14. Ethereum Gas and Fees
Ethereum Gas and Fees
Every transaction in Ethereum costs a certain amount of gas. Here you'll learn about what this means and how it affects the transactions you make on the network.
Objectives
Our goal is to help you do the following things.
- Discuss the basics of how gas and fees work on the Ethereum network.
- Show the effects of gas cost and fees using an example transaction.
1. Introduction to Gas and Fees
In this video I'll discuss what gas is, why it's important, and how it helps verify transactions on the Ethereum Blockchain.
Ethereum Gas and Fees
Reflect
QUESTION:
In 3 sentences or less, describe the purpose of gas on the Ethereum network.
ANSWER:
Thanks for your response! Gas is needed to incentivize miners to pick up and validate transactions. It's a small fee paid for the cost of each bit of code executed to complete a smart contract. While the gas is specific to execution costs, it can be converted to its equivalent value in ether and given to the miner as reward for their effort.
2. View the Gas Cost
Now that you understand the importance of gas and fees in Ethereum, we'll revisit a transaction we created previously. After reconstructing this transaction, we'll note something we overlooked before related to the gas and fees for the transaction.
14.2-Gas-And-Fees
Create a transaction
Written below is a more concise version of the transaction created previously. Replace the missing fields with those from your own ganache instance to run this transaction locally.
Task Description:
Complete the steps below to create a transaction and view the effects of the gas cost.
Task Feedback:
Awesome job!
Before running this command, make sure you have the correct dependencies installed to your project.
npm install web3 --save
npm install ethereumjs-tx
Step 1: Execute the provided code in your project file.
// Configuration
var Web3 = require("web3")
var EthereumTransaction = require("ethereumjs-tx")
var web3 = new Web3('HTTP://<IP_ADDRESS>:8545')
// Set Addresses
var sendingAddress = 'ADDRESS FROM GANACHE'
var receivingAddress = 'ANOTHER ADDRESS FROM GANACHE'
// Create transaction
var rawTransaction = {
nonce: 0,
to: receivingAddress,
gasPrice: 20000000,
gasLimit: 30000,
value: 1,
data: ""
}
// Sign Transaction
var privateKeySender = 'PRIVATE KEY OF SENDER'
var privateKeySenderHex = new Buffer(privateKeySender, 'hex')
var transaction = new EthereumTransaction(rawTransaction)
transaction.sign(privateKeySenderHex)
var serializedTransaction = transaction.serialize();
web3.eth.sendSignedTransaction(serializedTransaction);
Step 2: View the the difference in account balances
Having made the transaction, you can now view the gas cost. Once the transaction goes through you can view the balance of each account. To do this remove (or comment out) lines 10-26 and add the following lines.
web3.eth.getBalance(sender).then(console.log)
web3.eth.getBalance(receiver).then(console.log)
Run the file again to view the account balance of each user. Notice that the value has changed by 1 for each account, but that the sendingAddress has had more ether taken away.
Sending Address:<PHONE_NUMBER>9999999999
Receiving Address:<PHONE_NUMBER>00000000001
Step 3: Add the gas
By looking back at the gas limit, we can see how this happen. The gas limit was the cost of executing the transaction on the network. In this case it was gasLimit: 30000
. If we add this value to the existing balance of the sendingAddress
you'll see that the correct amount of ether remains in the account.
Concept Review
Here you learned about the use of gas and fees in Ethereum.
Skill Tracker
Task Description:
Track the objectives you've feel you've gained the skills to complete.
Task Feedback:
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load->view('en/header.html');?>
load->view('en/aside.html');?>
Reward: AE per block. AE per block, without BRI
Block height:
Coin - Billion; Inflation - Block rewards.(Click to enlarge)
The curve was updated: y = 30/(1 + (x/0.8)^1.3) - 0.03
The curve was updated to reflect terms of the token sale:
20% of the Genesis Blockchain's Æ in first year (~22% for the new curve),
10% in second year (~10% for the new curve),
5 % in third year (~6% for the new curve),
3 % in fourth year (~4% for the new curve),
0% around 100th year (around year 116 for the new curve).
Reference:
compute coinbase based on inflation target
Example:
If I mined block 5, and 5 is between 4 and 6, my reward shoule be the same as block 4, that is 2 AE.
If I mined block 8, then just as the table shows, my reward should be 4 AE.
Detailed Table:
| Block # |
Reward(AE) |
Reward(Without BRI) |
Total AE Amount |
ETA |
load->view('en/footer.html');?>


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1.Do you get worried by imaginable situations alot ?
Sometimes2.Do you prefer dogs to cats as pets ?
Of course!3.Do you find it comfortable working at a crowdy venue ?
No
Sometimes, that's if there is silence
I like it!
4.Is love a comprehendable aspect to you ?
I believe it is.


Hello taxi
This is a project for the class File Structure and Intro to Databases. Our project has served artificial taxis since the beginning of our testing phase.
Project members include Daniel Herzberg, Nick Putting, and Noah Prince.
This is a project for the class File Structure and Intro to Databases. Our project has served artificial taxis since the beginning of our testing phase.
Project members include Daniel Herzberg, Nick Putting, and Noah Prince.


t{% extends "layout.html" %} {% block content %} Home Profile Create About Profile Logout Notifications Logout


Communicating Results from Watson APIs (Server-Side) to JavaScript (Client-Side)
By Chris O'Brien
Once we had a rough idea of how our visual classifiers were going to work, we started thinking of how we would communicate our results with the user. We decided we'd build a website using Bluemix and display it there, and I took over getting the front-end ready. It took a lot of research and more than a few hours on stack overflow and w3schools, but eventually I was looking at a working front-end.
Most of the site's design and aesthetics were done with HTML, CSS, and JavaScript (or JQuery). While this took a significant amount of time to accomplish, the focus of this documentation is not on the front-end itself, but rather on how to link this front-end with the server-side back-end.
This link was established by creating a Flask application and sending an AJAX request (containing the link inputted by the user) from JQuery (in button.js) on the front-end to a route on the site (/_passLink). As defined in welcome.py, this routes the request to the classify() method in processImage.py. The classify() method then processes the link and returns a string to welcome.py, which in turn returns the string back to the JQuery.
If everything went well, this string contains 5 numbers, each separated by a space (for example, .58 .93 .34 .67 .52). Each of these numbers represents the output from one of the visual classifiers (of which there are thirteen, but as noted in the back-end documentation, we chose to only show the five 'emotional' classifiers: Anger, Disgust, Fear, Joy, and Sadness).
If something went wrong in this process, the string returned will either be empty (meaning the Watson API threw an exception when we attempted to access it, so some sort of limit has been reached), contain 0 0 0 0 0 (meaning something went wrong while trying to parse the results from the Watson API call in the python script), or contain some sort of error message (such as an HTTP 403 or 404 error)
Finally, back in the JQuery, this string is interpreted, and either the results are outputted to the user (along with a small copy of the image they inputted), or an error message is generated.
For further information on the development of the front-end, feel free to contact me at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>or cobrien3@mail.smcvt.edu


| # | Scientific Name | Specie | Mass | Length |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| {{bird.id}} | {{bird.scientificName}} | {{bird.specie}} | {{bird.mass}} | {{bird.length}} |
Aww yeah, you successfully read this important alert message. This example text is going to run a bit longer so that you can see how spacing within an alert works with this kind of content.
Whenever you need to, be sure to use margin utilities to keep things nice and tidy.
| # | Scientific Name | Specie | Mass | Length |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| {{bird.id}} | {{bird.scientificName}} | {{bird.specie}} | {{bird.mass}} | {{bird.length}} |


SEC Announces Game Times, Channels For Rivalry Weekend
by Matt LombardiAmazingly, we’ve got just a few weeks left in the 2019 college football regular season. Monday, the SEC announced the game times and channels for all of its rivalry weekend games.
The main event, the Iron Bowl, is slated to kick off at 3:30 PM ET on CBS. Auburn will be looking to end any chance of Alabama sneaking into the College Football Playoff.
The Crimson Tide will be quarterbacked by Mac Jones after starter Tua Tagovailoa suffered a serious hip injury against Mississippi State. The Tigers will be looking to take advantage.
The Egg Bowl, played annually between Ole Miss and Mississippi State, it set for Thanksgiving night at 7:30 PM ET.
Missouri vs. Arkansas, in Little Rock, will be on Friday night at 2:30 PM ET.
Clemson will face rival South Carolina in the Palmetto Bowl on Saturday at Noon. Here’s a look at the entire slate, via the Southeastern Conference.
At this point, Alabama, Clemson, Georgia and LSU are all alive for spots in the College Football Playoff. All four will need to beat their rival to make it happen.


Prim’s Minimum Spanning Tree (MST)
By: Ruth Mariyam Jose
Prims Algorithm for finding minimum cost spanning tree.
- Create a set mstSet that keeps track of vertices already included in MST.
- Assign a key value to all vertices in the input graph. Initialize all key values as INFINITE. Assign key value as 0 for the first vertex so that it is picked first.
- While mstSet doesn’t include all vertices
- Pick a vertex u which is not there in mstSet and has minimum key value.
- Include u to mstSet.
- Update key value of all adjacent vertices of u. To update the key values, iterate through all adjacent vertices. For every adjacent vertex v, if weight of edge u-v is less than the previous key value of v, update the key value as weight of u-v
The idea of using key values is to pick the minimum weight edge from cut. The key values are used only for vertices which are not yet included in MST, the key value for these vertices indicate the minimum weight edges connecting them to the set of vertices included in MST.


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Jobs at JavaJam
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Differentially expressed genes in IPEC-J2 cells after PEDV-infected. a Summary of differentially expressed genes between samples at different time points. b Venn diagrams of DGEs. c Functional classification of differentially expressed genes. d Pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes


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Eloquent: Getting Started
- Introduction
- Defining Models
- Retrieving Models
- Retrieving Single Models / Aggregates
- Inserting & Updating Models
- Deleting Models
- Query Scopes
- Comparing Models
- Events
Introduction
The Eloquent ORM included with Laravel provides a beautiful, simple ActiveRecord implementation for working with your database. Each database table has a corresponding "Model" which is used to interact with that table. Models allow you to query for data in your tables, as well as insert new records into the table.
Before getting started, be sure to configure a database connection in config/database.php
. For more information on configuring your database, check out the documentation.
Defining Models
To get started, let's create an Eloquent model. Models typically live in the app
directory, but you are free to place them anywhere that can be auto-loaded according to your composer.json
file. All Eloquent models extend Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model
class.
The easiest way to create a model instance is using the make:model
Artisan command:
php artisan make:model Flight
If you would like to generate a database migration when you generate the model, you may use the --migration
or -m
option:
php artisan make:model Flight --migration
php artisan make:model Flight -m
Eloquent Model Conventions
Now, let's look at an example Flight
model, which we will use to retrieve and store information from our flights
database table:
<?php
namespace App;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
class Flight extends Model
{
//
}
Table Names
Note that we did not tell Eloquent which table to use for our Flight
model. By convention, the "snake case", plural name of the class will be used as the table name unless another name is explicitly specified. So, in this case, Eloquent will assume the Flight
model stores records in the flights
table. You may specify a custom table by defining a table
property on your model:
<?php
namespace App;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
class Flight extends Model
{
/**
* The table associated with the model.
*
* @var string
*/
protected $table = 'my_flights';
}
Primary Keys
Eloquent will also assume that each table has a primary key column named id
. You may define a protected $primaryKey
property to override this convention.
In addition, Eloquent assumes that the primary key is an incrementing integer value, which means that by default the primary key will be cast to an int
automatically. If you wish to use a non-incrementing or a non-numeric primary key you must set the public $incrementing
property on your model to false
. If your primary key is not an integer, you should set the protected $keyType
property on your model to string
.
Timestamps
By default, Eloquent expects created_at
and updated_at
columns to exist on your tables. If you do not wish to have these columns automatically managed by Eloquent, set the $timestamps
property on your model to false
:
<?php
namespace App;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
class Flight extends Model
{
/**
* Indicates if the model should be timestamped.
*
* @var bool
*/
public $timestamps = false;
}
If you need to customize the format of your timestamps, set the $dateFormat
property on your model. This property determines how date attributes are stored in the database, as well as their format when the model is serialized to an array or JSON:
<?php
namespace App;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
class Flight extends Model
{
/**
* The storage format of the model's date columns.
*
* @var string
*/
protected $dateFormat = 'U';
}
If you need to customize the names of the columns used to store the timestamps, you may set the CREATED_AT
and UPDATED_AT
constants in your model:
<?php
class Flight extends Model
{
const CREATED_AT = 'creation_date';
const UPDATED_AT = 'last_update';
}
Database Connection
By default, all Eloquent models will use the default database connection configured for your application. If you would like to specify a different connection for the model, use the $connection
property:
<?php
namespace App;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
class Flight extends Model
{
/**
* The connection name for the model.
*
* @var string
*/
protected $connection = 'connection-name';
}
Default Attribute Values
If you would like to define the default values for some of your model's attributes, you may define an $attributes
property on your model:
<?php
namespace App;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
class Flight extends Model
{
/**
* The model's default values for attributes.
*
* @var array
*/
protected $attributes = [
'delayed' => false,
];
}
Retrieving Models
Once you have created a model and its associated database table, you are ready to start retrieving data from your database. Think of each Eloquent model as a powerful query builder allowing you to fluently query the database table associated with the model. For example:
<?php
$flights = App\Flight::all();
foreach ($flights as $flight) {
echo $flight->name;
}
Adding Additional Constraints
The Eloquent all
method will return all of the results in the model's table. Since each Eloquent model serves as a query builder, you may also add constraints to queries, and then use the get
method to retrieve the results:
$flights = App\Flight::where('active', 1)
->orderBy('name', 'desc')
->take(10)
->get();
{tip} Since Eloquent models are query builders, you should review all of the methods available on the query builder. You may use any of these methods in your Eloquent queries.
Refreshing Models
You can refresh models using the fresh
and refresh
methods. The fresh
method will re-retrieve the model from the database. The existing model instance will not be affected:
$flight = App\Flight::where('number', 'FR 900')->first();
$freshFlight = $flight->fresh();
The refresh
method will re-hydrate the existing model using fresh data from the database. In addition, all of its loaded relationships will be refreshed as well:
$flight = App\Flight::where('number', 'FR 900')->first();
$flight->number = 'FR 456';
$flight->refresh();
$flight->number; // "FR 900"
Collections
For Eloquent methods like all
and get
which retrieve multiple results, an instance of Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection
will be returned. The Collection
class provides a variety of helpful methods for working with your Eloquent results:
$flights = $flights->reject(function ($flight) {
return $flight->cancelled;
});
You may also loop over the collection like an array:
foreach ($flights as $flight) {
echo $flight->name;
}
Chunking Results
If you need to process thousands of Eloquent records, use the chunk
command. The chunk
method will retrieve a "chunk" of Eloquent models, feeding them to a given Closure
for processing. Using the chunk
method will conserve memory when working with large result sets:
Flight::chunk(200, function ($flights) {
foreach ($flights as $flight) {
//
}
});
The first argument passed to the method is the number of records you wish to receive per "chunk". The Closure passed as the second argument will be called for each chunk that is retrieved from the database. A database query will be executed to retrieve each chunk of records passed to the Closure.
Using Cursors
The cursor
method allows you to iterate through your database records using a cursor, which will only execute a single query. When processing large amounts of data, the cursor
method may be used to greatly reduce your memory usage:
foreach (Flight::where('foo', 'bar')->cursor() as $flight) {
//
}
Retrieving Single Models / Aggregates
In addition to retrieving all of the records for a given table, you may also retrieve single records using find
or first
. Instead of returning a collection of models, these methods return a single model instance:
// Retrieve a model by its primary key...
$flight = App\Flight::find(1);
// Retrieve the first model matching the query constraints...
$flight = App\Flight::where('active', 1)->first();
You may also call the find
method with an array of primary keys, which will return a collection of the matching records:
$flights = App\Flight::find([1, 2, 3]);
Not Found Exceptions
Sometimes you may wish to throw an exception if a model is not found. This is particularly useful in routes or controllers. The findOrFail
and firstOrFail
methods will retrieve the first result of the query; however, if no result is found, a Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\ModelNotFoundException
will be thrown:
$model = App\Flight::findOrFail(1);
$model = App\Flight::where('legs', '>', 100)->firstOrFail();
If the exception is not caught, a 404
HTTP response is automatically sent back to the user. It is not necessary to write explicit checks to return 404
responses when using these methods:
Route::get('/api/flights/{id}', function ($id) {
return App\Flight::findOrFail($id);
});
Retrieving Aggregates
You may also use the count
, sum
, max
, and other aggregate methods provided by the query builder. These methods return the appropriate scalar value instead of a full model instance:
$count = App\Flight::where('active', 1)->count();
$max = App\Flight::where('active', 1)->max('price');
Inserting & Updating Models
Inserts
To create a new record in the database, create a new model instance, set attributes on the model, then call the save
method:
<?php
namespace App\Http\Controllers;
use App\Flight;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use App\Http\Controllers\Controller;
class FlightController extends Controller
{
/**
* Create a new flight instance.
*
* @param Request $request
* @return Response
*/
public function store(Request $request)
{
// Validate the request...
$flight = new Flight;
$flight->name = $request->name;
$flight->save();
}
}
In this example, we assign the name
parameter from the incoming HTTP request to the name
attribute of the App\Flight
model instance. When we call the save
method, a record will be inserted into the database. The created_at
and updated_at
timestamps will automatically be set when the save
method is called, so there is no need to set them manually.
Updates
The save
method may also be used to update models that already exist in the database. To update a model, you should retrieve it, set any attributes you wish to update, and then call the save
method. Again, the updated_at
timestamp will automatically be updated, so there is no need to manually set its value:
$flight = App\Flight::find(1);
$flight->name = 'New Flight Name';
$flight->save();
Mass Updates
Updates can also be performed against any number of models that match a given query. In this example, all flights that are active
and have a destination
of San Diego
will be marked as delayed:
App\Flight::where('active', 1)
->where('destination', 'San Diego')
->update(['delayed' => 1]);
The update
method expects an array of column and value pairs representing the columns that should be updated.
{note} When issuing a mass update via Eloquent, the
saved
andupdated
model events will not be fired for the updated models. This is because the models are never actually retrieved when issuing a mass update.
Mass Assignment
You may also use the create
method to save a new model in a single line. The inserted model instance will be returned to you from the method. However, before doing so, you will need to specify either a fillable
or guarded
attribute on the model, as all Eloquent models protect against mass-assignment by default.
A mass-assignment vulnerability occurs when a user passes an unexpected HTTP parameter through a request, and that parameter changes a column in your database you did not expect. For example, a malicious user might send an is_admin
parameter through an HTTP request, which is then passed into your model's create
method, allowing the user to escalate themselves to an administrator.
So, to get started, you should define which model attributes you want to make mass assignable. You may do this using the $fillable
property on the model. For example, let's make the name
attribute of our Flight
model mass assignable:
<?php
namespace App;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
class Flight extends Model
{
/**
* The attributes that are mass assignable.
*
* @var array
*/
protected $fillable = ['name'];
}
Once we have made the attributes mass assignable, we can use the create
method to insert a new record in the database. The create
method returns the saved model instance:
$flight = App\Flight::create(['name' => 'Flight 10']);
If you already have a model instance, you may use the fill
method to populate it with an array of attributes:
$flight->fill(['name' => 'Flight 22']);
Guarding Attributes
While $fillable
serves as a "white list" of attributes that should be mass assignable, you may also choose to use $guarded
. The $guarded
property should contain an array of attributes that you do not want to be mass assignable. All other attributes not in the array will be mass assignable. So, $guarded
functions like a "black list". Importantly, you should use either $fillable
or $guarded
- not both. In the example below, all attributes except for price
will be mass assignable:
<?php
namespace App;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
class Flight extends Model
{
/**
* The attributes that aren't mass assignable.
*
* @var array
*/
protected $guarded = ['price'];
}
If you would like to make all attributes mass assignable, you may define the $guarded
property as an empty array:
/**
* The attributes that aren't mass assignable.
*
* @var array
*/
protected $guarded = [];
Other Creation Methods
firstOrCreate
/ firstOrNew
There are two other methods you may use to create models by mass assigning attributes: firstOrCreate
and firstOrNew
. The firstOrCreate
method will attempt to locate a database record using the given column / value pairs. If the model can not be found in the database, a record will be inserted with the attributes from the first parameter, along with those in the optional second parameter.
The firstOrNew
method, like firstOrCreate
will attempt to locate a record in the database matching the given attributes. However, if a model is not found, a new model instance will be returned. Note that the model returned by firstOrNew
has not yet been persisted to the database. You will need to call save
manually to persist it:
// Retrieve flight by name, or create it if it doesn't exist...
$flight = App\Flight::firstOrCreate(['name' => 'Flight 10']);
// Retrieve flight by name, or create it with the name, delayed, and arrival_time attributes...
$flight = App\Flight::firstOrCreate(
['name' => 'Flight 10'],
['delayed' => 1, 'arrival_time' => '11:30']
);
// Retrieve by name, or instantiate...
$flight = App\Flight::firstOrNew(['name' => 'Flight 10']);
// Retrieve by name, or instantiate with the name, delayed, and arrival_time attributes...
$flight = App\Flight::firstOrNew(
['name' => 'Flight 10'],
['delayed' => 1, 'arrival_time' => '11:30']
);
updateOrCreate
You may also come across situations where you want to update an existing model or create a new model if none exists. Laravel provides an updateOrCreate
method to do this in one step. Like the firstOrCreate
method, updateOrCreate
persists the model, so there's no need to call save()
:
// If there's a flight from Oakland to San Diego, set the price to $99.
// If no matching model exists, create one.
$flight = App\Flight::updateOrCreate(
['departure' => 'Oakland', 'destination' => 'San Diego'],
['price' => 99, 'discounted' => 1]
);
Deleting Models
To delete a model, call the delete
method on a model instance:
$flight = App\Flight::find(1);
$flight->delete();
Deleting An Existing Model By Key
In the example above, we are retrieving the model from the database before calling the delete
method. However, if you know the primary key of the model, you may delete the model without retrieving it by calling the destroy
method. In addition to a single primary key as its argument, the destroy
method will accept multiple primary keys, an array of primary keys, or a collection of primary keys:
App\Flight::destroy(1);
App\Flight::destroy(1, 2, 3);
App\Flight::destroy([1, 2, 3]);
App\Flight::destroy(collect([1, 2, 3]));
Deleting Models By Query
You can also run a delete statement on a set of models. In this example, we will delete all flights that are marked as inactive. Like mass updates, mass deletes will not fire any model events for the models that are deleted:
$deletedRows = App\Flight::where('active', 0)->delete();
{note} When executing a mass delete statement via Eloquent, the
deleting
anddeleted
model events will not be fired for the deleted models. This is because the models are never actually retrieved when executing the delete statement.
Soft Deleting
In addition to actually removing records from your database, Eloquent can also "soft delete" models. When models are soft deleted, they are not actually removed from your database. Instead, a deleted_at
attribute is set on the model and inserted into the database. If a model has a non-null deleted_at
value, the model has been soft deleted. To enable soft deletes for a model, use the Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\SoftDeletes
trait on the model:
<?php
namespace App;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\SoftDeletes;
class Flight extends Model
{
use SoftDeletes;
}
{tip} The
SoftDeletes
trait will automatically cast thedeleted_at
attribute to aDateTime
/Carbon
instance for you.
You should also add the deleted_at
column to your database table. The Laravel schema builder contains a helper method to create this column:
Schema::table('flights', function (Blueprint $table) {
$table->softDeletes();
});
Now, when you call the delete
method on the model, the deleted_at
column will be set to the current date and time. And, when querying a model that uses soft deletes, the soft deleted models will automatically be excluded from all query results.
To determine if a given model instance has been soft deleted, use the trashed
method:
if ($flight->trashed()) {
//
}
Querying Soft Deleted Models
Including Soft Deleted Models
As noted above, soft deleted models will automatically be excluded from query results. However, you may force soft deleted models to appear in a result set using the withTrashed
method on the query:
$flights = App\Flight::withTrashed()
->where('account_id', 1)
->get();
The withTrashed
method may also be used on a relationship query:
$flight->history()->withTrashed()->get();
Retrieving Only Soft Deleted Models
The onlyTrashed
method will retrieve only soft deleted models:
$flights = App\Flight::onlyTrashed()
->where('airline_id', 1)
->get();
Restoring Soft Deleted Models
Sometimes you may wish to "un-delete" a soft deleted model. To restore a soft deleted model into an active state, use the restore
method on a model instance:
$flight->restore();
You may also use the restore
method in a query to quickly restore multiple models. Again, like other "mass" operations, this will not fire any model events for the models that are restored:
App\Flight::withTrashed()
->where('airline_id', 1)
->restore();
Like the withTrashed
method, the restore
method may also be used on relationships:
$flight->history()->restore();
Permanently Deleting Models
Sometimes you may need to truly remove a model from your database. To permanently remove a soft deleted model from the database, use the forceDelete
method:
// Force deleting a single model instance...
$flight->forceDelete();
// Force deleting all related models...
$flight->history()->forceDelete();
Query Scopes
Global Scopes
Global scopes allow you to add constraints to all queries for a given model. Laravel's own soft delete functionality utilizes global scopes to only pull "non-deleted" models from the database. Writing your own global scopes can provide a convenient, easy way to make sure every query for a given model receives certain constraints.
Writing Global Scopes
Writing a global scope is simple. Define a class that implements the Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Scope
interface. This interface requires you to implement one method: apply
. The apply
method may add where
constraints to the query as needed:
<?php
namespace App\Scopes;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Scope;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder;
class AgeScope implements Scope
{
/**
* Apply the scope to a given Eloquent query builder.
*
* @param \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder $builder
* @param \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model $model
* @return void
*/
public function apply(Builder $builder, Model $model)
{
$builder->where('age', '>', 200);
}
}
{tip} If your global scope is adding columns to the select clause of the query, you should use the
addSelect
method instead ofselect
. This will prevent the unintentional replacement of the query's existing select clause.
Applying Global Scopes
To assign a global scope to a model, you should override a given model's boot
method and use the addGlobalScope
method:
<?php
namespace App;
use App\Scopes\AgeScope;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
class User extends Model
{
/**
* The "booting" method of the model.
*
* @return void
*/
protected static function boot()
{
parent::boot();
static::addGlobalScope(new AgeScope);
}
}
After adding the scope, a query to User::all()
will produce the following SQL:
select * from `users` where `age` > 200
Anonymous Global Scopes
Eloquent also allows you to define global scopes using Closures, which is particularly useful for simple scopes that do not warrant a separate class:
<?php
namespace App;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder;
class User extends Model
{
/**
* The "booting" method of the model.
*
* @return void
*/
protected static function boot()
{
parent::boot();
static::addGlobalScope('age', function (Builder $builder) {
$builder->where('age', '>', 200);
});
}
}
Removing Global Scopes
If you would like to remove a global scope for a given query, you may use the withoutGlobalScope
method. The method accepts the class name of the global scope as its only argument:
User::withoutGlobalScope(AgeScope::class)->get();
Or, if you defined the global scope using a Closure:
User::withoutGlobalScope('age')->get();
If you would like to remove several or even all of the global scopes, you may use the withoutGlobalScopes
method:
// Remove all of the global scopes...
User::withoutGlobalScopes()->get();
// Remove some of the global scopes...
User::withoutGlobalScopes([
FirstScope::class, SecondScope::class
])->get();
Local Scopes
Local scopes allow you to define common sets of constraints that you may easily re-use throughout your application. For example, you may need to frequently retrieve all users that are considered "popular". To define a scope, prefix an Eloquent model method with scope
.
Scopes should always return a query builder instance:
<?php
namespace App;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
class User extends Model
{
/**
* Scope a query to only include popular users.
*
* @param \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder $query
* @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder
*/
public function scopePopular($query)
{
return $query->where('votes', '>', 100);
}
/**
* Scope a query to only include active users.
*
* @param \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder $query
* @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder
*/
public function scopeActive($query)
{
return $query->where('active', 1);
}
}
Utilizing A Local Scope
Once the scope has been defined, you may call the scope methods when querying the model. However, you should not include the scope
prefix when calling the method. You can even chain calls to various scopes, for example:
$users = App\User::popular()->active()->orderBy('created_at')->get();
Combining multiple Eloquent model scopes via an or
query operator may require the use of Closure callbacks:
$users = App\User::popular()->orWhere(function (Builder $query) {
$query->active();
})->get();
However, since this can be cumbersome, Laravel provides a "higher order" orWhere
method that allows you to fluently chain these scopes together without the use of Closures:
$users = App\User::popular()->orWhere->active()->get();
Dynamic Scopes
Sometimes you may wish to define a scope that accepts parameters. To get started, just add your additional parameters to your scope. Scope parameters should be defined after the $query
parameter:
<?php
namespace App;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
class User extends Model
{
/**
* Scope a query to only include users of a given type.
*
* @param \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder $query
* @param mixed $type
* @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder
*/
public function scopeOfType($query, $type)
{
return $query->where('type', $type);
}
}
Now, you may pass the parameters when calling the scope:
$users = App\User::ofType('admin')->get();
Comparing Models
Sometimes you may need to determine if two models are the "same". The is
method may be used to quickly verify two models have same primary key, table, and database connection:
if ($post->is($anotherPost)) {
//
}
Events
Eloquent models fire several events, allowing you to hook into the following points in a model's lifecycle: retrieved
, creating
, created
, updating
, updated
, saving
, saved
, deleting
, deleted
, restoring
, restored
. Events allow you to easily execute code each time a specific model class is saved or updated in the database. Each event receives the instance of the model through its constructor.
The retrieved
event will fire when an existing model is retrieved from the database. When a new model is saved for the first time, the creating
and created
events will fire. If a model already existed in the database and the save
method is called, the updating
/ updated
events will fire. However, in both cases, the saving
/ saved
events will fire.
{note} When issuing a mass update via Eloquent, the
saved
andupdated
model events will not be fired for the updated models. This is because the models are never actually retrieved when issuing a mass update.
To get started, define a $dispatchesEvents
property on your Eloquent model that maps various points of the Eloquent model's lifecycle to your own event classes:
<?php
namespace App;
use App\Events\UserSaved;
use App\Events\UserDeleted;
use Illuminate\Notifications\Notifiable;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Auth\User as Authenticatable;
class User extends Authenticatable
{
use Notifiable;
/**
* The event map for the model.
*
* @var array
*/
protected $dispatchesEvents = [
'saved' => UserSaved::class,
'deleted' => UserDeleted::class,
];
}
After defining and mapping your Eloquent events, you may use event listeners to handle the events.
Observers
Defining Observers
If you are listening for many events on a given model, you may use observers to group all of your listeners into a single class. Observers classes have method names which reflect the Eloquent events you wish to listen for. Each of these methods receives the model as their only argument. The make:observer
Artisan command is the easiest way to create a new observer class:
php artisan make:observer UserObserver --model=User
This command will place the new observer in your App/Observers
directory. If this directory does not exist, Artisan will create it for you. Your fresh observer will look like the following:
<?php
namespace App\Observers;
use App\User;
class UserObserver
{
/**
* Handle the User "created" event.
*
* @param \App\User $user
* @return void
*/
public function created(User $user)
{
//
}
/**
* Handle the User "updated" event.
*
* @param \App\User $user
* @return void
*/
public function updated(User $user)
{
//
}
/**
* Handle the User "deleted" event.
*
* @param \App\User $user
* @return void
*/
public function deleted(User $user)
{
//
}
}
To register an observer, use the observe
method on the model you wish to observe. You may register observers in the boot
method of one of your service providers. In this example, we'll register the observer in the AppServiceProvider
:
<?php
namespace App\Providers;
use App\User;
use App\Observers\UserObserver;
use Illuminate\Support\ServiceProvider;
class AppServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
{
/**
* Bootstrap any application services.
*
* @return void
*/
public function boot()
{
User::observe(UserObserver::class);
}
/**
* Register the service provider.
*
* @return void
*/
public function register()
{
//
}
}


---
layout: page
title: RLCS Predictions Evaluation
sidebar_link: false
permalink: /blog/rlcs_predictions_eval
---
I received a lot of positive reception from this model. Many were surprised at how well it performed (specifically, how it was able to tell when a match was going to be closer or more of a blowout than fans or analysts would have previously predicted). I also got a job offer after explaining my model and showing how well it preformed in real time; however, as I was already interning at a company, and did not want to further delay my graduation, I declined. There is still some work to be done to "fine-tune" the model, and also see how it performs in other sports. As such, I have offered only a vague description of the model as this might one day lead to a publication. If you have any specific questions about the model, you can always send me an email.
Original Model Description
Predictions are based on 1,000 simulations for each game. I use Markov chain to simulate the events of each team and their opponent. Events could include shots, saves, passes, etc. I house the transition probabilities in a transition matrix. A transition probability is defined as the probability of an event occurring given a certain event has just occurred. For example, one transition probability would be the probability of team B saving the ball when team A shoots the ball. Transition matrices are constructed using play-by-play data from previous weeks. This model was used to predict Rocket League (RLCS) matches in season 9.
Model Preformance
What good are predictions if we don't know how well our model performs? Anyone could come up with a model or algorithm that spit out probabilities, but not all predictions will be that accurate. So the next question is: how should we measure the accuracy of our model? One might think of finding the average number of matches I accurately predicted (where any event probability above .5 would be treated as a 1, and any event probability below .5 would be treated as a 0). Using this somewhat naive approach, I get an "accuracy" score of 73%. However, this metric does not take into account the magnitude of the probabilities (for example, 52% chance of an event happening should not be treated the same way as a 74% chance of an event happening). It would be nice to keep this magnitude issue in mind when evaluating the model.
One way to address this issue is to bin the predictions I calculated using the model, and then compare them with the actual scores that have been realized. The following plot shows this:
My (binned) predictions looks promising. This suggests that my predictions are somewhat calibrated. We see that the actual win percentage is fairly close to the forecasted chance of winning. I do want to note that I have only used the model on 1 partial season of RLCS. Thus, we will get a clearer picture at how "accurate" my model is once I have added more data to test the model. Another thing we can do is use a (modified) Brier Test. This will show us how much better (or worse) my model performs when compared with a baseline or reference model. The higher the score, the better. The Brier Skill Score (SS) is defined as:
where MSE is the mean squared error. Thus it is 1 minus the ratio of mean squared errors for two models that we are considering. The reference or baseline model usually used is a model that predicts a 50% chance of an event occurring for every event or state. This is the baseline model I will use when calculating a Brier Skill Score. The following table shows how well our forecasts perform when compared to forecasts from fivethirtyeight.com of other sports:
| Forecasting Score | Sport |
| .0311 | MLB |
| .0696 | Club Soccer Matches |
| .0962 | NFL |
| .1296 | NBA |
| .1917 | World Cup (men) |
| .2035 | My RLCS Forecasts |
| .2502 | Tennis (women) |
| .2715 | World Cup (women) |
| .3135 | NFL Playoffs |
| .3228 | March Madness (men) |
| .3244 | Tennis (men) |
| .3604 | NBA Playoffs |
| .4568 | Club Soccer League |
| .4806 | MLB Playoffs |
| .5232 | March Madness (women) |
It would be great to compare my model with other models predicting outcomes in Rocket League. Unfortunately, there are no models to my knowledge that do this. One could use betting odds, as they tend to predict outcomes quite well; however, there are no betting sites that offer odds for every Rocket League game.
Updated Model
The stucture of league play changed drastically from season 9 to season 10. Due to this (and also due to the fact I wanted to make my model more robust and accurate), I needed to update my model. The core part of the model essentially stayed the same, but I trained a random forest to take into account other features not accounted for in the original model. This required me to scrape Liquipedia for match info. Win percentage, as well as in-game stats were used in the random forest.
Updated Model Preformance
Building the random forest on top of my original model proved quite useful. When I first introduced the updated model by predicting matches in the group stage of one tournament, accuracy increased to 80%. Feeding more data into my model, my model accuracy jumped to 85% for the group stage of the next tournament. Calculating the Brier Skill Score gives a whopping .4844. That's pretty awesome! Obviously, this is a small sample size, but it shows a lot of promise for this model!
| Forecasting Score | Sport |
| .0311 | MLB |
| .0696 | Club Soccer Matches |
| .0962 | NFL |
| .1296 | NBA |
| .1917 | World Cup (men) |
| .2502 | Tennis (women) |
| .2715 | World Cup (women) |
| .3135 | NFL Playoffs |
| .3228 | March Madness (men) |
| .3244 | Tennis (men) |
| .3604 | NBA Playoffs |
| .4568 | Club Soccer League |
| .4806 | MLB Playoffs |
| .4844 | My Updated Forecasts |
| .5232 | March Madness (women) |
Future Work
This was a project done in my free time. I was fairly (and pleasantly) surprised at how it performed. So now the question is what's next? In terms of Rocket League, I plan on fine tuning my model to get a more accurate, and well-calibrated model. I believe that this model can be applied to other sports. Once I have more time, I plan on applying this model to other sports.


👋 , my name is Duc Dao
Hi there I am a web developer living in Hanoi, Vietnam.
I'm having 5 years of experiences of developing the website, web application using PHP and MySQL.
Specialising in Laravel and VueJS stack, also love the open sources and leaning the new technologies.
Skills: Laravel, VueJS, NuxtJS, NodeJS, AWS, Docker
🔭 I’m currently working on Laravel and Vue🌱 I’m currently learning Vue3
Website: https://ducdh.com


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Joining issued: 'node-3@MacBook-Pro-de-Anne-France' to 'runner@MacBook-Pro-de-Anne-France' at port 63387
*** User 2017-05-05 21:05:07.916 ***
Joining node: 'node-2@MacBook-Pro-de-Anne-France' to 'runner@MacBook-Pro-de-Anne-France' at port 63371
*** User 2017-05-05 21:05:07.917 ***
Joining issued: 'node-2@MacBook-Pro-de-Anne-France' to 'runner@MacBook-Pro-de-Anne-France' at port 63371
*** User 2017-05-05 21:05:07.917 ***
Joining node: 'node-1@MacBook-Pro-de-Anne-France' to 'runner@MacBook-Pro-de-Anne-France' at port 63358
*** User 2017-05-05 21:05:07.918 ***
Joining issued: 'node-1@MacBook-Pro-de-Anne-France' to 'runner@MacBook-Pro-de-Anne-France' at port 63358
*** User 2017-05-05 21:05:07.978 ***
Waiting for join to complete with manager: partisan_default_peer_service_manager
*** User 2017-05-05 21:05:07.979 ***
Finished.
*** CT 2017-05-05 21:05:07.979 *** COVER INFO
Adding nodes to cover test: ['runner@MacBook-Pro-de-Anne-France']
*** CT 2017-05-05 21:05:07.988 *** COVER INFO
Successfully added nodes to cover test: []
*** User 2017-05-05 21:05:12.000 ***
Case finished: ivar_test
*** User 2017-05-05 21:05:19.050 ***
21:05:19.050 [info] Application lasp exited with reason: stopped
*** User 2017-05-05 21:05:19.051 ***
21:05:19.051 [info] Application partisan exited with reason: stopped
=== Ended at 2017-05-05 21:05:19
=== successfully completed test case
=== Returned value: ok
Test run history
| Top level test index


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4. Applications communicate with kernel by using:
Shell Script
C Programs
Shell
System Calls
5. What is sysfs?
it is a virtual filesystem
users use it to get the information about the running kernel
it is used for exporting kernel objects
all of the mentioned
6. Sysfs was originally called
device driver filesystem
kernel interface filesystem
kernel filesystem
none of the mentioned
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TABLE OF INTERACTIONS WITH
SIROLIMUS
See also: immunosuppressants
See also: substrates at risk of CYP3A4
From the French ANSM drug interactions document of September 2016, p. 201
SIROLIMUS RxNorm: 35302 ATC: L04AA10 |
CICLOSPORIN RxNorm: 3008 ATC: L04AD01 S01XA18 |
Increase of the blood concentrations of sirolimus by the ciclosporin. The nephrotoxicity of the ciclosporin is also increased when the two medications are administered together |
Precaution for use It is recommended that the sirolimus be administered 4 hours after the cyclosporine. Testing of the renal function, during the administration of the two medications together and after it is stopped |
SIROLIMUS RxNorm: 35302 ATC: L04AA10 |
VERAPAMIL RxNorm: 11170 ATC: C08DA01 |
Increase of the blood concentrations of the sirolimus (decrease of its hepatic metabolism by the verapamil) |
Precaution for use Blood concentration dosage of the immunosuppressant, testing of the renal function, and adjustment of the dosage during the administration of the medications together and after it is stopped. |


Label "Galaxy Quest" as another one of those bright ideas that was never given sufficient time to develop before going in front of the cameras. It wants very badly to lampoon the enduring popularity of "Star Trek" -- as well as the sorry post-"Trek" careers of most of the series' stars -- and every so often it hits its mark. More frequently than not, however, the screenplay by David Howard and Robert Gordon opts for safe and bland over satiric, leaving us with a movie that's watchable but frustrating since it's so rife with unexplored potential.
For example, if you managed to sign Sigourney Weaver in your sci-fi comedy, wouldn't you work in a couple of "Alien" gags just to capitalize on the casting? If Howard and Gordon ever came up with any, they didn't make it to the final cut, leaving Weaver with little to do except run around in a cleavage-revealing spacesuit. Her comic skills, shown to prime advantage in "Ghostbusters" and "Working Girl," get considerably less exposure than her chest. Nor does "Quest" get much mileage out of Tim Allen. Wake up, guys: You've got the voice of Buzz Lightyear on board and you can't even whip up a little "Toy Story" parody?
 The show has long since been canceled, but the fans remain devoted nevertheless, showing up to see their favorite characters signing autographs at conventions or hosting ribbon-cutting ceremonies at appliance stores.
Among the throngs of devotees is a quartet of otherworldly types called Thermians, who've caught the "Galaxy Quest" repeats on their home planet in the Klatu Nebula and believe its stars truly are heroic starship troopers. These are the same beings, it turns out, who weep over the bad luck of the castaways on "Gilligan's Island."
The actors, all of whom are anxious for any sort of work, agree to go along with the Thermians, not realizing the four are actual aliens who want help battling the tyrant Sarris (Robin Sachs), a slimy cross between a lobster and a gila monster. Genuine combat turns out to be more than the "Quest" crew bargained for, and they're ill-equipped to deal with flying a spaceship. "There's a red thingy moving toward the green thingy, and I think we're the green thingy," one of them notes, struck by the sight of a radar screen that actually works.
Aside from Rickman's droll reading of Alex, the movie's chief appeal is its sometimes clever special effects, including a gooey form of teleportation and a pile of rocks that turns into an almost unstoppable monster. The makeup effects by Stan Winston are also superb, particularly the work on Sarris and his cohorts.
The comic edge the story needs rarely surfaces, though. Occasionally there's a sharp line here or there, but all too often the humor simply doesn't connect and the screenplay isn't imaginative enough to sustain interest. To paraphrase a famous ad line, in space, no one can hear you yawn. James Sanford
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The “popover” is a special graphical widget used for modifying values of diagram elements. The popover is a kind of small popup connected to a certain element. On systems that support it, the popover is also partially transparent to prevent blocking the view of the diagram.
This allows for easy editing of any element on the diagram, without obstructing the diagram or requiring a screen plagued with various popups.
Double clicking on any element, attribute, operation or literal, opens the popover.
Changes are updated as you type, you can close the popover by clicking outside of it, or pressing escape.