🕷 SEO Crawling & Scraping: Strategies & Recipes
Once you have mastered the basics of using the crawl function, you probably want to achieve more with better customization and control.
These are some code strategies that might be useful to customize how you run your crawls.
Most of these options can be set using the custom_settings
parameter that
the function takes. This can be set by using a dictionary, where the keys
indicate the option you want to set, and the values specify how you want to set
them.
How to crawl a list of pages, and those pages only (list mode)?
Simply provide that list as the first argument, for the url_list
parameter,
and make sure that follow_links=False
, which is the default. This simply
crawls the given pages, and stops when done.
>>> import advertools as adv
>>> url_list = ['https://example.com/page_1',
... 'https://example.com/page_2',
... 'https://example.com/page_3',
... 'https://example.com/page_4']
>>> adv.crawl(url_list,
... output_file='example_crawl_1.jl',
... follow_links=False)
How can I crawl a website including its sub-domains?
The crawl function takes an optional allowed_domains
parameter. If not provided, it defaults to the domains of the URLs in
url_list
. When the crawler goes through the pages of example.com, it
follows links to discover pages. If it finds pages on help.exmaple.com it
won't crawl them (it's a different domain). The solution, therefore, is to
provide a list of domains to the allowed_domains
parameter. Make sure you
also include the original domain, in this case example.com.
>>> adv.crawl('https://example.com',
... 'example_crawl_1.jl',
... follow_links=True
... allowed_domains=['help.example.com', 'example.com', 'community.example.com'])
How can I save a copy of the logs of my crawl for auditing them later?
It's usually good to keep a copy of the logs of all your crawls to check for
errors, exceptions, stats, etc.
Pass a path of the file where you want the logs to be saved, in a dictionary to
the cutom_settings
parameter.
A good practice for consistency is to give the same name to the output_file
and log file (with a different extension) for easier retreival. For example:
output_file
: 'website_name_crawl_1.jl'LOG_FILE
: 'website_name_crawl_1.log' (.txt can also work)output_file
: 'website_name_crawl_2.jl'LOG_FILE
: 'website_name_crawl_2.log'>>> adv.crawl('https://example.com', 'example_crawl_1.jl',
... custom_settings={'LOG_FILE': 'example_crawl_1.log'})
How can I automatically stop my crawl based on a certain condition?
There are a few conditions that you can use to trigger the crawl to stop, and they mostly have descriptive names:
CLOSESPIDER_ERRORCOUNT
: You don't want to wait three hours for a crawl to finish, only to discover that you had errors all over the place. Set a certain number of errors to trigger the crawler to stop, so you can investigate the issue.
CLOSESPIDER_ITEMCOUNT
: Anything scraped from a page is an "item", h1, title , meta_desc, etc. Set the crawler to stop after getting a certain number of items if you want that.
CLOSESPIDER_PAGECOUNT
: Stop the crawler after a certain number of pages have been crawled. This is useful as an exploratory technique, especially with very large websites. It might be good to crawl a few thousand pages, get an idea on its structure, and then run a full crawl with those insights in mind.
CLOSESPIDER_TIMEOUT
: Stop the crawler after a certain number of seconds.
>>> adv.crawl('https://example.com', 'example_crawl_1.jl',
... custom_settings={'CLOSESPIDER_PAGECOUNT': 500})
How can I (dis)obey robots.txt rules?
The crawler obeys robots.txt rules by default. Sometimes you might want to
check the results of crawls without doing that. You can set the
ROBOTSTXT_OBEY
setting under custom_settings
:
>>> adv.crawl('https://example.com',
... 'example_crawl_1.jl',
... custom_settings={'ROBOTSTXT_OBEY': False})
How do I set my User-agent while crawling?
Set this parameter under custom_settings dictionary under the key
USER_AGENT
. The default User-agent can be found by running
adv.spider.user_agent
>>> adv.spider.user_agent # to get the current User-agent
>>> adv.crawl('http://example.com',
... 'example_crawl_1.jl',
... custom_settings={'USER_AGENT': 'YOUR_USER_AGENT'})
How can I control the number of concurrent requests while crawling?
Some servers are set for high sensitivity to automated and/or concurrent requests, that you can quickly be blocked/banned. You also want to be polite and not kill those servers, don't you?
There are several ways to set that under the custom_settings
parameter.
The available keys are the following:
CONCURRENT_ITEMS
: default 100CONCURRENT_REQUESTS
: default 16CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN
: default 8CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP
: default 0>>> adv.crawl('https://example.com',
... 'example_crawl_1.jl',
... custom_settings={'CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN': 1})
How can I slow down the crawling so I don't hit the websites' servers too hard?
Use the DOWNLOAD_DELAY
setting and set the interval to be waited before
downloading consecutive pages from the same website (in seconds).
>>> adv.crawl('https://example.com', 'example_crawl_1.jl',
... custom_settings={'DOWNLOAD_DELAY': 3}) # wait 3 seconds between pages
How can I set multiple settings to the same crawl job?
Simply add multiple settings to the custom_settings
parameter.
>>> adv.crawl('http://example.com',
... 'example_crawl_1.jl',
... custom_settings={'CLOSESPIDER_PAGECOUNT': 400,
... 'CONCURRENT_ITEMS': 75,
... 'LOG_FILE': 'output_file.log'})
I want to crawl a list of pages, follow links from those pages, but only to a certain specified depth
Set the DEPTH_LIMIT
setting in the custom_settings
parameter. A setting
of 1 would follow links one level after the provided URLs in url_list
>>> adv.crawl('http://example.com',
... 'example_crawl_1.jl',
... custom_settings={'DEPTH_LIMIT': 2}) # follow links two levels from the initial URLs, then stop
How do I pause/resume crawling, while making sure I don't crawl the same page twice?
There are several reasons why you might want to do this:
You want to mainly crawl the updates to the site (you already crawled the site).
The site is very big, and can't be crawled quickly.

As an emergency measure (connection lost, battery died, etc.) you can start where you left off
Handling this is extremely simple, and all you have to do is simply provide a
path to a new folder. Make sure it is new and empty, and make sure to only use
it for the same crawl job reruns. That's all you have to worry about. The
JOBDIR
setting handles this.
>>> adv.crawl('http://example.com',
... 'example_crawl_1.jl',
... custom_settings={'JOBDIR': '/Path/to/en/empty/folder'})
The first time you run the above code and then stop it. Stopping can happen by accident (lost connection, closed computer, etc.), manually (you hit ctrl+C) or you used a custom setting option to stop the crawl after a certain number of pages, seconds, etc.
The second time you want to run this, you simply run the exact same command again. If you check the folder that was created you can see a few files that manage the process. You don't need to worry about any of it. But make sure that folder doesn't get changed manually, rerun the same command as many times as you need, and the crawler should handle de-duplication for you.
How do I use a proxy while crawling?
This requires the following simple steps:
Install the 3rd party package scrapy-rotating-proxies. This package handles the proxy rotation for you, in addition to retries, so you don't need to worry about those details.
Get a list of proxies and save in a text file, one proxy per line
Set a few
custom_settings
in the crawl function (DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES
andROTATING_PROXY_LIST_PATH
)
$ pip install scrapy-rotating-proxies
Save a list of proxies in a text file with the template:
https://username:password@IPADDRESS:PORT
proxies.txt example file (randome values):
https://user123:password123@<IP_ADDRESS>:1111 https://user123:password123@<IP_ADDRESS>:1112 https://user123:password123@<IP_ADDRESS>:1113 https://user123:password123@<IP_ADDRESS>:1114
Then, you need to set a few custom_settings
in the crawl function:
adv.crawl(
'https://example.com', 'output_file.jl', follow_links=True,
custom_settings={
'DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES': {
'rotating_proxies.middlewares.RotatingProxyMiddleware': 610,
'rotating_proxies.middlewares.BanDetectionMiddleware': 620
},
'ROTATING_PROXY_LIST_PATH': 'proxies.txt',
}
)
You can then read the output file normally and see that the proxies are being used:
crawldf = pd.read_json('output_file.jl', lines=True)
crawldf.filter(regex='proxy').head()
proxy |
_rotating_proxy |
request_headers_proxy-authorization |
proxy_retry_times |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
0 |
1 |
Basic b3VzY214dHg6ODlld29rMGRsdfgt |
nan |
|
1 |
1 |
Basic b3VzY214dHg6ODlld29rMGRsdfgt |
nan |
|
2 |
1 |
Basic b3VzY214dHg6ODlld29rMGRsdfgt |
nan |
|
3 |
1 |
Basic b3VzY214dHg6ODlld29rMGRsdfgt |
nan |
|
4 |
1 |
Basic b3VzY214dHg6ODlld29rMGRsdfgt |
nan |
How can I change the default request headers?
This is a very common use case, and it is very easy to do. Simply add the
DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS
setting as a dictionary to the custom_settings
parameter:
adv.crawl(
url_list='https://example.com',
output_file='output.jl',
custom_settings={
'DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS': {
'Accept-Language': 'es',
'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate'
}
}
)
You can easily check for the actual request headers that were used while
crawling. In the crawl DataFrame, simply use the regex pattern
request_headers_
:
crawldf = pd.read_json('output.jl', lines=True)
crawldf.filter(regex='request_headers_')
request_headers_accept-language |
request_headers_accept-encoding |
request_headers_user-agent |
|
|---|---|---|---|
0 |
es |
gzip, deflate |
advertools/0.13.2 |
XPath expressions for custom extraction
The following are some expressions you might find useful in your crawling,
whether you use advertools
or not. The first column indicates whether or
not the respective expression is used by default by the advertools
crawler.
Used by advertools |
Suggested Name |
XPath Expression |
What it does |
|---|---|---|---|
True |
title |
//title/text() |
Extract the text of title tags |
True |
meta_desc |
//meta[@name='description']/@content |
Extract the content attribute of the meta tag which has the name 'description' |
True |
viewport |
//meta[@name='viewport']/@content |
Extract the content attribute of the meta tag which has the name 'viewport |
True |
charset |
//meta[@charset]/@charset |
Get the meta tag that has the attribute 'charset', extract the charset attribute |
True |
h1 |
//h1/text() |
Get the h1 tags, extract their text |
True |
h2 |
//h2/text() |
Get the h2 tags, extract their text |
True |
h3 |
//h3/text() |
Get the h3 tags, extract their text |
True |
h4 |
//h4/text() |
Get the h4 tags, extract their text |
True |
h5 |
//h5/text() |
Get the h5 tags, extract their text |
True |
h6 |
//h6/text() |
Get the h6 tags, extract their text |
True |
canonical |
//link[@rel='canonical']/@href |
Get the link elements with the rel attribute 'canonical', extract their href attributes |
True |
alt_href |
//link[@rel='alternate']/@href |
Get the link elements with the rel attribute 'alternate', extract their href attributes |
True |
alt_hreflang |
//link[@rel='alternate']/@hreflang |
Get the link elements with the rel attribute 'alternate', extract their hreflang attributes |
True |
og_props |
//meta[starts-with(@property, 'og:')]/@property |
Extract all properties of meta tags whos property attribute starts with 'og:' (OpenGraph) |
True |
og_content |
//meta[starts-with(@property, 'og:')]/@content |
Extract the content of meta tags whos property attribute starts with 'og:' (OpenGraph) |
True |
twtr_names |
//meta[starts-with(@name, 'twitter:')]/@name |
Get meta tags who's name starts with 'twitter:' and extract their name attribute |
True |
twtr_content |
//meta[starts-with(@name, 'twitter:')]/@content |
Get meta tags who's name starts with 'twitter:' and extract their content attribute |
False |
iframe_src |
Get the iframes, and extract their src attribute |
|
False |
gtm_script |
//script[contains(@src, 'googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=')]/@src |
Get the script where the src attribute contains googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id= and extract its src attribute |
False |
gtm_noscript |
//iframe[contains(@src, 'googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=')]/@src |
Get the iframes where the src attribute contains googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id= and extract the src attribute |
False |
link_rel_rel |
//link[@rel]/@rel |
Get all the link elements that have a rel attribute, extract the rel attributes |
False |
link_rel_href |
//link[@rel]/@href |
Get all the link elements that have a rel attribute, extract the href attributes |
False |
link_rel_stylesheet |
//link[@rel='stylesheet']/@href |
Get all the link elements that have a stylesheet attribute, extract their href attribute |
False |
css_links |
//link[contains(@href, '.css')]/@href |
Get the link elements where the href attribute contains .css, extract their href attribute |
True |
nav_links_text |
//nav//a/text() |
From the nav element, extract the anchor text of links |
True |
nav_links_href |
From the nav element, extract all the links |
|
True |
header_links_text |
//header//a/text() |
From the header, extract the anchor text of links |
True |
header_links_href |
From the header, extract all the links |
|
True |
footer_links_text |
//footer//a/text() |
From the footer, extract the anchor text of links |
True |
footer_links_href |
From the footer, extract all the links |
|
False |
js_script_src |
//script[@type='text/javascript']/@src |
From script tags where the type is text/javascript, extract the src of the script(s) |
False |
js_script_text |
//script[@type='text/javascript']/text() |
From script tags where the type is text/javascript, extract the text of the script(s) |
False |
script_src |
Get the src attribute of any <script> tag |
|
False |
canonical_parent |
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
Get the name of the parent of the link element that has a rel attribute 'canonical' |


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Table Of Contents
- FAQ
- Why does WTForms copy Django Forms?
- Does WTForms work with [library here]?
- Does WTForms support unicode?
- What versions of Python are supported?
- How can I contribute to WTForms?
- How do I mark in a template when a field is required?
- Does WTForms handle file uploads?
- Why does blank input not go back to the default value?
- How do I... [convoluted combination of libraries]
FAQ¶
This contains the most commonly asked questions about WTForms. The most current version of this document can always be found on the WTForms Website.
Why does WTForms copy Django Forms?¶
Were we a bit more audacious, we’d probably say Django Forms copied us, but the reality is that WTForms and Django’s “newforms” were actually written at about the same time.
When WTForms was written, our primary goals were to provide HTML customization through templates, easily customized validation and a simple, declarative ORM-style API. At the time there was no newforms and the other alternatives either didn’t support HTML generation, were very tightly coupled with a single framework, or relied too heavily on an ORM.
Does WTForms work with [library here]?¶
The answer is most likely yes. WTForms tries to provide as usable an API as possible. We’ve listed here some of the known libraries to work with WTForms, but if it’s not listed, it doesn’t mean it won’t work.
Request/Form Input
- Django
- Webob (Includes Pylons, Google App Engine, Turbogears)
- Werkzeug (Includes Flask, Tipfy)
- any other cgi.FieldStorage-type multidict
Templating Engines
- Jinja2
- Mako
- Django Templates (To get the full power of WTForms in your templates, you will need to use the Django extension.)
- Genshi
Database Objects
Pretty much any ORM or object-DB should work, as long as data objects allow attribute access to their members.
Special support is there for SQLAlchemy, Google App Engine, and Django collections via extensions.
Does WTForms support unicode?¶
Simple answer: Yes.
Longer answer: WTForms uses unicode strings throughout the source code, and assumes that form input has already been coerced to unicode by your framework (Most frameworks already do this.) WTForms fields render to unicode strings by default, and therefore as long as your templating engine can work with that, you should have no unicode issues.
What versions of Python are supported?¶
WTForms supports Python 2.6-2.7 and 3.2+ with a single codebase. Without 2to3 tool.
How can I contribute to WTForms?¶
WTForms is not that scary. Really. We try to keep it as succint and readable as possible. If you feel like you have something to contribute to WTForms, let us know on the mailing list. For bugs and feature requests, you can file a ticket on the project page.
How do I mark in a template when a field is required?¶
Some validators (notably Required and Optional) set flags on the fields’ flags object. To use this in a template, you can do something like:
{% for field in form %}
{{ field }}
{% if field.flags.required %}*{% endif %}{{ field.label }}
{% endfor %}
Does WTForms handle file uploads?¶
Currently, it does not. This is because WTForms strives to be framework-agnostic, and every web framework handles file uploads somewhat differently. WTForms has a FileField which will let you render a file input widget, but the rest is up to you. An example use in a django-ish framework:
class MyForm(Form):
image = FileField()
def my_view(request):
form = MyForm(request.POST)
file_wrapper = request.FILES[form.image.name]
# Do things with your file wrapper now
Using form.image.name is an easy way to know what input name was generated for your file input, even if the form is prefixed.
Why does blank input not go back to the default value?¶
A key design decision of WTForms was that form data -always- takes precedence when there’s a form submission. That is, if a field exists on a form, and a form was posted, but that field’s value was missing, it will not revert to a default, but instead store an empty value (and in some cases cause a validation error.)
This is for a number of reasons:
- Security. If a form reverted to defaults on missing data, then an evil user could potentially cause problems by submitting a hand-coded form with key missing fields.
- Bug-finding. If you omitted a field in your template, it might fall through to the default and you’d possibly miss it.
- Consistency.
- See the following mailing list posts for more discussion on the topic:
How do I... [convoluted combination of libraries]¶
You’ll probably want to check out our Solving Specific Problems doc.


Menu controls do not appear
-
johnengels
I've installed Synergy on a G4 iBook using OS X 10.3.7, but the controls do not mount in the menu bar. (I've installed Unsanity's Menu Extra Enabler, and other menus appear as they should.) I tried it on my G4 iMac, also running 10.3.7, and it works fine. What's up?
-
Greg Hurrell
The most common causes:
1. Synergy is not running. You must start it by clicking the "Start" button in the Synergy pane of the System Preferences application.
2. It is running, but your preferences instruct it to not show the menu bar control buttons. Go to the "Menu Bar" tab of the preferences and make sure you've got the appropriate options selected.
3. It is running, but you have no room in your Menu Bar. Mac OS X will automatically hide the left-most menu extras so that your application menus always display. If you make more room, the left-most menu extras will reappear automatically. You can confirm this is the case by trying Synergy's hot keys. If the hot keys work but you don't see the menu buttons, then you know it's running but that Mac OS X has it hidden.
Reply
This topic is now closed.


Bitcoin Crypto Market Cap Showing Bearish Signs: BCH, BSV, BNB, ADA Analysis
- The total crypto market cap is showing a few bearish signs below the $248.0B resistance area.
- Bitcoin price is struggling to climb above the $9,400 resistance area.
- BCH price is currently trading near the main $300 resistance zone.
- BSV price gained recently and it is now trading above the $130 and $135 levels.
- Binance Coin (BNB) is consolidating below the key $21.00 and $21.20 resistance levels.
- Cardano (ADA) price might struggle to clear the $0.0450 and $0.0465 resistances.
The crypto market cap and bitcoin are showing a few bearish signs. Ethereum, BCH, BSV, cardano (ADA), BSV, EOS, and ripple are currently correcting gains.
Bitcoin Cash Price Analysis
Recently, there was a decent rise in BCH price above the $285 resistance area against the US Dollar. The BCH/USD pair is now trading close to the main $300 resistance area, where the bears are putting up a fight. If there is an upside break, the price could continue to rise towards $320.
Conversely, there could be a downside correction below the $295 level. An immediate support is near the $285 level, followed by the key $280 support area.
Bitcoin SV, Binance Coin (BNB) and ADA Price Analysis
In the past few days, there was a decent rise in bitcoin SV above the $125 and $130 resistance levels. BSV price even broke the $135 resistance and it is currently consolidating below the $140 resistance. If there is an upside break above $140, the price could test the $150 level.
Binance coin (BNB) mostly traded in a range above the $20.00 and $20.20 support levels. BNB price is currently facing a lot of hurdles near the $21.00 and $21.20 levels, above which it could rise towards the $22.00 zone. On the downside, the main supports are near the $20.00 and $20.20 levels.
Cardano price surged towards the $0.0465 resistance area, where it failed. ADA price is currently correcting lower and is trading below the $0.0450 level. If there are more downsides, the next support is near the $0.0425 level. On the upside, the $0.0450 and $0.0465 levels are important resistances.
Looking at the total cryptocurrency market cap 4-hours chart, there are a few bearish signs emerging below the $248.0B and $250.0B resistance levels. It seems like the market cap is losing momentum and it recently broke a bullish trend line near the $244.B support. Therefore, there are chances of a bearish wave in bitcoin, Ethereum, ADA, ripple, tron, XLM, ADA, BNB, ICX, BCH, EOS, and other altcoins in the coming sessions.
Conversely, there are many hurdles for the bulls near the $248.0B and $250.0B levels. A clear break above $250.0B is needed for more gains.


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Nintendo Will "Continue To Enhance" Switch Online Content, To Encourage More Users To Try The Service
"membership numbers are increasing steadily"
by Liam DoolanAs you might recall, September was the one-year anniversary of Switch Online. At Nintendo's financial results briefing today, president Shuntaro Fukukawa briefly addressed it saying how membership numbers had "steadily" increased since its launch.
September marked the one-year anniversary of the launch of Nintendo Switch Online. Global membership numbers are increasing steadily this fiscal year.
He also touched on expanding the service and said how Nintendo would continue to "enhance" it to continue encouraging Switch users to try it out.
We have previously discussed out the importance of expanding the Nintendo Switch Online service in ways that appeal to consumers. Here are the services and benefits added since the launch of Nintendo Switch Online last year. Going forward, we will continue to enhance service content to encourage owners of the Nintendo Switch system or Nintendo Switch Lite system to try the service and see its appeal first-hand, so they will join and maintain a subscription.
Prior to the one-year anniversary of the service, at a Q&A shareholder meeting in April, Nintendo confirmed the service had already passed 10 million subscribers. Since then, it's received the Super Nintendo Online service update, which has no doubt boosted subscriptions once again.
Do you have a subscription to Nintendo Switch Online? How would you like to see the service improved and enhanced over time? Tell us down in the comments.


About the UIP
The UIP is a national team of independent researchers with a structured system of rules and protocols. It was created in 2019 with the goal of unifying individual researchers under a single banner to create high quality reports for public utilization.
Our internal laws require adept legal research and a strong vetting process to prevent publishing of any sensitive information. Our number one rule is safety. Not only for our agents, but for the subjects of our reports, and the nations they reside in. If a report is detrimental to the security of an individual or governmental body, we simply wont release it.
All of our materials, regardless of security level, are available to government bodies on request. This is to ensure full compliance with the law at all times.
IMPORTANT: The UIP is in no way connected to any local or national government.
Q: What are the requirements to become an agent?
A: Due to the fact we aren't a business but rather a public program, we have no major requirements besides some basic equipment requirements. We do however require an extensive training program for all new agents, during which we vet the potential agents behaviors to ensure there are no red flags. Agent's also aren't allowed to self-publish their materials. This is to ensure all materials are reviewed for sensitive information.
Q: How old do I have to be to join?
A: 18 years old is the minimum for agents. People 16 or older can however join for training with special permissions.
Q: Can I make money in the UIP?
A: Not directly. However we will be offering a publishing service wherein our agents can publish large papers for charge at a rate of 90/5/5. 90% of the profits go to the author, 5% goes to the UIP for administration fees, and 5% goes to your divisions administration as dues. These reports can be purchased by anyone but will be primarily marketed towards industrial and governmental clients.
Q: Districts?
A: West division: California, Nevada, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montanna, Utah, Hawaii, Alaska
A cont: Central division: Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, North and south dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana
A cont: East division: Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Ohio, West virginia, Virginia, Nort and south carolina, Florida, Pennsylvania, New york, Maryland, DC, Delaware, New jersey, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine


{% extends 'registration/login.html' %} {% block login_image_class %}bg-password-image-2{% endblock %} {% block login_title %}Change Password{% endblock %} {% block login_text %}
Use this form to change or create your Webfolio account password. Note that this will have no effect on your Georgetown NetID but will allow you to access the GDSC Webfolio with a username and password rather than Google OAuth.


This syllabus is not yet finalized, and is subject to change until distributed on the first day of class. The course website is managed through a public github repository, so you can see past versions there. The version as posted on the first day of class is here.
Overview
Course Description: The goal of this course is to understand the fundamental limits on what can be efficiently computed in our universe and other possible (or imaginary) universes. These limits reveal deep and mysterious properties about information, communication, and computing, as well as practical issues about how to solve problems.
Two fundamental questions about any problem are:
- Can it be solved using a machine of a certain type? (computability)
- How much does it cost to solve it? (complexity)
We explore these questions by developing abstract models of computing machines and reasoning about what they can and cannot compute efficiently. A main goal of this course is for you to understand how theoretical computer scientists reason about these questions, and connecting that theory to practical questions about computing. We will also look at some applications in cryptography that take advantage of problems being hard to solve, and what can be done when a problem cannot be solved or is too expensive to solve.
Course Objectives: Students who complete the course will:
-
Improve their mathematical thinking skill and habits, including thinking precisely about definitions, stating assumptions carefully, critically reading arguments, and being able to write convincingly.
-
Be able to understand both finite and infinite formal models of computation and to reason about what they can and cannot compute.
-
Understand both intuitively and formally what makes some problems either impossible or too expensive to solve with a computer, and what can be done in practice when an unsolvable or intractable problem is encountered.
-
Reason formally about the cost of computation, and be able to prove useful bounds on the costs of solving problems, including showing that certain problems cannot be solved efficiently.
-
Learn about some interesting aspects of theoretical computer science, and why understanding them matters even if you are only interested in building practical computing systems.
Class Meetings: The full class meetings of the course are scheduled for Tuesdays and Thursdays, 9:30 – 10:45am in Olsson 120.
Preparation
Official Prerequisites: To enroll in cs3120, students must have completed CS 3100 (DMT 1) or CS 4102 (Algorithms) with a grade of C- or better.
Expected Background: We expect students entering cs3120 to be comfortable using proof techniques from DMT1 including proof-by-contradiction, using quantifiers, and induction. From DSA2, we expect students to have good understanding of the most common asymptotic operators (Ο (``big-O'') and Θ) and how to use them to talk about algorithm costs, reductions, and understanding recursive definitions and problem solving.
Programming: We also expect students to be able to read and write short programs. We will use the Python programming language for some assignments in the class. It is not necessary to have previous experience with Python, but you should have enough programming experience to be able to pick up what you need to read and write short Python programs on your own. If you do not satisfy the prerequisites, you should meet with one of the instructors to discuss whether you should take the class.
Course Staff
Instructors: The course is co-taught by Mohammad Mahmoody<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and David Evans (evans@virginia.edu). Feel free to contact either of us with any questions about the course, computer science, or anything else you think we can help with (but please read the section below on communications to determine if it would be better to post a message in discord before emailing us). For most course-related questions, it is best if you include both of us in your email.
Teaching Assisants:
Leah Baetcke
Adam Bornemann
Catherine Johnson
Alexander Sosnkowski
Claire Yoon
Office Hours: The full office hours schedule is available on the course calendar.
Learning Materials
Textbook: Boaz Barak, Introduction to Theoretical Computer Science.
This is an open textbook that is freely available from https://introtcs.org under a Creative Commons license. In addition to costing $271.95 less than the traditional textbook for this class, this book takes a modern and innovative approach to introducing theory of computation which has several advantages (and a few disadvantages) of the traditional approach (which we will discuss some in class, and be happy to elaborate on during office hours). We plan to follow the organization and material in the textbook fairly closely, but will also cover some topics that are not included, and present some of the material in ways that are different from how it is presented in the book.
In addition to the course textbook, a few readings will be assigned from other (freely available) sources.
Video Lectures: Materials will include links to relevant (and maybe some irrelevant) videos that cover the material students are expected to learn in the course. These videos are mostly edited recordings of lectures from previous versions of this course, but also will include some additional videos and other materials.
Communication
We will primarily use the course website for posting course materials, and use the course discord for interactive communications.
Course Website: We will post all course materials at https://uvatoc.github.io.
Course Calendar: We will keep course deadlines, office hours, and other events on a public google calendar. Students are expected to subscribe to this calendar and be aware of deadlines that are posted there.
Discord: We will use the course discord server for most other
course communications (you will receive information on joining the
server by email). We expect students to receive messages we send to
the #general
channel as well as any direct messages we send to you
on discord.
If you have questions about course materials or assignments that will
be relevant to other students, please ask them in the #general
channel. This will get the fastest response, since all of the course
staff and students will see your question there and be able to respond
to it. We are also working to setup channel for asking questions
anonymously, and will provide more details on this soon.
Although Discord enables “real time” communication, you should not expect instant answers to questions there, but should expect a response within 24 hours.
Email: Managing email for a large class like this is difficult, and you should use the course discord for questions about the course content that are relevant to all students. If you have personal questions or things to discuss with the course staff, please do this by emailing us<EMAIL_ADDRESS>mohammad@virginia.edu).
Assignments and Exams
Problem Sets. Most learning in this course is done by working to solve problems on your own and in collaboration with others. We will have a problem set due most weeks in the course (typically on Mondays at 9:59pm). See the course calendar for specific due dates. Each problem set will include specific directions for how to submit your solutions, and we expect students to read and follow these carefully. Each problem set will state a clear collaboration policy (which typically will allow you to discuss problems with others, but require that you write up your solutions by yourself and understand everything in it) and we trust and expect students to follow these policies vigilantly.
Quizzes. We will have regular quizzes due most Wednesday at 9:59pm (and posted the day before). These quizzes are designed to be quick ways to check your understanding, and will be (mostly) automatically graded. Quizzes will be done on your own, without using any resources.
Exams. We will have two exams in the course:
- Midterm Exam: In class on Thursday, 2 March 2023.
- Final Exam: Thursday, 11 May, 2:00pm - 5:00pm.
No collaboration is permitted on the exams. Students may construct a one-page (letter-size, two-sided) reference sheet for use during the exam, but all other resources are forbidden (no internet, textbook, other humans, magnification instruments, etc.). We will provide detailed guidelines on what to expect on each exam, but you should expect them to focus on the most important concepts covered in the course with problems that you should be well perpared to solve if you understand the problems from the problem sets well.
Extensions and Late Submissions. Extensions will be granted to individual students on a case-by-case basis. We are more likely to respond positively to an extension request if it is made well before an assignment is due and provides a reasonable justification for the extension. To request an extension, use this form:
We are sympathetic to situations where a traumatic late event prevents you from being able to complete an assignment, and appreciate you bringing these to our attention even if the deadline has passed.
If you find that you will be unable to make one of the scheduled exams, contact the course instructors immediately.
Grading
We encourage students to spend your energy focusing on what you are learning, instead of worrying about your grade.
That said, we understand students are often stressed about grading and understandably want to know how grades will be determined. We aim to grade in a way that is useful (provides students with accurate measure of how well they understood what they should), motivating (encourages the behaviors we prefer, including hard but not obsessive work), fair (assigned higher grades to more deserving students), robust (arbitrary small perturbations do not have a material impact on someone’s grade), and low stress (for both students and the course staff).
For this reason, we choose not to prescribe a singular mathematical formula for quantitatively assigning letter grades but do provide a formula that can be used to compute a lower bound on the grade you receive in the course:
| Item | Standard Weighting |
|---|---|
| Problem Sets (10 expected) | 42% (but with later assignments counting more) |
| Quizzes (9 expected, with one make-up) | 10% |
| Midterm Exam | 18% |
| Final Exam | 30% |
With the exception of cases of academic dishonesty or inappropriate behavior, we guarantee that you will a grade that is not below the grade that would result from computing your score using the percentages in the table, where your score for each item is the ratio of the score you received to the target score for that item, and the grading scale is based on the standard decades (e.g., 0.87 = B+, 0.9 = A-, 0.93 = A).
This is a minimum grade, though, and we generally want to assign a grade that reflects the best possible interpretation of all you have done during the semester. This means we consider your performance throughout the course, and will examine grades using a variety of different methods that weights different aspects differently and rewards performance improvements, but also allows consistent performance to make up for one slip-up.
An “A” grade means we are convinced that you can use the material in this class to solve new problems and understand it well enough to explain most concepts in the class. A “B” grade means we are convinced that you understand the main ideas in this class well enough to be well prepared for a follow-on course (i.e., one that has this as a pre-requisite).
Although the material we cover is challenging, and the pace may seem overwhelming at times, we are confident that all students who put effort into this class and take good advantage of available help will do well.
Bonus Points. We hope students will go beyond the provided assignments and do other things to contribute to the class as well as beyond. We provide some concrete opportunities for this in the form of Challenge Problems, but also will award bonus points for relevant and creative activities that students invent on their own. We also offer bounty bonuses for contributions to the course textbook: having a Pull Request accepted by the author is worth bonus points, even if it is just a simple typo fix.
Honor Expectations
We believe strongly in the value of a community of trust, and expect all of the students in this class to contribute to strengthening and enhancing that community.
The course will be better for everyone if everyone can assume everyone else is trustworthy. The course staff starts with the assumption that all students at the university deserve to be trusted.
To ensure that expectations are clear to everyone, all students are required to read, understand, and sign the course pledge: https://uvatoc.github.io/pledge.
Collaboration Policy: We believe it is important for students to learn by thinking about problems on their own, so it is expected that each student studies the provided materials and attempts to solve the problems on their own. After that, you are welcome to also discuss problems on the problem sets with students and others.
Many problems in this course will be selected from problems used in previous courses, as well as well known problems. The goal of these problems is to lead students to develop understanding of the underlying concepts by working through the problems themselves and in discussions with others, and this goal would be defeated if you instead use posted solutions to the problems. Other than using solutions to the specific problems you are given, students are encouraged to use any other resources they find helpful.
The collaboration policy will be described on each assignment document. We aim to make the language describing the policy as clear and unambiguous as possible, but if anything is ever unclear about the stated policy for an assignment, please clarify with the course staff. The penalty for policy violations will be considered on a case-by-case basis, with a penalty commensurate the severity of the offense.
Additional Information
Special Circumstances: The University of Virginia strives to provide accessibility to all students. If you require an accommodation to fully access this course, please contact the Student Disability Access Center (SDAC) at<PHONE_NUMBER> or<EMAIL_ADDRESS>. If you are unsure if you require an accommodation, or to learn more about their services, you may contact the SDAC at the number above or by visiting their website https://studenthealth.virginia.edu/sdac
Accommodations: It is the University’s long-standing policy and practice to reasonably accommodate students so that they do not experience an adverse academic consequence when serious personal issues conflict with academic requirements. Although University policy only recognizes religious accomodations, the course instructors believe they are many other valid reasons for accomdations that are at least as justifiable as ones for religious observance and consider family obligations, personal crises, and extraordinary opportunities to all be potentially valid reasons for accomodations. Students who wish to request accommodations should submit their request to Prof. Mahmoody or Prof. Evans as far in advance as possible.
If you have questions or concerns about the University policy on
academic accommodations for religious observance or religious
beliefs, visit
https://eocr.virginia.edu/accommodations-religious-observance
or contact the University’s Office for Equal Opportunity and Civil
Rights (EOCR) at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>or<PHONE_NUMBER>.
Safe Environment: The University of Virginia is dedicated to providing a safe and equitable learning environment for all students. To that end, it is vital that you know two values that we and the University hold as critically important:
- Power-based personal violence will not be tolerated.
- Everyone has a responsibility to do their part to maintain a safe community on grounds (including in virtual environments).
If you or someone you know has been affected by power-based personal violence, more information can be found on the UVA Sexual Violence website that describes reporting options and resources available: https://www.virginia.edu/sexualviolence.
As your professors and as humans, know that we each care about you and your well-being and stand ready to provide support and resources as we can. As faculty members, we are responsible employees, which means that we are required by University policy and federal law to report what you tell us to the University’s Title IX Coordinator. The Title IX Coordinator’s job is to ensure that the reporting student receives the resources and support that they need, while also reviewing the information presented to determine whether further action is necessary to ensure survivor safety and the safety of the University community. If you would rather keep this information confidential, there are Confidential Employees you can talk to on Grounds (see https://eocr.virginia.edu/chart-confidential-resources). The worst possible situation would be for you or your friend to remain silent when there are so many here willing and able to help.
Well-being: If you are feeling overwhelmed, stressed, or isolated, there are many individuals here who are ready and wanting to help. The Student Health Center offers Counseling and Psychological Services (CAPS) for all UVA students. Call<PHONE_NUMBER> (or<PHONE_NUMBER> for after hours and weekend crisis assistance) to get started and schedule an appointment. If you prefer to speak anonymously and confidentially over the phone, Madison House provides a HELP Line at any hour of any day:<PHONE_NUMBER>.


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| Package | Description |
|---|---|
| com.cyc |
Cyc API factories and constants.
|
| com.cyc.query |
Interfaces for asking arbitrarily complex queries of a Cyc server, and processing the answers.
|
| com.cyc.session |
Interfaces for configuring and managing connections to a Cyc server.
|
| com.cyc.session.spi |
All Session API service provider interfaces.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| SessionManager
The SessionManager is responsible for managing the lifecycle of
CycSession s, from
configuration, to creation, to caching, to cleanup, and providing appropriate CycSessions to API
and application code that requires them. |
| Class and Description |
|---|
| CycSession
An active (or potentially active) session with a Cyc server.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| CycAddress
Describes the address of a Cyc server.
|
| CycServerInfo
Provides basic information about the state and location of the server to which the CycSession is
connected (or was connected.) All data returned should be generated by examining the current
session connection, or retrieved from the server.
|
| CycServerReleaseType
Enum representing Cyc server types.
|
| CycSession
An active (or potentially active) session with a Cyc server.
|
| CycSession.ConnectionStatus
The connection status of a
CycSession . |
| CycSession.SessionListener
Provides notifications about changes to a CycSession.
|
| CycSessionConfiguration
Configuration parameters used by the Session API to establish a new
CycSession . |
| ServerAddress
ServerAddress describes a server's hostname and port.
|
| SessionManager
The SessionManager is responsible for managing the lifecycle of
CycSession s, from
configuration, to creation, to caching, to cleanup, and providing appropriate CycSessions to API
and application code that requires them. |
| SessionManagerConfiguration
Configuration parameters for a
SessionManager . |
| SessionOptions
A set of modifiable options, such as the name of the cyclist making assertions and the project's
KE purpose.
|
| SessionOptions.DefaultSessionOptions
An immutable set of options, including the name of the cyclist making assertions, and
the project's KE purpose.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| SessionManager
The SessionManager is responsible for managing the lifecycle of
CycSession s, from
configuration, to creation, to caching, to cleanup, and providing appropriate CycSessions to API
and application code that requires them. |
| SessionManagerConfiguration
Configuration parameters for a
SessionManager . |
Copyright © 2015–2018 Cycorp, Inc. All rights reserved.


This site was created using Windows Azure Accelerator for Web Roles. To deploy your web site, complete the following steps:
In Visual Studio 2010 go to the File -> New -> Project... menu. Select and create an ASP.NET Web Application.
Right click it and click the publish menu. Select the Web Deploy publish method. Fill in Service URL the address of your azure application. In the Site/application put the name you used for your website in the previous step. In the Credential sections fill the username and password that you set in the Remote Desktop connections configuration.


Game 1: Indiana Pacers at Orlando Magic
My Pick:
Orlando Magic
Why I'm Rolling with them:
The Magic have looked pretty great lately, and are holding onto that 8th seed in the East. The Pacers are currently 5th in the East, but got there on the back of Victor Oladipo who is currently out injured. Vucevic should be able to play well against Turner, who struggles on the perimeter. Fournier should be great as well, since he won't have Oladipo on him. Magic take it, 112-104.
Game 2: Denver Nuggets at Charlotte Hornets
My Pick:
Denver Nuggets
Why I'm Rolling with them:
The Denver Nuggets are still atop the West, and show no signs of stopping tonight against Charlotte. There's no way Charlotte will be able to defend against Jokic, who will be able to have his way with the shoddy Charlotte defense. Even Kemba should have trouble scoring on the Nuggets, who have been a fantastic defensive team so far this season. (Very surprising for me as well). Nuggets have the edge and win this one 119-110.
Game 3: Philadelphia 76ers at Detroit Pistons
My Pick:
Philadelphia 76ers
Why I'm Rolling with them:
The Sixers have played well against Detroit in the past so far this season, and as Embiid has said he could live in Drummond's head rent free. Embiid has been in a slump lately too, which means that he's due for a bounce back game against a team he has a grudge against. This is a prime opportunity for him, and especially now that they have Butler, I'm expecting big things from them. 76ers 109-102.
Game 4: Sacramento Kings at Cleveland Cavaliers
My Pick:
Sacramento Kings
Why I'm Rolling with them:
The Kings have the kind of run and gun pace I would want to compete with the Cavs, who seem to operate better when Tristan Thompson can get set up to grab rebounds near the basket. Fox is absolutely my favourite player on the court in this matchup, and I think he should actually have a really great game tonight with Sexton guarding him. Kings win this one 121-110.
Game 5: Toronto Raptors at Brooklyn Nets
My Pick:
Toronto Raptors
Why I'm Rolling with them:
The Toronto Raptors are starting Valunciunas tonight, which is great because he's a fantastic player. The Raptors have two legit starting centers on their roster, allowing them to absolutely decimate bench units by feeding the post. Look to see them capitalize with Ibaka off of the bench. Kawhi should be playing a good game as well, and this one should be a foregone conclusion. Raptors, 117-108.
Game 6: Oklahoma City Thunder at Chicago Bulls
My Pick:
Oklahoma City Thunder
Why I'm Rolling with them:
The Thunder recently came back from a blowout loss against the Nets, as they outscored the Nets by 20 in the final quarter to win on a Paul George Buzzer beater. The Bulls have been awful lately, and have been on a losing skid where the only ray of hope was the return of Lauri Markkanen. Markkanen should help the Bulls tonight, as PF is the Thunder's weakest position in their starting lineup. That said, the Thunder should still easily take this one, 120-104.
Game 7: Memphis Grizzlies at New Orleans Pelicans
My Pick:
New Orleans Pelicans
Why I'm Rolling with them:
I really like Anthony Davis's matchup against the rejuvenated Marc Gasol, and I think this could be the deciding factor in this game. I'm curious to see how Conley does with Jrue guarding him, but an unsung hero of this Pelicans team has been Moore, averaging 16 ppg on very good efficiency. If he has a good game, this one could very easily go in the Pelican's direction. Pelicans take this one in a close game, 114-112.
Game 8: Los Angeles Lakers at San Antonio Spurs
My Pick:
Los Angeles Lakers
Why I'm Rolling with them:
We all saw very recently what happens when Lebron is feeling good against this Spurs team. There are some very clear issues with the Spurs, not the least of which is their 29th overall defensive rating. That doesn't bode well for them as they match up against the offensive powerhouse that is the Lakers, since the Lakers have also seemed to figure out their defensive woes. Lakers win 115-105.
Game 9: Miami Heat at Phoenix Suns
My Pick:
Miami Heat
Why I'm Rolling with them:
The Heat have the talent needed to take down this struggling Suns roster. DeAndre Ayton is coming off of the bench now, which makes me think that Hassan Whiteside will have an even easier time of it. However, he could manage to take the game off as he is prone to doing. His performance will be a big indicator of how this game goes for the Heat. Miami wins this 107-95.
Game 10: Golden State Warriors at Milwaukee Bucks
My Pick:
Milwaukee Bucks
Why I'm Rolling with them:
Dear Golden State Warrior fans: Please don't hate me for not picking the Warriors. The Bucks just look like they could have the edge in this one, with how well Bledsoe and Brogdon have been playing defensively. The Warriors don't have anyone to go up against Giannis, and that could be the difference maker. This game will be very close, but I predict the Bucks taking this one 122-119.


Triple talaq case filed against man
‘His family demanded more dowry’
by Special CorrespondentThe Manapparai All Women Police have registered a case against a 31-year-old man for pronouncing talaq thrice to divorce his wife. He also allegedly subjected her to cruelty.
The case was booked on a complaint preferred by Shireen Alima, 25, of Puthanatham on Saturday. The woman’s in-laws and sister-in-law have also been arraigned in the case on the charge of harassing her and demanding dowry.
The issue was brought to the notice of the local Jamaath, which tried to reconcile the parties. However, Azharuddin allegedly pronounced talaq thrice in writing. Though the incident took place a few months ago, the woman preferred a complaint with the Manapparai All Women Police on Saturday. The police said that Ms. Shireen’s family claimed to have given gold and consumer durables as dowry at the time of her marriage in April.


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{% extends "questionnaire.html" %} {% load i18n %} {% block stylesheet %} {% endblock %} {% block content %}
Instructions for attribute selection
Assume your multiple-choice question had four options: w, x, y, and z. If x and y were checked above, it could have two distinct meanings:
In order to get A, start from all checkboxes unchecked and check x and y. To get B, start from all checkboxes checked and then uncheck w and z.
For more detailed analysis you may use e.g. QuatumGIS.


oreilly-auto-parts
Businessmodel of O’Reilly Auto Parts
Customer Segments
O’Reilly Auto Parts serves an extensive customer base, offering broad range of automotive parts and products, and related services. O’Reilly Auto Parts’s customers can be organised into three principal categories:
- General Consumers, comprising general consumers across multiple demographics, with the Company principally targeting individuals interested in DIY automotive repair and maintenance;
- Professional Automotive Service Providers, comprising professional auto repair and maintenance to which the Company provides professional branded products as well as training and other programs; and
- Independent Dealers, comprising various independent retailers and distributors of automotive parts. O’Reilly Auto Parts’s key market is its native US, where the Company serves consumers through its network of retail outlets across 44 states, and other customers through dedicated sales teams. The Company does not appear to have any significant international operations.
Value Propositions
O’Reilly Auto Parts provides value to its customers in the following ways:
- Its size and industry standing, with the Company established as one of the largest and most recognised companies of its kind in the US, having a track record for providing high-quality products and services efficiently and reliably;
- Its extensive portfolio of products and services, with the Company offering its customers – including consumers and professional clients – a large catalogue of products – including parts, maintenance items, and accessories – as well as services such as battery recycling and diagnostic testing, and wiper replacement;
- Its efficient distribution network, with the Company operating a regional, tiered distribution network which provides customers with reliable and efficient access to hard-to-find parts and enables the Company to effectively optimise product availability and inventory levels across its store network; and
- Its industry expertise and experience, with the Company employing specialist, technically-proficient personnel who are able to provide technical assistance to customers, as well as an experienced team of industry executives. ### Channels
O’Reilly Auto Parts operates a website at www.oreillyauto.com through which it provides consumers with information on its product catalogue, retail locations, and services. This website doubles as an online sales channel, through which customers are able to browse products, place orders, and arrange deliveries. The Company operates a separate online customer portal for its professional clients, which enables clients to place and manage larger orders online.
O’Reilly serves its consumer base primarily through its network of more than 4,570 stores spread across 44 US states. The Company makes its consumer sales through a dedicated team in-store sales personnel. O’Reilly additionally employs approximately 700 full-time sales representatives strategically located across the Company’s domestic office network as part of its First Call program. These sales representatives are dedicated solely to calling upon, selling to and servicing the Company’s professional service provider customers. The Company also has a dedicated system in place through which it sells automotive products directly to independently owned parts stores in certain market areas, generally located in areas not directly serviced by an O’Reilly Auto Parts store.
O’Reilly Auto Parts operates its own distribution infrastructure across the US. This comprises the Company’s network of distribution centres, as well as its hub stores, which, in addition to serving DIY and professional service provider customers, also provide delivery service to our other stores in the surrounding area.
Customer Relationships
O’Reilly offers a range of products to consumers and professional customers on a self-service basis via its online store and its dedicated professional service providers online portal. These channels allow customers to browse products, make purchases, track orders, and arrange deliveries without interacting with members of the Company’s various sales teams.
O’Reilly provides personal care to its customers across multiple channel. It in-store personnel are available to assist customers directly with queries and enquiries, offering technical information on the Company’s various products. Similarly, the Company’s First Call program provides tailored services to professional clients, offering direct support.
Customers are able to contact O’Reilly Auto Parts’s various support personnel over the phone or via online contact forms in order to receive personalised responses to complaints and concerns. The Company also provides online resources such as FAQ, product information, and warranty that customers can access independently.
Additionally, O’Reilly Auto Parts operates social media accounts with Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and Google+, through which it is able to interact directly with customers and provide updates on corporate developments.
Key Activities
O’Reilly Auto Parts operates as a specialty retailer of automotive aftermarket parts, tools, supplies, equipment, and accessories. The Company offers its broad range of products to do-it-yourself automotive enthusiasts, as well as professional repair and maintenance service provider customers. It also serves a range of independent automotive parts retailers across the US.
O’Reilly’s product portfolio includes a range of new and remanufactured hard parts, such as alternators, starters, fuel pumps, water pumps, brake system components, batteries, belts, hoses, temperature control and engine parts; maintenance items, such as filters, lighting, engine additives, and appearance products; and accessories, such as floor mats, and seat covers. The Company also provides various automotive services, such as oil filter and battery recycling, professional paint shop mixing and related materials, and machine shop services.
Key Partners
O’Reilly Auto Parts works closely with a range of partner companies and organisations I order to provide the best possible service to its customers. These partners can be organised broadly into the following categories:
- Supplier and Vendor Partners, principally comprising suppliers of parts, equipment, and accessories that are resold through the Company’s multiple channels, as well as suppliers of tools, services, and technologies that are utilised more broadly across the enterprise;
- Channel and Distribution Partners, principally comprising the Company’s network of independent retailers to which the Company provides a range of support and retail services, including marketing and website services; and
- Strategic and Alliance Partners, comprising various market leading companies and organisations with which the Company collaborates on joint marketing, branding, and other projects; O’Reilly Auto Parts has a number of partnerships in place. In particular, it has numerous partnerships with automotive business, including a distribution partnership with BendPak, a technology and retail partnership with Internet AutoParts, and a retail partnership with Auto Club Speedway.
Key Resources
O’Reilly Auto Parts’s key resources are its products and supply chain, its distribution and storage infrastructure, its online ales channel and client portal, its IT and communications infrastructure, its physical network of retail outlets and offices, its partnerships, and its personnel.
O’Reilly Auto Parts owns and or leases a portfolio of physical properties that are key to its operations. This notably includes its network of 26 regional distribution centres across the US, of which 18 are owned, and its network of 4,571 retail stores, of which 1,774 are owned, as well as its network of administrative and corporate offices.
Cost Structure
O’Reilly Auto Parts incurs costs in relation to the procurement of supplies and equipment, the procurement of professional services, the operation and maintenance of its distribution infrastructure, the development of its online store and customer portal, the maintenance of its IT and communications infrastructure, the operation of its physical retail outlets, the implementation of marketing and advertising campaigns, the management of its partnerships – in particular those with independent retailers, and the retention of its personnel.
In 2015 O’Reilly Auto Parts recorded total cost of goods sold – including warehousing and distribution costs – in the amount of $3.80 billion. The Company recorded selling, general and administrative expenses – including personnel and occupancy costs – in the amount of $2.65 billion.
Revenue Streams
O’Reilly Auto Parts generates revenue primarily through the sale of various auto parts, maintenance products, and accessories through consumer retail and professional sales channels. It also derives a portion of its revenue through the sale of various related services, such as auto battery recycling and professional paint shop mixing.
In 2015 O’Reilly Auto Parts generated sales for the year in the amount of $7.97 billion, up slightly on the $7.22 billion recorded by the Company in 2014. The bulk of these sales relate to product sales across all sales channels. According to the Company’s annual report, it derived 58% of its sales from DIY consumers and approximately 42% of sales from professional service provider customers.


When is Frozen 2 released in the UK and do Anna and Elsa return?
Stars and their kids proved the cold never bothered them anyway when they turned out for the premiere of Frozen 2 in London last weekend – meaning that it’s not long before the public will get to see the second installment of the frosty, fantasy Disney adventure.
Lily Allen, Holly Willoughby and Stacey Soloman were among the famous faces to grace the icy carpet on Sunday to celebrate the new movie, which features new songs and some new characters.
But when is the much-anticipated movie out in the UK and are the stars of the first move, Anna and Elsa, returning for Frozen 2?
When is Frozen 2 released in the UK?
The wait is almost over for Frozen fans in the UK as the new movie comes out this week.
Frozen 2 hits UK cinemas on 22 November, which is this Friday.
The plot of the new film has been kept a secret, but we know from the trailer that this next installment will see trouble brew in the kingdom of Arendelle, with the characters forced to venture into mysterious new lands to save their home.
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Do Anna and Elsa return in Frozen 2?
Although not all of the original cast is returning, Anna and Elsa fans will be happy to hear that both Idina Menzel’s character Elsa, and Kristen Bell’s character Anna, are back for Frozen 2.
The closely-bonded sisters can be seen in the trailer teaming up once again with their sidekick – the enchanted snowman Olaf voiced by Josh Gad – by their side. Actor Jonathan Groff also returns for the new movie, voicing Kristoff once again.
Watch Frozen 2 in UK cinemas from 22 November.


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Thanks for downloading the 404th episode of The Ivy Envy Podcast. On this episode, we go back and draw a line at the Cardinals series almost two weeks ago and look at these last two weeks of Cubs baseball. The team had a bit of a rough stretch (slightly under .500 for a week or 10 days), and they have gone 10-3 since that point.
We also discuss the middle and back end of this rotation, focusing on Lackey, Hammel and Hendricks. With all 5 of the Cubs starters sporting ERAs under 3.00, these are the guys that stand out the most because you wouldn't expect the back end of a rotation to be so dominant.
We cover lots of topics on the episode, including a scary stat of the week and a couple of internet muscle flexes.
For information on John Baker Day, go to http://ivynevy.com/johnbaker
For information on the Ivy Envy Weekend at the Lake, go to http://ivyenvy.com/lake


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Thanks A LOT for the donation. It really is a great motivational help to keep us going. A donation is a very special kind of support for us. So again, thanks. We'll keep hacking away. Oh, in case you found this page by chance, you are welcome nontheless. :)
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Charlie & The Chocolate Factory
Hi, Welcome To My Chocolate Factory!
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Wonka Goodies
- Wonka Berries
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- Wonka Gummies
Wonka Beans
- Strawberry Surprise
- Watermelon Waterfall
- Blue Lagoon
- Purple Myrtle
- Spicy Tamale


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