Strings¶
Strings are finite sequences of characters. Of course, the real trouble
comes when one asks what a character is. The characters that English
speakers are familiar with are the letters A
, B
, C
, etc.,
together with numerals and common punctuation symbols. These characters
are standardized together with a mapping to integer values between 0 and
127 by the ASCII standard. There
are, of course, many other characters used in non-English languages,
including variants of the ASCII characters with accents and other
modifications, related scripts such as Cyrillic and Greek, and scripts
completely unrelated to ASCII and English, including Arabic, Chinese,
Hebrew, Hindi, Japanese, and Korean. The
Unicode standard tackles the
complexities of what exactly a character is, and is generally accepted
as the definitive standard addressing this problem. Depending on your
needs, you can either ignore these complexities entirely and just
pretend that only ASCII characters exist, or you can write code that can
handle any of the characters or encodings that one may encounter when
handling non-ASCII text. Julia makes dealing with plain ASCII text
simple and efficient, and handling Unicode is as simple and efficient as
possible. In particular, you can write C-style string code to process
ASCII strings, and they will work as expected, both in terms of
performance and semantics. If such code encounters non-ASCII text, it
will gracefully fail with a clear error message, rather than silently
introducing corrupt results. When this happens, modifying the code to
handle non-ASCII data is straightforward.
There are a few noteworthy high-level features about Julia’s strings:
AbstractString
is an abstraction, not a concrete type — many different representations can implement theAbstractString
interface, but they can easily be used together and interact transparently. Any string type can be used in any function expecting aAbstractString
.- Like C and Java, but unlike most dynamic languages, Julia has a
first-class type representing a single character, called
Char
. This is just a special kind of 32-bit bitstype whose numeric value represents a Unicode code point. - As in Java, strings are immutable: the value of a
AbstractString
object cannot be changed. To construct a different string value, you construct a new string from parts of other strings. - Conceptually, a string is a partial function from indices to characters — for some index values, no character value is returned, and instead an exception is thrown. This allows for efficient indexing into strings by the byte index of an encoded representation rather than by a character index, which cannot be implemented both efficiently and simply for variable-width encodings of Unicode strings.
- Julia supports the full range of Unicode characters: literal strings are always UTF-8 but other encodings for strings from external sources can be supported.
Characters¶
A Char
value represents a single character: it is just a 32-bit
bitstype with a special literal representation and appropriate arithmetic
behaviors, whose numeric value is interpreted as a Unicode code
point. Here is how Char
values are input and shown:
julia> 'x'
'x'
julia> typeof(ans)
Char
You can convert a Char
to its integer value, i.e. code point,
easily:
julia> Int('x')
120
julia> typeof(ans)
Int64
On 32-bit architectures, typeof(ans)
will be Int32
. You can
convert an integer value back to a Char
just as easily:
julia> Char(120)
'x'
Not all integer values are valid Unicode code points, but for
performance, the Char()
conversion does not check that every character
value is valid. If you want to check that each converted value is a
valid code point, use the isvalid()
function:
julia> Char(0x110000)
'\U110000'
julia> isvalid(Char, 0x110000)
false
As of this writing, the valid Unicode code points are U+00
through
U+d7ff
and U+e000
through U+10ffff
. These have not all been
assigned intelligible meanings yet, nor are they necessarily
interpretable by applications, but all of these values are considered to
be valid Unicode characters.
You can input any Unicode character in single quotes using \u
followed by up to four hexadecimal digits or \U
followed by up to
eight hexadecimal digits (the longest valid value only requires six):
julia> '\u0'
'\0'
julia> '\u78'
'x'
julia> '\u2200'
'∀'
julia> '\U10ffff'
'\U10ffff'
Julia uses your system’s locale and language settings to determine which
characters can be printed as-is and which must be output using the
generic, escaped \u
or \U
input forms. In addition to these
Unicode escape forms, all of C’s traditional escaped input
forms can
also be used:
julia> Int('\0')
0
julia> Int('\t')
9
julia> Int('\n')
10
julia> Int('\e')
27
julia> Int('\x7f')
127
julia> Int('\177')
127
julia> Int('\xff')
255
You can do comparisons and a limited amount of arithmetic with
Char
values:
julia> 'A' < 'a'
true
julia> 'A' <= 'a' <= 'Z'
false
julia> 'A' <= 'X' <= 'Z'
true
julia> 'x' - 'a'
23
julia> 'A' + 1
'B'
String Basics¶
String literals are delimited by double quotes or triple double quotes:
julia> str = "Hello, world.\n"
"Hello, world.\n"
julia> """Contains "quote" characters"""
"Contains \"quote\" characters"
If you want to extract a character from a string, you index into it:
julia> str[1]
'H'
julia> str[6]
','
julia> str[end]
'\n'
All indexing in Julia is 1-based: the first element of any
integer-indexed object is found at index 1, and the last
element is found at index n
, when the string has
a length of n
.
In any indexing expression, the keyword end
can be used as a
shorthand for the last index (computed by endof(str)
).
You can perform arithmetic and other operations with end
, just like
a normal value:
julia> str[end-1]
'.'
julia> str[end÷2]
' '
Using an index less than 1 or greater than end
raises an error:
julia> str[0]
ERROR: BoundsError: attempt to access 14-element Array{UInt8,1} at index [0]
julia> str[end+1]
ERROR: BoundsError: attempt to access 14-element Array{UInt8,1} at index [15]
You can also extract a substring using range indexing:
julia> str[4:9]
"lo, wo"
Notice that the expressions str[k]
and str[k:k]
do not give the same result:
julia> str[6]
','
julia> str[6:6]
","
The former is a single character value of type Char
, while the
latter is a string value that happens to contain only a single
character. In Julia these are very different things.
Unicode and UTF-8¶
Julia fully supports Unicode characters and strings. As discussed
above, in character literals, Unicode code points can be
represented using Unicode \u
and \U
escape sequences, as well as
all the standard C escape sequences. These can likewise be used to write
string literals:
julia> s = "\u2200 x \u2203 y"
"∀ x ∃ y"
Whether these Unicode characters are displayed as escapes or shown as special characters depends on your terminal’s locale settings and its support for Unicode. String literals are encoded using the UTF-8 encoding. UTF-8 is a variable-width encoding, meaning that not all characters are encoded in the same number of bytes. In UTF-8, ASCII characters — i.e. those with code points less than 0x80 (128) — are encoded as they are in ASCII, using a single byte, while code points 0x80 and above are encoded using multiple bytes — up to four per character. This means that not every byte index into a UTF-8 string is necessarily a valid index for a character. If you index into a string at such an invalid byte index, an error is thrown:
julia> s[1]
'∀'
julia> s[2]
ERROR: UnicodeError: invalid character index
in slow_utf8_next(::Array{UInt8,1}, ::UInt8, ::Int64) at ./strings/string.jl:67
in next at ./strings/string.jl:92 [inlined]
in getindex(::String, ::Int64) at ./strings/basic.jl:70
...
julia> s[3]
ERROR: UnicodeError: invalid character index
in slow_utf8_next(::Array{UInt8,1}, ::UInt8, ::Int64) at ./strings/string.jl:67
in next at ./strings/string.jl:92 [inlined]
in getindex(::String, ::Int64) at ./strings/basic.jl:70
...
julia> s[4]
' '
In this case, the character ∀
is a three-byte character, so the
indices 2 and 3 are invalid and the next character’s index is 4; this
next valid index can be computed by nextind(s,1)
,
and the next index after that by nextind(s,4)
and so on.
Because of variable-length encodings, the number of characters in a
string (given by length(s)
) is not always the same as the last index.
If you iterate through the indices 1 through endof(s)
and index
into s
, the sequence of characters returned when errors aren’t
thrown is the sequence of characters comprising the string s
.
Thus we have the identity that length(s) <= endof(s)
, since each
character in a string must have its own index. The following is an
inefficient and verbose way to iterate through the characters of s
:
julia> for i = 1:endof(s)
try
println(s[i])
catch
# ignore the index error
end
end
∀
x
∃
y
The blank lines actually have spaces on them. Fortunately, the above awkward idiom is unnecessary for iterating through the characters in a string, since you can just use the string as an iterable object, no exception handling required:
julia> for c in s
println(c)
end
∀
x
∃
y
Julia uses the UTF-8 encoding by default, and support for new encodings can
be added by packages. For example, the LegacyStrings.jl package implements
UTF16String
and UTF32String
types. Additional discussion of other
encodings and how to implement support for them is beyond the scope of this
document for the time being. For further discussion of UTF-8 encoding issues,
see the section below on byte array literals.
The transcode()
function is provided to convert data between
the various UTF-xx encodings, primarily for working with external
data and libraries.
Interpolation¶
One of the most common and useful string operations is concatenation:
julia> greet = "Hello"
"Hello"
julia> whom = "world"
"world"
julia> string(greet, ", ", whom, ".\n")
"Hello, world.\n"
Constructing strings like this can become a bit cumbersome, however. To
reduce the need for these verbose calls to string()
, Julia allows
interpolation into string literals using $
, as in Perl:
julia> "$greet, $whom.\n"
"Hello, world.\n"
This is more readable and convenient and equivalent to the above string concatenation — the system rewrites this apparent single string literal into a concatenation of string literals with variables.
The shortest complete expression after the $
is taken as the
expression whose value is to be interpolated into the string. Thus, you
can interpolate any expression into a string using parentheses:
julia> "1 + 2 = $(1 + 2)"
"1 + 2 = 3"
Both concatenation and string interpolation call
string()
to convert objects into string form. Most
non-AbstractString
objects are converted to strings closely
corresponding to how they are entered as literal expressions:
julia> v = [1,2,3]
3-element Array{Int64,1}:
1
2
3
julia> "v: $v"
"v: [1,2,3]"
string()
is the identity for AbstractString
and Char
values, so these are interpolated into strings as themselves, unquoted
and unescaped:
julia> c = 'x'
'x'
julia> "hi, $c"
"hi, x"
To include a literal $
in a string literal, escape it with a
backslash:
julia> print("I have \$100 in my account.\n")
I have $100 in my account.
Triple-Quoted String Literals¶
When strings are created using triple-quotes ("""..."""
) they have some
special behavior that can be useful for creating longer blocks of text. First,
if the opening """
is followed by a newline, the newline is stripped from
the resulting string.
"""hello"""
is equivalent to
"""
hello"""
but
"""
hello"""
will contain a literal newline at the beginning. Trailing whitespace is left
unaltered. They can contain "
symbols without escaping. Triple-quoted strings
are also dedented to the level of the least-indented line. This is useful for
defining strings within code that is indented. For example:
julia> str = """
Hello,
world.
"""
" Hello,\n world.\n"
In this case the final (empty) line before the closing """
sets the
indentation level.
Note that line breaks in literal strings, whether single- or triple-quoted,
result in a newline (LF) character \n
in the string, even if your
editor uses a carriage return \r
(CR) or CRLF combination to end lines.
To include a CR in a string, use an explicit escape \r
; for example,
you can enter the literal string "a CRLF line ending\r\n"
.
Common Operations¶
You can lexicographically compare strings using the standard comparison operators:
julia> "abracadabra" < "xylophone"
true
julia> "abracadabra" == "xylophone"
false
julia> "Hello, world." != "Goodbye, world."
true
julia> "1 + 2 = 3" == "1 + 2 = $(1 + 2)"
true
You can search for the index of a particular character using the
search()
function:
julia> search("xylophone", 'x')
1
julia> search("xylophone", 'p')
5
julia> search("xylophone", 'z')
0
You can start the search for a character at a given offset by providing a third argument:
julia> search("xylophone", 'o')
4
julia> search("xylophone", 'o', 5)
7
julia> search("xylophone", 'o', 8)
0
You can use the contains()
function to check if a substring is
contained in a string:
julia> contains("Hello, world.", "world")
true
julia> contains("Xylophon", "o")
true
julia> contains("Xylophon", "a")
false
julia> contains("Xylophon", 'o')
ERROR: MethodError: no method matching contains(::String, ::Char)
Closest candidates are:
contains(!Matched::Function, ::Any, !Matched::Any) at reduce.jl:489
contains(::AbstractString, !Matched::AbstractString) at strings/search.jl:310
...
The last error is because 'o'
is a character literal, and contains()
is a generic function that looks for subsequences. To look for an element in a
sequence, you must use in()
instead.
Two other handy string functions are repeat()
and join()
:
julia> repeat(".:Z:.", 10)
".:Z:..:Z:..:Z:..:Z:..:Z:..:Z:..:Z:..:Z:..:Z:..:Z:."
julia> join(["apples", "bananas", "pineapples"], ", ", " and ")
"apples, bananas and pineapples"
Some other useful functions include:
endof(str)
gives the maximal (byte) index that can be used to index intostr
.length(str)
the number of characters instr
.i = start(str)
gives the first valid index at which a character can be found instr
(typically 1).c, j = next(str,i)
returns next character at or after the indexi
and the next valid character index following that. Withstart()
andendof()
, can be used to iterate through the characters instr
.ind2chr(str,i)
gives the number of characters instr
up to and including any at indexi
.chr2ind(str,j)
gives the index at which thej
th character instr
occurs.
Non-Standard String Literals¶
There are situations when you want to construct a string or use string semantics, but the behavior of the standard string construct is not quite what is needed. For these kinds of situations, Julia provides non-standard string literals.  The convention is that non-standard literals with uppercase prefixes produce actual string objects, while those with lowercase prefixes produce non-string objects like byte arrays or compiled regular expressions. Regular expressions, byte array literals and version number literals, as described below, are some examples of non-standard string literals. Other examples are given in the metaprogramming section.
Regular Expressions¶
Julia has Perl-compatible regular expressions (regexes), as provided by
the PCRE library. Regular expressions are
related to strings in two ways: the obvious connection is that regular
expressions are used to find regular patterns in strings; the other
connection is that regular expressions are themselves input as strings,
which are parsed into a state machine that can be used to efficiently
search for patterns in strings. In Julia, regular expressions are input
using non-standard string literals prefixed with various identifiers
beginning with r
. The most basic regular expression literal without
any options turned on just uses r"..."
:
julia> r"^\s*(?:#|$)"
r"^\s*(?:#|$)"
julia> typeof(ans)
Regex
To check if a regex matches a string, use ismatch()
:
julia> ismatch(r"^\s*(?:#|$)", "not a comment")
false
julia> ismatch(r"^\s*(?:#|$)", "# a comment")
true
As one can see here, ismatch()
simply returns true or false,
indicating whether the given regex matches the string or not. Commonly,
however, one wants to know not just whether a string matched, but also
how it matched. To capture this information about a match, use the
match()
function instead:
julia> match(r"^\s*(?:#|$)", "not a comment")
julia> match(r"^\s*(?:#|$)", "# a comment")
RegexMatch("#")
If the regular expression does not match the given string, match()
returns nothing
— a special value that does not print anything at
the interactive prompt. Other than not printing, it is a completely
normal value and you can test for it programmatically:
m = match(r"^\s*(?:#|$)", line)
if m === nothing
println("not a comment")
else
println("blank or comment")
end
If a regular expression does match, the value returned by match()
is a
RegexMatch
object. These objects record how the expression matches,
including the substring that the pattern matches and any captured
substrings, if there are any. This example only captures the portion of
the substring that matches, but perhaps we want to capture any non-blank
text after the comment character. We could do the following:
julia> m = match(r"^\s*(?:#\s*(.*?)\s*$|$)", "# a comment ")
RegexMatch("# a comment ", 1="a comment")
When calling match()
, you have the option to specify an index at
which to start the search. For example:
julia> m = match(r"[0-9]","aaaa1aaaa2aaaa3",1)
RegexMatch("1")
julia> m = match(r"[0-9]","aaaa1aaaa2aaaa3",6)
RegexMatch("2")
julia> m = match(r"[0-9]","aaaa1aaaa2aaaa3",11)
RegexMatch("3")
You can extract the following info from a RegexMatch
object:
- the entire substring matched:
m.match
- the captured substrings as an array of strings:
m.captures
- the offset at which the whole match begins:
m.offset
- the offsets of the captured substrings as a vector:
m.offsets
For when a capture doesn’t match, instead of a substring, m.captures
contains nothing
in that position, and m.offsets
has a zero
offset (recall that indices in Julia are 1-based, so a zero offset into
a string is invalid). Here is a pair of somewhat contrived examples:
julia> m = match(r"(a|b)(c)?(d)", "acd")
RegexMatch("acd", 1="a", 2="c", 3="d")
julia> m.match
"acd"
julia> m.captures
3-element Array{Union{SubString{String},Void},1}:
"a"
"c"
"d"
julia> m.offset
1
julia> m.offsets
3-element Array{Int64,1}:
1
2
3
julia> m = match(r"(a|b)(c)?(d)", "ad")
RegexMatch("ad", 1="a", 2=nothing, 3="d")
julia> m.match
"ad"
julia> m.captures
3-element Array{Union{SubString{String},Void},1}:
"a"
nothing
"d"
julia> m.offset
1
julia> m.offsets
3-element Array{Int64,1}:
1
0
2
It is convenient to have captures returned as an array so that one can use destructuring syntax to bind them to local variables:
julia> first, second, third = m.captures; first
"a"
Captures can also be accessed by indexing the RegexMatch
object
with the number or name of the capture group:
julia> m=match(r"(?<hour>\d+):(?<minute>\d+)","12:45")
RegexMatch("12:45", hour="12", minute="45")
julia> m[:minute]
"45"
julia> m[2]
"45"
Captures can be referenced in a substitution string when using replace()
by using \n
to refer to the nth capture group and prefixing the
subsitution string with s
. Capture group 0 refers to the entire match object.
Named capture groups can be referenced in the substitution with g<groupname>
.
For example:
julia> replace("first second", r"(\w+) (?<agroup>\w+)", s"\g<agroup> \1")
"second first"
Numbered capture groups can also be referenced as \g<n>
for disambiguation,
as in:
julia> replace("a", r".", s"\g<0>1")
"a1"
You can modify the behavior of regular expressions by some combination
of the flags i
, m
, s
, and x
after the closing double
quote mark. These flags have the same meaning as they do in Perl, as
explained in this excerpt from the perlre
manpage:
i Do case-insensitive pattern matching.
If locale matching rules are in effect, the case map is taken
from the current locale for code points less than 255, and
from Unicode rules for larger code points. However, matches
that would cross the Unicode rules/non-Unicode rules boundary
(ords 255/256) will not succeed.
m Treat string as multiple lines. That is, change "^" and "$"
from matching the start or end of the string to matching the
start or end of any line anywhere within the string.
s Treat string as single line. That is, change "." to match any
character whatsoever, even a newline, which normally it would
not match.
Used together, as r""ms, they let the "." match any character
whatsoever, while still allowing "^" and "$" to match,
respectively, just after and just before newlines within the
string.
x Tells the regular expression parser to ignore most whitespace
that is neither backslashed nor within a character class. You
can use this to break up your regular expression into
(slightly) more readable parts. The '#' character is also
treated as a metacharacter introducing a comment, just as in
ordinary code.
For example, the following regex has all three flags turned on:
julia> r"a+.*b+.*?d$"ism
r"a+.*b+.*?d$"ims
julia> match(r"a+.*b+.*?d$"ism, "Goodbye,\nOh, angry,\nBad world\n")
RegexMatch("angry,\nBad world")
Triple-quoted regex strings, of the form r"""..."""
, are also
supported (and may be convenient for regular expressions containing
quotation marks or newlines).
Byte Array Literals¶
Another useful non-standard string literal is the byte-array string
literal: b"..."
. This form lets you use string notation to express
literal byte arrays — i.e. arrays of UInt8
values. The rules for
byte array literals are the following:
- ASCII characters and ASCII escapes produce a single byte.
\x
and octal escape sequences produce the byte corresponding to the escape value.- Unicode escape sequences produce a sequence of bytes encoding that code point in UTF-8.
There is some overlap between these rules since the behavior of \x
and octal escapes less than 0x80 (128) are covered by both of the first
two rules, but here these rules agree. Together, these rules allow one
to easily use ASCII characters, arbitrary byte values, and UTF-8
sequences to produce arrays of bytes. Here is an example using all
three:
julia> b"DATA\xff\u2200"
8-element Array{UInt8,1}:
0x44
0x41
0x54
0x41
0xff
0xe2
0x88
0x80
The ASCII string “DATA” corresponds to the bytes 68, 65, 84, 65.
\xff
produces the single byte 255. The Unicode escape \u2200
is
encoded in UTF-8 as the three bytes 226, 136, 128. Note that the
resulting byte array does not correspond to a valid UTF-8 string — if
you try to use this as a regular string literal, you will get a syntax
error:
julia> "DATA\xff\u2200"
ERROR: syntax: invalid UTF-8 sequence
...
Also observe the significant distinction between \xff
and \uff
:
the former escape sequence encodes the byte 255, whereas the latter
escape sequence represents the code point 255, which is encoded as two
bytes in UTF-8:
julia> b"\xff"
1-element Array{UInt8,1}:
0xff
julia> b"\uff"
2-element Array{UInt8,1}:
0xc3
0xbf
In character literals, this distinction is glossed over and \xff
is
allowed to represent the code point 255, because characters always
represent code points. In strings, however, \x
escapes always
represent bytes, not code points, whereas \u
and \U
escapes
always represent code points, which are encoded in one or more bytes.
For code points less than \u80
, it happens that the UTF-8
encoding of each code point is just the single byte produced by the
corresponding \x
escape, so the distinction can safely be ignored.
For the escapes \x80
through \xff
as compared to \u80
through \uff
, however, there is a major difference: the former
escapes all encode single bytes, which — unless followed by very
specific continuation bytes — do not form valid UTF-8 data, whereas the
latter escapes all represent Unicode code points with two-byte
encodings.
If this is all extremely confusing, try reading “The Absolute Minimum Every Software Developer Absolutely, Positively Must Know About Unicode and Character Sets”. It’s an excellent introduction to Unicode and UTF-8, and may help alleviate some confusion regarding the matter.
Version Number Literals¶
Version numbers can easily be expressed with non-standard string literals of
the form v"..."
. Version number literals create VersionNumber
objects
which follow the specifications of semantic versioning,
and therefore are composed of major, minor and patch numeric values, followed
by pre-release and build alpha-numeric annotations. For example,
v"0.2.1-rc1+win64"
is broken into major version 0
, minor version 2
,
patch version 1
, pre-release rc1
and build win64
. When entering a
version literal, everything except the major version number is optional,
therefore e.g. v"0.2"
is equivalent to v"0.2.0"
(with empty
pre-release/build annotations), v"2"
is equivalent to v"2.0.0"
, and so
on.
VersionNumber
objects are mostly useful to easily and correctly compare two
(or more) versions. For example, the constant VERSION
holds Julia version
number as a VersionNumber
object, and therefore one can define some
version-specific behavior using simple statements as:
if v"0.2" <= VERSION < v"0.3-"
# do something specific to 0.2 release series
end
Note that in the above example the non-standard version number v"0.3-"
is
used, with a trailing -
: this notation is a Julia extension of the
standard, and it’s used to indicate a version which is lower than any 0.3
release, including all of its pre-releases. So in the above example the code
would only run with stable 0.2
versions, and exclude such versions as
v"0.3.0-rc1"
. In order to also allow for unstable (i.e. pre-release)
0.2
versions, the lower bound check should be modified like this: v"0.2-"
<= VERSION
.
Another non-standard version specification extension allows one to use a trailing
+
to express an upper limit on build versions, e.g. VERSION >
v"0.2-rc1+"
can be used to mean any version above 0.2-rc1
and any of its
builds: it will return false
for version v"0.2-rc1+win64"
and true
for v"0.2-rc2"
.
It is good practice to use such special versions in comparisons (particularly,
the trailing -
should always be used on upper bounds unless there’s a good
reason not to), but they must not be used as the actual version number of
anything, as they are invalid in the semantic versioning scheme.
Besides being used for the VERSION
constant, VersionNumber
objects are
widely used in the Pkg
module, to specify packages versions and their
dependencies.


Thrusters
Jaws - 2 was powered by three Seabotix BTD150 Thrusters. Using Sabertooth motor controllers, the vehicle was able to move in any direction and had plenty of power to drive it through the water.
The 2013-2014 ROV, named Jaws, represents our move away from a traditional thruster configuration towards a low weight and low cost system. Jaws features two actuating thrusters near the dome controlled my internal servos with dynamic shaft-seals. This unique approach gives jaws total freedom to move in water while still allowing precision control via thrust vectoring algorithms.
Jaws was later reinvisioned and remade to better pursue what it was meant to do.
Jaws - 2 was powered by three Seabotix BTD150 Thrusters. Using Sabertooth motor controllers, the vehicle was able to move in any direction and had plenty of power to drive it through the water.
Jaws used generic off the shelf USB cameras. This was a cost saving measure. High performance machine vision cameras were not required for this application and therefore not purchased as they were for later vehicles.
Jaws was designed to compete in the 2014 Marine Advanced Technology Education International ROV Competition. Jaws never made it to the competition due to issues from using the new motor controllers. Due to a young and developing team just getting into advancing electronics, issues were not solved in time to make it to the final competition.


| GEOS SDK TechDocs
|
| continue-patient ...
| debug ...
dbrk
dbrk <addr> <num> [<command>|default]
dbrk set <break> <num> [<command>|default]
dbrk list [<break>]
dbrk {clear,delete} <break>
dbrk cur <break> <num>
dbrk max <break> <num>
dbrk cmd <break> [<command>]
dbrk reset <break>
dbrk enable <break>
dbrk disable <break>
Examples:
-
"dbrk ObjMessage 30"
-
Break at the 30th call to ObjMessage
-
"dbrk set 5 30"
-
Break after hitting brk5 30 times.
-
"dbrk set brk3 10 default"
-
Break after hitting brk3 10 times; Each time brk3 is hit, perform the default command.
-
"dbrk cmd brk2 {echo foo}"
-
Echo a string whenever brk2 is hit.
-
"dbrk cmd brk2 default"
-
Use the default command for brk2.
-
"dbrk disable 2"
-
Stop counting brk2; it will now always be taken.
This command creates "delayed" breakpoints, creating breakpoints that don't activate until they've been hit a specified nuber of times.
-
break
may be a number, or a full breakpoint token (brk<n>)
num
is a number; and
command
is a string that will be evaluated. If
command
may also be the string "default", in which case a default command will be used. The first argument to dbrk may be abbreviated; only the first 3 characters are significant.
-
Deleting a breakpoint with "brk del" removes the dbrk also.
-
With the exception of brk, all the commands that take <break> must be given a breakpoint that has been delayed. The "dbrk list" command will show these.
-
"dbrk list" will show how many times a breakpoint has been hit, the maximum number of times to skip the breakpoint, and the command to evaluate whenever the breakpoint is hit. If no breakpoint is passed, the status of all dbrks will be shown.
-
"dbrk clear" and "dbrk delete" are synonyms. These commands will cause the delayed breakpoint to become normal again, and clear out the global variables used to store the dbrk's state: brk
N
cur, brk
N
max, brk
N
cmd where
N
is a number.
-
"dbrk cur", "dbrk max", and "dbrk cmd" set the current count, the maximum count, and the command of the specified breakpoint respectively.
-
"dbrk reset
break
" is a quick way of saying "dbrk cur
break
0"
-
"dbrk enable" and "dbrk disable" are used to enable and disable a dbrk. Disabled dbrks will always be taken, and their counter will not be incremented.
-
Since this command is just a front-end to brk cmd, you can use dbrk and brk cond to create more complex breakpoints; for instance, you can "mwatch
MSG_VIS_DRAW
", then "dbrk set
brk
30 print-method" to break after
MSG_VIS_DRAW
has been received 30 times.
dcache
dcache bsize <blockSize>
dcache length <numBlocks>
dcache stats
dcache params
dcache (on|off)
Examples:
-
"dcache bsize 16"
-
Set the number of bytes fetched at a time to 16.
-
"dcache length 1024"
-
Allow 1024 blocks of the current block size to be in the cache at a time.
-
"dcache off"
- Disables the Swat data cache.
Controls the cache Swat uses to hold data read from the target machine while the machine is stopped.
-
Data written while the machine is stopped actually get written to the cache, not the PC, and the modified blocks are written when the machine is continued.
-
The default cache block size is 32 bytes, with a default cache length of 64 blocks.
-
It is a very rare thing to have to turn the data cache off. You might need to do this while examining the changing registers of a memory-mapped I/O device.
-
The <blockSize> must be a power of 2 and no more than 128.
-
Changing the block size causes all cached blocks to be flushed (any modified cache blocks are written to the PC).
-
Changing the cache length will only flush blocks if there are more blocks currently in the cache than are allowed by the new length.
-
The "dcache stats" command prints statistics giving some indication of the efficacy of the data cache. It does not return anything.
-
The "dcache params" command returns a list {<blockSize> <numBlocks>} giving the current parameters of the data cache. There are some operations where you might want to adjust the size of the cache either up or down, but need to reset the parameters when the operation completes. This is what you need to do this.
See Also: cache.
dcall
dcall [<args>]
Examples:
-
"dcall Dispatch"
-
Display when the routine Dispatch is called
-
"dcall none"
-
stop displaying all routines
Display calls to a routine.
-
The <args> argument normally is the name of the routine to monitor. Whenever a call is made to the routine its name is displayed.
-
If `none' or no argument is passed, then all the routines will stop displaying.
-
Dcall uses breakpoints to display routine names. By looking at the list of breakpoints you can see which routines display their names and you can stop them individually by disabling or deleting their breakpoints.
See Also: showcalls,
mwatch.
| GEOS SDK TechDocs
|
| continue-patient ...
| debug ...


A_package_intro.Rmd
This document introduces the vectorpower package It is based on the content of the associated poster presented at the ASTMH Annual Meeting in November 2019 and the associated handout. A PDF copy of this poster can be found at https://tinyurl.com/rlkojta. For further information, please contact<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The vectorpower package is designed to facilitate the simulation of cluster randomized trials (CRTs) of vector control interventions against Plasmodium Falciparum malaria. The interventions currently included are long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs), interior residual spraying (IRS) and attractive targeted sugar baits (ATSBs). Potential applications include:
The package is created in the R language. It uses the C++ language for the actual simulation of malaria progression in humans and mosquitoes, using an existing numerical malaria model (J.T. Griffin et al, Lancet Infect Dis. 16 465, 2016). The current version of the package can be found at https://github.com/KeithJF82/vectorpower. It is still being added to with new features and documentation; feedback from users and potential users is welcomed.
It is intended for users to be able to carry out all the steps involved in simulating a CRT starting from basic parameters, as shown in Fig. 1. Some steps may be omitted depending on desired outcome and available data, e.g. a user may use saved initial state or main population data for a new simulation to save time.
The parameter values required by the malaria model are stored as files and can be adjusted manually. The environmental parameters include those used to calculate rainfall (which controls mosquito larval hatching rates) as a function of time of year, and any pre-existing intervention levels.
Initial population state data is created by calculating values at steady state (constant rainfall), then simulating malaria progression over several years under variable rainfall conditions to reach equilibrium. This is carried out for multiple baseline malaria levels based on user input.
The user specifies a subset of the initial state data to use, along with a range of values of the varied intervention parameter (coverage of LLINs or IRS, or additional death rate due to ATSBs). Simulation of the mosquito population and main human population (the set of all humans in a group, as opposed to the trial cohort) is then carried out for all parameter combinations over the trial period. These populations are simulated using a deterministic continuum model.
The main population simulation data is then used as a group from which to draw individual clusters. Normal cumulative probability distributions are created by setting mean and standard deviation values of the varied intervention parameter and one of various malaria benchmarks (prevalence, incidence or entomological inoculation rate at a particular time in the main population simulation, or the annual EIR at equilibrium). A number of clusters are then generated from these distributions, each associated with a set of data from the main population simulation.
The trial cohort in each cluster is then simulated using a stochastic individual model, with EIR and starting immunity data taken from the output of the main population calculations. The results represent the data that will be gathered in a CRT.
This section describes a typical example of how the package may be used to simulate the results of a CRT. The example used is an ATSB epidemiological trial, to be carried out from July-December in an area with highly seasonal malaria where the year-round EIR has a mean value of 100 infectious bites/person and a standard deviation of 20. The additional death rate due to ATSBs is expected to vary between 0.0 and 0.2/day.
Initial state data consists of 31 sets of values representing year-round annual EIR values ranging from 37.9 to 198.3 infectious bites/person. The intervention parameter (ATSB killing rate) is varied in the specified range over 41 points. When the mosquito and main human populations are simulated over the trial period, 1,271 sets of values are therefore produced. (This requires several hours’ computation time on a typical desktop PC.) Fig. 2 shows how daily EIR varies over time for different intervention parameter values for a particular set of initial data.
The mean and standard deviation of the EIR given above are used to generate a cumulative probability distribution (Fig. 3A) from which to generate clusters. The intervention parameter distribution (Fig. 3B) is based on a mean ATSB killing rate of 0.1/day with a standard deviation of 0.05/day, producing a truncated distribution due to the permitted values being confined to the range used in simulations.
Two sets of clusters representing possible outcomes in the control and intervention arms of the trial are then produced. The control clusters are generated using a mean and standard deviation of 0 for the intervention parameter, so that only data for an ATSB killing rate of 0 is used. The intervention clusters are generated using both distributions, allowing them to be drawn from all 1271 sets of results. This gives each cluster an associated set of daily EIR values like those in Fig. 2, as well as starting patient immunity parameter values.
The trial cohorts in 10,000 clusters of each type are simulated over the trial period to produce a distribution of outcomes. (This along with the generation of the cluster data requires only a few minutes’ computation time, allowing many different scenarios to be quickly explored using the same main population data.) 100 patients between the ages of 6 months and 10 years are simulated per cluster, and are initially assumed to be malaria-free. Fig. 4 shows how the average malaria prevalence in the cohort measured monthly over the trial period varies across the sets of clusters. Other values output by the simulations can be used as the outcome, such as final prevalence, total incidence over the trial period, etc.
As shown in Fig. 4, the average prevalence measured during the trial in an intervention cluster will generally be significantly lower than that measured in a control cluster, but not 100% of the time due to the overlap between the outcome frequency distributions. The probability β of a type II error (null hypothesis erroneously not rejected) can be estimated by repeatedly comparing one or more random clusters of each type.
A trial with only one control and one intervention cluster is used with the null hypothesis that the intervention cluster will show less than a 30% drop in average prevalence compared to the control cluster. For 10,000 repetitions, β=0.295, giving a statistical power (1-β) of 70.5%. If the trial is expanded to include 2 control and 2 intervention clusters, with the prevalence values in each pair being added together, the estimated power with the same null hypothesis rises to 76.8%. Other trial design options can also be explored using the package, such as varying the number of patients in each cluster cohort.


Preheat the oven to 180C/160C Fan/Gas 4.
To make the lamb, heat the oil in a large ovenproof casserole dish over a medium heat. Brown the lamb shanks on all sides, then transfer them to a plate or board. Add the onion, garlic, celery, peppercorns and herbs to the pan and cook for 5 minutes.
Add the lamb back to the pan. Pour in the wine and simmer until reduced by half. Add the stock, cover with the lid and bake for 2½ hours, or until tender.
Meanwhile, to make the dauphinoise, place the cream, thyme and garlic in a saucepan and season with salt and pepper. Bring to the boil and remove from the heat immediately.
Lay some of the potatoes in a single layer in an ovenproof dish and cover with some of the cream mixture. Repeat this in layers until all the potatoes and cream have been used. Bake for 1–1¼ hours, or until golden and a knife easily goes all the way through.
When the lamb is cooked, strain the liquid into a saucepan. Put the lamb shanks into a roasting tin and roast for 10–15 minutes to brown. Simmer the liquid over a medium heat until reduced to the consistency of double cream. Whisk in the butter and keep warm.
If using hispi cabbage, heat a sauté pan, add the butter and cook until wilted. If using savoy cabbage, blanch it first in boiling water, drain and then cook in butter.
Serve the lamb with the dauphinoise potatoes and cabbage and pour over the sauce.


What's Up With WDI 7-8
// 1. show name // 2. show a picture of them // 3. show something else that's in the json object
Team Members: status code: {{status}}
{{ user.login }}
repos
What they're up to:
{{event.type}} {{event.repo}}


Converts if-statement containing conjunction operation in its condition into two nested if-statements with simplified conditions.


While customer is in the store, the app will keep a living memory of what customer viewed and will remind customer for augmented reality viewing at home later. Customer able to view furniture size, color, and make inside the comfort of their home.
Seamlessly integrate your in-store customer experience with online experience to extend the sales window and increase sale probability through second viewings of furniture, direct messaging, and promotional offers.
Offers direct messaging from customer to furniture store. Engage your customers more actively online to better understand their needs!
"This is fantastic! Thanks so much guys!"
"Can't wait to try it"
"I'll give it a try!"


This example allows the user to enter a URL, which is then retrieved and
displayed in a <span>. This demonstrates that what is retrieved is NOT
treated as an HTML document but rather a simple stream of data, hence the
document is not parsed and page events don't fire, images don't get retrieved,
etc.
Note that you will get a security warning if the domain you are accessing
is not the same as this example (which I assume it won't be). In fact,
some browsers will not allow this (Firefox), while others will with a
warning (IE).


U May Get a Good Solution For Rented Room
Be a Part Of Rentom Family & Enjoy Tasty and Healty Food like Mom
RentOM
Sudip shil


CLIJ2
GPU accelerated image processing for everyone
CLIJ2
home
Installation in
Fiji
Installation in
Icy
Installation in
Matlab
Reference
Cheat sheets
Source code
{{ content }}


{% extends PATH+"/inc/layout_citizen.html" %} {% block case_content %}
| Payment invoice reference | freds cabs 11987-12 | |
| Decision on payment | Accept | edit/change |
| From | 01//10/2017 | edit/change |
| To | 10/12/2017 | edit/change |
| Number of journeys used | 32 | edit/change |
| Amount | £332 | edit/change |
| Calculated amount | £160 | edit/change |
| Payee account name | Freds Cabs | edit/change |
| Bank or Building Society name | Nat West Bank | edit/change |
| Sort code | 11-22-33 | edit/change |
| Account number | 23456789 | edit/change |
| Contact email for payee |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>| edit/change |
| Notes | Here are some sample notes. I am going to keep typing because I need to fill this space out with lots of words, so I can show how wide this block can go. Also how is this going to fit into the table? | edit/change |


| Series group 1: | Series group 2: |
|
Visible
|
Visible
|
|
Stacked
|
Stacked
|
| Space between columns / padding: | Space between columns / padding: |
| Space between series: | Space between series: |
| Minimum column width: | Minimum column width: |
| Maximum column width: | Maximum column width: |


--- layout: page title: About Rachel permalink: /about/ ---
I have worked primarily with agencies over the years and stuck my hands into several project types, ranging from Code Igniter to CMS' and E-Commerce platforms. I've built everything from HTML email templates, static HTML sites and themes across several platforms like Tumblr, Shopify, Magento and WordPress to name a few. WordPress is what opened the door to back-end languages for me and it is there where I discovered my love for PHP. I'd love to take on a role where I can strengthen this skill and continue pushing myself towards being a full-stack developer.
On my spare time, I'm an active member of the WordPress community, also a technical and creative writer. My blog (rachievee) is where I write WordPress tutorials, and you can check out Rachel's Floetry for some of my more creative stuff.
I am, however, still interested in a full-time position as well. Remote is preferred, but I'm open to commute with a company that has a healty work-life balance and flexible schedules. You can reach me via my LinkedIn profile, Twitter, my blog - just about anywhere.
PS: If you're curious where the cartoon logo came from - I drew it. Little hobby of mine.


Tips on renting a Motorbike in South-East Asia
Tips
1-
Always take picture of the bike before leaving, look for scratches, take close
up pictures. Make sure that if there a bump or scratch you have it on your phone.
The shop owner will notice if you take picture and won’t try to scam you on your
return… he knows you have proof (Most of the time they also take picture)
2-
Negociate, they are expecting it.  You need the international one.
4-
Helmet, they give you one with the bike, wear it. Locals may not wear one but if
you get stop by the police you will get a ticket they won't. And for your own
safety, it's a motorbike in a country you don’t know with crazy driving….
Normally Alexis explain it to me has how fast are we going to go up hill. The
heaviest you are the harder it’s.
6-
Sunscreen and sunglasses are important. Sunscreen because you will burn and you
won’t notice… mainly in the neck and back…. I speak from experience. Sunglasses for
the sun of course but also for the dust not all helmet have visors.
7-
Ask how to operate the bike, don't be shy or too proud. Some are manual, some
you can lock and not all bike have the same system to open the tank. Also some bike
have an underseat compartment to store things.


| Username | Role |
| <[name]> | <[role]> |
| Review Translations in languages | Review Voiceovers in languages | Review Questions | Submit Questions |
| None <[language]><[$last ? '' : ', ']> | None <[language]><[$last ? '' : ', ']> | <[$ctrl.result.questions ? 'Allowed' : 'Not-allowed']> | <[$ctrl.result.can_submit_questions ? 'Allowed' : 'Not-allowed']> |


Button Options
There are three emphasis styles used to indicate the importance of the button on the page. Do not provide a value
for the default option. Use [options]="'emphasized'",
[options]="'menu'" or
[options]="'light'" to set the option. Options also can be combined in the array.
For example[options]="['emphasized', 'menu']" Button Types
The default button type is "action", no modifier is required. Use
[fdType]="'standard'", [fdType]="'positive'", [fdType]="'medium'", or
[fdType]="'negative'" to modify the type of the button.
Button Sizes Use [compact]="true" for the mobile button size.
Button with Icons
Use
[glyph]="'{{ '{' }}icon-name}'" to add an icon to the button.
Button State
'disabled' and 'selected' state can be achieved through native 'disabled' / 'aria-disabled' and 'aria-selected'
attributes.
The inputs for button will be translated into classes attributed to fundamental-styles guidelines.
For example: if positive is passed for fdType, the class
fd-button--positive will be added to the element. if compact is passed for
size, the class fd-button--compact will be added to the element.
Extensibility
The button implementation allows certain extensibility in terms of options for the inputs.
button inputs don't have a restriction for the predefined values. You can pass a number of custom
options to the options input, which accepts as a parameter either a string or an array of strings. For
example, [options]="'emphasized'" will add the class fd-button--emphasized to the button.
If you'd like to add multiple options, you could use [options]="['emphasized', 'option1', 'option2']".
This would result in 3 classes being added to the button: fd-button--emphasized,
fd-button--option1, and fd-button--option2.


ABBAS ALI & SONS UNIFORMS AND TEXTILES
Sales
Sales Order
Packing List
Commercial Invoice
Reciept Voucher
Purchase
Purchase Order
Good Recieving Note / Invoice
Vendor Payment
Production
Reports
Sales Report
Purchase Report
Production Report
Accounts Report
Master Data
Master View
VENDOR PAYMENT
Vendor
Select Vendor
V.P.O Ref
Select V.P.O#
Invoice Ref
Select Invoice
Payment Mode:
Cash
Cheque
Online Transfer
Cheque No:
Bank Transaction No:
Payment Type:
PKR
USD
EURO
GBP
AED
Payment:
Total Payment Due:
Balance:
Generate


Welcome to the 29th issue of SteemSTEM Distilled, a bi-weekly curation effort by the members of the @steemstem team.
SteemSTEM is a community driven project which seeks to promote well-written and informative Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics posts on Steemit. The project involves curating STEM-related posts through upvoting, resteeming, offering constructive feedback, supporting scientific contests, and other related activities.
For more details, a recent update on the steemSTEM can be found here, and a not so recent one there. Moreover, if you ask yourself about what it means to be part of steemSTEM, please check here.
In his latest post, @proteus-h explains to us how an Electric Fly-Swatter works and breaks down one apart to show us what it’s made off.
What I Learnt Last Week 14: Noise and The Brain, Your phone as a microscope, Osteoporosis’ treatment, Ebola Vaccines, & The Lips movement and hearing
In another episode of his “What I learned This Week” series, @pearlumie introduces us to some really cool scientific tidbits he learned this week. Some of the things you will learn include how to use your phone as a microscope,a new osteoporosis treatment that is under way and a new Ebola vaccine.
Tuesday
MAN AND NATURAL DISASTERS — Tornadoes; and the wind goes crazy yet again.
A tornado is a rapidly rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the Earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud. Check out @whileponderin post to learn more about how they are formed, what causes them and what to do during one.
Space Invaders
Not all space invaders come from space, some invaders just come our space. And sometimes they enter the space of a delicate ecosystem, with destructive consequences.. Check out this really interesting post by @jozefkrichards to learn the impact of the new species that have invaded New Zealand.
Wednesday
Peculiarities of cancer cells — Warburg Effect and Glutamate. Will there be a cure?
An incredibly informative article about cancer cells and their peculiarities. Did you know for example that cancer cells prefer anaerobic glycolysis even when the environment is abundant with oxygen? Check out the latest post of @tngflx to learn more
Isopod Got Your Tongue?
@branbello introduces us to Cymothoa exigua, one of the world’s most interesting parasites. Commonly known as the tongue eating louse, this little guy actually replaces the host’s tongue..with itself!
For the sake of transparency we feel we need to clarify how our nomination process works; each issue is compiled by certain members of the SteemSTEM community. This mid-week’s editorial team was comprised of @trumpman.
The editorial team chooses their favorite posts for the week and each issue is the result of their joined effort. In order to keep the process fair, posts written by the editorial team are excluded from the nomination process.
Don’t be discouraged if you didn’t make it on this issue. The competition is harsh and there is always a next time :)
All curation rewards earned will be used to fund @steemstem project functioning and activities.
See you all next Monday!
This page is synchronized from the post: SteemSTEM Distilled #29


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Questions? Shoot me an email. I'd love to talk.
guidelines
- You cannot just pay to add links in content boxes. It may be more likely that your link will be added if you sponsor (it will be apparent to the community that curates this site). Whether your link is included is ultimately based on how useful the content is. Anyone is free to add links into any of the boxes, and they are curated by myself and other contributors. Suspected abuse will be made public and result in removal altogether.
- You cannot just pay to reorder links in content boxes. Again, it may be more likely that your link will be put in a favorable spot if you sponsor (it will be apparent to the community that curates this site). Link order is ultimately based on how useful the content is. Anyone is free to reorder the links in any of the boxes. Suspected abuse will be made public and result in removal altogether.
- If you want brand visibility, contribute more. The more your contribute, the higher up on the page and the larger your logo will appear. Look at the tiers at the top of the page for more information.


About
This website is built with Jekyll and “Affiliates” (a Jekyll Template designed & developed by WowThemes.net). It is meant for demonstration purposes, so you can have an idea of how this theme looks in action so no real content can be found. Affiliates template for Jekyll is compatible with Github pages, in fact even this demo is created with Github Pages and hosted with Github. This page in example shows a page layout.
License & Download
“Affiliates” for Jekyll is designed and developed by WowThemes.net and it is free for personal use.
Download - Affiliates Jekyll Theme
Features
- Built for Jekyll
- Compatible with Github pages
- Featured Posts
- Index Pagination
- Post Categories
- Prev/Next Link
- Category Archives (this is not yet compatible with github pages though)
- Integrations:
- Disqus Comments
- Google Analaytics
- Mailchimp Integration
- Sharethis Integration
- Formspree.io Contact
- Design Features:
- Bootstrap v4.0.0-alpha.6
- Font Awesome
- Masonry
- Layouts:
- Default
- Post left sidebar
- Post right sidebar
- Page
- Archive
How to Use
If you aren’t familiar with Jekyll yet, you should know that it is a static site generator. It will transform your plain text into static websites and blogs. If you are a beginner we recommend you start with Jekyll’s Docs. Now if you know how to use Jekyll, let’s move on to using Affiliates template in Jekyll:
Download or Fork Affiliates for Jekyll.
- In your local project, open
_config.yml
. If your site is in root, forbaseurl
, make sure this is set tobaseurl: /
. Also, change your Google Analytics code, Disqus username, Authors, Mailchimp, ShareThis code (https://www.sharethis.com/) etc. - Affiliates requires 2 plugins:
$ gem install jekyll-paginate
$ gem install jekyll-archives
.
- Locate the files and customize:
- header & footer in
default.html
. - homepage in
index.html
- contact form in
contact.html
(https://formspree.io/) - post sidebar in
includes/sidebar.html
- sign up form in
includes/newsletter.html
- header & footer in
- Start blogging by adding your .md files in
_posts
. You will see in examples in the download. - YAML front matter
- post featured -
featured:true
- post featured image -
image: assets/images/mypic.jpg
- page comments -
comments:true
- meta description (optional) -
description: "this is my meta description"
- post featured -
YAML Post Example:
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CrimPapers
Articles published on 12 September 2018
On 12 September 2018, 7 new articles were published in 7 journals.
An Assessment of Recidivism of Female Sexual Offenders: Comparing Recidivists to Non-Recidivists Over Multiple Years
Aggression, Attributional Style, and Locus of Control Among Imprisoned Migrants From the Former Soviet Union by Maria Isabelfontao
,
thomasross
An Emergent 'blue Criminology'? Review of A New Critical Criminology Book on Water
Theology, Heroism, Justice, and Fear: An Analysis of Isis Propaganda Magazines Dabiq and Rumiyah by Tyler Welch
Legitimation in Action: An Examination of Community Courts and Procedural Justice by Tyrell A. Connor
Ayúdame! Who Can Help Me? the Help-Seeking Decisions of Battered Undocumented Latinas by Denise Mowder, Faith Lutze, Hyon Namgung
Criminality, Thinking Patterns and Treatment Effects – Evaluation of the Swedish Cognitive Intervention Programme ‘new Challenges’ Targeting Adult Men With A Criminal Lifestyle by Sophia Lindblom, Lars Eriksson, Arto J. Hiltunen


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Genesis 49:6
O my soul, come not thou into their secret; unto their assembly, mine honor, be not thou united: for in their anger they slew a man, and in their self-will they digged down a wall.


[1] worked well thought out GUI. Pleasant to download all printer bit bland missing the black Vista Internet Explorer need i say more it always.
[2] so it always come with 8 gigs of new useful college kids buying computers here and did more it offers a common hp printer drivers i needed for drivers for certified drivers that come bundled making 7 offers.


Alexander Joens
DEV GOD WEBSITE
"Go too far away from the road. Or don't", InspiroBot
HOBBIES
I LIKE TO _____ WHILE AT HOME!
- CREATE GAMES
- PLAY GAMES
- WATCH ANIME
- EAT
- SLEEP
I LIKE TO _____ WHILE AT WORK!
- WORK
- LEARN
- ACHEIVE SUCCESS
KANJI REPRESENTATION
KANJI that represents my traits and goals!
勇気
Courageous
戦略的
Strategic
影響
Impactful
熱心
Enthusiastic
決定的
Decisive
通信
Communicate
責任
Responsible
日和見
Opportunistic
好奇心
Curious


MKImage Class Reference
| Inherits from | UIImage |
| Declared in | MKImage.h |
Overview
Overview
MKImage is a subclass of UIImage that addes the abillity to create masks of images and color them the desired color.
MKImage does support HiRes images.
Drawing Support
MKImage intances are supported by MKGraphicsStrutures. GraphicStrutures can be passes to images during their creation. Since MKImages are non-mutable objcets, the class does not conform to the MKGraphicsFactory protocol. MKImage looks for the following graphic properties:
- fillColor :
default black
- topColor :
default nil
- bottomColor :
default nil
- useLinerShine :
default NO
- shadowColor :
default nil
- shadowOffset :
default nil
Tasks
Creating
-
+ imageNamed:graphicStruct:
Creates an Instace of MKImage. -
- initWithContentsOfFile:graphicStruct:
Creates an Instance of MKImage.
Class Methods
imageNamed:graphicStruct:
Creates an Instace of MKImage.
+ (id)imageNamed:(NSString *)imageName graphicStruct:(MKGraphicsStructures *)graphicStruct
Parameters
- imageName
- The name of the image you want to mask
- color
- The color to make the image
Return Value
MKImage instance
Declared In
MKImage.h
Instance Methods
initWithContentsOfFile:graphicStruct:
Creates an Instance of MKImage.
- (id)initWithContentsOfFile:(NSString *)path graphicStruct:(MKGraphicsStructures *)graphicStruct
Parameters
- path
- The path of the image you want to mask
- color
- The color to make the image
Return Value
MKImage instance
Declared In
MKImage.h


Model Walkthrough
This section breaks down the individual segments of code within the example model outlined in the index.
The overall model is:
import pandas as pd
import seaborn as sns
sns.set()
from heavymodel import Model
class PersistencyModel(Model):
def num_policies(self, t):
if t == 0:
return 1
else:
return self.num_policies(t-1) - self.num_lapses(t-1)
def num_lapses(self, t):
return 0.1 * self.num_policies(t)
model = PersistencyModel()
model._run(20)
df = pd.DataFrame({"num_lapses":model.num_lapses.values, "num_policies":model.num_policies.values})
sns.lineplot(data=df)
Import libraries
We first import required libraries.
import pandas as pd
import seaborn as sns
sns.set()
from heavymodel import Model
pandas
and seaborn
are popular data and plotting libraries, for displaying the results. from heavymodel import Model
makes the core Model
class available.
Define the class
The user model is defined as a class, as follows:
class PersistencyModel(Model):
def num_policies(self, t):
if t == 0:
return 1
else:
return self.num_policies(t-1) - self.num_lapses(t-1)
def num_lapses(self, t):
return 0.1 * self.num_policies(t)
To make use of the functionality of heavymodel.Model
, the user model inherits from this, as a sub-class.
Functions (num_policies
, num_lapses
) are defined as methods in the class. Each of these returns a result depending on the value of t
.
Python methods take self
as the first parameter, this refers to the instance of the class, when called, the self
parameter is omitted, such as self.num_policies(t-1)
. If a data item (attribute) such as age
was added, the value of it could be accessed through self.age
.
For more information on python classes, see docs.python.org/3/tutorial/classes.html or other reputable tutorials.
Run the model
model = PersistencyModel()
model._run(20)
model = PersistencyModel()
creates an instance of the model, with all the methods bound to it. For example, model.num_policies(50)
would evaluate num_policies
at t=50
(and all dependencies) and return the result. This allows models to be evaluated using the interactive prompt / REPL.
model._run(20)
evaluates all the functions in the model from t=0
to t=19
(i.e. 20 time periods). Results are stored in model.<method_name>.values
, e.g. model.num_lapses.values
.
Extract and plot results
df = pd.DataFrame({"num_lapses":model.num_lapses.values, "num_policies":model.num_policies.values})
sns.lineplot(data=df)
This converts the results into a pandas dataframe, with column headers num_lapses
and num_policies
, and plots the result:


A class containing utility functions for shapes.
Note that these are all linear functions so it is necessary to calculate
separately for x, y (and z, w if present) components of a vector.
contour -- 2D polygon. An array of THREE.Vector2()
Calculate area of a ( 2D ) contour polygon.
pts -- points defining a 2D polygon
Note that this is a linear function so it is necessary to calculate
separately for x, y components of a polygon.
Used internally by [page:Path Path], [page:ExtrudeGeometry ExtrudeGeometry] and [page:ShapeGeometry ShapeGeometry].
contour -- 2D polygon. An array of [page:Vector2].
holes -- An array that holds arrays of [page:Vector2]s. Each array
represents a single hole definition.
Used internally by [page:ExtrudeGeometry ExtrudeGeometry] and
[page:ShapeGeometry ShapeGeometry] to calculate faces in shapes with
holes.
[link:https://github.com/mrdoob/three.js/blob/master/src/[path].js src/[path].js]


T
- The return type of a node in the encoded expression tree.public class GeneArchitecture<T>
extends java.lang.Object
implements java.io.Serializable
| Modifier and Type | Field and Description |
|---|---|
static RandomEngine |
DEFAULT_RANDOM_ENGINE
A reference to the default random engine.
|
int |
headLength
The length of the head of a gene that was created with respect to this
gene architecture.
|
boolean |
isModifiable
True if this gene is allowed to be modified by genetic operators, false
otherwise (e.g.
|
int |
maxArity
The maximum number of arguments a function in the set of possibles
functions can take.
|
java.util.ArrayList<GeneFunction<T>> |
potentialFunctions
The list of possible function for a gene that was created with respect to
this gene architecture.
|
java.util.ArrayList<? extends GeneTerminal<T>> |
potentialTerminals
The list of possible terminals for a gene that was created with respect
to this gene architecture.
|
| Constructor and Description |
|---|
GeneArchitecture(int headlength,
java.util.ArrayList<GeneFunction<T>> potentialFunctions,
java.util.ArrayList<? extends GeneTerminal<T>> potentialTerminals)
Creates a new factory for modifiable genes with respect to the given
factory parameters.
|
GeneArchitecture(int headlength,
java.util.ArrayList<GeneFunction<T>> potentialFunctions,
java.util.ArrayList<? extends GeneTerminal<T>> potentialTerminals,
boolean isModifiable)
Creates a new factory for genes with respect to the given factory
parameters.
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
static <T> Gene<T> |
createGeneFromSequence(java.util.List<GeneElement<T>> sequence)
Creates a new modifiable gene from the given sequence.
|
static <T> Gene<T> |
createGeneFromSequence(java.util.List<GeneElement<T>> sequence,
boolean isModifiable)
Creates a new gene from the given sequence.
|
static <T> java.util.List<Gene<T>> |
createGenesFromSequence(java.util.List<GeneElement<T>> sequence,
boolean isModifiable,
int numInstances)
Creates multiple genes from the given sequence.
|
Gene<T> |
createRandomGene()
Creates a random instance of a gene using this architecture.
|
Gene<T> |
createRandomGene(RandomEngine r)
Creates a random instance of a gene using this architecture
|
java.util.List<Gene<T>> |
createRandomGenes(int numberOfInstances)
Convenient function to create multiple random instances of genes using
this architecture.
|
java.util.List<Gene<T>> |
createRandomGenes(RandomEngine r,
int numberOfInstances)
Convenient function to create multiple random instances of genes using
this architecture.
|
int |
getGeneLength()
Returns the length of genes that are using this architecture.
|
public static final transient RandomEngine DEFAULT_RANDOM_ENGINE
public final int headLength
public final int maxArity
public final java.util.ArrayList<GeneFunction<T>> potentialFunctions
public final java.util.ArrayList<? extends GeneTerminal<T>> potentialTerminals
public final boolean isModifiable
public GeneArchitecture(int headlength, java.util.ArrayList<GeneFunction<T>> potentialFunctions, java.util.ArrayList<? extends GeneTerminal<T>> potentialTerminals)
headlength
- The length of the head of generated genes.potentialFunctions
- The set of potential functions for generated genes.potentialTerminals
- The set of potential terminals for generated genes.public GeneArchitecture(int headlength, java.util.ArrayList<GeneFunction<T>> potentialFunctions, java.util.ArrayList<? extends GeneTerminal<T>> potentialTerminals, boolean isModifiable)
headlength
- The length of the head of generated genes.potentialFunctions
- The set of potential functions for generated genes.potentialTerminals
- The set of potential terminals for generated genes.isModifiable
- True if the generated genes should be modifiable by genetic
operators, false otherwise.public int getGeneLength()
public Gene<T> createRandomGene()
public Gene<T> createRandomGene(RandomEngine r)
r
- The random engine that should be used.public java.util.List<Gene<T>> createRandomGenes(int numberOfInstances)
numberOfInstances
- The number of random genes that should be created.public java.util.List<Gene<T>> createRandomGenes(RandomEngine r, int numberOfInstances)
r
- The random engine that should be used.numberOfInstances
- The number of random genes that should be created.public static <T> Gene<T> createGeneFromSequence(java.util.List<GeneElement<T>> sequence)
The corresponding GeneArchitecture can be accessed by accessing the gene architecture member of the returned gene. This architecture can then be used to create genes using the same architecture but with random sequence.
sequence
- The sequence of the created gene.public static <T> Gene<T> createGeneFromSequence(java.util.List<GeneElement<T>> sequence, boolean isModifiable)
The corresponding GeneArchitecture can be accessed by accessing the gene architecture member of the returned gene. This architecture can then be used to create genes using the same architecture but with a random sequence.
sequence
- The sequence of the created geneisModifiable
- True if the gene should be modifiable by genetic operators,
false otherwise.public static <T> java.util.List<Gene<T>> createGenesFromSequence(java.util.List<GeneElement<T>> sequence, boolean isModifiable, int numInstances)
The corresponding GeneArchitecture can be accessed by accessing the gene architecture member of one of the returned genes. This architecture can then be used to create genes using the same architecture but with a random sequence.
sequence
- The sequence of the created geneisModifiable
- True if the gene should be modifiable by genetic operators,
false otherwise.numInstances
- the number of genes that should be created from the given
sequence.