the sound of the voices is awesome, absolutely leave it like this
Regnar11-Mar-19 11:00 AM
dude this looks great!
TwilightPunkster K6411-Mar-19 11:11 AM
thanks, currently fixing up the multiplayer parts
Aron“XuanLeeeeee“Goldberg11-Mar-19 11:18 AM
i'm already looking forward to the result, i'll do good advertising for twitter then
TwilightPunkster K6411-Mar-19 11:22 AM
nah, its just a demo, probably just going to finish the integration and call it a day
its already overscoped
basically, this project is 4 days old, and already matured above my expectations.
It's my first RTS
1
Regnar11-Mar-19 11:26 AM
You should continue to do RTS
Those are my favorite types of games, turn-based is fun too, but not as much. I do love Civilization games though
TwilightPunkster K6411-Mar-19 11:42 AM
@Regnar hahaha, I would, but setting up a kickstarter or dICO would take probably 3 months or so; I would totally love to completely finish this, but I already spend a some resources on this (too much than I should've xD xD)
Its fun, but small things eat a lot of time; and a MVP will take at least a week.
So, just the basics and moving forward the initial idea was a simple Warcraft 2 clone; and I already have spies, killable animals, multiple units, skill trees, formation AI and all kinds of other stuff.

Regnar11-Mar-19 11:58 AM
Are you a freelancer Twilight or do you normally work with a team/company? I'm not sure how the game dev industry works tbh
TwilightPunkster K6411-Mar-19 12:04 PM
nope I run my own things, but because of my health I am fairly limited
this stuff how ever is just personal and hobby.
for fun (edited)
Regnar11-Mar-19 12:07 PM
Ah got ya. Glad you find it interesting! Have you messed with blockchain and crypto before?
TwilightPunkster K6411-Mar-19 12:13 PM
yup
Ethereum/web3
Loom, Enjin
Regnar11-Mar-19 12:14 PM
Welcome to Komodo :D
Anything we can do to make things easier for game devs?
TwilightPunkster K6411-Mar-19 12:21 PM
I think I already made a contribution, I integrated Unity with Komodo - and basically writing up a spec as WarChain is computing light for its API so it kinda becomes a SDK
what definitely would help are incentives, but I think they are already being made (like firing up instances in a click)
Probably, in general, video tutorials
Regnar11-Mar-19 12:30 PM
Ahh good to know. Obviously we want to make it all as easy as possible, videos I think are in the works, i know dev documents are being built out on https://developers.komodoplatform.com/ maybe we should include a section for games too including the unity stuff(edited)
Here a few short insights into the #Blockchaingaming. On board #komodo you can welcome a top developer who created this game in "a few hours" on the Komodo blockchain.
https://t.co/CqeWns6yoy
@twpunkster @KomodoPlatform @CryptoRichYT @0xca333 $kmd
wouldn't that also be something for Komodo because gaming is also in focus???
Regnar11-Mar-19 03:40 PM
What's the thought on dual currency in games? For example in game playing to get WAR, betting in KMD, or random treasure chest with KMD in it. I dont think there are any blockchain games with multiple currencies integrated like that, though funding it would probably have to be creative
TwilightPunkster K6411-Mar-19 05:24 PM
GDC would be this year a waste of money imo. But I personally feel that Komodo can do much more for gaming.
FishyGuts11-Mar-19 05:26 PM
TwilightPunkster K6411-Mar-19 05:28 PM
For example, a specifc community manager for gaming or at least accelerating it; attracting devs and speak their jargon.
oh my I got an idea!
FishyGuts11-Mar-19 05:42 PM
I think @Cryptofist wants to be that or create that .
TwilightPunkster K6411-Mar-19 05:45 PM
ah, you're right
@Cryptofist what about that
@Meyse are you going tomorrow?
Cryptofist11-Mar-19 06:09 PM
I've been trying to fulfil that role as much as I can now.
I learned a lot on how to handle that, just from assisting and showing you around last week @TwilightPunkster K64.
TwilightPunkster K6411-Mar-19 06:10 PM
Cryptofist11-Mar-19 06:10 PM
Also Iooked at GDC. I thought it would be too hurried to try and get something together.
TwilightPunkster K6411-Mar-19 06:10 PM
we're almost all like a Witch coven
1
Cryptofist11-Mar-19 06:11 PM
There's a con here in April though that might be wonderful to attend/exhibit/sponsor
TwilightPunkster K6411-Mar-19 06:12 PM
want my personal opinion?
Those events are expensive, time robbing and rarely effective unless you spend a lot of money. Instead of doing that, take a fraction of that and do more awesome things
Indeed. I've ran a con(horror) and attended them. They are a crapshoot for all parties.
@TwilightPunkster K64 yep
I'm gaining my footing here and in my schedule, setting up some meet ups keeps crossing my mind as well as some smaller in person e deavors.
Alot of the gaming community(as in players),
would be interested to see this stuff. Dropping into game shops feels beneficial to me. (Acquiring Micro influencers)
TwilightPunkster K6411-Mar-19 06:27 PM
coding time.
Alright. 10 scripts to rock, 48 objects to magically boil, and a shiiiit lotta strings to hash from animations to integers
Strap yourself in for the most thundering AC/DC tracks! Listen to the playlist now: https://ACDC.lnk.to/AreYouReadyYA!ts The Razors Edge Buy/Listen - https:/...
THUNDER
micro influencer.


Benefits of using equipment maintenance software
Using equipment maintenance software can help improves your organization by allowing you to:
- Organize and view your equipment in an intuitive hierarchy
- Easy access to work order history for any asset
- Assign maintenance managers to specific buildings and assets
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At the library for HSSB, to establish the communication with the HSSB Board on CNC side, it is necessary to get the library handle number by cnc_allclibhndl or cnc_allclibhndl2 function.
At the library for Ethernet, to establish the communication with the Ethernet Board on CNC side, it is necessary to get the library handle number and create the TCP/IP connection by passing a CNC's IP address parameter to the cnc_allclibhndl3 function.
Once the library handle number is acquired, it must be held until the application program terminates, because it is necessary to pass the number as an argument to each CNC/PMC Data window library function.
The library handle is owned by the thread that got it. Even if the thread-A which has already got a library handle shows the library handle to another thread-B, the thread-B cannot use that library handle.
It is possible that one thread gets multiple library handles by calling the function for getting the library handle repeatedly. For example, on the 2 path control system, it is possible that the thread on an application gets two library handles for the same CNC (in other words, the same Node or the same IP address) and allocates the individual path to each handle.
If you create some handles for the same IP address, the library creates only one TCP/IP connection per process. This is for saving the resource of the Ethernet Board on the CNC side. So when the connection of one library handle is destroyed by the communication error and TCP/IP connection closes, the connection in other handle is destroyed, too.
When an application program terminates, the library handles must be released by using the cnc_freelibhndl function.
<Note>
If an application program terminates without releasing the library handle number, the memory area assigned for the management of the handle remains allocated and accumulates. If it is repeated, the library handle number will become unable to be acquired at last.
The outline of processing sequence of an application program is as follows.
Cautions which have to be considered when the power supply on the NC which is connected with PC via HSSB is turned off, are shown below.
When the power supply of NC side is turned off after the library handle is acquired, the acquired library handles become invalid. (When multiple NCs are connected via HSSB interface, only the library handle of the NC whose power supply is turned off becomes invalid.)
If the library function is executed with the invalid library handle, the completion status of EW_HSSB is returned.
Moreover, when the library function is executed with the invalid library handle after starting up the NC again, the completion status of EW_HANDLE is returned. The library handle which became invalid must be released by the function cnc_freelibhndl().
In this case, the result of the operation under execution is unpredictable.
When the power supply on the NC side is turned off while the library is not being executed, the library function becomes executable by acquiring the library handle again after NC is started up.
If cnc_allclibhndl or cnc_allclibhndl2 is executed while the power supply on the NC side is off, EW_HSSB is returned as the completion status.
And, if cnc_allclibhndl or cnc_allclibhndl2 is executed immediately after the NC starting up, the completion status EW_BUSY may be returned.
This means that the initialization of the interface between NC and MMC function is not finished. Retry calling the function until the initialization completes when the completion status is EW_BUSY.
Cautions which have to be considered when the power supply on the NC which is connected with PC via Ethernet is turned off, are shown below.
When the power supply of CNC is turned off after the library handle is acquired, the connection is not disabled soon. If the power is turned off, the library cannot detect the disconnection of TCP/IP because TCP/IP reset is not noticed from the Ethernet Board on the CNC side. (This status is called 'half-open' as TCP/IP technical term.)
After executing the library in the half-open state, the timeout error is occurred at the time which is specified in cnc_allclibhndl3, and then all library handles of the CNC whose power supply has been turned off become invalid.
If the library function is executed with the invalid library handle while the power supply of the CNC is off, EW_SOCKET is returned as the completion status. The library handle, which became invalid, must be released by the function cnc_freelibhndl. And after CNC is started, the library function becomes available by getting the library handle again.
When the power supply on the CNC side is turned off while the library function is running, the result of the operation under execution is not guaranteed.
If cnc_allclibhndl3 is executed while the power supply on the NC side is off, EW_SOCKET is returned as the completion status.
However, the completion status of cnc_allclibhndl3 will be EW_OK for the new library handle, once other library handle has been got by cnc_allclibhndl3 and then the Ethernet connection failed to half-open state by the power off of the CNC.
If the connection is already created, cnc_allclibhndl3 tries to reuse it. In case of above condition, the connection is created by first cnc_allclibhndl3 calling and 2nd calling tries to attach it to new handle number. Then, the library will create a new connection if the library can detect that connection is reset. But in this case the connection status is half-open and the library cannot detect the close of TCP/IP. So the library will attach the half-open state connection to a new handle and the second handle getting will be succeeded.
After executing the library in this state, the timeout error will be occurred and the half-open state connection will be closed.


I am a fresh graduate in Information Technology student, not that expert in any programming language, but I can do my very best to do what I have to. Being Flexible, Hardworking, Cooperative, Open Minded and Willing to learn is all I'm sure of to be able to work with a team
Being a fresh graduate I enjoy a lot playing mobile games and online games. I also like to explore new things, new environment so need to save some money badly.
I am also playing musical instrument like guitar and piano even I’m not better at it. Also trying to motivate myself to continue learn and develop something especially web sites.
One of the System Development that helped our university with their System (OSS kiosk) and until now it's still running.
One of the system developers that created Rampa to make tabulation fast and user friendly. Making it the best asset to our group offering high quality service.
My first job after graduating in collage to gain some money to help my parents.


COVID-19
Confirmed cases worldwide
Updated
<<<<<<< HEAD
Collaborators
Isha Berry,
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Thomas Brewer,
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>John Brownstein,
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Emily Cohn,
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Lauren Goodwin,
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Bernardo Gutierrez,
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Sarah Hill,
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Erin Hulland,
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Moritz Kraemer,
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Anastasia Lambrou,
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Sabrina Li,
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Alyssa Loskill,
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Sumiko Mekaru,
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Julia Morgan,
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Katelynn O'Brien,
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>David Pigott,
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Oliver Pybus,
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Sam Scarpino,
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Kara Sewalk,
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Lin Wang,
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Jessie Wu,
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Bo Xu,
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Alex Zarebski,
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>News and Publications
I’m a researcher who’s helped change how we tackle pandemics like coronavirus forever – this is what we’ve learned
• Independent
Open access epidemiological data from the COVID-19 outbreak
• The Lancet
COVID-19
Confirmed cases worldwide
Updated
COVID-19
Line List
WHO Data
About
this
Map
COVID-19 Cases
10,000+
2000
500
100
10
New
Play
Week of
=======
In collaboration with the Open COVID-19 Data Curation Group
COVID-19 Dataset
About
COVID-19
Cases
Play
>>>>>>> upstream/master


{% extends "layout.html" %} {% block content %}
Legend: Blue = front row, Red text = left handed seats, Green = back row


|
PortAudio
2.0
|
Generate Pink Noise using Gardner method. More...
Go to the source code of this file.
Data Structures | |
| struct | PinkNoise |
| struct | paTestData |
Macros | |
| #define | PINK_MAX_RANDOM_ROWS (30) |
| #define | PINK_RANDOM_BITS (24) |
| #define | PINK_RANDOM_SHIFT ((sizeof(long)*8)-PINK_RANDOM_BITS) |
| #define | PINK_MEASURE |
| #define | PINK_TEST |
Functions | |
| void | InitializePinkNoise (PinkNoise *pink, int numRows) |
| float | GeneratePinkNoise (PinkNoise *pink) |
| int | main (void) |
Variables | |
| float | pinkMax = -999.0 |
| float | pinkMin = 999.0 |
Generate Pink Noise using Gardner method.
Optimization suggested by James McCartney uses a tree to select which random value to replace.
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Tree is generated by counting trailing zeros in an increasing index. When the index is zero, no random number is selected.
Definition in file paex_pink.c.


Education
2016
Work Experience
2016
Leadership Experience
2016
Honors and Awards
2016
Other Strengths
2016
Adam T. Schaal
Front End Software Engineer
entrepreneur · teacher · designer · builder
Objective
Software Developer with management experience seeking a Senior Developer position with a strong local company.
Skills
skills
css
javascript
spelleing
Beginner
Familiar
Proficient
Expert
Master
html
Personal Skills
Agile / SCRUM
(Years Experience)
CONTINUOUS INTEGRATION


UNIX
Section: Linux Programmer's Manual (7)
Updated: 2012-05-10
Index
Return to Main Contents
NAME
unix - sockets for local interprocess communication
SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/un.h>
unix_socket = socket(AF_UNIX, type, 0);
error = socketpair(AF_UNIX, type, 0, int *sv);
DESCRIPTION
The
AF_UNIX
(also known as
AF_LOCAL)
socket family is used to communicate between processes on the same machine
efficiently.
Traditionally, UNIX domain sockets can be either unnamed,
or bound to a filesystem pathname (marked as being of type socket).
Linux also supports an abstract namespace which is independent of the
filesystem.
Valid types are:
SOCK_STREAM,
for a stream-oriented socket and
SOCK_DGRAM,
for a datagram-oriented socket that preserves message boundaries
(as on most UNIX implementations, UNIX domain datagram
sockets are always reliable and don't reorder datagrams);
and (since Linux 2.6.4)
SOCK_SEQPACKET,
for a connection-oriented socket that preserves message boundaries
and delivers messages in the order that they were sent.
UNIX domain sockets support passing file descriptors or process credentials
to other processes using ancillary data.
Address format
A UNIX domain socket address is represented in the following structure:
#define UNIX_PATH_MAX 108
struct sockaddr_un {
sa_family_t sun_family; /* AF_UNIX */
char sun_path[UNIX_PATH_MAX]; /* pathname */
};
sun_family
always contains
AF_UNIX.
Three types of address are distinguished in this structure:
- *
-
pathname:
a UNIX domain socket can be bound to a null-terminated
filesystem pathname using
bind(2).
When the address of the socket is returned by
getsockname(2),
getpeername(2),
and
accept(2),
its length is
offsetof(struct sockaddr_un, sun_path) + strlen(sun_path) + 1
and
sun_path
contains the null-terminated pathname.
- *
-
unnamed:
A stream socket that has not been bound to a pathname using
bind(2)
has no name.
Likewise, the two sockets created by
socketpair(2)
are unnamed.
When the address of an unnamed socket is returned by
getsockname(2),
getpeername(2),
and
accept(2),
its length is
sizeof(sa_family_t),
and
sun_path
should not be inspected.
- *
-
abstract:
an abstract socket address is distinguished by the fact that
sun_path[0]
is a null byte ('\0').
The socket's address in this namespace is given by the additional
bytes in
sun_path
that are covered by the specified length of the address structure.
(Null bytes in the name have no special significance.)
The name has no connection with filesystem pathnames.
When the address of an abstract socket is returned by
getsockname(2),
getpeername(2),
and
accept(2),
the returned
addrlen
is greater than
sizeof(sa_family_t)
(i.e., greater than 2), and the name of the socket is contained in
the first
(addrlen - sizeof(sa_family_t))
bytes of
sun_path.
The abstract socket namespace is a nonportable Linux extension.
Socket options
For historical reasons these socket options are specified with a
SOL_SOCKET
type even though they are
AF_UNIX
specific.
They can be set with
setsockopt(2)
and read with
getsockopt(2)
by specifying
SOL_SOCKET
as the socket family.
- SO_PASSCRED
-
Enables the receiving of the credentials of the sending process in an
ancillary message.
When this option is set and the socket is not yet connected
a unique name in the abstract namespace will be generated automatically.
Expects an integer boolean flag.
Autobind feature
If a
bind(2)
call specifies
addrlen
as
sizeof(sa_family_t),
or the
SO_PASSCRED
socket option was specified for a socket that was
not explicitly bound to an address,
then the socket is autobound to an abstract address.
The address consists of a null byte
followed by 5 bytes in the character set
[0-9a-f].
Thus, there is a limit of 2^20 autobind addresses.
(From Linux 2.1.15, when the autobind feature was added,
8 bytes were used, and the limit was thus 2^32 autobind addresses.
The change to 5 bytes came in Linux 2.3.15.)
Sockets API
The following paragraphs describe domain-specific details and
unsupported features of the sockets API for UNIX domain sockets on Linux.
UNIX domain sockets do not support the transmission of
out-of-band data (the
MSG_OOB
flag for
send(2)
and
recv(2)).
The
send(2)
MSG_MORE
flag is not supported by UNIX domain sockets.
The use of
MSG_TRUNC
in the
flags
argument of
recv(2)
is not supported by UNIX domain sockets.
The
SO_SNDBUF
socket option does have an effect for UNIX domain sockets, but the
SO_RCVBUF
option does not.
For datagram sockets, the
SO_SNDBUF
value imposes an upper limit on the size of outgoing datagrams.
This limit is calculated as the doubled (see
socket(7))
option value less 32 bytes used for overhead.
Ancillary messages
Ancillary data is sent and received using
sendmsg(2)
and
recvmsg(2).
For historical reasons the ancillary message types listed below
are specified with a
SOL_SOCKET
type even though they are
AF_UNIX
specific.
To send them set the
cmsg_level
field of the struct
cmsghdr
to
SOL_SOCKET
and the
cmsg_type
field to the type.
For more information see
cmsg(3).
- SCM_RIGHTS
-
Send or receive a set of open file descriptors from another process.
The data portion contains an integer array of the file descriptors.
The passed file descriptors behave as though they have been created with
dup(2).
- SCM_CREDENTIALS
-
Send or receive UNIX credentials.
This can be used for authentication.
The credentials are passed as a
struct ucred
ancillary message.
Thus structure is defined in
<sys/socket.h>
as follows:
struct ucred {
pid_t pid; /* process ID of the sending process */
uid_t uid; /* user ID of the sending process */
gid_t gid; /* group ID of the sending process */
};
Since glibc 2.8, the
_GNU_SOURCE
feature test macro must be defined (before including
any
header files) in order to obtain the definition
of this structure.
The credentials which the sender specifies are checked by the kernel.
A process with effective user ID 0 is allowed to specify values that do
not match its own.
The sender must specify its own process ID (unless it has the capability
CAP_SYS_ADMIN),
its user ID, effective user ID, or saved set-user-ID (unless it has
CAP_SETUID),
and its group ID, effective group ID, or saved set-group-ID
(unless it has
CAP_SETGID).
To receive a
struct ucred
message the
SO_PASSCRED
option must be enabled on the socket.
Ioctls
The following
ioctl(2)
calls return information in
value.
The correct syntax is:
-
int value;
error = ioctl(unix_socket, ioctl_type, &value);
ioctl_type
can be:
- SIOCINQ
-
Returns the amount of queued unread data in the receive buffer.
The socket must not be in LISTEN state, otherwise an error
(EINVAL)
is returned.
SIOCINQ
is defined in
<linux/sockios.h>.
Alternatively,
you can use the synonymous
FIONREAD,
defined in
<sys/ioctl.h>.
ERRORS
- EADDRINUSE
-
The specified local address is already in use or the filesystem socket
object already exists.
- ECONNREFUSED
-
The remote address specified by
connect(2)
was not a listening socket.
This error can also occur if the target filename is not a socket.
- ECONNRESET
-
Remote socket was unexpectedly closed.
- EFAULT
-
User memory address was not valid.
- EINVAL
-
Invalid argument passed.
A common cause is that the value
AF_UNIX
was not specified in the
sun_type
field of passed addresses, or the socket was in an
invalid state for the applied operation.
- EISCONN
-
connect(2)
called on an already connected socket or a target address was
specified on a connected socket.
- ENOENT
-
The pathname in the remote address specified to
connect(2)
did not exist.
- ENOMEM
-
Out of memory.
- ENOTCONN
-
Socket operation needs a target address, but the socket is not connected.
- EOPNOTSUPP
-
Stream operation called on non-stream oriented socket or tried to
use the out-of-band data option.
- EPERM
-
The sender passed invalid credentials in the
struct ucred.
- EPIPE
-
Remote socket was closed on a stream socket.
If enabled, a
SIGPIPE
is sent as well.
This can be avoided by passing the
MSG_NOSIGNAL
flag to
sendmsg(2)
or
recvmsg(2).
- EPROTONOSUPPORT
-
Passed protocol is not
AF_UNIX.
- EPROTOTYPE
-
Remote socket does not match the local socket type
(SOCK_DGRAM
versus
SOCK_STREAM)
- ESOCKTNOSUPPORT
-
Unknown socket type.
Other errors can be generated by the generic socket layer or
by the filesystem while generating a filesystem socket object.
See the appropriate manual pages for more information.
VERSIONS
SCM_CREDENTIALS
and the abstract namespace were introduced with Linux 2.2 and should not
be used in portable programs.
(Some BSD-derived systems also support credential passing,
but the implementation details differ.)
NOTES
In the Linux implementation, sockets which are visible in the
filesystem honor the permissions of the directory they are in.
Their owner, group and their permissions can be changed.
Creation of a new socket will fail if the process does not have write and
search (execute) permission on the directory the socket is created in.
Connecting to the socket object requires read/write permission.
This behavior differs from many BSD-derived systems which
ignore permissions for UNIX domain sockets.
Portable programs should not rely on
this feature for security.
Binding to a socket with a filename creates a socket
in the filesystem that must be deleted by the caller when it is no
longer needed (using
unlink(2)).
The usual UNIX close-behind semantics apply; the socket can be unlinked
at any time and will be finally removed from the filesystem when the last
reference to it is closed.
To pass file descriptors or credentials over a
SOCK_STREAM,
you need
to send or receive at least one byte of nonancillary data in the same
sendmsg(2)
or
recvmsg(2)
call.
UNIX domain stream sockets do not support the notion of out-of-band data.
EXAMPLE
See
bind(2).
For an example of the use of
SCM_RIGHTS
see
cmsg(3).

Time: 02:55:20 GMT, September 18, 2014


Protecting access to your data source is one of the most important goals of helping to secure an application. To limit access to your data source, you must take precautions to help secure connection information such as a user ID, password, and data source name. Storing a user ID and password in plain text, such as in your source code, presents a serious security issue. Even if you supply a compiled version of code that contains user ID and password information in an external source, your compiled code can potentially be disassembled and the user ID and password exposed. As a result, it is imperative that critical information such as a user ID and password not exist in your code.
It is strongly recommended that you not store the password together with the connection URL in application source code. Instead, consider storing the password in a separate file that has restricted access. The access to that file can be granted to the context under which the application is running.
Another approach is to store the encrypted password in a file. Make sure that you use an encryption API that does not require the key to be stored somewhere and is not derived from the password of a user. For example, you might consider using certificate-based public/private key pairs, or use an approach where two parties use a key agreement protocol (Diffie-Hellman algorithm) to generate identical secret keys for encryption without ever having to transmit the secret key.
If you take connection string information from an external source, such as a user supplying a user ID and password, you must validate any input from the source to ensure that it follows the correct format and does not contain additional parameters that affect your connection.


In mathematics, an integral assigns numbers to functions in a way that can describe displacement, area, volume, and other concepts that arise by combining infinitesimal data.The branch of mathematics in which the notion of an integral, its properties and methods of calculation are studied. Integral calculus is intimately related to differential calculus, and together with it constitutes the foundation of mathematical analysis. The origin of integral calculus goes back to the early period of development of mathematics and it is related to the method of exhaustion developed by the mathematicians of Ancient Greece
The fundamental concepts and theory of integral and differential calculus, primarily the relationship between differentiation and integration, as well as their application to the solution of applied problems, were developed in the works of P. de Fermat, I. Newton and G. Leibniz at the end of the 17th century. Their investigations were the beginning of an intensive development of mathematical analysis. The works of L. Euler, Jacob and Johann Bernoulli and J.L. Lagrange played an essential role in its creation in the 18th century. In the 19th century, in connection with the appearance of the notion of a limit, integral calculus achieved a logically complete form (in the works of A.L. Cauchy, B. Riemann and others). The development of the theory and methods of integral calculus took place at the end of 19th century and in the 20th century simultaneously with research into measure theory (cf. Measure), which plays an essential role in integral calculus.
The indefinite integral of a given real-valued function on an interval on
the real axis is defined as the collection of all its primitives on that
interval, that is, functions whose derivatives are the given function. The
indefinite integral of a function f is denoted by \(\int f(x)dx\). If
\(F\) is some primitive of \(f\), then any other primitive of it has the
form \(F+C\), where \(C\) is an arbitrary constant; one therefore writes
\(\int f(x)dx=F(x)+C\)
The fundamental theorem of calculus is the statement that differentiation and integration are inverse operations: if a continuous function is first integrated and then differentiated, the original function is retrieved. An important consequence, sometimes called the second fundamental theorem of calculus, allows one to compute integrals by using an antiderivative of the function to be integrated.
Let f be a continuous real-valued function defined on a closed interval
\([a, b]\). Let F be the function defined, for all \(x\) in \([a, b]\),
by
\(F(x)=\int _{a}^{x}f(t)\,dt.\)
Then, \(F\) is continuous on \([a, b]\), differentiable on the open
interval \((a, b)\), and
\(F'(x)=f(x)\)
for all \(x\) in \((a, b)\).
Let \(f\) be a real-valued function defined on a closed interval \([a,
b]\) that admits an antiderivative \(F\) on \([a, b]\). That is, \(f\)
and \(F\) are functions such that for all \(x\) in \([a, b]\),
\(f(x)=F'(x).\)
If \(f\) is integrable on \([a, b]\) then
\(\int _{a}^{b}f(x)\,dx=F(b)-F(a).\)


STREAMS
OUT
IN
{{publisher.streamManager.stream.connection.connectionId}} | {{publisher.streamManager.stream.streamId}}


Generic repository pattern
First, to avoid misunderstandings, let me explain what I understand by generic repository. Have your ever seen an interface like this:
Or maybe you saw it’s twin brother that have a slightly
different variant of Get
method:
Inspiration for the first of these examples comes from
official Microsoft documentation for ASP.NET MVC 4.
As for the second example you can find countless number of blogs that
describe this variant of the repository pattern e.g.
here,
and here,
and also here
sometimes with slight variantions like returning IEnumerable<TEntity>
instead of
IQueryable<TEntity>
.
And in the later case often with an additional method for generating
queries like:
So what is wrong with them you may ask? So far almost nothing,
not counting of course badly naming of the methods from Microsoft example(
they should be called Find
and FindAll
not Get
and GetAll
).
But “almost nothing” does not equal “nothing”. One problem that I find with these interfaces is that they violate Interface Segregation Principle. They expose full set of CRUD operations even for entities for which e.g. deleting does not make sense (for example when you deactivate users instead of deleting them from DB; also see Udi Dahan post about deleting data). But this problem can be easily solved by splitting this interface into three - one for reading, one for updating and one for deleting entities.
The real problem that I have with these interfaces comes from their improper usage. The original idea behind them is that they should be used as a base interfaces for your custom repository interfaces, just like this:
And that your command handlers and services (in other words clients of your custom repositories) should decide what methods are needed and should be put on your custom repository interfaces.
That is the theory. Unfortunately what I already saw a few times in my career instead is this:
Someone has created a working implementation of IGenericRepostory
interface.
What is worse this implementation is almost always registered in IoC container and
can be injected into your command handlers and
services like any other dependency:
This looks nice and clean but is not. I will tell you more about why
this is wrong later. Now I want to deal with one “solution” to the
GenericRepository<T>
misinterpretation that
I often hear from other developers.
This solution sounds like this (dialog during code-review):
JIM SENIOR: Have you ever heard that
NHibernate ISession
or Entity Framework DbSet
is a repository?
Indeed what you just created is a tin wrapper over either
ISession
or DbSet
.
Actually we can replace this GenericRepository<T>
by e.g.
DbSet
and get pretty must the same results.
The only service that IGenericRepository<T>
provides is that it hides
most of the thirty methods that DbSet
has.
JONNY JUNIOR: Oh, indeed what you just said make sense.
I guess using generic repository
pattern here was a bit of overengineering. (Happily gets back to coding…)
For me using either GenericRepository<T>
or raw DbSet
is wrong most of the
time (one exception that I can accept is when you write
the most CRUDest application ever, then don’t bother
and use DbSet
in your services). And why? Due to the following reasons:
- The only option to make sure that your LINQ queries will be properly translated to SQL is to test them against the same kind of database that you use in production environment. But when your queries are scattered over methods of your services it may be hard to create integration tests for them. For example look at the code:
To execute above query you must fulfill two if’s conditions. This will make an integration test for the above query less readable and more fragile. Instead imagine that this query is encapsulated by a repository method. In integration test you would just call that repo method and check the results - simple isn’t it?
-
I am sure that you agree with me that inline LINQ queries inside services are not reusable and that they have a nasty tendency to duplicate themselves over the codebase. Even when a programmer decides to extract query to it’s own method, it will usually be a private method on a particular service. Moving queries to repository methods makes them automatically reusable across entire application.
-
Inline LINQ queries are not named. Usually the only clue what a particular query does (without going deep it’s logic) is the name of the variable that holds query result. Unfortunately for us inventing a good variable names is a skill that only comes with the experience and since we have a lot of junior devs in our industry we are faced with names like
result
,ordersToProcess
or justorders
. Wrapping the query inside a repo method will automatically give it a name. Even if this name is not perfect we can refactor it later and all places that call this method will benefit from our refactoring automatically! -
Sometimes for performance reasons we are forced to use raw SQL to get our data from DB. Do you really want to litter your business logic with low level technical stuff like
DbConnection
s, query parameters andSqlException
s? Let’s hide this low level stuff inside a repository and let our business code concentrate on business logic. Also see Single level of abstraction principle.
So what is the solution you may ask? Get ready…
What we need is the “specific” repository pattern
We should start repository design by specifying it’s interface.
The interface should contain only methods required by clients of
the repository. In other words if nobody needs to delete entities of a given type
or it does not make sense from business point of view
we will not add Delete
method to the interface.
If you are afraid that you will end up with different names for
basic CRUD operations like Delete
on one repo and Remove
on the other
you may create helper interfaces like ICanDeleteEntity<TEntity>
,
ICanUpdateEntity<TEntity>
etc. that will contain only methods for
specific usage like deleting, updating etc.
Then the repository interface can inherit
appropriate subset of them.
None of the methods on the repository interface should return IQueryable<T>
type.
Also make sure that the repository implementation does not
return IQueryable<T>
value hidden as IEnumerable<T>
one.
Always call ToList()
or ToArray()
to materialize query results before returning them
to the client.
When it comes to the repository implementation, the implementation is free
to inherit from abstract GenericRepository<TEntity>
base class.
Alternatively it may use ISession
or DbSet
directly if it is more convenient.
No matter what approach you choose remember that “excessive” methods
like Delete
inherited from base class
may be hidden by the repository interface.
Please remember that your repository is NOT responsible for managing
database transactions. This concern is best managed using
Unit of Work pattern.
This pattern is already implemented by both ISession
and DatabaseContext
(think change tracking and dirty checking),
we only need a better interface over them:
For the most web applications it is enough to start transaction using IUnitOfWork
at the beginning of the HTTP request and either Commit
or Rollback
at
the end of the request. This can be done by using either an action filter
or a decorator around command handlers and/or services.
Example repository created using the above guidelines:
This should be obvious by now, but let’s not take chances. Every method of our repositories should be covered by one or more integration tests, which should use the same kind of DB that we use in production environment. Remember always use integration tests to test your repositories.
Turbocharging the repository pattern
There is no rose without thorns and presented above approach also has some serious drawbacks. Some of them can be fixed by using a different architecture than classic 3-layer arch. Most common problems with “specific” repositories are as follows:
- Repositories can over long periods of time accumulate
dozens and dozens of
Find*
methods. Often these methods will be very similar to each other. There are two ways to combat this unwanted grow. One is to use a query object pattern. Basically you group several of theseFind*
methods together into one more generalFind
method. That method should accept an object that will represent a query criteria. For example:
To create a query from the criteria object we examine each search criteria and build query step-by-step:
A closely related yet different aproach is to use the query object pattern (see this and this).
The second solution to this problem is more robust and reliable. Usually too big repositories are accompanied by huge services and overgrown entities. You can slim down both your repos and services by using something that I call CQRS-light. It differs from full-blown CQRS by using exactly the same database tables for both reads and writes. When doing CQRS-light we can use the same ORM framework for both reading and writing data and slowly migrate to real CQRS only in these parts of our application that really need it (do recall this 80+ columns searchable grid that generates 20+ inner join query that halts your DB server? - real CQRS can help here).
The diagram below presents typical architecture of CQRS-light application:
The key principles of CQRS-light are:
-
Split all user actions into two categories. In the first put all actions that can modify the state of the system like e.g. creating a new order in an e-commerce app. In the second
category put all actions that do not modify state of the system e.g. viewing an order details. First category represents commands (writes), the second one queries (reads). Only commands can change state of the system. -
Query handlers do NOT use repositories to access data. They access DB using whatever technology they want. Usual configurations include a single ORM on both read and write sides, ORM for writes and micro-ORM like Dapper for reads or using ORM for writes and raw SQL for reads.
-
Command handlers can only use repositories to access and modify data. Command handlers should not call query handlers to fetch data from database. If a command handler needs to execute a complex query and this query can be answered by a query handler you should duplicate this query logic and put it in both query handler and in a repository method (read and write sides must be separated).
-
Query handlers are tested only using integration tests. For command handlers you will have unit and optionally integration tests. Repositories will be tested using integration tests.
CQRS even in the “light” version is a huge topic and deserves a blog post of it’s own. MediatR library is a good starting point if you want to find out more about CQRS-light approach.
Let us return to the subject of the “specific” repository pattern drawbacks. The second drawback that I want to mention is unwanted migration of the business logic into query definitions. For example even this simple query:
contains a piece of business logic that describes what
it means for an order to be active.
Usually ORM’s prevent us from encapsulating such pieces of logic
into a separate properties like IsActive
.
What we need here is the specification pattern. You can find pretty decent overview of the specification pattern here. Our query method when we use the specification pattern should look similar to:


---
title: About
description: Iffrit delivers outstanding data expertise and machine learning magic for your creative process.
image: https://source.unsplash.com/BcoGknSqlDc/2000x1322?a=.png
---
Our Story
We have a talented team whose sole goal is to bring you closer to the people around you.


Microphones Muted/Videos On!
Mark yourselves present in Bootcamp Spot
Use the Zoom Chat feature to post questions
12:00 PM Introductions
12:10 PM Kick off questions from host, Panel Begins
12:30 PM Student Q & A, through Chat feature in Zoom
12:50 PM Wrap Up and Thank Guests
Director of Data Science at Nielsen. Specializes in online audience measurement, quantitative and qualitative research, data collection and analysis.
Data Scientist pursuing his Masters in Computer Science, specializing in Machine Learning.
Brooksource is an IT Project Services company with clients ranging from small, private businesses to Fortune 500 companies.
Zach has been a Fullstack Web Developer, Technical Lead and CTO at firms that include Time Inc., Proof Integrated Communications, and HD Made.
HTML | CSS | JAVASCRIPT | NODE | JQUERY | EXPRESS | HANDLEBARS | REACT PYTHON | PANDAS | TABLEAU | D3 | LEAFLET | SQL | MONGODb | and more...
Please fill out this brief survey. Your input can drive change and help bring current and future students more of the content that they need. Your opinion REALLY MATTERS to us: Take the Survey


When a class knows too much or does too much and makes it difficult to test or change.
Refactor the class into smaller classes splitting by related functionalities.


--- notes: | Images can be any number of things - PNG - JPG - SVG - PDF The basic HTML for an image is `` and there's no need to escape it (``) in HTML5. ---


This library provides convenient methods and common implementations to simplify
concurrency/multi-threading in Kotlin Multiplatform projects for iOS
and Android
.
| com.suparnatural.core.concurrency.AtomicReference |
An AtomicReference uses CAS instruction to get and update the wrapped volatile variable to ensure lock free thread safety. |
| com.suparnatural.core.concurrency.Future |
A Future defers the resolution of a value to the future. The value can be consumed by calling Future.await method which is expected to block the current thread. Therefore, never call Future.await on the same thread as it will result in a dead lock. |
| com.suparnatural.core.concurrency.Immutability |
A property delegate to create thread safe immutable frozen properties backed by AtomicReference.
The property can be declared with |
| com.suparnatural.core.concurrency.Job |
A data structure to pass a payload and a callback job safely between threads by freezing its contents. The payload of type Input can be used by the consumer of this object for processing. The result of the processing of type Output can then be posted on a non capturing lambda job as argument. |
| com.suparnatural.core.concurrency.JobDispatcher |
Dispatches a given job on a particular thread. |
| com.suparnatural.core.concurrency.JobFuture |
Wraps a job closure in a future. The job is not invoked until await is called. The jobInput is passed as the only argument to job. |
| com.suparnatural.core.concurrency.MutexLock |
A MutexLock is a locking mechanism which allows only one thread
to gain access to a resource protected by an instance of MutexLock.
If more than one thread tries to acquire |
| com.suparnatural.core.concurrency.NativeFuture |
A NativeFuture returns an instance of platform specific Future wrapped in a common API. Calling NativeFuture.await will wait until the result is available. |
| com.suparnatural.core.concurrency.ReadWriteLock |
A ReadWrite lock allows multiple readers to read a value and only one writer to update it. A read lock cannot be obtained until write lock is released. A write lock cannot be obtained until current readers don't release read lock. |
| com.suparnatural.core.concurrency.ResumableJob |
A resumable job can be started in one worker and can be resumed in the original caller worker. For example, an API call can be started in a background worker but its results can be delivered on the main thread. The resumed job is a closure which takes the output of the original job as input. The caller does not need to wait for the background worker to complete just like co-routines as the resuming job is added to the event loop of the caller thread. |
| com.suparnatural.core.concurrency.ValueFuture |
A naive future implementation to wrap a given |
| com.suparnatural.core.concurrency.Worker |
Worker presents a unified API across all platforms to interact with threads.
A Worker can execute a job in its event loop. If needed, it can also resume the
flow on a different worker instance. All threads including |
| com.suparnatural.core.concurrency.WorkerFactory |
A factory which creates and returns Worker instances. |


Please notice: this demo will only work if your browser supports ligatures with spaces
(Chrome 17+, Safari 5+).
As far as I've seen, Firefox supports ligatures but not ligatures with spaces.
ZOMG!!! Hidden text!! SEO is coming! I love rockets. What's your favorite pizza flavor? I think I could type nonsense forever.


The Ruby on Rails application Article-Level Metrics (ALM) was started in March 2009 by the Open Access publisher Public Library of Science (PLOS). It allows a user to aggregate relevant performance data on research articles, including how often an article has been vited, cited, saved, discussed and recommended. We’re continuing to expand the Article-Level Metrics application because we believe that articles should be considered on their own merits, and that the impact of an individual article should not be determined by the journal in which it happened to be published. As a result, we hope that new ways of measuring and evaluating research quality (or ‘impact’) can and will evolve. To learn more about Article-Level Metrics, see the SPARC ALM primer.
From: Fenner M, Lin J (2013). Altmetrics in Evolution: Defining & Redefining the Ontology of Article-Level Metrics. http://dx.doi.org/10.3789/isqv25no2.2013.04.
For Users
As a user you will typically see Article-Level Metrics displayed on journal pages or in specialized web applications. You can sign up with your Mozilla Persona account here if you want direct access to the underlying data - this will give you an API key for API access and will alert you when the monthly summary stats are available for download. The online documentation gives detailed instructions on how data from external sources are collected.
For Publishers and Providers
To facilitate the dissemination of Article-Level Metrics, PLOS has made this application available as Open Source software under the Apache 2.0 license. Detailed instructions on how to install and setup the ALM application are available in the documentation, and the installation and setup can be done in under an hour.
The following organizations have implemented Article-Level Metrics using the Open Source ALM application:
- Public Library of Science (PLOS)
- Copernicus Publications
- Public Knowledge Project (PKP)
- CrossRef Labs
- eLife
Live status information for the publicly available ALM instances is here.
For Developers
We always welcome feedback and code contributions, and we have a growing list of contributors. For technical questions regarding the Article-Level Metrics application, visit the PLOS API Developers Google Group or use the Github issue tracker.


“Scopas and the Battle of the Floyera” teaches readers that they should not claim to be equal with gods who are clearly the wiser. The theme is shown in the exposition because Scopas says that he is better than everyone even the gods. The theme is also shown in the rising action because Scopas was challenged by Apollo which leads to him getting thrown into prison. Again the theme is shown in the climax because Scopas gets thrown into prison for challenging Apollo and breaking the Sun Chariot. In addition, the theme is shown in the falling action because Scopas rots in prison because of his bragging, Finally, the theme is shown in the resolution because Scopas died in prison because of his bragging.


The cc65 toolset provides a set of pre-defined libraries that allow the user to target the executable image to a variety of hardware platforms. In addition, the user can create a customized environment so that the executable can be targeted to a custom platform. The following instructions provide step-by-step instructions on how to customize the toolset for a target that is not supported by the standard cc65 installation.
The platform used in this example is a Xilinx Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) with an embedded 65C02 core. The processor core supports the additional opcodes/addressing modes of the 65SC02, along with the STP and WAI instructions. These instructions will create a set of files to create a custom target, named SBC, for Single Board Computer.
The targeted system uses block RAM contained on the XILINX FPGA for the system memory (both RAM and ROM). The block RAMs are available in various aspect ratios, and they will be used in this system as 2K*8 devices. There will be two RAMs used for data storage, starting at location $0000 and growing upwards. There will be one ROM (realized as initialized RAM) used code storage, starting at location $FFFF and growing downwards.
The cc65 toolset requires a memory configuration file to define the memory that is available to the cc65 run-time environment, which is defined as follows:
MEMORY {
ZP: start = $0, size = $100, type = rw, define = yes;
RAM: start = $200, size = $0E00, define = yes;
ROM: start = $F800, size = $0800, file = %O;
}
ZP defines the available zero page locations, which in this case starts at $0 and has a length of $100. Keep in mind that certain systems may require access to some zero page locations, so the starting address may need to be adjusted accordingly to prevent cc65 from attempting to reuse those locations. Also, at a minimum, the cc65 run-time environment uses 26 zero page locations, so the smallest zero page size that can be specified is $1A. The usable RAM memory area begins after the 6502 stack storage in page 1, so it is defined as starting at location $200 and filling the remaining 4K of space (4096 - 2 * 256 = 3584 = $0E00). The 2K of ROM space begins at address $F800 and goes to $FFFF (size = $0800).
Next, the memory segments within the memory devices need to be defined. A standard segment definition is used, with one notable exception. The interrupt and reset vector locations need to be defined at locations $FFFA through $FFFF. A special segment named VECTORS is defined that resides at these locations. Later, the interrupt vector map will be created and placed in the VECTORS segment, and the linker will put these vectors at the proper memory locations. The segment definition is:
SEGMENTS {
ZEROPAGE: load = ZP, type = zp, define = yes;
DATA: load = ROM, type = rw, define = yes, run = RAM;
BSS: load = RAM, type = bss, define = yes;
HEAP: load = RAM, type = bss, optional = yes;
STARTUP: load = ROM, type = ro;
INIT: load = ROM, type = ro, optional = yes;
CODE: load = ROM, type = ro;
RODATA: load = ROM, type = ro;
VECTORS: load = ROM, type = ro, start = $FFFA;
}
The meaning of each of these segments is as follows.
ZEROPAGE:
Data in page 0, defined by ZP as starting at $0 with length $100
DATA:
Initialized data that can be modified by the program, stored in RAM
BSS:
Uninitialized data stored in RAM (used for variable storage)
HEAP:
Uninitialized C-level heap storage in RAM, optional
STARTUP:
The program initialization code, stored in ROM
INIT:
The code needed to initialize the system, stored in ROM
CODE:
The program code, stored in ROM
RODATA:
Initialized data that cannot be modified by the program, stored in ROM
VECTORS:
The interrupt vector table, stored in ROM at location $FFFA
A note about initialized data: any variables that require an initial
value, such as external (global) variables, require that the initial
values be stored in the ROM code image. However, variables stored in
ROM cannot change; therefore the data must be moved into variables that
are located in RAM. Specifying run = RAM
as part of
the DATA segment definition will indicate that those variables will
require their initialization value to be copied via a call to the
copydata
routine in the startup assembly code. In addition,
there are system level variables that will need to be initialized as
well, especially if the heap segment is used via a C-level call to
malloc ()
.
The final section of the definition file contains the data constructors
and destructors used for system startup. In addition, if the heap is
used, the maximum C-level stack size needs to be defined in order for
the system to be able to reliably allocate blocks of memory. The stack
size selection must be greater than the maximum amount of storage
required to run the program, keeping in mind that the C-level subroutine
call stack and all local variables are stored in this stack. The
FEATURES
section defines the required constructor/destructor
attributes and the SYMBOLS
section defines the stack size. The
constructors will be run via a call to initlib
in the startup
assembly code and the destructors will be run via an assembly language
call to donelib
during program termination.
FEATURES {
CONDES: segment = STARTUP,
type = constructor,
label = __CONSTRUCTOR_TABLE__,
count = __CONSTRUCTOR_COUNT__;
CONDES: segment = STARTUP,
type = destructor,
label = __DESTRUCTOR_TABLE__,
count = __DESTRUCTOR_COUNT__;
}
SYMBOLS {
# Define the stack size for the application
__STACKSIZE__: value = $0200, weak = yes;
}
These definitions are placed in a file named "sbc.cfg" and are referred to during the ld65 linker stage.
In the cc65 toolset, a startup routine must be defined that is executed
when the CPU is reset. This startup code is marked with the STARTUP
segment name, which was defined in the system configuration file as
being in read only memory. The standard convention used in the
predefined libraries is that this code is resident in the crt0 module.
For this custom system, all that needs to be done is to perform a little
bit of 6502 housekeeping, set up the C-level stack pointer, initialize
the memory storage, and call the C-level routine main ()
.
The following code was used for the crt0 module, defined in the file
"crt0.s":
; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
; crt0.s
; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
;
; Startup code for cc65 (Single Board Computer version)
.export _init, _exit
.import _main
.export __STARTUP__ : absolute = 1 ; Mark as startup
.import __RAM_START__, __RAM_SIZE__ ; Linker generated
.import copydata, zerobss, initlib, donelib
.include "zeropage.inc"
; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Place the startup code in a special segment
.segment "STARTUP"
; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
; A little light 6502 housekeeping
_init: LDX #$FF ; Initialize stack pointer to $01FF
TXS
CLD ; Clear decimal mode
; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Set cc65 argument stack pointer
LDA #<(__RAM_START__ + __RAM_SIZE__)
STA sp
LDA #>(__RAM_START__ + __RAM_SIZE__)
STA sp+1
; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Initialize memory storage
JSR zerobss ; Clear BSS segment
JSR copydata ; Initialize DATA segment
JSR initlib ; Run constructors
; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Call main()
JSR _main
; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Back from main (this is also the _exit entry): force a software break
_exit: JSR donelib ; Run destructors
BRK
The following discussion explains the purpose of several important assembler level directives in this file.
.export _init, _exit
This line instructs the assembler that the symbols _init
and
_exit
are to be accessible from other modules. In this
example, _init
is the location that the CPU should jump to when
reset, and _exit
is the location that will be called when the
program is finished.
.import _main
This line instructs the assembler to import the symbol _main
from another module. cc65 names all C-level routines as
{underscore}{name} in assembler, thus the main ()
routine
in C is named _main
in the assembler. This is how the startup
code will link to the C-level code.
.export __STARTUP__ : absolute = 1 ; Mark as startup
This line marks this code as startup code (code that is executed when the processor is reset), which will then be automatically linked into the executable code.
.import __RAM_START__, __RAM_SIZE__ ; Linker generated
This line imports the RAM starting address and RAM size constants, which are used to initialize the cc65 C-level argument stack pointer.
.segment "STARTUP"
This line instructs the assembler that the code is to be placed in the STARTUP segment of memory.
JSR zerobss ; Clear BSS segment
JSR copydata ; Initialize DATA segment
JSR initlib ; Run constructors
These three lines initialize the external (global) and system variables. The first line sets the BSS segment -- the memory locations used for external variables -- to 0. The second line copies the initialization value stored in ROM to the RAM locations used for initialized external variables. The last line runs the constructors that are used to initialize the system run-time variables.
JSR _main
This is the actual call to the C-level main ()
routine,
which is called after the startup code completes.
_exit: JSR donelib ; Run destructors
BRK
This is the code that will be executed when main ()
terminates. The first thing that must be done is run the destructors
via a call to donelib
. Then the program can terminate. In
this example, the program is expected to run forever. Therefore, there
needs to be a way of indicating when something has gone wrong and the
system needs to be shut down, requiring a restart only by a hard reset.
The BRK instruction will be used to indicate a software fault. This is
advantageous because cc65 uses the BRK instruction as the fill byte in
the final binary code. In addition, the hardware has been designed to
force the data lines to $00 for all illegal memory accesses, thereby
also forcing a BRK instruction into the CPU.
The next step in customizing the cc65 toolset is creating a run-time library for the targeted hardware. The easiest way to do this is to modify a standard library from the cc65 distribution. In this example, there is no console I/O, mouse, joystick, etc. in the system, so it is most appropriate to use the simplest library as the base, which is for the Watara Supervision and is named "supervision.lib" in the lib directory of the distribution.
The only modification required is to replace the crt0
module in
the supervision.lib library with custom startup code. This is simply
done by first copying the library and giving it a new name, compiling
the startup code with ca65, and finally using the ar65 archiver to
replace the module in the new library. The steps are shown below:
$ copy "C:\Program Files\cc65\lib\supervision.lib" sbc.lib
$ ca65 crt0.s
$ ar65 a sbc.lib crt0.o
For this system, the CPU is put into a wait condition prior to allowing interrupt processing. Therefore, the interrupt service routine is very simple: return from all valid interrupts. However, as mentioned before, the BRK instruction is used to indicate a software fault, which will call the same interrupt service routine as the maskable interrupt signal IRQ. The interrupt service routine must be able to tell the difference between the two, and act appropriately.
The interrupt service routine shown below includes code to detect when a BRK instruction has occurred and stops the CPU from further processing. The interrupt service routine is in a file named "interrupt.s".
; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
; interrupt.s
; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
;
; Interrupt handler.
;
; Checks for a BRK instruction and returns from all valid interrupts.
.import _stop
.export _irq_int, _nmi_int
.segment "CODE"
.PC02 ; Force 65C02 assembly mode
; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Non-maskable interrupt (NMI) service routine
_nmi_int: RTI ; Return from all NMI interrupts
; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Maskable interrupt (IRQ) service routine
_irq_int: PHX ; Save X register contents to stack
TSX ; Transfer stack pointer to X
PHA ; Save accumulator contents to stack
INX ; Increment X so it points to the status
INX ; register value saved on the stack
LDA $100,X ; Load status register contents
AND #$10 ; Isolate B status bit
BNE break ; If B = 1, BRK detected
; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
; IRQ detected, return
irq: PLA ; Restore accumulator contents
PLX ; Restore X register contents
RTI ; Return from all IRQ interrupts
; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
; BRK detected, stop
break: JMP _stop ; If BRK is detected, something very bad
; has happened, so stop running
The following discussion explains the purpose of several important assembler level directives in this file.
.import _stop
This line instructs the assembler to import the symbol _stop
from another module. This routine will be called if a BRK instruction
is encountered, signaling a software fault.
.export _irq_int, _nmi_int
This line instructs the assembler that the symbols _irq_int
and
_nmi_int
are to be accessible from other modules. In this
example, the address of these symbols will be placed in the interrupt
vector table.
.segment "CODE"
This line instructs the assembler that the code is to be placed in the
CODE segment of memory. Note that because there are 65C02 mnemonics in
the assembly code, the assembler is forced to use the 65C02 instruction
set with the .PC02
directive.
The final step is to define the interrupt vector memory locations. Recall that a segment named VECTORS was defined in the memory configuration file, which started at location $FFFA. The addresses of the interrupt service routines from "interrupt.s" along with the address for the initialization code in crt0 are defined in a file named "vectors.s". Note that these vectors will be placed in memory in their proper little-endian format as:
$FFFA - $FFFB:
NMI interrupt vector (low byte, high byte)
$FFFC - $FFFD:
Reset vector (low byte, high byte)
$FFFE - $FFFF:
IRQ/BRK interrupt vector (low byte, high byte)
using the .addr
assembler directive. The contents of the file are:
; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
; vectors.s
; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
;
; Defines the interrupt vector table.
.import _init
.import _nmi_int, _irq_int
.segment "VECTORS"
.addr _nmi_int ; NMI vector
.addr _init ; Reset vector
.addr _irq_int ; IRQ/BRK vector
The cc65 toolset will replace the address symbols defined here with the actual addresses of the routines during the link process.
The cc65 instruction set only supports the WAI (Wait for Interrupt) and STP (Stop) instructions when used with the 65816 CPU (accessed via the --cpu command line option of the ca65 macro assembler). The 65C02 core used in this example supports these two instructions, and in fact the system benefits from the use of both the WAI and STP instructions.
In order to use the WAI instruction in this case, a C routine named "wait" was created that consists of the WAI opcode followed by a subroutine return. It was convenient in this example to put the IRQ interrupt enable in this subroutine as well, since interrupts should only be enabled when the code is in this wait condition.
For both the WAI and STP instructions, the assembler is "fooled" into placing those opcodes into memory by inserting a single byte of data that just happens to be the opcode for those instructions. The assembly code routines are placed in a file, named "wait.s", which is shown below:
; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
; wait.s
; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
;
; Wait for interrupt and return
.export _wait, _stop
; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Wait for interrupt: Forces the assembler to emit a WAI opcode ($CB)
; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
.segment "CODE"
.proc _wait: near
CLI ; Enable interrupts
.byte $CB ; Inserts a WAI opcode
RTS ; Return to caller
.endproc
; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Stop: Forces the assembler to emit a STP opcode ($DB)
; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
.proc _stop: near
.byte $DB ; Inserts a STP opcode
.endproc
The label _wait
, when exported, can be called by using the
wait ()
subroutine call in C. The section is marked as
code so that it will be stored in read-only memory, and the procedure is
tagged for 16-bit absolute addressing via the "near"
modifier. Similarly, the _stop
routine can be called from
within the C-level code via a call to stop ()
. In
addition, the routine can be called from assembly code by calling
_stop
(as was done in the interrupt service routine).
Oftentimes, it can be advantageous to create small application helpers in assembly language to decrease codespace and increase execution speed of the overall program. An example of this would be the transfer of characters to a FIFO (First-In, First-Out) storage buffer for transmission over a serial port. This simple action could be performed by an assembly language driver which would execute much quicker than coding it in C. The following discussion outlines a method of interfacing a C program with an assembly language subroutine.
The first step in creating the assembly language code for the driver is
to determine how to pass the C arguments to the assembly language
routine. The cc65 toolset allows the user to specify whether the data
is passed to a subroutine via the stack or by the processor registers by
using the __fastcall__
and __cdecl__
function qualifiers (note that
there are two underscore characters in front of and two behind each
qualifier). __fastcall__
is the default. When __cdecl__
isn't
specified, and the function isn't variadic (i.e., its prototype doesn't have
an ellipsis), the rightmost argument in the function call is passed to the
subroutine using the 6502 registers instead of the stack. Note that if
there is only one argument in the function call, the execution overhead
required by the stack interface routines is completely avoided.
With __cdecl__
, the last argument is loaded into the A and X
registers and then pushed onto the stack via a call to pushax
.
The first thing the subroutine does is retrieve the argument from the
stack via a call to ldax0sp
, which copies the values into the A
and X. When the subroutine is finished, the values on the stack must be
popped off and discarded via a jump to incsp2
, which includes
the RTS subroutine return command. This is shown in the following code
sample.
Calling sequence:
lda #<(L0001) ; Load A with the high order byte
ldx #>(L0001) ; Load X with the low order byte
jsr pushax ; Push A and X onto the stack
jsr _foo ; Call foo, i.e., foo (arg)
Subroutine code:
_foo: jsr ldax0sp ; Retrieve A and X from the stack
sta ptr ; Store A in ptr
stx ptr+1 ; Store X in ptr+1
... ; (more subroutine code goes here)
jmp incsp2 ; Pop A and X from the stack (includes return)
If __cdecl__
isn't specified, then the argument is loaded into the A
and X registers as before, but the subroutine is then called
immediately. The subroutine does not need to retrieve the argument
since the value is already available in the A and X registers.
Furthermore, the subroutine can be terminated with an RTS statement
since there is no stack cleanup which needs to be performed. This is
shown in the following code sample.
Calling sequence:
lda #<(L0001) ; Load A with the high order byte
ldx #>(L0001) ; Load X with the low order byte
jsr _foo ; Call foo, i.e., foo (arg)
Subroutine code:
_foo: sta ptr ; Store A in ptr
stx ptr+1 ; Store X in ptr+1
... ; (more subroutine code goes here)
rts ; Return from subroutine
The hardware driver in this example writes a string of character data to a hardware FIFO located at memory location $1000. Each character is read and is compared to the C string termination value ($00), which will terminate the loop. All other character data is written to the FIFO. For convenience, a carriage return/line feed sequence is automatically appended to the serial stream. The driver defines a local pointer variable which is stored in the zero page memory space in order to allow for retrieval of each character in the string via the indirect indexed addressing mode.
The assembly language routine is stored in a file names "rs232_tx.s" and is shown below:
; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
; rs232_tx.s
; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
;
; Write a string to the transmit UART FIFO
.export _rs232_tx
.exportzp _rs232_data: near
.define TX_FIFO $1000 ; Transmit FIFO memory location
.zeropage
_rs232_data: .res 2, $00 ; Reserve a local zero page pointer
.segment "CODE"
.proc _rs232_tx: near
; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Store pointer to zero page memory and load first character
sta _rs232_data ; Set zero page pointer to string address
stx _rs232_data+1 ; (pointer passed in via the A/X registers)
ldy #00 ; Initialize Y to 0
lda (_rs232_data) ; Load first character
; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Main loop: read data and store to FIFO until \0 is encountered
loop: sta TX_FIFO ; Loop: Store character in FIFO
iny ; Increment Y index
lda (_rs232_data),y ; Get next character
bne loop ; If character == 0, exit loop
; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Append CR/LF to output stream and return
lda #$0D ; Store CR
sta TX_FIFO
lda #$0A ; Store LF
sta TX_FIFO
rts ; Return
.endproc
The following short example demonstrates programming in C using the cc65
toolset with a custom run-time environment. In this example, a Xilinx
FPGA contains a UART which is connected to a 65c02 processor with FIFO
(First-In, First-Out) storage to
buffer the data. The C program will wait for an interrupt generated by
the receive UART and then respond by transmitting the string "Hello
World! " every time a question mark character is received via a
call to the hardware driver rs232_tx ()
. The driver
prototype uses the __fastcall__
extension to indicate that the
driver does not use the stack. The FIFO data interface is at address
$1000 and is defined as the symbolic constant FIFO_DATA
.
Writing to FIFO_DATA
transfers a byte of data into the transmit
FIFO for subsequent transmission over the serial interface. Reading
from FIFO_DATA
transfers a byte of previously received data out
of the receive FIFO. The FIFO status data is at address $1001 and is
defined as the symbolic constant FIFO_STATUS
. For convenience,
the symbolic constants TX_FIFO_FULL
(which isolates bit 0 of
the register) and RX_FIFO_EMPTY
(which isolates bit 1 of the
register) have been defined to read the FIFO status.
The following C code is saved in the file "main.c". As this example demonstrates, the run-time environment has been set up such that all of the behind-the-scene work is transparent to the user.
#define FIFO_DATA (*(unsigned char *) 0x1000)
#define FIFO_STATUS (*(unsigned char *) 0x1001)
#define TX_FIFO_FULL (FIFO_STATUS & 0x01)
#define RX_FIFO_EMPTY (FIFO_STATUS & 0x02)
extern void wait ();
extern void __fastcall__ rs232_tx (char *str);
int main () {
while (1) { // Run forever
wait (); // Wait for an RX FIFO interrupt
while (RX_FIFO_EMPTY == 0) { // While the RX FIFO is not empty
if (FIFO_DATA == '?') { // Does the RX character = '?'
rs232_tx ("Hello World!"); // Transmit "Hello World!"
} // Discard any other RX characters
}
}
return (0); // We should never get here!
}
The following commands will create a ROM image named "a.out" that can be used as the initialization data for the Xilinx Block RAM used for code storage:
$ cc65 -t none -O --cpu 65sc02 main.c
$ ca65 --cpu 65sc02 main.s
$ ca65 --cpu 65sc02 rs232_tx.s
$ ca65 --cpu 65sc02 interrupt.s
$ ca65 --cpu 65sc02 vectors.s
$ ca65 --cpu 65sc02 wait.s
$ ld65 -C sbc.cfg -m main.map interrupt.o vectors.o wait.o rs232_tx.o
main.o sbc.lib
During the C-level code compilation phase (cc65
), assumptions
about the target system are disabled via the -t none
command
line option. During the object module linker phase (ld65
), the
target customization is enabled via inclusion of the sbc.lib
file and the selection of the configuration file via the -C
sbc.cfg
command line option.
The 65C02 core used most closely matches the cc65 toolset processor
named 65SC02 (the 65C02 extensions without the bit manipulation
instructions), so all the commands specify the use of that processor via
the --cpu 65sc02
option.


|
Operating System Management Tools
|
When attempting to deal with process management issues developers often take the 'quick approach' and simply use the system command to shell out to command line tools or custom stripts to obtain this type of information.
The Software Engineering Institute (SEI) at Carnegie Mellon University is part of the Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) SEI CERT publishes coding standards for various languages (C, C++, Java and Perl). The C specification can found here:SEI CERT C Standard The recommendation we are interested in is ENV33-C. Do not call system
In brief what ENV33-C states is shown below:
The C Standard system() function executes a specified command by invoking an implementation-defined command processor, such as a UNIX shell or CMD.EXE in Microsoft Windows. The POSIX popen() and Windows _popen() functions also invoke a command processor but create a pipe between the calling program and the executed command, returning a pointer to a stream that can be used to either read from or write to the pipe [IEEE Std 1003.1:2013].
Use of the system() function can result in exploitable vulnerabilities, in the worst case allowing execution of arbitrary system commands. Situations in which calls to system() have high risk include the following:
- When passing an unsanitized or improperly sanitized command string originating from a tainted source
- If a command is specified without a path name and the command processor path name resolution mechanism is accessible to an attacker
- If a relative path to an executable is specified and control over the current working directory is accessible to an attacker
- If the specified executable program can be spoofed by an attacker
Do not invoke a command processor via system() or equivalent functions to execute a command.
The recommendation ENV33-C is actually applicable to any programming language in an Linux/Unix platform that has a "system" command feature.
The functions in this library allow a developer to obtain the same type of information when API's do not exist to obtain the information.


Celebrations for Tiverton High School students at awards event
Many students achieved individual awards for progress and achievement
by Lewis ClarkePupils at Tiverton High School have said their final farewells at a celebration evening.
Many students achieved individual awards for progress and achievement as well as subject awards.
The evening closed with the two most prestigious awards. Cameron Berryman received the Governor’s Award for most significant contribution to school life and Sophie Fallon picking up the Rotary Award for outstanding achievement.


Launch Cytoscape and if the stringApp is not installed, install it from the App Store.
In the Network Search tool at the top of the Network tab in the Control Panel, select STRING disease query from the drop-down.
Type in "breast cancer" and click Enter to search.
Selecting Nodes by Degree
Every node in a network has a Degree property, which corresponds to the number of edges connecting the node to other nodes, either as a target or source. Filtering based on node degree is a useful way to remove nodes with too few or too many connections.
Click on the Filter tab of the Control Panel.
Click on the drop-down to the right and select Create New Filter. Enter a name for your filter, for example "node degree".
Click the + (add) button and select Degree Filter.
Leave the default selections for the two drop-downs (In + Out and in), and adjust the slider to include nodes with degree between 3 and 50. This will select all nodes with degree 3 or more.
The filter will be automatically applied. At the bottom of the Filter tab, you can see how many edges/nodes where selected. A set of nodes have been selected in your network, highlighted in yellow:
Creating a Subnetwork from a Selection
We can now create a new network, or subnetwork, from our selected set of nodes.
With the nodes still selected, go to File → New Network → From Selected Nodes, All Edges.
The new network will look similar to this:
Selecting Nodes Based on Attributes
To further filter the network, we can prune out nodes with low disease score. The disease score comes from STRING and indicates the strength of the association to the disease queried.
Click on the Filter tab of the Control Panel.
Click on the drop-down to the right and select Create New Filter. Enter a name for your filter, for example "disease score".
Click the + (add) button and select Column Filter. In the Choose column... drop-down, select Node: disease score.
In the selection slider, select scores between 3.5 and 5.
Again, select File → New Network → From Selected Nodes, All Edges.
The resulting network contains much fewer nodes, but they are the most connected and those most highly associated with disease. If you examine the network you can see several well-known breast cancer oncogenes, for example BRCA1 and ERBB4.
Combining Filters
But what if we want to combine these two filters? You could apply them sequentially as individual filters like we did previously, but then you'd need to be careful about the order in which you apply the filters. Alternatively, you can create a composite filter and apply the logic all at once.
Let's combine the two filters "degree filter" and "disease score" to produce one filter, then apply it to the original network to create a final subnetwork:
In the Network tab, select the original network from STRING.
In the Style tab, select the node degree filter from the drop-down.
To add a second filter, click the plus-sign and recreate the disease score filter.
Note that the drop-down at the top is set for Match all (AND) by default, which is what we want in this case.
Now create a new network from the selection, representing the same final network as earlier.
Again, this is the same final network as before, with the most connected and most highly disease associated genes.


father: Lin bin day
mother: Chen Xun
wife: Zheng shuqing
eldest son: Lin ruzhou (born 1814)
second son: Lin congyi (born in 1824)
third son: Lin gongshu (born in 1827)
brother: Lin minghe
younger brother: Lin peilin
eight sisters


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Merge geojsons into one
2014-05-24
##Mergegeojsonsinto_one## - For converting qs into cbe-air, map is rendered using geojson rendering capability of github - the marker was easiliy made into geojson from qgis and org2ogr as a shape file. based on this under section “getting map data”, the command is
ogr2ogr -f GeoJSON point.json point.shp
//and adding this script line in html
<script src="https://embed.github.com/view/geojson/saconswl/cbeair/gh-pages/cbe-s.json?height=530&width=1300"></script>
//under div map
- To include coimbatore city limits along with point marker, adding another script line of github embed renderes another map!
- so the solution is to merge point shape file and polygon shape file, since shape file doesn’t support different feature(pooint.polygon) mergeing it has to done it in level of ogr or geojosn level. guide from this to point the solution in which small commant gives a python code to merge two geojson file into one
- Using that python script, copied bellow from https://gist.github.com/migurski/3759608 merged point geojosn and polytgon geojson into one.
from json import load, JSONEncoder from optparse import OptionParser from re import compile
floatpat = compile(r’^-?\d+.\d+(e-?\d+)?$‘) charfloatpat = compile(r’1-?\d+.\d+(e-?\d+)?$‘)
parser = OptionParser(usage=“”“%prog [options]
Group multiple GeoJSON files into one output file.
Example: python %prog -p 2 input-1.json input-2.json output.json”“”)
defaults = dict(precision=6)
parser.set_defaults(**defaults)
parser.add_option(‘-p’, ‘–precision’, dest=‘precision’, type=‘int’, help=‘Digits of precision, default %(precision)d.’ % defaults)
if name == ‘main‘:
options, args = parser.parse_args()
infiles, outfile = args[:-1], args[-1]
outjson = dict(type='FeatureCollection', features=[])
for infile in infiles:
injson = load(open(infile))
if injson.get('type', None) != 'FeatureCollection':
raise Exception('Sorry, "%s" does not look like GeoJSON' % infile)
if type(injson.get('features', None)) != list:
raise Exception('Sorry, "%s" does not look like GeoJSON' % infile)
outjson['features'] += injson['features']
encoder = JSONEncoder(separators=(',', ':'))
encoded = encoder.iterencode(outjson)
format = '%.' + str(options.precision) + 'f'
output = open(outfile, 'w')
for token in encoded:
if charfloat_pat.match(token):
# in python 2.7, we see a character followed by a float literal
output.write(token[0] + format % float(token[1:]))
elif float_pat.match(token):
# in python 2.6, we see a simple float literal
output.write(format % float(token))
else:
output.write(token)
```
- [,\, ↩


Welcome to Sannas Fantastic Burgers
Select a burger
This is where you execute burger selection
{{burger.productName}}
- {{burger.kCal}} kCal
- Contains gluten
- Contains lactose Add burger
Customer information
This is where you provide necessary information
Delivery information:
Click on the map
Open dispatcher in new window.
T
Customer information:
- Name: {{customerinfo[0]}}
- E-mail: {{customerinfo[1]}}
- Street: {{customerinfo[2]}}
- House number: {{customerinfo[3]}}
- Chosen payment method: {{customerinfo[4]}}
- Gender: {{customerinfo[5]}}
This is your order:
{{obj}}


--- layout: post title: "6 things to know to before taking Vitamin D supplements" subtitle: "Check this before taking Vitamin-D supplements" date: 2020-11-22 10:45:13 +0530 background: '/assets/images/Health.jpg' categories: [Health] tags: [ Health, Vitamin, Supplements ] ---
Known as the "SunShine Pill" for its supposed ability to mimic the effects of sunshine on health, vitamin D supplements are a billion-dollar industry.
Low vitamin D can disrupt normal neurotransmission, and that in turn can lead to mental illness. Human brain cells have vitamin D receptors, suggesting that vitamin D is important. But there haven’t been sufficient studies in humans to determine what exactly this means for mental health, she says.
Vitamin D is found in certain foods, including oily fish, mushrooms, eggs, and foods that have been artificially supplemented to contain vitamin D, like milk. The body also produces its own vitamin D when exposed to sunlight.
Vitamin D is most famous for promoting bone health, but a recent scientific review published in 2018 concluded that vitamin D supplementation did nothing to increase bone mineral density or to decrease bone fractures in people who already had normal vitamin D levels.
People don’t tend to get enough vitamin D from food alone. Rather, the most important natural source of vitamin D comes from exposure to sunlight.
The good news is that it is easy to rapidly increase your levels of vitamin D to healthy levels. "Your blood levels of vitamin D should rise within days of increasing your intake of this nutrient no matter from what source — supplements, foods, or [adequate] sun"
Here's the catch: Unless you have rickets or another extreme symptom of vitamin D deficiency, then you likely won't notice the difference at all.


Content-Type: text/plain Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Dear Sir/Madam, With a very desperate need for assistance, I have summed up courage to contact you. I am presently working in Iraq with American troop, I found your contact particulars in an address journal. I am seeking your assistance to evacuate the sum of $17,000,000:00 (Seventeen million dollars) to your country or any other safe country of your choice, as far as I can be assured that my share will be safe in your care untill I complete my service here,this is no stolen money, and there are no dangers involved. SOURCE OF MONEY. Some money in American currency was discovered concealed in barrels with piles of weapons and ammunitions at a location near one of Saddam's old palaces during a rescue operation, and it was agreed by all party present that the money be shared amongst us, this was quite an illegal thing to do, but I tell you what? no compensation can make up for the risks we have taken with our lives in this hell hole. The abovefigure ! was given to me as my share, and to conceal this kind of money became a problem for me, so with the help of a German contact working here, and his office enjoys some immunity, I was able to get the package out to a safe location entirely out of trouble spot.The German contact does not know the real contents of the package, and beleives that it belongs to an Asian American who died in an air raid, and before giving up, trusted me to hand over the package to his business associate. I have now found a secured way of getting the package out to a safer country in Europe for you to pick up, and will discuss this with you when I am sure that you are willing to assist me. One passionate appeal I will make to you is not to discuss this matter with a third party, should you have reasons to reject this offer, please destroy this mail as any leakage of this information will be too bad for us. I do not know for how long we will remain here, and I havesurvived 2 suicide bomb attacks by the special grace of God, this and other reasons I will mention later has prompted me to reach out for help, I honestly want this matter to be resolved immediately. Please contact me through my email so we can discuss more. Respectfully, Adams Allen N/B PLEASE FORWARD ALL CORRESPONDENCE TO adamsiniraq@myway.com


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Okay Iím going to go into my three separate experiences in chronological order. I received about 10 grams of colubrina seeds in addition to what the salvia that I had ordered. One night I decided to give it a try. I had read stuff about putting banking soda in with it but thought to my self for one that it would suck to snort any more than I had to, and two the shamans didnít have baking soda, so it must not be a necessity.
I toasted three seeds and the aromas filled the kitchen, I then ground them (with shells because I didnít know I should remove them) and laid out two lines one for each nostril.
Try two: smoking, I took five seeds ground them (again with shells) And for some reason I decided to add a bit of baking soda to the bowl. Whet outside took numerous hits 4 or 5, the majority of the bowl but not all, and I felt that heaviness people talk about before there trip begins. So I stepped inside ' while I could still walk I thought' And lay on the couch with some blues playing lightly in the back ground. I sat there with the heaviness for about 15 minutes. I didnít want to smoke more because the majority of what I felt was a cloudy and painful sickness. I did however see slight close eyed visuals, But nothing much 'seen better on a bowl of hashish'. Didnít vomit this time
My third and final trial up to this date. Toasted 3 seeds removed seeds Shell, ground and loaded bowl (no baking soda this time). So again stepped outside and started smoking holding large amounts in this time for longer periods of time. By the time the bowl was just about gone I felt the heaviness approaching again and took another hit. I went inside and lay on the couch for a few seconds when I became nauseated, so I stepped outside puked three times (came out rather smoothly none of this bile mumbo jumbo). Went back in to the couch felt slightly sick as usual, but visuals were better this time...not much though. I saw what looked exactly like a 3-D picture of some sort of box and then the normal colors.
So far I have not reached a level that I am looking for with Anadenanthera colubrina.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.