Created by Brian Mitchell / @DrBrianMitchell
Centrality measures were first used in the field of Sociology to model and study influential people in groups
And that was long before these things existed...
Focus was on studying human communication and relationships to determine what drives influence
Called a Graph
$G=(V,E)$
Illustration
Notation
Just kidding, could not resist...
Graph
Example Notation
Undirected Graph
Directed Graph
Directed Weighted Graph
case class Vertex(id:Integer, name:String)
case class Edge(id:Integer, src:Integer,
dest:Integer, weight:Integer=1)
class Graph(vset:List[Vertex], eset:List[Edge],
isDirected:Boolean = false)
I wonder what would happen if we applied these algorithms to software graphs?
Looks like they are also exploring the use of centrality algorithms on graphs
We will see how we deal with these challenges shortly
Rank by the (in, out, total) degree of each node
Degree Centrality = $[A:2,B:4,C:3,D:2,E:3]$. So degree centrality for this graph is [B, (C / E), (A / D)]
Divide by max number of Nodes (N-1)
Degree Centrality = $\left[\frac{1}{2},1,\frac{3}{4},\frac{1}{2},\frac{3}{4}\right]$. So node B is the most influential!
$C_D =\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{N} [C_D(n^{*})-C_D(i)]}{[(N-1)(N-2)]}$
$C_D =\frac{(4-2)+(4-4)+(4-3)+(4-2)+(4-3)}{5 \times 4}$
$C_D =\frac{2+0+1+2+1}{20}$
$C_D =\frac{6}{20}$
$C_D = 0.3$
where $C_D(n^{*})$ is the maximum degree centrality and $[(N-1)(N-2)]$ represents the maximum number of ways that the nodes in the graph can be connected
Example: Paths from (A -> F)
All 4 are paths from A → F, the last 2 are shortest paths
Closeness Centrality is Calculated as Follows
$C(x) = \left[\frac{\sum_{y, y \neq x}d(x,y)}{N-1}\right]^{-1}$
In other words the inverse of the average minimum distance from a node to all other nodes
For example:
$ C(A) = \left[\frac{1+2+3+3+4}{5}\right]^{-1} = \left[\frac{13}{5}\right]^{-1} = \frac{5}{13} = 0.385 $
Closeness Centrality is Calculated as Follows
$ C(A) = \left[\frac{1+2+3+3+4}{5}\right]^{-1} = \left[\frac{13}{5}\right]^{-1} = \frac{5}{13} = 0.385 $
$ C(B) = \left[\frac{1+1+2+2+3}{5}\right]^{-1} = \left[\frac{9}{5}\right]^{-1} = \frac{5}{9} = 0.556 $
$ C(C) = \left[\frac{2+1+1+1+2}{5}\right]^{-1} = \left[\frac{7}{5}\right]^{-1} = \frac{5}{7} = 0.714 $
$ C(D) = \left[\frac{3+2+1+1+1}{5}\right]^{-1} = \left[\frac{8}{5}\right]^{-1} = \frac{5}{8} = 0.625 $
$ C(E) = \left[\frac{3+2+1+1+1}{5}\right]^{-1} = \left[\frac{8}{5}\right]^{-1} = \frac{5}{8} = 0.625 $
$ C(F) = \left[\frac{4+3+2+1+1}{5}\right]^{-1} = \left[\frac{11}{5}\right]^{-1} = \frac{5}{11} = 0.455 $
Closeness Centrality is Calculated as Follows
$C(x) = \left[\frac{1}{\sum_{y, y \neq x}d(x,y)}\right]$
$ C(A) = \left[\frac{1}{1+2+3+3+4}\right] = \frac{1}{13} = 0.077 $
$ C(B) = \left[\frac{1}{1+1+2+2+3}\right] = \frac{1}{9} = 0.111 $
$ C(C) = \left[\frac{1}{2+1+1+1+2}\right] = \frac{1}{7} = 0.143 $
$ C(D) = \left[\frac{1}{3+2+1+1+1}\right] = \frac{1}{8} = 0.125 $
$ C(E) = \left[\frac{1}{3+2+1+1+1}\right] = \frac{1}{8} = 0.125 $
$ C(F) = \left[\frac{1}{4+3+2+1+1}\right] = \frac{1}{11} = 0.091 $
There are 2 problems with this Closeness Centrality on directed graphs
$C(x) = \left[\frac{1}{\sum_{y, y \neq x}d(x,y)}\right]$
$C(x) = \left[\frac{N-1}{\sum_{y, y \neq x}d(x,y)}\right]$
Turns out that if a distance is infinate we can use 0 for d(x,y). Recall from calculus that $\lim\limits_{x \to \infty}\frac{1}{x}=0$
This is also sometimes referred to as Harmonic Centrality
For the graph on the left:
$ C(A) = \left[\frac{1+2+3+2}{4}\right]^{-1} = \left[\frac{8}{4}\right]^{-1} = \frac{4}{8} = 0.5 $
$ C(B) = \left[\frac{2+1+2+1}{4}\right]^{-1} = \left[\frac{6}{4}\right]^{-1} = \frac{4}{6} = 0.667 $
$ C(C) = \left[\frac{1+2+4+3}{4}\right]^{-1} = \left[\frac{10}{4}\right]^{-1} = \frac{4}{10} = 0.4 $
$ C(D) = \left[\frac{3+1+1+2+2}{4}\right]^{-1} = \left[\frac{8}{4}\right]^{-1} = \frac{4}{8} = 0.5 $
$ C(E) = \left[\frac{2+3+1+1}{4}\right]^{-1} = \left[\frac{7}{4}\right]^{-1} = \frac{4}{7} = 0.571 $
Small(Red) to Large(Blue)
| Node | A→C | A→D | A→E | B→D | C→D | C→E | B→A | D→A | E→A | C→B | E→B | D→C | D→E | TOT |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | ||||||||||
| B | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | |||||
| C | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | ||||||||||
| D | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
| E | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
So the betweenness centrality is:
[A:3, B:8; C:3, D:1, E:4]
Ordered: [B, E, (A / C), D]
Like closeness centrality, betweenness centrality tends to work better on undirected graphs.
Node C seems like it should be more influential
So the betweeness centrality for this graph is:
[A:0, B:4; C:6, D:1.5, E:1.5, F:0]
Ordered: [C, B, (D / E), (A / F)]
Note where there are 2 or more shortest paths "credit" is split. For example, nodes D and E each get 1/2 because they are on equal shortest paths from C → F
| Algorithm | Execution | Objective | SE Context |
|---|---|---|---|
| Degree | O(E) | Max (in/out) degree most important | High degree centrality can mean that a module has too much responsibility, or its very central for a valid reason such as a library or driver. |
| Closeness | O(V(V + E)) | Nodes that are closer to all other nodes are important | Modules that are tightly chosesive with many other modules are important |
| Betweenness | O(V * E) | Nodes that appear on many shortest paths are important | Highlights nodes that "connect" the graph, high centrality is a possible indicator of an interface to an architectural subsystem |
| Observation | SE Implication |
|---|---|
|
The execution complexity for large (dense) graphs may be prohibitive As a graph gets more dense $E$ approaches $V^2$ |
Sofware graphs tend to be sparse, reducing the execution complexity so its closer to $O(V^2)$ than $O(V^3)$ $E$ proportional to $V$ instead o $V^2$ |
|
Betwenness and Closeness measures tend to work better on undirected graphs Small changes in link structure in directed graphs might have a large impact on centrality |
Sofware graphs tend to be directed, but in many cases it's OK to treat them as undirected. In certain use cases the edge direction is important such as in link analysis. Think about splitting edge weight betweeen the dependant modules |
The Basics...
A relation is a mapping from values in the domain to the range.
R = {(0,0),(1,2),(2,4),(3,6)}
Functions uniquely map values from the domain to the range
Consider:
$f(x) = ax + b$
So solutions for $f(x)=2x$ fall on a line (shown in green) on right
A vector is a line in an N-Dimentional space
Matrix Multiplication and Linear Transformations
This is how to multiply a 2x2 matrix with a 1x2 vector:
$ \begin{bmatrix}a & b \\ c & d \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}I\\S\end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} aI + bS \\ cI + dS \end{bmatrix} $
For the purposes of this talk we will be focusing on square matricies [NxN] multiplied by [1xN] vectors. The resultant answer will always be a [1xN] vector
Example 1:
$ \begin{bmatrix}2 & 2 \\ 5 & -1 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}2\\-5\end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 4 - 10 \\ 10 + 5 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} -6 \\ 15 \end{bmatrix} $
Example 2:
$ \begin{bmatrix}2 & 2 \\ 5 & -1 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}1\\1\end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 2+2 \\ 5-1 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 4 \\ 4 \end{bmatrix} $
Anybody notice anything special? More on this later
...or using Matrix Multiplication to manipulate data in predictable ways
$ \begin{bmatrix}\cos(\theta) & -\sin(\theta) \\ \sin(\theta) & \cos(\theta) \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}x\\y\end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix}x' = x \cos(\theta)-y \sin(\theta)\\y' = x \sin(\theta)+y \cos(\theta)\end{bmatrix} $
In other words, point [x,y] is transformed to point [x',y'] via a rotation of $\theta$ degrees. Rotation is counter-clockwise if $\theta > 0$ and clockwise if $\theta < 0$
$ \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & -1 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}x\\y\end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix}x\\-y\end{bmatrix} $
Reflects on y axis
$ \begin{bmatrix} -1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}x\\y\end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix}-x\\y\end{bmatrix} $
Reflects on x axis
$ \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}x\\y\end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix}y\\x\end{bmatrix} $
Reflects in place
$ \begin{bmatrix} 1 & k \\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}x\\y\end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix}x+ky\\y\end{bmatrix} $
shears in x direction by k units
$ \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ k & 1 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}x\\y\end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix}x\\y+kx\end{bmatrix} $
shears in y direction by k units
$ \begin{bmatrix} k & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}x\\y\end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix}kx\\y\end{bmatrix} $
stretches in x direction by k units
$ \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & k \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}x\\y\end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix}x\\ky\end{bmatrix} $
stretches in y direction by k units
$ \begin{bmatrix} k & 0 \\ 0 & k \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}x\\y\end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix}kx\\ky\end{bmatrix} $
stretches in both directions by k units
What is interesting here is that this transform does not distort the image! it simply scales it by a factor of $k$.
Eigenvectors (and Eigenvalues)
$ \begin{bmatrix} k & 0 \\ 0 & k \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}x\\y\end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix}kx\\ky\end{bmatrix} $
Recall our stretch matrix
Lets rewrite the equation sligthly by pulling out $k$:
$ \begin{bmatrix} k & 0 \\ 0 & k \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}x\\y\end{bmatrix} = k \begin{bmatrix}x\\y\end{bmatrix} $
In this form $k$ is the eigenvalue, and $[x,y]$ is an eigenvector. In other words an eigenvector scales the information ecapsulated in a given square matrix by a factor of $k$
Example 1:
$ \begin{bmatrix}2 & 2 \\ 5 & -1 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}2\\-5\end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 4 - 10 \\ 10 + 5 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} -6 \\ 15 \end{bmatrix} = -3 \begin{bmatrix} 2 \\ -5 \end{bmatrix} $
Example 2:
$ \begin{bmatrix}2 & 2 \\ 5 & -1 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}1\\1\end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 2+2 \\ 5-1 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 4 \\ 4 \end{bmatrix} = 4 \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix} $
So in this case [2,-5] and [1,1] are eigenvectors with eigenalues of -3 and 4 respectively
The best way to think about this is that Eigenvectors enable you to compress information in an [N x N] dimentional space, into a [1 x N] dementional space
Graph
Adjacency Matrix (x:From, y:To)
Graph
Eigenvalues / Eigenvectors
Largest Eigenvalue: 1.395
$ \begin{bmatrix} A: 0.437 \\ B: 0.496 \\ C: 0.610 \\ D: 0.255 \\ E: 0.355 \end{bmatrix} $
The relitive ranking is $[C,B,A,E,D]$ - seems to make sense, but $B$ does look a little more central / important!
Lets introduce the Transition Matrix
Graph
Transition Matrix (x:From, y:To)
Graph
Transition Matrix Eigenvector
Largest Eigenvalue: 1.0
$ \begin{bmatrix} A: 0.480 \\ B: 0.641 \\ C: 0.480 \\ D: 0.160 \\ E: 0.320 \end{bmatrix} $
We see that the relitave ranking is now $[B,C,A,E,D]$. This makes more sense since $B$ is now the most central!
The most efficient eignenvector algorithm is $\mathcal{O}(n^3)$
void CubicComplexity( int N ) {
for(int i = 0; i < N; i++)
for(j=0; j < N; j++)
for(k=0; k < N; k++){
/* This will be cubic complexity */
}
}
How can we caluclate this with large graphs?
Directed Graph
Directed Graph w/ Transition Probabilities
Graph
Algorithm
Graph
So What is Happening?
Our sample Graph and Transition Matrix
Graph
Transition Matrix
Transition Matrix
The Math
The maximum eigenvector
$PR =\alpha G + \left[\frac{1 - \alpha}{N}\right]1^{T}$
of the PR matrix is PageRank
Graph
Algorithm
John R. Seeley. The net of reciprocal influence: A problem in treating sociometric data. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 3:234–240, 1949.
Leo Katz. A new status index derived from sociometric analysis. Psychometrika, 18(1):39–43, 1953.
If you take these papers (66 and 62) years old and combine these techniques you basically have PageRank 45 years before it was published in 1998 by Page and Brin from Google:
Sergey Brin and Lawrence Page. The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual Web search engine. Computer Networks and ISDN Systems, 30(1):107–117, 1998.


--- layout: post authors: ["Greg Wilson"] title: "Close Enough Redux" date: 2015-04-17 time: "18:20:00" tags: ["Testing"] ---
Back in October, we explained why we don't teach testing in Software Carpentry workshops. In response, Ian Hawke has put together a really nice series of articles about how he would test a small numerical program. It's great content, and it also shows yet again how Jupyter (formerly the IPython Notebook) is changing the way scientists create and share ideas.


Photo by Corbin Chase
Article by Rebecca Blandón
Interview by Rebecca Blandón & Caroline D’Arcy Gorman
Style by Gemma Sherlock
When I talk about SOFI TUKKER, I feel like I’m bragging about my friends.
It isn't a far stretch, considering that we have the same alma mater: Brown University. Stowed away in a corner of the US, little ol' Providence is home to plenty of intimately small projects gone big, including SOFI TUKKER. Flourishing on their own in college, Sophie Hawley-Weld led the life of a Brazilian-speaking yogi and musician, while Tucker Halpern breathed basketball. Both performers’ creativity, by way of hobbying, coalesced into something far greater than they had anticipated.
With over three million views, SOFI TUKKER’s video for their hit-single, “Drinkee,” reveals the duo’s enthralling performance and sound in just a few minutes. Filled with greenery, colorful icey drinks, and a one of a kind drum set known as the “Book Tree,” the video follows Sophie and Tucker through a staged 3-D set, with shapes and shades coming into view from all sorts of angles. The set is surrealist and bizarre, and the music, ever cool. The duo’s music has been called “jungle-pop” for its Brazilian-heavy lyrics and instrumentation; however, the music is too complex, in our opinion, to be labeled as mere pop. Looping in sounds from traditional Brazilian and electronic music alike, Sophie and Tucker take inspiration from Portuguese-speaking poets as well. There’s never a rule to break and never a broken rule, because everything and anything on their minds is up for experiment. SOFI TUKKER’S EP, Soft Animals, is more of an intermix of house, Brazilian classics, and arguably, experimental phonics. It’s impossible to reduce their style into one genre or phrase - they are inherently a collection sound and culture come to life.
SOFI TUKKER’s music is a call to dance and a homage to instinctually-driven music that feels good no matter which way you choose to tango. From Mexico City to Istanbul and Manhattan to Sao Paulo, Sophie and Tucker have managed to tap into people’s deepest desires, creating tracks that hypnotize listeners from disparate worlds, over and over again.
DRØME: How did SOFI TUKKER start?
Sophie: We started while we were at Brown University; we did an Independent Study together our last semester and ended up writing “Drinkee” during the last week. “Drinkee” was the first song that we made together that made us think we might have something.
Tucker: Before that, I was producing Sophie’s songs. She had these beautiful Portuguese, mostly Bossa Nova acoustic tracks and I was making them into electronic music. It was cool, and that’s definitely what got us started but it wasn’t an actual collaboration of both of our minds; it was really her music, and me trying to make her songs more accessible and a little more upbeat. And then with “Drinkee,” our creative minds met.
D: When did you start practicing and playing music?
S: I spent a lot of time going to jams. I used to go to my friend’s house every Friday, and there were probably, I don’t know, seven to fifteen people and we would just make music for hours. There were super talented guitarists and drummers and singers. There are so many things I learned at Brown, and a lot of things have translated into what we’re doing now. Specifically, how to improvise and think about creation.
 My senior year I was just DJing. I’d wake up and DJ. I just wanted to do it all the time. I felt that same rush that I did from playing basketball, which I hadn’t felt since I’d stopped playing, so it was perfect. It’s just such a great feeling. There were a couple of us [at Brown] bringing the music that hadn’t reached the States yet. It was just a good scene.
D: With so many performances, how do you make them unique?
S: It’s so different every single time. Every time. It’s the room, it’s the crowd, it’s our particular vibe that day.
T: We also change the set sometimes. We have a lot of new songs and we like to mix it up: sometimes we have an hour set, and sometimes we only have thirty minutes. Sometimes we’re in a place where people don’t speak English so we don’t talk as much in between, sometimes we’re the headlining show in the U.S.
S: The way that we fit in the songs and wear them is really different, always.
T: Every time we get off stage Sophie’s always like, “You played shy guy today!” And I’m like, “No I didn’t!” Then I think about it and I realize, “Oh! Maybe I wasn’t as out there with my personality today.”
D: Any special dance moves you have on stage?
T: With Drinkee we always do a head roll during the break down part. Even when we do DJ sets we always do a head roll - it’s become a thing. Also with Matadora we have a choreographed bit. It’s kind of dramatic boogying.
S: We’re trying to physically embody the music rather than just playing the parts.
 How do you make that work?
T: We cut out all the pages from the books so that they’re not too heavy, and then we inserted a contact microphone into every book. Each book is connected to the MIDI interface by cable. Every time you hit a book, its vibrations make a MIDI signal that maps onto every song – it plays different samples for each one. So by hitting the books, I play drums on some songs, I play piano part on one song, I play a horn part on one song and the sound switches every time a new song starts.
D: Where does Brazilian music and influence come into the mix?
S: I studied Portuguese at Brown University and then went to Rio and did the study abroad thing for six months. I just loved the musical culture so much, I think it’s the most beautifully sung language.
D: We noticed! How do you create your lyrics?
S: I’ve been working with poets, like Chacal and Leminski. I read their poetry and I’m really into the way that they use consonants and vowels and how they let them flow into each other. It’s nice cause there’s a freedom in using language that isn’t my own because the meaning and significance isn’t attached to all of my previous usage of those words at all. So it’s just about the way that the words sound next to each other.
D: And how did that collaboration start?
S: When I was at Brown I was very close to my Portuguese professor and he would invite us over for dinner with other Brazilian poetry scholars. There was one night everyone came to the dinner; you didn’t have to bring food, you just had to bring something creative. So I brought my guitar and one of the guys brought a book of poetry.
T: She just didn’t get that you really had to bring food. (They laugh)
D: They were like, where are the mashed potatoes?
S: Yeah exactly. Someone brought a book of Leminski’s poems, so after dinner we were jamming and I was singing and then I ended up reading the poems and singing and making music and it sounded so cool. We had a really good time. A week after, Chacal did a poetry tour, and we did the same thing but in front of people. It was really fun, we really got along and he said we should continue to collaborate, and I said I would love to.
T: Yeah we came up with the guitar for “Drinkee” and we were trying to figure out the vocals for it when Sophie was like, “Wait a minute, I have permission from this guy who I was trying to work with anyway, why don’t we use one of his poems?” Then, literally an hour after we wrote the guitar, we realized the poem was perfect.
D: People all over the world think so too! According to Spotify, your top listeners live in New Mexico, Turkey, Manhattan, and Brazil. How did you become so global?
T: European dance music has definitely had a large influence on me – I figured people in Europe might like it more just because it’s familiar to them. And Sophie brought in more Latin vibes; West African music is also an influence of ours. We puzzle piece together things that we love no matter where it’s from. We want to take a style and put it in a frame that isn’t expected, and I guess it just struck a chord for people from different cultures. I’d never even really traveled around the world before SOFI TUKKER started and now I’ve been to a lot of places, so it’s pretty cool.
S: My knowledge of mainstream music is very slim. (Tucker sings a song. Sophie doesn’t know it.) See, case in point. I listen to a lot of really obscure music that would often be categorized as"World Music” - those influences probably slipped into our music a lot.
D: We love “Madatora,” how did it come to life?
S: One cool thing about “Matadora" - the charango, a small Bolivian instrument, is played by my friend. She was staying at a hostel in Rio and playing the charango on her iPhone and she sent me the iPhone recording and then I sent it to Tucker.
T: And then I chopped it up! It’s actually that same recording. You can hear the birds in Rio in the background!
S: For the lyrics, I chose the Chacal poem based on the sounds and it has a really, really nice flow to it: Chacal’s poems are just written really well. I looked up the words and I realized how crude and ridiculous they were and I thought, “all the better.”
D: We love that nonsensical vibe.
T: Me too. If it’s in a different language, even better. I don’t wanna know what it means, I don’t care. (Laughs.)
It’s no surprise then that SOFI TUKKER’s music speaks for itself. Centered and poised, the yin and yang of Sophie and Tucker makes for the perfect sonic balance.


Axizoun is an online recruiting platform that offers an innovative approach to recruiting. We minimize the traditional recruiting practices by using innovative testing approaches. Applicants are required to build their profile using a list of skill sets which are then matched with potential jobs that require these skillsets. This helps recruiters get a finer search result for whom they need to interview. The trump card is what follows next. Applicants can only apply for a position after they solve a business question that tests their skillsets that they need for the job. This has a two-fold effect.
1 Recruiters are able to have a pre-screening process and thereby only invite a few skillful candidates for further screening.
2. There are no prejudices or biases from this initial screening process. This is because everyone across the board is compared based on the solution they offered and not based on what university they come from or who they know in that company.
Employer:
we provide a continuous stream of talent to employers in a completely unbiased and effective manner. We will ensure that the by reversing the funnel you will only interview those candidates that perfectly fit the job requirements and will succeed in that job position.
Applicants:
We at Axizoun offer you a platform to give you a chance to work for any company by competing with others on the same problem. While on the other hand the employee looking to hire you would completely base their judgment on your working abilities based on your solutions to the problem.
We at Axizoun believe that it’s high time we stop listening to people saying, “it’s not about what you know, it’s about who you know”. Because at Axizoun we will provide you the opportunity to achieve your goals because you deserve it and not because someone is handing it to you.
Join us to be a part of a change. Join us to be a part of the future. Join us to make a small move towards a big difference SAKETH MYLAVARAPU Founder, CEO - Axizoun Marvin P.Kolodzik Business Scholar '19 UC Global Scholar| International Outreach Scholar Carl H.Lindner College of Business University of Cincinnati<PHONE_NUMBER> https://www.linkedin.com/in/sakethmylavarapu


PBPopupCloseButton
@objc
public class PBPopupCloseButton : UIButton
A button added to the content’s view when the popup content view controller is presented. The user can dismiss the popup content view controller by either swiping or tapping this popup close button.
-
The current style of the popup close button. (read-only)
Note
In order to change the button’s style, set thepopupCloseButtonStyle
property of the popup content view.Declaration
Swift
@objc public private(set) var style: PBPopupCloseButtonStyle { get }
-
The button’s background view. (read-only)
The value of this property will be
nil
ifstyle
is not set toPBPopupCloseButtonStyleRound
.Note
Although this property is read-only, its own properties are read/write. Use these properties to configure the appearance and behavior of the button’s background view.Declaration
Swift
@objc public private(set) var backgroundView: UIVisualEffectView? { get }
-
The natural size for the receiving view, considering only properties of the view itself.
Declaration
Swift
override public var intrinsicContentSize: CGSize { get }
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
public convenience init(style: PBPopupCloseButtonStyle)
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
required public init?(coder aDecoder: NSCoder)
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
@objc public func setButtonStateStationary()
-
Undocumented
Declaration
Swift
@objc public func setButtonStateTransitioning()


§330-3 Penalty for violations. Any person who violates any such rule or regulation of the department of health, shall be fined not less than $50 nor more than $500, or imprisoned not less than one month nor more than six months, or both. [L 1872, c 16, §2; RL 1925, §1006; am L 1931, c 224, pt of §1; RL 1935, §1432; RL 1945, §2953; RL 1955, §53-3; am L Sp 1959 2d, c 1, §19; HRS §330-3]
Cross References
Classification of offense and authorized punishment, see §§701-107, 706-640, 663.


| DOSE: |
53 mg |
oral |
DiPT |
(powder / crystals) |
Thereís some 53 milligrams (+-3mg) of DiPT powder, dissolved in water just a minute ago. The small glass of water is cloudy even after a thorough stirring, but the taste is not bad. At the time of taking the chemical, I couldnít be truly certain that it was pure DiPT, but it is, at least to me, one of the easiest compounds to verify via its effects. Iíve used slightly less than a gram of DiPT before this, so itís quite familiar to me with varying dosages.
A 53 milligram dose of a potentially unknown chemical is always a potential hazard. I do recognize that this still might lead to a disaster in the worst case scenario, and you may rightfully label me as self-destructive for that if you want. Had I not been able to verify the effects, I would have probably forced myself to vomit at some point. Of course it might have been too late by then, if the powder had somehow been, for example, some of the highly potent DOx compounds instead of DiPT. You never know in this shady business.
No matter how risky it was, disasters didnít happen this time. I could verify the effects after half an hour. I listened to the familiar sounds that are most easily distorted, which in my case are some of the Windows beeping sounds. I also vaporized some cannabis before I could really feel any effects, since it seems to remove any signs of nausea or anxiety. My cannabis tolerance is very high.
One of the reasons I took DiPT this time was my newfound fondness of classical music. Listening to that, however, became increasingly frustrating as the distorting effects began to manifest. An hour after taking the DiPT, I decided that there was no reason to continue listening anymore, since it was so awful sounding, and the dose was so small that I already was about to reach the peak of the distortion effects.
Soon afterwards, a friend of mine stated that he would like to come to a visit. I saw no reason to decline, even though I usually like to be alone when using a psychedelic drug. The effects at a dose this low were indeed mostly centered on the distortion of sound. I however wouldnít have liked to go grocery shopping, for instance, even though my friend didnít seem to comment anything about my behavior.
After my friend came, I stopped concentrating on the effects, in other words tried to be at least somewhat social. We vaporized about a gram of cannabis and watched some television shows during the evening, and after that played some computer games. Maybe in a more social setting a close friend could have noticed that somethingís different with me. In any case, I could almost forget the effects when I tried to be more social.
As the evening progressed, the distortion effects began to fade, and when I went to sleep any other effects of DiPT werenít distinguishable from the effects of cannabis. When I woke up, I felt as normal as any other morning, and no distortions could be heard anymore. At a higher dose, some distortions might have persisted.
The only problems with social interaction were hearing multiple sounds at the same time, as well as a generally more Ďstonedí feeling, compared to what one gets from just vaporizing cannabis. The problem with multiple sounds is that I donít think I could make any sense of, for example, a phone call at a 100mg dose if there was any kind of background music. It was pretty hard even this time, and I soon had to change to silent room when speaking on the phone.
I do not refer to the time in this report very often, because itís not important for me. I know it is important for many, but I think psychedelic drugs are not for the busiest people. I hadnít taken any in half a year, because I couldnít find the time to not care about time before this. To me, the effects of DiPT last at some level as long as I stay awake, and are either completely faded by morning, or the distortion is still slightly noticeable after a good nightís sleep.
Increasing the dose increases the time of the effects, and everyone should get a feel of it at a low dose if theyíre about to try DiPT. At higher doses, itís more like other psychedelics with a fancy sound distorting catch. When taking such a dose, it might help to be familiar with either the general ďpsychedelic experienceĒ, or DiPTís unique effects. Iíll take a higher dose during New Year, and maybe even write another report about the outcome of that.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


--- title: Thank you! background_image: "/images/us-capitol.jpg" layout: default --- {% include header.html %}
Add the event to your calendar and go tell other people about it.


DEBCOMMIT(1) DEBCOMMIT(1) NAME debcommit - commit changes to a package SYNOPSIS debcommit [--release] [--release-use-changelog] [--message=text] [--noact] [--diff] [--confirm] [--edit] [--changelog=path] [--all | files to commit] DESCRIPTION debcommit generates a commit message based on new text in debian/changelog, and commits the change to a package's repository. It must be run in a working copy for the package. Supported version control systems are: cvs, git, hg (mercurial), svk, svn (Subversion), baz, bzr, tla (arch), darcs. OPTIONS -c, --changelog path Specify an alternate location for the changelog. By default debian/changelog is used. -r, --release Commit a release of the package. The version number is determined from debian/changelog, and is used to tag the package in the repository. Note that svn/svk tagging conventions vary, so debcommit uses svnpath(1) to determine where the tag should be placed in the repository. -R, --release-use-changelog When used in conjunction with --release, if there are uncommited changes to the changelog then derive the commit message from those changes rather than using the default message. -m text, --message text Specify a commit message to use. Useful if the program cannot determine a commit message on its own based on debian/changelog, or if you want to override the default message. -n, --noact Do not actually do anything, but do print the commands that would be run. -d, --diff Instead of committing, do print the diff of what would have been committed if this option were not given. A typical usage scenario of this option is the generation of patches against the current working copy (e.g. when you don't have commit access right). -C, --confirm Display the generated commit message and ask for confirmation before committing it. It is also possible to edit the message at this stage; in this case, the confirmation prompt will be re-displayed after the editing has been performed. -e, --edit Edit the generated commit message in your favorite editor before committing it. -a, --all Commit all files. This is the default operation when using a VCS other than git. files to commit Specify which files to commit (debian/changelog is added to the list automatically.) -s, --strip-message, --no-strip-message If this option is set and the commit message has been derived from the changelog, the characters "* " will be stripped from the beginning of the message. This option is set by default and ignored if more than one line of the message begins with "[*+-] ". --sign-tags, --no-sign-tags If this option is set, then tags that debcommit creates will be signed using gnupg. Currently this is only supported by git. CONFIGURATION VARIABLES The two configuration files /etc/devscripts.conf and ~/.devscripts are sourced by a shell in that order to set configuration variables. Command line options can be used to override configuration file settings. Environment variable settings are ignored for this purpose. The currently recognised variables are: DEBCOMMIT_STRIP_MESSAGE If this is set to no, then it is the same as the --no-strip-message command line parameter being used. The default is yes. DEBCOMMIT_SIGN_TAGS If this is set to yes, then it is the same as the --sign-tags command line parameter being used. The default is no. DEBCOMMIT_RELEASE_USE_CHANGELOG If this is set to yes, then it is the same as the --release-use-changelog command line parameter being used. The default is no. DEBSIGN_KEYID This is the key id used for signing tags. If not set, a default will be chosen by the revision control system. VCS SPECIFIC FEATURES tla / baz If the commit message contains more than 72 characters, a summary will be created containing as many full words from the message as will fit within 72 characters, followed by an ellipsis. Each of the features described below is applicable only if the commit message has been automatically determined from the changelog. git If only a single change is detected in the changelog, debcommit will unfold it to a single line and behave as if --strip-message was used. Otherwise, the first change will be unfolded and stripped to form a summary line and a commit message formed using the summary line followed by a blank line and the changes as extracted from the changelog. debcommit will then spawn an editor so that the message may be fine-tuned before committing. hg / darcs The first change detected in the changelog will be unfolded to form a single line summary. If multiple changes were detected then an editor will be spawned to allow the message to be fine-tuned. bzr If the changelog entry used for the commit message closes any bugs then --fixes options to "bzr commit" will be generated to associate the revision and the bugs. LICENSE This code is copyright by Joey Hess<EMAIL_ADDRESS>all rights reserved. This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY. You are free to redistribute this code under the terms of the GNU General Public License, version 2 or later. AUTHOR Joey Hess<EMAIL_ADDRESS>SEE ALSO svnpath(1). Debian Utilities 2013-12-23 DEBCOMMIT(1)


Welcome to my Node + Gulp + Bootstrap 4 Template Bootstrapper!
Node + Gulp + Bootstrap 4
There's nothing here, because it's YOUR job to make something out of this project.


--- layout: page title: About header-img: "img/about-bg.png" ---
I am a 40 + year old that is married and has a 5 year old.


|
MyExperiment RDF beta
|
Generic utility functions for printing standard HTML output, array processing, text formatting, validation, etc. More...
Go to the source code of this file.
Functions | |
| formatMessage ($msg, $align="") | |
| Generates HTML to display a formatted version of the message provided. | |
| formatError ($err, $align="") | |
| Generates HTML to display a formatted version of the error message provided. | |
| printMessage ($msg, $align="") | |
| Prints HTML to display a formatted version of the message provided. | |
| printError ($err, $align="") | |
| Prints HTML to display a formatted version of the error message provided. | |
| convertToDBPediaResidenceString ($str) | |
| Upper cases the first letter of each word in a string as long as it is not already fully upper case or only two characters long. (Used for trying to match user's location/birthplace to entities in DBPedia). | |
| validateEmail ($email) | |
| Validate that a string provided is a valid email address. | |
| replaceNamespaces ($array, $local_namespace="") | |
| Replaces namespace part of URIs with their prefixes (or nothing where appropriate) across a multi-dimensional array of URIs. | |
| replaceNamespace ($uri, $local_namespace="") | |
| Replaces namespace part of a URI with its prefix (or nothing where appropriate). | |
| reinstateNamespace ($entity, $local_namespace="") | |
| Replaces a prefix with a namespace for an entity string provided (e.g mebase:User -> http://rdf.myexperiment.org/ontologies/base/User). Reverse of replaceNamespace function. | |
| isMyexperimentNamespace ($entity) | |
| Tests whether the entity provided is part of the local or one of the myExperiment namespaces. | |
| separateNamespaces ($namespaces) | |
| Separates namespaces into myExperiment and other namespaces. | |
| getDatatypes () | |
| Retrieve a list of properties to XML datatypes mappings that have being generated and cached by querying the myExperiment ontology. | |
| getUsefulPrefixesArray ($domain, $merge=false) | |
| Provides an array of useful prefix to namespace mappings. | |
| getUsefulPrefixes ($domain) | |
| Generates HTML table of useful prefixes and their namespaces. For use a the top of a SPARQL endpoint web interface page. | |
| getAcceptTypes ($accept_str) | |
| Generates an array of acceptable MIME types ordered by their 'q' value based on the string provided. | |
| getFirstChoiceMIMEType ($accept_str) | |
| Determine what is the first choice MIME type from the accept string provided. | |
| multidimensionalArrayUnique ($arr) | |
| Evaluates a multi-dimensional array to see whether any top-level entries have identical sub-arrays and removes these duplicates. Uses json_encode to encode the sub-arrays so that can be easily compared. | |
| convertObjectToArray ($result) | |
| Converts an array that have been encoded and then decoded from JSON back from a PHP object into an array. | |
| setKey ($arr, $key) | |
| Set of the key for each top-level entry in a multidimensional array to the value of one of the fields in the sub-array for that top-level entry. |
Generic utility functions for printing standard HTML output, array processing, text formatting, validation, etc.
Generic utility functions for printing standard HTML output, array processing, text formatting, validation, etc.
Definition in file utility.inc.php.
| convertObjectToArray | ( | $ | result | ) |
Converts an array that have been encoded and then decoded from JSON back from a PHP object into an array.
| $result | The JSON decoded, encoded PHP array that is now a PHP object. |
Definition at line 391 of file utility.inc.php.
| convertToDBPediaResidenceString | ( | $ | str | ) |
Upper cases the first letter of each word in a string as long as it is not already fully upper case or only two characters long. (Used for trying to match user's location/birthplace to entities in DBPedia).
| $str | A string which should have its words' first letter upper-cased where appropriate. |
Definition at line 80 of file utility.inc.php.
| formatError | ( | $ | err, |
| $ | align = "" |
||
| ) |
Generates HTML to display a formatted version of the error message provided.
| $err | A string containing the error message to be formatted in HTML. |
| $align | The text alignment for the HTML formatted error message. |
Definition at line 39 of file utility.inc.php.
| formatMessage | ( | $ | msg, |
| $ | align = "" |
||
| ) |
Generates HTML to display a formatted version of the message provided.
| $msg | A string containing the message to be formatted in HTML. |
| $align | The text alignment for the HTML formatted message. |
Definition at line 22 of file utility.inc.php.
| getAcceptTypes | ( | $ | accept_str | ) |
Generates an array of acceptable MIME types ordered by their 'q' value based on the string provided.
| $accept_str | An accept string from which an ordered array of accept types is to be determined. |
Definition at line 325 of file utility.inc.php.
| getDatatypes | ( | ) |
Retrieve a list of properties to XML datatypes mappings that have being generated and cached by querying the myExperiment ontology.
Definition at line 241 of file utility.inc.php.
| getFirstChoiceMIMEType | ( | $ | accept_str | ) |
Determine what is the first choice MIME type from the accept string provided.
| $accept_str | An accept string from which the first choice MIME type is to be determined. |
Definition at line 349 of file utility.inc.php.
| getUsefulPrefixes | ( | $ | domain | ) |
Generates HTML table of useful prefixes and their namespaces. For use a the top of a SPARQL endpoint web interface page.
| $domain | The domain for which useful prefixes are required. (One of the myExperiment domains (public, private, protected) or the ontologies domain (knowledge base). |
Definition at line 285 of file utility.inc.php.
| getUsefulPrefixesArray | ( | $ | domain, |
| $ | merge = false |
||
| ) |
Provides an array of useful prefix to namespace mappings.
| $domain | The domain for which useful prefixes are required. (One of the myExperiment domains (public, private, protected) or the ontologies domain (knowledge base). |
| $merge | A boolean specifying whether all the namespaces should be returned as simple list or broken up in myExperiment / non-myExperiment sub-groups. |
Definition at line 263 of file utility.inc.php.
| isMyexperimentNamespace | ( | $ | entity | ) |
Tests whether the entity provided is part of the local or one of the myExperiment namespaces.
| $entity | A string containing the entity (prefix:entity_name) that is to be tested to see whether it is in the local of a myExperiment namespace. |
Definition at line 203 of file utility.inc.php.
| multidimensionalArrayUnique | ( | $ | arr | ) |
Evaluates a multi-dimensional array to see whether any top-level entries have identical sub-arrays and removes these duplicates. Uses json_encode to encode the sub-arrays so that can be easily compared.
| $arr | A multi-dimensional array for which top-level entry sub-arrays are to be evaulated to remove duplicates. |
Definition at line 369 of file utility.inc.php.
| printError | ( | $ | err, |
| $ | align = "" |
||
| ) |
Prints HTML to display a formatted version of the error message provided.
| $err | A string containing the error message to be formatted in HTML. |
| $align | The text alignment for the HTML formatted error message. |
Definition at line 66 of file utility.inc.php.
| printMessage | ( | $ | msg, |
| $ | align = "" |
||
| ) |
Prints HTML to display a formatted version of the message provided.
| $msg | A string containing the message to be formatted in HTML. |
| $align | The text alignment for the HTML formatted message. |
Definition at line 53 of file utility.inc.php.
| reinstateNamespace | ( | $ | entity, |
| $ | local_namespace = "" |
||
| ) |
Replaces a prefix with a namespace for an entity string provided (e.g mebase:User -> http://rdf.myexperiment.org/ontologies/base/User). Reverse of replaceNamespace function.
| $entity | The entity string for which the prefix should be replaced with the full namespace URI. |
| $local_namespace | A string containing the local namespace to use if the entity has now prefix. |
Definition at line 182 of file utility.inc.php.
| replaceNamespace | ( | $ | uri, |
| $ | local_namespace = "" |
||
| ) |
Replaces namespace part of a URI with its prefix (or nothing where appropriate).
| $uri | A string containing the URI which should have its namespace part replaced with its prefix (or nothing where appropriate). |
| $local_namespace | A string containing the local namespace for which instead of replacing with a prefix should just remove the namespace altogether. |
Definition at line 152 of file utility.inc.php.
| replaceNamespaces | ( | $ | array, |
| $ | local_namespace = "" |
||
| ) |
Replaces namespace part of URIs with their prefixes (or nothing where appropriate) across a multi-dimensional array of URIs.
| $array | The multi-dimensional array of URIs which should have their namespaces parts replaces with prefixes (or nothing where appropriate). |
| $local_namespace | A string containing the local namespace for which instead of replacing with a prefix should just remove the namespace altogether. |
Definition at line 117 of file utility.inc.php.
| separateNamespaces | ( | $ | namespaces | ) |
Separates namespaces into myExperiment and other namespaces.
| $namespaces | An array of namespaces to be broken down into myExperiment and other namespaces. |
Definition at line 220 of file utility.inc.php.
| setKey | ( | $ | arr, |
| $ | key | ||
| ) |
Set of the key for each top-level entry in a multidimensional array to the value of one of the fields in the sub-array for that top-level entry.
E.g. $arr = array(0 => array("name" => "", "size" => "small"), 1 => array("name" => "eagle", "size" => "large")); and $key = "name" would return: array("robin" => array("name" => "robin", "size" => "large"), "eagle" => array("name" => "eagle", "size" => "large"));
| $arr | A multi-dimensional array for which the key to top-level entries is to be set. |
| $key | The field in the top-level entry's sub-array thats value should be used as the key for top-level of the array. |
Definition at line 419 of file utility.inc.php.
| validateEmail | ( | $ | ) |
Validate that a string provided is a valid email address.
| A string containing the email address to be validated. |
Definition at line 100 of file utility.inc.php.


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Analysis of Multiplexed, Single-Cell Clytia Medusae Experiments¶
Notebooks for reproducing all figures and analysis in the Whole Animal Multiplexed Single-Cell RNA-Seq Reveals Plasticity of Clytia Medusae Cell Types preprint. doi
Getting Started¶
All notebooks, saved as .ipynb's, can be run from Google Colab. Colab links are included in every notebook, just click on the symbol.
An intro to using Colab can be found here. Briefly, run each code cell by selecting the cell and executing Command/Ctrl+Enter. Code cells can be edited by simply clicking on the cell to start typing.
To view expression profiles of genes of interest use the UCSC Genome Browser Page with Interactive Browser or the Colab Notebook for generating images.
All saved/processed data used for analysis is streamed to the notebooks from CaltechData.
Quick Links¶
Data Files:
Raw Counts for Starved/Control Animals
Log-normalized Counts with HVGs for Starved/Control Animals
Interactive Browser:
UCSC Genome Browser Page with Interactive Browser
Analysis Notebooks¶
1) Pre-processing - All notebooks for ClickTag and cDNA Library Demultiplexing
a) ClickTag Pre-processing
- cellRangerClickTagCounts.ipynb
- Demultiplexing of ClickTag fastqs for starvation experiment from Cell Ranger bam files
- Input: Cell Ranger bam files of ClickTags
- Output: Count matrices for ClickTags
- kallistobusStarvClickTags.ipynb
- Demultiplexing of ClickTag fastqs for starvation experiment with kallisto-bustools workflow
- Input: Raw ClickTag fastqs
- Output: Count matrices for ClickTags (compared to previour count matrices)
- kallistobusStimClickTags.ipynb
- Demultiplexing of ClickTag fastqs for stimulation experiment with kallisto-bustools workflow
- Input: Raw ClickTag fastqs
- Output: Count matrices for ClickTags and filtered cell barcodes
b) cDNA Pre-processing
- filterStarvCells_ClickTags.ipynb
- Filtering of cell barcodes from cellRangerClickTagCounts ClickTag counts
- Input: ClickTag count matrices
- Output: Filtered cell barcodes and condition labels
- kallistoBusRuns_StarvAndStim.ipynb
- (Gene) Quantification of cDNA fastqs from starvation and stimulation experiments with kallisto-bustools
- Input: Raw cDNA fastqs
- Output: Anndata objects of cell x gene count matrices for each experiment
2) Cell Atlas and Perturbation Response - All notebooks for Clustering and Perturbation Response Analysis for Starvation Experiment
- cellRangerClustering_Starvation.ipynb
- Initial clustering of cells from starvation experiment from raw Cell Ranger (cDNA) matrices
- Input: Cell Ranger matrix
- Output: Anndata object of cell x gene count matrices for starvation experiment with clusters and highly variable genes
- starvation_Analysis.ipynb
- Clustering of cells from starvation experiment from kallisto-processed matrices (compared to cellRangerClustering_Starvation output)
- Input: kallisto anndata output
- Output: Anndata object of cell x gene count matrices for starvation experiment with clusters and highly variable genes and analysis of perturbation response
- deSeq2Analysis_StarvationResponse.ipynb
- DeSeq2 analysis for extracting perturbed genes from starved cells
- Input: Clustered anndata object from starvation_Analysis
- Output: Genes that are differentially expressed under starvation ('perturbed' genes)
- neuronSubpop_Analysis.ipynb
- Sub-clustering of neural cell types
- Input: Clustered anndata object from starvation_Analysis
- Output: Anndata object of cell x gene count matrices for neural cells with clusters and marker genes for subpopulations
- fullTrajAnalysis.ipynb
- Pseudotime analysis of neural, nematocyte, and gland cell types from the i-cell population
- Input: Clustered anndata object from starvation_Analysis
- Output: Ranking of genes contributing to pseudotime trajectories of neural and nematocyte cell types
3) Stimulation Data Analysis - Clustering and Perturbation Response Analysis for Stimulation Experiment
- stimulation_Analysis.ipynb
- Clustering of cells from stimulation experiment from kallisto-processed matrices
- Input: kallisto anndata output
- Output: Anndata object of cell x gene count matrices for stimulation experiment with clusters and highly variable genes and analysis of perturbation response
- deSeq2Analysis_StimulationResponse.ipynb
- DeSeq2 analysis for extracting perturbed genes from stimulated cells
- Input: Clustered anndata object from stimulation_Analysis
- Output: Genes that are differentially expressed under stimulation (DI/KCl) ('perturbed' genes)
4) Inter-Experimental Analysis - All Distance-based Analysis for Cell Type/State Delineation and Cross-Experiment Batch Effects
- allDistanceCalculations.ipynb
- Calculations for inter- and intra- cluster distances in starvation and stimulation experiments
- Input: Clustered anndata objects from stimulation_Analysis and starvation_Analysis
- Output: Merged dataset from both experiments and distance-based analysis
---------- For (User) Gene Searching and Plotting ----------
5) Explore Multiplexed Datasets - Notebooks for Exploring and Searching Cell Atlas
- MARIMBAAtlasSearchAndPlot.ipynb
- Plotting of genes of interest on MARIMBA-quantified anndata object
- Input: Clustered Anndata object from MARIMBAAnnosAnalysis, genes of interest
- Output: Gene expression profiles on cell atlas
- cellAtlasSearchAndPlot.ipynb
- Plotting of genes of interest on Trinity-quantified anndata object (used for all non-Marimba notebooks/main paper analysis)
- Input: Clustered anndata object from stimulation_Analysis, genes of interest
- Output: Gene expression profiles on cell atlas and neuron subpopulations
Authors¶
- Tara Chari
Acknowledgments¶
Several of the pre-processing workflows and initial analyses for the project were first implemented by Jase Gehring.


{{- partial "head.html" . -}}
{{- partial "header.html" . -}}{{.content | markdownify}}
{{ if .button.enable }} {{ with .button }} {{.label}} {{ end }} {{ end }} {{ end }}| Environment Sensors & Wireless Nodes.Multi-zone Temp, Humidity, Soil pF, CO2,Lux, water pH, TDS sensors and nodes | |
| External Env. Sensor Node.Wind gauge & Rain sensors | |
| Gateway and Controller.Display units, Multi-channel Relay units | |
| Automation Bus and Control Panels.Relays into Existing switch boards for automation | |
| Cloud Platform.Data store, Rules, Triggers and Automation setting, Reports & Manual Overrides |


Transistor feature size is decreasing despite constant rumors about the death of Moore’s law and the fact that industry is really close to physical limits of miniaturisation (or even went through them with some clever technology tricks). Moore’s law, however, created user’s appetite for innovation, which is hard to handle for the industry. That’s why modern microelectronic products aren’t just feature size scaled, but also employ a number of other features, often even more complicated than chip scaling.
Disclaimer: This article is a slightly updated translation of my own piece published on this very site here. If you're Russian-speaking, you may want to check the original. If you're English-speaking, it's worth noting that English is not my native language, so I'll be very grateful for the feedback if you find something weird in the text.
I’ve intentionally said “microelectronic product” instead of just “chip”, because this article is about System in Package (SiP) technology allowing to connect many chips inside a single package.
The term System in Package is a way less popular than System on Chip (SoC) term, which is routinely used by every semiconductor company, and for a good reason as almost any modern chip is somehow a system with many functions fused together. The times of abundant chipsets are long gone, as the advantages of SoC are clear: less packages on the PCB, less area (read “cheaper”), less parasitic capacitances and inductances (read “faster”), easier to implement and use, cheaper to design and manufacture a single complex chip than a bunch of more specific ones.
But nothing is for free, and SoCs obviously have some downsides.
First, while trying to put all the pieces together, you are at risk getting a chip too big to fit into any package or, even worse, into the window of photolithographer. The latter restriction can be surpassed, but it’s almost always unreasonably expensive (with photo cameras being the most notable exclusion).
Here is Kodak Kaf39000 image sensor, it has area of 2000 square millimeters, and it uses mask stitching. The biggest non-stitched chip is NVIDIA Volta of 815 square millimeters, which is just 20 millimeters less that the largest possible size.
Second, the larger the chip is, the lower the yield, as any single speck of dust can ruin your day. And guess what? Lower yield means higher price.
Third, if your system contains heterogeneous components, like processor core, DRAM, and RF module, combining them together may be technologically impossible or, again, unreasonably expensive. For example, DRAM cells require specific high-density capacitors, and silicon-based RF circuits may be just worse than their counterparts produced on various A3B5 material (GaAs and likes). Even simple combination of digital processing and analog signal conditioning on the same chip creates significant noise problems. And I don’t even say about the fact that 180 nm ADC would easily be two orders of magnitude cheaper than adding its 14 nm analog to the 14 nm MCU chip.
The combination of all the factors above led to the change of trend from “we-will-pack-everything-into-the-single-chip” to more pragmatic approach — and to the fast development of various packaging technologies.
The first example that comes into mind is recent rebirth of AMD, widely recognised as the result of their success with multi-chip systems (also helped by Intel’s troubles with yield on enormous 10 nm chips).
Pictured above is Intel’s 28-core Xeon. Chip area of this processors may reach crazy 456 square millimeters, while the maximum size of AMD chips is just 200 square millimeters for eight cores, their manycore products are actually two-layer PCBs with up to four dice inside the package.
This figure shows the PCB inside EPYC and Threadripper processors. In case of 16-core Threadripper, we still have four chips, but half of the cores are disabled. Why not just to use two dice instead? Or use smaller four-core dice?
First, having a single chip for all purposes is obviously much cheaper that designing a family.
Second, the same is true for PCB, packages, etc. It’s easier to disable excessive parts than to design a family of products.
Third and probably most important, yield of 200-sq.mm. die is still far from 100%, and disabling some already nonfunctional cores is a good way to use these defect dice. Intel does the same with their defect dice, but their yield problems are more severe due to larger chip area.
Here we have even more interesting example, again of AMD. Fiji is a GPU with embedded high-speed memory placed inside the package.Why is it important? Because shorter signal lines allow achieving higher speed and therefore higher performance. Putting different chips together makes the the difference between this and the previous example. It’s by the way not five dice inside as one may have suggested, but twenty two! Let’s look at the cross section:
The upper level is GPU die itself and a stack of four memory dice connected by so called TSV (through-silicon-vias) — conducting contacts piercing the whole chip.
That’s how TSV looks like.
TSV technology was created for memory (one can’t have too much memory, right?), but it’s widespread now, partially thanks to the die laying under GPU and memory.
The die is called Silicon Interposer and it is a substitute for PCB made of silicon with a few (or many) levels of metallization, and with TSV. These interposers exist to connect multiple chips above them with a package substrate. Silicon technology allows having smaller feature size than any PCB (down to a few microns), but such it would be considered very simple and cheap for a silicon technology. Smaller feature size and TSV mean better performance than any PCB can provide, while yield will be very high. Interposers (alongside MEMS) are very interesting and important market, especially as they also allow reuse of old equipment for 200, 150, and even 100 mm wafers.
By the way, can you spot a mistake in the figure above?
Xilinx is another pioneer of 3D-integration. Their products are close to AMD’s ones (especially products carrying significant amounts of memory), and for the same reason. FPGA is a market where early switching to smaller process node can provide enormous advantage over competition. Decreasing chip size three to four times is said to provide two or three times yield increase at early stages of process node lifetime, from 20 percents to more than half. Moreover, FPGA is a complex, but regular structure, nearly ideal for investigating a large spectrum of manufacturing problems. This makes FPGA vendors the best early bird clients for fabs, because such a collaboration is fruitful for both parties. Fab gets a great test chip while vendor is able to outrun competition for a few months.
Here we can see an FPGA from Xilinx.  The lowest is a package, which has a dozen of its own metal layers.
Enormous Altera FPGA die for the comparison. Five hundred and sixty square millimeters! If you see process engineers around, take care of them, there is a risk of heart stroke.
Intel/Altera obviously doesn’t just stare on competitors’ progress. Here is their fresh SiP solution called EMIB (Embedded Multi-Chip Interconnect Bridge). A good example is Intel Stratix 10 FPGA.
EMIB connect a FPGA die (still just one though), memory dice, and periphery dice. What’s EMIB? Typical interposer is much cheaper that “computational” die of the same size as interposer uses much larger process node; however, interposer is still enormous and therefore it’s reasonably expensive. Can one make it smaller?
Intel’s answer is “yes we can”. The idea behind EMIB is to use a few small interposers instead of a single large one, and integrate them into the package.
Here is a small gallery of products created with interposers. Look how enormous they are, and how Xilinx are created from pieces.
Figure below is Analog Devices’ ADC and a schematic diagram. Looks like your typical PCB, just smaller, right? Yes, it is a PCB, but use of bare dice instead of packages allows to decrease parasitics and their influence on performance. The fact that the whole board was designed in Analog Devices also adds a layer of protection against system design mistake and leads to better user experience.
There is also a trick: do you see two dice packaged one over other? The higher one integrates active components (transistors) of ADC and probably of a dual operational amplifier, while the lower die consists of passives (resistors and capacitors). Placing passives onto separate die allows making them much bigger and therefore decrease parameter variation without making main die bigger and more expensive. Decreasing of parameter variation is a big deal for analog circuits, and it's achieved cheaply here.
Everything could be done on a single die (and is often done, especially on embedded ADCs), but such a die will be bigger (which could mean “more expensive”and “with lower yield”), and the technology must support all the necessary options (which also means “more expensive” due to larger number of masks). Moreover, when you combine many heterogeneous blocks on the same chip, you have to deal with their cross-influence. Digital noise influence on analog parts is probably the most important, but not the only one.
As we’ve seen before, packaging can make the product cheaper and even improve it. But what if we use package as a meaningful part of the product?
Intel implemented so called FIVR (Fully Integrated Voltage Regulator) in their Haswell microprocessors. The aim of FIVR is to convert relatively high input voltage (1.8 V) into low and real´time controllable core supply voltage. Active components are on-chip, while passives (capacitors and inductances) are incorporated into processor package.
Integrated inductance is a headache of chip designers, because it’s bad, big, and with low inductance. It's used in radio-frequency chips, but there is almost no possibility of power transfer. Intel solved the problem by integrating dozens of small inductors into processor package. These inductors are working at 160 MHz without ferromagnetic cores. Doing so, Intel significantly simplified supply requirements for their device.
However, Intel ultimately scrapped FIVR, and reverted to more traditional supply approach for newer generations. There were some rumors that FIVR can be back, but in the end they were just rumors.
One of other options for integrating passives into package is LTCC (low temperature cofired ceramic). There are some limitations and issues (like limited nominal values and precision), but this technology is actively developed. Multilayer LTCC package looks like this:
All types of passive components are represented here, even metal heat sink (it’s a package for power RF IC). One can say that it’s not just a package, but a mix of package and ceramic PCB, these things are very popular for RF circuits and relatively cheap in small quantities.
There are many potential applications for systems in package, and it’s impossible to list them all. It’s also worth noting that they are significantly cheaper than new process nodes, which drives their commercial attractiveness.
Optoelectronic systems are the last but not least example for this article. Ability to combine optical receiver/transmitter (often built on compound semiconductorы) with silicon supply and control chips is very promising. Picture below is a prototype of 400 Gbit/s (and 1 Tbit/s is promised for the future) optical link designed in IMEC.
There are also countless other applications like interposers with integrated capillaries for water cooling (not just for gaming and mining, but also for power switches and lasers), integrated MEMS and only God knows what else. And obviously we can’t escape the ubiquitous Internet of Things, where small size, low losses and ability to integrate radio and computational blocks together are all-important.
Chip package is believed to be the next big step in microelectronics by many, and we will likely see a lot of bright ideas in the nearest future.


Steam is having a Singles' Day sale
by Jody MacgregorNovember 11 is Singles' Day because 11/11 is made entirely of ones, a tradition that started in China as a jokey excuse for blind dates and parties where singletons could meet. It's become a day that's more about shopping thanks to e-commerce site Alibaba using it as an excuse to throw a sale, and now it's the world's biggest online shopping event, with almost $US 31 billion made last year.
Steam are having their own Singles' Day sale right now, with a mix of singleplayer and multiplayer games being discounted. It's a pretty eclectic selection. For instance, you can get Divinity: Original Sin 2 for 45% off, a bundle of Telltale's Batman games for 67% off, or Dragon Ball Xenoverse for 80% off.
The Singles' Day sale runs till 8am Pacific on November 12.


{{ block title }}Tax Response{{ endblock }} {{ block content }}
You runs a multinational company in country {{player.location}} now.
Each country's corporate tax rate(%): Country_A: {{tax_a}}%, Country_B: {{tax_b}}%, Country_C: {{tax_c}}%
In which country will you run your business? {{ formfields }}{{ next_button }}
{{ include Constants.instructions_template }} {{ endblock }}


Eagle-eyed Aldi shoppers spot 'worst deal of Black Friday' - and it's laughable
The deal, courtesy of Aldi, has sparked plenty of raised eyebrows from shoppers
by James Rodger, Rachel Pugh, https://www.facebook.com/jamesrodgerjournalistEver since opening its first store in the UK right here in Birmingham, Aldi has gone from strength to strength.
The budget supermarket boasts a staggering number of stores across the country - including plenty here in Brum.
It opened its first branch in the Second City back in the early 1990s.
And ever since, it has gone on to garner a legion of fans, all of whom love the chain's easy to navigate store layout, cheap items and wallet-friendly prices.
But as Black Friday is celebrated across the country, one shopper may have spotted the worst deal so far.
The deal, courtesy of Aldi, has sparked plenty of raised eyebrows from shoppers, reports the Manchester Evening News.
Twitter user @Spod1000 posted the photos of a stack of McVitie’s biscuits, calling it the “bargain of the day”.
The box of biscuits are marked down from £4 in the sale - to £3.99.
While this deal may be a little disappointing, Aldi’s other Black Friday deals include a Balco 3D Printer for £149.99, an Adventuridge 4 man Air Tent for £59.99 and a Cannon All in One Printer for £19.99.
Aldi operates stores across Birmingham and throughout the Midlands - with plenty more still to be built, the supermarket giant adds.


Game Mania
Games
Snake
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memory match
space invadors
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Play Now!!!
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{% extends "hqwebapp/partials/download_status.html" %} {% load i18n %} {% block results %} {% if result.success %}
{% blocktrans with case_count=result.case_count report_url=result.report_url %} Succesfully reassigned {{ case_count }} cases.
The list of cases that were reassigned can be viewed at {{ report_url }}.
It's possible that in the report the owner_id is not yet updated, you can open individual cases and confirm the right case owner, the report gets updated with a slight delay.
{% endblocktrans %}{{ e }}
{% endfor %}{{ e }}
{% endfor %}


--- layout: default title: shrine ---
"Listen Morty, I hate to break it to you, but what people call love is just a chemical reaction that compells animals to breed.  I did it, your parents are gonna do it, break the cycle, Morty, rise above! Focus on science."
"War has changed. It's no longer about nations, ideologies, or ethnicity. It's an endless series of proxy battles, fought by mercenaries and machines. War--and it's consumption of life--has become a well-oiled machine."
"Free from FOXDIE... free from the System... free from ID control. Our minds free from their prisons. That is the haven I've yearned for."
"You're pretty good."
"I'm gay for George R.R. Martin."
"Laugh, and the world laughs with you; weep, and you weep alone."
Quentin Tarantino
Hayao Miyazaki


Maxeon
Products
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Where words
fail,
Music speak!
Hii there
Hii
hiii
How are you ?
team, Jan 25, 6:20 PM
nice
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Yes always
Byy
1 min


Republicans enter next week's midterm election with advantages in Minnesota's legislative chambers. But historical patterns — and a Star Tribune analysis — suggest defending those majorities may prove difficult, particularly in the Minnesota House of Representatives.
Control of the Legislature tends to blow with the up-ballot winds, due in large part to a couple dozen swing seats in greater Minnesota and the Twin Cities suburbs.
During presidential election years, the winner's party routinely has captured majorities in the Minnesota Legislature — only to lose them during midterm election years, due in part to voter backlash.
This gives hope to Democrats, as November's midterm could be positioned to follow past trends. The DFL only needs to flip 11 seats from GOP control to retake the House.
An unusual but critical special election in the Minnesota Senate will also determine control of that chamber, which has been split evenly between parties since earlier this year. Republican Jeff Howe and DFL candidate Joe Perske are facing off in that St. Cloud-area race, which is in a district that historically has leaned Republican.
The Star Tribune has analyzed these races and isolated which legislative contests to watch most closely on Election Night.
In a chamber representing 134 districts, 68 are needed to hold a majority. Currently Republicans have 77 seats, compared to 57 for the DFL.
Polling is rare in Minnesota's legislative contests, but looking at each district's partisan voting trends and the last presidential election's results can suggest how competitive these races might be.
A Star Tribune analysis shows seven DFL-held seats in districts won by Donald Trump in 2016, versus 12 GOP-held seats in districts won by Hillary Clinton. A handful of others had close margins for both presidential and legislative races.
Many of the 24 open seats without incumbents or the 17 rematches from two years ago may also be worth watching.
These rankings use President Trump's vote margins from 2016, along with the Cook Partisan Voting Index (CPVI), which rates each district's political lean based on averages from the past two presidential contests.
Geography also matters in these races, especially since Minnesota's urban/rural political divide became even more pronounced after 2016.
Districts in Minnesota's Iron Range and Southern Minnesota voted overwhelmingly for Donald Trump in 2016. Inversely, many suburban districts that often vote Republican were won by Hillary Clinton by significant margins.
It's no accident that those regions are home to major battleground districts in the U.S. House of Representatives as well. How those races swing in November may affect the outcomes of these competitive legislative districts.
Of course, statewide elections could also have an effect, particularly depending upon whether each party's candidate for governor and the U.S. Senate can shore up a geographically diverse enough coalition to win.
And just as control of the U.S. House of Representatives is closely tied to presidential approval ratings, similar trends have been found in Minnesota's legislative races.
National polling averages show President Donald Trump at a 42 percent job approval rating, while a recent Star Tribune/MPR News Minnesota Poll has him at 39 percent in Minnesota.


--- layout: archive title: Zulip Chat Archive permalink: /stream/113488-general/topic/automatic.20simp.20lemmas.html ---
We have a lot of simp lemmas in category theory that describe the action of functors, natural isomorphisms, etc. on various things. Johan has a few open PRs adding more of these lemmas (eg #503, #505) and they prompted me to try to understand how to describe these lemmas systematically.
I think we can build these rfl lemmas by applying the following algorithm.
LHS = RHS
, where LHS is the thing being defined and RHS is its definition (this is what just putting @[simp]
on the definition would do).{ f1 := R1, f2 := R2 }
, recursively produce lemmas of the form LHS.f1 = R1
, LHS.f2 = R2
.\lam x, R x
, recursively produce a lemma LHS x = R x
.LHS = RHS
by rfl.@Simon Hudon, I guess we discussed something along these lines at some point
But now I have a pseudo-spec
See also https://leanprover.zulipchat.com/#narrow/stream/116395-maths/subject/sheaves.20and.20sites/near/148770849 for something that might qualify as pre-semi-pseudo-spec.
My PR's are the result of following Mario's creed "just go for it". But I definitely wouldn't mind if this was automated away.
I remember this conversation. In my mind, that kind of feature might be about translating lemmas about specific definitions into lemmas referring to a type class instance.
@Simon Hudon I'm not sure I understand what you mean. Is it close to what Reid wrote down, or do you want something (slightly) different?
(deleted)
Actually, I have a hard time remembering the details of that idea. I'll try to find the conversation again
@Simon Hudon If you want a good showcase of what Reid and I mean, I think you should look at the file on comma categories: https://github.com/leanprover-community/mathlib/blob/over_under/category_theory/comma.lean
I just started adding over categories to the mix (a special case of comma categories), and I'm restating all the simp lemmas. The signal-to-noise ratio is increasing rapidly.
Ah yes! That's also what I was going for I think. The way I was generalizing it is that we want to unfold specific projections. I think I had an idea of which ones to unfold but I'd have to get back into that mindset
The good news is that soon, I won't have to take care of finding an apartment and I will have only Lean and my dissertation to take care of.
I'm sorry if I annoyingly keep coming on about this, but I have a command which does the constructor-half of this thing and has been tested on at least one (:D) category theory structure definition. It's called rfl_lemma
(you use it on its own line like rfl_lemma inverse_equivalence map
---which would tell you that an inverse equivalence of an equivalence has functor going the "forward way" equal to the functor going the "backward way" in the original equivalence), and is here:
https://github.com/semorrison/lean-tidy/blob/master/src/tidy/command/rfl_lemma.lean
It took multiple iterations because it turned out that getting the types right for the lemma I needed to generate turned out to be really quite hard (at least for me). I can give some examples to elabourate this point if anyone is interested. Making it do this for every projection of a structure instead of just the specified one is trivial.
rfl_lemma?
is meant to tell you what the code generated was, and private rfl_lemma ...
makes a private definition.
How much does this depend on the lean-tidy
repo?
Sounds cool btw!
it depends on a few pieces of the lib
folder in there, let me take a look
tk "private rfl_lemma"
omg
Is that pushing the definition of "token" a bit far or something?
If it doesn't depend too much on lean-tidy
, I'dd say: push it to a branch on the community repo. Then we can experiment with it.
@Kevin Buzzard It is, but I guess it actually works. Though, @Keeley Hoek, have you taken a look at the decl_meta_info
parameter?
No I haven't Sebastian, and thanks, now I have an idea about what it's for :D
Yeah, I don't think your current code would have worked anyway. There is no such registered token.
The thing is, I'm pretty sure it did work! I'll try...
also it was before I knew I could do stuff like parse a question mark after a token, so please forgive me... :D
It will be parsed successfully, but it will still call the regular definition with private := tt
in the meta info
Unless you've run it and can prove I'm crazy, I just did and I'm quiiite confident a different one of those user_command
s is being called depending on private or not
Does it have something to do with the fact that for user_command
s, unlike user_notation
s, you don't need to reserve tokens for them to work?
Right... oops
:D
But no reason not to fix it up so it works properly... cheers! (and I only need a single definition now, not 2^2
)
BTW, here's a "live demo"
(RE: the original post)
structure my_str := (a : ℕ) def a_cnstr (b : ℕ) : my_str := ⟨b⟩ def a_cnstr' (b : ℕ) : my_str := ⟨b + 1⟩ rfl_lemma? a_cnstr a private rfl_lemma? a_cnstr' a
Nice. Any reason it's not an attribute?
That's cool
@Johan Commelin Based on the pieces of lib
which have ended up in mathlib now, I just need the lib.expr
support file. My only reluctance comes from the fact that I will have to check whether a few of the functions at the bottom of that file are already in mathlib---at the time it was less effort just to write them.
One more thing if anyone doing maths actually uses it: it adds a prime to the projection name you supply, seeing if that works, before trying without. Hopefully that's convenient
The interface I had in mind was that you'd write something like @[simp_fields] def a_cnstr ... := ...
, and it would automatically generate all of the appropriate lemmas.
Last updated: Apr 24 2020 at 19:02 UTC


--- layout: error title: Page Not Found permalink: /404.html ---
We seem to have misPWAced this page. 😅


An unordered HTML list
//list-style-type:square: square, circle, disc, none
An ordered HTML list
//type--- A, i, 1, a, I
- Apple.
- Banana.
- Blueberries.
- Blackcurrant.
- Cherries
- Grapes
A Description List
- Coffee
- - black hot drink
- Milk
- - white cold drink
A Nested List
List can be nested (lists inside lists):
The start attribute
By default, an ordered list will start counting from 1. Use the start attribute to start counting from a specified number:
- india
- japan
- America
- India
- Japan
- America
Navigation Menu
In this example, we use CSS to style the list horizontally, to create a navigation menu:


Class: Aws::S3::Encryption::Client
| Relationships & Source Files | |
| Super Chains via Extension / Inclusion / Inheritance | |
|
Class Chain:
self,
Forwardable,
::Aws::S3::Object ,
::Aws::Deprecations
|
|
|
Instance Chain:
self,
::Aws::S3::Object
|
|
| Inherits: |
Aws::S3::Object
|
| Defined in: | gems/aws-sdk-s3/lib/aws-sdk-s3/encryption/client.rb |
Class Method Summary
-
.new(options = {}) ⇒ Client
constructor
Creates a new encryption client.
::Aws::S3::Object
- Inherited
Instance Attribute Summary
- #client ⇒ S3::Client readonly
- #envelope_location ⇒ Symbol<:metadata, :instruction_file> readonly
- #instruction_file_suffix ⇒ String readonly
- #key_provider ⇒ KeyProvider? readonly
::Aws::S3::Object
- Inherited
Instance Method Summary
-
#get_object(params = {}, &block) ⇒ Types::GetObjectOutput
Gets an object from Amazon S3, decrypting data locally.
-
#put_object(params = {}) ⇒ Types::PutObjectOutput
Uploads an object to Amazon S3, encrypting data client-side.
::Aws::S3::Object
- Inherited
| #accept_ranges | Indicates that a range of bytes was specified. |
| #acl, | |
| #archive_status | The archive state of the head object. |
| #bucket, | |
| #bucket_key_enabled | Indicates whether the object uses an |
| #bucket_name, | |
| #cache_control | Specifies caching behavior along the request/reply chain. |
| #checksum_crc32 | The base64-encoded, 32-bit CRC32 checksum of the object. |
| #checksum_crc32c | The base64-encoded, 32-bit CRC32C checksum of the object. |
| #checksum_sha1 | The base64-encoded, 160-bit SHA-1 digest of the object. |
| #checksum_sha256 | The base64-encoded, 256-bit SHA-256 digest of the object. |
| #client, | |
| #content_disposition | Specifies presentational information for the object. |
| #content_encoding | Specifies what content encodings have been applied to the object and thus what decoding mechanisms must be applied to obtain the media-type referenced by the Content-Type header field. |
| #content_language | The language the content is in. |
| #content_length | Size of the body in bytes. |
| #content_type | A standard MIME type describing the format of the object data. |
| #copy_from, | |
| #copy_to | Copies this object to another object. |
| #data, #delete, | |
| #delete_marker | Specifies whether the object retrieved was (true) or was not (false) a Delete Marker. |
| #download_file | Downloads a file in |
| #etag | An entity tag (ETag) is an opaque identifier assigned by a web server to a specific version of a resource found at a URL. |
| #exists?, | |
| #expiration | If the object expiration is configured (see PUT Bucket lifecycle), the response includes this header. |
| #expires | The date and time at which the object is no longer cacheable. |
| #expires_string, #get, #head, #initiate_multipart_upload, #key, | |
| #last_modified | Creation date of the object. |
| #load | Loads, or reloads |
| #metadata | A map of metadata to store with the object in |
| #missing_meta | This is set to the number of metadata entries not returned in |
| #move_to | Copies and deletes the current object. |
| #multipart_upload, | |
| #object_lock_legal_hold_status | Specifies whether a legal hold is in effect for this object. |
| #object_lock_mode | The Object Lock mode, if any, that's in effect for this object. |
| #object_lock_retain_until_date | The date and time when the |
| #parts_count | The count of parts this object has. |
| #presigned_post | Creates a |
| #presigned_request | Allows you to create presigned URL requests for |
| #presigned_url | Generates a pre-signed URL for this object. |
| #public_url | Returns the public (un-signed) URL for this object. |
| #put, | |
| #reload | Alias for Object#load. |
| #replication_status | Amazon S3 can return this header if your request involves a bucket that is either a source or a destination in a replication rule. |
| #request_charged | If present, indicates that the requester was successfully charged for the request. |
| #restore | If the object is an archived object (an object whose storage class is GLACIER), the response includes this header if either the archive restoration is in progress (see [RestoreObject][1] or an archive copy is already restored. |
| #restore_object, | |
| #server_side_encryption | The server-side encryption algorithm used when storing this object in Amazon S3 (for example, |
| #size, | |
| #sse_customer_algorithm | If server-side encryption with a customer-provided encryption key was requested, the response will include this header confirming the encryption algorithm used. |
| #sse_customer_key_md5 | If server-side encryption with a customer-provided encryption key was requested, the response will include this header to provide round-trip message integrity verification of the customer-provided encryption key. |
| #ssekms_key_id | If present, specifies the ID of the Key Management Service (KMS) symmetric encryption customer managed key that was used for the object. |
| #storage_class | Provides storage class information of the object. |
| #upload_file | Uploads a file from disk to the current object in |
| #upload_stream | Uploads a stream in a streaming fashion to the current object in |
| #version, | |
| #version_id | Version of the object. |
| #wait_until | Waiter polls an API operation until a resource enters a desired state. |
| #wait_until_exists, #wait_until_not_exists, | |
| #website_redirect_location | If the bucket is configured as a website, redirects requests for this object to another object in the same bucket or to an external URL. |
Constructor Details
.new(options = {}) ⇒ Client
Creates a new encryption client. You must provide one of the following options:
:encryption_key
:kms_key_id
:key_provider
You may also pass any other options accepted by Client#initialize
.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-s3/lib/aws-sdk-s3/encryption/client.rb', line 230
def initialize( = {}) @client = extract_client( ) @cipher_provider = cipher_provider( ) @envelope_location = extract_location( ) @instruction_file_suffix = extract_suffix( ) end
Instance Attribute Details
#client ⇒ S3::Client (readonly)
[ GitHub ]# File 'gems/aws-sdk-s3/lib/aws-sdk-s3/encryption/client.rb', line 245
attr_reader :client
#envelope_location ⇒ Symbol
<:metadata
, :instruction_file
> (readonly)
[ GitHub ]
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-s3/lib/aws-sdk-s3/encryption/client.rb', line 252
attr_reader :envelope_location
#instruction_file_suffix ⇒ String
(readonly)
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-s3/lib/aws-sdk-s3/encryption/client.rb', line 257
attr_reader :instruction_file_suffix
#key_provider ⇒ KeyProvider? (readonly)
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-s3/lib/aws-sdk-s3/encryption/client.rb', line 249
attr_reader :key_provider
Instance Method Details
#get_object(params = {}, &block) ⇒ Types::GetObjectOutput
The :range
request parameter is not yet supported.
Gets an object from Amazon S3, decrypting data locally. See Client#get_object for documentation on accepted request parameters.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-s3/lib/aws-sdk-s3/encryption/client.rb', line 291
def get_object(params = {}, &block) if params[:range] raise NotImplementedError, '#get_object with :range not supported yet' end envelope_location, instruction_file_suffix = (params) req = @client.build_request(:get_object, params) req.handlers.add(DecryptHandler) req.context[:encryption] = { cipher_provider: @cipher_provider, envelope_location: envelope_location, instruction_file_suffix: instruction_file_suffix, } Aws::Plugins::UserAgent.feature('S3CryptoV1n') do req.send_request(target: block) end end
#put_object(params = {}) ⇒ Types::PutObjectOutput
Uploads an object to Amazon S3, encrypting data client-side. See Client#put_object for documentation on accepted request parameters.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-s3/lib/aws-sdk-s3/encryption/client.rb', line 265
def put_object(params = {}) req = @client.build_request(:put_object, params) req.handlers.add(EncryptHandler, priority: 95) req.context[:encryption] = { cipher_provider: @cipher_provider, envelope_location: @envelope_location, instruction_file_suffix: @instruction_file_suffix, } Aws::Plugins::UserAgent.feature('S3CryptoV1n') do req.send_request end end


Web Application Programming with Java Examples 3.0
Ch01 Introduction to Servlets and JSPs
Ch02 Basics of HTTP
Ch02 Basics of HTTP
Ch03 Web Applications Basics
Ch04 Servlet Basics
Ch05 Retrieving Information
Ch06 Sending The Response
Ch07 Handling HTML Forms
Ch08 Session Management


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Myanmar Currency Kyats Exchange Rate
Fetching Currency Information from forex.cbm.gov.mm...
Disclaimer
This page is created as an experimental page to retrieve the exchange currency information from Central Bank of Myanmar through its API (forex.cbm.gov.mm/index.php/api). I'll not be responsible for inaccuracies, errors or exchange information displayed in this page.
Last Update:


Hi I'm Deadpool
but you already know that... here's some cool shit about me
Resumé
Deadpool: The Circle Chase (collects Deadpool: The Circle Chase #1–4, 96 pages, Marvel Comics, March 1997, ISBN 0-7851-0259-0)
Deadpool II: Sins of the Past (collects Deadpool Vol. 1 #1–4, 96 pages, Marvel Comics, January 1997, ISBN 0-7851-0554-9)
Deadpool (Panini Comics):
Volume 1 (collects Deadpool: The Circle Chase and Deadpool: Sins of the Past #1-4, 196 pages, June 2008, ISBN 1-905239-84-X)
Volume 2 (collects Deadpool Vol. 2 #1–9, 308 pages, July 2009, ISBN 1-84653-427-5)
Volume 3: You Only Die Twice (collects Deadpool Vol. 2 #10-17 and 0, 244 pages, June 2010, ISBN 1-84653-453-4)
more spectacular stuff...
Favorite superhero movie
who's that good looking actor?
swear he looks familiar
Hit me up!
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submit
PS: I don't do birthday parties
catch ya later ®2016 Deadpool


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title: I'm a "Zellous" designer | Brandonz
description: Champion of the user and examiner of details, I'm a "zellous" designer. My name is Brandon Zell and I'm a UI Designer / Front-End Developer.
heather-img_path: /img/referral__heather.png
matt-img_path: /img/referral__matt.png
---
“Brandon has a strong aesthetic and creates beautiful marketing materials. As a creative director and marketing expert, I'm very impressed with the work he has created and his attention to detail.” Heather Cox Marketing, graphic design & web strategy expert “EXTREMELY design-focus and detail oriented. It's with these two skills that he creates visually aesthetic masterpieces. His user interfaces are made with a focus on usability and user interaction. The systems created are extremely intuitive and well branded. If you are looking for a new web application design, or to polish up your existing one, Brandon is your guy!” Matt Steele Software Engineer and Project Manager Website Redesign Infolinx is a leading company in the records management software industry. I worked as their in-house designer for five years and had the oppurtunity to tackle various web and print projects. Web App / Website Design Trible is a side-project my business partner, Matt Steele, and I have been working on. The idea is to create a web app where people can read the Bible in a more social way than current online Bibles. Website Redesign This website redesign is for a landscaping company in Texas. As evidenced by the pictures of their work, they run a high quality operation. Their previous site didn’t do their work credit and might have been a barrier for attracting some clients. Website Redesign Growing up, I had the privilege of learning gymnastics and trampoline at Freestate and eventually instructing children as a teacher.Champion of the user and examiner of details:
I'm a "zellous" designer.
KIND WORDS
PROJECTS
Infolinx
The goal of this redesign was to make the content more digestible and give Infolinx greater first impression credibility. The content was improved by breaking up the main text and adding photos and icons as compliments. To increase perceived credibility, a full-width design with large images was used to help convey that Infolinx is a company who’s staying current in the tech industry.Trible
The bread and butter of this social interaction is being able to read, post, and reply to questions and comments on any verse in the Bible. The goal of this social interaction is to lift one another up, that we might be encouraged and better understand the Bible.Bravo Landscaping
This redesign puts the photos of their work on display in a bold way, allowing them to speak for themselves. Additionally, the clean custom design should inspire trust and confidence for first time visitors to the site.Freestate Gymnastics
The goal of this redesign is to show off, visually, the many opportunities Freestate provides for people looking for an athletic outlet. In addition to that, the design and photos are meant to convey that Freestate is a place where you can learn to excel while having fun.


You can enter Stat/Transfer commands in a command file, as well as interactively at the Stat/Transfer prompt or the operating system prompt.
When you enter commands at the prompt, the command is executed immediately. When you store commands in a file, the commands are executed when you execute the file.
You can execute command files from the Stat/Transfer prompt or from the operating system prompt.
When you wish to run batch jobs, you must use command files.
Constructing Command Files
You can create Stat/Transfer command files as ASCII documents. Type commands in the document just as you would type them at the Stat/Transfer prompt.
You can put comments in command files by preceding the comments with a double slash, '//'.
Command File Name Extensions
Stat/Transfer assumes that command files have the extension .stcmd (Stat/Transfer Command).
The old extension .stc, which conflicts with the extension used by SAS for CPORT libraries, is still supported, but is now deprecated.
If you are executing a command file from the Stat/Transfer command line, you need not give an extension unless the file does not have the extension .stcmd.
If you wish to run a command file from the operating system command line, it must have the extension .stcmd and the extension must be given.
Executing Command Files
Executing Command Files from the Stat/Transfer Prompt
You can execute a command file at the Stat/Transfer prompt by typing:
EX commandfilename
If you enter commandfilename without an extension, an extension of .stcmd is assumed by Stat/Transfer.
A command file named weekly.stcmd could be executed by typing
ex weekly
Executing Command Files from the Operating System Prompt
You can execute a command file at the operating system prompt by typing
ST commandfilename.stcmd
In order to use command files from the operating system prompt, you will need to be in the directory in which you installed Stat/Transfer, or have a path defined to it or give the path explicitly.
For example, a command file, repeat.stcmd, will be executed if, at the operating system prompt, you type:
st repeat.stcmd
Note that the extension, which is explicitly given, must be .stcmd. If the file is not in the Stat/Transfer program directory, the complete path to it must be given.
If you do the same transfers all of the time, the ability to execute command files in this way allows you to set up a shortcut that will perform your transfers with a single click on a desktop icon.
Running and Editing Command Files from the Windows Explorer
When you double click on a Stat/Transfer command file in the Windows Explorer, the command processor will be launched and the command file executed.
If the last command in the file is 'quit', you will be taken directly back to the Explorer. Otherwise, the command 'quit' at the command line will return you to the Explorer.
You can edit a command file by right-clicking then selecting 'edit'.
Running Programs and Commands in Command Files
Command files can contain commands to execute programs, as well as Stat/Transfer commands.
These options will, for example, allow you to zip or unzip files with commands given to the Stat/Transfer command processor. For example, a command file might contain the following set of commands.
// unzip a SAS file
!pkunzip sasdata.zip mysas1.sd2
// copy it to an SPSS file
copy mysas1.sd2 myspss1.sav
// zip your new SPSS file
!pkzip myspss1.zip myspss1.sav
// delete the SPSS file
!del myspss1.sav
// delete the SAS file
!del mysas1.sd2
where '//' indicates to the command processor that what follows is a comment and '!' has been used instead of 'dos'.
A sequence of command such as these can be entered directly at the Stat/Transfer command prompt or stored in a command file for batch execution.


Ramzi S.
Name: Ramzi S.
Nickname: Chabita
Grade: 12
Nationality: Canadian
Years at MMI: 7
Life motto: “I don’t hate you ‘cause you’re fat.
- Celebrity crush? Kerry Washington. Anyone who watches Scandal will understand.
- Most awkward thing that ever happened to you? I’m more awkward than Jennifer Lawrence at the Oscars.
- If your life were a song, what would the title be? “Love It”.
- Something you couldn’t live without? My closet.
- Someone you couldn’t live without? P.
- Best thing that happened in 2014? Getting accepted into Tisch.
- If you could have one superpower what would it be? The ability to eat chocolate with no weight gain.
- Favorite subject? Drama.
- The perfect vacation? A vacation is perfect when you start forgetting what day it is.
- Cats or dogs? Dogs.
- Favorite artist? Beyoncé, I love R&B.
- Best thing that happened this month? Performing West Side Story.
- Best thing that happened ever? The runaway llamas
- Facebook or Instagram? The gram. All the way.
- Favorite holiday? New Years Eve.
- Biggest surprise you’ve ever had? Finding out that Morocco was not in South America…geography is not my strong suit.
- If you could pick one historical figure to have coffee with, whom would you pick? Does Liza Minnelli count as a historical figure?
- Best gift you ever received? Good DNA (shout out to Naj!).
- Favorite country you visited? Singapore.
- Number one goal in life? To inspire a celeb’s break-up album.
- Movie you laughed the hardest through? Bridesmaids killed me.
- Best thing about living in Rome? Ginger! (Not the spice, the restaurant/café).
- If you could switch places with someone for a day, who would it be? Lena Dunham!
- Dream job? To run my own show on HBO.
- Who should everyone be following right now? @chrisellelim has the best Instagram!


"ESHTAOL "narrow pass or recess, a town (Joshua 15:33) in the low country, the She-phelah of Judah. It was allotted to the tribe of Dan(Joshua 19:41), and was one of their strongholds. Here Samson spent his boyhood, and first began to show his mighty strength; and here he was buried in the burying-place of Manoah his father (Judges 13:25; 16:31; 18:2, 8, 11, 12). It is identified with the modern Yeshua, on a hill 2 miles east of Zorah. Others, however, identify it with Kustul, east of Kirjath-jearim.
"ESHTAOL "narrow pass or recess, a town (Joshua 15:33) in the low country, the She-phelah of Judah. It was allotted to the tribe of Dan(Joshua 19:41), and was one of their strongholds. Here Samson spent his boyhood, and first began to show his mighty strength; and here he was buried in the burying-place of Manoah his father (Judges 13:25; 16:31; 18:2, 8, 11, 12). It is identified with the modern Yeshua, on a hill 2 miles east of Zorah. Others, however, identify it with Kustul, east of Kirjath-jearim.


Worth 1,000 words
One year, five dramatic photos.
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