1. Introduction
This section is non-normative.
The Signed Exchanges specification [draft-yasskin-http-origin-signed-responses] describes a way to provide one or more signatures for an HTTP exchange and to check whether any of those signatures is trusted as authoritative for a particular origin. This specification describes how web browsers load those exchanges. It is expressed as several monkeypatches to the [FETCH] specification which call algorithms defined here.
1.1. Overview
When fetching a resource (https://distributor.example.org/foo.sxg
) with the application/signed-exchange
MIME type, the UA parses it, checks its
signatures, and then if all is well, redirects to its request URL
(https://publisher.example.org/foo
) with a "stashed" exchange attached to the
request. The redirect applies all the usual processing, and then when it would
normally check for an HTTP cache hit, it also checks whether the stashed request
matches the redirected request and which of the stashed exchange or HTTP cache
contents is newer. If the stashed exchange matches and is newer, the UA returns
the stashed response.
A Service Worker for https://distributor.example.org/
gets to handle the
original request. A Service Worker for https://publisher.example.org/
can then
handle the redirect. If it needs to know that signed exchange content is
available for the request it’s handling, it has two options:
-
If
navigationPreload
is enabled, the signed response will be available in theFetchEvent
'spreloadResponse
. Note that this will also cause a network request for requests that aren’t served from a signed exchange. -
clone()
therequest
and set itscache
to"only-if-cached"
, to retrieve the matching response from either the signed exchange or the HTTP cache. Note thatfetch()
ing a newRequest
with the sameurl
will not retrieve the response from the signed exchange.
1.2. Other interesting details
-
Like with
<link rel="prefetch">
and<link rel="preload">
, the UA will use the stashed response even if its HTTP cache headers have expired. This makes it easier to specify that the contents of the signed exchange don’t wind up in the HTTP cache before our security reviewers have gotten comfortable with that idea. The publisher can still control resource expiration by setting the Signature header’s expiration time to the cache expiration time if that’s sooner than they’d otherwise have the signature expire.
2. Fetch monkeypatches
When fetching a signed exchange, the UA needs to look for a trusted and valid signature and then redirect to the contained resource. We don’t put the contained resource in the HTTP cache, so redirects get a new field to store it.
2.1. A request’s stashed exchange
A request has an associated stashed exchange, which is null or an exchange.
2.2. Request clone
Rewrite clone a request to run these steps:
- Let newRequest be a copy of request, except for its body and stashed exchange .
- If request’s body is non-null, set newRequest’s body to the result of cloning request’s body.
- If request’s stashed exchange is non-null, set newRequest’s stashed exchange to an exchange whose request is the clone of request’s stashed exchange's request and whose response is the clone of request’s stashed exchange's response.
- Return newRequest.
2.3. Response date
A response response’s date is the result of:
-
Let date be the result of extracting header list values given
`Date`
and response’s header list. -
If date is a failure, return the point in time of the beginning of the universe.
-
Return the point in time represented by date, as interpreted for the Date header field.
2.4. Monkeypatch HTTP fetch
In HTTP fetch, before
If actualResponse’s status is a redirect status, then: ...
add the following steps:
-
If the signed exchange version of actualResponse is:
- undefined
-
Do nothing.
"b1"
-
-
Let parsedExchange be the result of parsing a b1 signed exchange from actualResponse in the context of request’s client.
-
If parsedExchange is a failure, return a network error.
-
Set actualResponse’s status to
303
. -
Set actualResponse’s
`Location`
header to the ASCII encoding of the serialization of parsedExchange’s request's url. -
Set request’s stashed exchange to parsedExchange.
-
- Anything else
-
-
Let fallbackUrlBytes be the result of extracting the fallback URL from actualResponse.
-
If fallbackUrlBytes is a failure, return a network error.
-
Set actualResponse’s status to
303
. -
Set actualResponse’s
`Location`
header to fallbackUrlBytes.
-
Note: The final [draft-yasskin-http-origin-signed-responses] will use a version of
`1`
, but this specification tracks what’s actually implemented in browsers, which still uses draft versions.
2.5. Monkeypatch HTTP-network-or-cache fetch
In HTTP-network-or-cache fetch, after
5.19. If httpRequest’s cache mode is neither "
no-store
" nor "reload
", then: ...
add the following steps:
-
If httpRequest’s stashed exchange isn’t null:
-
Let stashedRequest be httpRequest’s stashed exchange's request
-
If
-
httpRequest matches the stored request stashedRequest and
-
response is null or response’s date is earlier than httpRequest’s stashed exchange's response's date
then set response to httpRequest’s stashed exchange's response.
-
-
If response is null and httpRequest’s initiator is "
prefetch
" or "preload
", return a network error.Note: This ensures that prefetching a signed exchange from one origin won’t accidentally do a network request from another origin, which could compromise the user’s privacy.
-
Note: Applying the signed exchange’s response here has the effect of letting a newer HTTP cache entry override a signed exchange’s content, and of not storing the signed exchange’s response in the HTTP cache.
3. Structures
3.1. Exchange
An exchange is a struct with the following items:
3.2. Read buffer
A read buffer is a struct with the following items:
-
stream: A
ReadableStream
. -
reader: A
ReadableStreamDefaultReader
whose stream is stream. -
bytes: A byte sequence holding the bytes that have been read from stream but not returned to a calling algorithm yet.
3.3. Augmented Certificate
An augmented certificate is a tuple with the following items:
-
certificate, a byte sequence that’s expected to hold a DER-encoded X.509v3 certificate ([RFC5280]).
-
OCSP response, a byte sequence that’s expected to hold a DER-encoded OCSPResponse for the certificate.
-
SCT, a byte sequence that’s expected to hold a SignedCertificateTimestampList for the certificate.
These fields are byte sequences instead of parsed and validated structures because we expect some UAs to pass them to other systems for validation, and some of those systems expect plain byte sequences.
A certificate contains a public key (Subject Public Key Info), which has an algorithm (AlgorithmIdentifier).
A certificate contains an extensions map (Certificate Extensions) from OIDs to byte sequences.
A certificate chain is a list of augmented certificates, of which the first item is the leaf.
3.4. Exchange Signature
An exchange signature is a struct with the following items:
- signature
-
A byte sequence holding a signature of the exchange.
- certificate chain
-
A certificate chain whose leaf's public key can verify the signature and from which the UA will try to build a path from the leaf to a trusted root.
- certSha256
-
A byte sequence holding the SHA-256 hash that verified the certificate chain's leaf.
- integrity header
-
A list that describes the response header and any of its parameters that guard the integrity of the response payload.
- validityUrl
-
A URL describing where to update this signature.
- validityUrlBytes
-
The bytes that validityUrl was parsed from.
- date
-
The POSIX time at which the signature starts being valid.
- expiration time
-
The POSIX time at which the signature stops being valid.
4. Algorithms
4.1. Identifying signed exchanges
The signed exchange version of a response response is the result of the following steps:
-
Let mimeType be the supplied MIME type of response.
-
If mimeType is undefined, return undefined.
-
If mimeType’s essence is not
"application/signed-exchange"
, return undefined. -
Let params be mimeType’s parameters
-
If params["v"] exists, return it. Otherwise, return undefined.
4.2. Extracting the fallback URL
This section defines how to load a the fallback URL from its invariant location in an unrecognized signed exchange version.
Extracting the fallback URL from a response response returns the result of the following steps:
-
Assert: This algorithm is running in parallel.
-
Assert: The signed exchange version of response is not undefined.
-
If bodyStream is null, return failure.
-
Let stream be a new read buffer for bodyStream.
-
Let magic be the result of reading 8 bytes from stream.
-
If magic is a failure, return it.
-
Let encodedFallbackUrlLength be the result of reading 2 bytes from stream.
-
If encodedFallbackUrlLength is a failure, return it.
-
Let fallbackUrlLength be the result of decoding encodedFallbackUrlLength as a big-endian integer.
-
Let fallbackUrlBytes be the result of reading fallbackUrlLength bytes from stream.
-
If fallbackUrlBytes is a failure, return it.
-
If the result of running the URL parser on fallbackUrl is a failure, if it has a non-null fragment, or if its scheme is something other than
"https"
, return a failure. -
Return fallbackUrlBytes.
4.3. Parsing b1
signed exchanges
This section defines how to load the format defined in [draft-yasskin-httpbis-origin-signed-exchanges-impl-01].
Parsing a b1 signed exchange from a response response in the context of an environment settings object client returns the result of the following steps:
-
Assert: This algorithm is running in parallel.
-
Assert: The signed exchange version of response is
"b1"
. -
If response’s HTTPS state is
"none"
, return failure.Note: This ensures that the privacy properties of retrieving an HTTPS resource via a signed exchange are no worse than retrieving it via TLS.
-
If bodyStream is null, return failure.
-
Let stream be a new read buffer for bodyStream.
-
Let magic be the result of reading 8 bytes from stream.
-
If magic is a failure, return it.
-
If magic is not
`sxg1-b1\0`
, return a failure. -
Let encodedSigLength be the result of reading 3 bytes from stream.
-
Let encodedHeaderLength be the result of reading 3 bytes from stream.
-
If encodedSigLength or encodedHeaderLength is a failure, return a failure.
-
Let sigLength be the result of decoding encodedSigLength as a big-endian integer.
-
Let headerLength be the result of decoding encodedHeaderLength as a big-endian integer.
-
If sigLength > 16384 or headerLength > 524288, return a failure.
-
Let signature be the result of reading sigLength bytes from stream.
-
If signature is a failure, return it.
-
Let parsedSignature be the result of parsing the Signature header field signature in the context of client.
-
If parsedSignature is a failure, return it.
-
Let headerBytes be the result of reading headerLength bytes from stream.
-
If headerBytes is a failure, return it.
-
If parsedSignature is not valid for headerBytes, return a failure.
-
Let parsedExchange be the result of parsing CBOR headers headerBytes.
-
If parsedSignature does not establish cross-origin trust for parsedExchange, return a failure.
-
Set parsedExchange’s response's HTTPS state to either "
deprecated
" or "modern
".Note: See HTTP-network fetch for details of this choice.
-
If parsedExchange’s response's status is a redirect status or the signed exchange version of parsedExchange’s response is not undefined, return a failure.
Note: This might simplify the UA’s implementation, since it doesn’t have to handle nested signed exchanges.
-
Read a body from stream into parsedExchange’s response using parsedSignature to check its integrity. If this is a failure, return the failure.
Note: Typically this body’s stream is still being enqueued to after returning.
-
Return parsedExchange.
4.4. Parsing a Signature Header Field
Parsing the Signature header field signatureString in the context of an environment settings object client returns the exchange signature or failure returned by the following steps:
-
Assert: This algorithm is running in parallel.
-
If signatureString contains any bytes that aren’t ASCII bytes, return a failure.
-
Let parsed be the result of Parsing HTTP1 Header Fields into Structured Headers given an input_string of the ASCII decoding of signatureString and a header_type of "param-list".
-
If parsed has more than one element, return a failure.
Note: This limitation of current implementations will go away in the future.
-
If any of the parameters of parsed[0] listed here doesn’t have the associated type, return a failure:
- Byte sequence
-
"sig", "cert-sha256"
- String
-
"integrity", "cert-url", "validity-url"
- Integer
-
"date", "expires"
-
Let result be a new exchange signature struct.
-
Set result’s signature to the "sig" parameter of parsed[0].
-
Set result’s integrity header to the result of strictly splitting the "integrity" parameter of parsed[0] on U+002F (
/
). -
Let certUrl be the result of running the URL parser on the "cert-url" parameter of parsed[0].
-
If certUrl is a failure, if it has a non-null fragment, or if its scheme is something other than
"https"
or"data"
, return a failure. -
Set result’s certSha256 to the "cert-sha256" parameter of parsed[0].
-
Set result’s validityUrlBytes to the ASCII encoding of the "validity-url" parameter of parsed[0].
-
Let validityUrl be the result of running the URL parser on the "validity-url" parameter of parsed[0]..
-
If validityUrl is a failure, if it has a non-null fragment, or if its scheme is something other than
"https"
, return a failure. -
Set result’s validityUrl to validityUrl.
-
Set result’s date to the "date" parameter of parsed[0].
-
Set result’s expiration time to the "expires" parameter of parsed[0].
-
If result’s expiration time or result’s date is less than 0 or greater than 263-1, return a failure.
-
If result’s expiration time <= result’s date, return a failure.
-
Set result’s certificate chain to the result of handling the certificate reference certUrl with a hash of result’s certSha256 in the context of client. If this is a failure, return it.
-
Return result.
4.4.1. Handling the certificate reference
Handling the certificate reference certUrl with the SHA-256 hash certSha256, in the context of an environment settings object client, returns the result of the following steps:
-
Assert: This algorithm is running in parallel.
-
Let certRequest be a new request with the following items:
- url
-
certUrl
- header list
-
«
`Accept`
:`application/cert-chain+cbor`
» - client
-
client
- service-workers mode
-
"
none
" - mode
-
"
cors
"
-
Let certResponse be the result of fetching certRequest.
-
If certResponse’s status is not
200
, or the supplied MIME type of certResponse is not"application/cert-chain+cbor"
, return a failure. -
If certResponse’s body is null or that body’s stream is null, return a failure.
-
Let bytes be the result of reading all bytes from certResponse’s body's stream with a new reader over the same stream.
-
Wait for bytes to settle.
-
If bytes was rejected, return a failure.
-
Let chain be the certificate chain produced by parsing bytes’ value using the cert-chain CDDL. If bytes’s value doesn’t match this CDDL or isn’t canonically-encoded CBOR, return a failure.
-
Assert: chain has at least one item.
-
If the SHA-256 hash of chain’s leaf's certificate is not equal to certSha256, return a failure.
-
Return chain.
4.5. The signed message
The b1 signed message for an exchange signature signature and a byte sequence headerBytes is the concatenation of the following byte sequences:
-
The byte 0x20 (SP) repeated 64 times. This matches the TLS 1.3 ([RFC8446]) format to avoid cross- protocol attacks if anyone uses the same key in a TLS certificate and an exchange-signing certificate.
-
`HTTP Exchange 1 b1`
to serve as a context string.Note: Each draft of [draft-yasskin-httpbis-origin-signed-exchanges-impl-01] and the final RFC for [draft-yasskin-http-origin-signed-responses] will use distinct context strings.
-
A single 0x00 byte which serves as a separator.
-
The concatenation of the following byte sequences, which is the canonically-encoded CBOR for a CBOR map:
-
0xA5, the CBOR header for a 5-item map.
-
0x64 followed by
`date`
-
The CBOR integer encoding of signature’s date.
-
0x67 followed by
`expires`
. -
The CBOR integer encoding of signature’s expiration time.
-
0x67 followed by
`headers`
. -
headerBytes.
-
0x6B followed by
`cert-sha256`
. -
The CBOR byte string encoding of signature’s certSha256.
-
0x6C followed by
`validity-url`
. -
The CBOR byte string encoding of signature’s validityUrlBytes.
-
4.6. Validating a signature
An exchange signature signature is valid for a byte sequence headerBytes if the
following steps return valid
:
-
Let clockSkew be the uncertainty in the UA’s estimate of the current time caused by clock skew on the client. The UA MAY set this to 0 or use a more sophisticated estimate.
-
If the UA’s estimate of the current time is more than clockSkew before signature’s date, return "untrusted".
Note: We take estimated clock skew into account when checking the signature’s date because we want well-behaved servers to use the time they created the signature, but if they immediately start serving that signature, and skewed clients don’t try to correct for their skew, those clients will reject the signature.
Our security reviewers aren’t sure we should allow UAs to take clock skew into account. <https://github.com/WICG/webpackage/issues/141>
-
If the UA’s estimate of the current time is after signature’s expiration time, return "untrusted".
Note: We use the client’s best guess of the current time to check the expiration time so that attackers trying to get an exchange trusted for longer, are constrained to modify the client’s clock and can’t also attack its estimate of its skew.
-
Let message be the b1 signed message for signature and headerBytes.
-
Let publicKey be the public key of parsedSignature’s certificate chain's leaf. If the certificate can’t be parsed enough to find this public key, return
invalid
. -
If publicKey’s algorithm is not id-ecPublicKey on the secp256r1 named curve, return
invalid
. -
If parsedSignature’s signature is not a valid signature of message by publicKey using the ecdsa_secp256r1_sha256 algorithm, return
invalid
. -
Return
valid
.
4.7. Cross-origin trust
A valid exchange signature signature establishes cross-origin trust in an exchange exchange if the following steps return "trusted":
-
If signature’s validityUrl's origin is not same origin with requestUrl’s origin, return "untrusted".
-
If exchange’s request's header list includes a stateful request header or exchange’s response's header list includes a stateful response header, return "untrusted".
-
If signature’s expiration time is more than 604800 seconds (7 days) after signature’s date, return "untrusted".
-
If signature’s certificate chain does not have a trusted leaf for requestUrl’s origin, return "untrusted".
-
Return "trusted".
4.8. Establishing trust in a certificate
The certificate chain chain has a trusted leaf for an origin origin if the following steps return trusted
:
-
Let leaf be chain’s leaf.
-
Attempt to build a trustworthy path from leaf’s certificate to a trusted root with
-
chain,
-
leaf’s OCSP response,
-
any SCTs from
-
leaf’s SCT.
-
An OCSP extension in leaf’s OCSP response.
-
An X.509 extension in leaf’s certificate.
-
as input, using [RFC5280] and any other conventions used in making TLS ([RFC8446]) connections. The UA SHOULD support Certificate Transparency ([RFC6962]) for this check. (See §5.1 Certificate Transparency.) The UA MUST check that it has evidence the leaf’s certificate was not revoked 7 or more days ago (for example using the leaf’s OCSP response). If no such path can be built, return
untrusted
. -
-
If leaf’s certificate is not trusted for origin’s host, return
untrusted
. -
If leaf’s extensions don’t map a CanSignHttpExchanges OID to the ASN.1/DER encoding of NULL (0x05 0x00), return
untrusted
. -
Return
trusted
.
4.9. Parsing CBOR headers
Parsing CBOR headers takes a byte sequence headerBytes and returns a failure or an exchange via the following steps:
-
Let headers be the result of parsing a CBOR item from headerBytes, matching the following CDDL rule:
headers = [ { ':method': bstr, ':url': bstr, * bstr => bstr, }, { ':status': bstr, * bstr => bstr, } ]
-
If any of the following is true, return a failure:
-
headers is an error.
-
headers[0] contains any keys starting with
`:`
that aren’t`:method`
or`:url`
. -
headers[0] contains a
`host`
key. -
headers[0][
`:method`
] is not`GET`
. -
headers[1] contains any keys starting with
`:`
that aren’t`:status`
. -
headers[1][
`:status`
] doesn’t consist of exactly 3 digits.
-
-
Let requestUrl be the result of the URL parser on headers[0][
`:url`
]. -
If requestUrl is a failure, if it has a non-null fragment, or if its scheme is something other than
"https"
, return a failure. -
Let requestHeaders be the result of creating a header list from the CBOR map headers[0].
-
If requestHeaders is a failure, return it.
-
Let request be a new request with url requestUrl and header list requestHeaders.
-
Let responseHeaders be the result of creating a header list from the CBOR map headers[1].
-
If responseHeaders is a failure, return it.
-
Let response be a new response with status headers[1][
`:status`
] and header list responseHeaders. -
Return an exchange of request and response.
4.9.1. Converting a map to a header list
The result of creating a header list from the CBOR map map is returned by the following steps:
-
Let headers be a new empty header list.
-
For each key → value of map:
-
If key starts with
`:`
, continue. -
If the isomorphic decoding of key contains any ASCII upper alpha, return a failure.
-
If key doesn’t match the constraints on a name or value doesn’t match the constraints on a value, return a failure.
-
Assert: headers does not contain key.
-
Append key/value to headers.
-
-
Return headers.
4.10. Creating the response stream.
To read a body from a read buffer stream into a response response using an exchange signature signature to check its integrity, the UA MUST:
-
If signature’s integrity header's first item is:
- "mi-draft2"
-
-
If the length of signature’s integrity header isn’t 1, return a failure.
-
If response’s header list does not contain
`mi-draft2`
, return a failure. -
Let mi be the combined value of
`mi-draft2`
in response’s header list. -
If mi doesn’t have an mi-sha256 parameter, return a failure.
-
If extracting header list values for
`content-encoding`
in response’s header list doesn’t include`mi-sha256`
, return a failure. -
Assert: Handle content codings used the value of the mi-sha256 parameter as the integrity proof for the first record when decoding the
mi-sha256
content encoding to produce the bytes in stream.
-
- Anything else
-
Return a failure.
-
Let body be a new body.
-
Let cancel be the following steps, taking reason as an argument:
-
Let outputStream be the result of constructing a ReadableStream with cancel.
-
Set body’s stream to outputStream.
-
Set response’s body to body.
-
-
Dump stream to outputStream.
-
4.11. Request matching
A request browserRequest matches the stored request storedRequest if the following steps return "match":
-
If browserRequest’s url is not equal to storedRequest’s url, return "mismatch".
-
Flesh this out, along the lines of https://docs.google.com/document/d/1JdJkdY7cK2rD9JXbK75sSn069c0rhF9UnLQACBZ1OtY/edit.
-
Return "match".
4.12. Stream algorithms
The algorithms in this section create and operate over
ECMAScript objects like ReadableStream
despite not having a Realm to attach
them to. <https://github.com/whatwg/fetch/issues/730>
4.12.1. Create a read buffer
A new read buffer for a ReadableStream
stream is a new read
buffer struct whose items are:
- stream
-
stream
- reader
-
The result of getting a reader from stream.
- bytes
-
An empty byte sequence.
4.12.2. Read up to bytes
To read up to N bytes from a read buffer buffer, the UA MUST:
-
Assert: This algorithm is running in parallel.
-
Let done be
false
. -
While done is
false
and the length of buffer’s bytes item is less than N bytes:-
Let chunk be the result of reading a chunk with buffer’s reader.
-
Wait for chunk to settle.
-
If chunk is :
- Fulfilled with an object whose
done
property isfalse
and whosevalue
property is aUint8Array
object: -
-
Let bs be the byte sequence represented by the
Uint8Array
object. -
Set buffer to the concatenation of buffer and bs.
-
- Fulfilled with an object whose
done
property istrue
: -
Set done to
true
. - Rejected with e:
-
Return a failure with reason e.
- Fulfilled with an object whose
-
-
If buffer’s bytes item is at least N bytes long:
-
Let result be a byte sequence consisting of the first N bytes of buffer’s bytes item.
-
Set buffer’s bytes item to a byte sequence consisting of the bytes after the Nth from its old value.
-
-
Otherwise:
-
Let result be buffer’s bytes item.
-
Set buffer’s bytes item to an empty byte sequence.
-
-
Return result.
4.12.3. Read bytes
To read N bytes from a read buffer buffer, the UA MUST:
-
Assert: This algorithm is running in parallel.
-
Let bytes be the result of reading up to N bytes from buffer.
-
If bytes is a failure, return it.
-
If bytes is exactly N bytes long, return it.
-
Otherwise, return a failure.
4.12.4. Dump to another stream
To Dump a read buffer input to a ReadableStream
output, the UA MUST:
-
Assert: This algorithm is running in parallel.
-
Let enqueue be the following steps, taking bytes:
-
Enqueue a
Uint8Array
object wrapping anArrayBuffer
containing bytes to output. Both objects are created in output’s realm. -
If that threw an exception ex, error output with ex and cancel input’s stream with ex.
-
Abort this algorithm.
-
-
enqueue input’s bytes.
-
While input’s stream is readable:
-
Wait until output is closed, errored, or needs more data.
-
If output is closed or errored, cancel input’s stream and abort these steps.
-
Let chunk be the result of reading a chunk with input’s reader.
-
Wait for chunk to settle.
-
If chunk is:
- Fulfilled with an object whose
done
property isfalse
and whosevalue
property is aUint8Array
object bytes: -
enqueue bytes.
- Fulfilled with an object whose
done
property istrue
: -
Close output.
- Rejected with e:
-
Error output with reason e.
- Fulfilled with an object whose
-
4.13. CBOR encoding
A few algorithms above need to encode rather than parse CBOR. To avoid any ambiguity in the resulting bytes, encoding algorithms for a subset of CBOR are defined here.
4.13.1. Encoding an item header
The CBOR item header with major type type (an integer between 0 and 7 inclusive) and argument arg (an unsigned 64-bit integer) is the byte sequence return by the following steps:
-
Assert: 0 <= type <= 7 and 0 <= arg < 264.
-
Let additionalData be an integer.
-
Let argBytes be an empty byte sequence.
-
If:
- 0 <= arg < 0x18
-
Set additionalData to arg.
- 0x18 <= arg < 28
-
-
Set additionalData to 0x18.
-
Set argBytes to the 1-element byte sequence holding arg.
-
- 28 <= arg < 216
-
-
Set additionalData to 0x19.
-
Set argBytes to the 2-element byte sequence holding the big-endian encoding of arg.
-
- 216 <= arg < 232
-
-
Set additionalData to 0x1A.
-
Set argBytes to the 4-element byte sequence holding the big-endian encoding of arg.
-
- 232 <= arg < 264
-
-
Set additionalData to 0x1B.
-
Set argBytes to the 8-element byte sequence holding the big-endian encoding of arg.
-
-
Let initialByte be
type << 5 + additionalData
. -
Return the byte sequence consisting of initialByte followed by argBytes.
4.13.2. CBOR integer items
The CBOR integer encoding of an integer int is:
-
Assert: 0 <= int < 264.
-
Return the CBOR item header with major type 0 and argument int.
4.13.3. CBOR byte string items
The CBOR byte string encoding of a byte sequence bytes is:
-
Let len be the length of bytes.
-
Assert: len < 264.
-
Return the concatenation of:
-
The CBOR item header with major type 2 and argument len.
-
bytes.
-
5. Security Considerations
The Security Considerations of [draft-yasskin-http-origin-signed-responses] apply.
5.1. Certificate Transparency
To identify off-path attackers, §4.8 Establishing trust in a certificate encourages UAs to implement Certificate Transparency, which requires that, in order for a certificate to be trusted, it must be logged publicly. This means that an off-path attacker who has managed to get a mis-issued certificate has to at least announce that certificate in a place the legitimate domain owner has a chance to notice. Once they notice, they can revoke the certificate, which will stop the UA from trusting it no more than 7 days later.


Add cart addition
More...
|
| | AddCartAddition (string userId, string itemId, DateTime?timestamp=null, bool?cascadeCreate=null, double?amount=null, double?price=null, string recommId=null, Dictionary< string, object > additionalData=null) |
| | Construct the request More...
|
| |
| override string | Path () |
| | - Returns
- URI to the endpoint including path parameters
More...
|
| |
| override Dictionary< string, object > | QueryParameters () |
| | Get query parameters More...
|
| |
| override Dictionary< string, object > | BodyParameters () |
| | Get body parameters More...
|
| |
| | Request (HttpMethod httpMethod, int timeoutMilliseconds, bool ensureHttps=false) |
| | Construct the request More...
|
| |
|
| string | UserId [get] |
| | User who added the item to the cart More...
|
| |
| string | ItemId [get] |
| | Item added to the cart More...
|
| |
| DateTime | Timestamp [get] |
| | UTC timestamp of the cart addition as ISO8601-1 pattern or UTC epoch time. The default value is the current time. More...
|
| |
| bool | CascadeCreate [get] |
| | Sets whether the given user/item should be created if not present in the database. More...
|
| |
| double | Amount [get] |
| | Amount (number) added to cart. The default is 1. For example if user-x adds two item-y during a single order (session...), the amount should equal to 2. More...
|
| |
| double | Price [get] |
| | Price of the added item. If amount is greater than 1, sum of prices of all the items should be given. More...
|
| |
| string | RecommId [get] |
| | If this cart addition is based on a recommendation request, recommId is the id of the clicked recommendation. More...
|
| |
| Dictionary< string, object > | AdditionalData [get] |
| | A dictionary of additional data for the interaction. More...
|
| |
| TimeSpan | Timeout [get, set] |
| | Timeout for the request in milliseconds More...
|
| |
| bool | EnsureHttps [get] |
| | If true, HTTPS must be chosen over HTTP for this request More...
|
| |
| HttpMethod | RequestHttpMehod [get] |
| | Used HTTP method More...
|
| |
Add cart addition
Adds a cart addition of a given item made by a given user.
| Recombee.ApiClient.ApiRequests.AddCartAddition.AddCartAddition |
( |
string |
userId, |
|
|
string |
itemId, |
|
|
DateTime? |
timestamp = null , |
|
|
bool? |
cascadeCreate = null , |
|
|
double? |
amount = null , |
|
|
double? |
price = null , |
|
|
string |
recommId = null , |
|
|
Dictionary< string, object > |
additionalData = null |
|
) |
| |
|
inline |
Construct the request
- Parameters
-
| userId | User who added the item to the cart |
| itemId | Item added to the cart |
| timestamp | UTC timestamp of the cart addition as ISO8601-1 pattern or UTC epoch time. The default value is the current time. |
| cascadeCreate | Sets whether the given user/item should be created if not present in the database. |
| amount | Amount (number) added to cart. The default is 1. For example if user-x adds two item-y during a single order (session...), the amount should equal to 2. |
| price | Price of the added item. If amount is greater than 1, sum of prices of all the items should be given. |
| recommId | If this cart addition is based on a recommendation request, recommId is the id of the clicked recommendation. |
| additionalData | A dictionary of additional data for the interaction. |
| override Dictionary<string, object> Recombee.ApiClient.ApiRequests.AddCartAddition.BodyParameters |
( |
| ) |
|
|
inlinevirtual |
| override string Recombee.ApiClient.ApiRequests.AddCartAddition.Path |
( |
| ) |
|
|
inlinevirtual |
| override Dictionary<string, object> Recombee.ApiClient.ApiRequests.AddCartAddition.QueryParameters |
( |
| ) |
|
|
inlinevirtual |
| Dictionary<string, object> Recombee.ApiClient.ApiRequests.AddCartAddition.AdditionalData |
|
get |
A dictionary of additional data for the interaction.
| double Recombee.ApiClient.ApiRequests.AddCartAddition.Amount |
|
get |
Amount (number) added to cart. The default is 1. For example if user-x
adds two item-y
during a single order (session...), the amount
should equal to 2.
| bool Recombee.ApiClient.ApiRequests.AddCartAddition.CascadeCreate |
|
get |
Sets whether the given user/item should be created if not present in the database.
| string Recombee.ApiClient.ApiRequests.AddCartAddition.ItemId |
|
get |
| double Recombee.ApiClient.ApiRequests.AddCartAddition.Price |
|
get |
Price of the added item. If amount
is greater than 1, sum of prices of all the items should be given.
| string Recombee.ApiClient.ApiRequests.AddCartAddition.RecommId |
|
get |
If this cart addition is based on a recommendation request, recommId
is the id of the clicked recommendation.
| DateTime Recombee.ApiClient.ApiRequests.AddCartAddition.Timestamp |
|
get |
UTC timestamp of the cart addition as ISO8601-1 pattern or UTC epoch time. The default value is the current time.
| string Recombee.ApiClient.ApiRequests.AddCartAddition.UserId |
|
get |
User who added the item to the cart
The documentation for this class was generated from the following file:


Devendra Fadnavis meets RSS chief Mohan Bhagwat in Nagpur
Earlier in the day, Fadnavis held a meeting of BJP leaders at his official residence in Mumbai
by PTIAmid the stand-off between Shiv Sena and BJP over power sharing in Maharashtra, Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis arrived at the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) headquarters in Nagpur to meet RSS chief Mohan Bhagwat on late November 5 evening.
Earlier in the day, Fadnavis held a meeting of BJP leaders at his official residence in Mumbai.Special Thursday Expiry on 10th 7th Nov
Early Closure to The Great Diwali Discount. Last Chance to get Moneycontrol PRO for a year @ Rs. 289/- only
Coupon code: DIWALI


{% extends 'base.html' %}
{% block title %}
Track your expenses!
{% endblock %}
{% block content %}
Your total amount of bills: ${{budget.totalBills}}
Money left: ${{budget.moneyLeft}}
{% if budget.savingsMoney == '0.00' %}No savings. {% else %} Savings: ${{budget.savingsMoney}} {% endif %}
| Nickname | Due Date | Price | Store's Website | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| You have no Bills. | ||||||
| {{bill.billName}} | {{bill.billDate}} | ${{bill.billPrice}} | {{bill.storeWebsite}} | Details | Edit | Delete |
| Nickname | Due Date | Amount Due(Monthly) | Store's Website | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| You have no Loans. | ||||
| {{loan.loanName}} | {{loan.dueDate}} | ${{loan.monthlyAmountDue}} | {{loan.storeWebsite}} | Details |
| Nickname | Due Date | Price | Store | Store's Website | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| You have no Subscriptions. | {% else %} {% for sub in subs %}{{sub.subName}} | {{sub.dueDate}} | ${{sub.amountDue}} | {{sub.storeName}} | {{sub.storeWebsite}} | Details |
| Date | Title | Price | Store | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| You have no Miscellaneous. | {% else %} {% for misc in miscs %}{{misc.date}} | {{misc.miscName}} | ${{misc.price}} | {{misc.storeName}} | Details |


Mr.Abgottspon Ewald Banque Jacob Safra(Schweiz)AG Bleicherweg 1 / Paradeplatz 8022 ZURICH Switzerland<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Dear Sir, I got your contact on my private search for a reliable and trusted person to handle a transaction of this nature. I know that the contents of this mail might sound so strange, but I want to assure you that every word of it is true.I am Mr.Abgottspon Ewald, a credit officer with Banque Jacob Safra(Schweiz)AG.I have a concealed business suggestion for you.Before the plane crash of Mrs.Dimka Ilkova Boskovic on February 26, 2004 ,Dimka Ilkova Boskovic from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,macedonia and also a business woman made a fixed deposit for 12 calendar months, with a value of Nine Million,eight Hundred Thousand United State Dollars only in my branch.You can visit this website: http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2004/02/8c37dc80-40e3-4333-8d04-dad352108cb5.html The board of directors of my bank adopted a resolution and as the accounting officer to Mrs.Dimka Ilkova Boskovic I was mandated to provide her next of kin for the payment of this money within 14 working days or forfeit the money to the bank as an abandoned property. Further investigations revealed that Dimka Ilkova Boskovic did not declare any next of kin in her official papers including the paper work of his bank deposit. And she also confided in me the last time she was at my office that no one except me knew of her deposit in my bank. So Nine Million,eight Hundred Thousand United State Dollars is still lying in my bank and no one will ever come forward to claim it. What bothers me most is that the directors of my bank had planned to invoke the abandoned property decree of 1991 to confiscate the funds after the expiration of the period given to me, despairing at the point of exhaustiveness but fortunately, I came across your name. My suggestion to you is that I will like you to stand as the next of kin to Dimka Ilkova Boskovic so that you will be able to receive this funds. However, I seek your consent to present you as the Next of Kin to the deceased. I have contacted an attorney that will prepare the necessary document that will back you up as the next of kin to Dimka Ilkova Boskovic. All I require is your honest cooperation to enable us see this deal through. I guarantee that this will be executed under a legitimate arrangement that will protect you from any breach of law. Be Inform also that we shall share the funds in the ratio 70% for me and 25% for you, while 5% should be for Expenses or Tax as your Government may require. Please endeavor to observe utmost discretion in all matters concerning this issue.  Your earliest response to this letter will be appreciated via my private email address(aewald2000@msn.com). Kind Regards, Mr.Abgottspon Ewald.


News
Led by News Editor Madalyn Blair and Assistant Editor Donovan Hunt, the news section is the perfect place for writers who want to cover breaking news in Athens and Southeast Ohio. From crime to politics, there’s always a story for someone to write, giving students ample opportunity to pick up a story each week. If you’re a fan of straightforward news content, then you should definitely look into joining this section. Also, the news staff is extremely timely and well-organized, another advantage of being a part of this section at The Post.
Sports
Just as the section suggests, you will be writing about all things sports, on and off campus, if you join the sports section. With a wide array of sports to choose from, like football or women’s basketball, you won’t run out of events to cover or report on. This is also a great way for those who may not be a journalism major to join an organization because of its sports coverage, as many tend to have a passion for the topic. With Sports Editors Bobby Gorbett and Bobby Keegan, you’ll be in good hands throughout the year, as this section brings the energy and excitement back into sports coverage.
Culture
Culture is the ideal section for those who are interested in the local community and arts found in Southeast Ohio. Led by Culture Editor Alyssa Cruz and Assistant Editor Abby Jenkins, this section can always be seen laughing and conversing in the newsroom before meetings, knowing how to bring the fun to their weekly content. From covering dance recitals to interviewing university faculty, there’s always something new to write about in culture, as well as someone new to talk to. With a laid-back nature hard to find sometimes in other organizations, this section is usually a student favorite every year.
Opinion
If you tend to hold a lot of opinions, then you should definitely join the Opinion section at The Post. With writers having the ability to choose a topic of their own each week, this section is always trending online for its creativity and high-quality writing. Students can submit columns and editorials, and the freedom you get in this section is hard to find in other places. With the help of Editor Tate Raub and Assistant Editor Meg Diehl, your voice will grow and explore new topics, all while educating readers in and outside of Athens.
The Beat
The Beat is all things entertainment, so if that’s your favorite outlet to write about, then you need to join this section immediately. Students can write about music, film, pop culture or even celebrity breaking news, which makes this section extremely flexible and trendy. Led by Editor Grace Brezine and Assistant Editor Grace Koennecke, yours truly, The Beat never receives a bad story idea when it comes to the entertainment world. With many of the section’s stories gaining traction online each week, there’s no doubt this section is a standout within The Post.
Projects
While many may think The Post just promotes shorter articles, there’s actually a section that is always in need of long-form reporting. Projects, led by Editor Hannah Campbell and Assistant Editor Alex Imwalle, focuses on investigative pieces as well as multi-layered stories to publish for The Post. Usually requiring more interviews and writing, this section is the one to become a member of if you find yourself always in a constant state of research or curiosity. It’s also great for students who love talking to people, as well as can’t seem to put their pen down. If interested, read more past works from projects here.
Copy and art
Many non-journalism majors venture to the copy section, especially if one is interested in going into editing in the future. In copy, you are tasked with editing stories for the online version of The Post on a daily basis, checking for AP Style Guide errors and fact-checking content provided by writers. Led by Copy Chief Addie Hedges and multiple slot editors, this section prioritizes accuracy and efficiency every single day at The Post. Meanwhile, the art team suits those who genuinely love the medium. Led by Art Director Abbie Kinney and Assistant Art Director Emma McAdams, those in art can help create visuals for each section of The Post to go along with stories.
Photo
Photojournalism is another unique aspect of The Post, as the photo section can always be seen running around campus to get the perfect shot for a certain story. Led by Director of Photography Alaina Dackermann and Photo Editor Zoe Cranfill, this section is for those who need a creative outlet beyond writing, as well as for those who like to stay busy. Working closely with other sections, photo is a fun way to get more involved on campus and in the newsroom.
Multimedia
For some, writing is not nearly as interesting as creating audio and visual content, which leads one to join Multimedia. Multimedia provides all of the podcasts and videos for The Post, allowing students to create their own content to publish on a weekly basis without any restraints. Led by Director of Multimedia Cole Patterson and Assistant Director Kendall Timms, this section is definitely the most chaotic and carefree, with all of their works extremely memorable and relatable for students on campus.
Audience Engagement
Lastly, audience engagement is a section meant for those who like working on social media projects. Led by Logan Jefferies, this section helps out with everything from The Post's nightly Instagram-scheduled posts to live-tweeting breaking news or sports events. This section is one for those who see a career in marketing, PR or social media. It’s also not an extreme time commitment or exhausting, which is nice for students with packed schedules. It’s an easy way to get involved with The Post and it teaches students how to engage with social media users and readers.
Last but not least, the main editors
Most importantly, The Post wouldn’t be able to function without the top dogs, including Editor-in-Chief Katie Millard, Managing Editor Emma Erion, Digital Director Anastasia Carter and Equity Director Alesha Davis. If you want to eventually help run every aspect of the publication, one of these positions is perfect for you. With these roles, you are responsible for very important tasks such as making sure issues of The Post are published promptly to running Election Night in the newsroom. Overall, these leadership roles are the most respected in the organization, and everyone is always in touch with one of these individuals.
Interested in joining The Post? Find more information here.


|
Scheduler
|
Files | |
| file | coreEvents.cpp [code] |
| file | coreEvents.h [code] |
| file | event.cpp [code] |
| file | event.h [code] |
| file | eventList.cpp [code] |
| file | eventList.h [code] |
| file | eventType.h [code] |
| file | missedDeadline.cpp [code] |
| file | missedDeadline.h [code] |
| file | newInteractiveProcess.cpp [code] |
| file | newInteractiveProcess.h [code] |
| file | newJob.cpp [code] |
| file | newJob.h [code] |
| file | newProcess.cpp [code] |
| file | newProcess.h [code] |
| file | ready.cpp [code] |
| file | ready.h [code] |
| file | startProc.cpp [code] |
| file | startProc.h [code] |
| file | stopSimulation.cpp [code] |
| file | stopSimulation.h [code] |
| file | terminates.cpp [code] |
| file | terminates.h [code] |
| file | timeoutEvent.cpp [code] |
| file | timeoutEvent.h [code] |
| file | waiting.cpp [code] |
| file | waiting.h [code] |


{% extends "site.html" %}
{% block title %}Reports{% endblock %}
{% block content %}
| Tag |
Job Postings |
{% for subject in subjects_m.all %}
| {{ subject.name }} |
{{ subject.num_jobs }} |
{% endfor %}
| Tag |
Job Postings |
{% for subject in subjects_y.all %}
| {{ subject.name }} |
{{ subject.num_jobs }} |
{% endfor %}
Top Employers of the Month
| Employer |
Job Postings |
{% for employer in employers_m.all %}
| {{ employer.name }} |
{{ employer.num_jobs }} |
{% endfor %}
Top Employers of the Year
| Employer |
Job Postings |
{% for employer in employers_y.all %}
| {{ employer.name }} |
{{ employer.num_jobs }} |
{% endfor %}
{% endblock %}


--- layout: default-noindex lang: en permalink: /mexico/home-insurance/coverage/debris-removal.html alternate_en: /mexico/home-insurance/coverage/debris-removal.html alternate_mx: /mx/seguros-de-casa/cobertura/remocion-escombros.html published: true body_class: homeins coverage debris title: Debris Removal Covered under Mexico Home/Condo Insurance Policy | Mexpro excerpt: Debris removal on your Mexico Home/Condo insurance policy covers the cost of cleaning up your property after a loss. It includes the expense of demolition, clean-up and disposal and is not subject to a deductible. ---
Debris removal refers to the cost of cleaning up your property after a covered loss. This includes the expense of demolition, clean-up and disposal.
The minimum limit of coverage for debris removal is $5000 USD. The maximum limit is $100,000 USD.
Debris removal coverage is not subject to a deductible.


Permanence of Stone
Protects allies from the elements, reducing the damage caused by elemental based attacks.
${value} Active Energy Cost per Second
1
${value} less Energy Reserved
13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40
${value}% Elemental Resistance
5 8 10 12 15 18 21 25 28 31
MaxLevel
6
UltimateLevel
10


Notebooks
Story: The owl and the black crow
The owl and the black crow
Title
The owl and the black crow
Collection
Summary
The Owl and the Black Crow foretell the approach of the Lion. By Dia!kwãin (L V.-9. 4689-4706 1/2, 4696 rev., and 4697 rev.). Parents teach that when the owl screams and acts a certain way it means a lion is coming to take them in their sleep. The black crow also warns of the coming of the lion.
Comments
1) p.4688v: Dia!kwain heard this story from his mother and father (≠kamme-an and Xa a ttin), 2) p.4701v: see ||kabbo's place, 3) This story is found in Book V-9
Contributors
Date
7 May 1875 (started)
Categories
Custom and daily life, Portention, Plants and animals
Keywords
teaching (about 'fire-scent' and beasts of prey) , teaching (of the actions of things) , teaching (about the actions of the owl and the black crow) , teaching (about things that foretell the approach of lions) , owl (and the black crow) , owl (and beasts of prey) , owl (knows if a lion comes) , owl (calls the lion) , owl (warns of the approach of lions) , owl (wants the lion to catch the people in their sleep) , owl (must be feared) , owl (its nature and habits) , crow (the owl and the black crow) , crow (calls the lion) , crow (its nature and habits) , crow (warns of the approach of the lion) , crow (its appearance) , crow (wants the lion to catch people in their sleep) , crow (must be feared) , lion (and the owl and the black crow) , lion (warnings about) , lion (the owl and crow warn of the approach of) , lion (and the scent of the fire) , lion (teaching about) , lion (the coming of) , beasts of prey (the lion) , beasts of prey (warnings of) , beasts of prey (their nature and habits) , beasts of prey (the owl and the black crow) , education (about the actions of the owl and the black crow) , education (about 'fire-scent' and beasts of prey) , education (of the actions of things) , education (about things that foretell the approach of lions) , foretell (things that foretell the approach of lions) , foretell (and the actions of the owl and the black crow) , fire (the scent of and the approach of lions) , fire ('fire-scent' and beasts of prey) , fire (and the actions of the owl and the black crow) , birds (the actions of the owl and the black crow warn of the approach of lions) , birds (the owl and the black crow)
Story Pages
4689-4706 1/2


Add to Discord
Commands
Premium
Support
Meet the Team
TIME MACHINE BROKE!
The page you are trying to access doesn't exists yet!
Take Me Back Home
Home
Commands
Premium
Support
Add to Discord


\footnotetext[num]{text}
The \footnotetext command is used in conjunction with the \footnotemark command and places the text in the argument at the bottom of the page. This command can come anywhere after the \footnotemark command.
The optional argument, number, is used to change the default footnote number. Otherwise, the footnote counter is not changed.
This command is fragile.
See also: Footnotes,
Counters
See also \footnote,
\footnotemark
Return to LaTeX Table of Contents


property ScrollBars: TIVScrollProperties;
Controls appearance of scroll bars.
The scroll bars in TCustomImgView32 are of the TCustomRangeBar type. Use ScrollBars to control properties of the vertical and horizontal scroll bar simultaneously.
[See also]:


Death of Thornton man in Highland loch was a tragic accident
The death of a Thornton man in a Highland loch was a tragic accident, a court has ruled.
by Wes HolmesTom Finn, 28, drowned after falling from his canoe into Loch Lochy near Fort William, in Scotland, in September 2.
His inquest at Wyre Civic Centre in Poulton on Thursday heard how Mr Finn got into trouble in the water that afternoon.
Handing down a conclusion of accidental death, coroner Richard Taylor said: “Tom was on a camping holiday with a friend in Scotland near Loch Lochy, and I was told they were paddling into a bay when Tom stopped to retrieve something in his pocket.
“It appears he lost his balance and fell into the loch.
“It was a windy day and it appears, sadly, that Tom’s body wasn’t found for a short time.
“The cause of death was drowning.”
Addressing Mr Finn’s family, he added: “There doesn’t appear to be much more than I can offer you apart from what I have already said, other than I am sorry you can’t learn anything else. I’m sorry that you have had to relieve this. I can only offer you my sincere condolences for your loss.”
Police, the Fort William Coastguard team, the Coastguard helicopter, the Stornoway Coastguard response team, and the Ambulance Service were all called to Loch Lochy on Monday, September 2 after a passer-by noticed Mr Finn, his friend and a dog in the water, along with a capsized canoe.
Mr Finn was recovered from the water by a boat, and was pronounced dead at the scene.
His friend was taken to the Belford Hospital in Fort William, and was later allowed to go home. The dog was also rescued.
Police did not believe there were any suspicious circumstances involved in Mr Finn’s death. Weather conditions were overcast and rainy at the time, with winds of 20mph and an average temperature of 12 degrees.


Repeating Profile
Path: CARNOT/Load/General
Purpose:
Create a repeating load profile keeping a constant values for a certain period.
Description:
Uses the pulse generator to create the profile. This generator creates a
sample time event for every change of the profile. So the the variable timestep
solver in Simulink hits the changes.
Parameters
Duration is a vector with the values. Each duration
corresponts to one time value. The number of output values must be the same as
the number of time values. Each output value corresponds to one time value.
Input: none
Output: Signal of the repeating profile
NOTE: -
Characteristics:
| Direct Feedthrough | : | No |
| Sample Time | : | Correspond to the time events |
| Vectorized | : | No |


Captain Cake had gone to sea in a battered and leaking ship. He drank his grog from a bakelite cup. When he walked upon the orlop deck he sang in vulgar Latin, and every morning he made the sailors pray at Matins. The bo'sun had a voodoo doll pierced with many pins. But Captain Cake had a jacket made of tin, and he made the bo'sun walk the plank till he fell into the churning sea. All the sailors rollicked with glee. So Captain Cake sat in his cabin reading a book about gourds. Then they landed on an island of bloodthirsty hordes. The purser chucked the voodoo pins at the leader of these folk, who put down his sword and began to choke. Captain Cake wanted to be the island king, but they already had a god with bright and fluttery wings, and the god made the captain bow down on the sand. So if you sail the hectic seas be sure to understand that leaking ships can run aground at the drop of a hat. If only Captain Cake had realised that.


--- layout: post title: dan goods first tv image of mars date: '2009-06-04T00:39:54+01:00' tags: [] tumblr_url: http://backlog.robbevan.com/post/117586110/dan-goods-first-tv-image-of-mars ---
Dan Goods - First TV Image of Mars


Commands that can be done/undone in the editor.
module.exports = (I={}, self) ->
self.Command = {}
This is a weird DSL for each command to inherit a toJSON method and to register to be de-serialized by name.
IMPORTANT: If the names change then old command data may fail to load in newer versions.
C = (name, constructor) ->
self.Command[name] = (data={}) ->
data = Object.extend {}, data
data.name = name
command = constructor(data)
command.toJSON ?= ->
# TODO: May want to return a copy of the data to be super-duper safe
data
return command
C "ChangePalette", (data) ->
data.previous ?= self.palette()
execute: ->
self.palette data.palette
undo: ->
self.palette data.previous
C "ChangePixel", (data) ->
data.previous ?= self.getPixel(data).index
execute: ->
self.changePixel(data)
undo: ->
self.changePixel Object.extend {}, data, index: data.previous
C "Resize", (data) ->
{width, height, state} = data
data.previous ?= self.pixelExtent()
state ?= self.layerState()
execute: ->
self.resize(data)
undo: ->
self.restoreLayerState state
C "NewLayer", (data) ->
execute: ->
self.newLayer(data)
undo: ->
# TODO: May need to know layer index and previously active layer
# index
self.removeLayer()
C "Composite", (data) ->
if data.commands
# We came from JSON so rehydrate the commands.
data.commands = data.commands.map self.Command.parse
else
data.commands = []
commands = data.commands
execute: ->
commands.invoke "execute"
undo: ->
# Undo last command first because the order matters
commands.copy().reverse().invoke "undo"
push: (command, noExecute) ->
# We execute commands immediately when pushed in the compound
# so that the effects of events during mousemove appear
# immediately but they are all revoked together on undo/redo
# Passing noExecute as true will skip executing if we are
# adding commands that have already executed.
commands.push command
command.execute() unless noExecute
toJSON: ->
Object.extend {}, data,
commands: commands.invoke "toJSON"
self.Command.parse = (commandData) ->
self.Command[commandData.name](commandData)


Example from Neapolitan's book "Learning Bayesian networks" p438
X = [1 1; 1 2; 1 1; 2 2; 1 1; 2 1; 1 1; 2 2]; %X = [1 1; 1 1; 1 1; 1 1; 2 2; 2 2; 2 2; 2 2]; alpha = 4; Gs = { [0 1; 0 0], [0 0; 0 0] }; for i=1:length(Gs) G = Gs{i}; L(i) = discreteDAGlogEv(X, G, alpha); p(i) = exp(L(i)) end post = exp(normalizeLogspace(L))
p = 7.2150e-006 p = 1.0e-005 * 0.7215 0.6747 post = 0.5168 0.4832


{% block extraHead %} {% endblock %}
{% block title %}{% endblock %}
{% block nav %} {% endblock %} {% block body %} {% endblock %}
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plus( A+PLUSPARENS( X, YSIGN+Y ), B )
Use the distributive property to simplify the expression.
plus( A+X, A*YSIGN+Y, B )
plus( A+X, YSIGN+Y, B )
plus( A+X, YSIGN+Y, A*B )
plus( A, X, YSIGN+Y, B )
plus( A+X, A+Y, fraction( B, A, true, true ) )
plus( fraction( 1, A, true, true )+X, fraction( YSIGN, A, true, true )+Y, B )
plus( A+X, A*YSIGN+Y, A+B )
plus( X, YSIGN+Y, A+B )
plus( X, YSIGN+Y, A*B )
Distribute across the parenthesis.
plus( A+PLUSPARENS( color( X, false ), color( YSIGN+Y, false ) ), B )
A negative sign before an expression is the same as -1 times that expression.
\color{ blue }{ -1 }*plus( PLUSPARENS( color( X, false ), color( YSIGN+Y, false ) ), B )
color( A, true )*color( X, false ) + color( A*YSIGN, true )*color( Y, false ) + B
plus( A+X, A*YSIGN+Y, B )
You're done!
Remember that the distributive property shows that multiplying an expression involving addition (or subtraction) by x
is the same thing as multiplying each term of the expression by x
before performing the addition.
x(y + z) = xy + xz
A + plus( B+PLUSPARENS( X, C ) ) + D
Using the distributive property, simplify the expression as much as possible.
plus( B+X, A+(B*C)+D )
X - A+(-1*C)+D
plus( B+X ) + A+C+D
X + A+(-1*C)+D
X - A+C+D
X + A+C+D
plus( A, B+X, C+D )
plus( A, B+X, (-1*C)+D )
The first and last numbers here can be combined to simplify the expression.
color( A, true ) + plus( B+PLUSPARENS( X, C ) ) + color( D, true )
plus( B+PLUSPARENS( X, C ) ) + color( A+D, true )
A negative sign before an expression is the same as -1 times that expression.
\color{ blue }{ -1 }*color( PLUSPARENS( X, C ), false ) + A+D
\color{ blue }{ -1*X + -1*C } + A+D
plus( B+X, B*C ) + A+D
plus( X, C, A+D )
plus( B+X, (B*C)+A+D )
You're done!
Remember that the distributive property shows that multiplying an expression involving addition (or subtraction) by x
is the same thing as multiplying each term of the expression by x
before performing the addition.
x(y + z) = xy + xz
plus( A+PLUSPARENS( X, B ), C+PLUSPARENS( D, X ) )
Using the distributive property, simplify the expression as much as possible.
plus( (A+C)+X, (A*B)+(C*D) )
plus( (A+1)+X, B+(C*D) )
plus( 2+X, A+B+C+D )
plus( (B+D)+X, A+C )
plus( A+PLUSPARENS( X, B ), C*D, C+X )
plus( (A+C)+X, B+(C*D) )
plus( (C+1)+X, A*B+C*D )
plus( A+X, A*B, C+PLUSPARENS( D, X ) )
Distribute across the first parenthesis.
plus( color( A, true )+color( PLUSPARENS( X, B ), false ), C+PLUSPARENS( D, X ) )
A negative sign before an expression is the same as -1 times that expression.
\color{ blue }{ -1 }*plus( color( PLUSPARENS( X, B ), false ), C+PLUSPARENS( D, X ) )
color( plus( A+X, A*B ), false ) + plus( C+PLUSPARENS( D, X ) )
Distribute across the second parenthesis.
plus( A+X, A*B ) + plus( color( C, true )+color( PLUSPARENS( D, X ), false ) )
A negative sign before an expression is the same as -1 times that expression.
plus( A+X, A*B ) + \color{ blue }{ -1 }*plus( color( PLUSPARENS( D, X ), false ) )
plus( A+X, A*B ) + color( plus( C*D, C+X ) )
Combine like terms.
color( A+X, true ) + color( A*B, false ) + color( C*D, false ) + color( C+X, true )
color( plus( (A+C)+X ), true ) + color( (A*B)+(C*D), false )
plus( (A+C)+X, (A*B)+(C*D) )
You're done! Make sure you simplify as much as possible.
Remember that the distributive property shows that multiplying an expression involving addition (or subtraction) by x
is the same thing as multiplying each term of the expression by x
before performing the addition.
x(y + z) = xy + xz
plus( A+PLUSPARENS( X, B ), C+X )
Using the distributive property, simplify the expression as much as possible.
plus( (A+C)+X, A*B )
plus( (A+1)+X, B+C )
plus( 2+X, A+B+C )
plus( (A+C)+X, (-1*A*B) )
plus( ((-1*A)+C)+X, A*B )
plus( ((-1*A)+C)+X, (-1*A*B) )
plus( (A+C)+X, B )
plus( (1 + C)+X, A*B )
Distribute across the parenthesis.
\color{ blue }{ plus( A+PLUSPARENS( X, B ) ) } + plus( C+X )
A negative sign before an expression is the same as -1 times that expression.
\color{ blue }{ -1 }*plus( color( PLUSPARENS( X, B ), false ), plus( C+X ) )
color( plus( A+X, A*B ), false ) + plus( C+X )
Combine like terms.
color( A+X, true ) + color( A*B, false ) + color( C+X, true )
plus( (A+C)+X, A*B )
You're done!
Remember that the distributive property shows that multiplying an expression involving addition (or subtraction) by x
is the same thing as multiplying each term of the expression by x
before performing the addition.
x(y + z) = xy + xz


The girl told her doctor she had been sexually assaulted three times between August and October while walking her dog on the Los Alamitos Trail in San Jose, California.
A investigation was then launched by police, but the girl’s father decided to take matters into his own hands, and arranged for her to revisit the trail.
He told his daughter to walk back and forth on the path, while the two of them stayed in touch using their phones and earbuds.
San Jose Detective Sgt. Sean Pierce said in his report on the case: ‘He stated that they had already done this several times.
‘He directed [the victim] to let [the suspect] touch her if she encountered him, but if it was the breast or between the legs to move away.
Advertisement Advertisement
‘He instructed [the victim] to let [the suspect] identify and make the contact and if she cannot handle things she should move away.
‘He instructed [the victim] to walk back and forth on the designated route and don’t interact with anyone for very long.’
The prosecutor filmed the man interacting with his daughter and gave the recording to the police.
Ali Mohammad Lajmiri, 76, of San Jose, was arrested the next day and later charged with lewd and lascivious acts with a child under 14 and false imprisonment.
The prosecutor is now under scrutiny for possibly endangering his child after he used her as ‘bait’.
His actions have been met with dismay by members of the local law enforcement community, including some colleagues and police officers he has worked with, The Mercury News reports.
San Jose Police Chief Eddie Garcia advised against citizens taking the law into their own hands.
He said: ‘As a father, I understand how emotional it can be when your child is the victim of a crime.
‘But we have to remember that the safety of the child comes first and channel that frustration in a positive way to assist the investigation and not hinder it.’
Lajmiri is currently being held in the Santa Clara County jail on $3,000,000 (about £2,300,000) bail, and is scheduled to appear in court on January 29.
Advertisement Advertisement
The prosecutor has not been named to protect the identity of the sexual assault victim.
Got a story for Metro.co.uk?
Get in touch with our news team by emailing us at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>For more stories like this, check our news page.


Gecode::SetAssign Class Reference
[Branching]
Which value to select for assignment. More...
#include <set.hh>
Public Types | |
| enum | Select { SEL_MIN_INC, SEL_MIN_EXC, SEL_MED_INC, SEL_MED_EXC, SEL_MAX_INC, SEL_MAX_EXC, SEL_RND_INC, SEL_RND_EXC, SEL_VAL_COMMIT } |
Which value selection. More... | |
Public Member Functions | |
| SetAssign (Select s=SEL_MIN_INC) | |
| Initialize with selection strategy s. | |
| SetAssign (Select s, Rnd r) | |
| Initialize with random number generator r. | |
| SetAssign (SetBranchVal v, SetBranchCommit c) | |
| Initialize with value function f and commit function c. | |
| Select | select (void) const |
| Return selection strategy. | |
Protected Attributes | |
| Select | s |
| Which value to select. |
Detailed Description
Which value to select for assignment.
Definition at line 1517 of file set.hh.
Member Enumeration Documentation
Which value selection.
- Enumerator:
Constructor & Destructor Documentation
| Gecode::SetAssign::SetAssign | ( | Select | s = SEL_MIN_INC |
) | [inline] |
Initialize with selection strategy s.
Definition at line 37 of file assign.hpp.
Initialize with random number generator r.
Definition at line 41 of file assign.hpp.
| Gecode::SetAssign::SetAssign | ( | SetBranchVal | v, | |
| SetBranchCommit | c | |||
| ) | [inline] |
Initialize with value function f and commit function c.
Definition at line 45 of file assign.hpp.
Member Function Documentation
| SetAssign::Select Gecode::SetAssign::select | ( | void | ) | const [inline] |
Return selection strategy.
Definition at line 49 of file assign.hpp.
Member Data Documentation
Select Gecode::SetAssign::s [protected] |
The documentation for this class was generated from the following files:
- gecode/set.hh
- gecode/set/branch/assign.hpp


@* * Copyright 2023 HM Revenue & Customs * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. *@ @import uk.gov.hmrc.hmrcemailrenderer.templates.ecc.html._ @import uk.gov.hmrc.hmrcemailrenderer.templates.helpers.html._ @(params: Map[String, Any]) @template_main(params, s"${applicationComplete(params, "Application Complete")}") {
@salutationFullName(params)
You can now:
If you do not have an EU EORI number you will need to get an EORI number starting with XI.
To get an EORI number starting with XI, search ‘get an EORI number’ on GOV.UK.
From HMRC
}


--- layout: default ---
ApiBootstraper is a Rest Api bootstrap that include an api server, api documentation and clients.
The purpose is to give an API bootstrap as well as its clients and so to facilitate the implementation of an API.
This bootstrap contains a system of authentication and bases itself on the example of a todo list.
Applications can be reset due to limitations imposed by Heroku.


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--- layout: default title: Staff & Contact - DDraceNetwork ---
DDraceNetwork was an idea by Megaman with support by Delo and onionly .me' in the summer of 2013 and was initially implemented by deen. For new features or bugs talk about them in the Forum or suggest them on Github. New maps can be submitted on Discord, where our Testers will take care of them. Please note the Mapper Rules.
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Cranky Critic® movie reviews: Lucie Aubrac Rated [R], 116 minutes Starring Carole Bouquet and Daniel Auteuil Written and Directed by Claude Berri website: http://www..com
In French, with subtitles. Based on the book Outwitting the Gestapo by Lucie Aubrac.
A fact of life of the CrankyCritic.com boards is that there is little interest in foreign films. Long time readers know that Cranky still sees and recommends 'em when they strike me as something above average. Well, here we go again.
The WWII movies we've seen in the last year or so, like many of the black and white John Wayne starrers Cranky grew up on (on teevee, I'm not that old) tend to concentrate on battles or the bonds formed by soldiers because of those battles. How nice then that we see a movie about the folk who fought the battle back home, and still had the opportunity to live "normal" lives -- to the extent that you could assuming that the Nazis who overran your country allowed it. The country is France. The stars of the story are members of the French Resistance and most of what you see on the big screen actually happened.
Allow me to digress: back in my film school days the screenwriting teacher was fond of saying that all great stories are love stories. She was right.  Central to the story is Lucie Aubrac (Carole Bouquet) and her husband Raymond (Daniel Auteuil) and her year-plus old son Jean-Pierre (Maxime Henry), nicknamed Boo-Boo. It is 1943 in the city of Lyons in what is called the Southern Zone. The government which rules the zone is more collaborationist (they would say realistic) than patriotic and the Nazi grip is noticeably, but not much, looser. The Aubracs follow leader in exile Charles DeGaulle, who directs their efforts via coded broadcasts from the BBC in London. These "terrorists" are particularly effective, as is seen in the opening sequence of the film and escaping from the clutches of the French police is as much an intellectual exercise as a legal challenge.
But . . . and you knew there was a but coming, right? you can only change your location and identity a couple of time, evade the jaws of tyranny once or twice before they come snapping down on you. When they do, do you choose saving your country or saving the ones you love? The few members of the Resistance that you'll come to know all make different choices, and you can argue them over coffee afterwards. In a forged identity in which he is single, Raymond must deny all knowledge of the woman he loves; to do so saves her skin and that of the few freedom fighters still on the loose. But the Gestapo has figured out who he really is, and have sentenced the man to death. For Lucie, saving her husband preserves the fragile remnants of Resistance leadership in the Southern Zone and more important, saves her husband. This desire to have her cake and eat it too leads to some compelling and very dramatic scenes on the big screen, as she coordinates efforts to free her man before his date with the executioner.
This small story of Lucie Aubrac within the big story of "The Big One" is a fine one, well acted and well told in a fairly matter of fact style. One subplot involves the question of what happened to the Jews of France, but rather than being an acknowledgment of the Holocaust, it presents a most interesting twist to the main story, which I'll leave you to discover on your own. Blink and you'll also miss the fact that one of the Gestapo officers in the story is the notorious Klaus Barbie. If you don't know who Barbie was or what he did, you won't miss much in terms of the main story. It's just an extra layer of icing on the cake of a beautifully put together script.
And, being a French film, the woman is gorgeous and her guy is not. Ah,
if only real life were really that way (said all the single male critics
on the way out of the screening room. This one included.)
On average, a first run movie ticket will run you Eight Bucks. Were Cranky able to set his own price to Lucie Aubrac, he would have paid...
$6.00
The subtitles don't get in the way of the story. That's important. The story is great and the stuff I didn't tell you makes it even greater. Lucie Aubrac is highly recommended.
The Cranky Critic® is a Registered Trademark of, and Copyright © 1999 by, Chuck Schwartz. All Rights Reserved. Cranky on the web at www.crankycritic.com
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
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review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
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Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


{% load static %} {% load i18n %} {% load l10n %} {% load cache %} {% load twlight_perms %} {% load twlight_removetags %} {% get_current_language as LANGUAGE_CODE %} {% if not object.authorization_method == object.BUNDLE %} {% if object.is_waitlisted %}
{% comment %}Translators: If we have no available accounts for a partner, the coordinator can change the application system to a waiting list. {% endcomment %} {% blocktranslate trimmed %} There are no access grants available for this partner at this time. You can still apply for access; applications will be processed when access is available. {% endblocktranslate %}
{% comment %}Translators: This text links to the minimum user requirements and terms of use on the partner page. {% endcomment %} {% blocktranslate trimmed %} Before applying, please review the minimum requirements for access and our terms of use. {% endblocktranslate %}


---
layout: post
title: '#DBHangOps 6/26/13 -- Common_Schema, Plugins, Kernel Params, and more!'
categories:
- computing
- database
- linux
- mysql
tags:
- '#DBHangOps'
- computing
- database
- HangOps
- linux
- mysql
- mysql_planet
status: publish
type: post
published: true
meta:
_edit_last: '1'
_wpas_done_all: '1'
_wpas_skip_3039720: '1'
_wpas_skip_3039727: '1'
_wpas_skip_3039731: '1'
_wpas_skip_3039741: '1'
---
#DBHangOps for 6/26/13 is all done! Check out the recording below:
Hey everybody!
#DBHangOps is back this week at a slightly earlier time this Wednesday, June 26th, 2013 at 11:00am paciifc (18:00 GMT) . We'll have special guest Shlomi Noach talking about the open source tools he's developed to improve a DBA's day-to-day work.
Be sure to check out the #DBHangops twitter search, the DBHangops Twitter Feed, or this blog post to get a link for the google hangout on Wednesday!
Thanks and see all of you there!


qregpy package¶
Submodules¶
qregpy.qreg module¶
-
class
qregpy.qreg.
QReg
(base_models=['linear', 'xgboost'], b_cross_validation=True, n_jobs=4, verbose=True)[source]¶ This is the implementation of query-centric regression, QReg.
- Parameters
base_models (List of Strings, (Optional)) – a list of regression model names, example [‘linear’, “xgboost”]. Currently “linear”, “polynomial”, “decisiontree”, “xgboost”, “gboost” are supported.
b_cross_validation (Boolean, (Optional, default True)) – whether cross-validation is used to train the base models, including xgboost, gboost, etc.
n_jobs (int, (Optional, default 4)) – the maximum cores to be used.
verbose (boolean, (Optional, default True)) – control the logging level
-
fit
(X, y)[source]¶ fit the QReg regression on the training data X and y.
- Parameters
X (numpy.ndarray) – the independent variables, like [[1,2],[2,4]]
y (numpy.ndarray) – the dependent variables, like [4, 8]
- Returns
the regression model
- Return type
- Example
>>> from qregpy import qreg >>> import pandas as pd >>> >>> # load the files >>> df = pd.read_csv("/data/10k.csv") >>> headerX = ["ss_list_price", "ss_wholesale_cost"] >>> headerY = "ss_wholesale_cost" >>> >>> # prepare X and y >>> X = df[headerX].values >>> y = df[headerY].values >>> >>> # train the regression using base models linear regression and XGBoost regression. >>> reg = qreg.QReg(base_models=["linear","xgboost"], verbose=True).fit(X, y) >>> >>> # make predictions >>> reg.predict([[93.35, 53.04], [60.84, 41.96]]) [23.0, 11.1]
Note
fit() receives X and y
-
predict
(points)[source]¶ Make a prediction for given points
- Parameters
points (numpy.ndarray) – like [[1,2],[2,4]], to make predictions for point [1,2] and point [2,4]
- Returns
the predictions for points
- Return type
List of predictions
- Example
>>> from qregpy import qreg >>> import pandas as pd >>> >>> # load the files >>> df = pd.read_csv("/data/10k.csv") >>> headerX = ["ss_list_price", "ss_wholesale_cost"] >>> headerY = "ss_wholesale_cost" >>> >>> # prepare X and y >>> X = df[headerX].values >>> y = df[headerY].values >>> >>> # train the regression using base models linear regression and XGBoost regression. >>> reg = qreg.QReg(base_models=["linear","xgboost"], verbose=True).fit(X, y) >>> >>> # make predictions >>> reg.predict([[93.35, 53.04], [60.84, 41.96]]) [23.0, 11.1]
Note
The input points should be numpy.ndarray
-
deploy_sklearn_linear_regression
(X, y)[source]¶ train the linear regression
- Parameters
X (numpy.ndarray) – the independent variables, like [[1,2],[2,4]]
y (numpy.ndarray) – the dependent variables, like [4, 8]
- Returns
the linear regression model
- Return type
LinearRegression
-
deploy_sklearn_polynomial_regression
(X, y)[source]¶ Train the polynomial regression
- Parameters
X (numpy.ndarray) – the independent variables, like [[1,2],[2,4]]
y (numpy.ndarray) – the dependent variables, like [4, 8]
- Returns
the polynomial regression model
- Return type
an polynomial regression object
-
deploy_model_sklearn_decision_tree_regression
(X, y)[source]¶ train the decision tree regression
- Parameters
X (numpy.ndarray) – the independent variables, like [[1,2],[2,4]]
y (numpy.ndarray) – the dependent variables, like [4, 8]
- Returns
the decision tree regression model
- Return type
DecisionTreeRegressor
-
deploy_xgboost_regression
(X, y)[source]¶ train the XGBoost regression
- Parameters
X (numpy.ndarray) – the independent variables, like [[1,2],[2,4]]
y (numpy.ndarray) – the dependent variables, like [4, 8]
- Returns
the XGBoost regression model
- Return type
XGBRegressor
-
deploy_sklearn_gradient_tree_boosting
(X, y)[source]¶ train the gradient tree boosting regression
- Parameters
X (numpy.ndarray) – the independent variables, like [[1,2],[2,4]]
y (numpy.ndarray) – the dependent variables, like [4, 8]
- Returns
the gradient tree boosting regression model
- Return type
GradientBoostingRegressor
qregpy.sampling module¶
Python implementation for http://erikerlandson.github.io/blog/2015/11/20/very-fast-reservoir-sampling/
-
qregpy.sampling.
build_reservoir
(data, R, output='output.txt', threshold=None, verbose=False, headers=None)[source]¶ Generate the sample for QReg.
- Parameters
data (Path) – the original file.
R (int) – the size of the sample to be generated.
output (Path) – the file where the sample will be stored.
threshold – the threshold
verbose (bool) – control the logging level
headers (List of Strings) – to check whether the headers are provided in the original file.
- Example
>>> import pandas as pd >>> >>> input='../data/10k.csv' # original file, in csv format, with headers. >>> sample='../data/sample.csv' # the file where the generated sample will be stored >>> n=1000 ##number of records in the sample >>> >>> # generate the sample >>> sampling.build_reservoir('../data/10k.csv',100,output='../data/sample.csv')
-
qregpy.sampling.
random
() → x in the interval [0, 1).¶


An unfairly reviled movie.
I first saw The Village in theaters, eleven years ago. I don’t remember the experience too vividly, but I loved the movie. I still do, and I’ve never quite understood why it’s considered so bad by so many people.
I think maybe it has something to do with the hatred of M. Night Shyamalan, which at the time was starting to pick up steam. In retrospect, I imagine even the most ardent haters of The Village would say it’s miles better than The Lady in the Lake or Avatar: The Last Airbender, but I guess at the time people were disappointed by him. The perception was that he was trying to recreate the iconic plot twist from The Sixth Sense, and shoehorning it into every movie since.
And I suppose that’s a valid reaction. But The Village was my either my first or second Shyamalan film (I may have already seen Unbreakable by then, but I can’t say for sure). So I wasn’t coming in with all that baggage, and that’s probably why I was free to enjoy the film for what it was.
Try to put yourself in my shoes. Forget that it’s a Shyamalan film, forget all the baggage about plot twists, and give the movie the benefit of the doubt, and maybe you’ll recognize how much the movie has going for it.
For one thing, the movie is gorgeous. In a time when films are increasingly dominated by the teal-and-orange color scheme, it’s hard not to appreciate the mix of vivid colors you get here. And the elegant soundtrack matches the visuals, too.
The cast, which includes Adrian Brody, Judy Greer, Joaquin Phoenix, William Hurt, and Brendan Gleeson, is stellar and produces some great performances.
Which is not even mentioning the atmosphere and masterfully executed suspense.
The dialogue is the film’s most glaring weakness. It’s often stilted and head-scratching in its awkward imitation of 19th-century speech. But the emphasis on visual story-telling minimizes the importance of dialogue, and the actors compensate for it with their performance. Plus, it can even be somewhat explained by the final plot twist at the end.
But even granting this point, I don’t think the bad dialogue is enough to warrant the degree of hatred that the film gets. I think what most people object to is the plot twist itself. They either claim it was obvious and they saw it coming the whole time, or even worse, that it’s nonsensical and ruins the movie.
To the first point, I can only say: so what? The surprise of the twist is not actually the point. It ties in to the film’s themes of violence and innocence. The town’s founders were escaping the violence of the modern world – that’s the point.
And the other objectors I can only guess are (or were) unwilling to take the film seriously on its own terms, unwilling to be fair to it because of who the director is.