public class Effect
extends java.lang.Object
| Constructor and Description |
|---|
Effect()
Default Constructor
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
Ammo |
getCost() |
java.lang.String |
getDescription() |
MoveEffect |
getMove() |
int[] |
getMovesAway() |
java.lang.String |
getName() |
Target |
getTargets() |
EffectsKind |
getType() |
KindOfVisibility |
getVisibility() |
Visibility |
getVisibilityClass() |
boolean |
isAdditionalEffect() |
boolean |
isExactly() |
boolean |
isSameDirection() |
java.util.List<Cell> |
reachableCells(Player owner)
used to know cell you can reach with your weapon
|
java.util.List<Player> |
reachablePlayers(Player owner)
returns the reachable players
|
void |
setAdditionalEffect(boolean additionalEffect) |
void |
setCost(Ammo cost) |
void |
setDescription(java.lang.String description) |
void |
setExactly(boolean exactly) |
void |
setMove(MoveEffect move) |
void |
setMovesAway(int[] movesAway) |
void |
setName(java.lang.String name) |
void |
setSameDirection(boolean sameDirection) |
void |
setTargets(Target targets) |
void |
setType(EffectsKind type) |
void |
setVisibility(KindOfVisibility visibility) |
void |
setVisibilityClass(Visibility visibilityClass) |
java.util.List<Cell> |
shootableCells(Player owner)
used to know cell you can shoot in with your weapon
|
boolean |
usableEffect(Player owner,
java.util.List<Player> allPlayers)
CALL ONLY IF YOU KNOW THE EFFECT IS NOT MOVE TYPE
|
public java.lang.String getName()
public void setName(java.lang.String name)
public java.lang.String getDescription()
public void setDescription(java.lang.String description)
public Ammo getCost()
public void setCost(Ammo cost)
public EffectsKind getType()
public void setType(EffectsKind type)
public Visibility getVisibilityClass()
public void setVisibilityClass(Visibility visibilityClass)
public KindOfVisibility getVisibility()
public void setVisibility(KindOfVisibility visibility)
public int[] getMovesAway()
public void setMovesAway(int[] movesAway)
public boolean isExactly()
public void setExactly(boolean exactly)
public boolean isSameDirection()
public void setSameDirection(boolean sameDirection)
public MoveEffect getMove()
public void setMove(MoveEffect move)
public void setTargets(Target targets)
public Target getTargets()
public boolean isAdditionalEffect()
public void setAdditionalEffect(boolean additionalEffect)
public java.util.List<Cell> reachableCells(Player owner)
owner
- the player that is shootingpublic java.util.List<Cell> shootableCells(Player owner)
owner
- player who is shootingpublic java.util.List<Player> reachablePlayers(Player owner)
owner
- player who is shootingpublic boolean usableEffect(Player owner, java.util.List<Player> allPlayers)
allPlayers
- contains the list of all the players, it will be passed from the view to usableWeapon that calls this methodowner
- the player who is using the weapon


Based on what you've told us:
You get full help with health costs
Because you get {{tctype}} and have a family income of less than £15,276;
you, your partner and any children under 20 included on your claim get free:
- NHS prescriptions
- NHS dental treatment
- NHS Sight tests
- NHS wigs and fabric supports
They'll also get help towards the cost of:
- new glasses or contact lenses
Proving you don't have to pay
You may have to show proof that you get tax credits.
What you can use as proof
- your tax credit exemption certificate. This is a small plastic card which should have been sent to you and lasts up to 7 months
- or, your latest tax credit award notice


The Pushwoosh plugin allows you to receive push notifications sent by the Pushwoosh platform.
 This demo app gets you up and running quickly - for advanced usage take a look at the documentation at pushwoosh.com.
Custom plugins don't work in the simulator and the AppBuilder companion app, so inside Telerik AppBuilder choose Run - Build - iOS/Android/WP8 - App package.
After you've changed the configuration in scripts/demo.js, you can have the device register itself with the Pushwoosh server.
We can always inspect the push token we received.
Unregister the device for testing purposes.
Enable 'Geozones' in your Pushwoosh account to be able to use these methods.
The fun part is actually sending messages from Pushwoosh to this device. Try sending a message while this app is in the foreground, background or when the device is locked. Happy pushing!


Jobs boost for Plymouth with industrial parks set to expand
Progress is being made on business projects across the city
by Edward OldfieldPlans are progressing for a series of city council-funded industrial units to support the growth of the economy in Plymouth.
The local authority is expected to submit a planning application in December for Phase 3 of Hearder Court at Langage Science Park.
The proposal for around 27,000 square feet of industrial space costing an estimated £2.9m will support up to 68 jobs.
City council leader Tudor Evans revealed a planning application was due to go in before Christmas.
The development was named in honour of Plymouth scientist Jonathan Nash Hearder, an electrical engineer, inventor and educator who was an advisor on the first Atlantic cable.
Phase One in the industrial park on the edge of Plympton was completed in 2015 and is occupied by Dartmouth Foods Ltd. The £3.2m second phase was completed last year.
Cllr Evans highlighted progress on the next part of the scheme as one of a series of city council-funded developments coming forward to support the local economy.
The Labour leader told a meeting of the council’s ruling Cabinet: “We are confident as we have proved with a number of these projects, if we build it they will come.
“Taxpayers can be reassured we are investing this money wisely. It produces jobs, it produces business rates, it produces confidence for the future.”
Cllr Evans also revealed work was due to start in January at Broadley Park, Roborough, a £2.6m scheme to create 22,500 square feet of work space, supporting an estimated 62 jobs.
And he said a planning application was expected to be submitted early next year for 20,000 square feet of health units at Plymouth International Business Park at Derriford.
The council is also set to fund the construction of a new 126-bed hotel on a redevelopment site at Millbay.


Contents
function demoOnionPeeling(varargin)
%DEMOONIONPEELING Onion peeling of a set of points % % Just a demo for the convexHull function % % Example % demoOnionPeeling % % See also % convexHull, polygons2d % % % ------ % Author: David Legland % e-mail<EMAIL_ADDRESS>% Created: 2011-04-08, using Matlab <IP_ADDRESS>9 (R2009b) % Copyright 2011 INRA - Cepia Software Platform.
Data generation
% random points within unit square points = rand(50, 2); % display figure; hold on; drawPoint(points, '.');
Convex hull
% compute hull hull = convexHull(points); % display drawPolygon(hull, 'linewidth', 2);
Onion peeling
% initialize array of hulls layers = {}; nLayers = 0; % remove convex hull of the current set of points, and iterates until there % is no more point on the hull while size(points, 1) > 2 % compute current layer [hull inds] = convexHull(points); % add a layer nLayers = nLayers + 1; layers{nLayers} = hull; %#ok<AGROW> % remove vertices of the convex hull points(inds, :) = []; end % draw resulting layers for i = 1:nLayers drawPolygon(layers{i}); end


- Pad - Variable in class launchpad_s_plus.DisplayPad
-
- Padmap - Class in launchpad_s_plus
-
Creates a pad map continaing the values needed to determine positions of the
Launchpad S pads
- Padmap() - Constructor for class launchpad_s_plus.Padmap
-
- padsLit - Static variable in class launchpad_s_plus.DisplayPad
-
- padsPressed - Static variable in class launchpad_s_plus.ReceiveMidiMessage
-
- padsReleased - Static variable in class launchpad_s_plus.ReceiveMidiMessage
-
- padsShut - Static variable in class launchpad_s_plus.DisplayPad
-
- padStatus - Static variable in class games.ReactionGame
-
- panel - Static variable in class gui.StatisticsGUI
-
- panel_1 - Static variable in class gui.StatisticsGUI
-
- panel_2 - Static variable in class gui.Main
-
- panel_2 - Static variable in class gui.StatisticsGUI
-
- paused - Static variable in class games.GameOfLife
-
- piano - package piano
-
Constitues the logic used in the Piano demonstration
- Piano - Class in piano
-
This class will implement a way to play piano directly from the launchpad,
with proper keys displayed on it and instant audio (either will be samples or
will send MIDI to an external MIDI compatible piano synthesizer - Pianoteq
2.2 - for even more close to real piano sound).
- Piano() - Constructor for class piano.Piano
-
Constructor for the Piano demo
- Piano(boolean) - Constructor for class piano.Piano
-
Used for setting the link to the Observable.
- Piano.CONTROLS - Enum in piano
-
Class enumerating objects that contain X and Y coordinates for all the
extra Control buttons to be used in the Piano demo, as well as their
color and intensity information
- pianoCard - Static variable in class gui.Main
-
- PianoDialog - Static variable in class gui.PianoGUI
-
- PianoGUI - Class in gui
-
Implements the GUI for Piano
- PianoGUI(boolean) - Constructor for class gui.PianoGUI
-
Constructor for the GUI
- PianoKey - Class in piano
-
Implements methods to play a Piano key based on given parameters
- PianoKey(int, int, boolean) - Constructor for class piano.PianoKey
-
Constructor for PianoKey.
- PianoKey(int, boolean) - Constructor for class piano.PianoKey
-
Constructor for PianoKey.
- pianoRunning - Static variable in class gui.Main
-
- pianoWindow - Static variable in class gui.Main
-
- PianoWindow - Static variable in class gui.PianoGUI
-
- play - Variable in class launchpad_s_plus.PlaySound
-
- playDefaultNote(int, int) - Method in class piano.PianoKey
-
- player - Variable in class games.Checkers2.CheckerCell
-
- player1Color - Variable in class games.Checkers
-
- player1Color - Variable in class games.Checkers2
-
- player1KingColor - Variable in class games.Checkers
-
- player1KingColor - Variable in class games.Checkers2
-
- player1Remaining - Variable in class games.Checkers
-
- player1Remaining - Static variable in class games.Checkers2
-
- player2Color - Variable in class games.Checkers
-
- player2Color - Variable in class games.Checkers2
-
- player2KingColor - Variable in class games.Checkers
-
- player2KingColor - Variable in class games.Checkers2
-
- player2Remaining - Variable in class games.Checkers
-
- player2Remaining - Static variable in class games.Checkers2
-
- playerCanMove(int) - Method in class games.Checkers2
-
- playerColorSpeed - Static variable in class games.Checkers
-
- playerColorSpeed - Static variable in class games.Checkers2
-
- playerField - Static variable in class gui.LightsOutGUI
-
- playerField - Static variable in class gui.ReactionGameGUI
-
- playerField - Static variable in class gui.SimonGUI
-
- playerField - Static variable in class gui.SnakeGUI
-
- playerIntensity - Variable in class games.Checkers
-
- playerIntensity - Variable in class games.Checkers2
-
- playerLabel - Static variable in class gui.LightsOutGUI
-
- playerLabel - Static variable in class gui.ReactionGameGUI
-
- playerLabel - Static variable in class gui.SimonGUI
-
- playerLabel - Static variable in class gui.SnakeGUI
-
- playerName - Static variable in class games.LightsOut
-
- playerName - Static variable in class games.ReactionGame
-
- playerName - Static variable in class games.Simon
-
- playerName - Static variable in class games.Snake
-
- playerName - Static variable in class gui.LightsOutGUI
-
- playerName - Static variable in class gui.ReactionGameGUI
-
- playerName - Static variable in class gui.SimonGUI
-
- playerName - Static variable in class gui.SnakeGUI
-
- playerPanel - Static variable in class gui.LightsOutGUI
-
- playerPanel - Static variable in class gui.ReactionGameGUI
-
- playerPanel - Static variable in class gui.SimonGUI
-
- playerPanel - Static variable in class gui.SnakeGUI
-
- playerScore - Static variable in class games.ReactionGame
-
- playerScore - Static variable in class games.Simon
-
- playerwon(int) - Method in class games.Checkers
-
If a player has won, blink a specific pad and clear all the slots that
don't contain the winning player's pieces.
- playerwon(int) - Method in class games.Checkers2
-
If a player has won, blink a specific pad and clear all the slots that
don't contain the winning player's pieces.
- playerWon() - Method in class games.LightsOut
-
The player has won.
- playing - Static variable in class games.Checkers2
-
- playKey(int, int) - Method in class piano.PianoKey
-
Plays the key at the given coordinates
- playKey(int) - Method in class piano.PianoKey
-
Plays the key at the given MIDI location
- playMetronome() - Method in class piano.Piano
-
Starts the Metronome
- playNote(String, int, boolean) - Method in class piano.PianoKey
-
Plays the key determined by the name and octaves given
- playNote(int, boolean) - Method in class piano.PianoKey
-
Plays the key determined by the MIDI location value
- playOrStop - Variable in class piano.PianoKey
-
- playPad(int) - Method in class games.Simon
-
Illuminates the quadrant of the Launchpad represented by the given
parameter and plays the related sound.
- playSample(int, int, boolean) - Method in class piano.PianoKey
-
Plays the sample given by name at the given velocity
- playSequence() - Method in class games.Simon
-
Plays back the current sequence of the game
- PlaySound - Class in launchpad_s_plus
-
Implements a way to play sound samples located in the resources folder.
- PlaySound(String, int, boolean) - Constructor for class launchpad_s_plus.PlaySound
-
Constructor.
- playSound(String, int) - Method in class launchpad_s_plus.PlaySound
-
Plays the sound located at the filepath given with the given velocity
level
- population - Static variable in class games.GameOfLife
-
- populationValue() - Static method in class games.GameOfLife
-
Returns the current value of the population
- position(int, int) - Static method in class launchpad_s_plus.Calculate
-
Returns the MIDI note value of the pad based on the given X and Y
positions
- positionX(int, boolean) - Static method in class launchpad_s_plus.Calculate
-
Returns the X position of a pad based on its MIDI note value
- positionX - Static variable in class launchpad_s_plus.ReceiveMidiMessage
-
- positionX - Variable in enum piano.Piano.CONTROLS
-
- positionX - Variable in class tech_demo.ReactiveDemo
-
- positionY(int, boolean) - Static method in class launchpad_s_plus.Calculate
-
Returns the Y position of a pad based on its MIDI note value
- positionY - Static variable in class launchpad_s_plus.ReceiveMidiMessage
-
- positionY - Variable in enum piano.Piano.CONTROLS
-
- positionY - Variable in class tech_demo.ReactiveDemo
-
- prepareGame() - Method in class games.Game
-
To be used when initiating a game.
- pressed - Variable in class tech_demo.ReactiveDemo
-
- prevButton - Static variable in class gui.AnimationGUI
-
- prevButton - Static variable in class gui.ReactiveDemoGUI
-
- previousColor - Static variable in class gui.Main
-
- Program - Class in launchpad_s_plus
-
Program initiation and termination
- Program() - Constructor for class launchpad_s_plus.Program
-
- programRunning - Static variable in class gui.Main
-


--- title: Buy a Trek Pack heading: Buy a Trek Pack description: A backpack mounted 360-degree camera system designed to capture stunning 360-degree Street View tours in all terrains. image: /assets/images/global/trek-view-360-degree-tour.jpg layout: page sitemap: false ---
Cancelled


Start your study project in 2022
Develop your process. Expand your skills.
- Projects on “Master” level
- Tell us your interests
- Define your own tempo
- What fits your budget?
- Exercises and feedback
Working from home? Studying online in the Corona world? Define a project you would like to do, but cannot find a way to start. Develop your profession.
Studying at DD.S: what is it like?
- Intensive exercises and daily personal feedback;
- The result of the exercises is shared on a closed Slack channel for the duration of the study;
- Feedback comes from the educators and the other students;
- DesignDesign.Space offers a safe online study environment, where any question can be asked;
- Tell us what your budget is.


Data is a scholarly output and should be treated as such.
People should be given credit for their data.
If a scholarly work depends on data, that data should be cited.
Data identification should be unique and persistent (it should also be machine readable).
Data citations should provide access to the data and the appropriate documentation (metadata) that will make the data usable.
Citations should be persistent.
The data citation should allow for the verification of a specific claim. This includes having the appropriate documentation about origin and version of the data.
Data citations should be flexible enough for various communities but not so different that interoperability is compromised.
Data Citation Synthesis Group: Joint Declaration of Data Citation Principles. Martone M. (ed.) San Diego CA: FORCE11; 2014 [/datacitation]
Michigan State Libraries. "How to Cite Data" http://libguides.lib.msu.edu/citedata


public abstract class NormedRxToNormedRxFinite
extends java.lang.Object
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
abstract FunctionClassCoveringBounds |
agnosticCoveringNumberBounds()
Retrieve the Agnostic Covering Number Upper/Lower Bounds for the Function Class
|
abstract GeneralizedMetricVectorSpace |
inputMetricVectorSpace()
Retrieve the Input Vector Space
|
double |
maureyConstant()
Retrieve the Maurey Constant
|
abstract double |
operatorPopulationMetricNorm()
Compute the Operator Population Metric Norm
|
abstract double |
operatorPopulationSupremumNorm()
Compute the Operator Population Supremum Norm
|
abstract double |
operatorSampleMetricNorm(GeneralizedValidatedVector gvvi)
Compute the Operator Sample Metric Norm
|
abstract double |
operatorSampleSupremumNorm(GeneralizedValidatedVector gvvi)
Compute the Operator Sample Supremum Norm
|
int |
outputDimension()
Compute the Output Dimension
|
abstract GeneralizedMetricVectorSpace |
outputMetricVectorSpace()
Retrieve the Output Vector Space
|
MaureyOperatorCoveringBounds |
populationMetricCoveringBounds()
Compute the Maurey Covering Number Upper Bounds for Operator Population Metric Norm
|
MaureyOperatorCoveringBounds |
populationSupremumCoveringBounds()
Compute the Maurey Covering Number Upper Bounds for Operator Population Supremum Norm
|
MaureyOperatorCoveringBounds |
sampleMetricCoveringBounds(GeneralizedValidatedVector gvvi)
Compute the Maurey Covering Number Upper Bounds for Operator Sample Metric Norm
|
MaureyOperatorCoveringBounds |
sampleSupremumCoveringBounds(GeneralizedValidatedVector gvvi)
Compute the Maurey Covering Number Upper Bounds for Operator Sample Supremum Norm
|
FunctionClassCoveringBounds |
scaleSensitiveCoveringBounds(GeneralizedValidatedVector gvvi,
R1ToR1 funcR1ToR1FatShatter)
Retrieve the Scale-Sensitive Covering Number Upper/Lower Bounds given the Specified Sample for the
Function Class
|
public abstract GeneralizedMetricVectorSpace inputMetricVectorSpace()
public abstract GeneralizedMetricVectorSpace outputMetricVectorSpace()
public abstract double operatorPopulationMetricNorm() throws java.lang.Exception
java.lang.Exception
- Thrown if the Operator Norm cannot be computedpublic abstract double operatorPopulationSupremumNorm() throws java.lang.Exception
java.lang.Exception
- Thrown if the Operator Population Supremum Norm cannot be computedpublic abstract double operatorSampleMetricNorm(GeneralizedValidatedVector gvvi) throws java.lang.Exception
gvvi
- The Validated Vector Space Instancejava.lang.Exception
- Thrown if the Operator Norm cannot be computedpublic abstract double operatorSampleSupremumNorm(GeneralizedValidatedVector gvvi) throws java.lang.Exception
gvvi
- The Validated Vector Space Instancejava.lang.Exception
- Thrown if the Operator Sample Supremum Norm cannot be computedpublic abstract FunctionClassCoveringBounds agnosticCoveringNumberBounds()
public double maureyConstant()
public FunctionClassCoveringBounds scaleSensitiveCoveringBounds(GeneralizedValidatedVector gvvi, R1ToR1 funcR1ToR1FatShatter)
gvvi
- The Validated Instance Vector SequencefuncR1ToR1FatShatter
- The Cover Fat Shattering Coefficient R^1 To R^1public int outputDimension() throws java.lang.Exception
java.lang.Exception
- Thrown if the Output Dimension is Invalidpublic MaureyOperatorCoveringBounds populationMetricCoveringBounds()
public MaureyOperatorCoveringBounds populationSupremumCoveringBounds()
public MaureyOperatorCoveringBounds sampleMetricCoveringBounds(GeneralizedValidatedVector gvvi)
gvvi
- The Validated Vector Space Instancepublic MaureyOperatorCoveringBounds sampleSupremumCoveringBounds(GeneralizedValidatedVector gvvi)
gvvi
- The Validated Vector Space Instance


Non-native invasive mosquitoes have for many years made incursions into Europe, and are now established in many European countries. The continued European importation of potential vectors and their expansion within Europe increases their potential for importation and establishment in the UK. Coupled with increasing numbers of returning dengue and chikungunya infected travellers, the potential exists for transmission of vector borne disease in new regions.
To ensure a cost-effective risk assessment and preparedness strategy the UK employs a multi-faceted approach to surveillance for non-native Aedes mosquitoes, including passive and active surveillance strategies at a local, regional, and national level. Passive surveillance, including a national mosquito recording scheme and local authority nuisance biting reporting, are combined with targeted active surveillance at seaports, airports, used tyre importers, and motorway service stations.
There is no evidence to date that any invasive Aedes species (e.g., Aedes albopictus, Aedes japonicus, Aedes aegypti) occur in the UK despite sharing many of the same routes that have been found to have facilitated their entry into other countries.
This paper sets in context the UK approaches with other European countries and those recommended by the ECDC. It also highlights future UK strategies to enhance surveillance for non-native mosquitoes to help ensure that incursions can be managed, and these mosquitoes do not establish and public health is protected. Focus will be given to increasing the number of submissions of mosquitoes to passive surveillance schemes and maintaining active surveillance efforts at key routes of potential importation.
In recent decades there has been a re-emergence of vector-borne disease in Europe, including ongoing outbreaks of West Nile virus (WNV) in Southern and Eastern European countries, chikungunya fever in France and Italy, autochthonous transmission of dengue fever in Madeira (Portugal), Croatia and France and vivax malaria in Greece [ 1 , 2 ]. The increase in trade and transportation of goods and increased movement of humans has dramatically facilitated the importation of both mosquito vector species and mosquito-borne pathogens into Europe. In particular the importation of invasive mosquitoes has been attributed to the global movement of used tyres and wet-footed plants. Coupled with climatic and land-use changes, importation of vectors and pathogens increase the potential for the establishment of non-native and invasive mosquitoes and the consequent vector borne diseases that can result. In 2013 the United Kingdom (UK) reported >550 confirmed cases of travel-related dengue fever and 24 cases of chikungunya fever, and in 2014 > 350 cases of dengue and >300 cases of chikungunya (Public Health England, unpublished data), the latter likely to be related to the outbreak of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in the Caribbean where 1.4 million cumulative cases have been reported for 2013 and 2014 [ 3 ]. Onward transmission of these pathogens is contingent on populations of competent mosquitoes, therefore it is important to establish surveillance and control for these mosquitoes to help ensure that no onward transmission within the UK is possible. In locations in France, where vector-competent invasive non-native mosquitoes are locally established, each imported case of mosquito-borne disease is followed up and if non-native Aedes are present then there is comprehensive vector control local to the imported case. This need for mosquito control to limit onward transmission was recently highlighted by local autochthonous transmission of CHIKV [ 4 ] and dengue virus (DENV) [ 5 ] to French nationals in southern France with no history of travel; with transmission facilitated by recently established Aedes albopictus [ 5 ].
A number of invasive mosquito species have been introduced into Europe. Their importation to new geographic regions has been on account of their shared life history characteristic of laying drought resistant eggs in human-made containers such as used tyres and wet-footed plants such as lucky bamboo. The global trade in these commodities has facilitated their spread globally. This group of mosquitoes lays eggs that can survive long periods out of water until containers are rewetted at their destination. In this way all the invasive aedine species have been able to colonise new climatically tolerable locations across the globe [ 6 ].
The Asian Tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is the most established invasive mosquito species in Europe and has now been reported in 25 European countries including Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Malta, Monaco, Montenegro, the Netherlands, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey and the Vatican City [ 5 ]. The species is a particular biting nuisance in many countries including Italy, parts of southern France, Spain, and the Adriatic coasts of Croatia (Fig. 1) [ 1 ]. Climate models have shown that the UK’s climate is suitable for the development and sustained maintenance of populations of Ae. albopictus [ 7 , 8 ]. Aedes albopictus is a proven vector of CHIKV and has been the primary vector of cases on La Reunion Island in 2005–2007 [ 9 ], in Italy in 2007 [ 10 , 11 ], and in France in 2010 and 2014 [ 12 , 13 ]. Aedes albopictus has also caused outbreaks of DENV on La Reunion Island in 1977–1978 and 2004 [ 14 , 15 ], Hawaii in 2001–2002 [ 16 ], Mauritus in 2009 [ 17 ] with the first autochthonous cases in Europe since Greece in 1927 in Croatia in 2010 [ 18 ], and France in 2010, 2013 [ 19 , 20 ], and 2014 [ 5 ]. Additional viruses have also been isolated from field specimens of the mosquito, with laboratory transmission demonstrated. These include Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) [ 21 , 22 ], La Crosse virus (LACV) [ 23 , 24 ], Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) [ 25 , 26 ], West Nile virus (WNV) [ 27 , 28 ], and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) [ 29 ].
Current known distribution of Aedes albopictus as of October 2014. ECDC VBORNET
Five other aedine invasive species have been imported into Europe: Aedes aegypti, Aedes atropalpus, Aedes japonicus, Aedes koreicus, and Aedes triseriatus. Aedes aegypti was found for many decades in many parts of the Mediterranean, particularly in Italy where it was eradicated in the 1950s [ 30 ]. Globally it is the main vector of yellow fever virus (YFV) and DENV, and is also a known vector of CHIKV and Zika virus [ 1 ]. The species has recently established on Madeira where it has been implicated in a large outbreak of dengue [ 30 , 31 ]. Aedes aegypti has also been reported in the Netherlands at a used tyre company along with another invasive species Aedes atropalpus [ 32 , 33 ]. Aedes atropalpus is native to eastern North America, and has spread in North America via the movement of used tyres [ 34 ]. The species is a known vector for WNV [ 35 ] and LACV [ 34 ], and has been reported and subsequently eradicated in Italy [ 36 ], France (S. Chouin & F. Schaffner, unpublished data), and the Netherlands [ 32 ]. Aedes japonicus was first reported in Europe in France in 2000 where it was eliminated [ 37 , 38 ], and has since been reported in Belgium [ 39 , 40 ], and has been found to be established over large areas of Switzerland [ 38 ]. It continues to expand its range from Switzerland into Germany along major highway systems, and has been found in cemetery vases where it out-competes local mosquito fauna [ 41 , 42 ]. It has now been found in Austria, Slovenia [ 43 ], Hungary [ 44 ], Croatia [ 5 ], and Alsace in France [ 5 ], showing evidence that the species is continuing to expand its range. Aedes japonicus may become a pest species or transmit WNV, and has also shown vector competence for CHIKV and DENV [ 45 ]. Aedes koreicus has been found in Belgium since 2008 [ 46 ] and Italy since 2011 and 2012 [ 47 , 48 ], and was likely to have been introduced on both occasions as a result of international trade [ 46 ]. Aedes triseriatus has also been found and controlled at the point of entry in France [ 1 ].
Surveillance, defined as a set of procedures implemented in response to a recognised risk [ 6 ] is conducted for invasive mosquitoes in European countries by a range of institutions and public bodies, including public health government bodies, environmental health, local and regional councils, food and environment bodies, and private contractors. In the UK, since the issue presents public health concerns at a local and national level, Public Health England (PHE) has played a significant role in surveillance activities. This paper details the approaches taken in the UK, considers them in the context of the ECDC guidance on surveillance for exotic mosquitoes [ 6 ], analyses the utility of the various surveillance strategies in the UK and highlights the most appropriate strategies likely to be of most value employed in the UK in the future. The primary aim is to develop economically-viable strategies to help detect, identify and control exotic mosquitoes to prevent their establishment and limit the risk to public health that might ensue.
A range of surveillance approaches have been trialled in the UK as part of national efforts to understand the potential risk posed by invasive mosquitoes, and to help in preparedness for detection and control. Surveillance projects have included both passive surveillance (Mosquito Recording Scheme, Mosquito Watch, including the use of a questionnaire based survey) and active surveillance (Nationwide Mosquito Survey, Port Mosquito Surveillance, Used tyre importer surveys, and surveys at motorway service stations) each of which are described separately below. A summary of these strategies is shown in Tables 1 and 2 , with a map showing the active surveillance locations in Fig. 2.
A summary of surveillance strategies employed in the UK
| Type of survey | Location | Sampling technique | Lat | Long | County | Frequency | Years |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Used Tyres | Ivybridge | BG Sentinel; Ovitraps; larval surveys | 50.387 | 3.954 | Devon | Monthly – July to September | 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 |
| Grantham | Larval surveys | 52.928 | −0.655 | Lincolnshire | August | 2012, 2013 | |
| Ports / Airports | Heathrow Airport | Larval surveys | 51.471 | −0.455 | Middlesex | Fortnightly – July to September | 2010, 2011, 2012 |
| Gatwick Airport | Mosquito Magnet; larval surveys | 51.154 | −0.182 | Sussex | Fortnightly – July to September | 2010, 2011, 2012 | |
| Felixstowe Port | BG Sentinel; Mosquito Magnet; larval surveys; ovitraps | 51.952 | 1.321 | Suffolk | Fortnightly – July to September | 2010, 2011, 2012 | |
| Southampton Port | BG Sentinel; Mosquito Magnet; larval surveys; ovitraps | 50.903 | −1.420 | Hampshire | Fortnightly – July to September | 2010, 2011 | |
| Manchester Ship Canal | Mosquito Magnet; larval surveys | 53.332 | −2.756 | Greater Manchester | Fortnightly – July to September | 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 | |
| Liverpool Port | Mosquito Magnet; larval surveys | 53.456 | −3.017 | Cheshire | Fortnightly – July to September | 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 | |
| Belfast City Airport | Larval surveys | 54.618 | −5.873 | Down | August | 2010 | |
| Belfast City Port | Mosquito Magnet; larval surveys | 54.636 | −5.883 | Down | Fortnightly – July to September | 2010, 2011 | |
| Belfast International Airport | Mosquito Magnet; larval surveys | 54.658 | −6.216 | Antrim | Fortnightly – July to September | 2010, 2011 | |
| Bristol Port | Larvae surveys | 51.383 | −2.719 | Avon | July | 2010 | |
| Hull Port | Mosquito Magnet | 53.741 | −0.274 | Humberside | Fortnightly – July to September | 2010 | |
| Motorway Service Stations | Clacket Lane West | Ovitraps | 51.271 | 0.041 | Kent | Fortnightly – August to October | 2014 |
| Maidstone | BG Sentinel; Ovitraps | 51.266 | 0.616 | Kent | Fortnightly – August to October | 2014 | |
| Medway | Ovitraps | 51.340 | 0.609 | Kent | Fortnightly – August to October | 2014 | |
| Rownhams East | Ovitraps | 50.958 | −1.447 | Hampshire | Fortnightly – August to October | 2014 | |
| Rownhams West | BG Sentinel; Ovitraps | 50.956 | −1.447 | Hampshire | Fortnightly – August to October | 2014 | |
| Winchester | BG Sentinel; Ovitraps | 51.120 | −1.254 | Hampshire | Fortnightly – August to October | 2014 | |
| Passive Surveillance | Mosquito Recording Scheme / Mosquito Watch | Submission of records | n/a | n/a | UK-wide | n/a | 2005-2014 |
| Survey of Local Authorities | Survey of all 345 Local Authorities | Questionnaire | n/a | n/a | UK-wide | n/a | 1970, 1986, 1996, 2009 |
Surveillance strategy shown by year
| Type of Surveillance | Surveillance Strategy | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Passive | Mosquito Recording Scheme | X | X | X | X | X | X |
| Mosquito Watch | X | X | X | X | X | X | |
| Nuisance biting questionnaire | X | X | |||||
| Active | Used tyre survey | X | X | X | X | X | |
| Port mosquito survey | X | X | X | X | |||
| Nationwide mosquito survey | X | X | X | X | X | ||
| Motorway survey | X |
Location of mosquito surveys grouped by Airport, Nationwide Survey, Motorway Service Stations, Port, and Used Tyres
PHE (formerly as one of its now constituent bodies, the Health Protection Agency [HPA]) has run the national Mosquito Recording Scheme (MRS) since 2005, contributing to species recording efforts in collaboration with the Biological Records Centre (BRC). The MRS aims to create a forum for storing data on mosquito distribution including historical datasets as well as more recent data contributed by amateur and professional entomologists, museums, universities, the public and government entomologists. The recording scheme, including its predecessor run by the British Mosquito Group, has gathered >10,000 records of all 34 British mosquito species, with data comprising ~3500 submissions, and an additional 7000 records from historical datasets with records as far back as the 1850s (Table 3 ) [ 49 – 56 ]. The MRS data is made publically accessible via the NBN Gateway (
Records submitted to the Mosquito Recording Scheme
| Species | Number of records |
|---|---|
| Aedes vexans | 36 |
| Anopheles algeriensis | 173 |
| Anopheles atroparvus | 111 |
| Anopheles claviger | 779 |
| Anopheles daciae | 472 |
| Anopheles maculipennis s.l. | 1220 |
| Anopheles messeae | 127 |
| Anopheles plumbeus | 259 |
| Coquillettidia richiardii | 310 |
| Culex modestus | 13 |
| Culex pipiens s.l. | 1371 |
| Culex pipiens molestus | 96 |
| Culex territans | 43 |
| Culex torrentium | 429 |
| Culiseta annulata | 834 |
| Culiseta fumipennis | 70 |
| Culiseta litorea | 46 |
| Culiseta longiareolata | 44 |
| Culiseta morsitans | 494 |
| Culiseta subochrea | 57 |
| Dahliana geniculata | 330 |
| Ochlerotatus annulipes | 214 |
| Ochlerotatus cantans | 661 |
| Ochlerotatus caspius | 219 |
| Ochlerotatus communis | 20 |
| Ochlerotatus detritus | 476 |
| Ochlerotatus dorsalis | 56 |
| Ochlerotatus flavescens | 37 |
| Ochlerotatus leucomelas | 4 |
| Ochlerotatus punctor | 556 |
| Ochlerotatus rusticus | 245 |
| Ochlerotatus sticticus | 8 |
| Orthopodomyia pulcripalpis | 52 |
| Total | 10,099 |
PHE is actively working to develop and promote this scheme further, to encourage the submission of records and reports of nuisance biting. This will be key to improving the understanding of British mosquito species causing a biting nuisance, and will further contribute to preparedness for potential incursion of mosquito borne pathogens that might be vectored by British mosquitoes. The MRS may also provide the mechanism for the identification of invasive species, since a similar scheme provided the first indication of the presence of Aedes japonicus in Germany [ 38 ].
In a similar vein to the MRS, Mosquito Watch was a scheme set up by the HPA in 2005, in collaboration with the Chartered Institute of Environmental Health (CIEH), and Killgerm Ltd, to better understand the incidence of biting mosquitoes in the UK by encouraging Environmental Health Officers (EHOs) to record nuisance mosquitoes and submit samples for identification. Prior to this scheme there was no mechanism that allowed EHOs to have their samples identified nor for the records to be collated. One of the aims of Mosquito Watch was to provide an early detection system for invasive species that might be causing a nuisance. Since 2010 Mosquito Watch data has been added to and merged with the MRS data. The scheme provides the medical entomology resource required when EHOs are investigating a local mosquito nuisance biting issue and ensures PHE is up-to-date regarding local mosquito biting issues. Between 2005–2010, there were 116 mosquito reports to the scheme, dominated by Culiseta annulata (56), and Culex pipiens s.l. (42), with some records of Ochlerotatus detritus (7), non-specific Aedes/ Ochlerotatus spp. (7), Coquillettidia richiardii (1) and Anopheles maculipennis s.l (1) [ 57 ]. Despite several initial false alarms, there were no confirmed reports of invasive Aedes species once specimens had been reliably identified. Culiseta annulata is known to be a biting nuisance in the UK, and while Culex pipiens biotype molestus is also a nuisance species, most of the records of the ornithophilic Culex pipiens s.l. have been submitted in late September when the typical form of this mosquito enters people’s dwellings for hibernation. On several occasions, the public have been concerned about the potential presence of Ae. albopictus, which often generated press interest. However following rapid identification through Mosquito Watch they were in every case identified as Cs. annulata. It is likely that in the event of an invasive species causing nuisance that the public and EHOs will be first to be alerted to it.
In order to better understand the rate of nuisance biting and the incidence of hitherto unreported localities of nuisance biting mosquitoes, the HPA in collaboration with the University of East London, and CIEH, conducted a questionnaire survey in 2009 across all UK local authority (LA) environmental health departments responsible for mosquito control [ 57 ]. This questionnaire asked LA pest control officers various questions on the reported incidence of nuisance mosquito biting, the mosquito species implicated, whether aquatic breeding sites were identified, and whether mosquito control strategies were employed. Two-hundred and twenty-one LAs (64 % return) completed the questionnaire; 57 LAs reported evidence of mosquito nuisance incidence in the last 10 years, and 29 during the last 12 months. There was no evidence of nuisance biting as a result of invasive species, however when compared with similar surveys conducted in the 1980s and 1990s [ 57 ], data from 2009 showed a 2.5-fold increase in reports to LAs over the last 10 years of nuisance biting by native mosquitoes. The most common nuisance species with confirmed identification were Culiseta annulata, Ochlerotatus detritus, Culex pipiens s.l., Ochlerotatus cantans and Anopheles maculipennis s.l.. Mosquito control had been conducted by 11 LAs including sites at water treatment and sewage works, coastal wetlands and saltmarshes. All of these LAs used larvicidal control methods, with three specifically reporting use of microbial larvicide Bacillus thuringiensis israeliensis (Bti) toxin. Other strategies included habitat management, netting, trapping, flushing of drains, and decommissioning filter beds.
A joint pilot initiative was set up between PHE, Salford University, the Association of Port Health Authorities (APHA), and eleven sea and airports throughout England and Northern Ireland, to examine the potential for imported mosquitoes. Published in two papers [ 58 , 59 ], the aim of this project was to investigate the level of preparedness of UK seaports and airports for exotic invasive mosquitoes and assess the likelihood of sea and airports as routes of invasive mosquito importation. The objectives of the study were (1) to establish a baseline understanding of the aquatic mosquito habitats in and around major ports in England and Northern Ireland, (2) to conduct active surveillance for invasive mosquitoes at the ports, (3) to identify appropriate surveillance methodologies suited to port environments, and (4) to develop the capability and capacity of Port Health Officers (PHOs) to conduct invasive mosquito surveillance. Surveys were conducted at London Heathrow airport, London Gatwick airport, Belfast International and Belfast City airports, Felixstowe seaport, Southampton seaport, Bristol seaport, Hull seaport, Manchester seaport, and Liverpool seaport (Fig. 2, Tables 1 and 2 ). PHOs mapped and surveyed a wide range of different potential aquatic habitats and container habitats within their ports for mosquitoes. Ovitraps were used at the ports where possible, BG Sentinel adult traps (Biogents, Regensburg, Germany,
Photograph of Mosquito Magnet at an airport
Photograph of larval surveys at London Heathrow airport
The port mosquito survey was started in 2010 and where possible mosquito surveillance continued over the subsequent years. No invasive mosquitoes have so far been recorded, and of the six native species that were recorded during the intensive survey in 2010, all are widespread and abundant throughout the majority of the UK ( Culex pipiens s.l., Anopheles claviger, Culiseta annulata, Anopheles maculipennis s.l., Ochlerotatus detritus, and Coquilletidia richiardii). The main aim of the project was to facilitate each PHO to identify the optimal surveillance technique for their seaport / airport, particularly regarding operationally intensive areas surrounding aircraft and container movements (Fig. 5). BG Sentinel traps provided a useful and efficient method of monitoring adult mosquitoes in sheltered areas such as imported goods warehouses, with ovitraps used in key locations around cargo areas. Mosquito Magnets continue to be used at Liverpool seaport, and BG Sentinels have also had further use at Felixstowe Border Inspection Post (BIP) where food and other produce imports are inspected. The project identified a number of key areas where further efforts are required including: a focus on the importation of used tyres and development of a database that tracks the movement of these goods; continued reporting of nuisance biting to the Mosquito Recording Scheme; and capacity building to apply control regimes in the event of finding an invasive species.
Photograph of used tyres at a seaport
PHE has also trialled additional surveillance at three of the UK’s largest seaports at Felixstowe, Southampton, and Tilbury (London) (Fig. 2). As described in the ECDC Guidelines for the Surveillance of Invasive Mosquitoes [ 6 ], ovitraps are recommended for use in a variety of survey methodologies for invasive Aedes species, particularly in relation to seaports and airports. Twenty locations were identified in the vicinity of each seaport, with an ovitrap placed in each location. Each ovitrap was half-filled with water and a floating polystyrene block to facilitate ovipositing female Aedes mosquitoes to lay eggs. Traps were located during early September 2011 in vegetated areas close to the seaports’ boundaries and along the major access routes and collected during the first week of October 2011 after four weeks deployment. Locations were chosen based on their proximity to the port boundaries, using aerial photographs and port boundary maps, and within areas of vegetation where adult invasive mosquitoes might rest. None of the 60 ovitraps had any mosquito eggs or larvae. This type of surveillance ideally requires a regular commitment of resources to enable fortnightly checks of ovitraps from July to October, at an approximate density of 1/5000 m 2, targeting points of entry and storage sites for imported goods relevant to invasive mosquitoes such as used tyres or lucky bamboo [ 6 ]. Finding suitable discreet locations for siting ovitraps around ports, particularly where there is a lot of activity, can be problematic. Furthermore, given that seaports are rarely the final destination for relevant imported goods such as used tyres, it was considered more efficient and effective to focus efforts on surveillance around used tyre imports. Ovitrapping around seaports was not continued after 2011.
As part of their ongoing vector surveillance activities PHE monitor native mosquitoes through a network of Mosquito Magnet traps run at nature reserves across England (Fig. 2; Tables 1 and 2 ). Although this project does not target exotic invasive mosquitoes specifically it aims to provide seasonality and abundance data on a range of native mosquito species, particularly those that have been identified as being of public health significance in other countries. In the four years of the project, more than 15,000 mosquitoes have been collected. At one of the sites, Culex modestus was trapped in considerable numbers [ 60 ]. This species was not previously considered native to the UK, but has now been found in further surveys in Cambridgeshire, Dorset, and Essex [ 61 – 63 ], and as a key vector for WNV in Europe, the presence of this species is significant in terms of WNV risk assessment. These findings highlight the importance of running a trapping network to ensure the data on presence and status of key mosquito species is accurate and updated. Indeed using similar routine mosquito surveillance in this way, Aedes japonicus has been recorded in the Netherlands [ 64 ], and Aedes koreicus and Aedes japonicus in Belgium [ 65 ].
Surveillance for invasive mosquitoes has also been conducted by PHE at several major used tyre importers annually since 2010 (Tables 1 and 2 ; Fig. 6). An initial search of imported tyre companies was conducted by systematically identifying tyre importers via internet and telephone book searches, existing databases and reports. HM Customs data was available for the years 2009–2012 for all companies importing used tyres from outside the EU, and letters were sent to all to arrange access for surveys. Although the return rate was low, surveys were conducted at five companies including the two largest importers of used tyres (including truck tyres for retreading), and regular surveys have been made each summer since (Fig. 6). During June to September used tyres stored at the yards of the two largest importers are sampled for mosquito larvae, with additional ovitraps and BG-Mosquitaire adult traps (Biogents, Regensburg, Germany,
Photograph of used tyres stored at a retreaded tyre manufacturer
The majority of companies that import used tyres do so for the specific purpose of retreading which is undertaken relatively swiftly, which means that most of the tyres do not sit in the yard for long and therefore there is minimal time for pre-imaginal development. This may differ from sites elsewhere, such as those in the Netherlands where invasive exotic mosquitoes have been found in tyres that have been left outside for a number of months (E-J. Scholte, Per comm.). Surveillance at the main imported tyre companies in England will continue, as these provide sentinels for any change in the importation of tyres. There remains an issue however over the exact destinations of all imported tyres, and until this data is accessible and reliable it will not be possible to conduct such thorough surveys as those currently conducted in the Netherlands.
More recently there has been a shift in the means of dissemination of Aedes albopictus to new geographic areas in Europe (i.e. northward movement along highways in France) so that the species is just as likely to be imported into the UK from continental Europe through road networks (i.e. ferry ports / Eurotunnel) as through ports on tyres. Passive movement of Aedes albopictus through vehicular movements has been identified as the main route by which adult mosquitoes have been moved to new regions, and is likely to have been the case in Austria, the Balkans, the Czech Republic, southern France, Germany, Spain and Switzerland [ 66 – 70 ]. Aedes albopictus has been recorded in new regions at motorway service stations, where, it is suggested that holiday makers in their cars and caravans, as well as other road users, move adult mosquitoes across borders within their vehicles, and at rest stops and service areas the mosquitoes leave the vehicles and fly to nearby habitat. In recent years, the northward distribution of Aedes albopictus in France has raised the prospect of vehicles as a prime route for importing these mosquitoes through UK ferry ports.
UK ferry ports are not considered to be appropriate for mosquito surveillance, given that vehicles exiting ferries or Eurotunnel are not required to stop for any significant period of time. Therefore focus has been given to motorway service stations along the inland routes from the ferry ports in southern England and Eurotunnel terminals. Invasive mosquito surveillance was therefore initiated by PHE at six service stations in the UK from August to October 2014 (Fig. 2; Tables 1 and 2 ). They were all chosen based on their proximity to cross-channel connections, and because they served traffic having recently arrived through the Eurotunnel and cross-channel ferry ports. A total of 56 ovitraps (Fig. 7) were set out across the six service stations from August to October, in vegetation around the car, caravan, and lorry parking areas. At three services stations, BG Sentinel adult traps were deployed using Sweetscent® lures. The ovitraps and adult traps were checked every two weeks until the second week of October. The substrate used in the ovitraps, cubes of polystyrene (~5 cm 3), were visually checked for eggs, and if warranted, were placed in a labelled sample bag and returned to the laboratory for further examination under the microscope. Adult trap catch bags were replaced every two weeks and the catch examined and sorted in the laboratory. No mosquito eggs were found, and the only adult species found in the adult traps was the native and ubiquitous Culex pipiens s.l..
Photograph of an ovitrap at a motorway service station. All photographs attributed to Medical Entomology and Zoonoses Ecology group (MEZE); Public Health England
In order to detect invasive mosquitoes, the UK has employed a multi-faceted approach to surveillance adopting both passive and active surveillance methods. ECDC has recently published guidelines for the surveillance of invasive mosquitoes in Europe [ 6 ] and it is in this context that the UK’s approach is considered in this paper. The ECDC guidelines make recommendations for surveillance methods depending on the aims of the surveillance programme and the status of invasive species and mosquito borne diseases in the country.
The UK position regarding surveillance has not previously been defined in terms of the broad actions as set out in the ECDC guidelines, however many of the functions are currently conducted by a range of organisations and government bodies. In general terms, given the risk that invasive exotic mosquitoes present to the UK public health, the main cause for concern lies with public health, and so far much of the surveillance effort has been conducted by the PHE medical entomology group. The recent outbreak of chikungunya virus in the Caribbean, and the ongoing spread of invasive mosquitoes and incidence of autochthonous arbovirus transmission in Europe highlights the public health concerns associated with invasive mosquitoes. Given the broad range of stakeholders across both industry and government, an inclusive strategy is now being developed to prepare for and respond to the risk that exotic invasive mosquitoes may pose to the UK.
The World Health Organization publication The Regional Framework for surveillance and control of invasive mosquito vectors and re - emerging vector- borne diseases 2014– 2020 [ 71 ] also highlights the importance of prevention, surveillance, and control of invasive mosquito species, and raises the need for harmonisation of methods and procedures for prevention, surveillance, and control across the European region. For the UK, given that there have been no reports of invasive mosquitoes, the recommendations are for an active surveillance programme to detect possible introductions at Points of Entry (PoE) such as used tyre importers, airports, seaports, and major ground transportation routes. In addition to surveillance at used tyre importers, and owing to a change in distribution, it is warranted that focus should now also be given to vehicular movement of mosquitoes via ground transportation routes.
The ECDC Guidelines also recommend the development of active surveillance in areas reporting mosquito-borne disease and that information procedures and mosquito elimination plans should be prepared for the event that invasive mosquitoes are found. In the UK there have so far been no known cases of autochthonous dengue or chikungunya fever, however the development of procedures and protocols to manage and eradicate invasive mosquitoes are the subject of ongoing discussions between PHE and stakeholders. Given the large number of imported cases of DENV and CHIKV, maintaining the absence of invasive mosquitoes is paramount. In the event that invasive mosquitoes are detected in the UK and found to be established, a plan would then need to be enacted to control mosquitoes around imported cases. This is the current strategy in France, and although the climate may be more permissible in southern France for onward arboviral transmission and for increased vector densities, the potential for onward transmission in the UK would need to be considered in the event that invasive mosquitoes became established and constituted a nuisance risk.
Invasive mosquito surveillance has identified the need to maintain and enhance the existing methods of surveillance used in the UK to ensure incursions of exotic mosquitoes are identified at an early stage of their introduction, thereby allowing control measures to be successful. Mosquito surveillance at seaports and airports has shown how these vast areas of varied activity can support a range of mosquito species, and crucially have shown that efforts should continue to be targeted on relevant goods imports. The identification of relevant imported goods to mosquito surveillance is therefore required at an early stage, to enable particular importers (e.g., of used tyres) to be part of an ongoing surveillance project.
Future plans for surveillance of invasive mosquitoes now centre on:
Developing a database of importers of relevant goods, and regular surveillance of importers.
Continued monitoring of UK ports and airports, using traps targeted at imported goods
Continued surveillance of motorway service stations to detect mosquitoes entering through ferry ports and the channel tunnel.
Continuation and development of the mosquito recording scheme and mosquito watch to ensure cases of nuisance biting are reported.
Engagement of all stakeholders towards the development of a national invasive mosquito control strategy that ensures the UK is ready to rapidly respond to the findings of invasive species with a robust and effective control strategy.
The development of surveillance strategies and preparedness in line with the relevant guidelines and experiences in the European region for identifying and responding to exotic invasive mosquitoes in the UK is a multi-stakeholder task and requires a coherent and planned approach, including engagement with the industry. Additional surveillance work and development of UK centric plans is an ongoing commitment to UK public health and with proportionate preparedness the risk of establishment of exotic invasive mosquitoes will be minimised.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
AGCV & JMM conducted all the field surveillance and prepared the manuscript. Both authors wrote and approved the final manuscript.
This paper describes a number of different projects which contribute towards the surveillance and preparedness for invasive mosquitoes. The Medical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology group includes the authors and also Ben Cull, Kayleigh Hansford, and Maaike Pietzsch, who have all contributed to work that is described in this paper. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the Department of Health or Public Health England.


| Methods' Summary |
| startLayer |
receives notification that a layer description is started
for a component.
|
| endLayer |
receives notification that a layer description is complete.
|
| overrideNode |
receives notification that a description of a node override is started.
|
| addOrReplaceNode |
receives notification that a new item is started.
|
| addOrReplaceNodeFromTemplate |
receives notification that a new item based on a particular template
is started.
|
| endNode |
receives notification that a node description is complete.
|
| dropNode |
receives notification that a node is dropped from a set.
|
| overrideProperty |
receives notification that an existing property is modified.
|
| setPropertyValue |
receives notification that the value of the current property
is overridden. .
|
| setPropertyValueForLocale |
receives notification that the value of the current localized property
is overridden for a specific locale .
|
| endProperty |
receives notification that a property description is complete.
|
| addProperty |
receives notification that a property having a void value is added
to the current node.
|
| addPropertyWithValue |
receives notification that a property having a non-void value
is added to the current node.
|
| Methods' Details |
startLayer
- Description
- receives notification that a layer description is started
for a component.
Subsequent calls describe the contents of the layer
until a matching call to XLayerHandler::endLayer()
is encountered.
- Throws
- com::sun::star::configuration::backend::MalformedDataException
if there is an unfinished layer in progress
- Throws
- com::sun::star::lang::WrappedTargetException
if an error occurs processing the event.
|
|
endLayer
- Description
- receives notification that a layer description is complete.
Must match a previous call to XLayerHandler::startLayer().
- Throws
- com::sun::star::configuration::backend::MalformedDataException
- if invalid data is detected in the layer
- if there is a unfinished subnode in progress
- if no layer is started at all
- if the layer tries to override read-only or final data
Not every implementation can detect each condition
- Throws
- com::sun::star::lang::WrappedTargetException
if an error occurs processing the event.
|
|
overrideNode
- Description
- receives notification that a description of a node override is started.
Subsequent calls describe overrides to properties and members
or items of the node until a matching call to
XLayerHandler::endNode()is encountered.
- Parameter aName
- specifies the name of the node.
- Parameter aAttributes
- specifies attribute values to be applied to the node.
The value is a combination of
NodeAttribute flags.
The attributes are combined cumulatively with those
set on lower layers.
- Parameter bClear
- if true, specifies that the node should be cleared to an empty
state by removing all non-mandatory children from lower layers prior
to applying the overrides.
- Throws
- com::sun::star::configuration::backend::MalformedDataException
- if there isn't a layer in progress
- if there already was a change to that node
- if there is no node with that name
- if the node is marked read-only in a lower layer
- if the name is not a valid node name
- if the attributes are not valid for the node
Not every implementation can detect each condition
- Throws
- com::sun::star::lang::WrappedTargetException
if an error occurs processing the event.
- See also
- NodeAttribute
|
|
addOrReplaceNode
- Description
- receives notification that a new item is started.
The current node must be a set and
a preexisting item (if any) must be removeable.
The new item will be created from the default template
of the set.
Subsequent calls describe the difference from the template
of properties and members or items of the node until
a matching call to XLayerHandler::endNode()
is encountered.
- Parameter aName
- specifies the name of the item.
- Parameter aAttributes
- specifies attribute values to be applied to the new node.
The value is a combination of
NodeAttribute flags. Note that
NodeAttribute::FUSE has an impact on the
semantics of this method.
- Throws
- com::sun::star::configuration::backend::MalformedDataException
- if there isn't a set node in progress currently
- if there already was a change to a node of that name
- if the template for the new node is not found
- if an item of that name on a lower layer is not removeable
- if the name is not a valid item name
- if the attributes are not valid for the node
Not every implementation can detect each condition
- Throws
- com::sun::star::lang::WrappedTargetException
if an error occurs processing the event.
- See also
- NodeAttribute
|
|
addOrReplaceNodeFromTemplate
- Description
- receives notification that a new item based on a particular template
is started.
The current node must be a set and
a preexisting item (if any) must be removeable.
Subsequent calls describe the difference from the template
of properties and members or items of the node until
a matching call to XLayerHandler::endNode()
is encountered.
- Parameter aName
- specifies the name of the item.
- Parameter aTemplate
- specifies the template to use for the new node
- Parameter aAttributes
- specifies attribute values to be applied to the new node.
The value is a combination of
NodeAttribute flags. Note that
NodeAttribute::FUSE has an impact on the
semantics of this method.
- Throws
- com::sun::star::configuration::backend::MalformedDataException
- if there isn't a set node in progress currently
- if there already was a change to a node of that name
- if the template for the new node is not found
- if the template is not a valid item type for the containing set
- if an item of that name on a lower layer is not removeable
- if the name is not a valid item name
- if the attributes are not valid for the node
Not every implementation can detect each condition
- Throws
- com::sun::star::lang::WrappedTargetException
if an error occurs processing the event.
- See also
- NodeAttribute
|
|
| endNode
|
dropNode
- Description
- receives notification that a node is dropped from a set.
The current node must be a set and
the item must be removeable.
- Parameter aName
- specifies the name of the node.
- Throws
- com::sun::star::configuration::backend::MalformedDataException
- if there isn't a set node in progress currently
- if there already was a change to a node of that name
- if there is no item with that name
- if the item is not removeable
- if the name is not a valid node name
Not every implementation can detect each condition
- Throws
- com::sun::star::lang::WrappedTargetException
if an error occurs processing the event.
|
|
overrideProperty
- Description
- receives notification that an existing property is modified.
Subsequent calls describe new value(s) for the property until a
matching call to XLayerHandler::endProperty()
is encountered.
- Parameter aName
- specifies the name of the property.
- Parameter aAttributes
- specifies the new attributes of the property.
The value is a combination of
NodeAttribute flags.
The attributes are combined cumulatively with those
set on lower layers.
- Parameter aType
- specifies the type of the property.
This must be the same type as is already defined in the schema
or lower layers, unless the previous type was unspecified
(as indicated by
TypeClass::ANY.)
A void type indicates that the type is unspecified
in this layer.
In this case any subsequent value may be of a generic type
(e.g. string or - for list values -
string [].) Such values may be
converted to the type defined in the schema by
the implementation.
- Parameter bClear
- if true, specifies that the property should be cleared to an empty
state by discarding all values from lower layers prior
to applying the overrides.
- Throws
- com::sun::star::configuration::backend::MalformedDataException
- if there isn't a group or extensible node in progress currently
- if there already was a change to a property of that name
- if there is no property with that name
- if the property is read-only
- if the type does not match the type of the property
- if a type is missing and cannot be determined otherwise
- if the name is not a valid property name
- if the attributes are not valid for the property
Not every implementation can detect each condition
- Throws
- com::sun::star::lang::WrappedTargetException
if an error occurs processing the event.
- See also
- NodeAttribute
|
|
setPropertyValue
- Description
- receives notification that the value of the current property
is overridden. .
- Parameter aValue
- specifies the new value of the property.
The value must match the type of the current property.
If the property does not have the
SchemaAttribute::REQUIRED flag set,
the value can be void.
If the current property is localized, this value applies
to the default locale.
- Throws
- com::sun::star::configuration::backend::MalformedDataException
- if there isn't a property in progress currently
- if there already was a change to the value of that property
- if the value does not have the proper type
- if the value is not valid for the property
Not every implementation can detect each condition
- Throws
- com::sun::star::lang::WrappedTargetException
if an error occurs processing the event.
- See also
- NodeAttribute
|
|
setPropertyValueForLocale
- Description
- receives notification that the value of the current localized property
is overridden for a specific locale .
- Parameter aValue
- specifies the new value of the property.
The value must match the type of the current property.
If the property does not have the
SchemaAttribute::REQUIRED flag set,
the value can be void.
- Parameter aLocale
- specifies the locale this value should apply to.
- Throws
- com::sun::star::configuration::backend::MalformedDataException
- if there isn't a property in progress currently
- if the current property isn't localized
- if there already was a change to the property for that locale
- if the value does not have the proper type
- if the value is not valid for the property
- if the locale is not a valid locale
Not every implementation can detect each condition
- Throws
- com::sun::star::lang::WrappedTargetException
if an error occurs processing the event.
- See also
- NodeAttribute
|
|
endProperty
- Description
- receives notification that a property description is complete.
Must match an open call to
XLayerHandler::overrideProperty(),
- Throws
- com::sun::star::configuration::backend::MalformedDataException
- if invalid data is detected in the property
- if no property is started at all
Not every implementation can detect each condition
- Throws
- com::sun::star::lang::WrappedTargetException
if an error occurs processing the event.
|
|
addProperty
- Description
- receives notification that a property having a void value is added
to the current node.
The current node must be extensible.
- Parameter aName
- specifies the name of the new property.
- Parameter aAttributes
- specifies the attributes of the new property.
The value is a combination of
NodeAttribute flags and may also contain the
SchemaAttribute::REQUIRED flag.
NodeAttribute::MANDATORY need not be set,
as dynamically added properties always are mandatory
in subsequent layers.
- Parameter aType
- specifies the type of the new property.
- Throws
- com::sun::star::configuration::backend::MalformedDataException
- if there isn't an extensible node in progress currently
- if a property with that name already exists
- if the specified type is not allowed for a property
- if the name is not a valid property name
- if the attributes are not valid for the property
Not every implementation can detect each condition
- Throws
- com::sun::star::lang::WrappedTargetException
if an error occurs processing the event.
- See also
- SchemaAttribute
|
|
addPropertyWithValue
- Description
- receives notification that a property having a non-void value
is added to the current node.
The current node must be extensible.
- Parameter aName
- specifies the name of the new property.
- Parameter aAttributes
- specifies the attributes of the new property.
The value is a combination of
NodeAttribute flags and may also contain the
SchemaAttribute::REQUIRED flag.
NodeAttribute::MANDATORY need not be set,
as dynamic properties always are mandatory
in subsequent layers.
- Parameter aValue
- specifies the value of the new property.
The value also determines the type.
Therefore the value must not be void.
- Throws
- com::sun::star::configuration::backend::MalformedDataException
- if there isn't an extensible node in progress currently
- if a property with that name already exists
- if the type of the value is not an allowed type
or if the value is void
- if the name is not a valid property name
- if the value is not valid for the property
- if the attributes are not valid for the property
Not every implementation can detect each condition
- Throws
- com::sun::star::lang::WrappedTargetException
if an error occurs processing the event.
- See also
- SchemaAttribute
|
|
Copyright © 2013, The Apache Software Foundation, Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. Apache, the Apache feather logo, Apache OpenOffice and OpenOffice.org are trademarks of The Apache Software Foundation. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners.


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Extends
Members
-
autoLoadSignals :boolean
-
When true, the class will load the `signals` hash and create the signal definitions during construction
Type:
- boolean
-
signals :hash|function
-
A hash of signals to create automatically. Each definition consists of a name for the signal as the key and then a hash of options (nullable) for each signal
Type:
- hash | function
Methods
-
<private> _addSignal(name, options)
-
Creates a single signal
Parameters:
Name Type Description name
string The name of the signal options
module:mixins/signalable~SignalOptions The options the signal expects -
<private> _addSignals(signals)
-
Add a signal to an object. If any members of the hash already exist in `this.signals`, they will be overwritten.
Parameters:
Name Type Description signals
module:mixins/signalable.SignalOptions -
<private> _loadSignals()
-
Interprets the `signals` hash and instantiates it
-
<private> destroy()
-
Clean up
-
refreshSignals()
-
When you make a change to the signals hash after loading, then you can make it reload


_The_Young_Girls_of_Rochefort_(Les_Demoiselles_de_Rochefort)_ (G) *** (out of ****)
Director Jacques Demy and composer Michel Legrand's 1967 musical follow-up to their classic 1964 jazz opera _The_Umbrellas_of_Cherbourg_ is by no means the masterpiece that film was, but it is not without its frothy charms. Catherine Deneuve, who also starred in _Umbrellas_, and her real-life sister, Francoise Dorleac, respectively play fraternal twin sisters Delphine and Solange Garnier. Delphine is a dancer; Solange is a composer, and both have dreams that stretch beyond the boundaries of their small hometown of Rochefort--first and foremost being finding true love. Little do they know that their perfect matches are also wandering the local streets: poet/artist/sailor Maxence (Jacques Perrin) and American composer Andy Miller (Gene Kelly), respectively. Delphine and Solange's mother (Danielle Darrieux) also pines for a true love--a lost one--who, yes, also happens to be in town: music shop owner Simon Dame (Michel Piccoli). These six characters constantly run into each other, but, of course, each just as constantly misses his or her match.
Although much of _Rochefort_'s creative team, from the director, composer, and lead actress to many of the dubbed-in singing voices are the same as those of _Umbrellas_, the two films could not be more different. While _Umbrellas_ was entirely sung but without a single dance number, _Rochefort_ is a more traditional musical, with spoken interludes between lavish production numbers and wall-to-wall dancing. But the most crucial difference is the tone; where the heartbreaking _Umbrellas_ was tragically bittersweet, _Rochefort_ is unremittingly sunny, which fits the light storyline. However, all the lightness makes this film, unlike the emotionally sweeping _Umbrellas_, a completely disposable entertainment. Nonetheless, _Rochefort_, while an overlong 125 minutes, is a delightful confection, made all the sweeter by Legrand's jazzy, toe-tapping score, Bernard Evein's candy-colored production design, and the energetic cast.
Michael Dequina
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Mr. Brown's Movie Site: http://welcome.to/mrbrown
CompuServe Hollywood Hotline: http://www.HollywoodHotline.com
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
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Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
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Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


31
1 I have made a covenant with my eyes;
how then should I look with desire on a virgin?
2 For what is the portion from God above,
the inheritance from the Almighty on high?
3 I used to think that calamity is for unrighteous people,
and that disaster is for doers of wickedness.
4 Does not God see my ways
and count all my steps?
5 If I have walked with falsehood,
if my foot has hurried to deceit,
6 (let me be weighed in an even balance
so that God will know my integrity)
7 if my step has turned out of the right way,
if my heart has walked after my eyes,
if any spot of impurity has clung to my hands,
8 then let me sow and let another eat;
indeed, let the harvest be uprooted out of my field.
9 If my heart has been attracted to another woman,
if I have lain in wait at my neighbor's door for his wife,
10 then let my wife grind grain for another man,
and let other men sleep with her.
11 For that would be a terrible crime;
indeed, it would be a crime to be punished by judges.
12 For that is a fire that consumes everything for sheol
and that would burn up all my harvest.
13 If I ignored the plea for justice from my male or female servant
when they argued with me,
14 what then would I do when God rises up to accuse me?
When he comes to judge me, how would I answer him?
15 Did the one who made me in the womb not make them also?
Did not the same one mold us all in the womb?
16 If I have withheld poor people from their desire,
or if I have caused the eyes of the widow to grow dim from crying,
17 or if I have eaten my morsel alone
and not allowed those without fathers to eat it also—
18 (instead, from my youth the orphan grew up with me as with a father,
and I have guided his mother, a widow, from my own mother's womb)—
19 if I have seen anyone perish for lack of clothing,
or if I have seen that a needy man had no clothing;
20 if his heart has not blessed me
because he has not been warmed with the wool of my sheep,
21 if I have lifted up my hand against fatherless people
because I saw my support in the city gate—
22 then let my shoulder fall from the shoulder blade,
and let my arm be broken from its joint.
23 For calamity from God would be a terror to me;
because of his majesty, I could do none of these things.
24 If I have made gold my hope,
and if I have said to fine gold, 'You are what I am confident in';
25 if I have rejoiced because my wealth was great,
because my hand had gotten many possessions;
26 if I have seen the sun when it shone,
or the moon walking in its brightness,
27 and if my heart has been secretly attracted,
so that my mouth has kissed my hand in worship of them—
28 this also would be a crime to be punished by judges,
for I would have denied the God who is above.
29 If I have rejoiced at the destruction of anyone who hated me
or congratulated myself when disaster overtook him—
30 (indeed, I have not allowed my mouth to sin
by asking for his life with a curse)
31 if the men of my tent have never said,
'Who can find one who has not been filled with Job's food?'
32 (the foreigner never had to stay in the city square;
instead, I always opened my doors to the traveler)
33 if, like mankind, I have hidden my sins
by hiding my guilt inside my tunic
34 —because I feared the great multitude,
because the contempt of families terrified me,
so that I kept silent and did not go outside of my house.
35 Oh, if only I had someone to hear me!
See, here is my signature; let the Almighty answer me!
If only I had the indictment that my opponent has written!
36 Surely I would carry it openly on my shoulder;
I would put it on like a crown.
37 I would declare to him an accounting for my steps;
as a confident prince I would go up to him.
38 If my land ever cries out against me,
and its furrows weep together,
39 if I have eaten its harvest without paying for it
or have caused its owners to lose their lives,
40 then let thorns grow instead of wheat
and weeds instead of barley."
The words of Job are finished.


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|
|||||||||
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See:
Description
| Interface Summary | |
|---|---|
| BindingFeature | |
| BiochemicalPathwayStep | Definition: Imposes ordering on a step in a biochemical pathway. |
| BiochemicalReaction | Definition: A conversion interaction in which one or more entities (substrates) undergo covalent changes to become one or more other entities (products). |
| BioSource | Definition: The biological source of an entity (e.g. |
| Catalysis | Definition: A control interaction in which a physical entity (a catalyst) increases the rate of a conversion interaction by lowering its activation energy. |
| CellularLocationVocabulary | Definition: A reference to the Gene Ontology Cellular Component (GO CC) ontology. |
| CellVocabulary | Definition: A reference to the Cell Type Ontology (CL). |
| ChemicalConstant | |
| ChemicalStructure | Definition: The chemical structure of a small molecule. |
| Complex | Definition: A physical entity whose structure is comprised of other physical entities bound to each other non-covalently, at least one of which is a macromolecule (e.g. |
| ComplexAssembly | Definition: A conversion interaction in which a set of physical entities, at least one being a macromolecule (e.g. |
| Control | Definition: An interaction in which one entity regulates, modifies, or otherwise influences a continuant entity, i.e. |
| ControlledVocabulary | Definition: This class represents a term from an external controlled vocabulary (CV). |
| Controller | This is a role interface for pathway elements that can control processes, namely Pathway and PhysicalEntity . |
| Conversion | Definition: An interaction in which molecules of one or more PhysicalEntity pools are physically
transformed and become a member of one or more other PhysicalEntity pools. |
| CovalentBindingFeature | Definition: An entity feature that represent the covalently bound state of a physical entity. |
| Degradation | Definition: A conversion in which a pool of macromolecules are degraded into their elementary units. |
| DeltaG | Standard transformed Gibbs energy change for a reaction written in terms of biochemical reactants (sums of species), delta-G'o. |
| Dna | Definition: A physical entity consisting of a sequence of deoxyribonucleotide monophosphates; a deoxyribonucleic acid. |
| DnaReference | A DNA reference is a grouping of several DNA entities that are common in sequence and genomic position. |
| DnaRegion | Definition: A region on a DNA molecule. |
| DnaRegionReference | Definition: A DNARegionReference is a grouping of several DNARegion entities that are common in sequence and genomic position. |
| Entity | This class represents a discrete biological unit used when describing pathways. |
| EntityFeature | Description: A characteristic of a physical entity that can change while the entity still retains its biological identity. |
| EntityReference | Definition: An entity reference is a grouping of several physical entities across different contexts and molecular states, that share common physical properties and often named and treated as a single entity with multiple states by biologists. |
| EntityReferenceTypeVocabulary | Definiiton: A reference to a term from an entity reference group ontology. |
| Evidence | Definition: The support for a particular assertion, such as the existence of an interaction or pathway. |
| EvidenceCodeVocabulary | Definition: A reference to the PSI Molecular Interaction ontology experimental method types, including "interaction detection method", "participant identification method", "feature detection method". |
| ExperimentalForm | Definition: The form of a physical entity in a particular experiment, as it may be modified for purposes of experimental design. |
| ExperimentalFormVocabulary | Definition: A term that describes the form of the physical entity in the context of the experiment. |
| FragmentFeature | Definition: An entity feature that represents the resulting physical entity subsequent to a cleavage or degradation event. |
| Gene | Definition: A continuant that encodes information that can be inherited through replication. |
| GeneticInteraction | Definition : Genetic interactions between genes occur when two genetic perturbations (e.g. |
| Interaction | Definition: A biological relationship between two or more entities. |
| InteractionVocabulary | A reference to the PSI Molecular Interaction ontology (MI) interaction type. |
| KPrime | The apparent equilibrium constant, K', and associated values. |
| Level3Element | A Level 3 specific element. |
| ModificationFeature | Definition: A covalently modified feature on a sequence, relevant to an interaction, such as a post-translational modification. |
| Modulation | Definition: An interaction in which one entity regulates, modifies, or otherwise influences another. |
| MolecularInteraction | Definition: An interaction in which at least one participant is a physical entity, e.g. |
| Named | Interface for all classes that can have names in BioPAX. |
| NucleicAcid | Tagger interface for DNA and RNA |
| NucleicAcidReference | Role interface for NucleicAcidReferences, namely DNA and RNA. |
| NucleicAcidRegionReference | |
| Observable | User: demir Date: Aug 17, 2007 Time: 5:47:27 PM |
| Pathway | |
| PathwayStep | This represents a set of pathway events. |
| PhenotypeVocabulary | |
| PhysicalEntity | |
| Process | Tagging interface for entities that can participate in a pathway and can be targeted by a control : Pathway and Interaction |
| Protein | |
| ProteinReference | Description: A protein reference is a grouping of several protein entities that are encoded by the same genetic sequence. |
| Provenance | Definition: The direct source of a pathway data or score. |
| PublicationXref | |
| RelationshipTypeVocabulary | Vocabulary for defining relationship Xref types. |
| RelationshipXref | Definition: An xref that defines a reference to an entity in an external resource that does not have the same biological identity as the referring entity. |
| Rna | |
| RnaReference | |
| RnaRegion | Definition: A region on a RNA molecule. |
| RnaRegionReference | A RNA region reference |
| Score | Definition: A score associated with a publication reference describing how the score was determined, the name of the method and a comment briefly describing the method. |
| SequenceEntity | Tagger interface for macromolecules that are related to a genetic sequence: DNA, RNA, Protein. |
| SequenceEntityReference | Tagger interface for protein, dna and rna entities |
| SequenceInterval | |
| SequenceLocation | Definition: A location on a nucleotide or amino acid sequence. |
| SequenceModificationVocabulary | Definition: A term that describes the covalent modifications to an amino acid or nucleic acid chain. |
| SequenceRegionVocabulary | Definition: A reference to a controlled vocabulary of sequence regions, such as InterPro or Sequence Ontology (SO) Homepage at http://www.sequenceontology.org. |
| SequenceSite | |
| SimplePhysicalEntity | Tagger interface for non-complex physical entities |
| SmallMolecule | |
| SmallMoleculeReference | |
| Stoichiometry | Stoichiometric coefficient of a physical entity in the context of a conversion or complex. |
| TemplateReaction | |
| TemplateReactionRegulation | |
| TissueVocabulary | Definition: A reference to the BRENDA |
| Transport | |
| TransportWithBiochemicalReaction | |
| UnificationXref | Definition: A unification xref defines a reference to an entity in an external resource that has the same biological identity as the referring entity Rationale: Unification xrefs are critically important for data integration. |
| UtilityClass | |
| Xref | |
| XReferrable |
| Enum Summary | |
|---|---|
| CatalysisDirectionType | This enum represents the direction of a catalysis under all physiological conditions if there is one. |
| ControlType | Defines the nature of the control relationship between the controller and the controlled entities. |
| ConversionDirectionType | This enum is used for specifying the direction of a Conversion. |
| PositionStatusType | |
| StepDirection | Catalysis direction controlled vocabulary |
| StructureFormatType | |
| TemplateDirectionType | TODO:Class description User: demir Date: Aug 7, 2009 Time: 10:39:36 AM |
This package contains the interfaces that maps classes defined in the BioPAX Level 3 specification.
|
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{% extends "layout.html" %} {% block page_title %} Forecast sent : Pension statements {% endblock %} {% block content %} Search Forecast Finish Problem printing? Print again PDF goes here {% endblock %}
Finish
Print again


@* * Copyright 2023 HM Revenue & Customs * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. *@ @import uk.gov.hmrc.govukfrontend.views.html.components.{FormWithCSRF => PlayFrontendFormWithCSRF} @import uk.gov.hmrc.hmrcfrontend.views.html.components.implicits._ @import uk.gov.hmrc.govukfrontend.views.html.components.implicits._ @import java.time.LocalDate @import utils.DateHelper._ @import java.time.LocalDateTime @( schemeName: String, expiryDate: LocalDateTime, id: String, srn: String )(implicit messages: Messages)
@messages("messages__yourInvitations__scheme_expiry_date", displayExpiryDate(expiryDate.toLocalDate))
@messages("messages__yourInvitations__accept_link") @messages("messages__yourInvitations__accept_link_hidden", schemeName)


[CHAPTER 487D]
RETAIL MERCHANT CLUB CARDS
Section
487D-1 Definitions
487D-2 Retail merchant club cards; requirements
Note
Personal information protection requirements. L Sp 2008, c 10, §§7 to 15.
Cross References
Information privacy and security council; personal information security, see §§487N-5 to 7.
Personal information policy and oversight responsibilities for government agencies, see §487J-5.


Note: The same process can appear in multiple places in the outline because multiple nodes may have it as a child. When selecting a node we will highlight all instances of it.


{% from "macros/sharethis.html" import render_sharethis %} {% extends "module_layout.html" %} {% block title %}{{ this.title }}{% endblock %} {% block og_url%}{{ this|url(external=true) }}{% endblock %} {% block og_title%}{{ this.title }}{% endblock %} {% block og_description%}{{ this.body|striptags|truncate(255, True) }}{% endblock %} {% set image = this.attachments.get(this.featured_image) %} {% block og_image%}{{ image.thumbnail(800,600,crop=true)|url(external=true) }}{% endblock %} {% block intro %} {% set featured_image = this.attachments.get(this.featured_image) %}
Dr. Tarique Sani has been clicking photographs since his early teens. Self taught in darkroom techniques of developing film and making prints, he shifted to digital cameras almost as soon as they became available in the consumer market. His first digital camera was Casio QV-100 followed by Casio QV-8000SX. He rapidly graduating to a slew of DSLRs from Nikon and then Canon. However Tarique's current favorite camera for capturing images is an iPhone.
A serious amateur wildlife photographer. His photographs appear in more than 50 journals and ornithology books across the world. Some of them are on display in various wildlife sanctuaries and museums.
Sharing in caring
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dnssec-keygen {-a algorithm} {-b keysize} {-n nametype} [-c class] [-e] [-g generator] [-h] [-p protocol] [-r randomdev] [-s strength] [-t type] [-v level] {name}
dnssec-keygen generates keys for DNSSEC (Secure DNS), as defined in RFC 2535. It can also generate keys for use with TSIG (Transaction Signatures), as defined in RFC 2845.
Selects the cryptographic algorithm. The value of algorithm must be one of RSAMD5 or RSA, DSA, DH (Diffie Hellman), or HMAC-MD5. These values are case insensitive.
Note that for DNSSEC, DSA is a mandatory to implement algorithm, and RSA is recommended. For TSIG, HMAC-MD5 is mandatory.
Specifies the number of bits in the key. The choice of key size depends on the algorithm used. RSA keys must be between 512 and 2048 bits. Diffie Hellman keys must be between 128 and 4096 bits. DSA keys must be between 512 and 1024 bits and an exact multiple of 64. HMAC-MD5 keys must be between 1 and 512 bits.
Specifies the owner type of the key. The value of nametype must either be ZONE (for a DNSSEC zone key), HOST or ENTITY (for a key associated with a host), or USER (for a key associated with a user). These values are case insensitive.
Indicates that the DNS record containing the key should have the specified class. If not specified, class IN is used.
If generating an RSA key, use a large exponent.
If generating a Diffie Hellman key, use this generator. Allowed values are 2 and 5. If no generator is specified, a known prime from RFC 2539 will be used if possible; otherwise the default is 2.
Prints a short summary of the options and arguments to dnssec-keygen.
Sets the protocol value for the generated key. The protocol is a number between 0 and 255. The default is 2 (email) for keys of type USER and 3 (DNSSEC) for all other key types. Other possible values for this argument are listed in RFC 2535 and its successors.
Specifies the source of randomness. If the operating system does not provide a /dev/random or equivalent device, the default source of randomness is keyboard input. randomdev specifies the name of a character device or file containing random data to be used instead of the default. The special value keyboard indicates that keyboard input should be used.
Specifies the strength value of the key. The strength is a number between 0 and 15, and currently has no defined purpose in DNSSEC.
Indicates the use of the key. type must be one of AUTHCONF, NOAUTHCONF, NOAUTH, or NOCONF. The default is AUTHCONF. AUTH refers to the ability to authenticate data, and CONF the ability to encrypt data.
Sets the debugging level.
When dnssec-keygen completes successfully, it prints a string of the form Knnnn.+aaa+iiiii to the standard output. This is an identification string for the key it has generated. These strings can be used as arguments to dnssec-makekeyset.
nnnn is the key name.
aaa is the numeric representation of the algorithm.
iiiii is the key identifier (or footprint).
dnssec-keygen creates two file, with names based on the printed string. Knnnn.+aaa+iiiii.key contains the public key, and Knnnn.+aaa+iiiii.private contains the private key.
The .key file contains a DNS KEY record that can be inserted into a zone file (directly or with a $INCLUDE statement).
The .private file contains algorithm specific fields. For obvious security reasons, this file does not have general read permission.
Both .key and .private files are generated for symmetric encryption algorithm such as HMAC-MD5, even though the public and private key are equivalent.
To generate a 768-bit DSA key for the domain example.com, the following command would be issued:
dnssec-keygen -a DSA -b 768 -n ZONE example.com
The command would print a string of the form:
Kexample.com.+003+26160
In this example, dnssec-keygen creates the files Kexample.com.+003+26160.key and Kexample.com.+003+26160.private


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