The just-about-holding-together addition of tape loading emulation I told you about last time was the last but one of the major bits of +F. Having reached this milestone, I decided to take some time out and enjoy playing a game or two of Match Day II before doing any more work on it. My work may have stopped, but it turns out my computer was working as hard as ever.
The user experience was fairly good, at first glance, with the emulation running
without crashes and at full speed. Indeed, I’d even had time to add a “turbo” mode
which would run the emulation as fast as possible, designed to remove the boredom
of waiting for tapes to load (although this does give a somewhat less authentic
experience and you should hang your head in shame if you do use it). The problem
was that when I had +F running for more than a couple of minutes, the fan on
my laptop would whoosh up to full speed, and stay there more or less until +F
stopped. A quick check with top
confirmed that +F was using a whole core of
the laptop’s dual-core processor.
By any measure, that’s too much for a Spectrum emulator running on modern hardware. The FUSE emulator written in C uses only a few percent of the available CPU capacity on the same computer and OS, and while I wasn’t expecting to achieve that level of performance from a Java application (a deliberate trade-off of raw performance for fewer cross-platform difficulties), I was still surprised it was quite so processor-hungry. But why?
I’ll spare you the blow-by-blow details, except to say that a few profiling sessions using honest-profiler showed that the problem lay in the rendering of the display. The antiquated display hardware of the Spectrum was efficient both in terms of memory and execution time (while also giving us the famous attribute clash) but does make it slightly convoluted to generate a pixel-based RGB bitmap. Somewhere in that display emulation were a few methods in particular that appeared to be hogging the CPU unexpectedly. The surprising thing is that these methods did little else apart from looking up various mappings between Spectrum display co-ordinates and the corresponding window co-ordinates. Thinking ahead, I’d decided to pre-compute these calculations and store the results in an array, since they’d be needed on every single display refresh, so I couldn’t see why these would be slow.
And there was my mistake.
I’d assumed that array lookups are less expensive than repeated method calls, but that wasn’t actually the case for the calculations that I had precomputed. When you include bounds checking and whatever else is involved in array access, it actually turned out to be more expensive than recalculating the co-ordinates on every call. In trying to outsmart the JVM with some optimisations of my own, I’d actually worked against it and stopped it from doing its own, more effective, optimisations to the code.
For the JVM is very clever indeed.  Based on the methods it sees being executed as your program runs, it can choose to compile and inline them as it sees fit. Inlining in particular tends to work best where methods are short, with the upshot that adding method calls can make your code run faster.
Of course, when it comes to Java code, you could argue that you’re better to start off with code that composes lots of calls to small methods anyway, and you’d be right. If nothing else, it means that your code is easier to reason about and test, but as an added bonus you’re also staying out of the JVM’s way and letting it do what it’s best at.
The mistake I made is one which has been known for a long time, and which Knuth popularised with his statement premature optimisation is the root of all evil. Software may have moved on in many ways since he said that in 1974, but to me the problem of premature optimisation is more human than technological, and I’d be surprised if we were that much less susceptible to it now than we were then. In my case, with no evidence to support me, I assumed that certain operations were going to be costly, and wrote bad code based on that faulty assumption.
How could I have avoided this?
It’s a tricky balance. On the one hand, in my original Python implementation of +F, by doing no profiling or performance testing until the very end, I ended up wasting time on an implementation that would never have been fit for purpose. Clearly, I could have done with paying a bit more attention to performance up-front in that case. In the case of the Java version of +F, by fixating on performance too early (probably a consequence of having been burned a little by the fact the first attempt at +F was so slow), I ended up with an inefficient application.
I think it all boils down to gathering evidence and acting upon that. Where you have requirements that a program should exhibit a certain level of performance (in my case not needing an entire CPU core in order to emulate a computerised beermat from the 1980s), it’s important to test for this, just like you would test whether it behaves correctly or not, and to bake this testing into your development cycle if you can.
The relationship between a programmer and a language is much like the relationship between the cricketer and a bat. Unless you know how to handle it properly, you’re not going to achieve much and you could end up in a lot of pain. And so it was with +F, or at least the program which eventually became +F. It started off with the working title QAOPM, and was written in Python.
The choice of language was driven by a couple of things.
First, I aimed to write a cross-platform emulator. Python is readily available on both of my target platforms (Linux and Windows), and I planned to use the Pygame library to build the user interface. Second, I love Python’s principles, its elegance and its clarity. (I know the fact that whitespace is syntactically relevant bothers some people, but it looks natural to me, and it’s never tripped me up.) My opportunities to work with this language had been limited to a few utilities and the odd simple web application, and I relished the chance to learn more on a project that was a bit more meaty.
That decision made, I set about writing +F, and four enjoyable months later (well, as enjoyable as jumping armpits-deep into the Z80 reference manual can be) I had a basic working version which could load a program from a snapshot file, emulate the Z80 and render the Spectrum display. It couldn’t accept keyboard input so you couldn’t actually do much with it, but I was sure that would follow in short order. All the unit tests worked, the display rendering was accurate, and it was time to fire it all up together for the first time and give it a shakedown.
And … it was slow.
Not a little sluggish, not jerky from time to time, but truly, painfully slow. Right from the outset, I’d been sure that a modern PC (even my 2010-vintage laptop) would be able to handle emulation of an 8-bit computer without breaking sweat. After all, there’s already an emulator written in JavaScript that runs at full speed in a browser, so while I was expecting I’d need to make a few tweaks here and there, I had just assumed that the emulator would be fast enough. Not so. What was the problem?
Me.
Not Python. Definitely not Python.
Me.
(At this point, I want to make perfectly clear that I’m certain that in the hands of an experienced Python programmer, it is possible to write an emulator with the requisite speed to be usable. If that sounds like you, I’ve left all of the code for the Python +F on GitHub, and in the interests of learning how to become a better programmer, I’d be very happy if you had the time to take a look and could explain to me how I could have achieved a better outcome. I’m not having a bash at Python, I’m having a bash at me.)
I’ve earned a living for almost two decades writing software in Java, and more recently Scala. I’ve become to an extent conditioned to think of software solutions in terms of interactions between objects (although obviously Scala opens the door to a more functional approach too), and that’s how I approached the Python predecessor of +F.
The processor was a class. Each Z80 operation was a class, with related operations existing in a class hierarchy. Memory was a class. The display was a class. Almost everything was nicely organised into classes, each with short methods which did strictly one thing - just the way you’d unthinkingly build almost any Java application. For all that I could read and write Python, though, I’d neglected the fact that an interpreted, dynamically-typed language behaves differently to a compiled, statically-typed language.
It turns out this was a really big problem for me because my code fell foul of a combination of Python’s weak spots (according to this page) - lots of field dereferencing in tight, nested for-loops. In any other application, I may not have noticed this, but an emulator is basically just one big outer loop, which runs some other loops inside it on each iteration. The outermost loop runs once for each display refresh cycle (50 times a second in the case of the Spectrum), with each iteration running the processor’s fetch-execute cycle up to about 17000 times, followed by another loop which sets the colour of each of the 49152 pixels in the display. Lots of for-loops and, in my implementation, lots of dereferencing of fields on collaborating objects.
Here’s a representative example of how the code for a single emulated Z80 operation (add a, (hl)
) looked, before I
realised this there were going to be speed issues:
class OpAddAHlIndirect(BaseOp):
def __init__(self, processor, memory):
BaseOp.__init__(self)
self.processor = processor
self.memory = memory
def execute(self):
value = self.memory.peek(self.processor.get_16bit_reg('hl'))
_add_a(self.processor, value, False)
def t_states(self):
return 7
def __str__(self):
return 'add a, (hl)'
def _add_a(processor, value, carry):
signed_a = to_signed(processor.main_registers['a'])
if carry:
value = (value + 1) & 0xff
result, half_carry, full_carry = bitwise_add(processor.main_registers['a'], value)
signed_result = to_signed(result)
processor.main_registers['a'] = result
processor.set_condition('s', signed_result < 0)
processor.set_condition('z', result == 0)
processor.set_condition('h', half_carry)
processor.set_condition('p', (signed_a < 0) != (signed_result < 0))
processor.set_condition('n', False)
processor.set_condition('c', full_carry)
The execute method is the one that is run in the emulation loop. This single method, which could in theory be executed
up to 17000 times every 1/50th of a second, was itself doing three expensive field dereferences per iteration, and when
you include those done by the _add_a
function it invokes, in total there are about a dozen in executing this one simple
operation!
Having gone back and done the background reading I ought to have done at the start, I spent a month trying to remedy the
problem, the outcome of which was that the code for our representative add a, (hl)
operation became …
class OpAddAHlIndirect(BaseOp):
def __init__(self, processor, memory):
BaseOp.__init__(self)
self.processor = processor
self.memory = memory
def execute(self, processor, memory, pc):
value = memory[0xffff & processor.get_16bit_reg('hl')]
_add_a(processor, value, False)
return 7, False, pc
def __str__(self):
return 'add a, (hl)'
def _add_a(processor, value, carry):
signed_a = to_signed(processor.main_registers['a'])
if carry:
value = (value + 1) & 0xff
result, half_carry, full_carry = bitwise_add(processor.main_registers['a'], value)
signed_result = to_signed(result)
processor.main_registers['a'] = result
set_condition = processor.set_condition
set_condition('s', signed_result < 0)
set_condition('z', result == 0)
set_condition('h', half_carry)
set_condition('p', (signed_a < 0) != (signed_result < 0))
set_condition('n', False)
set_condition('c', full_carry)
… and while reducing the number of dot-dereferences (complemented with a few other recommended techniques such as flattening nested loops) did help a bit, it wasn’t enough to make the emulator fast enough to be viable. Suitably discouraged, I decided to scrap the idea of writing an emulator in Python and retreated to the safer territory of Java.
Where had I gone wrong?
I had my cricket bat, I’d carefully seasoned it with linseed oil and I’d spent my time in the nets, honing my technique. I’d then tried to play snooker with it.
I hadn’t understood the fundamentals of Python. You most certainly can write Java-esque object-oriented programs with it, but what is cheap in Java comes with a different cost in Python. I fell into a trap articulately described by Joel Spolsky, where I didn’t see the details beneath an abstraction, and paid the price in terms of poor performance. (If you haven’t read that article yet, stop right now, read and understand it, read it again, then read some of the other articles on Joel on Software before coming back here. It’ll be well worth your while, trust me.)
I hope I won’t make this particular mistake again, but how could I have avoided this problem? I could have read some information about the performance characteristics of Python in advance of starting, of course. But given that I’m not especially taken with the idea of lots of up-front background reading when there’s code I could be writing (this may or may not be a character flaw, I leave that for you to judge), I think the best thing I could have done is reached a point where I realised my mistake a lot sooner.
Premature optimisation is of course a problem in itself (more on that later), but a spot of up-front prototyping would have definitely helped. For example, I could have built a representative subset of the Z80 instruction set and performance tested a few simple routines, or built the display rendering logic and tested it standalone at the required frame rate. I’m sure that either of these would have made me either change the way I was writing my Python, or make the jump to Java sooner than I did.
In honesty, it would have been easy to give up once I realised my best chance was to start all over again, but I did have one thing in my favour which was going to ease the pain considerably. I’ll tell you about that next time.


This class implements basic operations needed for link-based algorithms and Frank-Wolfe algorithm. More...
#include <LinkFlows.h>
Public Member Functions | |
| LinkFlows (StarNetwork *net, ODMatrix *mat, ShortestPath *shPath, LineSearch *lineSearch, FPType zeroFlow, LabelCorrectingAl *LCShPath) | |
| void | initialise () |
| void | equilibrate () |
| void | updateLinkFlows () |
| FPType | getMinTravelTime () const |
| void | initialiseItself (StarLink *link, PairOD *dest, int originIndex) |
| Public Member Functions inherited from InitialiseSolution | |
| void | initialiseSolution (PairOD *dest, ShortestPath *shPath, int originIndex) |
Protected Member Functions | |
| void | calculateFWAux () |
| virtual void | calculateDirection () |
Protected Attributes | |
| const int | nbLinks_ |
| FPType * | linkFlows_ |
| FPType * | linkFlowsAux_ |
| FPType | stepPrev_ |
| FPType | stepPrevPrev_ |
| const FPType | zeroFlow_ |
| LineSearch * | lineSearch_ |
| FPType * | direction_ |
| StarNetwork * | net_ |
Private Attributes | |
| AONUsual | aon_ |
| int * | indexes_ |
| FPType | minTravelTime_ |
Detailed Description
This class implements basic operations needed for link-based algorithms and Frank-Wolfe algorithm.
For details see [19].
- Warning
- This algorithm shows problems with convergence when precision is high.
Member Function Documentation
|
protectedvirtual |
Calculates the direction of descent.
Reimplemented in LinkFlowsBFW, and LinkFlowsCFW.
|
protected |
Calculates AON flows and stores them into linkFlowsAux_.
| void LinkFlows::equilibrate | ( | ) |
Calculates direction of descent and step size. Then it calculates new link flows by modifying internal data structure.
| FPType LinkFlows::getMinTravelTime | ( | ) | const |
- Returns
- minimum travel time calculated in AON assignment.
| void LinkFlows::initialise | ( | ) |
Calculates link costs, calls AON assignment and initialises link flows (stored in array) with AON flows.
Initialises link flows by adding the demand of destination dest to existing link flow.
Implements InitialiseSolution.
| void LinkFlows::updateLinkFlows | ( | ) |
Loads link flows from internal data structure to StarNetwork object and updates link costs.
Member Data Documentation
|
protected |
current direction of descent
- Note
- it must be modified directly by children classes
|
protected |
LineSearch pointer is protected because CFW and BFW require access to link cost functions in order to evaluate derivative
|
protected |
current link flows
|
protected |
current AON flows
|
protected |
current step size obtained from line search
|
protected |
previous step size, it is needed in BFW
The documentation for this class was generated from the following files:
- LinkFlows.h
- LinkFlows.cpp


98. al-Bayyinah: The Proof
1
Those who disbelieve among the People of the Scripture and the idolaters could not have left off (erring) till the clear proof came unto them,
2
A messenger from Allah, reading purified pages
3
Containing correct scriptures.
4
Nor were the People of the Scripture divided until after the clear proof came unto them.
5
And they are ordered naught else than to serve Allah, keeping religion pure for Him, as men by nature upright, and to establish worship and to pay the poor-due. That is true religion.
6
Lo! those who disbelieve, among the People of the Scripture and the idolaters, will abide in fire of hell. They are the worst of created beings.
7
(And) lo! those who believe and do good works are the best of created beings.
8
Their reward is with their Lord: Gardens of Eden underneath which rivers flow, wherein they dwell for ever. Allah hath pleasure in them and they have pleasure in Him. This is (in store) for him who feareth his Lord.
-- Sura 98 --


Pool
The Pool maintains a list available Influx hosts and dispatches requests to them. If there are errors connecting to hosts, it will disable that host for a period of time.
Constructor Summary
| Public Constructor | ||
| public |
constructor(options: IPoolOptions) Creates a new Pool instance. |
Method Summary
| Public Methods | ||
| public |
addHost(url: *, options: {}): * Inserts a new host to the pool. |
|
| public |
discard(options: *): * Makes a request and discards any response body it receives. |
|
| public |
getHostsAvailable(): Host[] Returns a list of currently active hosts. |
|
| public |
getHostsDisabled(): Host[] Returns a list of hosts that are currently disabled due to network errors. |
|
| public |
Returns true if there's any host available to by queried. |
|
| public |
json(options: *): * Makes a request and calls back with the response, parsed as JSON. |
|
| public |
Ping sends out a request to all available Influx servers, reporting on their response time and version number. |
|
| public |
stream(options: *, callback: *): * Makes a request and calls back with the IncomingMessage stream, if possible. |
|
| public |
text(options: *): * Makes a request and resolves with the plain text response, if possible. |
| Private Methods | ||
| private |
_disableHost(host: *) Disables the provided host, removing it from the query pool. |
|
| private |
_enableHost(host: Host) Re-enables the provided host, returning it to the pool to query. |
|
| private |
_getHost(): Host Returns the next available host for querying. |
Public Constructors
public constructor(options: IPoolOptions) source
Creates a new Pool instance.
Params:
| Name | Type | Attribute | Description |
| options | IPoolOptions |
Public Methods
public addHost(url: *, options: {}): * source
Inserts a new host to the pool.
Params:
| Name | Type | Attribute | Description |
| url | * | ||
| options | {} |
|
Return:
| * |
public discard(options: *): * source
Makes a request and discards any response body it receives. An error is returned on a non-2xx status code.
Params:
| Name | Type | Attribute | Description |
| options | * |
Return:
| * |
public getHostsDisabled(): Host[] source
Returns a list of hosts that are currently disabled due to network errors.
Return:
| Host[] |
public json(options: *): * source
Makes a request and calls back with the response, parsed as JSON. An error is returned on a non-2xx status code or on a parsing exception.
Params:
| Name | Type | Attribute | Description |
| options | * |
Return:
| * |
public ping(timeout: *, path: string, auth: *): * source
Ping sends out a request to all available Influx servers, reporting on their response time and version number.
Params:
| Name | Type | Attribute | Description |
| timeout | * | ||
| path | string |
|
|
| auth | * |
|
Return:
| * |
public stream(options: *, callback: *): * source
Makes a request and calls back with the IncomingMessage stream, if possible. An error is returned on a non-2xx status code.
Params:
| Name | Type | Attribute | Description |
| options | * | ||
| callback | * |
Return:
| * |
public text(options: *): * source
Makes a request and resolves with the plain text response, if possible. An error is raised on a non-2xx status code.
Params:
| Name | Type | Attribute | Description |
| options | * |
Return:
| * |
Private Methods
private _disableHost(host: *) source
Disables the provided host, removing it from the query pool. It will be re-enabled after a backoff interval
Params:
| Name | Type | Attribute | Description |
| host | * |
private _enableHost(host: Host) source
Re-enables the provided host, returning it to the pool to query.
Params:
| Name | Type | Attribute | Description |
| host | Host |


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The earliest evidence of coffee drinking comes from 15th-century Yemen. By the late 15th century and early 16th century, coffee had spread to Cairo and Mecca. In the 1640s, the Ottoman chronicler İbrahim Pecevi reported the opening of the first coffeehouse in Constantinople.
1 Have the beans ground to extra fine. They should be as fine as powdered cocoa. Extremely fine pre-processed powdered coffee can also be used but won't be as fresh, of course.
2 Place about one heaping teaspoon (5 g/1/6 oz) of ground coffee beans per demitasse/quarter cup (60 ml/ 2.02 fl. oz) of coffee into the cezve/jezve/ibrik. The cezve is a special pot with a wide bottom, narrower neck, a spout, and a long handle.
3 Mix well with a fork or tiny whisk if you have one. Use a motion like beating an egg. A fork works better than a spoon to mix the dry coffee into the water.
4 Place the cezve pot over low heat. Slowly bring the mixture to a boil. Do not stir. The slower the heat, the better the coffee will taste. Do not leave unattended; watch it as it heats up.
5 Watching for the froth to start to bubble (boiling point), transfer the froth as it develops into the cups with a small spoon.
Actual product packaging and materials may contain more and different information than what is shown on our website. We recommend that you do not rely solely on the information presented and that you always read labels, warnings, and directions before using a product.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Curabitur eget leo at velit imperdiet varius. In eu ipsum vitae velit congue iaculis vitae at risus.


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by Ivan Agacer
Posted on November 7 at 3:00 PM
Whos better? Russell Wesbrook or Stephen Curry
It's virtually impossible to imagine a successful NBA team without great point guard play. Point guards are often the extension of a coach, responsible for enhancing the play of others offensively while also setting the tone defensively.
So, who's the best point guard in today's NBA: Stephen Curry? Chris Paul? Russell Westbrook? There's no easy answer and we all have a preference. But the question isn't who do we prefer, it's who's the best. Many factors -- from clutch play to leadership and beyond -- come into play in this debate. Perhaps a legendary point guard (who himself was once in a "best point guard" debate in his day) can solve the issue? NBA TV analyst, Hall of Famer and legendary Detroit Pistons point guard Isiah Thomas explains the best point guard thusly: "First thing you have to be able to do is take the game plan out of the coach's hand and execute it out on the floor. Do you have voice? If you don't have a voice then you can't lead the team," Thomas said. "Skill wise, you have to be able to score. If you can't score the basketball then you're a liability on the floor because your passing lanes are closed. "You also have to be able to make all the passes. Bounce pass, chest pass, over the head pass, pass off the dribble, pass with touch and pass with timing. At the end of a game you have to be a decent foul shooter because the ball is going to be in your hands. Defensively, unlike a big man, you find yourself in every situation. You're getting posted up, you have to guard pick and roll, you have to guard one-on-one and mid-range. Therefore, you have to guard 94 feet."


Just 10NM south of Platarias, this port is opposite the southern tip of Corfu. There are 3 off-lying island which offer several anchorages.
Position 39°24.6'N, 20°13.8'W.
Moor stern-to to the town quay. Ensure the anchor is well dug in. Strong W or NW winds cause a surge and care is needed to keep clear of the quay.
Two alternative anchorages are; Monastry bay, to the NW of the harbour and Middle Bay, south of the harbour. Make sure the anchor penetrates the weed and the mud will provide good holding.
Last updated February 2009.


Reactive Web Programming Examples
Time
The time is
not initialized
Text Input
+
=
?
Mouse Over
Test this
->
?
Mouse Position
?
— position
?
— calmed version of position (rounded off to nearest 10)
?
— position delayed 400ms
Click Events
?


Javascript and The DOM
An analogy to describe the differences between HTML and CSS
HTML is like a house under construction, with its bear minimum and liveable standards.
CSS is that same house designed and decorated. With its walls painted, following a design
pattern and its rooms furnished.
Explain control flow and loops using an example process from everyday life
Control flow
You are making a soup following a recipe. You will need to add the required ingredients
and follow the instructions in the same sequence as described in the recipe book.
Loop
Now you will need to salt the soup to your taste. Your process is to add salt, stir and taste.
Then if the condition wasn’t met (soup not salted to your taste), you will repeat the process - add salt, stir and taste.
You will continue to do this until the condition is met.
Describe what the DOM is and an example of how you might interact with it.
The DOM is the full parse representation of the HTML.
HTML uses tags that are made up of special text inside angle brackets that gives browser instructions.
When the browser identifies these tags, a token is emitted by the Tokenizer. These tokens are consumed and
converted into Node objects. The start and end tokens shows the relationship between the nodes.
It shows if a specific node is the child or parent of another node.
The Document Object Model - or simply The Dom - is the tree representation document that captures all the contents
and properties of these consumed nodes.
Interacting with the DOM
A really exciting way to interact with the DOM is altering the contents of a webpage.
See how I can magically turn myself into an ultramarathon atlete below
Original webpage:
Karina's ultramarathon webpage:
Explain the difference between accessing data from arrays and objects.
Array
square brackets notation [ ]
Arrays work by index.
Arrays are used to store multiple items of the same kind.
Array is used when order is the most important factor for organising the information.
When you retrieve information from the array, you use the index of each element.
Arrays are 0-indexed, which means they start counting at 0 rather than 1.
The below is an example of using objects to organise New Zealand’s Great Walks
Object
Curly brackets notation { }
For collections of data
Objects are best when you want to organise based on data labels, when dealing with multiple related variables.
Object you use to represent on whole thing, with different categories for that main thing. An example is a person.
A person has a first name, a last name, age, a phone number, an address and so on.
Object - Incorrect:
Object - Correct:
Explain what functions are and why they are useful.
Function is a set of statements that performs a task or calculates a value.


Whether you have Crohn's, Colitis, IBS or a you just want to find a nice clean public restroom near you or wherever you’re headed, Loo-Locator is here to help! All bathrooms are crowdsourced entries and ratings are based on the submitter’s personal opinion. Loo-Locator | Bean Redheads assumes no legal liability for content and makes assertions to the accuracy of the information provided by our users.
To contact the Loo-Locator Team (aka Bean RedHeads) find us on GitHub! We’d love to hear your suggestions, questions and personal experiences with our app!


RSX is the 3D accelerator processor of the PS3.
You may also use basic RSX management for simple frame buffer management with double buffering .
Display management
The basic steps for managing the display are the following.
Initialization
- Create a RSX context (see rsxInit).
- Configure the video (video mode, color depth, aspect ratio). See videoConfigure for doing this. Default values can be obtained using videoGetState.
- Set flip mode (see gcmSetFlipMode). To prevent unpleasant flickering, you usually want to synchronize screen flipping with vertical refresh (use the GCM_FLIP_VSYNC value).
- Allocate buffers in video memory. If you want to perform double buffering, you need to allocate two buffers. In the most commonly used color depth mode (32-bit = 4 bytes), each buffer has a size of
screen_width*screen_height*4
. For each buffer, the steps are the following:
- Allocate a 64-byte aligned buffer in RSX memory with rsxMemalign.
- Generate an offset for the buffer address using rsxAddressToOffset.
- Setup the buffer using gcmSetDisplayBuffer, providing the buffer number (starting from 0) and the buffer offset generated from the previous step.
- Allocate a depth buffer, aligned to 64-byte boundary, which size can be
screen_width*screen_height*2
if using 16-bit depth mode. Use rsxMemalign for this. Generate an offset to that depth buffer with rsxAddressToOffset.
- Reset the flip status using gcmResetFlipStatus.
Setting the render target and flipping
For each frame to be drawn, the steps are the following:
- Write the pixel data to the buffer which is not being displayed. For instance, if buffer 0 is being displayed, write to buffer 1.
- Push a flip command using gcmSetFlip specifying the buffer to be displayed (the one you just updated).
- Flush the RSX buffer (rsxFlushBuffer).
- Force the RSX to wait for next flip (gcmSetWaitFlip).
- Set the new render target using rsxSetSurface. You'll have to provide that function a pointer to a gcmSurface structure you filled with proper color depth mode, buffer offset, depth buffer mode, etc. You can borrow proper valid values from the various graphics samples in the samples directory.
Then, before modifying the next buffer, ensure the flip actually has occurred by querying for the flip status (gcmGetFlipStatus) in a loop. Add timing after each negative query in order not to take too much CPU time. For this, a usleep(200)
call should be fine.
- Todo:
- Finish that page.


Open quickfix_vs12.sln, quickfix_vs14.sln, or quickfix_vs15.sln
Batch build all projects. lib\quickfix.lib and lib\debug\quickfix.lib can be linked into your application. Header files are copied to the include directory.
Compile time options are controlled from the
config_windows.h file in the src directory. The
following options are supported:
| #define HAVE_ODBC 1 |
| Compiles ODBC support into QuickFIX. |
| #define HAVE_MYSQL 1 |
| Compiles MySQL support into QuickFIX. If you enable this option, the mysql include and library directories must be in the Visual Studio search paths. |
| #define HAVE_POSTGRESQL 1 |
| Compiles PostgreSQL support into QuickFIX. If you enable this option, the postgres include and library directories must be in the Visual Studio search paths. |
./configure && ./make sudo make install
You can also run configure with the --prefix=<base directory> option to install to a custom location.
./configure options:
| --with-python3 |
| Build the Python3 API |
| --with-ruby |
| Build the Ruby API |
| --with-mysql |
| Compile in mysql support |
| --with-postgresql |
| Compile in postgresql support |
When using the SUNPro compiler:
CC=<full path to SUNPro CC binary>
CFLAGS=-g -xs
CXX=<full path to SUNPro CC binary>
CXXFLAGS=-g -xs
LD=<full path to SUNPro CC binary>
LDFLAGS=-g -xs -lCstd
AR=<full path to SUNPro CC binary>
AR_FLAGS=-g -xs -xar -o


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psl1ght
A free SDK for Sony's PS3 console
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Condition variables management. More...
#include <lv2/cond.h>
Go to the source code of this file.
Data Structures | |
| struct | sys_cond_attr |
| Condition variable attributes data structure. More... | |
Macros | |
| #define | SYS_COND_ATTR_PSHARED 0x0200 |
| Pshared attribute for condition variables. | |
Typedefs | |
| typedef struct sys_cond_attr | sys_cond_attr_t |
| Condition variable attributes data structure. | |
Functions | |
| LV2_SYSCALL | sysCondCreate (sys_cond_t *cond, sys_mutex_t mutex, const sys_cond_attr_t *attr) |
| Create a condition variable. More... | |
| LV2_SYSCALL | sysCondDestroy (sys_cond_t cond) |
| Destroy a condition variable. More... | |
| LV2_SYSCALL | sysCondWait (sys_cond_t cond, u64 timeout_usec) |
| Wait for a condition variable to be signaled. More... | |
| LV2_SYSCALL | sysCondSignal (sys_cond_t cond) |
| Signal a condition variable to at most one waiting thread. More... | |
| LV2_SYSCALL | sysCondBroadcast (sys_cond_t cond) |
| Signal a condition variable to all waiting threads. More... | |
Condition variables management.
| LV2_SYSCALL sysCondBroadcast | ( | sys_cond_t | cond | ) |
Signal a condition variable to all waiting threads.
| cond | Condition variable identifier. |
| LV2_SYSCALL sysCondCreate | ( | sys_cond_t * | cond, |
| sys_mutex_t | mutex, | ||
| const sys_cond_attr_t * | attr | ||
| ) |
Create a condition variable.
| cond | Pointer to storage for the created condition variable identifier. |
| mutex | Pointer to the associated mutex. |
| attr | Pointer to the attributes data structure. |
| LV2_SYSCALL sysCondDestroy | ( | sys_cond_t | cond | ) |
Destroy a condition variable.
| cond | Condition variable identifier. |
| LV2_SYSCALL sysCondSignal | ( | sys_cond_t | cond | ) |
Signal a condition variable to at most one waiting thread.
| cond | Condition variable identifier. |
| LV2_SYSCALL sysCondWait | ( | sys_cond_t | cond, |
| u64 | timeout_usec | ||
| ) |
Wait for a condition variable to be signaled.
The associated mutex must have been previously locked by the calling thread. This function atomically unlocks the mutex and waits for the condition variable to be signaled. Before returning to the calling thread, this function re-acquires the mutex.
| cond | Condition variable identifier. |
| timeout_usec | Timeout value in microseconds, or 0 if no timeout is used. |


| Package | Description |
|---|---|
| org.apache.beam.sdk.transforms.windowing | |
| org.apache.beam.sdk.util |
Defines utilities used by the Dataflow SDK.
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
ExecutableTrigger |
Trigger.TriggerInfo.firstUnfinishedSubTrigger()
Returns the first unfinished sub-trigger.
|
ExecutableTrigger |
Trigger.TriggerInfo.subTrigger(int subtriggerIndex)
Access the executable version of the specified sub-trigger.
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
Iterable<ExecutableTrigger> |
Trigger.TriggerInfo.subTriggers()
Access the executable versions of the sub-triggers of the current trigger.
|
Iterable<ExecutableTrigger> |
Trigger.TriggerInfo.unfinishedSubTriggers()
Returns an iterable over the unfinished sub-triggers of the current trigger.
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
abstract Trigger.TriggerContext |
Trigger.TriggerContext.forTrigger(ExecutableTrigger trigger)
Create a sub-context for the given sub-trigger.
|
abstract Trigger.OnElementContext |
Trigger.OnElementContext.forTrigger(ExecutableTrigger trigger)
Create an
OnElementContext for executing the given trigger. |
abstract Trigger.OnMergeContext |
Trigger.OnMergeContext.forTrigger(ExecutableTrigger trigger)
Create an
OnMergeContext for executing the given trigger. |
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
static <W extends BoundedWindow> |
ExecutableTrigger.create(Trigger trigger) |
static <W extends BoundedWindow> |
ExecutableTrigger.createForOnceTrigger(Trigger.OnceTrigger trigger,
int nextUnusedIndex) |
ExecutableTrigger |
ExecutableTrigger.getSubTriggerContaining(int index) |
ExecutableTrigger |
WindowingStrategy.getTrigger() |
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
Set<ExecutableTrigger> |
FinishedTriggersSet.getFinishedTriggers()
Returns a mutable
Set of the underlying triggers that are finished. |
List<ExecutableTrigger> |
ExecutableTrigger.subTriggers() |
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
Trigger.TriggerContext |
TriggerContextFactory.base(W window,
Timers timers,
ExecutableTrigger rootTrigger,
FinishedTriggers finishedSet) |
void |
FinishedTriggersSet.clearRecursively(ExecutableTrigger trigger) |
void |
FinishedTriggersBitSet.clearRecursively(ExecutableTrigger trigger) |
void |
FinishedTriggers.clearRecursively(ExecutableTrigger trigger)
Sets the trigger and all of its subtriggers to unfinished.
|
MergingStateAccessor<?,W> |
TriggerContextFactory.createMergingStateAccessor(W mergeResult,
Collection<W> mergingWindows,
ExecutableTrigger trigger) |
Trigger.OnElementContext |
TriggerContextFactory.createOnElementContext(W window,
Timers timers,
org.joda.time.Instant elementTimestamp,
ExecutableTrigger rootTrigger,
FinishedTriggers finishedSet) |
Trigger.OnMergeContext |
TriggerContextFactory.createOnMergeContext(W window,
Timers timers,
ExecutableTrigger rootTrigger,
FinishedTriggers finishedSet,
Map<W,FinishedTriggers> finishedSets) |
StateAccessor<?> |
TriggerContextFactory.createStateAccessor(W window,
ExecutableTrigger trigger) |
boolean |
ExecutableTrigger.isCompatible(ExecutableTrigger other) |
boolean |
FinishedTriggersSet.isFinished(ExecutableTrigger trigger) |
boolean |
FinishedTriggersBitSet.isFinished(ExecutableTrigger trigger) |
boolean |
FinishedTriggers.isFinished(ExecutableTrigger trigger)
Returns
true if the trigger is finished. |
void |
FinishedTriggersSet.setFinished(ExecutableTrigger trigger,
boolean value) |
void |
FinishedTriggersBitSet.setFinished(ExecutableTrigger trigger,
boolean value) |
void |
FinishedTriggers.setFinished(ExecutableTrigger trigger,
boolean value)
Sets the fact that the trigger is finished.
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
static FinishedTriggersSet |
FinishedTriggersSet.fromSet(Set<ExecutableTrigger> finishedTriggers) |
| Constructor and Description |
|---|
TriggerRunner(ExecutableTrigger rootTrigger,
TriggerContextFactory<W> contextFactory) |
Copyright © 2016 The Apache Software Foundation. All rights reserved.


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To save the file click on the Save Text to File button. The file will be saved to the default download directory of your system
Here you are a registered user session video to help you


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Contrib/PyQ
Contents |
PyQ: Python Integration
Introduction
PyQ provides seamless integration of Python and Q code. It brings Python and Q interpretors in the same process and allows code written in either of the languages to operate on the same data. In PyQ, Python and Q objects live in the same memory space and share the same data.
The following annotated session demonstrates some of the features:
- start interactive session
$ q python.q
- create an empty table
>>> q.trade = q('([]date:();sym:();qty:())')
- insert data
>>> q.insert('trade', (date(2006,10,6), 'IBM', 200)) >>> q.insert('trade', (date(2006,10,6), 'MSFT', 100))
- display the result
>>> q('show trade') date sym qty ------------------- 2006.10.06 IBM 200 2006.10.06 MSFT 100
- define a parameterized query
>>> query = q('{[s;d]select from trade where sym=s,date=d}')
- run a query
>>> query('IBM', date(2006,10,6)) k('+`date`sym`qty!(,2006.10.06;,`IBM;,200)')
- pretty print the result
>>> q.show(_) date sym qty ------------------ 2006.10.06 IBM 200
Releases
Release 3.0.2 is available as pyq-3.0.2.tar.gz. For the development version, point your svn client to !http://code.kx.com/svn/contrib/serpent.speak/trunk/Q or browse the source code here.
On-Line Documentation
Documentation is available from the python prompt
>>> help('q')
Performance Features
Q is much faster than Python. The following table shows times of adding 10,000 integers in four diffrent ways: (1) using a Q function on Q data, (2) using a Q function on Python data, (3) using a Python function on Python data, and (for completeness) (4) using a Python function on Q data.
| Setup | Call | Time |
| x = q.til(10000) | q.sum(x) | 31.5 usec |
| x = range(10000) | q.sum(x) | 187 usec |
| x = range(10000) | sum(x) | 648 usec |
| x = q.til(10000) | sum(x) | 849 usec |
One-way conversion
The best performance is achieved when Q functions are used on Q data. PyQ is designed to take advantage of this fact. Python data is automatically converted to Q, when mixed with Q data and stays in Q form unless converted back explicitly:
>>> q('1 2 3') + [3,2,1] k('4 4 4') >>> list(_) [4, 4, 4]
Compiled Queries
Parsing large queries can be slow. PyQ makes it easy to pre-compile Q queries and reuse them as if they were Python functions.
>>> query = q('{[s;d]select from trade where sym=s,date=d}')
PyQ queries combine the features of Python and Q functions. Like Python functions, they can be called with named arguments,
>>> query(d=date(2006,10,6),s='IBM') k('+`date`sym`qty!(,2006.10.06;,`IBM;,200)')
and, like Q functions, they can be partially applied:
>>> q1 = query(d=date(2006,10,6))
resulting in a query with fewer parameters,
>>> q1('MSFT') k('+`date`sym`qty!(,2006.10.06;,`MSFT;,100)')
Writing a Kdb+ Client
PyQ is designed primarily for embeded in-memory databases. For maximum performance one should avoid sending data between processes or over network. Nevertheless, client programming is very simple with PyQ.
>>> from qc import * >>> c = Client(port=1234) >>> c.insert('t', (1,'x')) >>> c.insert('t', (2,'y')) >>> c.insert('t', (3,'z')) >>> q.show(c('t')) a b --- 1 x 2 y 3 z >>> c('{select from t where a>x}'), 1) k('+`a`b!(2 3;`y`z)')


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Expression
Class represents single expression that is added in curly brackets inside key in Localizable.strings file or as a value in Expressions.strings file.
It is able to validate passed string using internal expression matcher.
-
Pattern of expression passed during initialization.
Declaration
Swift
let pattern: ExpressionPattern
-
Type of expression computed based on
pattern
.Declaration
Swift
private var type: ExpressionType!
-
Matcher created based on
pattern
.Declaration
Swift
private var matcher: ExpressionMatcher!
-
Return
ExpressionPattern
object if passedstr
parameter contains some pattern. The pattern may not be one of the supported one. If the syntax of the passed string is correct it is treated as pattern.Declaration
Swift
class func parseExpressionPattern(str: String) -> ExpressionPattern?
Parameters
str
string which may or may not contain a pattern.
Return Value
ExpressionPattern
object or nil when pattern is not found. -
Tries to parse passed
str
parameter and createdExpression
from it. If passed string contains expression that is supported and inside logic compute that this string is some supported pattern anExpression
object will be returned.Declaration
Swift
class func expressionFromString(str: String) -> Expression?
Parameters
str
string that may or may not contain expression pattern
Return Value
Expression
object or nil if pattern is not supported. -
Initializer that takes expression pattern. It may fail when expression type of passed expression is not supported.
Declaration
Swift
init?(pattern: ExpressionPattern)
Parameters
pattern
pattern of expression
Return Value
Expression
object or nil when pattern is not supported. -
Method that validates passed string.
Declaration
Swift
func validate(value: String) -> Bool
Parameters
value
value that should be matched
Return Value
true
if value match expression, otherwisefalse
.
-
Method used to create
ExpressionMatcher
instance that match expression pattern of thisExpression
object.Declaration
Swift
private func buildMatcher()
-
Method used to get
ExpressionType
of passedExpressionPattern
.Declaration
Swift
private class func getExpressionType(pattern: ExpressionPattern) -> ExpressionType?
Parameters
pattern
expression pattern that will be checked.
Return Value
ExpressionType
if pattern is supported, otherwise nil.


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This recipe describes building an apply or register app in Talent App Store.
The apply APIs can be used to:
To start the apply process, your app might:
There are 4 apply APIs:
When you are building a button SSO. About the APIs /me, /unvalidate3d. About unlisted links.
An assessment is some interaction relating to a job application at some point during the recruitment process, for example:
To complete an assessment, any of these parties might get involved along the way:
See also:
As the vendors of the assessmenthub app, Aotal charges you, the developer, for every API call to POST /assessments/byID/{id}/appDetails, with a completed assessment.
Fees will be based on either an agreed % of your total subscription fees to customers, or an agreed % of your fees per completed assessment, and will be designed to fit in with your existing fee model. The minimum fee per completed assessment will be $US1.00. There are no charges for partial/incomplete assessments.
As for any app in Talent App Store, your app also pays for core API calls, as described at http://developer.talentappstore.com. These costs are low.
Lets look at assessments in action by installing some apps.
Note: when installing apps, the apps that have links are sandbox apps that you install via their install token - the other apps can be found publicly listed (find them with "Browse apps").
First, follow these instructions to install Developer ATS and create a job application. Then:
+----------------------
|
| +-----+ +----------------+
| | ats |<------->| assessment app |-+
| +-----+ +----------------+ |-+
| /\ +----------------+ |
| | +----------------+
| | /\
| | |
| \/ \/
| +------------------------+
| | assessment hub |
| +------------------------+
|
+--- (tenant) ---------
Your assessment app. Your app does the hard word of actually conducting the assessment. For example a basic numeracy testing assessment might guide the candidate through a series of web pages, each one asking them an arithmetic question, and then at the end calculate an overall score for them and update the assessment's status in the hub to complete.
The assessment hub app provides centralized assessment management and is separate from any single assessment app. The assessment hub app:
The applicant tracking system (ATS) app. The ATS:
The first API call incoming to your app is to tell you that a tenant has installed it.
Typically you might handle this API call by inserting into your customer table, sending an email to customer support team, etc. You might show the "setup required" icon and a settings page to facilitate this.
See installing and controlling setup and launch pages for more.
GET /assessmentTypes/forApp
Response:
In this example, your app is declaring that it supports a single assessment type, "MS Word proficiency".
Immediately after your app is installed, the assessment hub, a separate app, consumes GET /assessmentTypes/forApp on your app to ask for your assessment types.
If your app is completely "on demand" then you are ready to immediately return the list fo assessment types for this tenant.
Otherwise, if your app requires setup (e.g. you need to set up an account for the customer) before it can meaningfully offer any assessment types, then you should return an empty set of assessment types. Then, later on when your app's setup is complete, tell the assessment hub that you have new assessment types by consuming POST /assessmentTypes/forApp/deltaPings/1. In response the hub will consume GET /assessmentTypes/forApp on our app.
Apps can use different strategies for their assessment types:
This example shows a reusable assessment type. When your assessment type is marked as reusable, an assessment result on one job application is reused when the same candidate makes another job application within "daysExpired" - i.e the candidate only completes the assessment once.
For example, if the candidate has completed a medical check for one job, and then applies for another a few days later, we don't want them to be asked to complete the same check again. In this example, the assessment is reusable, and if the candidate completed the previous assessment within one year, then that previous result will be reused.
Most assessment types should be reusable. Before deciding that your assessment type should not be reusable, ask yourself "if a candidate completes my assessment and then a few minutes later they apply for another, identical job, does it make sense for them to complete the assessment again?".
POST /assessments/byID/{id}/tenantDeltaPings
Request:
At some point, an assessment for one of your assessment types will actually be started, e.g. when a recruiter selects it from a drop-down menu, or when it is automatically started as a result of a candidate dropping into a specific bucket.
This results in an assessment being created in the assessment hub.
The assessment hub then notifies your app by consuming your POST /assessments/byID/{id}/tenantDeltaPings endpoint.
Note that although the API doc. specifies a request body, currently no body is sent. You should assume that if the assessment does not already exist in your own database, then this is a new assessment, otherwise it is an update to an existing assessment.
You might do your own system's housekeeping for the new assessment, e.g. creating rows in your own tables, sending messages, etc.
In the future, your app may be informed via POST /assessments/byID/{id}/tenantDeltaPings that an assessment has been deleted (e.g. in response to a privacy response, or to conform to data retention laws). In response, your app should clean up data held its own database relating to the assessment.
Also in the future, your app may be informed that an assessment has been updated (e.g. in response to the tenant putting it on hold), in which case your app should stop whatever it is doing with the candidate.
GET /assessments/byID/{id}
Response:
Once your app learns that the customer has started an assessment, typically, you'll fetch the details of the assessment by consuming GET /assessments/byID/{id}.
The data you get back is mainly about the assessment itself (e.g. who raised it, if anyone), rather than the candidate. An important part of the response is the view key. You use the view key in the next step to fetch data about the candidate (enail, phone number, name etc.).
GET /applications/views/byKey/{key}
Response:
Many assessment apps will need specific details about the candidate, such as their CV, address, name, etc., and maybe more secure information such as salary, or customer-specific information such as "Suitability for warehouse roles". Your app gets these details from an application view.
You can learn about views here.
The assessment details that you fetched previously included a view key - pass that in to your call to GET /applications/views/byKey/{key} to fetch the correct view for this assessment.
Since the customer has complete control over the actual data you see in the view when your assessment is started, you need to be very clear in your documentation what data you require. For example, you might say in your app's description that you need job ID, candidate first name, last name and email, and recruiter email.
To do its work, your assessment may need information sourced from the candidate.
For some information, such as first name and last name, you can reasonably expect to find that inside the view. Its unlikely that the customer would run a recruitment process that didn't involve having the candidate's name.
For other information, such as the candidate's date of birth, the information might or might not have been captured in the recruitment process. You'll probably need to talk to the customer to establish whether the information is available in the view or not
For this kind of information, you can choose to either:
PATCH /assessments/byID/{id}/appDetails
Request:
In this example, your app updates the assessment's status to indicate it is underway, and sets the candidate interaction link to point to an online assessment.
Having been alerted to a new assessment, and having fetched all details for the assessment, your product can do its thing for the assessment.
At each stage of processing, your app should push the assessment's state up into the assessment hub by consuming POST /assessments/byID/{}/appDetails.
The assessment's state includes:
An assessment can be in any of these statuses. There are 2 statues that can be set by the hub, and 4 statuses that can be set by your app.
Some statues are final, i.e. once the assessment is in this state, it will never leave it again.
| Status | Set by | When |
| Started | Hub | When the assessment is first started, or when the customer restarts an assessment that was in the "Error" state (hopefully after fixing the cause of the error). |
| In progress | App | When the app learns about the recently started assessment (via incoming API call). |
| Cancelled (final) | Hub | When the customer wants to halt the assessment (e.g. candidate has been declined). |
| Complete (final) | App | When the assessment is complete, and the result is available. |
| Opted out (final) | App | When for some reason (e.g. technical difficulty, refusal) the candidate cannot/will not complete the assessment. |
| Error | App | When for some reason beyond the power of the app to fix, e.g. missing data fields in the view, the assessment cannot be progressed. |
Below are some typical scenarios:
| Scenario | Status transitions |
|
Started -> In progress -> Complete |
|
Started -> Error -> Started -> In progress -> Complete |
|
Started -> In progress -> Opted out |
|
Started -> In progress -> Cancelled |
Once the candidate has completed the online process hosted at your app, your app pushes the results, with the updated status.
In this example, the assessment is now complete. It could also have been that the app was just posting interim results.
The assessment's image appears in the assessment strip, which in turn is usually embedded in the ATS alongside the other applicant details (name, email etc.). Setting the image is a good way for you to help the user understand the results from your assessment at a glance, without needing to drill in (unless they choose to). This is useful in the tightly packed screens in a typical ATS, which show many applicants and many assessments on a single page.
You can simply serve up a static image, or generate your images dynamically, e.,g. passing in the candidate's score as a URL parameter. For an example of this, see this demo dynamic image generator for assessment apps, written in node.js.
Users will appreciate an image which is a great visual representation of your assessment:
The status image should be suitable for displaying at an effective resolution of 52x32. Ideally your image should be 2x this to cater for high density displays (Retina Macbooks etc).
You should set the candidate interaction uri when you want to link the candidate to something (e.g. to have them complete a quiz).
If your assessment type was marked as appCommunicatesDirectlyToCandidate == false, then whenever you change the candidate interaction uri (including the first time you set it), the hub will send an email to the candidate with the new link in it. If you don't want this (i.e. your app sends its own emails to the candidate), then you should set appCommunicatesDirectlyToCandidate to true. This will prevent the candidate also receiving emails from the hub.
Whether your assessment type sets appCommunicatesDirectlyToCandidate to true or false, its still a good idea to set the candidate interaction uri if you have a sensible destination for the candidate.
For this example, let's assume that your app does its thing by having the candidate complete an online assessment. Below, it updates the assessment's status to indicate it is underway, and sets the candidate interaction link.
POST /assessments/byID/{}/appDetails
You can optionally protect your web pages with TAS SSO, using principal type of candidate. This protects against the link falling into the hands of someone other than the candidate, and means the candidate enjoys a seamless experience as they navigate into your app.
If you do use SSO, you should probably perform a sanity check that the candidate who logs in matches the one the assessment is for.
You should set the user interaction uri and/or message when you want to convey or display something to the user (i.e. someone looking at a list of applicants, and seeing your assessment there).
Note: this functionality is not yet live in the assessment hub. Stay tuned.
The message is an easy and quick way to display an error message, a link to your ractual results (e.g. in pdf format), or just a short message about the assessment.
The message is treated as markdown format, and you can include links (these will open in a new tab/window).
The uri allows you to provide a complete web page. This might show:
When userInteractionUrl is set, your app's web page is rendered within an iframe in the popup over the assessment strip (i.e. within the ATS pages).
The iframe has a minimum width of 380px by default, and a maximum width of 960px. If no height is supplied the browser will default to 150px.
You can update the dimensions of the iframe displayed in the popup, to make it best fit your content, with something like this:
var messageJson = {
action: 'updateIframe',
css: {
height: document.body.clientHeight + 'px',
width: '960px'
}
};
window.parent.postMessage(messageJson, '*');
This technique can only be used to adjust width/height values. Any other CSS passed will be ignored (e.g. border).
The following problems may cause a blank iframe inside the assessment popup.
GET /candidates/me/homePage
Response:
Finally, after your app has done its thing and completed the assessment, it should redirect the candidate's browser to the candidate "home page", served by some other app. Their home page might direct them to the next assessment they need to complete, or otherwise keep them updated.
POST /assessmentTypes/forApp/deltaPings/1
From time to time, your app may introduce new assessment types, e.g.:
When this happens, you need to consume POST /assessmentTypes/forApp/deltaPings/1.
This API is produced by the assessment hub. The assessment hub will then consume GET /asessmentTypes/forApp on your app, to load your newly updated set of assessment types.


Blue Lotus (Nymphaea nouchali var caerulea) & White Lotus (N. odorata)
Over the year I've gained adequate enough experience with lotus of two types (blue, Nymphaea caerula, and white, N. odorata) to give a general summary of the substance's effects. My supplies of the flowers consisted of 10g of blue, shredded and dried flowers and 30g of white, dried half-flowers, ordered from separate online sites. I've tried the lotus as a tea and by smoking, but my results from smoking the flower are inconclusive, so only the tea experiences are provided. However, smoked lotus DID seem psychoactive. Also, I sometimes eat the boiled flowers left after tea preparation, though whether this practice enhances psychoactivity is not obvious.
I prepared lotus tea on various occasions by heating the plant matter in a tea infuser ball or by brewing the flowers in a filtered coffee maker. 1-2 tablespoons of blue lotus shreds or 2 halves (of varying sizes) of white lotus would be used in this manner. The tea's color and taste varied by lotus species, but not by brewing practice (perhaps the difference could have been due to the difference in flower-species 'form'; shredded vs. halves). Blue lotus tea was deep green-brown in color with a pronounced bitter and vegetable taste. White lotus tea was a paler shade (similar to green tea), less bitter, and less vegetable. Both types had a nice 'flowery' taste.
The effects of either tea type are similar enough to be lumped together. However, the intensity of effects seems to vary widely. This may be due to quickly-developed but short-lived tolerance; the tea tends to be more effective one day, then less the next. A few days of abstinence seems to increase the flower's effectiveness. Perhaps flower stength varies by the bud, instead?
The primary effects, which come on within minutes, are euphoria, brief tachyardia, and pressure centered in the forehead. Sedation sets in slowly over time, and tends to be mild. Thus, I consider lotus to be more of a euphoriant than a narcotic. The euphoria is like a cross between a caffeine-rush and a good nicotine 'high,' [i.e. what I liken to 'lovesickness euphoria'] which is strongest with the tachyardia and mellows once the heart settles down. This leads me to believe that the active component could be a dopamine agonist, like aporphine. [however, this also leads me to believe that lotus may have habit-forming potential. its use is 'rewarding' and manageable]
Lotus euphoria is often accompanied by positive mood-shift, increased pleasure from normally pleasing activities (pleasure enhancement), and (possibly) mild sensory enhancement [i suspect it has enhanced my sense of sight (color vividness and visual clarity) and taste on several occasions]. Additionally, lotus tends to enhance the pleasureability of common substances; alcohol for certain and caffeine likely [enhanced stimulation/sedation uncertain].
Since lotus's effects are generally subtle, the duration of effects is hard to determine. I'd estimate the effects last anywhere from 1 to 4 hours, with pronounced euphoria fading first while mood-shift and sedation persist longer. I haven't noticed any morning-after effects.
Over all, I'd advise that lotus'd be used as an euphoriant in its own right or as an enhancer of other substances (experimentation worthy). I imagine that the ancient Egyptians used the lotus as a recreational infusion in wine [preparation most supported by documentation], though the same preparation would likely have use in a religious/ritual setting. I'm uncertain whether the lotus could inspire a full-blown religious trance on its own, but I've yet to consume large quantities of the flower at one time.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


case classInconsistentDatabase(db: String, script: String, error: String, rev: Int) extends PlayException with ExceptionAttachment with RichDescription with Product with Serializable
Exception thrown when the database is in inconsistent state.
case classInvalidDatabaseRevision(db: String, script: String) extends PlayException with ExceptionAttachment with RichDescription with Product with Serializable
Exception thrown when the database is not up to date.


Using PIP/make on a Mac.¶
Runing Mac OS 10.15.2 (feb 2020). I need PIP in order to install some packages (in particular, Sphinx for creating documnetation). Pip as is, on the Mac, does not seem to run,
After reading a lot on line, I decided to use Homebrew to get an up-to-date verison of Python (Mac uses 2.7.16, which is ridiculous).
brew install python
brew link –overwrite python
Now to install sphinx with pip, I use
pip3 install sphinx
I then did:
brew install python
brew unlink python && brew link python
brew link –overwrite python
brew install sphinx-doc
echo ‘export PATH=”/usr/local/opt/sphinx-doc/bin:$PATH”’ >> ~/.zshrc
Somewhere, I did this:
pip3 install sphinx
But I’m not sure that was a good idea. IN any case, it does not have the sphinx-quickstart command, so I don’t know why I need it. (Maybe I don’t)
On a Mac, you also need to have the developer tools installed, in order for the “make” command to run. Need to run this in the terminal:
xcode-select –install


The return
statement ends function execution and specifies a value to be returned to the function caller.
return [[expression]];
expression
undefined
is returned instead.When a return
statement is called in a function, the execution of this function is stopped. If specified, a given value is returned to the function caller. If the expression is omitted, undefined
is returned instead. The following return statements all break the function execution:
return; return true; return false; return x; return x + y / 3;
The return
statement is affected by automatic semicolon insertion (ASI). No line terminator is allowed between the return
keyword and the expression.
return a + b;
is transformed by ASI into:
return; a + b;
The console will warn "unreachable code after return statement".
The following function returns the square of its argument, x
, where x
is a number.
function square(x) { return x * x; }
A function immediately stops at the point where return
is called.
function counter() { for (var count = 1; ; count++) { // infinite loop console.log(count + "A"); // until 5 if (count === 5) { return; } console.log(count + "B"); // until 4 } console.log(count + "C"); // never appears } counter(); // Output: // 1A // 1B // 2A // 2B // 3A // 3B // 4A // 4B // 5A
See also the article about Closures.
function magic(x) { return function calc(x) { return x * 42 }; } var answer = magic(); answer(1337); // 56154
Created by Mozilla Contributors, license: CC-BY-SA 2.5


Annotations for discovery
Widoco includes json-ld snippets on the main html document with a basic description of the metadata annotated according to Schema.org. These snippets are useful for search engines to find and explore the contents of the documentation automatically.
For an example, you may go to the following link and view the page source. Close to the beggining of the document you will see a JSON-LD snippet with the information of the page, annotated according to schema.org. This would be the information of the page as seen by a search engine.


{% load static %}
Enter a symptom here
Need Help finding your exact symptom?
Symptoms list:
{% block help %}
{% for ele in help%}
Related Symptom/s: {{ element }}
You have deficiency of {{ deficiency }} .
Kindly increase intake of the following food/s: {{ food }}.
Symptom: {{ element }}
Invalid search element, try another keyword.


In this paper, we have given an equational characterization of programs. Categorically, we have:
| 'hello' | |
| 'world' |
These 2-cells are generated from atomic reductions, in these examples:
| (where x + y = z) | |||
| s |
Unfortunately, we cannot just replay Milner's presentation in the premonoidal setting, since one of the axioms of a 2-category is functoriality of composition, which implies:
| If | |||
| and | then | ; |
| 'world' | |
| 'hello' |
| If | |||
| and | then | ; |
| If | |||
| and | then | ; |
| If | |||
| and | then | ; |
Formally, define C P to be a pre-2-category whenever:
such that:
| P[XY] P[YZ] | P[XZ] | |
| P[XY] P[YZ] | P[XZ] |
and:
| C[XY] P[YZ] | C[XY] P[YZ] | |
| P[XY] P[YZ] | P[XZ] |
commute.
Note that any 2-category is automatically a pre-2-category, since we can take C and P to be the same 2-category, and identify all of the hom-categories and composition functors.
We can then replay the definition of a premonoidal category at the 2-level to get a categorical presentation of a language with its operational semantics.
A premonoidal pre-2-category is a pre-2-category C P with:
such that:
Following Power's presentation of premonoidal categories as Subset-enriched categories, we can present pre-2-categories using enriched categories. Define a category to be centralized if some of its objects are tagged as central, some of its morphisms are tagged as central, and satisfying the property that if f : X X and X is central, then f and X are central. Let Central be the category of centralized categories with functors respecting the central structure. Central has an asymmetric monoidal structure where C * D is the subcategory of C D where for any pair of morphisms (f,g) : (X,Y) (X,Y) either X is central or g is central. Then the above definition of a pre-2-category is equivalent to a Central-category with composition given as a functor P[X,Y] * P[Y,Z] P[X,Z]. We can then replay Power's definition of a premonoidal category replacing Subset-Cat with Central-Cat to find a definition of a premonoidal pre-2-category equivalent to the above.
For the closed structure, the isomorphisms:
allow value and central reductions to take place under function bodies, but not process reductions. For example we allow:


|
Sylvanians by Species
Alpacas
Badgers
Bears
Timbertop Bear Family
Beavers
Babblebrook Beaver Family
Waters Beaver Family
Woodbrook Beaver Family
Cats
Chantilly Cat Family
Charcoal Cat Family
Cheshire Cat Family
Fellini Cat Family
Fisher Cat Family
Fisher Cat Family (Calico Critters)
Golightly Silk Cat Family
Gray Cat Family (Easy Buy)
Harvey Grey Cat Family
Keats Cream Cat Family
Macavity Cat Family
Marlowe Tuxedo Cat Family
Persis Persian Cat Family
Sandy Cat Family (Calico Critters)
Sandy Striped Cat Family
Silk Cat Family (Calico Critters)
Tuxedo Cat Family (Calico Critters)
Whiskers Tortoiseshell Cat Family
Chipmunks
Hazelnut Chipmunk Family (Calico
Critters)
Cows
Buttercup Friesian Cow Family
Deer
Buckley Red Deer Family
Buckley Deer Family (Calico Critters)
Deer Family (Easy Buy)
Dogs
Barker Golden Labrador Family
Bassett Dog Family
Beagle Dog Family (Calico Critters)
Cakebread Toy Poodle Family
Cakebread Poodle Family (Calico
Critters)
Chocolate Labrador Family (Calico
Critters)
DePembroke Corgi Family
Doughty Chiffon Dog Family
Farthing Dog Family
Fenton Yellow Labrador Family
Huckleberry Hound Dog Family
Hunter-Smyth Chocolate Labrador
Family
Maple Dog Family (Easy Buy)
Sunnybrook Spaniel Family (Calico
Critter)
Tailbury Dog Family
Yellow Labrador Family (Calico
Critters)
Dormice
Hazelnut Dormouse Family
Elephants
Ellwoods Elephant Family (Calico
Critters)
Trunk Elephant Family
Foxes
Renard Fox Family
Slydale Fox Family
Slydale Fox Family (Calico Critters)
Goats
Brightfield Goat Family
Hamsters
Fluffy Hamster Family (Calico
Critters)
Goldbacke Hamster Family
Hedgehogs
Bramble Hedgehogs
Pickleweeds Hedgehog Family
(Calico Critters)
Kangaroos
Springer Kangaroo Family
Mice
Fielding Field Mouse Family
Hawthorn White Mouse Family
Hazelwood Mouse Family
Maces Mouse Family
Meadows Mouse Family
Mouse Family (Easy Buy)
Norwood Mouse Family
Moles
Dream Project Mole Family
Monkeys
Darwin Monkey Family
Forest Monkey Family (Japan)
Mango Monkey Family (Calico Critters)
Otters
Otter Family (2018, JP)
Neptune Sea Otters
Pandas
Bamboo Panda Family
Red Panda Family (Calico Critters)
Robinson Red Panda Family
Wilder Panda Family (Calico Critters)
Pigs
Pig Family (Easy Buy)
Pigglywink PIg Family (Calico Critters)
Rabbits
Babblebrook Rabbit Family
Blackberry Rabbit Family
Brighteyes Rabbit Family
Butterglove Rabbit Family
Chocolate Rabbit Family
Columbus Rabbit Family
Cottontail Rabbit Family
Dandelion Rabbit Family
Dappledawn Fawn Rabbit Family
Flower Garden Rabbit Family
Hopsctoch Rabbit Family (Calico
Critters)
Ivory Rabbit Family
Lavender Rabbit Family
Ocher Rabbit Family (Easy Buy)
Periwinkle Milk Rabbit Family
Seabreeze Rabbit Family
Snow-Warren Rabbit Family
Snowbunny Rabbit Family
Sweetpea Rabbit Family (Calico
Critters)
Wildwood Rabbit Family
Raccoons
Mulberry Raccoon Family
Sheep
Dale Sheep Family
Dingle Sheep Family
Easy Buy Sheep Family
Lambrook Sheep Family (Calico Critters)
Skunks
Bouquet Skunk Family
Squirrels
Apple-Blossom Squirrel Family
Furbanks Squirrel Family (Calico
Critters)
Furbanks Squirrel Family (Sylvanian
Families)
Walnut Squirrel Family
Voles
Clearwater Vole Family
Home
|
|


Resources
Get legal aid
Cabrini Green Legal Aid
CGLA provides both criminal and civil legal services, integrated with social work support, to individuals facing barriers stemming from an encounter with the criminal justice system. CGLA provides services in areas of acute need, including criminal records relief, defense, family and housing law.
First Defense Legal Aid
First Defense Legal Aid provides free, 24-hour, legal representation to people in Chicago Police Department custody and educates Chicagoans about how to protect their constitutional rights. We undertake these activities to promote fairness and accountability in the justice system.
Clear your record
Juvenile Expungement Help Desk
The Juvenile Expungement Help Desk, operated by the L.A.F (Legal Assistance Foundation) and Cabrini Green Legal Aid (CGLA), provides free legal assistance to expunge criminal records that occurred in Cook County before the age of 18. The staff can obtain criminal records, complete petitions and fingerprint for Illinois State Police records on-site with a valid ID. Staff will also represent clients that qualify at no cost. Learn more about expungement and services offered by the Help Desk.
Expunge.io
This is a resource for people with juvenile records in Illinois. A juvenile record can be a barrier to employment, education, and housing. Luckily, juvenile records can be erased through the expungement process. However, few people know about or take advantage of the opportunity. Expunge.io can help determine whether your record is eligible to expunge and can link you to free legal aid.
Know your rights
Learn more from the ACLU.
Get involved
Illinois Juvenile Justice Commission
The Illinois Juvenile Justice Commission is an advisory group responsible for administering federal juvenile justice grants, ensuring compliance with the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act, and advising the Governor and General Assembly on matters of juvenile justice. Apply to the Commission's Youth Advisory Board.
Community Restorative Justice Hubs
Through a restorative justice (RJ) philosophy, RJ Hubs create safe and healthy community spaces where disconnected and court-involved youth can experience belonging, opportunity, and positive transformation. Partner organizations include Austin Coming Together, Circles and Ciphers, Lawndale Christian Legal Center, Precious Blood Ministry of Reconciliation, Urban Life Skills, Community Justice for Youth Institute, and the Institute on Public Safety and Social Justice at Adler University.
Free Write Arts and Literacy
Free Write Arts & Literacy engages incarcerated and court-involved youth in the performing, visual, and literary arts so that they become the narrators of their own stories and the authors of their futures. By designing creative space to empower incarcerated and court involved youth, Free Write supports its students in developing educational and career opportunities that reduce recidivism.
Mikva Challenge – Juvenile Justice Council
Mikva Challenge develops youth to be informed, empowered, and active citizens and community leaders by engaging youth in action civics, an authentic and transformative learning process built on youth voice and youth expertise. Juvenile Justice Council is a group of young advocates on the mission to improve the juvenile justice system in Cook County. Mikva Challenge has other programs to join as well.
Mentor your peers
Find a job
One Summer Chicago
One Summer Chicago brings together government institutions, community-based organizations and companies to offer over 31,000 employment and internship opportunities to youth and young adults ages 14 to 24.
LRNG
LRNG CHI is a new digital platform to help you boost your career game. By joining and completing digital learning experiences, you will develop work-readiness skills and explore your passions
Check out additional resources from the City of Chicago.
Learn more
Chapin Hall at the University of Chicago
Chapin Hall at the University of Chicago has, as a research and policy center, focused on a mission of improving the well-being of children and youth, families, and their communities. This is done through policy research—by developing and testing new ideas, generating and analyzing information, and examining policies, programs, and practices across a wide range of service systems and organizations.


A simple meeting scheduling application
Create Meeting {% if session.meetings is defined %} Delete Meeting(s) {% endif %}


A recent JEPS bulletin post revealed that the largest percent (37%) of APA style mistakes in the manuscripts submitted for the 4th issue of the Journal of European Psychology Students (JEPS) are related to reference formatting. This is consistent with the analysis of APA style mistakes from 2010 where the largest proportion of APA style mistakes in the past JEPS submissions were related to references as well, although in a significantly larger percent (51%).
As described in a previous post, writing proper references may involve several issues--correctly listing references cited in text, as well as having all references in the list cited in text. Problems also occur in correct spelling of the references, formatting in-text citations according to APA guidelines, formatting the reference list according to the specific APA rules applying to each type of publication and ordering the references alphabetically by the authors' surnames.
Even though the APA manual is the guide no.1 in resolving these issues--doing it manually by the book requires a lot of time and attention. The good news is that there is a number of electronic tools that can also help to avoid these mistakes. This post offers you a brief introduction to two solutions--Zotero and Mendeley Desktop.
Zotero
Zotero version 2.1.8 (Zotero, 2011) is a referencing software that works on Firefox, together with an add-in for Microsoft Word. After installing the software, click on the Zotero icon on the right corner of the browser. Open the pdf in Firefox and save it in the Zotero library. By right-clicking on the saved pdf, you can select the option ‘’retrieve metadata for pdf’’. When working in Microsoft Word, click on the add-in application, and select citation style ‘’American Psychological Association 6th edition’’, and then your Zotero library will open up and you can select the article you would like to cite. An in-text citation will be inserted, and a reference will automatically be added to the reference list. Further citations of the same article will be in accordance with APA style in the text, and the reference list will also be automatically arrange in alphabetic order.
Mendeley Desktop
Similarly, Mendeley Desktop version <IP_ADDRESS>, (Mendeley, 2011) also has a web browser extension, where you can add a reference to the library when downloading the article, and a plug-in for Microsoft Word. Mendeley has a number of other features such as sticky notes and highlights when reading PDFs, suggestions of similar articles to those you have read and you can also browse Mendeley’s open database. It can also be used in LaTeX (an open source document preparation system used for preparing scientific documents, http://www.latex-project.org/ ) and BibTex (Feder, 2006)- a tool and a file format used to describe and process lists of references, mostly in conjunction with LaTeX documents.
Why use them?
The referencing tools are bound to save you enormous time and effort, and help you focus less on the technical parts of your documents. However, this does not mean that you should have incomplete knowledge of the APA Style guidelines. Referencing software is useful but not perfect--the generated references may be inconsistent or lacking certain parts. It’s the author’s responsibility to make sure everything is correct and in order. Therefore the programs save you the time, but do not excuse you from knowing APA Style.
We look forward to your perfect references in the 5th edition of the Journal of European Psychology Students!
References
Feder, A. (2006). BibTex [Software]. Retrieved from http://www.bibtex.org
The La TeX project. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.latex-project.org/
LyX - The Document Processor(2012) [Software]. Retrieved from http://www.lyx.org/.
Mendeley. (2012). (version <IP_ADDRESS>) [Software]. Retrieved from http://www.mendeley.com/
Zotero [version 2.1.8] (2012). [Software]. Virginia, USA: George Mason University. Retrieved from www.zotero.org
Edited by: Maris Vainre


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Murder trial ends in mistrial after lawyer involved in crash
by EndPlayDEDHAM, Mass. (AP) - The murder trial of a Massachusetts woman charged with killing her 81-year-old neighbor ended Monday when the judge called a mistrial because the defense attorney was struck by a car.
Norfolk Superior Court Judge Thomas Connors declared a mistrial in the trial of Tammie Galloway, who's charged with killing Laura Shifrina in May 2017 at a Needham Housing Authority apartment complex.
Defense attorney Elliot Levine was struck by an car over the weekend, sustaining serious but non-life threatening injuries, the Norfolk district attorney said in an emailed statement.
A retrial was scheduled for May 12.

Shifrina was a Jewish refugee who immigrated from to the United States in 2000, her daughter said. She worked as a computer software engineer in Moscow and was a member of the Massachusetts Club of Russian Speaking Scientists, her daughter said.


You create a 10-foot-radius, 20-foot-tall cylinder of magical energy centered on a point on the ground that you can see within range. Glowing runes appear wherever the cylinder intersects with the floor or other surface.
Choose one or more of the following types of creatures: celestials, elementals, fey, fiends, or undead.
The circle affects a creature of the chosen type in the following ways: • The creature can't w illingly enter the cylinder by nonmagical means. If the creature tries to use teleportation or interplanar travel to do so, it must first succeed on a Charisma saving throw.
• The creature has disadvantage on attack rolls against targets within the cylinder.
• Targets within the cylinder can't be charmed, frightened, or possessed by the creature.
When you cast this spell, you can elect to cause its magic to operate in the reverse direction, preventing a creature of the specified type from leaving the cylinder and protecting targets outside it.
At Higher Levels. When you cast this spell using a spell slot of 4th level or higher, the duration increases by 1 hour for each slot level above 3rd.


Braneshop & COVID-19
Hope you’re all staying safe out there in light of all the COVID-19 news. Our favourite place for information is The Guardian and health.gov.au.
As you’re probably aware, our workshops are typically run in person, in (small) groups.
In light of COVID-19, and the fact that a lot of people are self-isolating, we’ve decided to put all our in-person workshops on hold until the health.gov.au advice is that it’s safe to gather in large groups again, or otherwise until the community feels safe and comfortable with small in-person events.
In the mean time, we’re keen to try out some different ways of engaging online, so stay tuned for what they may look like. We’re open to ideas for what you might like to see, so please send in your suggestions (you can use the chat-box on the bottom-right of every page).
We’re also open to just collaborating with people on interesting/fun/socially-focused projects, so reach out if you have something along those lines.
Finally, an alternative revenue stream for us is consulting, so reach out if you have anything, related to computer-vision, NLP, data engineering, AI strategy or otherwise AI-related that we can help you with!
Thanks, and take care!


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Walking as a way of life
Regular exercise provides a myriad of health benefits for senior adults including a stronger heart, a positive mental outlook and an increased chance of remaining indefinitely independent
"Use it or lose it."
That's what doctors these days are telling senior citizens about their bodies.
But seniors needn't think they have to sign up for high-impact aerobics classes or run 10K races to stay in shape. Instead, fitting a simple 35-minute walk into their daily activities can keep them physically strong and agile.
"Walking is a tremendously good activity for senior citizens. It's cheap, it's simple, almost anybody can do it and it Walking has a multitude of health benefits for everyone. It helps seniors has very real benefits for maintain mobility and independence. Older adults," said Dr. Michael Pratt, the acting chief for the Physical Activity and Health Branch in the Division of Nutrition and Physical Activity at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta (CDC).
Dr. Pratt, is a member of the "Partnership for a Walkable America" -- a coalition of private, state and federal organizations united with the common cause of increasing public awareness about the benefits of walking.
Regular exercise is a must for older adults if they want to maintain mobility and independence, Dr. Pratt said.
"Statistics show that most older adults aren't getting enough activity and we know that they stand to benefit from regular exercise," he said.
In fact, Americans in general don't get enough exercise, Dr. Pratt said.
According to the Report to the Surgeon General on Physical Activity and Health issued by the CDC in July 1996, sixty percent of Americans are not regularly active and 25 percent are essentially sedentary.
Sedentary Life Can Be Deadly
New studies are showing that sedentary lifestyles can result in muscle loss and significantly lowered aerobic capacity.
Researchers at the Department of Physical Education at San Diego State University recently completed a 23-year study involving two groups of middle-age men. One group exercised regularly for 23 years. The other exercised approximately five years and then stopped.
When researchers tested the fitness of the men at the end of the study, they found those who hadn't exercised had lost 41 percent of their maximal aerobic power while those who exercised lost just 13 percent. These results were interesting since decreased aerobic power has long been thought to be a natural product of aging.
Additionally, the researchers found that none of the men in the exercise group developed high blood pressure, although two men in this group had high blood pressure initially. In contrast, 60 percent of the men who didn't exercise developed high blood pressure.
Another health bonus the researchers discovered was that the blood pressure of the men who exercised was 25 percent below the average of men their age.
Brain Power
Research has also shown exercise is good for the mind.
In a recent study at Scripps College in Claremont, Calif., researchers compared 62 exercisers, ages 55 to 91, with an equal number of people in the same age bracket who didn't exercise to determine the possible effects regular activity might have on cognitive skills.
Both groups were given a one-hour series of tests assessing memory, reaction time and reasoning.
The results? The exercisers performed significantly better in all reaction-time tests, all reasoning tests and in two of the three memory tests.
"I think this study strongly suggests that exercise is important in preserving our mental abilities as we grow older," said Louis Clarkson Smith, Ph.D., who conducted the research with Alan A. Hartley, Ph.D.
The Benefits Of Walking
According to Partnership member Mark Fenton, "The elderly have some special physical concerns that can be helped with regular exercise like walking."
"As people get older," he said, "they seem to be at greater risk of developing osteoporosis and with regular exercise like walking, that seems to be forestalled."
Fenton, editor of the Boston-based Walking Magazine, adds that the psychological benefits of regular physical activity for older adults are immense.
"We see again and again that regular exercise gives an improved sense of self-worth and an improved sense of purpose," he said. "It's also clear that regular activity may reduce the likelihood of clinical depression -- a problem among the elderly who may begin to feel they are a burden to their family. With regular exercise, they can continue to be contributing members of society and if they want, they can get involved in volunteer work or part-time work."
Other health benefits from regular physical activity such as walking include:
"I think what's really notable is just how much benefit there is for older adults to be physically active," DL Pratt said. "We used to think that once you got to a certain age, it really didn't make any difference anymore, but what we're finding out is that even men and women into their nineties can see major increases in cardiovascular fitness and strength with regular physical activity."
- Reduced risk of dying prematurely
- Decreased risk of dying from heart disease
- Decreased risk of developing colon cancer
- Reduced risk of developing high blood pressure
- Help in reducing blood pressure in people who already have high blood pressure
- Decreased risk of developing diabetes
- Lower risk of developing hypertension
- Increased muscle strength, flexibility and sense of balance, all of which reduce the risk of falls
- Help in controlling weight
America's Exercise Habits
Exercise seems to be something that comes naturally to people who were born and raised before the automobile boom and are now in their eighties and nineties, according to Maggie Spilner, an editor for Walking magazine who has written a column on walking for the publication since 1988.
"My grandmother walked to work every day because she didn't know how to drive a car but my mother, who is now 74, drives her car everywhere and doesn't get any more exercise than what it takes to run a household," she said.
"From what I have seen, our parents have been at greater risk than any other generation," she said. "They were caught in the middle of an industrialization movement in this country."
Spilner said those who are now in their nineties relied on foot for the most part to get around while the generation that followed developed daily patterns that depended on automobiles. "Our generation knows enough to exercise," she said, "but the lifestyle of our parents sapped them of any exercise.
Preventative Medicine
What health experts have now discovered is that regular exercise can help prevent many of the conditions that frequently lead to a ride in an ambulance to the hospital, according to Dan Manz, a past president of the National Association of State Emergency Medical Service Directors, a Partner agency.
"From an emergency medical service perspective, what continues to be the leading ambulance call in America is cardiovascular problems and certainly the population that is highly at risk for that is the elderly," Manz said. "Clearly aerobic exercise like walking is a key to reducing the risk of heart attack."
Manz cautioned, however, that those with heart problems should check with a physician before beginning an exercise program.
According to Dr. Pratt, regular exercise can make a difference in the strength and endurance of older Americans.
"We've found that loss of strength and endurance that appear to be due to aging are really due to inactivity," he said. "Studies show that one in three men and half of women are completely sedentary in their leisure by the time they reach 75-years-old."
The Independent Life
By far the biggest difference regular exercise can make in an older person's life, however, is in increasing their chances of remaining independent and able to care for themselves, Fenton said.
"Exercise seems to be at the heart of maintaining functional mobility and independence and that's critical for an older person," he said. "Regular exercise can mean the difference between a continual fulfilled life or the beginning of their demise."
Elberta Stutts, an 80-year-old retired employee of American Bakeries in Dorada, N.C., can attest to that.
"I walk about three and a half miles a day in my neighborhood and the last time I had my check-up at the doctor's office, the nurse said: 'From what I can tell, you have the heart of an athlete."'
What's more, Mrs. Stutts said she has gotten to know her community through her daily walks.
"I started walking for exercise when I quit work and I only knew maybe the next door neighbor or the neighbor across the street," she said. "But I've gotten to know everybody in the neighborhood now. What's so near is that when I don't walk for a couple of days, my neighbors start calling me, wanting to know why I haven't been out walking."
Mrs. Stutts added that her daily walks keep her feeling positive about life.
"I can be feeling down and I can get out and walk and it helps me a lot to keep my head on straight," she said.
Start Now!
It might also be of interest for seniors to know that it's never too late to begin exercising, said Dr. Pratt.
"One of the issues with older adults, particularly with women, is that many have grown up thinking that exercise is not for them," he said. "They think if they're not athletes, they shouldn't be active."
"To this, I would like to say that it's never too late to start. Most of the benefits of exercise that accrue for younger adults also apply to older adults, no matter when they begin exercising," he said.
This article was written for the Partnership for a Walkable America by Emily Smith of the University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center
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