The glossary explains the terms and vocabulary used in the database, some techncal terms are additionally explained with technical drawings.
Please do let us know if you find a term missing or a given explanation is not easy to undersand. We are constantly tryinto improve.
| Category | Attribute | Term | Definition | Drawing # |
| Disaster & relief | direct labour (beneficiary) | Construction of the shelter carried out by the beneficiary and relatives. | ||
| adobe | A building material made from water, sand and soil containing clay and dried in the sun. Straw and other organic fibrous materials may be added to reduce cracking, aid drying, and to help bind the materials together. An adode brick, or mud brick, is made by placing adobe into a mould. | D 4-0 | ||
| air conditioning (AC) | a system for controlling the humidity, ventilation, and temperature in a building, typically to maintain a cool atmosphere in warm conditions. | |||
| air vent | An opening that allows air to flow from one room to another. | D 4-3 | ||
| anchor block | Heavy block cast buried in the ground, used to hold something, such as a the rope of a tent/ tarpaulin, a guy, etc. | D 3-0 | ||
| anchor bolt/ holding-down bolt/ foundation bolt | Anchor bolt: A threaded bolt (J-shape), usually embedded in a foundation, for securing a sill plate (bottom wall plate), or embedded in a bond beam for securing a top wall plate or a truss. Holding-down bolt: long steel bolt that is set in concrete foundations to hold fast the base plate of columns (steel columns). | D 3-1 | ||
| angle brace/ angle tie | A brace fixed across an interior angle of a frame to improve the frame's rigidity. | D 3-8 | ||
| apartment | Several self-contained living units /shelters grouped in a building. | D 1-1 | ||
| arch brick | Brick (in a voussoir shape) placed in between small steel beams contained in a suspended floor. | D 3-5 | ||
| backfill | Soil returned to an excavation, after a foundation has been cast, typically compacted in layers. | |||
| ballast | Heavy weights that are used to stabilize or hold something, such as a the rope of a tent/ tarpaulin, a guy, etc. | D 3-0 | ||
| batten/ lath | A thin long strip of material (typically wood) used to strengthen secure or fix something to. Used to fix roof covering, such as roofing tiles. | D 3-7 | ||
| beam | A horizontal structural member that resists bending loadings. Typically made of wood, steel or concrete and used to support a storey or roof above. | D 3-3 | ||
| beam and block floor/ beam fill floor | A type of suspended floor made of pre-cast concrete joists/beams resting on main beams or walls and in-fill blocks. A compression slab is cast over to create a monolithic floor. | D 3-5 | ||
| bearing wall | Wall that supports vertical load (from the structure above, such as beams and roof) in addition to its own weight. | D 3-3 | ||
| block | Stone component from a quarry or pre-fabricated component in manufactured material. | D 4-0 | ||
| bond beam/ ring beam | Bond beam: A horizontally reinforced concrete or concrete masonry beam built to strengthen and tie a masonry wall together. A bond beam is often placed at the top of a masonry wall with continuous reinforcing around the perimeter. Ring beam: A horizontal beam placed at the top of a wall to tie the wall together. | D 3-3 | ||
| brace | A member/element within a structure to strengthen it. | D 3-8 | ||
| brace rod | A round steel member used as a tension brace, especially to transfer wind or seismic loads. | D 3-8 | ||
| structure | stability | bracing | Serving to strengthen or reinforce a structure. Any structure resisting racking and overturning forces. | D 3-8 |
| bucket | container | |||
| bucket foundation | A foundation made of reinforced concrete with a device for enclosing a column. | D 3-1 | ||
| bush | A shrub or clump of shrubs with stems of moderate length and height. | |||
| canvas | a strong, coarse unbleached cloth made from hemp, flax, cotton, or a similar yarn, used to make items such as sails and tents and as a surface for oil painting. | |||
| cart with small tank/drum | Water sold by a provider who transports water into a community. The types of transportation used include donkey carts, motorized vehicles and other means. | |||
| cement plaster | Plaster containing Portland cement as the binder and commonly used on exterior surfaces or in damp areas. | |||
| central heating | A system for warming a building by heating water or air in one place and circulating it through pipes and radiators or vents. | |||
| chimney | A vertical channel or pipe that conducts smoke and combustion gases from a fire or furnace out of the room/kitchen, typically through the roof of a building. | D 4-3 | ||
| skin | cladding | cladding | The non-load-bearing external envelope or skin of a building/ shelter that provides shelter from the elements. It is designed to carry its own weight plus the loads imposed on it by snow, wind, and during maintenance. | |
| clay tile | A fired earthenware tile used on roofs. | |||
| collar tie/ collar beam | A structural framing member located in the upper third of opposing rafters that ties rafters together to resist roof suction loads at the ridge. | D 3-8 | ||
| collective centre | Shelters that can host several families, e.g. existing large structures, such as schools, can serve as collective shelters. | |||
| column | A long supporting pillar, usually loaded axially in compression. | D 3-3 | ||
| community labour | Construction of the shelter carried out by community members. This could be planned and organized by a NGO and local partners. | |||
| composting toilet | A dry toilet into which carbon-rich material (e.g., vegetable waste, straw, grass, sawdust, ash, etc.) are added to the excreta and special conditions maintained to produce inoffensive compost. A composting latrine may or may not have a urine separation device. | |||
| concrete block | A masonry building unit of concrete that has been cast into a standard shape, size, and style. | D 4-0 | ||
| concrete tile | A tile made of concrete used on roofs. | |||
| conical roof | A roof shaped like a cone. | D 3-6 | ||
| connector / nail plate | A metal plate with holes for nails, to join tow elemetns together. Especially used to assemble truss elements. | D 3-9 | ||
| contract labour | Construction of the shelter carried out by a contractor, with skilled workers (carpenters, masons, etc.). | |||
| cooling | Action to become or cause to become less hot. | |||
| core shelter | Permanent structure designed to be extended. It is usually one basic minimum unit but well-constructed and durable; provides adequate living space and sanitation facilities for the average family size, complying with the humanitarian standards. It is designed with the expectation that the owner will add on to the structure to extend the livign area as circumstances permit. | |||
| corner brace | Diagonal braces attached to the studs of a wood-/ bamboo-frame structure, for reinforcement. | D 3-8 | ||
| corrugated bitumen roofing sheet | Painted corrugated roofing panels made of asphalt and fibres. Resists corrosion, unlike metal. High wind resistance. Easy installation, low maintenance. Lasts longer than corrugated metal sheets. | |||
| Corrugated Galvanized Iron (CGI) roofing sheet | Corrugated sheet made of galvanized steel, available in various sizes and thickness (gauge). | |||
| corrugated sheeting | A sinusoidal-shaped sheeting material used for cladding and roof covering, and available in a range of materials including aluminium, galvanized steel, copper, bitumen, fibreglass, and PVC. | |||
| covered area | Living area including all other covered surfaces such as the surface covered by the walls, veranda, porch, etc. | D 1-2 | ||
| covering | Materials used on roofs, walls and floors to close the structure. | |||
| crawl space | Ventilated cavity located between the ground and the lowest floor of a building. | D 3-4 | ||
| cross brace/ cross-bracing | Diagonal bracing or brace/tie rods that resist shear forces from wind or seismic loads, to provide internal stability/ stiffness in rectangular frames and roof trusses. | D 3-8 | ||
| daub | Plaster, clay, or another substance used for coating a surface, especially when mixed with straw and applied to laths or wattles to form a wall. | |||
| debris | Loose natural material consisting mostly of broken pieces of rock. | |||
| decking | Heavy planking used on roofs or floors. | D 3-5 | ||
| typology | detached | Shelter standing by itself, i.e., not sharing any wall with another shelter or building. | D 1-1 | |
| dome | A hemispherical roof. | D 3-6 | ||
| dowel/ pin | A cylindrical piece of stock (wood, metal, bamboo, etc.) inserted into holes in adjacent pieces of material to align or attach the two pieces. | D 3-10 | ||
| earth anchor / mechanical soil anchor | A driven, tipping plate soil anchor, which is dependent on soil strength for reaction of tensile loads. | D 3-1 | ||
| eaves (rafter overhang) | The part of a pitched or a flat roof that projects over the external wall. Comprises a fascia. Protects the external wall from the rain. | D 3-7 | ||
| electrical heater | A device for warming the air or water, using electricity. | |||
| electricity (battery) | A container consisting of one or more cells, in which chemical energy is converted into electricity and used as a source of power | |||
| electricity (grid) | A network of cables or pipes for distributing power, esecially high-voltage transmission lines for electricity. | |||
| emergency shelter | Temporary structure, appropriate for sheltering families for emergency solutions based on immediate needs, such as protection from the climate, security and personal safety, enhanced resistance to ill health and disease, support for family and community life… | |||
| family land | The occupant lives on land that belong to a family member. | |||
| fan | An appliance with rotating blades that creates a current of air for cooling or ventilation. | |||
| fireplace | A place for a domestic fire, especially a grate or hearth at the base of a chimney. | |||
| structure | connections | fixing | Fastener used to hold something in place, e.g., nails, screws, lag screws/bolts, bolts and nuts, etc. | |
| flat roof | A roof with only enough pitch to allow drainage (slope<3° - 5%). | D 3-6 | ||
| flush toilet | A toilet which is cleared of waste through the use of a cistern or holding tank for flushing water, and a water seal (which is a U-shaped pipe below the seat or squatting pan) that prevents the passage of flies and odours. | |||
| flush/pour flush to elsewhere | Excreta being deposited in or nearby the household environment (not into a pit, septic tank, or sewer). Excreta may be flushed to the street, yard/plot, open sewer, a ditch, a drainage way or other location. | |||
| flush/pour flush to pit latrine | A system that flushes excreta to a hole in the ground or leaching pit (protected, covered). | |||
| footing | The portion of the foundation of a structure that spreads and transmits the load directly to the soil. | D 3-1 | ||
| Structure | foundation | foundation | Lowest load-bearing part of a building, typically below ground level. | D 3-1 |
| foundation vent | An opening located in the crawl space to control moisture. Usually at leat 2 vents/openings are necessary. | D 4-3 | ||
| framed wall | Load-bearing structural frame made of corner posts, studs and wall plates. It supports itself and the structure above, such as beams and roof. | D 3-3 | ||
| gable | Triangular portion of the end wall of a building beneath a dual-slope, pitched roof (gable roof). | D 3-6 | ||
| gable end | The end wall of a building that has a pitched roof. | D 3-6 | ||
| gable roof/ pitched roof | A ridged roof having one or two gabled ends. | D 3-6 | ||
| gambrel roof | A roof whose slope on each side is interrupted by an obtuse angle that forms two pitches on each side, the lower slope being steeper than the upper. | D 3-6 | ||
| granular fill | Compacted fill under ground slab or monolithic slab. | D 3-1 | ||
| granular fill | Compacted fill under ground slab or monolithic slab. | D 3-1 | ||
| granular fill | Compacted fill under ground slab or monolithic slab. | D 3-4 | ||
| grass | Vegetation consisting of typically short plants with long narrow leaves, growing wild or cultivated on lawns and in pastures, and as a fodder crop. | |||
| structure | beams & floor | ground floor | The floor of a building that is closest to the external ground level. | D 3-4 |
| ground slab / slab on grade | A concrete slab resting directly on the ground. Made of concrete and welded-wire mesh. | D 3-4 | ||
| GRP panel (fibreglass) | Glass-fibre Reinforced Plastic (polymer strengthened by the addition of glass fibres), transparent roof sheeting used to cover the roof and provide light. | |||
| gusset plate | A plate fastened across a joint, as in wood or steel framework members, to add strength and stability. | D 3-7 / D 3-8 | ||
| guy rope | A rope, line, cable fixed to the ground to secure a tent or other structure. | D 3-0 | ||
| hanging toilet/ hanging latrine | A toilet built over the sea, a river, or other body of water, into which excreta drops directly. | |||
| services | heating | Equipment or devices used to provide heat, especially to a building. | ||
| helical pile/ screw pile | A giant metal "screw", consisting of a central hollow shaft and a helical plate welded on it. The pile is screwed into the ground until the desired bearing capacity is achieved. This foundation screw pile guarantees that your structure (tent, timber frame, bamboo frame, etc.) is anchored on a solid base. | D 3-2 | ||
| hip-roof/ hipped roof | A roof formed by several adjacent inclining planes, each rising from a different wall of the building, and forming hips at their adjacent sloping sides. | D 3-6 | ||
| hollow brick | Cellular brick (usually made of clay and calcium silicate), normally considered hollow when it has greater than 25% voids within it. It has greater thermal insulation properties than concrete block. | D 4-0 | ||
| hollow concrete block | A concrete block with a cellular core. | D 4-0 | ||
| honeycomb wall | A brick wall having openings created either by allowing gaps between stretchers or by omitting bricks, and used to support floor joists and provide ventilation under floors. | |||
| host families | Local families shelter the displaced population within their households or on their properties. | |||
| house tenant | The occupant rents housing and land from the owner in a formal or informal arrangement. | |||
| hurricane strap/ hurricane tie/ hurricane clip | What are called hurricane straps are in fact seismic and hurricane ties. They are connectors made of galvanized steel or stainless steel, that allow nails to work in shear, which is the most efficient way for them to perform. They help to make a wooden structure more resistant to high wind pressure, uplift, racking, sliding (shear) and overturning. Each crucial connection in a structure has a corresponding type of tie, from the foundation up to the roof. Fastened across the intersection of two timber elements. | D 3-9 | ||
| infill block/ block floor | Non-load-bearing block positioned between structural elements, can be made of various materials, such as concrete, polystyrene, etc. | D 3-5 | ||
| insect screening mesh | Mesh placed at windows and doors to prevent insects from entering the shelter or house. Mesh can be made of stainless steel or fibreglass. | |||
| insulated metal roofing | A type of roofing panel made from mineral fiber, insular glass, foamed plastic, etc. , and covered with light-gauge flexible metal. | |||
| insulated metal roofing | A type of roofing panel made from mineral fiber, insular glass, foamed plastic, etc. , and covered with light-gauge flexible metal. | |||
| skin | insulation | insulation | Material used to reduce the effects of heat, cold and sound. | |
| isolated footing | Foundation supporting a post or pillar, with a course of concrete wider than the section of the post/pillar. | D 3-1 | ||
| joist | A beam that supports the floor. | D 3-5 | ||
| K-brace | Brace shaped as a K. | D 3-8 | ||
| lag screw/ lag bolt | A threaded screw or bolt with a square head. | |||
| land tenant | The occupant rents land but owns the house. | |||
| lashing | A cord, wire, rope, etc., used to fasten something securely. | D 3-10 | ||
| lintel | Horizontal support of timber, stone, concrete, or steel across the top of a door or window. | D 3-3 | ||
| living area | The total area of finished, above-ground accommodation space. It is calculated by measuring the inside perimeter of the structure and includes only finished, habitable, above-ground living space. It does not include the surface covered by the walls, veranda, porch or terrace. |
D 1-2 | ||
| mansard roof | A roof with a double pitch on all four sides, the lower level having a steeper pitch. | D 3-6 | ||
| monolithic slab | The pouring of concrete grade beam and floor slab together to form a building foundation. | D 3-1 | ||
| mud plaster | Plaster containing clay, sand, and sometimes short pieces of fibrous organic material. Used on exterior and interior surfaces, it helps to protect the walls. | |||
| natural ventilation | The provision of fresh air to a room, building, etc., from a non-mechanical source, such as an opened window, vents above doors and windows. | |||
| no facilities or bush or field | Defecation in the bush or field or ditch; excreta deposited on the ground and covered with a layer of earth (cat method); excreta wrapped and thrown into garbage; and defecation into surface water (e.g., drainage channel, beach, river, stream or sea). | |||
| General properties | occupancy | occupied with no legal status | The occupant informally lives on property without the explicit permission of the owner. | |
| open sewer system | An open drain used for carrying off drainage water and waste matter (sewage). | |||
| outside-air intake/ fresh-air intake | an opening or inlet to the outside of a building, through which fresh air is introducted to a room. Opening usually located above the doors and windows to ensure ventilation in the house, especially in hot climate. | D 4-3 | ||
| owner-occupier | The occupant owns or partially owns the house and land. This includes a mortgage or a loan as well as formal and informal ownership agreements. | |||
| pad footing/ pad foundation | An isolated foundation that is square or rectangle on plan and used to distribute point loads, such as columns, to the ground. The columns that rest on the pad are secured and positioned using holding-down bolts (anchor bolts), which are cast into the concrete. | D 3-1 | ||
| peg | A short cylindrical piece of wood, metal, or plastic, typically tapered at one end, that is used for holding things together, hanging things on, or marking a position. It can be driven into the ground to hold one of the ropes or corners of a tent in place. | D 3-0 | ||
| perforated brick | A brick that incorporates a number of vertical holes. It is lighter than solid brick and has better thermal insulation properties. | D 4-0 | ||
| permanent shelter | Long-term housing, including all necessary services, such as water and sanitation, etc. | |||
| pile | Any slim item thrust, cast or buried in the ground to stabilise or provide foundation for a building. | D 3-2 | ||
| piling | Set of piles. | D 3-2 | ||
| pillar | A tall vertical structure of stone, wood or metal, used as a support for a building. | D 3-1 | ||
| piped sewer system | System of sewer pipes, also called sewerage, that is designed to collect human excreta (faeces and urine) and wastewater and remove them from the household environment. Sewerage systems consist of facilities for collection, pumping, treating and disposing of human excreta and wastewater. | |||
| piped sewer system | An underground conduit/pipe and network for carrying off drainage water and waste matter. | |||
| piped water | A water service pipe connected with in-house plumbing to one or more taps. The tap can also be placed in the yard or plot outside the house. | |||
| pit latrine with slab | A dry pit latrine whereby the pit is fully covered by a slab or platform that is fitted either with a squatting hole or seat. The platform should be solid and can be made of any type of material (e.g., concrete, logs with earth or mud, cement, etc.) as long as it adequately covers the pit without exposing the pit content other than through the squatting hole or seat. | |||
| pit latrine without slab | A hole in the ground for excreta collection and does not have a squatting slab, platform or seat. An open pit is a rudimentary hole. | |||
| planned camp | Government or aid organizations planned living areas, including infrastructure, to house displaced populations. | |||
| platform | A floor or surface raised above the ground level. | D 3-4 | ||
| pole-frame construction | A construction system using vertical poles (long, usually round piece of wood, often a small diameter log with bark removed) or timbers (square-sawn lumber). | D 3-3 | ||
| post | A vertical member used to support a beam or other structural member in a building. In lumber/ timber, 4x4s are often referred to as posts. | D 3-3 | ||
| post anchor/ post base / baseplate | A steel plate located at the bottom of a column (steel, wood, bamboo) with holes pre-drilled for holding-down bolts (anchor bolts), used to distribute vertical loads from structural columns to the foundations. | D 3-1 | ||
| post and beam framing | A structural framing system in which beams rest on posts rather than bearing walls. | D 3-3 | ||
| pour flush toilet | A pour flush toilet uses a water seal, but unlike a flush toilet, it uses water poured by hand for flushing (no cistern is used). | |||
| protected dug well | A dug well that is protected from runoff water by a well lining or casing that is raised above ground level and a platform that diverts spilled water away from the well. A protected dug well is also covered, so that bird droppings and animals cannot fall into the well. | |||
| protected spring | The spring (natural source of groundwater) is typically protected from run-off, bird droppings and animals by a "spring box", which is constructed of brick, masonry, or concrete and is built around the spring so that water flows directly out of the box into a pipe or cistern, without being exposed to outside pollution. | |||
| purlin | A horizontal roof member that runs parallel to the ridge and spans between the roof trusses. Used to support the roof covering. | D 3-7 | ||
| rafter | A horizontal or sloped structural framing member that supports roof loads. | D 3-7 | ||
| rafter brace | Placed below the rafters, starting from the top of the rafter at one gable end to the bottom of the middle rafter, with another installed from the bottom of the middle rafter to just below the top of the rafter at the opposite gable end. | D 3-8 | ||
| rainwater collection | Rain that is collected or harvested from surfaces (by roof or ground catchment) and stored in a container, tank or cistern until used. | |||
| rake beam | A reinforced concrete beam cast on the gable ends, on top of the bricks or concrete blocks, where the masonry is carried full height to the roof line. | D 3-7 | ||
| reinforced concrete | Concrete containing adequate reinforcing bars, and designed on the assumption that the two materials (steel and concrete) act together in resisting forces. | |||
| reinforcing bar | A steel bar, usually with manufactured deformations, used in concrete and masonry construction to provide additional strength. | D 3-1 | ||
| roof covering | The external surface of the roof, normally the part that protects the structure from the rain and other external elements. | |||
| roof decking | The covering of a roof using boarding or timber planks to provide a solid surface on which the flexible sheeting roof covering can be placed. The decking can act as a bracing of the roof if using adequate material, such as sheathing. The roof decking can be made of timber planks, plywood, sheathing, steel, etc. | D 3-7 | ||
| roof vent | An opening used to ventilate an attic or roof cavity. | D 4-3 | ||
| roofing nail | A special-purpose, short threated nail with a large head, usually galvanized or aluminium with a neoprene or plastic washer to aid in fastening roof coverings. | |||
| roofing screw | Long threaded screw used for attaching corrugated and profiled roofing sheets. | |||
| row unit | Shelters in a row, three or more shelters are built side-by-side and share adjoining walls. Each shelter has private entrances. | D 1-1 | ||
| rubble | Rough stones of irregular shape and size, broken from larger masses by geological processes or by quarrying. | D 4-0 | ||
| rubble masonry / rubble ashlar | A type of stone with an irregular shape, utilized in walls and foundations of buildings | D 4-0 | ||
| rubble stone/ rubble masonry | A type of stone with an irregular shape utilized in walls and foundations of buildings. | D 4-0 | ||
| salvage material | Construction material salvaged from the demolition of a building and recycled. | |||
| services | sanitation | Conditions relating to public health, especially the provision of clean drinking water and adequate sewage disposal. | ||
| self-settlement in-situ | Displaced populations create a settlement on their own land. | |||
| self-settlement with relocation | Displaced populations relocate and create a settlement. | |||
| semi-detached | Two shelters joined by a shared wall. | D 1-1 | ||
| septic system | A tank, typically underground, in which sewage is collected and allowed to decompose through bacterial activity before draining by means of a leaching field. Found in buildings that do not have a connection to the main sewer system. | |||
| septic tank | An excreta collection device consisting of a water-tight settling tank, which is normally located underground, away from the house or toilet. The treated effluent of a septic tank usually seeps into the ground through a leaching pit. It can also be discharged into a sewerage system. | |||
| sewage | The waste liquids and solids that are carried away for treatment by drains and sewers. | |||
| sewerage | The entire works/infrastructure required to collect, treat, and dispose of sewage, including the sewer system, pumping stations, and treatment plant. | |||
| shade net | Large plastic net used for creating shade over all types of shelter in hot sunny climate. This will reduce the temperature under the shelter. | |||
| sheathing/ load bearing shell | A layer of boards applied to the studs of a timber-frame wall or to the rafters of a pitched roof to strengthen the construction. Sheets (wooden or metal) providing stability to the structure. | D 3-8 | ||
| shelter | Shelter is more than a roof. It is a secure habitable covered living space providing privacy and dignity for those within it. | |||
| shingle | A roof covering unit made of asphalt, wood, slate, cement, or other material cut into stock sizes and applied on sloping roofs in an overlapping pattern. | |||
| shrub | A woody plant that is smaller than a tree and has several main stems arising at or near the ground. | |||
| shutter | A protective panel which is pulled over a window or door to provide security, reduce heat loss at night, or provide privacy. | |||
| single pit | A large and deep hole in the ground used to collect waste matter (sewage). At least the top 1m of the pit should be lined to prevent collapse, and where the soil is suspected to be unstable the entire pit should be lined. | |||
| structure | roof | single-pitch roof/ shed roof | A roof with just one pitch (slope) to it. Also called mono-pitch or shed roof. | D 3-6 |
| slab | A flat, horizontal molded layer of plain or reinforced concrete, positionned on the ground or supported by beams, columns, walls, or other framework. | D 3-4 | ||
| Site | slum household | A group of individuals living under the same roof in an urban area, and lacking one or more of the following: (1) Durable housing of a permanent nature that protects against extreme climate conditions. (2) Sufficient living space which means not more than three people sharing the same room. (3) Easy access to safe water in sufficient amounts at an affordable price. (4) Access to adequate sanitation in the form of a private or public toilet shared by a reasonable number of people. (5) Security of tenure that prevents forced evictions. | ||
| solid block | A concrete block with no perforations or holes that have been deliberately cut into it. | D 4-0 | ||
| solid brick | A brick (usually made of clay and calcium silicate) with no perforations or holes that have been deliberately cut into it. | D 4-0 | ||
| spiral ground anchor | A giant corkscrew driven into the ground to hold a rope, a guy, or even a post through a base plate, or a structure (timber frame, bamboo frame, etc.). | D 3-0 | ||
| squared rubble | A rubble wall (wall made of randomly cut stone) made from stones that have been squared but are different sizes. The courses are lined up every 3 or 4 rows to give the wall a uniform appearance. | D 4-0 | ||
| stilt | A post used to raise a structure above ground or water level. | D 3-1 | ||
| stove | An appliance fixed or portable for cooking or heating that operates by burning fuel or using electricity. | |||
| strap | A metal plate fastened across the intersection of two or more timber elements. | |||
| strip footing | Foundation supporting a wall, with a course of concrete wider than the base of the wall. | D 3-1 | ||
| stud | Vertical structural element of wall assemblies which transfers vertical and/or lateral loads. | D 3-3 | ||
| sun-dried brick | Brick made of earth and dried in the sun (as opposed to dried in a kiln/oven). | D 4-0 | ||
| Structure | walls & frame | superstructure | Load-bearing part of a building located above its foundations | D 3-3 |
| surface water | Water located above ground and includes rivers, dams, lakes, ponds, streams, canals, and irrigation channels. | |||
| suspended floor | A floor that is raised and supported above the ground. Can be made of reinforced concrete (suspended slab); timber (suspended timber ground floor); concrete joists & infill blocks (beam and block / beam fill floor); bamboo (other suspended floor); etc. | D 3-5 | ||
| suspended slab | Reinforced concrete slab that is raised above the ground, and supported by beams and walls. | D 3-5 | ||
| suspended timber ground floor | A floor constructed from timber joists at ground level, where the joists span across external and intermediate walls (can be honeycomb walls), raising the floor above the ground. The gap below the floor (crawl space) should be ventilated to prevent moisture forming on the timber and causing mould growth. | D 3-5 | ||
| tanker truck | The water is trucked into a community and sold/distributed from the water truck. | |||
| tap/ standpipe | A public water point from which people can collect water. A standpipe is also known as a public fountain or public tap. Public standpipes can have one or more taps and are typically made of brickwork, masonry or concrete. | |||
| tensioner | An instrument for adding tension to a rope, cable, etc. | D 3-0 | ||
| tie | A piece, placed between ridge beam and king post, serves to brace the roof. | D 3-8 | ||
| tie beam | A horizontal structural member used at the foot of two opposite rafters or between two walls to prevent them spreading under load. | D 3-7 | ||
| tie beam | A horizontal structural member used at the foot of two opposite rafters or between two walls to prevent them spreading under load. | D 3-8 | ||
| tie plate/ anchor plate | A plate used to hold down/secure a tie-bar or a tie rod. | D 3-8 | ||
| tie/ tie-bar/ tie rod | A beam, rod, rope or strap that fastens a material or components together. Designed to operate in tension. | D 3-8 | ||
| timber pile | A large, de-barked, pressure-treated straight log that is driven into the ground as foundation support. | D 3-2 | ||
| transitional shelter | Rapid, post-disaster household shelter made from materials that can be upgraded or re-used in a more permanent structure, or that can be relocated from temporary sites to permanent locations. It is designed to facilitate the transition by affected populations to more durable shelters. Transitional shelter can be: (1) upgraded into part of a permanent house, (2) re-used for another purpose, (3) relocated from a temporary site to a permanent location, (4) re-sold, to generate income to aid with recovery, (5) recycled for reconstruction. | |||
| trickle vent | Small opening placed on top of a window or at the bottom of a door to control moisture in the room. Especially used in cold and moderate climate. | D 4-3 | ||
| truss | A structural framework of beams, posts and struts that is designed to support a structure, such as a roof. | D 3-7 | ||
| tubewell/ borehole | A deep hole that has been driven, bored or drilled, with the purpose of reaching groundwater supplies. Boreholes/tubewells are constructed with casing, or pipes, which prevent the small diameter hole from caving in and protects the water source from infiltration by run-off water. Water is delivered from a tubewell or borehole through a pump, which may be powered by human, animal, wind, electric, diesel or solar means. Boreholes/tubewells are usually protected by a platform around the well, which leads spilled water away from the borehole and prevents infiltration of run-off water at the well head. | |||
| unprotected dug well | A dug well for which one of the following conditions is true: 1) the well is not protected from run-off water; or 2) the well is not protected from bird droppings and animals. If at least one of these conditions is true, the well is unprotected. | |||
| unprotected spring | A spring (natural source of groundwater) that is subject to run-off, bird droppings, or the entry of animals. Unprotected springs typically do not have a "spring box". | |||
| V brace/ inverted V-brace | Brace shaped as a V or inverted V. | D 3-8 | ||
| vent | Any opening serving as an outlet or inlet for air. | D 4-3 | ||
| vent pipe in roof | A pipe to discharge gases to the outside. | D 4-3 | ||
| ventilated improved pit latrine (VIP) | A dry pit latrine ventilated by a pipe that extends above the latrine roof. The open end of the vent pipe is covered with gauze mesh or fly-proof netting and the inside of the superstructure is kept dark. | |||
| skin | ventilation | ventilation | A natural or mechanical process by which air is introduced to or removed from a space. Controls the renewal and circulation of air in the premises. | |
| vertical wall reinforcement | A vertical reinforced concrete beam cast in each corner, including interior corners and corners created by changes in wall direction or offsetting of walls. | D 3-3 | ||
| wall base | The lowest visible part of the wall of a masonry building. | D 3-3 | ||
| wall plate (bottom)/ sill plate | A horizontal framing element installed on a structure's foundation. The bottom framing member of a wall frame. | D 3-3 | ||
| wall plate (top) | A horizontal wood element attached to the top of a frame wall and supporting trusses, I-joists, rafters, ceiling joists, or other members. | D 3-3 | ||
| services | water supply | The distribution of drinking water to consumers by a water utility. | ||
| wattle | Material for making fences or walls, consisting of rods or stakes interlaced with twigs or branches. | |||
| wattle & daub | A type of wall construction comprising interwoven twigs, sticks, and branches (wattle) that are covered with clay, cow dung, or mud (daub). Traditionally used as an infill in post-and-beam timber-frame buildings. | |||
| welded-wire mesh/ welded wire fabric | A square grid of uniformly placed wires, welded at all intersections. Used in concrete slabs or reinforced concrete walls. | D 3-1 | ||
| wood shingle | A roof covering unit made of wood cut into stock sizes and applied on sloping roofs in an overlapping pattern. |


The 10 millisecond AUCTION
How Google serves you ads
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2 tablespoons canned Chipotle in Adobo sauce (sauce only)
1 minced garlic clove ( or ½ teaspoon granulated garlic)
½ teaspoon cumin
½ teaspoon coriander
salt to taste
Instructions
Preheat oven to 425F
Slice the portobellos into ½ inch thick wedges and slice bell pepper in to ½ thick strips. If adding onion, cut into ½ inch thick rings or half moons.
Place all on a sheet-pan lined sheet pan & Mix marinade ingredients together in a small bowl.
Brush both sides of mushrooms liberally with the marinade, then remaining red bell pepper and onion lightly. Sprinkle portobellos with salt. Roast 20 minutes or until portobellos are fork-tender.
While this is roasting, heat the beans any prep any additional garnishes. Pickled onions and Vegan cilantro Crema both take about 10 minutes to make. Or simply use avocado slices.
When ready to serve, warm the tortillas ( over a gas flame on the stove, or in a toaster oven) and spread generously with the refried black beans. Divide chipotle portobellos and peppers (and onions if used)among the tortillas. Top with Cilantro Crema, Poblano Salsa, or avocado, fresh cilantro and optional pickled onions.


Markdown is a markup language that can be easily converted to HTML or other formats. The best part of Markdown is that you can write it in plaintext format, yet format it using certain special characters such as hyphens (-
), quotes etc. Even this post was rendered with Markdown. Let’s see how we can craft posts with Markdown.
Headings
Similar to HTML, Markdown supports six levels of headings, from H1 to H6. To achieve different headings, we simply use the #
to denote the level. For example:
# Hello
yields a H1 header while ## Hello
yields a H2 header. Here’s a demo:
H1 header
H2 header
H3 header
H4 header
H5 header
H6 header
Bold, Italics, Underline and Strikethrough
To give sufficient emphasis we can use the following syntax:
```markdown Text can be made bold by using a double asterisks or double underscores at both the start and end of the text segment.
Text can be made italics by using a single asterisk or single underscore at both the start and end of the text segment.
To combine both bold and italics, we can use both the above notations like this.
To make a strikethrough, we can use two tildes at the start and end of the text segment ~~like this~~. ```
Text can be made bold by using a double asterisks or double underscores at both the start and end of the text segment.
Text can be made italics by using a single asterisk or single underscore at both the start and end of the text segment.
To combine both bold and italics, we can use both the above notations like this.
To make a strikethrough, we can use two tildes at the start and end of the text segment ~~like this~~.
Making Lists
Lists are one of the most needed features for anyone writing anything! Markdown offers a nifty feature for making lists that is super easy to write.
Ordered (Numbered) Lists
To make numbered lists, we simply start with 1.
and markdown interprets whatever comes after as the first point of the list. You can create nested lists with three spaces followed by a number.
markdown
1. Hello World
2. This is a numbered list.
3. This is a nested numbered list.
The above gives us the following result:
- Hello World
- This is a numbered list.
- This is a nested numbered list.
Unordered Lists
To make unordered lists, we can use asterisks (*), minuses (-), pluses (+).
markdown
* Unordered point 1
+ Unordered point 2
- Unordered point 3
The above will now translate to:
- Unordered point 1
- Unordered point 2
- Unordered point 3
Combining Ordered and Unordered Lists
To combine and nest ordered and unordered lists, we just need to add trailing spaces before the next point followed by a number/asterisk/minus/plus.
markdown
1. Ordered point 1
2. Ordered point 2
* Unordered point nested under point 2
3. Ordered point 3
1. Ordered point 1 under point 3
Result:
- Ordered point 1
- Ordered point 2
- Unordered point nested under point 2
- Ordered point 3
- Ordered point 1 under point 3
Adding Links
Hyperlinks are one of the most commonly used features in any document, blog etc. Adding links in Markdown is really simple too!
To add a hyperlink on a text, we use both square brackets []
and round brackets ()
.
First we put the text we want to hyperlink into the square brackets, in this example, Google: [Google]
. Next, we hyperlink by adding the actual web address in between round brackets right after the square brackets, like this:
markdown
[Google](http://www.google.com)
Rendering the markdown, we get this:
Adding Images
Adding images is very similar to adding links. All we need to do is to add an exclamation mark in front of the square brackets. The alt text for the image goes into the square brackets and web address into the round brackets. Suppose we want to display the Google logo, we do this:
markdown
![Google Logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Google_2015_logo.svg/2000px-Google_2015_logo.svg.png)
And this renders as:
Blockquotes
Blockquotes are handy to specify sections which have been to quoted from another source. They are commonly used in emails where you can highlight the point you are addressing with regards to a previous email. To add a block quote, you use the >
sign.
markdown
> This is a blockquote.
> This is the second line of the blockquote.
This is a blockquote. This is the second line of the blockquote.
Adding Code
Markdown supports adding code and syntax-highlighting. This is a joy for any programmer or developer. I am personally a heavy user of this feature to make my notes/articles. To add a code block, we wrap the code with three backticks: “```” .
```
This is a general code block as there is no language specified.
```
We can add code blocks by specifying the language as well. We do this by adding the language name right after the first “```”. For example, lets add a Python code block.
Writing the above renders into:
Similarly, Markdown supports an astonishing variety of languages!
Sometimes, you just want to highlight a specific word like this
. That’s called inline code. To add inline code, we just use one backtick.
gives us inline code
.
Adding Tables
Yup, there is support for adding tables too! Now you can easily add tables with markdown to all your emails instead of creating them elsewhere and painstakingly copying them over to ensure in-tact formatting.
We use fences to make tables in markdown. A typical markdown table looks like this:
markdown
| Fruits | Cost | Quantity | Total |Supplier |
| :-------- |-------:| ---------:|------:|:---------:|
| Apples | $2 | 160 |$320 |XYZ Company|
| Oranges | $3 | 120 |$360 |ABC Company|
| Pears | $4 | 100 |$400 |123 Company|
Colons help us align the content within the columns. You can also add emphasis (bold, italics, strikethrough) in the tables.
| Fruits | Cost | Quantity | Total | Supplier |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apples | $2 | 160 | $320 | XYZ Company |
| Oranges | $3 | 120 | $360 | ABC Company |
| Pears | $4 | 100 | $400 | 123 Company |
As you can it is a really neat way to make tables! Placing the colon on either sides of the dividing line indicates how the content for the column will be aligned. Colon on left helps left-align (see column Fruits
). Colon on the right helps right-align (see columns Cost
, Quantity
and Total
). Colons on both sides centers the column’s content (see column Supplier
).
Horizontal Line Breaks
To have horziontal lines as dividers, we can use three asterisks (*), hyphens (-) or underscores (_).
For example:
renders as:
Horizontal line 1:
Horizontal line 2:
Horizontal line 3: ___
And that’s it folks! Markdown is a handy and simply language to learn that can help to save loads of time for plaintext lovers. Already planning on which Markdown editor to use? A new article is coming right on that. Meanwhile, give Markdown a try and share your comments below 👇🏼!


cmupd is a tool for converting user projects that use Cmajor version 3.2.0 or earlier APIs to use APIs of the current 3.3.0 version.
Usage: cmupd [options] { SOLUTION.cms | PROJECT.cmp | SOURCEFILE.cm } Options: --help | -h Print help and exit. --verbose | -v Be verbose. --commit | c Make changes to sources. If run without the --commit flag, only shows what changes would be made without actually making the changes.
The tool may be able to convert source code to use new APIs of the following changed libraries:
The tool may not be able to convert all source code to use new APIs of the following changed libraries, because APIs have changed so much or changes could not be automated:
If run without the --commit flag, prints the source lines that would be changed without actually making changes.
When run with the --commit flag, renames an old source file that need to be changed from foo.cm to foo.cm.000 and generates changed source file with name foo.cm.


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--- layout: page title: About header-img: "img/about-bg.png" ---
coding blog of steve telesmanic - Flatiron School's Online Web Developer Program


Quasi static magnetic ports contain the complex magnetic flux (flow variable) and the complex magnetic potential difference (potential variable) and a reference angle. The relationship between the different complex phasors with respect to different references will be explained by means of the complex magnetic flux. The same transformation relationships also apply to the complex magnetic potential difference. However, the discussed relationships are important for handling connectors in the air gap model, transform equations into the rotor fixed reference frame, etc.
Let us assume that the air gap model contains stator and rotor magnetic ports which relate to the different sides of the machine. The angle relationship between these ports is
,
where is the connector reference angle of the stator ports, is the connector reference angle of the rotor ports, and is the difference of the mechanical angles of the flange and the support, respectively, multiplied by the number of pole pairs, . The stator and rotor reference angles are directly related with the electrical frequencies of the electric circuits of the stator, , and rotor, , respectively, by means of:
This is a strict consequence of the electro magnetic coupling between the quasi static electric and the quasi static magnetic domain.
The complex magnetic flux with respect a stator and rotor magnetic port are equal,
,
but the reference phase angles are different according to the relationship explained above. The stator and rotor reference angles refer to quasi static magnetic connectors. The complex magnetic flux of the (stator) port with respect to the stator fixed reference frame is then calculated by
.
The complex magnetic flux of the (rotor) magnetic port with respect to the rotor fixed reference frame is then calculated by
.
The two stator and rotor fixed complex fluxes are related by
.


The paper presents a new machine comprehension dataset for question answering in real life setting (say when interacting with Cortana/Siri).
Existing machine comprehension (MC) datasets are either too small or synthetic (with a distribution different from that or real-questions posted by humans). MARCO questions are sampled from real, anonymized user queries.
Most datasets would provide a comparatively small and clean context to answer the question. In MARCO, the context documents (which may or may not contain the answer) are extracted using Bing from real-world documents. As such the questions and the context documents are noisy.
In general, the answer to the questions are restricted to an entity or text span within the document. In case of MARCO, the human judges are encouraged to generate complete sentences as answers.
First release consists of 100K questions with the aim of releasing 1M questions in the future releases.
All questions are tagged with segment information.
A subset of questions has multiple answers and another subset has no answers at all.
Each record in the dataset contains the following information:
Metrics
Among generative models, Memory Networks performed better than seq-to-seq.
In the cloze-style test, ReasoNet achieved an accuracy of approx. 59% while Attention Sum Reader achieved an accuracy of approx 55%.
Current QA systems (including the ones using memory and attention) derive their power from supervised data and are very different from how humans do reasoning.
Imagenet dataset pushed the state-of-the-art performance on object classification to beyond human accuracy. Similar was the case with speech recognition dataset from DARPA which led to the advancement of speech recognition. Having a large, diverse and human-like questions dataset is a fundamental requirement to advance the field and the paper aims to provide just the right kind of dataset.


Applies fixes for compilation errors introduced by @CompileStatic annotation. Fixes are applied for class or method containing selection and annotated with @CompileStatic.


|
OpenShoe
1.0
|
High level external user interface (USB). More...
#include <string.h>
#include "external_interface.h"
#include "control_tables.h"
#include "conf_usb.h"
#include "udd.h"
#include "udc.h"
#include "udi_cdc.h"
#include "usbc_device.h"
Data Structures | |
| struct | rxtx_buffer |
| Receive and transmit buffer. | |
Defines | |
| #define | CHECKSUM_BYTES 2 |
| #define | HEADER_BYTES 1 |
| #define | MAX_COMMAND_ARGS 10 |
| #define | NO_EXPECTED_BYTES 0 |
| #define | SINGLE_BYTE_EXPECTED 1 |
| #define | USB_TIMEOUT_COUNT 200000000 |
| #define | NO_INITIATED_TRANSMISSION 0 |
| #define | COUNTER_RESET_VALUE 0 |
| #define | NO_BYTES_RECEIVED_YET 0 |
| #define | STATE_OUTPUT_HEADER 0xAA |
| #define | receive_limit_not_reached(rx_nrb_counter) ((rx_nrb_counter)<MAX_RX_NRB) |
| #define | reset_timer(timer) ((timer) = Get_system_register(AVR32_COUNT)) |
| #define | is_new_header(exp_nrb) ((exp_nrb) == NO_EXPECTED_BYTES) |
| #define | is_end_of_command(exp_nrb) (exp_nrb) == SINGLE_BYTE_EXPECTED |
| #define | has_timed_out(timeout_counter, exp_nrb) ((timeout_counter) + USB_TIMEOUT_COUNT < Get_system_register(AVR32_COUNT) && (exp_nrb) > 0) |
| #define | increment_counter(counter) ((counter)++) |
| #define | decrement_counter(counter) ((counter)--) |
| #define | FIRST_PAYLOAD_BYTE (state_output_header_p+2) |
| #define | PAYLOAD_SIZE_BYTE (state_output_header_p+1) |
Buffer settings | |
| #define | RX_BUFFER_SIZE 20 |
| #define | TX_BUFFER_SIZE 60 |
| #define | SINGLE_TX_BUFFER_SIZE 10 |
| #define | MAX_RX_NRB 10 |
State output divider limits | |
| #define | MAX_LOG2_DIVIDER 14 |
| #define | MIN_LOG2_DIVIDER 0 |
Functions | |
| void | com_interface_init (void) |
| Initialization function for communication interface. | |
| void | receive_command (void) |
| Main function for receiving commands from user. | |
| void | transmit_data (void) |
| Main function to output data to user. | |
| void | set_state_output (uint8_t state_id, uint8_t divider) |
| Sets state_id state to be output with interrupt frequency divided by 2^(divider-1). Divider=0 turns off output. | |
| void | reset_output_counters (void) |
| Reset the output counter such that the output become synchronized. | |
Variables | |
| uint8_t | error_signal = 0 |
| Error signaling vector. If zero no error has occurred. | |
State output rate control variables |
High level external user interface (USB).
This file contains the functions for 1) receiving and parsing commands and executing commands responses 2) determining what to transmit and to transmit data to the system user via USB.
| #define CHECKSUM_BYTES 2 |
| #define COUNTER_RESET_VALUE 0 |
| #define decrement_counter | ( | counter | ) | ((counter)--) |
| #define FIRST_PAYLOAD_BYTE (state_output_header_p+2) |
| #define has_timed_out | ( | timeout_counter, | |
| exp_nrb | |||
| ) | ((timeout_counter) + USB_TIMEOUT_COUNT < Get_system_register(AVR32_COUNT) && (exp_nrb) > 0) |
| #define HEADER_BYTES 1 |
| #define increment_counter | ( | counter | ) | ((counter)++) |
| #define is_end_of_command | ( | exp_nrb | ) | (exp_nrb) == SINGLE_BYTE_EXPECTED |
| #define is_new_header | ( | exp_nrb | ) | ((exp_nrb) == NO_EXPECTED_BYTES) |
| #define MAX_COMMAND_ARGS 10 |
| #define NO_BYTES_RECEIVED_YET 0 |
| #define NO_EXPECTED_BYTES 0 |
| #define NO_INITIATED_TRANSMISSION 0 |
| #define PAYLOAD_SIZE_BYTE (state_output_header_p+1) |
| #define receive_limit_not_reached | ( | rx_nrb_counter | ) | ((rx_nrb_counter)<MAX_RX_NRB) |
| #define reset_timer | ( | timer | ) | ((timer) = Get_system_register(AVR32_COUNT)) |
| #define SINGLE_BYTE_EXPECTED 1 |
| #define STATE_OUTPUT_HEADER 0xAA |
| #define USB_TIMEOUT_COUNT 200000000 |


Distance was walking through the forest. She had sort of wanted to follow a brook just to see where it went. She was interested in seeing if there was some shale she could bring home with herself. She was about ankle deep in the water when she started walking. It was just a small brook that was fun for her to play in. She had to be careful though because there was algae on the rocks which made it slick.
She saw that there were low hanging branches up ahead so she carefully stopped moving forward and decided instead to walk to the side and go around. She was alone.
She looked down and decided that she should take off her shoes but then something told her that she would be better off keeping them on as though Yes she would have better grip with her feet, but it was far more dangerous to go barefoot down this brook.
She was looking down the sides of the forest and she noticed that there were groups of gnats flying in almost spheres of activity just floating in the air.
She was walking further down the brook and she noticed that the water was about up to her knees now and she was kind of excited. It was her first time going down this path of water and she just wanted to see where it led, because she wanted some shale.
She walked further but as she was going further it was becoming more and more difficult to walk but the experience alone was interesting to her.
She looked down and actually saw a black fish swimming beside her. It just kind of followed her. She was a little taken aback.
So she splashed at it. It swam away and she didn’t think anything of it.
Then she walked a little bit further ahead and there were now two fishes on either side of her. One of them was black and the other three were silverish orange colors. She laughed a little to herself. Fish.
She decided not to splash these fish. It would take away the fun of watching what they did. She kept walking.
Up ahead there was a small waterfall. That was probably where she would find her shale.
She noticed that the water had gone up to her thighs and the four fish had now become about eight and there were two purple fish and a yellow one and a green one.
She had never seen a green fish.
Distance was now noticing that up ahead she could hear the sound of what sounded like an actual waterfall. She thought to herself that maybe she should turn back. The fish were up ahead of her now and they were sort of slowly forming a wall.
Distance thought to herself.
Maybe this would be a good time to turn back.
So she turns around and starts to go back to camp. Thinking to herself that quite possibly there was shale in the other direction up stream, as opposed to down stream.
She takes a look over her shoulder and because she can hear what sounds like heavy water flow. She considers for a brief second that the forest is more magical than she can imagine so in that she is going to for once just pay attention to something. Like some fish.
Well she gets herself going upstream a bit and she notices that the water is receding down her leg and in so doing, she notices that her pants are slightly more wet than she would imagine.
The fish that were following her in a group have been replaced by the single black fish.
It does a little jump out of the water and Distance notices that it has a silver line down its back.
She likes the black fish.
Distance stops walking.
The black fish stops swimming.
Distance takes a step to the side.
The black fish takes a step to the side with her.
Distance moves closer to the black fish and reaches out to touch it.
At that moment, she hears some of her friends calling for her.
Steven calls out to her. “Distance, how far down did you go down the brook?”
Distance says, “I went down to where the water was almost up to my waist.”
Steven and some other people look slightly worried.
“Distance, you just got up this morning and started walking, you could have gotten lost or worse.” said Jessica.
“I wanted to find some shale.” said Distance.
“We already collected some shale, we have plenty.” said Jeremy.
“There were some fish that let me know something.” said Distance.
“What?” said Steven.
“That , well , I might not have wanted the shale as badly as I thought.” said Distance.
“Okay, Distance. Yeah.” said Jeremy the one that was raised in the City.
Distance thought to herself. “I know exactly what I saw. The city really wouldn’t know much about the magic of the forest.”
So Distance rejoined her group. She went and noticed that they had indeed found some shale without her. She did not know where.
Not that it mattered.


{{song.name}}
{% comment %}
About
======
This is a single iframe of the bandcamp. Notice at the "track=......."
you need to REPLACE each track id to the yml file and replace it with the associate songs. You will need to copy by yourself.
So in here what you need to do is just
and it will auto retrieve everything...
{% endcomment %}


{% extends "admin/base_site.html" %} {% load i18n staticfiles admin_list %} {% block breadcrumbs %}
{% endblock %} {% block content %}Do you want to close this burn? No further edits will be permitted.
I am satisfied that all the applicable post-burn required actions have been completed, documented, signed where required, and inserted into Part D and that details of observations from debriefs etc. have been documented in Part C.{% endblock %}


 When a person goes to a web page like www.google.com, their computer sends a HTTP Request to a server.
The server finds the appropriate HTML document and sends it back to the user's computer where a web browser interprets the page and displays it on the user's screen. This video does a good job of explaining.
HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language. HTML documents form the majority of the content on the web. HTML documents contain text content which describes "what you see" and markup which describes "how it looks". This video gives a good overview.
HTML documents are made of HTML elements. When writing HTML, we tell browsers the type of each element by using HTML tags. This video explains the distinction well.
 This makes them very unforgiving since a small mistake by a programmer can cause huge problems in a program.
HTML elements are either inline or block. Block elements form an "invisible box" around the content inside of them.
* HTML and CSS are both languages that will be used in this course.
* HTML controls the structure of the page.
* CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets. It controls the style of the page. CSS Reference Guide. "Cascading" means that rules are applied not only to the elements they directly match, but also to all of those elements' child elements. However, if a child element has multiple, overlapping rules defined for it, the more specific rule takes effect. How CSS Selectors Work
* When programmers talk about the "DOM" ( Document Object Model) they are talking about the tree-like structure of a page.
HTML elements are either inline or block. Block elements form an "invisible box" around the content inside of them.
The "tree-like structure" comes from the fact that HTML
elements can have other elements inside of them. You can
draw this relationship like a family tree. My mother had
multiple children. So did her mother, and so on...
In a browser, this structure shows up as a series of
nested boxes. There are boxes inside of boxes inside of
boxes, and so on...
When you read an HTML document as text, you see a wave of changing indentations going up and down the left side of the document. The more indented an element is, the more deeply nested it's corresponding "box" is.
When writing code, programmers use special text editors (like Sublime Text for example). These editors make the programmer's life easier. For example, some text editors will automatically generate a closing HTML tag when you write an opening tag.
Method 1: write CSS in the head of your HTML. This method is good for very small projects (like what you'd do in scratchpad.io). To do this: 1. At the top of your HTML document, add a head element. 2. Inside the head element, add a style element. 3. Write your CSS in the style element and then put the HTML for the rest of your page below.
Method 2: Link your HTML to a separate CSS file. This adds another step, but it lets you stay more organized when working on larger projects. To do this: 1. Write all of your structural HTML in one file (let's call it main.html). 2. In a separate file (let's call it main.css), put all of your CSS code. 3. Add a head element to the top of your HTML. 4. Add a link tag inside the head element. Since link is a "void tag" you don't need to add a closing /link. 5. Add the following attributes to your link: * rel="stylesheet" * type="text/css" * href="main.css"
Method 3: Write your style inline with your HTML. This is generally a very bad idea because it leads to lots of repeated code.
To verify HTML: http://validator.w3.org/#validate_by_input ; To verify CSS: http://jigsaw.w3.org/css-validator/#validate_by_input


Blacksmith Feynn:
Wait, let me take a drink first!... Gulp...Gulp...Gulp
......
....
...
.
Oh yeah, great song, buddy!
You passed the test! You know, a while back, a lady wearing a blue dress appeared to me in a dream!
She said that soon I'd be visited by a singer seeking a test. She told me I should do it.
Do you know the test? It was respect! To pass the test, the person would do as I asked, no matter how rude my manner was. And, he would sing a song with a sincere heart...
Here is the Stone of Commune. Take it with you to the Tablet of Vision. The first tablet can be found in the south part of the Tower of Insolence.
I'll pray that your song becomes popular! Oh, and thanks for the beer! Ha! Good luck!


| 033:005 Khan | : |
Call them (adopted sons) by (the names of) their fathers, that is more just with Allah. But if you know not their father's (names, call them) your brothers in faith and Mawalikum (your freed slaves). And there is no sin on you if you make a mistake therein, except in regard to what your hearts deliberately intend. And Allah is Ever Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful. |
| 033:005 Maulana | : |
Call them by (the names of) their fathers; this is more equitable with Allah; but if you know not their fathers, then they are your brethren in faith and your friends. And there is no blame on you in that wherein you make a mistake, but (you are answerable for) that which your hearts purpose. And Allah is ever Forgiving, Merciful. |
| 033:005 Pickthal | : |
Proclaim their real parentage. That will be more equitable in the sight of Allah. And if ye know not their fathers, then (they are) your brethren in the faith, and your clients. And there is no sin for you in the mistakes that ye make unintentionally, but what your hearts purpose (that will be a sin for you). Allah is ever Forgiving, Merciful. |
| 033:005 Rashad | : |
You shall give your adopted children names that preserve their relationship to their genetic parents. This is more equitable in the sight of GOD. If you do not know their parents, then, as your brethren in religion, you shall treat them as members of your family. You do not commit a sin if you make a mistake in this respect; you are responsible for your purposeful intentions. GOD is Forgiver, Most Merciful. |
| 033:005 Sarwar | : |
Call them sons of their own fathers. It is more just in the eyes of God. If you do not know their fathers, they are your brothers and friends in religion. You will not be responsible for your mistakes, but you will be responsible for what you do intentionally. God is All-forgiving and All-merciful. |
| 033:005 Shakir | : |
Assert their relationship to their fathers; this is more equitable with Allah; but if you do not know their fathers, then they are your brethren in faith and your friends; and there is no blame on you concerning that in which you made a mistake, but (concerning) that which your hearts do purposely (blame may rest on you), and Allah is Forgiving, Merciful. |
| 033:005 Sherali | : |
Call them after their fathers. That is more equitable in the sight of ALLAH. But if you know not their fathers, then they are your brothers in Faith and your friends. And there is no blame on you in respect of any mistake you may unintentionally make in this matter; but you will be called to account for that which your hearts purpose. And ALLAH is Most Forgiving. Ever Merciful. |
| 033:005 Yusufali | : |
Call them by (the names of) their fathers: that is juster in the sight of Allah. But if ye know not their father's (names, call them) your Brothers in faith, or your maulas. But there is no blame on you if ye make a mistake therein: (what counts is) the intention of your hearts: and Allah is Oft-Returning, Most Merciful. |
Concepts/Themes Covered: العمل > العمل الطالح > الخطأ في العمل Action(Work)> Bad Deeds>Making Mistakes الإنسان والعلاقات الاجتماعية > التبنّي > بطلانه Man and The Social Relations>Adoption>Its Invalidity العلاقات القضائية > تنظيمات قضائية > العدل Judicial Relationships>Juridical Regulations>Justice
This tool uses eight English parallel translations for the Holy Quran imported from Mr. Clay Smith. You can also visit Qurany Concepts for browsing the Quran themes or topics. If you want to search the Holy Quran for keywords, please visit Qurany Keywords.


- men
- women
- kids
- favorites
- customize
nike
nike
men's running shoes
air jordan 5 retro
The Jordan Retro 5 masters the art of accessibility with a design that's expressive and comfortable from the inside out. Made
from a mix of high-tech and natural materials, this shoe has plush, lightweight foam underfoot.
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{% extends 'base.html'%} {% block content %}
{{article.description}}
Published on: {{article.publishedAt }} By: {{article.author}}


|
HUMEC
|
| Upregulated pathways |
Membrane trafficking and assembly |
| Cellular responses to stresses |
| Nucleotide and protein catabolic pathways |
| Double strand DNA break repair through homologous recombination |
| Heme degradation |
| NCOR-HDAC3 complex |
| Cell cycle transition |
| Regulation of protein kinases |
| Downregulated pathways |
Organophosphate biosynthetic process |
| Cytokine-mediated signaling pathway |
| Deoxyribonucleotide metabolic pathway |
| Muscle tissue development |
| Ras protein signaling transduction |
| Intrinsic apoptotic pathway |
| Transcriptional activation of mitochondrial biogenesis |
| Carbohydrate and alcohol metabolic pathways |
|
MCF7
|
| Upregulated pathways |
Exocytosis |
| Cellular responses to external and internal stimuli and stresses |
| Membrane trafficking |
| Protein catabolic processes |
| Autophagy |
| Amino-sugar metabolism |
| Vacuolar transport |
| Mitochondria organization |
| Downregulated pathways |
Cell cycle |
| Mitosis and G2/M transition |
| DNA repair |
| Telomere organization |
| Sumoylation |
| Centrosome cycle |
| Deubiquitination |
| Regulation of chromosome organization |
| Aurora B pathway |
| Membrane organization |
| Cellular morphogenesis |


Save on your favourite band merch with £20 off and free shipping at EMP
by https://www.facebook.com/metalhammer/EMP have kicked off their Black Friday deals today – and you can score free shipping and £20 off!
Black Friday is rapidly approaching and many online retailers have already kicked off their discount, including EMP.
But for this week only, they are offering free delivery site-wide (minimum spend of £65) and a whopping £20 off with code BLACK25, if you spend £85*!
*Minimum order value £85. The discount will be applied automatically at checkout after entering the code. Books, media, tickets, Rammstein, Böhse Onkelz, gift vouchers and items that include a discount in the price are excluded. Cannot be used in conjunction with any other promotions.
Plus, check out their sale section to score even more discounts on everything from LPs, CDs and Slipknot merch to boots, Nightmare Before Christmas Vans and Powerwolf Christmas sweaters!
Check out our picks of the best savings below:
£149.99
| WAS:
Dr Martens 1460 DMC Smooth boots
| NOW: £129.99 | + Free Shipping with code BLACK25 at EMP
Dr Martens – the ultimate rocker boot! Grab the timeless, comfortable 8-hole black ankle boots at a lower price today. View Deal
£119.99
| WAS:
New Rock Neotyre Negro heeled boots
| NOW: £99.99 | + Free Shipping with code BLACK25 at EMP
Gig in style with these ace women's heeled boots. We all know New Rocks can set you back a pretty penny, so why not grab them while they are hot for under £100 and score yourself free delivery?! View Deal
£219.99
| WAS:
Motorhead Leather Jacket
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Who doesn't love Motorhead? Represent the quintessential heavy metal band in style with this officially licensed casual leather jacket complete with Snaggletooth logo detail. View Deal
£219.99
| WAS:
Ramones Leather Jacket
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Keep time while wearing your love of thrash metal on your sleeve, literally.


Home
COVID-19 Vaccine Questionaire
Debug Profile ID: = profileData == null ? '' : profileData['ID'] ?>
Has the patient ever received a dose of COVID-19 vaccine (Pfizer, Moderna, other)?
Yes
No
If so, which one?
Pfizer
Moderna
Other
What was the date of first dose?
Has the patient ever had a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) to anything?
Yes
No
Has the patient ever had a severe allergic reaction after receiving a COVID-19 vaccine, another vaccine, or injectable medication?
Yes
No
Has patient had a severe allergic reaction to a component of the COVID-19 vaccine, including polysorbate or polyethelene glycol (PEG), which is found in some medications, such as laxatives and preparations for colonoscopy procedures?
Yes
No
Has the patient received passive antibody therapy (monoclonal antibodies or convalescent serum) as treatment for COVID-19?
Yes
No
Has the patient received any vaccine in the last 14 days (excluding COVID vaccine)?
Yes
No
Does patient have a weakened immune system caused by something such as HIV infection or cancer or do you take immunosuppressive drugs or therapies?
Yes
No
Does patient have a bleeding disorder or are you taking a blood thinner?
Yes
No
Is the patient in quarantine or isolation for COVID-19?
Yes
No
Submit
Generate


<%= yield %>
This email was sent from a notification-only address that cannot accept incoming email. Please do not reply to this message.


You change back into the shirt you had on before.
The end.


Engineer
The Pomson 6000 now has the same fire rate and clip size as a Shotgun
The Pomson 6000's projectiles now penetrate enemy players (and harmlessly pass through teammates)
Removed the Widowmaker's damage bonus against Sentry targets
Engineer can now equip the Winger
Engineers now take 75% less damage from their own Wrangled Sentry
Slightly reduced the repair penalty of Wrangled Sentries from -66% to -50%
Slightly reduced the damage resistance of Wrangled Sentries from +66% to +50%
The Short Circuit can no longer gain metal from Dispensers while active
All Dispensers and Teleporters now build 25% faster
The Southern Hospitality now deals +20% more melee damage
The Southern Hospitality now doubles your Dispenser range (stacks with other bonuses/penalties)
The Southern Hospitality now halfs your max metal capacity (stacks with other bonuses/penalties)
The Montana Magnet
Level X Shave-3-Seconds-Off-Your-Rollout Shotgun
All ammo in a tight radius around the player is automatically collected
On Kill : Enemy drops an additional small ammo pack
Fires directly from reserve ammo
75% less primary ammo on wearer
Reload after every shot
The Gutbuster
Level X Horseless-Headless-Horseman's-Heatmaker Shotgun
25% increased damage to your sentry's target
-25 max health on wearer
Cannot be crit boosted
Cursed with dark spirits similar to those that dwell within the Eyelander (increased health and speed with every gut busted)
The Trigger Treat
Level X "It's-The-Great-Pumpkin-Dell-Conagher" Shotgun
Victims are marked with the "Jacked!" status effect
"Jacked!"  can be roasted away with fire (from both allies and enemies) or with time
Fires pumpkin seeds instead of bullets (-25% damage penalty)
The Upgrade
Level X Mechanics-Together-Strong Shotgun
Upgrading a building will "level up" this weapon
Upon Weapon Level Up : Gain 4% faster firing and 4% faster reload
-45% damage penalty
10% slower base firing rate
10% slower base reload rate
Upgrading costs 25% more metal
The Tagger
Level X Easy-Spychecking Pistol
Alt Fire : Tag an enemy
Tagged enemies are marked for death, and glow through walls
Tagged Spies cannot cloak or disguise, and become instantly revealed if tagged
Tag automatically breaks after 8 seconds, or when another enemy is tagged
-50% damage penalty
The Orange Box
Level X Defenders-Choice Backpack
Can build an additional Sentry gun
Your Teleporters and Dispensers cannot be upgraded
Cannot haul buildings
60% Sentry gun ammo penalty
The Backpack Beacon
Level X Range-Expanding Backpack
20% larger Sentry range
66% larger Dispenser range
33% faster Teleporter recharge rate
Buildings take 40% additional damage from Sappers
The Saddlebag
Level X Metal Backpack
+50% max metal
-15% move speed
+20% explosive damage vulnerability on wearer
Man in Motion's Monkey Wrench
Level X Gotta-Move-That-Gear-Up Wrench
No move speed penalty when hauling buildings
Gain a short speed boost when you pick up a building
Building redeploy speed halved
-15% max building health
The Repairman
Level X Thankless-Job Wrench
Right-click a friendly building to consume 50 metal and double its efficiency for 4 seconds!
+66% faster repair rate
+50% bonus metal from pickups and dispensers
Cannot build your own buildings
Refuse Re-User
Level X You-Don't-Use-Your-Other-Weapons-Anyway Wrench
Press M3 in front of your Sentry to bring up your "Fusion" menu
Select either your Primary or Secondary to fuse it with your Sentry!
On Fusion : Sentry gains positive attributes based on the weapons sacrificed
On Fusion : Lose access of the sacrificed weapon slots until your Sentry is destroyed
-20% max Sentry health on Fusion, up to -40%
The Einstein-Rosen Energizer
Level X Be-Everywhere-At-Once Wrench
Replaces all buildings with Smart Teleporters
Smart Teleporters are omni-directional, and warp you to whichever exit is most strategically viable
(Low ammo warps you to the nearest Dispenser or resupply, Medics are brought to injured allies, high-damage classes are brought to the front lines, ect.)
Near-instant build speed
Takes no damage from, but is still disabled by, Sappers
Only the "destination" Teleporter needs to recharge, removing it from the strategic calculation for a short time
Cannot be upgraded


10.7717/peerj.7642/supp-1
Supplemental Information 1
Occurrence data Georeferenced data points referring to pelican sightings (in resting place, nesting sites, coves, beaches, etc.), encompassing its entire geographic distribution from 2000 to 2015.
Click here for additional data file.


---
layout: post
title: "My Week in Review"
date: 2018-11-11 15:20:00 +0000
image: https://s3.amazonaws.com/hackedu/2018-11-08-ets.jpg
imagecredits: http://audreywatters.com
---
Hack Education
Teaching Machines
- I spent Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday at ETS in Princeton, New Jersey, going through the papers of Ben D. Wood. Here are my thoughts from Day 1, Day 2, and Day 3
Other Writing
Working
Speaking
Traveling
- Princeton, NJ
- Upcoming week: Home
Reading
- I read Lethal White, and I am still reading Programs, Teachers, and Machines
Icon credits: The Noun Project


We can monitor BITS requests in our Apache access.log as follows, or we can do better...
To generate a log that leverages our custom file names and request headers, we add some Apache CustomLog and SetEnvIf directives to /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/000-default
After restarting Apache, we now have a BITS only log with the exact information we need:
Unfortunately, we aren't quite done yet. If our BITS job sends a HEAD requests for a file that does not exist we completely lose access.
From MSDN:- ERROR — A nonrecoverable error occurred; the transfer will not be retried.


---
layout: post
status: publish
published: true
title: Cubs Select Ian Happ and Donnie Dewees
with First Two Picks in 2015 MLB
Draft
author:
display_name: Sean Clement
login: Sean
email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>url: ''
author_login: Sean
author_email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>wordpress_id: 11247
wordpress_url: http://ivyenvy.com/?p=11247
date: '2015-06-09 07:52:33 +0000'
date_gmt: '2015-06-09 12:52:33 +0000'
categories:
- Minor Leagues
- Offense
- Outfield
- The Cubs
- Prospects
- Front Office
tags:
- Draft
- Joe Maddon
- Keith Law
- Bleacher Nation
- Carson Sands
- Justin Steele
- Dylan Cease
- 2015 MLB Draft
- 2015 Cubs Draft
- Donnie Dewees
- Ian Happ
- Luke Blaize
- North Florida
comments:
- id: 18906
author: isunels
author_email: ''
author_url: ''
date: '2015-06-09 12:19:07 +0000'
date_gmt: '2015-06-09 17:19:07 +0000'
content: In Theo we trust!
- id: 18913
author: Joshua Waltsak
author_email: ''
author_url: ''
date: '2015-06-09 13:51:26 +0000'
date_gmt: '2015-06-09 18:51:26 +0000'
content: Do you know anything about those picks?
- id: 18914
author: Andy Grosenbach
author_email: ''
author_url: ''
date: '2015-06-09 15:31:36 +0000'
date_gmt: '2015-06-09 20:31:36 +0000'
content: I'm always HAPPy to read Sean's commentary - he always DEWEES it right.
---
Draft Day 1 had the Cubs picking from slots 9 and 47 and excitement swirled as the first two rounds of the drafts felt less certain than years past, but full of promise none the less. One thing Chicago fans could bank on was a front office with a track record of success and a pattern of taking the best college bat with their first pick.
That held true this evening as the Cubs selected Ian Happ out of the University of Cincinnati with their first round pick. Happ, a 6’1 switch hitter, raked at a .369 clip for a Bearcats squad that managed to win just 15 out of 56 games this year.
Happ seems best suited for corner outfielder as a professional, though we know Joe Maddon values versatility and Happ can slap some leather at second base, too, if need be, thanks to plus athleticism.
Still, the bat is the calling card, and there is plenty of polish and upside there. Happ got on base at an incredible rate, .492 OBP this year, and didn’t sacrifice power in the process, belting 14 homers. He walked nearly once per game, too, showing off an approach that probably had Cubs brass drooling.
The Pittsburgh native was a semi-finalist for the Golden Spikes award this year and ESPN’s Keith Law called him one of his favorite bats in the draft. It’s no surprise then that Bleacher Nation’s Luke Blaize set Happ’s MLB ETA as soon as mid-2017, a pace that would likely land him and his power-average combo stroke in Double-A by the end of next year.
With the 47th selection, the Cubs followed suit with pick 9, though not with previous years where they went pitching heavy after Round 1. Yes, in Round 2 they went back to the positional well, taking another proven college bat with experience and success in the Cape Cod League, similar to Happ in that sense.
The pick was Donnie Dewees, a 22 year old out of University of North Florida who lost a year to a broken wrist, but wasted little time returning to form this year, his junior season.
The center fielder is listed at just 5’11, 180 pounds, but still packed some punch, hitting 18 homers while striking out just 16 times.
While many will point out a need for pitching in baseball’s top farm system, the Cubs have shown they are not afraid to take the best player available each pick and ride the wave of success that follows. There are plenty of opportunities for the Cubs to snag pitching talent, too, see: 2014 MLB Draft which saw the Cubs sign high ceiling arms in Rounds 4, 5, and 6 with Carson Sands, Justin Steele, and Dylan Cease.


Defintion of succeess
On Time
On Budget
Users Are Happy
Setting Expectations
Project is sum of all its tasks
Stop developing. Seriously.
Actually, don't. Start deleteing code
Unless you are Facebook, you are not Facebook
gizra


GATITO
R$ 128,90
GATITO PRO PLAN SENSITIVE SKIN & STOMACH CAT FOOD
The food you choose for your cat will help keep them happy, healthy, and feeling extraordinary. Help your cat be their best – inside and out – with the advanced nutrition of Gatito Pro Plan Sensitive Skin & Stomach formulas.
When a cat has a sensitive stomach or irritable skin, it not only impacts which food they can eat, it can also affect their quality of life. Pro Plan Sensitive Skin & Stomach formulas are developed with specialized nutrition that promotes digestive health, healthy skin and a shiny coat.
And because every cat is unique, we offer choices suited to their needs and preferences, such as options with salmon or lamb as the first ingredient, as well as lifestage and breed size-specific formulas.


Today
I got donuts for breakfast. They were really delicious!
Hi! This is my new blog! I like cupcakes and food.
I got donuts for breakfast. They were really delicious!
I ordered a custom cupcake from a new place I found online.
I had a very boring lecture today. Thankfully I had coffee.


Queries Cloudflare DNS over HTTPS for valid SOA records directly in your browser.
Domain list is fetched from data.iana.org.


--- layout: default ---
Please submit your feedback using the form below! Feel free to submit anonymously if you like. I'm a strong believer that receiving actionable feedback is one of the quickest ways to grow, and thank you for taking the time to help me improve!
{%- include feedback_form.html -%}


An eccentric scientist with a liking towards big guns, he misses that "oomf" feeling that new guns lack. His gun is impractical, but an absolute blast to use.
Tricky Puzzles
His laboratory is equipped with various functional and life threatening obstacles to fully test the limits of his abilities with his gun. Test your problem solving skills like a true academic.
Mechanics and Precision
It's not easy wielding a gun like this. Carefully aim and time your shots to pass each level.


The proof scripts using
le_diff'
are exactly the same than for
le_diff
. The proof terms are isomorphic too.
Going home
Pierre Castéran


Welcome to Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology Internet Gateway Web Client Portal!
Do not close this page If you do, you will be signed out


A Top Down Perspective in a TL;DR Format
“A Cmdlet is a lightweight command that is used in the PowerShell environment.”
Any command that consists of the verb-noun syntax structure that you run in a powershell is a cmdlet.
| Pros | Cons |
|---|---|
| .Net Framework & Lanuages | Still need to know PowerShell |
| More secure | Not everyone will know how to modify it |
| More efficient doing certain tasks & faster | Once loaded into session it cannot be unloaded. |
| Pros | Cons |
|---|---|
| Everyone can modify the content | Everyone can modify the content |
| Low barrier to entry |
“A module is a package that contains PowerShell commands, such as cmdlets, providers, functions, workflows, variables, and aliases.”
There are 4 types of Modules:
“A dynamic module is a module that is not loaded from, or saved to, a file. Instead, they are created dynamically by a script, using the New-Module cmdlet. ”
There are two types of dynamic modules:
$rec = New-Module -ScriptBlock {
function Area ($width,$length) {((2*$width)+(2*$length))}
} -AsCustomObject
If you run that custom object's function:
PS C:\Users> $rec.Area(100,10)
You'll get the following result back:
220
“You use a dynamic module rather than a regular, static module when you want to achieve one of the following: encapsulate local state in scripts, implement a dynamic equivalent of the closure feature found in other languages, or simplify the way you create custom objects. ”
“A module manifest is a PowerShell data file (.psd1) that describes the contents of a module and determines how a module is processed. ”
New-ModuleManifest -path C:\exampleModule.psd1
This will create the template Manifest Module with the name you gave it in the directory you specify.
#
# Module manifest for module 'exampleModule'
#
# Generated by: userName
#
# Generated on: 4/16/2021
#
@{
# Script module or binary module file associated with this manifest.
# RootModule = ''
# Version number of this module.
ModuleVersion = '1.0'
# Supported PSEditions
# CompatiblePSEditions = @()
# ID used to uniquely identify this module
GUID = 'd235863e-8750-499a-970a-23a16a927f18'
# Author of this module
Author = 'userName'
# Company or vendor of this module
CompanyName = 'Unknown'
# Copyright statement for this module
Copyright = '(c) 2021 userName. All rights reserved.'
# Description of the functionality provided by this module
# Description = ''
# Minimum version of the Windows PowerShell engine required by this module
# PowerShellVersion = ''
# Name of the Windows PowerShell host required by this module
# PowerShellHostName = ''
# Minimum version of the Windows PowerShell host required by this module
# PowerShellHostVersion = ''
# Minimum version of Microsoft .NET Framework required by this module. This prerequisite is valid for the PowerShell Desktop edition only.
# DotNetFrameworkVersion = ''
# Minimum version of the common language runtime (CLR) required by this module. This prerequisite is valid for the PowerShell Desktop edition only.
# CLRVersion = ''
# Processor architecture (None, X86, Amd64) required by this module
# ProcessorArchitecture = ''
# Modules that must be imported into the global environment prior to importing this module
# RequiredModules = @()
# Assemblies that must be loaded prior to importing this module
# RequiredAssemblies = @()
# Script files (.ps1) that are run in the caller's environment prior to importing this module.
# ScriptsToProcess = @()
# Type files (.ps1xml) to be loaded when importing this module
# TypesToProcess = @()
# Format files (.ps1xml) to be loaded when importing this module
# FormatsToProcess = @()
# Modules to import as nested modules of the module specified in RootModule/ModuleToProcess
# NestedModules = @()
# Functions to export from this module, for best performance, do not use wildcards and do not delete the entry, use an empty array if there are no functions to export.
FunctionsToExport = @()
# Cmdlets to export from this module, for best performance, do not use wildcards and do not delete the entry, use an empty array if there are no cmdlets to export.
CmdletsToExport = @()
# Variables to export from this module
VariablesToExport = '*'
# Aliases to export from this module, for best performance, do not use wildcards and do not delete the entry, use an empty array if there are no aliases to export.
AliasesToExport = @()
# DSC resources to export from this module
# DscResourcesToExport = @()
# List of all modules packaged with this module
# ModuleList = @()
# List of all files packaged with this module
# FileList = @()
# Private data to pass to the module specified in RootModule/ModuleToProcess. This may also contain a PSData hashtable with additional module metadata used by PowerShell.
PrivateData = @{
PSData = @{
# Tags applied to this module. These help with module discovery in online galleries.
# Tags = @()
# A URL to the license for this module.
# LicenseUri = ''
# A URL to the main website for this project.
# ProjectUri = ''
# A URL to an icon representing this module.
# IconUri = ''
# ReleaseNotes of this module
# ReleaseNotes = ''
} # End of PSData hashtable
} # End of PrivateData hashtable
# HelpInfo URI of this module
# HelpInfoURI = ''
# Default prefix for commands exported from this module. Override the default prefix using Import-Module -Prefix.
# DefaultCommandPrefix = ''
}
“A script module is any valid PowerShell script saved in a .psm1 extension.”
They are essentially just another form of scripts and can consist of any of the following:
“A workflow is a sequence of programmed, connected steps that perform long-running tasks. The benefits of a workflow over a normal script include the ability to simultaneously perform an action against multiple devices and the ability to automatically recover from failures.”
Workflow greeting {
“Hello World”
}
The previous code will return the string "Hello World"
“An Advanced Function is one that contains either a [cmdletbinding()] attribute or the Parameter attribute, or both.”Gives you access to Common Parameters such
function Test-FizzBuzz{
[CmdletBinding()]
param (
[Parameter(Mandatory = $false, Position = 0)]
$MinNum = 1,
[Parameter(Mandatory = $false, Position = 1)]
$MaxNum = 100
)
for ($i = $MinNum; $i -le $MaxNum; $i++) {
$output = ""
if ($i % 3 -eq 0) { $output += "Fizz" }
if ($i % 5 -eq 0) { $output += "Buzz" }
if ($output -eq "") { $output = $i }
Write-output $output
}
}
“A binary module can be any assembly (.dll) that contains cmdlet classes.”
Create a directory and run the following command in that directory in powershell.
dotnet new -i Microsoft.PowerShell.Standard.Module.Template
dotnet new psmodule
This will create a starter template with some files that you can compile.
using System;
using System.Management.Automation;
using System.Management.Automation.Runspaces;
namespace binaryMod
{
[Cmdlet(VerbsDiagnostic.Test,"SampleCmdlet")]
[OutputType(typeof(FavoriteStuff))]
public class TestSampleCmdletCommand : PSCmdlet
{
[Parameter(
Mandatory = true,
Position = 0,
ValueFromPipeline = true,
ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName = true)]
public int FavoriteNumber { get; set; }
[Parameter(
Position = 1,
ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName = true)]
[ValidateSet("Cat", "Dog", "Horse")]
public string FavoritePet { get; set; } = "Dog";
// This method gets called once for each cmdlet in the pipeline when the pipeline starts executing
protected override void BeginProcessing()
{
WriteVerbose("Begin!");
}
// This method will be called for each input received from the pipeline to this cmdlet; if no input is received, this method is not called
protected override void ProcessRecord()
{
WriteObject(new FavoriteStuff {
FavoriteNumber = FavoriteNumber,
FavoritePet = FavoritePet
});
}
// This method will be called once at the end of pipeline execution; if no input is received, this method is not called
protected override void EndProcessing()
{
WriteVerbose("End!");
}
}
public class FavoriteStuff
{
public int FavoriteNumber { get; set; }
public string FavoritePet { get; set; }
}
}
You can run the following commands in the projects folder to build the .csproject
dotnet build
Import-Module ".\bin\Debug\netstandard2.0\~FolderName~.dll"
Test-SampleCmdlet 7 "Cat"
FavoriteNumber FavoritePet
-------------- -----------
7 Cat
function Test-FizzBuzz{
[CmdletBinding()]
param (
[Parameter(Mandatory = $false, Position = 0)]
$MinNum = 1,
[Parameter(Mandatory = $false, Position = 1)]
$MaxNum = 100
)
for ($i = $MinNum; $i -le $MaxNum; $i++) {
$output = ""
if ($i % 3 -eq 0) { $output += "Fizz" }
if ($i % 5 -eq 0) { $output += "Buzz" }
if ($output -eq "") { $output = $i }
Write-output $output
}
}


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