--- layout: archive title: Zulip Chat Archive permalink: /stream/113488-general/topic/Cooper's.20algorithm.html ---
I've implemented Cooper's algorithm for linear integer arithmetic as a Lean tactic (https://github.com/skbaek/qelim). It's still quite limited, but it should work for simple goals.
cooper
is the completely verified tactic that is proof-producing all the way. Unfortunately, it is unusably slow.cooper_vm
is the partially verified tactic whose first step (replacing the original goal with the new quantifier-eliminated goal) is proof-producing. The second step (evaluating the new goal to a tautology) is trusted.Hey! Seul's here! And he brings gifts
I notice that your atom
type uses int
.  You should use znum
instead
Re: paths, do you have a leanpkg.toml
file in your project? I don't see one, but it's important for making file resolution work
For others who may not be aware: this is basically the omega
tactic everyone's been talking about, although Cooper's is a slightly different algorithm for the same problem
Thanks for releasing this!  I definitely want to spend some time looking over it!
I notice that your
atom
type usesint
.  You should useznum
instead
Thanks for the suggestion! Maybe this is what's making cooper
so much slower than cooper_vm
.
Re: paths, do you have a
leanpkg.toml
file in your project? I don't see one, but it's important for making file resolution work
I'm actually having problems with mathlib itself—when I clone mathlib it won't work as is, because Lean doesn't like its absolute paths for some reason. It works after I manually relativize them. This is strange because mathlib does have a leanpkg.toml
file.
You want to make mathlib a dependency for your project
if you use leanpkg and add mathlib as a dependency then it should sort out everything for you
see section 1.4.3 of the reference manual
https://leanprover.github.io/reference/using_lean.html#using-the-package-manager
I am really grateful for your work by the way, and maybe @Patrick Massot will be even more grateful -- Patrick maybe this solves some of your nat woes?
I hope it can help me. I need to find some time to try it.
Maybe I'm not trying very hard to find this time because I'm afraid I'll be disappointed
Any hint about how to actually import that cooper thing?
I tried leanpkg add skbaek/qelim
and then import
I tried adding a leanpkg.toml
to it
But import lia.cooper.main
doesn't work
@Mario Carneiro Did you manage to import this tactic?
I haven't attempted it, no
You could just copy the files into your project
Then all mathlib imports fail...
I guess we need to wait a bit more until this can be tested
I figured out what was wrong and added a .toml file. Now you can install and use the repo using leanpkg.
This is cool!
Is it planned to merge this into mathlib? Or will it remain a separate lib?
I'm not sure what the planning is in general: a monolithic lib, or distributed libs
@Seul Baek Do you have any example of use? I can now import the lib, but haven't yet managed to proved anything using Cooper
actually I can prove stuff about integers (that ring
also proves), so maybe I misunderstood the scope of this tactic. I thought it would work on natural numbers
With nat I always get type error at eval_expr, argument has type ℕ but is expected to have type ℤ
The core tactic is designed to work on int
. There are some missing preprocessing steps to prove natural number theorems
Of course a nat quantifier is the same as an int quantifier with the additional assumption 0 <= n
What do you get in addition to ring
then?
I think Seul's tactic is still more of a backend thing
it needs a front end to generalize and revert quantifiers, and convert nats to ints
Do you know whether he's working on this?
ring
will not be able to prove that \forall n : int, n <= 0 \/ n >= 1
for example
Or 3 | n -> 5 | n -> 15 | n
or 3 | n -> n > 0 -> n*n - n > 0
oh wait actually that last one might not work because of the square
This sounds pretty nice
but more importantly, it allows full quantifier alternation
But Lean doesn't let me state the divisibility stuff
type 3 \| n
Oh, Johan will like this unicode trickery
example : ∀ (n : ℤ), (3 ∣ n) → (5 ∣ n) → (15 ∣ n) := by cooper
doesn't work though
looking at the code, it's pretty sparse on extended syntax
you have to use exists and forall and times and le
I'm not even sure equality is supported
so you would have to write \ex k, 3 * k <= n /\ n <= 3 * k
instead of 3 | n
I thought everything is decidable
@Johan Commelin I'm not sure what'd be the best way to integrate this to other libraries in the long term. It'll stay separate for the short term for convenience of further development.
actually I take it back, forall is also not supported
you have to use negation and exists
@Patrick Massot It should definitely be possible to write a preprocessor for nat, although I'm not working on it at the moment. I'm trying to first replace int
with znum
to improve efficiency.
@Mario Carneiro forall and equality are indirectly supported by the rewriting step before calling the main quantifier elimination tactic. E.g., cooper_vm
works for forall (x: int), exists (y : int), x = 1 + y
oh, I see it
I guess you should add the definition of dvd in that list
You mean the list of indirectly supported relations?
yes
as a simp lemma in the preprocessing
something like a | b <-> ∃ c, b = a * c
surprisingly not stated as a theorem that I can see, but easy to prove by refl
Yes, I think it should be possible to do this even more directly (w/o preprocessing), since the internal syntax already includes dvd
Thanks Seul and Mario. I'll wait a bit more then (a tactic handling ℕ crazyness is what I really need).
surprisingly not stated as a theorem that I can see, but easy to prove by refl
Hey wait a minute! I asked for the name of a theorem recently (if a structure is made with a : A and b : B then (structure.mk a b).a = a) and you said "oh that's true by refl so it doesn't have a name"
What's the algorithm for determining whether an equality whose proofs is rfl gets blessed with a name?
It doesn't usually matter, Seul is writing a tactic so he needs to have names for his automation. It's fine even if he just declares a local theorem with a particular statement he can rely on.
For example there are lots of theorems in tactic.ring
that are like this - they have very particular statements to make it easy for the automation, but no one would ever use those theorems otherwise
But the other day I said "I want to do this rewrite and it's refl but I want to know the name anyway" and your response was "use show"
and I bought this at the time
but this response stinks
But it's also common for definitional expansions to have a name, particularly when the definition is hidden in a typeclass
because I have to keep changing things to definitionally equal things in my head
and I am sitting at a computer
for example finset.subset_iff
can I do targetted dsimp?
This is a new thread. Hang on
{% endraw %}Last updated: Apr 24 2020 at 19:02 UTC


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{{ metadata.get('title') }} {% if metadata.get('unedited', false) %} [Unedited] {% endif %}
{{ render_byline() }}Introduction
The general term Content Management System (CMS) refers to systems enabling individuals and organizations to create, manage, and publish content. A CMS for web content, specifically, is a system aimed at creating, managing, and publishing content to be consumed and experienced via the open web.
Each CMS implements some subset of a wide range of content management capabilities and the corresponding mechanisms for users to build websites easily and effectively around their content. Such content is often stored in some type of database, providing users with the flexibility to reuse it wherever needed for their content strategy. CMSs also provide admin capabilities aimed at making it easy for users to upload and manage content as needed.
There is great variability on the type and scope of the support CMSs provide for building sites; some provide ready-to-use templates which are "hydrated" with user content, and others require much more user involvement for designing and constructing the site structure.
When we think about CMSs, we need to account for all the components that play a role in the viability of such a system for providing a platform for publishing content on the web. All of these components form an ecosystem surrounding the CMS platform, and they include hosting providers, extension developers, development agencies, site builders, etc. Thus, when we talk about a CMS, we usually refer to both the platform itself and its surrounding ecosystem.
Why do content creators use a CMS?
At the beginning of (web evolution) time, the web ecosystem was powered by a simple growth loop, where users could become creators just by viewing the source of a web page, copy-pasting according to their needs, and tailoring the new version with individual elements like images.
As the web evolved, it became more powerful, but also more complicated. As a consequence, that simple growth loop was broken and it was not the case anymore that any user could become a creator. For those who could pursue the content creation path, the road became arduous and hard to achieve. The usage-capability gap, that is, the difference between what can be done in the web and what is actually done, grew steadily.
Here is where a CMS plays the very important role of making it easy for users with different degrees of technical expertise to enter the web ecosystem loop as content creators. By lowering the barrier of entry for content creation, CMSs activate the growth loop of the web by turning users into creators. Hence their popularity.
The goal of this chapter
There are many interesting and important aspects to analyze and questions to answer in our quest to understand the CMS space and its role in the present and the future of the web. While we acknowledge the vastness and complexity of the CMS platforms space, and don't claim omniscient knowledge fully covering all aspects involved on all platforms out there, we do claim our fascination for this space and we bring deep expertise on some of the major players in the space.
In this chapter, we seek to scratch the surface area of the vast CMS space, trying to shed a beam of light on our collective understanding of the status quo of CMS ecosystems, and the role they play in shaping users' perception of how content can be consumed and experienced on the web. Our goal is not to provide an exhaustive view of the CMS landscape; instead, we will discuss a few aspects related to the CMS landscape in general, and the characteristics of web pages generated by these systems. This first edition of the Web Almanac establishes a baseline, and in the future we'll have the benefit of comparing data against this version for trend analysis.
CMS adoption
Today, we can observe that more than 40% of the web pages are powered by some CMS platform; 40.01% for mobile and 39.61% for desktop more precisely.
There are other datasets tracking market share of CMS platforms, such as W3Techs, and they reflect higher percentages of more than 50% of web pages powered by CMS platforms. Furthermore, they observe also that CMS platforms are growing, as fast as 12% year-over-year growth in some cases! The deviation between our analysis and W3Tech's analysis could be explained by a difference in research methodologies. You can read more about ours on the Methodology page.
In essence, this means that there are many CMS platforms available out there. The following picture shows a reduced view of the CMS landscape.
Some of them are open source (e.g. WordPress, Drupal, others) and some of them are proprietary (e.g. AEM, others). Some CMS platforms can be used on "free" hosted or self-hosted plans, and there are also advanced options for using these platforms on higher-tiered plans even at the enterprise level. The CMS space as a whole is a complex, federated universe of CMS ecosystems, all separated and at the same time intertwined in the vast fabric of the web.
It also means that there are hundreds of millions of websites powered by CMS platforms, and an order of magnitude more of users accessing the web and consuming content through these platforms. Thus, these platforms play a key role for us to succeed in our collective quest for an evergreen, healthy, and vibrant web.
The CMS landscape
A large swath of the web today is powered by one kind of CMS platform or another. There are statistics collected by different organizations that reflect this reality. Looking at the Chrome UX Report (CrUX) and HTTP Archive datasets, we get a picture that is consistent with stats published elsewhere, although quantitatively the proportions described may be different as a reflection of the specificity of the datasets.
Looking at web pages served on desktop and mobile devices, we observe an approximate 60-40 split in the percentage of such pages which were generated by some kind of CMS platform, and those that aren't.
CMS-powered web pages are generated by a large set of available CMS platforms. There are many such platforms to choose from, and many factors that can be considered when deciding to use one vs. another, including things like:
- Core functionality
- Creation/editing workflows and experience
- Barrier of entry
- Customizability
- Community
- And many others.
The CrUX and HTTP Archive datasets contain web pages powered by a mix of around 103 CMS platforms. Most of those platforms are very small in terms of relative market share. For the sake of our analysis, we will be focusing on the top CMS platforms in terms of their footprint on the web as reflected by the data. For a full analysis, see this chapter's results spreadsheet.
The most salient CMS platforms present in the datasets are shown above in Figure 5. WordPress comprises 74.19% of mobile and 73.47% of desktop CMS websites. Its dominance in the CMS landscape can be attributed to a number of factors that we'll discuss later, but it's a major player. Open source platforms like Drupal and Joomla, and closed SaaS offerings like Squarespace and Wix, round out the top 5 CMSs. The diversity of these platforms speak to the CMS ecosystem consisting of many platforms where user demographics and the website creation journey vary. What's also interesting is the long tail of small scale CMS platforms in the top 20. From enterprise offerings to proprietary applications developed in-house for industry specific use, content management systems provide the customizable infrastructure for groups to manage, publish, and do business on the web.
The WordPress project defines its mission as "democratizing publishing". Some of its main goals are ease of use and to make the software free and available for everyone to create content on the web. Another big component is the inclusive community the project fosters. In almost any major city in the world, one can find a group of people who gather regularly to connect, share, and code in an effort to understand and build on the WordPress platform. Attending local meetups and annual events as well as participating in web-based channels are some of the ways WordPress contributors, experts, businesses, and enthusiasts participate in its global community.
The low barrier of entry and resources to support users (online and in-person) with publishing on the platform and to develop extensions (plugins) and themes contribute to its popularity. There is also a thriving availability of and economy around WordPress plugins and themes that reduce the complexity of implementing sought after web design and functionality. Not only do these aspects drive its reach and adoption by newcomers, but also maintains its long-standing use over time.
The open source WordPress platform is powered and supported by volunteers, the WordPress Foundation, and major players in the web ecosystem. With these factors in mind, WordPress as the leading CMS makes sense.
How are CMS-powered sites built
Independent of the specific nuances and idiosyncrasies of different CMS platforms, the end goal for all of them is to output web pages to be served to users via the vast reach of the open web. The difference between CMS-powered and non-CMS-powered web pages is that in the former, the CMS platform makes most of the decisions of how the end result is built, while in the latter there are not such layers of abstraction and decisions are all made by developers either directly or via library configurations.
In this section we take a brief look at the status quo of the CMS space in terms of the characteristics of their output (e.g. total resources used, image statistics, etc.), and how they compare with the web ecosystem as a whole.
Total resource usage
The building blocks of any website also make a CMS website: HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and media (images and video). CMS platforms give users powerfully streamlined administrative capabilities to integrate these resources to create web experiences. While this is one of the most inclusive aspects of these applications, it could have some adverse effects on the wider web.
In Figures 6 and 7 above, we see the median desktop CMS page loads 86 resources and weighs 2.29 MB. Mobile page resource usage is not too far behind with 83 resources and 2.25 MB.
The median indicates the halfway point that all CMS pages either fall above or below. In short, half of all CMS pages load fewer requests and weigh less, while half load more requests and weigh more. At the 10th percentile, mobile and desktop pages have under 40 requests and 1 MB in weight, but at the 90th percentile we see pages with over 170 requests and at 7 MB, almost tripling in weight from the median.
How do CMS pages compare to pages on the web as a whole? In the Page Weight chapter, we find some telling data about resource usage. At the median, desktop pages load 74 requests and weigh 1.9 MB, and mobile pages on the web load 69 requests and weigh 1.7 MB. The median CMS page exceeds this. CMS pages also exceed resources on the web at the 90th percentile, but by a smaller margin. In short: CMS pages could be considered as some of the heaviest.
| percentile | image | video | script | font | css | audio | html |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 50 | 1,233 | 1,342 | 456 | 140 | 93 | 14 | 33 |
| 75 | 2,766 | 2,735 | 784 | 223 | 174 | 97 | 66 |
| 90 | 5,699 | 5,098 | 1,199 | 342 | 310 | 287 | 120 |
| percentile | image | video | script | css | font | audio | html |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 50 | 1,264 | 1,056 | 438 | 89 | 109 | 14 | 32 |
| 75 | 2,812 | 2,191 | 756 | 171 | 177 | 38 | 67 |
| 90 | 5,531 | 4,593 | 1,178 | 317 | 286 | 473 | 123 |
When we look closer at the types of resources that load on mobile or desktop CMS pages, images and video immediately stand out as primary contributors to their weight.
The impact doesn't necessarily correlate with the number of requests, but rather how much data is associated with those individual requests. For example, in the case of video resources with only two requests made at the median, they carry more than 1MB of associated load. Multimedia experiences also come with the use of scripts to integrate interactivity, deliver functionality and data to name a few use cases. In both mobile and desktop pages, those are the 3rd heaviest resource.
With our CMS experiences saturated with these resources, we must consider the impact this has on website visitors on the frontend- is their experience fast or slow? Additionally, when comparing mobile and desktop resource usage, the amount of requests and weight show little difference. This means that the same amount and weight of resources are powering both mobile and desktop CMS experiences. Variation in connection speed and mobile device quality adds another layer of complexity. Later in this chapter, we'll use data from CrUX to assess user experience in the CMS space.
Third-party resources
Let's highlight a particular subset of resources to assess their impact in the CMS landscape. Third-party resources are those from origins not belonging to the destination site's domain name or servers. They can be images, videos, scripts, or other resource types. Sometimes these resources are packaged in combination such as with embedding an iframe
for example. Our data reveals that the median amount of 3rd party resources for both desktop and mobile are close.
The median amount of 3rd party requests on mobile CMS pages is 15 and weigh 264.72 KB, while the median for these requests on desktop CMS pages is 16 and weigh 271.56 KB. (Note that this excludes 3P resources considered part of "hosting").
We know the median value indicates at least half of CMS web pages are shipping with more 3rd party resources than what we report here. At the 90th percentile, CMS pages can deliver up to 52 resources at approximately 940 KB, a considerable increase.
Given that third-party resources originate from remote domains and servers, the destination site has little control over the quality and impact these resources have on its performance. This unpredictability could lead to fluctuations in speed and affect the user experience, which we'll soon explore.
 Figures 12 and 13 above show that the median desktop CMS page has 31 images and payload of 1,232 KB, while the median mobile CMS page has 29 images and payload of 1,263 KB. Again we have very close margins for the weight of these resources for both desktop and mobile experiences. The Page Weight chapter additionally shows that image resources well exceed the median weight of pages with the same amount of images on the web as a whole, which is 983 KB and 893 KB for desktop and mobile respectively. The verdict: CMS pages ship heavy images.
Which are the common formats found on mobile and desktop CMS pages? From our data JPG images on average are the most popular image format. PNG and GIF formats follow, while formats like SVG, ICO, and WebP trail significantly comprising approximately a little over 2% and 1%.
Perhaps this segmentation isn't surprising given the common use cases for these image types. SVGs for logos and icons are common as are JPEGs ubiquitous. WebP is still a relatively new optimized format with growing browser adoption. It will be interesting to see how this impacts its use in the CMS space in the years to come.
User experience on CMS-powered websites
Success as a web content creator is all about user experience. Factors such as resource usage and other statistics regarding how web pages are composed are important indicators of the quality of a given site in terms of the best practices followed while building it. However, we are ultimately interested in shedding some light on how are users actually experiencing the web when consuming and engaging with content generated by these platforms.
To achieve this, we turn our analysis towards some user-perceived performance metrics, which are captured in the CrUX dataset. These metrics relate in some ways to how we, as humans, perceive time.
| Duration | Perception |
|---|---|
| < 0.1 seconds | Instant |
| 0.5-1 second | Immediate |
| 2-5 seconds | Point of abandonment |
If things happen within 0.1 seconds (100 milliseconds), for all of us they are happening virtually instantly. And when things take longer than a few seconds, the likelihood we go on with our lives without waiting any longer is very high. This is very important for content creators seeking sustainable success in the web, because it tells us how fast our sites must load if we want to acquire, engage, and retain our user base.
In this section we take a look at three important dimensions which can shed light on our understanding of how users are experiencing CMS-powered web pages in the wild:
- First Contentful Paint (FCP)
- First Input Delay (FID)
- Lighthouse scores
First Contentful Paint
First Contentful Paint measures the time it takes from navigation until content such as text or an image is first displayed. A successful FCP experience, or one that can be qualified as "fast," entails how quickly elements in the DOM are loaded to assure the user that the website is loading successfully. Although a good FCP score is not a guarantee that the corresponding site offers a good UX, a bad FCP almost certainly does guarantee the opposite.
| CMS | Fast (< 1000ms) |
Moderate | Slow (>= 3000ms) |
|---|---|---|---|
| WordPress | 24.33% | 40.24% | 35.42% |
| Drupal | 37.25% | 39.39% | 23.35% |
| Joomla | 22.66% | 46.48% | 30.86% |
| Wix | 14.25% | 62.84% | 22.91% |
| Squarespace | 26.23% | 43.79% | 29.98% |
FCP in the CMS landscape trends mostly in the moderate range. The need for CMS platforms to query content from a database, send, and subsequently render it in the browser, could be a contributing factor to the delay that users experience. The resource loads we discussed in the previous sections could also play a role. In addition, some of these instances are on shared hosting or in environments that may not be optimized for performance, which could also impact the experience in the browser.
WordPress shows notably moderate and slow FCP experiences on mobile and desktop. Wix sits strongly in moderate FCP experiences on its closed platform. TYPO3, an enterprise open-source CMS platform, has consistently fast experiences on both mobile and desktop. TYPO3 advertises built-in performance and scalability features that may have a positive impact for website visitors on the frontend.
First Input Delay
First Input Delay (FID) measures the time from when a user first interacts with your site (i.e. when they click a link, tap on a button, or use a custom, JavaScript-powered control) to the time when the browser is actually able to respond to that interaction. A "fast" FID from a user's perspective would be immediate feedback from their actions on a site rather than a stalled experience. This delay (a pain point) could correlate with interference from other aspects of the site loading when the user tries to interact with the site.
FID in the CMS space generally trends on fast experiences for both desktop and mobile on average. However, what's notable is the significant difference between mobile and desktop experiences.
| CMS | Fast (< 100ms) |
Moderate | Slow (>= 300ms) |
|---|---|---|---|
| WordPress | 80.25% | 13.55% | 6.20% |
| Drupal | 74.88% | 18.64% | 6.48% |
| Joomla | 68.82% | 22.61% | 8.57% |
| Squarespace | 84.55% | 9.13% | 6.31% |
| Wix | 63.06% | 16.99% | 19.95% |
While this difference is present in FCP data, FID sees bigger gaps in performance. For example, the difference between mobile and desktop fast FCP experiences for Joomla is around 12.78%, for FID experiences the difference is significant: 27.76%. Mobile device and connection quality could play a role in the performance gaps that we see here. As we highlighted previously, there is a small margin of difference between the resources shipped to desktop and mobile versions of a website. Optimizing for the mobile (interactive) experience becomes more apparent with these results.
Lighthouse scores
Lighthouse is an open-source, automated tool designed to help developers assess and improve the quality of their websites. One key aspect of the tool is that it provides a set of audits to assess the status of a website in terms of performance, accessibility, progressive web apps, and more. For the purposes of this chapter, we are interested in two specific audits categories: PWA and accessibility.
PWA
The term Progressive Web App (PWA) refers to web-based user experiences that are considered as being reliable, fast, and engaging. Lighthouse provides a set of audits which returns a PWA score between 0 (worst) and 1 (best). These audits are based on the Baseline PWA Checklist, which lists 14 requirements. Lighthouse has automated audits for 11 of the 14 requirements. The remaining 3 can only be tested manually. Each of the 11 automated PWA audits are weighted equally, so each one contributes approximately 9 points to your PWA score.
Accessibility
An accessible website is a site designed and developed so that people with disabilities can use them. Lighthouse provides a set of accessibility audits and it returns a weighted average of all of them (see Scoring Details for a full list of how each audit is weighted).
Each accessibility audit is pass or fail, but unlike other Lighthouse audits, a page doesn't get points for partially passing an accessibility audit. For example, if some elements have screenreader-friendly names, but others don't, that page gets a 0 for the screenreader-friendly-names audit.
As it stands now, only 1.27% of mobile CMS home pages get a perfect score of 100%. Of the top CMSs, Wix takes the lead by having the highest median accessibility score on its mobile pages. Overall, these figures are dismal when you consider how many websites (how much of the web that is powered by CMSs) are inaccessible to a significant segment of our population. As much as digital experiences impact so many aspects of our lives, this should be a mandate to encourage us to build accessible web experiences from the start, and to continue the work of making the web an inclusive space.
CMS innovation
While we've taken a snapshot of the current landscape of the CMS ecosystem, the space is evolving. In efforts to address performance and user experience shortcomings, we're seeing experimental frameworks being integrated with the CMS infrastructure in both coupled and decoupled/ headless instances. Libraries and frameworks such as React.js, its derivatives like Gatsby.js and Next.js, and Vue.js derivative Nuxt.js are making slight marks of adoption.
| CMS | React | Nuxt.js, React |
Nuxt.js | Next.js, React |
Gatsby, React |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WordPress | 131,507 | 21 | 18 | ||
| Wix | 50,247 | ||||
| Joomla | 3,457 | ||||
| Drupal | 2,940 | 8 | 15 | 1 | |
| DataLife Engine | 1,137 | ||||
| Adobe Experience Manager | 723 | 7 | |||
| Contentful | 492 | 7 | 114 | 909 | 394 |
| Squarespace | 385 | ||||
| 1C-Bitrix | 340 | ||||
| TYPO3 CMS | 265 | 1 | |||
| Weebly | 263 | 1 | |||
| Jimdo | 248 | 2 | |||
| PrestaShop | 223 | 1 | |||
| SDL Tridion | 152 | ||||
| Craft CMS | 123 |
We also see hosting providers and agencies offering Digital Experience Platforms (DXP) as holistic solutions using CMSs and other integrated technologies as a toolbox for enterprise customer-focused strategies. These innovations show an effort to create turn-key, CMS-based solutions that make it possible, simple, and easy by default for the users (and their end users) to get the best UX when creating and consuming the content of these platforms. The aim: good performance by default, feature richness, and excellent hosting environments.
Conclusions
The CMS space is of paramount importance. The large portion of the web these applications power and the critical mass of users both creating and encountering its pages on a variety of devices and connections should not be trivialized. We hope this chapter and the others found here in the Web Almanac inspire more research and innovation to help make the space better. Deep investigations would provide us better context about the strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities these platforms provide the web as a whole. Content management systems can make an impact on preserving the integrity of the open web. Let's keep moving them forward!


CSS has a 'display' property which sets whether an element (such as a paragraphs and heading tags) is treated as a 'block' or 'inline'. display: block creates a block-level element and display: inline creates an inline-level element...
With the CSS box model, the block level elements break up the flow of a document, whereas inline elements flow on. Even more specifically block level elements will be displayed as a block with no other elements next to it. That means it will have white space above and below it.
Inline-block elements are a little bit different. They are formatted like an inline element but behave like a block element.
Well, like a block element, the margins and padding are respected and you can also set width and height. And like an inline element, you can sit it it next to other elements as there is no line break straight after the element.


This chapter is designed to provide information about the Tool Command Language, abbreviated Tcl, (the language in which Swat commands are written) so that new commands can be written and old commands modified. This chapter contains the following main sections:
1 Using This Chapter
2 Copyright Information
3 Background and Description
4 Syntax and Structure
4.1 Basic Command Syntax
4.2 Expressions
4.3 Lists
4.4 Command Results
4.5 Procedures
4.6 Variables
5 Commands
5.1 Notation
5.2 Built-in Commands
6 Coding
6.1 Swat Data Structure Commands
6.2 Examples
7 Using a New Command
7.1 Compilation
7.2 Autoloading
7.3 Explicit Loading


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for
offshore companies Forex, Binary, Crypto, ICO.


{% extends 'base.html' %} {% load i18n form_extras %} {% block content %}
{% blocktrans %} This form is simple way to import data into the system without interaction, but requires the filename of the file to declare the required meta data. The Open Budgets documentation describes the required formatting of the filename. If this sounds confusing, you'll have to make use of one of the more interactive importers available. {% endblocktrans %}


Tag: dfs
-
Leetcode 0017. Letter Combinations of a Phone Number (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0039. Combination Sum (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0047. Permutations II (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0051. N-Queens (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0052. N-Queens II (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0078. Subsets (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0079. Word Search (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0081. Search in Rotated Sorted Array II (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0090. Subsets II (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0093. Restore IP Addresses (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0102. Binary Tree Level Order Traversal (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0104. Maximum Depth of Binary Tree (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0113. Path Sum II (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0114. Flatten Binary Tree to Linked List (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0130. Surrounded Regions (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0133. Clone Graph (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0139. Word Break (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0199. Binary Tree Right Side View (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0207. Course Schedule (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0210. Course Schedule II (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0212. Word Search II (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0216. Combination Sum III (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0235. Lowest Common Ancestor of a Binary Search Tree (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0236. Lowest Common Ancestor of a Binary Tree (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0247. Strobogrammatic Number II (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0250 Count Univalue Subtrees (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0254 Factor Combinations (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0261. Graph Valid Tree (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0267. Palindrome Permutation II (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0291. Word Pattern II (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0294. Flip Game II (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0298. Binary Tree Longest Consecutive Sequence (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0302 Smallest Rectangle Enclosing Black Pixels (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0305 Number of Islands II (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0310. Minimum Height Trees (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0314. Binary Tree Vertical Order Traversal (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0320. Generalized Abbreviation (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0322. Coin Change (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0323. Number of Connected Components in an Undirected Graph (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0329. Longest Increasing Path in a Matrix (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0332. Reconstruct Itinerary (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0333. Largest BST Subtree (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0337. House Robber III (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0339. Nested List Weight Sum (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0351. Android Unlock Patterns (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0364. Nested List Weight Sum II (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0366. Find Leaves of Binary Tree (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0399. Evaluate Division (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0404. Sum of Left Leaves (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0407. Trapping Rain Water II (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0417. Pacific Atlantic Water Flow (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0425. Word Squares (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0430. Flatten a Multilevel Doubly Linked List (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0465 Optimal Account Balancing (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0518. Coin Change 2 (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0542. 01 Matrix (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0563. Binary Tree Tilt (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0589. N-ary Tree Preorder Traversal (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0623. Add One Row to Tree (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0637. Average of Levels in Binary Tree (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0662. Maximum Width of Binary Tree (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0669. Trim a Binary Search Tree (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0684. Redundant Connection (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0695. Max Area of Island (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0700. Search in a Binary Search Tree (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0701. Insert into a Binary Search Tree (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0778. Swim in Rising Water (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0784. Letter Case Permutation (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0785. Is Graph Bipartite (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0787. Cheapest Flights Within K Stops (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0797. All Paths From Source to Target (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0814. Binary Tree Pruning (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0816. Ambiguous Coordinates (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0827. Making A Large Island (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0841. Keys and Rooms (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0865. Smallest Subtree with all the Deepest Nodes (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0886. Possible Bipartition (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0897. Increasing Order Search Tree (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0928. Minimize Malware Spread II (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0938. Range Sum of BST (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0947. Most Stones Removed with Same Row or Column (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0967. Numbers With Same Consecutive Differences (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0968. Binary Tree Cameras (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0971. Flip Binary Tree To Match Preorder Traversal (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0980. Unique Paths III (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 0987. Vertical Order Traversal of a Binary Tree (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1022. Sum of Root To Leaf Binary Numbers (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1026. Maximum Difference Between Node and Ancestor (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1088 Confusing Number II (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1096. Brace Expansion II (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1192. Critical Connections in a Network (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1202. Smallest String With Swaps (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1203. Sort Items by Groups Respecting Dependencies (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1240. Tiling a Rectangle with the Fewest Squares (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1255. Maximum Score Words Formed by Letters (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1263. Minimum Moves to Move a Box to Their Target Location (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1302. Deepest Leaves Sum (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1305. All Elements in Two Binary Search Trees (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1306. Jump Game III (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1307. Verbal Arithmetic Puzzle (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1368. Minimum Cost to Make at Least One Valid Path in a Grid (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1377. Frog Position After T Seconds (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1379. Find a Corresponding Node of a Binary Tree in a Clone of That Tree (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1457. Pseudo-Palindromic Paths in a Binary Tree (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1466. Reorder Routes to Make All Paths Lead to the City Zero (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1559. Detect Cycles in 2D Grid (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1568. Minimum Number of Days to Disconnect Island (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1579. Remove Max Number of Edges to Keep Graph Fully Traversable (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1659. Maximize Grid Happiness (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1807. Evaluate the Bracket Pairs of a String (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1857. Largest Color Value in a Directed Graph (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1900. The Earliest and Latest Rounds Where Players Compete (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1916. Count Ways to Build Rooms in an Ant Colony (14 Aug 2021)
-
Leetcode 1938. Maximum Genetic Difference Query (14 Aug 2021)


Ziqing Mao
Welcome to the my homepage! This is the first project of CS5610 Web Development, and also my first website. I am a new programmer who obtained a B.S. degree in Pharmaceutical Science in 2017 and now pursuing a Master's degree in Computer Science at Northeastern University. I am experienced in back-end development, while diving into the front-end world will be my new challenge worth taking.
I am also a big fan of photography. Click on my profile image to take a sightseeing in my portfolio.


You do not know at take-off which of the many glaciers in Denali National Park your pilot will try to land on for your glacier walk. Or even if the weather will permit you. With clear skies and low winds we were hopeful, and moreover I was nervous. Hannah says she saw the box in my pocket. The jeweler told me they just remodeled their boxes to make them smaller and less conspicuous in your pocket, but apparently it was not enough to hide my intentions for the afternoon.
The pending Q and A was not enough to overshadow our awe as the pilot flew us over the mighty Susitna River, Ruth Glacier, winding through sharp jutting peaks of too many mountain tops to remember all their names. We saw beautiful blue glacial lakes below, kept our eyes peeled for grizzlies that inhabit the area, and even saw our little campsite on the shore of Byers Lake that we backpacked out of the morning of the flight. I looked forward to packing back into camp, lighter than air with the nerve-racking task ahead in my rearview and nothing but love and joy for the rest of my life to look forward to. Just the one task ahead, that is, if the weather would hold up enough for us to land atop the great mountain top.
Denali was hiding for the majority of our trip. She only peeked out from behind the clouds every once in a while and we were lucky enough to spot her summit for a fleeting moment or two over the last few days. Apparently only 30 percent of the people who visit the grandiose range actually get to see Denali in all her glory. Yet we were still hopeful for a landing, and I was working up my nerve as the pilot announced that conditions were perfect for a glacial landing in an area of the park known as ‘Little Switzerland’.
The website called it a glacial walk, but I learned just after landing that we were not supposed to go much further than the wingspan of the plane, say 30 feet or so away. I had hoped to walk with Hannah to a more secluded location somewhere on the glacier so the moment would be ours and ours alone. I was deflated at first. Hannah always said she didn’t like the big public spectacle proposals. Granted there were only a dozen or so people on the mountain with us, it didn’t feel perfect at first, with so many strangers within gawking distance. We took a few pictures, split away from most of the group and walked with our pilot and one other person to get a good picture in the background, and I was suddenly flooded with the courage and love I needed to not only be able to ask, but to know that this was the perfect place, seemingly on the top of the world, to ask the woman I loved to spend the rest of our lives together.
I handed our pilot my phone and asked him to take a few more pictures of us. As I turned back to face Hannah I tried to remember all of the things I wanted to say in this moment, but when I dropped to my knee and removed the "slender" box from my pocket, I managed to mumble something like, "Hannah McMahon, will you marry me?"
I went from terror to pure joy, and back to terror as I took the ring from the box and carefully carried it over 4 miles of ice and snow below us to place it on her finger. The thought of possibly dropping the ring into the snow had not crossed my mind until this moment. Not to mention I had been kneeling on a sub-zero block of ice for what seemed like an eternity. Fear and frozen kneecaps disappeared from existence as Hannah dragged me up towards her and wrapped her arms around me. We were safe and happy, and together we will climb mountains for the rest of our lives.


Well, why not write your own? Contributing to Pygments is easy and fun. Take a
look at the docs on lexer development. Pull
requests are welcome on GitHub.
Note: the languages listed here are supported in the development version. The
latest release may lack a few of them.
{% endblock %}


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| RGBASM(5) | File Formats Manual | RGBASM(5) |
rgbasm
—
[label]
[instruction]
[;comment]
Example:
John: ld a,87 ;Weee
All pseudo‐ops, mnemonics and registers (reserved keywords) are case‐insensitive and all labels are case‐sensitive.
There are two syntaxes for comments. In both cases, a comment ends
at the end of the line. The most common one is: anything that follows a
semicolon ‘;
’ (that isn't inside a
string) is a comment. There is another format: anything that follows a
‘*
’ that is placed right at the start
of a line is a comment. The assembler removes all comments from the code
before doing anything else.
Sometimes lines can be too long and it may be necessary to split them. The syntax to do so is the following one:
DB 1, 2, 3, 4 \ 5, 6, 7, 8
This works anywhere in the code except inside of strings. To split
strings it is needed to use STRCAT
() like this:
DB STRCAT("Hello ", \ "world!")
SECTION
name,
type
SECTION
name,
type, options
SECTION
name,
type[addr]
SECTION
name,
type[addr],
options
Before you can start writing code, you must define a section. This tells the assembler what kind of information follows and, if it is code, where to put it.
name is a string enclosed in double quotes and can be a new name or the name of an existing section. All sections assembled at the same time that have the same name and type are considered to be the same section, and their code is put together in the object file generated by the assembler. All other sections must have a unique name, even in different source files, or the linker will treat it as an error.
Possible section types are as follows:
ROM0
ROMX
VRAM
SRAM
WRAM0
WRAMX
OAM
HRAM
Note: If you use this method of allocating
HRAM the assembler will not choose the short
addressing mode in the LD instructions LD [$FF00+n8],A
and LD A,[$FF00+n8] because the actual address
calculation is done by the linker. If you find this undesirable you can
use RSSET
, RB
, or
RW
instead or use the LDH
[$FF00+n8],A and LDH A,[$FF00+n8] syntax instead.
This forces the assembler to emit the correct instruction and the linker
to check if the value is in the correct range. This optimization can be
disabled by passing the -L
flag to
rgbasm(1).
options are comma separated and may include:
BANK
[bank]ALIGN
[align]If [addr] is not specified, the section is
considered “floating”; the linker will automatically calculate
an appropriate address for the section. Similarly, if
BANK
[bank] is not specified,
the linker will automatically find a bank with enough space.
Sections can also be placed by using a linkerscript file. The format is described in rgblink(5). They allow the user to place floating sections in the desired bank in the order specified in the script. This is useful if the sections can't be placed at an address manually because the size may change, but they have to be together.
Section examples:
SECTION "CoolStuff",ROMX
This switches to the section called “CoolStuff” (or creates it if it doesn't already exist) and defines it as a code section.
The following example defines a section that can be placed anywhere in any ROMX bank:
SECTION "CoolStuff",ROMX
If it is needed, the the base address of the section can be specified:
SECTION "CoolStuff",ROMX[$4567]
An example with a fixed bank:
SECTION "CoolStuff",ROMX[$4567],BANK[3]
And if you only want to force the section into a certain bank, and not it's position within the bank, that's also possible:
SECTION "CoolStuff",ROMX,BANK[7]
Alignment examples: one use could be when using DMA to copy data or when it is needed to align the start of an array to 256 bytes to optimize the code that accesses it.
SECTION "OAM Data",WRAM0,ALIGN[8] ; align to 256 bytes SECTION "VRAM Data",ROMX,BANK[2],ALIGN[4] ; align to 16 bytes
Hint: If you think this is a lot of typing for
doing a simple “org” type thing you can quite easily write an
intelligent macro (called ORG
for example) that uses
@
for the section name and determines correct
section type etc as arguments for SECTION
.
POPS
and PUSHS
provide the
interface to the section stack.
PUSHS
will push the current section
context on the section stack. POPS
can then later be
used to restore it. Useful for defining sections in included files when you
don't want to destroy the section context for the program that included your
file. The number of entries in the stack is limited only by the amount of
memory in your machine.
#define
in C.A symbol cannot have the same name as a reserved keyword.
One of the assembler's main tasks is to keep track of addresses for you so you don't have to remember obscure numbers but can make do with a meaningful name, a label.
This can be done in a number of ways:
GlobalLabel AnotherGlobal: .locallabel .yet_a_local: AnotherGlobal.with_another_local: ThisWillBeExported:: ;note the two colons ThisWillBeExported.too::
In the line where a label is defined there musn't be any whitespace before it. Local labels are only accessible within the scope they are defined. A scope starts after a global label and ends at the next global label. Declaring a label (global or local) with :: does an EXPORT at the same time. Local labels can be declared as scope.local or simply as as .local. If the former notation is used, the scope must be the actual current scope.
Labels will normally change their value during the link process and are thus not constant. The exception is the case in which the base address of a section is fixed, so the address of the label is known at assembly time.
The subtraction of two labels is only constant (known at assembly time) if they are two local labels that belong to the same scope, or they are two global labels that belong to sections with fixed base addresses.
EQUates are constant symbols. They can, for example, be used for things such as bit-definitions of hardware registers.
EXIT_OK EQU $00 EXIT_FAILURE EQU $01
Note that a colon (:) following the label-name is not allowed. EQUates cannot be exported and imported. They don't change their value during the link process.
SETs are similar to EQUates. They are also constant symbols in the sense that their values are defined during the assembly process. These symbols are normally used in macros.
ARRAY_SIZE EQU 4 COUNT SET 2 COUNT SET ARRAY_SIZE+COUNT
Note that a colon (:) following the label-name is not allowed. SETs cannot be exported and imported. Alternatively you can use = as a synonym for SET.
COUNT = 2
The RS group of commands is a handy way of defining structures:
RSRESET str_pStuff RW 1 str_tData RB 256 str_bCount RB 1 str_SIZEOF RB 0
The example defines four equated symbols:
str_pStuff = 0 str_tData = 2 str_bCount = 258 str_SIZEOF = 259
There are four commands in the RS group of commands:
| Command | Meaning |
RSRESET |
Resets the _RS counter to zero. |
RSSET
constexpr |
Sets the _RS counter
to constexpr. |
RB
constexpr |
Sets the preceding symbol to _RS
and adds constexpr
to _RS . |
RW
constexpr |
Sets the preceding symbol to _RS
and adds constexpr
* 2 to _RS. |
RL
constexpr |
Sets the preceding symbol to _RS
and adds constexpr
* 4 to _RS. |
Note that a colon (:) following the symbol-name is not allowed. RS symbols cannot be exported and imported. They don't change their value during the link process.
EQUS is used to define string-symbols. Wherever the assembler
meets a string symbol its name is replaced with its value. If you are
familiar with C you can think of it as the same as
#define .
COUNTREG EQUS "[hl+]" ld a,COUNTREG PLAYER_NAME EQUS "\"John\"" db PLAYER_NAME
Note that : following the label-name is not allowed, and that strings must be quoted to be useful.
This will be interpreted as:
ld a,[hl+] db "John"
String-symbols can also be used to define small one-line macros:
PUSHA EQUS "push af\npush bc\npush de\npush hl\n"
Note that a colon (:) following the label-name is not allowed. String equates can't be exported or imported.
Important note: An EQUS can be expanded to a string that contains another EQUS and it will be expanded as well. This means that, if you aren't careful, you may trap the assembler into an infinite loop if there's a circular dependency in the expansions. Also, a MACRO can have inside an EQUS which references the same MACRO, which has the same problem.
One of the best features of an assembler is the ability to write macros for it. Macros also provide a method of passing arguments to them and they can then react to the input using IF-constructs.
MyMacro: MACRO ld a,80 call MyFunc ENDM
Note that a colon (:) following the macro-name is required. Macros can't be exported or imported. It's valid to call a macro from a macro (yes, even the same one).
The above example is a very simple macro. You execute the macro by typing its name.
add a,b ld sp,hl MyMacro ;This will be expanded sub a,87
When the assembler meets MyMacro it will insert the
macrodefinition (the text enclosed in MACRO
/
ENDM
).
Suppose your macro contains a loop.
LoopyMacro: MACRO xor a,a .loop ld [hl+],a dec c jr nz,.loop ENDM
This is fine. That is, if you only use the macro once per
scope. To get around this problem there is a special label string equate
called \@
that you can append to your labels and
it will then expand to a unique string.
\@
also works in REPT-blocks should
you have any loops there.
LoopyMacro: MACRO xor a,a .loop\@ ld [hl+],a dec c jr nz,.loop\@ ENDM
Important note: Since a MACRO can call itself (or a different MACRO that calls the first one) there can be problems of circular dependency. They trap the assembler in an infinite loop, so you have to be careful when using recursion with MACROs. Also, a MACRO can have inside an EQUS which references the same MACRO, which has the same problem.
Macro Arguments
I'd like LoopyMacro a lot better if I didn't have to pre-load the registers with values and then call it. What I'd like is the ability to pass it arguments and it then loaded the registers itself.
And I can do that. In macros you can get the arguments by
using the special macro string equates \1
through \9
, \1
being the
first argument specified on the calling of the macro.
LoopyMacro: MACRO ld hl,\1 ld c,\2 xor a,a .loop\@ ld [hl+],a dec c jr nz,.loop\@ ENDM
Now I can call the macro specifying two arguments. The first being the address and the second being a bytecount. The macro will then reset all bytes in this range.
LoopyMacro MyVars,54
Arguments are passed as string equates. There's no need to
enclose them in quotes. An expression will not be evaluated first but
passed directly. This means that it's probably a very good idea to use
brackets around \1
to \9
if you perform further calculations on them. For instance, if you pass 1
+ 2 as the first argument and then do PRINTV
\1
* 2 you will get the value 5 on screen and
not 6 as you might have expected.
In reality, up to 256 arguments can be passed to a macro, but
you can only use the first 9 like this. If you want to use the rest, you
need to use the keyword SHIFT
.
Line continuations work as usual inside macros or lists of arguments of macros. Strings, however, are a bit trickier. The following example shows how to use strings as arguments for a macro:
PrintMacro : MACRO PRINTT \1 ENDM PrintMacro STRCAT(\"Hello\"\, \ \" world\\n\")
SHIFT
is a special command only
available in macros. Very useful in REPT-blocks. It will shift the
arguments by one to the left. \1
will get the
value of \2
, \2
will get
the value in \3
and so forth.
This is the only way of accessing the value of arguments from 10 to 256.
Exporting of symbols has to be done manually, importing is done automatically if the assembler doesn't know where a symbol is defined.
EXPORT
label [,
label , ...]
The assembler will make label accessible to other files during the link process.
GLOBAL
label [,
label , ...]
If label is defined during the assembly it will be exported, if
not, it will be imported. Handy (very!) for include-files. Note that, since
importing is done automatically, this keyword has the same effect as
EXPORT
.
PURGE
allows you to completely remove a symbol from the
symbol table as if it had never existed. USE WITH EXTREME CAUTION!!! I can't
stress this enough, you seriously need to know what you are doing. DON'T purge
symbol that you use in expressions the linker needs to calculate. In fact,
it's probably not even safe to purge anything other than string symbols and
macros.
Kamikaze EQUS "I don't want to live anymore" AOLer EQUS "Me too" PURGE Kamikaze, AOLer
Note that string symbols that are part of a
PURGE
command WILL NOT BE EXPANDED as the ONLY
exception to this rule.
| Type | Name | Contents |
EQU |
@ |
PC value |
EQU |
_PI |
Fixed point π |
SET |
_RS |
_RS Counter |
EQU |
_NARG |
Number of arguments passed to macro |
EQU |
__LINE__ |
The current line number |
EQUS |
__FILE__ |
The current filename |
EQUS |
__DATE__ |
Today's date |
EQUS |
__TIME__ |
The current time |
EQUS |
__ISO_8601_LOCAL__ |
ISO 8601 timestamp (local) |
EQUS |
__ISO_8601_UTC__ |
ISO 8601 timestamp (UTC) |
EQU |
__UTC_YEAR__ |
Today's year |
EQU |
__UTC_MONTH__ |
Today's month number, 1-12 |
EQU |
__UTC_DAY__ |
Today's day of the month, 1-31 |
EQU |
__UTC_HOUR__ |
Current hour, 0-23 |
EQU |
__UTC_MINUTE__ |
Current minute, 0-59 |
EQU |
__UTC_SECOND__ |
Current second, 0-59 |
EQU |
__RGBDS_MAJOR__ |
Major version number of RGBDS. |
EQU |
__RGBDS_MINOR__ |
Minor version number of RGBDS. |
EQU |
__RGBDS_PATCH__ |
Patch version number of RGBDS. |
DB
defines a list of bytes that will be stored in the
final image. Ideal for tables and text (which is not zero-terminated).
DB 1,2,3,4,"This is a string"
Alternatively, you can use DW
to store a
list of words (16-bits) or DL
to store a list of
doublewords/longs (32-bits). Strings are not allowed as arguments to
DW
and DL
.
You can also use DB
,
DW
and DL
without arguments,
or leaving empty elements at any point in the list. This works exactly like
DS 1, DS 2 and DS 4
respectively. Consequently, DB
,
DW
and DL
can be used in a
WRAM0 / WRAMX
/ HRAM /
VRAM / SRAM
section.
DS
allocates a number of bytes. The content is
undefined. This is the preferred method of allocationg space in a RAM section.
You can, however, use DB
, DW
and DL
without any arguments instead.
DS str_SIZEOF ;allocate str_SIZEOF bytes
INCBIN
to include a raw binary file as it is. If the
file isn't found in the current directory, the include-path list passed to the
linker on the command line will be searched.
INCBIN "titlepic.bin" INCBIN "sprites/hero.bin" ; UNIX INCBIN "sprites\\hero.bin" ; Windows
You can also include only part of a file with
INCBIN
. The example below includes 256 bytes from
data.bin starting from byte 78.
INCBIN "data.bin",78,256
You create unions using the UNION
,
NEXTU
and ENDU
keywords.
NEXTU
lets you create a new block of allocations,
and you may use it as many times within a union as necessary.
UNION Name: ds 8 Nickname: ds 8 NEXTU Health: dw Something: ds 3 Lives: db NEXTU Temporary: ds 19 ENDU
This union will use up 19 bytes, as this is the size of the largest block (the last one, containing 'Temporary'). Of course, as 'Name', 'Health', and 'Temporary' all point to the same memory locations, writes to any one of these will affect values read from the others.
Unions may be used in any section, but code and data may not be included.
PRINTT "I'm the greatest programmer in the whole wide world\n" PRINTI (2 + 3) / 5 PRINTV $FF00 + $F0 PRINTF MUL(3.14, 3987.0)
REPT
is here for that purpose.  The
following example will assemble add a,c four times:
REPT 4 add a,c ENDR
You can also use REPT
to generate tables
on the fly:
; -- ; -- Generate a 256 byte sine table with values between 0 and 128 ; -- ANGLE SET 0.0 REPT 256 DB (MUL(64.0,SIN(ANGLE))+64.0)>>16 ANGLE SET ANGLE+256.0 ENDR
REPT
is also very useful in recursive
macros and, as in macros, you can also use the special label operator
\@
. REPT-blocks can be nested.
FAIL
and WARN
can be used to
print errors and warnings respectively during the assembly process. This is
especially useful for macros that get an invalid argument.
FAIL
and WARN
take a string as
the only argument and they will print this string out as a normal error with a
line number.
FAIL
stops assembling immediately while
WARN
shows the message but continues afterwards.
INCLUDE
to process another assembler-file and then
return to the current file when done. If the file isn't found in the current
directory the include-path list will be searched. You may nest
INCLUDE
calls infinitely (or until you run out of
memory, whichever comes first).
INCLUDE "irq.inc"
IF
, ELIF
,
ELSE
, and ENDC
are used to
conditionally assemble parts of your file. This is a powerful feature commonly
used in macros.
IF NUM < 0 PRINTT "NUM < 0\n" ELIF NUM == 0 PRINTT "NUM == 0\n" ELSE PRINTT "NUM > 0\n" ENDC
The ELIF
and ELSE
blocks are optional. IF
/
ELIF
/
ELSE
/
ENDC
blocks can be nested.
Note that if an ELSE
block is found before
an ELIF
block, the ELIF
block will be ignored. All ELIF
blocks must go
before the ELSE
block. Also, if there is more than
one ELSE
block, all of them but the first one are
ignored.
The most basic expression is just a single number.
Numeric Formats
There are a number of numeric formats.
The last one, Gameboy graphics, is quite interesting and useful. The values are actually pixel values and it converts the “chunky” data to “planar” data as used in the Gameboy.
DW `01012323
Admittedly, an expression with just a single number is quite boring. To spice things up a bit there are a few operators you can use to perform calculations between numbers.
Operators
A great number of operators you can use in expressions are available (listed in order of precedence):
| Operator | Meaning |
(
) |
Precedence override |
FUNC() |
Function call |
~ +
- |
Unary not/plus/minus |
* /
% |
Multiply/divide/modulo |
<<
>> |
Shift left/right |
&
| ^ |
Binary and/or/xor |
+
- |
Add/subtract |
!=
== <= |
Boolean comparison |
>=
< > |
Boolean comparison (Same precedence as the others) |
&&
|| |
Boolean and/or |
! |
Unary Boolean not |
The result of the boolean operators is zero if when FALSE and non-zero when TRUE. It is legal to use an integer as the condition for IF blocks. You can use symbols instead of numbers in your expression if you wish.
An expression is said to be constant when it doesn't change its value during linking. This basically means that you can't use labels in those expressions. The instructions in the macro-language all require expressions that are constant. The only exception is the subtraction of labels in the same section or labels that belong to sections with a fixed base addresses, all of which must be defined in the same source file (the calculation cannot be passed to the object file generated by the assembler). In this case, the result is a constant that can be calculated at assembly time.
Some things are different for fixed-point math, though, which is why you have the following functions to use:
| Name | Operation |
DIV (x,
y) |
|
MUL (x,
y) |
|
SIN (x) |
|
COS (x) |
|
TAN (x) |
|
ASIN (x) |
|
ACOS (x) |
|
ATAN (x) |
|
ATAN2 (x,
y) |
Angle between and |
These functions are extremely useful for automatic generation of various tables. A circle has 65536.0 degrees. Sine values are between [-1.0; 1.0].
; -- ; -- Generate a 256 byte sine table with values between 0 and 128 ; -- ANGLE SET 0.0 REPT 256 DB (MUL(64.0,SIN(ANGLE))+64.0)>>16 ANGLE SET ANGLE+256.0 ENDR
| String | Meaning |
\\ |
Backslash |
\" |
Double quote |
\, |
Comma |
\{ |
Curly bracket left |
\} |
Curly bracket right |
\n |
Newline ($0A) |
\t |
Tab ($09) |
\1
- \9 |
Macro argument (Only the body of a macros) |
\@ |
Label name suffix (Only in the body of macros and repts) |
A funky feature is {symbol} within a string. This will examine the type of the symbol and insert its value accordingly. If symbol is a string symbol, the symbols value is simply copied. If it's a numeric symbol, the value is converted to hexadecimal notation and inserted as a string.
HINT: The {symbol} construct can also be used outside strings. The symbol's value is again inserted as a string. This is just a short way of doing “{symbol}”.
Whenever the macro-language expects a string you can actually use a string expression. This consists of one or more of these function (yes, you can nest them). Note that some of these functions actually return an integer and can be used as part of an integer expression!
| Name | Operation |
STRLEN (string) |
Returns the number of characters in string |
STRCAT (str1,
str2) |
Appends str2 to str1. |
STRCMP (str1,
str2) |
Returns negative if str1 is alphabetically lower than str2, zero if they match, positive if str1 is greater than str2. |
STRIN (str1,
str2) |
Returns the position of str2 in str1 or zero if it's not present (first character is position 1). |
STRSUB (str,
pos, len) |
Returns a substring from str starting at pos (first character is position 1) and with len characters. |
STRUPR (str) |
Converts all characters in str to capitals and returns the new string. |
STRLWR (str) |
Converts all characters in str to lower case and returns the new string. |
Character maps allow the code to map strings up to 16 characters long to an abitrary 8-bit value:
CHARMAP "<LF>", 10 CHARMAP "í", 20 CHARMAP "A", 128
Note: Character maps affect all strings in the file from the point in which they are defined. This means that any string that the code may want to print as debug information will also be affected by it.
Note: The output value of a mapping can be 0. If this happens, the assembler will treat this as the end of the string and the rest of it will be trimmed.
| Name | Operation |
BANK (arg) |
Returns a bank number. If arg is the symbol
@ , this function returns the bank of the current
section. If arg is a string, it returns the bank of
the section that has that name. If arg is a label,
it returns the bank number the label is in. For labels, as the linker has
to resolve this, it can't be used when the expression has to be
constant. |
DEF (label) |
Returns TRUE if label has been defined. |
HIGH (arg) |
Returns the top 8 bits of the operand if arg is a label or constant, or the top 8-bit register if it is a 16-bit register. |
LOW (arg) |
Returns the bottom 8 bits of the operand if arg is a label or constant, or the bottom 8-bit register if it is a 16-bit register (AF isn't a valid register for this function). |
OPT
can be used to change some of the options during
assembling the source instead of defining them on the commandline.
OPT
takes a comma-seperated list of
options as its argument:
PUSHO OPT g.oOX ;Set the GB graphics constants to use these characters DW `..ooOOXX POPO DW `00112233
The options that OPT can modify are currently: b, e and g.
POPO
and PUSHO
provide the interface to the option stack. PUSHO
will push the current set of options on the option stack.
POPO
can then later be used to restore them. Useful
if you want to change some options in an include file and you don't want to
destroy the options set by the program that included your file. The stacks
number of entries is limited only by the amount of memory in your
machine.
rgbds
was originally written by Carsten Sørensen
as part of the ASMotor package, and was later packaged in RGBDS by Justin
Lloyd. It is now maintained by a number of contributors at
https://github.com/rednex/rgbds.
| March 13, 2018 | RGBDS Manual |


Kent
This page contains an index of all the individuals in the database with the surname of Kent. Selecting the person’s name will take you to that person’s individual page.
| Given Name | Birth | Death | Partner | Parents |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Captain Ralph Howard | 1905 | 1987-01-26 | Irish, Lillian Ada | |
| Ralph Kenneth “Ken” | 1928-02-24 | 2006-11-03 | Tonkiss, [Living] | Kent, Captain Ralph Howard Irish, Lillian Ada |
| Thomas | Cook, Sarah | |||
| [Living] | Kent, Captain Ralph Howard Irish, Lillian Ada | |||
| [Living] | Kent, Ralph Kenneth "Ken" Tonkiss, [Living] | |||
| [Living] | Moore, [Living] | Kent, Captain Ralph Howard Irish, Lillian Ada | ||
| [Living] | Lapham, [Living] | Kent, Ralph Kenneth "Ken" Tonkiss, [Living] | ||
| [Living] | Kent, [Living] Moore, [Living] | |||
| [Living] | Kent, [Living] Moore, [Living] | |||
| [Living] | Burgess, [Living] | Kent, Ralph Kenneth "Ken" Tonkiss, [Living] | ||
| [Living] | Lee, [Living] | Kent, Ralph Kenneth "Ken" Tonkiss, [Living] |


Start Station
End Station
Route Link
Map Display Link
Distance
Time
Elevation Gain
Elevation Descent
Scenery
Difficulty


--- layout: post title: Sleek Makeup i-Divine Au Naturale (Nude) Swatches & Review tags: - Sleek Makeup status: publish type: post published: true meta: _edit_last: '2' _aioseop_title: Sleek Makeup i-Divine Au Naturale (Nude) Swatches & Review _aioseop_keywords: Sleek Makeup i-Divine Au Naturale (Nude) Swatches & Review, Sleek Makeup i-divine swatches review _yoast_wpseo_linkdex: '0' _thumbnail_id: '4633' _yoast_wpseo_focuskw: '' _yoast_wpseo_title: '' _yoast_wpseo_metadesc: '' _yoast_wpseo_metakeywords: '' _yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-noindex: '0' _yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-nofollow: '0' _yoast_wpseo_meta-robots-adv: none _yoast_wpseo_sitemap-include: ! '-' _yoast_wpseo_sitemap-prio: ! '-' _yoast_wpseo_canonical: '' _yoast_wpseo_redirect: '' ---
I recently picked up the the neutral pallets from Sleek Makeup, and no doubt that these babies look delicious but sadly I was a bit disappointed with the pigmentation of at least half of them.
Price: $9
Packaging is good and comes with a full size mirror.. bravo for that and a double ended applicator.. not so much bravo for that. The darker shades are so much beautifully pigmented, one swipe and you get complete coverage, but the lighters ones just did not obey and so I had to use a primer and use Flash photography to show them to you guys. Swatches: I have oily eye lids, and matte shades stay just for 4-5 hours, whereas the darker shades last much longer. If you want to pick up this pallet for the softer shades on the upper row, I won't recommend these but aha… the lower row is just beautiful. So its a catch you see… but will do the swatch and review for Oh So special very soon so that you can decide between the two. Happy weekend everyone!!!!!


About
Introduction
This is a portfolio website I created to show off some of my academic activities. I currently have a BS in Computer Science from the University of Wyoming and am working on a PhD in Computer Science from the University of Wyoming.
Research Interests
My current research interests are focused around artificial immune systems and how the bio-inspired algorithms generated from this field of study can be used and enhanced to detect malware. This research is being performed to complete my PhD program.


The Charge of the Light Brigade
The Charge of the Light Brigade is a movie starring Trevor Howard, Vanessa Redgrave, and John Gielgud. In 1854, during the Crimean War, poor planning leads to a British Light Brigade openly charging a Russian artillery position with...


Date: 2/3/2018
Project briefing at LT15. Rmb to bring your laptop
exploreDate: 25/3/2018
Form a group of 4
border_styleDate: 4/4/2018
Submission of draft (80% done)
border_styleDate: 9/4/2018
Final submission onto IVLE
border_styleDate: 6/5/2018
Final Exam at MPSH6
border_style


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The entries will be used by practioners to promptly assess your condition.
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Hundreds of hackers from across the world will gather
and build something they're passionate about.
WHO CAN ATTEND
We care about diversity, accessibility, and believe our differences
make us better as a whole. Whether you’re a STEM major or not we want you to be here!
Be prepared to learn, brainstorm, and build amazing software/hardware.
HOW MUCH DOES IT COST
SF Hacks is free for all admitted participants. We’ll have WiFi, food,
workshops, and awesome swag during the entire 24 hours you’ll be with us.
WHAT IF I DON'T HAVE A TEAM
Hackathons are all about teamwork! If you don’t have a teammate,
we’ll hold a team-formation workshop where you can meet your new best friend.
Four people per team is the limit.
WHAT IS MAJOR LEAGUE HACKING
Major League Hacking (MLH) is the official student hackathon
league. SF Hacks is an official MLH Member Event, so that means we
follow the MLH Code Of Conduct.
WILL THERE BE ANY TRAVEL REIMBURSEMENT FOR LONG DISTANCE ATTENDEES?
Unfortunately we will not be offering any travel reimbursement for SF Hacks 2020.


How to help?
Here are some ideas to help PyPy development:
- Use pypy for your projects and provide detailed feedback
- Talk to us about how to support Python 3.x
- Write blog posts or tweets about your experiences
- Help porting to new platforms
- Contact us and get involved


About
This small project was done in a short amount of time using a basic implementation over sqlite3 and nodejs-express rest api framework for the back-end and backbone/jquery/underscore/handlebars for the front side.
Some code quality information can be found from codacy.
I'll take some time to improve all technical aspects, then add new viewers and ways to interact with data.
About the author


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Jack Hamilton
Home
|
About
|
Blog
|
Contact
|
Projects
|
Resume


A German-born diarist.
Layer 3 in OSI model
I’m a coder and a learner to new things! I'm a front-end developer. New things fascinate me to learn more & I'm always eager to do that. I like implementing my creative ideas using designs. Technically also interested in Database & Networking.


Configure git¶
Overview¶
Your personal git configurations are saved in the .gitconfig
file in
your home directory.
Here is an example .gitconfig
file:
[user]
name = Your Name
email =<EMAIL_ADDRESS>[alias]
ci = commit -a
co = checkout
st = status
stat = status
br = branch
wdiff = diff --color-words
[core]
editor = vim
[merge]
summary = true
You can edit this file directly or you can use the git config --global
command:
git config --global user.name "Your Name"
git config --global user.email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>git config --global alias.ci "commit -a"
git config --global alias.co checkout
git config --global alias.st "status -a"
git config --global alias.stat "status -a"
git config --global alias.br branch
git config --global alias.wdiff "diff --color-words"
git config --global core.editor vim
git config --global merge.summary true
To set up on another computer, you can copy your ~/.gitconfig
file,
or run the commands above.
In detail¶
user.name and user.email¶
It is good practice to tell git who you are, for labeling any changes you make to the code. The simplest way to do this is from the command line:
git config --global user.name "Your Name"
git config --global user.email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>This will write the settings into your git configuration file, which should now contain a user section with your name and email:
[user]
name = Your Name
email =<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Of course you’ll need to replace Your Name
and<EMAIL_ADDRESS>with your actual name and email address.
Aliases¶
You might well benefit from some aliases to common commands.
For example, you might well want to be able to shorten git checkout
to git co
. Or you may want to alias git diff --color-words
(which gives a nicely formatted output of the diff) to git wdiff
The following git config --global
commands:
git config --global alias.ci "commit -a"
git config --global alias.co checkout
git config --global alias.st "status -a"
git config --global alias.stat "status -a"
git config --global alias.br branch
git config --global alias.wdiff "diff --color-words"
will create an alias
section in your .gitconfig
file with contents
like this:
[alias]
ci = commit -a
co = checkout
st = status -a
stat = status -a
br = branch
wdiff = diff --color-words
Editor¶
You may also want to make sure that your editor of choice is used
git config --global core.editor vim
Merging¶
To enforce summaries when doing merges (~/.gitconfig
file again):
[merge]
log = true
Or from the command line:
git config --global merge.log true
Fancy log output¶
This is a very nice alias to get a fancy log output; it should go in the
alias
section of your .gitconfig
file:
lg = log --graph --pretty=format:'%Cred%h%Creset -%C(yellow)%d%Creset %s %Cgreen(%cr) %C(bold blue)[%an]%Creset' --abbrev-commit --date=relative
You use the alias with:
git lg
and it gives graph / text output something like this (but with color!):
* 6d8e1ee - (HEAD, origin/my-fancy-feature, my-fancy-feature) NF - a fancy file (45 minutes ago) [Matthew Brett]
* d304a73 - (origin/placeholder, placeholder) Merge pull request #48 from hhuuggoo/master (2 weeks ago) [Jonathan Terhorst]
|\
| * 4aff2a8 - fixed bug 35, and added a test in test_bugfixes (2 weeks ago) [Hugo]
|/
* a7ff2e5 - Added notes on discussion/proposal made during Data Array Summit. (2 weeks ago) [Corran Webster]
* 68f6752 - Initial implimentation of AxisIndexer - uses 'index_by' which needs to be changed to a call on an Axes object - this is all very sketchy right now. (2 weeks ago) [Corr
* 376adbd - Merge pull request #46 from terhorst/master (2 weeks ago) [Jonathan Terhorst]
|\
| * b605216 - updated joshu example to current api (3 weeks ago) [Jonathan Terhorst]
| * 2e991e8 - add testing for outer ufunc (3 weeks ago) [Jonathan Terhorst]
| * 7beda5a - prevent axis from throwing an exception if testing equality with non-axis object (3 weeks ago) [Jonathan Terhorst]
| * 65af65e - convert unit testing code to assertions (3 weeks ago) [Jonathan Terhorst]
| * 956fbab - Merge remote-tracking branch 'upstream/master' (3 weeks ago) [Jonathan Terhorst]
| |\
| |/
Thanks to Yury V. Zaytsev for posting it.


EMMREML: Fitting Mixed Models with Known Covariance Structures
The main functions are 'emmreml', and 'emmremlMultiKernel'. 'emmreml' solves a mixed model with known covariance structure using the 'EMMA' algorithm. 'emmremlMultiKernel' is a wrapper for 'emmreml' to handle multiple random components with known covariance structures. The function 'emmremlMultivariate' solves a multivariate gaussian mixed model with known covariance structure using the 'ECM' algorithm.
| Version: |
3.1 |
| Depends: |
Matrix, stats |
| Published: |
2015-07-22 |
| Author: |
Deniz Akdemir, Okeke Uche Godfrey |
| Maintainer: |
Deniz Akdemir <deniz.akdemir.work at gmail.com> |
| License: |
GPL-2 |
| NeedsCompilation: |
no |
| CRAN checks: |
EMMREML results |
Downloads:
Reverse dependencies:
Linking:
Please use the canonical form
https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=EMMREML
to link to this page.


BHE is a ready-made button CSS hover effects library to make your web projects easier.
BHE is a MIT licensed library. You can use it freely, respecting the terms included in the license file.


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President's Rule in Maharashtra Revoked at 5:47 AM Today
According to a Home Ministry notification, President Ram Nath Kovind signed the proclamation for revocation of the central rule this morning.
New Delhi: The BJP-NCP government took charge in Maharashtra on Saturday after the President’s rule, imposed in the state about a fortnight ago, was revoked at 5.47 am.
According to a Home Ministry notification, President Ram Nath Kovind signed the proclamation for revocation of the central rule this morning.
The gazette notification to this effect was issued by Union Home Secretary Ajay Kumar Bhalla at 5.47 am.
“In exercise of the powers conferred by clause (2) of Article 356 of the Constitution, I, Ram Nath Kovind, President of India, hereby revoke the proclamation issued by me under the said article on the 12th day of November 2019, in relation to the state of Maharashtra with effect from the 23rd day of November 2019,” the proclamation signed by Kovind said.
Bharatiya Janata Party’s (BJP) Devendra Fadnavis and Nationalist Congress Party’s (NCP) Ajit Pawar took oath as the chief minister and deputy chief minister of Maharashtra after the President’s rule was revoked.
Maharashtra plunged into a political crisis when no party or alliance could form a government even 18 days after the declaration of the Assembly poll results, following which the President’s rule was imposed in the state on November 12.
For breaking news and live news updates, like us on Facebook or follow us on Twitter and Instagram. Read more on India Latest News on India.com.
Story Timeline
- 23 Nov 2019 Maharashtra Govt Formation LIVE: 'Everyone Know What Shivaji Did When Betrayed,' Uddhav Thackeray Bashes BJP
- 23 Nov 2019 Maharashtra: 'Party, Family Split,' Says NCP Leader Supriya Sule on WhatsApp Amid Dramatic Rift With Cousin Ajit
- 23 Nov 2019 'Shiv Sena Taught a Lesson by BJP,' Union Minister Ramdas Athawale on Maharashtra Political Twist
- 23 Nov 2019 In Massive Twist, Devendra Fadnavis Takes Oath as Maharashtra CM, Ajit Pawar Deputy CM
Comments - Join the Discussion


Probst, Daniel, and Jean-Louis Reymond. "Smilesdrawer: parsing and drawing SMILES-encoded molecular structures using client-side javascript." Journal of chemical information and modeling 58.1 (2018): 1-7.
Please paste a Smiles into the box below and select "Enter"
Testing parsing of smiles


2014 Mustang GT vs. 2015 Mustang GT
The 2014 and 2015 Mustang may only be one year apart, but the differences say there is more. With a completey different body style, car enthusiasts are debating if Ford went in the right direction. In this article, we will be giving the look from both sides.
The Show-down
The details...
| 2014 Mustang GT | 2015 Mustang GT |
|---|---|
| 420hp | 435hp |
| 0-60 in 4.3 secs | 0-60 in 4.4 secs |
| top speed of 160mph |
More info at Autotrader.


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The data hosted on this server is made available courtesy individual researchers, and the INCF is not responsible for the data provided here. Downloaded data will be used in accordance with applicable laws and ethical guidelines.


Entry
List
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Name
Name Error
Start Date
Start Date Error
Total number of FPP students.
Total number of FPP students Error
Total number of MPP students.
Total number of MPP students Error
Total number of FPP-OPT students.
Total number of FPP-OPT students Error
Total number of MPP-OPT students.
Total number of MPP-OPT students.
Total number of US-Residence students.
Total number of US-Residence students.
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The switch demo
Basic use three states
value
action
On
Noset
Off
Basic use two states customice background color
value
Disabled reject three states
value
action
Enabled
Disabled
Disabled reject two state customice background color
value
Disabled approve three states
value


Pizza Company
Size
Small
Medium
Large
Toppings
Pepperoni
Sausage
Bacon
Olives
Mushrooms
My Pizza
Size:
Toppings:
Price: $
Total Order
Click on a pizza below to edit your order:
Price: $
Place order
Add another pie


This project is created by our team. We are students at information technology institute - ITI Intake 40 -The goal of our project: Allow user to find the best recipies and use them.


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The find and change commands are tricky; there are many details that must be handled properly. This documentation describes the leo.py code. Previous versions of Leo used an inferior scheme. The following principles govern the leoFind class:
Initialization involves setting the self.c, self.p, self.in_headline, self.wrapping and self.s_ctrl ivars. Setting self.in_headline is tricky; we must be sure to retain the state of the outline pane until initialization is complete. Initializing the Find All and Change All commands is much easier because such initialization does not depend on the state of the Leo window.
Using Tk.Text widgets for both headlines and body text results in a huge simplification of the code. Indeed, the searching code does not know whether it is searching headline or body text. The search code knows only that self.s_ctrl is a Tk.Text widget that contains the text to be searched or changed and the insert and sel Tk attributes of self.search_text indicate the range of text to be searched. Searching headline and body text simultaneously is complicated. The selectNextPosition() method handles the many details involved by setting self.s_ctrl and its insert and sel attributes.
New in 4.3: - These are the names of leoFind ivars. (no more _flag hack). - There are no corresponding commander ivars to keep in synch (hurray!) - These ivars are inited (in the subclass by init) when this class is created. - These ivars are updated (in the subclass by update_ivars) just before doing any find. Initializing a wrapped search is tricky. The search() method will fail if p==wrapPosition and pos >= wrapPos. selectNextPosition() will fail if p == wrapPosition. We set wrapPos on entry, before the first search. We set wrapPosition in selectNextPosition after the first search fails. We also set wrapPosition on exit if the first search succeeds.
This routine performs a single batch change operation, updating the head or body string of p and leaving the result in s_ctrl. We update the body if we are changing the body text of c.currentVnode().
s_ctrl contains the found text on entry and contains the changed text on exit. pos and pos2 indicate the selection. The selection will never be empty. NB: we can not assume that self.p is visible.


Overview of the project, its contents, and how to get started with a simple template.
Download the compiled and minified versions of all files (CSS, JS, and images) for the latest release. Does not include latest source files or docs.
Get the original project files and docs by downloading the latest version from GitHub.
These controls were built and tested with jquery 1.9.1 and may not work with earlier versions (< v1.9) due to breaking changed introduced in the v1.9.x described here.
The default behavior for these controls utilize the styles and functionality from Bootstrap v2 (support for v3 will be available shortly). However, this library is not required and the dependent styles can be overwritten.
Make sure you add the dependencies on the page before the project files.
<link rel="stylesheet/less" href="/css/bootstrap.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet/less" href="/css/pageablecontrols.min.css"> <script src="/js/jquery.min.js"></script> <script src="/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script <script src="/js/pageablecontrols.min.js"></script>
Within the download you'll find the following file structure and contents, logically grouping common assets and providing both compiled and minified variations.
Once downloaded, unzip the compressed folder to see the structure of (the compiled) Pageable Controls. You'll see something like this:
PageableControls/ ├── css/ │ ├── bundles/ │ │ ├── PageableControls.bundled.css │ │ ├── PageableControls.bundled.min.css │ │ ├── pgGrid.bundled.css │ │ ├── pgGrid.bundled.min.css │ │ ├── pgSearchAhead.bundled.css │ │ └── pgSearchAhead.bundled.min.css │ ├── PageableControls.css │ ├── PageableControls.min.css │ ├── pgGrid.css │ ├── pgGrid.min.css │ ├── pgSearchAhead.css │ └── pgSearchAhead.min.css ├── js/ │ ├── PageableControls.js │ ├── PageableControls.min.js │ ├── pgGrid.js │ ├── pgGrid.min.js │ ├── pgSearchAhead.js │ └── pgSearchAhead.min.js └── img/ ├── glyphicons-halflings.png ├── glyphicons-halflings-grey.png └── glyphicons-halflings-blue.png