the separating delimiters for their numeric representation. To designate years, some regions use seasonal, astronomical, or historical criteria, instead of the Western Gregorian calendar system. For example, the official Japanese calendar is based on the year of reign of the current Emperor.
The following example shows short and long representations of the same date in different countries:
10/29/96 | Tuesday, October 29, 1996 | US |
1996. 10. 29. | 1996. október 29. | Hungary |
29/10/96 | martedì 29 ottobre 1996 | Italy |
29/10/1996 | , 29 1996 | Greece |
29.10.96 | Dienstag, 29. Oktober 1996 | Germany |
The following example shows different representations of the same time:
4:55 pm | US time |
16:55 Uhr | German time |
And the following example shows different representations of the same time:
11:45:15 | Digital representation, US |
11:45:15 µµ | Digital representation, Greece |
Languages may vary regarding collating sequence; that is, their rules for ordering or sorting characters or strings. The following example compares the same list of words ordered alphabetically by different collating sequences:
Sorted by ASCII rules: | Sorted by German rules: |
Airplane | Airplane |
Zebra | ähnlich |
bird | bird |
car | car |
ähnlich | Zebra |
The ASCII collation orders elements according to the numeric value of bytes, which does not meet the requirements of English language dictionary sorting. This is because lexicographical order sorts a after A and before B, whereas ASCII-based order sorts a after the entire set of uppercase letters.
The German alphabet sorts ä before b, whereas the ASCII order sorts an umlaut after all other letters.
In addition to specifying the ordering of individual characters, some languages specify that certain groups of characters should be clustered and treated as a single character. The following example shows the difference this can make in an ordering:
Sorted by ASCII rules: | Sorted by Spanish rules: |
chaleco | cuna |
cuna | chaleco |
día | día |
llava | loro |
loro | llava |
maíz | maíz |
The word llava is sorted after loro and before maíz, because in Spanish ll is a digraph, i.e., it is treated as a single character that is sorted after l and before m. Similarly, the digraph ch in Spanish is treated as a single character to be sorted after c, but before d. Two characters that are paired and treated as a single character are referred to as a two-to-one character code pair.
In other cases, one character is treated as if it were actually two characters. The German single character ß, called the sharp s, is treated as ss. This treatment makes a difference in the ordering, as shown in the example below:
Sorted by ASCII rules: | Sorted by German rules: |
Rosselenker | Rosselenker |
Rostbratwurst | Roßhaar |
Roßhaar | Rostbratwurst |


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