If you're not familiar with cryptolocker, you're in for a treat! To put it simply, cryptolocker is ebola for business.
Click below if you want to upgrade your business with ebola!
There are any number of reasons you might want to get cryptolocker. These include:
- Being a compulsive malware downloader
- Because it's Friday, and downloading cryptolocker means you can finish your week early
- You work for an antivirus vendor, and would like to use a year old sample to demonstrate that product is awesome
Whatever the reason, you should really consider using this website to download the absolute latest (at the unlisted date this website was built) version of cryptolocker. Whether you want to do it on purpose, or totally by accident "I had no idea what I was doing", the contents of this website can help you get it.
contact me {{site.email.text}}


--- layout: example categories: example/v1.0.0 version: v1.0.0 title: GeoJSON marker from GitHub description: Load a marker from a remote location like GitHub tags: - markers ---


Focused and enthusiastic developer with a keen interest in researching in the areas of Machine Learning, Data Mining and in the broad sense, the domains of Artificial Intelligence and Distributed Systems. By comprehensive exposure to the underlying concepts and applying them vividly to various projects, my love for these domains came into being. I am a passionate individual who thrives to apply the skills learnt to solve real-world problems.
Senior Engineer, Linux Telephony Software team
Engineer, Linux Telephony Software team
Engineer, Modem Systems Test Team
Associate Engineer, Modem Systems Test Team
Summer Internship
Research Intern
Project:Ant Colony Optimization in Wireless Sensor Networks for Energy Efficient Routing.


|
JANA2
|
Classes | |
| struct | JEventSourceInfo |
Public Member Functions | |
| JThreadManager (JApplication *aApplication) | |
| uint32_t | GetNJThreads (void) |
| void | GetJThreads (std::vector< JThread * > &aThreads) const |
| JQueue * | GetQueue (const JEventSource *aEventSource, JQueueSet::JQueueType aQueueType, const std::string &aQueueName) const |
| void | AddQueue (JQueueSet::JQueueType aQueueType, JQueue *aQueue) |
| void | PrepareQueues (void) |
| void | GetRetiredSourceInfos (std::vector< JEventSourceInfo * > &aSourceInfos) const |
| void | GetActiveSourceInfos (std::vector< JEventSourceInfo * > &aSourceInfos) const |
| void | SetThreadAffinity (int affinity_algorithm) |
| void | CreateThreads (std::size_t aNumThreads) |
| void | RunThreads (void) |
| void | StopThreads (bool wait_until_idle=false) |
| void | EndThreads (void) |
| void | JoinThreads (void) |
| bool | AreAllThreadsIdle (void) |
| bool | AreAllThreadsRunning (void) |
| bool | AreAllThreadsEnded (void) |
| void | WaitUntilAllThreadsIdle (void) |
| void | WaitUntilAllThreadsRunning (void) |
| void | WaitUntilAllThreadsEnded (void) |
| void | AddThread (void) |
| void | RemoveThread (void) |
| void | SetNJThreads (std::size_t nthreads) |
| void | SubmitTasks (const std::vector< std::shared_ptr< JTaskBase >> &aTasks, JQueueSet::JQueueType aQueueType=JQueueSet::JQueueType::SubTasks, const std::string &aQueueName="") |
| void | SubmitAsyncTasks (const std::vector< std::shared_ptr< JTaskBase >> &aTasks, JQueueSet::JQueueType aQueueType=JQueueSet::JQueueType::SubTasks, const std::string &aQueueName="") |
| void | DoWorkWhileWaiting (const std::atomic< bool > &aWaitFlag, const JEventSource *aEventSource, JQueueSet::JQueueType aQueueType=JQueueSet::JQueueType::SubTasks, const std::string &aQueueName="") |
| void | DoWorkWhileWaitingForTasks (const std::vector< std::shared_ptr< JTaskBase >> &aSubmittedTasks, JQueueSet::JQueueType aQueueType=JQueueSet::JQueueType::SubTasks, const std::string &aQueueName="") |
| bool JThreadManager::AreAllThreadsEnded | ( | void | ) |
Returns true if all JThread objects are currently in the ended state.
| bool JThreadManager::AreAllThreadsIdle | ( | void | ) |
Returns true if all JThread objects are currently in the idle state.
| bool JThreadManager::AreAllThreadsRunning | ( | void | ) |
Returns true if all JThread objects are currently in the running state.
| void JThreadManager::GetJThreads | ( | std::vector< JThread * > & | aThreads | ) | const |
Copy list of the pointers to all JThread objects into provided container.
| uint32_t JThreadManager::GetNJThreads | ( | void | ) |
Returns the number of JThread objects that currently exist.
| void JThreadManager::RunThreads | ( | void | ) |
Tell all threads to enter the running state. This is called from JApplication::Run after the threads have been created and it is ready to proceed with data processing. It may also be called to resume data processing after a call to StopThreads() has paused it.
| void JThreadManager::SetThreadAffinity | ( | int | affinity_algorithm | ) |
Set the affinity of each thread. This will force each JThread to be assigned to a specific HW thread. At this point, it just assigns them sequentially. More sophisticated assignments should be done by the user by getting a list of JThreads and then getting a pointer to the std::thread object via the GetThread method.
Note that setting the thread affinity is not something that can be done through the C++ standard. It is done here only for pthreads which is the underlying thread package for Linux and Mac OS X (at least at the moment).
| void JThreadManager::StopThreads | ( | bool | wait_until_idle = false | ) |
Stop all threads from processing. This will allow the threads to complete their current task before dropping into the idle state. This will call the Stop() method for all JThread objects.
Note that JThread::Stop() will be called with no arguments first which should flag the thread to stop, but return right away. If the wait_until_idle flag is set, then this will call JThread::Stop a second time, passing an argument of "true" which will block until the thread is in the idle state. By calling the Stop method twice, it will more quickly get to the state where all threads are idle.
Note also that if RunThreads() is called (or JThread::Run()) before a thread has gone into the idle state then that will effectively cancel this call and it may return with one of more threads never having gone into the idle state. In other words, calling this with wait_until_idle==true does no necessarily guarrantee that all threads are idle upon return.
Referenced by WaitUntilAllThreadsIdle().
| void JThreadManager::WaitUntilAllThreadsIdle | ( | void | ) |
This is equivalent to calling StopThreads(true).
References StopThreads().


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Win tickets playing pinball, skee ball, video games, and more at our amazing arcade, featuring classics and new favorites alike!
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Take to the roads on our premier race track and compete with your friends to prove your skills with blazing speed!
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Beatles album photographer Robert Freeman dies aged 82
Photographer Robert Freeman, who helped define the image of The Beatles with some of the band’s best-known album covers, has died at the age of 82.
A statement on The Beatles website announced Freeman’s death on Friday, but did not give a cause.
The former photojournalist shot the black-and-white cover for the 1963 album With The Beatles, picturing the Fab Four’s faces in part-shadow. He also photographed the covers of Beatles For Sale, Help! and Rubber Soul.
Sir Paul McCartney said Freeman was “imaginative and a true original thinker”.
He said in a blog post that Freeman “was one of our favourite photographers during the Beatles years who came up with some of our most iconic album covers”.
Sir Ringo Starr tweeted: “God bless Robert Freeman peace and love to all his family.”


Measured values and model predictions for hardness after ageing and specific precipitation enthalpies of six AlZnMg(Cu) alloys [ 119]. Values for the total specific precipitation enthalpy were obtained by in situ cooling DSC as outlined above. For 7049A, chip-sensor based differential fast scanning calorimetry was applied [ 130, 162].


jQuery Model Controller Framework
A simple framework that allows flexible yet structured JavaScript across a Multi-Page Application (MPA)
What is jQueryMC?
jQueryMC is a lightweight framework that is used for organising jQuery code into Models and Controllers of a web application's Front-End.
Specifically, Model code is most commonly AJAX Queries connecting to an API and is separated as such. Controllers is typically code that handles the operations for a given page, that might leverage Models and interact with the View. In this case, the View is the static output of an HTML page (even if it comes from a Dynamic Backend Source)
Why jQueryMC?
jQuery is a fantastic tool for JavaScript developers, however there is no common or standardised structure in the "Way to do things" with it.
There are other frameworks out there, specifically designed around the MVC (Model View Controller) design pattern. However, what if you don't want JavaScript to manage the view component of a site? There are a number of reasons you don't want JavaScript to wholly manage the View component of a site, such as:
- Search Engine Optimisation
There are other benefits to using this framework too:
- Lightweight (<3kb minified)
- Flexible: You can use any existing library or plugin
- Structured: Laid out in a typical MVC pattern, without the "V"
How to use?
First you need to set up the application:
- Download the source:
git clone git@github.com:agentfour/jQueryMC.git
- Run NPM Install:
npm install
A controller typically works with one or more views. So to tell the framework that you want a Controller to run within a specific view, on the HTML of the view, enter in the following code to trigger a controller to run:<meta id="jmc-ctrl" jmc-ctrl="index" />
Breaking down this code, we are creating a naturally invisible element on the page (the META tag), and giving it an ID of jmc-ctrl
. This tells the framework to look here for the name of the controller to run. Then to specify which controller to run, you have the code jmc-ctrl="index"
which tells the framework to execute the index controller.


Classes
Methods
(static) filteredInfo(subject, filteropt, callbackopt) → {Promise}
Analyzes a source (a local path, a remote URL or a Buffer) and return the image informations, filtering the results through a function.
The second argument of the callback, when successful, will be a object containing the image informations.
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Attributes | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
subject |
string | Buffer | The source to analyze. It can be a local path, a remote URL or a Buffer. |
|
filter |
function |
<optional> |
The filter function to invoke. It should accept an object as input and return the object to be passed to the callback. For details on the input object, see info. |
callback |
function |
<optional> |
The callback to invoke once finished. |
- Source:
- See:
Returns:
A promise which will contain the filtered object once resolved.
- Type
- Promise
(static) info(subject, callbackopt) → {Promise}
Analyzes a source (a local path, a remote URL or a Buffer) and return the image informations.
The second argument of the callback, when successful, will be a object containing the image informations.
Specifically, when the source is a remote URL, the object will be similar to this:
{
"width": 1000, // The width of the image in pixels.
"height": 1000, // The height of the image in pixels.
"type": "gif", // The type of the image. Can be `bmp`, `gif`, `jpeg`, `png`, `psd`, `tif`, `webp` or `svg`.
"url": "http://placehold.it/1000x1000.gif", // The original URL of the image.
"realUrl": "http://placehold.it/1000x1000.gif", // The real URL of the image after all the redirects.
"size": 24090, // The size of the image (in bytes). Present only if the server returned the Content-Length HTTP header.
"transferred": 979, // The amount of data transferred (in bytes) to identify the image.
"time": 171.43721 // The time required for the operation, in milliseconds.
}
When the source is a local file the object will be similar to this:
{
"width": 150, // The width of the image in pixels.
"height": 150, // The height of the image in pixels.
"type": "png", // The type of the image. Can be `bmp`, `gif`, `jpeg`, `png`, `psd`, `tif`, `webp` or `svg`.
"path": "1.png", // The original path of the image.
"realPath": "/home/user/1.png", // The absolute path of the image.
"size": 24090, // The size (in bytes) of the image.
"time": 14.00558 // The time required for the operation, in milliseconds.
}
When the source is a Buffer the object will be similar to this:
{
"width": 150, // The width of the image in pixels.
"height": 150, // The height of the image in pixels.
"type": "png", // The type of the image. Can be `bmp`, `gif`, `jpeg`, `png`, `psd`, `tif`, `webp` or `svg`.
"analyzed": 4096 // The number of bytes analyzed.
"time": 14.00558 // The time required for the operation, in milliseconds.
}
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Attributes | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
subject |
string | Buffer | The source to analyze. It can be a local path, a remote URL or a Buffer. |
|
callback |
function |
<optional> |
The callback to invoke once finished. |
Returns:
A promise which will contain the result object once resolved.
- Type
- Promise
(static) size(subject, callbackopt) → {Promise}
Analyzes a source (a local path, a remote URL or a Buffer) and return the image size.
The second argument of the callback, when successful, will be a object containing the fields width
and height
in pixels.
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Attributes | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
subject |
string | Buffer | The source to analyze. It can be a local path, a remote URL or a Buffer. |
|
callback |
function |
<optional> |
The callback to invoke once finished. |
Returns:
A promise which will contain the image size once resolved.
- Type
- Promise
(static) stream(subject, optionsopt) → {FastImageStream}
Creates a new fastimage stream analysis. This is a Duplex stream which works in object mode on the readable side.
It will emit the following events:
- size: The payload will be a object containing the fields
width
andheight
in pixels. - type: The payload will the type of the image.
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Attributes | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
subject |
string | Buffer | The source to analyze. It can be a local path, a remote URL or a Buffer. |
|
options |
object |
<optional> |
The options to pass to the stream. |
- Source:
Returns:
A image analysis stream.
- Type
- FastImageStream
(static) threshold(valueopt) → {number}
Gets or sets the maximum number of bytes to read to attempt an identification before giving up and state that the source is not an image.
Choosing a value less than or equal to zero will disable the feature, trying to download/open the entire file/stream.
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Attributes | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
value |
number |
<optional> |
The new value to set. Passing |
- Source:
Returns:
The current value
- Type
- number
(static) timeout(valueopt) → {number}
Gets or sets the maximum number of seconds to wait to connect to a host.
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Attributes | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
value |
number |
<optional> |
The new value to set. Passing |
- Source:
Returns:
The current value
- Type
- number
(static) type(subject, callbackopt) → {Promise}
Analyzes a source (a local path, a remote URL or a Buffer) and return the image type.
The second argument of the callback, when successful, will be the type of the image.
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Attributes | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
subject |
string | Buffer | The source to analyze. It can be a local path, a remote URL or a Buffer. |
|
callback |
function |
<optional> |
The callback to invoke once finished. |
Returns:
A promise which will contain the image type once resolved.
- Type
- Promise
(static) userAgent(valueopt) → {number}
Gets or sets the user agent string to send when connecting to a host.
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Attributes | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
value |
string |
<optional> |
The new value to set. Passing |
- Source:
Returns:
The current value
- Type
- number


Michael Jordan was drafted third overall in 1984. Which two players were selected ahead of him?
Who is the only coach to win both a NCAA and NBA championship?
Who was the first African American to play in an NBA game?


>>Believe in yourself!!
>>To instil a love of learning for life in all our pupils and to provide them with a safe, inclusive and nurturing learning environment that helps them grow personally and academically
>>Our school values are Honesty, Independence, Collaboration, Respect and Courage.
>>Our Vision is to be an exemplary institution by offering excellence in academics, sports, arts, technology and beyond
>>To maintain a high quality, intellectually stimulating, open and realistic educational environment where every student is valued
The Manmms Kindergarten was established in January 2000 in Nairobi, at which time, there were roughly 50
students and 5 teachers.
since then, we have grown to around 200 students and 20 teachers.
Our
Programs include day care & pre-primary. We offer a caring, nurturing and safe enviroment for children to
learn. We aim to develop children with knowledge,skills, attitudes and character to ensure their success.
We provide your child with an enjoyable, stimulating and educational time and to teach them a variety of
skills and social graces to help them follow on to their next big adventure - Prep school!
Our staff
team is very experienced and committed to supporting the children and their families. It is important to us
that your child is happy and secure and makes good progress in their time at our school.
In pursuant to
our mission we will provide a safe, caring, friendly and secure learning enviroment for all our
children.
We will endeavour to create a well guided and holistic individual who will be able to proceed
with further learning in any school. Backing our mission we will provide relevant learning materials and
books,teach technology, encourage creativity through art and teach social skills through practical life
learning and outdoor activities.
Our School employs a team of highly qualified and enthusiastic teachers dedicated to providing students
with
access to a broad curriculum and extensive co-curricular programme.
we are committed to safeguarding and promoting the welfare of your children.
All applicants to our
School undergo child protection screening, including checks with past employers, criminal record,
disclosure
and barring service checks.
The school provides a healthy snack and a nutritious, well balanced lunch. We have a qualified chef who prepares a balanced diet which includes:


Your account has been successfully activated. You may now login.
{% extends "base.html" %} {% block title %}upTee - Activate{% endblock title %} {% block breadcrumb %} {{ block.super }} {% load breadcrumb_tags %} {% add_crumb 'User Activation' 'activate' '00000000000000000000000000000000' %} {% endblock %} {% block content %}
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Feature flags, which are called classes in the markup, control many of Story’s features. You can enable and disable them in your site config, or in an individual post’s front matter. This article documents Story’s feature flags.
Enabling Feature Flags
Feature flags can be enabled globally or locally, and the combination of these determines content behavior. This lets you enable them for the entire site, or for an individual post. The combined list of features that applies to a piece of content is the union of the two lists.
Here’s how to enable the “example” feature for the entire site, in your site’s config.yaml
file:
params:
classes:
- feature-example
Here’s how to enable the “misc” feature in an individual piece of content, via its YAML front matter:
---
classes:
- feature-misc
---
The contents of both feature lists are combined and put into the
tag’s class
attribute, verbatim:
...
If you’re using TOML, then the syntax in config.toml
looks like this:
[params]
classes = ["feature-example", "feature-misc"]
Disabling Features
Many features can be negated by prefixing the feature name with no
, like this:
---
classes:
- feature-noexample
---
If a feature is enabled globally and negated in a single piece of content’s front matter, both the positive and negative form will appear in the CSS classes.
Features in Story are inside of code that checks not only whether flags are enabled, but also whether they’re overridden with a negation.
One consequence of this is that if you disable a feature globally in config.yaml
, you can’t enable it locally in a single piece of content.
You can only enable globally and disable locally, not the other way around.
There’s nothing special about a feature flag, and you can put arbitrary values into the configuration arrays. Story only recognizes and supports specific values; it ignores others. You can take advantage of this to add any values into the arrays that you want, if they’re useful for your other purposes. For example, you can use this ability to set any desired CSS class, for selection either with your custom CSS, or to work with something off-the-shelf that happens to look for a specific class.
List Of Features
Features have varying implementations. Some affect how Hugo processes content, some affect CSS presentation, and some are implemented in unobtrusive JavaScript after the page finishes loading.
Here’s a list of all of Story’s features and how they’re implemented.
The first column links to a demo of those features.
For brevity, the feature-
prefix is omitted, but all of Story’s classes have that prefix to avoid naming conflicts.
| Feature | Explanation | Implementation |
|---|---|---|
| 3dbook-covers | Styles images to resemble a hardcover book | JS + CSS |
| figcaption | Transforms images into captioned figures | JS + CSS |
| figcaption-hidden | Hides figure captions, revealing them on mouseover | CSS |
| figcaption-visible | Formats figure captions visibly | CSS |
| figlink | Links text like “Figure/Table 3” to the corresponding figure or table | JS |
| fignum | Auto-numbers figures and tables | CSS |
| h3-cl | Adds CSS clear: left to all
 tags |
CSS |
| h3-cr | Adds CSS clear: right to all
 tags |
CSS |
| h3-cb | Adds CSS clear: both to all
 tags |
CSS |
| highlight | Applies syntax highlighting to code blocks, using HighlightJS | JS + CSS |
| hrdinkus | Styles
 elements as a dinkus (three asterisks) |
CSS |
| hrfleuron | Styles
 elements as a fleuron (❦) |
CSS |
| hyphenate | Enables line-breaks and hyphenation of text via the browser | CSS |
| justify | Aligns text with full-justification | CSS |
| math | Enables LaTeX math typesetting using KaTeX | JS |
| music | Enables rendering abc notation as sheet music with abcjs | JS |
| nohdr | Disables header images locally; when applied globally, disables preview thumbnails in lists | Hugo |
| subtitle | Enabled by default; disable to hide page subtitles | CSS |
| tablefig | Styles tables similar to scientific papers | JS + CSS |
| tablefw | Sets table cells in a font with fixed-width numerals | CSS |
| titlecase | Not enabled by default; Transforms All Content Titles to Titlecase | Hugo |
| tweetquote | Renders a blockquote in a simplistic tweet style, if it follows conventions | JS + CSS |
Read next: Story’s author biographies.


TITLE OF RESEARCH: Behavioral Studies of Learning and Decision-making
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Yael Niv, Ph.D.
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR’S DEPARTMENT: Psychology and the Princeton Neuroscience Institute
You are being invited to take part in a research study. Before you decide to participate in this study, it is important that you understand why the research is being done and what it will involve. Please take the time to read the following information carefully. Please contact the researcher if there is anything that is not clear or if you need more information.
We are looking to understand better how humans learn about the statistical structure of their environment, decide what choices to make under uncertainty, and learn from feedback. We are also interested in how reward feedback affects memory and attention, how mood influences how humans make decisions, and how learning and decision making processes relate to symptoms of mental illness that are generally common in the population (in healthy people as well).
This experiment should take between 30-45 minutes to complete.
In this experiment, you will be presented with a series of visual stimuli on a computer screen and/or auditory stimuli via standard speakers or headphones and asked to perform simple decisions in response to these stimuli.
The activities in the study carry no risk as they only involve operating a desktop computer. The task involved in the experiment does require some mental effort.
This study includes questions related to mental health: about your emotions and reactions to being placed in certain situations, and the levels at which you may identify with certain thoughts or feelings. Some participants may find these questions troubling. The experimenters are not in a position to diagnose any disorders or offer medical advice. If the questions trouble you, we urge you to seek further advice or information from healthcare professionals. At the end of the experiment, we will provide you with resources for learning more about mental health conditions and for seeking support.
Examples of such questions are:
There will be no direct benefit to you from this research (aside from the monetary compensation you will receive), except insofar as you may learn something about psychology and may derive satisfaction from knowing that your participation has advanced scientific understanding of human cognition and mental health. Importantly, the study staff will not make any clinical diagnosis based on results from this study.
Your responses, after removal of any identifiable private information, could be used for future research studies or distributed to another investigator for future research studies, or shared as part of publication of the research study without additional consent from you. Data will be shared such that it cannot, in any way, be traced back to you.
In particular, data from this study will be submitted to the National Institute of Mental Health Data Archive (NDA) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). NDA is a large database where deidentified study data from many National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) studies are stored and managed. Deidentified study data means that no personal information about you is included. Sharing deidentified study data helps researchers learn new and important things about mental health and substance use more quickly than before.
Every researcher (and institutions to which they belong) who requests use of your deidentified study data must promise to keep your data safe and promise not to try to learn your identity. Experts at the NIH who know how to keep your data safe will review each request carefully to reduce risks to your privacy. Sharing your study data does have some risks, although these risks are rare. Your study data could be accidentally shared with an unauthorized person who may attempt to learn your identity. The study researchers will make every attempt to protect your identity.
You may not benefit directly from allowing your study data to be shared with NDA. The study data provided to NDA may help researchers around the world learn more about mental health and substance use and how to help others who have problems with mental health and substance use. NIMH will also report to Congress and on its website about the different studies using NDA data. You will not be contacted directly about the study data you contributed to the NDA.
This research is covered by a Certificate of Confidentiality from the NIH. Researchers with this Certificate will not disclose or use information that may identify you in any federal, state, or local civil, criminal, administrative, legislative, or other action, suit, or proceeding, even if there is a court subpoena. Exceptions include: a) A federal, state, or local law that requires disclosure, such as reasonable cause to believe that a child has been subjected to child abuse or acts of child abuse. b) Your explicit approval for the researchers to release your name and/or personally identifiable information.
Participants will be compensated with total payment (base payment + bonus) of at least 14 dollars per hour (or the relevant fraction for experiments that require less time).
1. Principal investigator:
2. If you have questions regarding your rights as a research subject, or if problems arise which you do not feel you can discuss with the Investigator, please contact the Institutional Review Board at:
If you wish to save a copy of the consent form, click the Print button to print and/or save as PDF:
I understand the information that was presented and that:
My participation is voluntary. Refusal to participate will involve no penalty or loss of benefits to which I am otherwise entitled. I may discontinue participation at any time without penalty or loss of benefits. I do not waive any legal rights or release Princeton University or its agents from liability for negligence.By clicking the box below, I hereby give my consent to be the subject of your research.


Hello!
I've adjusted the calculation of power in my project today and got invalid (much to large values) in the graph now. So I tried to delete them in "via" => "editrealtime" and a clock on the "delete data in window" button but it doesn't work. Only setting single values to zero works but this would take a lot of time.
Any ideas?
Re: Emoncms.org editing data
Im guessing your feeds are timestore feeds? I couldnt get delete data in time range to work yet, but instead implemented the multiply data in window function, can you use that to scale down the values?
Re: Emoncms.org editing data
Hello Trystan!
No, the feed is still in mysql. Edit also failed on my raspberry.
Is the "multiply data in window" functioni also available for emoncms on my raspberry because multiplying the data with a correction value will give me the correct values instead of setting everything to 0.
btw: The multiply doesn't seem to work, I inserted multiply by "0.151" but nothing happend, or does this take some time till all values are scaled down?
best regards
Juergen Brenner
Re: Emoncms.org editing data
I have just run into a problem with the "edit" feature as well. When playing around with my inputs I kind of screwed up my power-kwh and power-kwhd feeds, posting far too high values and therefore ruining my history visualizations. :(
I tried the "editrealtime" and "editdaily" feature. I can select the feed and a unix timestamp, but the input field for the new value seems to be missing. Is there any other way to just delete all of today's data in a specific feed?
Any help would be greatly appreciated!
Btw, some sort of warning message popup window (e.g. "Do you really want to delete input xy?") would be helpful... right now you are always just one click away from messing up all of your data...
Re: Emoncms.org editing data
I have now found that you have to use the "full screen" view if you want to edit data. So I successfully edited my feed data but the "zoom" visualization still shows a wrong (far too high) value for one day.
:-(


WOW.
The Fedearl Reserve has injected over $100 billion into the financial system in the last 48 hours.
That is more than 50% of the total market cap of Bitcoin.
Rather than fix the structural issues, they keep trying to print their way out of the mess.
Bitcoin rocket ...


| When a Priest discovers his wife is deathly ill, he decides to go against his faith and use his knowledge of exorcisms to possess her in order to save her life. | |
| Genres: | Horror |
| Director: | Justin Price |
| Writer: | Justin Price |
Cast: | Emily - Micheal Catalano Paul - David E. Cazares Dark Emily - Deanna Grace Congo Father Townsend - Tony Gomez Vito - Alex Hinojosa Dr. Edwin - Johnny R. Llanes Billy - Okami Misuteri Solomon - Jeff Monroe Kensie - Nissa Nightmare Elizabeth - Michele Soza Young Father Townsend - Gregorio Trevino |


News story
The UK’s top apprentices have been named among the team for EuroSkills Gothenburg 2016.
EuroSkills, taking place from 1 to 3 December, will see the most talented young people from over 30 European countries come together to compete in over 35 different skill areas. The competitors all have one aim - to win a gold medal in their chosen skill and prove they are the best in Europe.
Among those representing the UK are apprentices from a variety of sectors. They will be competing in competitions ranging from Visual Merchandising and Window Dressing to Mechatronics and Automotive Technology.
Team UK for EuroSkills Gothenburg 2016 ( PDF , 197KB , 2 pages )
Skills Minister Nick Boles said:
The young people who have earned a place on Team UK are worthy ambassadors and show the great things you can achieve with high quality apprenticeships and technical training. I congratulate each and every member of Team UK and look forward to hearing about their performance at EuroSkills Gothenburg 2016.
A recent survey found that over 95% of competitors believed their technical and employability skills had improved as a result of taking part in skills competitions, while over 80% felt competing had increased their confidence, team working, time management and ability to work under pressure.
Peter Lauener, WorldSkills UK Official Delegate and Chief Executive of the Skills Funding Agency and Education Funding Agency added:
Year on year, I am constantly impressed with the quality of competitors that get through to the EuroSkills and WorldSkills competitions. They each demonstrate a huge amount of talent, a desire to succeed and a professionalism beyond their years.
These young people are fantastic ambassadors for the importance of gaining the skills that employers are calling out for.
I would like to send my best wishes to every member of team UK and look forward to seeing them return from Sweden with a great haul of medals!
Dr Neil Bentley, Chief Executive, WorldSkills UK said:
Our findings have shown that skills competitions enable apprentices to develop and build on the skills that businesses are crying out for. By entering international competitions, we can benchmark the employability skills of our apprentices with those from the rest of Europe, ensuring more young people are being equipped with the right skills to help UK businesses better compete globally.
The members of Team UK were selected after excelling in the National Finals of the WorldSkills UK Competitions. Members of Team UK will now go on to complete an intensive training programme, supported by their trainers, employers and training providers.
The competitors who take part in EuroSkills this year will also go onto compete for a place in the team that will represent the UK at WorldSkills, the largest international skills competition, which takes place every 2 years. The next WorldSkills Competition will take place in Abu Dhabi from 14 to 19 October, 2017.
For further information visit the WorldSkills UK website .


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--- layout: post title: Website Tour JS and jQuery plugins date: 2017-12-01 08:58:03.000000000 +07:00 type: post parent_id: '0' published: true password: '' status: publish categories: - Coding tags: [] meta: _edit_last: '12737289' geo_public: '0' _publicize_job_id: '12027981676' author: login: nemopear email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>display_name: nemopear first_name: NUTCHAYA last_name: VORAYINGYONG permalink: "/2017/12/01/website-tour-js-and-jquery-plugins/" ---
[caption id="attachment_1658" align="aligncenter" width="700"] Shepherd[/caption]
[caption id="attachment_1659" align="aligncenter" width="700"] Bootstrap Tour[/caption]


Hi! my name is wangfan li and I'm currently a computer science/psychology double major in my fourth year, with plans to go to graduate school.
what you are seeing here is a web development class project
that took about weeks to finish, the majority of the tools we used are just plain javascript/html/css, though we did use JQuery a little to help
getting data from outside sources.
what made this possible though are leaflet.js and openAqi, leaflet is the framework for the map while openAqi provides us with air quality data over the said
map. And locationIq API also helped by provding you with the means to search a location by just entering its name.
Hi, my name is Ryan Jasperson and I'm a senior here at St. Thomas. I'm looking to graduate this spring with a degree in Computer Science and a minor in Statistics.
As Wangfan explained above, the project was developed mostly using vanilla JavaScript/HTML/CSS. Some jQuery was used for AJAX as well as editting HTML elements. We were able to use the Leaflet API to make a clean heatmap within the application's map.
Along with the OpenAQ API and Leaflet API, we also used a Haversine formula derived from Rosetta Code in order to seemlessly calculate the distance from point A to point B on a sphere.
By combining the OpenAQ API functionality with the Haversine formula, it was much easier to get accurate results in terms of distances and data.


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--- layout: post title: A List of Digital Leica M Cameras tagline: why isn't this on leica.com? categories: tags: leica m-system camera digital list typ262 typ220 typ240 typ246 m8 m9 m-e m-p m-d ---
There really should be a definitive list of digital Leica M cameras, and I’m happy to turn this blog post into a link to that list. Until then, I hope this helps someone.
I don’t know why Leica make it so hard on us to buy their cameras. I can barely keep track of which camera I want, short of knowing that I want a digital Leica M. I have a film M7 that is a freakish combination of sculptural art work, exquisite functionality, and a tool that makes photography enjoyable to the point of giggles and produces results so good that they don’t make sense when compared to the simplicity of the process.  If only I could remember which digital version I wanted.
The film versions are pretty simple. The M7 has a meter and thus modern1 conveniences like automatic shutter speed. Other Leica M film cameras don’t have meters. Or some may. Whatever, I’ve already got one and, as Monty Python’s French Soldier said, Oh yes, it's very nice!2 and Ferris was right: It is so choice. If you have the means, I highly recommend picking one up. 3
But I don’t have a digital one. And as part of the long (yet almost certainly inevitable) process of getting one, I needed some notes on what the options are. If someone else has made this list, I couldn’t find it, and I’m sorry for (a) not just linking it to your information and (b) for spending the time I did making my own list when you already had one.
So, here’s my table of digital Leica M-system cameras. If I’ve made some mistake, let me know @acaird 4.
| Name | Price 5 | MP | Year | Comments | Top plate |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M8 | ebay | 10 | 2006 | not full-frame, while all the rest are | brass |
| M8.2 | ebay | 10 | 2008 | M8 that is quieter, nicer LCD glass, more discreet | brass |
| M9 | $3,800 | 18 | 2009 | Ken says it's the best camera ever made | |
| M9-P | $5,400 | 18 | 2011 | M9 with sapphire covered LCD and nicer cosmetics | |
| M9 mono | $5,000 | 18 | 2012 | b/w only; precursor to the typ 246 | |
| M-E (typ 220) | $4,500 | 18 | 2012 | basically a less expensive M9 with no losses over the M9 | |
| M (typ 240) | $6,400 | 24 | 2012 | video | brass |
| M-P (typ 240) | $7,000 | 24 | 2014 | video, more black and a bigger buffer than the M (typ 240) | brass |
| M-Mono (typ 246) | $7,500 | 24 | 2015 | black-and-white only | |
| M (typ 262) | $5,200 | 24 | 2015 | no video | aluminum |
| M-D (typ 262) | $6,000 | 24 | 2016 | A digital camera with no screen |
It seems to me that the M Typ 262 is the best option of that list, at least for me. The M-E is probably just as effective and fun, but since the savings of $700 would barely buy a suitable lens, it might not be worth it6, plus everyone knows that megapixels are what define good photos. I think it was Cartier-Bresson who said “Megapixels plus Aperature Priority equal Art”, or something like that—it was in French and I can’t be sure of the translation. As for video, I have an iPhone for video, and it probably does a better job than either of the typ 240 do in my hands.
Modernity here defined as sometime after the 1940s. As if your megapixels are really that cool… because Ken Rockwell asserts they aren’t, and he’s got enough self-confidence for himself, you, me, and a goodly fraction of the Internet, so there’s that.
This page could change at any time; if you are really concerned
about the history of it, you’ll have to follow the changes via git
at github.
Prices change over time. Plus, eBay. So these are basically meaningless. Sorry. Google some stuff, you’re a grown-up looking at multi-thousand-dollar cameras for goodness sake.
However, I’m open to advice.


Music as Resistance
Filipino-American Diaspora, Identity, and Music
(An Honors Thesis Research Project)
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Description
The expression
a..b
is desugared to
Range(a,
which in turn invokes
Range[a,b]
which is an iterator function that iterates over
all int values starting with a and ending with b.
Function Range
|
@x:func Range(first~int, |
||||
|
Semantics
The result is the iterator Range[first,last].Function Range[ ]
| @x:func Range[first~int,last~int](act) | ||||||
|
Semantics
This is an iterator function that iterates over all int values between a and b inclusive. If b < a, then the iterator body act is not executed.Examples
@x:var result := 1;
@x:for i := 1..10 {
result := result * i
}


Preparation time
less than 30 mins
Cooking time
10 to 30 mins
Serves
Serves 2
Heat a frying pan until hot and add 25g/1oz butter.
Season the liver with salt and freshly ground black pepper and add to the frying pan. Fry on each side for 2-3 minutes, until cooked to your liking. Remove from the pan and set aside.
Add the red wine to the pan and bring to the boil, scraping to release the sticky, caramelised cooking juices from the base of the pan.
Reduce the liquid by half, then add the beef stock and boil for a further 5-6 minutes.
Add 25g/1oz butter and stir in. Remove from the heat.
Heat a deep-sided frying pan until hot then add the remaining 25g/1oz butter and the bacon pieces. Fry until crispy then add the cavelo nero and stir-fry for 3-4 minutes, until wilted.
Add the lemon juice and season well with salt and freshly ground black pepper.
To serve, place the cabbage in the centre of two plates. Top each with the liver and a spoonful of crème fraîche. Spoon over the red wine gravy.


You can alter the tour package, according to your convenience
Delicious Cuisine
We provide healthy and tasty north Indian cuisine
Value for Money
Best facilities at cheap rates. We work with all budgets.
Places
Lingthem
A very peaceful small village with a sparkling weather guarded by a small river
Aritar
Aritar is blessed with lush green forests, sweeping hills of paddy fields and placid lakes hidden
inside deep forests
Sillery Gaon
Sillery Gaon is a picture-perfect Himalayan hamlet, with a gorgeous view of the mighty Mt. Kanchenjunga
Icche Gaon
A new destination for nature lovers who want to spend few days in the lap of Himalayas
Rishi Khola
Ever dreamt of a holiday filled with laziness, nature all around with deep lush green forests
with chirps of never heard birds?
Phadamchen
A tiny mountain village to be acclimatized before taking uphill towards Nathang Valley
Zuluk
A small village beside a winding road, once a transit point to the historic Silk Route
Thambi View Point
At a height of 11,200 ft, it offers a panoramic view of Mt. Kanchenjunga
Zig-Zag Road
The famous zig-zag road (locally called Bhulbhulaiya for its 30 hairpin turns), can be viewed
from Thambi View Point
Nathang Valley
This lush valley was home to the traditional yak herders who came from Tibet. Few streams criss-cross
the valley
Old Baba Mandir
Also known as Baba Harbhajan Singh Temple,this is a must visit destination while touring the
Old Silk Route
Kupup Lake
There is something about high altitude lakes - you climb up the mountains, struggling through
the hairpin bends and at the end, you are greeted by a gleam of water body


Try out our Premium Member services: Virtual Legal Assistant, Query Alert Service and an ad-free experience. Free for one month and pay only if you like it.
IN THE COURT OF MRS. SUNITA GUPTA: RENT CONTROL TRIBUNAL: DELHI RCT Appeal No. 100/2011 Unique ID No. 0240IC0593712011 Shri R.N. Gupta S/o Late Laxmi Narain Gupta, R/0 7/6, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi-2. . . . Appellant Versus 1- Shri K.L. Sharma s/o. Late Dhunda Mal Sharma, H-19, Arya Samaj Road, Uttam Nagar, New Delhi 110059. 2- M/s. Tara Enterprises Through its Properitor Mr. K.L. Sharma, 7/6 Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi 110002. . . . Respondent
Date of institution of appeal : 20.12.2011. Date when final arguments were heard: 15.05.2012 Date of pronouncement of judgment :18.05.2012.
JUDGMENT :-
Appellate Jurisdiction of this Tribunal under Section 38 of the Delhi Rent Control Act (hereinafter to be referred as "DRC Act") has been invoked by the appellant/petitioner, feeling aggrieved by the order dated 15.11.2011 passed by learned Addl. Rent Controller (Central), Delhi whereby his petition under Section 14(1)
(b) & ( c) of DRC Act was dismissed.
(RCT Appeal No.100/2011) (Page 1 of 10) 2- It will be in the fitness of things to narrate the
circumstances leading to the filing of the present appeal. The petitioner (appellant herein) filed a petition u/section 14(1)(b) and 14(1)(c) of DRC Act, seeking eviction of the respondent from the premises being a Garage measuring 14'x11' situated on the ground floor of property bearing No.7/6 Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi, inter alia on the allegations that respondent was inducted as tenant in respect of suit premises vide agreement dated 9-2-1988 by the predecessor in interest of the petitioner. Respondent has sublet, assigned or parted with possession of the tenanted premises to Shri Anil Kumar, without the written consent of the petitioner or his predecessor in interest illegally and unauthorisedly. The premises has been and is being used for a purpose other than the purpose for which it was let, inasmuch as that the premises was let out for commercial purposes but the same is being illegally and unauthorisedly used for screen printing which is causing nuisance and health hazard not only to the petitioner and his family but also to his neighbours, since running of screen printing job from the suit premises is causing lot of pollution and is in violation of the provisions of relevant Pollution Act. It was alleged that the material which is stored in the tenanted premises is highly inflammable and same can be the cause of any untoward incident. The misuse of the premises has not been stopped despite service of notice.
3- Respondent resisted the eviction petition by filing (RCT Appeal No.100/2011) (Page 2 of 10)
written statement. While denying the allegations of the petitioner, it was stated that the alleged sublettee Anil Kumar is his son who is helping him in his business and that respondent is using the premises only for commercial purpose.
4- Petitioner filed replication, wherein he denied the allegations made in the written statement and reiterated the stand taken in the main petition.
5- Petitioner examined himself as PW 1 in support of his case, whereas respondent examined himself as RW1. Besides that, Anil Sharma has appeared as RW2. 6- After hearing learned Counsel for the parties, learned Trial Court dismissed the eviction petition on both counts by observing that petitioner has failed to prove all the essential ingredients of Section 14(1)(b) and 14(1)(c) of the DRC Act.
7- The petitioner/appellant has assailed the findings of the learned Additional Rent Controller by way of present appeal.
8- Notice of the appeal was issued to the respondents and trial court record was summoned.
9- I have heard Shri Abhishek Gupta, Counsel for the Appellant, Shri R.D. Mahant, Counsel for respondents and have perused the record.
10- At the outset, learned Counsel for the Appellant conceded that although the eviction petition was filed on two grounds i.e. under Section 14(1)(b) and 14(1)(c) of the DRC Act, however, as regards the ground under Section (RCT Appeal No.100/2011) (Page 3 of 10) 14(1)(c), no cogent evidence was led and therefore, petition was dismissed on this score. He is not pressing this appeal on this ground of eviction. However, it was submitted by the learned Counsel for the Appellant that the impugned order qua ground under Section 14(1)(b) of the DRC Act is contrary to law inasmuch as important aspects of evidence have not been considered and reliance was placed on 1976 RLR (SC) 634, Damadi Lal etc. v. Paras Ram etc.. It was further submitted that since the tenant admitted the presence of stranger in the suit premises, the onus shifted upon him to prove that in what capacity he is occupying the premises and that he has not sublet, assigned or parted with possession of the suit premises. The learned trial court proceeded on an absolutely incorrect presumption that respondent was merely to prove that sub-tenant Anil Sharma is his son and nothing more. The learned Trial Court did not consider the vital aspects of cross-examination of witnesses of the respondent inasmuch as RW1 stated that he does not file income tax return and that he does not visit the suit premises and his son is an income tax assessee and he files income tax return. His son RW2 admitted that he files income tax return and this was the only source of his income from the business which he carries out with his father. This admission leads to the conclusion that original tenant has no concern with the suit premises and it is the sub-lettee who is in the full control of the business being carried out from there. As such, it was submitted that impugned order (RCT Appeal No.100/2011) (Page 4 of 10) be set-aside and eviction order be passed against the respondents.
11- Rebutting the contention of learned counsel for the appellant, it was submitted by learned Counsel for the respondent that the impugned order is reasoned one and there is no infirmity in the impugned order. The entire case is covered by 1988(2) All India Rent Control Journal, 123, Jagan Nath (deceased) through L.Rs v. Chander Bhan & Others; and AIR 1995 SC 380 United Bank of India v. Coocks and Kalvey Properties (P) Ltd. As such, it was submitted that appeal is liable to be dismissed.
12- I have given my thoughtful consideration to the respective contentions of the learned Counsel for the parties and have carefully perused the record. 13- A perusal of the record goes to show that the petitioner/ appellant sought eviction of the respondent on the grounds that respondent who vide agreement dated 09.02.1988 was inducted as a tenant in the suit premises @ Rs.200/- per month excluding electricity charges, has sublet, assigned or otherwise parted with the possession of the tenanted premises to Anil Kumar without the written consent of the petitioner, illegally and unauthorisedly. The premises has been and is being used for a purpose other than the purpose for which it was let out.
14- The respondent has taken a specific stand that the alleged sublettee Anil Kumar is his son who is helping him in his business. It was also denied that the premises are (RCT Appeal No.100/2011) (Page 5 of 10) being used for the purpose other than the purpose for which it was let out.
15- It goes without saying that when an eviction petition is filed on the ground under Section 14(1)(b) of the DRC Act, it is incumbent upon the petitioner to prove:
i) there exists relationship of landlord and tenant between the parties;
ii) the tenant has on or after 9th day of June, 1952, sublet, assigned or otherwise parted with possession of whole or any part of the tenanted premises; and
iii) that he did so without obtaining the consent of landlord in writing.
16- As regards the first ingredient, regarding relationship of landlord and tenant between the parties, there is no dispute.
17- It is the case of the appellant/petitioner that premises has been sublet by respondent to Anil Kumar. In the written statement, presence of Anil Kumar in the suit premises is not disputed by the respondent. However, it is the case of the respondent that Anil Kumar is his son and in that capacity, he is helping him in his business. That being so, the question for consideration is whether the mischief contemplated under Section 14(1)(b) of DRC Act has been committed by the tenant by subletting, assigning or parting with possession of the whole or part of the suit premises without obtaining consent in writing of the landlord. There is no dispute that there was no consent in (RCT Appeal No.100/2011) (Page 6 of 10) writing of the landlord in this case. In order to prove the subletting, there should exist relationship of landlord and tenant between the tenant and the sub-tenant. In order to prove parting with possession, it has to be proved that the possession has been given to a person other than those to whom the possession has been given by the lessor and parting with the possession must have been by the tenant. Mere user by other person is not parting with possession, so long as the tenant retains the legal possession with himself. In fact, there must be vesting of possession by the tenant in another person by divesting himself not only of physical possession but also of the right to possession. So long as the tenant retains the right to possession, there is no parting with possession in terms of clause (b) of Section 14(1) of the DRC Act. Much emphasis has been laid by the learned Counsel for Appellant for submitting that it was admitted by respondent that he is not an income tax assessee. At one stage he admitted that he does not visit the suit premises but at second stage, admitted that he visits the suit premises occasionally. He admitted that his son is an income tax assessee and files income tax return. The son of tenant i.e. RW2 (Anil Kumar) admitted in cross- examination that he files income tax return. The only source of his income is the business which he carries out from the suit premises. He has also employed the person for bringing and delivering the goods. He is depositing electricity bills. From this cross-examination, learned Counsel for the appellant wants the court to draw (RCT Appeal No.100/2011) (Page 7 of 10) an inference that the tenant has parted with possession of the suit premises in favour of his son. As stated above, it is not only the physical possession, but also right to possession which has to be divested by the tenant in favour of stranger before the court could come to the conclusion that the tenant had parted with the possession of the suit premises. In the instant case, no evidence has come on record to prove that the tenant has lost his physical as well as legal possession over the suit premises. In fact, even no suggestion was given to the respondent that he ceased to have any legal possession over the suit premises and now the premises are in exclusive possession of Shri Anil Kumar.
18- Jagan Nath (deceased) through L.Rs (supra) relied upon by the learned Counsel for respondents was also a case where the eviction petition was filed under Section 14(1)(a) and 14(1)(b) of the DRC Act and it was claimed by the landlord that the tenant had parted with possession of the premises in question in favour of his sons Baldev Raj Bindra and Sat Pal Bindra. Besides, his oral evidence, the landlord also produced on record one statement made before the Income Tax Officer which indicated that the tenant who was the proprietor of the Tent House sold the same to his sons for a sum of Rs.18,000/- and got cash of Rs.8,000/- and thereafter he gifted the to his sons. It had also come in the statement that his sons Sat Pal Bindra and Baldev Raj Bindra have entered into partnership in the same name of M/s Bindra Tent House in the same (RCT Appeal No.100/2011) (Page 8 of 10) premises. Photocopy of stamp vendor register was also produced to prove that non judicial paper was purchased by Baldev Raj for partnership purposes in the name of M/s Bindra Tent House. Evidence was also led to the effect that electricity connection was also obtained by Sat Pal Bindra in the name of M/s Bindra Tent House. Despite all this, evidence having come on record, Hon'ble Supreme Court held that even though the father had retired from the business and the sons had been looking after the business, it can not be said that the father had divested himself of the legal right to be in possession .If the father has a right to displace the possession of the occupants, i.e. his sons, it can not be said that tenant had parted with the possession. 19- In United Bank of India (supra), the tenant bank inducted Trade Union into the premises for carrying on trade union activities. No monetary consideration was received by the bank from Trade Union. The bank retained its power to call upon the Trade Union to vacate premises at any time and the bank was maintaining the premises at its own expenses and also paying charges for electricity consumed by the Trade Union. It was held that the bank can not be held liable for eviction under Section 13(1)(a) of the West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act, 1956. 20- In view of these authoritative pronouncements, coupled with the fact that alleged sub tenant is none else but son of the tenant and even if he is carrying on the business in the suit premises, no cogent evident has come on record to establish that tenant has divested himself of (RCT Appeal No.100/2011) (Page 9 of 10) the control of the suit premises or that the premises are in exclusive possession of alleged sub-lettee. That being so, there is no infirmity in the impugned order passed by learned Additional Rent Controller which calls for interference. Therefore, the appeal is dismissed.
Copy of the order be sent to the trial Court alongwith record. Appeal file be consigned to record room.
Announced in open court on 18.05.2012 (SUNITA GUPTA) Rent Control Tribunal: (RCT Appeal No.100/2011) (Page 10 of 10)


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The assign.preprocess function is used to perform quality control on the user-provided input data and generate starting values and/or prior values for the model parameters. The assign.preprocess function is optional. For users who already have the correct format for the input of the assign function, they can skip this step and go directly to the assign.mcmc function.
assign.preprocess(trainingData = NULL, testData, anchorGenes = NULL, excludeGenes = NULL, trainingLabel, geneList = NULL, n_sigGene = NA, theta0 = 0.05, theta1 = 0.9, pctUp = 0.5, geneselect_iter = 500, geneselect_burn_in = 100)
| trainingData | The genomic measure matrix of training samples (i.g., gene expression matrix). The dimension of this matrix is probe number x sample number. The default is NULL. |
|---|---|
| testData | The genomic measure matrix of test samples (i.g., gene expression matrix). The dimension of this matrix is probe number x sample number. |
| anchorGenes | A list of genes that will be included in the signature even if they are not chosen during gene selection. |
| excludeGenes | A list of genes that will be excluded from the signature even if they are chosen during gene selection. |
| trainingLabel | The list linking the index of each training sample to a specific group it belongs to. See details and examples for more information. |
| geneList | The list that collects the signature genes of one/multiple pathways. Every component of this list contains the signature genes associated with one pathway. The default is NULL. |
| n_sigGene | The vector of the signature genes to be identified for one pathway. n_sigGene needs to be specified when geneList is set NULL. The default is NA. See examples for more information. |
| theta0 | The prior probability for a gene to be significant, given that the gene is NOT defined as "significant" in the signature gene lists provided by the user. The default is 0.05. |
| theta1 | The prior probability for a gene to be significant, given that the gene is defined as "significant" in the signature gene lists provided by the user. The default is 0.9. |
| pctUp | By default, ASSIGN bayesian gene selection chooses the signature genes with an equal fraction of genes that increase with pathway activity and genes that decrease with pathway activity. Use the pctUp parameter to modify this fraction. Set pctUP to NULL to select the most significant genes, regardless of direction. The default is 0.5 |
| geneselect_iter | The number of iterations for bayesian gene selection. The default is 500. |
| geneselect_burn_in | The number of burn-in iterations for bayesian gene selection. The default is 100 |
The G x N matrix of G genomic measures (i.g., gene expression) of N training samples. Genes/probes present in at least one pathway signature are retained. Only returned when the training dataset is available.
The G x N matrix of G genomic measures (i.g., gene expression) of N test samples. Genes/probes present in at least one pathway signature are retained.
The G x 1 vector of genomic measures of the baseline/background. Each element of the B_vector is calculated as the mean of the genomic measures of the control samples in training data.
The G x K matrix of genomic measures of the signature. Each column of the S_matrix represents a pathway. Each element of the S_matrix is calculated as the mean of genomic measures of the experimental samples minus the mean of the control samples in the training data.
The G x K matrix of binary indicators. Each column of the Delta_matrix represents a pathway. The elements in Delta_matrix are binary (0, insignificant gene; 1, significant gene).
The G x K matrix of probability p of a Bernoulli distribution. Each column of the Pi_matrix represents a pathway. Each element in the Pi_matrix is the probability of a gene to be significant in its associated pathway.
The list that collects the signature genes of one/multiple pathways generated from the training samples or from the user provided gene list. Every component of this list contains the signature genes associated with one pathway.
The assign.preprocess is applied to perform quality control on the user-provided genomic data and meta data, re-format the data in a way that can be used in the following analysis, and generate starting/prior values for the pathway signature matrix. The output values of the assign.preprocess function will be used as input values for the assign.mcmc function.
For training data with 1 control group and 3 experimental groups (10 samples/group; all 3 experimental groups share 1 control group), the trainingLabel can be specified as: trainingLabel <- list(control = list(expr1=1:10, expr2=1:10, expr3=1:10), expr1 = 11:20, expr2 = 21:30, expr3 = 31:40)
For training data with 3 control groups and 3 experimental groups (10 samples/group; Each experimental group has its corresponding control group), the trainingLabel can be specified as: trainingLabel <- list(control = list(expr1=1:10, expr2=21:30, expr3=41:50), expr1 = 11:20, expr2 = 31:40, expr3 = 51:60)
It is highly recommended that the user use the same experiment name when specifying control indices and experimental indices.
processed.data <- assign.preprocess(trainingData=trainingData1, testData=testData1, trainingLabel=trainingLabel1, geneList=geneList1)#>#>


This is a simple demo showing how inter-window communication happens to support AAC Shim. There is a div overlay on top of the frame so no native events are being passed in. This is done for testing and demo purposes, although some AAC systems may choose to do the same thing in production. Feel free to paste in your own site for testing with AAC Shim. You can fiddle with the settings to see different types of events and how scanning might appear.


netty-websocket-http2
rfc8441 - bootstrapping websockets with http2
open this page in http2-websocket compatible browser, e.g. Mozilla Firefox
state: disconnected
sent: press start button to run echo example
received: press start button to run echo example
counter: 0


Masilela Opens Up On His Return
by Soccer LadumaTsepo Masilela made his debut for AmaZulu on the weekend as a late substitute in the 2-0 loss against Chippa United.
The former Kaizer Chiefs defender was signed by AmaZulu on Saturday after he impressed the team’s head coach Jozef Vukusic in training.
Read: Chiefs Midfielder Receives Bafana Call-Up
The 34-year-old left-back has been without a club since leaving Kaizer Chiefs at the end of the 2017/18 season.
“It is a great feeling to be given another opportunity to prove my worth... I have been here for a while now, getting to know everyone and seeing how things work. I have spoken to the coach and he has made it clear, what is expected of me.
"I know it won’t be easy to break into the first team but we have some good players and it shows on the pitch as we have been winning lately, so I look forward to pushing each other and hopefully we can have a successful season,” said the defender, as quoted on AmaZulu’s official website.
Read: Chiefs' Triple Blow As Three All Ruled Out For TKO Semi!
Next up for Usuthu is a trip to Mamelodi Sundowns after the international break, where the ex-Amakhosi star will be hoping to get his first start in AmaZulu colours after his recent cameo appearance.
Download The Soccer Laduma Social Media App & Earn Airtime for Selfies!


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A free javascript only library to make all kinds of slideshows!
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False coin
问题描述 :
The “Gold Bar”bank received information from reliable sources that in their last group of N coins exactly one coin is false and differs in weight from other coins (while all other coins are equal in weight). After the economic crisis they have only a simple balance available (like one in the picture). Using this balance, one is able to determine if the weight of objects in the left pan is less than, greater than, or equal to the weight of objects in the right pan.
In order to detect the false coin the bank employees numbered all coins by the integers from 1 to N, thus assigning each coin a unique integer identifier. After that they began to weight various groups of coins by placing equal numbers of coins in the left pan and in the right pan. The identifiers of coins and the results of the weightings were carefully recorded.
You are to write a program that will help the bank employees to determine the identifier of the false coin using the results of these weightings.
In order to detect the false coin the bank employees numbered all coins by the integers from 1 to N, thus assigning each coin a unique integer identifier. After that they began to weight various groups of coins by placing equal numbers of coins in the left pan and in the right pan. The identifiers of coins and the results of the weightings were carefully recorded.
You are to write a program that will help the bank employees to determine the identifier of the false coin using the results of these weightings.
输入:
The first line of the input file contains two integers N and K, separated by spaces, where N is the number of coins (2<=N<=1000 ) and K is the number of weightings fulfilled (1<=K<=100). The following 2K lines describe all weightings. Two consecutive lines describe each weighting. The first of them starts with a number Pi (1<=Pi<=N/2), representing the number of coins placed in the left and in the right pans, followed by Pi identifiers of coins placed in the left pan and Pi identifiers of coins placed in the right pan. All numbers are separated by spaces. The second line contains one of the following characters: '‘, or ‘=’. It represents the result of the weighting:
‘
‘>’ means that the weight of coins in the left pan is greater than the weight of coins in the right pan,
‘=’ means that the weight of coins in the left pan is equal to the weight of coins in the right pan.
‘
‘>’ means that the weight of coins in the left pan is greater than the weight of coins in the right pan,
‘=’ means that the weight of coins in the left pan is equal to the weight of coins in the right pan.
输出:
Write to the output file the identifier of the false coin or 0, if it cannot be found by the results of the given weightings.
样例输入:
5 3 2 1 2 3 4 < 1 1 4 = 1 2 5 =
样例输出:
3
解题代码:
//* @author import java.util.*; public class Main{ static final int MAX=1005; public static void main(String args[]){ Scanner cin = new Scanner(System.in); int n,k,p,sum,totle,num; /* *equal记录在等式中出现过的硬币； *t记录在不等式中出现过的硬币； *d保存读入的数据,即硬币的编号 */ int equal[]=new int[MAX]; int t[]=new int[MAX]; int d[]=new int[MAX]; char s; totle=0; num=0; n=cin.nextInt(); k=cin.nextInt(); for(int i=1;i<=n;++i) { equal[i]=0; t[i]=0; } while((k--)!=0) { p = cin.nextInt(); for (int j = 0; j < 2 * p; j++) { d[j] = cin.nextInt(); } s = cin.next().charAt(0); if(s=='=') { for(int i=0;i< p*2;++i) { equal[d[i]]=1; } } else if(s=='>') { ++totle; for(int i=0;i < p;++i) { ++t[d[i]]; } for(int i=p;i< 2*p;++i) { --t[d[i]]; } } else if(s=='< ') { ++totle; for(int i=0;i< p;++i) { --t[d[i]]; } for(int i=p;i< 2*p;++i) { ++t[d[i]]; } } } /*假币在每个不等式中都应该出现*/ sum=0; for(int i=1;i<=n;++i) { if(equal[i]==1) { continue; } /*找出每次都出现的假币*/ if(t[i]==totle||t[i]==-totle) { num=i; ++sum; } } if(sum==1) { System.out.printf("%d\n",num); } else System.out.printf("0\n"); } }
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很好的模板
原来欧几里德定理应用这么多
#include <cstdio>
int main() {
//answer must be odd
int n, u, d;
while(scanf("%d%d%d",&n,&u,&d)==3 && n>0) {
if(n<=u) { puts("1"); continue; }
n-=u; u-=d; n+=u-1; n/=u;
n<<=1, ++n;
printf("%dn",n);
}
return 0;
}
这排版…你都打开来看看改改
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>使用代码高亮的插件，再修改下css
很好，找的就是这一题
这种二分还是比较经典！mark
不同的编译器，printf(),执行的顺序不同，所以结果也就不同，建议不要那么写
这道题目虽然简单，但是小编做的很到位，应该会给很多人启发吧！对于面试当中不给开辟额外空间的问题不是绝对的，实际上至少是允许少数变量存在的。之前遇到相似的问题也是恍然大悟，今天看到小编这篇文章相见恨晚。
对，就是把这32位当成一个长度为32的数


{% extends 'base.html' %} {# Prevent the helper panel from appearing by overriding it. #} {% block helperPanelContainer %}{% endblock helperPanelContainer %} {% block mainContent %}
This usage policy was last modified on November 12, 2016.
Beautiful Audio Editor is provided "as is", without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. In no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damanges or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the user or other dealings in the software.
This usage policy may change now and then. We will notify you of any changes by posting the new usage policy on this page. You are hereby advised to review this policy from time to time for changes.
Contact us if you have questions about this usage policy.
{% endblock mainContent %}


-
LLM-Oriented Programming: Keeping Your Codebase Organized for Large Language Models
5 minutes
Introduction
I feel that the world of coding is changing. In a couple of years, I expect a lot of new developer tools based on LLMs to come up. They will likely change the way we write code. And maybe even change the definition of what we think is Software Developer. With the release of GPT-4, the ways you can use it in daily programming activities is impressive.
As with any tool, developers should learn how to make a better use of it. While working with LLMs you may notice that some codebases are suited better for them. As powerful as these LLM models are, they have their limitations. One of the primary constraints is their inability to maintain context over long input prompts. This can lead to confusion and misinterpretation when working with large codebases.
More and more people start to think that SDEs will be replaced. My take is that our job might be transformed, but not replaced. More and more developers will likely to be more like software architects and team leads, using LLMs to solve partial tasks and combining final results. LLMs are also pretty bad at correctness and validation, which will most likely remain an important part of our job.
This raises a question: how to write code to be better understood by language models? Let’s dive into LLM-oriented programming.
-
Coding a SaaS landing page
5 minutes
I’ve decided to create a side project to catch up with the latest tech trends, see what’s new in frontend, and experience the thrill of setting up a small SaaS. My first step was to create a landing page, and in this post, I will share my research and results.
-
Why study algorithms?
6 minutes
In this post, we will look at a task dreaded by many: getting better at solving algorithmic challenges. Some think it’s worthless, others feel rage about the current hiring industry is blind to what’s really important. But we will try to look at this from another perspective to see if it’s worth to devote time to get skills necessary for solving computer science problems.
-
Employee is a non-performer? It is your fault. Act on it
7 minutes
I want to start a new post topic. A part of future posts on this blog will be about management. Apart from data science, this is my day job and I feel like sharing my experience may help someone solve their problems.
Some time ago, I hired a software engineer. The interview went fine, but the timeframe was strict and I missed a few questions that I usually ask. We were under heavy pressure, since projects were understaffed and we desperately needed people to keep up with the task stream. The slog of exhaustion, the need for help and a lack of success in hiring for weeks have done their job. I hired someone impulsively.
-
Blazing fast category encoding
6 minutes
Category encoding can make a difference between bad and good machine learning modes. In this post, we will learn about target encoding with the blazing_encoders library.
-
Best time to post on HackerNews
8 minutes
Let’s determine what the best time to post on HackerNews using statistical analysis and machine learning is.
-
Building a Weather Station UI
6 minutes
In this last post of the series we are going to look at how to build a simple weather station UI dashboard.
-
Building a Weather Station Bot
14 minutes
In this post we are going to switch from hardware to software and write a telegram bot that will be the primary user interface for our weather station.
-
Async Unicorns love Rust
12 minutes
Before going on to write a backend for our weather station we first need to familiarize ourselves with a few concepts from the Rust world. If you are unfamiliar with the language take a few minutes to read through Learn Rust in Y minutes to get used to the syntax.
When we will write a Telegram bot with Rust, we will use a technique called asynchronous programming. Let’s tackle what that means.
-
Building yourself a weather station. Part 2
16 minutes
In the previous post, we have covered the hardware setup for building a weather station. Starting from now, we will start coding. The first missing piece is the firmware for ESP32.
-
Build yourself a weather station. Part I
9 minutes
Intro
I live pretty far away from the office, so my commute can take from 2.5 to 4 hours a day 😱. That includes a lot of time walking. I lost the count of times when I forgot to check if there was rain when going out from home. Or, even worse, the rain came in when I was midway to the train station. As a plus, the Weather app on my iPhone is not very good at making accurate forecasts. It can easily convince me that there is sunny outside when a sneaky rain starts to drop.
-
The beauty of hardware
8 minutes
My life is tied to software. I first got interested in it in the year 2001, when I saw my father reading a C++ book. Since then, I learned and built and failed and learned again up to this day. Over those years, I’ve learned about different programming languages, peeked into the inner workings of operating systems, databases, and compilers. Back in the old days, I have tried to build simple bootloaders and operating systems in assembly using my old PC-iMac clone.
Yet, somehow, I have always avoided getting into hardware. How does a CPU work? How RAM stores a single bit of memory? It was all black magic to me. Computers just worked. Maybe, your case is the same as mine. In this post, I will provide a short intro to digital electronics and give you some references on how to advance your studies further.


To get the conversion rate for a currency in the cashbook to your account currency, use the ConversionRate
property.
var eurConversionRate = Portfolio.CashBook["EUR"].ConversionRate;
eur_conversion_rate = self.Portfolio.CashBook["EUR"].ConversionRate


{% extends "layout.html" %}{% block body %}
Edinburgh, UK
A place to find out anything you could want to know!
You can ask any questions you have and have a community find answers for you!
Groups chat specific to anything you want that can help answer your questions or just to talk.


Chapter 3 Geometries
Having learned how we describe spaces, we can define how geometries can be described in these space.
3.1 Simple feature geometries
Simple feature geometries are a way to describe the geometries of features. By features we mean things that have a geometry, some time properties, and other attributes. The main application of simple feature geometries is to describe two-dimensional geometries by points, lines, or polygons. The “simple” adjective refers to the fact that the line or polygon geometries are represented by sequences of points connected with straight lines.
Simple features access is a standard (Herring 2011, Herring (2010), ISO (2004)). for describing simple feature geometries that includes
- a class hierarchy
- a set of operations
- binary and text encodings
We will now discuss the seven most common simple feature geometry types. Although in practice we will most often import spatial data from external sources (files, databases, web services), we will create them here from scratch using simple constructor functions.
3.1.1 The big seven
The most commonly used simple features geometries, used to represent a single feature are:
| type | description |
|---|---|
POINT |
single point geometry |
MULTIPOINT |
set of points |
LINESTRING |
single line |
MULTILINESTRING |
multiple lines |
POLYGON |
exterior ring with zero or more inner rings, denoting holes |
MULTIPOLYGON |
set of polygons |
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION |
set of geometries |
A POINT
can be created by
(pt = st_point(c(5,7)))
#> POINT (5 7)
Points and vertices in simple feature geometries represent XY coordinates, in that order. A MULTIPOINT
or a LINESTRING
can be created by a matrix
(m1 = rbind(c(8, 1), c(2, 5), c(3, 2)))
#> [,1] [,2]
#> [1,] 8 1
#> [2,] 2 5
#> [3,] 3 2
(mp = st_multipoint(m1))
#> MULTIPOINT (8 1, 2 5, 3 2)
(ls = st_linestring(m1))
#> LINESTRING (8 1, 2 5, 3 2)
Although these geometries contain the same points, they have entirely different meaning:
st_dimension(mp)
#> [1] 0
st_dimension(ls)
#> [1] 1
A MULTILINESTRING
can be constructed from a list of matrices, representing vertices:
m2 = rbind(c(22,20), c(18, 15))
mls = st_multilinestring(list(m1, m2))
A POLYGON
consists of an outer ring, followed by zero or more inner rings that denote holes in the outer ring:
(ring1 = rbind(c(0,0), c(4,0), c(4,4), c(0,4), c(0,0)))
#> [,1] [,2]
#> [1,] 0 0
#> [2,] 4 0
#> [3,] 4 4
#> [4,] 0 4
#> [5,] 0 0
(p1 = st_polygon(list(ring1)))
#> POLYGON ((0 0, 4 0, 4 4, 0 4, 0 0))
(ring2 = ring1 + 5)
#> [,1] [,2]
#> [1,] 5 5
#> [2,] 9 5
#> [3,] 9 9
#> [4,] 5 9
#> [5,] 5 5
(ring3 = (ring1[5:1,] / 4) + 6)
#> [,1] [,2]
#> [1,] 6 6
#> [2,] 6 7
#> [3,] 7 7
#> [4,] 7 6
#> [5,] 6 6
(p2 = st_polygon(list(ring2, ring3)))
#> POLYGON ((5 5, 9 5, 9 9, 5 9, 5 5), (6 6, 6 7, 7 7, 7 6, 6 6))
A MULTIPOLYGON
can be constructed as a list of lists of matrices:
(mpol = st_multipolygon(list(list(ring1), list(ring2, ring3))))
#> MULTIPOLYGON (((0 0, 4 0, 4 4, 0 4, 0 0)), ((5 5, 9 5, 9 9, 5 9, 5 5), (6 6, 7 6, 7 7, 6 7, 6 6)))
And finally, a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION
can be constructed from a list of typed geometries:
st_geometrycollection(list(pt, mp, ls, mpol))
#> GEOMETRYCOLLECTION (POINT (5 7), MULTIPOINT (8 1, 2 5, 3 2), LINESTRING (8 1, 2 5, 3 2), MULTIPOLYGON (((0 0, 4 0, 4 4, 0 4, 0 0)), ((5 5, 9 5, 9 9, 5 9, 5 5), (6 6, 7 6, 7 7, 6 7, 6 6))))
3.1.2 Constraints
The following constraints to simple feature geometries are useful to note:
- lines shall not self-intersect
- polygon rings shall be closed (the last point equals the first)
- polygon holes (inner rings) shall be inside their exterior ring
- polygon inner rings shall maximally touch the exterior ring in single points, not over a line
- a polygon ring shall not repeat its own path
Functions st_is_simple
and st_is_valid
help detect non-simple and non-valid geometries:
st_is_simple(st_linestring(rbind(c(0,0), c(1,1), c(1,0), c(0,1)))) # self-intersects
#> [1] FALSE
st_is_valid(st_polygon(list(rbind(c(1,1), c(0,0), c(1,1), c(2,2), c(2,1), c(1,1))))) # repeats
#> [1] FALSE
3.1.3 Z and M
In addition to X and Y coordinates, Single points (vertices) of simple feature geometries can have
- a
Z
coordinate, denoting altitude - an
M
value, denoting some “measure”
but it should be noted that infrastructure for truly three-dimensional geometries is not available. Practically all functions available for simple feature geometries only operate on the XY dimensions.
The M
attribute shall be a property of the vertex. It sounds attractive to encode a time stamp in it, e.g. to pack trajectories in LINESTRING
s. These become however invalid once the trajectory self-intersects.
Some examples of XYZ
and XYM
and XYZM
geometries:
system.file("shape/storms_xyz_feature.shp", package="sf") %>%
st_read()
#> Reading layer `storms_xyz_feature' from data source `/home/edzer/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.4/sf/shape/storms_xyz_feature.shp' using driver `ESRI Shapefile'
#> Simple feature collection with 71 features and 1 field
#> geometry type: LINESTRING
#> dimension: XYZ
#> bbox: xmin: -102 ymin: 8.3 xmax: 0 ymax: 59.5
#> epsg (SRID): NA
#> proj4string: NA
system.file("shape/storms_xyzm_feature.shp", package="sf") %>% # badly named!
st_read()
#> Reading layer `storms_xyzm_feature' from data source `/home/edzer/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.4/sf/shape/storms_xyzm_feature.shp' using driver `ESRI Shapefile'
#> Simple feature collection with 71 features and 1 field
#> geometry type: LINESTRING
#> dimension: XYM
#> bbox: xmin: -102 ymin: 8.3 xmax: 0 ymax: 59.5
#> epsg (SRID): NA
#> proj4string: NA
(pzm = st_point(c(1,2,3,4)))
#> POINT ZM (1 2 3 4)
3.1.4 The other ten
There are 10 more geometry types which are more rare, but increasingly find implementation:
| type | description |
|---|---|
CIRCULARSTRING |
The CIRCULARSTRING is the basic curve type, similar to a LINESTRING in the linear world. A single segment requires three points, the start and end points (first and third) and any other point on the arc. The exception to this is for a closed circle, where the start and end points are the same. In this case the second point MUST be the center of the arc, ie the opposite side of the circle. To chain arcs together, the last point of the previous arc becomes the first point of the next arc, just like in LINESTRING. This means that a valid circular string must have an odd number of points greated than 1. |
COMPOUNDCURVE |
A compound curve is a single, continuous curve that has both curved (circular) segments and linear segments. That means that in addition to having well-formed components, the end point of every component (except the last) must be coincident with the start point of the following component. |
CURVEPOLYGON |
Example compound curve in a curve polygon: CURVEPOLYGON(COMPOUNDCURVE(CIRCULARSTRING(0 0,2 0, 2 1, 2 3, 4 3),(4 3, 4 5, 1 4, 0 0)), CIRCULARSTRING(1.7 1, 1.4 0.4, 1.6 0.4, 1.6 0.5, 1.7 1) ) |
MULTICURVE |
A MultiCurve is a 1-dimensional GeometryCollection whose elements are Curves, it can include linear strings, circular strings or compound strings. |
MULTISURFACE |
A MultiSurface is a 2-dimensional GeometryCollection whose elements are Surfaces, all using coordinates from the same coordinate reference system. |
CURVE |
A Curve is a 1-dimensional geometric object usually stored as a sequence of Points, with the subtype of Curve specifying the form of the interpolation between Points |
SURFACE |
A Surface is a 2-dimensional geometric object |
POLYHEDRALSURFACE |
A PolyhedralSurface is a contiguous collection of polygons, which share common boundary segments |
TIN |
A TIN (triangulated irregular network) is a PolyhedralSurface consisting only of Triangle patches. |
TRIANGLE |
A Triangle is a polygon with 3 distinct, non-collinear vertices and no interior boundary |
Note that CIRCULASTRING
, COMPOUNDCURVE
and CURVEPOLYGON
are not described in the SFA standard, but in the SQL-MM part 3 standard. The descriptions above were copied from the PostGIS manual.
CURVE
, COMPOUNDCURVE
and CIRCULARSTRING
have st_cast
methods to cast them to LINESTRING
; MULTISURFACE
has an st_cast
method to MULTIPOLYGON
. An example is
(ls <- st_as_sfc("CIRCULARSTRING(0 0,1 0,1 1)") %>% st_cast("LINESTRING"))
#> Geometry set for 1 feature
#> geometry type: LINESTRING
#> dimension: XY
#> bbox: xmin: 0 ymin: -0.207 xmax: 1.21 ymax: 1
#> epsg (SRID): NA
#> proj4string: NA
#> LINESTRING (0 0, 0.0361 -0.0337, 0.0745 -0.0647...
plot(ls, axes = TRUE)
3.1.5 Encodings: WKT, WKB
Part of the simple feature standard are two encodings: a text and a binary encoding. The text strings POINT (0 1)
and so on indicate text encodings, also known as well-known text (WKT) encodings, of simple feature geometries. They are meant for human readability. By default, package sf
prints the same number of digits as R, but this can be manipulated:
st_point(c(1/3, 2/3))
#> POINT (0.333 0.667)
old = options(digits = 16)
st_point(c(1/3, 2/3))
#> POINT (0.3333333333333333 0.6666666666666666)
options(digits = 3)
st_point(c(1/3, 2/3))
#> POINT (0.333 0.667)
options(digits = old$digits) # set back
An encoding that is more useful for machine-to-machine communication is well-known binary. An example of a round-trip R \(\rightarrow\) binary \(\rightarrow\) R is
(wkb = st_as_binary(st_point(c(1/3, 2/3))))
#> [1] 01 01 00 00 00 55 55 55 55 55 55 d5 3f 55 55 55 55 55 55 e5 3f
st_as_sfc(wkb)[[1]]
#> POINT (0.333 0.667)
Object r
is a raw vector, which is little useful in R. Binary conversion is used to communicate geometries to external libraries (GDAL, GEOS, liblwgeom) and and spatial databases: it is fast, and lossless. Whenever there is a choice, binary encoding should be prefered over text encoding.
3.2 sfc
: Simple feature geometry list-columns
3.2.1 Individual geometries
This section describes the implementation of simple feature geometries in package sf
. It will first explain how single simple feature geometry objects are represented in R data structures of class sfg
. Next, it will explain how sets of simple feature geometry objects are collected in a list of class sfc
. This list acts as a geometry list-column in data.frame objects, of class sf
.
Single simple feature geometry objects are implemented pretty much like the arguments to their constructor function, that is, as a
- numeric vector for
POINT
, - numeric matrix for
MULTIPOINT
andLINESTRING
- list of numeric matrices for
MULTILINESTRING
andPOLYGON
- list of lists of numeric matrices for
MULTIPOLYGON
- list of typed geometries for
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION
All other geometry types use the simples possible from this list. Objects have a class indicating their dimension, type, and a superclass (sfg
for simple feature geometry), and have no other attributes than their S3 class:
attributes(mpol)
#> $class
#> [1] "XY" "MULTIPOLYGON" "sfg"
attributes(pzm)
#> $class
#> [1] "XYZM" "POINT" "sfg"
3.2.2 Sets of geometries
Rather than handling geometries individually, we typically handle them as sets. We can do that by naively putting them in a list, but package sf
provides a dedicated class for this, called sfc
(for simple feature geometry list column). We can create such a list with st_sfc
:
(sfc = st_sfc(st_point(c(0,1)), st_point(c(-3,2)), crs = 4326))
#> Geometry set for 2 features
#> geometry type: POINT
#> dimension: XY
#> bbox: xmin: -3 ymin: 1 xmax: 0 ymax: 2
#> epsg (SRID): 4326
#> proj4string: +proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +no_defs
#> POINT (0 1)
#> POINT (-3 2)
The default report from the print
method for sfc
gives
- the number of features geometries
- the feature geometry type (
POINT
) - the feature geometry dimension (
XY
) - the bounding box for the set
- the coordinate reference system for the set (
epsg
andproj4string
: this is discussed in chapter 7.2) - the first few geometries, as WKT
The class of the geometry list-column,
class(sfc)
#> [1] "sfc_POINT" "sfc"
is again a combination of a specific class, and a super class. In addition to a class
, the object has further attributes
names(attributes(sfc))
#> [1] "class" "precision" "bbox" "crs" "n_empty"
which are used to record for the hole set:
- a precision value (see section 5.4)
- the bounding box enclosing all geometries (for x and y)
- a coordinate reference system (section 7.2)
- the total number of empty geometries in the set
This means that all these properties are defined for the set, and not for geometries individually.
3.2.3 st_cast
: Conversion between geometry types
Also discuss st_collection_extract
.
3.3 Geometries on the spheroid
geometries on the sphere: dividing the sphere in two areas; ring direction, angles, distances, area.
3.4 Other geometries
coverage; raster cells; topological representation; three-dimensional volumes
References
Herring, John R. 2011. “OpenGIS Implementation Standard for Geographic Information-Simple Feature Access-Part 1: Common Architecture.” Open Geospatial Consortium Inc, 111. http://portal.opengeospatial.org/files/?artifact_id=25355.
Herring, John R. 2010. “OpenGIS Implementation Standard for Geographic Information-Simple Feature Access-Part 2: SQL Option.” Open Geospatial Consortium Inc. http://portal.opengeospatial.org/files/?artifact_id=25354.
ISO. 2004. Geographic Information – Simple Feature Access – Part 1: Common Architecture. https://www.iso.org/standard/40114.html.


{% extends "base.html" %} {% load countries_tags %} {% load pagination_tags %} {% load thumbnail %} {% block breadcrumbs %} {{ block.super }} » Challenge » Search {% endblock %} {% cycle 'clear' '' as clearme %} {% block content %}
Challenges are collections of questions and resources for study on smrtr. Search for them by entering your interests below, and then activate them to get started! Popular challenges have been grouped into packages (highlighted green) to make activation even easier.


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def | Type_Name |
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def | __init__ |
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def | type |
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def | set_type |
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def | clear_type |
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def | has_type |
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def | value |
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def | set_value |
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def | clear_value |
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def | has_value |
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def | MergeFrom |
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def | Equals |
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def | IsInitialized |
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def | ByteSize |
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def | ByteSizePartial |
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def | Clear |
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def | OutputUnchecked |
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def | OutputPartial |
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def | TryMerge |
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def | __str__ |
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int | USER_BY_CANONICAL_ID = 1 |
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int | USER_BY_EMAIL = 2 |
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int | GROUP_BY_CANONICAL_ID = 3 |
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int | GROUP_BY_EMAIL = 4 |
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int | GROUP_BY_DOMAIN = 5 |
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int | ALL_USERS = 6 |
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int | ALL_AUTHENTICATED_USERS = 7 |
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tuple | Type_Name = classmethod(Type_Name) |
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int | has_type_ = 0 |
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int | type_ = 0 |
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int | has_value_ = 0 |
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string | value_ = "" |
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int | ktype = 1 |
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int | kvalue = 2 |
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The documentation for this class was generated from the following file:
- code/googleappengine-read-only/python/google/appengine/datastore/acl_pb.py


This tutorial is for Processing's Python Mode. If you see any errors or have comments, please let us know. This tutorial is adapted from the book, Learning Processing, by Daniel Shiffman, published by Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
| Does 0-255 seem arbitary to you? Color for a given shape needs to be stored in the computer's memory. This memory is just a long sequence of 0's and 1's (a whole bunch of on or off switches.) Each one of these switches is a bit, eight of them together is a byte. Imagine if we had eight bits (one byte) in sequence - how many ways can we configure these switches? The answer is (and doing a little research into binary numbers will prove this point) 256 possibilities, or a range of numbers between 0 and 255. We will use eight bit color for our grayscale range and 24 bit for full color (eight bits for each of the red, green, and blue color components). |
background(255) # Setting the background to white stroke(0) # Setting the outline (stroke) to black fill(150) # Setting the interior of a shape (fill) to grey rect(50,50,75,100) # Drawing the rectangle
Remember finger painting? By mixing three "primary" colors,
any color could be generated. Swirling all colors together
resulted in a muddy brown. The more paint you added, the darker
it got. Digital colors are also constructed by mixing three
primary colors, but it works differently from paint. First, the
primaries are diff erent: red, green, and blue (i.e., "RGB"
color). And with color on the screen, you are mixing light, not
paint, so the mixing rules are different as well.
background(255) noStroke() # Bright red fill(255, 0, 0) ellipse(20, 20, 16, 16) # Dark red fill(127, 0, 0) ellipse(40, 20, 16, 16) # Pink (pale red) fill(255, 200, 200) ellipse(60, 20, 16, 16)
In addition to the red, green, and blue components of each
color, there is an additional optional fourth component, referred
to as the color's "alpha." Alpha means transparency and is
particularly useful when you want to draw elements that appear
partially see-through on top of one another. The alpha values for
an image are sometimes referred to collectively as the "alpha
channel" of an image.
It is important to realize that pixels are not literally
transparent, this is simply a convenient illusion that is
accomplished by blending colors. Behind the scenes, Processing
takes the color numbers and adds a percentage of one to a
percentage of another, creating the optical perception of
blending. (If you are interested in programming "rose-colored"
glasses, this is where you would begin.)
Alpha values also range from 0 to 255, with 0 being completely
transparent (i.e., 0% opaque) and 255 completely opaque (i.e.,
100% opaque).
Example: Alpha transparency
size(200, 200) background(0) noStroke() # No fourth argument means 100% opacity. fill(0, 0, 255) rect(0, 0, 100, 200) # 255 means 100% opacity. fill(255, 0, 0, 255) rect(0, 0, 200, 40) # 75% opacity. fill(255, 0, 0, 191) rect(0, 50, 200, 40) # 50% opacity. fill(255, 0, 0, 127) rect(0, 100, 200, 40) # 25% opacity. fill(255, 0, 0, 63) rect(0, 150, 200, 40)
RGB color with ranges of 0 to 255 is not the only way you can
handle color in Processing. Behind the scenes in the computer's
memory, color is always talked about as a series of 24 bits (or
32 in the case of colors with an alpha). However, Processing will
let us think about color any way we like, and translate our
values into numbers the computer understands. For example, you
might prefer to think of color as ranging from 0 to 100 (like a
percentage). You can do this by specifying a custom colorMode().
colorMode(RGB,100)
colorMode(RGB,100,500,10,255)
This tutorial is for Processing version 1.1+. If you see any errors or have comments, please let us know. This tutorial is from the book, Learning Processing, by Daniel Shiffman, published by Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.