tree
Vanilla drag-and-drop UI tree
Rationale
I needed a tree components for my tools. Most of the available visual tree APIs require vue or react. And so yy-tree was created.
Super Simple Example
const data = {
children: [
{ name: 'fruits', children: [
{ name: 'apples', children: [] },
{ name: 'oranges', children: [
{ name: 'tangerines', children: [] },
{ name: 'mandarins', children: [] },
{ name: 'pomelo', children: [] },
{ name: 'blood orange', children: [] },
] }
]},
{ name: 'vegetables', children: [
{ name: 'brocolli', children: [] },
] },
]
}
const tree = new Tree(data, { parent: document.body })
Live Examples
https://davidfig.github.io/tree/
API Documentation
https://davidfig.github.io/tree/jsdoc/
Installation
npm i yy-tree
license
MIT License (c) 2021 YOPEY YOPEY LLC by David Figatner


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InputHistory
jQuery plugin
Keep a history of previously entered input values.
Write something:
Now press
enter
.. and now press the
up
key
View on GitHub


tt.bot
A moderation and utility bot, made in JavaScript using the Eris library.
Apart from basic moderation and utility features, it features an emoji to picture feature to convert your emojis into a single large picture. On top of that, tt.bot provides extensions, a powerful way to interface with Discord using your own commands.


This is the official AtomicDEX mobile beta program channel -
Android: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.komodoplatform.atomicdex - iOS: https://testflight.apple.com/join/c2mOLEoC - Please use https://github.com/KomodoPlatform/atomicdex/issues for bug reports and feature requests. For critical security bug reports please do send us your encrypted (https://pgp.mit.edu/pks/lookup?op=get&search=0x379287998EE6CF47) report to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and allow up to 24h for reply. For atomicDEX API (mm2) related issue reports or feature requests please do use https://github.com/KomodoPlatform/atomicDEX-API/issues
Between 14-Dec-19 12:00 AM and 15-Dec-19 12:00 AM
NNoperator14-Dec-19 07:05 AM
polycryptoblogLast Wednesday at 3:32 PM
`The noise is so it can run in background, it will be optimized in the future` my kid suggests this noise to keep it running: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uS1KcjkWdoU(edited)
Is the atomic dex as a wallet as safe as any other wallet? Or is it more vulnerable b/c its a wallet on a mobile device?
gcharang14-Dec-19 02:09 PM
it should be as "safe" as a mobile wallet can be
safety in general:
always offline device > hardware wallets > desktop native ~ mobile > web browser
ofc, there are always caveats and one person's opsec can make their mobile wallet safer than someone else's hardware wallet(edited)
ronyi14-Dec-19 02:47 PM
Somebody please tell me about DEX coin (AtomicDEX). Max supply.... or how to find this information.
https://dexstats.info/assetinfo.php Assets from issuer Jl777 BOTS Total Coin Supply: 1,000,000 Currently, the BOTS asset chain derives its value from the fact that it collects 15% of all dex fees on BarterDEX. This feature is simply a part of the original concept of the BOTS ...
2
2
2
zensherps14-Dec-19 09:43 PM
Hi, I made a few exchanges on the AtomicDEX and have quite a bit of BTC leftover. I keep trying to withdraw from the app and it keeps saying "Error, please try again later". Is there a fix for this? I keep trying and nothing is working. Thanks.
hastrup14-Dec-19 10:07 PM
@zensherps I think you need to send it to a legacy Addy it shuld start whit a 1(edited)


robustify.js (https://github.com/renevoorburg/robustify.js) is a javascript add-on for web pages to fight link rot or content drift. It is an implementation of Herbert Van de Sompel's Memento Robust Links - Link Decoration specification (based in the Hiberlink project). With robustify.js active on a page, any clicked hyperlink will test if the linked page is available online. If the page is not online, robustify.js will redirect the user to a version in a web archive, by default using the Memento Time Travel service.
Because of the security model of Javascript, robustify.js needs a server side helper script to be able to see if a page is available. This script, statuscode.php, detects '404 file not found'-errors but it can also detect so called soft-404 errors (error pages that do not supply the proper 404 status code). This is done by using a technique known as fuzzy hashing.
The easiest way to use robustify.js is by simply putting this code at the bottom of your pages, preferably just before the -tag.

Here are some examples of how robustify.js changes the behaviour of anchor links.
robustify.js will always present an alert before redirecting the user to a page other than specified in the original href-part of the anchor link.
DDS stellingen
Following a redirect, this basic hyperlink leads to a 404, "File not found". Therefore, robustify.js will replace the link with a link that might lead to a version of this page in the default web archive. The preferred archive and preferred date of the archived version can be overridden when calling the script (or they can be specified using the data-versionurl of data-versiondate attributes).
Per default, robustify.js calls the statuscode.php server side helper with soft-404 detection enabled. The following example presents a link to a page that is essentially a soft-404, so a redirect to a web archive will follow:
Een hel vol rijstkoeken en insecten
Sommaire
In this example the date of the desired archived version has been specified explicitly using the data-versiondate attribute. This date will be used when redirecting the user to the archive. Note that the archive might return a page from a date close to this date.
Römische Langmauer
For this page that is not available online, a version from a webarchive has been defined using the data-versionurl attribute. If the link has been decorated with both a data-versionurl and a data-versiondate the former takes precedence.
robustify.js will not modify links local to the website on which the script has been implemented. Further, additional measures have been taken to prevent it from running inside the context of a web archive.
Per default, robustify.js calls http://digitopia.nl/services/statuscode.php to obtain JSON formatted header information regarding the url of the clicked link. Of course, this can be customized, as most behaviour of the script. Here is an example of a customized call:

Here is how this call has been customized:
robustify.js has been designed to present alerts and dialogs using the preferred language of the browser. Currently, English and Dutch strings have been supplied. Feel free to add more support for more languages by modifying the code (https://github.com/renevoorburg/robustify.js).
A real world implementation of robustify.js can be seen at Vici.org, Archaeological Atlas of Antiquity.
René Voorburg, updated February 2015


INERNAL API
INERNAL API
Contains all the necessary information for the GraphInterpreter to be able to implement a connection between an output and input ports.
INTERNAL API
INTERNAL API
A GraphAssembly represents a small stream processing graph to be executed by the interpreter. Instances of this class **must not** be mutated after construction.
The array
may contain the attribute information of the original atomic module, otherwise
it must contain a none (otherwise the enclosing module could not overwrite attributes defined in this array).originalAttributes
The arrays ins and outs correspond to the notion of a *connection* in the GraphInterpreter. Each slot *i* contains the input and output port corresponding to connection *i*. Slots where the graph is not closed (i.e. ports are exposed to the external world) are marked with *null* values. For example if an input port *p* is exposed, then outs(p) will contain a *null*.
The arrays inOwners and outOwners are lookup tables from a connection id (the index of the slot) to a slot in the stages array, indicating which stage is the owner of the given input or output port. Slots which would correspond to non-existent stages (where the corresponding port is null since it represents the currently unknown external context) contain the value GraphInterpreter#Boundary.
The current assumption by the infrastructure is that the layout of these arrays looks like this:
+---------------------------------------+-----------------+ inOwners: | index to stages array | Boundary (-1) | +----------------+----------------------+-----------------+ ins: | exposed inputs | internal connections | nulls | +----------------+----------------------+-----------------+ outs: | nulls | internal connections | exposed outputs | +----------------+----------------------+-----------------+ outOwners: | Boundary (-1) | index to stages array | +----------------+----------------------------------------+
In addition, it is also assumed by the infrastructure that the order of exposed inputs and outputs in the corresponding segments of these arrays matches the exact same order of the ports in the Shape.
Compile time constant, enable it for debug logging to the console.
Marker object that indicates that a port holds no element since it was already grabbed.
Marker object that indicates that a port holds no element since it was already grabbed. The port is still pullable, but there is no more element to grab.
INTERNAL API
(See the class for the documentation of the internals)


This content was rendered lazily
This content was also rendered lazily
This content was rendered eagerly


Module phyzzle.Entity
The Phyzzle physics entity.
Has a location, dimension, acceleration and various states.
Functions
| new (t) | Create a new entity. |
| init () | Initialize the map by creating any instance specific tables. |
| collision (e2, dx, dy) | Map collision response. |
| move (dx, dy) | Map move response. |
| update (dt) | Update the entity. |
| draw () | Draw the entity. |
Fields
| x | x Location |
| y | y Location |
| w | Width |
| h | Height |
| xa | x Acceleration |
| ya | y Acceleration |
| static | State indicating if the entity is static or dynamic. |
| collider | State indicating if the entity collides with others. |
| remove | State indicating if the entity is flagged for removal. |
Functions
- new (t)
-
Create a new entity.
A table of overrides and initial state can be provided. x,y,w,h, static and collider can be overridden.
Parameters:
- t Optional table of overrides and initial state.
Returns:
-
Entity instance.
- init ()
-
Initialize the map by creating any instance specific tables.
Called automatically by Entity:new.
Override in child entities to specify custom init functionality. All init functions will always be called unlike other overriden functions.
- collision (e2, dx, dy)
-
Map collision response.
Called when this entity collides with another. The default collision response will touch the other entity. To pass over an entity override this function in a child table and remove the coollision response logic.
Parameters:
- e2 The other entity.
- dx Change in x.
- dy Change in y.
- move (dx, dy)
-
Map move response.
Called when this entity moves without colliding.
Parameters:
- dx Change in x.
- dy Change in y.
- update (dt)
-
Update the entity.
For predictable results use a fixed timestep and then dt can be ignored. See the custom
love.run
function in main for a fixed time step game loop implemenation.Parameters:
- dt Change in time or delta time.
- draw ()
-
Draw the entity.
The default draw function does nothing. Drawing can be implemented entirely in a separate renderer or the renderer can be implemented to call the entity's draw function.
Fields
- x
- x Location
- y
- y Location
- w
- Width
- h
- Height
- xa
- x Acceleration
- ya
- y Acceleration
- static
-
State indicating if the entity is static or dynamic.
Only dynamic entities update.
Cannot be changed at runtime.
- collider
-
State indicating if the entity collides with others.
Can be changed at runtime.
- remove
-
State indicating if the entity is flagged for removal.
To remove an entity set remove
= true


Namespace SadRogue.Primitives.GridViews
Classes
ArrayView<T>
Implementation of ISettableGridView<T> that uses a 1D array to store data.
ArrayView2D<T>
Implementation of ISettableGridView<T> that uses a 2D array to store data.
BitArrayView
A grid view that wraps a C# BitArray into a settable grid view of boolean values.
Diff<T>
Represents a unique patch/diff of the state of a DiffAwareGridView<T>.
DiffAwareGridView<T>
A grid view wrapper useful for recording diffs (change-sets) of changes to a grid view, and applying/removing those change-sets of values from the grid view. Only works with grid views of value types.
GridView1DIndexBase<T>
Exactly like GridViewBase<T>, except for the one indexer left to the user to implement is the one which takes a 1D array, and the position-based indexers are implemented off that.
GridViewBase<T>
A convenient base class to inherit from when implementing IGridView<T> that minimizes the number of items you must implement by implementing indexers in terms of a single indexer taking a Point.
GridViewExtensions
Extensions for IGridView<T> implementations that provide basic utility functions for them.
LambdaGridView<T>
Class implementing IGridView<T>, by providing the "get" functionality via a function that is passed in at construction. For a version that implements ISettableGridView<T>, see LambdaSettableGridView<T>.
LambdaSettableGridView<T>
Class implementing ISettableGridView<T>, by providing the "get" and "set" functionality via functions that are passed in at construction. For a version that implements IGridView<T>, see LambdaGridView<T>.
LambdaSettableTranslationGridView<T1, T2>
A simple SettableTranslationGridView<T1, T2> implementation that allows you to provide functions/lambdas for the translation functions. For a version offering only "get" functionality, see LambdaTranslationGridView<T1, T2>.
LambdaTranslationGridView<T1, T2>
A simple TranslationGridView<T1, T2> implementation that allows you to provide a function/lambda at construction to use as the TranslateGet(Point, T1) implementation. For a version offering "set" functionality, see LambdaSettableTranslationGridView<T1, T2>.
SettableGridView1DIndexBase<T>
Exactly like SettableGridViewBase<T>, except for the one indexer left to the user to implement is the one which takes a 1D array, and the position-based indexers are implemented off that.
SettableGridViewBase<T>
A convenient base class to inherit from when implementing ISettableGridView<T> that minimizes the number of items you must implement by implementing indexers in terms of a single indexer taking a Point.
SettableTranslationGridView<T1, T2>
Class implementing ISettableGridView<T> by providing a functions that translate values from one grid view with complex data types, to a grid view with simple data types, and vice versa. For a version that provides only "get" functionality, see TranslationGridView<T1, T2>.
SettableViewport<T>
Similar to Viewport<T>, but implements ISettableGridView<T>and thus implements "set" functionality via relative coordinates.
TranslationGridView<T1, T2>
Class implementing IGridView<T> by providing a function that translates values from one grid view with complex data types, to a grid view with simple data types. For a version that provides "set" functionality, see SettableTranslationGridView<T1, T2>.
UnboundedViewport<T>
Similar to Viewport<T>, except that the view area is in no way bounded to the edges of the underlying grid view. Instead, if you access a position that cannot map to any valid position in the underlying grid view, a (specified) default value is returned.
ValueChange<T>
Records a value change in a diff as recorded by a DiffAwareGridView<T>.
Viewport<T>
Implements IGridView<T> to expose a "viewport", or sub-area, of another grid view. Its indexers perform relative to absolute coordinate translations based on the viewport size/location, and return the proper value of type T from the underlying view.
Interfaces
IGridView<T>
Interface designed to act as a standardized input/output format that defines minimal required data for algorithms that operate on a grid of some sort. For a concrete implementation to subclass for custom implementations, see GridViewBase<T>.
ISettableGridView<T>
Interface designed to act as a standardized input/output format that defines minimal required data for algorithms that operate and make changes to a grid of some sort. For a concrete implementation to subclass for custom implementations, see SettableGridViewBase<T>.


Introduction¶
CRUDlex is an easy to use CRUD generator for Silex. CRUD is an abbreviation standing for
- C reate
- R ead
- U pdate
- D elete
Often, you have a database where you are in need of an administration application. You have some database tables you need to manage with exactly this actions:
- A list of entries in each table
- To be able to create entries
- View each entry on it’s own with all details
- Edit the entry
- Delete the entry
It is tedious to write this on your own. Not hard, but always the same with only the table names, field names, field types etc. varying.
This is where CRUDlex comes in. Whenever you need a quick administration panel for your Silex application, it might be a good starting point. It is easy to use with minimal configuration but still offers a lot of features and flexibility.
In the next chapter, a most basic setup is described.


Kaila's Courses For the Year of 2016
Period
Green
: Web Design
Period
Pink:
: Old Testiment 9
Period
Grey
: Algebra 2
Period
Red
: History 9
Period
Yellow
: Science 9
Period
Blue
: English 9
Period
Orange
: Physical Education
Period
Purple
: Mandarin 2


- Global AdapterInfo::strXScreenConfigName [256]
- Internal x config file screen identifier name. Use XScreenInfo instead.
- Global ADLDisplayInfo::iDisplayControllerIndex
- The controller index to which the display is mapped.
Will not be used in the future
- Global ADL2_Adapter_ClockInfo_Get
- This API has been deprecated because it does not provide accurate clocks when the ASIC is over-clocked. Use the OD5 set of APIs, when OverDrive5 is supported.
- Global ADL_Adapter_ClockInfo_Get
- This API has been deprecated because it does not provide accurate clocks when the ASIC is over-clocked. Use the OD5 set of APIs, when OverDrive5 is supported.
- Global ADL2_Display_AdapterID_Get
- This API will be removed. Use the duplicate API ADL_Adapter_ID_Get()
- Global ADL_Display_AdapterID_Get
- This API will be removed. Use the duplicate API ADL_Adapter_ID_Get()
- Global ADL2_Display_ModeTimingOverride_Get
- This API has been deprecated. It has been replaced with API ADL2_Display_ModeTimingOverrideX2_Get
- Global ADL_Display_ModeTimingOverride_Get
- This API has been deprecated. It has been replaced with API ADL_Display_ModeTimingOverrideX2_Get
- Global ADL2_Display_ModeTimingOverrideList_Get
- This API has been deprecated. It has been replaced with API ADL2_Display_ModeTimingOverrideListX2_Get
- Global ADL_Display_ModeTimingOverrideList_Get
- This API has been deprecated. It has been replaced with API ADL_Display_ModeTimingOverrideListX2_Get
- Global ADL2_Display_TVCaps_Get
- Dropping support for component, composite, and S-Video connectors.
- Global ADL_Display_TVCaps_Get
- Dropping support for component, composite, and S-Video connectors.
- Global ADL2_TV_Standard_Set
- Dropping support for component, composite, and S-Video connectors.
- Global ADL_TV_Standard_Set
- Dropping support for component, composite, and S-Video connectors.
- Global ADL2_TV_Standard_Get
- Dropping support for component, composite, and S-Video connectors.
- Global ADL_TV_Standard_Get
- Dropping support for component, composite, and S-Video connectors.
- Global ADL2_CV_DongleSettings_Get
- Dropping support for component, composite, and S-Video connectors.
- Global ADL_CV_DongleSettings_Get
- Dropping support for component, composite, and S-Video connectors.
- Global ADL2_CV_DongleSettings_Set
- Dropping support for component, composite, and S-Video connectors.
- Global ADL_CV_DongleSettings_Set
- Dropping support for component, composite, and S-Video connectors.
- Global ADL2_CV_DongleSettings_Reset
- Dropping support for component, composite, and S-Video connectors.
- Global ADL_CV_DongleSettings_Reset
- Dropping support for component, composite, and S-Video connectors.
- Global ADL2_OverdriveN_Capabilities_Get
- This API has been deprecated.
- Global ADL2_OverdriveN_SystemClocks_Get
- This API has been deprecated.
- Global ADL2_OverdriveN_SystemClocks_Set
- This API has been deprecated.
- Global ADL2_OverdriveN_MemoryClocks_Get
- This API has been deprecated.
- Global ADL2_OverdriveN_MemoryClocks_Set
- This API has been deprecated.
- Global ADL2_Controller_Color_Set
- This API has been deprecated because the controller index is no longer used with DAL2. Replaced by ADL_Display_LUTColor_Set
- Global ADL_Controller_Color_Set
- This API has been deprecated because the controller index is no longer used with DAL2. Replaced by ADL_Display_LUTColor_Set
- Global ADL2_Controller_Color_Get
- This API has been deprecated because the controller index is no longer used with DAL2. Replaced by ADL_Display_LUTColor_Get
- Global ADL_Controller_Color_Get
- This API has been deprecated because the controller index is no longer used with DAL2. Replaced by ADL_Display_LUTColor_Get
- Global ADL2_DesktopConfig_Get
- This API has been deprecated because it was only used for RandR 1.1 (Red Hat 5.x) distributions which is now not supported.
- Global ADL_DesktopConfig_Get
- This API has been deprecated because it was only used for RandR 1.1 (Red Hat 5.x) distributions which is now not supported.
- Global ADL2_DesktopConfig_Set
- This API has been deprecated because it was only used for RandR 1.1 (Red Hat 5.x) distributions which is now not supported.
- Global ADL_DesktopConfig_Set
- This API has been deprecated because it was only used for RandR 1.1 (Red Hat 5.x) distributions which is now not supported.
- Global ADL2_NumberOfDisplayEnable_Get
- This API has been deprecated because it was only used for RandR 1.1 (Red Hat 5.x) distributions which is now not supported.
- Global ADL_NumberOfDisplayEnable_Get
- This API has been deprecated because it was only used for RandR 1.1 (Red Hat 5.x) distributions which is now not supported.
- Global ADL2_DisplayEnable_Set
- This API has been deprecated because it was only used for RandR 1.1 (Red Hat 5.x) distributions which is now not supported.
- Global ADL_DisplayEnable_Set
- This API has been deprecated because it was only used for RandR 1.1 (Red Hat 5.x) distributions which is now not supported.
- Group define_desktop_config
- This API has been deprecated because it was only used for RandR 1.1 (Red Hat 5.x) distributions which is now not supported.
- Group define_tv_caps
- Dropping support for TV displays
- Group define_cv_dongle
- Dropping support for Component Video displays
- Global ADL2_Overdrive8_Init_Setting_Get
- This API has been deprecated.
- Global ADL2_Overdrive8_Current_Setting_Get
- This API has been deprecated.
- Global ADL2_Overdrive8_Setting_Set
- This API has been deprecated.
- Global ADL2_New_QueryPMLogData_Get
- This API has been deprecated.
Copyright © 2009-2016 Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.


OpenPGP Basic Services:
Generate New Keys (Kbpgp)
Generate New Keys (OpenPGP.js)
Use mockup data
Password for private key:
First name:
Last name:
User email:
Valid for (years):
Public Key:
Copy to clipboard
Save as file
Private Key:
Copy to clipboard
Save as file
Use your keys:
Text to encrypt:
Encrypt
Sign
encrypted text:
Copy to clipboard
Save as file
signed text:
Copy to clipboard
Save as file
Decrypt (Private Key and its password required)


If you already have an account, log in with your credentials. Otherwise, log in with your desired username and password to create a new account.
Note: This website is still under construction and the passwords are stored in plain text for now. This means that I and any potential hackers can access them.


{{/* Derived from bootstrap-card.html */}} {{/* see https://themes.gohugo.io/vanilla-bootstrap-hugo-theme/#bootstrap-card for use info */}} {{/* Better yet, rewrite this shortcode to behave as documented in https://getbootstrap.com/docs/4.0/components/card/ */}}


{{ partial "favicon.html" . }}
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We'll notify you about new feature guides as they are added to EnterpriseReady.
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We'll notify you when contributors post new resources to EnterpriseReady.


This page is an example use of the OpenChargeMap.org map widget. This is achieved by including our map.js script found at http://www.openchargemap.org/api/widgets/map/map.js. Styling is controlled by your own CSS. jQuery and the Google Maps javascript API is required. Use 'view source' to see how it's done


Exploring potential plots that would allow for some visualization of the uncertainty in each of the models. Example follows up on analysis of e97043d/allen.md, as also in the script from b5d78b9/step_ahead_plots.md
One-step ahead predictor plots and forecasting plots
Set our usual plotting options for the notebook
opts_chunk$set(tidy = FALSE, warning = FALSE, message = FALSE, cache = FALSE,
comment = NA, fig.width = 7, fig.height = 4)
library(ggplot2)
opts_knit$set(upload.fun = socialR::flickr.url)
theme_set(theme_bw(base_size = 12))
theme_update(panel.background = element_rect(fill = "transparent", colour = NA),
plot.background = element_rect(fill = "transparent", colour = NA))
cbPalette <- c("#000000", "#E69F00", "#56B4E9", "#009E73", "#F0E442", "#0072B2",
"#D55E00", "#CC79A7")
Now we show how each of the fitted models performs on the training data (e.g. plot of the step-ahead predictors). For the GP, we need to predict on the training data first:
gp_f_at_obs <- gp_predict(gp, x, burnin=1e4, thin=300)
For the parametric models, prediction is a matter of feeding in each of the observed data points to the fitted parameters, like so
step_ahead <- function(x, f, p){
h = 0
x_predict <- sapply(x, f, h, p)
n <- length(x_predict) - 1
y <- c(x[1], x_predict[1:n])
y
}
Which we apply over each of the fitted models, including the GP, organizing the “expected” transition points (given the previous point) into a data frame.
df <- melt(data.frame(time = 1:length(x), stock = x,
GP = gp_f_at_obs$E_Ef,
True = step_ahead(x,f,p),
MLE = step_ahead(x,f,est$p),
Parametric.Bayes = step_ahead(x, f, bayes_pars),
Ricker = step_ahead(x,alt$f, ricker_bayes_pars),
Myers = step_ahead(x, Myer_harvest, myers_bayes_pars)
), id=c("time", "stock"))
ggplot(df) + geom_point(aes(time, stock)) +
geom_line(aes(time, value, col=variable)) +
scale_colour_manual(values=colorkey)
Posterior predictive curves
This shows only the mean predictions. For the Bayesian cases, we can instead loop over the posteriors of the parameters (or samples from the GP posterior) to get the distribution of such curves in each case.
We will need a vector version (pmin
in place of min
) of this function that can operate on the posteriors, others are vectorized already.
ricker_f <- function(x,h,p){
sapply(x, function(x){
x <- pmax(0, x-h)
pmax(0, x * exp(p[2] * (1 - x / p[1] )) )
})
}
Then we proceed as before, now looping over 100 random samples from the posterior for each Bayesian estimate. We write this as a function for easy reuse.
require(MASS)
step_ahead_posteriors <- function(x){
gp_f_at_obs <- gp_predict(gp, x, burnin=1e4, thin=300)
df_post <- melt(lapply(sample(100),
function(i){
data.frame(time = 1:length(x), stock = x,
GP = mvrnorm(1, gp_f_at_obs$Ef_posterior[,i], gp_f_at_obs$Cf_posterior[[i]]),
True = step_ahead(x,f,p),
MLE = step_ahead(x,f,est$p),
Parametric.Bayes = step_ahead(x, allen_f, pardist[i,]),
Ricker = step_ahead(x, ricker_f, ricker_pardist[i,]),
Myers = step_ahead(x, myers_f, myers_pardist[i,]))
}), id=c("time", "stock"))
}
df_post <- step_ahead_posteriors(x)
ggplot(df_post) + geom_point(aes(time, stock)) +
geom_line(aes(time, value, col=variable, group=interaction(L1,variable)), alpha=.1) +
facet_wrap(~variable) +
scale_colour_manual(values=colorkey, guide = guide_legend(override.aes = list(alpha = 1)))
alternately, try the plot without facets
ggplot(df_post) + geom_point(aes(time, stock)) +
geom_line(aes(time, value, col=variable, group=interaction(L1,variable)), alpha=.1) +
scale_colour_manual(values=colorkey, guide = guide_legend(override.aes = list(alpha = 1)))
Performance on data outside of observations
Of course it is hardly suprising that all models do reasonably well on the data on which they were trained. A crux of the problem is the model performance on data outside the observed range. (Though we might also wish to repeat the above plot on data in the observed range but a different sequence from the observed data).
First we generate some data from the underlying model coming from below the tipping point:
Tobs <- 8
y <- numeric(Tobs)
y[1] = 4.5
for(t in 1:(Tobs-1))
y[t+1] = z_g() * f(y[t], h=0, p=p)
Proceed as before on this data:
crash_data <- step_ahead_posteriors(y)
ggplot(crash_data) + geom_point(aes(time, stock)) +
geom_line(aes(time, value, col=variable, group=interaction(L1,variable)), alpha=.1) +
facet_wrap(~variable) +
scale_colour_manual(values=colorkey, guide = guide_legend(override.aes = list(alpha = 1)))
Note that the GP is doing remarkably well even outside the observed range, though with greater uncertainty as well. Other models tend to be overly optimistic, often predicting an increase instead of a decline, hence the many trajectories that continually float above the data.
Forecast Distributions
Another way to visualize this is to look directly at the distribution predicted under each model, one step and several steps into the future (say, at a fixed harvest level). Here we have a simple function that will look one step ahead of the given x
(given as index i
), then Tobs
steps ahead, then 2*Tobs
steps ahead, each at a fixed harvest. This lets us compare both the expected outcome over short and long term under a given harvest policy, as well as seeing how the distribution of possible outcomes evolves.
library(expm)
get_forecasts <- function(i, Tobs, h_i){
df <- data.frame(
x = x_grid,
GP = matrices_gp[[h_i]][i,],
True = matrices_true[[h_i]][i,],
MLE = matrices_estimated[[h_i]][i,],
Parametric.Bayes = matrices_par_bayes[[h_i]][i,],
Ricker = matrices_alt[[h_i]][i,],
Myers = matrices_myers[[h_i]][i,])
df2 <- data.frame(
x = x_grid,
GP = (matrices_gp[[h_i]] %^% Tobs)[i,],
True = (matrices_true[[h_i]] %^% Tobs)[i,],
MLE = (matrices_estimated[[h_i]] %^% Tobs)[i,],
Parametric.Bayes = (matrices_par_bayes[[h_i]] %^% Tobs)[i,],
Ricker = (matrices_alt[[h_i]] %^% Tobs)[i,],
Myers = (matrices_myers[[h_i]] %^% Tobs)[i,])
T2 <- 2 * Tobs
df4 <- data.frame(
x = x_grid,
GP = (matrices_gp[[h_i]] %^% T2)[i,],
True = (matrices_true[[h_i]] %^% T2)[i,],
MLE = (matrices_estimated[[h_i]] %^% T2)[i,],
Parametric.Bayes = (matrices_par_bayes[[h_i]] %^% T2)[i,],
Ricker = (matrices_alt[[h_i]] %^% T2)[i,],
Myers = (matrices_myers[[h_i]] %^% T2)[i,])
forecasts <- melt(list(T_start = df, T_mid = df2, T_end = df4), id="x")
}
i = 15
This takes i
, an index to x_grid
value (e.g. for i
=15 corresponds to a starting postion x
= 3.4286)
forecasts <- get_forecasts(i = 15, Tobs = 5, h_i = 1)
ggplot(forecasts) +
geom_line(aes(x, value, group=interaction(variable, L1), col=variable, lty=L1)) +
facet_wrap(~ variable, scale="free_y", ncol=2) +
scale_colour_manual(values=colorkey)
We can compare to a better starting stock,
i<-30
where i
=30 corresponds to a starting postion x
= 7.102
forecasts <- get_forecasts(i = i, Tobs = 5, h_i = 1)
ggplot(forecasts) +
geom_line(aes(x, value, group=interaction(variable, L1), col=variable, lty=L1)) +
facet_wrap(~ variable, scale="free_y", ncol=2) +
scale_colour_manual(values=colorkey)
Note the greater uncertainty in both the positive and negative outcomes under the parametric Bayesian models (of correct and incorrect structure).
Misc reading
Apparently I am catching up on my C. Titus Brown reading… Achiving comments for my records & to keep them in my local search index.
Titus Brown on if he really practices Open Science?
Methinks:
I think you undersell your Github practices regarding Open Science. While I agree entirely that anyone reading through your source-code to scoop you is incredibly unlikely; I imagine many researchers would still fear the practice of using a public, Google-indexed repository, particularly if they also practice reasonable literate programming documentation, provide test cases, and use issue tracking that could allow some close rival to scoop them.
It sounds like you are talking more about not marketing your work before it is “finished”, rather not being open. (When you say “to really open up about what we’re doing” I assume you mean advertising the results, rather than something like simply putting your notebook or publication drafts on github). Though “Open Science” is used in in both contexts, marketing your pre-publication science takes additional time that exposing your workflow on Github does not. The latter practice provides transparency, provenance machine-discoverability, (and cool graphs of research contributions like https://github.com/ctb/khmer/c… etc. Perhaps you are too hard on yourself here.
Meanwhile, I think suggesting that being open prematurely would “waste other people’s time, energy, and attention” is misleading and damaging here. Sure, I understand you mean that marketing unfinished results (blog, tweet, present at conferences) would do these things, but when the same reason is frequently given for not sharing data, code, etc this becomes very damaging. Some people may find it useful to blog/tweet/present unfinished work (with appropriate disclaimer) to get feedback, build audience, or for all the same reasons one would do so with published work, but to me that is really just a question of timing & marketing, not a question of “openness”.
On the Costs of Open Science, which I refute:
Great post and important question. I certainly agree that it is all about incentives, but I think an important missing part of that discussion is in the timescales. Certainly there is a cost to not writing up the low-lying fruit following up on your work, but surely such exercises would take non-trivial time away from doing whatever (presumably more interesting) stuff you did instead. Perhaps the it is the benefits, not the costs, that are hidden:
It sounds like you may have forgone a short-term cost in not publishing these easy follow-ups while gaining a benefit both of time to work on other interesting things and of getting other researchers invested in your work, who might not have taken it up at all if there was no low-hanging fruit to entice them in. Once invested in it, no doubt they can continue to be a multiplier of impact. Meanwhile you break new ground rather than appearing to continue to wring every ounce from one good idea, right? (If I read this correctly, both you and George Gey appear to regard these other publications as not particularly exciting work; the regret comes only because they are intrinsically valued publications)
It sounds like the difficulty with these benefits is that they pay off only on a longer timescale than the gristmill publication strategy. On the longest timescales, e.g. career lifetime, it seems clear that at least in a statistical sense, researchers who keep breaking new ground while allowing others to pick the low-hanging follow-up work will be much more likely to end up as the most distinguished researchers, etc. When the relevant timescale is a tenure clock rather than a career, the perhaps the calculus is different?
Without open science, moving on to other exciting stuff is far less effective, since it leaves both unfinished work and less impact. Perhaps this a somewhat idealized view, and perhaps the timescales for tenure etc work against this strategy. You and others could no doubt better speak to whether the candidate who says “look at all the papers I wrote about X” or the one who says “look at all the papers others have built upon my method X while I break ground in hard problem Y” has the stronger case.
Partial implementation of R to Latex equation converter from @hadleywickam.
Ah ha! Documenting equations in ROxygen. Guess one day I (or devtools) will move to Roxygen3.


Structure¶
Programming interface¶
The qiskit directory is the main Python module and contains the
programming interface objects QuantumProgram
,
QuantumRegister
,
ClassicalRegister
,
and QuantumCircuit
.
At the highest level, users construct a QuantumProgram to create, modify, compile, and execute a collection of quantum circuits. Each QuantumCircuit has a set of data registers, each of type QuantumRegister or ClassicalRegister. Methods of these objects are used to apply instructions that define the circuit. The QuantumCircuit can then generate OpenQASM code that can flow through other components in the qiskit directory.
The extensions
directory extends quantum circuits
as needed to support other gate sets and algorithms. Currently there is a
standard
extension defining some typical
quantum gates, and two additional extensions:
qasm_simulator_cpp
and
quantum_initializer
.
Internal modules¶
The directory also contains internal modules that are still under development:
- a
qasm
module for parsing OpenQASM circuits - an
unroll
module to interpret and “unroll” OpenQASM to a target gate basis (expanding gate subroutines and loops as needed) - a
dagcircuit
module for working with circuits as graphs - a
mapper
module for mapping all-to-all circuits to run on devices with fixed couplings - a
backends
module contains quantum circuit simulators - a tools directory contains methods for applications, analysis, and visualization
Quantum circuits flow through the components as follows. The programming interface is used to generate OpenQASM circuits, as text or QuantumCircuit objects. OpenQASM source, as a file or string, is passed into a Qasm object, whose parse method produces an abstract syntax tree (AST). The AST is passed to an Unroller that is attached to an UnrollerBackend. There is a PrinterBackend for outputting text, a JsonBackend for producing input to simulator and experiment backends, a DAGBackend for constructing DAGCircuit objects, and a CircuitBackend for producing QuantumCircuit objects. The DAGCircuit object represents an “unrolled” OpenQASM circuit as a directed acyclic graph (DAG). The DAGCircuit provides methods for representing, transforming, and computing properties of a circuit and outputting the results again as OpenQASM. The whole flow is used by the mapper module to rewrite a circuit to execute on a device with fixed couplings given by a CouplingGraph. The structure of these components is subject to change.
The circuit representations and how they are currently transformed into each other are summarized in this figure:
Several unroller backends and their outputs are summarized here:
Logging¶
The SDK uses the standard Python “logging” library for emitting several messages using the family of “qiskit.*” loggers, and abides by the standard convention for the log levels:
| Level | When it’s used |
|---|---|
DEBUG |
Detailed information, typically of interest only when diagnosing problems. |
INFO |
Confirmation that things are working as expected. |
WARNING |
An indication that something unexpected happened, or indicative of some problem in the near future (e.g. ‘disk space low’). The software is still working as expected. |
ERROR |
Due to a more serious problem, the software has not been able to perform some function. |
CRITICAL |
A serious error, indicating that the program itself may be unable to continue running. |
For convenience, QuantumProgram
provides two convenience
methods (enable_logs()
and
disable_logs()
) that modify the handlers
and the level of the qiskit logger. Using these methods might interfere with the global
logging setup of your environment - please take it into consideration if developing an
application on top of the SDK.
The convention for emitting log messages is declare a global variable in the module named logger, which contains the logger with that module’s __name__, and use it for emitting the messages. For example, if the module is qiskit/some/module.py:
import logging
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) # logger for "qiskit.some.module"
...
logger.info("This is an info message)
Testing¶
The SDK uses the standard Pyton “unittest” framework for the testing of the different components and functionality.
As our build system is based on CMake, we need to perform what is called an “out-of-source” build before running the tests. This is as simple as executing these commands:
Linux and Mac:
$ mkdir out
$ cd out
out$ cmake ..
out$ make
Windows:
C:\..\> mkdir out
C:\..\> cd out
C:\..\out> cmake -DUSER_LIB_PATH=C:\path\to\mingw64\lib\libpthreads.a -G "MinGW Makefiles" ..
C:\..\out> make
This will generate all needed binaries for your specific platform.
For executing the tests, a make test
target is available.
The execution of the tests (both via the make target and during manual invocation)
takes into account the LOG_LEVEL
environment variable. If present, a .log
file will be created on the test directory with the output of the log calls, which
will also be printed to stdout. You can adjust the verbosity via the content
of that variable, for example:
Linux and Mac:
$ cd out
out$ LOG_LEVEL="DEBUG" ARGS="-V" make test
Windows:
$ cd out
C:\..\out> set LOG_LEVEL="DEBUG"
C:\..\out> set ARGS="-V"
C:\..\out> make test
For executing a simple python test manually, we don’t need to change the directory
to out
, just run this command:
Linux and Mac:
$ LOG_LEVEL=INFO python -m unittest test/python/test_apps.py
Windows:
C:\..\> set LOG_LEVEL="INFO"
C:\..\> python -m unittest test/python/test_apps.py
Additionally, an environment variable SKIP_ONLINE_TESTS
can be used for
toggling the execution of the tests that require network access to the API and
SKIP_SLOW_TESTS
can be used to toggling execution of tests that are
particularly slow (default is True
).


public class ByteUtils
extends java.lang.Object
ByteUtils
is a helper class for converting numeric primitives
to and from byte representations.| Constructor and Description |
|---|
ByteUtils() |
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
static boolean |
convertBooleanFromBytes(byte[] byteArray) |
static boolean |
convertBooleanFromBytes(byte[] byteArray,
int offset) |
static double |
convertDoubleFromBytes(byte[] bytes) |
static double |
convertDoubleFromBytes(byte[] bytes,
int offset) |
static float |
convertFloatFromBytes(byte[] byteArray) |
static float |
convertFloatFromBytes(byte[] byteArray,
int offset) |
static int |
convertIntFromBytes(byte[] byteArray) |
static int |
convertIntFromBytes(byte[] byteArray,
int offset) |
static long |
convertLongFromBytes(byte[] bytes) |
static long |
convertLongFromBytes(byte[] bytes,
int offset) |
static short |
convertShortFromBytes(byte[] byteArray) |
static short |
convertShortFromBytes(byte[] byteArray,
int offset) |
static byte[] |
convertToBytes(boolean b) |
static byte[] |
convertToBytes(double n) |
static byte[] |
convertToBytes(float f) |
static byte[] |
convertToBytes(int integer) |
static byte[] |
convertToBytes(long n) |
static byte[] |
convertToBytes(short value) |
static byte[] |
getByteContent(java.io.InputStream inputStream)
Takes an InputStream and returns the complete byte content of it
|
static boolean |
readBoolean(java.io.InputStream inputStream)
Read in a boolean from an InputStream
|
static byte[] |
readData(byte[] store,
int bytes,
java.io.InputStream is)
Properly reads in data from the given stream until the specified number
of bytes have been read.
|
static double |
readDouble(java.io.InputStream inputStream)
Read in a double from an InputStream
|
static float |
readFloat(java.io.InputStream inputStream)
Read in a float from an InputStream
|
static int |
readInt(java.io.InputStream inputStream)
Read in an integer from an InputStream
|
static long |
readLong(java.io.InputStream inputStream)
Read in a long from an InputStream
|
static short |
readShort(java.io.InputStream inputStream)
Read in a short from an InputStream
|
static byte[] |
rightAlignBytes(byte[] bytes,
int width) |
static void |
writeBoolean(java.io.OutputStream outputStream,
boolean bVal)
Writes a boolean out to an OutputStream.
|
static void |
writeDouble(java.io.OutputStream outputStream,
double value)
Writes a double out to an OutputStream.
|
static void |
writeFloat(java.io.OutputStream outputStream,
float fVal)
Writes an float out to an OutputStream.
|
static void |
writeInt(java.io.OutputStream outputStream,
int integer)
Writes an integer out to an OutputStream.
|
static void |
writeLong(java.io.OutputStream outputStream,
long value)
Writes a long out to an OutputStream.
|
static void |
writeShort(java.io.OutputStream outputStream,
short value)
Writes a short out to an OutputStream.
|
public static byte[] getByteContent(java.io.InputStream inputStream) throws java.io.IOException
inputStream
- The input stream to read fromjava.io.IOException
- thrown if there is a problem reading from the input stream
providedpublic static void writeShort(java.io.OutputStream outputStream, short value) throws java.io.IOException
outputStream
- The OutputStream the short will be written tovalue
- The short to writejava.io.IOException
- Thrown if there is a problem writing to the OutputStreampublic static byte[] convertToBytes(short value)
public static short readShort(java.io.InputStream inputStream) throws java.io.IOException
inputStream
- The InputStream used to read the shortjava.io.IOException
- Thrown if there is a problem reading from the InputStreampublic static short convertShortFromBytes(byte[] byteArray)
public static short convertShortFromBytes(byte[] byteArray, int offset)
public static void writeInt(java.io.OutputStream outputStream, int integer) throws java.io.IOException
outputStream
- The OutputStream the integer will be written tointeger
- The integer to writejava.io.IOException
- Thrown if there is a problem writing to the OutputStreampublic static byte[] convertToBytes(int integer)
public static int readInt(java.io.InputStream inputStream) throws java.io.IOException
inputStream
- The InputStream used to read the integerjava.io.IOException
- Thrown if there is a problem reading from the InputStreampublic static int convertIntFromBytes(byte[] byteArray)
public static int convertIntFromBytes(byte[] byteArray, int offset)
public static void writeLong(java.io.OutputStream outputStream, long value) throws java.io.IOException
outputStream
- The OutputStream the long will be written tovalue
- The long to writejava.io.IOException
- Thrown if there is a problem writing to the OutputStreampublic static byte[] convertToBytes(long n)
public static long readLong(java.io.InputStream inputStream) throws java.io.IOException
inputStream
- The InputStream used to read the longjava.io.IOException
- Thrown if there is a problem reading from the InputStreampublic static long convertLongFromBytes(byte[] bytes)
public static long convertLongFromBytes(byte[] bytes, int offset)
public static void writeDouble(java.io.OutputStream outputStream, double value) throws java.io.IOException
outputStream
- The OutputStream the double will be written tovalue
- The double to writejava.io.IOException
- Thrown if there is a problem writing to the OutputStreampublic static byte[] convertToBytes(double n)
public static double readDouble(java.io.InputStream inputStream) throws java.io.IOException
inputStream
- The InputStream used to read the doublejava.io.IOException
- Thrown if there is a problem reading from the InputStreampublic static double convertDoubleFromBytes(byte[] bytes)
public static double convertDoubleFromBytes(byte[] bytes, int offset)
public static void writeFloat(java.io.OutputStream outputStream, float fVal) throws java.io.IOException
outputStream
- The OutputStream the float will be written tofVal
- The float to writejava.io.IOException
- Thrown if there is a problem writing to the OutputStreampublic static byte[] convertToBytes(float f)
public static float readFloat(java.io.InputStream inputStream) throws java.io.IOException
inputStream
- The InputStream used to read the floatjava.io.IOException
- Thrown if there is a problem reading from the InputStreampublic static float convertFloatFromBytes(byte[] byteArray)
public static float convertFloatFromBytes(byte[] byteArray, int offset)
public static void writeBoolean(java.io.OutputStream outputStream, boolean bVal) throws java.io.IOException
outputStream
- The OutputStream the boolean will be written tobVal
- The boolean to writejava.io.IOException
- Thrown if there is a problem writing to the OutputStreampublic static byte[] convertToBytes(boolean b)
public static boolean readBoolean(java.io.InputStream inputStream) throws java.io.IOException
inputStream
- The InputStream used to read the booleanjava.io.IOException
- Thrown if there is a problem reading from the InputStreampublic static boolean convertBooleanFromBytes(byte[] byteArray)
public static boolean convertBooleanFromBytes(byte[] byteArray, int offset)
public static byte[] readData(byte[] store, int bytes, java.io.InputStream is) throws java.io.IOException
store
- the byte array to store in. Should have a length > bytesbytes
- the number of bytes to read.is
- the stream to read fromjava.io.IOException
- if an error occurs while reading from the streamjava.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
- if bytes greater than the length of the store.public static byte[] rightAlignBytes(byte[] bytes, int width)


This page was created by the IDL library routine
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. For more information on
this routine, refer to the IDL Online Help Navigator
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Last modified: Tue Dec 20 11:48:26 2005.
NAME: binomialdist PURPOSE: Return the binomial distribution CALLING SEQUENCE: RESULT = BINOMIALDIST(N) INPUTS: N : Number of Bernoulli trials to consider. OUTPUTS: Returns a vector containing the binomial distribution. RESTRICTIONS: N must be less than the value which makes N! larger than the largest usable floating point value on your machine! That's N < 151 on my machine, but will likely be different for you. PROCEDURES CALLED: FACTORIAL EXAMPLE: distribution = binomialdist(134) NOTES: The binomial distribution gives the probability distribution of obtaining exactly i successes out of N Bernoulli trials (where the result of each Bernoulli trial is true with probability p and false with probability q=1-p). MODIFICATION HISTORY: Written Tim Robishaw, Berkeley 01 Dec 2001.
(See /dzd2/heiles/idl/gen/math/binomialdist.pro)
NAME: ORDER PURPOSE: To return the order of magnitude of a number. CALLING SEQUENCE: result = ORDER(value) INPUTS: value : a number. OUTPUTS: Returns the order of magnitude of the input value. EXAMPLE: IDL> print, order(1.989d33) 33 NOTES: The "order of magnitude" of a number is defined as the floor of the base-10 logarithm of that number. MODIFICATION HISTORY: 21 Jun 2002 Written by Tim Robishaw, Berkeley
(See /dzd2/heiles/idl/gen/math/order.pro)
NAME: SIGN PURPOSE: Returns the sign of the input value(s). CALLING SEQUENCE: Result = SIGN(value) INPUTS: value : a number. KEYWORD PARAMETERS: None. OUTPUTS: Returns the sign of the input value(s). COMMON BLOCKS: None. EXAMPLE: IDL> print, sign([-3,0,3]) -1.00000 0.00000 1.00000 MODIFICATION HISTORY: 10 Feb 2004 Written by Tim Robishaw, Berkeley
(See /dzd2/heiles/idl/gen/math/sign.pro)


difficulty: trait {{choice.difficulty.trait}}: {{choice.difficulty.score}}
success: "{{choice.success.text}}" scene: {{sceneName(choice.success.id)}}
failure: "{{choice.fail.text}}" scene: {{sceneName(choice.fail.id)}}


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