Chapter 3 Geometries
Having learned how we describe spaces, we can define how geometries can be described in these spaces. This chapter will mostly explain the geometries for simple features, and introduce the three classes sfg
, sfc
and sf
for single geometries, geometry sets, and geometry sets with associated attributes.
3.1 Simple feature geometry types
Simple feature geometries are a way to describe the geometries of features. By features we mean things that have a geometry, some time properties, and other attributes. The main application of simple feature geometries is to describe two-dimensional geometries by points, lines, or polygons. The “simple” adjective refers to the fact that the line or polygon geometries are represented by sequences of points connected with straight lines.
Simple features access is a standard (Herring 2011, Herring (2010), ISO (2004)) for describing simple feature geometries that includes
- a class hierarchy
- a set of operations
- binary and text encodings
We will now discuss the seven most common simple feature geometry types. Although in practice we will most often import spatial data from external sources (files, databases, web services), we will create them here from scratch using simple constructor functions.
3.1.1 The big seven
The most commonly used simple features geometries, used to represent a single feature are:
| type | description |
|---|---|
POINT |
single point geometry |
MULTIPOINT |
set of points |
LINESTRING |
single linestring (two or more points connected by straight lines) |
MULTILINESTRING |
set of linestrings |
POLYGON |
exterior ring with zero or more inner rings, denoting holes |
MULTIPOLYGON |
set of polygons |
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION |
set of the geometries above |
Points in a geometry contain at least two coordinates: x and y, in that order.
3.1.2 Valid geometries
Valid geometries obey the following properties:
- linestrings shall not self-intersect
- polygon rings shall be closed (the last point equals the first)
- polygon holes (inner rings) shall be inside their exterior ring
- polygon inner rings shall maximally touch the exterior ring in single points, not over a line
- a polygon ring shall not repeat its own path
If this is not the case, the geometry concerned is not valid.
3.1.3 Z and M
In addition to X and Y coordinates, Single points (vertices) of simple feature geometries can have
- a
Z
coordinate, denoting altitude, and/or - an
M
value, denoting some “measure”
The M
attribute shall be a property of the vertex. It sounds attractive to encode a time stamp in it, e.g. to pack trajectories in LINESTRING
s. These become however invalid once the trajectory self-intersects.
Both Z
and M
are found relatively rarely, and software support to do something useful with them is (still) rather rare.
3.1.4 Ten further geometry types
There are 10 more geometry types which are more rare, but increasingly find implementation:
| type | description |
|---|---|
CIRCULARSTRING |
The CIRCULARSTRING is the basic curve type, similar to a LINESTRING in the linear world. A single segment requires three points, the start and end points (first and third) and any other point on the arc. The exception to this is for a closed circle, where the start and end points are the same. In this case the second point MUST be the center of the arc, ie the opposite side of the circle. To chain arcs together, the last point of the previous arc becomes the first point of the next arc, just like in LINESTRING. This means that a valid circular string must have an odd number of points greated than 1. |
COMPOUNDCURVE |
A compound curve is a single, continuous curve that has both curved (circular) segments and linear segments. That means that in addition to having well-formed components, the end point of every component (except the last) must be coincident with the start point of the following component. |
CURVEPOLYGON |
Example compound curve in a curve polygon: CURVEPOLYGON(COMPOUNDCURVE(CIRCULARSTRING(0 0,2 0, 2 1, 2 3, 4 3),(4 3, 4 5, 1 4, 0 0)), CIRCULARSTRING(1.7 1, 1.4 0.4, 1.6 0.4, 1.6 0.5, 1.7 1) ) |
MULTICURVE |
A MultiCurve is a 1-dimensional GeometryCollection whose elements are Curves, it can include linear strings, circular strings or compound strings. |
MULTISURFACE |
A MultiSurface is a 2-dimensional GeometryCollection whose elements are Surfaces, all using coordinates from the same coordinate reference system. |
CURVE |
A Curve is a 1-dimensional geometric object usually stored as a sequence of Points, with the subtype of Curve specifying the form of the interpolation between Points |
SURFACE |
A Surface is a 2-dimensional geometric object |
POLYHEDRALSURFACE |
A PolyhedralSurface is a contiguous collection of polygons, which share common boundary segments |
TIN |
A TIN (triangulated irregular network) is a PolyhedralSurface consisting only of Triangle patches. |
TRIANGLE |
A Triangle is a polygon with 3 distinct, non-collinear vertices and no interior boundary |
Note that CIRCULASTRING
, COMPOUNDCURVE
and CURVEPOLYGON
are not described in the SFA standard, but in the SQL-MM part 3 standard. The descriptions above were copied from the PostGIS manual.
3.1.5 Encodings
Part of the simple feature standard are two encodings: a text and a binary encoding. The text strings POINT (0 1)
and so on indicate text encodings, also known as well-known text (WKT) encodings, of simple feature geometries. They are meant to be human-readable.
3.2 Simple features in sf
This section describes the implementation of simple feature geometries in package sf
. It will first explain how single simple feature geometries, explained in the previous section, are represented in R objects of class sfg
. Next, it will explain how sets of simple feature geometry objects are collected in a list of class sfc
. This list acts as a geometry list-column in data.frame objects, of class sf
.
3.2.1 sfg
: simple feature geometry
Point sets are stored as numeric matrix, with 2 (XY
), 3 (XYZ
or XYM
) or 4 (XYZM
) columns, with a points in each row. Individual simple feature geometry objects are implemented as:
- numeric vector for
POINT
, - numeric matrix for
MULTIPOINT
andLINESTRING
- list of numeric matrices for
MULTILINESTRING
andPOLYGON
- list of lists of numeric matrices for
MULTIPOLYGON
- list of (typed) geometries for
GEOMETRYCOLLECTION
All other geometry types follow this, using the simplest possible option. Note that matrices can have zero points, and lists can have zero elements, in which case we have empty geometries; more about this in section <IP_ADDRESS>.
Objects have a class indicating their dimension, type, and a superclass (sfg
: simple feature geometry), and have no other attributes than their S3 class:
(pt = st_point(c(0,1)))
#> POINT (0 1)
attributes(pt)
#> $class
#> [1] "XY" "POINT" "sfg"
We see that in addition to sfg
the class
attribute has two values:
XY
telling the dimension of the point(s), can also beXYZ
,XYM
orXYZM
POINT
revealing the geometry type.
Examples of XYZ
and XYM
and XYZM
geometries are found here:
system.file("shape/storms_xyz_feature.shp", package="sf") %>%
st_read()
#> Reading layer `storms_xyz_feature' from data source `/home/edzer/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.6/sf/shape/storms_xyz_feature.shp' using driver `ESRI Shapefile'
#> Simple feature collection with 71 features and 1 field
#> geometry type: LINESTRING
#> dimension: XYZ
#> bbox: xmin: -102 ymin: 8.3 xmax: 0 ymax: 59.5
#> z_range: zmin: 924 zmax: 1020
#> CRS: NA
system.file("shape/storms_xyzm_feature.shp", package="sf") %>% # badly named!
st_read()
#> Reading layer `storms_xyzm_feature' from data source `/home/edzer/R/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu-library/3.6/sf/shape/storms_xyzm_feature.shp' using driver `ESRI Shapefile'
#> Simple feature collection with 71 features and 1 field
#> geometry type: LINESTRING
#> dimension: XYM
#> bbox: xmin: -102 ymin: 8.3 xmax: 0 ymax: 59.5
#> m_range: zmin: 924 zmax: 1020
#> CRS: NA
(pzm = st_point(c(1,2,3,4)))
#> POINT ZM (1 2 3 4)
A MULTIPOINT
or a LINESTRING
can be created by a matrix
(m1 = rbind(c(8, 1), c(2, 5), c(3, 2)))
#> [,1] [,2]
#> [1,] 8 1
#> [2,] 2 5
#> [3,] 3 2
(mp = st_multipoint(m1))
#> MULTIPOINT ((8 1), (2 5), (3 2))
(ls = st_linestring(m1))
#> LINESTRING (8 1, 2 5, 3 2)
Although these geometries contain the same points, they have entirely different meaning: the point set is a zero-dimensional, the line a one-dimensional geometry:
st_dimension(mp)
#> [1] 0
st_dimension(ls)
#> [1] 1
A MULTILINESTRING
can be constructed from a list of matrices, representing vertices:
m2 = rbind(c(22,20), c(18, 15))
(mls = st_multilinestring(list(m1, m2)))
#> MULTILINESTRING ((8 1, 2 5, 3 2), (22 20, 18 15))
A POLYGON
consists of an outer ring, followed by zero or more inner rings that denote holes in the outer ring:
(ring1 = rbind(c(0,0), c(4,0), c(4,4), c(0,4), c(0,0)))
#> [,1] [,2]
#> [1,] 0 0
#> [2,] 4 0
#> [3,] 4 4
#> [4,] 0 4
#> [5,] 0 0
(p1 = st_polygon(list(ring1)))
#> POLYGON ((0 0, 4 0, 4 4, 0 4, 0 0))
(ring2 = ring1 + 5)
#> [,1] [,2]
#> [1,] 5 5
#> [2,] 9 5
#> [3,] 9 9
#> [4,] 5 9
#> [5,] 5 5
(ring3 = (ring1[5:1,] / 4) + 6)
#> [,1] [,2]
#> [1,] 6 6
#> [2,] 6 7
#> [3,] 7 7
#> [4,] 7 6
#> [5,] 6 6
(p2 = st_polygon(list(ring2, ring3)))
#> POLYGON ((5 5, 9 5, 9 9, 5 9, 5 5), (6 6, 6 7, 7 7, 7 6, 6 6))
A MULTIPOLYGON
can be constructed as a list of lists of matrices:
(mpol = st_multipolygon(list(list(ring1), list(ring2, ring3))))
#> MULTIPOLYGON (((0 0, 4 0, 4 4, 0 4, 0 0)), ((5 5, 9 5, 9 9, 5 9, 5 5), (6 6, 6 7, 7 7, 7 6, 6 6)))
And finally, a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION
can be constructed from a list of typed geometries:
st_geometrycollection(list(pt, mp, ls, mpol))
#> GEOMETRYCOLLECTION (POINT (0 1), MULTIPOINT ((8 1), (2 5), (3 2)), LINESTRING (8 1, 2 5, 3 2), MULTIPOLYGON (((0 0, 4 0, 4 4, 0 4, 0 0)), ((5 5, 9 5, 9 9, 5 9, 5 5), (6 6, 6 7, 7 7, 7 6, 6 6))))
<IP_ADDRESS> WKT, WKB encodings
By default, package sf
prints the same number of digits as R, but this can be manipulated:
st_point(c(1/3, 2/3))
#> POINT (0.333 0.667)
print(st_point(c(1/3, 2/3)), digits = 16)
#> POINT (0.3333333333333333 0.6666666666666666)
print(st_point(c(1/3, 2/3)), digits = 3)
#> POINT (0.333 0.667)
An encoding that is more useful for machine-to-machine communication is well-known binary. An example of a round-trip R \(\rightarrow\) binary \(\rightarrow\) R is
(wkb = st_as_binary(st_point(c(1/3, 2/3))))
#> [1] 01 01 00 00 00 55 55 55 55 55 55 d5 3f 55 55 55 55 55 55 e5 3f
st_as_sfc(wkb)[[1]]
#> POINT (0.333 0.667)
Object r
is a raw vector, which is little useful in R. Binary conversion is used to communicate geometries to external libraries (GDAL, GEOS, liblwgeom) and spatial databases because it is fast and lossless. Whenever there is a choice, binary encoding should be prefered over text encoding.
<IP_ADDRESS> simple, valid, empty
Methods st_is_simple
and st_is_valid
help detect non-simple and non-valid geometries:
st_is_simple(st_linestring(rbind(c(0,0), c(1,1), c(1,0), c(0,1)))) # self-intersects
#> [1] FALSE
st_is_valid(st_polygon(list(rbind(c(1,1), c(0,0), c(1,1), c(2,2), c(2,1), c(1,1))))) # repeats
#> [1] FALSE
A very important concept in the feature geometry framework is that of the empty geometry. We can think of an empty geometry as similar to the NA
value in R vectors: it is a placeholder, but a usable value is not available. Empty geometries arise naturally when we do geometrical operations (chapter 5), for instance when we want to know where two disjoint geometries coincide:
(e = st_intersection(st_point(c(0,0)), st_point(c(1,1))))
#> GEOMETRYCOLLECTION EMPTY
It is not entirely clear what the benefit is of having typed empty geometries, but according to the simple feature standard they are. They are detected by
st_is_empty(e)
#> [1] TRUE
<IP_ADDRESS> Conversion between geometry types
Up to the extent that a conversion is feasible, we can convert simple feature geometries using the st_cast
generic:
methods(st_cast)
#> [1] st_cast.CIRCULARSTRING* st_cast.COMPOUNDCURVE*
#> [3] st_cast.CURVE* st_cast.GEOMETRYCOLLECTION*
#> [5] st_cast.LINESTRING* st_cast.MULTICURVE*
#> [7] st_cast.MULTILINESTRING* st_cast.MULTIPOINT*
#> [9] st_cast.MULTIPOLYGON* st_cast.MULTISURFACE*
#> [11] st_cast.POINT* st_cast.POLYGON*
#> [13] st_cast.sf* st_cast.sfc*
#> [15] st_cast.sfc_CIRCULARSTRING*
#> see '?methods' for accessing help and source code
Conversion is required e.g. to be able to plot curved geometries. CURVE
, COMPOUNDCURVE
and CIRCULARSTRING
have st_cast
methods to cast them to LINESTRING
; MULTISURFACE
has an st_cast
method to MULTIPOLYGON
. An example, needed for plotting, is
(ls <- st_as_sfc("CIRCULARSTRING(0 0,1 0,1 1)") %>% st_cast("LINESTRING"))
#> Geometry set for 1 feature
#> geometry type: LINESTRING
#> dimension: XY
#> bbox: xmin: 0 ymin: -0.207 xmax: 1.21 ymax: 1
#> CRS: NA
#> LINESTRING (0 0, 0.0361 -0.0337, 0.0745 -0.0647...
plot(ls, axes = TRUE)
It is convenient in other cases to analyse the point pattern from a set of vertices in a linestring. However,
rbind(c(0,0), c(1,1), c(1,0), c(0,1)) %>% st_linestring() %>% st_cast("POINT")
#> Warning in st_cast.LINESTRING(., "POINT"): point from first coordinate only
#> POINT (0 0)
does not what we expect, because it will convert a single geometry into a new single geometry. We can convert to a MULTIPOINT
rbind(c(0,0), c(1,1), c(1,0), c(0,1)) %>% st_linestring() %>% st_cast("MULTIPOINT")
#> MULTIPOINT ((0 0), (1 1), (1 0), (0 1))
but if we want to have a set of points, we need to work with sets (section 3.2.2) first, because we want a set with another cardinality:
(p <- rbind(c(0,0), c(1,1), c(1,0), c(0,1)) %>% st_linestring() %>% st_sfc() %>% st_cast("POINT"))
#> Geometry set for 4 features
#> geometry type: POINT
#> dimension: XY
#> bbox: xmin: 0 ymin: 0 xmax: 1 ymax: 1
#> CRS: NA
#> POINT (0 0)
#> POINT (1 1)
#> POINT (1 0)
#> POINT (0 1)
<IP_ADDRESS> GEOMETRYCOLLECTION
handling
Single features can have a geometry that consists of several subgeometries of different type, held in a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION
. This may sound like looking for trouble, but these arise rather naturally when looking for intersections. For instance, the intersection of two LINESTRING
geometries may be the combination of a LINESTRING
and a POINT
. Putting this intersection into a single feature geometry needs a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION
.
In case we end up with GEOMETRYCOLLECTION
objects, the next question is often what to do with them. One thing we can do is extract elements from them:
pt <- st_point(c(1, 0))
ls <- st_linestring(matrix(c(4, 3, 0, 0), ncol = 2))
poly1 <- st_polygon(list(matrix(c(5.5, 7, 7, 6, 5.5, 0, 0, -0.5, -0.5, 0), ncol = 2)))
poly2 <- st_polygon(list(matrix(c(6.6, 8, 8, 7, 6.6, 1, 1, 1.5, 1.5, 1), ncol = 2)))
multipoly <- st_multipolygon(list(poly1, poly2))
j <- st_geometrycollection(list(pt, ls, poly1, poly2, multipoly))
st_collection_extract(j, "POLYGON")
#> Geometry set for 3 features
#> geometry type: MULTIPOLYGON
#> dimension: XY
#> bbox: xmin: 5.5 ymin: -0.5 xmax: 8 ymax: 1.5
#> CRS: NA
#> MULTIPOLYGON (((5.5 0, 7 0, 7 -0.5, 6 -0.5, 5.5...
#> MULTIPOLYGON (((6.6 1, 8 1, 8 1.5, 7 1.5, 6.6 1)))
#> MULTIPOLYGON (((5.5 0, 7 0, 7 -0.5, 6 -0.5, 5.5...
st_collection_extract(j, "POINT")
#> POINT (1 0)
st_collection_extract(j, "LINESTRING")
#> LINESTRING (4 0, 3 0)
which sometimes results in a geometry set, sometimes in single geometries.
3.2.2 sfc
: sets of geometries
Rather than handling geometries individually, we typically handle them as sets. Package sf
provides a dedicated class for this, called sfc
(for simple feature geometry list column). We can create such a list column with constructor function st_sfc
:
(sfc = st_sfc(st_point(c(0,1)), st_point(c(-3,2)), crs = 4326))
#> Geometry set for 2 features
#> geometry type: POINT
#> dimension: XY
#> bbox: xmin: -3 ymin: 1 xmax: 0 ymax: 2
#> geographic CRS: WGS 84
#> POINT (0 1)
#> POINT (-3 2)
The default report from the print
method for sfc
gives
- the number of features geometries
- the feature geometry type (here:
POINT
) - the feature geometry dimension (here:
XY
) - the bounding box for the set
- the coordinate reference system for the set (
epsg
andproj4string
: see chapter 7.3) - the first few geometries, as (abbreviated) WKT
The class of the geometry list-column,
class(sfc)
#> [1] "sfc_POINT" "sfc"
is again a combination of a specific class, and a superclass. In addition to a class
, the object has further attributes
attributes(sfc) %>% names() %>% setdiff("class")
#> [1] "precision" "bbox" "crs" "n_empty"
which are used to record for the whole set:
- a precision value (section 5.4)
- the bounding box enclosing all geometries (for x and y)
- a coordinate reference system (section 7.3)
- the number of empty geometries contained in the set
This means that all these properties are defined for the set, and not for geometries individually.
As we’ve seen above, sets of geometries arise when we tear apart compound geometries, as in
(p <- rbind(c(0,0), c(1,1), c(1,0), c(0,1)) %>% st_linestring() %>% st_sfc() %>% st_cast("POINT"))
#> Geometry set for 4 features
#> geometry type: POINT
#> dimension: XY
#> bbox: xmin: 0 ymin: 0 xmax: 1 ymax: 1
#> CRS: NA
#> POINT (0 0)
#> POINT (1 1)
#> POINT (1 0)
#> POINT (0 1)
Here, st_sfc
creates a set of one LINESTRING
, and the resulting set has size 4:
length(p)
#> [1] 4
Going the other way around, we need st_combine
to combine geometries into one:
p %>% st_combine
#> Geometry set for 1 feature
#> geometry type: MULTIPOINT
#> dimension: XY
#> bbox: xmin: 0 ymin: 0 xmax: 1 ymax: 1
#> CRS: NA
#> MULTIPOINT ((0 0), (1 1), (1 0), (0 1))
p %>% st_combine %>% st_cast("LINESTRING")
#> Geometry set for 1 feature
#> geometry type: LINESTRING
#> dimension: XY
#> bbox: xmin: 0 ymin: 0 xmax: 1 ymax: 1
#> CRS: NA
#> LINESTRING (0 0, 1 1, 1 0, 0 1)
More general, in practice we will almost always work with sets of geometries, because in spatial data we typically associate an observation with a feature, which has a geometry, and we work with sets of observations.
sfc
objects are lists with each entry being an sfg
object:
p[[2]]
#> POINT (1 1)
and we will use these lists as list columns in data.frame
or tibble
objects to represent simple features with geometries in a list column. These objects are of class sf
(section 3.2.3).
<IP_ADDRESS> Feature sets with mixed geometries
Sets of simple features also consist of features with heterogeneous geometries. In this case, the geometry type of the set is GEOMETRY
:
(g = st_sfc(st_point(c(0,0)), st_linestring(rbind(c(0,0), c(1,1)))))
#> Geometry set for 2 features
#> geometry type: GEOMETRY
#> dimension: XY
#> bbox: xmin: 0 ymin: 0 xmax: 1 ymax: 1
#> CRS: NA
#> POINT (0 0)
#> LINESTRING (0 0, 1 1)
These can be filtered by using st_is
g %>% st_is("LINESTRING")
#> [1] FALSE TRUE
or, when working with sf
objects,
st_sf(g) %>% filter(st_is(., "LINESTRING"))
#> Simple feature collection with 1 feature and 0 fields
#> geometry type: LINESTRING
#> dimension: XY
#> bbox: xmin: 0 ymin: 0 xmax: 1 ymax: 1
#> CRS: NA
#> g
#> 1 LINESTRING (0 0, 1 1)
3.2.3 sf
: geometries with attributes
sf
objects are tibble
or data.frame
objects with feature geometries in a list column, and an sf
class added:
sf = st_sf(sfc)
class(sf)
#> [1] "sf" "data.frame"
Although there is nothing against simply using data.frames or tibbles with sfc
list columns, a number of methods have been written for sf
objects that make life even more convenient, including plot methods to create maps.
In addition to the usual data.frame
attributes, sf
objects have two more attributes:
sf %>% attributes() %>% names() %>% setdiff(c("row.names", "class", "names"))
#> [1] "sf_column" "agr"
They are:
sf_column
: a length one character vector with the name of the (active) geometry list-column. Note thatsf
objects may contain multiple geometry list-columns, but the one named here is used for all operations, as the “active” geometry.agr
: attribute-geometry relationships; this encodes for each of the attributes how it relates to the geometry (in case of a non-point geometry): is it constant throughout the geometry like a soil type, is it an aggregate over the geometry like a population count, or does it identify the geometry like a state name? This is explained in more depth in section 6.1.
3.3 Tesselations: coverages, rasters
A common case in spatial data analysis is that an area is split (tesselated) in a number of non-overlapping regions. Although this can be modelled by a sequence of simple feature geometries (polygons), it is hard to guarantee for a set of simple feature polygons that they overlap nowhere, or that there are no gaps between them.
More fundamental ways of storing such polygons use a topological model, examples of this are found in geographic information systems like GRASS GIS or ArcGIS. Topological models store every boundary between polygons only once, and register which polygon is on either side of a boundary.
A simpler approach, associated with the term raster data, is to tesselate each spatial dimension \(d\) into regular cells, formed e.g. by left-closed and right-open intervals \(d_i\): \[\begin{equation} d_i = d_0 + [~ i \cdot \delta, (i+1) \cdot \delta~) \end{equation}\]with \(d_0\) an offset, \(\delta\) the interval (cell or pixel) size, and where the cell index \(i\) is an arbitrary but consecutive set of integers. The \(\delta\) value is often taken negative for the \(y\)-axis (Northing), indicating that raster row numbers increasing Southwards correspond to \(y\)-coordinates increasing Northwards.
In arbitrary polygon tesselations, assigning points to polygons when they fall on a boundary shared by two polygons is ambiguous. Using left-closed “[” and right-open “)” intervals in regular tesselations removes this ambiguity.
Tesselating the time dimension in this way is very common, and reflects the implicit assumption underlying time series packages such as xts
in R. Different models can be combined: one could use simple feature polygons to tesselate space, and combine this with a regular tesselation of time in order to cover a space-time vector datacube. Raster data and data cubes are discussed in chapter 4.
3.4 Networks
Spatial networks are typically composed of linear (LINESTRING
) elements, but possess further topological properties describing the network coherence:
- start and endpoints of a linestring may be connected to other linestring start or end points, forming a set of nodes and edges
- edges may be directed, and allow for connections (flow, transport) in only one way.
Several R packages (osmar
, stplanr
) have (limited) functionality available for constructing network objects, and working with them, e.g. computing shortest or fastest routes through a network.
3.5 Geometries on the sphere
Geometries on the sphere are geometries made from geodetic coordinates. The easiest of these concern small regions near the equator not covering the date line, because in that case we can ignore all problems and still do a good job. Reality is nastier.
The concept of a bounding box, defined from the coordinate ranges breaks easily down, e.g. when crossing the date line:
pts = rbind(c(-179,0), c(179,0), c(179,1), c(-179,1), c(-179,0))
date_line = st_sfc(st_polygon(list(pts)), crs = 4326)
st_bbox(date_line) %>% st_as_sfc()
#> Geometry set for 1 feature
#> geometry type: POLYGON
#> dimension: XY
#> bbox: xmin: -179 ymin: 0 xmax: 179 ymax: 1
#> geographic CRS: WGS 84
#> POLYGON ((-179 0, 179 0, 179 1, -179 1, -179 0))
or when a polygon contains one of the poles:
pts = rbind(c(0,89), c(120,89), c(240,89), c(0,89))
pole = st_sfc(st_polygon(list(pts)), crs = 4326)
st_bbox(pole) %>% st_as_sfc()
#> Geometry set for 1 feature
#> geometry type: POLYGON
#> dimension: XY
#> bbox: xmin: 0 ymin: 89 xmax: 240 ymax: 89
#> geographic CRS: WGS 84
#> POLYGON ((0 89, 240 89, 240 89, 0 89, 0 89))
where we see that in both cases the st_bbox
implied polygon does not cover the area intended.
3.5.1 Straight lines?
The simple feature model assumes that linestrings and polygons are formed of points connected by straight lines. When however representing the Earth surface, what does a straight line mean? The simple feature standard does not help much, here: it assumes Cartesian space. Technically speaking, a straight line between two points on a sphere exists, but it crosses the sphere, which is not very practical in most cases. The most common case is to use great circle segments to connect points: the shortest path that follows the surface of the sphere or ellipsoid. This means that (with longitude latitude coordinates) the line between POINT(0 50)
and POINT(10 50)
does not cross POINT(5 50)
. It also means that the line between points on opposite sides of the sphere is ambiguous. Also, the direction of a great circle segment, when defined as the angle it has with meridians, is not constant.
3.5.2 Ring direction for polygons
The simple feature standard is not conclusive about the direction of points in a ring. It points out that exterior rings should be counter clockwise, when seen from above, and interior rings (holes) clockwise, but for instance st_is_valid
does not invalidate clockwise exterior rings:
st_is_valid(st_polygon(list(rbind(c(0,0), c(0,1), c(1,1), c(0,0)))))
#> [1] TRUE
This may have several reasons: a lot of data may come with wrong ring directions, and the distinction between exterior and interior rings is already unambiguous by their order: the first is exterior, anything following is interior.
On the sphere, any polygon divides the sphere surface in two finite areas, meaning there is no longer an unambiguous “inside” vs. “outside”: does the polygon with longitude latitude coordinates POLYGON((0 0, 120 0, 240 0, 0 0))
denote the northern or the southern hemisphere? One can still go two directions here:
- assume that in practice polygons never divide the Earth in two equal halves, and take the smaller area as the “inside”
- decide strongly about ring direction, e.g. counter-clockwise (following the ring, standing on the Earth, the left-side of the ring denotes the polygon interior)
Package sf
comes with a large number of functions that work both for projected (Cartesian) data as for data defined in spherical coordinates. Whenever it makes assumptions of Cartesian coordinates for spherical coordinates it emits a warning. This is discussed further in section 5.6.
References
Herring, John R. 2010. “OpenGIS Implementation Standard for Geographic Information-Simple Feature Access-Part 2: SQL Option.” Open Geospatial Consortium Inc. http://portal.opengeospatial.org/files/?artifact_id=25354.
Herring, John R. 2011. “OpenGIS Implementation Standard for Geographic Information-Simple Feature Access-Part 1: Common Architecture.” Open Geospatial Consortium Inc, 111. http://portal.opengeospatial.org/files/?artifact_id=25355.
ISO. 2004. Geographic Information – Simple Feature Access – Part 1: Common Architecture. https://www.iso.org/standard/40114.html.


A device closing function which is able to crop graphics (e.g., PDF, PNG files) on Unix-like operating systems with the required underlying command-line tools installed.
| Version: | 0.0-2 |
| Depends: | R (≥ 3.0.0) |
| Published: | 2015-10-19 |
| Author: | Marius Hofert [aut, cre] |
| Maintainer: | Marius Hofert <marius.hofert at uwaterloo.ca> |
| License: | GPL-2 | GPL-3 |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| CRAN checks: | crop results |
| Reference manual: | crop.pdf |
| Package source: | crop_0.0-2.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: crop_0.0-2.zip, r-release: crop_0.0-2.zip, r-oldrel: crop_0.0-2.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: crop_0.0-2.tgz, r-oldrel: crop_0.0-2.tgz |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=crop to link to this page.


The Call of Cthulhu
"The Call of Cthulhu" is a short story by American writer H. P. Lovecraft. Written in the summer of 1926, it was first published in the pulp magazine Weird Tales, in February 1928.
The Lurking Fear
"The Lurking Fear" is a horror short story by American writer H. P. Lovecraft. Written in November 1922, it was first published in the January through April 1923 issues of Home Brew.
The Shadow Out of Time
"The Shadow Out of Time" is a novella by American horror fiction writer H. P. Lovecraft. Written between November 1934 and February 1935, it was first published in the June 1936 issue of Astounding Stories.
The Dunwich Horror
"The Dunwich Horror" is a horror short story by American writer H. P. Lovecraft. Written in 1928, it was first published in the April 1929 issue of Weird Tales
The Whisperer in Darkness
The Whisperer in Darkness is a novella by American writer H. P. Lovecraft. Written February–September 1930, it was first published in Weird Tales, August 1931.
The White Ship
"The White Ship" is a horror short story by American writer H. P. Lovecraft. It was first published in The United Amateur (Volume 19) #2, November 1919, and later appeared in the March 1927 issue of Weird Tales.
Dagon
"Dagon" is a short story by American author H. P. Lovecraft. It was written in July 1917 and is one of the first stories that Lovecraft wrote as an adult. It was first published in the November 1919 edition of The Vagrant (issue #11).
The Rats in the Wall
"The Rats in the Walls" is a short story by American author H. P. Lovecraft. Written in August–September 1923, it was first published in Weird Tales, March 1924.
The Thing on the Doorstep
"The Thing on the Doorstep" is a horror short story by American writer H. P. Lovecraft, part of the Cthulhu Mythos universe. It was written in August 1933, and first published in the January 1937 issue of Weird Tales.
The Case of Charles Dexter Ward
The Case of Charles Dexter Ward is a short horror novel by American writer H. P. Lovecraft, written in early 1927, but not published during the author's lifetime. Set in Lovecraft's hometown of Providence, Rhode Island, it was first published (in abridged form) in the May and July issues of Weird Tales in 1941; the first complete publication was in Arkham House's Beyond the Wall of Sleep collection (1943). It is included in the Library of America volume of Lovecraft's work.
The Dreams in the Witch House
"The Dreams in the Witch House" is a horror short story by American writer H. P. Lovecraft, part of the Cthulhu Mythos cycle. Written in January/February 1932, it was first published in the July 1933 issue of Weird Tales.
Cool Air
"Cool Air" is a short story by the American horror fiction writer H. P. Lovecraft, written in March 1926 and published in the March 1928 issue of Tales of Magic and Mystery.
At the Mountains of Madness
"At the Mountains of Madness" is a science fiction-horror novella by American author H. P. Lovecraft, written in February/March 1931 and rejected that year by Weird Tales editor Farnsworth Wright on the grounds of its length.[1] It was originally serialized in the February, March, and April 1936 issues of Astounding Stories. It has been reproduced in numerous collections.
The Outsider
"The Outsider" is a short story by American horror writer H. P. Lovecraft. Written between March and August 1921, it was first published in Weird Tales, April 1926. "The Outsider" is one of Lovecraft's most commonly reprinted works and is also one of the most popular stories ever to be published in Weird Tales.
The Music of Eric Zann
"The Music of Erich Zann" is a horror short story by American author H. P. Lovecraft. Written in December 1921, it was first published in National Amateur, March 1922.
The Color Out of Space
"The Colour Out of Space" is a science fiction/horror short story by American author H. P. Lovecraft, written in March 1927.
He
"He" is a short story by American horror writer H. P. Lovecraft. Written August 1925, it was first published in Weird Tales, September 1926.
Beyond the Wall of Sleep
"Beyond the Wall of Sleep" is a science fiction short story by American writer H. P. Lovecraft, written in 1919 and first published in the amateur publication Pine Cones in October 1919.
The Shadow over Innsmouth
The Shadow over Innsmouth is a horror novella by American author H. P. Lovecraft, written in November–December 1931. It forms part of the Cthulhu Mythos.


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Kingsley E. Clawson IV | LinkedIn
View Kingsley E. Clawson IV's professional profile on LinkedIn. . Consecutively surpassed personal, weekly, and monthly store sales plans by 20-50% . Acted as interim Regional Trainer for the entire $11.8M region during regional . Achieved Italian fluency in written and spoken form through intense study and local .
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Diaries of Rudger Clawson 06 « The Signature Books Library
Apostle Hyrum M. Smith was mouth in prayer, and Apostle Clawson in the circle. . of the B. Y. Academy of Provo at Beaver and the advantages of church school training. . Felt that all the meetings thus far had been intensely interesting and . the necessity of carrying a large number of personal accounts on the ledger.
http://signaturebookslibrary.org/?p=15749
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Troy Fitness Centers and Gyms in Troy, MI. Find a local Fitness ...
They offer a variety of machines for weight training, cardio, and general fitness. Many fitness centers also offer personal training and classes, such as yoga, pilates, List of . Intense Personal Training 834 Fourteen Mile Rd. Clawson, MI 48017 .
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Meet The Team | Bird Rock Fit
Performance Specialist, Personal Trainer. Hometown: Clawson, Michigan . Ideal Workout: Foam rolling, 5 minute warm-up, 20 minutes intense training using .
http://www.birdrockfit.com/meet-the-team/
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Breakfast Club - Madison Heights, MI
However, this is only a personal pet peeve of mine, and might not bother . were in Clawson and since they moved to Madison Heights, are about a 10 minute drive. . the owner has put a lot of time into training her staff (kitchen and waitstaff ). . almost entirely and gave the dish this intense purple and dark pink color then .
http://www.yelp.com/biz/breakfast-club-madison-heights
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Group Exercise Programs | Beverly Hills Club
Muscle Max Plus, A challenging 75 minute strength training class! Intense strength training with body bars, kettle bells, weights and resistance bands.
http://www.beverlyhillsclub.net/groups/aerobics-program/
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Nth Degree Fitness in the Detroit area on the A-List
Personalized group training for a fraction of the cost of a personal trainer. Above all, we get results! Voted Best Gym in Hour Detroit! Nth Degree Fitness, Health .
http://detroit.cityvoter.com/nth-degree-fitness/biz/462045
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12/03/2012 - Genesys Regional Medical Center
Dec 3, 2012 . The day includes intense sports drills; and short lectures and . a nutrition lecture from a GAC personal trainer; and speed, agility, power and .
http://www.genesys.org/Internet/General/INK.nsf/2e0dabbf862e762d85257330001086bb/447EA60ABCA6630D85257AC6000CFBBF
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Body By Giuliana - Clawson, MI - Spa, Beauty & Personal Care ...
The pole excersice tonight was intense, but I LOVED it! . Attention Trainers What are personal trainers saying about Visalus & the body by Vi 90 Day Challenge .
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Top 5 reasons why working with the TRX rocks! - Worldnews.com
May 21, 2012 . matt my trainer brings you his more intense training styles for those who choose to train . . Kris Peters, Personal Trainer and TRX Suspension Training Expert at . Meg Clawson Owner of Starka Fitness in New Tampa Florida .
http://article.wn.com/view/2012/05/21/Top_5_reasons_why_working_with_the_TRX_rocks/
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Frequently Asked Questions - Mississippi Department of Corrections
When can an inmate on the Intensive Supervision Program (ISP) leave home? Can I keep beer, wine, or other alcohol in my house if an inmate lives with me .
http://www.mdoc.state.ms.us/Frequently%20Asked%20Questions.htm
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Spencer W. Kimball - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The deaths of Sylvester Q. Cannon and Rudger Clawson created two vacancies in . from his intense emotional struggle with his own feelings of inadequacy and doubt. . hand out to young boys to help them begin a personal missionary fund. . the Church built and dedicated its Missionary Training Center in Provo, Utah, .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_W._Kimball
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Gyms of New Jersey
Programs: Personal Fitness Training, Women's Circuit Training, Men's Circuit Training, Birthday Parties, . We feature an intense calorie burning kickboxing & cross-training workout seven days a week. . Email: clawson@hamiltonstarz. com .
http://www.usgyms.net/new_jersey.htm
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Blog | LifeFitness
5 days ago . If you're considering a personal trainer, check out our tips for finding the right fit. . an in-water dance party that offers a more intense, full body workout. . Join us March 14, 2013 for a webinar with President Chris Clawson.
http://www.lifefitness.com/blog.html
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Implementing Evidence-Based Practice in Community Corrections:
Brad Bogue, Nancy Campbell, Mark Carey, Elyse Clawson, Dot Faust, Kate . processes, within the context of a complete training program and supportive human . Collaboration and system change are very time consuming and resource intensive . from offenders, and officers were expected to rely on their personal .
http://static.nicic.gov/Library/024107.pdf
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Birmingham Fitness Centers and Gyms in Birmingham, MI. Find a ...
They offer a variety of machines for weight training, cardio, and general fitness. Many fitness centers also offer personal training and classes, such as yoga, .
http://southfield.salonseeker.com/MI/Birmingham/Fitness-Centers.html
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James G. Clawson. -147-. Six Steps to Effective . Provide leadership training that will be close to unforgettable. 5 . a very personal discussion. I try to treat . follows more intense reflection and might be the result of more detailed planning. 3.
http://faculty.darden.virginia.edu/clawsonj/General/PUBLIC/Chamberlain.pdf
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MTIOPC Catalog
Intensive training sessions have been held in Pennsylvania, New York, Illinois, California, and Florida. . This course combines personal reading, intensive training, and actual . The form is available from Pat Clawson at CCEsec@opc. org.
http://www.opc.org/cce/MTIOPC_catalog.html
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Top 10 - in Birmingham Patch
Apr 22, 2011 . Pete Swizatek, a certified personal trainer who lives in Birmingham, suggests intense 45-minute workouts twice a week. One-on-one guidance .
http://birmingham.patch.com/articles/top-10-gyms-and-studios-for-gaining-and-maintaining-fitness
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Daily Kos: Midday open thread
Jan 4, 2013 . Let's be real about it, by Laura Clawson; Kings and crowns of gold, by Denise . I personally get nervous whenever a politician is asking me as a . There's not a lot of training capability out there for the public to go to, but there is now.. . She can't eat without intense hurt -- and she doesn't yet know why.
http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/01/04/1176225/-Midday-open-thread


Alex Li
I am a dual major in Theoretical Mathematics and Computer Science (AI Specialization) at the Ohio State University. I am interested in complexity theory, graph theory, machine learning, and natural language processing.
I am a dual major in Theoretical Mathematics and Computer Science (AI Specialization) at the Ohio State University. I am interested in complexity theory, graph theory, machine learning, and natural language processing.
Modernize and add features to an open source Javascript library that allows sharing of information among third party libraries. Migrate tests to jasmine/karma, setup build system with yarn using grunt using Closure, add a feature, and review peer PRs on github.
Build an open source JavaScript library for data collection. Sites write simple code to say which events they want, the library sends data about events to libraries of choice (e.g. Google Analytics) and stores data automatically with software of choice (e.g. cookies). Made SPA test site with react, html/css, redux.
Implement a kernel-based machine learning algorithm "Eigenpro" that improves the convergence speed of SGD by reducing spectral decay using python/numpy. Publish algorithm in the sklearn-extra machine learning library. Create documentation website.
Prove results relating to the Gromov-Hausdorff metric for distances between metric spaces, particularly the unit circle/sphere with geodesic distance. Computationally generate lower bounds on these distances using integer linear programming as well as a combination of a pruning algorithm and parallel processing with AWS.
Clean address data with Excel, design algorithm to reduce the amount of manual work. Give recommendations for improving data quality short-term and long-term by considering patterns in the data. Utilize WTTE-RNN model to predict churn of customers given their buying history.
{Work 7 hr/week for a semester assisting in lab, holding office hours. Grade projects and HW.
GPA: 3.948
GPA: ~3.5
Plan and lead weekly meetings. Give and listen to student driven weekly lectures showcasing problems which require deep knowledge of data structures and great mathematical creativity. Create major changes in meeting structure and club mission. Host and plan school ICPC competition.


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|
XLabs
Cross-platform reusable C# libraries
|
Interface IGeolocator More...
Public Member Functions | |
| Task< Position > | GetPositionAsync (int timeout) |
| Gets the position asynchronous. More... | |
| Task< Position > | GetPositionAsync (int timeout, bool includeHeading) |
| Gets the position asynchronous. More... | |
| Task< Position > | GetPositionAsync (CancellationToken cancelToken) |
| Gets the position asynchronous. More... | |
| Task< Position > | GetPositionAsync (CancellationToken cancelToken, bool includeHeading) |
| Gets the position asynchronous. More... | |
| Task< Position > | GetPositionAsync (int timeout, CancellationToken cancelToken) |
| Gets the position asynchronous. More... | |
| Task< Position > | GetPositionAsync (int timeout, CancellationToken cancelToken, bool includeHeading) |
| Gets the position asynchronous. More... | |
| void | StartListening (uint minTime, double minDistance) |
| Start listening to location changes More... | |
| void | StartListening (uint minTime, double minDistance, bool includeHeading) |
| Start listening to location changes More... | |
| void | StopListening () |
| Stop listening to location changes More... | |
Properties | |
| double | DesiredAccuracy [get, set] |
| Gets or sets the desired accuracy. More... | |
| bool | IsListening [get] |
| Gets a value indicating whether this instance is listening. More... | |
| bool | SupportsHeading [get] |
| Gets a value indicating whether [supports heading]. More... | |
| bool | IsGeolocationAvailable [get] |
| Gets a value indicating whether this instance is geolocation available. More... | |
| bool | IsGeolocationEnabled [get] |
| Gets a value indicating whether this instance is geolocation enabled. More... | |
Events | |
| EventHandler< PositionErrorEventArgs > | PositionError |
| Occurs when [position error]. More... | |
| EventHandler< PositionEventArgs > | PositionChanged |
| Occurs when [position changed]. More... | |
Interface IGeolocator
| Task<Position> XLabs.Platform.Services.Geolocation.IGeolocator.GetPositionAsync | ( | int | timeout | ) |
Gets the position asynchronous.
| timeout | The timeout. |
Implemented in XLabs.Platform.Services.Geolocation.Geolocator, XLabs.Platform.Services.Geolocation.Geolocator, and XLabs.Platform.Services.Geolocation.Geolocator.
| Task<Position> XLabs.Platform.Services.Geolocation.IGeolocator.GetPositionAsync | ( | int | timeout, |
| bool | includeHeading | ||
| ) |
Gets the position asynchronous.
| timeout | The timeout. |
| includeHeading | if set to true [include heading]. |
Implemented in XLabs.Platform.Services.Geolocation.Geolocator, XLabs.Platform.Services.Geolocation.Geolocator, and XLabs.Platform.Services.Geolocation.Geolocator.
| Task<Position> XLabs.Platform.Services.Geolocation.IGeolocator.GetPositionAsync | ( | CancellationToken | cancelToken | ) |
Gets the position asynchronous.
| cancelToken | The cancel token. |
Implemented in XLabs.Platform.Services.Geolocation.Geolocator, XLabs.Platform.Services.Geolocation.Geolocator, and XLabs.Platform.Services.Geolocation.Geolocator.
| Task<Position> XLabs.Platform.Services.Geolocation.IGeolocator.GetPositionAsync | ( | CancellationToken | cancelToken, |
| bool | includeHeading | ||
| ) |
Gets the position asynchronous.
| cancelToken | The cancel token. |
| includeHeading | if set to true [include heading]. |
Implemented in XLabs.Platform.Services.Geolocation.Geolocator, XLabs.Platform.Services.Geolocation.Geolocator, and XLabs.Platform.Services.Geolocation.Geolocator.
| Task<Position> XLabs.Platform.Services.Geolocation.IGeolocator.GetPositionAsync | ( | int | timeout, |
| CancellationToken | cancelToken | ||
| ) |
Gets the position asynchronous.
| timeout | The timeout. |
| cancelToken | The cancel token. |
Implemented in XLabs.Platform.Services.Geolocation.Geolocator, XLabs.Platform.Services.Geolocation.Geolocator, and XLabs.Platform.Services.Geolocation.Geolocator.
| Task<Position> XLabs.Platform.Services.Geolocation.IGeolocator.GetPositionAsync | ( | int | timeout, |
| CancellationToken | cancelToken, | ||
| bool | includeHeading | ||
| ) |
Gets the position asynchronous.
| timeout | The timeout. |
| cancelToken | The cancel token. |
| includeHeading | if set to true [include heading]. |
Implemented in XLabs.Platform.Services.Geolocation.Geolocator, XLabs.Platform.Services.Geolocation.Geolocator, and XLabs.Platform.Services.Geolocation.Geolocator.
| void XLabs.Platform.Services.Geolocation.IGeolocator.StartListening | ( | uint | minTime, |
| double | minDistance | ||
| ) |
Start listening to location changes
| minTime | Minimum interval in milliseconds |
| minDistance | Minimum distance in meters |
Implemented in XLabs.Platform.Services.Geolocation.Geolocator, XLabs.Platform.Services.Geolocation.Geolocator, and XLabs.Platform.Services.Geolocation.Geolocator.
| void XLabs.Platform.Services.Geolocation.IGeolocator.StartListening | ( | uint | minTime, |
| double | minDistance, | ||
| bool | includeHeading | ||
| ) |
Start listening to location changes
| minTime | Minimum interval in milliseconds |
| minDistance | Minimum distance in meters |
| includeHeading | Include heading information |
Implemented in XLabs.Platform.Services.Geolocation.Geolocator, XLabs.Platform.Services.Geolocation.Geolocator, and XLabs.Platform.Services.Geolocation.Geolocator.
| void XLabs.Platform.Services.Geolocation.IGeolocator.StopListening | ( | ) |
Stop listening to location changes
Implemented in XLabs.Platform.Services.Geolocation.Geolocator, XLabs.Platform.Services.Geolocation.Geolocator, and XLabs.Platform.Services.Geolocation.Geolocator.
|
getset |
Gets or sets the desired accuracy.
The desired accuracy.
|
get |
Gets a value indicating whether this instance is geolocation available.
true
if this instance is geolocation available; otherwise, false
.
|
get |
Gets a value indicating whether this instance is geolocation enabled.
true
if this instance is geolocation enabled; otherwise, false
.
|
get |
Gets a value indicating whether this instance is listening.
true
if this instance is listening; otherwise, false
.
|
get |
Gets a value indicating whether [supports heading].
true
if [supports heading]; otherwise, false
.
| EventHandler<PositionEventArgs> XLabs.Platform.Services.Geolocation.IGeolocator.PositionChanged |
Occurs when [position changed].
| EventHandler<PositionErrorEventArgs> XLabs.Platform.Services.Geolocation.IGeolocator.PositionError |
Occurs when [position error].


Notebooks
Story: The story of the Leopard Tortoise
The story of the Leopard Tortoise
Title
The story of the Leopard Tortoise
Collection
Summary
The story of the Great Water Tortoise, who deceived men belonging to the early race of Bushman by feigning illness (told by !kwéiten ta //ken), appears to be a variation of the above-mentioned myth (L VI.-2. 4055-4063). A tale of the Early Race (or !khwe |na ss'e !k'e) in which |go ka kkumm, or the Leopard Tortoise (Testudo pardalis), pretends to be ill and tricks men into putting their hands inside her neck-shell where they are trapped and decay.
Comments
1) p.4054v: this story was told to !kweiten ta ||ken by her mother (≠kamme-an), 2) p.4057v: a note on the time spent by the Tortoise 'being ill' according to the Moon, 3) See also The story of the Ratel (or Mellivora) and the Waterskilpad and A further explanation of the ratel (or Mellivora): why it is like a man, or More about the ratel (Mellivora): why it is like a man, 4) This story is found in Book VI-2
Contributors
!kweiten ta ||ken (Rachel) (VI)
Date
between 11 & 12 January 1875
Categories
Keywords
Early Race (and story of the Leopard Tortoise, |go ka kkumm) , Early Race (and men of !khwe |na ss'e !k'e, or First Bushmen) , Early Race (and foolish men of the Early race, who do not understand) , Leopard Tortoise (called |go ka kkumm) , Leopard Tortoise (Testudo pardalis) , Leopard Tortoise (the Great Water Tortoise, who deceived men) , Leopard Tortoise (feigns illness) , Leopard Tortoise (is cunning) , Leopard Tortoise (waterschilpad) , Leopard Tortoise (asks for assistance) , Leopard Tortoise (deceives and traps men of First Bushmen in her neck-shell) , Leopard Tortoise (asks to be anointed) , foolish man (of First Bushmen) , foolish man (ignores counsel) , foolish man (is trapped by Tortoise) , foolish man (does not understand) , foolish man (and Leopard Tortoise) , foolish man (his hands decay) , tortoise (and story of the Leopard Tortoise) , tortoise (the Great Water Tortoise, who deceived men) , tortoise (called |go ka kkumm) , name (of the Leopard Tortoise is |go ka kkumm) , illness (and the story of the Leopard Tortoise who feigns illness and deceives the men of the Early Race)
Story Pages
4055-4063


--- layout: default title: Cedric Nugteren | CLBlast | Titan X (Pascal) results current: 4 clblast_page: 2 ---


Oliver Zeigermann
Contents
- Motivation: Why big data in the browser in the first place?
- D3.js: Dynamic graphics in the browser
- Crossfilter: Filtering millions of data sets in real time
- dc.js: Charting with D3 and Crossfilter
- Summary
- Questions and discussion
Motivation: Why big data in the browser in the first place?
D3.js: Dynamic graphics in the browser
Crossfilter: Filtering millions of data sets in real time
dc.js: Charting with D3 and Crossfilter


Edit This Page
Known Issues
This document summarizes known issues with existing Kubernetes releases.
Please consult this document before filing new bugs.
Release 1.0.1
exec
liveness/readiness probes leak resources due to Docker exec leaking resources (#10659)
docker load
sometimes hangs which causes the kube-apiserver
not to start. Restarting the Docker daemon should fix the issue (#10868)
- The kubelet on the master node doesn’t register with the
kube-apiserver
so statistics aren’t collected for master daemons (#10891)
- Heapster and InfluxDB both leak memory (#10653)
- Wrong node cpu/memory limit metrics from Heapster (https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/heapster/issues/399)
- Services that set
type=LoadBalancer
can not use port 10250
because of Google Compute Engine firewall limitations
- Add-on services can not be created or deleted via
kubectl
or the Kubernetes API (#11435)
- If a pod with a GCE PD is created and deleted in rapid succession, it may fail to attach/mount correctly leaving PD data inaccessible (or corrupted in the worst case). (http://issue.k8s.io/11231#issuecomment-122049113)
- Suggested temporary work around: introduce a 1-2 minute delay between deleting and recreating a pod with a PD on the same node.
- Explicit errors while detaching GCE PD could prevent PD from ever being detached (#11321)
- GCE PDs may sometimes fail to attach (#11302)
- If multiple Pods use the same RBD volume in read-write mode, it is possible data on the RBD volume could get corrupted. This problem has been found in environments where both apiserver and etcd rebooted and Pods were redistributed.
- A workaround is to ensure there is no other Ceph client using the RBD volume before mapping RBD image in read-write mode. For example,
rados -p poolname listwatchers image_name.rbd
can list RBD clients that are mapping the image.


ACM India Summer Schools 2019
: The aim of these schools is to give exposure of recent advances in
technical fields to bright and motivated undergraduate/graduate
students.
January, 2019
"From Media to Meaning: Classic Machine Learning," with Blaise
Agüera y Arcas
: In this talk, Blaise examines the recent revolution in deep networks
which has enabled the use of classic machine learning techniques to go
from media to meaning. He covers neural nets, generative adversarial
techniques, and the ethical implications of these new technologies.
Break Into AI: A Q&A with Andrew Ng on Building a Career in Machine
Learning
: In this webinar, Andrew Ng shares tips and tricks on how to break into AI. He
discusses some of the most valuable skills for today's machine
learning engineers, how to gain the experience to successfully switch
careers, and how to build a habit of lifelong learning.


HTML before
HTML before
HTML before
this box has three split panes
in vertical mode
without active resizing
this box has two horizontal panes
with active resizing, a smaller sizer, different starting sizes and minimum sizes
HTML after
HTML after
HTML after


Colleges and Universities - South Africa
(C)Copyright 1995,1996 Christina DeMello. Reproduction and distribution are
permissible for non-profit purposes only, but no changes are to be
made to this document without the author's written consent.
Please send additions, corrections, and comments to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Please
give me a few days to respond as I no longer have a
direct net connection at work every day. Also, this list may be
updated more quickly than I can respond personally to email.
Last modified: Thu Jul 11 20:53:17 1996
- Business Management Training College of Southern Africa
- Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education
- Rand Afrikaans University
- Rhodes University
- Technikon Southern Africa
- University of Cape Town
- University of Durban-Westville
- University of Natal (Durban)
- University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg
- University of Port Elizabeth
- University of Pretoria
- University of South Africa
- University of Stellenbosch
- University of Transkei
- University of Witwatersrand
- University of Zululand
- University of the Orange Free State
- University of the Western Cape
- Vista University
Return to Top Level
<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>Last updated:
Mon Jul 15 00:42:44 PDT 1996


Adventure Guildsman:
This is a violent and corrupt world, my friend! No amount of peace and healing from Einhasad or love and harmony from Eva is enough to change it! True change can only be accomplished when people like you take the lead to bring peace and justice to all!
I have no doubt that you can help many people less fortunate than yourself! Are you ready for a challenge?
Quest Information
Raid Monster Information
Quest


@if, @ifdef, @ifndef, @endif
Many C programs use the directives
#if
,
#ifdef
,
#ifndef
, and
#endif
to define conditional code--code that should be compiled into the program only if certain conditions are met. When working with standard C code in your GEOS applications, you should still use these directives; when working with Goc code, however (in
.goh
and
.goc
files), you should use the Goc directives
@if
,
@ifdef
,
@ifndef
, and
@endif
.
Goc conditionals are more limited than C conditionals. Conditional expressions may be based on numbers, names of macros, and the Boolean operators OR (
||
) and AND (
&&
). Some examples of Goc conditional expressions are shown below:
@ifdef (MyMacro) /* code compiled if MyMacro is defined */ @endif
@if 0 /* code that will not be compiled at all */ @endif
@if defined(MyMacro) || MY_CONSTANT /* code compiled if either MyMacro is * defined or MY_CONSTANT is not zero */ @endif
@ifndef 0 /* code always compiled */ @endif


In this example, we have the exact same setup, only this time the code that handles counting down from 1,000,000,000 is inside of a Web Worker.
Notice that here you can change the color of the button at the same time that the while loop is running it's code? This is because the Web Worker is running the While loop on a different thread which leaves our main page's thread open, allowing the color changing event listener to run!
Setting up Web Workers
Setting up Web Workers is fairly easy, just call it's constructor and pass in the .js file that you want it to run! Here are the two .js files that we used in this demo:
"counter.js" just counts down from 1 billion and console logs once every million numbers. Then it logs the ending message:
let counter =<PHONE_NUMBER>
while( counter-- ) {
if( counter % 100000000 === 0 ){
console.log( `While loop is Currently at : ${counter}` )
}
}
console.log( '--------- While Loop has Ended! ---------' )
While the "app.js" file just creates a new Worker() and passes in the "counter.js" file:
new Worker('counter.js')
Finally, the html file points to app.js which creates the Web Worker. The Web Worker then loads in "counter.js" where it will run on a Web Worker thread.


Hello, {{user.name}}! You have the following actions available.
Take Exam 1.
Review your grades for Exam 1.


Fresh Start This is a working prototype for the jobreadiness roadmap.
It is an attempt to design a digital roadmap for navigating government and nonprofits services for re-entrants in Anchorage.
The goal of this tool are to:
- Alleviate recidivism and increase successful re-entrants into the workforce pool of job ready workers.
- Serve the emotional needs of re-entrants who may be frustrated and overwhelmed entering this process.
- Reduce the demand on case managers to provide common information of document gathering for potential independent job seekers.
About this prototype
This prototype is for demonstrating the idea of a solution to serve a need that has been validated through user testing with Re-Entrants at Partners for Progress (and job seekers and Case Managers from other service providers).
About Code for America & Team Anchorage fellowship
- Anchorage, AK is partnering with Code for America to connect job seekers to workforce services
- This prototype on GitHub
- Code for America: Team Anchorage Fellowship Blog


I am a newbie programmer. I am a student at App Brewery 🍺. I love to watch anime & read manga.
I started learning to code when I was 20 years old because I want to crack an interview. Over months, I have gained a penny of experience in designing and developing.
But my best skill is actually in procastinating. I am the undisputed king of procastination.
Love anime as much as I do? Let's talk about how awesome they are! We can code while we chat about animes!
CONTACT ME


"Weave your Words to create your own Legacy"
" Think about your legacy because you are writing it every day. "
— Gary Vaynerchuk
Blessed with the art to use words I want to share everything I've experienced. Wanderer at heart and want to venture into the world to learn new things. There are many platforms that have allowed me to do so such as Wordpress, and Medium and I'm grateful to them. I'm grateful to the handful of readers so far and wish for my words to reach other beyond this circle.
Hey there! I’m Vaibhavi. Nice to meet you. I’m 22 years old and one of my hobbies is to write. I started out with song writing and composing music but one day my teacher caught me writing songs in class and without me knowing submitted my name for a poetry competition. “Patriotism” was the first ever poem I wrote and never in my wildest dreams would I have ever imagined winning the first place. Ever since then I started writing more and more. Although most of them turn out to be songs :P I am currently a master’s student and even though life has been hectic writing has always been my therapy. A friend that encouraged me to try out newer hobbies like playing musical instruments and learning new languages like Japanese. Now, I play Guitar and Ukulele but would love to learn other instruments!
Well, that's about me, but I wanna know about you! Feel free to browse through my works and share your thoughts and story with me!
P.S.: Stay Healthy. Stay Safe. With love, Vaibhavi!


URGENT BUSINESS PROPOSAL Engineer Richard Sullivan Shell Petroleum South Africa<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Attn: MANAGING DIRECTOR/PRESIDENT/CEO Dear Sir/Madam, I am Richard Sullivan, a director of contracts evaluation and implemention department of Shell Petroleoum,South Africa. I am married with Childrenand hold degrees in economics and business studies.I require urgently your unreserved assistance in providing me with a safe and reliable bank account with full details, where I can transfer thesum of $20.5M (Twenty million five hundred thousand United States of AmericanDollars) The purpose of the transfer is to take care of my retirement by investing in a viable business you might deem fit to advise. This sum of money was generated as a result of over-invoiced contracts awarded by my colleagues and I, and I have arranged for the money to be remitted out through a reliable expatriate partner whom I can present as the beneficiary, as my present status and financial resources will not be sufficient for me to handle the transfer successfully without the financial assistance of a reliable foreign partner.I got your profile from our chamber of commerce and it is with business trust that I write to request, you partner with us to facilitate the transfer of this money to your nominated bank account for our mutual benefits. Note that 20% will go to you for your efforts and your contribution, 5% is for miscelleneous expenses incurred by both parties, and 75% will be shared between me and colleagues which will be use for business investment inyour country under your supervision.Please if you are interested kindly send to me immediately theunderlisted: 1. Name to be used as beneficiary and beneficiarys address. 2. Your private and confidential telephone/ fax number(s)and Cell phone.3. Your bank name,address,bank Account Number and Telephone/fax number(s).Contact me via my alternative e- mail<EMAIL_ADDRESS>as soonas you receive my mail. I hope to conclude this business within the next fourteen- (14) working days.Looking forward to your anticipated and urgent positive response. Thanks indeed, Richard Sullivan


MOVIES
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2015
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java.net.ConnectException, cause:Connection refused: connect) |
|
| Product: | Net Express |
KB Number: | 18275 |
| Product Family: | Net Express |
Date Published: | 2004-02-11 00:00:00.000 |
|
|
| Problem |
| This was returned to the brower screen when using a JSP client to WebSphere to run a COBOL JSB.
Error 500: RemoteException occurred in server thread; nested exception is:
java.rmi.RemoteException: ; nested exception is: javax.ejb.EJBException:
Read threw a resource Exception; nested exception is: javax.resource.spi.
EISSystemException: CobolException Exception throw during open (see getCause()
for more information) (elapsed time=1126.0)
for xxx-montecarlo:9003 (cause class:java.net.ConnectException,
cause:Connection refused: connect) executing BOOK.Rea
|
|
| Resolution |
| The next to the last line indicates the Enterprise Server location.
The connection refused in the last line was returned in this case because the Micro Focus Enterprise Server was not running.
Restarted server and the transaction worked fine. |
|


Extracting Knowledge From Longitudinal Data in Health
How can we use an undertsanding of the data to better inform feature extraction?
Causal Explanations for Data
How can we generate causal explanations for data?
Using Generative Models to Explain Data
How can a generative model of the data affect our understanding and generate explanations?
Fusing Machine Learning with Symbolic AI for Interpretability
What are perception and reasoning? Looking at recent attempts to bridge these processes in AI as a way to build interpretable models for noisy biomedical data


Percentage of users more likely to purchase on mobile friendly site.
Most of the world accesses the internet on multiple devices.
Percentage of users that are frustrated with page load times.
Dinakit is an amazingly easy place to start with responsive development. If you want to learn more, just visit the documentation!
View Dinakit DocsDinakit images sit easily in grid with .fluid class. I suggest exploring solution to serving different images based on device size.


McDonald's customers can get free fries THIS Friday
Should call it Friesday
by Richard BellFans of fast food chain McDonald's can get their hands on a free portion of fries this week.
To take advantage of the offer, all customers have to do is download the My McDonald's app, which is available for free on iOs and Android devices.
This Friday (22.11.19), anyone with the app - including those who already have it downloaded on their handsets - can pick up a portion of Medium Fries from selected restaurants for nothing.
Read more: McDonald's fans go wild for new Christmas Snickerdoodle McFlurry
No purchase is necessary, either. Customers just have to place an order for the fries via the app and then pick them up.
As reported by the Mirror, new customers will have to go into a restaurant since it's their first order, but those who already have the app can do click and collect or pick up from the Drive Thru.
Existing customers also have the option of having their order brought directly to their table under McDonald's new Table Markers scheme, introduced from this week.
It's not the only giveaway McDonald's has treated fans to in recent weeks.
The fast food giant is looking to hand out 2,000 Christmas jumpers in a bid to get its customers #ReindeerReady this festive season.
The dark green jumper takes its inspiration from the new McDonald's Christmas ad, which features a cute reindeer called Archie.
The jumpers are available in medium, large and extra large and feature a reindeer with a McDonald's Christmas bauble hanging from its antlers.
To get your hands on one of the jumpers, you need to fill out your details here and keep your fingers crossed that you're a winner when the draw closes on December 5.
The giveaways follow reports that McDonald's has extended its breakfast time across all UK and Ireland restaurants.
Read more: KFC unveils Christmas box which includes festive burger and fries
Breakfast was previous served until 10.30am in all of McDonald's 1,249 UK restaurants.
But customers now have until 11am to pick up their preferred McMuffin and hash brown combo.
Leave us a comment on our Facebook page @EntertainmentDailyFix and let us know what you think of this story.


For many cruisers coming down from Suva, Kavala Bay on the NE coast is their first landfall. This is a lovely bay with good holding and wind protection as well as friendly residents.
This deeply inset bay offers great protection from all winds except N-NW (although even with a moderate Northerly the anchorage is protected by a shallow reef).
The anchorage is just off the village of Solota Vui next to the concrete wall of the village store. Here you can land your dinghy and walk to the store (basics, bread, frozen meat, ice cream, gas, diesel, kerosene), to the village to do sevu sevu with the Elders, or to a beautiful 40 meter waterfall with pool.
Jo, a local here, can advise on the best anchoring spot and supply fruit and vegetables grown on his farm. He and his wife are very friendly and keen to get to know visiting sailors.
His farm is close to the anchorage where he has a modern washing machine which visiting yachts can use. His main-house in the village, is yellow and close to the church.
The Chief here is reported to be very welcoming and prefer rice or sugar instead of Cava (which he does not drink).
On top of a hill a Vodafone tower is going up which will mean improved internet here.
Last updated July 2016.


Create Enemy On Board builds here. You can choose a character, starting item, and perks. Information is displayed about the items and perks, so you can see the pros and cons of using them. Once you are done customizing, you can share them with your friends! They will more easily be able to grasp your strategies.
The API can be queried for item and perk data. It contains many attributes such as damage and slow for each one of them. Perks have different attributes for each level. You can only make one request for information on either an item or a perk in each call.
Each attribute has a two elements: the first one is the value associated with it and the second one is the type of the value (either fixed, percent, str, or list).
The URL for requesting information on an character is formatted like so: http://eob-builder.herokuapp.com/api/?character=<character_name>
.
Full list of the character names:
It will return JSON data about the item. The following is an example of what will be returned:
{
"abilityAttributes": [
{
"Cooldown": [
40,
"fixed"
],
"Damage Reduction": [
0.4,
"percent"
],
"Duration": [
5,
"fixed"
],
"Knockback Reduction": [
0.4,
"percent"
]
},
{
"Cooldown": [
30,
"fixed"
],
"Damage Reduction": [
0.5,
"percent"
],
"Duration": [
5,
"fixed"
],
"Knockback Reduction": [
0.5,
"percent"
]
},
{
"Cooldown": [
20,
"fixed"
],
"Damage Reduction": [
0.6,
"percent"
],
"Duration": [
5,
"fixed"
],
"Knockback Reduction": [
0.6,
"percent"
]
}
],
"abilityName": "Adrenaline Rush",
"name": "Lucius",
"title": "Trapper",
"uniquePerks": [
"knuckle_dusters",
"second_wind"
]
}
Each level of a character's ability (0, 1, 2) has its own set of data and can be accessed. abilityAttributes
is a list. Keep in mind that the perks in uniquePerks
are formatted for the API so their values can easily be fetched.
The URL for requesting information on an item is formatted like so: http://eob-builder.herokuapp.com/api/?item=<item_name>
.
Full list of the item names:
It will return JSON data about the item. The following is an example of what will be returned:
{
"attributes": {
"Cast Time": [
0.75,
"fixed"
],
"Charged Damage": [
35,
"fixed"
],
"Charged Slow": [
100,
"fixed"
],
"Damage": [
20,
"fixed"
],
"Duration": [
1.25,
"fixed"
],
"Gen Charge": [
"Empower",
"str"
],
"Max Ammo": [
1,
"fixed"
],
"Radius": [
3,
"fixed"
],
"Slow": [
60,
"fixed"
],
"Type": [
"Starting",
"str"
]
},
"name": "EMP"
}
The URL for requesting information on an item is formatted like so: http://eob-builder.herokuapp.com/api/?perk=<perk_name>
.
Full list of the perk names:
It will return JSON data about the item. The following is an example of what will be returned:
{
"levelAttributes": [
{
"Charged Throwing Axe Damage": [
2,
"fixed"
],
"Slow": [
0.3,
"percent"
],
"Slow Duration": [
1,
"fixed"
],
"Throwing Axe Damage": [
2,
"fixed"
]
},
{
"Charged Throwing Axe Damage": [
4,
"fixed"
],
"Slow": [
0.3,
"percent"
],
"Slow Duration": [
1.5,
"fixed"
],
"Throwing Axe Damage": [
2,
"fixed"
]
},
{
"Charged Throwing Axe Damage": [
6,
"fixed"
],
"Slow": [
0.3,
"percent"
],
"Slow Duration": [
2,
"fixed"
],
"Throwing Axe Damage": [
2,
"fixed"
]
}
],
"name": "Battle Axe"
}
Each level of a perk (0, 1, 2) has its own set of data and can be accessed. levelAttributes
is a list.
If you request an character, item, or perk that is not on the lists here, you will get a 400 status error as the API cannot fetch for that value. The following is an example of what will be returned:
{
"message": "Character not found."
}
Rate limits are assigned on an IP address basis. You can be rate limited if you make too many requests in a period of time. Currently, there is a maximum of 1000 requests per 10 minutes. If you exceed this, you will receive information that will help in accounting for rate limits. The following will be returned:
{
"message": "You are being rate limited.",
"retry-after": 101.23
}
retry-after
is the amount of time in seconds until another request can be made.
Headers will be sent will be sent with all responses and can be read to view information on rate limiting. The headers in the response will look like the following:
< HTTP/1.1 429 TOO MANY REQUESTS
< Content-Type: application/json
< Retry-After: 102
< X-RateLimit-Limit: 10
< X-RateLimit-Remaining: 0
< X-RateLimit-Reset:<PHONE_NUMBER>.26322
< X-RateLimit-Reset-After: 101.23
{
"message": "You are being rate limited.",
"retry_after": 101.23
}
Retry-After
is only sent with rate limits, but the other headers are sent with every request:


Here's a time line of Dr. Borlaug's life:
- - Born in Cresco, Iowa
- - Leaves his family's farm to attend the University of Minnesota, thanks to a Depression era program known as the "National Youth Administration"
- - Has to stop school and save up more money. Works in the Civilian Conservation Corps, helping starving Americans. "I saw how food changed them", he said. "All of this left scars on me."
- - Finishes university and takes a job in the US Forestry Service
- - Marries wife of 69 years Margret Gibson. Gets laid off due to budget cuts. Inspired by Elvin Charles Stakman, he returns to school study under Stakman, who teaches him about breeding pest-resistent plants.
- - Tries to enroll in the military after the Pearl Harbor attack, but is rejected. Instead, the military asked his lab to work on waterproof glue, DDT to control malaria, disenfectants, and other applied science.
- - Receives a Ph.D. in Genetics and Plant Pathology
- - Rejects a 100% salary increase from Dupont, leaves behind his pregnant wife, and flies to Mexico to head a new plant pathology program. Over the next 16 years, his team breeds 6,000 different strains of disease resistent wheat - including different varieties for each major climate on Earth.
- - Discovers a way to grown wheat twice each season, doubling wheat yields
- - crosses a short, sturdy dwarf breed of wheat with a high-yeidling American breed, creating a strain that responds well to fertalizer. It goes on to provide 95% of Mexico's wheat.
- - Visits Delhi and brings his high-yielding strains of wheat to the Indian subcontinent in time to help mitigate mass starvation due to a rapidly expanding population
- - receives the Nobel Peace Prize
- - helps seven African countries dramatically increase their maize and sorghum yields
- - becomes a distinguished professor at Texas A&M University
- - states "we will have to double the world food supply by 2050." Argues that genetically modified crops are the only way we can meet the demand, as we run out of arable land. Says that GM crops are not inherently dangerous because "we've been genetically modifying plants and animals for a long time. Long before we called it science, people were selecting the best breeds."
- - dies at the age of 95.


We optimize solutions!
- syndicate real-time users
- orchestrate viral web services
- embrace impactful applications
- expedite extensible e-commerce
- cultivate real-time applications
- e-enable magnetic relationships
- whiteboard wireless mindshare
- cultivate seamless infomediaries
- evolve cutting-edge relationships
- seize collaborative communities
- reinvent open-source technologies
- maximize strategic markets
- strategize B2B action-items


{% extends "base.html" %} {% load staticfiles %} {% load cache %} {% block title %} {{ SITE_NAME }} {% endblock %} {% block content %} {% cache 9600 homePage %}
{{ SITE_NAME }}
Database of Pacific Religions
{{ SITE_NAME }}, meaning abode of the gods, is a database of Austronesian religious beliefs and practices. You will find information on {{cultures}} cultures from the Moken of mainland Asia to the Maori of New Zealand.


[1]
i enjoyed my room to realize my earlier plans.
[2]
i had long planned a beach rendezvous with lots of luggage.


|
dynamic_graph_manager
|
| Simplify your CAD files | |
|---|---|
| Original CAD assembly. | |
| Remove all unecessary component. | |
| Remove all unnecessary features. | |
| Simplify and remodel sub-assemblies. |
| Set your coordinate system to match the conventions | |
|---|---|
Quadruped Coordinate System Convention X→ Forward Y → Left Z → Upwards | |
Quadruped Subcomponent Convention In the zero position of the robot all the coordinate systems need to have the same orientation! (see picture on the right) For the quadruped this means that two versions (right side and left side) of the upper leg and the lower leg have to be created. The subcomponent coordinate systems have to be placed on the joint rotation axes and the connecting face. | |
If the Solidworks part origin is in the right location you will need to generate 3 axes that intersect at the origin. Got to next step. If the Solidworks part origin is not in the right location you will have to do another intermediate step. Generate an assembly and insert the part. Use the mates funtion to align the part such that the origin of the assembly is in the desired location. Generate three axes that intersect at the origin. Go to next step. Why is this necessary? It seems that Solidworks always places the coordinate systems at the origin. So if the origin is not in the desired location of the coordinate system that has to be corrected first. If there is a better solution to this please update this page. | |
Choose "Reference Geometry". Choose Coordinate System. Select the correct axes and confirm. |
| Save as STL file | |
|---|---|
STL File naming conventions:
Example: quadruped_robot_body.stl | |
| |
| |
|


Worrying news for Liverpool as ANOTHER Reds star withdraws from international duty ahead of Crystal Palace clash
by Lorenzo MartínLiverpool have been dealt some worrying news ahead of their clash against Crystal Palace, after key defender Virgil Van Dijk withdrew from international duty with Holland due to personal reasons.
According to Sky Sports, Van Dijk, who played in the Netherlands’ 0-0 draw with Northern Ireland on Saturday, has withdrawn from their squad to take on Estonia next week, with the Dutch FA confirming that this decision is due to ‘personal reasons’ to do with the player.
The report doesn’t state exactly what’s happened with Van Dijk, thus it’s not entirely sure whether the player will miss Liverpool’s match against Palace next Saturday.
There are already doubts over a number of Liverpool players’ availability ahead of Saturday’s game, thus this news regarding Van DIjk will come as another worrying piece of news for Jurgen Klopp and Co.
And now, it seems like the Reds could be about to add Van Dijk to that list as they prepare to face Roy Hodgson’s side in six days time.
Liverpool will need to win against Palace in order to at least maintain their eight point lead over both Leicester and Chelsea, as they look to continue their charge towards their first Premier League title.
Although, it seems like the Reds are going to be a bit thin on the ground in their attempts to do so if recent reports are anything to go off.


BarCamp, to re-appropriate David Cross's magnificent descriptive powers, is like an earthquake wrapped in a hurricane, nestled in a box of tsunamis. I previously blogged about the Portland Firefox Developers group that emerged from BarCampPortland 3. However, there was yet another fantastic birthing there: the Open Web Games group.
Alain Bloch scheduled a session called Developing Non-Flash Web-based Games. A bunch of people attended, probably three times what would've fit in the room it was supposed to be in, so it was held in a row of cubicles, with most people standing.
It was a great discussion, covering canvas, Flash, Canvas3D, O3D, Silverlight, Unity, JQuery, iPhone gaming, and a lot of talk about existing Web-based games. Check out the notes from the session for logs of the talk. There was a lot of interest in building libraries for different gaming models and interactions, to ease the building of games on the Web.
The talk was way too short, and at the end it was clear there was interest in building a proof-of-concept game using canvas and other HTML5 technologies. So to further that effort, and to continue the brainstorming on building games using the open Web, we created the OpenWebGames group on Google Groups. Join us in finding ways to make the Web more funnerer than ever!
If you're coming to the Open Source Bridge conference in Portland Oregon from June 17-19, the group is getting together to sprint on development of a game at the OSB Hacker Lounge. Even you're not attending, if you have ideas for a game to sprint on, or want to join in online, join the group!


Filtered {{ filtered.length }} of {{ totalItems}} total customers
| Shop Id |
Shop Name |
Address |
Contact |
Owner Name |
Logo |
Slogan |
Owner ID |
Shop Type |
Status |
Action |
| {{data.shopid}} |
{{data.ShopName}} |
{{data.Address1}} |
{{data.ContactNo}} |
{{data.owner_name}} |
{{data.Logo}} |
{{data.Slogan}} |
{{data.owner_id}} |
{{data.shop_type}} |
|
|


Xamarin.Forms.Labs.Validation Namespace
Classes
| Class | Description | |
|---|---|---|
| Action |
Defines an action to be taken after validation
|
|
| Actions |
A collection of Actions
|
|
| PropertySetter |
Defines one property to set during validation
|
|
| PropertySetters |
Collection of PropertySetter
|
|
| Rule |
Defines a single validation rule
A validation rule consists of an Element, a property on that element(must be a bindable property)
and a set of validation rules
|
|
| Rules |
A collection of Rule
|
|
| RuleSet |
A set of validation elements
When all of the contained Rules are
satisified the RuleSet signals Valid via the
[IsValid] bindable property />
|
|
| ValidationSets |
A Validation Set succeds or fails entirely
If it succeeds then all Valid properties from
the actions are applied. If it fails
then all InValid properties are applied
|
|
| Validator |
A bindable object that performs validation and
allows the setting of properties based on
validation results.
A Validator must be put in the ResourceDictionary
As it does not inherit form VisualElement.
|
Enumerations
| Enumeration | Description | |
|---|---|---|
| RuleResult |
The result of a validation (a single rule or an entire validationset)
|
|
| Validators |
The set of available validators
|


This vignette demonstrates how to query the EDI repository for data package download metrics. These stats may be used in reports or further processed to understand data user behavior. Although EDI makes every effort of accurate reporting, these download data need to be carefully inspected and understood before using.
The PASTA Audit service collects information about user-related events that occur in PASTA, including data entity downloads. This information is stored in the Audit Manager’s event database and which can be accessed through the get_audit_report
command and returns a data frame composed of individual event audit records. Understanding this information is critical to determine the meaning of these events.
Attention needs to be paid to the user
field, which can be public
or robot
. It is also important to know that the userAgent
field is not required and a user agent can define its own text string to insert or leave blank. However, the userAgent
provides a lot of interesting information. E.g., it allows a good estimate of downloads being initiated manually through a web browser (e.g., records starting with Mozilla
) and downloads initiated programmatically (e.g., MATLAB, RStudio, etc.). The user agent DataONE
, however, is the exception and appears to generate download reports that currently cannot be traced to actual, user generated entity downloads. They should be carefully inspected and cross checked with downloads reported for datasets on the DataONE search interface or filtered out as they seem to include internal management related data access.
Audit reports query a large database containing millions of records and may take some time to generate. In addition, a report containing a lot of audit records will create a large output, which may be slow to completely download and locally manage. It is best to use query parameters to limit requests.
Accessing the audit report requires authentication.
login()
#> userID: "my_name"
#> userPass: "my_secret"
Setting the query parameters to get the desired audit report:
category
should be ‘info’ to only see actual downloads from users not botsserviceMethod
is readDataEntity, i.e., downloads of data entitiesresourceID
is a substring of the full URL pattern https://pasta.lternet.edu/package/data/eml/{scope}/{datasetID}/{version}
. In this example we use the scope to get all download records for a sitefromTime
(ISO format) is important to set to limit the number of records to be processed. Reliable download information with most bot access filtered out are available since about 2019.toTime
(ISO time format) may be set as welllimit
may be used to limit the number of recordsFor more information on searchable fields see get_audit_report()
documentation.
# Construct the query
query <- paste("category=info",
"serviceMethod=readDataEntity",
"resourceId=knb-lter-ntl",
"fromTime=2021-10-10T00:00:00",
"toTime=2021-10-19T00:00:00",
sep = "&"
)
# Get the report
df_report <- get_audit_report(
query = query,
as = "data.frame",
env = "production"
)
logout()
Filter the records and parse the entityID into scope, datasetID, and version. Here robot and DataONE downloads records are filtered out.
df_results <- df_report %>%
filter(user != "robot") %>%
filter(userAgent != "DataONE-Python/3.4.7 +http://dataone.org/") %>%
filter(nchar(resourceId) > 0) %>%
separate(entryTime, into = c("date", NA), sep = "T") %>%
separate(
resourceId,
into = c(NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, "scope", "datasetID", "revision", NA),
sep = "/"
)
Group and count downloads for each data package for the entire time period
Or count downloads per month
df_downloads_per_month <- df_results %>%
mutate(month = month(date)) %>%
group_by(month) %>%
summarise(n = n())
And graph the daily downloads
df_downloads_daily <- df_results %>%
group_by(date) %>%
arrange(date) %>%
summarise(n = n())
ggplot(df_downloads_daily, aes(x = date, y = n, group = 1)) +
geom_line() +
labs(
y = "Number of Downloaded Entities",
title = "Daily Downloads"
) +
theme(
axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90),
axis.title.x = element_blank(),
axis.line = element_line(colour = "black"),
panel.background = element_rect(fill = "white")
)


--- layout: language-info title: What meadsteve knows about Rust language: rust permalink: /rust ---
I've experimented a little with rust. I think there's a lot of promise here.


Choose a shipping address:
Natalia Fofanova 1234 Blue street, Kemah, TX
Denise Silva 5678 Sunflower seed street, Houston, TX
University of Houston 4800 Academy street, Houston, TX


A Test Table
Col. 1 header really long text
Col. 2 header really long text that is too big to read that well OK that it is
C1R1
C1R2
C2R1
C2R2
A Test Table
Col. 1 header really long text
Col. 2 header really long text
Row 1 header
C1R1
C1R2
Row 2 header
C2R1
C2R2


{% extends "skeleton.html" %} {% block body %}
Written in Fall 2017 initially as a final project for CS 4260: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence.


Red Blues by Kristian Lin
If it's playing in your area, you won't do any better for goofy, surreal fun than "East Side Story," a documentary about musical films made in Eastern Europe between 1934 and 1973. Filled with hilarity both intentional and unintentional, this wacky movie is "That's Entertainment!' for the Warsaw Pact set.
Directed by Dana Ranga and co-written by Ranga and Andrew Horn, "East Side Story" intersperses clips of these movie rarities with interviews of film historians, filmmakers, actors and audience members familiar with them. The interviews illustrate the film's thesis, which is that moviemakers who tried to make musicals in the Communist system were in an impossible bind. Audiences loved these movies for the simple pleasures of song, dance, and comedy. The apparatchiks knew that the masses had to be entertained, but musicals were threatening - they were too frivolous, and their visual opulence glorified materialism. The bureaucrats vastly preferred that people see serious films about history and social issues (one viewer describes attending these as "like a national duty").
It was hard to obtain official sanction to make a musical, and the studios never saw the profits from the hits, so why bother? This dilemma even inspired one of the genre's biggest successes, a 1962 East German entry called "Midnight Revue." In it, a movie producer is so frustrated in his attempts to film a musical that he kidnaps the country's leading film director, scriptwriter, and composer, and holds them until they come up with an idea for one. The three men insist that it can't be done and, naturally, burst into song and dance about the impossibility of making musicals.
With Hollywood musicals largely verboten in the Eastern bloc, directors and performers had to learn the genre's ins and outs as they went along. Yet the film clips we see reveal a high level of singing and dancing talent, and the visual elements have a real deftness and style that wouldn't have embarrassed any Hollywood director.
Nevertheless, you'll find it hard to believe much of what you see (and hear, if you know German, Russian, or Czech). That's because the musical's generic conventions clashed with the dictates of socialist aesthetics. As the dryly funny narration explains, "Godard once said that the history of film was the history of boys photographing girls. But Stalin had a different fantasy: boys photographing tractors."
Thus, song lyrics like "Racka dacka, racka dacka, that's the song of the coal press!" Beaming, rosy-cheeked Russian field workers sing, "Harvest, harvest, keep loading! The quota has been attained!" A couple of Czech beauty parlor attendants harmonize, "No woman at a construction site is thinking of her skin," while young women lying on massage tables do choreographed routines and the masseuses pat them down in time to the music.
Of course, there's a dark subtext to this Communist musical delirium. Joseph Stalin's favorite movie was a musical called "Volga, Volga." Looking at that rollicking farce about singing boatmen, you'd never guess that it was made during the worst period of Stalin's genocidal campaign to remove potential enemies. Perhaps, "East Side Story" suggests, finding something to sing and dance about in those dark times was a sort of heroism.
But the movie doesn't sell this too hard. Instead, it uses musicals to point up the socialists' failure to see how providing consumers with entertainment (like the damned capitalist countries did) could have served their own best interests. One hysterical insight comes from an East German sociology professor who sent his assistants to scour Lenin's 38 volumes of collected writings to find what he wrote about entertainment. The answer: absolutely nothing. As the narrator says, "Who knows how things might have turned out if socialism had just been more fun?"
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


Grid Layout
CSS has always been used to lay out our web pages, but it’s never done a very good job of it. First, we used tables, then floats, positioning and inline-block, but all of these methods were essentially hacks and left out a lot of important functionality (vertical centering, for instance). Flexbox helped out, but it’s intended for simpler one-dimensional layouts, not complex two-dimensional ones (Flexbox and Grid actually work very well together
Flexbox
For Flexibility (Read More >>>)
- Vertically centering a block of content inside its parent.
- Making all the children of a container take up an equal amount of the available width/height, regardless of how much width/height is available.
- Making all columns in a multiple-column layout adopt the same height even if they contain a different amount of content.
Grid
For Flexibility (Read More >>>)
- Vertically centering a block of content inside its parent for 2D-grid.
Floats
For Flexibility (Read More >>>)
- Vertically centering a block of content inside its parent.
- Making all the children of a container take up an equal amount of the available width/height, regardless of how much width/height is available.
- Making all columns in a multiple-column layout adopt the same height even if they contain a different amount of content.


??
?
The
New
York
copyright
reserved
botanical
Garden
New
York
Botanical
Garden
lb04311
seen
for
monograph
U.Scholz
1977/78
DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
La
Vega
No.
236
l6
July
1967
Oplismenus
hirtellus
(L*)
Beauv.
det.
Bro.
Alain
Liogier
Well-shaded
in
moist
woodland.
La
CiŽnega,
south
bank
of
R’o
Los
Guanos,
just
above
confluence
with
Rio
de
la
Izquierda.
Fairly
dense
woods
with
much
dappled
sunlight
reaching
ground
cover.
Elev.
1100Ń1200
m.
Gerald
J.
Gastony,
Gayle
C.
Jones,
and
Daniel
H.
Norris
Collected
under
auspices
of
Gray
Herbarium
of
Harvard
University,
New
York
Botanical
Garden,
and
Smithsonian
Institution,
with
collaboration
of
Dr.
E.
de
Js.
Marcano
F.,
Universidad
Aut—noma
de
Santo
Domingo.
1604311
Legend -
Level of confidence that token is an accurately-transcribed word
extremely low
very low
low
undetermined
medium
high
very high


{% extends "base.html" %} {% block sideBarContent %}
Welcome to KOALA |
|
| KOALA is a web-based application, designed to help you working with your AWS compatible cloud services and infrastructures (IaaS). The Amazon AWS public cloud and private cloud services based of Eucalyptus, OpenNebula or Nimbus are supported. The stoage services Google Storage, Dunkel Cloud Storage and Host Europe Cloud Storage can be used with KOALA too |
|
| KOALA itself is able to run inside the public cloud platforms (PaaS) Google App Engine and the private cloud PaaS AppScale and typhoonAE |
|
| The source code and documentation is available at the KOALA project site |
|
| Please send improvement suggestion, comments and bug reports to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|


Schedule
Want a PDF copy? View and download one here.
Saturday April 7th, 2018
-
8:15am – 9:00am: Registration and Check-In
-
9:00am – 9:30am: Opening Ceremonies
-
9:30am – 11:30am: Committee Session 1
-
11:30am – 1:00pm: Lunch (off-site)
-
1:00pm – 3:00pm: Committee Session 2
-
3:00pm – 3:30pm: Break
-
3:30pm – 5:30pm: Committee Session 3
Sunday April 8th, 2018
-
9:30am – 11:30am: Committee Session 4
-
11:30am – 1:30pm: Lunch (off-site)
-
1:30pm – 3:00pm: Committee Session 5
-
3:00pm – 3:15pm: Break
-
3:15pm – 4:15pm: Closing Ceremonies


Professional Linux Kernel Architecture
ISBN-13:<PHONE_NUMBER>432
ISBN-10:<PHONE_NUMBER>
Author: Wolfgang Mauerer
Edition: 1
Binding: Paperback
Publisher: Wrox
Published: October 2008
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