---
layout: post
title: R-squared To Evaluate A Regression Model
date: '2017-02-27T09:52:00.000-08:00'
author: Sujay S Kumar
tags:
modified_time: '2017-02-27T09:52:26.659-08:00'
blogger_id: tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-925060870564624560.post-3782427282211978842
blogger_orig_url: http://sujayskumar.blogspot.com/2017/02/r-squared-to-evaluate-regression-model.html
---
Evaluating a classification model is fairly straightforward and simple. You just count how many of the classifications the model got right and how many it didn't.
Evaluating a regression model is not that straightforward, at least from my perspective. One of the useful metric that is used by a majority of the implementations is R-squared.
What is R-squared?
R-squared is a goodness-of-fit test in order to evaluate how good your model fits the data. It is also known as the coefficient of determination, or the coefficient of multiple determination for multiple regression.
I know the terms might be a bit overwhelming, like the majority of statistical terms, but the explanation is quite simple. It is the percentage of variation from the mean that the model can explain. In simpler words, R-squared shows how much of the variance from the mean is explained by the model.
Consider a set of points in the target set, given by
$$y_{1},y_{2},y_{3}...y_{n}$$
Now, consider the set of predicted points
$$f_{1},f_{2},f_{3}...f_{n}$$
Let \( \bar{y} \) be the mean of \( y \).
The mean variance of the data is given by,
$$SS_{tot} = \sum (y_{i}-\bar{y})^{2}$$
The explained variance by the model is given by,
$$SS_{reg} = \sum (f_{i}-\bar{y})^{2}$$
Consequently, the unexplained variance by the model is given by,
$$SS_{reg} = \sum (y_{i}-f_{i})^{2}$$
Hence, the definition for R-squared is as follows,
$$R^{2}\equiv 1-\frac{SS_{res}}{SS_{tot}}$$
From the above equation, we can see that the value of R-squared lies between 0 and 1. 1 indicating that the model fits the data perfectly and 0 indicating that the model is unable to explain any variation from the mean. Thus we can safely assume that higher the value of R-squared, better the model is.
BUT, THIS IS NOT ENTIRELY TRUE.
Some of the scenarios where this metric cannot be used are:


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The succubi use a mix of surface and underground features. They enjoy expansive palace where dark stone and gem windows meet decorated furniture. Each fort in their kingdom must be treated as a work of art.
But the finely decorated bedrooms hide a darker secret. In the underground, dark temples maintain a link between the surface and the horrors below, enabling the succubi to summon powerful monsters while the witches sacrify the souls of their enemies for their own leisure, or their enemies pain.
If possible, succubi prefer to embark on evil biomes. They particulary enjoy drinking wine made from evil plants and their cattle does not suffer there. Beward of the undead who will never understand desires the way lust demons do.
You will be able to live with a standard inventory. However you have to keep in mind that sieges will start very early. So it is a good idea to prepare one of your original succubi as a trained fighter.
First appoit your lady of pain and create a squad for her. Get her to train quickly and give her 2 sparring mates after the first migration wave. Be careful of her happines however, digging a room for her and making early furniture with your carpenter is a good idea.
Otherwise the standard procedure to securing your supplies and making the fort sustainable and defended apply.
Afterwards you can slaughter your starting cauchemars. Turn their skulls into totems and you will be able to build a summoning circle and start bringing extra beasts. Their souls can be used at the temple of sin to offer a couple of extra moves to your warriors.
Build a jeweler workshop and start cutting gems. Those will let you conserve souls at the Soul Well. Large gems also allow you to summon fire imps.
You can also make a worker fire immune and start digging space for a magma reservoir with a magma well designed to pour into it.  Buliding your furnaces on top of those will unlock most of the industry.
As an alternative to immigrants, making a large quantity of cage traps will allow you to turn prisoners into more succubi. Build their cage near a den of iniquity and, afterwards, free them using a lever. Be careful that their mount will remain hostile no matter what.


The key point of this post is to review image manipulation, including efficient image blurring and images registration, through using Fourier transform . Recall that discrete Fourier aims to transfer a 2D image from spatial domain (pixel space), i.e. $I(x,y)$ into frequency domain, i.e. $F(u,v)$, where each point ($u,v$) in $F$ represents a particular frequency. For a given pair of frequencies $(u,v), where $$u\in\{1,\dots,N\},v\in\{1,\dots,M\}$ with $N, M$ is size of image $I$, the Fourier transform of $I(x,y)$ is obtained as follows:
$$F(u,v) = \sum_{x=0}^{N-1}\sum_{y=0}^{M-1}I(x,y)\exp(-j2\pi(\frac{ux}{N}+\frac{vy}{M})).$$ Interestingly, $F(0,0)$, which shows zero frequency in the image, is the summation of image's pixels intensity. Note that, for an image of size $NxM$, its representation in frequency domain has the same size.The image in frequency domain are complex number, consisting of two parts: a real part (denoted as $R(u,v)$) and an imaginary part ($I(u,v)$), i.e. $F(u,v) = R(u,v) + I(u,v)j$. As it is shown in Figure 1, the complex number of $F(u,v)$ can be represented in polar coordinate system, leading to:
$$F(u,v) = \underbrace{|F(u,v)|}_{\text{Magnitude}}\exp(j \underbrace{\phi(u,v)}_{\text{phase}}),$$ where $|F(u,v)|=\sqrt{R(u,v)^2+I(u,v)^2}$ and $\phi(u,v) = \arctan(I(u,v)/R(u,v))$ are called magnitude (spectrum) and phase at a given frequency $u,v$, respectively.A blurred image can be achieved by obscuring high frequencies of a given image in the frequency domain. To filter out high frequencies, different variants of low pass filter exist, such as Gaussian low pass (GLP) and ideal filters, among others. For example, the 1st image at 2nd row in figure 2 is a Gaussian low pass filter with band-width 10. Filtering high frequencies is equivalent to removing edges in the spatial domains, which can be achieved by convolving the image with a spatial kernel filter (e.g. mean filter). However, regarding computational complexity, image blurring in domain frequency can simply be done by one simple multiplication, instead of convolving it in spatial domain.
import numpy as np
from numpy import
def Gaussian_filter(shape, kernel_width, Low=True ):
X , Y = np.meshgrid(range(shape[1]),range(shape[0]))
# center of image
Cx , Cy = shape[1]/2, shape[0]/2
# Gaussian filter with given kernel_width
fltr = np.exp(-((X-Cx)**2+(Y-Cy)**2)/(2*(kernel_width)**2))
# high pass filter is simply 1-fltr
if not Low:
fltr = 1-fltr
return fltr
orig_frq = np.fft.fftshift(np.fft.fft2(I)) #computing 2D fft of the given image using numpy, then zero-center shifting it.
GLP_10 = Gaussian_filter(I.shape, 10) #create a GLP with band-width=10
filter_img_frq=orig_frq* GLP_10 #multiply it with image, represented in its frequency domain
filter_img_spt=np.fft.ifft2(np.fft.ifftshift(filter_img_frq)) # back the filtered image to spatial domain by inverse of 2D fft
In figure 2, the 1st row shows the input image, the filtered image, their difference (removed pixel). 2nd row represents a Gaussian low pass filter (band-width=10) and log of amplitude ($log |F|$) of the above images in frequency domain. Similarly, the 3rd row exhibits the corresponding images by their phase in frequency domain. The last column represents densities of pixel intensity (1st row), amplitude (2nd row) and phase (third row) of the original image and the filtered one.
In figure 3, each row is exhibiting the original image (1st column), its filtered image (2nd column) using a Gaussian low pass (GLP) filter (with a given kernel width), difference between the original image and its filtered one (3rd column). and (4th column) pixel density of images in the 1st and 2nd columns.
Notice that the GLP filter with larger (smaller) kernel width leads to less (higher) blurriness, meaning it allows to pass more (less) higher frequencies.
| band-width= 1 | |
| band-width= 5 | |
| band-width= 10 |
Image registration tends to align two images through affine transformation including translation, rotation, sheer, and etc. Here, we see how to register two translated images using Fourier transform, which is simple and efficient. Consider two images $I$ and $I_1$ that the latter is the translated version of the former, i.e. $I_1(x,y) = I(x-x_0, y-y_0)$. Phase only correlation can be used to obtain the precise values for $(x_0, y_0)$. Specifically, by representing the images in their frequency domain, we have $F_1(u,v) = e^{-j(ux_0+vy_0)} F(u,v)$. As it can be seen, magnitude of the images are equal, while their phases are different. Thus, their phase difference can be used to estimate the amount of translation. But how exactly? regarding cross-correlation between $F$ and $F_2$, we have: $$C(u,v)=\frac{F(u,v)F^{*}_{1}(u,v)}{|F(u,v)||F^{*}_{1}(u,v)|}= e^{-j2\pi(\frac{u}{N}x_0+\frac{v}{M}y_0)}$$ Interestingly, inverse of Fourier transform of $C(u,v)$ leads to delta function $c(x,y) = \delta(x-x_0, y-y_0)$, which has only 1 at entry $(x_0,y_0)$. Therefore, the values of translation (displacement) is $\arg\max c(x,y)$. Therefore, regarding the result of corss-correlation in spatial domain, we know that it has a single peak.
Computing the difference in phase of two images, then transfer their difference (in phase) back to the spatial domain. Using argmax, we can find the $(x, y)$ value of displacement.
import numpy as np
import cv2
def trans_value(I1, I2):
#im1: convert to rgb2gray
if np.ndim(I1)==3:
I1 = I1[:,:,0]
#im2: convert to rgb2gray
if np.ndim(I2)==3:
I2 = I2[:,:, 0]
#compute fft of im1
I1_f = (fft.fft2(I1))
#compute phase of fft(im1)
phase_1= np.angle(I1_f)
#the above operations repeated for im2
I2_f = (fft.fft2(I2))
phase_2 = np.angle(I2_f)
#compute difference in the phase of images as follows
diff_phase = np.exp(1j*(phase_1-phase_2))
#inverse of fft, then shift it
poc = fft.fftshift(fft.ifft2(diff_phase))
#finally find the peak in poc
#index of maximum value in matrix poc shows translation values (ty,tx)
ty,tx = np.unravel_index(poc.argmax(), poc.shape)
# origin is now at upper left corner
ty = (-ty+int(I1.shape[0]//2))
tx = (-tx+int(I1.shape[1]//2))
# define translation matrix
T = np.float32([[1, 0, tx], [0, 1, ty]])
img_translation = cv2.warpAffine(I1, T, (I1.shape[1], I1.shape[0]))
return tx,ty, poc, img_translation


Girls Town (1996) A film review by Edwin Jahiel Copyright 1996 Edwin Jahiel
GIRLS TOWN ** 1/2. Directed by Jim McKay.Written by McKay, Denise Casano,Anna Grace, Bruklin Harris and Lili Taylor. Photography, Russell Fine. Editing, McKay and Alex Hall. Production design, David Doernberg. Music, Guru. Producer, Lauren Zalaznick. Cast: Aunjanue Ellis (Nikki), Bruklin Harris (Angela), Anna Grace (Emma), Lili Taylor (Patti), Guillermo Diaz (Dylan), John Ventimiglia (Eddie), Antony Imperioli (Michael) An October Films release. 90 minutes. Rated R (language)
Coincidences again, or better call them connections. The current "The First Wives Club" is about four older women, once best college pals, now abandoned by their husbands for chicks. One woman commits suicide. The surviving three are reunited and unite against their spouses.
In "Girls Town" four young women, two black (Nikki and Angela), two white ( Patti and Emma), have their own clique. When they are close to graduating from high school, Nikki, the academically smartest of the lot and a future Princetonian, unexpectedly and inexplicably commits suicide. After swiping Nikki's diary, the surviving three conclude that she had killed herself because she had been date-raped by a co-worker outside the school. His name, Richard Helms, sounds like a dig at politics.
The diary helping, discussions among the trio reveal to them how little they had really known their best friend Nikki, induce self-analyses. bring to light that Emma had also been the victim of a date rape.
The most forceful member of the three, and the oldest one, is Patti, played with unbound energy by Lili Taylor, the star of "I Shot Andy Warhol."  Her ex-boyfriend Eddie is an abusive brute. She dresses so horribly in bulky overalls that it makes your eyes hurt--not that her friends are fashion models either. Nor is any of the three a looker, which fact reinforces some anti-Hollywood aspects of the movie. (The overalls may be a sign of defiance or seeking and affirming one's identity, like the graffiti of names in the school bathroom).
The trio more or less affirm their feminism in long talks, unstructured and coming to a large degree from sessions of improvisations between the film's director-co-writer, members of the cast, and others. The ladies avenge themselves by trashing the car of Emma's rapist, attacking (not too violently) on the street Nikki's rapist,vandalizing Eddie's place and pawning his TV set.
While "The First Wives Club" is a costly Hollywood Establishment production and "Girls Town" an independent, micro-budget film, and while one is set in ritzy Manhattan and the other in a pronouncedly grungy, working-class neighborhood somewhere in New York, both aim at a female audience, respectively mature and young. And while "Girls," which is by far the better of the two movies --early this year it won the Sundance film festival's filmakers trophy and special jury prize-- it is not without raising some questions.
Both "Wives" and "Girls" have weighty subjects, which the first film chooses to treat as entertainment for the audiences, unlike the second which is eager, serious and heavy on naturalism, "Girls" tries to involve the audience by having it peep and eavesdrop into the concerns of its young women. As this is done mostly through talk, the process exacts the price of inducing some fatigue in the public. No matter how true to life and to the speakers, the improvised, diffuse babbling is of uneven interest to the viewers-listeners. It can hit arid passages, lead to rambling rather than to crystallizing specific points. (The first-time director is a lover of documentary cinema and has a background of music videos).
Art has to go beyond literal reproduction. It must select, prune and structure, ideally in ways that seem to be natural. The organization of "Girls" lacks tightness and simply does not go far enough.
Then there's the Political Correctness factor that balances symmetrically the black and the white girls and shows a remarkably endearing, entirely natural non-consciousness of race. This goes beyond the original quartet. When there are only three women left, another black schoolmate eventually becomes a marginal confidante. There is an additional black-and-white pair of best friends around, with whom the threesome fights.
"Girls" goes way beyond plain old racial harmony and tolerance. Blackness or whiteness matter to the friends as much as the Man in the Moon, which means not a whit. Think about it: this wonderful indifference is taken light-years farther than in any other movie I can think of. It is, for me, the core of the picture, the high point I will remember above all others. Is this genuine? An artifice? Wishful thinking? I cannot tell, but no matter. This is what gives the film its warmth and its positive thinking.
Hard to judge is Nikki's suicide because we have not enough clues.  Was the rape the last straw in some problems unknown to us? Unexplained too is the original relationship between Patti and Eddie, The lack of antecedents makes it confusing. Was Patti a patsy who, peculiarly, used to put up with Eddie's brutality? Did she become an activist-leader almost overnight, with her pent up feelings and thoughts catalyzed by Nikki's death and the reinforcement of the group?
The film knows its three Rs, race, rape and rap. Its soundtrack adds much female singing of rap. As Jean-Luc Godard might put it in one of his playful but not necessarily meaningful wordplays, remove the "e" and rape becomes rap.
In the movie's mix of weaknesses and virtues add to the latter that "Girls" qualifies for inclusion in the lists of BBNMM, the Bring Back the Ninety Minute Movie Society.
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
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| Event summary |
| ABConstants | Constants for entries in $modelScopeParameters. |
| Activation | Representation of a model activation. |
| BlockBase | The base event for all blocks. Every block implementation must have a field named $base of this event type. |
| ConfigurationProperty | Values from configurable properties which are passed to blocks as one of the action parameters. |
| L10N | API for the localization of an error message. |
| NameValue | The event for a dynamic property. |
| Partition_Alias | Denotes an alias device. |
| Partition_Broadcast | Special partition for blocks/data that applies to all partitions. |
| Partition_Default | Denotes a default partition. This is used if the model does not execute different partitions independently from each other. |
| Partition_Wildcard | Special partition for blocks that apply to any partition. A block input or output applies to multiple partition values (for example, used for input/output configured with device groups). |
| Promise | An asynchronous promise result. |
| PromiseJoiner | Helper object for joining promises. |
| PromiseReturner | Helper class for handling promises. |
| RequestForwarding | Request forwarding of an event type to workers. |
| TimerHandle | A handle to a created timer. |
| TimerParams | Parameters for creating a timer. |
| Value | The value with extra properties. |


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;; Print numbers and their squares. ;; The DO construct applies to multiple forms. (loop for i from 1 to 3 do (print i) (print (* i i))) |> 1 |> 1 |> 2 |> 4 |> 3 |> 9 ⇒ NIL


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Thambi teaser: Karthi-Jyotika promise an intense film
Thambi marks the first film where Jyotika will be working with her brother-in-law, Karthi. Sathyaraj will also be seen playing a pivotal role in the film.
by Antara ChakraborthyThe teaser of Thambi starring Karthi and Jyotika is out. The film has been directed by Jeethu Joseph. In the trailer, Jyotika’s character is seen waiting for the return of her younger brother, played by Karthi. Karthi gets in trouble with the cops and we are told that he has committed various crimes.
There are car chases, fight scenes and even a gunshot is heard in the background. The premise of the film looks very interesting.
Karthi is sporting various looks in the teaser. Thambi marks the first film where Jyotika will be working with her brother-in-law, Karthi. Sathyaraj will also be seen playing a pivotal role in the film.
Watch the teaser of Thambi here:
Thambi director Jeethu Joseph is known for helming the Malayalam film Drishyam.
Jointly produced by Viacom 18 Studios and Suraj Sadanah, the technical crew comprises RD Rajasekar and VS Vinayak for cinematography and editing, respectively. Govind Vasantha of 96 fame will be composing the music.
Jyothika was last seen in the comic-caper, Jackpot, where she shared the screen alongside veteran actor Revathi. Apart from Thambi, Jyotika is also busy with Pon Magal Vandhal, directed by JJ Frederick.
Karthi, on the other hand, is currently basking in the success of his latest film Kaithi. Written and directed by Lokesh Kanagaraj, the film has managed to gross Rs 100 crore despite being released on the same day as the Vijay starrer Bigil. Kaithi is also the first film in Karthi’s career to enter the 100 crore club.
Thambi could release in December 2019.


Destiny
C++ | Overview | Reference
Class and Object Design | R_D | rsl2D | Sorting
R_D is a Foundation 2.5 Resource whose job it is to represent D objects in Foundation. The D system knows nothing whatsoever of Granite Foundation, Resources, or RSL, but shares similar design goals although from a pure C++ perspective. Instances of R_D bridge the remaining gap. There is no similar D object.
Object mapping: RtoD() and DtoR()
R_D contains a DRef instance variable (referred
to hereafter as dref) and implements the standard Resource methods to construct
DMessage objects (a DR_Message pointing to a DO_Message object, that is) which is
sent via route()
to dref. In many cases, R_D has to map or convert between
Foundation Resources and D objects; it does this via the methods RtoD()
and DtoR(), documented below. It kind of looks like the diagram
below, dotted arrows indicating function calls, and the solid arrow is a pointer:
Interface mapping: native RSL classes and res_class
Beyond method mapping, the real complexity is how does RSL know in the first place
that an R_D points to a specific kind of D. R_D's job is to take on the characteristics
of the specific kind of D that it points to, and the way that RSL determines the
interface supported by an object is by its class, defined by its RSL class declaration.
This means that D objects, if they are to be useable from within RSL by any means
such as R_D, they must also describe their interface to RSL by declaring an RSL class,
much like CORBA and COM objects do with their respective versions of IDL. See the
Class Mapping section below for more details.
Below is the approximate mapping between Resource methods and D methods. dref (all lowercase) is R_D's DRef instance variable.
| Standard Resource method | what R_D implements |
execute () |
route() see below |
LogicalValue() |
dref.isValid() |
StrValue() |
dref.toString() |
Assign() |
dref.assign() |
Clear() |
dref.dump() |
IsEqual(Resource *R) |
dref.compare( RtoD (R)) == c_equal |
print(ostream& out) |
out << dref.toString() |
this is the Resource method that is invoked when Resource methods are called from
RSL. R_D understands messages; for those it doesn't understand, it passes them on
to its DRef by constructing a DMessage and invoking dref.route()
.
R_D::execute() answers the following messages (as declared in RSL):
String
/( ) ;
RSL member access operator. invokes dref.route() with a DMessage object with "/" as the message name, and the argument named "objectName". This essentially maps between what is declared in Object.rsl and D.rsl.
Boolean
isEqual( ) ;
invokes R_D::IsEqual()
Boolean
==( ) ;
invokes R_D::IsEqual()
Object
assign( ) ;
invokes R_D::Assign()
Object
:=( ) ;
invokes R_D::Assign()
List
localVarNames( ) ;
not a pass through: returns the memberOf()->localVarNames() (which is
res_class::localVarNames()
)
R_D::RtoD(ResReference ref)
maps or converts Resources to D objects.
Resource types are determined by the call to Resource::TypeID()
, implemented
by all Resources. The following Resource types are converted:
R_D
This is the most desirable case: here, the Resource is actually an R_D so we can just return the D object it points to.
R_List
This is the worst case; create a new DList (DO_List) and insert RtoD() for each element in the R_List.
R_Integer
A new DO_Int is returned that has the value of the R_Integer. See comments for R_String below.
R_Boolean
A new DO_Bool is returned that has the value of the R_Boolean. See comments for R_String below.
R_String
R_String is itself a DRef object, and is actually implemented by a DO_String, thefore, its internal DO_String is returned. This is the way that R_Integer and R_Boolean should be implemented.
general RSL object
For instances of a pure RSL-defined class, a DO_Composite object is returned with RtoD() being called for each instance variable. Essentially this is the same as the R_List example, with the elements of the RSL object being stored in the DO_Composite's keyed collection storage, named as they are in the RSL object.
finally,
for those which are not listed above, is to create a new DString with the value of the Resource's StrValue() method.
DtoR() maps or converts D objects to Resources. This requires that the D object have an associated DClass object (DO_Class) returned by its Class() method. This is used to determine the type.
A new R_String wrapper is returned. Recall that R_String is itself implemented by DO_String, so this is not a data copy.
a new R_List is created, inserting the results of calls to DtoR() for each element in the DList.
a new R_Integer is returned with the value of the DO_Int
a new R_Boolean is returned with the value of the DO_Bool
general D object
All others (except null) get a new R_D object created, storing a DRef to the given D object. This R_D also points to the respective res_class instance created at startup time that describes the "native" RSL class declaration for the D object, if it is found.
null
If the DRef is actually null, that is, isValid() returns FALSE, an R_D is returned that points to null
(D* 0)
and whose res_class is that of D. This means thatR_D::LogicalValue()
will invokedref.isValid()
which will return false to RSL.
Foundation represents these interfaces with the C++ class res_class. Each rsl
class declaration has a corresponding res_class object at runtime. Every D concept
(not class) has a corresponding RSL class declared to be a "native" class,
eg native class Collection { ... }
is stored in the file Collection.rsl
and corresponds to the C++ D classes DR_Collection,
DO_Collection, etc. The way this correspondence is made is a bit too complex to be
documented right at this moment because today is my last work day before getting
married, so you'll have to look at examples.
Destiny C++ | Overview | Reference
Class and Object Design | R_D | rsl2D | Sorting


When forced to sum up all of the eccentricities of the postmodern condition,
Jean-Francois Lyotard defined it as “incredulity toward metanarratives.” However, the films of Wes Anderson represent a commingling of
postmodern concepts like pastiche, mediatization, and authenticity with the modern concept of the metanarrative.
Rather than reacting against the metanarrative, Anderson creates his
own metanarrative, maybe not for how people ought to live but how the characters in his films do live and then find redemption. Borrowing from other works and also playing with the multiple realities created by mediatization, Anderson crafts stories
in which young characters are often striving to break free of the chains of external influence and achieve authenticity.
But this task is not without its casualties. Young characters contrast with older characters, who have achieved much in
the way of self-actualization but in doing so have hurt many people, usually those closest to them. Eventually, they become aware of their own wrongdoing and the ways in which they have failed those who relied on or looked up to them. And this is when
they seek redemption and attempt to repair broken relationships. Neither heroes nor anti-heroes, these characters are semi-heroes, deeply flawed people who nevertheless become truly noble.


Documentation
Devguide
(read first)
Python Contributor Agreement Form
(cannot commit your contributions until you sign this)
Python documentation
Test coverage report
(in regards to
increasing test coverage
)
PEPs
(only read if necessary)
Scripts
build_cpython.py
(find the CPython binary & build if possible)
full_coverage.py
(build, run, and/or report for coverage.py; see help message for usage)


blockie
level: 1
restart
help
blockie
a game of sliding blocks. match the rounded blocks with the glowing squares to win.
use the arrow keys or swipe to change gravity.
press r or click restart to restart.
click the word "level" to select a level.
press enter or click this box to continue.
a game of sliding blocks. match the rounded blocks with the glowing squares to win.
use the arrow keys or swipe to change gravity.
press r or click restart to restart.
click the word "level" to select a level.
press enter or click this box to continue.
well done!
you completed that level in 0 moves.
press enter or click this box to continue.
you completed that level in 0 moves.
press enter or click this box to continue.
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If a token is related to one or more source locations, a long click (> 500 millseconds) opens a menu below the cursor that allows for jumping to the related location. Currently, these are:
Future versions are likely to add more options, such as jumping to caller locations, open the documentation, listing predicates, etc.


My final project is an interactive panel. I have chosen this project because I often work with museum exhibitions.
As a first step I decided that my panel must respond to a single pulse: light, because it is one of the most important variables in the protection of a work of art.
Since we are talking about light, the goal is to open and close parts of the panel.
Activities to do for the development of this project:
-3D modeling;
-Laser cutting;
-3D printing;
-Electronic Design;
-Milling;
-Welding;
-Programming;
-Assembly.
The prototype of my project is a modular 50x50cm panel.
THE COMPONENTS:
Electronic components:
-Fab Kit Miky
-Electronic limit;
-2 buttons;
-1 phototransistor;
Mechanical componenents:
-4 threaded rods;
-24 bolts;
-Toothed belt;
-3 plywood panel 1x50m;
-Stretch cotton fabric;
-4 pulleys
-1 wiper Motor
-1 power module
I started with building a prototype, to better understand the mechanical functioning. The materials used are not the final ones, they are the ones, I had available in that moment, the cheaper ones.
As you can see, the prototype is composed of three layers of cardboard.
The first two layers contain: gears, four pulleys, a toothed belt, the schild, the motor, the sensor, and the beginning of the stretch fabric.
The third layer instead hosts the end of the stretch fabric.
The mechanism is simple: there are four pulleys, connected by the toothed belt, which rotates thanks to a fifth pulley, with a different design, that is connected to the motor.
The motor starts to rotate the fifth pulley thanks to the Photoresistor. The Photoresistor, through "fab Kit Miky”, communicate with the motor, and tell it if to rotate clockwise or counterclockwise.
If there is too light, the motor starts to rotate clockwise, and it closes the elastic fabric. If there is no light the motor rotates anti-clockwise and opens the stretch fabric.
When everything will be ready, the pulleys will move all together.


We are always looking for feedback to improve our service. Please fill the form below, and we will respond as soon as possible.


Previous: The Box Tag
Smudge: The Buttons Tag
Buttons provide a special container within which the user can place clickable
RadioButtons. The RadioButtons
are exclusive, that is only one of them can be selected at any time. As with the previous containers, the
Buttons container can have a Title, which may be Bold, and a Geometry. However, the Buttons container cannot
be switched :- to do this, it must be embedded within another switchable element, such as a Frame. This is to
allow a secondary use for the id, which is to identify a variable whose value is to be written to the child
control file.
Example:-
< Page>
< Title> Setup < /Title>
    < Frame,id=Firstframe>
      < Style> NoFrame < /Style>
      < Geometry> 10 10 100 200 < /Geometry>
      < Enabled> false < /Enabled>
      < Title> Mesh < /Title>
      < Buttons,id=OPT_PT_PLACE>
        < Geometry> 10 10 70 100 < /Geometry>
        < Title> Open Boundary Type < /Title>
        < RadioButton>
            < Geometry> 10 10 70 20 < /Geometry>
            < Title> Corner < /Title>
        < /RadioButton>
        < RadioButton>
            < Geometry> 10 30 70 20 < /Geometry>
            < Title> 1 Side < /Title>
        < /RadioButton>
      < /Buttons>
    < /Frame>
< /Page>
a page, labelled "Setup", containing a frame labelled "Mesh", which in turn contains a Buttons container
labelled "Open Boundary Type". This title will be inset into the Buttons border, as for the Box container.
The Buttons geometry is again relative to the Frame which contains it, so its origin is 10 pixels into the
frame. There are two RadioButtons in the box, with labels "Corner" and "1 Side". The RadioButton
Geometry sets their positions in the Box. In this case the RadioButtons are aligned in X, but are placed one
above another using the Yorigin. When the "Corner"
RadioButton is selected, the value 0 will be assigned to the variable OPT_PT_PLACE,
as defined by the id of the Buttons container. When the control file is saved, the text
OPT_PT_PLACE:
0
will be written to it. Similarly, selecting the second button will give OPT_PT_PLACE value 1. In this way
the options for child can be set up as required. Note that if the id is omitted, then an internally
generated variable name (e.g. Buttons1var) will be written to the control file.
Next: The Line Tag
Back to Smudge Contents
Last modified: Fri Jan 25 12:13:05 GMT 2002


Hacks Academy is a free 24-hour coding event where 100 student programmers, artists, designers, & high schoolers of other interests converge from the greater Cleveland area to build apps & games. We'll be providing beginner workshops, mentors, snacks, & places to rest. Students projects will be judged after they have a chance to demo and the best projects will win prizes.
Hacks Academy will begin at 9:00 AM on Saturday, February 29 and will end at 12:00 PM on Sunday, March 1, 2020.
No, we’re not “hacking” servers or databases. The word is being constructively re-defined as building things—apps, games, websites, etc. At Hacks Academy, it’s all safe, supervised, & entirely educational.
This is a tentative schedule of Hacks Academy. We'll have a variety of workshops for beginners to get you started, as well as a few intermediate workshops to help you learn even more!
SATURDAY 2/29
| 9:00 AM | Registration Opens |
| 9:30 AM | Opening Ceremony |
| 10:15 AM | Into The Clouds With Your First Website! |
| 11:30 PM | Lunch |
| 1:00 PM | Building a web app with Flaskinni |
| 2:30 PM | Create your first game with Construct 3 |
| 4:00 PM | Collaborative coding with GitHub |
| 6:30 PM | Dinner |
| 9:00 PM | Cupstacking Challenge! |
SUNDAY 3/1
| 12:00 AM | Midnight Snack |
| 1:00 AM | SSHTron Tournament! |
| 7:30 AM | Breakfast |
| 10:00 AM | Project Submission Deadline |
| 10:05 AM | Judging Begins |
| 11:15 AM | Awards Ceremony |
| 12:00 PM | Event Ends |
See some of the most asked questions about our event
Any current student grades 8-12. You don’t need to know anything about hacking or coding — you just need an open and curious mind and a will to do good in the world!
The theme and judges' rubric will be announced at the opening ceremony. You can submit any sort of app, game, website or software you can imagine.
Nothing! Registration and attendance are 100% free, with food, snacks, drinks, swag, & workshops included.
Complete beginners are not only welcome, but expected! Learn as you go with our intro workshops & mentors.
Hacks Academy is for you, too! We welcome (and have prizes for) absolute beginners, experts, & everyone in between.
Nope! You’ll have an opportunity to meet fellow hackers and make teams of up to 5—find some new friends, bring yours, or work alone.
You will need to sign a permission form that will be emailed to you. Plan to bring a student ID, computer (any kind), chargers, anything for your project (e.g. hardware), toiletries, a water bottle, & a sleeping bag (if you plan on sleeping).
Hacks Academy is organized by Gilmour Academy, partnered with Execute Big, a non-profit organization dedicated to running programs like this. It is fully supervised by adult chaperones, faculty, and student organizers.

Can't wait for the hackathon? We know the feeling! Here are some languages/programs you can explore to prepare for
Hacks Academy:
Join our class on Remind.com to receive important texts and emails about Hacks Academy. You can also text @hacksacad to the number 81010 to get started.


{{ message }}
The current sensor distance is {{ distance }} centimeters.
Trigger the garage door opener.
Made with ❤ by Ravi Shah


Respoke Demo Apps
Endpoint Presence
Endpoint Messaging
Creating a Buddy List
Group Messaging
Video Call


{% extends 'base_menu.html' %} {% block content %}
Your new key is: {{ key }}.
Don't care - it's already updated at your session.
And will automatic inserts into token field when creating document.


Construction official begins today for OMA’s latest project, Maggie’s Centre Gartnavel. This facility is part of a pioneering project using thoughtful architecture and innovative spaces as tools for solace and healing. OMA’s design approach carefully composed a ring of interlocking spaces that provide moments of comfort and relief. With a flat roof and floor levels that respond to the natural topography, the rooms vary in height, with the more intimate areas programmed for personal uses such as counseling, and open spacious zones as gathering places creating a sense of community.
Located in a natural setting, like a pavilion in the woods, the building is both introverted and extroverted: each space has a relationship either to the internal, landscaped courtyard or to the surrounding woodland and greenery, while certain moments provide views of Glasgow beyond.
Architects: OMA
Location: Glasgow, Scotland
Client: Maggie’s Cancer Caring Centres foundation
Project Area: 534 sqm
Photographs: Courtesy of OMA
The project, led by partners-in-charge Rem Koolhaas and Ellen van Loon, and associate-in-charge Richard Hollington, will be completed in summer 2011. The Maggie’s Cancer Caring Centres foundation, founded by Maggie Keswick Jencks and Charles Jencks, opened the first Maggie’s Centre in Edinburgh in 1996, and has since commissioned a series of innovative buildings designed by world class architects. The foundation approached OMA to design the Glasgow site in 2007.


On killing an Apple Al keyboard
I'd been a wanderer for a while, which meant I ended up putting my Apple Al keyboard into storage. Inevitably, the batteries corroded. I managed to get one out by using hot water on the case (go Al), but the other two were stubborn. It's a model A1255, if you're curious.
Cue tech reading which leads to heat, coffee (alkaline), CLR (why not), hammer, vibrations, blunt force screwdriver, scraping, disassembly and my critical mistake: disassembly WITH hammer.
That's a mistake because the the structure is no longer intact and the ring around the power button bent. On bending it back, it snapped. Crap.  Oh snap. There goes the wire to the power button.
Still I can solder that. But not today, I'm home sick from work and enough frustration. I'll just tape the screws to the keyboard and put it aside... Ah. The screws are stuck to the screwdriver's magnet inside the screwdriver, which of course is where I put them to keep from losing them. Ha. Ha. Ha.
I'm SO done with this.
(Note, I'll maybe attach a note to the keyboard saying where to get the screws and then try a bigger magnet. Or opposite magnet.) (Or I'll swallow a fly!)
About this entry
You"re currently reading "On killing an Apple Al keyboard," an entry on a crick in the net
- Published:
- 09.05.14 / 12pm
- Category:
- Circular File


| 134 |
LN000134 |
FN000134 |
Male |
1999/03/28 |
2000/06/14 |
2000/07/16 |
NA |
NA |
| 9 |
LN0009 |
FN0009 |
Female |
1998/08/22 |
1998/10/07 |
NA |
NA |
2005/08/23 |
| 246 |
LN000246 |
FN000246 |
Female |
1998/04/13 |
1999/07/15 |
NA |
2000/01/31 |
NA |
| 183 |
LN000183 |
FN000183 |
Female |
1997/09/19 |
1998/04/10 |
1999/10/12 |
NA |
NA |
| 203 |
LN000203 |
FN000203 |
Male |
2001/12/26 |
2002/02/12 |
NA |
NA |
2002/07/22 |


samplingsimulatorr
is an R package intended to assist those teaching or learning basic statistical inference.
This package allows users to generate virtual populations which can be sampled from in order to compare and contrast sample vs sampling distributions for different sample sizes. The package also allows users to sample from the generated virtual population (or any other population), plot the distributions, and view summaries for the parameters of interest.
You can install the development version of samplingsimulatorr from GitHub with:
# install.packages("devtools")
devtools::install_github("UBC-MDS/samplingsimulatorr")
generate_virtual_pop
creates a virtual population.
rnorm
, rexp
, etc), the parameters required by the distribution function, and the size of the population.draw_samples
generates samples of different sizes
plot_sample_hist
creates sample distributions for different sample sizes.
plot_sampling_dist
creates sampling distributions for different sample sizes.
draw_samples
function, variable of interest, a vector of the sample sizes, and the number of replication for each sample sizestat_summary
: returns a summary of the statistical parameters of interest
To the best of our knowledge, there is currently no existing R package with the specific functionality to create virtual populations and make the specific sample and sampling distributions described above. We do make use of many existing R packages and expand on them to make very specific functions. These include: - built-in r distribution functions such as rnorm
to sample from distributions - rep_sample_n
to generate random samples - ggplot2
to create plots Python pandas already includes some summary statistics functions such as .describe(), however our package will be more customizable. Our summary will only include the statistical parameters of interest and will provide a comparison between the sample, sampling, and true population parameters.
generate_virtual_pop
library(samplingsimulatorr)
generate_virtual_pop(N, var_name, dist, ... )
Arguments:
N
: The number of samplesvar_name
: The variable name that we need to createdist
: The distribution that we are generating samples from...
: The arguments required for the distribution functionExample:
pop <- generate_virtual_pop(100, "height", rnorm, 0, 1)
draw_samples
library(samplingsimulatorr)
draw_samples(pop, reps, sample_size)
Arguments:
pop
the virtual population as a tibblereps
the number of replication for each sample size as an integer valuesample_size
the sample size for each one of the samples as an arrayExample:
samples <- draw_samples(pop, 3, c(1, 10))
plot_sample_hist
library(samplingsimulatorr)
plot_sample_hist(pop, samples, var_name, sample_size)
Arguments:
pop
the virtual population as a tibblesamples
the samples as a tibblevar_name
the name of the column for the variable that is being generatedsample_size
a vector of the sample sizes (each sample size needs to be in the samples
df input)Example:
plot_sampling_hist
library(samplingsimulatorr)
plot_sampling_hist(samples, var_name, sample_size)
Arguments:
samples
the samples as a tibblevar_name
the name of the column for the variable that is being generatedsample_size
a vector of the sample sizes (each sample size needs to be in the samples
df input)Example:
stat_summary
library(samplingsimulatorr)
stat_summary(pop, samples, paramater)
Arguments
population
the virtual populationsamples
the drawn samplesparameter
the parameter(s) of interestExample
library(samplingsimulatorr)
# generate population
pop <- generate_virtual_pop(1000, "height", rnorm, 0, 1)
head(pop)
#> # A tibble: 6 x 1
#> height
#> <dbl>
#> 1 1.07
#> 2 0.707
#> 3 0.853
#> 4 -1.63
#> 5 -0.512
#> 6 -0.833
# create samples
samples <- draw_samples(pop, 100, c(1, 10, 50, 100))
head(samples)
#> # A tibble: 6 x 4
#> # Groups: replicate [6]
#> replicate height size rep_size
#> <int> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 1 0.804 1 100
#> 2 2 -0.883 1 100
#> 3 3 -1.69 1 100
#> 4 4 0.000492 1 100
#> 5 5 1.17 1 100
#> 6 6 -0.738 1 100
# plot sample histogram
plot_sample_hist(pop, samples, height, c(10, 50, 100))
#> `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
#> `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
#> `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
#> `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
plot_sampling_hist(samples, height, c(10, 50, 100))
#> `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
#> `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
#> `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
The official documentation is hosted on pkgdown. You can also refer to our html vignette.


| Safe Haskell | Safe-Inferred |
|---|---|
| Language | Haskell2010 |
This tests the table markup
Synopsis
- tableWithHeader :: a -> a
- tableWithoutHeader :: a -> a
- fancyTable :: a -> a
Documentation
tableWithHeader :: a -> a #
Table with header.
| code | message | description |
|---|---|---|
| 200 | OK | operation successful |
| 204 | No Content | operation successful, no body returned |
tableWithoutHeader :: a -> a #
Table without header.
| 200 | OK | operation successful |
| 204 | No Content | operation successful, no body returned |
| 404 | Not Found | resource not found |
fancyTable :: a -> a #
Fancy table.
| Header row, column 1 (header rows optional) | Header 2 | Header 3 | Header 4 |
|---|---|---|---|
| body row 1, column 1 | column 2 | column 3 | column 4 |
tableWithHeader | Cells may span columns. | ||
| body row 3 | Cells may span rows. | \[ f(n) = \sum_{i=1} \] | |
| body row 4 |


AN APPLICATION OF THE FACET-FACTORIAL APPROACH TO SCALE CONSTRUCTION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF
A RATING SCALE FOR CLARINET MUSIC PERFORMANCE
by Harold F. Abeles
Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 1971
ay)


Visualize Data from Interactive Map Layer on Map
This examples adds dashed lines showing the 2030 Washington D.C. Proposed Transit.
The example uses H.service.iml.Service
class to fetch data from Interactive Map Layer, and visualizes the data with customized style.


{% extends 'base.html' %} {% block title %}Mushi :: 403{% endblock %} {% block content_wrapper %}
Make sure you are authenticated and have sufficient privileges to access this content.
Go back or show the login page.


A year ago, I posted a script which converts footnotes in a Google Doc into endnotes. I’ve gotten great comments and feedback and have made the standalone script better, which is still available. The Endnote Generator Add-On is now available in the Chrome Web Store for Docs. Install it once and you’ll be able to create endnotes from the footnot... Read more 21 Dec 2016 - less than 1 minute read
I do some (really) amateur web development when I get a chance to. I enjoy building things that make life easier for me, and others, using the Internet to drive the functionality. I’ve also been working more and more on a Chromebook just because it’s easier to carry around than my 15″ Mac. The big problem with the Chromebook is that it’s pretty... Read more 15 Dec 2016 - 2 minute read
I was working on student grades in a Google Sheet last night and I needed an easy way to randomly sort students so I could show some score adjustments. Sheets lets you sort A-Z and Z-A easily, but there’s no baked in random function, which makes sense. I could have scripted it, but it was late and I was feeling lazy. There’s an easier method. ... Read more 08 Dec 2016 - less than 1 minute read
I feel like I’m on a social networking pilgrimage. I left Facebook two years ago and haven’t looked back. (Well, technically, like Alan Levine, I’m there, but only to manage a page for a group.) Twitter is becoming super-broadcasty. It’s still a fun space in some respects because it’s the only space I can connect with some dear friends. Goofi... Read more 05 Dec 2016 - 1 minute read
An interesting Stack Overflow question popped up about auto-translating one document into another when edits are made. Most Google services have things called “triggers” which run functions after some kind of event – opening the doc, making a change, etc. A Google Doc does not have access to the onEdit trigger, so there is no way to automatical... Read more 23 Nov 2016 - less than 1 minute read
Like many schools, our students are asked to wear their student ID’s when they come into the building each day. During the day, they don’t need to have them on…just in the morning so we can make sure people coming in are part of our student body. If a student doesn’t have their ID, we issue a temporary and track how many times they don’t have on... Read more 18 Nov 2016 - 5 minute read
I used to make fill-in-the-blank notes for my students to complete while watching a video. For a particular subset of students, that works well. Helping lower the barrier for learning by providing a construct for information gathering led to more engagement when it came time to use the information. Then I took on AP Biology. Some very wise peo... Read more 17 Nov 2016 - 1 minute read
Startup culture ate one of my stories this year and I just found out about it this week. I check for broken links on my blog. It’s mainly because I don’t like getting emails that such-and-such link doesn’t work anymore from a reader.  One of my fav... Read more 11 Nov 2016 - less than 1 minute read
Be gracious with students. Be an ear. Teach well. Help deal with hurt. Some NSFW language toward the middle and end, but nothing outrageous. Read more 10 Nov 2016 - less than 1 minute read
I’m working with a group of teachers to run a mock election this week. They had a basic Form set up for students to vote along with two other “pie-in-the-sky” ideas: Assign electoral votes by homeroom to simulate the Electoral College. Have a live-update view of the election teachers could show in their classrooms. ## Ele... Read more 07 Nov 2016 - 3 minute read


The Basic of Programmimg
Thinking like a programmer
1.Procedural Thinking
This means creating perfectly clear, and you should make unambiguous instructions for a computer to follow.
2.Abstract Thinking
Finding similarity and generality among seemingly different things.
3.Systematic Thinking
This happens when you break a big problem down into smaller pieces.
4.Technological Thinkng
Understanding what a computer is, how it works, and what it's good and bad at doing.
5.Systems Thinking
Collect evidence -> Generate theories -> Test those theories ->
Fix the problem
World Wide Web
We call www is a collectional of HTML documents.
(e.g.)w3schools.com
HTML
means HyperText Markup Languages
This is made up of
1.text content -what you see
2.markup -what it looks like
3.reference to other documents -e.g. images&videos
4.links to other pages
inline / block
Inline is handled as a part of text, so it doesn't generate a new paragraph.
That is, a text style.
{br, b, em, img, span, a, strong} tags are all inline.
Block is a block. That's it!
{p, div, form} tags are block.
div VS span
div tag is a block, and this is nomally used.
However, if you want to arrange some part of text, you should use span tag.


JBob's Lunch Logic*
Procuring microwavable cheeseburgers from gas stations on the way to work in the morning, then preparing and eating them for lunch is logically superior to other lunch options.
- Microwavable cheeseburgers can be purchased from many gas stations.
- Purchasing food on the way to work eliminates the need to prepare food in advance.
- Multiple outlets for food procurement supports food acquisition even when traffic conditions necessitate route changes.
- Gas station cheeseburgers are usually chilled, grocery store cheeseburgers tend to be frozen.
- Chilled cheeseburgers take less time to microwave than frozen cheeseburgers.
- Shorter cooking times use less energy to attain optimal serving temperature.
- Gas station cheeseburgers are more energy efficient than the frozen ones sold in grocery stores.
- Chilled cheeseburgers may be consumed without being heated first in emergencies.
- Gas station cheeseburgers facilitate emergency preparedness better than their frozen counterparts.
- Microwave cheeseburgers have essentially no flavor.
- Having no flavor means they are very unlikely to taste bad.
- (That there is real logic.)
- Microwave cheeseburgers need ketchup.
- Ketchup tastes good.**
- Putting ketchup on microwave cheeseburgers makes them taste like ketchup.
- Since ketchup tastes good, putting it on microwave cheeseburgers makes the cheeseburgers taste good.
- Ketchup tastes essentially the same cold as warm.
- If a microwave cheeseburger is prepared with ketchup and gets cold, it still tastes good.***
- Microwave cheeseburger preparation is an efficient process.
- Microwave cheeseburgers can be cooked in 40-50 seconds.
- (Application of the aforementioned ketchup does add to prep time, but the risk:reward ratio is favorable.
- Microwave ovens are often located in close proximity to available, refrigerated cans of Diet Mt. Dew.
- Therefore cheeseburger prep can incorporate beverage procurement with minimal additional overhead.
- Microwave cheeseburgers facilitate multitasking and adaptive accommodation.
- Microwave cheeseburgers can be eaten with one hand.
- The free hand (either left or right) is remains available to use for typing, mousing, or other one-handed activities.
- No additional adaptation is required to enable eating microwave cheeseburgers using the left hand.
Microwave cheeseburgers can add usable time back to the work day.
- Deciding what to eat can be time consuming, especially if the menu varies from day to day.
- Eating microwave cheeseburgers as a matter of course requires no additional thought.
- Decision-making time that would have been consumed by eating non-microwave cheeseburger foods is automatically reclaimed.
- Reclaimed decision-making time offsets both ketchup application and Diet Mt. Dew procurement times.
- Eating microwave cheeseburgers results in a net positive return of time available for work tasks.
Microwave cheeseburgers require microwaving.
- Having food that requires heating by default mitigates the problem of frozen cheese that can occur in non-microwaved sandwiches.
In the time it took you to read this page, you could have nuked your burger and eaten half (or more) of it.***
Disclaimer:
- *"Logic" is a very relative concept here.
- **Aforementioned "relative concept" applies equally to "good" with regard to "taste".
- ***YMMV.


Upload File for Reference Segmentation
Process PDF files as images
Add dummy text for text files
Result file browser
Additional App Functions
{{ logText }}
{{ filesText }}
Processing the file....
Please be patient


Controllers
Controllers are the heart of your application, as they determine how HTTP requests should be handled.
What is a Controller?
A Controller is simply a class file that handles a HTTP request. URI Routing associates a URI with a controller.
Every controller you create should extend BaseController
class.
This class provides several features that are available to all of your controllers.
Constructor
The CodeIgniter’s Controller has a special constructor initController()
.
It will be called by the framework after PHP’s constructor __construct()
execution.
If you want to override the initController()
, don’t forget to add parent::initController($request, $response, $logger);
in the method:
<?php
namespace App\Controllers;
use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
use Psr\Log\LoggerInterface;
class Product extends BaseController
{
public function initController(
RequestInterface $request,
ResponseInterface $response,
LoggerInterface $logger
) {
parent::initController($request, $response, $logger);
// Add your code here.
}
// ...
}
Important
You cannot use return
in the constructor. So return redirect()->to('route');
does not work.
The initController()
method sets the following three properties.
Included Properties
The CodeIgniter’s Controller provides these properties.
Request Object
The application’s main Request Instance is always available
as a class property, $this->request
.
Response Object
The application’s main Response Instance is always available
as a class property, $this->response
.
Logger Object
An instance of the Logger class is available as a class property,
$this->logger
.
Helpers
You can define an array of helper files as a class property. Whenever the controller is loaded these helper files will be automatically loaded into memory so that you can use their methods anywhere inside the controller:
<?php
namespace App\Controllers;
class MyController extends BaseController
{
protected $helpers = ['url', 'form'];
}
forceHTTPS
A convenience method for forcing a method to be accessed via HTTPS is available within all controllers:
<?php
if (! $this->request->isSecure()) {
$this->forceHTTPS();
}
By default, and in modern browsers that support the HTTP Strict Transport Security header, this call should force the browser to convert non-HTTPS calls to HTTPS calls for one year. You can modify this by passing the duration (in seconds) as the first parameter:
<?php
if (! $this->request->isSecure()) {
$this->forceHTTPS(31536000); // one year
}
Note
A number of time-based constants are always available for you to use, including YEAR
, MONTH
, and more.
Validating Data
$this->validate()
To simplify data checking, the controller also provides the convenience method validate()
.
The method accepts an array of rules in the first parameter,
and in the optional second parameter, an array of custom error messages to display
if the items are not valid. Internally, this uses the controller’s
$this->request
instance to get the data to be validated.
The Validation Library docs have details on rule and message array formats, as well as available rules:
<?php
namespace App\Controllers;
class UserController extends BaseController
{
public function updateUser(int $userID)
{
if (! $this->validate([
'email' => "required|is_unique[users.email,id,{$userID}]",
'name' => 'required|alpha_numeric_spaces',
])) {
// The validation failed.
return view('users/update', [
'errors' => $this->validator->getErrors(),
]);
}
// The validation was successful.
// Get the validated data.
$validData = $this->validator->getValidated();
// ...
}
}
Warning
When you use the validate()
method, you should use the
getValidated() method to get the
validated data. Because the validate()
method uses the
Validation::withRequest() method internally,
and it validates data from
$request->getJSON()
or $request->getRawInput()
or $request->getVar(), and an attacker
could change what data is validated.
Note
The $this->validator->getValidated() method can be used since v4.4.0.
If you find it simpler to keep the rules in the configuration file, you can replace
the $rules
array with the name of the group as defined in app/Config/Validation.php:
<?php
namespace App\Controllers;
class UserController extends BaseController
{
public function updateUser(int $userID)
{
if (! $this->validate('userRules')) {
// The validation failed.
return view('users/update', [
'errors' => $this->validator->getErrors(),
]);
}
// The validation was successful.
// Get the validated data.
$validData = $this->validator->getValidated();
// ...
}
}
Note
Validation can also be handled automatically in the model, but sometimes it’s easier to do it in the controller. Where is up to you.
$this->validateData()
New in version 4.2.0.
Sometimes you may want to check the controller method parameters or other custom data.
In that case, you can use the $this->validateData()
method.
The method accepts an array of data to validate in the first parameter:
<?php
namespace App\Controllers;
class StoreController extends BaseController
{
public function product(int $id)
{
$data = [
'id' => $id,
'name' => $this->request->getVar('name'),
];
$rule = [
'id' => 'integer',
'name' => 'required|max_length[255]',
];
if (! $this->validateData($data, $rule)) {
return view('store/product', [
'errors' => $this->validator->getErrors(),
]);
}
// ...
}
}
Protecting Methods
In some cases, you may want certain methods hidden from public access.
To achieve this, simply declare the method as private
or protected
.
That will prevent it from being served by a URL request.
For example, if you were to define a method like this for the Helloworld
controller:
<?php
namespace App\Controllers;
class Helloworld extends BaseController
{
protected function utility()
{
// some code
}
}
and to define a route (helloworld/utitilty
) for the method. Then trying to access it using the following URL will not work:
example.com/index.php/helloworld/utility
Auto-routing also will not work.
Auto Routing (Improved)
New in version 4.2.0.
Since v4.2.0, the new more secure Auto Routing has been introduced.
Note
If you are familiar with Auto Routing, which was enabled by default from CodeIgniter 3 through 4.1.x, you can see the differences in ChangeLog v4.2.0.
This section describes the functionality of the new auto-routing. It automatically routes an HTTP request, and executes the corresponding controller method without route definitions.
Since v4.2.0, the auto-routing is disabled by default. To use it, see Enable Auto Routing.
Consider this URI:
example.com/index.php/helloworld/
In the above example, CodeIgniter would attempt to find a controller named App\Controllers\Helloworld
and load it, when auto-routing is enabled.
Note
When a controller’s short name matches the first segment of a URI, it will be loaded.
Let’s try it: Hello World!
Let’s create a simple controller so you can see it in action. Using your text editor, create a file called Helloworld.php,
and put the following code in it. You will notice that the Helloworld
Controller is extending the BaseController
. you can
also extend the CodeIgniter\Controller
if you do not need the functionality of the BaseController.
The BaseController provides a convenient place for loading components and performing functions that are needed by all your controllers. You can extend this class in any new controller.
<?php
namespace App\Controllers;
class Helloworld extends BaseController
{
public function getIndex()
{
return 'Hello World!';
}
}
Then save the file to your app/Controllers directory.
Important
The file must be called Helloworld.php, with a capital H
. When you use Auto Routing, Controller class names MUST start with an uppercase letter and ONLY the first character can be uppercase.
Important
A controller method that will be executed by Auto Routing (Improved) needs HTTP verb (get
, post
, put
, etc.) prefix like getIndex()
, postCreate()
.
Now visit your site using a URL similar to this:
example.com/index.php/helloworld
If you did it right you should see:
Hello World!
This is valid:
<?php
namespace App\Controllers;
class Helloworld extends BaseController
{
// ...
}
This is not valid:
<?php
namespace App\Controllers;
class helloworld extends BaseController
{
// ...
}
This is not valid:
<?php
namespace App\Controllers;
class HelloWorld extends BaseController
{
// ...
}
Also, always make sure your controller extends the parent controller class so that it can inherit all its methods.
Note
The system will attempt to match the URI against Controllers by matching each segment against directories/files in app/Controllers, when a match wasn’t found against defined routes. That’s why your directories/files MUST start with a capital letter and the rest MUST be lowercase.
If you want another naming convention you need to manually define it using the Defined Route Routing. Here is an example based on PSR-4 Autoloader:
<?php
/*
* Folder and file structure:
* \<NamespaceName>(\<SubNamespaceNames>)*\<ClassName>
*/
$routes->get('helloworld', '\App\Controllers\HelloWorld::index');
Methods
Method Visibility
When you define a method that is executable via HTTP request, the method must be
declared as public
.
Warning
For security reasons be sure to declare any new utility methods as protected
or private
.
Default Method
In the above example, the method name is getIndex()
.
The method (HTTP verb + Index()
) is called the default method, and is loaded if the second segment of the URI is empty.
Normal Methods
The second segment of the URI determines which method in the controller gets called.
Let’s try it. Add a new method to your controller:
<?php
namespace App\Controllers;
class Helloworld extends BaseController
{
public function getIndex()
{
return 'Hello World!';
}
public function getComment()
{
return 'I am not flat!';
}
}
Now load the following URL to see the getComment()
method:
example.com/index.php/helloworld/comment/
You should see your new message.
Passing URI Segments to Your Methods
If your URI contains more than two segments they will be passed to your method as parameters.
For example, let’s say you have a URI like this:
example.com/index.php/products/shoes/sandals/123
Your method will be passed URI segments 3 and 4 ('sandals'
and '123'
):
<?php
namespace App\Controllers;
class Products extends BaseController
{
public function getShoes($sandals, $id)
{
return $sandals . $id;
}
}
Default Controller
The Default Controller is a special controller that is used when a URI ends with a directory name or when a URI is not present, as will be the case when only your site root URL is requested.
Defining a Default Controller
Let’s try it with the Helloworld
controller.
To specify a default controller open your app/Config/Routes.php file and set this variable:
<?php
$routes->setDefaultController('Helloworld');
Where Helloworld
is the name of the controller class you want to be used.
A few lines further down Routes.php in the “Route Definitions” section, comment out the line:
<?php
$routes->get('/', 'Home::index');
If you now browse to your site without specifying any URI segments you’ll see the “Hello World” message.
Important
When you use Auto Routing (Improved), you must remove the line
$routes->get('/', 'Home::index');
. Because defined routes take
precedence over Auto Routing, and controllers defined in the defined routes
are denied access by Auto Routing (Improved) for security reasons.
For more information, please refer to the Routes Configuration Options section of the URI Routing documentation.
Default Method Fallback
New in version 4.4.0.
If the controller method corresponding to the URI segment of the method name does not exist, and if the default method is defined, the remaining URI segments are passed to the default method for execution.
<?php
namespace App\Controllers;
class Product extends BaseController
{
public function getIndex($id = null, $action = '')
{
// ...
}
}
Load the following URL:
example.com/index.php/product/15/edit
The method will be passed URI segments 2 and 3 ('15'
and 'edit'
):
Important
If there are more parameters in the URI than the method parameters, Auto Routing (Improved) does not execute the method, and it results in 404 Not Found.
Fallback to Default Controller
If the controller corresponding to the URI segment of the controller name
does not exist, and if the default controller (Home
by default) exists in
the directory, the remaining URI segments are passed to the default controller’s
default method.
For example, when you have the following default controller Home
in the
app/Controllers/News directory:
<?php
namespace App\Controllers\News;
use App\Controllers\BaseController;
class Home extends BaseController
{
public function getIndex($id = null)
{
// ...
}
}
Load the following URL:
example.com/index.php/news/101
The News\Home
controller and the default getIndex()
method will be found.
So the default method will be passed URI segments 2 ('101'
):
Note
If there is App\Controllers\News
controller, it takes precedence.
The URI segments are searched sequentially and the first controller found
is used.
Note
If there are more parameters in the URI than the method parameters, Auto Routing (Improved) does not execute the method, and it results in 404 Not Found.
Organizing Your Controllers into Sub-directories
If you are building a large application you might want to hierarchically organize or structure your controllers into sub-directories. CodeIgniter permits you to do this.
Simply create sub-directories under the main app/Controllers, and place your controller classes within them.
Important
Directory names MUST start with an uppercase letter and ONLY the first character can be uppercase.
When using this feature the first segment of your URI must specify the directory. For example, let’s say you have a controller located here:
app/Controllers/Products/Shoes.php
To call the above controller your URI will look something like this:
example.com/index.php/products/shoes/show/123
Note
You cannot have directories with the same name in app/Controllers and public. This is because if there is a directory, the web server will search for it and it will not be routed to CodeIgniter.
Each of your sub-directories may contain a default controller which will be called if the URL contains only the sub-directory. Simply put a controller in there that matches the name of your default controller as specified in your app/Config/Routes.php file.
CodeIgniter also permits you to map your URIs using its Defined Route Routing..
Auto Routing (Legacy)
This section describes the functionality of Auto Routing (Legacy) that is a routing system from CodeIgniter 3. It automatically routes an HTTP request, and executes the corresponding controller method without route definitions. The auto-routing is disabled by default.
Warning
To prevent misconfiguration and miscoding, we recommend that you do not use Auto Routing (Legacy). It is easy to create vulnerable apps where controller filters or CSRF protection are bypassed.
Important
Auto Routing (Legacy) routes a HTTP request with any HTTP method to a controller method.
Consider this URI:
example.com/index.php/helloworld/
In the above example, CodeIgniter would attempt to find a controller named Helloworld.php and load it.
Note
When a controller’s short name matches the first segment of a URI, it will be loaded.
Let’s try it: Hello World! (Legacy)
Let’s create a simple controller so you can see it in action. Using your text editor, create a file called Helloworld.php,
and put the following code in it. You will notice that the Helloworld
Controller is extending the BaseController
. you can
also extend the CodeIgniter\Controller
if you do not need the functionality of the BaseController.
The BaseController provides a convenient place for loading components and performing functions that are needed by all your controllers. You can extend this class in any new controller.
For security reasons be sure to declare any new utility methods as protected
or private
:
<?php
namespace App\Controllers;
class Helloworld extends BaseController
{
public function index()
{
return 'Hello World!';
}
}
Then save the file to your app/Controllers directory.
Important
The file must be called Helloworld.php, with a capital H
. When you use Auto Routing, Controller class names MUST start with an uppercase letter and ONLY the first character can be uppercase.
Now visit your site using a URL similar to this:
example.com/index.php/helloworld
If you did it right you should see:
Hello World!
This is valid:
<?php
namespace App\Controllers;
class Helloworld extends BaseController
{
// ...
}
This is not valid:
<?php
namespace App\Controllers;
class helloworld extends BaseController
{
// ...
}
This is not valid:
<?php
namespace App\Controllers;
class HelloWorld extends BaseController
{
// ...
}
Also, always make sure your controller extends the parent controller class so that it can inherit all its methods.
Note
The system will attempt to match the URI against Controllers by matching each segment against directories/files in app/Controllers, when a match wasn’t found against defined routes. That’s why your directories/files MUST start with a capital letter and the rest MUST be lowercase.
If you want another naming convention you need to manually define it using the Defined Route Routing. Here is an example based on PSR-4 Autoloader:
<?php
/*
* Folder and file structure:
* \<NamespaceName>(\<SubNamespaceNames>)*\<ClassName>
*/
$routes->get('helloworld', '\App\Controllers\HelloWorld::index');
Methods (Legacy)
In the above example, the method name is index()
. The index()
method
is always loaded by default if the second segment of the URI is
empty. Another way to show your “Hello World” message would be this:
example.com/index.php/helloworld/index/
The second segment of the URI determines which method in the controller gets called.
Let’s try it. Add a new method to your controller:
<?php
namespace App\Controllers;
class Helloworld extends BaseController
{
public function index()
{
return 'Hello World!';
}
public function comment()
{
return 'I am not flat!';
}
}
Now load the following URL to see the comment method:
example.com/index.php/helloworld/comment/
You should see your new message.
Passing URI Segments to Your Methods (Legacy)
If your URI contains more than two segments they will be passed to your method as parameters.
For example, let’s say you have a URI like this:
example.com/index.php/products/shoes/sandals/123
Your method will be passed URI segments 3 and 4 ('sandals'
and '123'
):
<?php
namespace App\Controllers;
class Products extends BaseController
{
public function shoes($sandals, $id)
{
return $sandals . $id;
}
}
Default Controller (Legacy)
The Default Controller is a special controller that is used when a URI end with a directory name or when a URI is not present, as will be the case when only your site root URL is requested.
Defining a Default Controller (Legacy)
Let’s try it with the Helloworld
controller.
To specify a default controller open your app/Config/Routes.php file and set this variable:
<?php
$routes->setDefaultController('Helloworld');
Where Helloworld
is the name of the controller class you want to be used.
A few lines further down Routes.php in the “Route Definitions” section, comment out the line:
<?php
$routes->get('/', 'Home::index');
If you now browse to your site without specifying any URI segments you’ll see the “Hello World” message.
Note
The line $routes->get('/', 'Home::index');
is an optimization that you will want to use in a “real-world” app. But for demonstration purposes we don’t want to use that feature. $routes->get()
is explained in URI Routing
For more information, please refer to the Routes Configuration Options section of the URI Routing documentation.
Organizing Your Controllers into Sub-directories (Legacy)
If you are building a large application you might want to hierarchically organize or structure your controllers into sub-directories. CodeIgniter permits you to do this.
Simply create sub-directories under the main app/Controllers, and place your controller classes within them.
Important
Directory names MUST start with an uppercase letter and ONLY the first character can be uppercase.
When using this feature the first segment of your URI must specify the directory. For example, let’s say you have a controller located here:
app/Controllers/Products/Shoes.php
To call the above controller your URI will look something like this:
example.com/index.php/products/shoes/show/123
Note
You cannot have directories with the same name in app/Controllers and public/. This is because if there is a directory, the web server will search for it and it will not be routed to CodeIgniter.
Each of your sub-directories may contain a default controller which will be called if the URL contains only the sub-directory. Simply put a controller in there that matches the name of your default controller as specified in your app/Config/Routes.php file.
CodeIgniter also permits you to map your URIs using its Defined Route Routing..
Remapping Method Calls
Note
Auto Routing (Improved) does not support this feature intentionally.
As noted above, the second segment of the URI typically determines which
method in the controller gets called. CodeIgniter permits you to override
this behavior through the use of the _remap()
method:
<?php
namespace App\Controllers;
class Products extends BaseController
{
public function _remap()
{
// Some code here...
}
}
Important
If your controller contains a method named _remap()
,
it will always get called regardless of what your URI contains. It
overrides the normal behavior in which the URI determines which method
is called, allowing you to define your own method routing rules.
The overridden method call (typically the second segment of the URI) will
be passed as a parameter to the _remap()
method:
<?php
namespace App\Controllers;
class Products extends BaseController
{
public function _remap($method)
{
if ($method === 'some_method') {
return $this->{$method}();
}
return $this->default_method();
}
}
Any extra segments after the method name are passed into _remap()
. These parameters can be passed to the method
to emulate CodeIgniter’s default behavior.
Example:
<?php
namespace App\Controllers;
class Products extends BaseController
{
public function _remap($method, ...$params)
{
$method = 'process_' . $method;
if (method_exists($this, $method)) {
return $this->{$method}(...$params);
}
throw \CodeIgniter\Exceptions\PageNotFoundException::forPageNotFound();
}
}
Extending the Controller
If you want to extend the controller, see Extending the Controller.
That’s it!
That, in a nutshell, is all there is to know about controllers.


Some examples of the jQuery Respify responsive images plugin below, visit the project home for more information.
Image used comes from the Andreas Klein responsive images example at the responsive image group
A default responsive image, set to an image tag within the picture element
A responsive image but instead of setting it on an image tag within the picture element it is set as a background image on the picture element
A responsive image, but instead of setting the image we dry run and display the resulted image src. This can be usefull if you want to supply a responsive image to some different part of your js code.


|
plibsys
0.0.4
|
Memory management. More...
Go to the source code of this file.
Data Structures | |
| struct | PMemVTable_ |
| Memory management table. More... | |
Typedefs | |
| typedef struct PMemVTable_ | PMemVTable |
| Memory management table. More... | |
Functions | |
| P_LIB_API ppointer | p_malloc (psize n_bytes) |
| Allocates a memory block for the specified number of bytes. More... | |
| P_LIB_API ppointer | p_malloc0 (psize n_bytes) |
| Allocates a memory block for the specified number of bytes and fills it with zeros. More... | |
| P_LIB_API ppointer | p_realloc (ppointer mem, psize n_bytes) |
| Changes the memory block size. More... | |
| P_LIB_API void | p_free (ppointer mem) |
| Frees a memory block by its pointer. More... | |
| P_LIB_API pboolean | p_mem_set_vtable (const PMemVTable *table) |
| Sets custom memory management routines. More... | |
| P_LIB_API void | p_mem_restore_vtable (void) |
| Restores system memory management routines. More... | |
| P_LIB_API ppointer | p_mem_mmap (psize n_bytes, PError **error) |
| Gets a memory mapped block from the system. More... | |
| P_LIB_API pboolean | p_mem_munmap (ppointer mem, psize n_bytes, PError **error) |
| Unmaps memory back to the system. More... | |
Memory management.
Usually the system routines for memory management are used: malloc(), realloc(), free() and so on. But it is highly encouraged to use a more general approach: p_malloc(), p_malloc0(), p_realloc() and p_free() family of memory management routines. It gives you several advantages:
By default p_* routines are mapped to system calls, thus only NULL-checking is additionally performed. If you want to use the custom memory allocator, then fill in PMemVTable structure and pass it to the p_mem_set_vtable(). To restore system calls back use p_mem_restore_vtable().
Be careful when using the custom memory allocator: all memory chunks allocated with the custom allocator must be freed with the same allocator. If the custom allocator was installed after the library initialization call p_libsys_init() then you must to restore the original allocator before calling p_libsys_shutdown().
Use p_mem_mmap() to allocate system memory using memory mapping and p_mem_munmap() to release the mapped memory. This type of allocated memory is not backed physically (does not consume any physical storage) by operating system. It means that every memory page within the allocated region will be committed to physical backend only when you first touch it. Until that untouched pages will be reserved for future usage. It can be useful when dealing with large memory blocks which should be filled with data on demand, i.e. custom memory allocator can request a large block first, and then it allocates chunks of memory within the block upon request.
Definition in file pmem.h.
| typedef struct PMemVTable_ PMemVTable |
Memory management table.
Frees a memory block by its pointer.
| mem | Pointer to the memory block to free. |
You should only call this function for the pointers which were obtained using the p_malloc(), p_malloc0() and p_realloc() routines, otherwise behavior is unpredictable.
Checks the pointer for the NULL value.
Allocates a memory block for the specified number of bytes.
| n_bytes | Size of the memory block in bytes. |
Allocates a memory block for the specified number of bytes and fills it with zeros.
| n_bytes | Size of the memory block in bytes. |
Gets a memory mapped block from the system.
| n_bytes | Size of the memory block in bytes. | |
| [out] | error | Error report object, NULL to ignore. |
Note that some systems can allocate memory only in chunks of the page size, so if n_bytes is less than the page size it will try to allocate a chunk of memory equal to the page size instead.
On most systems returned memory is mapped to the null or swap device.
Unmaps memory back to the system.
| mem | Pointer to a memory block previously allocated using the p_mem_mmap() call. | |
| n_bytes | Size of the memory block in bytes. | |
| [out] | error | Error report object, NULL to ignore. |
| P_LIB_API void p_mem_restore_vtable | ( | void | ) |
Restores system memory management routines.
The following system routines are restored: malloc(), free(), realloc().
| P_LIB_API pboolean p_mem_set_vtable | ( | const PMemVTable * | table | ) |
Sets custom memory management routines.
| table | Table of the memory routines to use. |
In most cases you do not need to use this function. Use it only when you know what are you doing!
Changes the memory block size.
| mem | Pointer to the memory block. |
| n_bytes | New size for mem block. |


public static class MesosNativeLibrary.Version extends java.lang.Object implements java.lang.Comparable<MesosNativeLibrary.Version>
static Version BugFixVersion = new Version(0, 22, 1);
public static void myFunction() {
if (version().compareTo(BugFixVersion) >= 0) {
// New behavior with bug fix.
} else {
// Old behavior for backwards compatibility.
}
}
| Constructor and Description |
|---|
MesosNativeLibrary.Version(long major) |
MesosNativeLibrary.Version(long major,
long minor) |
MesosNativeLibrary.Version(long major,
long minor,
long patch) |
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
boolean |
after(MesosNativeLibrary.Version other)
A helper that is easier to use than 'compareTo', this returns
true if 'this' version is strictly 'greater than', not 'greater
than or equal to' the 'other' version.
|
boolean |
before(MesosNativeLibrary.Version other)
A helper that is easier to use than 'compareTo', this returns
true if 'this' version is strictly 'less than', not 'less than
or equal to' the 'other' version.
|
int |
compareTo(MesosNativeLibrary.Version other)
Compare this version to an 'other' one.
|
boolean |
equals(MesosNativeLibrary.Version other) |
public final long major
public final long minor
public final long patch
public MesosNativeLibrary.Version(long major, long minor, long patch)
public MesosNativeLibrary.Version(long major, long minor)
public MesosNativeLibrary.Version(long major)
public boolean equals(MesosNativeLibrary.Version other)
public int compareTo(MesosNativeLibrary.Version other)
compareTo
in interface java.lang.Comparable<MesosNativeLibrary.Version>
public boolean before(MesosNativeLibrary.Version other)
public boolean after(MesosNativeLibrary.Version other)


We look forward to seeing you October 20th, 2017.
Kindly RSVP on or before August 15th, 2017.
In order to allow all guests, including parents, an evening of
relaxation we have chosen for our wedding day to be an adult only
occasion. We hope this advance notice means you are still able to
share our big day and will enjoy having the evening off!
Nursing babies are excepted


It Takes A Village A Journal on Accessibility Video courtesy: Access New York Fashion Week 2019 Search topics: Alt Tags (Workshop) Art Assets: Disability As An Asset Color (Workshop) The Distance Formula (Workshop) Amercian Sign Language (ASL) Athletics Braille Business Models Chemistry Dance Fashion Labs LaTeX Math Museum Studies Music and Song Updated 25 November 2019


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Design by Ahsan Khan - Powered by Spotify


Monitorable adaptors
This page shows the capabilities of the adaptors that implement the JavaGAT Monitorable object. The table below shows the status of the adaptor, which can be 'done', 'w.i.p' (work in progress) or 'untested' (coding is done, needs testing). Furthermore you can see the implementation level (the percentage of implemented methods), and you can see the details of which methods are actually implemented. There is also a per method overview (which adaptors implement a certain method)
| name |
status |
implemented |
| MercuryMonitorableAdaptor |
done |
100 % [details] |
Adaptor description: not available
| implemented |
not implemented |
| getMeasurement |
- |
| removeMetricListener |
- |
| addMetricListener |
- |
| getMetricDefinitionByName |
- |
| getMetricDefinitions |
- |
Per Method Overview
|
Mercu |
| getMeasurement |
V |
| removeMetricListener |
V |
| addMetricListener |
V |
| getMetricDefinitionByName |
V |
| getMetricDefinitions |
V |
| total |
100 % |


Chapter 8 Accessing meteorological data
Objectives:
- This tutorial will walk through the steps required to access meteorological data from the Maricopa Agricultural Center.
Pre-requisites:
- Need to have R packages tidyverse, jsonlite, and convertr installed.
- Need to have an internet connection.
8.1 The Maricopa Weather Station
8.1.1 Meteorological data formats
<IP_ADDRESS> Dimensions:
| CF standard-name | units |
|---|---|
| time | days since 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC |
| longitude | degrees_east |
| latitude | degrees_north |
<IP_ADDRESS> Variable names and units
| CF standard-name | units | bety | isimip | cruncep | narr | ameriflux |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| air_temperature | K | airT | tasAdjust | tair | air | TA (C) |
| air_pressure | Pa | air_pressure | PRESS (KPa) | |||
| mole_fraction_of_carbon_dioxide_in_air | mol/mol | CO2 | ||||
| relative_humidity | % | relative_humidity | rhurs | NA | rhum | RH |
| surface_downwelling_photosynthetic_photon_flux_in_air | mol m-2 s-1 | PAR | PAR (NOT DONE) | |||
| precipitation_flux | kg m-2 s-1 | cccc | prAdjust | rain | acpc | PREC (mm/s) |
| degrees | wind_direction | WD | ||||
| wind_speed | m/s | Wspd | WS |
- variable names are from MsTMIP.
- standard_name is CF-convention standard names
- units can be converted by udunits, so these can vary (e.g. the time denominator may change with time frequency of inputs)
- soil moisture for the full column, rather than a layer, is soil_moisture_content
For example, in the MsTMIP-CRUNCEP data, the variable rain
should be precipitation_rate
. We want to standardize the units as well as part of the met2CF.<product>
step. I believe we want to use the CF “canonical” units but retain the MsTMIP units any time CF is ambiguous about the units.
The key is to process each type of met data (site, reanalysis, forecast, climate scenario, etc) to the exact same standard. This way every operation after that (extract, gap fill, downscale, convert to a model, etc) will always have the exact same inputs. This will make everything else much simpler to code and allow us to avoid a lot of unnecessary data checking, tests, etc being repeated in every downstream function.
8.1.2 Using the API to get data
In order to access the data, we need to contruct a URL that links to where the data is located on Clowder. The data is then pulled down using the API, which “receives requests and sends responses” , for Clowder.
8.1.3 The structure of the Geostreams database
The meteorological data that is collected for the TERRA REF project is contained in multiple related tables, also know as a relational database. The first table contains data about the sensor that is collecting data. This is then linked to a stream table, which contains information about a datastream from the sensor. Sensors can have multiple datastreams. The actual weather data is in the third table, the datapoint table. A visual representation of this structure is shown below.
In this vignette, we will be using data from a weather station at the Maricopa Agricultural Center, with datapoints for the month of January 2017 from a certain sensor. These data are five minute summaries aggregated from observations taken every second.
8.1.4 Creating the URLs for all data table types
All URLs have the same beginning (https://terraref.ncsa.illinois.edu/clowder/api/geostreams), then additional information is added for each type of data table as shown below.
- Station: /sensors/sensor_name=[name]
- Sensor: /sensors/[sensor number]/streams
- Datapoints: /datapoints?stream_id=[datapoints number]&since=[start date]&until=[end date]
A certain time period can be specified for the datapoints.
For example, below are the URLs for the particular data being used in this vignette. These can be pasted into a browser to see how the data is stored as text using JSON.
- Station: https://terraref.ncsa.illinois.edu/clowder/api/geostreams/sensors?sensor_name=UA-MAC+AZMET+Weather+Station
- Sensor: https://terraref.ncsa.illinois.edu/clowder/api/geostreams/sensors/438/streams
- Datapoints: https://terraref.ncsa.illinois.edu/clowder/api/geostreams/datapoints?stream_id=46431&since=2017-01-02&until=2017-01-31
Possible sensor numbers for a station are found on the page for that station under “id:”, and then datapoints numbers are found on the sensor page under “stream_id:”.
The table belows lists the names of some stations that have available meteorological data and associated stream ids.
| stream id | name |
|---|---|
| 3211 | UA-MAC AZMET Weather Station - weather |
| 3212 | UA-MAC AZMET Weather Station - irrigation |
| 46431 | UA-MAC AZMET Weather Station - weather (5 min) |
| 3208 | EnvironmentLogger sensor_weather_station |
| 3207 | EnvironmentLogger sensor_par |
| 748 | EnvironmentLogger sensor_spectrum |
| 3210 | EnvironmentLogger sensor_co2 |
| 4806 | UIUC Energy Farm SE |
| 4807 | UIUC Energy Farm CEN |
| 4805 | UIUC Energy Farm NE |
Here is the json representation of a single five-minute observation:
[
{
"geometry":{
"type":"Point",
"coordinates":[
33.0745666667,
-111.9750833333,
0
]
},
"start_time":"2016-08-30T00:06:24-07:00",
"type":"Feature",
"end_time":"2016-08-30T00:10:00-07:00",
"properties":{
"precipitation_rate":0.0,
"wind_speed":1.6207870370370374,
"surface_downwelling_shortwave_flux_in_air":0.0,
"northward_wind":0.07488770951583902,
"relative_humidity":26.18560185185185,
"air_temperature":300.17606481481516,
"eastward_wind":1.571286062845733,
"surface_downwelling_photosynthetic_photon_flux_in_air":0.0
}
},
8.1.5 Querying weather sensor data stream
The data represent 5 minute summaries aggregated from 1/s observations.
8.1.6 Download data using the command line
Data can be downloaded from Clowder using the command line program Curl. If the following is typed into the commmand line, it will download the datapoints data that we’re interested in as a file which we have chosen to call spectra.json
.
curl -o spectra.json -X GET https://terraref.ncsa.illinois.edu/clowder/api/geostreams/datapoints?stream_id=46431&since=2017-01-02&until=2017-01-31
<IP_ADDRESS> Using R
The following code sets the defaults for showing R code.
knitr::opts_chunk$set(cache = FALSE, message = FALSE)
And this is how you can access the same data in R. This uses the jsonlite R package and desired URL to pull the data in. The data is in a dataframe with two nested dataframes, called properties
and geometries
.
library(dplyr)
library(ggplot2)
library(jsonlite)
library(lubridate)
library(magrittr)
library(RCurl)
library(ncdf4)
library(ncdf.tools)
weather_all <- fromJSON('https://terraref.ncsa.illinois.edu/clowder/api/geostreams/datapoints?stream_id=46431&since=2018-04-01&until=2018-08-01', flatten = FALSE)
The geometries
dataframe is then pulled out from these data, which contains the datapoints from this stream. This is combined with a transformed version of the end of the time period from the stream.
weather_data <- weather_all$properties %>%
mutate(time = ymd_hms(weather_all$end_time))
8.2 Weather Plots
Create time series plot for one of the eight variables, wind speed, in the newly created dataframe.
theme_set(ggthemes::theme_few())
ggplot(data = weather_data) +
geom_point(aes(x = time, y = wind_speed), size = 0.7) +
labs(x = "Day", y = "Wind speed (m/s)")
8.2.1 High resolution data (1/s) + spectroradiometer
This higher resolution weather data can be used for VNIR calibration, for example. But at 1/s it is very large!
<IP_ADDRESS> Download data
Here we will download the files using the Clowder API, but note that if you have access to the filesystem (on www.workbench.terraref.org or globus, you can directly access the data in the sites/ua-mac/Level_1/EnvironmentLogger
. Folder
knitr::opts_chunk$set(eval = FALSE)
api_url <- "https://terraref.ncsa.illinois.edu/clowder/api"
output_dir <- file.path(tempdir(), "downloads")
dir.create(output_dir, showWarnings = FALSE, recursive = TRUE)
# Get Spaces from Clowder - without authentication, result will be Sample Data
spaces <- fromJSON(paste0(api_url, '/spaces'))
print(spaces %>% select(id, name))
# Get list of (at most 20) Datasets within that Space from Clowder
datasets <- fromJSON(paste0(api_url, '/spaces/', spaces$id, '/datasets'))
print(datasets %>% select(id, name))
# Get list of Files within any EnvironmentLogger datasets and filter .nc files
files <- fromJSON(paste0(api_url, '/datasets/', datasets$id[grepl("EnvironmentLogger", datasets$name)], '/files'))
ncfiles <- files[grepl('environmentlogger.nc', files$filename), ]
print(ncfiles %>% select(id, filename))
<IP_ADDRESS> Download netCDF 1/s data from Clowder
<IP_ADDRESS> Using the netCDF 1/s data
One use case getting the solar spectrum associated with a particular hyperspectral image.
time <- vector()
vals <- vector()
for (i in 1:length(outputs)) {
print(paste0("Scanning ", outputs[i]))
ncfile <- nc_open(outputs[i])
curr_time <- list()
metdata <- list()
for(var in c(names(ncfile$dim), names(ncfile$var))){
metdata[[var]] <- ncvar_get(ncfile, var)
}
lapply(metdata, dim)
days <- ncvar_get(ncfile, varid = "time")
curr_time <- as.numeric(ymd("1970-01-01") + seconds(days * 24 * 60 * 60))
time <- c(time, curr_time)
PAR <- c(vals, metdata$`par_sensor/Sensor_Photosynthetically_Active_Radiation`)
}
#ggplot() +
# geom_line(aes(time, PAR)) + theme_bw()
print(ncfile)