SimpleCov
Code coverage for Ruby
SimpleCov
is a code coverage analysis tool for Ruby. It uses Ruby's built-in Coverage library to gather code
coverage data, but makes processing its results much easier by providing a clean API to filter, group, merge, format,
and display those results, giving you a complete code coverage suite that can be set up with just a couple lines of
code.
SimpleCov/Coverage track covered ruby code, gathering coverage for common templating solutions like erb, slim and haml is not supported.
In most cases, you'll want overall coverage results for your projects, including all types of tests, Cucumber features,
etc. SimpleCov
automatically takes care of this by caching and merging results when generating reports, so your
report actually includes coverage across your test suites and thereby gives you a better picture of blank spots.
The official formatter of SimpleCov
is packaged as a separate gem called simplecov-html, but will be installed and
configured automatically when you launch SimpleCov
. If you're curious, you can find it on GitHub, too.
Contact
Code and Bug Reports
- Issue Tracker
- See [CONTRIBUTING]) for how to contribute along with some common problems to check out before creating an issue.
Questions, Problems, Suggestions, etc.
- Mailing List "Open mailing list for discussion and announcements on Google Groups"
Getting started
Add SimpleCov to your
Gemfile
andbundle install
:gem 'simplecov', require: false, group: :test
Load and launch
SimpleCov
at the very top of yourtest/test_helper.rb
(orspec_helper.rb
,rails_helper
, cucumberenv.rb
, or whatever your preferred test framework uses):require 'simplecov' SimpleCov.start # Previous content of test helper now starts here
Note: If SimpleCov starts after your application code is already loaded (via
require
), it won't be able to track your files and their coverage! The SimpleCov.start must be issued before any of your application code is required!This is especially true if you use anything that keeps your tests application loaded like spring, check out the spring section.
SimpleCov must be running in the process that you want the code coverage analysis to happen on. When testing a server process (e.g. a JSON API endpoint) via a separate test process (e.g. when using Selenium) where you want to see all code executed by the
rails server
, and not just code executed in your actual test files, you need to require SimpleCov in the server process. For rails for instance, you'll want to add something like this to the top ofbin/rails
, but below the "shebang" line (#! /usr/bin/env ruby
) and after config/boot is required:if ENV['RAILS_ENV'] == 'test' require 'simplecov' SimpleCov.start 'rails' puts "required simplecov" end
Run your full test suite to see the percent coverage that your application has.
After running your tests, open
coverage/index.html
in the browser of your choice. For example, in a Mac Terminal, run the following command from your application's root directory:
open coverage/index.html
in a debian/ubuntu Terminal,
xdg-open coverage/index.html
Note: This guide can help if you're unsure which command your particular operating system requires.
- Add the following to your
.gitignore
file to ensure that coverage results are not tracked by Git (optional):
echo coverage >> .gitignore
If you're making a Rails application, SimpleCov comes with built-in configurations (see below for information on profiles) that will get you started with groups for your Controllers, Models and Helpers. To use it, the first two lines of your test_helper should be like this:
require 'simplecov'
SimpleCov.start 'rails'
Example output
Coverage results report, fully browsable locally with sorting and much more:
Source file coverage details view:
Use it with any framework!
Similarly to the usage with Test::Unit described above, the only thing you have to do is to add the SimpleCov
config to the very top of your Cucumber/RSpec/whatever setup file.
Add the setup code to the top of features/support/env.rb
(for Cucumber) or spec/spec_helper.rb
(for RSpec).
Other test frameworks should work accordingly, whatever their setup file may be:
require 'simplecov'
SimpleCov.start 'rails'
You could even track what kind of code your UI testers are touching if you want to go overboard with things. SimpleCov does not care what kind of framework it is running in; it just looks at what code is being executed and generates a report about it.
Notes on specific frameworks and test utilities
For some frameworks and testing tools there are quirks and problems you might want to know about if you want to use SimpleCov with them. Here's an overview of the known ones:
| Framework | Notes | Issue |
|---|---|---|
| parallel_tests | As of 0.8.0, SimpleCov should correctly recognize parallel_tests and supplement your test suite names with their corresponding test env numbers. SimpleCov locks the resultset cache while merging, ensuring no race conditions occur when results are merged. | #64 & #185 |
| knapsack_pro |
To make SimpleCov work with Knapsack Pro Queue Mode to split tests in parallel on CI jobs you need to provide CI node index number to the SimpleCov.command_name in KnapsackPro::Hooks::Queue.before_queue hook.
|
Tip |
| RubyMine |
The RubyMine IDE has
built-in support for SimpleCov's coverage reports, though you might need
to explicitly set the output root using SimpleCov.root('foo/bar/baz')
|
#95 |
| Spork | Because of how Spork works internally (using preforking), there used to be trouble when using SimpleCov with it, but that has apparently been resolved with a specific configuration strategy. See this comment. | #42 |
| Spring | See section below. | #381 |
| Test/Unit |
Test Unit 2 used to mess with ARGV, leading to a failure to detect the
test process name in SimpleCov. test-unit releases 2.4.3+
(Dec 11th, 2011) should have this problem resolved.
|
#45 & test-unit/test-unit#12 |
Configuring SimpleCov
Configuration settings can be applied in three formats, which are completely equivalent:
The most common way is to configure it directly in your start block:
SimpleCov.start do some_config_option 'foo' end
You can also set all configuration options directly:
SimpleCov.some_config_option 'foo'
If you do not want to start coverage immediately after launch or want to add additional configuration later on in a concise way, use:
SimpleCov.configure do some_config_option 'foo' end
Please check out the Configuration API documentation to find out what you can customize.
Using .simplecov for centralized config
If you use SimpleCov to merge multiple test suite results (e.g. Test/Unit and Cucumber) into a single report, you'd
normally have to set up all your config options twice, once in test_helper.rb
and once in env.rb
.
To avoid this, you can place a file called .simplecov
in your project root. You can then just leave the
require 'simplecov'
in each test setup helper (at the top) and move the SimpleCov.start code with all your
custom config options into .simplecov
:
# test/test_helper.rb
require 'simplecov'
# features/support/env.rb
require 'simplecov'
# .simplecov
SimpleCov.start 'rails' do
# any custom configs like groups and filters can be here at a central place
end
Using .simplecov
rather than separately requiring SimpleCov multiple times is recommended if you are merging multiple
test frameworks like Cucumber and RSpec that rely on each other, as invoking SimpleCov multiple times can cause coverage
information to be lost.
Branch coverage (ruby "~> 2.5")
Add branch coverage measurement statistics to your results. Supported in CRuby versions 2.5+.
SimpleCov.start do
enable_coverage :branch
end
Branch coverage is a feature introduced in Ruby 2.5 concerning itself with whether a particular branch of a condition had been executed. Line coverage on the other hand is only interested in whether a line of code has been executed.
This comes in handy for instance for one line conditionals:
number.odd? ? "odd" : "even"
In line coverage this line would always be marked as executed but you'd never know if both conditions were met. Guard clauses have a similar story:
return if number.odd?
# more code
If all the code in that method was covered you'd never know if the guard clause was ever triggered! With line coverage as just evaluating the condition marks it as covered.
In the HTML report the lines of code will be annotated like branch_type: hit_count
:
then: 2
- the then branch (of anif
) was executed twiceelse: 0
- the else branch (of anif
orcase
) was never executed
Not that even if you don't declare an else
branch it will still show up in the coverage
reports meaning that the condition of the if
was not hit or that no when
of case
was hit during the test runs.
Is branch coverage strictly better? No. Branch coverage really only concerns itself with conditionals - meaning coverage of sequential code is of no interest to it. A file without conditional logic will have no branch coverage data and SimpleCov will report 0 of 0 branches covered as 100% (as everything that can be covered was covered).
Hence, we recommend looking at both metrics together. Branch coverage might also be a good overall metric to look at - while you might be missing only 10% of your lines that might account for 50% of your branches for instance.
Primary Coverage
By default, the primary coverage type is line
. To set the primary coverage to something else, use the following:
# or in configure SimpleCov.primary_coverage :branch
SimpleCov.start do
enable_coverage :branch
primary_coverage :branch
end
Primary coverage determines what will come in first all output, and the type of coverage to check if you don't specify the type of coverage when customizing exit behavior (SimpleCov.minimum_coverage 90
).
Note that coverage must first be enabled for non-default coverage types.
Coverage for eval
You can measure coverage for code that is evaluated by Kernel#eval
. Supported in CRuby versions 3.2+.
SimpleCov.start do
enable_coverage_for_eval
end
This is typically useful for ERB. Set ERB#filename=
to make it possible for SimpleCov to trace the original .erb source file.
Filters
Filters can be used to remove selected files from your coverage data. By default, a filter is applied that removes all files OUTSIDE of your project's root directory - otherwise you'd end up with billions of coverage reports for source files in the gems you are using.
You can define your own to remove things like configuration files, tests or whatever you don't need in your coverage report.
Defining custom filters
You can currently define a filter using either a String or Regexp (that will then be Regexp-matched against each source file's path), a block or by passing in your own Filter class.
String filter
SimpleCov.start do
add_filter "/test/"
end
This simple string filter will remove all files that match "/test/" in their path.
Regex filter
SimpleCov.start do
add_filter %r{^/test/}
end
This simple regex filter will remove all files that start with /test/ in their path.
Block filter
SimpleCov.start do
add_filter do |source_file|
source_file.lines.count < 5
end
end
Block filters receive a SimpleCov::SourceFile instance and expect your block to return either true (if the file is to be removed from the result) or false (if the result should be kept). Please check out the RDoc for SimpleCov::SourceFile to learn about the methods available to you. In the above example, the filter will remove all files that have less than 5 lines of code.
Custom filter class
class LineFilter < SimpleCov::Filter
def matches?(source_file)
source_file.lines.count < filter_argument
end
end
SimpleCov.add_filter LineFilter.new(5)
Defining your own filters is pretty easy: Just inherit from SimpleCov::Filter and define a method 'matches?(source_file)'. When running the filter, a true return value from this method will result in the removal of the given source_file. The filter_argument method is being set in the SimpleCov::Filter initialize method and thus is set to 5 in this example.
Array filter
SimpleCov.start do
proc = Proc.new { |source_file| false }
add_filter ["string", /regex/, proc, LineFilter.new(5)]
end
You can pass in an array containing any of the other filter types.
Ignoring/skipping code
You can exclude code from the coverage report by wrapping it in # :nocov:
.
# :nocov:
def skip_this_method
never_reached
end
# :nocov:
The name of the token can be changed to your liking. Learn more about the nocov feature.
Note: You shouldn't have to use the nocov token to skip private methods that are being included in your coverage. If you appropriately test the public interface of your classes and objects you should automatically get full coverage of your private methods.
Default root filter and coverage for things outside of it
By default, SimpleCov filters everything outside of the SimpleCov.root
directory. However, sometimes you may want
to include coverage reports for things you include as a gem, for example a Rails Engine.
Here's an example by @lsaffie from #221 that shows how you can achieve just that:
SimpleCov.start :rails do
filters.clear # This will remove the :root_filter and :bundler_filter that come via simplecov's defaults
add_filter do |src|
!(src.filename =~ /^#{SimpleCov.root}/) unless src.filename =~ /my_engine/
end
end
Groups
You can separate your source files into groups. For example, in a Rails app, you'll want to have separate listings for Models, Controllers, Helpers, and Libs. Group definition works similarly to Filters (and also accepts custom filter classes), but source files end up in a group when the filter passes (returns true), as opposed to filtering results, which exclude files from results when the filter results in a true value.
Add your groups with:
SimpleCov.start do
add_group "Models", "app/models"
add_group "Controllers", "app/controllers"
add_group "Long files" do |src_file|
src_file.lines.count > 100
end
add_group "Multiple Files", ["app/models", "app/controllers"] # You can also pass in an array
add_group "Short files", LineFilter.new(5) # Using the LineFilter class defined in Filters section above
end
Merging results
You normally want to have your coverage analyzed across ALL of your test suites, right?
Simplecov automatically caches coverage results in your (coverage_path)/.resultset.json, and will merge or override those with subsequent runs, depending on whether simplecov considers those subsequent runs as different test suites or as the same test suite as the cached results. To make this distinction, simplecov has the concept of "test suite names".
Test suite names
SimpleCov tries to guess the name of the currently running test suite based upon the shell command the tests are running on. This should work fine for Unit Tests, RSpec, and Cucumber. If it fails, it will use the shell command that invoked the test suite as a command name.
If you have some non-standard setup and still want nicely labeled test suites, you have to give Simplecov a
cue as to what the name of the currently running test suite is. You can do so by specifying
SimpleCov.command_name
in one test file that is part of your specific suite.
To customize the suite names on a Rails app (yeah, sorry for being Rails-biased, but everyone knows what the structure of those projects is. You can apply this accordingly to the RSpecs in your Outlook-WebDAV-Calendar-Sync gem), you could do something like this:
# test/unit/some_test.rb
SimpleCov.command_name 'test:units'
# test/functionals/some_controller_test.rb
SimpleCov.command_name "test:functionals"
# test/integration/some_integration_test.rb
SimpleCov.command_name "test:integration"
# features/support/env.rb
SimpleCov.command_name "features"
Note that this only has to be invoked ONCE PER TEST SUITE, so even if you have 200 unit test files,
specifying it in some_test.rb
is enough.
Last but not least if multiple suites resolve to the same command_name
be aware that the coverage results will
clobber each other instead of being merged. SimpleCov is smart enough to detect unique names for the most common
setups, but if you have more than one test suite that doesn't follow a common pattern then you will want to manually
ensure that each suite gets a unique command_name
.
If you are running tests in parallel each process has the potential to clobber results from the other test processes.
If you are relying on the default command_name
then SimpleCov will attempt to detect and avoid parallel test suite
command_name
collisions based on the presence of ENV['PARALLEL_TEST_GROUPS']
and ENV['TEST_ENV_NUMBER']
. If your
parallel test runner does not set one or both of these then you must set a command_name
and ensure that it is unique
per process (eg. command_name "Unit Tests PID #{$$}"
).
If you are using parallel_tests, you must incorporate TEST_ENV_NUMBER
into the command name yourself, in
order for SimpleCov to merge the results correctly. For example:
# spec/spec_helper.rb
SimpleCov.command_name "features" + (ENV['TEST_ENV_NUMBER'] || '')
simplecov-html prints the used test suites in the footer of the generated coverage report.
Merging test runs under the same execution environment
Test results are automatically merged with previous runs in the same execution environment when generating the result, so when coverage is set up properly for Cucumber and your unit / functional / integration tests, all of those test suites will be taken into account when building the coverage report.
Timeout for merge
Of course, your cached coverage data is likely to become invalid at some point. Thus, when automatically merging
subsequent test runs, result sets that are older than SimpleCov.merge_timeout
will not be used any more. By default,
the timeout is 600 seconds (10 minutes), and you can raise (or lower) it by specifying SimpleCov.merge_timeout 3600
(1 hour), or, inside a configure/start block, with just merge_timeout 3600
.
You can deactivate this automatic merging altogether with SimpleCov.use_merging false
.
Merging test runs under different execution environments
If your tests are done in parallel across multiple build machines, you can fetch them all and merge them into a single
result set using the SimpleCov.collate method. This can be added to a Rakefile or script file, having downloaded a set of
.resultset.json
files from each parallel test run.
# lib/tasks/coverage_report.rake
namespace :coverage do
desc "Collates all result sets generated by the different test runners"
task :report do
require 'simplecov'
SimpleCov.collate Dir["simplecov-resultset-*/.resultset.json"]
end
end
SimpleCov.collate also takes an optional simplecov profile and an optional
block for configuration, just the same as SimpleCov.start or
SimpleCov.configure
. This means you can configure a separate formatter for
the collated output. For instance, you can make the formatter in
SimpleCov.start the ::SimpleCov::Formatter::SimpleFormatter
, and only use more
complex formatters in the final SimpleCov.collate run.
# spec/spec_helper.rb
require 'simplecov'
SimpleCov.start 'rails' do
# Disambiguates individual test runs
command_name "Job #{ENV["TEST_ENV_NUMBER"]}" if ENV["TEST_ENV_NUMBER"]
if ENV['CI']
formatter SimpleCov::Formatter::SimpleFormatter
else
formatter SimpleCov::Formatter::MultiFormatter.new([
SimpleCov::Formatter::SimpleFormatter,
SimpleCov::Formatter::HTMLFormatter
])
end
track_files "**/*.rb"
end
# lib/tasks/coverage_report.rake
namespace :coverage do
task :report do
require 'simplecov'
SimpleCov.collate Dir["simplecov-resultset-*/.resultset.json"], 'rails' do
formatter SimpleCov::Formatter::MultiFormatter.new([
SimpleCov::Formatter::SimpleFormatter,
SimpleCov::Formatter::HTMLFormatter
])
end
end
end
Running simplecov against subprocesses
SimpleCov.enable_for_subprocesses
will allow SimpleCov to observe subprocesses starting using Process.fork.
This modifies ruby's core Process.fork method so that SimpleCov can see into it, appending " (subprocess #{pid})"
to the SimpleCov.command_name
, with results that can be merged together using SimpleCov's merging feature.
To configure this, use .at_fork
.
SimpleCov.enable_for_subprocesses true
SimpleCov.at_fork do |pid|
# This needs a unique name so it won't be overwritten
SimpleCov.command_name "#{SimpleCov.command_name} (subprocess: #{pid})"
# be quiet, the parent process will be in charge of output and checking coverage totals
SimpleCov.print_error_status = false
SimpleCov.formatter SimpleCov::Formatter::SimpleFormatter
SimpleCov.minimum_coverage 0
# start
SimpleCov.start
end
NOTE: SimpleCov must have already been started before Process.fork was called.
Running simplecov against spawned subprocesses
Perhaps you're testing a ruby script with PTY.spawn
or Open3.popen
, or Process.spawn
or etc.
SimpleCov can cover this too.
Add a .simplecov_spawn.rb file to your project root
# .simplecov_spawn.rb
require 'simplecov' # this will also pick up whatever config is in .simplecov
# so ensure it just contains configuration, and doesn't call SimpleCov.start.
SimpleCov.command_name 'spawn' # As this is not for a test runner directly, script doesn't have a pre-defined base command_name
SimpleCov.at_fork.call(Process.pid) # Use the per-process setup described previously
SimpleCov.start # only now can we start.
Then, instead of calling your script directly, like:
PTY.spawn('my_script.rb') do # ...
Use bin/ruby to require the new .simplecov_spawn file, then your script
PTY.spawn('ruby -r./.simplecov_spawn my_script.rb') do # ...
Running coverage only on demand
The Ruby STDLIB Coverage library that SimpleCov builds upon is very fast (on a ~10 min Rails test suite, the speed drop was only a couple seconds for me), and therefore it's SimpleCov's policy to just generate coverage every time you run your tests because it doesn't do your test speed any harm and you're always equipped with the latest and greatest coverage results.
Because of this, SimpleCov has no explicit built-in mechanism to run coverage only on demand.
However, you can still accomplish this very easily by introducing an ENV variable conditional into your SimpleCov setup block, like this:
SimpleCov.start if ENV["COVERAGE"]
Then, SimpleCov will only run if you execute your tests like this:
COVERAGE=true rake test
Errors and exit statuses
To aid in debugging issues, if an error is raised, SimpleCov will print a message to STDERR
with the exit status of the error, like:
SimpleCov failed with exit 1
This STDERR
message can be disabled with:
SimpleCov.print_error_status = false
Profiles
By default, SimpleCov's only config assumption is that you only want coverage reports for files inside your project root. To save yourself from repetitive configuration, you can use predefined blocks of configuration, called 'profiles', or define your own.
You can then pass the name of the profile to be used as the first argument to SimpleCov.start. For example, simplecov comes bundled with a 'rails' profile. It looks somewhat like this:
SimpleCov.profiles.define 'rails' do
add_filter '/test/'
add_filter '/config/'
add_group 'Controllers', 'app/controllers'
add_group 'Models', 'app/models'
add_group 'Helpers', 'app/helpers'
add_group 'Libraries', 'lib'
end
As you can see, it's just a SimpleCov.configure block. In your test_helper.rb, launch SimpleCov with:
SimpleCov.start 'rails'
or
SimpleCov.start 'rails' do
# additional config here
end
Custom profiles
You can load additional profiles with the SimpleCov.load_profile('xyz') method. This allows you to build upon an existing profile and customize it so you can reuse it in unit tests and Cucumber features. For example:
# lib/simplecov_custom_profile.rb
require 'simplecov'
SimpleCov.profiles.define 'myprofile' do
load_profile 'rails'
add_filter 'vendor' # Don't include vendored stuff
end
# features/support/env.rb
require 'simplecov_custom_profile'
SimpleCov.start 'myprofile'
# test/test_helper.rb
require 'simplecov_custom_profile'
SimpleCov.start 'myprofile'
Customizing exit behaviour
You can define what SimpleCov should do when your test suite finishes by customizing the at_exit hook:
SimpleCov.at_exit do
SimpleCov.result.format!
end
Above is the default behaviour. Do whatever you like instead!
Minimum coverage
You can define the minimum coverage percentage expected. SimpleCov will return non-zero if unmet.
SimpleCov.minimum_coverage 90
# same as above (the default is to check line coverage)
SimpleCov.minimum_coverage line: 90
# check for a minimum line coverage of 90% and minimum 80% branch coverage
SimpleCov.minimum_coverage line: 90, branch: 80
Minimum coverage by file
You can define the minimum coverage by file percentage expected. SimpleCov will return non-zero if unmet. This is useful to help ensure coverage is relatively consistent, rather than being skewed by particularly good or bad areas of the code.
SimpleCov.minimum_coverage_by_file 80
# same as above (the default is to check line coverage by file)
SimpleCov.minimum_coverage_by_file line: 80
# check for a minimum line coverage by file of 90% and minimum 80% branch coverage
SimpleCov.minimum_coverage_by_file line: 90, branch: 80
Maximum coverage drop
You can define the maximum coverage drop percentage at once. SimpleCov will return non-zero if exceeded.
SimpleCov.maximum_coverage_drop 5
# same as above (the default is to check line drop)
SimpleCov.maximum_coverage_drop line: 5
# check for a maximum line drop of 5% and maximum 10% branch drop
SimpleCov.maximum_coverage_drop line: 5, branch: 10
Refuse dropping coverage
You can also entirely refuse dropping coverage between test runs:
SimpleCov.refuse_coverage_drop
# same as above (the default is to only refuse line drop)
SimpleCov.refuse_coverage_drop :line
# refuse drop for line and branch
SimpleCov.refuse_coverage_drop :line, :branch
Using your own formatter
You can use your own formatter with:
SimpleCov.formatter = SimpleCov::Formatter::HTMLFormatter
Calling SimpleCov.result.format!
will be invoked with SimpleCov::Formatter::YourFormatter.new.format(result)
,
and result
is an instance of ::SimpleCov::Result
. Do whatever your wish with that!
Using multiple formatters
As of SimpleCov 0.9, you can specify multiple result formats. Formatters besides the default HTML formatter require separate gems, however.
require "simplecov-html"
SimpleCov.formatters = SimpleCov::Formatter::MultiFormatter.new([
SimpleCov::Formatter::HTMLFormatter,
SimpleCov::Formatter::CSVFormatter,
])
JSON formatter
SimpleCov is packaged with a separate gem called simplecov_json_formatter that provides you with a JSON formatter, this formatter could be useful for different use cases, such as for CI consumption or for reporting to external services.
In order to use it you will need to manually load the installed gem like so:
require "simplecov_json_formatter"
SimpleCov.formatter = SimpleCov::Formatter::JSONFormatter
Note: In case you plan to report your coverage results to CodeClimate services, know that SimpleCov will automatically use the JSON formatter along with the HTML formatter when the
CC_TEST_REPORTER_ID
variable is present in the environment.
Available formatters, editor integrations and hosted services
- Open Source formatter and integration plugins for SimpleCov
- Editor Integration
- Hosted (commercial) services
Ruby version compatibility
SimpleCov is built in Continuous Integration on Ruby 2.7+ as well as JRuby 9.3+.
Note for JRuby => You need to pass JRUBY_OPTS="--debug" or create .jrubyrc and add debug.fullTrace=true
Want to find dead code in production?
Try Coverband.
Want to use Spring with SimpleCov?
If you're using Spring to speed up test suite runs and want to run SimpleCov along with them, you'll find that it often misreports coverage with the default config due to some sort of eager loading issue. Don't despair!
One solution is to explicitly call eager
load
in your test_helper.rb
/ spec_helper.rb
after calling SimpleCov.start.
require 'simplecov'
SimpleCov.start 'rails'
Rails.application.eager_load!
Alternatively, you could disable Spring while running SimpleCov:
DISABLE_SPRING=1 rake test
Or you could remove gem 'spring'
from your Gemfile
.
Troubleshooting
The most common problem is that simplecov isn't required and started before everything else. In order to track coverage for your whole application simplecov needs to be the first one so that it (and the underlying coverage library) can subsequently track loaded files and their usage.
If you are missing coverage for some code a simple trick is to put a puts statement in there and right after SimpleCov.start so you can see if the file really was loaded after simplecov was started.
# my_code.rb
class MyCode
puts "MyCode is being loaded!"
def my_method
# ...
end
end
# spec_helper.rb/rails_helper.rb/test_helper.rb/.simplecov whatever
SimpleCov.start
puts "SimpleCov started successfully!"
Now when you run your test suite and you see:
SimpleCov started successfully!
MyCode is being loaded!
then it's good otherwise you likely have a problem :)
Code of Conduct
Everyone participating in this project's development, issue trackers and other channels is expected to follow our Code of Conduct
Contributing
See the [contributing guide]).
Kudos
Thanks to Aaron Patterson for the original idea for this!
Copyright
Copyright (c) 2010-2017 Christoph Olszowka. See MIT-LICENSE for details.


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MAP17 Final Exhibition, November 2017
- Location: London College of Communication, UAL, Elephant & Castle, London, SE1 6SB.
(Google Map)
- Launch Event:Wed 15th, 18.00 to 21.00 (Booking via Eventbrite)
- Show open:
| Thurs 16th: | 11:00 to 19:00 |
| Fri 17th: | 11:00 to 19:00 |
| Sat 18th: | 11:00 to 16:00 |
| Sun 19th: | Closed |
| Mon 20th: | 11:00 to 19:00 |
- Daily tours: 16:00, Sat: 12:00
- MAP Symposium: Fri 17th, 14:00 to 18.00
All installation shots by Toby Maudsley, www.maudsley.com


This is a constuction zone for Seth Gilbert's website. This website houses my research on creating a version of the game Othello with client-side scripting in two languages, python and javascript. Come back soon to check on the progress.


Hi! My name is Cameron Decain and I'm a graduate from Bryant University with a degree in International Business and a concentration in marketing and spanish. I'm currently seeking a full time job where I can further develop my skills in international business and marketing and follow my passions.


This is the partial for view 1.
total todos: {{ (todos | filter:(t.done = false)).length }} / {{todos.length}}


Personal branding is the conscious and intentional effort to create and influence public perception of an individual by positioning them as an authority in their industry, elevating their credibility, and differentiating themselves from the competition, to ultimately advance their career, increase their circle of influence, and have a larger impact.
The process of personal branding involves finding your uniqueness, building a reputation on the things you want to be known for, and then allowing yourself to be known for them. Ultimately, the goal is to create something that conveys a message and that can be monetized.
Whereas some self-help practices focus on self-improvement, personal branding defines success as a form of self-packaging. The term is thought to have originated from an article written by Tom Peters in 1997. In Be Your Own Brand, first published in 1999, marketers David McNally and Karl Speak wrote: "Your brand is a perception or emotion, maintained by somebody other than you, that describes the total experience of having a relationship with you."
Individuals sometimes associate personal names or pseudonyms with their businesses. Notably, 45th President of the United States and real estate mogul Donald Trump uses his last name on properties and other enterprises. Celebrities may also leverage their social status to support organizations for financial or social gain. For example, Kim Kardashian endorses brands and products through her media influence.
The relationship between brands and consumers is dynamic and must be constantly refined. This continuous process demonstrates the ambivalence of consumerism. Bop Design estimates that 80% of consumers are more likely to evaluate solutions from the brands they follow on a social network.
A personal brand is a widely-recognized and largely-uniform perception or impression of an individual based on their experience, expertise, competencies, actions and/or achievements within a community, industry, or the marketplace at large.


Common Views
[ROOT]:/code/layout
This is the place for you website structure file, which will be shared by all pages
E.g.
- layout
- demo
- header.phtml
- footer.phtml
- nav.phtml
-
your module template:
<?php $page_title = 'X-FRAME | DEMO | INDEX'; ?>
<?php include _X_LAYOUT . '/demo/header.phtml'; ?>
<p>...
</p>
<?php include _X_LAYOUT . '/demo/footer.phtml'; ?>


Here at Tequila Mockingbird we believe in caring for our customers and delivering the best tequila's possible. We make sure that there are many options available, so that our customers don't feel like their limited. We deliver to companies that chose to partner with us, and chose us as distributors. For customers we do sampeling boxes monthly if you don't know what you prefer. We are always looking to help
Patron Tequila is a more sophisticated tequila, and has many tastes to explore in the selection. Click here to take a peek.
Don Julio Tequila is a delectable tequila, and its perfect for dinner parties, and having some fun. It has many tastes to explore in the selection. Click here to take a peek.
Interested in a newsletter weekly?
Here at Tequila Mockingbird we believe in giving the best expereince possible, and we want to give our customers the best updates possible about what's in stock.


Publications
- The entry of nanoparticles into solid tumours Sindhwani S, Syed AM, Ngai J, Benjamin R Kingston BR, Maiorino L, Rothschild J, MacMillan P, Zhang Y, Rajesh NU, Hoang T, Wu JLY, Wilhelm S, Zilman A, Gadde S, Sulaiman S, Ouyang B, Lin Z, Wang L, Egeblad M, Chan WCW. Nature Materials 19, 566–575 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-019-0566-2 (2020)
- The concept of nanoparticle transport through gaps between endothelial cells (inter-endothelial gaps) in the tumour blood vessel is a central paradigm in cancer nanomedicine. The size of these gaps was found to be up to 2,000 nm. This justified the development of nanoparticles to treat solid tumours as their size is small enough to extravasate and access the tumour microenvironment. Here we show that these inter-endothelial gaps are not responsible for the transport of nanoparticles into solid tumours. Instead, we found that up to 97% of nanoparticles enter tumours using an active process through endothelial cells. This result is derived from analysis of four different mouse models, three different types of human tumours, mathematical simulation and modelling, and two different types of imaging techniques. These results challenge our current rationale for developing cancer nanomedicine and suggest that understanding these active pathways will unlock strategies to enhance tumour accumulation
- Effects of cross-talk and pleiotropy on the specificity and accuracy of receptor signaling Kirby D, Rothschild J, Smart M, Zilman A. arXiv preprint arXiv:1911.05895 (2019)
- Living cells and cell collectives crucially depend on the ability to sense their environment through engagement of external molecular signals with cell surface receptors. Puzzlingly, vast numbers of signaling pathways exhibit a high degree of cross-talk between different signals whereby different ligands act through the same receptor or shared components downstream. It remains unclear how a cell can accurately process information from the environment in such cross-wired pathways. We show that a feature which commonly accompanies cross-talk - receptor pleiotropy (the ability of the receptor to produce multiple outputs) - offers a solution to the cross-talk problem. In a minimal model of pleiotropic receptor cross-talk, we show that a single pleiotropic receptor is sufficient to simultaneously identify the ligand and accurately sense the concentration of a presented ligand, enabling specific and accurate signaling. We calculate the fundamental limits of the signaling specificity and accuracy of a pleiotropic receptor arising from the molecular noise both at the receptor level and downstream. We further investigate the effects of common signaling schemes such as Kinetic Proofreading (KPR) and show that KPR does not necessarily increase the signaling specificity once the effects of molecular noise are taken into account. The model serves as an elementary "building block" towards understanding more complex cross-wired receptor-ligand signaling networks, and suggests how cross-talk and pleiotropy might be inherent features of combinatorial signaling in cross-wired networks. The results of the paper suggest a novel outlook at a number of experimental systems.
- Predicting Ancestral Segmentation Phenotypes from Drosophila to Anopheles Using In Silico Evolution Rothschild J, Tsimiklis P, Siggia ED, François P. PLOS Genetics 12(5): e1006052 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006052
- Molecular evolution is an established technique for inferring gene homology but regulatory DNA turns over so rapidly that inference of ancestral networks is often impossible. In silico evolution is used to compute the most parsimonious path in regulatory space for anterior-posterior patterning linking two Dipterian species. The expression pattern of gap genes has evolved between Drosophila (fly) and Anopheles (mosquito), yet one of their targets, eve, has remained invariant. Our model predicts that stripe 5 in fly disappears and a new posterior stripe is created in mosquito, thus eve stripe modules 3+7 and 4+6 in fly are homologous to 3+6 and 4+5 in mosquito. We can place Clogmia on this evolutionary pathway and it shares the mosquito homologies. To account for the evolution of the other pair-rule genes in the posterior we have to assume that the ancestral Dipterian utilized a dynamic method to phase those genes in relation to eve.


It’s about time!! We’re more than excited to announce that we’ll be heading back to Australia and New Zealand in October. It’s been over six years since we last visited Australia and nine years since we were lucky enough to set foot in New Zealand... we’re long overdue! This trip represents another new adventure for us during the WorldWired tour; it will be the first time we have ever headlined stadiums in Australia and New Zealand. To help us celebrate, our friends in Slipknot will be joining us for the journey. All the perks of the current WorldWired Tour will be in place starting with the Wherever I May Roam Black Ticket we introduced a year ago in North America; just one ticket will allow floor access to any Metallica show in this part of the world. Black Ticket holders need only choose the show(s) they would like to attend and make an online reservation no less than 48 hours before the gig. A limited number of these Black Tickets* will be available for $598 AUD through CID Entertainment. As with most of the WorldWired shows, every ticket purchased includes a choice of a standard physical or standard digital copy of Hardwired…To Self-Destruct.** And once again, all tickets will include a free MP3 download of the show(s) attended, mixed and mastered by the team behind Hardwired. The free full-show downloads can be obtained by scanning or entering the barcode from that show’s ticket stub at LiveMetallica.com/scan. Last but not least, the Enhanced Experience options will be available with three choices of special packages, including premium tickets and amenities ranging from early access to the venue and the "Memory Remains" traveling museum to meeting members of the band. Visit CID Entertainment for full package details. Fan Club presales begin Tuesday, March 12th at 1 PM local time... click here for details. A complete list of other presales can be found here. Tickets go on sale to the general public Monday, March 18th at 2 PM local time for all cities except Sydney, where the sale begins at 3 PM local time.


Let's Play!
Rules:
Ping Pong will count up to your number from 1 with the following exceptions:
- Numbers divisible by 3 become 'ping'
- Numbers divisible by 5 become 'pong'
- Numbers divisible by 3 and 5 become 'pingping'
Ryan Loos
RLoos289
Intro to Programming
Ping Pong will count up to your number from 1 with the following exceptions:


Monthly download stats of 'CRAN' and 'Bioconductor' packages. Download stats of 'CRAN' packages is from the 'RStudio' 'CRAN mirror', see <http://cranlogs.r-pkg.org>. 'Bioconductor' package download stats is at <https://bioconductor.org/packages/stats/>.
| Version: | 0.1.0 |
| Depends: | R (≥ 3.3.0) |
| Imports: | ggplot2, jsonlite, magrittr, RColorBrewer, scales, utils |
| Suggests: | knitr, tidyr |
| Published: | 2017-08-07 |
| Author: | Guangchuang Yu [aut, cre] |
| Maintainer: | Guangchuang Yu <guangchuangyu at gmail.com> |
| BugReports: | https://github.com/GuangchuangYu/dlstats/issues |
| License: | Artistic-2.0 |
| URL: | https://github.com/GuangchuangYu/dlstats |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| Materials: | README |
| CRAN checks: | dlstats results |
| Reference manual: | dlstats.pdf |
| Vignettes: |
dlstats introduction |
| Package source: | dlstats_0.1.0.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: dlstats_0.1.0.zip, r-release: dlstats_0.1.0.zip, r-oldrel: dlstats_0.1.0.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: dlstats_0.1.0.tgz, r-oldrel: dlstats_0.1.0.tgz |
| Old sources: | dlstats archive |
| Reverse imports: | badger |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=dlstats to link to this page.


You wake in the forest after days of travel. The village you come from has been plagued by undead and you have tracked them to these caves.
Though life surrounds the entrance, the scent of death is carried out from within the cave.
Grateful for your torch, you plunge into the depths of a long forgotten crypt. The sounds of movement beyond the light keep you on your toes, and you feel as though you are being watched.


Sort by scores
Sort by score
Sort by score
M. John Score: 123
Mme. Rose Score: 223
Mme. Céline Score: 983
M. Billy Score: 423
Mme. Claire Score: 532


This web application contains the code samples for appendix D of the book 'CMIS in Action'. It is divided into several sections each on illustrating a certain aspect of CMIS. To run the sample code deploy this application in a web server (e.g. Tomcat). YOu should have a CMIS server running and imported the sample data from the sample application The Blend.


Ballarat cancer nurse Keryn Williamson set for Walking Stars
by Melanie WhelanEVERY day in her work, Keryn Williamson can see firsthand the difference her walking mission can help make.
Keryn is preparing to tackle a half-marathon distance at night in Melbourne in less than a fortnight's time to help Australians directly impacted by cancer. Each step of the way, 21.1 kilometres, Keryn will make in tribute to her family members' cancer journeys, including both her parents who are bowel cancer survivors, an aunt who died with lung cancer this year and extended relations.
But Keryn also walks for her patients.
Keryn is a clinical nurse specialist in Ballarat Regional Integrated Cancer Centre's radiation oncology department. She has worked in chemotherapy and radiation therapy with cancer patients for 18 years.
Cancer Council Victoria is pivotal in helping Keryn do her job. All money raised in the Walking Stars event will boost the organisation's cancer research, prevention programs and patient support.
WATCH: What is Walking Stars all about?
"One of the first things we give patients is the Cancer Council's What is Radiotherapy pamphlets - and that goes across all tumour streams," Keryn said.
"There can be a lot for patients to take in, but if they can take some information away it helps.
"A lot of cancers don't have specialist nurses, like breast and prostate cancer patients do, but Cancer Council has support for all cancers and there is a hotline you can call for advice. Some people feel their doctor is too busy but, while the hotline doesn't have specifics to patients, they can help reassure or have an idea when a doctor is needed."
 The five most common cancers in Victoria are prostate, breast, bowel, melanoma and lung.
Keryn and her sister will join walkers setting out from Alexandra Gardens after sunset on December 7. The course will weave past Melbourne's lit-up landmarks, like the tennis centre and MCG.
Training for Keryn has been part of her early morning gym work-outs, mixed in with walks near White Swan Reservoir.
The walk takes the average participant four to five hours to complete but Keryn hopes mostly to help make a statement.
"We'll dress up and have glow stuff on," Keryn said. "If people don't know what the event is when they see us, it's a chance to raise awareness."
You can support Keryn Williamson's efforts directly here.
For more details on Walking Stars, click here.
Cancer Victoria's cancer nurse support line is 13 11 20 (Monday to Friday, 9am-5pm).


Hello,
i would like to suggest a plugin that posts your online battlelog status to Facebook.
Somewhat like when you have joined a server, post what server you are on to your Facebook timeline.
Is playing BF3 on and maybe a link to the battlelog server.
That would have been awesome! :-)
Just an idea i had to post, and didn't find any similar plugin requests.
Regards,
MrNiceGuy
NOTE: Here's the link to the original thread if you're wondering why it was moved here. Click
http://getbblog.com/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=504


public class DateElement extends Element
Symbol Meaning Presentation Example ------ ------- ------------ ------- G era designator (Text) AD y year (Number) 1996 M month in year (Text & Number) July & 07 d day in month (Number) 10 h hour in am/pm (1˜12) (Number) 12 H hour in day (0˜23) (Number) 0 m minute in hour (Number) 30 s second in minute (Number) 55 S millisecond (Number) 978 E day in week (Text) Tuesday D day in year (Number) 189 F day of week in month (Number) 2 (2nd Wed in July) w week in year (Number) 27 W week in month (Number) 2 a am/pm marker (Text) PM k hour in day (1˜24) (Number) 24 K hour in am/pm (0˜11) (Number) 0 z time zone (Text) Pacific Standard Time ' escape for text (Delimiter) '' single quote (Literal) ' Examples Format Pattern Result -------------- ------- "yyyy.MM.dd G 'at' hh:mm:ss z" ->> 1996.07.10 AD at 15:08:56 PDT "EEE, MMM d, ''yy" ->> Wed, July 10, '96 "h:mm a" ->> 12:08 PM "hh 'o''clock' a, zzzz" ->> 12 o'clock PM, Pacific Daylight Time "K:mm a, z" ->> 0:00 PM, PST "yyyyy.MMMMM.dd GGG hh:mm aaa" ->> 1996.July.10 AD 12:08 PM *
| Constructor and Description |
|---|
DateElement(java.lang.String pattern)
Note: the pattern MUST be the same length as the data to be checked.
|
DateElement(java.lang.String pattern,
int length)
The pattern to be applied to the bytes.
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
void |
read(DataSource data,
ParserContext ctx)
Reads a data and converts to a java.util.Date
|
isInternal, setInternal
public DateElement(java.lang.String pattern)
pattern
- The pattern to be applied to the bytes.public DateElement(java.lang.String pattern, int length)
pattern
- The pattern to be applied to the bytes.length
- the length of the bytes to be parsed.public void read(DataSource data, ParserContext ctx) throws java.io.IOException


boomerang is an opensource javascript library released under the BSD license. It depends on its community to keep it alive.
The source code is on github at github.com/yahoo/boomerang. Feel free to fork it and contribute to it. You can also get a tarball or zip archive of the code.
Use github's issue tracking system to report or follow bugs.
boomerang has its own discussion forum on the Yahoo! Developer Network website. Feel free to use it for all boomerang related discussions.
Other opensource devs have incorporated boomerang into their own projects. The following is a partial list:


{{ table_format }}
{% endif %}Clicking a result in the tables will give more details, such as graphs of the fit against the data and the parameters that the minimizer found.
Clicking the problem names will take you to details of the best minimizer.
Clicking the software name will take you to FitBenchmarking Read the Docs documentation for the selected software.
Hovering over each minimizer name will display its matching algorithm types out of those selected in options.
{% if report_failed_min %}The `algorithm_type` has been selected to be {{algorithm_type}} and not all minimizers specified in the options setup file are compatible. If this was not intended, please review current options setup and re-run FitBenchmarking.
{% for software, minimizer in unselected_minimzers.items() %} {% if minimizer != [] %} Within {{software}}, the following minimizer(s) were not run due to the choice of {{algorithm_type}} for the algorithm type:
For the following problems all the selected minimizers and software packages raise an exception:
This could be due to incompatible problem-cost function combinations or the `algorithm_type` set in the options. Please review the logs and current options setup and re-run FitBenchmarking to see comparisons for these problems.
{% endif %}The superscripts in the tables denote current error handling within FitBenchmarking. Currently the errors correspond to:
| Error flag | Error message |
|---|---|
| {{ flag }} | {{ message }} |
Fits are taken from all benchmarks, so if FitBenchmarking is run with
``n`` problems and ``m`` cost functions, the resulting profile plots will have
``n*m`` steps on the y-axis.
This is a Dolan-Moré performance profile.
The solvers appearing in the top left corner may be considered the best
performing on this test set.
See Dolan and Moré (2001) for more information.


NOTE: This is not a long term solution (just a stopgap for HackGT 4).
{% for bus in buses %}| Confirm Date | Name | School | Applicant Type | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| {{ rider['confirmationDate'] }} | {{ rider['name'] }} | {{ rider['email'] }} | {{ rider['school'] }} | {{ rider['applicationBranch'] }} |


List of police groups successfully alloted to their respective zones.
List of zones where police have been deployed successfully
List of zones not occupied for patrol by any police


Welcome to Moe's GitHub Repo Website where you can see the list of Moe's Repos.
GitHub Repo is in descending order where the latest repo is list on top.


What is accessibility?
This article starts off the module with a good look at what accessibility is — this includes what groups of people we need to consider and why, what tools different people use to interact with the web, and how we can make accessibility part of our web development workflow.
HTML: A good basis for accessibility?
A great deal of web content can be made accessible just by making sure the correct HTML elements are always used for the correct purpose.
CSS and JavaScript accessibility best practices?
CSS and JavaScript, when used properly, also have the potential to allow for accessible web experiences, but if misused they can significantly harm accessibility. This article outlines some CSS and JavaScript best practices that should be considered to ensure that even complex content is as accessible as possible.
WAI-ARIA basics, WAI-ARIA basics, WAI-ARIA basics, WAI-ARIA basics?
Following on from the previous article, sometimes making complex UI controls that involve unsemantic HTML and dynamic JavaScript-updated content can be difficult. WAI-ARIA is a technology that can help with such problems by adding in further semantics that browsers and assistive technologies can recognize and use to let users know what is going on. Here we'll show how to use it at a basic level to improve accessibility.
Accessible multimedia?
Another category of content that can create accessibility problems is multimedia — video, audio, and image content need to be given proper textual alternatives, so they can be understood by assistive technologies and their users. This article shows how.
Mobile accessibility?
With web access on mobile devices being so popular, and popular platforms such as iOS and Android.
What is accessibility?
This article starts off the module with a good look at what accessibility is — this includes what groups of people we need to consider and why, what tools different people use to interact with the web, and how we can make accessibility part of our web development workflow.
CSS and JavaScript accessibility best practices?
CSS and JavaScript, when used properly, also have the potential to allow for accessible web experiences, but if misused they can significantly harm accessibility. This article outlines some CSS and JavaScript best practices that should be considered to ensure that even complex content is as accessible as possible.
WAI-ARIA basics, WAI-ARIA basics, WAI-ARIA basics, WAI-ARIA basics?
Following on from the previous article, sometimes making complex UI controls that involve unsemantic HTML and dynamic JavaScript-updated content can be difficult. WAI-ARIA is a technology that can help with such problems by adding in further semantics that browsers and assistive technologies can recognize and use to let users know what is going on. Here we'll show how to use it at a basic level to improve accessibility.
Hellonext is a powerful tool for product managers and SaaS product owners to gather, organize and respond to feedback and feature requests from their customers with ease. Designed to enable your customers to provide feedback easily, so that you can build products better for them.
Yes. You can try Hellonext free for 7 (seven) days. No restrictions on the features or users.
Yes. We are a startup too, and we would love to be with you on this journey. There is a $10/month plan for startups and educational institutions. Check your eligibility here.
Yes. The billing happens every month automagically. You will receive a renewal notice three days before the actual renewal happens. We use the amazing tool called Paddle for processing payments.
Yes. No strings attached. Free forever.
Hellonext was created at Skcript, to gather feedback on our products and services from our customers. Our horizon slowly but steadily started expanding, and today, over 800 organizations rely on Hellonext to organize, their feedback. Our promise has always been the same; listen to customers, build what they need, and grow with them.
With Hellonext, you will be supporting a team of bootstrapped engineers, who are building, improving and designing Hellonext, every single day.
Yes. Only for enterprise customers.
It will be a sad day for our team, and we would do whatever it takes to make you our happiest customer. But if you still insist, you can.
There are multiple support channels for us. If you prefer email, please write to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>If you prefer chat support, please click here.


Success
Muzicast is installed and ready to go!
You should now set the administrator password and tell Muzicast where to find your music. Please press continue.
Continue{% from "util.html" import stylesheet %}
{{ stylesheet('admin.css') }}Muzicast is installed and ready to go!
You should now set the administrator password and tell Muzicast where to find your music. Please press continue.
Continue


this text is inside paragrapy .....select the text and see the result
this is normal text
this text is inside h2 tag


Collection.toArray()
calls that are not in the preferred style, and suggests applying the preferred style.
There are two styles to convert a collection to an array:
c.toArray(new String[c.size()])
c.toArray(new String[0])
In older Java versions, using a pre-sized array was recommended, as the reflection call necessary to create an array of proper size was quite slow.
However, since late updates of OpenJDK 6, this call was intrinsified, making
the performance of the empty array version the same, and sometimes even better, compared
to the pre-sized version. Also, passing a pre-sized array is dangerous for a concurrent or
synchronized collection as a data race is possible between the size
and toArray
calls. This may result in extra null
s at the end of the array if the collection was concurrently
shrunk during the operation.
Use the inspection options to select the preferred style.


Provide your personal details below.
The instructions on how to answer the question have been provide below
1.What does HTML denote in full?
2.How is JavaScript abreviated
3.What does DOM stand for
4.Is C++ a low level Language?
5.What does DRY donote


Chapter 2 Model Implementation ( Ulu and Smith (2009)- Part2.1 )
2.1 Importing the required library
library(tidyverse)
## ── Attaching packages ───── tidyverse <IP_ADDRESS>00 ──
## ✓ ggplot2 3.3.2 ✓ purrr 0.3.4
## ✓ tibble 3.0.3 ✓ dplyr 1.0.1
## ✓ tidyr 1.1.1 ✓ stringr 1.4.0
## ✓ readr 1.3.1 ✓ forcats 0.5.0
## ── Conflicts ───────────── tidyverse_conflicts() ──
## x dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()
## x dplyr::lag() masks stats::lag()
2.2 Model parameters definition
\(\theta:\)
the Net Present Value of Stream of benefits
If she decides to reject the technology, she receives nothing and no longer gathers information about the technology.
If she decides to adopt the technology, she pays a fixed adoption cost K and receives a net expected benefit:
\[\int_{\theta} \theta \pi(\theta)d\theta - K\]
\(\theta\) has the density \(\pi\).
- Now, if consumer choose to gather additional information, she pays c in that period and observe the signal x, drawn with likelihood function
\[L(x|\theta)\]
Having observed signal x, the consumer then updates her prior \(\pi\) using Baye’s rule:
\[\prod(\theta;\pi,x) = \frac{L(x|\theta)\pi(\theta)}{f(x;\pi)} \]
where the f(x;\(\pi\)) is the predictive ditribution for signals x,
\[f(x;\pi) =\int_{\theta} L(x|\theta)\pi(\theta)d\theta\]
The consumer then continues into the next period, starting with a new prior distribution that is equal to her posterior distribution from this stage.
Because our dynamic programming state variable is distribution itself , we will frequently supress the domain of the distribution and write the posterior as
The consumer’s optimal value function with k periods remaining
\[v^{*}_{0}(\pi) = 0\] \[v^{*}_{k}(\pi)=max(0,\int_{\theta}\theta\pi(\theta) \theta -K , -c + \delta E[v^{*}_{k-1}(\Pi(\pi,x))])\]
where \(\delta\) (0<\(\delta\)<1) is the discount factor and the expectation of the next period value function is taken over all possible random signals.
\[E[v^{*}_{k-1}(\Pi(\pi, \tilde{x})]=\int_{x}v_{k-1}{*}(\Pi(\pi,x))f(x;\pi)dx\]
2.3 Part 2.1-Example of
The model for \(\theta\) is defined as:
\[\theta=Ap^*\] Consumer’s uncertainty about \(p*\) has a beta distribution
\[f(p^*) = \frac{\Gamma(\alpha + \beta)}{\Gamma(\alpha)\Gamma(\beta)}(p^*)^{\alpha-1}(1-p^*)^{\beta-1}\] ### Discussion on Beta Distribiution:
The pdf of the beta distribution, for 0<\(p*\)<1, and shape parameters \(\alpha\),\(\beta\)>0, is a power function of the variable x and of its reflection (1-x) as follows:
\[f(x|\alpha,\beta) = constant.x^{\alpha-1}(1-x)^{\beta-1}\] \[=\frac{x^{\alpha-1}(1-x)^{\beta-1}}{\int_{0}^{1}u^{\alpha-1}(1-u)^{\beta-1}du}\] \[=\frac{\Gamma(\alpha + \beta)}{\Gamma(\alpha)\Gamma(\beta)}x^{\alpha-1}(1-x)^{\beta-1}\] \[= \frac{1}{B(\alpha,\beta)}x^{\alpha-1}(1-x)^{\beta-1}\] The beta function, B is a normalization constant to ensure that the total probability is 1.
2.3.1 Example of Beta Distribution:
Example:
<IP_ADDRESS> equal alpha and beta:
seq(0,1,length.out = 100)
p =plot(p,dbeta(p,100,100),ylab = "density", type="l", col=4)
lines(p,dbeta(p,10,10), type = "l", col=3)
lines(p,dbeta(p,2,2), type = "l", col=2)
lines(p,dbeta(p,1,1), type = "l", col=1)
legend(0.7,8, c("Be(100,100)","Be(10,10)","Be(2,2)", "Be(1,1)"),col=c(4,3,2,1), lty = c(1,1,1,1) )
#### non-equal alpha and beta:
seq(0,1, length=100)
p =plot(p, dbeta(p, 900, 100), ylab="density", type ="l", col=4)
lines(p, dbeta(p, 90, 10), type ="l", col=3)
lines(p, dbeta(p, 30, 70), col=2)
lines(p, dbeta(p, 3, 7), col=1)
legend(0.2,30, c("Be(900,100)","Be(90,10)","Be(30,70)", "Be(3,7)"),lty=c(1,1,1,1),col=c(4,3,2,1))
Two points about the Beta distribution:
From these examples you should note the following: \[E[p]=\frac{\alpha}{\alpha+\beta}\] * It turns out that the mean is exactly Thus the mean of the distribution is determined by the relative values of a and b.
- The larger the values of a and b, the smaller the variance of the distribution about the mean.
\[Var[p]=E[(X-\mu)^2]=\frac{\alpha\beta}{(\alpha+\beta)^2(\alpha+\beta+1)}\]
<IP_ADDRESS> alpha and beta <1
seq(0,1, length=100)
p =plot(p, dbeta(p, 0.9, 0.1), ylab="density", type ="l", col=4)
lines(p, dbeta(p, 0.7, 0.3), type ="l", col=3)
lines(p, dbeta(p, 0.5, 0.7), col=2)
lines(p, dbeta(p, 0.3, 0.9), col=1)
legend(0.2,4, c("Be(0.9,0.1)","Be(0.7,0.3)","Be(0.5,0.7)", "Be(0.3,0.9)"), col=c(4,3,2,1), lty=c(1,1,1,1))
2.4 Beta Conjugate to Bernoulli Distibutaion
2.4.1 Prior:
\[Beta(\alpha,\beta) = \frac{\theta^{\alpha-1}(1-\theta)^{\beta-1}}{B(\alpha,\beta)}\]
\[= const.\theta^{\alpha-1}(1-\theta)^{b-1}\]
2.4.2 Posterior Distribution:
\[P(\theta|data)=\frac{P(data|\theta)P(\theta)}{P(data)}\propto P(data|\theta)P(theta)\]
2.5 Beta-Binomial Model
2.5.1 Likelihood:
\[P(data|\theta) \propto \theta^z(1-\theta)^{n-z},\] if we let z number of \(x_{i}\) with value 1, i.e, (seeing z success in n trial)
\[z=\sum_{i=1}^{n}X_i\]
2.5.2 Derive Posterior
\[P(\theta|data) \propto ( \theta^z(1-\theta)^{n-z})(\theta^{\alpha-1}(1-\theta)^{\beta-1})\]
\[\propto \theta^{z+\alpha-1}(1-\alpha)^{n-z+\beta-1}\]
Subsituing the following:
\[\alpha'=\alpha + z\] \[\beta'=n+\beta-z\] Now we have posterior:
\[P(\theta | data) = \frac{\theta^{\alpha'-1}(1-\alpha)^{\beta'-1}}{B(\alpha',\beta')}\]
\[=Beta(\alpha',\beta')\]
2.6 Example of the Ulu and Smith (2009):
2.6.1 Prior
Beta with \(\alpha\)=1, \(\beta\)=1:
1000
N <- 1
alpha <- 1
beta <- 2
nsuccess <- 4
n_trials <-
1_1 <- tibble(p_grid = seq(from=0, to =1, length.out = N)) %>%
data_ mutate(prior=dbeta(p_grid,alpha,beta)) %>%
mutate(likelihood = dbinom(nsuccess, size = n_trials, prob = p_grid)) %>%
mutate(posterior = (likelihood * prior) / sum(likelihood * prior))
1_1 %>%
data_ gather(key, value, -p_grid) %>%
# this line allows us to dictate the order the panels will appear in
mutate(key = factor(key, levels = c("prior", "likelihood", "posterior"))) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = p_grid, ymin = 0, ymax = value, fill = key)) +
geom_ribbon() +
scale_fill_manual(values = c("blue", "red", "purple")) +
scale_y_continuous(NULL, breaks = NULL) +
theme(legend.position = "none") +
facet_wrap(~key, scales = "free")
Analytically, the mean of the posterior should be:
\[Beta(\alpha + s, \beta + n -s)\] with mean value of
\[E[X]=\frac{\alpha + s}{\alpha + \beta + n}\] having \(\alpha\)=1, \(\beta=1\), \(s\)=2 and \(n\)=4 :
\[Beta(1 + 2, 1+ 4-2)\] \[Beta(3, 3)\] with mean value of
\[E[pgrid]=\frac{3}{3+6}=\frac{1}{3}\]
2.7 Normal-Normal Conjugate:
\[P(\theta | Data) = \frac{P(Data|\theta)P(\theta)}{P(Data)} \propto P(Data|\theta)P(\theta)\] \[P(Data|\theta) = \prod_{i=1}^{N}\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma_x^2}}exp(-\frac{(x_i-\theta)²}{2\sigma_x^2})\] \[\propto exp(-\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{N}(x_i-\theta)^2}{2\sigma_x^2})\] Now posterior:
\[P(\theta|X) \propto exp(-\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{N}(x_i-\theta)^2}{2\sigma_x^2})exp(-\frac{(\theta-\theta_0)^2}{2\sigma_{\theta}^2})\]
\[=exp[-\]
You can label chapter and section titles using {#label}
after them, e.g., we can reference Chapter ??. If you do not manually label them, there will be automatic labels anyway, e.g., Chapter 4.
Figures and tables with captions will be placed in figure
and table
environments, respectively.
Reference a figure by its code chunk label with the fig:
prefix, e.g., see Figure ??. Similarly, you can reference tables generated from knitr::kable()
, e.g., see Table ??.
You can write citations, too. For example, we are using the bookdown package (Xie 2020) in this sample book, which was built on top of R Markdown and . change new line Jafarizadeh and Bratvold (2020)
References
Jafarizadeh, Babak, and Reidar Bratvold. 2020. “Sequential Exploration: Valuation with Geological Dependencies and Uncertain Oil Prices.” SPE Journal, July. https://doi.org/10.2118/202470-PA.
Ulu, Canan, and James E. Smith. 2009. “Uncertainty, Information Acquisition, and Technology Adoption.” Operations Research 57 (3): 740–52. https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.1080.0611.
Xie, Yihui. 2020. Bookdown: Authoring Books and Technical Documents with R Markdown. https://github.com/rstudio/bookdown.


lab03 : Implementing a linked list
| num | ready? | description | assigned | due |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| lab03 | true | Implementing a linked list | Tue 04/17 11:00AM | Mon 04/23 11:59PM |
Goals for this lab
By the time you have completed this lab, you should be able to
- Explain the meaning of a “self-referential” data structure
- Create, use and manage memory for simple linked lists
- Implement functions that process linked lists
Step by Step Instructions
Step 1: Choose initial roles, create a directory and get files
Get together with your lab partner, and decide who will be the pilot first. Switch roles after awhile - before either of you gets tired, bored or distracted. If your regular partner is more than 5 minutes late, ask the TA to pair you with someone else for this week.
Log onto the pilot’s account. If the pilot’s account is not working, allow the navigator to log in instead. You will (both) work in this account for the rest of the lab.
Step 1a: Create a git repo, add your partner as collaborator
-
Create a repo for this lab on the pilot’s github account following the process described in previous labs and also following the correct naming convention
-
The pilot should add the navigator as a collaborator on github. Navigator accept the invitation to gain joint ownership on the git repo
Step 1b: Set up directory for this lab (see detailed instructions in previous labs)
- Clone your repo in your cs24 directory on CSIL.
- Navigate to your starter-code directory and do a git pull to get the latest version of the code.
- Change into your lab03 git directory
- Now copy all of the files for this lab from the starter-code directory to your git directory:
cp ~/cs24/cs24-s18-starter-code/lab03/* ./
Verify you got all the files and try to compile them as follows:
-bash-4.2$ ls
intlist.cpp intlist.h Makefile README.md testlist.cpp testrest.cpp
-bash-4.2$ make all
g++ -c -g testlist.cpp
g++ -c -g intlist.cpp
g++ -g -o testlist testlist.o intlist.o
g++ -c -g testrest.cpp
g++ -g -o testrest testrest.o intlist.o
We will discuss these files in Step 3. But first some practice.
Step 2: Practice using linked structures (Optional)
You can go to the website, “www.cpp.sh”, to practice the linked structures. (Or any other online cpp shell) Type or copy/paste the simple program shown below (in bold) at the code area in cpp.sh (replacing the original sample code):
The structure, ‘Node’, you just created incorporates a way for an object of its type to point at another object of the same type - it is a self-referential structure. The idea is to point the next field of a Node at another Node, and in this way we can build lists of Nodes, with each one pointing to the next one. We also maintain a separate pointer that points at the first node in the list - often we call this pointer the “list” because it is the way we can access the list’s elements.
But before we do all that, let’s just make a Node object, set it’s fields, and let us display its contents:
#include <iostream>
struct Node {int info; Node *next;};
int main()
{
Node item;
item.info = 9;
item.next = 0;
std::cout << "This node holds a number: " << item.info << "\n";
}
Now click a “Run” button below the code area. You shall see the output in the bottom.
This node holds a number: 9
The Node named item stores a 9 as its information, and its next field (a.k.a. “link”) does not point to anything. (The address 0 is reserved to mean “no address” in C++, and it is also the value of the symbolic constant NULL that is defined in cstdlib. Notice that ch calls it nil, but that just means the same thing too.) Usually a node with a null link is used to indicate the end of a linked list.
Now let’s use the structure to build an actual linked list of three integers. First we will declare a pointer named list to point at the first node in the list (or null if the list is empty). We initialize this pointer to a dynamically allocated first node, using the C++ keyword new (which returns a pointer). The remaining steps will create two more nodes, store values in each node, and properly link them all together as a list. Type or copy/paste the program in bold:
#include <iostream>
struct Node {int info; Node *next;};
int main()
{
Node* list = new Node;
list->info = 10;
list->next = new Node;
list->next->info = 20;
list->next->next = 0;
Node* temp = list;
list = new Node;
list->info = 5;
list->next = temp;
for (Node* n = list; n != 0; n = n->next) {
std::cout << "\nThis node is at address: " << n << std::endl;
std::cout << "It holds a number: " << n->info << std::endl;
std::cout << "Moving to the next node whose address is " << n->next << "..." << std::endl;
}
}
Now click a “Run” button below the code area. You shall see the output in the bottom.
This node is at address: 0x16359e0
It holds a number: 5
Moving to the next node whose address is 0x16359a0...
This node is at address: 0x16359a0
It holds a number: 10
Moving to the next node whose address is 0x16359c0...
This node is at address: 0x16359c0
It holds a number: 20
Moving to the next node whose address is 0...
The for loop continues as long as n points at a node. At the end of each loop iteration, n is changed to point at the next node in the list. Study this loop, and be sure to understand it - discuss it with your partner to make sure you both understand it.
As one more illustration, let’s use a while loop to count the nodes in a list like this one. Make sure you understand the following loop too, in which the while loop condition is just the node pointer itself – it becomes 0 at the end. ;-)
#include <iostream>
struct Node {int info; Node *next;};
int main()
{
Node* list = new Node;
list->info = 10;
list->next = new Node;
list->next->info = 20;
list->next->next = 0;
Node* temp = list;
list = new Node;
list->info = 5;
list->next = temp;
Node* n = list;
while (n) {
std::cout << "\nThis node is at address: " << n << std::endl;
std::cout << "It holds a number: " << n->info << std::endl;
std::cout << "Moving to the next node whose address is " << n->next << "..." << std::endl;
n = n->next;
}
}
One big issue in the above program is memory leak.
Since we dynamically allocated the memory for three nodes, we should free that memory before exiting the program and proceeding to Step 3. Also, according to convention, we set the list pointer to null - it is now an empty list:
#include <iostream>
struct Node {int info; Node *next;};
int main()
{
Node* list = new Node;
list->info = 10;
list->next = new Node;
list->next->info = 20;
list->next->next = 0;
delete list->next; // Why we free list->next firstly?
delete list;
list = 0; // Can we put this line before delete line?
}
Step 3: Learn how to encapsulate list nodes
Now that you have a feel for list nodes, you should know that such structures are not usually manipulated directly by application programs - not in C++ anyway (although it is common in C programming). Instead applications normally use objects of a List class, and the class itself is the only part of the program that accesses list nodes.
In the rest of this lab, you will help build such a list class. The class definition is stored in intlist.h - please study it to know its parts:
The public declarations show what a client program can do with an IntList object. Notice, however, that the list node structure definition is in the private area. Clients can’t directly use or even refer to such nodes, but all that clients should care about are the values stored in these nodes anyway! Also notice that every list object will have one node pointer, to point at the first node in the list or at 0 if the list is empty. Now look at intlist.cpp. The functions that you need to implement are marked in that file. Some of the methods of the class are implemented at the bottom of the file - do not change what is done.
An application file would create IntList objects and use them to solve problems. For this lab, we have two application files, both of which are testing programs - testlist.cpp and testrest.cpp. First look testlist.cpp. Two IntList objects are created; then numbers read from the command line are appended to one of the lists; and finally the methods are tested for each list.
You can use the provided Makefile to help you complile the program.
Step 4: Implement linked list functions
First: switch roles between pilot and navigator if you did not already do that. Always stay logged into the original pilot’s account.
You should be able to run the program now (assuming you compiled it in Step 3) - it requires you to enter a starter list of integers on the command line:
-bash-4.2$ ./testlist
error: need at least one int arg on command line
usage: ./testlist int [int ...]
Next time we’ll run it properly. The contains method is checked for three values that ought to be in the list, plus one value that should not (the sum). Here is a sample run with initial values of 5, 7, 9 and 11:
./testlist 5 7 9 11
List 1:
[5 7 9 11]
count: 4
sum: 0
contains 5 ? no
contains 7 ? no
contains 11 ? no
contains 0 ? no
max: 0
average: 0.000
List after insertFirst(sum):
[5 7 9 11]
Empty list 2:
[]
count: 0
sum: 0
contains 1 ? no
max: 0
average: 0.000
List 2 after insertFirst(3), then insertFirst(1):
[]
See that append, print and count all work. But the others need to be fixed.
Use an editor (e.g., emacs or vim) to make the following changes to intlist.cpp - do not change any of the other files.
- Fix the comment at the top to show your name(s) and the date.
- Implement the sum method. See the count method for guidance.
- Save, and then test your sum implementation - compile and execute testlist again. Verify sum is working before going on.
- Push your code to github using the “git add .”, “git commit” and “git push “ commands
- Then implement the contains method, save again and test again.
- Continue with the other three functions in the same way: implement and test one at time. Don’t implement the copy constructor, destructor and assignment operator yet.
Push your code to github often.
Here are correct results for the same sample data as above:
List 1:
[5 7 9 11]
count: 4
sum: 32
contains 5 ? yes
contains 7 ? yes
contains 11 ? yes
contains 32 ? no
max: 11
average: 8.000
List after insertFirst(sum):
[32 5 7 9 11]
Empty list 2:
[]
count: 0
sum: 0
contains 1 ? no
max: 0
average: 0.000
List 2 after insertFirst(3), then insertFirst(1):
[1 3]
Ask yourself: What are the value semantics of an IntList object? With just the automatic copy constructor and assignment operator, won’t copies be shallow?
You will fix this problem by overloading the copy constructor and assignment operator. You should also implement the destructor. However before you begin, examine testrest.cpp. This file tests the functions your are about to implement.
Run the test program with argument 1 (to test your copy constructor) before implementing the above functions.
$ ./testrest 1
Segmentation fault (core dumped)
Now run the program with the same argument in gdb and try to figure out exactly why it crashed.
- Implement the copy constructor in intlist.cpp. Compile with make and run
$ ./testrest 1
. Repeat this process until the test passes. However its not enough to just pass the test. This because when you are writing programs that work with dyanamic data (on the heap), your program could have memory leaks that are not captured by unit tests. To check for leaks you should run your program in valgrind as follows:
$ valgrind --leak-check=full ./testrest 1
==5414== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==5414== Copyright (C) 2002-2015, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==5414== Using Valgrind-3.12.0 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==5414== Command: ./testrest 1
==5414==
PASSED copy constructor tests
==5414==
==5414== HEAP SUMMARY:
==5414== in use at exit: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==5414== total heap usage: 17 allocs, 17 frees, 73,968 bytes allocated
==5414==
==5414== All heap blocks were freed -- no leaks are possible
==5414==
==5414== For counts of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -v
==5414== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)
The error summary should show 0 errors as shown above. If you have memory leaks, valgrind will let you know.
- Implement the destructor, compile and run
$ ./testrest 2
. You should see the following message:
$ ./testrest 2
Testing destructor, run in valgrind to check for leaks
Now run it in valgrind to make sure you don’t have any memory leaks
- Finally implement the overloaded assignment operator in intlist.cpp. To test it run
$ ./testrest 3
. If it doesn’t crash, run it in valgrind to check for memory leaks
Step 5: Submit intlist.cpp. (Only intlist.cpp)
Log into your account on https://www.gradescope.com/ and navigate to our course site: CS24 Spring 2018. Select this assignment. Then click on the “Submit” button on the bottom right corner to make a submission. You will be given the option of uploading files from your local machine or submitting the code that is in a github repo. Select the second option and select your github repo for this assignment. You should receive 100/100 for a completely correct program.
If you are working with a partner, be sure that both partners’ names are in a comment at the top of the source code file.
Do beware that all parts must be working to earn any points at all from the Gradescope system.
Evaluation and Grading
Each student must accomplish the following to earn full credit [50 total points] for this lab:
- [100 points] intlist.cpp is saved, it has your name(s) in a comment at the top, it compiles and executes properly, and has been submitted with a score of 100/100 to the Gradescope system.
- [50 points] Creation of github repo, writing readable code and pushing your code frequently to github


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1. Can I install Arachne on a Linux/Intel platform?
Yes. This is possible, but unsupported. To the
best of our
knowledge, it works fine: we compiled and ran
Arachne on a standard Linux/Intel box
(Debian 3.0 "Woody"),
and the binaries are available on-line.
However, we have not thoroughly tested it, and at
this time we are too busy to support more than one
platform. What we can do is maintain a list of
people who have successfully installed on the
Linux/Intel platform and are willing to share their
expertise:
Intel Linux binaries are available at:
ftp://ftp.broad.mit.edu/pub/wga/unsupported/Arachne_v2.0.1_Linux/.
2. Can I install Arachne on some other platform?
To the best of our knowledge, no one has tried. If the platform does
not support gcc 2.95.2 or has a big endian architecture, significant
reengineering may be required.
3. I get the following error when I run Assemble:
What can I do?
You've found a bug that only appears if your environment does not contain the variable
LD_LIBRARY_PATH. To fix it, set that variable to some value, such as "/usr/lib".


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WRD is a framework for developers and webmasters.
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WRD is a framework for developers and webmasters.
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WRD is a framework for developers and webmasters.
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WRD is a framework for developers and webmasters.
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WRD is a framework for developers and webmasters.


Washing Clothes
问题描述 :
Dearboy was so busy recently that now he has piles of clothes to wash. Luckily, he has a beautiful and hard-working girlfriend to help him. The clothes are in varieties of colors but each piece of them can be seen as of only one color. In order to prevent the clothes from getting dyed in mixed colors, Dearboy and his girlfriend have to finish washing all clothes of one color before going on to those of another color.
From experience Dearboy knows how long each piece of clothes takes one person to wash. Each piece will be washed by either Dearboy or his girlfriend but not both of them. The couple can wash two pieces simultaneously. What is the shortest possible time they need to finish the job?
输入:
The input contains several test cases. Each test case begins with a line of two positive integers M and N (M < 10, N < 100), which are the numbers of colors and of clothes. The next line contains M strings which are not longer than 10 characters and do not contain spaces, which the names of the colors. Then follow N lines describing the clothes. Each of these lines contains the time to wash some piece of the clothes (less than 1,000) and its color. Two zeroes follow the last test case.
输出:
For each test case output on a separate line the time the couple needs for washing.
样例输入:
3 4 red blue yellow 2 red 3 blue 4 blue 6 red 0 0
样例输出:
10
解题代码:
//* @author: import java.util.*; class Cloth{//表示一件要洗的衣服 int time;//洗这件衣服的时间 String color;//这件衣服的颜色 public Cloth(){ this.time=0; this.color=null; } public Cloth(int tiem,String color){ this.time=time; this.color=color; } } public class Main{ private int n;//颜色种类数 private int m;//衣服件数 private String colors[];//颜色数组，保存所有的颜色 private Cloth cloths[];//衣服数组，保存所有要洗的衣服 private int res;//洗完全部衣服所需的最少时间 public Main(int n,int m,String colors[],Cloth cloths[]){ this.n=n; this.m=m; this.colors=colors; this.cloths=cloths; res=0; } public void dp(){ int r[]=new int[n];//r[j]表示一个人洗colors[j]这种颜色的衣服的总的洗衣时间 int dp[]=new int[50000]; /* dp[j]表示在时间j内, 一个人洗某种颜色的衣服，一件件的洗. 最大洗衣时间。 总的衣服数< 100,每件衣服的洗衣时间< 1000，100*1000/2=50000 */ for(int i=0;i< m;i++){//对每一件衣服 for(int j=0;j< n;j++){//看它是哪一种的颜色 if(cloths[i].color.equals(colors[j])){ r[j]+=cloths[i].time;//计算这种颜色的衣服总的洗衣时间 break; } } } for(int i=0;i< n;i++){//对每一种颜色（n个01背包问题） for(int j=0;j<=r[i]/2;j++) dp[j]=0; for(int j=0;j< m;j++){//在所有衣服中找这种颜色的衣服 if(cloths[j].color.equals(colors[i])){ for(int k=r[i]/2;k>=cloths[j].time;k--){ if(dp[k]< dp[k-cloths[j].time]+cloths[j].time) dp[k]=dp[k-cloths[j].time]+cloths[j].time; } } } res+=r[i]-dp[r[i]/2];//洗完全部衣服所需的最少时间=洗各种颜色衣服所需最少时间的和。 } System.out.println(res); } public static void main(String args[]){ String colors[]; Cloth cloths[]; Scanner in=new Scanner(System.in); while(true){ int n=in.nextInt(); int m=in.nextInt(); if(n==0&&m==0) break; colors=new String[n]; cloths=new Cloth[m]; for(int i=0;i< n;i++) colors[i]=in.next(); for(int i=0;i< m;i++){ cloths[i]=new Cloth(); cloths[i].time=in.nextInt(); cloths[i].color=in.next(); } Main mm=new Main(n,m,colors,cloths); mm.dp(); } } }
多谢提醒
很强大啊，佩服
站长，你好！
你创办的的网站非常好，为我们学习算法练习编程提供了一个很好的平台，我想给你提个小建议，就是要能把每道题目的难度标出来就好了，这样我们学习起来会有一个循序渐进的过程！
simple, however efficient. A lot of instances it is difficult to get that a??perfect balancea?? among usability and appearance. I must say that youa??ve done a exceptional task with this. Also, the blog masses quite fast for me on Web explore.
博主的C++功底真是好
哎，path[0]应该是从零开始吧，为什么是赋值1呢？
这个问题应该是有一般性的解决方法
失误失误，转载错了。已经改正，抱歉。
Thank you very much
第一题是不是可以这样想，生了n孩子的家庭等价于n个家庭各生了一个1个孩子，这样最后男女的比例还是1:1
对，就是把这32位当成一个长度为32的数
51行错了，改为：void Union(struct subset subsets[], int x, int y)
因为是要把从字符串s的start位到当前位在hash中重置，修改提交后能accept，但是不修改居然也能accept
学习了


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Provides login services where each user is authenticated by attempting to connect to an Oracle database using the supplied username and password. If the oracle login succeeds, then the user is authenticated. To use this provider, you web.config must have the following entry:
<membership defaultProvider="OracleMembershipProvider"> <providers> <clear/> <add name ="OracleMembershipProvider" type="EclipseLibrary.Oracle.Web.Security.OracleMembershipProvider" connectStringName="dcms4" oracleServiceName="w3usa/dcdev"/> </providers> </membership>
connectStringName property refers to a connection string defined in the connectionStrings section of web.config. The user name and password of the connection string is not used because the user name and password of the user attempting to login is used. All other properties are used, includind the ProviderName property.
oracleServiceName property is deprecated and should not be used by new applications.


Baxter (1988) Review By: Ryan Davis French w/ Subtitles 2/27/98
Talking dogs might sound like kids stuff, but Baxter is far from a kids film. Its an extremely dark look at communism, which can't be categorized into just one genre, it's horror, suspense, thriller, and an intense character driven film. Also its about a dog that thinks.
Baxter(a dog) is given to an older women, Ms. Deville who overcomes her fear of him to annoy the dog to death. You see, Baxter wants a challenge he wants to be told what to do. Unfortunately Ms. Deville, has a tragic "accident" and dies. Baxter is handed of to a young couple who lives close by, who Baxter has admired from afar. He is happy and content with his life until the women has a creature(Baxter's word for baby). Shortly after the birth, the baby has a near-fatal "accident" and the young couple decides its best to get rid of Baxter. He is finally given to a young teenager Charles, who has a Hitler complex. Baxter has found his master and listen to Charles commands to the end, and learns a lesson "Don't Obey"
Baxter can be viewed on to levels, as a social commentary or a funny little movie about a talking dog. Baxter is a brilliant film, the script and direction are flawless and it is very interesting. Charles(François Driancourt) gives an engaging performance as the young sadist, and all the other actors/actresses are very convincing. The script is brilliant and thought provoking, showing us the general publics want to be told what to do, no matter what it is. If you can stand reading subtitles during a movie, go rent this one, its a film worthy of several viewings.
Grade: A
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--- layout: post title: Fashion illustration date: '2017-06-16T10:30:19+02:00' categories: - Illustration picture_url: https://film-Storyboards.tumblr.com/post/161893192509/Illustration-fashion ---


MTC opens first ICT Innovation Centre in Windhoek
Mobile Telecommunications Limited (MTC) has opened its first Information and Communication Technology Innovation Centre in Windhoek today.
The centre is planned to be home to new ideas, research and development.


| Documentation Contents |
jps [ options ] [ hostid ]
options
- Command-line options.
hostid
- The host identifier of the host for which the process report should be generated. The hostid may include optional components that indicate the communications protocol, port number, and other implementation specific data.
The jps tool lists the instrumented HotSpot Java Virtual Machines (JVMs) on the target system. The tool is limited to reporting information on JVMs for which it has the access permissions.
If jps is run without specifying a hostid, it will look for instrumented JVMs on the local host. If started with a hostid, it will look for JVMs on the indicated host, using the specified protocol and port. A jstatd process is assumed to be running on the target host.
The jps command will report the local VM identifier, or lvmid, for each instrumented JVM found on the target system. The lvmid is typically, but not necessarily, the operating system's process identifier for the JVM process. With no options, jps will list each Java application's lvmid followed by the short form of the application's class name or jar file name. The short form of the class name or JAR file name omits the class's package information or the JAR files path information.
The jps command uses the java launcher to find the class name and arguments passed to the
main
method. If the target JVM is started with a custom launcher, the class name (or JAR file name) and the arguments to themain
method will not be available. In this case, the jps command will output the string Unknown for the class name or JAR file name and for the arguments to the main method.The list of JVMs produced by the jps command may be limited by the permissions granted to the principal running the command. The command will only list the JVMs for which the principle has access rights as determined by operating system specific access control mechanisms.
NOTE: This utility is unsupported and may not be available in future versions of the JDK. It is not currently available on Windows 98 and Windows ME platforms.
The jps command supports a number of options that modify the output of the command. These options are subject to change or removal in the future.
- -q
- Suppress the output of the class name, JAR file name, and arguments passed to the
main
method, producing only a list of local VM identifiers.- -m
- Output the arguments passed to the main method. The output may be null for embedded JVMs.
- -l
- Output the full package name for the application's main class or the full path name to the application's JAR file.
- -v
- Output the arguments passed to the JVM.
- -V
- Output the arguments passed to the JVM through the flags file (the .hotspotrc file or the file specified by the -XX:Flags=<filename> argument).
- -Joption
- Pass option to the java launcher called by jps. For example, -J-Xms48m sets the startup memory to 48 megabytes. It is a common convention for -J to pass options to the underlying VM executing applications written in Java.
The host identifier, or hostid is a string that indicates the target system. The syntax of the hostid string largely corresponds to the syntax of a URI:
[protocol:][[//]hostname][:port][/servername]
protocol
- The communications protocol. If the protocol is omitted and a hostname is not specified, the default protocol is a platform specific, optimized, local protocol. If the protocol is omitted and a hostname is specified, then the default protocol is rmi.
hostname
- A hostname or IP address indicating the target host. If hostname is omitted, then the target host is the local host.
port
- The default port for communicating with the remote server. If the hostname is omitted or the protocol specifies an optimized, local protocol, then port is ignored. Otherwise, treatment of the port parameter is implementation specific. For the default rmi protocol the port indicates the port number for the rmiregistry on the remote host. If port is omitted, and protocol indicates rmi, then the default rmiregistry port (1099) is used.
servername
- The treatment of this parameter depends on the implementation. For the optimized, local protocol, this field is ignored. For the rmi protocol, this parameter is a string representing the name of the RMI remote object on the remote host. See the -n option for the jstatd command.
The output of the jps command follows the following pattern:
lvmid [ [ classname | JARfilename | "Unknown"] [ arg* ] [ jvmarg* ] ]
Where all output tokens are separated by white space. An arg that includes embedded white space will introduce ambiguity when attempting to map arguments to their actual positional parameters.
NOTE: You are advised not to write scripts to parse jps output since the format may change in future releases. If you choose to write scripts that parse jps output, expect to modify them for future releases of this tool.
This section provides examples of the jps command.
Listing the instrumented JVMs on the local host:
jps
18027 Java2Demo.JAR
18032 jps
18005 jstat
Listing the instrumented JVMs on a remote host:
This example assumes that the jstat server and either the its internal RMI registry or a separate external rmiregistry process are running on the remote host on the default port (port 1099). It also assumes that the local host has appropriate permissions to access the remote host. This example also includes the -l option to output the long form of the class names or JAR file names.
jps -l remote.domain
3002 /opt/jdk1.5.0/demo/jfc/Java2D/Java2Demo.JAR
2857 sun.tools.jstatd.jstatd
Listing the instrumented JVMs on a remote host with a non-default port for the RMI registry
This example assumes that the jstatd server, with an internal RMI registry bound to port 2002, is running on the remote host. This example also uses the -m option to include the arguments passed to the main method of each of the listed Java applications.
jps -m remote.domain:2002
3002 /opt/jdk1.5.0/demo/jfc/Java2D/Java2Demo.JAR
3102 sun.tools.jstatd.jstatd -p 2002
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