read_watch(3f) - [M_stopwatch] reads the values from a M_StopWatch watch (LICENSE:PD)
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subroutine read_watch(read_result, watch, clock, err)
real, intent(OUT) :: read_result OR real, pointer :: read_result(:) OR real, pointer :: read_result(:,:)
type (watchtype), intent(IN) :: watch OR type (watchtype), intent(IN) :: watch(:)
character(len=*), optional, intent(IN) :: clock OR character(len=*), intent(IN) :: clock(:)
integer, optional, intent(OUT) :: err
Returns the value of the specified clocks from the specified watches in read_result One or more watches must be specified. The argument watch can be a single variable of type watchtype (see M_stopwatch(3)) to read one watch, or an array of type watchtype to read several watches. watch can not be a watchgroup because there is no natural order of the watches in the group to use in constructing an array for the result.The optional argument clock specifies which clocks to read from the specified watch(es). If omitted, the current default clocks (see option_stopwatch(3)) are read. If present, clock must be a character string containing cpu, user, 'sys, or wall, or an array of such character strings.
The type of read_result must agree with the form of the arguments watch and clock:
If watch is a scalar and clock is a scalar, then read_result must be a real scalar.
If watch is an array and clock is a scalar, then read_result must be a pointer to a rank 1 real array. The ith entry of the result is the specified clock value on watch(i).
If watch is a scalar and clock is either an array or omitted, then read_result must be a pointer to a rank 1 real array. The ith entry of the result is the value in clock(i) on the specified watch. In the case that clock is omitted, note that the default clocks specify the contents of the result, and the default clocks can be determined using inquiry_stopwatch(3).
If watch is an array and clock is either an array or omitted, then read_result must be a pointer to a rank 2 real array. The (i,j)th entry of the result is the value in clock(j) on watch(i).
If read_result is a pointer to an array, it will be allocated by read_watch , and should be deallocated after use to avoid memory leakage.
If present, the optional intent OUT integer argument err returns a status code. The code is the sum of the values listed below.An error message will be printed to a specified I/O unit (unit 6 by default) if print_errors is TRUE (default is TRUE). The error message contains more detail about the cause of the error than can be obtained from just the status code, so you should set print_errors to TRUE if you have trouble determining the cause of the error.
If abort_errors is TRUE (default is FALSE), the program will terminate on an error condition. Otherwise, the program will continue execution but the watch(es) will not be read.
See option_stopwatch(3) for further information on print_errors, abort_errors and I/O units.
The relevant status codes and messages are:
0 No errors; execution successful.
1 Watch needs to be created. This error occurs if you attempt to read a watch that has been destroyed. The watch must first be created again. See also the comment about watches that have never been created in the BUGS section.
4 Watch is in an unknown state. This occurs if M_StopWatch does not recognize the state (running, stopped, etc.) that the watch is in. This error should not occur, and indicates an internal bug in M_StopWatch.
8 Invalid clock type. This occurs if clock is present and one of the specified clocks is not supported by the implementation. See inquiry_stopwatch(3) to determine what clocks are available.
512 Failed to allocate required memory. When read_watch is called with an array or group of watches, temporary memory is allocated. This error occurs if the Fortran allocate statement returns a nonzero status indicating that memory could not be allocated. Avoid memory leaks by always destroying watches and groups before recreating them, and destroying local variable watches and groups before returning from a subroutine.
1024 Error occurred while deallocating memory. This error occurs if the Fortran deallocate statement returns a nonzero status while deallocating temporary memory used for an array or group of watches. The watches are read, but be aware that other problems could develop as a result of the deallocate error.
In addition to the run time diagnostics generated by M_StopWatch, the following problems may arise:
o In Fortran 90, the character strings in an array constructor must all have the same length. Pad three letter clock names with a blank on the right to make a four character string, for example, cpu .
type (watchtype) w1, w2(3) real x real, pointer :: y(:), z(:,:) integer errcodecall read_watch(x, w1, user) call read_watch(y, w1, err=errcode) call read_watch(z, w2, (/cpu , wall/), errcode) deallocate(y, z)
The first call reads the user clock on a single watch. The second call reads the default clocks on a single watch and returns a status code. y is allocated with dimension equal to the number of default clocks. The third call reads the cpu and wall clocks from three watches given as an array and returns a status code. The deallocate statement frees the memory allocated in read_watch
It cannot be determined whether or not a watch variable or watch group has been created (passed as an argument to create_watch or create_watchgroup). If a watch or watch group that has never been created is passed into read_watch, it might generate a Fortran error due to passing a pointer with undefined association status to the Fortran intrinsic function associated. However, some compilers will allow this as an extension to the Fortran 90 standard and recognize that the pointer is not associated, in which case the Watch needs to be created error message is generated.
William F. Mitchell<EMAIL_ADDRESS>National Institute of Standards and Technology
M_stopwatch(3), create_watchgroup(3), create_watch(3), destroy_watchgroup(3), destroy_watch(3), end_pause_watch(3), inquiry_stopwatch(3), join_watchgroup(3), leave_watchgroup(3), option_stopwatch(3), pause_watch(3), print_watch(3), reset_watch(3), start_watch(3), stop_watch(3)
| M_StopWatch 1.1 | READ_WATCH (3) | September 22, 2017 |


I love dogs so much. I wish they could all be Dogdogs. I'm a dog and Dogdog enthusiast and dog stuff is great.


ValidatorServerHttpInterceptor
validatorServer
Service used to intercept HTTP response errors to trigger the
VALIDATOR_SERVER_EVENT
event where the validator-server
directive get the
data of the response error and them show as messages in the form.


Main page
See my blog post regarding this page. This page uses an out of date version (and customized to serve as a tutorial of Fortune's algorithm) of the Javascript Voronoi object. However the demo pages listed above use the latest version.
<canvas>
' quadraticCurveTo()
method. It occurred to me I could use a Bézier curve to draw a parabolic front, and when I plugged "bézier from focus directrix" in a search engine to find out if someone already went through this, Alec's site was on the first page of results, and his tutorial and accompanying code worked like a charm. His code allows for parabolas with any orientation, so it could be simplified for the current case where parabolas are always oriented vertical and upward.


Undergraduate Research Assistant
Dept.of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University
Contact Address:
RM#4-107, Rohm Building,
Institute of Circuits and Systems,
Dept.of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
Email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Huifeng Zhu was born in Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, China, in 1995. He received the B.S. degree of engineering in the speciality of Information Engineering(Instrumentation Science and Optoelectronic Engineering)in Beihang University, China, in July 2017. He became an undergraduate research assistant in iVip Group, NICS(Nanoscale Integrated Circuits and Systems)Laboratory, Tsinghua University, China, since September 2015. His current work is focused on mixed-signal IC design, tapeout and test. He is also responsible for the maintenance of EDA tools and technology library.
A bench of single-pixel sensors and a 4-by-4-pixel sensor were designed, fabricated and tested by Huifeng to verify the flow of analog IC design and the characteristics of the photodiode based on standard CMOS process. The sensors consisting current-mode pixel circuit and processing circuit were implemented in 180nm CMOS process. The test results showed they are successful designs.
Huifeng proposed a CMOS image sensor data-readout method for convolutional operations based on 3T-APS pixel, which is able to output convolutional kernel-sized data from sensor part simultaneously, with processing near sensor architecture. He designed the proof-of-concept chips in 180nm standard CMOS process and the chips are under test.
aDobe is a tapeout project with several members worked on it, and Huifeng is the team leader.


This is a guide for developers of Adept.
The Adept system is part of the tasklearning source. This is maintained in the SVN repository
https://cmxt.sri.com/svn/tasklearning
. Adept-specific code such as its shell is
in its adept/
subdirectory.
Adept makes use of many task learning components, including the Bridge and the Spine. LAPDOG, Lumen, and the Remote XML server (or RemoteXML) are used as well, as are their respective mediators. In general, these components are used in other task learning systems such as CPOF-PAL and CALO Express. Developers should be aware of the branching strategy for the tasklearning and other relevant repositories to assure that inadvertent changes are not made.
Action model for Mozilla is currently under remote-xml-server srouce tree.
ant run
will bring the Adept Shell and all required components up.
Currently, logging is done to the console and is rather busy.
To check that browser instrumentation is working, first install the Firefox plugin
at remotexml-mediator/plugin/firefox/iris.xpi
.
Then do an 'ant run' and browse to a URL. You should see something like
[java] 16600 [XML-RPC-0] DEBUG EXECUTION-LOG - Invocation ActionInvocation[ActionDef("TypeName[mozilla.OpenUrlEvent]")](0)(null) moving from CREATED to RUNNING, args [http://www.yahoo.com/] [java] 16600 [XML-RPC-0] DEBUG com.sri.pal.GlobalActionNotifier - Adding invocation of ActionDef("TypeName[mozilla.OpenUrlEvent]")
To test if learning is working for a one-action demonstration, visit a URL in the browser.
Now, since there is no GUI in place to indicate that the demonstration is over, a hack
has been put in place to do so. Visit a URL containing the string ".sri.com/~"
for example, http://www.ai.sri.com/~tomlee/
. This will initiate learning;
you should see the learned procedure in the log:
[java] 22388 [LapdogClientCallServiceImpl thread 0] DEBUG com.sri.ai.tasklearning.lapdog.CommonTaskRepresentation - Learned Lumen action+procedure: [java] action 'SPARK.demo1'(+$url_1 = "http://www.yahoo.com/") [java] execute:{ [java] do 'mozilla.OpenUrlEvent'($url_1);} [java] argtypes:["mozilla.url"] [java] properties:{creator:"user unknown", demonstrated_variable_bindings:{url_1:"http://www.yahoo.com/"}, learner:"LAPDOG", learner_version:"Beta 5.0", registration_date:"20100825T234846Z"}; [java]
Point of maintenance for mozilla action model is remotexml-mediator/src/java/remotexml_model.xml
Chris, I'll suggest that you pass metadata to LAPDOG via a defineType() property. This method only takes strings as properties, not attribute/value pairs. So I suggest we encode the needed info, and any other metadata of this type should it arise, as "inverse=INVERSEACTIONNAME". In this case we should see "inverse=findLinkRef" on findLinkName's defineAction() and vice versa. Is that right Melinda?
THIS DIDN'T WORK: For the short term, I can put in an equivalence hack: When we define a new type to LAPDOG, we'll first check to see if a type exists with the same name, but in the agave namespace. If so, we'll claim that they're equivalent.
Chris--if I want to avoid loading certain agave actions (because we don't need them for the demo), is it sufficient to comment out the corresponding lines in the LapdogClientCallServiceImpl? I.e.,
agaveActions = new ArrayList
To terminate Adept, ctrl-C in its shell works, or kill the process using the OS.
Appendix
Java Libraries used (could be out of date):


Domain Whois
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The purpose of the workshop is to enable dissemination of MOVESMART results to the relevant scientific / industrial communities as well as to establish coordinated activities between ongoing smart cities projects.
Find Out MoreThe focus of the workshop is on the following fields:
The workshop will take place at the premises of University of Deusto in Bilbao, Spain.
Faculty of Engineering (ESIDE Building)
University of Deusto
Avenida de las Universidades 24
Bilbao, Spain
The agenda of the workshop is available for download here.
It is mandatory to register to confirm your attendance at this workshop. Please fill in the Registration Form below.
For further information please contact Konstantinos Genikomsakis.


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Creates probability maps of incident and enlarging lesion voxels from a baseline and followup magnetic resonance imaging study in patients with multiple sclerosis.
| Version: | 1.3 |
| Depends: | oro.nifti |
| Imports: | downloader, graphics, stats, grDevices, AnalyzeFMRI |
| Published: | 2016-09-30 |
| Author: | Elizabeth M. Sweeney [aut, cre], John Muschelli [aut] |
| Maintainer: | Elizabeth M. Sweeney <elizabethmargaretsweeney at gmail.com> |
| License: | GPL-2 | GPL-3 [expanded from: GPL] |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| Citation: | sublime citation info |
| CRAN checks: | sublime results |
| Reference manual: | sublime.pdf |
| Package source: | sublime_1.3.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: sublime_1.3.zip, r-release: sublime_1.3.zip, r-oldrel: sublime_1.3.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: sublime_1.3.tgz, r-oldrel: sublime_1.3.tgz |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=sublime to link to this page.


--- layout: post date: 2008-05-27 time: "09:00:00" authors: ["Greg Wilson"] title: Reminded of the Difference Once Again tags: ["Content"] ---
Via Irving Reid, a great quote from Henrik Kniberg about how to tell when you're done:
So when a team member says that a story is Done and moves the story card into the Done column, a customer could run into the room at that moment and say "Great Lets go live now", and nobody in the team will say "no, but wait".
Ironically, Kniberg's post is called "Version Control for Multiple Agile Teams". Why ironic? Because I was talking yesterday to a professor in my department — young guy, smart, already has a better research and publication record than I'll ever have. I brought up version control (as in, "Why do less than 10% of faculty and grad students use it?"); his reply was, "Well, we're just going to back everything up once a day."


Jon remembered little of that morning's conversation with Dr Harris. As his hangover swelled within him, his attention span for incidentals had dispersed like a mist. Thankfully, ingrained behaviour had forced him to memorize every last detail of the dossier Harris had presented him with, in the doctor's office.
The bus and its occupants had soon faded after Jon's internal swoop of emotion and his brief, one-sided conversation with Dr Harris. The cream-coloured metal, studded with rivets, was merely a backdrop to the colours of the few advertisements close to the bus' ceiling. Only they sustained his interest. Thick-lined cartoon animals and brightly smiling, young professionals staked their nonexistent integrity on freephone and local rate telephone numbers. Loud writing in bold red and yellow seemed set to promise the earth, before it was tragically cut short by a tear in the poster. One inch of blank paper, like white noise, followed and then the bare panels of the bus showed through.
Roused by Dr Harris' newspaper (which he wielded like a primary schoolteacher would once have done a ruler) he managed not to miss his stop, and further managed to communicate in polysyllables as far as the office. Idle chit-chat, for Harris' family dimly knew Jon's. The former seemed full of bounce and, when the revolving doors turned off Jon's desire to speak like the handle of a tap, the doctor turned his joviality first on the receptionist, then a colleague and peer, then on the concierge in the lift.
Dr Harris' office, like much of the building that was not generally seen by visitors, was clad in dark wood panels and, despite its cleanliness, suggested dust. The blinds were, as always, pulled two-thirds down the windows, and a few wall lights projected onto the high, white ceiling. Jon had sat down, while Harris paced and occasionally looked out, down at the traffic they could barely hear. Today, Dr Harris was a gleeful mix of Father Brown and an older Stephen Fry as he padded out the story behind Jon's assignment.
Jon only remembered the doctor's big gestures, including a brief grab of his own lapels, looking like a waistcoated capitalist. The words did not register. This was fine, as the important details had been tucked into their beds in the file that Dr Harris bade him study. As Harris maintained a twenty-minute silence punctuated by the rattling of his teacup in its saucer, Jon picked up the dossier and poured its contents into his head. The problem. The plan. Our client's courier - followed. Their courier - followed. And again, and again. Sometimes intercepted, sometimes not. Our client gets fed up with his old service and comes to us instead.
Jon knew, as Dr Harris knew, that he could do much better. No problem.
The rest of the day was taken up by preparation for the trip. Jon's passport was, as always, in the safe, and Dr Harris had a ticket for him on the plane that evening. Nonetheless, Jon had to go home, if only to pack and shower, wash the malaise out of his pores and scalp. He filled a sports bag with three days' good-weather clothes, and left a note for Alan, fast asleep in the flat above. A taxi arrived on cue at two-thirty. As he neared the underpass to Heathrow, it began to rain. the fine drizzle settled well onto Jon's mood, and, shrugging himself into the seat cushions of the taxi, began to have fun in spite of his headache.
Ahead of him lay glass edifices and painted girders, the taxi-ing aeroplanes and the short flight to Madrid. The future held his gaze, and his stomach tightened. He needed a coffee, and not to be noticed. He found a cafe, a table; and sat, and waited.


Executes a stager on remote hosts using DCOM
Does not need Admin
Can use the following COM methods: MMC20.Application, ShellWindows, ShellBrowserWindow, ExcelDDE
moduleSource = self.mainMenu.installPath + "/data/module_source/lateral_movement/Invoke-DCOM.ps1


--- title: Knowledge Distillation keywords: fastai sidebar: home_sidebar summary: "How to apply knowledge distillation with fasterai" description: "How to apply knowledge distillation with fasterai" nb_path: "nbs/04b_tutorial.knowledge_distillation.ipynb" ---
We'll illustrate how to use Knowledge Distillation to distill the knowledge of a Resnet34 (the teacher), to a Resnet18 (the student)
Let's us grab some data
path = untar_data(URLs.PETS)
files = get_image_files(path/"images")
def label_func(f): return f[0].isupper()
dls = ImageDataLoaders.from_name_func(path, files, label_func, item_tfms=Resize(64))
The first step is then to train the teacher model. We'll start from a pretrained model, ensuring to get good results on our dataset.
teacher = cnn_learner(dls, resnet34, metrics=accuracy)
teacher.unfreeze()
teacher.fit_one_cycle(5)
We'll now train a Resnet18 from scratch, and without any help from the teacher model, to get that as a baseline
student = Learner(dls, resnet18(num_classes=2), metrics=accuracy)
student.fit_one_cycle(5)
And now we train the same model, but with the help of the teacher.
student = Learner(dls, resnet18(num_classes=2), metrics=accuracy)
kd = KnowledgeDistillation(teacher, T=10)
student.fit_one_cycle(5, cbs=kd)
When helped, the student model performs better !


examples/complete/static
This is a file being served from the nginx container within the examples/complete/static image.


class SessionLoggerNull : SessionLogger
A no-op logger implementation.
SessionLoggerNull()
A no-op logger implementation. |
fun log(text: String): Unit
SessionLoggerNull doesn't log anything |
|
fun logError(text: String, throwable: Throwable?): Unit
SessionLoggerNull doesn't log anything |
open fun logError(text: String): Unit
Add an error entry to the log. |


--- layout: page title: About header-img: "img/about-bg.png" ---
I have a varied career and educational background. I have recently married for the first time and have a new Morkie puppy that loves being spoiled rotten. I look forward to the challenges and opportunities ahead of me in this programming life.


{% load staticfiles %}
CruiserTime
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The GU272 is the Maryland Jesuit slave community sold by Georgetown University and the Jesuits in 1838. This visualization explores the genelogical relationships of the GU272 families. Instructions: Hover over node for more info Click to expand and collapse tree


The Advanced Install Guide explains how to improve OVS performance when using DPDK datapath. This guide provides information on tuning, system configuration, troubleshooting, static code analysis and testcases.
To achieve optimal OVS performance, the system can be configured and that includes BIOS tweaks, Grub cmdline additions, better understanding of NUMA nodes and apt selection of PCIe slots for NIC placement.
| Setting | Value |
|---|---|
| C3 Power State | Disabled |
| C6 Power State | Disabled |
| MLC Streamer | Enabled |
| MLC Spacial Prefetcher | Enabled |
| DCU Data Prefetcher | Enabled |
| DCA | Enabled |
| CPU Power and Performance | Performance |
| Memeory RAS and Performance Config -> NUMA optimized | Enabled |
The fastpath performance can be affected by factors related to the placement of the NIC, such as channel speeds between PCIe slot and CPU or the proximity of PCIe slot to the CPU cores running the DPDK application. Listed below are the steps to identify right PCIe slot.
Retrieve host details using dmidecode. For example:
$ dmidecode -t baseboard | grep "Product Name"
Download the technical specification for product listed, e.g: S2600WT2
Check the Product Architecture Overview on the Riser slot placement, CPU sharing info and also PCIe channel speeds
For example: On S2600WT, CPU1 and CPU2 share Riser Slot 1 with Channel speed between CPU1 and Riser Slot1 at 32GB/s, CPU2 and Riser Slot1 at 16GB/s. Running DPDK app on CPU1 cores and NIC inserted in to Riser card Slots will optimize OVS performance in this case.
Check the Riser Card #1 - Root Port mapping information, on the available slots and individual bus speeds. In S2600WT slot 1, slot 2 has high bus speeds and are potential slots for NIC placement.
Allocate and mount 1 GB hugepages.
For persistent allocation of huge pages, add the following options to the kernel bootline:
default_hugepagesz=1GB hugepagesz=1G hugepages=N
For platforms supporting multiple huge page sizes, add multiple options:
default_hugepagesz=<size> hugepagesz=<size> hugepages=N
where:
number of huge pages requested
huge page size with an optional suffix [kKmMgG]
For run-time allocation of huge pages:
$ echo N > /sys/devices/system/node/nodeX/hugepages/hugepages-1048576kB/nr_hugepages
where:
number of huge pages requested
NUMA Node
Note
For run-time allocation of 1G huge pages, Contiguous Memory Allocator (CONFIG_CMA) has to be supported by kernel, check your Linux distro.
Now mount the huge pages, if not already done so:
$ mount -t hugetlbfs -o pagesize=1G none /dev/hugepages
With HyperThreading, or SMT, enabled, a physical core appears as two logical cores. SMT can be utilized to spawn worker threads on logical cores of the same physical core there by saving additional cores.
With DPDK, when pinning pmd threads to logical cores, care must be taken to set the correct bits of the pmd-cpu-mask to ensure that the pmd threads are pinned to SMT siblings.
Take a sample system configuration, with 2 sockets, 2 * 10 core processors, HT enabled. This gives us a total of 40 logical cores. To identify the physical core shared by two logical cores, run:
$ cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpuN/topology/thread_siblings_list
where N is the logical core number.
In this example, it would show that cores 1 and 21 share the same physical core., thus, the pmd-cpu-mask can be used to enable these two pmd threads running on these two logical cores (one physical core) is:
$ ovs-vsctl set Open_vSwitch . other_config:pmd-cpu-mask=100002
The isolcpus option can be used to isolate cores from the Linux scheduler. The isolated cores can then be used to dedicatedly run HPC applications or threads. This helps in better application performance due to zero context switching and minimal cache thrashing. To run platform logic on core 0 and isolate cores between 1 and 19 from scheduler, add isolcpus=1-19 to GRUB cmdline.
Note
It has been verified that core isolation has minimal advantage due to mature Linux scheduler in some circumstances.
Ideally inter-NUMA datapaths should be avoided where possible as packets will go across QPI and there may be a slight performance penalty when compared with intra NUMA datapaths. On Intel Xeon Processor E5 v3, Cluster On Die is introduced on models that have 10 cores or more. This makes it possible to logically split a socket into two NUMA regions and again it is preferred where possible to keep critical datapaths within the one cluster.
It is good practice to ensure that threads that are in the datapath are pinned to cores in the same NUMA area. e.g. pmd threads and QEMU vCPUs responsible for forwarding. If DPDK is built with CONFIG_RTE_LIBRTE_VHOST_NUMA=y, vHost User ports automatically detect the NUMA socket of the QEMU vCPUs and will be serviced by a PMD from the same node provided a core on this node is enabled in the pmd-cpu-mask. libnuma packages are required for this feature.
The default compiler optimization level is -O2. Changing this to more aggressive compiler optimization such as -O3 -march=native with gcc (verified on 5.3.1) can produce performance gains though not siginificant. -march=native will produce optimized code on local machine and should be used when software compilation is done on Testbed.
For superior performance, DPDK pmd threads and Qemu vCPU threads needs to be affinitized accordingly.
PMD thread Affinity
A poll mode driver (pmd) thread handles the I/O of all DPDK interfaces assigned to it. A pmd thread shall poll the ports for incoming packets, switch the packets and send to tx port. pmd thread is CPU bound, and needs to be affinitized to isolated cores for optimum performance.
By setting a bit in the mask, a pmd thread is created and pinned to the corresponding CPU core. e.g. to run a pmd thread on core 2:
$ ovs-vsctl set Open_vSwitch . other_config:pmd-cpu-mask=4
Note
pmd thread on a NUMA node is only created if there is at least one DPDK interface from that NUMA node added to OVS.
QEMU vCPU thread Affinity
A VM performing simple packet forwarding or running complex packet pipelines has to ensure that the vCPU threads performing the work has as much CPU occupancy as possible.
For example, on a multicore VM, multiple QEMU vCPU threads shall be spawned. When the DPDK testpmd application that does packet forwarding is invoked, the taskset command should be used to affinitize the vCPU threads to the dedicated isolated cores on the host system.
With pmd multi-threading support, OVS creates one pmd thread for each NUMA node by default. However, in cases where there are multiple ports/rxq's producing traffic, performance can be improved by creating multiple pmd threads running on separate cores. These pmd threads can share the workload by each being responsible for different ports/rxq's. Assignment of ports/rxq's to pmd threads is done automatically.
A set bit in the mask means a pmd thread is created and pinned to the corresponding CPU core. For example, to run pmd threads on core 1 and 2:
$ ovs-vsctl set Open_vSwitch . other_config:pmd-cpu-mask=6
When using dpdk and dpdkvhostuser ports in a bi-directional VM loopback as shown below, spreading the workload over 2 or 4 pmd threads shows significant improvements as there will be more total CPU occupancy available:
NIC port0 <-> OVS <-> VM <-> OVS <-> NIC port 1
$ ovs-vsctl set Interface <DPDK interface> options:n_rxq=<integer>
The command above sets the number of rx queues for DPDK physical interface. The rx queues are assigned to pmd threads on the same NUMA node in a round-robin fashion.
$ ovs-vsctl set Interface dpdk0 options:n_rxq_desc=<integer> $ ovs-vsctl set Interface dpdk0 options:n_txq_desc=<integer>
The command above sets the number of rx/tx descriptors that the NIC associated with dpdk0 will be initialised with.
Different n_rxq_desc and n_txq_desc configurations yield different benefits in terms of throughput and latency for different scenarios. Generally, smaller queue sizes can have a positive impact for latency at the expense of throughput. The opposite is often true for larger queue sizes. Note: increasing the number of rx descriptors eg. to 4096 may have a negative impact on performance due to the fact that non-vectorised DPDK rx functions may be used. This is dependant on the driver in use, but is true for the commonly used i40e and ixgbe DPDK drivers.
Each pmd thread contains one Exact Match Cache (EMC). After initial flow setup in the datapath, the EMC contains a single table and provides the lowest level (fastest) switching for DPDK ports. If there is a miss in the EMC then the next level where switching will occur is the datapath classifier. Missing in the EMC and looking up in the datapath classifier incurs a significant performance penalty. If lookup misses occur in the EMC because it is too small to handle the number of flows, its size can be increased. The EMC size can be modified by editing the define EM_FLOW_HASH_SHIFT in lib/dpif-netdev.c.
As mentioned above, an EMC is per pmd thread. An alternative way of increasing the aggregate amount of possible flow entries in EMC and avoiding datapath classifier lookups is to have multiple pmd threads running.
Rx mergeable buffers is a virtio feature that allows chaining of multiple virtio descriptors to handle large packet sizes. Large packets are handled by reserving and chaining multiple free descriptors together. Mergeable buffer support is negotiated between the virtio driver and virtio device and is supported by the DPDK vhost library. This behavior is supported and enabled by default, however in the case where the user knows that rx mergeable buffers are not needed i.e. jumbo frames are not needed, it can be forced off by adding mrg_rxbuf=off to the QEMU command line options. By not reserving multiple chains of descriptors it will make more individual virtio descriptors available for rx to the guest using dpdkvhost ports and this can improve performance.
The DPDK installation guide details steps for PHY-VM-PHY loopback testcase and packet forwarding using DPDK testpmd application in the Guest VM. For users wishing to do packet forwarding using kernel stack below, you need to run the below commands on the guest:
$ ifconfig eth1 <IP_ADDRESS>/24 $ ifconfig eth2 <IP_ADDRESS>/24 $ systemctl stop firewalld.service $ systemctl stop iptables.service $ sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1 $ sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter=0 $ sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.eth1.rp_filter=0 $ sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.eth2.rp_filter=0 $ route add -net <IP_ADDRESS>/24 eth2 $ route add -net <IP_ADDRESS>/24 eth1 $ arp -s <IP_ADDRESS> DE:AD:BE:EF:CA:FE $ arp -s <IP_ADDRESS> DE:AD:BE:EF:CA:EE
IVSHMEM can also be validated using the PHY-VM-PHY configuration. To begin, follow the steps described in the DPDK installation guide to create and initialize the database, start ovs-vswitchd and add dpdk-type devices to bridge br0. Once complete, follow the below steps:
Add DPDK ring port to the bridge:
$ ovs-vsctl add-port br0 dpdkr0 -- set Interface dpdkr0 type=dpdkr
Build modified QEMU
QEMU must be patched to enable IVSHMEM support:
$ cd /usr/src/ $ wget http://wiki.qemu.org/download/qemu-2.2.1.tar.bz2 $ tar -jxvf qemu-2.2.1.tar.bz2 $ cd /usr/src/qemu-2.2.1 $ wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/netgroup-polito/un-orchestrator/master/orchestrator/compute_controller/plugins/kvm-libvirt/patches/ivshmem-qemu-2.2.1.patch $ patch -p1 < ivshmem-qemu-2.2.1.patch $ ./configure --target-list=x86_64-softmmu --enable-debug --extra-cflags='-g' $ make -j 4
Generate QEMU commandline:
$ mkdir -p /usr/src/cmdline_generator $ cd /usr/src/cmdline_generator $ wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/netgroup-polito/un-orchestrator/master/orchestrator/compute_controller/plugins/kvm-libvirt/cmdline_generator/cmdline_generator.c $ wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/netgroup-polito/un-orchestrator/master/orchestrator/compute_controller/plugins/kvm-libvirt/cmdline_generator/Makefile $ export RTE_SDK=/usr/src/dpdk-16.07 $ export RTE_TARGET=x86_64-ivshmem-linuxapp-gcc $ make $ ./build/cmdline_generator -m -p dpdkr0 XXX $ cmdline=`cat OVSMEMPOOL`
Start guest VM:
$ export VM_NAME=ivshmem-vm $ export QCOW2_IMAGE=/root/CentOS7_x86_64.qcow2 $ export QEMU_BIN=/usr/src/qemu-2.2.1/x86_64-softmmu/qemu-system-x86_64 $ taskset 0x20 $QEMU_BIN -cpu host -smp 2,cores=2 -hda $QCOW2_IMAGE \ -m 4096 --enable-kvm -name $VM_NAME -nographic -vnc :2 \ -pidfile /tmp/vm1.pid $cmdline
Build and run the sample dpdkr app in VM:
$ echo 1024 > /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages $ mount -t hugetlbfs nodev /dev/hugepages (if not already mounted) # Build the DPDK ring application in the VM $ export RTE_SDK=/root/dpdk-16.07 $ export RTE_TARGET=x86_64-ivshmem-linuxapp-gcc $ make # Run dpdkring application $ ./build/dpdkr -c 1 -n 4 -- -n 0 # where "-n 0" refers to ring '0' i.e dpdkr0
vHost Multique functionality can also be validated using the PHY-VM-PHY configuration. To begin, follow the steps described in the DPDK installation guide to create and initialize the database, start ovs-vswitchd and add dpdk-type devices to bridge br0. Once complete, follow the below steps:
Configure PMD and RXQs.
For example, set the number of dpdk port rx queues to at least 2 The number of rx queues at vhost-user interface gets automatically configured after virtio device connection and doesn't need manual configuration:
$ ovs-vsctl set Open_vSwitch . other_config:pmd-cpu-mask=c $ ovs-vsctl set Interface dpdk0 options:n_rxq=2 $ ovs-vsctl set Interface dpdk1 options:n_rxq=2
Instantiate Guest VM using QEMU cmdline
We must configure with appropriate software versions to ensure this feature is supported.
| Setting | Value |
|---|---|
| QEMU version | 2.5.0 |
| QEMU thread affinity | 2 cores (taskset 0x30) |
| Memory | 4 GB |
| Cores | 2 |
| Distro | Fedora 22 |
| Multiqueue | Enabled |
To do this, instantiate the guest as follows:
$ export VM_NAME=vhost-vm $ export GUEST_MEM=4096M $ export QCOW2_IMAGE=/root/Fedora22_x86_64.qcow2 $ export VHOST_SOCK_DIR=/usr/local/var/run/openvswitch $ taskset 0x30 qemu-system-x86_64 -cpu host -smp 2,cores=2 -m 4096M \ -drive file=$QCOW2_IMAGE --enable-kvm -name $VM_NAME \ -nographic -numa node,memdev=mem -mem-prealloc \ -object memory-backend-file,id=mem,size=$GUEST_MEM,mem-path=/dev/hugepages,share=on \ -chardev socket,id=char1,path=$VHOST_SOCK_DIR/dpdkvhostuser0 \ -netdev type=vhost-user,id=mynet1,chardev=char1,vhostforce,queues=2 \ -device virtio-net-pci,mac=00:00:00:00:00:01,netdev=mynet1,mq=on,vectors=6 \ -chardev socket,id=char2,path=$VHOST_SOCK_DIR/dpdkvhostuser1 \ -netdev type=vhost-user,id=mynet2,chardev=char2,vhostforce,queues=2 \ -device virtio-net-pci,mac=00:00:00:00:00:02,netdev=mynet2,mq=on,vectors=6
Note
Queue value above should match the queues configured in OVS, The vector value should be set to "number of queues x 2 + 2"
Configure the guest interface
Assuming there are 2 interfaces in the guest named eth0, eth1 check the channel configuration and set the number of combined channels to 2 for virtio devices:
$ ethtool -l eth0 $ ethtool -L eth0 combined 2 $ ethtool -L eth1 combined 2
More information can be found in vHost walkthrough section.
Configure kernel packet forwarding
Configure IP and enable interfaces:
$ ifconfig eth0 <IP_ADDRESS>/24 up $ ifconfig eth1 <IP_ADDRESS>/24 up
Configure IP forwarding and add route entries:
$ sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1 $ sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter=0 $ sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.eth0.rp_filter=0 $ sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.eth1.rp_filter=0 $ ip route add <IP_ADDRESS>/24 dev eth1 $ route add default gw <IP_ADDRESS> eth1 $ route add default gw <IP_ADDRESS> eth1 $ arp -s <IP_ADDRESS> DE:AD:BE:EF:CA:FE $ arp -s <IP_ADDRESS> DE:AD:BE:EF:CA:FA
Check traffic on multiple queues:
$ cat /proc/interrupts | grep virtio
Two types of vHost User ports are available in OVS:
vHost User uses a client-server model. The server creates/manages/destroys the vHost User sockets, and the client connects to the server. Depending on which port type you use, dpdkvhostuser or dpdkvhostuserclient, a different configuration of the client-server model is used.
For vhost-user ports, Open vSwitch acts as the server and QEMU the client. For vhost-user-client ports, Open vSwitch acts as the client and QEMU the server.
Install the prerequisites:
Add vhost-user ports to the switch.
Unlike DPDK ring ports, DPDK vhost-user ports can have arbitrary names, except that forward and backward slashes are prohibited in the names.
For vhost-user, the name of the port type is dpdkvhostuser:
$ ovs-vsctl add-port br0 vhost-user-1 -- set Interface vhost-user-1 \ type=dpdkvhostuser
This action creates a socket located at /usr/local/var/run/openvswitch/vhost-user-1, which you must provide to your VM on the QEMU command line. More instructions on this can be found in the next section "Adding vhost-user ports to VM"
Note
If you wish for the vhost-user sockets to be created in a sub-directory of /usr/local/var/run/openvswitch, you may specify this directory in the ovsdb like so:
$ ovs-vsctl --no-wait \ set Open_vSwitch . other_config:vhost-sock-dir=subdir`
Add vhost-user ports to VM
Configure sockets
Pass the following parameters to QEMU to attach a vhost-user device:
-chardev socket,id=char1,path=/usr/local/var/run/openvswitch/vhost-user-1 -netdev type=vhost-user,id=mynet1,chardev=char1,vhostforce -device virtio-net-pci,mac=00:00:00:00:00:01,netdev=mynet1
where vhost-user-1 is the name of the vhost-user port added to the switch.
Repeat the above parameters for multiple devices, changing the chardev path and id as necessary. Note that a separate and different chardev path needs to be specified for each vhost-user device. For example you have a second vhost-user port named vhost-user-2, you append your QEMU command line with an additional set of parameters:
-chardev socket,id=char2,path=/usr/local/var/run/openvswitch/vhost-user-2 -netdev type=vhost-user,id=mynet2,chardev=char2,vhostforce -device virtio-net-pci,mac=00:00:00:00:00:02,netdev=mynet2
Configure hugepages
QEMU must allocate the VM's memory on hugetlbfs. vhost-user ports access a virtio-net device's virtual rings and packet buffers mapping the VM's physical memory on hugetlbfs. To enable vhost-user ports to map the VM's memory into their process address space, pass the following parameters to QEMU:
-object memory-backend-file,id=mem,size=4096M,mem-path=/dev/hugepages,share=on -numa node,memdev=mem -mem-preallocEnable multiqueue support (optional)
QEMU needs to be configured to use multiqueue:
-chardev socket,id=char2,path=/usr/local/var/run/openvswitch/vhost-user-2 -netdev type=vhost-user,id=mynet2,chardev=char2,vhostforce,queues=$q -device virtio-net-pci,mac=00:00:00:00:00:02,netdev=mynet2,mq=on,vectors=$vwhere:
- $q
The number of queues
- $v
The number of vectors, which is $q * 2 + 2
The vhost-user interface will be automatically reconfigured with required number of rx and tx queues after connection of virtio device. Manual configuration of n_rxq is not supported because OVS will work properly only if n_rxq will match number of queues configured in QEMU.
A least 2 PMDs should be configured for the vswitch when using multiqueue. Using a single PMD will cause traffic to be enqueued to the same vhost queue rather than being distributed among different vhost queues for a vhost-user interface.
If traffic destined for a VM configured with multiqueue arrives to the vswitch via a physical DPDK port, then the number of rxqs should also be set to at least 2 for that physical DPDK port. This is required to increase the probability that a different PMD will handle the multiqueue transmission to the guest using a different vhost queue.
If one wishes to use multiple queues for an interface in the guest, the driver in the guest operating system must be configured to do so. It is recommended that the number of queues configured be equal to $q.
For example, this can be done for the Linux kernel virtio-net driver with:
$ ethtool -L <DEV> combined <$q>where:
- -L
Changes the numbers of channels of the specified network device
- combined
Changes the number of multi-purpose channels.
You can also build and configure the VM using libvirt rather than QEMU by itself.
Change the user/group, access control policty and restart libvirtd.
In /etc/libvirt/qemu.conf add/edit the following lines:
user = "root" group = "root"
Disable SELinux or set to permissive mode:
$ setenforce 0
Restart the libvirtd process, For example, on Fedora:
$ systemctl restart libvirtd.service
Instantiate the VM
Copy the XML configuration described in the DPDK installation guide.
Start the VM:
$ virsh create demovm.xml
Connect to the guest console:
$ virsh console demovm
Configure the VM
The demovm xml configuration is aimed at achieving out of box performance on VM.
Refer to the libvirt documentation for more information.
Install the prerequisites:
Add vhost-user-client ports to the switch.
Unlike vhost-user ports, the name given to port does not govern the name of the socket device. vhost-server-path reflects the full path of the socket that has been or will be created by QEMU for the given vHost User client port.
For vhost-user-client, the name of the port type is dpdkvhostuserclient:
$ VHOST_USER_SOCKET_PATH=/path/to/socker $ ovs-vsctl add-port br0 vhost-client-1 \ -- set Interface vhost-client-1 type=dpdkvhostuserclient \ options:vhost-server-path=$VHOST_USER_SOCKET_PATH
Add vhost-user-client ports to VM
Configure sockets
Pass the following parameters to QEMU to attach a vhost-user device:
-chardev socket,id=char1,path=$VHOST_USER_SOCKET_PATH,server -netdev type=vhost-user,id=mynet1,chardev=char1,vhostforce -device virtio-net-pci,mac=00:00:00:00:00:01,netdev=mynet1
where vhost-user-1 is the name of the vhost-user port added to the switch.
If the corresponding dpdkvhostuserclient port has not yet been configured in OVS with vhost-server-path=/path/to/socket, QEMU will print a log similar to the following:
QEMU waiting for connection on: disconnected:unix:/path/to/socket,server
QEMU will wait until the port is created sucessfully in OVS to boot the VM.
One benefit of using this mode is the ability for vHost ports to 'reconnect' in event of the switch crashing or being brought down. Once it is brought back up, the vHost ports will reconnect automatically and normal service will resume.
Additional configuration is required if you want to run ovs-vswitchd with DPDK backend inside a QEMU virtual machine. Ovs-vswitchd creates separate DPDK TX queues for each CPU core available. This operation fails inside QEMU virtual machine because, by default, VirtIO NIC provided to the guest is configured to support only single TX queue and single RX queue. To change this behavior, you need to turn on mq (multiqueue) property of all virtio-net-pci devices emulated by QEMU and used by DPDK. You may do it manually (by changing QEMU command line) or, if you use Libvirt, by adding the following string to <interface> sections of all network devices used by DPDK:
<driver name='vhost' queues='N'/>
Where:
This requires QEMU >= 2.2.
Assuming you have a vhost-user port transmitting traffic consisting of packets of size 64 bytes, the following command would limit the egress transmission rate of the port to ~1,000,000 packets per second:
$ ovs-vsctl set port vhost-user0 qos=@newqos -- \ --id=@newqos create qos type=egress-policer other-config:cir=46000000 \ other-config:cbs=2048`
To examine the QoS configuration of the port, run:
$ ovs-appctl -t ovs-vswitchd qos/show vhost-user0
To clear the QoS configuration from the port and ovsdb, run:
$ ovs-vsctl destroy QoS vhost-user0 -- clear Port vhost-user0 qos
Refer to vswitch.xml for more details on egress-policer.
Here is an example on Ingress Policing usage. Assuming you have a vhost-user port receiving traffic consisting of packets of size 64 bytes, the following command would limit the reception rate of the port to ~1,000,000 packets per second:
$ ovs-vsctl set interface vhost-user0 ingress_policing_rate=368000 \ ingress_policing_burst=1000`
To examine the ingress policer configuration of the port:
$ ovs-vsctl list interface vhost-user0
To clear the ingress policer configuration from the port:
$ ovs-vsctl set interface vhost-user0 ingress_policing_rate=0
Refer to vswitch.xml for more details on ingress-policer.
Flow control can be enabled only on DPDK physical ports. To enable flow control support at tx side while adding a port, run:
$ ovs-vsctl add-port br0 dpdk0 -- \ set Interface dpdk0 type=dpdk options:tx-flow-ctrl=true
Similarly, to enable rx flow control, run:
$ ovs-vsctl add-port br0 dpdk0 -- \ set Interface dpdk0 type=dpdk options:rx-flow-ctrl=true
To enable flow control auto-negotiation, run:
$ ovs-vsctl add-port br0 dpdk0 -- \ set Interface dpdk0 type=dpdk options:flow-ctrl-autoneg=true
To turn ON the tx flow control at run time(After the port is being added to OVS):
$ ovs-vsctl set Interface dpdk0 options:tx-flow-ctrl=true
The flow control parameters can be turned off by setting false to the respective parameter. To disable the flow control at tx side, run:
$ ovs-vsctl set Interface dpdk0 options:tx-flow-ctrl=false
Pdump allows you to listen on DPDK ports and view the traffic that is passing on them. To use this utility, one must have libpcap installed on the system. Furthermore, DPDK must be built with CONFIG_RTE_LIBRTE_PDUMP=y and CONFIG_RTE_LIBRTE_PMD_PCAP=y.
Warning
A performance decrease is expected when using a monitoring application like the DPDK pdump app.
To use pdump, simply launch OVS as usual. Then, navigate to the app/pdump directory in DPDK, make the application and run like so:
$ sudo ./build/app/dpdk-pdump -- \ --pdump port=0,queue=0,rx-dev=/tmp/pkts.pcap \ --server-socket-path=/usr/local/var/run/openvswitch
The above command captures traffic received on queue 0 of port 0 and stores it in /tmp/pkts.pcap. Other combinations of port numbers, queues numbers and pcap locations are of course also available to use. For example, to capture all packets that traverse port 0 in a single pcap file:
$ sudo ./build/app/dpdk-pdump -- \ --pdump 'port=0,queue=*,rx-dev=/tmp/pkts.pcap,tx-dev=/tmp/pkts.pcap' \ --server-socket-path=/usr/local/var/run/openvswitch
server-socket-path must be set to the value of ovs_rundir() which typically resolves to /usr/local/var/run/openvswitch.
Many tools are available to view the contents of the pcap file. Once example is tcpdump. Issue the following command to view the contents of pkts.pcap:
$ tcpdump -r pkts.pcap
More information on the pdump app and its usage can be found in the DPDK docs.
By default, DPDK ports are configured with standard Ethernet MTU (1500B). To enable Jumbo Frames support for a DPDK port, change the Interface's mtu_request attribute to a sufficiently large value. For example, to add a DPDK Phy port with MTU of 9000:
$ ovs-vsctl add-port br0 dpdk0 \ -- set Interface dpdk0 type=dpdk \ -- set Interface dpdk0 mtu_request=9000`
Similarly, to change the MTU of an existing port to 6200:
$ ovs-vsctl set Interface dpdk0 mtu_request=6200
Some additional configuration is needed to take advantage of jumbo frames with vHost ports:
mergeable buffers must be enabled for vHost ports, as demonstrated in the QEMU command line snippet below:
-netdev type=vhost-user,id=mynet1,chardev=char0,vhostforce \ -device virtio-net-pci,mac=00:00:00:00:00:01,netdev=mynet1,mrg_rxbuf=on
Where virtio devices are bound to the Linux kernel driver in a guest environment (i.e. interfaces are not bound to an in-guest DPDK driver), the MTU of those logical network interfaces must also be increased to a sufficiently large value. This avoids segmentation of Jumbo Frames received in the guest. Note that 'MTU' refers to the length of the IP packet only, and not that of the entire frame.
To calculate the exact MTU of a standard IPv4 frame, subtract the L2 header and CRC lengths (i.e. 18B) from the max supported frame size. So, to set the MTU for a 9018B Jumbo Frame:
$ ifconfig eth1 mtu 9000
When Jumbo Frames are enabled, the size of a DPDK port's mbuf segments are increased, such that a full Jumbo Frame of a specific size may be accommodated within a single mbuf segment.
Jumbo frame support has been validated against 9728B frames, which is the largest frame size supported by Fortville NIC using the DPDK i40e driver, but larger frames and other DPDK NIC drivers may be supported. These cases are common for use cases involving East-West traffic only.
The vsperf project aims to develop a vSwitch test framework that can be used to validate the suitability of different vSwitch implementations in a telco deployment environment. More information can be found on the OPNFV wiki.
Report problems to bugs@openvswitch.org.


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This documentation has been created from Sling tag sling-5-incubator-source-release using the Maven JavaDoc plugin as follows:
$ svn export http://svn.apache.org/repos/asf/incubator/sling/tags/sling-5-incubator-source-release/ sling5 $ cd sling5 $ mvn -DexcludePackageNames="*.impl:*.internal:*.jsp:sun.misc:*.juli" org.apache.maven.plugins:maven-javadoc-plugin:2.5:aggregate
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Creates a 3d mesh showing elevations and earth curvature based on raster data.
dem2mesh(data, thicknessratio = 0.01, thickness = NULL, size = NULL, scale = NULL, exaggeration = 1, up = c(0, 0, 1), flatbase = FALSE, a = 6378137, b = 6356752.314245)
| data | a |
|---|---|
| thicknessratio | desired thickness of the base as a proportion of the overall size of the spheroid (i.e. between 0 and 1) |
| thickness | desired thickness of the base (in absolute 3d coordinates) |
| size | desired maximum extent (width/height) of the resultin mesh in mm |
| scale | scale at which mesh should be rendered. If scale is specified, |
| exaggeration | factor by which elevation differences are exaggerated |
| up | desired direction of the front face of the resulting mesh |
| flatbase | logical |
| a | semi-principal axis length of the Earth spheroid |
| b | semi-principal axis length of the Earth spheroid |
This function can render arbitrarily shaped landmasses by setting some
values of the raster data to NA
, which are consequently not rendered.
Only the biggest continuous clump of non-NA
values in the data set
is rendered. The center points of each raster cell are mapped to vertices
in 3d space on a spheroid with the given principal axes. Protrusions out of
the biggest clump which are only one raster cell wide are shaved off
(because a single protruding vertex cannot form part of a polygon if it
doesn't have neighbours on two adjacent sides).
The function does not support rendering of holes: holes (NA
regions
within the biggest clump's interior) are filled with 0s.


I graduated from the College of Engineering Pune in 2016 with a degree in Computer Engineering. I work at Zero Labs as a Technology Lead and I am working on developing a personal assistant. I enjoy conducting talks to teach people about what I know. See my blog and talks to know more! I am a Technology Lead at Zero Labs where I'm working on bringing contextualized AI to the edge and building a blockchain based personal data marketplace for people to unlock value in the data they generate. I grew up in different parts of the world but India is where home is. I moved to San Francisco in August of 2018 to lead Zero Labs' blockchain project and immerse myself in the deep technological culture of San Francisco.
More Information
I grew up in different parts of the world but India is where home is.
I moved to San Francisco in August of 2018 to lead Zero Labs' blockchain project and immerse myself
in the deep technological culture of San Francisco.
I occasionally move mountains and swim across oceans.
Resume


{% block title %}
Year: {{ movie.year }}
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We do not have any recommendation for you.


Quick Start
One page summary of how to start developing with GGRS.
[dependencies]
ggrs = "0.4"
GGRS mainly operates through one of three sessions; each providing different functionalities:
P2PSession
: Communicate with other remote sessions; send and receive inputs to synchronize your game between clients. All Clients participating in the game create their own session and connect to each other in a peer-to-peer fashion.P2PSpectatorSession
: Connects to anotherP2PSession
in order to receive confirmed game inputs without contributing to the game input itself. If you want clients to spectate games, this is the session to use.SyncTestSession
: Used mainly for debugging purposes, this session simulates a configurable amount of rollbacks each frame. This is a great way to test if your game updates deterministically. TheSyncTestSession
will compare checksums between original and resimulated gamestates and raise an error if something went wrong.
Setup
For all sessions, you will have to define the number of active players contributing to the game input via num_players
as well as the size of such inputs via input_size
. The local_port
is where your client will receive packets of remote clients.
GGRS does not handle NAT hole punching. Check out 👉this article for more information on the topic.
P2PSession
First, create a new session.
let local_port: u16 = 7000;
let num_players : u32 = 2;
let input_size : usize = std::mem::size_of::<u32>();
let mut sess = ggrs::start_p2p_session(num_players, input_size, local_port)?;
Then, you should specify the players participating in the game, exactly as many as you defined through num_players
. You can add exactly one PlayerType::Local
, the rest should be PlayerType::Remote(addr)
.
let local_handle = 0;
let remote_handle = 1;
let remote_addr: SocketAddr = "<IP_ADDRESS>:7001".parse()?;
sess.add_player(PlayerType::Local, local_handle)?;
sess.add_player(PlayerType::Remote(remote_addr), remote_handle)?;
Optionally, define any spectators you wish to add. The spectator_handle
should be greater or equal to num_players
. Internally, GGRS will add 1000 to the provided handle to identify the spectator client, so the resulting internal handle will be 1002 in this example.
let spectator_handle = 2;
let spec_addr: SocketAddr = "<IP_ADDRESS>:7002".parse()?;
sess.add_player(PlayerType::Spectator(spec_addr), spectator_handle)?;
You can set input delay for the local player. You do not need to do this for remote players.
let desired_delay = 2;
sess.set_frame_delay(desired_delay, local_handle)?;
Per default, GGRS requests to save the gamestate after every update step in order to minimize rollbacks as much as possible. If saving your game state takes much longer than performing multiple update steps, GGRS has an alternative sparse saving mode where instead the amount of save requests are minimized at the cost of some additional state update requests.
sess.set_sparse_saving(true)?;
Finally, you can start the session. GGRS will then make an effort to establish communication between all clients. Only if the connection to all remotes (including spectators) has been established, the session will be able to advance the gamestate and send inputs.
sess.start_session()?;
P2PSpectatorSession
First, create a new session. For the spectator, you will have to define a host_addr
from which this session will receive inputs from all players. The defined host needs to add this client as a spectator, as well.
let local_port: u16 = 7002;
let num_players : u32 = 2;
let input_size : usize = std::mem::size_of::<u32>();
let host_addr: SocketAddr = "<IP_ADDRESS>:7000".parse()?;
let mut sess = ggrs::start_p2p_spectator_session(num_players, input_size, local_port, host_addr)?;
Optionally, you can change the default catch-up parameters. Setting the catch-up speed to 1 will prevent any catch-up measures.
sess.set_max_frames_behind(5)?;
sess.set_catchup_speed(2)?;
Then, you can start the session. GGRS will then make an effort to establish communication to the host. Only then will the session be able to advance the gamestate.
sess.start_session()?;
SyncTestSession
First, create a new session. check_distance
specifies how many frames of rollback you want to induce every frame. This value cannot exceed the maximum predicition frames allowed. Currently, 7 is the maximum distance of rollback that can occur.
let check_distance : u32 = 7;
let num_players : u32 = 2;
let input_size : usize = std::mem::size_of::<u32>();
let mut sess = ggrs::start_synctest_session(num_players, input_size, check_distance)?;
Afterwards, you can optionally define input delays for any player you wish.
let input_delay = 2;
sess.set_frame_delay(input_delay, 0)?;
sess.set_frame_delay(input_delay, 1)?;
You don't need to define players or start the session. Because there are no remote clients to synchronize with, a SyncTestSession
will immediately be ready to advance the game.
Main Loop
In your main game loop, you should call advance_frame(...)
in fixed intervals. How to do that exactly depends heavily on your software stack. You can also check out 👉this article or 👉this article to learn more about running your own gameloop.
Please see 👉BoxGame P2P, 👉BoxGame Spectator or 👉BoxGame SyncTest for a full code example.
Handling Requests
If calling advance_frame(...)
succeeds, it will return a Vec<GGRSRequest>
. Handling requests is mandatory. This sequence of requests is order-sensitive! You need to fulfill all requests in order. There are three types of requests:
AdvanceFrame { inputs: Vec<GameInput> }
: Advance the frame with the provided inputsLoadGameState { cell: GameStateCell }
: Save the current gamestate by callingcell.save(your_state)
.SaveGameState { cell: GameStateCell, frame: Frame }
: Load a previous gamestate by callingyour_state = cell.load()
. The providedframe
defines frame from which this gamestate is at.
Please see 👉BoxGame for a full code example.
Polling Remote Clients
If you have spare time between rendering and updating your game, you can always call:
sess.poll_remote_clients();
This will receive and handle incoming UDP packets and send queued packets to other remote clients. GGRS should work without explicitly calling this method, but frequent polling leads to timely communication between sessions.
Handling Events
Events are notifications from the session for the user. Please see the examples or refer to the documentation what kind of GGRSEvent
can occur.


This file contains a sample of URL formats using new parameters recognized by the extensions. Privly extensions must pass all these test cases before deployment.
These are links without any URL parameters.
Privly link https://priv.ly/posts/2#privlyInject1
These links are forced into passive mode by a parameter.
These links display a message when they are in passive mode.
Privly link https://priv.ly/posts/2?passive=true&passiveMessage=You+are+in+passive+mode,+it+worked#privlyInject1
These links are forced into passive mode, but they have a message.
Privly link https://priv.ly/posts/2?passive=true&passiveMessage=You+are+in+passive+mode,+it+worked#privlyInject1
These links are not modified once they are anchor elements.
These links were tagged as being destroyed on the remote server.
These are links that are burnt, but they have a message that is viewable in place after the time is up.
Privly link https://priv.ly/posts/2?burntAfter=1&burntMessage=this+is+the+burn+message#privlyInject1
These links are excluded not by parameters on the link, but by an attribute on the anchor element.
Privly link https://priv.ly/posts/2#privlyInject1


{% with messages = get_flashed_messages() %}
{% if messages %}
{% for message in messages %}
{{message}}
{% endfor %}
{% endif %}
{% endwith %}
- Please choose three days of this week, on each day:
- Option 1: Provide more than a paragraph of text of any form
(e.g. diary) that best describes your emotion or experiences.
- Option 2: Provide more than a paragraph of conversation or
summarization (e.g. TV scripts or TV scene summarization) that is coming
from a strong emotional scene.
- Please give a descriptive title to your text.
Quit


Statistics
Total trades:
Profits gained
times
Profits lost
times
Volume
Market
Trades
keyvalue
num
Gains/Losses
Market
Profit
keyvalue
num
Paid Fees
Coin
Total Paid
keyvalue
num


{{timelineEvent.actor}}
closed this
added
self-assigned this
assigned this to {{timelineEvent.assignees.join(', ')}}
renamed this from "{{timelineEvent.rename.from}}" to
"{{timelineEvent.rename.to}}"
reopened this
Unknown type: {{timelineEvent | json}}
{{transformedDateTime | async}}


Wrap inline snippets of code with
.
Code snippet
Take a break with Ctrl-Cmd-Power (or Eject if you have an older Mac).
Take a break with Ctrl-Cmd-Power (or Eject if you have an older Mac).
Use

for a block with multiple lines of code.
Be sure to escape any angle brackets in the code for proper rendering.
Your code here! Your code here! Your code here! Your code here! Your code here! Your code here!
Your code here! Your code here! Your code here! Your code here! Your code here! Your code here!
Use

to set a max-height for a block with multiple lines of code.
Be sure to escape any angle brackets in the code for proper rendering.
Your code here! Your code here! Your code here! Your code here! Your code here! Your code here! Your code here! Your code here! Your code here! Your code here! Your code here! Your code here! Your code here! Your code here! Your code here! Your code here! Your code here! Your code here! Your code here!
Your code here! Your code here! Your code here! Your code here! Your code here! Your code here! Your code here! Your code here! Your code here! Your code here! Your code here! Your code here! Your code here! Your code here! Your code here! Your code here! Your code here! Your code here! Your code here!
Use

to enable horizontal scrolling for longer strings of code.
Be sure to escape any angle brackets in the code for proper rendering.
Feel free to combine .pre-scrollable
and .pre-wrap
.


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Coffee is a brewed drink prepared from roasted coffee beans, which are the seeds of berries from the Coffea plant. The genus Coffea is native to tropical Africa and Madagascar, the Comoros, Mauritius, and Réunion in the Indian Ocean. The plant was exported from Africa to countries around the world.


About me
I am a naturally inquisitive person.
I get excited by the thrill of solving a problem and coming up with ideas that can change the world!
Ever since I was a little 8 years old child I was led by curiosity. I remember asking my parents, who are both working within the construction field as construction engineers, questions about the buildings around.
I was amazed about the ability of human mind to transform the bare earth into a beautiful piece of Architecture. Ever since then I am driven by thirst for knowledge.. and I get excited by the thrill of solving a problem and coming up with ideas that are changing the tangible world that we inhabit.
My career Aspiration is derives from my desire to work with that part of society that is leaving a mark behind; a legacy to show the culture of the people lived for the future generations. My aim is to work for internationally renowned company as an accomplished practising Architect and design the world we inhabit.
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In consequat vitae dui eu sollicitudin. Integer vitae tincidunt neque.
We had a wonderful sail this year in the Southern Cyclades. We picked up the Bavaria 46 in Paros. The team were most helpful in approving my sail plan and the boat was in first class condition. We sailed her south to Nisos Ios and stayed overnight. It was memorable.Thanks to Jeremy and the team.
I can’t believe it’s already been a week since we left the boat. We had a lovely week and good winds and I just wanted to thank you for all your help and information, and answering my endless questions!
Sailing the French Riviera is something you have to do, at least once. And, no doubt, the proper way is aboard of a catamaran. It is expensive, but living on the boat you can always control your living expenses up to the limit where you feel relatively comfortable.


Hi, In my previous posts, we saw how we can create an Elastic search cluster using Docker. Please refer to that post https://xyzcoder.github.io/2020/07/23/elastic-search-cheetsheet.html.
I also have a video recorded for that and you can visit it at
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v1s3bUcN3E4
Now in this post, we will see how we can add data to elastic search using various options. So that we can play with our Elastic Search indexed data in the next posts.
There are multiple ways of ingesting data into Elastic search. But in this post, I’ll focus on Logstash and Python high-level client.
Dataset for indexing
So in order to index data, I choose the StackOverflow data dump. Brent Ozar is a SQL Server guy who usually takes these StackOverflow dumps and converts it into SqlServer backup. So for this demo, I’ll download (1GB compressed torrent)10GB of StackOverflow data dump and I’ll extract it into SQL Server and then I’ll index that into Elastic search using logstash.
Also to just show an example, I’ll also create a JSON file with 500 Posts and then I’ll index that Json file into Elastic search using Python’s high-level client.
Using Logstash docker conatiner For Indexing Data From Sql Server
Logstash is a server‑side data processing pipeline that ingests data from multiple sources simultaneously, transforms it, and then sends it to a “stash” like Elasticsearch. Apart from that, it can also be used to read data from ES and push that data to somewhere else.
Logstash mainly works by making use of Even processing Pipelines . A pipeline is a configuration file, which consists of 3 stages
inputs → filters → outputs
Inputs is used to specify the source of data. Logstash supports plugins related to various formats like JDBC plugin for Databases. Streaming and queuing platforms like Kafka, Azure Even hub, Kinesis. A list of supported input plugins can be found here
https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/logstash/current/input-plugins.html
As I already mentioned, In this post I’ll deal with Sql server as my input and Elastic Search as my destination.
Please do follow these steps:
- Download SQL JDBC driver zip https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=2122433
- Now extract the content of this jar to a folder called a lib somewhere in your drives. In my case, I am extracting it to “D:\LogstashSample\lib”. So you should see mssql-jdbc-8.2.2.jre11
- Now create a file called logstash.conf in another folder called pipeline in the same level as lib folder.
- So our file structure looks like
D:
|—–LogstashSample
|——-lib
|——-mssql-jdbc-8.2.2.jre11
|——-pipeline
|——-logstash.conf
logstash.conf
input {
jdbc {
jdbc_driver_library => "/usr/share/logstash/javalib/mssql-jdbc-8.2.2.jre11.jar"
jdbc_driver_class => "com.microsoft.sqlserver.jdbc.SQLServerDriver"
jdbc_connection_string => "jdbc:sqlserver://host.docker.internal;database=StackOverflow2010;user=pavan;password=pavankumar@123"
jdbc_user => "pavan"
jdbc_password => "pavankumar@123"
statement => "select top 500 * from StackOverflow2010.dbo.Posts"
}
}
output {
elasticsearch {
hosts => ["http://elasticsearch:9200", "http://elasticsearch:9200"]
index => "stackoverflow_top"
}
stdout {
codec => rubydebug
}
}
So, in the input plugin, we are specifying the path to our jar file. Note, this is the path in container. Don’t get confused with D:\LogstashSamples\lib\mssql-jdbc-8.2.2.jre11.jar. We will map to that volume mounting in next steps.
Next, as I am connecting to SqlServer I am using SQLServerDriver.
Now I am passing the JDBC connection string. As I am connecting to SQL Server that was hosted on my host machine(My windows machine) from logstash container, I can connect using host.docker.internal and this will resolve to my local ip address. In case, if you would like to connect to remote SQL Server, please do specify that IP address.
Finally, I am giving a SQL Statement and results of that query will get ingested into my ES index which is specified in output.
Now as the last step, I need to run my Logstash Docker container and at the same time mount my folders lib and pipeline to respective folders in a container, so that my logstash container will pick them.
docker run -it --net somenetwork -v $PWD/lib:/usr/share/logstash/javalib -v $PWD/pipeline/:/usr/share/logstash/pipeline/ docker.elastic.co/logstash/logstash:7.8.0
Open Powershell and command prompt and execute this command in the folder which contains lib and plugin folders. In my case, it is D:\LogstashSample. So in this docker command, we are mounting folders on my host machine to logstash container and starting logstash.
Watch the output and also you can see records inserted into Elastic Search
GET /stackoverflow/_count
{
"query": {
"match_all": {}
}
}
So this is simple and straight forward. Now let’s try to add a bit of complexity to our problem.
Nested document to elasticsearch using logstash
In the above example, we saw how we can stream Posts table data into Elastic search. Now I also wanted to have users data added to the same ES document.
The relation between Posts tables and Users table is OwnerUserId in the Posts table refers to Id in Users table
select top 500 * from StackOverflow2010.dbo.Posts p inner join StackOverflow2010.dbo.Users u
on p.OwnerUserId=u.Id
If I give this query in the above logstash pipeline, I’ll be able to copy data but user data will be in the same level and the document looks something like this.
{
"_index" : "stackoverflow_top",
"_type" : "_doc",
"_id" : "58UEmnMBrXsRTNbKoRrK",
"_score" : 1.0,
"_source" : {
"title" : "Percentage width child element in absolutely positioned parent on Internet Explorer 7",
"acceptedanswerid" : 31,
"location" : "Oakland, CA",
"aboutme" : """
Independent software engineer

""",
"displayname" : "Kevin Dente",
"@timestamp" : "2020-07-29T10:00:58.900Z",
"closeddate" : null,
"accountid" : 7,
"favoritecount" : 10,
"upvotes" : 46,
"downvotes" : 4,
"websiteurl" : "http://weblogs.asp.net/kdente",
"id" : 9,
"lasteditordisplayname" : "Rich B",
"reputation" : 14337,
"viewcount" : 16306,
"@version" : "1",
"creationdate" : "2008-07-31T21:35:26.517Z",
"commentcount" : 0,
"body" : """
I have an absolutely positioned div containing several children, one of which is a relatively positioned div. When I use a percentage-based width on the child div, it collapses to '0' width on Internet Explorer 7, but not on Firefox or Safari.

""",
"score" : 256,
"parentid" : 0,
"age" : null,
"communityowneddate" : null,
"lasteditdate" : "2016-03-19T06:05:48.487Z",
"views" : 4949,
"lastactivitydate" : "2016-03-19T06:10:52.170Z",
"emailhash" : null,
"lasteditoruserid" : 63550,
"answercount" : 5,
"posttypeid" : 1,
"lastaccessdate" : "2018-08-30T18:18:03.423Z",
"owneruserid" : 9,
"tags" : "<css><css3><internet-explorer-7>"
}
}
But I am expecting user data to be part of a nested object and not like above one.
My new logstash.conf plugin file would be
input {
jdbc {
jdbc_driver_library => "/usr/share/logstash/javalib/mssql-jdbc-8.2.2.jre11.jar"
jdbc_driver_class => "com.microsoft.sqlserver.jdbc.SQLServerDriver"
jdbc_connection_string => "jdbc:sqlserver://host.docker.internal;database=StackOverflow2010;user=pavan;password=pavankumar@123"
jdbc_user => "pavan"
jdbc_password => "pavankumar@123"
statement => "select top 500 * from StackOverflow2010.dbo.Posts p "
}
}
filter{
jdbc_streaming {
jdbc_driver_library => "/usr/share/logstash/javalib/mssql-jdbc-8.2.2.jre11.jar"
jdbc_driver_class => "com.microsoft.sqlserver.jdbc.SQLServerDriver"
jdbc_connection_string => "jdbc:sqlserver://host.docker.internal;database=StackOverflow2010;user=pavan;password=pavankumar@123"
jdbc_user => "pavan"
jdbc_password => "pavankumar@123"
statement => "select * from StackOverflow2010.dbo.Users u where u.Id = :owneruserid"
parameters => {"owneruserid" => "owneruserid"}
target => "user_details"
}
}
output {
elasticsearch {
hosts => ["http://elasticsearch:9200", "http://elasticsearch:9200"]
index => "stackoverflow_top_user"
}
stdout {
codec => rubydebug
}
}
So I am making use of filters component and for each record, I am getting corresponding User details and I am making use of jdbc_streaming
Logstash Nested document Mapping Using Aggregate
input {
jdbc {
jdbc_driver_library => "/usr/share/logstash/javalib/mssql-jdbc-8.2.2.jre11.jar"
jdbc_driver_class => "com.microsoft.sqlserver.jdbc.SQLServerDriver"
jdbc_connection_string => "jdbc:sqlserver://host.docker.internal;database=StackOverflow2010;user=pavan;password=pavankumar@123"
jdbc_user => "pavan"
jdbc_password => "pavankumar@123"
statement => "select top 500 p.Id as PostId,p.AcceptedAnswerId,p.AnswerCount,p.Body,u.Id as userid,u.DisplayName,u.Location
from StackOverflow2010.dbo.Posts p inner join StackOverflow2010.dbo.Users u
on p.OwnerUserId=u.Id"
}
}
filter {
aggregate {
task_id => "%{postid}"
code => "
map['postid'] = event.get('postid')
map['accepted_answer_id'] = event.get('acceptedanswerid')
map['answer_count'] = event.get('answercount')
map['body'] = event.get('body')
map['user'] ||= []
map['user'] << {
'id' => event.get('userid'),
'displayname' => event.get('displayname'),
'location' => event.get('location')
}
event.cancel()"
push_previous_map_as_event => true
timeout => 30
}
}
output {
elasticsearch {
hosts => ["http://elasticsearch:9200", "http://elasticsearch:9200"]
index => "stackoverflow_top"
}
stdout {
codec => rubydebug
}
}
So in the above example we are trying to using joins in sql and then trying to map the data accordingly.
Logstash Single Nested Object instead of an array
So in the above example we can see that we have an array of user object but I am 200% sure that there will be only one item. In that case we can use this config
input {
jdbc {
jdbc_driver_library => "/usr/share/logstash/javalib/mssql-jdbc-8.2.2.jre11.jar"
jdbc_driver_class => "com.microsoft.sqlserver.jdbc.SQLServerDriver"
jdbc_connection_string => "jdbc:sqlserver://host.docker.internal;database=StackOverflow2010;user=pavan;password=pavankumar@123"
jdbc_user => "pavan"
jdbc_password => "pavankumar@123"
statement => "select top 500 p.Id as PostId,p.AcceptedAnswerId,p.AnswerCount,p.Body,u.Id as userid,u.DisplayName,u.Location
from StackOverflow2010.dbo.Posts p inner join StackOverflow2010.dbo.Users u
on p.OwnerUserId=u.Id"
}
}
filter {
aggregate {
task_id => "%{postid}"
code => "
map['postid'] = event.get('postid')
map['accepted_answer_id'] = event.get('acceptedanswerid')
map['answer_count'] = event.get('answercount')
map['body'] = event.get('body')
map['user'] = {
'id' => event.get('userid'),
'displayname' => event.get('displayname'),
'location' => event.get('location')
}
event.cancel()"
push_previous_map_as_event => true
timeout => 30
}
}
output {
elasticsearch {
hosts => ["http://elasticsearch:9200", "http://elasticsearch:9200"]
index => "stackoverflow_top"
}
stdout {
codec => rubydebug
}
}
Indexing Data with Python Highlevel client
I know Logstash is powerful and we can have multiple transformations. But In my case, as a developer, I feel comfortable with programming languages and I prefer C# or Python which are my fav programming languages. If I want to make complex transformations, then I prefer these instead of logstash and it is all choice.
Before executing the python file, you need to install an elastic search package
pip3 install elasticsearch
Now let’s see how we can index data using Python and you need to have JSON file in the same directory where this python file is present in my sample.
from datetime import datetime
from elasticsearch import Elasticsearch
import json
import os
es = Elasticsearch(['<es ip address>'])
THIS_FOLDER = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
my_file = os.path.join(THIS_FOLDER, 'test.json')
#f = open(my_file,'r')
#data = json.load(f, strict=False)
file1 = open(my_file, 'r', encoding="utf8")
Lines = file1.readlines()
ii=0
for i in Lines:
doc = json.loads(i.rstrip("\n"))
res = es.index(index="test-index", id=ii, body=doc)
print(res['result'])
ii=ii+1
# Closing file
file1.close()
In this example, I am trying to read data from a JSON file and trying to index it. We can also replace reading from Json with many things that logstash input is doing like Streams, PubSub queues, Databases, and many more.
If you want to try this, you can download this python file and also sample 500 StackOverflow records from my google drive
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1AH_oK9Gmj7_IUjA0TVa4zD4iXURMWbwx/view
Thanks,
Pavan Kumar Aryasomayajulu


Welcome to computer science! In this class we spend the whole day coding, building/disassembling computers, and exploring OSes, like Linux. Computer science is an umbrella term, it describes many different things within that one term. We have mostly done work with software this week, designing websites and working with Linux. But we also touched on hardware when we dissasembled a computer, then reassembled it. Personally I liked the hardware exercise way more than the Linux one. This year we will also be doing other things, such as:


|
DRYAIR()
|
DRYAIR |
|
Free_or_forced_convection()
|
Commpare Grashof and Reyolds numbers to determine whether convection is free or forced (Gates 1980) |
|
Grashof_number()
|
Calculate Grashof Number |
|
Grashof_number_Gates()
|
Calculate Grashof Number in Gates |
|
Nu_from_Gr()
|
Estimate the Nusselt number from the Grashof number (based on Gates 1980) |
|
Nu_from_Re()
|
Estimate the Nusselt number from the Reynolds number (based on Mitchell 1976) |
|
Nusselt_number()
|
Calculate Nusselt Number |
|
Prandtl_number()
|
Calculate Prandtl Number |
|
Qconduction_animal()
|
Calculate conductance assuming animal thermal conductivity is rate limiting |
|
Qconduction_substrate()
|
Calculate conductance assuming substrate thermal conductivity is rate limiting |
|
Qconvection()
|
Calculate convection |
|
Qemitted_thermal_radiation()
|
Calculate emitted thermal radiation |
|
Qevaporation()
|
Calculate heat loss associated with evaporative water loss |
|
Qmetabolism_from_mass()
|
Calculate metabolism as a function of mass |
|
Qmetabolism_from_mass_temp()
|
Calculate basal (or resting) metabolism as a function of mass and body temperature. |
|
Qnet_Gates()
|
Estimates net energy exchange between an animal and the environment in W. |
|
Qradiation_absorbed()
|
Calculate absorbed solar and thermal radiation |
|
Qthermal_radiation_absorbed()
|
Estimate absorbed longwave (thermal) radiation |
|
Reynolds_number()
|
Calculate Reynolds Number |
|
TPC()
|
Construct a Gaussian-quadratic thermal performance curve. |
|
TPC.beta()
|
Construct a thermal performance curve based on a beta function. |
|
Tb_CampbellNorman()
|
Predicts body temperatures (operative environmental temperature) of an ectotherm in K. |
|
Tb_Fei()
|
Calculate body temperature(Operative Temperature) of Lizard using model by Fei et al. |
|
Tb_Gates()
|
Predicts body temperatures (operative environmental temperature) of an ectotherm in K. |
|
Tb_butterfly()
|
Predicts body temperature (operative environmental temperature) of a butterfly in °C. |
|
Tb_grasshopper()
|
Predicts body temperatures (operative environmental temperature) of a grasshopper in °C. |
|
Tb_limpet()
|
Predicts body temperature (operative environmental temperature) of a limpet in °C. |
|
Tb_limpetBH()
|
Predicts body temperature (operative environmental temperature) of a limpet in °C. |
|
Tb_lizard()
|
Predicts body temperatures (operative environmental temperature) of a lizard in °C. |
|
Tb_mussel()
|
Predicts body temperature (operative environmental temperature) of a mussel in °C. |
|
Tb_salamander_humid()
|
Calculate humid operative temperature |
|
Tb_snail()
|
Predicts body temperature (operative environmental temperature) of a marine snail in °C. |
|
Tbed_mussel()
|
Predicts body temperature (operative environmental temperature) of a mussel bed in °C. |
|
Tsoil()
|
Statistical approximation of soil temperature |
|
VAPPRS()
|
VAPPRS |
|
WETAIR()
|
WETAIR |
|
actual_vapor_pressure()
|
Calculate actual vapor pressure from dewpoint temperature |
|
air_temp_profile()
|
Estimate air temperature profile as in NicheMapR |
|
air_temp_profile_neutral()
|
Estimate temperature at a specified height under neutral conditions |
|
air_temp_profile_segment()
|
Estimate temperature at a specified height |
|
airpressure_from_elev()
|
Estimate air pressure in kPa (Kilo Pascal) |
|
azimuth_angle()
|
Calculate Azimuth angle |
|
boundary_layer_resistance()
|
Estimate the boundary layer resistance |
|
day_of_year()
|
Calculate day of the year from a passed date |
|
daylength()
|
Calculate day length |
|
dec_angle()
|
Calculate solar declination in radians |
|
degree_days()
|
Calculate degree days |
|
degree_to_radian()
|
Converts angle in degrees to radians |
|
diurnal_radiation_variation()
|
Estimate diurnal radiation |
|
diurnal_temp_variation_sine()
|
Diurnal temperature across hours |
|
diurnal_temp_variation_sineexp()
|
Estimate temperature across hours using a diurnal temperature variation function incorporating sine and exponential components |
|
diurnal_temp_variation_sinesqrt()
|
Estimates temperature across hours using sine and square root functions |
|
estimate_radiation()
|
Estimate radiation (three parts - Direct, Diffused and Reflected) |
|
external_resistance_to_water_vapor_transfer()
|
Calculate external resistance to water vapor transfer |
|
fahrenheit_to_celsius()
|
Converts Fahrenheit to Celsius |
|
fahrenheit_to_kelvin()
|
Converts Fahrenheit to Kelvin |
|
heat_transfer_coefficient()
|
Calculate heat transfer coefficient. |
|
heat_transfer_coefficient_approximation()
|
Calculate heat transfer coefficient using a sphereical approximation (based on Mitchell 1976) |
|
heat_transfer_coefficient_simple()
|
Calculate heat transfer coefficient (based on Mitchell 1976 in Spotila 1992) |
|
kelvin_to_celsius()
|
Converts Kelvin to Celsius |
|
mass_from_length()
|
Calculate mass from length |
|
monthly_solar_radiation()
|
Estimate average monthly solar radiation |
|
partition_solar_radiation()
|
Estimate the diffuse fraction (k_d) for partitioning solar radiation |
|
prop_silhouette_area()
|
Calculate silhouette area |
|
prop_silhouette_area_shapes()
|
Calculate silhouette area using the shape approximations |
|
radian_to_degree()
|
Converts angle in radians to degrees |
|
sa_from_length()
|
Calculate surface area from length by approximating the animal's body as a rotational ellipsoid |
|
sa_from_mass()
|
Calculate surface area from mass |
|
sa_from_volume()
|
Calculate surface area from volume. |
|
saturation_vapor_pressure()
|
Calculate saturation vapor pressure |
|
saturation_water_vapor_pressure()
|
Approximate saturation water vapor pressure |
|
soil_conductivity()
|
Estimate soil thermal conductivity |
|
soil_specific_heat()
|
Estimate soil specific heat |
|
soil_temperature()
|
Function to calculate soil temperature in °C using ODEs. |
|
soil_temperature_equation()
|
Function called by soil_temperature_function() to solve equation for soil temperature. |
|
soil_temperature_function()
|
Function to calculate soil temperature. |
|
soil_temperature_integrand()
|
Solve equation for soil temperature |
|
solar_noon()
|
Calculate time of solar noon |
|
surface_roughness()
|
Estimate surface roughness from empirical measurements. |
|
volume_from_length()
|
Calculate volume from length (Based on Mitchell 1976) |
|
wind_speed_profile_neutral()
|
Estimate wind speed at a specific height under neutral conditions. |
|
wind_speed_profile_segment()
|
Estimate windspeed at a specified height |
|
zenith_angle()
|
Calculate Zenith Angle |


CREDITS
GAME DIRECTOR
Zack White
PROJECT MANAGER
Zack White
SCRIPT DIRECTOR
Zack White
TALENT DIRECTOR
Zack White
ADDITIONAL HELP FROM
Michael Robil
John Humbracht
Austin Williams
LEAD ARTIST
Alek
JUNIOR ARTIST
Alek
LEAD LIGHTING ARTIST
Devin Mccracken
RECORDING ENGINEER
Bill Olberson
HUMAN RESOURCES ADMINISTRATOR
Sierra Cunnigham
FINANCE COORDINATOR
Howard Phillips
INTERNATION TRANSLATION DIRECTOR
Todd Davis
IT MANAGER
Randy Mitchell
ANIMAL HANDLER
Anne Belton
CATERING COORDINATOR
Rick Meyers
NIGHT FILMING COORDINATOR
Mike Henson
着 期 勝 開 階
Takeo Watanabe
QA MANAGER
Wataru Takahashi
PLAYTESTERS
Stephen Pulk
Rick Gamble
Michael Black
DOMESTIC DISPUTE HANDLER
Christine Harmon
ON SCENE MEDIC
Hank Miller
LOCATION SCOUTING
Kevin Hooper
RESIDENT PSYCHOLOGIST
Charles Winston
ARMCHAIR HISTORIAN
Adam Goldberg
REAL HISTORIAN
Katie Greene
KEG STAND OPERATOR
Martin Rich
CREDITS
Zack White
MADE WITH UNREAL ENGINE
BUS RENTAL PROVIDED BY
SPECIAL THANKS
Stephen Johnson School for the Blind
Connor Stone Foundation
Mark Hamilton
Eric Chunn
Chris Scott
Viewers Like You
Produced By Nakamura Gaming International LLC.
©1997-2019


git does not currently provide anything like this. But after seeing your question I did some googling and found that back in 2009 this feature was requested and partially implemented. After reading the thread, I realised it would not be too much work to do it properly, so I have started work on a patch and hope to have it finished in the next day or two. I will update this answer when it is ready.


Before Change
pg = create_progress_bar(steps)
for batch_dict in ts:
x, xch, lengths, y, ids = self.model.make_input(batch_dict)
pred = self.model.predict((x, xch), lengths)
correct, count, overlaps, golds, guesses = self.process_output(pred, y, lengths, ids, handle, txts)
total_correct += correct
After Change
for batch_dict in ts:
lengths = batch_dict["lengths"]
ids = batch_dict["ids"]
y = batch_dict["y"]
pred = self.model.predict(batch_dict)
correct, count, overlaps, golds, guesses = self.process_output(pred, y, lengths, ids, handle, txts)
total_correct += correct


-- Putting the Fast in Fast Food --
Maxcap is a mobile and web development that allows users to keep an eye on the wait lines of local franchises.
Revolutionizing the fast food industry and it's facets is our purpose.
"I can definitely see the value of a service of this sort. Maxcap epitomizes time conservation, convenience and
brilliance. As a business owner, I cannot afford to waste time at lineups, and Maxcap remedies this situation."
- Casey Li, business magnate, philantropist, living legend, and advocate for a better future.
Our Method
Hardware Installation
Cutting edge laser technology sensors are installed at the entrances, that accurately determine the amount of people entering and leaving the store.
Data Storage
This data is uploaded and stored in our secure databases. The information is then processed rigorously and returns very accurately approximated wait times.
Live Updates
The wait times are then updated in real-time on the user interface of the franchise's app. This information is then accessible by the user in a simplified format.
The Team
Shahzaib Sahibzada
Designs Specialist
Binura Gunasekera
Lead Designer
Ellen Li
Production Lead
Sivakumar Tharmendrah
Business Exec.
Sébastien Gorman
Business Lead


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{% extends "email_base.html" %}
{% load i18n %}
{% block content %}
{% trans "You're receiving this email because a new account has been created for you at ephios." %}
{% trans "Please go to the following page and choose a new password:" %}
{% block reset_link %}
{% trans "Set password" %}
{% endblock %}
{% trans "Your username is your email address:" %} {{ email }}
{% endblock %}


KiKi's Bakery
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Copy and paste the code below into your website:
Copy the link below. You can paste the link anywhere you can type, including in emails, Word documents, your browser's address bar, Facebook chats, and more.


Test for http://bugs.webkit.org/show_bug.cgi?id=14972 Moving cursor down in contentEditable section fails if styled line-height:1em.
Test did not run
Pressing the down arrow when the caret is on this line should move it to this line.


1. Place the image called books.jpg on this page following this paragraph.
2. Create a hyperlink that will return the user to the home page of this site. Place the link in a paragraph following this one.
2. Create a hyperlink that will take the user to the academics page of this site. Place the link in a paragraph following this one.


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