Semivariogram regularization - tutorial¶
Table of Contents:¶
Prepare areal and point data,
Set semivariogram parameters,
Perform regularization,
Visualize regularized semivariogram and analyze algorithm performance,
Export semivariogram to text file.
Level: Intermediate¶
Changelog¶
Date |
Change description |
Author |
|---|---|---|
2021-05-28 |
Updated paths for input/output data |
@szymon-datalions |
2021-05-11 |
Refactored TheoreticalSemivariogram class |
@szymon-datalions |
2021-04-04 |
Ranges parameter removed from regularize semivariogram class |
@szymon-datalions |
2021-03-31 |
Update related to the change of semivariogram weighting. Updated cancer rates data. |
@szymon-datalions |
Introduction¶
In this tutorial we learn how to regularize semivariogram of areal dataset of irregular polygons. Procedure is described here: (1) Goovaerts P., Kriging and Semivariogram Deconvolution in the Presence of Irregular Geographical Units, Mathematical Geology 40(1), 101-128, 2008.
The main idea is to retrieve point support semivariogram from semivariogram of areal data with blocks of different shapes and sizes. It is the case in mining industry, where blocks of aggregates are deconvoluted into smaller units and in the epidemiology, where data is usually aggregated over big administrative units, or in ecology, where observations of species are aggregated over areas or time windows.
In this tutorial we use areal data of Breast Cancer incidence rates in Northeastern counties of U.S. and U.S. Census 2010 data for population blocks.
Breast cancer rates data is stored in the shapefile in folder
sample_data/areal_data/cancer_data.shp
.
Population blocks data is stored in the shapefile in folder
sample_data/population_data/cancer_population_base.shp
Import packages¶
[1]:
import numpy as np
import geopandas as gpd
from pyinterpolate.io_ops import prepare_areal_shapefile, get_points_within_area # Prepare data
from pyinterpolate.semivariance import calculate_semivariance # Experimental semivariogram
from pyinterpolate.semivariance import RegularizedSemivariogram # Semivariogram regularization class
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
1) Prepare areal and point data¶
[2]:
areal_data = '../sample_data/areal_data/cancer_data.shp'
point_data = '../sample_data/population_data/cancer_population_base.shp'
# The important thing before analysis is to check if crs of areal data and point data are the same
areal_crs = gpd.read_file(areal_data).crs
point_support_crs = gpd.read_file(point_data).crs
areal_crs == point_support_crs
[2]:
True
[3]:
# We need to know:
# - id column name of areal units,
# - value column name of areal units (usually aggregates),
# - value column name of point support units (usually population)
# Let's check it quickly with geopandas
areal = gpd.read_file(areal_data)
areal.head()
[3]:
| rate | FIPS | rate_float | geometry | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 192.2 | 25019 | 192.2 | MULTIPOLYGON (((2115688.816 556471.240, 211569... |
| 1 | 166.8 | 36121 | 166.8 | POLYGON ((1419423.430 564830.379, 1419729.721 ... |
| 2 | 157.4 | 33001 | 157.4 | MULTIPOLYGON (((1937530.728 779787.978, 193751... |
| 3 | 156.7 | 25007 | 156.7 | MULTIPOLYGON (((2074073.532 539159.504, 207411... |
| 4 | 155.3 | 25001 | 155.3 | MULTIPOLYGON (((2095343.207 637424.961, 209528... |
From areal file we are interested in the incidence rate (rate
) and ID (FIPS
).
[4]:
# Now check point support data
point = gpd.read_file(point_data)
point.head()
[4]:
| id | left | top | right | bottom | POP10 | geometry | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 81.0 | 1.271504e+06 |<PHONE_NUMBER> | 1.283051e+06 |<PHONE_NUMBER> | 1866.0 | POINT (1277277.671 441124.507) |
| 1 | 82.0 | 1.271504e+06 |<PHONE_NUMBER> | 1.283051e+06 |<PHONE_NUMBER> | 2093.0 | POINT (1277277.671 431124.507) |
| 2 | 83.0 | 1.271504e+06 |<PHONE_NUMBER> | 1.283051e+06 |<PHONE_NUMBER> | 590.0 | POINT (1277277.671 421124.507) |
| 3 | 84.0 | 1.271504e+06 |<PHONE_NUMBER> | 1.283051e+06 |<PHONE_NUMBER> | 636.0 | POINT (1277277.671 411124.507) |
| 4 | 85.0 | 1.271504e+06 |<PHONE_NUMBER> | 1.283051e+06 |<PHONE_NUMBER> | 582.0 | POINT (1277277.671 401124.507) |
POP10
is our column of interest.
[5]:
# Now prepare data for further processing
areal_id = 'FIPS'
areal_val = 'rate'
points_val = 'POP10'
areal_data_prepared = prepare_areal_shapefile(areal_data, areal_id, areal_val)
[6]:
# Check how prepared areal data looks like
areal_data_prepared[0]
[6]:
array([25019,
<shapely.geometry.multipolygon.MultiPolygon object at 0x7f0d0ff80b50>,
2132629.599151873,<PHONE_NUMBER>491967, 192.2], dtype=object)
Clarification:¶
Every areal dataset is passed as an array of:
[area id, area geometry (polygon), areal centroid x (lon), areal centroid y (lat), value]
[7]:
points_in_area = get_points_within_area(areal_data, point_data, areal_id_col_name=areal_id,
points_val_col_name=points_val)
[8]:
# Check how prepared point data looks like
points_in_area[0]
[8]:
array([42049.0,
array([[1277277.6705919 ,<PHONE_NUMBER>9998, 1866. ],
[1277277.6705919 ,<PHONE_NUMBER>9999, 2093. ],
[1285937.92462974,<PHONE_NUMBER>9999, 10191. ],
[1285937.92462974,<PHONE_NUMBER>9999, 3271. ],
[1285937.92462974,<PHONE_NUMBER>9999, 5400. ],
[1294598.17866759,<PHONE_NUMBER>9998, 23133. ],
[1294598.17866759,<PHONE_NUMBER>9999, 2616. ],
[1294598.17866759,<PHONE_NUMBER>9999, 1610. ],
[1303258.43270543,<PHONE_NUMBER>9999, 110912. ],
[1303258.43270543,<PHONE_NUMBER>9999, 6793. ],
[1303258.43270543,<PHONE_NUMBER>9999, 8493. ],
[1311918.68674328,<PHONE_NUMBER>9999, 44605. ],
[1311918.68674328,<PHONE_NUMBER>9999, 5710. ],
[1311918.68674328,<PHONE_NUMBER>9999, 4700. ],
[1311918.68674328,<PHONE_NUMBER>9999, 2483. ],
[1320578.94078112,<PHONE_NUMBER>9999, 3372. ],
[1320578.94078112,<PHONE_NUMBER>9999, 3226. ],
[1320578.94078112,<PHONE_NUMBER>9998, 1664. ],
[1320578.94078112,<PHONE_NUMBER>9999, 1956. ],
[1329239.19481896,<PHONE_NUMBER>9999, 1441. ],
[1329239.19481897,<PHONE_NUMBER>9998, 1712. ],
[1329239.19481896,<PHONE_NUMBER>9999, 4814. ],
[1337899.44885681,<PHONE_NUMBER>9999, 1933. ],
[1337899.44885681,<PHONE_NUMBER>9998, 1370. ],
[1346559.70289465,<PHONE_NUMBER>9999, 7430. ]])],
dtype=object)
Clarification:¶
Every point support dataset is passed as an array of:
[area id, array of: [lon, lat, value]]
2) Set semivariogram parameters.¶
Now we must set parameters for areal semivariogram AND point semivariogram. It is very important to understand data well to set them properly, that’s why you should always check experimental semivariograms of those datasets to understand how data behaves. We do it for prepared areal and point datasets.
From the practical point of view area semivariogram analysis is more important because we pass into semivariogram regularization parameters of step size and maximum search radius. But we check point’s semivariogram too. It is analytical step, to check if spatial process whoch we are using for semivariogram deconvolution is proper, as example if semivariogram shows exponential function then our process will not be properly modeled.
[9]:
# Check experimental semivariogram of areal data - this cell may be run multiple times
# before you find optimal parameters
maximum_range = 300000
step_size = 30000
dt = areal_data_prepared[:, 2:] # x, y, val
exp_semivar = calculate_semivariance(data=dt, step_size=step_size, max_range=maximum_range)
# Plot experimental semivariogram
plt.figure(figsize=(12, 12))
plt.plot(exp_semivar[:, 0], exp_semivar[:, 1], 'o')
plt.title('Experimental semivariogram od areal centroids')
plt.xlabel('Range - in meters')
plt.ylabel('Semivariance')
plt.show()
[10]:
# Check experimental semivariogram of point data - this cell may be run multiple times
# before you find optimal parameters
def build_point_array(points):
a = None
for rec in points:
if a is None:
a = rec.copy()
else:
a = np.vstack((a, rec))
return a
maximum_point_range = 300000
step_size_points = 10000
pt = build_point_array(points_in_area[:, 1]) # x, y, val
exp_semivar = calculate_semivariance(data=pt, step_size=step_size_points, max_range=maximum_point_range)
# Plot experimental semivariogram
plt.figure(figsize=(12, 12))
plt.plot(exp_semivar[:, 0], exp_semivar[:, 1], 'o')
plt.title('Experimental semivariogram od population data')
plt.xlabel('Range - in meters')
plt.ylabel('Semivariance')
plt.show()
Clarification:¶
After few adjustements we have prepared semivariogram parameters for area and point support data. The next step is to create RegularizedSemivariogram
model. We have mutiple parameters to choose and at the beginning it is hard to find the best fit, so try to avoid multiple loops because it is a time-consuming operation.
The program is designed to first fit() the model and later to transform() it.
When you fit() a model you have multiple parameters to control: * areal_data: areal data prepared with the function prepare_areal_shapefile(), where data is a numpy array in the form: [area_id, area_geometry, centroid coordinate x, centroid coordinate y, value], * areal_lags: list of lags between each distance, * areal_step_size: step size between each lag, usually it is a half of distance between lags, * point_support_data: point support data prepared with the function get_points_within_area(), where data is a numpy array in the form: [area_id, [point_position_x, point_position_y, value]], * weighted_lags: (bool) lags weighted by number of points; if True then during semivariogram fitting error of each model is weighted by number of points for each lag. In practice it means that more reliable data (lags) have larger weights and semivariogram is modeled to better fit to those lags, * store_models: (bool) if True then experimental, regularized and theoretical models are stored in lists after each iteration. It is important for a debugging process.
We will weight lags and we do not store semivariograms and semivariogram models.
After fitting we perform transform(). This function has few parameters to control regularization process, but we leave them as default with one exception: we set max_iters parameter to 5.
This process of fitting and transforming takes some time, so it’s good idea to run it and do something else…
3) Regularize semivariogram¶
[11]:
reg_mod = RegularizedSemivariogram()
[12]:
reg_mod.fit(areal_data=areal_data_prepared,
areal_step_size=step_size, max_areal_range=maximum_range,
point_support_data=points_in_area, weighted_lags=True, store_models=False)
[13]:
# Check initial experimental, theoretical and regularized semivariograms
lags = reg_mod.experimental_semivariogram_of_areal_data[:, 0]
plt.figure(figsize=(12, 12))
plt.plot(lags, reg_mod.experimental_semivariogram_of_areal_data[:, 1], 'ob')
plt.plot(lags, reg_mod.initial_theoretical_model_of_areal_data.predict(lags), color='r', linestyle='--')
plt.plot(lags, reg_mod.initial_regularized_model, color='black', linestyle='dotted')
plt.legend(['Experimental semivariogram of areal data', 'Initial Semivariogram of areal data',
'Regularized data points'])
plt.title('Semivariograms comparison. Deviation value: {}'.format(reg_mod.initial_deviation))
plt.xlabel('Distance')
plt.ylabel('Semivariance')
plt.show()
Sill of experimental variogram is reached fast at the first lag. On the other hand sill of regularized semivariogram is reached at a larger distance which is a promising result for further processing and semivariogram deconvolution procedure.
[14]:
reg_mod.transform(max_iters=25)
100%|██████████| 25/25 [30:04<00:00, 72.17s/it]
NOTE:
Operation stops automatically if calculated error is not changing after few iterations. It will be speed up in the future by multiprocessing functions.
4) Visualize and check semivariogram¶
Clarification:¶
Process is fully automatic but we can check how it baheaved through each iteration. We can analyze deviation change (most important variable, mean absolute difference between regularized and theoretical models) with build-in method but if you are more interested in the algorithm stability you can analyze weight change over each iteration too.
[15]:
# First analyze deviation
plt.figure(figsize=(10, 10))
plt.plot(reg_mod.deviations)
plt.show()
Clarification:¶
Deviation between regularized semivariogram and theoretical model is smaller in each step but largest improvement can be seen after the first step and then it slows down. That’s why semivariogram regularization usually does not require many steps. However, if there are many lags then optimization may require more steps to achieve meaningful result. Below are deviation changes from the five step to show relative change:
[16]:
# First analyze deviation - exclude five initial values
plt.figure(figsize=(10, 10))
plt.plot(reg_mod.deviations[5:])
plt.show()
[17]:
# Check weights - it is important to track problems with algorithm, esepcially if sum of weights is oscillating
# then it may be a sign of problems with data, model or (hopefully not!) algorithm itself.
weights = reg_mod.weights
weights = [sum(w) for w in weights]
plt.figure(figsize=(10,10))
plt.plot(weights)
plt.show()
NOTE:¶
Weights are smaller with each iteration. It is normal behavior of algorithm. General trend goes downward, and small oscillations may occur due to the optimization process.
The most important part is to compare semivariograms! You can see that Optimized Model is different than initial semivariogram. It is the result of regularization. Now population is taken into account in the cases of variogram development and further kriging interpolation.
[18]:
reg_mod.show_semivariograms()
Clarification:¶
Experimental semivariogram is a semivariogram of areal centroids. Then theoretical semivariogram is used to describe this experimental (empirical) semivariogram. Regularization process is to find semivariogram close enough to the theoretical semivariogram, which describes ongoing process with the new support (in this case with population units). You may see that experimental semivariogram has exponential growth near the origin. It could mean that in this scale of analysis we lost some information. But with population data we can retrive it and regularized semivariogram better describes process near the origin. We gain a new insights approximately 2-3 lags ahead of the initial model.
We can store regularized semivariogram output parameters for the further analysis and Kriging.
5) Export semivariogram to text file¶
[19]:
# Export semivariogram to the text file. This is important step because calculations are slow...
# and it is better to not repeat them.
# We will use buil-in method: export_regularized where we pass only filename our semivariogram
# parameters are stored for other tasks.
reg_mod.export_regularized_model('output/regularized_model.csv')


{% extends "app/app_base.html" %} {% block content %}
This page lists all user accounts in the web interface. Note that this is distinct from the list of resource holders.


Before Change
changed_addresses, = session.product_request(BuildFileAddresses, [request])
logger.debug("changed addresses: %s", changed_addresses)
dependencies = tuple(SingleAddress(a.spec_path, a.target_name) for a in changed_addresses)
return TargetRoots([Specs(dependencies=dependencies, exclude_patterns=exclude_patterns, tags=tags)])
if owned_files:
// We"ve been provided no spec roots (e.g. `./pants list`) AND a owner request. Compute
After Change
changed_addresses, = session.product_request(BuildFileAddresses, [request])
logger.debug("changed addresses: %s", changed_addresses)
dependencies = tuple(SingleAddress(a.spec_path, a.target_name) for a in changed_addresses)
return TargetRoots(Specs(dependencies=dependencies, exclude_patterns=exclude_patterns, tags=tags))
if owned_files:
// We"ve been provided no spec roots (e.g. `./pants list`) AND a owner request. Compute


How old do I have to be to date?
There is no exact age when you can or cannot start dating. Many parents set an age according to their perspective, culture, views and beliefs. Consider talking to your parents, family and friends to see what their thoughts are. If you think that talking to your parents might be hard, start with your friends or other adults you trust. Ultimately, what matters is that you personally feel ready and confident to make this decision.
But what if I’m not dating?
There are other types of relationships that might not be considered dating that are just as real and that we can help you with here. Maybe you have a child with somebody but do not consider yourself to be in a dating relationship with that person. Having a child together could feel like more than just dating, or you might have chosen not to be together anymore; there is no one way that relationships must work. Another possibility is that you and your partner are married. Of course marriage is different from dating in some ways, but you might be surprised at how similar they really are! What makes a dating relationship healthy or unhealthy usually applies to marriage as well. At Charm Ash, we focus on dating but this site is relevant to everyone.
Is holding a grudge towards my partner unhealthy?
Yes, holding a grudge against your partner is unhealthy, not only for your relationship but also for you. Holding grudges for a long time can result in building up anger, distress, doubt and a lot of other negative feelings that can can make you unhappy and stressed. To maintain a healthy relationship, you need to be able to forgive your partner for their past mistakes. The other option is letting them go. Try to remember: being with a person you cannot forgive is not going to do either of you any good.
Is it unhealthy if I date someone my family doesn’t like?
Dating someone your family doesn’t like can be really hard. It may cause conflict that makes you feel like you can’t be honest or even near the people you love. Consider why your family doesn’t like your partner or why your partner doesn’t like them. Remember that isolation and no one liking your partner are warning signs of an abusive relationship
We’re not “dating,” how can I be abused?
Abuse can affect all types of relationships, not just long-term or committed relationships. Even if your relationship is casual or you’ve only hooked up once, you can still experience abuse. If something makes you uncomfortable, scared or threatened, you could be experiencing the warning signs of an unhealthy relationship. Learn more about unhealthy relationships.
What if I don’t feel safe talking to someone about what’s going on?
It’s common for people to not feel comfortable talking about their relationships, especially if they’re unhealthy. This is a hard topic to discuss, but talking about it can help. Here at Charm Ash, we have trained peer advocates who are friendly, non-judgmental and available 24/7. So feel free to contact us anytime and know that we’ll keep our conversations completely confidential.


My Name : Lee Byoung Hyoun
My Major : Game Multimedia
My Age : 23
My Phone Number : 010-2552-2099
SLIME JUME! : Let's play slime game. This slime is jump up the goal!
Hammer Time! : Defence enemy! Your character between the enemy.
Little Mage! : Find the boss! Test your skill and defeat enemy.


Functions | |
| int32_t | TimeSync_ecapEdmaConfig (TimeSync_ParamsHandle_t timeSyncHandle) |
| Init function which calls other API's to initialize ECAP and EDMA modules. More... | |
| int8_t | TimeSync_drvInit (TimeSync_ParamsHandle_t timeSyncHandle) |
| Initializes variables and timers & clocks, call once at the beginning. More... | |
| int8_t | TimeSync_alloc_PktBuffer (TimeSync_ParamsHandle_t timeSyncHandle) |
| Allocate Rx and Tx buffers for frames like Sync, Announce etc. More... | |
| void | TimeSync_unAlloc_PktBuffer (TimeSync_ParamsHandle_t timeSyncHandle) |
| Unallocate Rx and Tx buffers for frames like Sync, Announce etc. More... | |
| void | TimeSync_drvEnable (TimeSync_ParamsHandle_t timeSyncHandle) |
| Enable PTP firmware. More... | |
| void | TimeSync_drvDisable (TimeSync_ParamsHandle_t timeSyncHandle) |
| Disable PTP firmware. More... | |
| void | TimeSync_dramInit (TimeSync_ParamsHandle_t timeSyncHandle) |
| Initialize PTP stored variables in the DRAM. More... | |
| void | TimeSync_setDefaultValue (TimeSync_ParamsHandle_t timeSyncHandle) |
| Set Default values for the PTP Object based on clock type. More... | |
| void | TimeSync_formatPTPFrames (TimeSync_ParamsHandle_t timeSyncHandle, uint8_t *ifMacID) |
| Prepare PTP frames with fields, mac addresses etc. More... | |
| void | TimeSync_initializeFollowUp (TimeSync_ParamsHandle_t timeSyncHandle) |
| Populate MAC ID, clock identity etc in Follow Up frame. Should be called everytime we change to Master from Slave. More... | |
| void | TimeSync_addIP (TimeSync_ParamsHandle_t timeSyncHandle, uint32_t IP) |
| Update IP and Modify checksum whenever IP is assigned or changed. More... | |
| void TimeSync_addIP | ( | TimeSync_ParamsHandle_t | timeSyncHandle, |
| uint32_t | IP | ||
| ) |
Update IP and Modify checksum whenever IP is assigned or changed.
| timeSyncHandle | pointer to PTP Handle structure |
| IP | IP address in unsigned 32 bit format. |
| int8_t TimeSync_alloc_PktBuffer | ( | TimeSync_ParamsHandle_t | timeSyncHandle | ) |
Allocate Rx and Tx buffers for frames like Sync, Announce etc.
| timeSyncHandle | pointer to PTP Handle structure |
| void TimeSync_dramInit | ( | TimeSync_ParamsHandle_t | timeSyncHandle | ) |
Initialize PTP stored variables in the DRAM.
| timeSyncHandle | pointer to PTP Handle structure |
| void TimeSync_drvDisable | ( | TimeSync_ParamsHandle_t | timeSyncHandle | ) |
Disable PTP firmware.
| timeSyncHandle | pointer to PTP Handle structure |
| void TimeSync_drvEnable | ( | TimeSync_ParamsHandle_t | timeSyncHandle | ) |
Enable PTP firmware.
| timeSyncHandle | pointer to PTP Handle structure |
| int8_t TimeSync_drvInit | ( | TimeSync_ParamsHandle_t | timeSyncHandle | ) |
Initializes variables and timers & clocks, call once at the beginning.
| timeSyncHandle | pointer to PTP Handle structure |
| int32_t TimeSync_ecapEdmaConfig | ( | TimeSync_ParamsHandle_t | timeSyncHandle | ) |
Init function which calls other API's to initialize ECAP and EDMA modules.
| timeSyncHandle | Pointer to PTP Handle |
| Error | value |
| void TimeSync_formatPTPFrames | ( | TimeSync_ParamsHandle_t | timeSyncHandle, |
| uint8_t * | ifMacID | ||
| ) |
Prepare PTP frames with fields, mac addresses etc.
| timeSyncHandle | pointer to PTP Handle structure |
| ifMacID | pointer to MAC ID |
| void TimeSync_initializeFollowUp | ( | TimeSync_ParamsHandle_t | timeSyncHandle | ) |
Populate MAC ID, clock identity etc in Follow Up frame. Should be called everytime we change to Master from Slave.
| timeSyncHandle | pointer to PTP Handle structure |
| void TimeSync_setDefaultValue | ( | TimeSync_ParamsHandle_t | timeSyncHandle | ) |
Set Default values for the PTP Object based on clock type.
| timeSyncHandle | pointer to PTP Handle structure |
| void TimeSync_unAlloc_PktBuffer | ( | TimeSync_ParamsHandle_t | timeSyncHandle | ) |
Unallocate Rx and Tx buffers for frames like Sync, Announce etc.
| timeSyncHandle | pointer to PTP Handle structure |


How well can you estimate someone age from an image? Participate to find out if humans
can still outperform computers.
Plus: upload your own image and see how young/old the computer thinks you are

Predict ages from six different faces and see how well you did compared to the computer and other people!
| Face to predict | Estimate | |
|---|---|---|
| Actual | actual0 | |
| Computer | comp0 | |
| Actual | actual0 | |
| Computer | comp0 | |
| Actual | actual0 | |
| Computer | comp0 | |
| Actual | actual0 | |
| Computer | comp0 | |
| Actual | actual0 | |
| Computer | comp0 | |
| Actual | actual0 | |
| Computer | comp0 |
For best results, zoom in quite a bit: your ears should be close to the side of the image.
The computer will always try to give a prediction, even is there is no face in
the image.
This function is 100% anonymous, your image will not be saved in any form.


Learn to code by
watching others
See how experienced developers solve problems in real time.
Watching scripted tutorials is great, but understanding how
developers think is invaluable.
Try it free 7 days then $20/mo.thereafter


Section 1.4 Visualizing convolutional neural networks
Numbers that were clearly written were classified correctly. The network misclassified the input when I exaggerated a part of the number or when the size of the number was too small. The network also failed to classify correctly when the number is placed in one of the corners. However, the network performed unexpectedly well when the number was incomplete. For example, when only half of 3 was written out, the network still classified it as 3.
Section 3.5 Fast Style Transfer
Q1. What happens when you pass an image through the same filter several times? Do you observe any interesting characteristics or padding artifacts?
The change in style was the largest on the first pass. Then each pass introduced slight changes to the image, but they tend to be very subtle.
Q2. Apply a filter to an image and then apply another filter to that already-filtered image. Is the result similar to what you would get when you apply the second filter to the original image?
Applying two different filters and applying only the second filter produce different results. The final outputs were similar in color, but the details were different. When an image was filtered with two styles, the final result contained the styles of the both filters. However, when some features of the original image were neglected or exaggerated after one filter, applying the second style filter couldn't bring the lost or modified features back. The second style filter ultimately decided the color scheme of the image.
Q3. Try different combinations of filters and number of times you filter an image. Note on your website if you have any interesting observations or insights.
As observed before, the final style filter significantly influenced the outcome of the image. Although multiple filters were applied in sequence, the final style was most visible.


Dancing girl manages traffic in Indore
by PTIA 23-year-old MBA student has been dancing away to make sure riders follow traffic rules on some of the busiest roads in the city.
Inspired by 'moonwalking' traffic policeman Ranjit Singh, Shubhi Jain, who hails from Bina in Madhya Pradesh's Sagar district, has been asking riders to wear helmets and seat belts by breaking into some quirky dance moves.
Videos of the Pune-based MBA student, who has come to the city for a 15-day internship, have gone viral on social media.
Speaking to PTI on Tuesday, Jain said, "I had no prior experience of managing traffic. When I came to Indore, I was impressed by young volunteers who managed traffic in the city and got involved with this work."
Indore has been ranked number one in the National Sanitation Survey for the last three years, and this beautiful city can be number one in the country in terms of traffic management as well, she added.
Senior police officials have also praised her unique move, and she was felicitated by additional director general of police (Indore range) Varun Kapoor for her phenomenal work.
Jain has rendered her services on intersections located at Regal Chauraha, High Court and Indraprastha on MG Road during peak hours between 5 pm and 8 pm.
In a video that has gone viral on social media, Shubhi can be seen advising two-wheeler riders to wear helmets and four-wheeler drivers to fasten their seat belts.
Recently, traffic police constable Ranjit Singh hit the popularity charts on social media by 'moonwalking' (popstar Michael Jackson's famous dance move) on city's arterial roads.


Add an Event
Share feedback
Share all the feedback you have on this project here.Resources
Github Repository
You can view the github repo for te code to this project, and relevant information related to the same.Link: https://github.com/tvvignesh/time-monitor.


Welcome wannabe astronomer! May the force be with you while you fill that login form.
E-mail
Password
Forgot password?


XFN Test Data
Steve Ivy, 02-05-2007
This test data is based on the XFN 1.1 profile. Comments or suggestions on this data can be sent to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Valid Relationships - singletons
These represent a single relationship on each link and are all valid.
- Friendship - pick at most one
- friend - contact
- friend - acquaintance
- friend - friend
- Physical
- physical - met
- physical - met (dupe)
- Professional
- professional - co-worker
- professional - colleague
- Geographical - pick at most one
- geographical - co-resident
- geographical - neighbor
- Family - pick at most one
- family - child
- family - parent
- family - sibling
- family - spouse
- family - kin
- Romantic
- romantic - muse
- romantic - crush
- romantic - date
- romantic - sweetheart
- Identity
- me (exclusive of all other values)
Valid Relationships - compound
These represent compound relationship on each link and should all be valid.
- Friendship + Physical
- contact + met
- acquaintance + met
- friend + met
- Friendship + Professional
- contact + co-worker
- acquaintance + co-worker
- friend + co-worker
- Friendship + Geographic
- contact + co-resident
- acquaintance + co-resident
- friend - co-resident
- contact + neighbor
- acquaintance + neighbor
- friend - neighbor
- Professional + Physical
- co-worker + met
- colleague + met
- Professional + Romantic
- co-worker + muse
- colleague + muse
- co-worker + crush
- colleague + crush
- co-worker + date
- colleague + date
- co-worker + sweetheart
- colleague + sweetheart
- Family + Professional
- child + co-worker
- child + colleague
- parent + co-worker
- parent + colleague
- sibling + co-worker
- sibling + colleague
- spouse + co-worker
- spouse + colleague
- kin + co-worker
- kin + colleague
- kin + colleague (purposeful dupe)
Invalid relationships
These relationships violate rules of exclusivity, mostly.
- Friendship - multiple values
- contact + acquaintance
- acquaintance + friend
- friend + contact
- Geographical - multiple values
- co-resident + neighbor
- Reserved rels
- nofollow
- friend + nofollow
- bookmark
- Family - multiple values
- child + parent
- child + sibling
- child + spouse
- child + kin
- parent + sibling
- parent + spouse
- parent + kin
- sibling + spouse
- sibling + kin
- spouse + kin
- Identity - me + anything
- me + contact
- me + acquaintance
- me + friend
- me + met
- me + co-worker
- me + colleague
- me + co-resident
- me + neighbor
- me + child
- me + parent
- me + sibling
- me + spouse
- me + kin
- me + muse
- me + crush
- me + date
- me + sweetheart


Four detained as officers swoop on nail bars across West Dunbartonshire
A nail bar in Dumbarton could face a £20,000 fine.
by Jenny Foulds, https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/authors/jenny-foulds/Four illegal workers have been discovered following raids on nail bars across West Dunbartonshire.
Police Scotland teamed up withe the Home Office Immigration Enforcement in a joint operation in Dumbarton and Clydebank yesterday (Thursday).
Immigration checks at Five Star Nails and Spa in Dumbarton High Street identified a 42-year-old woman from Vietnam who had entered the UK illegally and had no permission to work. She must report to Immigration Enforcement regularly while her case is progressed.
The business was served civil penalty referral notices warning that a financial penalty of up to £20,000 per illegal worker found will be imposed unless the employer can demonstrate that appropriate right-to-work document checks were carried out, such as seeing a passport or Home Office document confirming permission to work.
In Clydebank, immigration checks at Hollywood Nail Spa in Alexander Street identified a 39-year-old man from Vietnam who had entered the UK illegally and had no permission to work. He was detained pending his removal from the UK.
And At Vintage Hair/USA Nails in Carintha Way, Clydebank, checks found two Vietnamese men, aged 22 and 23, who had entered the UK illegally and had no permission to work. They must also both report regularly to Immigration Enforcement while their cases are dealt with.
The Home Office confirmed the details today (Friday).
Detective Inspector Ogilvie Ross said: “Police and partners conducted a joint operation in the Dumbarton and Clydebank areas on Thursday, November 14.
"Three premises were visited where four people were found to be working illegally. They were passed into the care of the Home Office.
"A fifth person was arrested for an outstanding warrant.”


Human male of 23 years, McGill Grad in business. Previously a startup founder, now a freelance designer.
I like cooking, rock climbing, cycling, hiking & karaoke. I also like talking about movies, games, literature and all forms or media in general.
I’m in Montreal for a month for some freelance work and physiotherapy.
I make good food and enjoy sharing. Mainly Chinese and Italian cuisine.
I’m out most days from 9AM-6PM, so I won’t disturb you.
I make decent good conversation about pretty much anything except sports.
I don’t smoke, don’t do drugs, don’t party (at home). I also listen to music exclusively in my headphones.
I have steady income from freelancing & good savings. Rent won’t be a problem. I’ll even get my folks to co-sign with me if absolutely necessary
Yeah, I’m know as Dylan on Airbnb. Check out more of my reviews here.


Created by Daniel Bachler / @danyx23
Set data-state="something"
on a slide and "something"
will be added as a class to the document element when the slide is open.


Hey, Shivam patel
Logout
The Biggest
Sale
Special for today
Shop Now
Summer
Collection
New Arrivals On Sale
Shop Now
The Biggest
Sale
Special for today
Shop Now
Summer
Collection
New Arrivals On Sale
Shop Now
The Biggest
Sale
Special for today
Shop Now
Previous
Next
New Arrivals for you
Populer
Price range
Customer Review
5.0
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5


Sign Out
Sign Out
add
Create New Album
Your Albums
Create New Event
Event Name
Start Date
End Date
add
Username
remove
remove
Submit


|
Min-Max Heap
A Min-Max heap library for heap operations on top of an existing array.
|
Defines functions for maintaining a Min-Max Heap, as described by Adkinson:
M. D. Atkinson, J.-R. Sack, N. Santoro, and T. Strothotte. 1986. Min-max heaps and generalized priority queues. Commun. ACM 29, 10 (October 1986), 996-1000. DOI=http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/6617.6621
The main advantage of the Min-Max Heap is the ability to access both the minimum and maximum values contained in the data structure in constant time. The trade-off is a slight increase in the complexity constant coefficients with respect to traditional heaps. The Min-Max heap still maintains the same order of complexity as traditional heaps for all operations.
The heap functions defined in _mmheap.h
_ are defined as templates, so a heap of any type that is less-than comparable and copy-constructable is possible. The heap functions are designed to work in-place on top of a regular C++ array.
The file _mmheap.h
_ defines two namespaces: mmheap
and _mmheap
. All of the functions necessary to use the min-max heap are exposed in the mmheap
namespace. It should not be necessary to use the _mmheap
namespace (those functions are for internal use only).
Full reference documentation is available in the _"docs"_ project directory. Only the most commonly used functions are described here.
mmheap:: make_heap()
template <typename DataType>
void make_heap (DataType∗ heap_array, size_t size);
Creates the min-max heap from an arbitrary C++ array, given the array and its size as arguments.
mmheap:: heap_insert()
template <typename DataType>
void heap_insert (const DataType& value, DataType∗ heap_array, size_t& count, size_t max_size);
Inserts a new value into the heap, given the value, the heap array, the current number of items contained in the heap, and the maximum storage size of the array. The count
will be increased by one following the function call.
mmheap:: heap_max()
template <typename DataType>
DataType heap_max (DataType∗ heap_array, size_t count);
Returns the maximum value contained in the heap, given the heap array and the current number of items contained in the heap.
mmheap:: heap_min()
template <typename DataType>
DataType heap_min (DataType∗ heap_array, size_t count);
Returns the minimum value contained in the heap, given the heap array and the current number of items contained in the heap.
mmheap:: heap_remove_max()
template <typename DataType>
DataType heap_remove_max (DataType∗ heap_array, size_t& count);
Removes and returns the maximum value contained in the heap, given the heap array and the current number of items contained in the heap. The count
will be decreased by one following the function call.
mmheap:: heap_remove_min()
template <typename DataType>
DataType heap_remove_min (DataType∗ heap_array, size_t& count);
Removes and returns the minimum value contained in the heap, given the heap array and the current number of items contained in the heap. The count
will be decreased by one following the function call.
The following functions are less likely to be commonly used, but are provided under the mmheap
namespace as well; for more information, read the documentation in the docs
directory.
mmheap:: heap_insert_circular()
Add to heap, rotating the maximum value out if the heap is full.
mmheap:: heap_replace_at_index()
Replace the value at a specific index in the heap array with a new value, and restore the heap property.
mmheap:: heap_remove_at_index()
Remove and return the value at a specified index in the heap array, and restore the heap property.
mmheap:: is_heap()
Returns true
if an arbitrary array is in a valid Min-Max heap ordering, or false
otherwise.
This library is released under the MIT License: http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
Copyright (c) 2015 Jason L Causey, Arkansas State University
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.


HOTEL INFORMATION
Gaithersburg Marriott Washingtonian Center
9751 Washingtonian Blvd., Gaithersburg, MD 20878
Ph:<PHONE_NUMBER>
For our friends and family who are coming in from out of town (or for those of you who just might want a hotel room for the evening!), we have arranged a hotel room block at the Gaithersburg Marriott for $79/night. The Marriott is in a prime location with food/shopping options and is approximately 15 minutes from the synagogue and 30 minutes from the party venue. Parking and wifi are included in the nightly rate, however, they cannot guarantee bed type, so please make sure to note your preference when making the reservation.
Please click here to make your reservation.
If you want to speak with a representitive to make your reservations, please call 1-800-393-3450 and refer to the
Beck Bar Mitzvah Room Block for October 19 - 21, 2018.
Regardless of how you make your reservation, we suggest you do it soon because there are limited rooms in our
block and the rate will most definitely go up once they're gone!


RWWSNC
RWWSNC (Reasons Why we Should Never Chart) is a keyboard focused stepmania/etterna pack made by me and melloth (although as of late it's been mostly my charts). i'm sure you already know what stepmania and etterna are, 4 button arrow rhythm game.
song list
as of right now the main pack is split into 3 smaller packs
- RWWSNC (the main pack)
- RWWSNC0.5 (charts that sucked so i took them out of the main pack)
- RWWSNC0.6 (dave and bambi related tracks. there were too many)
as of 10/14/2022 there's 22 + 9 + 7 = 38 total tracks across all three packs. i'm thinking 50 total before release, but if i don't have any good ideas for new songs, i'll just polish it for release.
release
i'm still working on the pack from time to time, and i'll release it when i think it's all ready for release. the release should ALSO work on quaver, but i haven't tested it
if i'm lucky it might also release on etternaonline's pack listing, so you'd be able to download it ingame too!


--- title: "Updates from Around the Garden" date: "2017-04-10 17:02:00 -06:00" categories: - garden-journal layout: "post" blog-banner: "garden-journal-spring.jpg" post-date: "April 10, 2017" post-time: "5:02 PM" blog-image: "2017-04-11-wh.jpg" published: true ---
As the snow melts and the Garden begins to bloom, life awakens at Red Butte Garden. Our collections of conifers, roses, daffodils, and more are alive with the spirit of spring. The Garden never looked so good!
As the Garden changes colors and forms, so has our website. At Red Butte we worked hard to create a refreshed and streamlined way for you to access our events and information. The new site brings a modern design, enhanced functionality, and a mobile optimized experience for visitors on the go.
With warmer weather on our doorstep, it’s time to plan for the 2017 Outdoor Concert Series. Tickets go on sale for Garden Members online on Monday, April 24th at 7PM and in-person on Tuesday, April 25th. Tickets for the General Public go on sale Monday, May 1st at 9AM both in-person and online. Renew or purchase a Garden-Plus Membership level or above by April 21st in order to participate in the April 24th member-only online presale.
For more information, CLICK HERE
Transform your garden by picking up some new plants at the annual Spring Plant Sale! The members-only day is May 12th, while the general public day is May 13th. You will be able to purchase a range of veggies, heirlooms, roses, trees, shrubs, shade, water-wise, and just plain fun plants. Come check it out!
For more information, CLICK HERE
In other news, the new Water Conservation Garden Grand Opening is May 20th. This inspiring new space will showcase the beauty and diversity of water-wise plants. Enjoy plants of all varieties, each with unique methods of conserving water.
For more information, CLICK HERE
Thank you for your dedication and passion for the Garden. We are excited to introduce you and your family to the beauty of nature.
If you would like to make a donation to the Garden:
{% include donate.html %}We’ll see you soon!
Sincerely,
Red Butte Garden and Arboretum
300 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84108


4.7
Summary
In this chapter, you've learned how to write and call functions
of your own. We've explored scope and namespace issues, talked
about argument passing, saw a number of functional tools such as
lambda and map, and studied new
function-related statements—def,
return, and global. We've
also talked a little about how to go about gluing functions together,
and looked at common function cases that can trip up new users. In
Chapter 5 we'll learn about modules, which,
among other things, lets you group functions into packages of related
tools.


Congratulations
to the 5 Super Winners!
- Name
- Gabriella Madriles
-<EMAIL_ADDRESS>- Li Eva
-<EMAIL_ADDRESS>- Vivialyn Joynson
-<EMAIL_ADDRESS>- Rachel Fretz
-<EMAIL_ADDRESS>- Skyye
-<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Lisa will contact the winners to help you redeem the prizes.
If you come across with any problems when visiting Choies.com, please follow the 2 steps below:
Step 1. Take the screenshot of the problem page
Step 2. Send the screenshot with the detailed problem description to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>And you will be offered amazing gifts according to the problems you submit.


Reports calls to object constructors inside clone() methods.
Instantiation of objects inside of clone() should be done by calling clone(),
instead of creating the object directly, to support later subclassing.
This inspection will not report
clone() methods declared final,
or clone() methods on final classes.


India will face Pakistan in the Champions Trophy final on Sunday, the 134th time they will have played each other. So what happened in the 133 other One-day matches they've played since 1978? This interactive helps you make sense of this fractious encounter.
Each dot in the chart represents a match played between the two countries. (If you're viewing this on the desktop, you can hover over a dot to get a summary of the match.) represents a match won by Pakistan, a match won by India and stands for a match that was abandoned or cancelled.
Pakistan's won more
India first played Pakistan in a one-day international on October 1, 1978 in Quetta, Pakistan. India may have won that match by four runs, but since then Pakistan has won the majority of matches, 72 out of 133 or 54%.Pakistan's dominance is waning though
Each of the 'blobs' in the chart represents matches played in a five-year period. We can see from the chart that Pakistan dominated till the mid-2000s, after which the tide started to turn in India's favour.They love playing matches abroad
74 out of the 133 One-day matches between the two, or 55%, have been played outside India and Pakistan. They've played each other 26 times in the UAE and also, interestingly, 16 times in Canada. This happened from 1996-98 when Toronto hosted an annual one-day series between the two countries.
It pays to bat first
In the 133 matches played between India and Pakistan, the team batting first has won more matches -- 66 -- than the team bowling first -- 58. There have been just two matches in England played between the two countries (including the group-stage encounter) and both were won by the team batting first.
These matches are tight!
This chart looks at the margin of victory, ie. how many runs or wickets teams have won by. If a country wins an India-Pakistan match batting first, it usually wins by less than 50 runs!


Freelancer is a free bootstrap theme. The download includes the complete source files including HTML, CSS, and JavaScript as well as optional LESS stylesheets for easy customization.
Whether you're a student looking to showcase your work, a professional looking to attract clients, or a graphic artist looking to share your projects, this template is the perfect starting point!


Movie Detail
{{ movie?.title }}
{{ movie?.genre }}
{{
movie?.notes }}
Trailer
{{ movie?.cast }}
Actors
{{ movie?.likes }} Likes
{{ movie?.comments.length }} Comments
{{ movie?.year }}
Like
Comment
Favorite
Share
© {{ currentYear }} Adrián Brito Pacheco


My favorite things
These are a few of my favorite things.
People
Here are some of my favorite people!
- My brother Christopher
- My mom and dad:
- My friend Jessica
- My friend Candy
Flavors of ice cream
These are my three favorites, in order:
- Pistachio
- Malted milk chocolate
- Black licorice (really!)
- Cookie Dough
Thanks for reading about me!
For my super favoritist thing visit thefakest


Have you ever stepped off the sidewalk and into the crosswalk, only to realize, drivers don’t actually see you? With over 4,700 deaths and 66,000 injuries, annually, resulting from pedestrians crossing the street, crosswalk injuries and deaths continue to be the leading cause of harm to pedestrians. Night Light is an idea that can improve pedestrian safety while also bringing awareness to drivers, letting them know someone is entering into the street. Let’s make our neighborhood more walkable, not more dangerous.
This idea came out of a problem I was having - crossing the street at night and almost being hit several times. I started wondering why vehicles didn't see me. Was it the rain, or the low light levels, or were cars even paying attention to the task at hand? After some field research, I identified two aspects of the problem: 1. It's hard for a driver to see pedestrians crossing the street at night in low lit situations. 2. The crosswalk is difficult to see, especially when glare is strong on wet roads. From there, I did a competitive analysis to understand what was currently on the market and if there was an opportunity to create something more useful. Lastly, I conducted a series of interviews to see if there were any themes from either the driver or pedestrian's perspective. My assumptions were corroborated by these interviews about low light levels and difficultly viewing pedestrians.
Our hypothesis: Can we make a safer crosswalk by using lasers to augment a pattern on the ground that cars will see? The product could work by pushing a button (indicator to cross) which triggers a set of lasers to turn on, warning cars that someone is crossing the street and after a certain amount of time, the system turns off. As a team we generated dozens of ideas and built tiny models as a way of communicating our ideas to one another. The bottom set of images shows human-centered design principles to evaluate height, visibility and size.
The initial prototype was made with foam blocks in the Makerspace to get a sense of how large our crosswalk assembly would have to be. After researching standard code for such items, we proceeded with a height of roughly eight feet. This would be tall and prominent enough for both pedestrians and motorists. Given the time constraint, we worked as quickly as we could to create a full scale prototype since we wanted to test on actual intersections.
You can make certain assumptions about height, weight or size, but in the end, the only way to make sure something is going to work the way you think it is will be to physically build it – or at least build a portion of the thing that needs testing. For this reason, we built our prototypes at 1:1 scale so we could identify the challenges and limitations of each component. This was not only critical to the quick development of the product, but it was also the fastest way to test our concept, even when we had to redesign and rebuild large parts of the project.
We used two Arduinos with the xbee module to communicate when the button was pressed on either crosswalk assembly. Along the way, we also realized that not everyone would want a eight foot assembly in their neighborhood or a popular intersection. We created a second form of the assembly in parallel to address this.
The design not only provides a safe crossing area by outlining a crosswalk for pedestrians, but it also brings an awareness to drivers, letting them know someone is entering into the street. Because the entire system would be made up of a metal pole, an Arduino Breadboard, and a series of lasers, it’s requires almost no maintenance and is very inexpensive to build / replace / maintain. In fact, running a laser for 8 hours in a row is less than one dollar. The crosswalk pattern is visually eye catching because of its color, but also because of its detail. It can be made very accurately and precisely, with very low energy and will work no matter what the weather conditions are: pitch black, rain, snow. However, this idea shouldn’t be deployed at every crosswalk. This idea is location speciﬁc, depending on trafﬁc ﬂows, lighting quality, walkability, and previous accidents to help the worst cases.


'It’s a shame' - West Brom defender determined to impress after Nathan Ferguson suspension
Latest West Bromwich Albion news | The Baggies full-back made his first league start in Monday night's win over Stoke and is keen to keep his place in Slave Bilic's starting line-up
by Paul Suart, https://www.facebook.com/West-Brom-reporter-Paul-Suart-1706553162899720/?fref=tsWest Bromwich Albion left-back Conor Townsend has never been more desperate to impress after finally breaking into the team.
Opportunity has knocked for Townsend with Kieran Gibbs out injured and his replacement, rookie academy product Nathan Ferguson, serving a three-match suspension.
Their absence paved the way for Townsend’s first league start of the season in the win over Stoke on Monday night when Albion kept only their third clean sheet.
And the 26-year-old has no intention of relinquishing his jersey - not with a trip to hometown club Hull, where he started his career as an eight-year-old, on the immediate horizon.
“I have always been waiting for my chance and this is an opportunity now for me,” the former Scunthorpe defender said.
“It’s a shame for Nathan because he’s been brilliant in the team and Gibbo is still injured, which is a shame too, but it is a chance for me.
“Hopefully I can take it, kick on and prove I’m the one that should play there.”
West Brom latest
This is your round up of all things West Brom; the one-stop shop that will keep you updated on the latest goings on at the club and beyond.
Transfers, injuries, match-days and managers, we’ve got you covered.
We’ll be bringing the very latest on the Baggies throughout the week and around the clock.
Make sure you keep yourself updated with our handy daily catch up...
Must reads...
- The Sporting Lisbon transfer news that every West Brom fan will want to read
- 'Lethal' - Why West Brom will have their hands full at Hull City
- The eye-opening audience who saw West Bromwich Albion's win over Stoke City
- 'Unbelievable' - Slaven Bilic makes surprising admission about West Brom star
- 'Super computer' makes Championship prediction that West Brom fans will love
- West Brom face potential promotion blow amid reports star man could leave
- 'Ruin his season' - West Brom and West Ham fans react to potential transfer news
- Why West Brom's mercurial midfield man isn't quite the finished article
- The threat Hull City pose to West Brom and how Slaven Bilic can prevent it
- Former West Brom boss linked with Championship manager role - reports
For all your latest WBA news, opinion, analysis and transfer gossip, click here
You can follow our West Brom reporter Joseph Chapman on Twitter, and his email address is<EMAIL_ADDRESS>At times last season, when called on to deputise for Gibbs, Townsend struggled with the fast pace and physicality of the Championship in his first campaign in the second tier.
He feels he has acclimatised and is right at home in a team pushing for automatic promotion.
“When I first came here I was new to the league,” he said. “I had played a lot of games at lower league level, but it’s different when you step up.
“But I’m confident in my own ability. I know I’m good enough to be in this team.
“And with us fighting at the top end of the table I just want to keep doing that and keep on proving myself.”


| Class and Description |
|---|
| Canvas
A canvas which supports easy drawing of elementary geometric objects.
|
| MBoundingBox
Representation of bounding rectangle, i.e.
|
| MCoordinate
Lightweight immutable 2D coordinate.
|
| MGeometricObject
The most general interface for all geometric objects the canvas supports.
|
| MGeometricObjectPainter
An interface for strategy that draws a given object.
|
| MinusculeWindow
A Minuscule window that holds a canvas in it.
|
| MLabel
Minuscule label with various attributes, such as position, text, color,
filling and parent (a MObject to which this label is bound).
|
| MLabelPainter
A Painter for MLabels.
|
| MLine
Minuscule line defined by two points - the starting point and the ending
point.
|
| MPoint
Minuscule point with various attributes such as position, radius, label,
color and filling.
|
| MPointPainter
A Painter for points.
|
| MPolygon
Minuscule polygon.
|
| MRectangle
Minuscule Rectangle with various attributes such as position, size, label,
circumference color, filling color, etc.
|
| MShape
This class serves as a wrapper for Java Shape objects.
|
| NoPainterException
Exception thrown when there is no registered painter for an object on the
canvas.
|


Bepop
Discover
Charts
Genres
Artists
Blog
Upload
Profile
Tracks
Albums
Likes
Sign out
3,902 Artists
Countries
All countries
Australia
Canada
France
Germany
Ireland
Netherlands
New Zealand
United Kingdom
USA
Panic! At The Disco
DJ Snake Feat. Selena Gomez & Ozuna & Cardi B
Benny Blanco, Halsey & Khalid
Loud Luxury Feat. Brando
Rita Ora
Don Diablo Feat. Emeli Sandé & Gucci Mane
Lady Gaga & Bradley Cooper
Calvin Harris & Sam Smith
Dynoro & Gigi D’Agostino
5 Seconds Of Summer
Marshmello & Bastille
XXXTENTACION & Lil Pump Feat. Swae Lee & Maluma
Kodak Black Feat. Offset & Travis Scott
Sheck Wes
Bad Bunny Feat. Drake
The Prince Karma
Bazzi Feat. Camila Cabello
Imagine Dragons
Hip-Hop Chart 100
The hottest rap right now.
Top tracks
thank u, next
Ariana Grande
Uproar
Lil Wayne
High Hopes
Panic! At The Disco
Love Someone
Lukas Graham
Shallow
Lady Gaga & Bradley Cooper
Later Bitches
The Prince Karma


#include "_doctype.html"
Below here is a sample application as it might work with the current API suggestion. It is not detailed and should be considered to be a sample and demo only.
This sample app was written a long time ago and things in the API have changed since then. I'll provide a better sample app later on.
#include "app.t"#include "_footer.html"


The Estimize dataset provides EstimizeConsensus, EstimizeEstimate, and EstimizeRelease objects.
EstimizeConsensus objects have the following attributes:
EstimizeEstimate objects have the following attributes:
EstimizeRelease objects have the following attributes:


{% blocktrans with meeting_date=form.initial.study_group_meeting.meeting_date|date:"D, d M Y" meeting_time=form.initial.study_group_meeting.meeting_time|time:"f A" %}
Capture feedback for the meeting that happened on {{meeting_date}}, {{meeting_time}}
{% endblocktrans %}
{% blocktrans %}If you have any questions, reach out to your organizer or the P2PU community{% endblocktrans %}


{% extends "error.html" %} {% load i18n %} {% block title %}{% trans "Verification failed" %}{% endblock %} {% block content %}
{% blocktrans trimmed %} We could not verify that this request really was sent from you. For security reasons, we therefore cannot process it. {% endblocktrans %}
{% if no_referer %}{{ no_referer1 }}
{{ no_referer2 }}
{% elif no_cookie %}{{ no_cookie1 }}
{{ no_cookie2 }}
{% else %}{% blocktrans trimmed %} Please go back to the last page, refresh this page and then try again. If the problem persists, please get in touch with us. {% endblocktrans %}
{% endif %} {% endblock %}


Sales Receipt
Home
(current)
Phone Accesories
Mobile Phone
Tablet
Receipt Panel
DATE
ITEM
DESCRIPTION
PRICE
QUANTITY
Total
Ksh.
PURCHASE
CLEAR ALL
CHECKOUT
Full Name
Email
Address
Payment
Accepted Cards
Name on Card
Credit card number
confirm


GameZone
Download Games
Online Games
Catagories
Best Games
Sports Games
Puzzle Games
Racing Games
Shooting Games
RPG Games
Play Online
Pong
Play Now
Car Racing
Play Now
Tic Tac Toe
Play Now
MineCraft
Play Now
GTA 2d
Play Now
Street Fighter
Play Now


{% extends "index.html" %} {% block body %}
ClustENMD is a hybrid method that performs unbiased conformational sampling of highly flexible and/or large biomolecular systems
(Kaynak et al., 2021; Kurkcuoglu et al., 2016)
with high computational efficiency. The major steps of the algorithm iteratively executed in each generation are:
(i) deforming each conformer (from previous generation) along random combinations of global ANM modes for generating new conformers,
(ii) clustering of new conformers to find cluster representatives, and
(iii) performing a short molecular dynamics (MD) simulation for each cluster representative using OpenMM software (Eastman et al., 2017).
You can use ClustENMD for
Reference
Kaynak BT, Zhang S, Bahar I, Doruker P
ClustENMD: Efficient sampling of biomolecular conformational space at atomic resolution
2021 Bionformatics (Accepted).
Kurkcuoglu Z, Bahar I, Doruker P
ClustENM: ENM-Based Sampling of Essential Conformational Space at Full Atomic Resolution
2016 J Chem Theory Comput 12(9):4549-4562.
Eastman P et al., OpenMM 7: Rapid development of high performance algorithms for molecular dynamics
2017 PLoS Comput Biol 13(7): e1005659.
Kurkcuoglu Z, Doruker P
Ligand Docking to Intermediate and Close-To-Bound Conformers Generated by an Elastic Network Model Based Algorithm for Highly Flexible Proteins
2016 PLoS One 11(6):e0158063.
Kurkcuoglu Z, Bonvin A
Pre‐ and post‐docking sampling of conformational changes using ClustENM and HADDOCK for protein‐protein and protein‐DNA systems
2020 Proteins 88(2):292-306.


Inline code looks like: return new Promise();
.
A block looks like:
const canvas = document.getElementById("viewport"),
ctx = canvas.getContext("2d");
ctx.fillRect(10, 10, 100, 100);
Success? Yes. Appying a class with display and whitespace rules works.
function add(a, b) {
return a + b;
}
Individual code blocks for each line are terrible.
[1, 2, 3].map(x => x * 2)
.filter(y => y % 2 == 0);
The whitespace rule is affected by auto-indent


THE MATRIX A film review by David N. Butterworth Copyright 1999 David N. Butterworth
***1/2 (out of ****)
"What is The Matrix? Unfortunately, no one can tell you what it is. You have to see it for yourself."
So preaches a very cool-looking Laurence Fishburne to a befuddled and bewildered computer hacker played by the equally cool-looking Keanu Reeves. That observation serves as an apt commentary on the film itself: it's better to see "The Matrix" than to have someone describe it to you. Since it's my job, however, I'm obligated to try.
Reeves' character (Neo to his online chums) is being "recruited" by this guy Morpheus (Fishburne) who believes Neo to be The One. The One who can save Morpheus' rebel brigade from falling further down the existential rabbit hole, so to speak.
The One? Rabbit holes? The film is packed to the rafters with these kinds of allegorical and literary allusions yet, surprisingly, the end result is a totally original motion picture that grabs you by the throat and doesn't put you down until the end credits. It's all very weird and confusing but it's great looking and moves at such a pace that you won't notice the anomalies in the pre-programmed realities it stirs up.
 Fortunately the good guys have this neat ability to travel down telephone lines the minute danger threatens, as Trinity (Carrie-Anne Moss) ably demonstrates in the film's striking opening sequence. Fortunately she knows something about ju-jitsu--and defying gravity--too.
Trinity finally hooks up with Neo and brings him to Morpheus, where the psychobabble gets really heavy.
After choosing a red pill (to learn what The Matrix is) over a blue one ("you wake up in your apartment not knowing whether or not any of this really happened"), Neo is reborn in a creepy futuristic world, immersed cocoon-like in some serious glop, his head shaved and umbilical appendages attached to almost every part of his quivering, naked body.
Next time, Keanu, take the blue pill.
First the Coens, then the Hughes, next the Farrellys, and now the Wachowskis--the latest in a successful line of brother-directors keep this visually stunning sci-fi thriller on the boil for well over two hours, saturating their palette with dark and dingy hues, only rarely allowing anything resembling color to engage the senses. The writing is very smart, if at times overly arch and occasionally bordering on the portentous, but Andy and Larry have dreamed up an exhilarating vision in which reality, it seems, is not what it seems.
What is The Matrix? It's a surreal, icky, post-apocalyptic cyberpunk hacker mind-trip of a movie. And a very good one at that.
-- David N. Butterworth<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


Regional public transport services to become free for families with children on 11th and 18 November
by BNNFamilies with children in Latvia will be able to use regional bus and train services free of charge on 11th and 18th November, as confirmed by the Road Transport Directorate.
100% discount will be provided to residents who present their 3+ Ģimene card and personal ID, school child or student ID (under the age of 24).


Let's squash some veggies! Use the up arrow to shoot tomatoes at pesky produce and be sure not to miss!
2) Create another sprite to shoot the tomato out of. Place the tomato at the shooting sprite's position.
3) Have the shooting sprite move left and right with the arrow keys (or other keys). Hide the tomato for now.
4) When a key is pressed (the up arrow in the demo), make the tomato shoot out of the shooting sprite. When it reaches the top of the screen, move it back to the shooting sprite and hide it again.
6) Create more veggie sprites and make them constantly appear at random times in random places. Have them appear for only short intervals of time.
7) Create different costumes for the veggie sprites and have each veggie wear a random costume when it appears.
8) If a tomato hits a veggie, make the veggie and tomato disappear and send the tomato back to the shooting sprite's position.
12) Every time a tomato reaches the top of the screen without hitting a veggie, decrease the lives variable. Display a message explaining why the player lost a life for a few seconds.
13) End the game when the life count reaches zero and display a game over message.
14) Optional: Create instructions for the game and show them to the player before the game starts.
15) Challenge: Create a visual effect for when the tomato hits a veggie.


Before Change
exit_code = utils.run_command(compare_command, self.log_file_path)
if int(exit_code):
raise ConfigError("sourmash returned with non-zero exit code, there may be some errors.\
Please check the log file for details. Offending command: \
`%s`" % " ".join(compare_command[:7] + "..."))
matrix = utils.get_TAB_delimited_file_as_dictionary("matrix.csv", indexing_field=-1, separator=",")
self.progress.end()
After Change
exit_code = utils.run_command(compare_command, self.log_file_path)
if int(exit_code):
self.progress.end()
raise ConfigError("sourmash returned with non-zero exit code, there may be some errors.\
Please check the log file `%s` for details. Offending command: \
`%s` ..." % (self.log_file_path, " ".join([str(x) for x in compute_command[:7]])))
matrix = utils.get_TAB_delimited_file_as_dictionary("matrix.csv", indexing_field=-1, separator=",")
self.progress.end()


This page has a collection of machine learning projects.
Take a Look!This project analyzes Amazon review data to take appropriate actions to retain customers and improve products.
This project will explore the data of a logistics company to understand the market condition in New York City and extract insights for business action.
This project analyzes data from a company connecting labor with local demand to understand how can a tasker maximize the opportunity to be hired.
This project aims to predict the presence of heart disease based on available medical records and enable the healthcare organization to develop proactive interventions.
This project aims to cluster food based on food composition and provide recommendations for people looking for a specific type of food.
This project aims to create a recommendation system for Netflix based on historical review data.
This project aims to compare the NPL APIs for sentiment analysis. Both Amazon Comprehend and Google Cloud Natural Language will be explored.
This project aims to explore and apply AutoML and Vision API in Google Cloud Platform for flower classification.
This project aims to explore the relationship between team valuation and other variables and find out the significant variables for team valuation.
This project will use Zillow dataset to explore the performance of time series model and machine learning model on real estate price prediction.
This project aims to predict customer churn based on available communication records and enable the company to retain customers.
This project will use mobile phone market as an example to illustrate the method we can use for pricing.


--- layout: post title: no title date: '2016-09-14T03:28:46+02:00' categories: - Storyboards picture_url: https://film-Storyboards.tumblr.com/post/150394123501 ---


| deleteAllVisibleCookies |
|
|
| open |
/vivo/ |
|
| assertTitle |
VIVO |
|
| type |
querytext |
ape |
| clickAndWait |
//input[@value='Search'] |
|
| assertTitle |
ape - VIVO Search Results |
|
| verifyTextPresent |
Search results for 'ape' |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=people |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=events |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=organizations |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=research |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=Ape Week |
|
| verifyTextPresent |
Ape Week Newsletter |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=Apes on Parade |
|
| verifyTextPresent |
Apes on Parade Performance |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=Ape Trainer of the Decade |
|
| verifyTextPresent |
Ape Trainer of the Decade Award or Honor |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=Variety of Apes in Africa |
|
| verifyTextPresent |
Variety of Apes in Africa Conference Poster |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=Professional Ape Trainer Association |
|
| verifyTextPresent |
Professional Ape Trainer Association Organization |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=Faculty, Jane |
|
| verifyTextPresent |
Faculty, Jane Assistant Professor |
|
| type |
querytext |
primate |
| clickAndWait |
//input[@value='Search'] |
|
| assertTitle |
primate - VIVO Search Results |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=people |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=activities |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=events |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=research |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=Primate Experts |
|
| verifyTextPresent |
Primate Experts License |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=Primate Feeding |
|
| verifyTextPresent |
Primate Feeding Training Service |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=Primate Reactions |
|
| verifyTextPresent |
Primate Reactions Case Study |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=Primate Feeding |
|
| verifyTextPresent |
Primate Feeding Concept |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=African Primates |
|
| verifyTextPresent |
African Primates Concept |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=Licensed Primate Instructor |
|
| verifyTextPresent |
Licensed Primate Instructor License |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=Licensed Primate Expert |
|
| verifyTextPresent |
Licensed Primate Expert License |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=Primate Expert Association |
|
| verifyTextPresent |
Primate Expert Association Credential |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=Primates of East Africa |
|
| verifyTextPresent |
Primates of East Africa Exhibit |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=Primates-R-Us Fellowship |
|
| verifyTextPresent |
Primates-R-Us Fellowship Concept |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=Faculty, Jane |
|
| verifyTextPresent |
Faculty, Jane Assistant Professor |
|
| type |
querytext |
chimp |
| clickAndWait |
//input[@value='Search'] |
|
| assertTitle |
chimp - VIVO Search Results |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=people |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=research |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=Chimp Lover for Life |
|
| verifyTextPresent |
Chimp Lover for Life Award or Honor |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=Faculty, Jane |
|
| verifyTextPresent |
Faculty, Jane Assistant Professor |
|
| type |
querytext |
tarzan |
| clickAndWait |
//input[@value='Search'] |
|
| assertTitle |
tarzan - VIVO Search Results |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=people |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=Faculty, Jane |
|
| verifyTextPresent |
Faculty, Jane Assistant Professor |
|
| type |
querytext |
mozamia |
| clickAndWait |
//input[@value='Search'] |
|
| assertTitle |
mozamia - VIVO Search Results |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=people |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=locations |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=Mozamia |
|
| verifyTextPresent |
Mozamia County |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=Faculty, Jane |
|
| verifyTextPresent |
Faculty, Jane Assistant Professor |
|
| type |
querytext |
human |
| clickAndWait |
//input[@value='Search'] |
|
| assertTitle |
human - VIVO Search Results |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=people |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=Faculty, Jane |
|
| verifyTextPresent |
Faculty, Jane Assistant Professor |
|
| type |
querytext |
feeding |
| clickAndWait |
//input[@value='Search'] |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=people |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=activities |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=research |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=Primate Feeding |
|
| verifyTextPresent |
Primate Feeding Training Service |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=JF Feeding |
|
| verifyTextPresent |
JF Feeding Technique |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
xpath=(//a[contains(text(),'Primate Feeding')])[2] |
|
| verifyTextPresent |
Primate Feeding Concept |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=JF Feeding Revised |
|
| verifyTextPresent |
JF Feeding Revised Technique |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=Faculty, Jane |
|
| verifyTextPresent |
Faculty, Jane Assistant Professor |
|
| type |
querytext |
adams |
| clickAndWait |
//input[@value='Search'] |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=people |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=research |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=Adams, John |
|
| verifyTextPresent |
Adams, John Faculty Member Emeritus |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=Adams, Amy |
|
| verifyTextPresent |
Adams, Amy Person |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=Primate Feeding |
|
| verifyTextPresent |
Primate Feeding Concept |
|
| verifyElementPresent |
link=Faculty, Jane |
|
| verifyTextPresent |
Faculty, Jane Assistant Professor |
|
| open |
/vivo/ |
|
| assertTitle |
VIVO |
|


Joda Time is like an iceberg, 9/10ths of it is invisible to user-code. Many, perhaps most, applications will never need to see what's below the surface. This document provides an introduction to the Joda-Time API for the average user, not for the would-be API developer.
The bulk of the text is devoted to code snippets that display the most common usage scenarios in which the library classes are used. In particular, we cover the usage of the key DateTime, Interval, Duration and Period classes.
We finish with a look at the important topic of formatting and parsing and a few more advanced topics.
The major building blocks of joda time are introduced below. These are the concepts of instant, interval, duration, period, chronology and timezones. We then say a few words about the role of interfaces in the library design, which is a little different than the norm. We end with a few words on package structure. Usage examples for instant are delayed until the following sections of the guide. Examples for interval, duration and period may be found in the appropriate section in the "Key Concepts" part of the documentation.
The most frequently used concept in Joda-Time is that of the instant. An Instant is defined as a moment in the datetime continuum specified as a number of milliseconds from 1970-01-01T00:00Z. This definition of milliseconds is consistent with that of the JDK in Date or Calendar. Interoperating between the two APIs is thus simple.
Within Joda-Time an instant is represented by the ReadableInstant interface. The main implementation of this interface, and the class that the average API user needs to be most familiar with, is DateTime. DateTime is immutable - and once created the values do not change. Thus, this class can safely be passed around and used in multiple threads without synchronization.
The millisecond instant can be converted to any date time field using a Chronology. To assist with this, methods are provided on DateTime that act as getters for the most common date and time fields.
We discuss the chronology concept a litte further on in this overview.
A companion mutable class to DateTime is MutableDateTime. Objects of this class can be modified and are not thread-safe.
Other implementations of ReadableInstant include Instant and DateMidnight.
The main API of DateTime has been kept small, limited to just get methods for each calendar field. So, for instance, the 'day-of-year' calendar field would be retrieved by calling the getDayOfYear() method. For a complete list of fields and their descriptions, see the field reference.
There is much more power available, however, through the use of what is termed a property. Each calendar field is associated with such a property. Thus, 'day-of-year', whose value is directly returned by the method getDayOfYear(), is also associated with the property returned by the dayOfYear() method. The property class associated with DateTime is DateTime.Property.
Knowing the methods on the property is the secret to making the most of the API. We have more to say on the usage of properties later in this document.
An interval in Joda-Time represents an interval of time from one instant to another instant. Both instants are fully specified instants in the datetime continuum, complete with time zone.
Intervals are implemented as half-open, which is to say that the start instant is inclusive but the end instant is exclusive. The end is always greater than or equal to the start. Both end-points are restricted to having the same chronology and the same time zone.
Two implementations are provided, Interval and MutableInterval, both are specializations of ReadableInterval.
A duration in Joda-Time represents a duration of time measured in milliseconds. The duration is often obtained from an interval.
Durations are a very simple concept, and the implementation is also simple. They have no chronology or time zone, and consist solely of the millisecond duration.
Durations can be added to an instant, or to either end of an interval to change those objects. In datetime maths you could say:
instant + duration = instant
Currently, there is only one implementation of the ReadableDuration interface: Duration.
A period in Joda-Time represents a period of time defined in terms of fields, for example, 3 years 5 months 2 days and 7 hours. This differs from a duration in that it is inexact in terms of milliseconds. A period can only be resolved to an exact number of milliseconds by specifying the instant (including chronology and time zone) it is relative to.
For example, consider a period of 1 month. If you add this period to the 1st February (ISO) then you will get the 1st March. If you add the same period to the 1st March you will get the 1st April. But the duration added (in milliseconds) in these two cases is very different.
As a second example, consider adding 1 day at the daylight savings boundary. If you use a period to do the addition then either 23 or 25 hours will be added as appropriate. If you had created a duration equal to 24 hours, then you would end up with the wrong result.
Periods are implemented as a set of int fields. The standard set of fields in a period are years, months, weeks, days, hours, minutes, seconds and millis. The PeriodType class allows this set of fields to be restricted, for example to elimate weeks. This is significant when converting a duration or interval to a period, as the calculation needs to know which period fields it should populate.
Methods exist on periods to obtain each field value. Periods are not associated with either a chronology or a time zone.
Periods can be added to an instant, or to either end of an interval to change those objects. In datetime maths you could say:
instant + period = instant
There are two implementations of the ReadablePeriod interface, Period and MutablePeriod.
The Joda-Time design is based around the Chronology. It is a calculation engine that supports the complex rules for a calendar system. It encapsulates the field objects, which are used on demand to split the absolute time instant into recognisable calendar fields like 'day-of-week'. It is effectively a pluggable calendar system.
The actual calculations of the chronology are split between the Chronology class itself and the field classes - DateTimeField and DurationField. Together, the subclasses of these three classes form the bulk of the code in the library. Most users will never need to use or refer directly to the subclasses. Instead, they will simply obtain the chronology and use it as a singleton, as follows:
Chronology coptic = CopticChronology.getInstance();
Internally, all the chronology, field, etc. classes are maintained as singletons. Thus there is an initial setup cost when using Joda-Time, but after that only the main API instance classes (DateTime, Interval, Period, etc.) have creation and garbage collector costs.
Although the Chronology is key to the design, it is not key to using the API !!
For most applications, the Chronology can be ignored as it will default to the ISOChronology. This is suitable for most uses. You would change it if you need accurate dates before October 15, 1582 when the Julian calendar was used, or if you need a specific calendar like the Coptic calendar illustrated earlier.
The chronology class also supports the time zone functionality. This is applied to the underlying chronology via the decorator design pattern. The DateTimeZone class provides access to the zones primarily through one factory method, as follows:
DateTimeZone zone = DateTimeZone.forID("Europe/London");
In addition to named time zones, Joda-Time also supports fixed time zones. The simplest of these is UTC, which is defined as a constant:
DateTimeZone zoneUTC = DateTimeZone.UTC;
DateTimeZone zoneUTC = DateTimeZone.forOffsetHours(hours);
The TimeZone implementation is based on data provided by the public tz database, otherwise known as the Olson database. A full list of timezone ids can be found here
Joda-Time provides a default time zone which is used in many operations when a time zone is not specified. This is similar in concept to the default time zone of the java.util.TimeZone class. The value can be accessed and updated via static methods:
DateTimeZone defaultZone = DateTimeZone.getDefault(); DateTimeZone.setDefault(myZone);
As you have seen, Joda-Time defines a number of new interfaces which are visible throughout the javadocs. The most important is ReadableInstant which currently has 4 implementations. Other significant interfaces include ReadableInterval and ReadablePeriod. These are currently used as generalizations for a value-only and a mutable class, respectively.
An important point to mention here is that the Joda interfaces are used differently than, for instance, the JDK Collections Framework interfaces. When working with a Collections interface, such as List or Map you will normally hold your variable as a type of List or Map, only referencing the concrete class when you create the object.
List list = new ArrayList(); Map map = new HashMap();
DateTime dt = new DateTime();
For maximum flexibility however, you might choose to declare your method parameters using the Joda-Time interface. A method on the interface can obtain the concrete class for use within the method.
public void process(ReadableDateTime dateTime) { DateTime dt = dateTime.toDateTime(); }
The package structure is designed to separate the methods in the public API from the private API. The public packages are the root package (under org.joda.time) and the format package. The private packages are the base, chrono, convert, field and tz packages. Most applications should not need to import classes from the private packages.
A datetime object is created by using a DateTime constructor. The default constructor is used as follows
DateTime dt = new DateTime();
To create a datetime object representing a specific date and time, you may use an initialization string:
DateTime dt = new DateTime("2004-12-13T21:39:45.618-08:00");
DateTime also provides other constructors to create a specific date and time using a variety of standard fields. This also permits the use of any calendar and timezone.
The DateTime class has a constructor which takes an Object as input. In particular this constructor can be passed a JDK Date, JDK Calendar or JDK GregorianCalendar (It also accepts an ISO8601 formatted String, or Long object representing milliseconds). This is one half of the interoperability with the JDK. The other half of interoperability with JDK is provided by DateTime methods which return JDK objects.
Thus inter-conversion between Joda DateTime and JDK Date can be performed as follows
// from Joda to JDK DateTime dt = new DateTime(); Date jdkDate = dt.toDate(); // from JDK to Joda dt = new DateTime(jdkDate);
Similarly, for JDK Calendar:
// from Joda to JDK DateTime dt = new DateTime(); Calendar jdkCal = dt.toCalendar(Locale.CHINESE); // from JDK to Joda dt = new DateTime(jdkCal);
and JDK GregorianCalendar:
// from Joda to JDK DateTime dt = new DateTime(); GregorianCalendar jdkGCal = dt.toGregorianCalendar(); // from JDK to Joda dt = new DateTime(jdkGCal);
The separation of the calculation of calendar fields (DateTimeField) from the representation of the calendar instant (DateTime) makes for a powerful and flexible API. The connection between the two is maintained by the property (DateTime.Property) which provides access to the field.
For instance, the direct way to get the day of week for a particular DateTime, involves calling the method
int iDoW = dt.getDayOfWeek();
public static final int MONDAY = 1; public static final int TUESDAY = 2; public static final int WEDNESDAY = 3; public static final int THURSDAY = 4; public static final int FRIDAY = 5; public static final int SATURDAY = 6; public static final int SUNDAY = 7;
The direct methods are fine for simple usage, but more flexibility can be achieved via the property/field mechanism. The day of week property is obtained by
DateTime.Property pDoW = dt.dayOfWeek();
String strST = pDoW.getAsShortText(); // returns "Mon", "Tue", etc. String strT = pDoW.getAsText(); // returns "Monday", "Tuesday", etc.
String strTF = pDoW.getAsText(Locale.FRENCH); // returns "Lundi", etc.
Of course, the original integer value of the field is still accessible as
iDoW = pDoW.get();
In practice, one would not actually create the intermediate pDoW variable. The code is easier to read if the methods are called on anonymous intermediate objects. Thus, for example,
strT = dt.dayOfWeek().getAsText(); iDoW = dt.dayOfWeek().get();
Note: For the single case of getting the numerical value of a field, we recommend using the get method on the main DateTime object as it is more efficient.
iDoW = dt.getDayOfWeek();
The DateTime implementation provides a complete list of standard calendar fields:
dt.getEra(); dt.getYear(); dt.getWeekyear(); dt.getCenturyOfEra(); dt.getYearOfEra(); dt.getYearOfCentury(); dt.getMonthOfYear(); dt.getWeekOfWeekyear(); dt.getDayOfYear(); dt.getDayOfMonth(); dt.getDayOfWeek();
As you would expect, all the methods we showed above in the day-of-week example can be applied to any of these properties. For example, to extract the standard month, day and year fields from a datetime, we can write
String month = dt.monthOfYear().getAsText(); int maxDay = dt.dayOfMonth().getMaximumValue(); boolean leapYear = dt.yearOfEra().isLeap();
Another set of properties access fields representing intra-day durations for time calculations. Thus to compute the hours, minutes and seconds of the instant represented by a DateTime, we would write
int hour = dt.getHourOfDay(); int min = dt.getMinuteOfHour(); int sec = dt.getSecondOfMinute();
DateTime objects have value semantics, and cannot be modified after construction (they are immutable). Therefore, most simple manipulation of a datetime object involves construction of a new datetime as a modified copy of the original.
WARNING: A common mistake to make with immutable classes is to forget to assign the result to a variable. Remember that calling an add or set method on an immtable object has no effect on that object - only the result is updated.
One way to do this is to use methods on properties. To return to our prior example, if we wish to modify the dt object by changing its day-of-week field to Monday we can do so by using the setCopy method of the property:
DateTime result = dt.dayOfWeek().setCopy(DateTimeConstants.MONDAY);
To add to a date you could use the addToCopy method.
DateTime result = dt.dayOfWeek().addToCopy(3);
Another means of accomplishing similar calculations is to use methods on the DateTime object itself. Thus we could add 3 days to dt directly as follows:
DateTime result = dt.plusDays(3);
The methods outlined above are suitable for simple calculations involving one or two fields. In situations where multiple fields need to be modified, it is more efficient to create a mutable copy of the datetime, modify the copy and finally create a new value datetime.
MutableDateTime mdt = dt.toMutableDateTime(); // perform various calculations on mdt ... DateTime result = mdt.toDateTime();
DateTime comes with support for a couple of common timezone calculations. For instance, if you want to get the local time in London at this very moment, you would do the following
// get current moment in default time zone DateTime dt = new DateTime(); // translate to London local time DateTime dtLondon = dt.withZone(DateTimeZone.forID("Europe/London"));
There is also support for the reverse operation, i.e. to get the datetime (absolute millisecond) corresponding to the moment when London has the same local time as exists in the default time zone now. This is done as follows
// get current moment in default time zone DateTime dt = new DateTime(); // find the moment when London will have / had the same time dtLondonSameTime = dt.withZoneRetainFields(DateTimeZone.forID("Europe/London"));
A set of all TimeZone ID strings (such as "Europe/London") may be obtained by calling DateTimeZone.getAvailableIDs(). A full list of available time zones is provided here.
The DateTime class also has one method for changing calendars. This allows you to change the calendar for a given moment in time. Thus if you want to get the datetime for the current time, but in the Buddhist Calendar, you would do
// get current moment in default time zone DateTime dt = new DateTime(); dt.getYear(); // returns 2004 // change to Buddhist chronology DateTime dtBuddhist = dt.withChronology(Chronology.getBuddhist()); dtBuddhist.getYear(); // returns 2547
Reading date time information from external sources which have their own custom format is a frequent requirement for applications that have datetime computations. Writing to a custom format is also a common requirement.
Many custom formats can be represented by date-format strings which specify a sequence of calendar fields along with the representation (numeric, name string, etc) and the field length. For example the pattern "yyyy" would represent a 4 digit year. Other formats are not so easily represented. For example, the pattern "yy" for a two digit year does not uniquely identify the century it belongs to. On output, this will not cause problems, but there is a problem of interpretation on input.
In addition, there are several date/time serialization standards in common use today, in particular the ISO8601. These must also be supported by most datetime applications.
Joda time supports these different requirements through a flexible architecture. We will now describe the various elements of this architecture.
All printing and parsing is performed using a DateTimeFormatter object. Given such an object fmt, parsing is performed as follows
String strInputDateTime; // string is populated with a date time string in some fashion ... DateTime dt = fmt.parseDateTime(strInputDateTime);
String strOutputDateTime = fmt.print(dt);
Support for standard formats based on ISO8601 is provided by the ISODateTimeFormat class. This provides a number of factory methods.
For example, if you wanted to use the ISO standard format for datetime, which is yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss.SSSZZ, you would initialize fmt as
DateTimeFormatter fmt = ISODateTimeFormat.dateTime();
If you need a custom formatter which can be described in terms of a format pattern, you can use the factory method provided by the DateTimeFormat class. Thus to get a formatter for a 4 digit year, 2 digit month and 2 digit day of month, i.e. a format of yyyyMMdd you would do
DateTimeFormatter fmt = DateTimeFormat.forPattern("yyyyMMdd");
You may need to print or parse in a particular Locale. This is achieved by calling the withLocale method on a formatter, which returns another formatter based on the original.
DateTimeFormatter fmt = DateTimeFormat.forPattern("yyyyMMdd"); DateTimeFormatter frenchFmt = fmt.withLocale(Locale.FRENCH); DateTimeFormatter germanFmt = fmt.withLocale(Locale.GERMAN);
Finally, if you have a format that is not easily represented by a pattern string, Joda Time architecture exposes a builder class that can be used to build a custom formatter which is programatically defined. Thus if you wanted a formatter to print and parse dates of the form "22-Jan-65", you could do the following:
DateTimeFormatter fmt = new DateTimeFormatterBuilder() .appendDayOfMonth(2) .appendLiteral('-') .appendMonthOfYearShortText() .appendLiteral('-') .appendTwoDigitYear(1956) // pivot = 1956 .toFormatter();
What is particularly interesting about this format is the two digit year. Since the interpretation of a two digit year is ambiguous, the appendTwoDigitYear takes an extra parameter that defines the 100 year range of the two digits, by specifying the mid point of the range. In this example the range will be (1956 - 50) = 1906, to (1956 + 49) = 2005. Thus 04 will be 2004 but 07 will be 1907. This kind of conversion is not possible with ordinary format strings, highlighting the power of the Joda time formatting architecture.
To simplify the access to the formatter architecture, methods have been provided on the datetime classes such as DateTime.
DateTime dt = new DateTime(); String a = dt.toString(); String b = dt.toString("dd:MM:yy"); String c = dt.toString("EEE", Locale.FRENCH); DateTimeFormatter fmt = ...; String d = dt.toString(fmt);
Joda-Time allows you to change the current time. All methods that get the current time are indirected via DateTimeUtils. This allows the current time to be changed, which can be very useful for testing.
// always return the same time when querying current time DateTimeUtils.setCurrentMillisFixed(millis); // offset the real time DateTimeUtils.setCurrentMillisOffset(millis);
The constructors on each major concrete class in the API take an Object as a parameter. This is passed to the converter subsystem which is responsible for converting the object to one acceptable to Joda-Time. For example, the converters can convert a JDK Date object to a DateTime. If required, you can add your own converters to those supplied in Joda-Time.


--- layout: post title: "Hurricane George" --- Hurricane George How the White House Drowned New Orleans [Greg Palast] (Link courtesy of Warren Ellis)