Workshop Material
All videos of the workshop are available slideslive.
All accepted papers are availabe at openreview.
Workshop Summary
There is a long history of algorithmic development for solving inverse problems arising in sensing and imaging systems and beyond. Examples include medical and computational imaging, compressive sensing, as well as community detection in networks. Until recently, most algorithms for solving inverse problems in the imaging and network sciences were based on static signal models derived from physics or intuition, such as wavelets or sparse representations.
Today, the best performing approaches for the aforementioned image reconstruction and sensing problems are based on deep learning, which learn various elements of the method including i) signal representations, ii) stepsizes and parameters of iterative algorithms, iii) regularizers, and iv) entire inverse functions. For example, it has recently been shown that solving a variety of inverse problems by transforming an iterative, physics-based algorithm into a deep network whose parameters can be learned from training data, offers faster convergence and/or a better quality solution. Moreover, even with very little or no learning, deep neural networks enable superior performance for classical linear inverse problems such as denoising and compressive sensing. Motivated by those success stories, researchers are redesigning traditional imaging and sensing systems.
However, the field is mostly wide open with a range of theoretical and practical questions unanswered. In particular, deep-neural network based approaches often lack the guarantees of the traditional physics based methods, and while typically superior can make drastic reconstruction errors, such as fantasizing a tumor in an MRI reconstruction.
This workshop aims at bringing together theoreticians and practitioners in order to chart out recent advances and discuss new directions in deep neural network based approaches for solving inverse problems in the imaging and network sciences.
Schedule
| Time | Event |
|---|---|
| Morning session | |
| 8:30 - 8:40 | Opening Remarks |
| 8:40 - 9:10 | Lenka Zdeborova: The spiked matrix model with generative priors |
| 9:10 - 9:40 | Shuang Qiu, Xiaohan Wei, Zhuoran Yang: Robust One-Bit Recovery via ReLU Generative Networks: Improved Statistical Rate and Global Landscape Analysis |
| 9:40 - 10:30 | Coffee Break |
| Pre-lunch session | |
| 10:30 - 11:00 | Laura Waller: Computational microscopy in scattering media |
| 11:00 - 11:30 | Mahdi Soltanolkotabi: Denoising via Early Stopping |
| 11:30 - 12:00 | Stephan Hoyer, Jascha Sohl-Dickstein, Sam Greydanus: Neural Reparameterization Improves Structural Optimization |
| 12:00 - 2:00 | Lunch Break |
| Post-lunch session | |
| 2:00 - 2:30 | Piotr Indyk: Learning-Based Low-Rank Approximations |
| 2:30 - 3:00 | Josh Batson: Blind Denoising, Self-Supervision, and Implicit Inverse Problems |
| 3:00 - 3:30 | Venkat Chandrasekaran: Learning Regularizers from Data |
| 3:30 - 4:15 | Break and Posters |
| Afternoon session | |
| 4:15 - 6:00 | Poster Session |
Accepted Papers
-
Neural reparameterization improves structural optimization
Stephan Hoyer, Jascha Sohl-Dickstein, Sam Greydanus -
Robust One-Bit Recovery via ReLU Generative Networks: Improved Statistical Rate and Global Landscape Analysis
Shuang Qiu, Xiaohan Wei, Zhuoran Yang -
Extreme Few-view CT Reconstruction using Deep Inference
Hyojin Kim, Rushil Anirudh, K. Aditya Mohan, Kyle Champley -
Improving Limited Angle CT Reconstruction with a Robust GAN Prior
Rushil Anirudh, Hyojin Kim, Jayaraman J. Thiagarajan, K. Aditya Mohan, Kyle Champley -
A Hybrid Architecture for On-Device Compressive Machine Learning
Yang Li, Thomas Strohmer -
Generative Models for Low-Dimensional Video Representation and Compressive Sensing
Rakib Hyder, M. Salman Asif -
PatchDIP Exploiting Patch Redundancy in Deep Image Prior for Denoising
Muhammad Asim, Fahad Shamshad, Ali Ahmed -
Auto-encoders for compressed sensing
Pei Peng, Shirin Jalali, Xin Yuan -
Compressed Sensing and Overparametrized Networks: Overfitting Peaks in a Model of Misparametrized Sparse Regression in the Interpolation Limit
Partha P Mitra -
Lower Bounds for Compressed Sensing with Generative Models
Akshay Kamath, Sushrut Karmalkar, Eric Price -
Y-net: A Physics-constrained and Semi-supervised Learning Approach to the Phase Problem in Computational Electron Imaging
Nouamane Laanait, Junqi Yin, Albina Borisevich -
Unsupervised Deep Basis Pursuit: Learning inverse problems without ground-truth data
Jonathan I. Tamir, Stella X. Yu, Michael Lustig -
AlgoNet: $C^\infty$ Smooth Algorithmic Neural Networks for Solving Inverse Problems
Felix Petersen, Christian Borgelt, Oliver Deussen -
Retrieving Signals with Deep Complex Extractors
Chiheb Trabelsi, Olexa Bilaniuk, Ousmane Dia, Ying Zhang, Mirco Ravanelli, Jonathan Binas, Negar Rostamzadeh, Christopher J Pal -
Unrolled, model-based networks for lensless imaging
Kristina Monakhova, Joshua Yurtsever, Grace Kuo, Nick Antipa, Kyrollos Yanny, Laura Waller -
GAN priors for Bayesian inference
Dhruv V. Patel, Assad A. Oberai -
Learning Network Parameters in the ReLU Model
Arya Mazumdar, Ankit Singh Rawat -
Learned imaging with constraints and uncertainty quantification
Felix J. Herrmann, Ali Siahkoohi, Gabrio Rizzuti -
Generative Inpainting Network Applications on Seismic Image Compression and Non-Uniform Sampling
Xiaoyang Rebecca Li, Nikolaos Mitsakos, Ping Lu, Yuan Xiao, Cheng Zhan, Xing Zhao -
Exploring Properties of the Deep Image Prior
Andreas Kattamis, Adrian Weller -
Learning-Based Low-Rank Approximations
Piotr Indyk, Ali Vakilian, Yang Yuan -
Sample Complexity Lower Bounds for Compressive Sensing with Generative Models
Zhaoqiang Liu, Jonathan Scarlett -
Energy Dissipation with Plug-and-Play Priors
Hendrik Sommerhoff, Andreas Kolb, Michael Moeller -
Precise asymptotics for phase retrieval and compressed sensing with random generative priors
Benjamin Aubin, Bruno Loureiro, Antoine Baker, Florent Krzakala, Lenka Zdeborova -
Learning to Recover Sparse Signals
Sichen Zhong, Yue Zhao, Jianshu Chen -
Subsampled Fourier Ptychography via Pretrained Invertible and Untrained Network Priors
Fahad Shamshad, Asif Hanif, Ali Ahmed -
Learning to Solve Linear Inverse Problems in Imaging with Neumann Networks
Davis Gilton, Greg Ongie, Rebecca Willett -
Robust and interpretable blind image denoising via bias-free convolutional neural networks
Zahra Kadkhodaie, Sreyas Mohan, Eero P. Simoncelli, Carlos Fernandez-Granda -
Phase Retrieval using Untrained Neural Network Priors
Gauri Jagatap, Chinmay Hegde -
A GAN based solver of black-box inverse problems
Michael Gillhofer, Hubert Ramsauer, Johannes Brandstetter, Sepp Hochreiter -
Co-Generation with GANs using AIS based HMC
Tiantian Fang, Alexander G. Schwing -
Memory-efficient Learning for Large-scale Computational Imaging
Michael Kellman, Jon Tamir, Emrah Bostan, Michael Lustig, Laura Waller -
Gradient-Based Neural DAG Learning
Sébastien Lachapelle, Philippe Brouillard, Tristan Deleu, Simon Lacoste-Julien -
Low Shot Learning with Untrained Neural Networks for Imaging Inverse Problems
Oscar Leong, Wesam Sakla
Call for Papers and Submission Instructions
Submission is closed!
We invite researchers to submit anonymous extended abstracts of up to 4 pages (excluding references) which will be considered for contributed talks and posters. No specific formatting is required. Authors may use the NeurIPS style file, or any other style as long as it has standard font size (11pt) and margins (1in).
Submission at openreview open now until the submission deadline on September 9 September 13.
We invite works on inverse problems in the imaging sciences and new developments in non-Euclidean domains such as graphs, including contributions on the development of new architectures for natural signal priors (for examples GANs, non adversarially trained generators, unlearned neural networks, and combinations thereof), theoretical foundations (including rigorous recovery guarantees, provable convergence, and bounds on representation errors), and applications in imaging and beyond. We especially encourage submissions in the following areas:
-
Learned generative models for solving inverse problems: Recent years have seen great advances in generative modeling for a variety of signals, in particular images. The corresponding priors, when enforced in reconstruction algorithms, enable lower sample complexity and higher robustness to noise than conventional approaches. In this workshop, we discuss progress and research directions in generative models for finding solutions to inverse problems efficiently and accurately.
-
Un-trained models for solving inverse problems: Even without any learning, deep neural networks have been shown to be effective models through the so-called deep image priors, suggesting that deep neural networks are inherently good at representing natural images or more generally, signals. In this workshop, we will discuss progress and research directions in the understanding of the inductive bias brought by deep architectures and by gradient-descent optimization.
-
Learning to solve inverse problems end-to-end: Neural networks applied to inverse problems yield impressive results. Trained on large amounts of training data they are often able to run faster and yield more accurate results than existing methods. However, those advances come at the cost of a lack of recovery guarantees, require large amounts of training data, and can sometimes lead to undesirable behaviour, such as hypothesizing parts of an image from training data. We encourage contributions on methods and algorithms for learning to solve inverse problems and contributions that explore application scenarios, for example in computational imaging.
-
Inverse problems beyond Euclidean data: Deep networks are emerging as a powerful tool to solve inverse problems on data with an underlying graph or manifold structure such as social networks or surfaces in computer graphics. We highly welcome contributions on solving inverse problems in geometric deep learning.
Important Dates
- Submission Deadline:
September 9thExtended until September 13th, 2019. - Notification: October 1st, 2019
- Workshop: Friday, December 13, 2019.
Organizers
- Reinhard Heckel (TUM)
- Paul Hand (Northeastern)
- Richard Baraniuk (Rice University)
- Joan Bruna (NYU)
- Alex Dimakis (UT Austin)
- Deanna Needell (UCLA)
Please email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>with any questions.


These control the amount that the time of each {_glide} generator is modulated. The displayed values are the percentage of the total glide time parameter range covered by one {_unit} of modulation.
These are contained in the {Glide_cluster Glide clusters} within the {Glide_section}.
These are contained in the GLIDE section of the right panel, under the following parameter number:
| {sw-set-split.png height=48} {sw-7.png height=48} |
These appear in the display as Glide Mod Depth.
These are accessed via the following {_NRPN NRPNs}:
| A | 1,3 | |
| B | 2,3 |
Since these are {_bipolar} parameters, the values are offset by 64.
| MIDI | display | ||
| 0 | \-100% | ||
| \b\n\b\n\b | \b\n\b\n\b | ||
| 64 | off | (default) | |
| \b\n\b\n\b | \b\n\b\n\b | ||
| 127 | +100% |


In recent years there has been a rapid expansion of Javascript’s ecosystem. To this fact has contributed both the establishment of the internet as a development platform for web applications as well as the Node.js platform, which offered the opportunity to use the language outside the browser, for the development of any kind of application. Node’s success lead to the creation of the first package manager for JavaScript, which now hosts tens of thousands of JavaScript packages. The accumulation of a large number of software packages in a relatively short time has made the selection and detection of valuable packages difficult. The large volume of information and data available both in repositories and source code could be utilized for the improvement and evaluation of the available software. The application aims to enhance the software package selection process through the use of quality metrics for their assessment. Although we currently only use static analysis metrics we want to expand the information associated with each package using data from their repositories and issue trackers or a combination of them.
The application is divided into the following sections:
The following diagram demonstrates the current architecture of the application.
The four major components are:
Every change on the official npm registry is propagated into our system so it remains up-to-date. The whole system is hosted in VMs provided by ~okeanos.


ZwWdP 04.01.2011
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ZEIT |
INTERPRET |
TITEL |
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20 h |
The All Seeing I |
Walk Like A Panther |
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Fyfe Dangerfield |
She Needs Me |
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Jonny |
Candyfloss |
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The Police |
Voices Inside My Head (Leo Zero Re-Work) |
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Malkovic |
This Is The Music |
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MGMT |
It's Working |
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Les Brown |
Call Me |
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Soundserif |
John Titor |
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Orwell |
Lonely Ride |
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Wes Montgomery |
Windy |
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The High Llamas |
Winter's Day |
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The Sand Band |
Set Me Free |
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Brasstronaut |
Slow Knots |
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Malkovic |
Ruche |
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21 h |
Erdmöbel |
Erster Erster |
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Nelson Riddle |
Don't Sleep In The Subway |
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The Real Tuesday Weld |
It's A Wonderful Li(f)e |
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The Arctic Flow |
Sentiments And Artifacts |
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Eternity's Children |
Mrs. Bluebird |
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Jonny |
Circling The Sun |
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Prefab Sprout |
Bonny (Leo Zero Re-Edit) |
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Nouvelle Vague |
Wishing (If I Had A Photograph Of You) |
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Pow Pow |
Last Days On Earth |
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Donald Fagan |
H Gang |
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Frank Sinatra |
Downtown |
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America |
A Horse With No Name (Leo Zero Re-Work) |
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Orwell |
A Long Way To The Start |
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Barry Adamson |
Something Wicked This Way Comes |
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22 h |
Andy Williams |
Happy Heart |
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Luke Jackson |
All I Can Do |
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Hannah Peel |
Tainted Love |
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The Real Tuesday Weld |
Discs |
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Lambshop |
Nashville Parent |
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Rumer |
It Might be You |
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Fireflies |
Cherry Blossom Girl |
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Eddie Harris |
Space Commercial |
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April March |
Le code rural |
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Orwell |
Secret Movies |
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Tom Jones |
Ain't No Sunshine |
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O Morno |
H-Again |
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Pat Metheny Group |
The Truth Will Always Be |


A channel to discuss trading. For useful links and more info click the pinned messages to the right.
100 messages
Before 05-Dec-19 12:00 AM
Cryptoon19-Nov-18 09:51 PM
4800 was my buy target
actionslacks19-Nov-18 09:52 PM
this is it. there's nothing to stop it from hitting 3k now
Cryptoon19-Nov-18 09:54 PM
Why
4600-4800 should be first resistance?
dokrates19-Nov-18 09:54 PM
yes
im very happy how kmd is hodling price
many people wtb kmd
actionslacks19-Nov-18 09:57 PM
no one is gonna buy in until the dust settles. wall st dumped, now asia is gonna dump after they wake up.
Cryptoon19-Nov-18 09:58 PM
Or gonna start buying
A lot of people eyeing these levels
Once the buying starts I can see fomo happening
Reminds me of the post china ban rally early october 2017
China bans bitcoin
Everything is superbad etc
And then btc fell back to the 2k levels
And then bounced hard
Like 50% in an hour or so
JimD19-Nov-18 10:01 PM
Just before the bull run
we are all about to be rich
snowdamn19-Nov-18 10:05 PM
ok, alts hit the breaks
good sign if it holds
actionslacks19-Nov-18 10:09 PM
global markets in general are in a tenuous position right now. a breakout would be extremely surprising to me.
dokrates19-Nov-18 10:10 PM
i see many people buying alts with their new fresh cheap bitcoins
actionslacks19-Nov-18 10:10 PM
but honestly i dont know shit. i bought a bunch of bch a month ago
jl777c19-Nov-18 10:11 PM
only 8 alts positive against BTC on binance
KMD is #5 gainer! i dont count the USD tokens
7
2
Hermes19-Nov-18 10:14 PM
The Fed stopped printing money on August ... and the 10 year US bond yield went up.... and it can keep going up ...many companies stopped receiving investments because of this same as many cryptos.
snowdamn19-Nov-18 10:16 PM
now we need shitcoins to never recover, so that Top 25 is no joke
Mische19-Nov-18 10:17 PM
aye
PHBA206119-Nov-18 10:19 PM
I guess we are entering the purification stage, a lot of sh**coin will get purged
Mische19-Nov-18 10:20 PM
finally, hope the rebound of the good projects comes fast
actionslacks19-Nov-18 10:26 PM
Yeah if there is an upside, it will be the flush of the shitcoins
Zews19-Nov-18 10:27 PM
Русские есть ?
actionslacks19-Nov-18 10:28 PM
Hopefully no one will complain about marketing for awhile as well
Chuck and Hector invest all of their money into bitcoin! Unfortunately, the inevitable market crash happens and bitcoin drops to a new all time low. Selling ...
FishyGuts20-Nov-18 03:20 AM
Boss bitcoins is up 10000%
Also, I have 4 of those USBs
ryman11220-Nov-18 03:27 AM
@actionslacks whats up with this marketing?
actionslacks20-Nov-18 03:58 AM
We Need moar marketing guyssss!
2
ryman11220-Nov-18 04:10 AM
If you market now they will come
ph03nix20-Nov-18 04:12 AM
when super bowl commercial
ryman11220-Nov-18 04:14 AM
KMD is gonna get Michael Jackson to do it I heard. Hell of a marketing team....hella one
2
actionslacks20-Nov-18 05:01 AM
I’ll bet the stock market takes another giant dump tomorrow as well.
FishyGuts20-Nov-18 05:24 AM
Dear BTC,
Today I woke up in an ok mood and now... I'm like WTF?

THIS ISN'T A GAME! THIS IS THE SHOW!!!!

This was to be toally expected
I thaught it was the general sentiment, that as everything in the fiat system started to implode... crypto would also dump .. but crypto and metals would recover the fastest.(edited)
Sdunbar20-Nov-18 05:35 AM
i dunno DJIA is still 25k
hardly a crash
compared to crypto its nothing
dont think people lost 95% there
peak was 26.7k
25k is no big
DynamicPimp20-Nov-18 05:37 AM
How much deeper do u guys think this is going to go?? I have some fiat burning a hole in my wallet...
blackjok3r20-Nov-18 05:37 AM
if you lost 95% your not very smart
1
sorry to say ... I kept selling all the way down
I hold KMD and PIRATE and CHIPS but got enough fiat out to not ahve to worry about money for a while.(edited)
last ot was lukily days before this implosion of everything.
Every market was clearly over brought, everything ... qay too much cheap money out there last 10 -15 years
Sdunbar20-Nov-18 05:39 AM
I didnt lose 95% just saying a lot of coins are down that much or worse from ATH
1
blackjok3r20-Nov-18 05:48 AM
Thats honeslty no surprise either ... as most alts were pump and dump scams tbh.
The stock market doesnt really suffer from that problem
grewalsatinder20-Nov-18 05:49 AM
did bitcoin just took another dive??
I checked my portfolio an hour or so ago and now it's showing big difference(edited)
blackjok3r20-Nov-18 05:51 AM
I am glad I sold a fair bit, but kicking my self a bit that I didnt sell a bit more
grewalsatinder20-Nov-18 05:51 AM
yeah, I also think I should have sold back in Jan a bit more
blackjok3r20-Nov-18 05:51 AM
I didnt want to sell everything as I need crypto for my projects and paying/tipping ppl etc... having none is terrible... but ned fiat to live sadly.
I had nothing left when the crash in jan happened.
apart form a bunch of CHIPS in a paperwallet ... which have lost liek 90%
FishyGuts20-Nov-18 05:52 AM
Lucky for me, I never had enough gains to sell... it's been losses all the way.
I don't think there's anything worse than third degree burns so I just keep holding the flamethrower.
grewalsatinder20-Nov-18 05:52 AM
yeah I saw chips at just 5 cents value now
FishyGuts20-Nov-18 05:52 AM
Mining for losses....
Buying for losses....
At least I am learning and gaining experience and meeting great people.
With 40 years under my belt, I know that is the real value gained.(edited)
grewalsatinder20-Nov-18 05:53 AM
this is the first time in many months my portfolio hit that too much low
blackjok3r20-Nov-18 05:53 AM
Lucky I got into BTC last year with my position at the very bottom of the China FUD, and got BTC and BCH... did quite well considering how bad at trading I am
grewalsatinder20-Nov-18 05:53 AM
or may be I just checking irregularly didn't notice...
blackjok3r20-Nov-18 05:54 AM
but I worked out later, had I hel my position in BCH intil the very top of the bubble... I would have made like 100k off $1000... instead makde about 10k off $1000.
this year made like 30k I think ... off $0
just my time and effort
trading is ot where the money is I dont think...
skills and work are
grewalsatinder20-Nov-18 05:55 AM
hodling best project, moving value by time to cover risk, working and earning in crypto only, is the best way to go


{{> head}}
{{> navbar}}Hi, I am a software engineer
In my previous life I was a content engineer online here.
I work for an amazing startup and our mission is to revolutionize the music industry. We are using deep learning algorihms and blockchain tech on a microservices-based stack to produce music that sounds just like the generic rap music that you hear on the radio.
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Ocean [al37], ocean, in The Inner Sea
Last updated Turn #148
Ocean [al37], ocean, in The Inner Sea
------------------------------------------------------------------------
28: Pleasure Sloop [v5n], ship, 30 hulls, 1 rowing port, 90 sails, arrived
28: from Ocean [al36], owner:
28: Dorothy [v1b], Pen, with one worker, 94 sailors
28: Apollo [b5e], Imperial Empire, with 11 workers, 63 lt. xbowmen,
28: accompanied by:
28: Lutra [a4w], Imperial Empire, with 11 paladins, 19 pikemen
28: Lungor [y4r], Imperial Empire
28: Merbit [e2m], Imperial Empire
28: Pink Blazer [n8e], Imperial Empire
28: Kiki Ghelfond [p2w], Imperial Empire
28: Hera [g3f], Imperial Empire, with three soldiers, 28 pikemen
28: Thor [r4g], Imperial Empire, with 31 pikemen
28: Eos [a2t], Imperial Empire, with ten workers, 48 lt. xbowmen
28: Khaki Blazer [w4j], Imperial Empire, with four soldiers,
28: three pikemen, 24 lt. foot
28: Banian [e7n], Imperial Empire, duke, the High Priest of the
28: Church of Eres [151], with one soldier, ten angels
29: Pleasure Sloop [v5n], ship, 30 hulls, 1 rowing port, 90 sails,
29: departed for Ocean [al38].
Routes leaving Ocean:
North, to Ocean [ak37], 6 days
East, to Ocean [al38], 6 days
South, to Ocean [am37], 6 days
West, to Ocean [al36], 6 days
Ships sighted:
Pleasure Sloop [v5n], ship, 30 hulls, 1 rowing port, 90 sails, owner:
Dorothy [v1b], Pen, with one worker, 94 sailors
Apollo [b5e], Imperial Empire, "Mandorian Eradication Squad", with
11 workers, 63 lt. xbowmen, accompanied by:
Lutra [a4w], Imperial Empire, with 11 paladins, 19 pikemen
Lungor [y4r], Imperial Empire
Merbit [e2m], Imperial Empire
Pink Blazer [n8e], Imperial Empire
Kiki Ghelfond [p2w], Imperial Empire
Hera [g3f], Imperial Empire, with three soldiers, 28 pikemen
Thor [r4g], Imperial Empire, with 31 pikemen
Eos [a2t], Imperial Empire, with ten workers, 48 lt. xbowmen
Khaki Blazer [w4j], Imperial Empire, "at least, a good choise",
with four soldiers, three pikemen, 24 lt. foot
* Banian [e7n], Imperial Empire, duke, the High Priest of the
Church of Eres [151], "Incursos Coalition", with one soldier,
ten angels


Why choose athlete club
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webmachine
Webmachine debugging
Having trouble with your webmachine resource? Try debugging it with the webmachine trace utility!
Basic Use
To get started, first change your resource's init/1
function to return {trace, Path}
instead of
ok
. For example:
init(Config) -> {{trace, "/tmp"}, Config}. %% debugging code %%{ok, Config}. %% regular code
Rebuild and reload the module, then in your webmachine application's shell, type:
wmtrace_resource:add_dispatch_rule("wmtrace", "/tmp").
Now issue the HTTP request that you're trying to debug. Once it has
finished, point your browser at http://YOUR_HOST/wmtrace/
.
You'll see one or more trace files available for inspection.
Click on one of them to navigate to the trace inspection utility,
which will look something like this:
The example above is a trace of a resource that responded to a GET of the root path (as you can see in the Detail Panel), and ran all the way to a 200 response code (as you can see in the Decision Graph).
The graph starts small, so you can get a quick view of the path your resource took through it. You can zoom in and out of the Decision Graph by using the Zoom Controls.
The path your resource took through the graph is highlighted with a dark grey line. Hovering your mouse over the outlined decision points along that line will pop up a tool tip with the name of the decision, and the names of the functions in your resource that were called at that point. Clicking on a decision will flip the Detail Panel to the Decision Tab, where information about that decision will be displayed.
If your resource traversed the graph all the way to one of the standard, non-error return codes, the box for that return code will be outlined. If your resource instead returned a non-standard or error code, a red circle will be drawn next to the last decision point your resource reached. Clicking on either of these types of endpoints will flip the Detail Panel to the Response Tab, where information about the response will be displayed.
The Detail Panel has three tabs: Request (labeled Q), Response (labeled R), and Decision (labeled D). Clicking each of these will show information about the request, response, or current decision, respectively.
The Request Tab shows details about what the client requested. The method and path are displayed at the top, headers below that, and body (if available) at the bottom.
The Response Tab shows details about how your resource responded. The response code is displayed at the top, headers below that, and body (if available) at the bottom.
The Decision Tab shows details about the currently selected decision. The decision's name is displayed in a dropdown at the top (changing this dropdown or clicking on a decision in the graph will change which decision is displayed). The list of the functions called in the resource's module is displayed in a dropdown below the decision. The arguments with which the function was called are displayed just below the function's name, and the return value of the function is displayed at the bottom of the panel.
The Detail Panel can be resized by clicking and dragging the tabs or the dark grey border to the left or right. Clicking the border will toggle the panel's visibility.
Configuration Details
The Webmachine trace tool is divided into two parts: one produces the trace logs, while the other produces the visualization.
Trace Log Production Configuration
You may configure the path under which trace files are stored by
specifying that path as the Path
part of your resource
module's init/1
return value. Every time a request is
made to that resource, a new trace file will be created in the
specified directory.
Warning: Trace files can be large. It is advised that you do not leave tracing enabled on a large-content-producing or high-hit-rate resource.
The path may be either absolute:
init(Config) -> {{trace, "/tmp/traces"}, Config}. %% absolute path /tmp/traces
or relative to your application's root:
init(Config) -> {{trace, "traces"}, Config}. %% "traces" directory in application's root
Trace Viewer Configuration
The viewer is configured by its entry in the
dispatch list.
Two functions make modifying that entry easy:
wmtrace_resource:add_dispatch_rule/2
and wmtrace_resource:remove_dispatch_rules/0
.
Call add_dispatch_rule/2
with the HTTP-exported path, and
the path to the trace files. For example, to expose the viewer at
http://YOUR_HOST/dev/wmtrace/
and point it at the trace
files in /tmp/traces
, type in your application's erlang
shell:
wmtrace_resource:add_dispatch_rule("dev/wmtrace", "/tmp/traces").
If you know that you always want the viewer enabled and configured in a specific way, you can also add a line like the following to your application's dispatch list:
{["dev", "wmtrace", '*'], wmtrace_resource, [{trace_dir, "/tmp/traces"}]}
To disable all trace viewer resources at any point, just execute
wmtrace_resource:remove_dispatch_rules/0
in your
application's erlang shell.
Trace Log Format
The trace file is fairly straightforward, if you want to read it with
less
:
{decision, X}.
indicates that a decision point was reached{attempt, Module, Function, Args}.
indicates that a call toModule:Function(Args)
was made.{result, Module, Function, Result}.
indicates that the call toModule:Function(Args)
returnedResult
.{not_expored, Module, Function, Args}.
indicates thatModule:Function(Args)
would have been called, but it was not exported (or not defined) by the module
The format should be such that a file:consult/1
will
give you a list of the lines as erlang terms.
Special Handling for Funs and Pids
Funs and Pids don't roundtrip through file serialization very well
(file:consult/1
will blow up on a fun or pid written to a
file with io:format("~p", [FunOrPid])
). To deal with
this, the trace logger prints a recognizable tuple translation instead
of the fun or pid.
Fun Translation
Funs you might see in Erlang source as fun io:format/2
will appear in a trace log as:
{'WMTRACE_ESCAPED_FUN',[{module,io}, {name,format}, {arity,2}, {type,external}]}
Those that would be in Erlang source as fun() -> ok end
will appear in a trace log as:
{'WMTRACE_ESCAPED_FUN',[{module,sampletrace_resource}, {name,'-to_html/2-fun-0-'}, {arity,0}, {type,local}]}
Pid Translation
Pids are simply logged in a marked tuple, after being run through
erlang:pid_to_list/1
:
{'WMTRACE_ESCAPED_PID',"<0.74.0>"}


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Publisher
The Publisher library provides a means to copy files within a project using robust detection and error checking.
Loading the Library
Because Publisher instances are specific to their source and destination this library is not available
through Services
but should be instantiated or extended directly. E.g.:
<?php
$publisher = new \CodeIgniter\Publisher\Publisher();
Concept and Usage
Publisher
solves a handful of common problems when working within a backend framework:
How do I maintain project assets with version dependencies?
How do I manage uploads and other “dynamic” files that need to be web accessible?
How can I update my project when the framework or modules change?
How can components inject new content into existing projects?
At its most basic, publishing amounts to copying a file or files into a project. Publisher
extends FileCollection
to enact fluent-style command chaining to read, filter, and process input files, then copies or merges them into the target destination.
You may use Publisher
on demand in your Controllers or other components, or you may stage publications by extending
the class and leveraging its discovery with spark publish
.
On Demand
Access Publisher
directly by instantiating a new instance of the class:
<?php
$publisher = new \CodeIgniter\Publisher\Publisher();
By default the source and destination will be set to ROOTPATH
and FCPATH
respectively, giving Publisher
easy access to take any file from your project and make it web-accessible. Alternatively you may pass a new source
or source and destination into the constructor:
<?php
use CodeIgniter\Publisher\Publisher;
$vendorPublisher = new Publisher(ROOTPATH . 'vendor');
$filterPublisher = new Publisher('/path/to/module/Filters', APPPATH . 'Filters');
// Once the source and destination are set you may start adding relative input files
$frameworkPublisher = new Publisher(ROOTPATH . 'vendor/codeigniter4/codeigniter4');
// All "path" commands are relative to $source
$frameworkPublisher->addPath('app/Config/Cookie.php');
// You may also add from outside the source, but the files will not be merged into subdirectories
$frameworkPublisher->addFiles([
'/opt/mail/susan',
'/opt/mail/ubuntu',
]);
$frameworkPublisher->addDirectory(SUPPORTPATH . 'Images');
Once all the files are staged use one of the output commands (copy() or merge()) to process the staged files to their destination(s):
<?php
// Place all files into $destination
$frameworkPublisher->copy();
// Place all files into $destination, overwriting existing files
$frameworkPublisher->copy(true);
// Place files into their relative $destination directories, overwriting and saving the boolean result
$result = $frameworkPublisher->merge(true);
See the Library Reference for a full description of available methods.
Automation and Discovery
You may have regular publication tasks embedded as part of your application deployment or upkeep. Publisher
leverages
the powerful Autoloader
to locate any child classes primed for publication:
<?php
use CodeIgniter\CLI\CLI;
use CodeIgniter\Publisher\Publisher;
foreach (Publisher::discover() as $publisher) {
$result = $publisher->publish();
if ($result === false) {
CLI::error(get_class($publisher) . ' failed to publish!', 'red');
}
}
By default discover()
will search for the “Publishers” directory across all namespaces, but you may specify a
different directory and it will return any child classes found:
<?php
$memePublishers = Publisher::discover('CatGIFs');
Most of the time you will not need to handle your own discovery, just use the provided “publish” command:
php spark publish
By default on your class extension publish()
will add all files from your $source
and merge them
out to your destination, overwriting on collision.
Security
In order to prevent modules from injecting malicious code into your projects, Publisher
contains a config file
that defines which directories and file patterns are allowed as destinations. By default, files may only be published
to your project (to prevent access to the rest of the filesystem), and the public/ folder (FCPATH
) will only
receive files with the following extensions:
Web assets: css, scss, js, map
Non-executable web files: htm, html, xml, json, webmanifest
Fonts: ttf, eot, woff, woff2
Images: gif, jpg, jpeg, tif, tiff, png, webp, bmp, ico, svg
If you need to add or adjust the security for your project then alter the $restrictions
property of Config\Publisher
in app/Config/Publisher.php.
Examples
Here are a handful of example use cases and their implementations to help you get started publishing.
File Sync Example
You want to display a “photo of the day” image on your homepage. You have a feed for daily photos but you need to get the actual file into a browsable location in your project at public/images/daily_photo.jpg. You can set up Custom Command to run daily that will handle this for you:
<?php
namespace App\Commands;
use CodeIgniter\CLI\BaseCommand;
use CodeIgniter\Publisher\Publisher;
use Throwable;
class DailyPhoto extends BaseCommand
{
protected $group = 'Publication';
protected $name = 'publish:daily';
protected $description = 'Publishes the latest daily photo to the homepage.';
public function run(array $params)
{
$publisher = new Publisher('/path/to/photos/', FCPATH . 'assets/images');
try {
$publisher->addPath('daily_photo.jpg')->copy(true); // `true` to enable overwrites
} catch (Throwable $e) {
$this->showError($e);
}
}
}
Now running spark publish:daily
will keep your homepage’s image up-to-date. What if the photo is
coming from an external API? You can use addUri()
in place of addPath()
to download the remote
resource and publish it out instead:
<?php
$publisher->addUri('https://example.com/feeds/daily_photo.jpg')->copy(true);
Asset Dependencies Example
You want to integrate the frontend library “Bootstrap” into your project, but the frequent updates makes it a hassle
to keep up with. You can create a publication definition in your project to sync frontend assets by extending
Publisher
in your project. So app/Publishers/BootstrapPublisher.php might look like this:
<?php
namespace App\Publishers;
use CodeIgniter\Publisher\Publisher;
class BootstrapPublisher extends Publisher
{
/**
* Tell Publisher where to get the files.
* Since we will use Composer to download
* them we point to the "vendor" directory.
*
* @var string
*/
protected $source = 'vendor/twbs/bootstrap/';
/**
* FCPATH is always the default destination,
* but we may want them to go in a sub-folder
* to keep things organized.
*
* @var string
*/
protected $destination = FCPATH . 'bootstrap';
/**
* Use the "publish" method to indicate that this
* class is ready to be discovered and automated.
*/
public function publish(): bool
{
return $this
// Add all the files relative to $source
->addPath('dist')
// Indicate we only want the minimized versions
->retainPattern('*.min.*')
// Merge-and-replace to retain the original directory structure
->merge(true);
}
}
Now add the dependency via Composer and call spark publish
to run the publication:
composer require twbs/bootstrap
php spark publish
… and you’ll end up with something like this:
public/.htaccess
public/favicon.ico
public/index.php
public/robots.txt
public/
bootstrap/
css/
bootstrap.min.css
bootstrap-utilities.min.css.map
bootstrap-grid.min.css
bootstrap.rtl.min.css
bootstrap.min.css.map
bootstrap-reboot.min.css
bootstrap-utilities.min.css
bootstrap-reboot.rtl.min.css
bootstrap-grid.min.css.map
js/
bootstrap.esm.min.js
bootstrap.bundle.min.js.map
bootstrap.bundle.min.js
bootstrap.min.js
bootstrap.esm.min.js.map
bootstrap.min.js.map
Module Deployment Example
You want to allow developers using your popular authentication module the ability to expand on the default behavior of your Migration, Controller, and Model. You can create your own module “publish” command to inject these components into an application for use:
<?php
namespace Math\Auth\Commands;
use CodeIgniter\CLI\BaseCommand;
use CodeIgniter\Publisher\Publisher;
use Throwable;
class AuthPublish extends BaseCommand
{
protected $group = 'Auth';
protected $name = 'auth:publish';
protected $description = 'Publish Auth components into the current application.';
public function run(array $params)
{
// Use the Autoloader to figure out the module path
$source = service('autoloader')->getNamespace('Math\\Auth')[0];
$publisher = new Publisher($source, APPPATH);
try {
// Add only the desired components
$publisher->addPaths([
'Controllers',
'Database/Migrations',
'Models',
])->merge(false); // Be careful not to overwrite anything
} catch (Throwable $e) {
$this->showError($e);
return;
}
// If publication succeeded then update namespaces
foreach ($publisher->getPublished() as $file) {
// Replace the namespace
$contents = file_get_contents($file);
$contents = str_replace('namespace Math\\Auth', 'namespace ' . APP_NAMESPACE, $contents);
file_put_contents($file, $contents);
}
}
}
Now when your module users run php spark auth:publish
they will have the following added to their project:
app/Controllers/AuthController.php
app/Database/Migrations/2017-11-20-223112_create_auth_tables.php.php
app/Models/LoginModel.php
app/Models/UserModel.php
Library Reference
Note
Publisher
is an extension of FileCollection so has access to all those methods for reading and filtering files.
Support Methods
[static] discover(string $directory = ‘Publishers’): Publisher[]
Discovers and returns all Publishers in the specified namespace directory. For example, if both
app/Publishers/FrameworkPublisher.php and myModule/src/Publishers/AssetPublisher.php exist and are
extensions of Publisher
then Publisher::discover()
would return an instance of each.
publish(): bool
Processes the full input-process-output chain. By default this is the equivalent of calling addPath($source)
and merge(true)
but child classes will typically provide their own implementation. publish()
is called
on all discovered Publishers when running spark publish
.
Returns success or failure.
getScratch(): string
Returns the temporary workspace, creating it if necessary. Some operations use intermediate storage to stage files and changes, and this provides the path to a transient, writable directory that you may use as well.
getErrors(): array<string, Throwable>
Returns any errors from the last write operation. The array keys are the files that caused the error, and the
values are the Throwable that was caught. Use getMessage()
on the Throwable to get the error message.
addPath(string $path, bool $recursive = true)
Adds all files indicated by the relative path. Path is a reference to actual files or directories relative
to $source
. If the relative path resolves to a directory then $recursive
will include sub-directories.
addPaths(array $paths, bool $recursive = true)
Adds all files indicated by the relative paths. Paths are references to actual files or directories relative
to $source
. If the relative path resolves to a directory then $recursive
will include sub-directories.
addUri(string $uri)
Downloads the contents of a URI using CURLRequest
into the scratch workspace then adds the resulting
file to the list.
addUris(array $uris)
Downloads the contents of URIs using CURLRequest
into the scratch workspace then adds the resulting
files to the list.
Note
The CURL request made is a simple GET
and uses the response body for the file contents. Some
remote files may need a custom request to be handled properly.
Outputting Files
wipe()
Removes all files, directories, and sub-directories from $destination
.
Important
Use wisely.
copy(bool $replace = true): bool
Copies all files into the $destination
. This does not recreate the directory structure, so every file
from the current list will end up in the same destination directory. Using $replace
will cause files
to overwrite when there is already an existing file. Returns success or failure, use getPublished()
and getErrors()
to troubleshoot failures.
Be mindful of duplicate basename collisions, for example:
<?php
$publisher = new Publisher('/home/source', '/home/destination');
$publisher->addPaths([
'pencil/lead.png',
'metal/lead.png',
]);
// This is bad! Only one file will remain at /home/destination/lead.png
$publisher->copy(true);
merge(bool $replace = true): bool
Copies all files into the $destination
in appropriate relative sub-directories. Any files that
match $source
will be placed into their equivalent directories in $destination
, effectively
creating a “mirror” or “rsync” operation. Using $replace
will cause files
to overwrite when there is already an existing file; since directories are merged this will not
affect other files in the destination. Returns success or failure, use getPublished()
and
getErrors()
to troubleshoot failures.
Example:
<?php
$publisher = new Publisher('/home/source', '/home/destination');
$publisher->addPaths([
'pencil/lead.png',
'metal/lead.png',
]);
// Results in "/home/destination/pencil/lead.png" and "/home/destination/metal/lead.png"
$publisher->merge();
Modifying Files
replace(string $file, array $replaces): bool
New in version 4.3.0.
Replaces the $file
contents. The second parameter $replaces
array specifies the search strings as keys and the replacements as values.
<?php
use CodeIgniter\Publisher\Publisher;
$source = service('autoloader')->getNamespace('CodeIgniter\\Shield')[0];
$publisher = new Publisher($source, APPPATH);
$file = APPPATH . 'Config/Auth.php';
$publisher->replace(
$file,
[
'use CodeIgniter\Config\BaseConfig;' . "\n" => '',
'class App extends BaseConfig' => 'class App extends \Some\Package\SomeConfig',
]
);
addLineAfter(string $file, string $line, string $after): bool
New in version 4.3.0.
Adds $line
after a line with specific string $after
.
<?php
use CodeIgniter\Publisher\Publisher;
$source = service('autoloader')->getNamespace('CodeIgniter\\Shield')[0];
$publisher = new Publisher($source, APPPATH);
$file = APPPATH . 'Config/App.php';
$publisher->addLineAfter(
$file,
' public int $myOwnConfig = 1000;', // Adds this line
'public bool $CSPEnabled = false;' // After this line
);
addLineBefore(string $file, string $line, string $after): bool
New in version 4.3.0.
Adds $line
before a line with specific string $after
.
<?php
use CodeIgniter\Publisher\Publisher;
$source = service('autoloader')->getNamespace('CodeIgniter\\Shield')[0];
$publisher = new Publisher($source, APPPATH);
$file = APPPATH . 'Config/App.php';
$publisher->addLineBefore(
$file,
' public int $myOwnConfig = 1000;', // Add this line
'public bool $CSPEnabled = false;' // Before this line
);


--- layout: post status: publish published: true title: Making Waves - Cubs Heading to Myrtle Beach author: display_name: Sean Clement login: Sean email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>url: '' author_login: Sean author_email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>wordpress_id: 10415 wordpress_url: http://ivyenvy.com/?p=10415 date: '2014-09-16 18:26:54 +0000' date_gmt: '2014-09-16 23:26:54 +0000' categories: - Minor Leagues tags: - Daytona Cubs - Myrtle Beach comments: - id: 13119 author: Jason Mollett author_email: '' author_url: '' date: '2014-09-16 18:34:11 +0000' date_gmt: '2014-09-16 23:34:11 +0000' content: Woohoo! Road trip! - id: 13131 author: Joshua Waltsak author_email: '' author_url: '' date: '2014-09-16 21:00:09 +0000' date_gmt: '2014-09-17 02:00:09 +0000' content: I thought the Myrtle Beach Pelicans are the triple a for the Rangers - id: 13137 author: Justan Neels author_email: '' author_url: '' date: '2014-09-17 01:58:07 +0000' date_gmt: '2014-09-17 06:58:07 +0000' content: Thats a bummer. I loved seeing them as they rolled through Lakeland. ---
Today the Cubs announced that they are moving beaches as they take the High-A club from Daytona to Myrtle.
After two decades in the Florida State League, the Cubs are headed to the Grand Strand and the more hitter-friendly, less rainout-prone Carolina League. The clubhouse at TicketReturn.Com Field has been home to current Cubs such as Mike Olt, Justin Grimm, and CJ Edwards over the years and is located just a mile from the fun of Ocean Avenue.
After a dominant run to the Midwest League title, many of the Kane County Cougars of 2014 seem poised to call South Carolina home next season. Myrtle Beach is a worthy host; certainly a player-friendly (and fan-friendly, while I’m at it) place to spend a season with the Boardwalk just around the corner, food and drink aplenty and a more than bountiful collection of golf courses for the rare day off from the minor league grind.
Pelican’s Chairman Hank Greenberg was once a part of the Nolan Ryan ownership group of the Texas Rangers and saw Myrtle Beach switch affiliations from Atlanta to Texas four years ago. As Bleacher Nation reported earlier today, Greenberg’s son is now a part of the Cubs baseball operations department.
The move seems like a win for both parties, not to mention Cubs fans looking for a new vacation spot. The Cubs had a good run in Daytona, but a move away from the soggy Florida State League summers was surely a huge selling point for the development-first thinkers of Chicago’s front office.


| HTML::Formatter - Base class for HTML formatters |
HTML::Formatter - Base class for HTML formatters
version 2.11
use HTML::FormatSomething; my $infile = "whatever.html"; my $outfile = "whatever.file"; open OUT, ">$outfile" or die "Can't write-open $outfile: $!\n";
print OUT HTML::FormatSomething->format_file( $infile, 'option1' => 'value1', 'option2' => 'value2', ... ); close(OUT);
HTML::Formatter is a base class for classes that take HTML and format it to
some output format. When you take an object of such a base class and call
$formatter-
format( $tree )> with an the HTML::TreeBuilder manpage (or
the HTML::Element manpage) object, they return the appropriately formatted string for
the input HTML.
HTML formatters are able to format a HTML syntax tree into various printable
formats. Different formatters produce output for different output media.
Common for all formatters are that they will return the formatted output when
the format()
method is called. The format()
method takes a HTML::Element
object (usually the HTML::TreeBuilder root object) as parameter.
my $formatter = FormatterClass->new( option1 => value1, option2 => value2, ... );
This creates a new formatter object with the given options.
$string = FormatterClass->format_file( $html_source, option1 => value1, option2 => value2, ... );
Return a string consisting of the result of using the given class to format the
given HTML file according to the given (optional) options. Internally it calls
SomeClass->new( ... )->format( ... )
on a new HTML::TreeBuilder object
based on the given HTML file.
$string = FormatterClass->format_string( $html_source, option1 => value1, option2 => value2, ... );
Return a string consisting of the result of using the given class to format the
given HTML source according to the given (optional) options. Internally it
calls SomeClass->new( ... )->format( ... )
on a new HTML::TreeBuilder
object based on the given source.
my $render_string = $formatter->format( $html_tree_object );
This renders the given HTML object according to the options set for $formatter.
After you've used a particular formatter object to format a particular HTML tree object, you probably should not use either again.
The three specific formatters:-
Format HTML into plain text
Format HTML into postscript
Format HTML into Rich Text Format
Also the HTML manipulation libraries used - the HTML::TreeBuilder manpage, the HTML::Element manpage and the HTML::Tree manpage
See perlmodinstall for information and options on installing Perl modules.
You can make new bug reports, and view existing ones, through the web interface at http://rt.cpan.org/Public/Dist/Display.html.
The project homepage is https://metacpan.org/release/HTML-Format.
The latest version of this module is available from the Comprehensive Perl Archive Network (CPAN). Visit http://www.perl.com/CPAN/ to find a CPAN site near you, or see https://metacpan.org/module/HTML::Format/.
Nigel Metheringham<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Sean M Burke<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Gisle Aas<EMAIL_ADDRESS>This software is copyright (c) 2013 by Nigel Metheringham, 2002-2005 Sean M Burke, 1999-2002 Gisle Aas.
This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as the Perl 5 programming language system itself.
| HTML::Formatter - Base class for HTML formatters |


| PostgreSQL 9.0.10 Documentation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prev | Up | Chapter 33. ECPG - Embedded SQL in C | Next |
The pgtypes library maps PostgreSQL database types to C equivalents that can be used in C programs. It also offers functions to do basic calculations with those types within C, i.e., without the help of the PostgreSQL server. See the following example:
EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION; date date1; timestamp ts1, tsout; interval iv1; char *out; EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION; PGTYPESdate_today(&date1); EXEC SQL SELECT started, duration INTO :ts1, :iv1 FROM datetbl WHERE d=:date1; PGTYPEStimestamp_add_interval(&ts1, &iv1, &tsout); out = PGTYPEStimestamp_to_asc(&tsout); printf("Started + duration: %s\n", out); free(out);
The numeric type offers to do calculations with arbitrary precision. See
Section 8.1 for the equivalent type in the
PostgreSQL server. Because of the arbitrary precision this
variable needs to be able to expand and shrink dynamically. That's why you
can only create numeric variables on the heap, by means of the
PGTYPESnumeric_new
and PGTYPESnumeric_free
functions. The decimal type, which is similar but limited in precision,
can be created on the stack as well as on the heap.
The following functions can be used to work with the numeric type:
PGTYPESnumeric_new
Request a pointer to a newly allocated numeric variable.
numeric *PGTYPESnumeric_new(void);
PGTYPESnumeric_free
Free a numeric type, release all of its memory.
void PGTYPESnumeric_free(numeric *var);
PGTYPESnumeric_from_asc
Parse a numeric type from its string notation.
numeric *PGTYPESnumeric_from_asc(char *str, char **endptr);
Valid formats are for example: -2, .794, +3.44, 592.49E07 or -32.84e-4. If the value could be parsed successfully, a valid pointer is returned, else the NULL pointer. At the moment ECPG always parses the complete string and so it currently does not support to store the address of the first invalid character in *endptr. You can safely set endptr to NULL.
PGTYPESnumeric_to_asc
Returns a pointer to a string allocated by malloc
that contains the string
representation of the numeric type num.
char *PGTYPESnumeric_to_asc(numeric *num, int dscale);
The numeric value will be printed with dscale decimal digits, with rounding applied if necessary.
PGTYPESnumeric_add
Add two numeric variables into a third one.
int PGTYPESnumeric_add(numeric *var1, numeric *var2, numeric *result);
The function adds the variables var1 and var2 into the result variable result. The function returns 0 on success and -1 in case of error.
PGTYPESnumeric_sub
Subtract two numeric variables and return the result in a third one.
int PGTYPESnumeric_sub(numeric *var1, numeric *var2, numeric *result);
The function subtracts the variable var2 from the variable var1. The result of the operation is stored in the variable result. The function returns 0 on success and -1 in case of error.
PGTYPESnumeric_mul
Multiply two numeric variables and return the result in a third one.
int PGTYPESnumeric_mul(numeric *var1, numeric *var2, numeric *result);
The function multiplies the variables var1 and var2. The result of the operation is stored in the variable result. The function returns 0 on success and -1 in case of error.
PGTYPESnumeric_div
Divide two numeric variables and return the result in a third one.
int PGTYPESnumeric_div(numeric *var1, numeric *var2, numeric *result);
The function divides the variables var1 by var2. The result of the operation is stored in the variable result. The function returns 0 on success and -1 in case of error.
PGTYPESnumeric_cmp
Compare two numeric variables.
int PGTYPESnumeric_cmp(numeric *var1, numeric *var2)
This function compares two numeric variables. In case of error, INT_MAX is returned. On success, the function returns one of three possible results:
1, if var1 is bigger than var2
-1, if var1 is smaller than var2
0, if var1 and var2 are equal
PGTYPESnumeric_from_int
Convert an int variable to a numeric variable.
int PGTYPESnumeric_from_int(signed int int_val, numeric *var);
This function accepts a variable of type signed int and stores it in the numeric variable var. Upon success, 0 is returned and -1 in case of a failure.
PGTYPESnumeric_from_long
Convert a long int variable to a numeric variable.
int PGTYPESnumeric_from_long(signed long int long_val, numeric *var);
This function accepts a variable of type signed long int and stores it in the numeric variable var. Upon success, 0 is returned and -1 in case of a failure.
PGTYPESnumeric_copy
Copy over one numeric variable into another one.
int PGTYPESnumeric_copy(numeric *src, numeric *dst);
This function copies over the value of the variable that src points to into the variable that dst points to. It returns 0 on success and -1 if an error occurs.
PGTYPESnumeric_from_double
Convert a variable of type double to a numeric.
int PGTYPESnumeric_from_double(double d, numeric *dst);
This function accepts a variable of type double and stores the result in the variable that dst points to. It returns 0 on success and -1 if an error occurs.
PGTYPESnumeric_to_double
Convert a variable of type numeric to double.
int PGTYPESnumeric_to_double(numeric *nv, double *dp)
The function converts the numeric value from the variable that nv points to into the double variable that dp points to. It returns 0 on success and -1 if an error occurs, including overflow. On overflow, the global variable errno will be set to PGTYPES_NUM_OVERFLOW additionally.
PGTYPESnumeric_to_int
Convert a variable of type numeric to int.
int PGTYPESnumeric_to_int(numeric *nv, int *ip);
The function converts the numeric value from the variable that nv points to into the integer variable that ip points to. It returns 0 on success and -1 if an error occurs, including overflow. On overflow, the global variable errno will be set to PGTYPES_NUM_OVERFLOW additionally.
PGTYPESnumeric_to_long
Convert a variable of type numeric to long.
int PGTYPESnumeric_to_long(numeric *nv, long *lp);
The function converts the numeric value from the variable that nv points to into the long integer variable that lp points to. It returns 0 on success and -1 if an error occurs, including overflow. On overflow, the global variable errno will be set to PGTYPES_NUM_OVERFLOW additionally.
PGTYPESnumeric_to_decimal
Convert a variable of type numeric to decimal.
int PGTYPESnumeric_to_decimal(numeric *src, decimal *dst);
The function converts the numeric value from the variable that src points to into the decimal variable that dst points to. It returns 0 on success and -1 if an error occurs, including overflow. On overflow, the global variable errno will be set to PGTYPES_NUM_OVERFLOW additionally.
PGTYPESnumeric_from_decimal
Convert a variable of type decimal to numeric.
int PGTYPESnumeric_from_decimal(decimal *src, numeric *dst);
The function converts the decimal value from the variable that src points to into the numeric variable that dst points to. It returns 0 on success and -1 if an error occurs. Since the decimal type is implemented as a limited version of the numeric type, overflow cannot occur with this conversion.
The date type in C enables your programs to deal with data of the SQL type date. See Section 8.5 for the equivalent type in the PostgreSQL server.
The following functions can be used to work with the date type:
PGTYPESdate_from_timestamp
Extract the date part from a timestamp.
date PGTYPESdate_from_timestamp(timestamp dt);
The function receives a timestamp as its only argument and returns the extracted date part from this timestamp.
PGTYPESdate_from_asc
Parse a date from its textual representation.
date PGTYPESdate_from_asc(char *str, char **endptr);
The function receives a C char* string str and a pointer to a C char* string endptr. At the moment ECPG always parses the complete string and so it currently does not support to store the address of the first invalid character in *endptr. You can safely set endptr to NULL.
Note that the function always assumes MDY-formatted dates and there is currently no variable to change that within ECPG.
Table 33-1 shows the allowed input formats.
Table 33-1. Valid input formats for PGTYPESdate_from_asc
| Input | Result |
|---|---|
| January 8, 1999 | January 8, 1999 |
| 1999-01-08 | January 8, 1999 |
| 1/8/1999 | January 8, 1999 |
| 1/18/1999 | January 18, 1999 |
| 01/02/03 | February 1, 2003 |
| 1999-Jan-08 | January 8, 1999 |
| Jan-08-1999 | January 8, 1999 |
| 08-Jan-1999 | January 8, 1999 |
| 99-Jan-08 | January 8, 1999 |
| 08-Jan-99 | January 8, 1999 |
| 08-Jan-06 | January 8, 2006 |
| Jan-08-99 | January 8, 1999 |
| 19990108 | ISO 8601; January 8, 1999 |
| 990108 | ISO 8601; January 8, 1999 |
| 1999.008 | year and day of year |
| J2451187 | Julian day |
| January 8, 99 BC | year 99 before the Common Era |
PGTYPESdate_to_asc
Return the textual representation of a date variable.
char *PGTYPESdate_to_asc(date dDate);
The function receives the date dDate as its only parameter. It will output the date in the form 1999-01-18, i.e., in the YYYY-MM-DD format.
PGTYPESdate_julmdy
Extract the values for the day, the month and the year from a variable of type date.
void PGTYPESdate_julmdy(date d, int *mdy);
The function receives the date d and a pointer to an array of 3 integer values mdy. The variable name indicates the sequential order: mdy[0] will be set to contain the number of the month, mdy[1] will be set to the value of the day and mdy[2] will contain the year.
PGTYPESdate_mdyjul
Create a date value from an array of 3 integers that specify the day, the month and the year of the date.
void PGTYPESdate_mdyjul(int *mdy, date *jdate);
The function receives the array of the 3 integers (mdy) as its first argument and as its second argument a pointer to a variable of type date that should hold the result of the operation.
PGTYPESdate_dayofweek
Return a number representing the day of the week for a date value.
int PGTYPESdate_dayofweek(date d);
The function receives the date variable d as its only argument and returns an integer that indicates the day of the week for this date.
0 - Sunday
1 - Monday
2 - Tuesday
3 - Wednesday
4 - Thursday
5 - Friday
6 - Saturday
PGTYPESdate_today
Get the current date.
void PGTYPESdate_today(date *d);
The function receives a pointer to a date variable (d) that it sets to the current date.
PGTYPESdate_fmt_asc
Convert a variable of type date to its textual representation using a format mask.
int PGTYPESdate_fmt_asc(date dDate, char *fmtstring, char *outbuf);
The function receives the date to convert (dDate), the format mask (fmtstring) and the string that will hold the textual representation of the date (outbuf).
On success, 0 is returned and a negative value if an error occurred.
The following literals are the field specifiers you can use:
dd - The number of the day of the month.
mm - The number of the month of the year.
yy - The number of the year as a two digit number.
yyyy - The number of the year as a four digit number.
ddd - The name of the day (abbreviated).
mmm - The name of the month (abbreviated).
All other characters are copied 1:1 to the output string.
Table 33-2 indicates a few possible formats. This will give you an idea of how to use this function. All output lines are based on the same date: November 23, 1959.
Table 33-2. Valid input formats for PGTYPESdate_fmt_asc
| Format | Result |
|---|---|
| mmddyy | 112359 |
| ddmmyy | 231159 |
| yymmdd | 591123 |
| yy/mm/dd | 59/11/23 |
| yy mm dd | 59 11 23 |
| yy.mm.dd | 59.11.23 |
| .mm.yyyy.dd. | .11.1959.23. |
| mmm. dd, yyyy | Nov. 23, 1959 |
| mmm dd yyyy | Nov 23 1959 |
| yyyy dd mm | 1959 23 11 |
| ddd, mmm. dd, yyyy | Mon, Nov. 23, 1959 |
| (ddd) mmm. dd, yyyy | (Mon) Nov. 23, 1959 |
PGTYPESdate_defmt_asc
Use a format mask to convert a C char* string to a value of type date.
int PGTYPESdate_defmt_asc(date *d, char *fmt, char *str);
The function receives a pointer to the date value that should hold the result of the operation (d), the format mask to use for parsing the date (fmt) and the C char* string containing the textual representation of the date (str). The textual representation is expected to match the format mask. However you do not need to have a 1:1 mapping of the string to the format mask. The function only analyzes the sequential order and looks for the literals yy or yyyy that indicate the position of the year, mm to indicate the position of the month and dd to indicate the position of the day.
Table 33-3 indicates a few possible formats. This will give you an idea of how to use this function.
Table 33-3. Valid input formats for rdefmtdate
| Format | String | Result |
|---|---|---|
| ddmmyy | 21-2-54 | 1954-02-21 |
| ddmmyy | 2-12-54 | 1954-12-02 |
| ddmmyy | 20111954 | 1954-11-20 |
| ddmmyy | 130464 | 1964-04-13 |
| mmm.dd.yyyy | MAR-12-1967 | 1967-03-12 |
| yy/mm/dd | 1954, February 3rd | 1954-02-03 |
| mmm.dd.yyyy | 041269 | 1969-04-12 |
| yy/mm/dd | In the year 2525, in the month of July, mankind will be alive on the 28th day | 2525-07-28 |
| dd-mm-yy | I said on the 28th of July in the year 2525 | 2525-07-28 |
| mmm.dd.yyyy | 9/14/58 | 1958-09-14 |
| yy/mm/dd | 47/03/29 | 1947-03-29 |
| mmm.dd.yyyy | oct 28 1975 | 1975-10-28 |
| mmddyy | Nov 14th, 1985 | 1985-11-14 |
The timestamp type in C enables your programs to deal with data of the SQL type timestamp. See Section 8.5 for the equivalent type in the PostgreSQL server.
The following functions can be used to work with the timestamp type:
PGTYPEStimestamp_from_asc
Parse a timestamp from its textual representation into a timestamp variable.
timestamp PGTYPEStimestamp_from_asc(char *str, char **endptr);
The function receives the string to parse (str) and a pointer to a C char* (endptr). At the moment ECPG always parses the complete string and so it currently does not support to store the address of the first invalid character in *endptr. You can safely set endptr to NULL.
The function returns the parsed timestamp on success. On error, PGTYPESInvalidTimestamp is returned and errno is set to PGTYPES_TS_BAD_TIMESTAMP. See PGTYPESInvalidTimestamp for important notes on this value.
In general, the input string can contain any combination of an allowed date specification, a whitespace character and an allowed time specification. Note that timezones are not supported by ECPG. It can parse them but does not apply any calculation as the PostgreSQL server does for example. Timezone specifiers are silently discarded.
Table 33-4 contains a few examples for input strings.
Table 33-4. Valid input formats for PGTYPEStimestamp_from_asc
| Input | Result |
|---|---|
| 1999-01-08 04:05:06 | 1999-01-08 04:05:06 |
| January 8 04:05:06 1999 PST | 1999-01-08 04:05:06 |
| 1999-Jan-08 04:05:06.789-8 | 1999-01-08 04:05:06.789 (time zone specifier ignored) |
| J2451187 04:05-08:00 | 1999-01-08 04:05:00 (time zone specifier ignored) |
PGTYPEStimestamp_to_asc
Converts a date to a C char* string.
char *PGTYPEStimestamp_to_asc(timestamp tstamp);
The function receives the timestamp tstamp as its only argument and returns an allocated string that contains the textual representation of the timestamp.
PGTYPEStimestamp_current
Retrieve the current timestamp.
void PGTYPEStimestamp_current(timestamp *ts);
The function retrieves the current timestamp and saves it into the timestamp variable that ts points to.
PGTYPEStimestamp_fmt_asc
Convert a timestamp variable to a C char* using a format mask.
int PGTYPEStimestamp_fmt_asc(timestamp *ts, char *output, int str_len, char *fmtstr);
The function receives a pointer to the timestamp to convert as its first argument (ts), a pointer to the output buffer (output), the maximal length that has been allocated for the output buffer (str_len) and the format mask to use for the conversion (fmtstr).
Upon success, the function returns 0 and a negative value if an error occurred.
You can use the following format specifiers for the format mask. The
format specifiers are the same ones that are used in the
strftime
function in libc. Any
non-format specifier will be copied into the output buffer.
%A - is replaced by national representation of the full weekday name.
%a - is replaced by national representation of the abbreviated weekday name.
%B - is replaced by national representation of the full month name.
%b - is replaced by national representation of the abbreviated month name.
%C - is replaced by (year / 100) as decimal number; single digits are preceded by a zero.
%c - is replaced by national representation of time and date.
%D - is equivalent to %m/%d/%y.
%d - is replaced by the day of the month as a decimal number (01-31).
%E* %O* - POSIX locale extensions. The sequences %Ec %EC %Ex %EX %Ey %EY %Od %Oe %OH %OI %Om %OM %OS %Ou %OU %OV %Ow %OW %Oy are supposed to provide alternative representations.
Additionally %OB implemented to represent alternative months names (used standalone, without day mentioned).
%e - is replaced by the day of month as a decimal number (1-31); single digits are preceded by a blank.
%F - is equivalent to %Y-%m-%d.
%G - is replaced by a year as a decimal number with century. This year is the one that contains the greater part of the week (Monday as the first day of the week).
%g - is replaced by the same year as in %G, but as a decimal number without century (00-99).
%H - is replaced by the hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number (00-23).
%h - the same as %b.
%I - is replaced by the hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number (01-12).
%j - is replaced by the day of the year as a decimal number (001-366).
%k - is replaced by the hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number (0-23); single digits are preceded by a blank.
%l - is replaced by the hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number (1-12); single digits are preceded by a blank.
%M - is replaced by the minute as a decimal number (00-59).
%m - is replaced by the month as a decimal number (01-12).
%n - is replaced by a newline.
%O* - the same as %E*.
%p - is replaced by national representation of either "ante meridiem" or "post meridiem" as appropriate.
%R - is equivalent to %H:%M.
%r - is equivalent to %I:%M:%S %p.
%S - is replaced by the second as a decimal number (00-60).
%s - is replaced by the number of seconds since the Epoch, UTC.
%T - is equivalent to %H:%M:%S
%t - is replaced by a tab.
%U - is replaced by the week number of the year (Sunday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number (00-53).
%u - is replaced by the weekday (Monday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number (1-7).
%V - is replaced by the week number of the year (Monday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number (01-53). If the week containing January 1 has four or more days in the new year, then it is week 1; otherwise it is the last week of the previous year, and the next week is week 1.
%v - is equivalent to %e-%b-%Y.
%W - is replaced by the week number of the year (Monday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number (00-53).
%w - is replaced by the weekday (Sunday as the first day of the week) as a decimal number (0-6).
%X - is replaced by national representation of the time.
%x - is replaced by national representation of the date.
%Y - is replaced by the year with century as a decimal number.
%y - is replaced by the year without century as a decimal number (00-99).
%Z - is replaced by the time zone name.
%z - is replaced by the time zone offset from UTC; a leading plus sign stands for east of UTC, a minus sign for west of UTC, hours and minutes follow with two digits each and no delimiter between them (common form for RFC 822 date headers).
%+ - is replaced by national representation of the date and time.
%-* - GNU libc extension. Do not do any padding when performing numerical outputs.
$_* - GNU libc extension. Explicitly specify space for padding.
%0* - GNU libc extension. Explicitly specify zero for padding.
%% - is replaced by %.
PGTYPEStimestamp_sub
Subtract one timestamp from another one and save the result in a variable of type interval.
int PGTYPEStimestamp_sub(timestamp *ts1, timestamp *ts2, interval *iv);
The function will subtract the timestamp variable that ts2 points to from the timestamp variable that ts1 points to and will store the result in the interval variable that iv points to.
Upon success, the function returns 0 and a negative value if an error occurred.
PGTYPEStimestamp_defmt_asc
Parse a timestamp value from its textual representation using a formatting mask.
int PGTYPEStimestamp_defmt_asc(char *str, char *fmt, timestamp *d);
The function receives the textual representation of a timestamp in the variable str as well as the formatting mask to use in the variable fmt. The result will be stored in the variable that d points to.
If the formatting mask fmt is NULL, the function will fall back to the default formatting mask which is %Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.
This is the reverse function to PGTYPEStimestamp_fmt_asc
. See the documentation there in
order to find out about the possible formatting mask entries.
PGTYPEStimestamp_add_interval
Add an interval variable to a timestamp variable.
int PGTYPEStimestamp_add_interval(timestamp *tin, interval *span, timestamp *tout);
The function receives a pointer to a timestamp variable tin and a pointer to an interval variable span. It adds the interval to the timestamp and saves the resulting timestamp in the variable that tout points to.
Upon success, the function returns 0 and a negative value if an error occurred.
PGTYPEStimestamp_sub_interval
Subtract an interval variable from a timestamp variable.
int PGTYPEStimestamp_sub_interval(timestamp *tin, interval *span, timestamp *tout);
The function subtracts the interval variable that span points to from the timestamp variable that tin points to and saves the result into the variable that tout points to.
Upon success, the function returns 0 and a negative value if an error occurred.
The interval type in C enables your programs to deal with data of the SQL type interval. See Section 8.5 for the equivalent type in the PostgreSQL server.
The following functions can be used to work with the interval type:
PGTYPESinterval_new
Return a pointer to a newly allocated interval variable.
interval *PGTYPESinterval_new(void);
PGTYPESinterval_free
Release the memory of a previously allocated interval variable.
void PGTYPESinterval_new(interval *intvl);
PGTYPESinterval_from_asc
Parse an interval from its textual representation.
interval *PGTYPESinterval_from_asc(char *str, char **endptr);
The function parses the input string str and returns a pointer to an allocated interval variable. At the moment ECPG always parses the complete string and so it currently does not support to store the address of the first invalid character in *endptr. You can safely set endptr to NULL.
PGTYPESinterval_to_asc
Convert a variable of type interval to its textual representation.
char *PGTYPESinterval_to_asc(interval *span);
The function converts the interval variable that span points to into a C char*. The output looks like this example: @ 1 day 12 hours 59 mins 10 secs.
PGTYPESinterval_copy
Copy a variable of type interval.
int PGTYPESinterval_copy(interval *intvlsrc, interval *intvldest);
The function copies the interval variable that intvlsrc points to into the variable that intvldest points to. Note that you need to allocate the memory for the destination variable before.
The decimal type is similar to the numeric type. However it is limited to
a maximum precision of 30 significant digits. In contrast to the numeric
type which can be created on the heap only, the decimal type can be
created either on the stack or on the heap (by means of the functions
PGTYPESdecimal_new
and
PGTYPESdecimal_free
).
There are a lot of other functions that deal with the decimal type in the
Informix compatibility mode described in Section 33.10.
The following functions can be used to work with the decimal type and are not only contained in the libcompat library.
PGTYPESdecimal_new
Request a pointer to a newly allocated decimal variable.
decimal *PGTYPESdecimal_new(void);
PGTYPESdecimal_free
Free a decimal type, release all of its memory.
void PGTYPESdecimal_free(decimal *var);
An argument should contain a numeric variable (or point to a numeric variable) but in fact its in-memory representation was invalid.
An overflow occurred. Since the numeric type can deal with almost arbitrary precision, converting a numeric variable into other types might cause overflow.
An underflow occurred. Since the numeric type can deal with almost arbitrary precision, converting a numeric variable into other types might cause underflow.
A division by zero has been attempted.
A value of type timestamp representing an invalid time stamp. This is
returned by the function PGTYPEStimestamp_from_asc
on
parse error.
Note that due to the internal representation of the timestamp data type,
PGTYPESInvalidTimestamp is also a valid timestamp at
the same time. It is set to 1899-12-31 23:59:59. In order
to detect errors, make sure that your application does not only test
for PGTYPESInvalidTimestamp but also for
errno != 0 after each call to
PGTYPEStimestamp_from_asc
.


Easy directions: Ask a taxi to take you to the Tata Institute (which is what IISc is locally known as). This should suffice in most cases.
If you're unlucky and the taxi driver does not know where the Tata Institute is, then give him the following directions. From Mekhri Circle, take the road (called CV Raman Road) towards Yeshwanthpur. Keep straight at the first traffic signal (at Sadashiva Nagar Police Station). About 500m beyond this signal, you'll see the gates of IISc on the right-hand side.
If you're staying at the IISc Main Guest House, the Centenary Visitors' House, Jawahar guest house, or Hoysala house, please ask for directions at the IISc gate.
It is recommended that you take one of the metered taxis (Meru/KSTDC/EasyCabs) that are queued up outside on your left as you exit the airport terminal building. A metered taxi from the airport to IISc should cost you approximately Rs. 850 (plus possibly a 10% extra charge at night). Payment must be in cash, so make sure that you have sufficient cash (Indian Rupees) in hand when you leave the airport. Also, please be aware that you will be asked to pay a toll of Rs. 120 as you enter the highway leading to the city.
You can also choose to use one of the cab services such as (Ola/Taxi4Sure/Uber) by installing the respective app on your smartphone.
From airport by bus: Shuttle bus service, operated by Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC), runs from the airport to various areas in Bangalore city every 15 minutes. Details of the schedule can be found here. Additional information on the airport can also be found at its official website: (www.bengaluruairport.com). Most buses stop at Mekhri circle, which is around 2km from IISc. From there, you can take an autorikshaw to "Tata Institute".
Google map with directions within IISc
The Institute is known as "Tata Institute" to the locals and is just past Mekhri circle and on the way to Yeshwantpur.
Railway station/Kempegowda bus station: The city railway station is about 7 kms from IISc campus. You will have to get out of the station from platform number ONE and reach the prepaid taxi stand and hire a city taxi (costs about Rs 150). Majestic (or Kempegowda Bus station), which is 7kms from IISc, is the central Bus stand in Bangalore which is just opposite to the City Railway station. If you happen to reach Majestic, Bangalore by bus, go to platform number 22 from where almost all buses come to the Institute.
If you plan to take a bus from Majestic, you have to move past Malleswaram 18th cross bus stand towards Yeshwantpur in order to reach IISc (also popularly called Tata Institute). There is a bus stop on the highway near the yellow over bridge before Yeshwantpur circle. Also, there is a bus stop at Yeshwantpur tollgate, just off campus near R block. Most buses go to one of these places. The closest bus stop to the conference venue is the Malleshwaram 18th cross bus stop.
Yeshwantpur railway station: The Yeshwantpur railway station is located at less than 2 km from the institute campus. You can take a 'pre-paid' auto from the counter located outside the exit gate of platform number 6. The landmark is CNR Rao Circle from where you can take the entry to IISc. Though the prepaid contract says IISc (Tata Institute as more popularly known) gate as the destination, the hostels and most of the academic departments are within 500 mts from the gate, and hence the auto can be requested to drop at your destination.
You can also choose to use one of the cab services such as (Ola/Taxi4Sure/Uber) by installing the respective app on your smartphone.
Useful resources:
Cab/Taxi: You can arrange taxis from IISc campus by contacting one of the following call taxi agencies.
Autos:Malleswaram 18th cross and Yeshwantpur circle are the best places to catch an auto rickshaw. But if you're lucky, you'll find an auto at Prof. CNR Rao circle or at Circle Mariamma temple. Remember that autos cost 50% more early mornings (before 6am) and at night (after 10pm).
You can also choose to use one of the cab services such as (Ola/Taxi4Sure/Uber) from your smartphone.
The Digital Campus and Information Technology Services (DIGITS) Office of IISc has an Android App for easy navigation in IISc campus. You may download the app here


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VeriFast Help > Error messages
Error message
Potential arithmetic overflow
Context
When evaluating an arithmetic operation, e.g. an addition or a subtraction, in non-ghost code.
Cause
VeriFast cannot infer from the path condition that the result of the arithmetic operation is not greater than the maximum representable value.
Notes
- The operation that causes the error is shown in red, with a double underline.
- Arithmetic underflow and overflow checking can be disabled by deselecting the Check arithmetic overflow option in the Verify menu.
- The preprocessor symbol INT_MAX defined in header file limits.h denotes the maximum representable value of type int.
- The maximum representable value of type int is assumed by VeriFast to be 231 - 1, i.e.<PHONE_NUMBER>.
- For most variables, VeriFast automatically adds the information that the variable's value is within the limits of the type to the path condition.
However, for some variables, it does not yet do this automatically. In these cases, one can explicitly add this information using the produce_limits
ghost command. This requires first assigning the value to a local variable, say x, and then executing produce_limits(x);.
Suggested solutions
- Disable arithmetic underflow and overflow checking. See above.
- Add code that performs the necessary checks to ensure that the operation does not overflow.
- If the operation involves a function parameter, add a condition to the requires clause that limits the value of the parameter.
- See the note on produce_limits.
Example
Verifying the following program generates a Potential arithmetic overflow error at the subtraction operation (assuming arithmetic overflow checking
is enabled).
| Potential arithmetic overflow |
int increment(int x)
//@ requires true;
//@ ensures true;
{
return x + 1;
} |
Here are three ways to eliminate this error.
- Disable arithmetic overflow checking.
- Add a condition to the requires clause stating that parameter x must be less than INT_MAX:
| 0 errors found |
int increment(int x)
//@ requires x < INT_MAX;
//@ ensures true;
{
return x + 1;
} |
- Add code that checks that x is less than INT_MAX and calls function abort() declared in header file stdlib.h otherwise,
which terminates the program:
| 0 errors found |
int increment(int x)
//@ requires true;
//@ ensures true;
{
if (x == INT_MAX) abort();
return x + 1;
} |


HENRY V A film review by Mark R. Leeper Copyright 1990 Mark R. Leeper
Capsule review: Kenneth Branagh shows that there is more than one way to play Henry, though his way does not always seem convincing. Visually the film is splendid. Rating: +2.
The advantage of the longbow over its shorter predecessors is, of course, range. It is entirely feasible to create a shower of falling arrows that your enemy must enter before he can even come near you, provided you have brought enough arrows along. This is *probably* the reason that the English at the Battle of Agincourt were able to kill what is quoted as ten thousand French while losing only 29 of their own numbers. Bill Shakespeare's script for the current HENRY V tends really to downplay the technological advantage the English had at the battle, implying the imbalance in casualty figures can be attributed instead to the fact that Old Hank really knew how to give one heck of a good pep-talk. Well, song- writers tend to glorify song-writers, and film-makers like to make films about film-makers, so it isn't surprising that Shakespeare's stuff tends to glorify wordsmiths. Even though the actual casualty numbers were probably closer to 200 and five thousand, Shakespeare still seems to over-rate Henry's speech-making.
That technical issue aside, how is HENRY V anyway? I do not claim to be a judge of Shakespearean acting and presumably the main virtue of this film is Branagh's much-vaunted interpretation of Henry. I can tell you that in the early scenes he delivers his lines with very little expression at all. I am sure this is intentional, but after a supremely dramatic entrance he strikes the viewer as being a sort of a cold fish. As time goes by he puts more emphasis in his words, and by the love scenes at the end he seems not just human but positively likable. One gets the impression that henry was a wild teenager who rises to his office as king while we watch. Still Branagh seems only a good actor who has the audacity to cast himself in a great role. He may become a Rupert Pupkin of Shakespearean actors.
This is a Shakespeare for the late Twentieth Century, with far more dramatic visual images than in previous versions. Notable particularly are Henry's entrance and a scene of Henry on a rearing steed at "the breach," back-lighted by fire. The battle scenes are beautifully filmed, somewhat in the style of EXCALIBUR. Ironically, the narrator tells the audience to work hard to picture the scene while the audience have only to sit back and let it flow over them.
While they did not remove the line to tell the audience to work to visualize the scene, some liberties were taken. Flashback scenes were added to show Henry's past with Falstaff. Presumably Branagh undertook to write these himself in a Shakespearean style. There was a deletion to references to the English killing French prisoners which probably would not play as well on modern audiences as it did in Shakespeare's time.
This is a memorable film and probably one that will be playing on PBS in 2010 when most of the rest of this year's films are forgotten. My rating is a +2 on the -4 to +4 scale.
Mark R. Leeper att!mtgzx!leeper<EMAIL_ADDRESS>.
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"Sexy Beast" -- Tough as Nails by Homer Yen (c) 2001
If you thought that British films lacked a certain edginess, then this should come as a shocking and a pleasant surprise. After all, with recent slushy fare like "Billy Elliott" and "Bridget Jones's Diary," you might think that British films have the feel of a Three Musketeers candy bar. Remember their slogan? Fluffy, not stuffy.
Well, you won't find any fluff in "Sexy Beast." The stuff inside is a gritty, foul-mouthed film noir about Gary (Ray Winstone), a retired gangster, who is mercilessly coerced into performing one last heist. This is a tough-guy film for people who like tough-guy films.
Gary has built a comfortable life for himself and his wife with the fortune that he has amassed from his previous jobs. Residing in his idyllic Spanish hillside villa, his toughest task seems to be trying to avoid sunburn while lounging by his pool. But an afternoon dip, dinner with his wife, and drinks with his friends are all that he wants.
His general state of bliss, however, is about to be shattered when a former colleague visits him. It's none other than Don Largo (Ben Kingsley), a ruthless criminal that needs Gary for an ambitious bank heist back in London.
Wait a minute. Can the words "ruthless" and "Ben Kingsley" actually be used in the same sentence? Didn't he win an Oscar for his role as the irenic Gandhi? He has built his career on roles that required quiet intensity. Here, he is as tough and threatening as they come.  There is more meanness packed within that body than there is in a dozen junkyard dogs. It's quite a startling transformation.
It is this element of "Sexy Beast" that will grab your attention. Don looks like he could easily be snapped in two. Meanwhile, Gary has the build of a bear. But our likeable lummox is easily overmatched by Don's brusque methods. He continually backs down in fear as Don first asks, then demands, and then threatens for his involvement. Much of this film centers on this volatile fox-and-hound relationship. Gary meekly tries to sidestep the pressure, but Don's verbal assault, which brims with curt yet poetic gangster invective, is fearfully intimidating. As the vicious hoodlum continues to press and as the reluctant retiree continues to retreat, we hope that Gary somehow manages to survive this predicament.
While "Sexy Beast" showcased a great, dark turn by Kingsley, there were a couple of things that were very distracting. The language was absolutely appalling. Its vituperative nature frequently made me uncomfortable rather than awestruck with Don's menacing nature. There were some absurd moments of comedy to break this cycle, such as banter that revolved around falling boulders, goats, and hairdressers. But you can't get over the mountain of foul language.
Even more difficult to filter through might be the heavy Cockney brogue spoken by the actors. It takes a bit of concentration to understand what everyone is talking about. So, it becomes a tough exercise when you have to absorb the foul language in addition to the somewhat indecipherable accents. Like Gary who needed to work really hard to make Don understand his situation, we may need to work equally hard to understand the film's finer points as well.
Grade: B- S: 2 out of 3 L: 4 out of 3 (!!!) V: 3 out of 3
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The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


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Comments
-
Greg Hurrell
Marking as FIXED. Tested on both Intel and PowerPC. The new release candidate is available on the downloads page:
-
anonymous
I have the same problem. I just posted a new question about this. The 'ok' box is still greyed out.
-
Greg Hurrell
I gather you're referring to ticket #1780; will answer you there.
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