Physics-based vision
Since I first got exposed to this topic - physics based vision, there is only one thing in my mind: it’s hard, and I hate it. Yet, I spent a lot of time reading textbooks, articles, papers, trying to understand the intuition and math. But this area is so vastly broad and after a while, the only recollection I had started to fade away. That’s why I decided to write this post, put down everything that I can or cannot understand.
From my own experience, the hardest part of this topic is the gap between the intuitiveness of the phenomena and the abstractness of the algorithms. It makes things even worse especially when you don’t implement every algorithm yourself.
The majority of the content is taken from the CPSC 505 course that I took in UBC (Courtesy to Prof. Bob Woodham and Prof. Jim Little), a CMU course Physics based Methods in Vision, and Computer Vision: a modern approach.
What is Physics-based vision
- How did the pixel get its value - Jitendra Malik
- We must understand scene appearance.
So what is scene appearance?
- Light and shadows
- Reflections
- Refractions
- Interreflections
- Scattering
Image Formation (Geometry)
Before we can estimate object/scene shape from images, we need to understand the geometric and radiometric relationship between the scene and its image.
Perspective Projection
Orthographic Projection
This is only possible when \(z » \Delta z\), i.e., the range of scene depths is assumed to be much smaller than the average scene depth.
Better approximations to Perspective Projection
There are two alternative camera model that can better approximate perspective projection than orthographic projection: weak-perspective and para-perspective.
Weak-perspective: perspective projection onto a plane can be approximated by orthographic projection, followed by scaling, when (1) the object dimensions are small compared to the distance from the center of projection; (2) compared to this distance, the object is close to the optic axis.
Para-perspective: perspective projection onto a plane can be approximated by parallel projection, followed by scaling, whenever the object dimensions are small compared to the distance of the object from the center of projection. The direction of parallel projection is along the “average direction” of perspective projection. Parallel projection onto a plane is a generalisation of orthographic projection in which all the object points are projected along a set of parallel straight lines that may or may not be orthogonal to the image plane.
Image Formation (Radiometry)
We need to understand Radiometric Concepts and Reflectance Properties to interpret image intensities.
Image intensity
Image intensity is a function of illumination, surface reflectance and orientation, and surface reflection depends on both the viewing and illumination direction.
Radiometric concepts
- Solid angle: \(d\omega = \frac{dA’}{R^2}=\frac{dA cos\theta}{R^2}\) (steradian).
- Radiant Intensity of Source: \(J=\frac{d\Phi}{d\omega}\) (watts/steradian): Light Flux (power) emitted per unit solid angle.
-
Surface Irradiance: \(E=\frac{d\Phi}{dA}\) (watts/\(m^2\): Light Flux (power) incident per unit surface area. Does not depend on where the light is coming from.
- Inverse-square law: moving a point light source away from a surface reduces irradiance in proportion to the inverse square of the distance.
- Tilting a surface away from a point light results in a lower irradiance, in proportion to the cosine of the angle between the surface normal and the direction toward the light.
\[E(P) = \frac{1}{dA}L_i(P, \theta_i, \phi_i)(cos\theta_i dA)d\omega = L_i(P, \theta_i, \phi_i)cos\theta_i d\omega\]
- Surface Radiance: \(L = \frac{d^2\Phi}{(dAcos\theta_r)d\omega}\) (watts/\(m^2\) steradian), \(^2\) means there are 2 infinitesimal terms involved.
- Flux emitted per unit foreshortened/projected area per unit solid angle
- \(L\) depends on direction \(\theta_r\)
- Surface can radiate into whole hemisphere
- \(L\) depends on reflectance properties of surface
Radiance properties
The distribution of light in space is a function of position and direction. The effect of illumination can be represented in terms of the power an infinitesimal patch of surface would receive if it were placed into space at a particular point and orientation. In other words, a small surface patch viewing the source frontally collects more evergy than the same patch viewing a source along a nearly tangent direction - the amoun of energy a patch collects from a source depends both on how large the source looks from the patch and on how large the patch looks from the source.
- Radiance is constant as it propagates along ray. More precisely, the radiance leaving \(P_1\) in the direction of \(P_2\) is the same as the radiance arriving \(P_2\) from the direction of \(P_1\).
Relation between scene and image brightness
Before lihgt hits the image plane (Linear Mapping):
\[E = L\frac{pi}{4}(\frac{d}{f})^2cos\alpha^4\]
where \(L\) is the object/scene radiance, \(d\) is the lens diameter, \(f\) is the focal length, \(\alpha\) is the angle between the normal of the image plane and the direction from image point to center of lens. This relationship implies:
- The image irradiance is proportional to the object radiance
- The image irradiance is proportional to the area of the lens and inversely proportional to the distance between its center and the image plane.
- The image irradiance is proportional to \(cos^4\alpha\) and falls off as the light rays deviate from the optical axis
After light hits the image plane (Non-linear Mapping):
Surface Model [2]
The following section is summarized from Chap 3 of the paper - Surface Reflection: Physical and Geometrical Perspectives.
The way in which light is reflected by a surface is dependent on, among other factors, the microscopic shape characteristics of the surface. A smooth surface may reflect incident light in a single direction, while a rough surface may scatter the light in various directions. We need prior knowledge of the microscopic surface irregularities, or a model of the surface to determine the reflection of incident light.
The possible surface models are divided into 2 categories: surface with exactly known profiles and surfaces with random irregularities. An exact profile may be determined by measuring the height at each point on the surface by means of a sensor such as the stylus profilometer. This method is cumbersome and impractical. Hence, it’s more reasonable to model the surface as a random process, where it is described by a statistical distribution of either its height above a certain mean level, or its slope w.r.t its mean (macroscopic) slope. The section only discusses these two statistical approaches.
Height Distribution Model
The height coordinate \(h\) of the surface is expressed as random function of the coordinates \(x\) and \(y\).
The shape of the surface is determined by the probability distribution of \(h\). For instance, let \(h\) be normally distributed, with mean value \(\bar{h}=0\) and standard deviation \(\sigma_h\). Then, the distribution of \(h\) is given by:
The \(\sigma_h\) is the root-mean-square of \(h\) and represents the roughness of the surface. The surface is not uniquely described by the distribution of \(h\), as it does not tell us anything about the distance between the hills and valleys of the surface.
The surfaces below have the same height distribution function, i.e., the same mean value and standard deviation. However, they don’t resemble each other in appearance.
An autocorrelation coefficient \(C(\tau)\) is introduced, that determines the correlation (or lack of independence) between the random values assumed by the height \(h\) at two surface points \((x_1, y_1)\) and \((x_2, y_2)\), separated by a distance \(\tau\). The autocorrelation coefficient can be:
where \(T\) is the correlation distance. Therefore, the above surfaces have small and large correlation distances respectively.
Slope Distribution Model
We can also think of a surface as a collection of planar micro-facets.
A large set of micro-facets constitutes an infinitesimal surface patch that has a mean surface orientation \(\vec{n}\). Each micro-facet has its own orientation, which may deviate from the mean surface orientation by an angle \(\alpha\).
We will use the parameter \(\alpha\) to represent the slope of individual facets. Surfaces can be modeled by a statistical distribution of the micro-facet slopes. If the surface is isotropic, the probability distribution of the micro-facet slopes can be assumed to be rotationally symmetric w.r.t the mean surface normal \(\vec{n}\). Therefore, facet slopes can be described by a one-dimensional probability distribution function. For instance, the surface may be modeled by assuming a normal distribution for the facet slope \(\alpha\), with mean value \(\bar{\alpha}=0\) and standard deviation \(\sigma_\alpha\):
The surface model is determined by a single parameter \(\sigma_\alpha\), and larger \(\sigma_\alpha\) can be used to model rougher surfaces. While autocorrelation coefficient is important, the concept of slope correlation is more difficult to interpret and is not that useful in the generation of surface, which results in a weaker model compared to the height model. However, slope distribution model is popular in the analysis of surface reflection, as the scattering of light rays is dependent on the local slope of the surface and not the local height of the surface.
Surface roughness
Surface reflection theory relates irregularities to the wavelength of incident light and the angle of incidence. For incident light of a given wavelength, the roughness of a surface may be estimated by studying the manner in which the surface scatters light in different directions. If the surface irregularities are small compared to the wavelength of incident light, a large fraction of the incident light will be reflected specularly in a single direction. If the surface irregularities are large compared to the wavelength, the surface will scatter the incident light in various directions. Conversely, the same surface can be made to appear smooth or rough by varying the wavelength of incident light; or for the same wavelength it can be made to appear smooth or rough by varying the angle of incidence.
Raleigh suggested a way of relating surface roughness to wavelength and angle of incidence, and established a simple criterion for classifying surfaces as smooth or rough. Consider ray 1 and ray 2 in the figure above, incident at an angle \(\beta\) on a surface with irregularities of height \(H\). Since the two rays strike the surface at locally smooth patches, both rays are specularly reflected. The rays originate from a source plane that is perpendicular to the rays, and they are received by a detector that is perpendicular to the reflected rays. We are interested in finding the difference between the paths traveled by the two rays. We can get
If \(\lambda\) is the wavelength of the incident rays, the phase difference between the rays received by the detector may be determined from the path difference as:
If \(\Omega\) is small, the two rays received by the detector will be almost in phase with each other, and the received energy will be nearly equal to the sum of the energies carried by the two rays. In this case, the surface reflects light specularly and is thus smooth.
If \(\Omega\) approaches \(\pi\), the two rays will be in phas opposition and will tend to cancel the effects of each other. If \(\Omega=\pi\), no energy will flow in the direction of the detector. The incident energy is thus redistributed in other directions, and thus rough.
By selecting a threshold value of \(\frac{\pi}{2}\), we have Raleigh criterion that states that a surface is considered to be rough when:
BRDF
BRDF is short for Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function. It’s defined as
The ratio of the radiance in the outgoing direction to the incident irradiance.
\[f(\theta_i, \phi_i; \theta_r, \phi_r) = \frac{L^{surface}(\theta_r ,\phi_r)}{E^{surface}(\theta_i, \phi_i)}\]
where \(L^{surface}(\theta_r ,\phi_r)\) is the radiance of surface in direction \(\theta_r ,\phi_r\), and \(E^{surface}(\theta_i, \phi_i)\) is irradiance at surface in direction \(\theta_i, \phi_i\)
Properties
The term physically plausible BRDF is used for reflectance functions that satisfy energy conservation and reciprocity.
- Energy Conservation: the integral of BRDF over all outgoing directions, scaled by the cosine term to accout for foreshortening, must be less than 1.
- Helmholtz Reciprocity: BRDF doesn’t change when source and viewing directions are swapped, which is due to the symmetry of light transport.
Some, but not all, BRDFs have a property called isotropy: they are unchanged if the incoming and outgoing directions are rotated by the same amount about the surface normal. In this case, the BRDF is a 3D function, and depends only on the difference between the azimuthal angles of incidence and exitance.
Constraints
The total energy arriving at a surface patch \(dA\) in a time interval \(dt\) is
We assume that any energy leaving at the surface leaves from the same point at which it arrived and no energy is generated within the surface. This means that the total energy leaving the surface during that interval is less than or equal to the amount arriving. This means, the inequality must hold, whatever the choice of \(L_i\).
Representation [1]
The main efforts in BRDF representation have focused on either analytic formulas that can represent some narrow class of BRDFs, or generic techniques suitable for storing arbitrary 4D functions.
Analytic model - Physically-based and Phenomenological
Many of these analytic models are the result of modeling the properties of a real surface and mathematically computing the amount of light that would be reflected by a surface with those properties. For example, physically-based BRDFs have been derived for primarily specular surfaces (e.g. the Cook-Torrance-Sparrow model), for rough diffuse surfaces (the Oren-Nayar model), and for dusty surfaces (the Hapke/Lommel-Seeliger model). Those physically-based models, to a large degree, satisfy the criteria of physical plausibility.
An inherent property of physically-based models is that because they start with specific assumptions about microgeometry, they can only predict the reflectance of surfaces that closely match those assumptions. As a result, even the most elaborate theoretical models cannot predict reflectance from surfaces with complex microstructure or mesostructure.
Phenomenological models have been used to widen the range of representable BRDFs. For instance, Minnaert BRDF is used to model lunar reflection, Lafortune’s generalized cosine lobes can represent a wide range of phenomena.
Decomposition into Basis Functions
Describing a complex function as a linear combination of some set of basis functions is a widely used technique for representing continuous functions. The most classes of basis functions are tensor products of the spherical harmonics, Zernike polynomials, and spherical wavelets.
Spherical harmonics, the spherical analogue of sines and cosines, are a popular choice for representing BRDFs.
An alternative is to use a basis of functions on a disk, then map those functions onto a hemisphere. For instance, Zernike polynomials.
Both the spherical harmonics and Zernike polynomials require large numbers of basis functions in order to represent quickly-varying BRDFs accurately, and evaluating a BRDF represented in terms of these functions requires computation time proportional to the total number of nonzero coefficients.
Wavelets have been proposed as an alternative set of basis functions for BRDF representation, because they help reduce evaluation time and storage cost.
Change of Variables
The transformation is a change of variables that causes some features of common BRDFs to lie along the new coordinates axes. Specifically, BRDF is parametrized in terms of the halfway vector (the vector halfway between the incoming and reflected rays) and a “difference” vector, which is just the incident ray in a frame of reference in which the halfway vector is at the north pole. That is, instead of representing the BRDF as \(f(\theta_i, \phi_i, \theta_r, \phi_r)\), we regard the BRDF as a function of the halfangle and difference angle: \(f(\theta_h, \phi_h, \theta_d, \phi_d)\), where
Note that \((\theta_h, \phi_h)\) are the sphercial coordinates of the halfway vector in the \(\vec{t}-\vec{n}-\vec{b}\) frame. The two rotations brings the halfangle \(\vec{h}\) to the north pole, and \(\theta_d, \phi_d\) are the spherical coordinates of the incident ray in this transformed frame.
Properties in the New Coordinates
- Isotropic BRDF is a constant function of \(\phi_h\), and independent of \(\phi_h\), which means that an isotropic BRDF will have basis function coefficients equal to zero for all basis functions that vary with \(\phi_h\).
- The angles of incidence and reflection become much more symmetric. In particular, the condition of Helmholtz reciprocity becomes a simple symmetry under \(\phi_d \Rightarrow \phi_d + \pi\).
- Ideal specular and near-ideal specular peaks are transformed by the change of variables to lie mostly along the \(\theta_h\) axis. An ideal specular peak is represented as a delta function of \(\theta_h\), and is completely independent of the other three variables. In general, any BRDF that depends only on \((\vec{n} \cdot \vec{h})\) is independent of three of the four variables in the transformed sapce.
- Any analytic model that starts with an isotropic microfacet distribution and ignores masking, shadowing, and interreflectance will be a separable function of only \(\theta_h\) and \(\theta_d\) in the transformed coordinates.
- Retroreflective peaks are transformed to be functions of only \(\theta_d\).
Special Cases
Radiosity
If the radiance leaving a surface is independent of exit angle, there is no point describing it as a unit that explicitly depends on direction. The appropriate unit is radiosity (\(B(P)\)), defined as
the total power leaving a point on a surface per unit area on the surface
To compute the radiosity of a surface point, we can sum the exit radiance over the whole hemisphere.
Directional Hemisphere Reflectance
The light leaving many surfaces is largely independent of the exit angle. A natural measure of a surface’s reflective properties is the directional-hemispheric reflectance, defined as
the fraction of the incident irradiance in a given direction that is reflected by the surface, whatever the direction of the reflection.
The directional hemispheric reflectance is obtained by summing the radiance leaving the surface over all directions and dividing by the irradiance in the direction of illumination, thus it’s dimensionless, and ranges from 0 to 1.
Scene Radiance Equation (very important)
Reflection Model
Diffuse reflection from Smooth Surfaces
- Lambertian BRDF is a constant, independent of incoming or outgoing direction: \(f(\theta_i, \phi_i; \theta_r, \phi_r)=\frac{\rho_d}{\pi}\), where \(\rho_d\) is the diffuse albedo (a special case of directional hemispherical reflectance)
- Surface Radiance: \(L=\frac{\rho_d}{\pi}Icos\theta_i=\frac{\rho_d}{\pi}I\vec{n} \cdot \vec{s}\), where \(I\) is source intensity.
Radiance decreases with increase in angle between surface normal and source direction. Thus the edge of a Lambertian object should be dark (\(\vec{n} \cdot \vec{s}=0\)).
Conflict: The moon appears diffuse, but the edges of the moon look bright when illuminated by earth’s radiance.
Fact: Surface roughness causes flat appearance, e.g. the full moon has a flat appearance. The roughness increase from left to right in the following image
Lambertian model is valid for only smooth matte surfaces, bad for rough matte surfaces (like the moon).
Diffuse Reflection from Rough Surfaces
Oren-Nayar Model
[TBD]
Specular reflection from Smooth Surfaces
- Very smooth surface, all incident light is reflected in a SINGLE direction.
- Mirror BRDF is a double-delta function: \(f(\theta_i, \phi_i; \theta_r, \phi_r)=\rho_s\delta(\theta_i-\theta_v)\delta(\phi_i+\pi-\phi_v)\), where \(\rho_s\) is the specular albedo.
- Surface Radiance: \(L = I\rho_s\delta(\theta_i-\theta_v)\delta(\phi_i+\pi-\phi_v)\)
Specular Reflections from Rough Surfaces
Specular lobes (specularity)
Radiation arriving in one direction leaves in a small lobe of directions around the specular direction, which results in a blurring effect. The most common model used to model the shape of the lobe is the Phone model.
Phone Model
In this model, the radiance leaving a specular surface is proportional to \(cos^n(\sigma\theta)=cos^n(\theta_r-\theta_s)\), where \(\theta_r\) is the exit angle, and \(\theta_s\) is the specular direction and \(n\) is a parameter. large values of \(n\) lead to a narrow lobe and small, sharp specularities; small values lead to a broad lobe and large specularities with rather fuzzy boundaries.
- Sort of works, easy to compute
- Not physically based (no energy conservation and reciprocity)
- Commonly used in CG
Torrance-Sparrow Model
- Physically based model for surface reflection
- Based on geometric optics
- Explains off-specular lobe (wider highlights)
- Works for only rough surfaces
[TBD]
Summary of Surface and BRDFs
Reference
[1] Rusinkiewicz. A New Change of Variables for Efficient BRDF Representation
[2] Nayar, Ikeuchi, Kanade. Surface Reflection: Physical and Geometrical Perspectives


Chocolat * * * out of * * * * Starring: Juliette Binoche, Lena Olin, Johnny Depp, Judi Dench, Carrie Anne-Moss, Alfred Molina. Directed by: Lasse Hollstrom Running Time: 121 Minutes Rated PG-13: sensuality, some violence.
Comedy, Fable, Story...these three words best describe the delectable "Chocolat", the new film directed by Lasse Hollstrom (1999's The Cider House Rules). There are films out in the world that are just great, but not worthy of Oscar Nominations. In 1999 "The Cider House Rules" took the world by surprise and received an Oscar Nomination, of course even being a fantastic movie, it wasn't a movie that needed an Oscar Nominator. In 2000 "Chocolat" was nominated for Best Picture, and unfairly as well for still being a good movie, it isn't Oscar Material.
The film starts with a prologue of a voice-over of a woman, telling about a small village in France.  One Sunday the North wind brought in a chill, but also a surprise, for two new people are moving into this small French Village. Vianne Rooter (Juliette Binoche) and her young daughter Anouk Rocher (Victoire Thivisiol) open up a Chocolate shop in this town, and take it by surprise. For Vianne herself puts special ingredients in her chocolat, for such things as sexuality, moodiness, or insomnia. Much despised by the townfolk, especially by the mayor Comte de Reynaud (Alfred Molina), they try to run them out of the village, but of course Vianne stands up for herself and tries to prove that she is not a bad person, but just a different one.
The movie's underlying tone is that of a good message, there are a lot of stereotypes in the film, and the character of Vianne tries to stop that in this town.  Lasse Hollstrom's direction is very nicely done, especially in the opening sequence with a nice CGI effect of a camera drop in on the town (which for being described as very small, it actually good size).
The characters are very nicely portrayed by many well-known faces. First up is the French Actress Juliette Binoche (who is nominated for an Oscar for her role, and deservedly so), she is a very beautiful and graceful actress who brings out the best of her character. Dame Judi Dench (who is also nominated for an Oscar) for her role as the cranky landlord of Vianne. Two well known American actors are also involved in this project. Carrie Anne-Moss of "The Matrix" fame, does a great job playing the uptight character of Caroline Claimont (who we find out some interesting tidbits about), and the misplaced character of Roux (played well by Johnny Depp) the pirate type man who almost brings the town to a stop.
"Chocolat" is based on the novel by Joanne Harris, and is written for the screen by Robert Nelson Jacobs. His script is well written, with some clever and witty dialogue that actually had me laughing out loud a couple of times. This isn't your type of comedy where your going to be bent over laughing, but a nice, sweet little comedy where a smile comes over your face and even a laugh here and there.
Even with these good things, "Chocolat" suffers it's share of bad things as well. Besides being somewhat predictable, the characters especially that of Roux are needless, and really just cliched. In my opinion, the film would have been better without him. Also a sequence in which I got so mad I almost left, and then it just turned around of course just messing with our feelings. It may sound like I am ragging on this movie, but believe me I'm not, just a few flaws the movie has. In the end, "Chocolat" is a rewarding experience that I could watch many times, and never get tired of.
Reviewed by Brandon Herring 2/25/01.
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Pescara is the major city in this area. It lies at the entrance to the Pescara river on the Adriatic coast of Italy, due east of Dubrovnik. It has extensive sandy beaches and is a popular tourist destination.
Position 42°28'N, 14°13.6'E.
This is a Port of Entry.
The Harbour master's office is on the south side of the river port, just downstream of the road bridge.
Last updated March 2010.
The port, which is in the river, is busy with fishing boats, commercial craft and ferries, but there is also a marina here.
The entrance to the marina, which is one of the largest on this Adriatic coast, is half a mile south of the river port.
Either berth in the marina as directed, or, if wishing to moor in the river, try the yacht club berths in Porto Canale.
It may also be possible to tie up the the quay opposite the yacht club, near the police launches.
Strong currents (2knts) and debris can be a problem in the river.
The marina offers complete shelter.
Last updated March 2010.


--- layout: atlas title: Atlas description: Atlas of Curated Splicing Regulators in Humans. background: "/img/dna.png" ---


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[gecode-users] Installation problems on CygWin
Guido Tack
tack at ps.uni-sb.de
Sun Apr 13 18:41:22 CEST 2008
Katya Alahverdzhieva wrote:
> Hello Gecoders,
>
> I'm trying to run an application (Tulipa) which uses Gecode/J. I'm
> using Cygwin on Windows XP (SP2, German). I get the error message
> which is posted at the bottom of this email. Here is a summary of
> what I did:
>
> - Gecode-2.1.1.msi doesn't work for me
> - reports that I don't have enough disk space
> - that's obviously wrong, I have GBs of free space
> - Google tells me others have had that problem
> - I decided to compile manually
>
> - installed gecode-2.1.1.tar.gz
> - so, in a Cygwin shell:
> - ./configure CC="gcc -mno-cygwin" CXX="g++ -mno-cygwin"
I guess the libraries generated with gcc (even with -mno-cygwin) don't
work with Java. It seems the library can be loaded, but the symbol
names don't match.
We have not been able to get this setup running, either (I remember
trying this a while ago), but only support the (freely available)
Microsoft C++ compiler for Gecode/J on Window. Please try that
compiler, it should work without problems.
Cheers,
Guido
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Preparation time
less than 30 mins
Cooking time
30 mins to 1 hour
Serves
Makes 1 x 23cm/9in cake
Dietary
Apfelkuchen are revered in Germany, and this moist cake with a crunchy cinnamon topping will show you why.
Preheat the oven to 170C/150C Fan/Gas 3. Butter and line a 23cm/9in round cake tin.
Coat the apple wedges in the lemon juice and set aside.
In a large bowl, beat together the butter and sugar, using an electric hand mixer, until pale and fluffy. Add the eggs and beat until smooth. Sift in the flour, baking powder and salt and mix well. Slowly add the milk, mixing well after each addition, until you have a smooth batter.
Transfer the batter to the cake tin. Arrange the apple slices, flat-side down, on the batter in a spiral pattern.
For the topping, mix together the demerara sugar and cinnamon. Sprinkle over the batter.
Bake in the middle of the oven for 40–45 minutes, or until a skewer inserted in the centre of the cake comes out clean and the top is golden-brown. Leave to cool for 15 minutes in the tin. Run a knife around the edges of the cake and turn it out of the tin onto a wire rack.
Serve warm or at room temperature with whipped cream.


Everyone loves a good deal and many people rarely buy anything full price. But with that comes the addiction to the sale. You end up coming up with great buys, but things you don’t really need.   Sometimes you can actually score big, and other times you spend your whole budget on sale pieces you never get to use. I would like to put together some suggestions for shopping sales and how to get a great deal.
Were you eyeing it before it went on sale? If so, it’s probably a good idea to snag it now when it’s actually is marked down. If it’s something you are buying just because its really cheap, but you wouldn’t have bought it full price, then leave it out of your cart. If you’re on the fence, go ahead and say no. I always tell people if you don’t LOVE it, don’t buy it. There are way too many things out there to just be "so-so"with purchases.
Don’t sacrifice fit for the sale tag. It happens many times that you end up buying something a little big or small just because it was on sale and it never fit comfortably so you may never endup wearing it. Shoes, tops, jeans. ALL of it. Don’t sacrifice comfort. Save your money and buy the jeans that give to true shape and the shoes that won’t slide.
Most of the time, things get marked down because they are about to bring out new items and seasonal clothing. Is what you’re about to purchase going to be in style next winter or is it a trend that won’t likely be around again. Staples, basics, and timeless pieces are always a good bet, but leave the trendy pieces and “out there” looks on the rack.
sometimes you have pieces already in mind that you like, but aren’t willing to splurge on. When those go on sale, absolutely go for it. There are some high dollar items that I have my eye on, and I usually wait for them to go on sale before I pull the trigger. Almost everything has sales around the year. Know the store and what they usually offer, and be ready when they mark the price down of your favorite item.
It's possible that some influencer might say "you need it", or your best friend has it in dark tone already, but if it’s not your esthetics or doesn’t fit your lifestyle, it isn’t even worth the sale price. Follow your gut and your go-to’s. Sometimes it is good to break outside the box when it comes to fashion, but overall, you know if you are truly going to wear it or not.


class Sass::Importers::Base
The abstract base class for Sass importers. All importers should inherit from this.
At the most basic level, an importer is given a string and must return a {Sass::Engine} containing some Sass code. This string can be interpreted however the importer wants; however, subclasses are encouraged to use the URI format for pathnames.
Importers that have some notion of "relative imports" should take a single load path in their constructor, and interpret paths as relative to that. They should also implement the {#find_relative} method.
Importers should be serializable via `Marshal.dump`.
@abstract
Public Instance Methods
If the importer is based on files on the local filesystem this method should return folders which should be watched for changes.
@return [Array<String>] List of absolute paths of directories to watch
# File lib/sass/importers/base.rb, line 160 def directories_to_watch [] end
Find a Sass file, if it exists.
This is the primary entry point of the Importer. It corresponds directly to an `@import` statement in Sass. It should do three basic things:
-
Determine if the URI is in this importer’s format. If not, return nil.
-
Determine if the file indicated by the URI actually exists and is readable. If not, return nil.
-
Read the file and place the contents in a {Sass::Engine}. Return that engine.
If this importer’s format allows for file extensions, it should treat them the same way as the default {Filesystem} importer. If the URI explicitly has a `.sass` or `.scss` filename, the importer should look for that exact file and import it as the syntax indicated. If it doesn’t exist, the importer should return nil.
If the URI doesn’t have either of these extensions, the importer should look for files with the extensions. If no such files exist, it should return nil.
The {Sass::Engine} to be returned should be passed `options`, with a few modifications. `:syntax` should be set appropriately, `:filename` should be set to `uri`, and `:importer` should be set to this importer.
@param uri [String] The URI to import. @param options [{Symbol => Object}] Options for the Sass file
containing the `@import` that's currently being resolved. This is safe for subclasses to modify destructively. Callers should only pass in a value they don't mind being destructively modified.
@return [Sass::Engine, nil] An Engine containing the imported file,
or nil if it couldn't be found or was in the wrong format.
# File lib/sass/importers/base.rb, line 82 def find(uri, options) Sass::Util.abstract(self) end
Find a Sass file relative to another file. Importers without a notion of “relative paths” should just return nil here.
If the importer does have a notion of “relative paths”, it should ignore its load path during this method.
See {#find} for important information on how this method should behave.
The `:filename` option passed to the returned {Sass::Engine} should be of a format that could be passed to {#find}.
@param uri [String] The URI to import. This is not necessarily relative,
but this method should only return true if it is.
@param base [String] The base filename. If `uri` is relative,
it should be interpreted as relative to `base`. `base` is guaranteed to be in a format importable by this importer.
@param options [{Symbol => Object}] Options for the Sass file
containing the `@import` that's currently being resolved.
@return [Sass::Engine, nil] An Engine containing the imported file,
or nil if it couldn't be found or was in the wrong format.
# File lib/sass/importers/base.rb, line 42 def find_relative(uri, base, options) Sass::Util.abstract(self) end
Get the cache key pair for the given Sass URI. The URI need not be checked for validity.
The only strict requirement is that the returned pair of strings uniquely identify the file at the given URI. However, the first component generally corresponds roughly to the directory, and the second to the basename, of the URI.
Note that keys must be unique *across importers*. Thus it’s probably a good idea to include the importer name at the beginning of the first component.
@param uri [String] A URI known to be valid for this importer. @param options [{Symbol => Object}] Options for the Sass file
containing the `@import` currently being checked.
@return [(String, String)] The key pair which uniquely identifies
the file at the given URI.
# File lib/sass/importers/base.rb, line 117 def key(uri, options) Sass::Util.abstract(self) end
Returns the time the given Sass file was last modified.
If the given file has been deleted or the time can’t be accessed for some other reason, this should return nil.
@param uri [String] The URI of the file to check.
Comes from a `:filename` option set on an engine returned by this importer.
@param options [{Symbol => Objet}] Options for the Sass file
containing the `@import` currently being checked.
@return [Time, nil]
# File lib/sass/importers/base.rb, line 96 def mtime(uri, options) Sass::Util.abstract(self) end
Get the publicly-visible URL for an imported file. This URL is used by source maps to link to the source stylesheet. This may return `nil` to indicate that no public URL is available; however, this will cause sourcemap generation to fail if any CSS is generated from files imported from this importer.
@param uri [String] A URI known to be valid for this importer. @param sourcemap_directory [String, NilClass] The absolute path to a
directory on disk where the sourcemap will be saved. If uri refers to a file on disk that's accessible relative to sourcemap_directory, this may return a relative URL. This may be `nil` if the sourcemap's eventual location is unknown.
@return [String?] The publicly-visible URL for this file, or `nil`
indicating that no publicly-visible URL exists.
# File lib/sass/importers/base.rb, line 135 def public_url(uri, sourcemap_directory = nil) return if @public_url_warning_issued @public_url_warning_issued = true Sass::Util.sass_warn <<WARNING WARNING: #{self.class.name} should define the #public_url method. WARNING nil end
A string representation of the importer. Should be overridden by subclasses.
This is used to help debugging, and should usually just show the load path encapsulated by this importer.
@return [String]
# File lib/sass/importers/base.rb, line 151 def to_s Sass::Util.abstract(self) end
If this importer is based on files on the local filesystem This method should return true if the file, when changed, should trigger a recompile.
It is acceptable for non-sass files to be watched and trigger a recompile.
@param filename [String] The absolute filename for a file that has changed. @return [Boolean] When the file changed should cause a recompile.
# File lib/sass/importers/base.rb, line 172 def watched_file?(filename) false end


On your path to improving your digital security, you may encounter bad actors who attempt to undermine your security goals. We call these bad actors adversaries. When an adversary sends an email or link that looks innocent, but is actually malicious it’s called phishing.
Governments, companies, schools, and Internet providers sometimes use software to prevent their users from accessing certain websites and services. This is called Internet filtering or blocking, and it is a form of censorship. Filtering comes in different forms. Censors can block individual web pages, or even entire websites. Sometimes, content is blocked based on the keywords it contains.
The instructions below should only be used for securely deleting datafrom spinning drives. These instructions apply only to traditional disk drives, and not to Solid State Drives (SSDs), which are standard in modern computers, USB keys/USB thumb drives, or SD cards/flash memory cards. Secure deletion on SSDs, USB flash drives, and SD cards is very hard! This is because these types of drives use a technique called wear leveling and do not provide low-level access to the bits as stored on the drive. (You can read more about why this causes problems for secure deletion here.) If you’re using an SSD or a USB flash drive, jump to this section below.
Modern versions of macOS will prompt you to use FileVault 2 to encrypt your entire drive. We highly recommend you take this step to protect your data. If you encrypt your entire drive, you don’t have to worry much about doing secure deletion since the master encryption key is protected with a password that you control, and that you can change or erase to make data on the drive irretrievable. More information is available on encrypting with FileVault 2.


Dendari wrote:You have to install this plugin:http://getbblog.com/en/board/topic/109008/1/Manage-emblems
Also if you've installed the 3.8.1 version through the Chrome Webstore and you had the no-webstore 3.8.0 version, then you should export the BBLog settings from this one to the webstore one.


Type the name or the initial letters of the template you want to browse and the system will autocomplete it. For example, type "a" in the box below:
Workflow Description
Work in Progress.


Type here to filter the table below by name, telephone number or occupation
Jack Oliver
4095-2239
Chef
John Cena
1234-4321
Wrestler
Alice Roberts
5232-5238
Designer
Thomas McCartney
4231-5212
Detective
Shawn Carter
9895-2534
Fire Marshall
Johnny Capone
8784-4989
Software Developer
Type here to filter the table below by occupation
Jack Oliver
4095-2239
Chef
John Cena
1234-4321
Wrestler
Alice Roberts
5232-5238
Designer
Thomas McCartney
4231-5212
Detective
Shawn Carter
9895-2534
Fire Marshall
Johnny Capone
8784-4989
Software Developer


Coming Soon
Reimagine Aging. Transform Living.
HelloNeighbor helps aging adults live their best lives.
We connect care seekers with qualified care providers for:
Companionship
Health & Safety
Activities


This post is also available in: DeutschLitecoin has recently come under scrutiny for having 35.4 million Litecoins, or about 60% of the total coin supply, moved by one entity. The move was initially pointed out by Weiss Ratings, which does not bode well for the cryptocurrency...


{{demoApp.thisNode}}
Create ArtModel
Issue cash
Cash balances:
Amount
{{cash}}
There are no recorded ArtObjects
Use the "Create ArtObject" button to send an ArtObject to a peer.
Recorded ArtObjects:
Preview
From
To
Amount
Actions
{{artObject.lender.substring(0,30)}}
{{artObject.borrower.substring(0,30)}}
{{artObject.amount}}
Transfer


THE EMPIRE STRIKES BACK RATING: 8.5 / 10 --> Excellent movie
For more Star Wars reviews and screensavers, visit http://www.joblo.com/
PLOT: Darth Vader is pissed at, and in search of, Luke Skywalker, in the hopes of swaying him over to the dark side. He does so by chasing his friends, Solo, Leia and Chewie, into his lair, while Luke is off studying the ways of the Jedi from Yoda, the Jedi Master. The Force continues...
CRITIQUE: Great follow-up to the original tale of a galaxy far, far away, this film has plenty of action, one-liners, special-effects, good vs evil rivalries and a pleasantly dark ending. This is the episode that also features one of the biggest revelations from the trilogy (mum's the word), and a very good snow battle scene in the very beginning of the movie. Watching the digitally re-mastered version of this flick, I did notice several fake-looking special effects, especially in the explosions, and an obvious blue screen scenario, but overall, fantastic! The budding romance between Leia and Solo also worked in this film, while the whole Yoda training sessions with Luke left me a tad dry, feeling long-winded at times. The latter complaint may come from having seen this film too many times, so don't pay it much attention. All in all, a fun times in the world of the stars and droids, packed with humor, action and romance, a superb score, excellent battle sequences, and Darth getting as nasty as he wants to be. Now if I could only use the Force to levitate my TV remote control and nachos right next to me by my pillow...the Empire would be in serious trouble.
Little Known Facts about this film and its stars: (Most facts gathered from the IMDb) Unbeknownst to many people, George Lucas only directed the first of the Star Wars trilogy.  Screenwriter Leigh Brackett, a noted science fiction/fantasy author who was prolific in science-fiction and other pulps in the 1940's, died of cancer after writing the first version of the script of THE EMPIRE STRIKES BACK. Because it was an unfinished script George Lucas revised her draft and engaged Lawrence Kasdan to finish the screenplay. It was Lawrence's first film writing credit, as he went on to write and direct the 1981 hit BODY HEAT with Kathleen Turner. He returned to the Force in 1983's RETURN OF THE JEDI, which he helped co-write with Lucas. In his early twenties, George Lucas was in a severe road accident and spent many months in the hospital. It was during his time in the hospital that he created the concept of the Force. On the planet Hoth, General Rieekan says "Send Rogues 10 and 11 to sector 38," a veiled reference to THX 1138, one of Lucas' earlier films. The character of Boba Fett is never referred to by name, except in the credits. In the asteroid scene, one of the asteroids is actually a shoe. The rumor is that Lucas asked the SFX people to redo the scene so many times that they got annoyed and one of them threw in their shoe. Security surrounding this movie was so intense that George Lucas had regular reports about "leaks" from actors.  An extra fell sick, and Jeremy Bulloch (Boba Fett) was called in as a replacement. He can be seen as the Imperial Guard who pulls Princess Leia into the elevator after she screams "Luke! It's a trap!". He can also be seen as the Imperial Guard who is captured by Lando Calrissian's men. Denis Lawson plays Wedge Antilles. Wedge was not originally scripted to appear in this film, but intense fan interest prompted Lucas to include him. This is Carrie Fisher's favorite movie of the trilogy. The scene where Han Solo (Harrison Ford) was to be carbon frozen was a long and complex scene which required many takes. Eventually, Leia says "I love you" to Han Solo. Ford had heard this line so many times that he changed the scripted "I love you too" to "I know". Lucas didn't want to film the scene again, and thought it read much better that way, so it remained.
Review Date: May 15, 1999 Director: Irvin Kershner Writers: Leigh Brackett and Lawrence Kasdan (Story by George Lucas) Producer: Gary Kurtz Actors: Mark Hamill as Luke Skywalker Carrie Fisher as Princess Leia Harrison Ford as Han Solo Genre: Science-Fiction Year of Release: 1980 --------------------------------------- JoBlo's Movie Emporium http://www.joblo.com --------------------------------------- (c) 1999 Berge Garabedian
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


October 25, 2011
Youth Technology Day
Local College, East Campus Evergreen Terrace 742
Kansas Missouri
Welcome to Youth Technology Days
Here you will find information about our annual event. We run this event to expose youth to technology they can build a career around. This just isn't video games and cell phones, but is networking and computer building.
News
September 27, 2011
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More...
August 25, 2011
Curabitur arcu tellus, suscipit in, aliquam eget, ultricies id, sapien. Nam est.
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May 1, 2011
Curabitur arcu tellus, suscipit in, aliquam eget, ultricies id, sapien. Nam est.
More...
September 27, 2011
Curabitur arcu tellus, suscipit in, aliquam eget, ultricies id, sapien. Nam est.
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August 25, 2011
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May 1, 2011
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Link to page on same level with target blank
Link to page on same level
External link #1
External link #2
External link #3
External link #4
Absolute link without slash
Absolute link with slash
Absolute link with index.html
Link to subdomain
Link to other url on same subdomain
Link to other subdomain
DOCX from subdomain
Relative link to level #2 without slash
Relative link to level #2 with slash
Relative link to level #2
PDF link#1
PDF link#2
DOC link #1
DOC link #2
DOC link #3
DOCX link#1
DOCX link#2
DOCX link#3
DOCX link#4
Link with redirect
Internal server error link
Bad link


Adding Rich Text Using The Editor
How to add rich text to the Editor. This enables the Editor toolbars and displays the content of the Editor as rich text. Note: This is the default view for this Editor, however if you last viewed the Editor as the Basic Text Box, it will display as such until it is changed.
- Select the Rich Text Editor radio button located above the Editor.
- Click inside the Editor and then enter your text, insert images, links, etc. Here are links to common types of rich content that can be added using the default RTE:
-
See "Inserting Media"
-
See "Inserting Images"
-
See "Adding a Page Link"
-
See "Linking to a Site Page"
-
See "Inserting a Table"


{%extends 'base.html'%} {% load bootstrap4 %} {%load static%} {% block content %} {{ block.super}}
ENGLISH
The boychild/Awards of design, creativity and innovation on the internet


Factory injection in the controller.js
In the controller.js, we need to inject our factory so that our controller has access to the factory’s data. Right above where you declared your MyController function, write the following code MyController.$inject = ['myFactory']
. Because the MyController function is going to be dependent on the data from factory.js, we call it dependency injection. Note we’re injecting the names of the function and not the function itself.


Gagan Singh's amazing website
Home
Portfolio
Studies
Javascript
Variables
Datatypes
Operators
String manipulation
Control flow: if, else-if, else
Loops
Functions: programs within programs!


SunDial Experiments
Loading Universe...
change Time & Date
change Location
Current Sundial
3D Sundial
Sundial Comparisons
Throughout Year
Stonehenge
Historical
Protractor Angles
using the Sun as a Compass
using a Compass as a Clock
Compass & GPS Satellite
Changes thru the Seasons
Acknowledgements & More Info


RLMSyncSubscription
@interface RLMSyncSubscription : NSObject
RLMSyncSubscription
represents a subscription to a set of objects in a synced Realm.
When query-based sync is enabled for a synchronized Realm, the server only
synchronizes objects to the client when they match a sync subscription
registered by that client. A subscription consists of of a query (represented
by an RLMResults
) and an optional name.
The state of the subscription can be observed using
Key-Value Observing
on the state
property.
Subscriptions are created using -[RLMResults subscribe]
or
-[RLMResults subscribeWithName:]
. Existing subscriptions for a Realm can be
looked up with -[RLMRealm subscriptions]
or -[RLMRealm subscriptionWithName:]
.
-
The unique name for this subscription.
This will be
nil
if this object was created with-[RLMResults subscribe]
. Subscription objects read from a Realm with-[RLMRealm subscriptions]
will always have a non-nil
name and subscriptions which were not explicitly named will have an automatically generated one.Declaration
Objective-C
@property (readonly, nonatomic, nullable) NSString *name;
Swift
var name: String? { get }
-
The current state of the subscription. See
RLMSyncSubscriptionState
.Declaration
Objective-C
@property (readonly, nonatomic) RLMSyncSubscriptionState state;
Swift
var state: RLMSyncSubscriptionState { get }
-
The error which occurred when registering this subscription, if any.
Will be non-nil only when
state
isRLMSyncSubscriptionStateError
.Declaration
Objective-C
@property (readonly, nonatomic, nullable) NSError *error;
Swift
var error: Error? { get }
-
Remove this subscription.
Removing a subscription will delete all objects from the local Realm that were matched only by that subscription and not any remaining subscriptions. The deletion is performed by the server, and so has no immediate impact on the contents of the local Realm. If the device is currently offline, the removal will not be processed until the device returns online.
Unsubscribing is an asynchronous operation and will not immediately remove the subscription from the Realm’s list of subscriptions. Observe the state property to be notified of when the subscription has actually been removed.
Declaration
Objective-C
- (void)unsubscribe;
Swift
func unsubscribe()
-
Unavailable
RLMSyncSubscription cannot be created directly
-[RLMSyncSubscription init]
is not available becauseRLMSyncSubscription
cannot be created directly.Declaration
Objective-C
- (nonnull instancetype)init;
-
Unavailable
RLMSyncSubscription cannot be created directly
+[RLMSyncSubscription new]
is not available becauseRLMSyncSubscription
cannot be created directly.Declaration
Objective-C
+ (nonnull instancetype)new;


{% extends "base.html" %} {% block title %}{{ title }} | THE DEVILS' ADVOCATE{% endblock %} {% block content %}
Error code: {{ code }}
Here are some helpful links instead.


--- title: Build websites FAST with Gulp.js link: https://static.schlosser.io/gulp.pdf date: 2016-01-10 featured_image: talks/build-websites-fast-with-gulp-js.jpg cta: Get Gulping location: name: DevFest 2016 url: http://devfe.st/ ---
This talk explains why web developers should be using Gulp to automates their development workflow, and how I've been using it in my development process at Minimill. While working on projects for Minimill, I developed a project template that has everything you need to get started on a new web project quickly.
The talk is based on a post I wrote called Respect Yourself! Use Gulp. If you're interested in more details on how we use Gulp at Minimill, or alternatives to Gulp, check out the post on Medium.


The Peace Through Strength, Anti-Terror™ Double Pride™ Display is now reserved in your name, at a significant discount, ready for direct delivery to your home.
We await your reply.
Two (2) FREE Flags included with each.
Limit three (3) displays and six (6) FREE flags per household.
Quantities of the Double Pride™ Display are limited in the near future, so please respond early to guarantee your place in line.
First come first served, so order on line or call now<PHONE_NUMBER>.
The newly invented Double Pride™ Display is an exclusive, two-sided, double-window flag case and is only available with direct to your door delivery, and only from South Point Industries.
With the Double Pride™ Display, meaningful flags are able to be displayed INDOORS!
The historic "Don't Tread on Me" flag was our first anti-terror flag, used by George Washington, our first anti-terror President.
You cannot obtain the Don't Tread on America™ flag anywhere else.
This flag has been exclusively updated by South Point Industries as "Don't Tread on America™".
This is only available right here, right now.
This new, one-of-a-kind Peace Through Strength, Anti-Terror™ Double Pride™ Display is available only from South Point Industries, located near the Research Triangle Park in central North Carolina.
On one side is your American Flag, and on the other side is your new, exclusive, Don't Tread on America™ Flag. Each flag, alone, has special meaning.
When two flags are displayed at the same time, they bring you extra meaning, purpose, and pride TOGETHER that is even more special than the single flags themselves! This Double Pride™ Display, featuring two (2) flags at once, was developed by an Ohio native, from a military veteran family, after months of research and development.
Each Peace Through Strength, Anti-Terror™ Don't Tread on America Double Pride Display™, and two (2)FREE Flags, comes with a 100% lifetime money-back guarantee.
In fact, the guarantee is not just for your lifetime, but a forever guarantee, with no time limit.
The forever guarantee is included on the Inheritance Transfer Form which is shipped with each display. At any time for any reason, no questions asked, you will receive your purchase price back with the return of your items. The Peace Through Strength, Anti-Terror™ Double Pride™ Display comes with an Inheritance Transfer Form. This form is filled out by you and includes spaces for the name(s) of the person or organization you want to receive your Double Pride™ Display upon your death. This ensures that your legacy, that gives you meaning, purpose, and pride, is passed down to the next generation according to your wishes.
 Your power, your values, your good taste, lasts beyond your lifetime. This heirloom will stay in your family forever.
Your "Inheritance Transfer Form" is for passing down your family heirloom from generation to generation. This form also features a lifetime, "Forever" buy-back guarantee, and the bible quote:
"See, I send you out as sheep among wolves.Be then as wise as snakes, and as gentle as doves. But be on the watch against men:"
You have an opportunity today to become part of something larger than yourself. This is the beginning of a national movement that is sweeping the nation. You also have the opportunity change the look and feel of your household.


DaveDaveFind was built by @ecmendenhall with lots of help from Udacity and David Evans. You can learn to make your own search engine in CS101, learn about web applications like this one in CS253, read more about this project on its development blog, or see the code on GitHub.
The search crawler and web application were written in Python, using the Bottle web framework on Google App Engine. The crawler code uses BeautifulSoup to read HTML, Nikita the Spider to read robots.txt files, and the DuckDuckGo API to search Python documentation. Pages are styled with Twitter Bootstrap and enhanced by Glyphicons.
Missy-GoFind searches the full-text of the Udacity website, CS101 forums, course documents, and lecture transcripts. It supports multi-word lookup (but sometimes delivers better results for single words).
If your search query is found in a video transcript, it will try to link inside the video to the moment the query occurs. If your search query is a common Python-related term, it will try to look up information in the Python documentation. Try searching for the name of a built-in function or standard library module, like str
or urllib
.
The search box also accepts commands inspired by bang syntax. Try typing --forum
before your search query to search the CS101 discussion forum, --python
to search Python documentation, or --daverank
to show the DaveRank™ for each result underneath its URL.


AMConstraints
This framework is basically a wrapper around the anchor API that Apple introduced in iOS 9. It provides functions that are supposed to make dealing with constriants easier. This is still a work in progress though.
Docs
Here you can find the official library documentation.
Installation
Carthage
Add the following to your Cartfile
github "aboodmufti/AMConstraints"
Run
carthage update
Add the framework to your project, as defined here
Some usage examples:
For the next few examples, we’ll use the following view:
let newView = UIView()
view.addSubview(newView)
Constrain all sides:
newView.constrain(sides: .all, to: view, constant: 5)
Constrain one or multiple sides:
newView.constrain(sides: .top, to: view, constant: 5)
newView.constrain(sides: [.left, .right], to: view, constant: 5)
Constrain dimensions:
newView.constrain(dimensions: .width, to: view, multiplier: 0.8)
Contribute
Contributions to AMConstraints are more than welcome, check the LICENSE
file for more info.


nogoop ActiveX/COM Inspector 1.1.10 released
Here. From Francis Upton: The ActiveX/COM Inspector allows you to inspect and execute any ActiveX control. It works with controls and typelibs, automatically showing the documentation associated with classes and members. Quickly find out how a control behaves using event logging, a visual design surface, method execution and property inspection. Use it to help understand Automation interfaces (for example MS Office), and to help with developing Addins.


rotten
>
Library
>
Biographies
>
Entertainers
> Comic
Patton Oswalt
Eddie Murphy
Paula Poundstone
Jerry Lewis
Richard Pryor
George Carlin
Gallagher
Andrew Dice Clay
Don Rickles
Andy Kaufman
David Letterman
Dave at Taco Bell
Dave at McDonald's
Ernie Kovacs
Chris Farley
John Belushi
Lenny Bruce
Pornopolis
|
Rotten
|
Faces of Death
|
Famous Nudes


use .disabled
in class .btn
class to get Disabled button
use .btn-lg
in class .btn
class to get Large button
use .btn-sm
in class .btn
class to get Small button
use .btn-group-lg
in class .btn-group
class to get large size button group
this is default size
use .btn-group-sm
in class .btn-group
class to get small size button group


Stereotype Threats
5.22.15
We humans are social animals. We constantly keep in our minds what others are thinking of us. We desire to receive praise and positive feedback for our actions from our peers. But, when we realize even a hint of a true or false perception that is negative, it affects our performance for the worse. Stereotype Threat defines this behavior of a person in that when they are subject to any preconcieved notion of how other's expect him/her to perform, especially in a negative way, it lowers the outcome. Living in the bay area, we often deal with some specific stereotypes. Being the Silicon Valley, there is a heavy presence of individuals with degress in engineering and similar sciences. Personally, I deal with the before mentioned stereotype as well racial ones. To some extent, I do tolerate them and I do not see them completely going away. But, being aware of these stereotypes has helped me deal with them in a positive way. Instead of letting them affect my performance in any way, I am able to tell myself where these perceptions might be coming from other person and how I can appropriatly educate them to correct those perceptions.


An app that lets people order their food without having to wait in queue in cafes.

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device = torch.device("cuda")
tmp_ = torch.rand(1, 1).to(device)
sru_prog = Program(SRU_CODE.encode("utf-8"),
"sru_prog.cu".encode("utf-8"))
sru_ptx = sru_prog.compile()
sru_mod = function.Module()
sru_mod.load(bytes(sru_ptx.encode()))
SRU_FWD_FUNC = sru_mod.get_function("sru_fwd")
}
SRU_FWD_FUNC, SRU_BWD_FUNC = None, None
SRU_BiFWD_FUNC, SRU_BiBWD_FUNC = None, None
SRU_STREAM = None


class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide # Reshaping and combining data in R ### Emma Vestesson ### The Health Foundation --- ## What we will cover today Session is aimed at advanced beginners and I will assume some familiarity with R and the tidyverse. You can find the slides here https://thf-evaluative-analytics.github.io/NHSR-wrangling-webinar/slides.html -- ### Coding along No need to code along, but if you want to, here is what you need: - `tidyverse`, `here` and `lubridate` packages installed and loaded. - data from github repo https://github.com/THF-evaluative-analytics/NHSR-wrangling-webinar -- We will focus on two packages - Reshaping data - tidyr - Joining data sets together - dplyr package --- class: middle, center ## What's your favourite R package? Please go to www.menti.com and enter code 68 57 82 7 --- ## Packages in R The first time you use it you need to install the package. ```r install.packages("tidyverse") ``` Load the package ```r library(tidyverse) library(lubridate) ``` --- ## The pipe Simplifying R code with pipes (%>%) nested statement ```r leave_house(get_dressed(get_out_of_bed(wake_up(me)))) ``` VS piped statement ```r me %>% wake_up() %>% get_out_of_bed() %>% get_dressed() %>% leave_house() ``` **Keyboard shortcut ctrl+shift +m** --- class: center, middle ![](bad_data.jpeg) --- class: ## Tidy data Data comes in all kinds of shapes and forms. We need a consistent way of storing data! -- 1. Each variable forms a column. 2. Each observation forms a row. 3. Each cell contains a single value. ![](https://d33wubrfki0l68.cloudfront.net/6f1ddb544fc5c69a2478e444ab8112fb0eea23f8/91adc/images/tidy-1.png) --- # tidyr package `pivot_longer` - you will end up with more rows ![](https://rstudio-education.github.io/tidyverse-cookbook/images/tidyr-gather.png) `pivot_wider` - you will end up with more variables (or at least fewer rows) ![](https://rstudio-education.github.io/tidyverse-cookbook/images/tidyr-spread.png) --- ## Does this look familiar? ![](Screenshot_nhs_111.png) -- 👨👩👧 😄 -- 💻 😢 --- class: # Sitrep data Downloaded data from [NHSE website](https://www.england.nhs.uk/statistics/statistical-work-areas/winter-daily-sitreps/winter-daily-sitrep-2017-18-data/) and saved in R data format. ```r sitrep <- readRDS(here::here('data', 'sitrep.rds')) # all calls sitrep_60sec <- readRDS(here::here('data', 'sitrep_60sec.rds')) # calls answered within 60sec ``` ```r head(sitrep) ``` ``` ## # A tibble: 6 x 9 ## NHS_111_area_na… `26_Feb` `27_Feb` `28_Feb` `01_Mar` ## <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> ## 1 North East Engl… 2272 1793 1724 1707 ## 2 North West inc … 3433 3047 3180 2966 ## 3 Yorkshire And H… 3670 3144 2892 3289 ## 4 Lincolnshire NH… 359 355 503 446 ## 5 Luton & Bedford… 410 361 363 292 ## 6 Nottinghamshire… 771 732 825 788 ## # … with 4 more variables: `02_Mar` <dbl>, ## # `03_Mar` <dbl>, `04_Mar` <dbl>, year <dbl> ``` --- class: ## Potential analysis Plot the total number of calls over time Create 7 day rolling average Summarise by region -- .pull-right[  ] -- .pull-left[ **Very difficult with the current set up** ] --- class: # What is a sensible next step? We have got a data set. What is a sensible next step? Please go to mentimeter 1. make the data longer 1. make the data wider 1. nah don't bother, it is fine as it is --- class: left, middle ## Let's make the data long ```r sitrep_long <- sitrep %>% pivot_longer( * cols=-c(NHS_111_area_name, year), names_to='day_month', values_to='calls') ``` --- class: left, middle ## Let's make the data long ```r sitrep_long <- sitrep %>% pivot_longer( cols=-c(NHS_111_area_name, year), * names_to='day_month', values_to='calls') ``` --- class: left, middle ## Let's make the data long ```r sitrep_long <- sitrep %>% pivot_longer( cols=-c(NHS_111_area_name, year), names_to='day_month', * values_to='calls') ``` --- class: middle Our data is long and easier to work with! ```r head(sitrep_long) ``` ``` ## # A tibble: 6 x 4 ## NHS_111_area_name year day_month calls ## <chr> <dbl> <chr> <dbl> ## 1 North East England NHS 111 2018 26_Feb 2272 ## 2 North East England NHS 111 2018 27_Feb 1793 ## 3 North East England NHS 111 2018 28_Feb 1724 ## 4 North East England NHS 111 2018 01_Mar 1707 ## 5 North East England NHS 111 2018 02_Mar 1819 ## 6 North East England NHS 111 2018 03_Mar 3998 ``` --- Fix the date ```r sitrep_long <- sitrep_long %>% mutate(date=paste(day_month, year), date=dmy(date)) head(sitrep_long) ``` ``` ## # A tibble: 6 x 5 ## NHS_111_area_name year day_month calls date ## <chr> <dbl> <chr> <dbl> <date> ## 1 North East England NHS… 2018 26_Feb 2272 2018-02-26 ## 2 North East England NHS… 2018 27_Feb 1793 2018-02-27 ## 3 North East England NHS… 2018 28_Feb 1724 2018-02-28 ## 4 North East England NHS… 2018 01_Mar 1707 2018-03-01 ## 5 North East England NHS… 2018 02_Mar 1819 2018-03-02 ## 6 North East England NHS… 2018 03_Mar 3998 2018-03-03 ``` --- Calculate total calls by region ```r sitrep_calls_by_region <- sitrep_long %>% group_by(NHS_111_area_name) %>% summarise(total_calls_region=sum(calls)) head(sitrep_calls_by_region) ``` ``` ## # A tibble: 6 x 2 ## NHS_111_area_name total_calls_regi… ## <chr> <dbl> ## 1 Banes & Wiltshire NHS 111 3098 ## 2 Berkshire NHS 111 NA ## 3 Bristol, North Somerset & South Glouc… 6199 ## 4 Buckinghamshire NHS 111 NA ## 5 Cambridgeshire & Peterborough NHS 111 4634 ## 6 Cornwall NHS 111 3271 ``` --- Plot calls over time ```r sitrep_long %>% group_by(date) %>% summarise(total_calls_region=sum(calls, na.rm=TRUE)) %>% ggplot(aes(x=date, y=total_calls_region)) + geom_point(colour='purple') + theme_minimal() + scale_x_date(date_labels = '%Y-%m-%d') + scale_y_continuous(limits = c(0, NA), labels=scales::comma) + labs(x='', y='', title='Daily calls to NHS 111') ```  --- You can also go back to a wide format eg after calculating the cumulative sum of calls. ```r sitrep_wide <- sitrep_long %>% group_by(NHS_111_area_name) %>% arrange(date) %>% mutate(cum_call=cumsum(calls)) %>% pivot_wider(id_cols = c(NHS_111_area_name), values_from=cum_call, names_from=date) head(sitrep_wide) ``` ``` ## # A tibble: 6 x 8 ## # Groups: NHS_111_area_name [6] ## NHS_111_area_na… `2018-02-26` `2018-02-27` `2018-02-28` ## <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> ## 1 North East Engl… 2272 4065 5789 ## 2 North West inc … 3433 6480 9660 ## 3 Yorkshire And H… 3670 6814 9706 ## 4 Lincolnshire NH…<PHONE_NUMBER> ## 5 Luton & Bedford…<PHONE_NUMBER> ## 6 Nottinghamshire… 771 1503 2328 ## # … with 4 more variables: `2018-03-01` <dbl>, ## # `2018-03-02` <dbl>, `2018-03-03` <dbl>, ## # `2018-03-04` <dbl> ``` --- The `us_rent_income` dataset contains information about median income and rent for each state in the US for 2017. ```r us_rent_income ``` ``` ## # A tibble: 104 x 5 ## GEOID NAME variable estimate moe ## <chr> <chr> <chr> <dbl> <dbl> ## 1 01 Alabama income 24476 136 ## 2 01 Alabama rent 747 3 ## 3 02 Alaska income 32940 508 ## 4 02 Alaska rent 1200 13 ## 5 04 Arizona income 27517 148 ## 6 04 Arizona rent 972 4 ## 7 05 Arkansas income 23789 165 ## 8 05 Arkansas rent 709 5 ## 9 06 California income 29454 109 ## 10 06 California rent 1358 3 ## # … with 94 more rows ``` --- ```r us_wide <- pivot_wider(us_rent_income, names_from = variable, values_from = c(estimate, moe)) ``` ```r ggplot(us_wide, aes(x=estimate_income, estimate_rent)) + geom_point(colour='purple') + scale_y_continuous(limits=c(0, NA)) + scale_x_continuous(limits=c(0, NA)) + theme_minimal() + labs(x='Estimated income', y='Estimated rent') ```  --- # Note! names_to and values_to from `pivot_longer()` should be quoted because you are creating new variables names_from and values_from from `pivot_wider()` should not be quoted because you are referring to variables that exist in your data frame. --- # Things get worse The `who` data set from the tidyr package shows a slightly more complicated example. ```r data('who') tail(who) ``` ``` ## # A tibble: 6 x 60 ## country iso2 iso3 year new_sp_m014 new_sp_m1524 ## <chr> <chr> <chr> <int> <int> <int> ## 1 Zimbab… ZW ZWE 2008 127 614 ## 2 Zimbab… ZW ZWE 2009 125 578 ## 3 Zimbab… ZW ZWE 2010 150 710 ## 4 Zimbab… ZW ZWE 2011 152 784 ## 5 Zimbab… ZW ZWE 2012 120 783 ## 6 Zimbab… ZW ZWE 2013 NA NA ## # … with 54 more variables: new_sp_m2534 <int>, ## # new_sp_m3544 <int>, new_sp_m4554 <int>, ## # new_sp_m5564 <int>, new_sp_m65 <int>, ## # new_sp_f014 <int>, new_sp_f1524 <int>, ## # new_sp_f2534 <int>, new_sp_f3544 <int>, ## # new_sp_f4554 <int>, new_sp_f5564 <int>, ## # new_sp_f65 <int>, new_sn_m014 <int>, ## # new_sn_m1524 <int>, new_sn_m2534 <int>, ## # new_sn_m3544 <int>, new_sn_m4554 <int>, ## # new_sn_m5564 <int>, new_sn_m65 <int>, ## # new_sn_f014 <int>, new_sn_f1524 <int>, ## # new_sn_f2534 <int>, new_sn_f3544 <int>, ## # new_sn_f4554 <int>, new_sn_f5564 <int>, ## # new_sn_f65 <int>, new_ep_m014 <int>, ## # new_ep_m1524 <int>, new_ep_m2534 <int>, ## # new_ep_m3544 <int>, new_ep_m4554 <int>, ## # new_ep_m5564 <int>, new_ep_m65 <int>, ## # new_ep_f014 <int>, new_ep_f1524 <int>, ## # new_ep_f2534 <int>, new_ep_f3544 <int>, ## # new_ep_f4554 <int>, new_ep_f5564 <int>, ## # new_ep_f65 <int>, newrel_m014 <int>, ## # newrel_m1524 <int>, newrel_m2534 <int>, ## # newrel_m3544 <int>, newrel_m4554 <int>, ## # newrel_m5564 <int>, newrel_m65 <int>, ## # newrel_f014 <int>, newrel_f1524 <int>, ## # newrel_f2534 <int>, newrel_f3544 <int>, ## # newrel_f4554 <int>, newrel_f5564 <int>, ## # newrel_f65 <int> ``` --- # Structure of variable names ``` ## [1] "newrel_f1524" "newrel_f2534" "newrel_f3544" ## [4] "newrel_f4554" "newrel_f5564" "newrel_f65" ``` new + method of diagnosis (rel = relapse, sn = negative pulmonary smear, sp = positive pulmonary smear, ep = extrapulmonary) + gender (f = female, m = male) + age group (014 = 0-14 yrs of age, 1524 = 15-24 years of age, etc.) --- ```r who %>% pivot_longer( * cols = new_sp_m014:newrel_f65, names_to = c("diagnosis", "gender", "age_group"), names_pattern = "new_?(.*)_(.)(.*)", values_to = "count" ) ``` --- ```r who %>% pivot_longer( cols = new_sp_m014:newrel_f65, * names_to = c("diagnosis", "gender", "age_group"), names_pattern = "new_?(.*)_(.)(.*)", values_to = "count" ) ``` --- ```r who %>% pivot_longer( cols = new_sp_m014:newrel_f65, names_to = c("diagnosis", "gender", "age_group"), * names_pattern = "new_?(.*)_(.)(.*)", values_to = "count" ) ``` --- ```r who %>% pivot_longer( cols = new_sp_m014:newrel_f65, names_to = c("diagnosis", "gender", "age_group"), names_pattern = "new_?(.*)_(.)(.*)", * values_to = "count" ) ``` --- class: # Combine datasets .pull-left[ ![](https://www.trek10.com/assets/content_posts_2019-01-02-dynamodb-single-table-relational-modeling_northwind-erd.png?mtime=20191120050200&focal=none) ] .pull-right[] .pull-right[ ![](https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/logo.png) ] --- class: top background-size: cover background-image: url(https://media.makeameme.org/created/danger-danger-everwhere.jpg) --- class: top background-image: url(https://www.memesmonkey.com/images/memesmonkey/e2/e24982369a32d97b56f206d303066b70.jpeg) background-position: bottom background-size: 800px 400px # Asking some big questions **Do I want to add more rows or more columns? ** --- background-image: url(https://miro.medium.com/max/1400/1*uG1vjoSQj7gMm8craCj2xA.png) background-position: bottom background-size: 800px 400px **More rows? Great!** `bind_rows()` - use to combine different datasets eg monthly gp appointments Columns with the same variable names will be stacked but check for changes to variable names. --- More columns? OK this is slightly more complicated but dplyr will be your friend. `bind_cols()` - I rarely use it - doesn't respect the order of the observations If we have a variable (or many) that identify your observations then we can use join functions from `dplyr`. If you know sql, this is your lucky day as the syntax is very similar. --- ## Mutating joins A mutating join allows you to combine variables from two tables. It first matches observations by their keys, then copies across variables from one table to the other. - inner_join(x,y) only keeps observations where in both - full_join(x,y) keeps all observations even if not in both - left_join(x,y) keeps all observations in x - right_join(x,y) keeps all observations in y ![](https://d33wubrfki0l68.cloudfront.net/aeab386461820b029b7e7606ccff1286f623bae1/ef0d4/diagrams/join-venn.png) --- Let's revisit the NHS 111 data from before. ### All calls ``` ## # A tibble: 6 x 5 ## NHS_111_area_name year day_month calls date ## <chr> <dbl> <chr> <dbl> <date> ## 1 North East England NHS… 2018 26_Feb 2272 2018-02-26 ## 2 North East England NHS… 2018 27_Feb 1793 2018-02-27 ## 3 North East England NHS… 2018 28_Feb 1724 2018-02-28 ## 4 North East England NHS… 2018 01_Mar 1707 2018-03-01 ## 5 North East England NHS… 2018 02_Mar 1819 2018-03-02 ## 6 North East England NHS… 2018 03_Mar 3998 2018-03-03 ``` ### Calls answered within 60 seconds ``` ## # A tibble: 6 x 5 ## NHS_111_area_name year day_month calls date_60sec ## <chr> <dbl> <chr> <dbl> <date> ## 1 North East England NHS… 2018 26-Feb 1957 2018-02-26 ## 2 North East England NHS… 2018 27-Feb 1787 2018-02-27 ## 3 North East England NHS… 2018 28-Feb 1654 2018-02-28 ## 4 North East England NHS… 2018 01-Mar 1661 2018-03-01 ## 5 North East England NHS… 2018 02-Mar 1781 2018-03-02 ## 6 North East England NHS… 2018 03-Mar 3396 2018-03-03 ``` --- Mentimeter time! I want to combine the two data sets using the region name and the date. I want to keep all observations, even ones that do not exist in both data sets. Which type of join should I use? ![](https://d33wubrfki0l68.cloudfront.net/aeab386461820b029b7e7606ccff1286f623bae1/ef0d4/diagrams/join-venn.png) --- class: middle ```r sitrep_full <- full_join(sitrep_long, sitrep_60sec_long, by=c('NHS_111_area_name', 'date'='date_60sec'), suffix=c('_all','_60sec') ) ``` Worth noting - you can add a suffix for any variables that appear in both datasets - you can join on multiple variables - the variables you merge on do not need to have the same name --- ## Filtering joins Filtering joins match observations in the same way as mutating joins, but affect the observations, not the variables. - anti_join(x,y) drops all observations in x that have a match in y - semi_join(x,y) keeps all observations in x that have a match in y (similar to inner_join but no columns are added)  --- We have another data set called `regions` with the region, a region code and the area name ```r regions <- readRDS(here::here('data', 'regions.rds')) head(regions) ``` ``` ## region code nhs_111_area_name ## 1 North 111AA1 North East England NHS 111 ## 2 North 111AF8 North West inc Blackpool NHS 111 ## 3 North 111AD9 Yorkshire And Humber NHS 111 ## 4 Midlands & East 111AA2 Lincolnshire NHS 111 ## 5 Midlands & East 111AG7 Luton & Bedfordshire NHS 111 ## 6 Midlands & East 111AA4 Nottinghamshire NHS 111 ``` --- # Mentimeter time I want to check that all areas appear in the region file. What join function should I use? 1. left_join(sitrep_full, region) 1. anti_join(sitrep_full, region) 1. semi_join(sitrep_full, region) --- We also have a dataset with some areas of special interest. ```r areas_of_interest <- readRDS(here::here('data', 'areas_of_interest.rds')) head(areas_of_interest) ``` ``` ## region code nhs_111_area_name ## 1 North 111AA1 North East England NHS 111 ## 2 North 111AF8 North West inc Blackpool NHS 111 ## 3 Midlands & East 111AC3 North Essex NHS 111 ## 4 Midlands & East 111AC6 Northamptonshire NHS 111 ## 5 London 111AA7 Inner North West London NHS 111 ## 6 London 111AD4 North West London NHS 111 ``` --- # Mentimeter time I want to use one the join functions to only keep the observations in `sitrep_full` that also appear in `areas_of_interest` but I don't want to keep any of the variables from `areas_of_interest`. Which statment will do want I want? 1. anti_join(sitrep_full, areas_of_interest, by=c('NHS_111_area_name'='nhs_111_area_name')) 1. semi_join(sitrep_full, areas_of_interest, by=c('NHS_111_area_name'='nhs_111_area_name')) 1. inner_join(sitrep_full, areas_of_interest, by=c('NHS_111_area_name'='nhs_111_area_name')) --- class: middle Thank you for listening!


An Active Scan rule for detecting DOM XSS vulnerabilities.
It launches browser windows and sends attack payloads to all of the relevant DOM elements.
As it launches browser windows it is not suitable for headless environments,
and will take significantly longer than other (non browser based) rules.
This version only supports Firefox.
Future versions may support other browsers.
The following Attack Strengths are supported, and related directly to the number of attack payloads used for URL fragment injections (eg: http://example.com/index.html?foo=bar#injection):
The rule will only report one DOM XSS vulnerability per node, unless the LOW Alert threshold is used, in which case it will keep trying all of the specified payloads.


HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is not a programming language. It is a markup language that tells web browsers how to structure the web pages you visit. It can be as complicated or as simple as the web developer wants it to be. HTML consists of a series of elements, which you use to enclose, wrap, or mark up different parts of content to make it appear or act in a certain way. The enclosing tags can make content into a hyperlink to connect to another page, italicize words, and so on.
This guide assumes you have the following basic background:
- Basic familiarity with using computers.
- A general understanding of the Internet and the World Wide Web (WWW).
- A basic understanding of creating and managing files.
To get started with writing HTML, open the Notepad and write the following HTML code:
<!DOCTYPE html>

Hello World!

Save the file on your computer. Name the file "index.html" and open the saved HTML file in your browser.
Let's further explore our heading element from the previous example. The anatomy of our element is:
- The opening tag: This consists of the name of the element (in this example, p for paragraph), wrapped in opening and closing angle brackets. This opening tag marks where the element begins or starts to take effect. In this example, it precedes the start of the paragraph text.
- The content: This is the content of the element. In this example, it is the paragraph text.
- The closing tag: This is the same as the opening tag, except that it includes a forward slash before the element name. This marks where the element ends.
Elements can be placed within other elements. This is called nesting. If we wanted to state that this is my first HTML lesson, we could wrap the word first in a  element, which means that the word is to have strong(er) text formatting:

This is my first HTML lesson.

There is a right and wrong way to do nesting. In the example above, we opened the p element first, then opened the strong element. For proper nesting, we should close the strong element first, before closing the p.
The following is an example of the wrong way to do nesting:

This is my first HTML lesson.

There are two important categories of elements to know in HTML: block-level elements and inline elements.
- Block-level elements form a visible block on a page. A block-level element appears on a new line following the content that precedes it. Any content that follows a block-level element also appears on a new line. Block-level elements are usually structural elements on the page. For example, a block-level element might represent paragraphs, lists, navigation menus, or footers.
- Inline elements are contained within block-level elements, and surround only small parts of the document’s content. An inline element will not cause a new line to appear in the document. It is typically used with text.
Consider the following example:
firstsecondthird

fourth

fifth

sixth

em is an inline element. As you see below, the first three elements sit on the same line, with no space in between. On the other hand, p is a block-level element. Each p element appears on a new line, with space above and below.
firstsecondthird
fourth
fifth
sixth
Not all elements follow the pattern of an opening tag, content, and a closing tag. Some elements consist of a single tag, which is typically used to insert/embed something in the document.

Elements can also have attributes. Attributes look like this:

This is my first HTML lesson.

Attributes contain extra information about the element that won't appear in the content. In this example, the class attribute is an identifying name used to target the element with style information.
An attribute should have:
- A space between it and the element name.
- The attribute name, followed by an equal sign.
- An attribute value, wrapped with opening and closing quote marks.
Individual HTML elements aren't very useful on their own. Next, let's examine how individual elements combine to form an entire HTML page:
<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>My test page</title>

This is my page

- The doctype: When HTML was young (1991-1992), doctypes were meant to act as links to a set of rules that the HTML page had to follow to be considered good HTML.
- The html element wraps all the content on the page. It is sometimes known as the root element.
- The head element acts as a container for eveything you want to include on the HTML page, that isn't the content the page will show to viewers. This includes keywords and a page description that would appear in search results, CSS to style content, character set declarations, and more.
- The title element. This sets the title of the page, which is the title that appears in the browser tab the page is loaded in. The page title is also used to describe the page when it is bookmarked.
- The body element. This contains all the content that displays on the page, including text, images, videos, games, playable audio tracks, or whatever else.
No matter how much whitespace you use inside HTML element content (which can include one or more space character, but also line breaks), the HTML parser reduces each sequence of whitespace to a single space when rendering the code.
These two code snippets are equivalent:

This is a paragraph.

This is a
paragraph.

HTML has a mechanism to write comments in the code. Browsers ignore comments, effectively making comments invisible to the user. The purpose of comments is to allow you to include notes in the code to explain your logic or coding. This is very useful if you return to a code base after being away for long enough that you don't completely remember it. Likewise, comments are invaluable as different people are making changes and updates.

 This is a paragraph

You made it to the end of the article! We hope you enjoyed your tour of the basics of HTML. At this point, you should understand what HTML looks like, and how it works at a basic level. You should also be able to write a few elements and attributes.
All the documentation in this page is taken from MDN


Imagine you have the task or process,which you have defined and you need repeat it more than one time.
Will you rewrite all lines of this task ?
For example we have the task to find the maximum element in the array and then delete it .
We will use this task 5 times and reusement all of these lines of code is not efficient.
Functions are used to:
Two main categories of functions:
Functions are invoked by function calls.
Every function call contains the name of the functon being invoked and the list of values
(can be empty) as an input for the function to get its job done.
In this process we have two parties:
Just like any other variable we have defined so far,functions must also be defined before to be called later.
Function definition has the following syntax:
return_type function_name(type1 par1, type2 par2, .....){
//function body
}
Let's define our square function ,which works only with integers:
---------Syntax---------
return_type function_name(type1 par1, type2 par2, .....){
//function body
}
---------square(x)--------
int square(int x){
return x*x
}
1. ----cube(x)----
int square(int x){
return x*x*x;
}
2. -----greetings(x)------------
void greeting(char name[]){
printf(“Welcome, %s\n, name);
}
3. ----rollADie()------------
int rollADie(){
return rand()%6 + 1;
}
4. ----printMenu()---------
voidprintMenu(){
printf("Enter 1 to do Option1");
printf("Enter 2 to do Option2");
printf("Enter 0 to Exit");
}


Class StoredImage
Class to hold an image and its associated metadata
Inheritance
System.Object
StoredImage
Implements
System.ComponentModel.INotifyPropertyChanged
Inherited Members
System.Object.ToString()
System.Object.Equals(System.Object)
System.Object.Equals(System.Object, System.Object)
System.Object.ReferenceEquals(System.Object, System.Object)
System.Object.GetHashCode()
System.Object.GetType()
System.Object.MemberwiseClone()
Assembly: BatRecordingManager.dll
Syntax
[Serializable]
public class StoredImage : INotifyPropertyChanged
Constructors
|
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default constructor for the StoredImage class
Declaration
public StoredImage(BitmapSource image, string caption, string description, int imageID)
Parameters
| Type |
Name |
Description |
| System.Windows.Media.Imaging.BitmapSource |
image |
|
| System.String |
caption |
|
| System.String |
description |
|
| System.Int32 |
imageID |
|
Properties
|
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caption
The caption for the image - usually the filename or the bat name
Declaration
public string caption { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type |
Description |
| System.String |
|
|
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description
A longer description of what the image is all about
Declaration
public string description { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type |
Description |
| System.String |
|
|
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HorizontalGridlines
A list of values for horzontal grid lines to be overlaid on the image in pixels
between 0 and the height of the image
Declaration
public List<int> HorizontalGridlines { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type |
Description |
| System.Collections.Generic.List<System.Int32> |
|
|
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image
The binary image as a windows bitmap
Declaration
public BitmapSource image { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type |
Description |
| System.Windows.Media.Imaging.BitmapSource |
|
|
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ImageID
The index ID of the image in the database
Declaration
public int ImageID { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type |
Description |
| System.Int32 |
|
|
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isPlayable
returns true if there is a labelled segment associated with this image.
Also causes the segmentsForImage to be populated if it has not been previously.
Declaration
public bool isPlayable { get; }
Property Value
| Type |
Description |
| System.Boolean |
|
|
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Name
Not sure if this name field is used
Declaration
public string Name { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type |
Description |
| System.String |
|
|
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segmentsForImage
Declaration
public List<LabelledSegment> segmentsForImage { get; set; }
Property Value
|
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Uri
The URI used for encoding and decoding the image
Declaration
public string Uri { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type |
Description |
| System.String |
|
|
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VerticalGridLines
A list of vertical grid lines to be overlaid on the image in pixels from 0 to
the width of the image
Declaration
public List<int> VerticalGridLines { get; set; }
Property Value
| Type |
Description |
| System.Collections.Generic.List<System.Int32> |
|
Methods
|
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ConvertBinaryPngToBitmapImage(Binary, out List<Int32>, out List<Int32>)
Converts a binary blob representing a .PNG image into a BitmapImage
Declaration
public static BitmapSource ConvertBinaryPngToBitmapImage(Binary rawImage, out List<int> horizontalGridLines, out List<int> verticalGridLines)
Parameters
| Type |
Name |
Description |
| System.Data.Linq.Binary |
rawImage |
|
| System.Collections.Generic.List<System.Int32> |
horizontalGridLines |
|
| System.Collections.Generic.List<System.Int32> |
verticalGridLines |
|
Returns
| Type |
Description |
| System.Windows.Media.Imaging.BitmapSource |
|
|
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ConvertBinaryToBitmapImage(Binary)
Converts a binary blob representing a bitmap or bitmapsource into a BitmapImage
Declaration
public static BitmapImage ConvertBinaryToBitmapImage(Binary rawImage)
Parameters
| Type |
Name |
Description |
| System.Data.Linq.Binary |
rawImage |
|
Returns
| Type |
Description |
| System.Windows.Media.Imaging.BitmapImage |
|
|
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Given a BitmapImage converts it into a PNG binary for storage in the database
Declaration
public static Binary ConvertBitmapImageToPngBinary(BitmapSource bmpImage, List<int> horizontalGridLines, List<int> verticalGridLines)
Parameters
| Type |
Name |
Description |
| System.Windows.Media.Imaging.BitmapSource |
bmpImage |
|
| System.Collections.Generic.List<System.Int32> |
horizontalGridLines |
|
| System.Collections.Generic.List<System.Int32> |
verticalGridLines |
|
Returns
| Type |
Description |
| System.Data.Linq.Binary |
|
|
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CreateFromBinary(BinaryData)
Creates an instance of a StoredImage from a BinaryData such as is stored in the database;
Converts from PNG or generic types of blob and if the type is PNG restores any gridline data.
Declaration
public static StoredImage CreateFromBinary(BinaryData blob)
Parameters
Returns
|
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GetAsBinaryData()
converts the image member variable which is a BitmapImage into a .PNG binary for storage
Declaration
public BinaryData GetAsBinaryData()
Returns
|
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GetClipboardImageAsBitmapImage()
returns the image stored in the clipboard if any
Declaration
public static BitmapSource GetClipboardImageAsBitmapImage()
Returns
| Type |
Description |
| System.Windows.Media.Imaging.BitmapSource |
|
|
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GetCombinedText()
combines the StoredImage member variable caption and description into a multiplexed
string separated by $ which is no longer truncated to 250 chars to fit the database
Declaration
public string GetCombinedText()
Returns
| Type |
Description |
| System.String |
|
|
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GetName()
returns a string containing a name for the image. If the image links to a segment or recording
the name will be the recording filename with the .wav removed and either _nn appended where nn
is either 00 for a recording or the number of seconds to the start of the segment.
If the image relates to a bat or call then the name returned is the image caption .trimmed.
Declaration
Returns
| Type |
Description |
| System.String |
|
|
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SetBinaryData(BinaryData)
Given a BinaryData from the database which includes various fields, converts the blob to a BitmapImage which is
stored in the member variable 'image' and SetCaptionAndDescription is used to separate the caption and description
which are merged together in the BinaryData into separate memberVariables in StoredImage.
Declaration
public void SetBinaryData(BinaryData blob)
Parameters
|
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SetCaptionAndDescription(String)
Takes combined description as stored in the database in which the caption and description
parts are separatedd by $ signs, and stores the extracted components in them relative member
variables of StoredImage.
Declaration
public void SetCaptionAndDescription(string combinedCaptionDescription)
Parameters
| Type |
Name |
Description |
| System.String |
combinedCaptionDescription |
|
|
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SetPropertyChanged()
Declaration
public void SetPropertyChanged()
Events
|
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PropertyChanged
Declaration
public event PropertyChangedEventHandler PropertyChanged
Event Type
| Type |
Description |
| System.ComponentModel.PropertyChangedEventHandler |
|
Implements
System.ComponentModel.INotifyPropertyChanged


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---
layout: equivalence
---
Alternate Definition of Differentiability
Let $A\subseteq\mathbb{R}^n$, $\vec{a}\in \text{int}(A)$, and $f:A\to\mathbb{R}^m$. The function $f$ is differentiable at $\vec{a}$ if and only if there exists a linear map $l:\mathbb{R}^n\to\mathbb{R}^m$ and a function $r:A\to\mathbb{R}^m$ that is continuous at $\vec{a}$ and satisifies $r(\vec{a})=0$ such that
$$\begin{align*}
f(\vec{x})=f(\vec{a})+l(\vec{x}-\vec{a})+r(\vec{x})||\vec{x}-\vec{a}||
\end{align*}$$
Concepts
Coming soon
If
Coming soon
Only If
Coming soon
Proof
Coming soon
Related
Coming soon


Ford's China JV with Changan to return to sales growth in 2020-president
GUANGZHOU, China/Beijing (Reuters) - Auto sales at Ford Motor Co’s (F.N) China venture with Chongqing-based carmaker Changan (000625.SZ) are likely to turn positive next year, Changan’s president said on Friday.
That points to a potential reversal in Ford’s declining fortunes in the world’s biggest auto market, as the U.S. auto maker has grappled with shrinking sales and problems such as an ageing model lineup.
The slide in Ford’s sales has been unprecedented for a major global automaker in China. After a peak of 1.08 million vehicles in 2016, sales began faltering in late 2017, then nearly halved last year to 504,488, according to consultancy IHS Markit.
“There are good signs that Changan Ford’s sales will get better,” Changan president Zhu Huarong told Reuters on the sidelines of Guangzhou Autoshow.
“Changan, Ford and JMC are jointly discussing about future product planning,” he said, referring to Jiangling Motors Corp (JMC) (000550.SZ), in which Ford also has a stake.
When asked when sales might start growing again, he said “next year”, without providing more details.
Changan Ford sold 147,276 vehicles in the first ten months this year, more than halving from 335,535 over the same period last year, according to its filing.


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