Here’s a link back to the GitHub project page.
Introduction
The functions in utringbuffer.h are based on the general-purpose array macros provided in utarray.h, so before reading this page you should read that page first.
To use these macros in your own C program, copy both utarray.h and utringbuffer.h into your source directory and use utringbuffer.h in your program.
#include "utringbuffer.h"
The provided operations are based loosely on the C++ STL vector methods. The ring-buffer data type supports construction (with a specified capacity), destruction, iteration, and push, but not pop; once the ring-buffer reaches full capacity, pushing a new element automatically pops and destroys the oldest element. The elements contained in the ring-buffer can be any simple datatype or structure.
Internally the ring-buffer contains a pre-allocated memory region into which the elements are copied, starting at position 0. When the ring-buffer reaches full capacity, the next element to be pushed is pushed at position 0, overwriting the oldest element, and the internal index representing the "start" of the ring-buffer is incremented. A ring-buffer, once full, can never become un-full.
Download
To download the utringbuffer.h header file, follow the links on https://github.com/troydhanson/uthash to clone uthash or get a zip file, then look in the src/ sub-directory.
BSD licensed
This software is made available under the revised BSD license. It is free and open source.
Platforms
The utringbuffer macros have been tested on:
-
Linux,
-
Mac OS X,
-
Windows, using Visual Studio 2008 and Visual Studio 2010
Usage
Declaration
The ring-buffer itself has the data type UT_ringbuffer, regardless of the type of elements to be stored in it. It is declared like,
UT_ringbuffer *history;
New and free
The next step is to create the ring-buffer using utringbuffer_new. Later when you’re done with the ring-buffer, utringbuffer_free will free it and all its elements.
Push, etc
The central features of the ring-buffer involve putting elements into it and iterating over them. There are several operations that deal with either single elements or ranges of elements at a time. In the examples below we will use only the push operation to insert elements.
Elements
Support for dynamic arrays of integers or strings is especially easy. These are best shown by example:
Integers
This example makes a ring-buffer of integers, pushes 0-9 into it, then prints it two different ways. Lastly it frees it.
#include <stdio.h> #include "utringbuffer.h" int main() { UT_ringbuffer *history; int i, *p; utringbuffer_new(history, 7, &ut_int_icd); for(i=0; i < 10; i++) utringbuffer_push_back(history, &i); for (p = (int*)utringbuffer_front(history); p != NULL; p = (int*)utringbuffer_next(history, p)) { printf("%d\n", *p); /* prints "3 4 5 6 7 8 9" */ } for (i=0; i < utringbuffer_len(history); i++) { p = utringbuffer_eltptr(history, i); printf("%d\n", *p); /* prints "3 4 5 6 7 8 9" */ } utringbuffer_free(history); return 0; }
The second argument to utringbuffer_push_back is always a pointer to the type (so a literal cannot be used). So for integers, it is an int*.
Strings
In this example we make a ring-buffer of strings, push two strings into it, print it and free it.
#include <stdio.h> #include "utringbuffer.h" int main() { UT_ringbuffer *strs; char *s, **p; utringbuffer_new(strs, 7, &ut_str_icd); s = "hello"; utringbuffer_push_back(strs, &s); s = "world"; utringbuffer_push_back(strs, &s); p = NULL; while ( (p=(char**)utringbuffer_next(strs,p))) { printf("%s\n",*p); } utringbuffer_free(strs); return 0; }
In this example, since the element is a char*, we pass a pointer to it (char**) as the second argument to utringbuffer_push_back. Note that "push" makes a copy of the source string and pushes that copy into the array.
About UT_icd
Arrays can be made of any type of element, not just integers and strings. The elements can be basic types or structures. Unless you’re dealing with integers and strings (which use pre-defined ut_int_icd and ut_str_icd), you’ll need to define a UT_icd helper structure. This structure contains everything that utringbuffer (or utarray) needs to initialize, copy or destruct elements.
typedef struct { size_t sz; init_f *init; ctor_f *copy; dtor_f *dtor; } UT_icd;
The three function pointers init, copy, and dtor have these prototypes:
typedef void (ctor_f)(void *dst, const void *src); typedef void (dtor_f)(void *elt); typedef void (init_f)(void *elt);
The sz is just the size of the element being stored in the array.
The init function is used by utarray but is never used by utringbuffer; you may safely set it to any value you want.
The copy function is used whenever an element is copied into the buffer. It is invoked during utringbuffer_push_back. If copy is NULL, it defaults to a bitwise copy using memcpy.
The dtor function is used to clean up an element that is being removed from the buffer. It may be invoked due to utringbuffer_push_back (on the oldest element in the buffer), utringbuffer_clear, utringbuffer_done, or utringbuffer_free. If the elements need no cleanup upon destruction, dtor may be NULL.
Scalar types
The next example uses UT_icd with all its defaults to make a ring-buffer of long elements. This example pushes two longs into a buffer of capacity 1, prints the contents of the buffer (which is to say, the most recent value pushed), and then frees the buffer.
#include <stdio.h> #include "utringbuffer.h" UT_icd long_icd = {sizeof(long), NULL, NULL, NULL }; int main() { UT_ringbuffer *nums; long l, *p; utringbuffer_new(nums, 1, &long_icd); l=1; utringbuffer_push_back(nums, &l); l=2; utringbuffer_push_back(nums, &l); p=NULL; while((p = (long*)utringbuffer_next(nums,p))) printf("%ld\n", *p); utringbuffer_free(nums); return 0; }
Structures
Structures can be used as utringbuffer elements. If the structure requires no special effort to initialize, copy or destruct, we can use UT_icd with all its defaults. This example shows a structure that consists of two integers. Here we push two values, print them and free the buffer.
#include <stdio.h> #include "utringbuffer.h" typedef struct { int a; int b; } intpair_t; UT_icd intpair_icd = {sizeof(intpair_t), NULL, NULL, NULL}; int main() { UT_ringbuffer *pairs; intpair_t ip, *p; utringbuffer_new(pairs, 7, &intpair_icd); ip.a=1; ip.b=2; utringbuffer_push_back(pairs, &ip); ip.a=10; ip.b=20; utringbuffer_push_back(pairs, &ip); for(p=(intpair_t*)utringbuffer_front(pairs); p!=NULL; p=(intpair_t*)utringbuffer_next(pairs,p)) { printf("%d %d\n", p->a, p->b); } utringbuffer_free(pairs); return 0; }
The real utility of UT_icd is apparent when the elements stored in the ring-buffer are structures that require special work to initialize, copy or destruct.
For example, when a structure contains pointers to related memory areas that need to be copied when the structure is copied (and freed when the structure is freed), we can use custom init, copy, and dtor members in the UT_icd.
Here we take an example of a structure that contains an integer and a string. When this element is copied (such as when an element is pushed), we want to "deep copy" the s pointer (so the original element and the new element point to their own copies of s). When an element is destructed, we want to "deep free" its copy of s. Lastly, this example is written to work even if s has the value NULL.
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include "utringbuffer.h" typedef struct { int a; char *s; } intchar_t; void intchar_copy(void *_dst, const void *_src) { intchar_t *dst = (intchar_t*)_dst, *src = (intchar_t*)_src; dst->a = src->a; dst->s = src->s ? strdup(src->s) : NULL; } void intchar_dtor(void *_elt) { intchar_t *elt = (intchar_t*)_elt; free(elt->s); } UT_icd intchar_icd = {sizeof(intchar_t), NULL, intchar_copy, intchar_dtor}; int main() { UT_ringbuffer *intchars; intchar_t ic, *p; utringbuffer_new(intchars, 2, &intchar_icd); ic.a=1; ic.s="hello"; utringbuffer_push_back(intchars, &ic); ic.a=2; ic.s="world"; utringbuffer_push_back(intchars, &ic); ic.a=3; ic.s="peace"; utringbuffer_push_back(intchars, &ic); p=NULL; while( (p=(intchar_t*)utringbuffer_next(intchars,p))) { printf("%d %s\n", p->a, (p->s ? p->s : "null")); /* prints "2 world 3 peace" */ } utringbuffer_free(intchars); return 0; }
Reference
This table lists all the utringbuffer operations. These are loosely based on the C++ vector class.
Operations
utringbuffer_new(UT_ringbuffer *a, int n, UT_icd *icd) |
allocate a new ringbuffer |
utringbuffer_free(UT_ringbuffer *a) |
free an allocated ringbuffer |
utringbuffer_init(UT_ringbuffer *a, int n, UT_icd *icd) |
init a ringbuffer (non-alloc) |
utringbuffer_done(UT_ringbuffer *a) |
dispose of a ringbuffer (non-alloc) |
utringbuffer_clear(UT_ringbuffer *a) |
clear all elements from a, making it empty |
utringbuffer_push_back(UT_ringbuffer *a, element *p) |
push element p onto a |
utringbuffer_len(UT_ringbuffer *a) |
get length of a |
utringbuffer_empty(UT_ringbuffer *a) |
get whether a is empty |
utringbuffer_full(UT_ringbuffer *a) |
get whether a is full |
utringbuffer_eltptr(UT_ringbuffer *a, int j) |
get pointer of element from index |
utringbuffer_eltidx(UT_ringbuffer *a, element *e) |
get index of element from pointer |
utringbuffer_front(UT_ringbuffer *a) |
get oldest element of a |
utringbuffer_next(UT_ringbuffer *a, element *e) |
get element of a following e (front if e is NULL) |
utringbuffer_prev(UT_ringbuffer *a, element *e) |
get element of a before e (back if e is NULL) |
utringbuffer_back(UT_ringbuffer *a) |
get newest element of a |
Notes
-
utringbuffer_new and utringbuffer_free are used to allocate a new ring-buffer and to free it, while utringbuffer_init and utringbuffer_done can be used if the UT_ringbuffer is already allocated and just needs to be initialized or have its internal resources freed.
-
Both utringbuffer_new and utringbuffer_init take a second parameter n indicating the capacity of the ring-buffer, that is, the size at which the ring-buffer is considered "full" and begins to overwrite old elements with newly pushed ones.
-
Once a ring-buffer has become full, it will never again become un-full except by means of utringbuffer_clear. There is no way to "pop" a single old item from the front of the ring-buffer. You can simulate this ability by maintaining a separate integer count of the number of "logically popped elements", and starting your iteration with utringbuffer_eltptr(a, popped_count) instead of with utringbuffer_front(a).
-
Pointers to elements (obtained using utringbuffer_eltptr, utringbuffer_front, utringbuffer_next, etc.) are not generally invalidated by utringbuffer_push_back, because utringbuffer does not perform reallocation; however, a pointer to the oldest element may suddenly turn into a pointer to the newest element if utringbuffer_push_back is called while the buffer is full.
-
The elements of a ring-buffer are stored in contiguous memory, but once the ring-buffer has become full, it is no longer true that the elements are contiguously in order from oldest to newest; i.e., (element *)utringbuffer_front(a) + utringbuffer_len(a)-1 is not generally equal to (element *)utringbuffer_back(a).


dataset stores JSON objects and can store also data frames similar to that used in Python, R and Julia. This document outlines the ideas behings dataset’s implementation of data frames.
Collections are at the core of the dataset tool. A collection is a pairtree directory structure storing JSON objects in plaintext with optional attachments. The root folder for the collection contains a collection.json file with the metadata associating a name to the pairtree path where the json object is stored. One of the guiding ideas behind dataset was to keep everything in plain text (i.e. UTF-8) whenever reasonable. The dataset project provides Go package for working with dataset collections, a python package (based on a C-shared library included in the Go package) and a command line tool.
Dataset collections are typically stored on your local disc but may be stored easily in Amazon’s S3 (or compatible platform) or Google’s cloud storage using operating systems integratations (e.g. fuse file system tools). Dataset can also import and export CSV files.
Dataset isn’t a database (there are plenty of JSON oriented databases out there, e.g. CouchDB, MongoDB and No SQL storage systems for MySQL and Postgresql). dataset’s focus is on providing a mechanism to manage JSON objects, group them and to provide alternative data shapes for the viewing the collection (e.g. data frames and grids).
Working with subsets of data in a collection is useful, particularly ordered subsets. Implementing this started me thinking about the similarity to data frames in Python, Julia and Octave. A frame is an ordered list of objects. It’s like a grid except that rather than have columns and row you have a list of objects and attribute names mapped to values. Frames can be retrieved as a list of objects or a grid (2D array). Frames contain a additional metadata to help them persist. Frames include enough metadata to effeciently refresh objects in the list or even replace all objects in the list. If you want to get back a “Grid” of a frame you can optionally include a header row as part of the 2D array returned.
dataset stores frames with the collection so they are is available for later processing. The objects in a frame reflect the objects as they existed when the frame was generated.
Frames become handy when moving data from JSON documents (tree like) to other formats like spreadsheets (table like). Date frames provide a one to one map between a 2D representation and a list of objects containing key/value pairs. Frames will become the way we define syncronization relationships as well as potentionally the way we define indexing should dataset re-aquire a search ability.
The map to frame names is stored in our collection’s collection.json Each frame itself is stored in a subdirectory of our collection. If you copy/clone a collection the frames can travel with it.
Example creating a frame named “dois-and-titles”
dataset keys Pubs.ds >pubs.keys
dataset frame-create -i pubs.keys Pubs.ds dois-and-titles \
".doi=DOI" \
".title=Title"
Or in python
keys = dataset.keys('Pubs.ds')
frame = dataset.frame_crate('Pubs.ds', 'dois-and-titles', keys, {
'.doi': 'DOI',
'.title': 'Title'
})
Example of getting the contents of an existing frame with all the metadata.
dataset frame Pubs.ds dois-and-titles
An example of getting the frame’s object list only.
dataset frame-objects Pubs.ds dois-and-titles
Or in python getting the full frame with metadata
(frame, err) = dataset.frame('Pubs.ds', 'dois-and-titles')
if err != '':
print(f'Something went wront {err}')
Or only the object list (note: we’re going to check for the frame’s existance first).
if dataset.frame_exists('Pub.ds', 'dois-and-titles'):
object_list = dataset.frame_objects('Pubs.ds', 'dois-and-titles')
Regenerating “dois-and-titles”.
dataset reframe Pubs.ds dois-and-titles
Or in python
keys = dataset.keys('Pubs.ds')
keys.sort()
frame = dataset.frame_reframe('Pubs.ds', 'dois-and-titles', keys)
dataset Pubs.ds keys >updated.keys
dataset frame-refresh -i updated.keys Pubs.ds reframe titles-and-dios
In python
Labels are represented as a JSON array, when we set the labels explicitly we’re replacing the entire array at once. In this example the frame’s grid has two columns in addition the required _Key
label. The _Key
column is implied and with be automatically inserted into the label list. Additionally using frame-labels
will cause the object list stored in the frame to be updated.
dataset frame-labels Pubs.ds dois-and-titles '["Column 1", "Column 2"]'
In python
dataset frame-delete Pubs.ds titles-and-dios
Or in python
dataset frames Pubs.ds
Or in python


Our project is a project to provide gifts to suit everyone and it is called the "Gift Factory" and our team is the "Gift Makers", so the visitor to this site can find the perfect gift every time. We picked the best gift ideas for every occasion Shop now from our gift or make your gift by yourself.
Gift Makers Team
Muhammad Altamimi
Team Leader
My name is Mohammad Altamimi, I am a mechanical engineer and my goal is to kick-start a career path in software development.
Amro Nazzal
Team Member
My name is Amro Nazzal I get my BA in accounting from Damascus University
Aseel Hamamreh
Team Member
My name is Aseel and I'm 23 years old. I have studied civil engineering at al-Balqa applied university. I have a short background knowledge in programming and wish to improve it!
Mohammad Aqel
Team Member
My name is Mohammad Aqel. I am 26 years old. I hold a bachelor’s degree in software engineering from Al-Zaytoonah University for the year 2017. My aspiration is to become a professional programmer in the future and develop my programming skills.
Noor Abu Khalaf
Team Member
I am Noor Abu Khalaf, 29 years old, an Architect form University of Jordan, I have old passion in software, Computers, hardware and nowadays in mobile phones and applications , I guess programing is a very useful skill in future and everyone have to learn it so I take my decision to learn it quickly, to open a new horizon to me.


WITNESS LIST Criminal Jurisprudence Committee February 4, 2004-10:00A State Prosecuting Attorney On: Esparza, Jaime (Self) Hervey, Barbara (Self) Keller, Sharon (Self) Marsh, Andrea (ACLU of Texas) Paul, Matthew (Office of the State Prosecuting Attorney) Rolater Jr., John (Bill Hill, Dallas County Criminal District Attorney) Turner, Bill (Self) Registering, but not testifying: On: Johnson, Cheryl (Self) Kepple, Robert (Texas District and County Attorneys Association) Marshall, Betty (Office of the State Prosecuting Attorney) Van Horn, Jeff (Self and Office of the State Prosecuting Attorney)


Worked as part of a multi-disciplinary team, carrying out ad-hoc tasks as requested by the IT Manager. Had a specific brief to ensure the websites build for customer’s precisely matched their requirements. Specialized on testing and debugging.


Produce HTML documentation from source. Creates individual
HTML files from ftnchek analysis and code comments. All comments
immediately preceding and following the function or subroutine
definition are captured to the HTML file. No reformatting of
source comments is performed other than stripping of FORTRAN
comment characters. In addition, the HTML file lists the local
variables declared, common block variables used, functions and
subroutines called, I/O unit usage, and other information about each
subprogram.
Usually you will also want to specify -call=tree to create the
root HTML file CallTree.html. (Perhaps this file should be
named index.html.)
Various options for the form of the HTML files are controlled
by the list, which consists of keywords
separated by commas or colons.
There are three special keywords: all to turn on all the
options, none to turn them all
off, and help to print the list of all the keywords with a brief
explanation of each.
If list is omitted, -mkhtml is equivalent to
-mkhtml=documents (i.e. produce the HTML document files
using the default options), and
-nomkhtmls is equivalent to -mkhtml=none.
For the sake of simplicity, the options for -mkhtml are the
same as those for -makedcls except for those that are
inapplicable. Likewise, a numeric
form of this setting can be used, formed as the sum of
the numbers in parentheses in the list below.
The warning keywords with their meanings are as follows:
- documents (1):
-
Create the HTML documents. (This is implied by any of the other
options, and can be omitted if any other options are given.)
- compact (4):
-
The declarations are normally prettyprinted to line up neatly in
common columns.
This option value selects instead compact output, without column
alignment.
- use-continuation-lines (8):
-
Causes continuation lines to be used instead of
beginning a new declaration on each line. This option
is appropriate to use together with compact.
- keywords-lowercase (16):
-
Output Fortran keywords in lowercase, instead of the default
uppercase.
- vars-and-consts-lowercase (32):
-
Output variables and constants in lowercase, instead of the default
uppercase. Character string constants are not affected by this
option.
- exclude-sftran3 (64):
-
Omit declarations of internal integer variables produced by the
SFTRAN3 preprocessor,
xsf3(1L).
(See -makedcls for discussion.)
- suppress-array-dimensions (512):
-
Suppress dimensioning of arrays in the generated declarations. This
is normally undesirable, but is available if for some reason you
do not want the array dimensions to appear in the HTML.
- free-form (1024):
-
Produce variable declarations in free source form. This mode is automatically
used if the input source is free form. This mainly affects the form
of continuation lines if they are used.
See also: -calltree, -makedcls.


Apple takes 1/3, we take 1/3, and you get 1/3. The prices are what a consumer would pay as an inapp purchase within our Food Feedback app.
| Tier 1 | Tier 2 | Tier 3 |
|---|---|---|
| One checkin per week | One checkin per day | Mulitple checkins per day |
| weekly price $3.99 | weekly price $18.99 | weekly price $34.99 |
| monthly price of $12.99 | monthly price of $38.99 | monthly price of $52.99 |
| yearly price of $520 | yearly price of $600 | yearly price of $2400 |


Agent-Based Modelling in Python
This is a practice model that creates agents who can interact with an environment.
Put simply, we let X agents onto the field and see them eat stuff.
The program can run with GUI, showing the progress of the agents in
an animation using matplotlib
library, or output the resulting environment into a file.
View code and instructions on GitHub.
What is the environment? 🗺
The environment is the "world" for our agent-based model. It is defined as a CSV-formatted file with integers corresponding to cell values of the environment. Depending on the problem, the values can be elevation, amount of available resource, temperature, etc.
In this implementation, the environment is read from the in.txt file. To change the environment, simply edit in.txt in any text editor. Make sure it is a proper rectangle (that is, the same number of values in each row), with no missing values.
Example of a 5×5 environment
Here, the minimum value is 1 at (y=1, x=4), and the maximum value is 785 at (y=3, x=2).
200,2,201,100,3
200,15,201,100,1
200,12,201,100,44
15,220,785,41,16
7,220,451,100,41
Who are the agents? 🤖
The agents are individual entities that interact with the environment. In this implementation, you can define both the number of agents and, if desired, their initial locations within the environment.
Currently, the model parses the x and y coordinates of agents
from this HTML page using Python's BeautifulSoup
library.
-
The model uses the first
N
(y, x) pairs of coordinates from the HTML page. The model checks to make sure the coordinates fall within the environment dimensions (if not, the program outputs an error and terminates). -
In case the number of agents (
num_of_agents
) is larger than there are coordinates defined in the HTML page, the model will assign random (y, x) coordinates to the remaining agents. The model makes sure the coordinates fall within the boundaries of the rectangular environment.
The coordinates can be manually changed after initialization using set_x()
and set_y()
setters of Agent
class (from model/agentframework.py). When new x/y coordinates are set,
the model makes sure they fall within the boundaries of the environment.
How do I run the model?
There are three ways you can run this model: with animation, without animation, and batch runs.
Running with GUI
The simplest way to start the program in GUI is to run the following in the terminal:
python model num_of_agents num_of_iterations neighbourhood
where num_of_agents
is the number of agents,
num_of_iterations
is the number of iterations (steps each agent takes),
and neighbourhood
is the distance of the neighbourhood
(agents are social creatures and like sharing their food
with neighbours who are at most neighbourhood units far).
So to run a model with 5 agents and 10 iterations, with the
neighbourhood size of 2, run python model 5 10 2
.
This command will open up a window. In the menu, go to Model → Run model
to start the animation. You can repeat the interaction as many times as you wish
to see the environment change further.
Running in "quiet" mode
If you add nodisplay as the fourth parameter to the command, like this:
python model 5 10 2 nodisplay
the program won't show the GUI. Instead, it will write the output in two files.
-
output/5-10-2.txt
, which has a similar structure to the in.txt file, represents the state of the environment at the end of the run. 5, 10 and 2 values are the model's parameters as described above. -
output/stored.txt
get a record of the total amount of food stored by all agents. The file doesn't get overwritten, but instead a new line with a single number gets appended to the end.
Performing multiple runs with various parameters
More experienced users might want to run the model with multiple
parameters to compare resulting environments. They can manually
change the model/run_model.py
file to set the range of values for the
number of agents, number of iterations, and the neighbourhood distance.
To run, simply execute the following in the console:
python model/run_model.py
This script makes use of the subprocess
library of Python to run
the model with various parameters. The output environments are
recorded in the output folder under file names consistent to
the model's parameters (eg 5-10-2.txt
).
Model Results
The following images demonstrate the result of the GUI animation of the model run with different parameters.
- Agents: 5
- Iterations: 5
- Neighbourhood: 5
- Agents: 5
- Iterations: 50
- Neighbourhood: 5
- Agents: 5
- Iterations: 50
- Neighbourhood: 50
- Agents: 50
- Iterations: 50
- Neighbourhood: 50
About
Pretty much all the code is based on practicals from Programming for Geographical Information Analysis course at the University of Leeds. It is distributed here under the MIT license.


Select all the boxes with the specified number till the time gets over. Score as many points as you can. For each correct answer there is 1 point.


[EasyDNNnews:IfExists:Image]
[EasyDNNnews:EndIf:Image]
[EasyDNNnews:SubTitle]
[EasyDNNnews:Summary:Limit:150]
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Registration to the event [EasyDNNnews:Title] under application number #[EasyDNNnews:EventRegistrationID] ([EasyDNNnews:EventUser:FirstName] [EasyDNNnews:EventUser:LastName] - [EasyDNNnews:EventUser:Email]) is waiting for approval. |
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There should be four pop-ups with similar appearance, and the word Unknown with no special styling.
Blank
Auto
Hint
Manual
Unknown


WAAX
Index
Examples
Various examples written with WAAX
WAAX Client Test
Mocha/Chai in-browser testing.
WAAX Project Landing Page
Project landing page. (gh-pages branch on GitHub)
WAAX Project GitHub Repository
Project repository on GitHub.
GitHub Issue Tracker
Project issue tracker on GitHub.
Hongchan's Blog
Author's blog and other projects.


Indian Air Force is known for its strategic planning and have bagged numerous success stories and honour and respect from various nations abroad. Their leadership activities and goodwill motto to maintain peace and security have been the prime factor to be one among the best. Since times immemorial, the IAF has proved that they are very efficient and are strong enough and we can happily live and breathe in this nation. Giving supreme sacrifices, many warriors have taught us that nation is above everything. Here is a list of some of the most important operations conducted by the IAF, somewhere even the army and paramilitary was also joined in to carry out of missions.
The only all weather road link to the Kashmir Valley was through Rawalpindi and Murre in West Punjab and fair weather road link was through Rajauri, Punch and Uri after passing through the Haji Pir pass, portions of which were already under control of militiamen. The road link through Banihal was bad. Induction of Army by road would have taken long time and not served the purpose of savingSrinagar from the fast advancing militiamen. The only viable option was to airlift troops to Srinagarbefore the militiamen over run the Airfield.
The airstrips at Jammu and Srinagar were made for the small light personal aircraft of the Maharaja and were short and unpaved. There were no navigational aids, landing aids, fire fighting facilities or proper refuelling facilities available either at Jammu or at Srinagar. The high mountain ranges ofHimalayas were often covered with clouds and had to be negotiated by the Dakota aircraft with limited ceiling and negligible navigational aids. Each take off and landing would raise a cloud of dust from the unpaved airstrip and reduce the visibility further. The airlift requirements demanded landing / take off of aircraft in quick succession leaving hardly any time for dust to settle.
The Government wasnt sure if the airfield at Srinagar was occupied by the militiamen or not. The mission order had an unusual rider attached to it i.e. " To reconnoitre from the air and return to Jammu if the raiders have occupied the airstrip". The first three Dakotas of No 12 Sqn RIAF took off from Willingdon (Safdarjung) airfield at 0500h on 27 Oct 1947 with troops of the 1st Sikh Regiment ex-Gurgaon. The first aircraft touched down at 0830h, within hours of the signing of the Instrument of Accession and just in time to save the Srinagar airstrip and the city from being overrun by the militiamen.
An Infantry Brigade was to be airlifted to Srinagar. The Dakotas did the transportation while Tempests, Spitfires and even Harvards provided the necessary Close Air Support to the Army. Even help of Airlines, their pilots and ground crew was requisitioned and they rose to the occasion and did a magnificent job. Air Cmde Mehar Singh, AOC Operational Group, with his professional acumen accomplished the uphill task in record time of five days. Lord Mountbatten acknowledged this achievement of RIAF saying that in all his experience of South East Asia Command and Over the Hump Flights to China, he had never known such an airlift being affected at such a short notice.
In the Poonch Sector along the Pakistan-Kashmir border, the Indian troops had taken up tactical positions in the important towns along the Jammu-Srinagar Highway at Sunderbani, Naushera, Borripatam, Bhimber, Mirpur, Kothi, Rajouri and Poonch. They were constantly being troubled by the invaders who had entrenched themselves in the hills. The Indian Army had a great problem at their hands i.e. provisioning of supplies not only for the troops but also for the forty thousand refugees. With the road link to Jammu under threat of being cut off, the only option was an air bridge to Poonch but there was no landing ground there. A decision was taken to construct an emergency airstrip at Poonch. Six thousand refugees worked day and night and constructed an airstrip within a record time of one week. AVM Subroto Mukherjee and Air Cmde Mehar Singh landed the first ac on the newly constructed airstrip at Poonch on 8th Dec 1947. The landing and take off at Poonch was not easy as the Airstrip was surrounded by streams from three sides and the approach was extremely steep. Despite these difficulties and against heavy odds Air Cmde Mehar Singh created a sort of record by landing a Dakota with three tons of load against normal rated load of one ton. In a span of six days, No 12 Sqn RIAF carried out 73 sorties, averaging more than two sorties per aircraft per day, carrying more than 210 tons of supplies to Poonch and evacuating thousands of refugees during the return journey. The air bridge to Poonch was maintained for one year till the declaration of ceasefire on 01 Jan 1950.
Spitfires from Advanced Flying School Ambala were inducted at Srinagar on 30th Oct 1947 and were soon engaged in strafing of intruders beyond Pattan. During the first week of Nov 1947, the enemy was able to close in undetected as much as upto half a mile from the Srinagar airfield when the fighters spotted the enemy concentration. After that the enemy was strafed so thoroughly that it broke the backbone of their resistance. This engagement was the turning point as it removed the immediate threat to Srinagar airfield and brought a successful close of the first phase of campaign. Notable among the Spitfire pilots was Fg Offr Dilbag Singh who subsequently rose to the rank of Air Chief Marshal and retired as the Chief of Air Staff.
Within a week of the commencement of air operations, Tempests of No 7 Sqn RIAF ex-Ambala were playing a decisive role in the battle of Shelatang checking the advance of Militiamen. The Tempests were involved in repeated attacks and tactical recee missions over Naushera, Poonch, Rajouri, Jhangar and Handover areas causing heavy damage to enemy strongholds. The strikes over vital enemy strongholds at Pilandri, Domel and Kishan Ganga bridge had effectively stopped the enemy troop movements and literally paralysed them.
The real test of IAF airlift capability came in October 1962, when open warfare erupted on the Sino-lndian border. During the period 20 October to 20 November, pressure on the Service's transport and helicopter units were intense, troops and supplies having to be flown to the support of the border posts virtually around the clock and at extreme altitudes. The helicopters had to constantly run the gauntlet of Chinese small arms and anti-aircraft fire, while operating to.the tricky helipads in the mountains. Many notable feats were performed by the IAF during this conflict, including the operation of C-119Gs from airstrips 17,000 ft (5180m) above sea level in the Karakoram Himalayas, and the air-lifting by An-12Bs of two troops of AMX-13 light tanks to Chushul, in Ladakh, where the small airstrip was 15,000 ft (4570m) above sea level.
The state of emergency declared as a result of the Sino-lndian fighting resulted in disbandment of the Auxillary Air Force and absorption of its personnel and equipment by the regular IAF. An emergency training scheme was instituted in which the services of five flying clubs at Madras, Kanpur, New Delhi, Nagpur and Patiala were enlisted, more than 1,000 cadets receiving primary flying instruction with these clubs by the end of 1964. Furthermore, Vampire FBMk.52s "mothballed" since 1961, were restored to service as the equipment of newly-raised squadrons.
The IAF was expanding rapidly, its personnel strength of 28,000 officers and men at the time of the Sino-lndian conflict increasing by some two-thirds by the end of 1964, but the manpower requirements of the 33-squadron force had still to be implemented fully when the scheme was overtaken by even more ambitious expansion to a 45-squadron force which was sanctioned by the Government in October 1962, this calling for the raising of IAF personnel strength to some 100,000 by the early seventies.
Together with the arrival of successive batches of An- 12Bs from the Soviet Union and a third batch of C- 119Gs from the USA, the IAF began to receive the Canadian DHC-4 Caribou, two being presented to the Service by the Canadian Government as assistance in wake of the Sino-lndian conflict and 16 more being ordered, with deliveries commencing in September 1963, resulting in the establishment of No.33 Squadron.
An epoch-making decision was taken in August 1962 which was to profoundly alter the complexion and strength of the Indian Air Force into the decades ahead. The Government of India signed protocols with the Soviet Union for the very first supply of combat aircraft and missiles for the Indian Air Force. The purchase of 12 MiG-21 fighters from the Soviet Union - the IAF's first combat aircraft of non-western origin - and for Soviet technical assistance in setting up production facilities for the fighter in India was followed by the procurement of SA-2 (Dvina) surface-to-air missiles. Re-equipment and expansion of the IAF was now being pursued in parallel with major changes in the operational infrastructure. Prior to the Sino-lndian conflict, the IAF had been geared to provide defence against attack from the West only, but appreciation of the vulnerability of the entire Northern and Eastern border had called for profound rethinking of the operational infrastructure.
It was now patently apparent that, for a country of the immensity of India, a system of purely functional Commands was impracticable and that, to cater for all potential-threats, operational command would in future, have to be exercised on a regional basis. Thus the Indian periphery was divided into three for purposes of operational control, the Western, Central and Eastern Air Commands eventually emerging. However, in order to maintain uniform standards in training and maintenance, the Training and Maintenance Commands were to remain functional.
Tension between India and Pakistan had steadily escalated over the years, culminating on 1 September 1965 in a massive attack in the Chhamb sector by Pakistani forces. Possessing the initiative in having chosen the time and place to strike and enjoying overwhelming numerical superiority in the sector in both armour and troops, Pakistan posed a grave threat to Indian forces on the ground and so, in response to urgent requests for air strikes against Pakistani armour advancing in the Chhamb-Jaurian sector, Vampire FBMk.52s of No. 45 Squadron, at the time undergoing operational training at a forward base, mounted their first sorties at 1745 hours on the first day of the conflict, and on their heels came the Mysteres of Nos.3 and 31 Squadrons operating from Pathankot. The Pakistani armoured thrust was staggered. IAF Gnats proved their mettle in shooting down PAF Sabres in this sector, the first of aerial victories being notched by Nos. 23 and 9 Squadrons. Rapidly escalating, full scale warfare broke out on 6 September all along the international border between West Pakistan and India.
In the days that followed, IAF Canberras raided the major PAF bases at Sargodha and Chaklala at night, flying 200 counter air and interdiction missions against these and other Pakistani bases, including those at Akwal, Peshawar, Kohat, ChakJhumra and Risalwala. The virtuosity of the Hunters was fully demonstrated, Nos. 7, 20 and 27 Squadrons being employed in counter-air as well as interdiction and close air support missions in the West while Hunters of No. 14 Squadron battled with Sabres of the PAF No. 14 squadron raiding the IAF base at Kalaikunda in the East. The Mysteres were employed primarily in the ground attack role in which they proved extremely effective, with their swaths of 5 5 mm rockets most effective against armoured vehicles. Perhaps the most outstanding operational success was enjoyed by the Gnat, the three squadrons of which provided the air defence mainstay by flying CAPs over most operational IAF bases as well as fulfilling escort missions. Indeed, such was its success particularly against the F-86, that it was to earn the appellation of "Sabre Slayer". The September conflict was the first full-scale war in which the post-independence IAF was involved and the Service learned many lessons as a result. Post mortem examination revealed some requirements, the pace of expansion being slowed while lessons were digested. It was realised that too much emphasis had been placed on quantity at some cost in quality in order to cater for the dictates of the very high tempo IAF expansion embarked upon following the Sino-Indian War. This had necessitated cutting the duration of training courses to maximise personnel output and there was evidence that this could have some adverse effect on operational efficiency.. Emphasis was now reversed in that quality once more took precedence over quanitity and training underwent major reorganization in consequence.
On 03 Sep 1965, IAF Claimed its First Air to Air Kill. Sqn Ldr Trevor Keelor shot down a Pakistani Sabre Jet F-86F aircraft in the Chhamb sector flying in his light weight Gnat fighter aircraft. Four Gnats led by Sqn Ldr Trevor Keelor, flying in a tactical formation at low level (barely 100 feet above ground), were heading towards the combat zone in chhamb sector. As the formation was crossing Akhnur Bridge, the controlling RADAR reported enemy aerial activity. On receipt of the information, the Gnats zoomed up to 30,000 ft in less than 90 sec and scanned the area for intruders. Sqn Ldr Keelor picked up a pair of Pakistani Sabre Jet F-86F, he maneuvered his formation to get behind the enemy aircraft. As the turn was completed, Keelor was in a perfect position to close in and destroy the target. He opened fire with his twin 30 mm Canon guns from a distance of 450 yards, closing in, to 200 yrds. In an instant the sabre’s right wing was disintegrated and the enemy aircraft fell off the sky. The IAF claimed its first aerial kill and Sqn Ldr Keelor became the first Indian Pilot to claim a jet in air-to-air combat.
On 04 Sep 1965, Flt Lt V. S. Pathania flying a Gnat aircraft shot down second PAF Sabre Jet aircraft over Chhamb sector. While escorting a Mystere formation over Chhamb area, the escorts spotted four Sabres. The Sabres were intercepted by the Gnats. Flying at a height of about 100 ft Flt Lt Pathania maneuvered to get in firing position behind the accelerating PAF Sabre aircraft, closing into a distance of less than 500 meters Pathania opened fire and achieved a direct hit on to the enemy Sabre. The aircraft was seen going down with thick smoke. This was the second aerial kill by IAF.
The professional standards, capability and flexibility of the much expanded Service were soon to be put to the acid test. From early 1971, as the political situation on the sub-continent deteriorated, the IAF was alerted to the possibility of another armed conflict. For some weeks in November, both Indian and Pakistan governments protested violations of national airspace along the western border, but aerial conflict between the respective air arms began in earnest on 22 November, preceding full-scale warfare between India and Pakistan by 12 days. At 1449 hours, four Pakistani Sabres strafed Indian and Mukti Bahini positions in the Chowgacha Mor area, and 10 minutes later, while engaged on a third strafing run, the Sabres were intercepted by four Gnats from No. 22 Sqn, a detachment of which was operating from Dum Dum Airport, Calcutta. During the ensuing melee, three of the Sabres were shot down, all Gnats returning to base unscathed. The first blood of a new Indo-Pakistan air war had been drawn. Other encounters were to follow over the next 10 days, within both Indian and Pakistani airspace, before full-scale war began on 3 December. Pre-emptive strikes were launched by the Pakistan Air Force against IAF bases at Srinagar, Amritsar and Pathankot, followed by attacks on Ambala, Agra, Jodhpur, Uttarlai, Avantipur, Faridkot, Halwara and Sirsa. Apart from IAF bases, the PAF attacked railway stations, Indian armour concentrations and other targets. In response and during the ensuing two weeks, the IAF carried out some 4,000 sorties in the West from major and forward bases in Jammu, Kashmir, Punjab and Rajasthan, while, in the East, a further 1,978 sorties were flown.
Throughout the conflict, in which Indian strategy was to maintain basically defensive postures on the western and northern fronts whilst placing emphasis on a lightning campaign in the east, the IAF established a highly credible serviceability rate which exceeded 80 per cent. Mission emphasis throughout was on interdiction. In the West the IAF's primary tasks were disruption of enemy communications, the destruction of fuel and ammunition reserves, and the prevention of any ground force concentrations so that no major offensive could be mounted against India while Indian forces were primarily engaged in the East. On the Eastern front, the Indian forces launched a sophisticated campaign which included rapid-moving infantry and armour advancing from three directions, airborne and heliborne assaults, missile bombardments from ships and an amphibious landing, the IAF's task being primarily direct support of the ground forces. In a classic air action in the Western desert, four Hunters of the OCU, detachment at Jaisalmer destroyed an entire armoured regiment at Longewala, literally stopping the enemy offensive in its tracks.
The IAF had good reason for satisfaction with its showing during the December 1971 conflict. Although Pakistan had initiated the war with pre-emptive air strikes against major forward air bases, the IAF rapidly gained the initiative and had thereafter dominated the skies over both fronts. Admittedly, there had to be war losses but the IAF flew many more sorties than its opponent with interdiction missions predominating, and the bulk of the Service's attrition was the result of intensive anti-aircraft fire; in aerial combat, the IAF proved its superiority in no uncertain manner. First round had gone to the Gnats, again, but its later compatriots, the MiG-21s, were to shortly demonstrate the superiority of this supersonic fighter, flown by professionals. Six squadrons of MiG-21FLs were part of the IAF's order-of battle, participating in operations both in the Eastern and Western Sectors. Three MiG-21 squadrons, operating from Gauhati and Tezpur,took part in counter-air, escort and close air support tasks during the blitzkrieg action in Bangladesh. That the MiG-21 was highly effective in short range, precision attacks was amply demonstrated during the attacks with 500 kg bombs on the PAF's air bases at Tezgaon and Kurmitola, while pin point 57 mm rocket attacks were carried out against key command centres in the capital Dacca itself.
It was in the Western theatre that the MiG-21 was employed in its primary task, that of air defence, escort and interception. Deployed at all the major air bases, from Pathankot in the north to Jamnagar in the South Western area, the MiG-21FLs mounted hundreds of combat air patrol sorties over Vital Points (VP) and Vital Areas (VA), flew escort missions for bombers and strike fighters and were continuously scrambled to intercept hostile intruders. The MiG-21 finally met its original adversary, the F- 104 Starfighter, in air combat over the Subcontinent during the December 1971 conflict and in all four recorded cases of classic dog fights, the MiG-21s outclassed and out fought the F- 104s. The first aerial victory was on 12 December 1971, when MiG-21FLs of No. 47 Squadron shot down a PAF F-104 over the Gulf of Kutch and this was followed by three more victories in quick succession on 17 December, when MiG-21FLs of No. 29 Squadron escorting HF-24 Maruts, shot down intercepting F-104s near Uttarlai in the Rajsthan desert in gun-missile encounters, while a third F-104, on an intruding mission, was shot down by another MiG 21FL of No.29 Squadron.
The December 1971 war also meant the gaining of India's highest award for gallantry to the IAF. Flying Officer Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon, flying Gnats with No. 18 Squadron from Srinagar, was posthumously awarded the Param Vir Chakra. Notwithstanding the successful campaign of December 1971 which created both history and geography, the Indian Air Force had lessons to draw from subsequent analyses of the conflict, although for the most part, these lessons dictated refinement rather than any fundamental change.
Operation Meghdoot was launched in 1984, it aimed to capture the Siachen Glacier. It was quite a unique operation because of Siachen’s dreaded terrain and unforgiving climate. The mission was a successful one, India gained control over the Siachen Glacier. India now controls the 70 kilometres long glacier and the three major passes west of it (Sia La, Bilafond La, and Gyong La). Whereas Pakistan controls the area west of Saltoro Ridge. The TIME magazine states, India has control over 1,000 square miles of territory because of its exceptional military operation.
IAF had played a major role in this operation. It used Il-76, An-12, and An-32 to transport troops and drop supplies to these extremely high altitude battlefields. Following which, Mi-17, Mi-8 and HAL Chetak would carry the same to the east. IAF’s performance was incredible, taking into account how extreme the temperature and altitude are at Siachen. The operation is a saga which showcased such skill that can never be forgotten.
When the first IAF sortie was launched to Siachen on 20th September 1978, Chetak helicopters used to supply stores to the on-ground Indian Army. That’s when a thought occurred to one of the IAF officers “Why not pick their emails for their loved ones back home?” They used to drop a string with a note saying “We are coming back in 10 minutes. Please write your letters and put them in a bag.”
This kind gesture of the Indian Air Force symbolized the brotherhood of ‘men in arms’. It also boosted the morale of Indian Army troops who were leading expeditions on the ‘third pole of the world’.
IAF helicopters used to fly at the height of 16,000 feet, many times, the officers had to take oxygen directly from the pipe. They also had the job of taking injured troops back to base camp. However, it isn’t as simple as it sounds.
Finding the expedition parties in the never-ending desert of ice, then landing the helicopter on the lumps of snow were tasks that required unmistakable skill. The pilots have to brave temperatures as low as - 60oC, strong winds, lack of oxygen and flying in poor weather conditions in close proximity of hills. There is always the threat of powerful downdrafts that pull the helicopters down, if the pilots are not careful. Added to that is the fact that the helicopters are flying at the edge of their flight envelope where the power margin available is small, if not negligible. Any miscalculation or mishandling of controls can result in a catastrophic accident. Over and above, there is the omnipresent threat of enemy fire. The pilots fly fast and low to give the minimum reaction time to the enemy. The landing on the match box sized helipads is precise; the Army Jawans open the door, take out the load, put in the mail/casualty and the pilot executes a take- off -in the reciprocal direction. The total time on the helipad does not exceed 2 to 30 seconds. The return to the Base Camp is fast, a quick turn around of the aircraft is done while the pilots have a cup of tea and the aircraft takes off for the next mission.
The mission of the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) in northern and eastern Sri Lanka, lasted some thirty months and the statistics tell it all: some 70,000 sorties were flown by the IAF's transport and helicopter force to and within Sri Lanka, without a single aircraft lost or mission aborted. In support of nearly 100,000 troops and paramilitary forces, IAF An32s maintained a continuous air link from air bases in Southern India to Divisional headquarters at Palaly (Jaffna), Vavuniya, Trincomalee and Batticaloa, transporting men, equipment, rations and evacuating casualties on the outbound flights, No. 19 Squadron being the main formation involved. Earlier, during the massive build up in the Jaffna peninsula in October 1987, the IAF carried out more transport and helicopter sorties in support of the ground forces in action than at any such concentrated space and time in thehistoryofthearmed forces of India. In 20 days, some 3000 tactical transport and assault helicopter sorties were carried out during the bitter fighting to disarm the LTTE as a key proviso of the Indo-Sri Lanka accord.
Mi-8S of Nos. 109 and 119 Helicopter Units operated to scores of scattered helipads throughout the Northern and Eastern provinces, becoming the critical lifeline for the field forces as well as providing air transportation to Sri Lankan civil administration during the elections. Mi-25s of No. 125 H.U. were utilised to provide suppressive fire against militant strong points and to interdict coastal and clandestine riverine traffic.
On the night of November 3, 1988, the Indian Air Force mounted special operations to airlift a parachute battalion group from Agra, non-stop over 2000 km. out beyond the South-Western coast of India to the remote Indian Ocean archipelago of the Maldives. In response to that Government's appeal for military help against a mercenary invasion, the IL-76s of No. 44 Squadron landed at Hulule at 0030 hours, the Indian paratroopers securing the airfield and restoring Government rule at Male within hours. Buildup of forces continued the next day, with IL-76s, An-2s and An-32s flown to the Maldives from Trivandrum, while IAF Mirage 2000s made low level passes over the scattered islands in a show of force. The most immediate reality that emerged from this brief, and bloodless, action was the swift and effective Indian military response, made possible by the IAF's strategic airlift capability.
The IAF was first approached to provide air support on 11 May 99 with the use of helicopters. This was followed by ago ahead given on 25 May by the CCS to the IAF to mount attacks on the infiltrators without crossing the LoC. While there was considerable pressure from outside the IAF to operate only attack helicopters, the CAS succeeded in convincing the Govt that in order to create a suitable environment for the helicopters, fighter action was required.
Operation Safedsagar, as the air operations in the Kargil area were called, was, indeed, a milestone in the history of military aviation, as this was the first time that air power was employed in such an environment.
The severe degradation of aircraft and weapon performance is difficult for the layman to completely appreciate. No aircraft has yet been designed to operate in a Kargil-like environment. At high altitudes, a crucial factor in aircraft performance is the reserve of power available, which, for the MiG and Mirage fleets, was a strong point in their favor. In comparision, the Fairchild A-10, which was widely quoted as being the ideal platform, would have been a misfit. It is widely (and incorrectly) stated that using Mach 2 aircraft would not produce results; however, all air-to-ground attack speeds are approximately the same attack speeds (750-950 kmph) for all fixed-wing aircraft.
Due to the very different attributes of the atmosphere, even weapons do not perform as per sea-level specifications. Variations in air temperature and density, altering drag indices and a host of other factors (which have never been calculated by any manufacturer for this type of altitude) cause weapons to go off their mark; for the same reasons, normally reliable computerised weapon aiming devices give inaccurate results.
In the plains, a 1000 pounder bomb landing 25 yards away from the target would still severely disable, if not flatten, it. In the mountains, however, a miss of a few yards would be as good as the proverbial mile, due to the undulating terrain and masking effects. In addition, due to the variation in elevation the "miss" would be greatly magnified in the linear dimension, further exaggerating the "inaccuracy" of the weapon/delivery. While this would lead to apparent inaccuracies in weapon delivery, there is, thus, a need for pinpoint accuracy in conditions where that very attribute is severely degraded by the factors mentioned above.
The loss of one fighter and one Mi-17 chopper to enemy action indicated the need for a change of tactics, resulting in withdrawal of armed helicopters and employment of fighters in modified profiles out of the Stinger SAM envelope. By itself, the change of tactics is nothing unusual, and is an inherent part of the qualities of flexibility and adaptability; in fact, a far more serious lapse would be a dogged tendency to persist in sacrificing assets when, clearly, there was a need for a re-assessment. It is, perhaps for this reason that NATO, after deploying 100 Apache attack helicopters in Greece, reconsidered bringing them into Kosovo till the shooting was over, as they felt the environment didn't justify it. Unfortunately, IAF Mi-25/35 attack helicopters were not able to operate in this terrain.
One of the many facts that have emerged clearly is that target acquisition by the pilot is the bottom line. Totally unfamiliar surroundings in the Kargil area made target recognition difficult from the ground, let alone from a fast moving aircraft. As a result, the initial few sorties from high levels were not effective as desired. However, once revised and modified profiles, tactics and manner of system usage had been perfected, the accuracy of the airstrikes improved dramatically. Any time the target was spotted, a very high success rate invariably resulted.
The picture one normally associates with airstrikes emphasises helmeted pilots starting up their aircraft, flying to the target in the teeth of intense anti-aircraft fire and battling their way through hordes of enemy fighters to press home their attacks despite superhuman odds. In all fairness, that's the way it actually happened until the Second World War - the famous 1000 bomber raids over Germany, with the US 8th Air Force flying by day and the RAF by night, at a terrible cost in lives and machines.

As a result of these attacks, severe damage to enemy personnel and equipment became apparent in various areas. It is surmised that airstrikes contributed to a significant portion of the enemy's casualty list, as apparent in the numbers. However, the most telling effects on the ground were from intercepts of enemy radio revealing severe shortage of rations, water, medicines and ammunition. Losses due to airstrikes and inability to evacuate their casualties were also mentioned in the intercepts. This was the actual manifestation on the ground of the result of effective airstrikes by the IAF. The effect of accurate attacks is best summed up by a message received from one of the HQ of the Indian Army.......
"You guys have done a wonderful job.  Five Pakistani officers reported killed in that attack and their Command and Control broke down - as a result of which our troops have literally walked over the entire Tiger Hills area. The enemy is on the run. They are on the run in other sectors also. At this rate the end of the conflict may come soon."
IAF air strikes against enemy supply camps and other targets yielded rich dividends. A noteworthy fact is that there was not a single operation on ground that was not preceded by airstrikes, each and every one of which was the result of coordinated planning between 15 Corps and the AOC, J&K. However, one of the valuable lessons that emerged was the need for joint Army-Air Force planning and consultations from the very beginning, where the Air Force would be able to contribute by rendering advice on targeting which could, at the very outset, be incorporated into the Army plan of ground operations. This would prove far more effective than a case where the Army proceeded as per its own plans made earlier in isolation, and called for air support when they felt it was required.
Firstly, in the area of interdiction of enemy supplies, the successful and incessant attacks on the enemy's logistic machine had, over the last few weeks, culminated in a serious degradation of the enemy's ability to sustain himself in an increasing number of areas. The series of attacks against Pt 4388 in the Dras sector was an excellent example of how lethal airstrikes combined with timely reconnaissance detected the enemy plans to shift to alternate supply routes which were once again effectively attacked. In this the IAF succeeded in strangling the enemy supply arteries, amply testified to by enemy radio intercepts. The primacy of interdiction targets as opposed to Battlefield Air Strikes (BAS) targets was clearly brought out, as also the fact that power is not to be frittered away on insignificant targets like machine gun posts and trenches, but on large targets of consequence (like the supply camp at Muntho Dhalo, enemy Battalion HQ on top of Tiger Hill, etc). Gone are the days of fighters screaming in at deck level, acting as a piece of extended artillery. The air defence environment of today's battlefield just does not permit such employment of airpower anymore, a significant fact that needs to be understood by soldier and civilian alike.
The second major impact of air power in this operation was in the area of casualties. Normally, an enemy defending a well fortified position (in this case, Pakistan) suffers between 3-6 times less casualties than does the force on the offensive. However, this operation has seen the reverse, with the enemy casualties far in excess of those suffered by us. One significant fact must not be lost sight of; of the two warring sides, it is the Pakistani Army that suffered air strikes, which, obviously, contributed significantly to its casualties. It is felt that without the use of air power, our own casualties could have approached if not exceeded four figures.
The third aspect is that of attack chopper operations. IAF dedicated attack choppers like the Mi-35 were incapable of operating at that altitude, which prompted the use of armed and modified Mi-17s for the role. Besides the capability of the machine itself vis-a-vis the area of operation, the creation of the right air defence environment is a crucial factor which would determine the employment of this platform. Effectiveness versus vulnerability would need to be examined; during Op Safedsagar, the abundance of man portable SAMs in all enemy-held areas precluded the effective employment of attack choppers. As a result, whether Army or IAF, choppers were constrained to operate in SAM-free areas. Nevertheless, IAF Cheetahs were instrumental in carrying out front line roles like providing a platform for the Airborne Forward Air Controller (FAC), a fighter pilot who guides the fighters in to the attack against ground targets.
The fourth major impact of air power is in the enormous difference it made to the ground operations, no better example of which exists than the message from the HQ of a field Army unit, (shown in italics above) stating that " as a result of the precision airstrikes on Tiger Hills our troops have literally walked over the entire Tiger Hills area. The enemy is on the run.."
Fifthly, night operations were carried out using ingenuity and imagination; at times, excellent results were achieved by aircraft like MiG-21s using little else but a stop watch and a GPS receiver. These operations had a significant effect on the enemy's resilience, stamina and very will to fight.
Sixthly, the effort put into air defence escorts and area Combat Air Patrolling by day as well as night proved an effective deterrent which ensured total air superiority. At times, PAF F-16s orbited a scant 15 kms (on their own side of the LOC) from our strike formations attacking Pakistani targets, kept at bay by our own air defence fighters flying a protective pattern above the strike.
The seventh aspect is the high degree of imagination, felexibility and IAF-Army coordination which marked every phase of the operation.
In the final analysis, the effective application of air power has indisputably saved further casualties as well as compressed considerably the timeframe in which our Army has made such progress on the ground. In this context, the basic functions of air power have been repeated, though on a much larger scale, when compared to the IAF's operations in this area during 1947-48, when IAF Tempests carried out strafing and rocket attacks on the intruders and Dakotas ferried in as well as paradropped troops and supplies. As then and now, when called upon by the nation the IAF has joined as an equal partner to the Army to meet the national objective.
Almost from the very beginning of the operations, IAF intellects were busy ticking over in a near constant brain-storming session aimed at deriving lessons from Operation Safedsagar. Being an ongoing process, the immense experience gained from this operation would stand in good stead in the times to come. These lessons would be applicable to all the world's Air Forces, for it is the first time in the history of military aviation that such an air operation took place in such an environment. While conventional long-accepted air power theories no longer held good, a new set of operating paradigms had to be evolved almost overnight to cope with the situation.
This is the first time the IAF fought a limited war, hitherto thought to be an unlikely eventuality, as air power and escalation to an all-out war were thought to be synonymous. The deterrent effect of air power has been enhanced by this fact, as the prospect of decisive air action is now a proven possibility in even a Low Intensity Conflict situation.
Operation Safedsagar was, therefore, a turning point in the history of military aviation, and an operation that will, no doubt, be discussed and dissected for the next few decades.


dvipdft(1) teTeX dvipdft(1) NAME dvipdft - create thumbnail images for use with dvipdfm SYNOPSIS dvipdft [DVIPDFM-OPTIONS...] filename[.dvi] DESCRIPTION dvipdft creates thumbnail pictures of the pages in your file and subse‐ quently runs dvipdfm to create a PDF file with these thumbnails. OPTIONS All options are simply handed on to dvipdfm SEE ALSO dvipdfm(1) BUGS None known. AUTHOR dvipdft was written by Mark A. Wicks and Thomas Esser. This manual page was written by Frank Küster<EMAIL_ADDRESS>for the Debian GNU/Linux system. It may be used by others without contacting the author. Any mistakes or omissions in the manual page are my fault; inquiries about or corrections to this manual page should be directed to me (and not to the primary author). teTeX May 2004 dvipdft(1)


Invite me for tee or coffee to talk about: peopleware, software, real options, design thinking, learning from kids, problem solving, software gardening, disruptive innovation, doing buzz, igniting people, trying hard, breaking the rules, having fun, changing the world, 2nd hand, 5whys, dreaming, imagination, children, life hacking, coding, keeping coding, etc


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Experienced programmer and indie game developer. Currently interested in automated testing of games
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JOSEPH AND THE AMAZING TECHNICOLOR DREAMCOAT
August 1995 at the Arabian Theatre
Directed by Wess Hughes
Assistant to the Director - Anita Boyd
Music Director - Wanda Saul
Choreography - Jennifer Coghlan
THE CAST
The Narrator - Carrie Hayes
The Father Jacob - Bill Mullins
Potiphar - Roger Kuyrkendall
Mrs. Potiphar - Suzanne Heflin
Pharoah - Wess Hughes
The Brothers
Joseph - Jonathan McKenzie
Reuben - Russell Louden
Simeon - Neal Holifield
Levi - Edward Boone
Napthali - Matt Boyd
Isaachar - Roger Kuyrkendall
Asher - Turner Crumbley
Dan - Brad Noel
Zebulun - Dwayne Eavenson
Gad - Anthony Nix
Benjamin - Jay Baggett
Judah - Wes Meador
The Wives
LeeAnn Culbertson, Mayze Day, Judy Ellis, Mary Elizabeth Ellis,
Suzanne Heflin, Christie Kelly, Suzanne Louden, April McAlpin,
Connie McAlpin, Carrie Parker, Karen Purvis, Tara Richardson,
Mederra Saul, Tiffany Saul, Rachael Shaw, Sally Twiddy,
Jennifer Zegelien
The Baker - Neal Holifield
The Butler - Dwayne Eavenson
The Camel - Judy Ellis, Connie McAlpin
Miss Reba - Karen Purvis
The Ishmaelites - Tommy Blake, Jonathan Wells
The Children's Chorus
Meghann Ainsworth, Jamie Baggett, Jessica Boyd, Allyson Brady,
Wayne Cook, Marcus Creel, Abbey DeReamer, Matthew Farrell,
Leah Grafton, Ivy Johnson, Kristen Louden, Matthew Luter,
Will Matheny, Amy Moss, Jenny Parker, Frankie Powell,
Peggy Powell, Kala Purvis, Kami Purvis, Rebecca Shaw,
Blake Shedd, Crystal Shows, Dorothy Stancill, Jeff Stancill,
Darla Simpson, Hilary Walters


Version 0.4
The focus of this release was polishing the experience for creating music with lots of usability improvements in the editing part.
Most notable new features:
Midi support
You can enable/disable it in the Options.

If you enable it, you can choose to only record the notes, or the key-velocity as well.
Optionally, you also choose to have little midi-in and key-in signal indicators on screen.
Please note that for your note-off commands to be registered as well you have to
- Be in XM-mode
- Record and playback at the same time
- Have the midi-settings to "Enabled Note-Volume"
Undo/redo support
Available both in the pattern editor and in the sample editor.
The usual Ctrl-Z and Ctrl-Y shortcuts can be used.
Nibbles
Ladies and Gentleman: It has arrived.
We finally tackled the last major hurdle for full FastTracker compatibility.
WE HAVE NIBBLES !!!
The full works as tribute to the legendary Triton, including 30 levels, highscores and some familiar hidden features.
Usability
Lots of small and large usability improvements on the "edit" front:
- Number boxes can now be edited with the keyboard and mousewheel/trackpad
- Menu can now be navigated with keyboard
- Sample editor zoom/navigation with mousewheel and keyboard
- Better range-selection in sample editor
- Insert/delete in patternlist
Crisp UI in High DPI screens.
High-DPI screens (retina screens) sometimes loose the crispiness of the pixel graphics.
For those appreciating pixel-precission, there's a setting to fix that.
Basically it's the difference between the left end right part:
Because it may have a performance impact it's not enable by default but you can find it in the Options:
And More
- Lots of (subtle) XM playback compatibility fixes.
- Lots of small UI fixes.
- New "plugin" system. Additional features get side-loaded, keeping the core lean and mean (with Nibbles as a first example)
Version 0.3.5
- Lots of bugfixes
- Browse button for Local Files
Version 0.3
Most notable new features:
FastTracker 2's XM support
This includes support for:
- up to 32 channels
- up to 128 instruments
- extra instrument properties like volume envelopes, panning envelopes, fadeout, more precise finetuning
- extra effects like global volume
Dropbox integration
Load and save your files directly from and to Dropbox.
The first time you enable this feature, you will have to connect BassoonTracker to Dropbox and authorize it to access your files.
BassoonTracker will only have access to its own files in the "Apps/BassoonTracker" folder, not to your entire Dropbox.
Export entire song to .wav or .mp3
Create a high-quality mixdown of your song to .wav or .mp3.
This feature requires an internet connection: Your file is uploaded to the BassoonTracker server and the conversion is done serverside.
Select/cut/copy/paste ranges of a pattern
You can select a range by just dragging over the pattern in recording mode, or by shift-dragging in any mode.
An edit menu will appear when the range is selected.
Ranges can include multiple colums.
You can also create ranges with your keyboard (Shift + arrow keys) and use the regular keyboard shortcuts for Select All, Copy, Cut, Paste.
Consult the
keyboard commands for the complete list.
Sample Editor
The sample editor has been expanded.
You can now select ranges, zoom, cut/copy/paste pieces of samples, adjust volume, apply fades, etc.
The regular keyboard shortcuts for Select All, Copy, Cut, Paste can be used.
Each effect applies to the selected range or - if you don't have a selecion - to the entire sample.
The "upsample" and "downsample" commands will double or half the samplerate of the sample - which is rather desctructive so use wisely.
Downsample is mainly used if you want to push hi-res samples intended for the 8-octave range of FastTracker into the 3-octave range of Protracker.
Version 0.2
First public release
Features
- Play, edit and save Protracker modules
- 4 channels
- Basic sample editor
- Modarchive.org integration
- Modules.pl integration


About me
My name is Mirza Mujanović, I am an ever-curious, eager to learn and ready to adapt student in his final semester of Marketing master program at the Vienna University of Economics and Business. Originally, I come from Tuzla, Bosnia & Herzegovina, where I finished high school and first two semesters at the Faculty of Economics. In 2015, I moved to Vienna to study, and in 2019 completed a bachelor’s program in business administration at the Vienna University of Economics and Business (WU) in 2019. Thinking of my future plans I see myself working in the field of data analytics or data science for marketing.
Random facts about me:
- Big basketball fan. Nowadays, fan of sports analytics.
- Interested in psychology-related topics.
- Used to collect old money together with my older sister.
- Favorite food: Bulgogi and pudding (but not together, of course!).


On-line Digital Voting Administration
Click on the button to upload a spreadsheet listing the people who should be allowed to vote.
The spreadsheet should be text-only, tab-delimited; i.e. don't try to upload an Excel document
as-is, export to tab-delimited and upload that.
There should be exactly two columns: email address, and name (real-person name not login name).
Accounts will be created for people who don't have accounts.


U.S
Justice Dept. To Force Reforms
"The residents of Ferguson have waited nearly a year for theeir city to adopt an agreement."
U.S.
Gravitational Waves Detected, Proving Einstien Right
"This [was] truly a scientific moon shot, and we landed on the moon."
SPONSOR INSIGHT
The Best Universities of Asia
"Universities from Asia and Europe are challenging the best schools in the USA. When it comes to choosing the right school then, the options have never been more diverse..."


Progress Nav
This page demonstrates an idea for how progress can be visualized inside of a standard page nav. Scroll the page and note how the marker animates to highlight all of the sections that are currently on screen.
The rest of the content below is taken from slides.com/developers. Take a look at that to see how the progress nav looks on a real page.
Created by Hakim El Hattab | hakim.se | @hakimel
Slides for Developers
We strive to make Slides a great and flexible tool for developers. Presentations created on Slides are HTML documents under the hood, so generally anything that HTML can do, Slides can do. We make it easy to access and edit the underlying HTML and CSS through the Developer Mode.
There's also an API for creating new presentations with preset content and we're aiming to add additional APIs in the future.
Developer Mode
The Slides editor has a developer mode which is useful if you know a bit of HTML and CSS. With this mode active you will be able to modify the underlying HTML of your deck, allowing you to make adjustments that the Slides editor does not provide interface options for.
To enable the developer mode open the editor settings in the bottom left corner:
Editing HTML
The per-slide HTML editor can be accessed from the slide options area. It gives you raw access to the current slide's HTML, allowing you to change anything you like. Note that some elements, such as <script> and <link>, are not allowed for security reasons.
Element Classes (Requires Pro)
As a paying Slides customer you have access to the CSS editor which allows you to add custom styles to your deck. By turning on the developer mode a new "class name" field will appear for any block that you focus. This allows you to easily target a specific element with your CSS.
Here's an example that defines an "upside-down" class using custom CSS and applies it to a text block.
.upside-down {
transform: scale( 1, -1 );
}
Slide Classes (Requires Pro)
Just like you can add custom classes to individual elements it's also possible to add custom classes at the slide level. This can used to apply broader changes to the whole slide like inverting text and icon colors or changing the slide transition.
Under the hood the slide background element is separate from the slide itself. Here are two examples showing how you'd target the slide contents or slide background using a custom class called "night-sky":
// Targets the slide contents
.slides .night-sky svg path {
fill: yellow;
}
// Target the slide background
.backgrounds .night-sky {
background: linear-gradient(0deg, #141528, #0b1bb2);
}
Export HTML
You can access the complete HTML for all slides in your deck inside of the export panel, under "Export to reveal.js". This provides a way of exporting your deck markup and the core Slides styles to reveal.js. There are a few limitations with exporting this way but it should provide a good starting point.
CSS Editor (Requires Pro)
The CSS editor lets you author custom styles for your presentation with a real-time preview of the result. It's available as an option inside of the Style panel of the presentation editor.
The editor preprocesses styles using LESS, though you're free to write plain CSS as well. We apply the styles in real-time as you type so there's no need to leave the editor or even press a refresh button to see what you're getting. Note that when your styles are saved they will be automatically wrapped in a ".reveal {}" selector to avoid conflicts with other page styles.
Custom Fonts
You can load custom fonts from Typekit and Google fonts and apply them using custom CSS. Find out more.
Developer Mode
If you turn on the developer mode you can also add custom classes to any focused element. This is a convenient way to easily apply your CSS to specific elements.
Examples
// Change presentation background
& {
background: #a83239;
}
// Change color of body text
.slides {
color: #009999;
}
// Turn text white if the slide has a dark background
.has-dark-background {
color: #fff;
}
// Add a blue border to all slides (each slide is a <section>)
.slides section {
outline: 1px solid blue;
}
// Add a red border to all vertical stacks of slides
.slides section.stack {
outline: 1px solid red;
}
// Include a custom font
@font-face {
font-family: "Cabin Sketch";
src: url("https://s3.amazonaws.com/static.slid.es/fonts/cabinsketch/cabinsketch-regular.woff") format("woff"),
url("https://s3.amazonaws.com/static.slid.es/fonts/cabinsketch/cabinsketch-regular.ttf") format("truetype");
}
.slides h1, .slides h2, .slides h3 {
font-family: "Cabin Sketch";
}
// Change color of controls and progress bar
@interactiveColor: rgb(200,105,119);
.progress span {
background: @interactiveColor !important;
}
.controls .navigate-left {
border-right-color: @interactiveColor !important;
}
.controls .navigate-right {
border-left-color: @interactiveColor !important;
}
.controls .navigate-up {
border-bottom-color: @interactiveColor !important;
}
.controls .navigate-down {
border-top-color: @interactiveColor !important;
}
Here's where you can access the CSS editor from inside of the Style panel:
A screenshot of the editor:


[PART XIII.] PREFERENCE FOR OIL PRODUCTS
WITH GREATER RECYCLED CONTENT
[§103D-1301] Short title. This part shall be referred to as the "Recycled Oil Act". [L 1999, c 53, pt of §2]


About Karl
Questionnaire
- Did Karl recently try out bouldering? : Yes
- What kind of pet would Karl like to get soon? : A Cat!
- What University did Karl go to? : UW
- What city was Karl born in? : Los Angeles
- What is Karl's favorite color? : Orange
- What day of the month was I born on? : 24
- What are my favorite video games? :
Overwatch, Minecraft, Fortnite, Titanfall, Mario Kart, and Mega Man are my favorite games.
Top 10 Places I'd like to Travel
- SE Asia Tour
- Japan
- Australia
- Portugal
- India
- Taiwan
- Korea
- Egypt
- Mexico
- Antarctica


Subject 💬📖
|
I've thought about it, and maybe this subject would be better if we provided more information about Fourier theorem? |
|
|
Sounds good, but how do we make sure there's not too much information? Should that be another subject or part of this subject? |
|
|
I've thought about it, and maybe this subject would be better if we provided more information about Fourier theorem? |
|
|
Sounds good, but how do we make sure there's not too much information? Should that be another subject or part of this subject? |
|
Don't see what you want to talk about?


Ploror688.github.io
Were the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas different from - eNotes. BrainPOP - Animated Educational Site for Kids - Science, Social Studies, English, Math, Arts Music, Health, and Technology. Homework help@ on the mayans? Yahoo Answers.
Coventry City Council provides an extensive resource of web links to related web sites and organisations of interest and help to both local citizens and the general. Chac Mayan god Chac was the god of rain. He was a benevolent god for the Mayans who often sought his help for their crops. Chac was associated with creation Dear Parents and Friends, I have outlined below the details of the class 4 homework project about the Maya, which is similar to the projects undertaken in previous years. Should I Pick a Random Dorm Roommate? - College Being.
Mayan Gods - Lost civilizations. Chocolate History: Who Invented Chocolate? - Facts About. Homework Help Mayans , The Maya: History Overview. Mayan Gods. The ancient Maya had homework Gods in their complex religion, each with mayans defined characteristics and purposes. Homework Mayan Pyramids in Mexico - Teotihuacan - Lost civilizations. Homework Resources - Tutor.com. Some authorities suggest that Tikal may have had a population of up topeople by AD. Improved help resources designed to homework. In case you missed the possible grumblings of the many carnivores of UWT transitioning to vegetarian or vegan diets this past Fall quarter, many staff, students
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Mystery 2: the Mayan Calendar. Again, this is not very mysterious. The Mayans were incredibly advanced and had incredible knowledge of mathematics and astronomy. Welcome. Welcome to the Burscough Village Primary School website. At Burscough Village each child is special. Our mission is to provide the best possible education. Primary homework help mayans - Professionally crafted and custom academic papers. forget about your concerns, place your assignment here and receive your professional. Culture of Guatemala - history, people, clothing, women. Homework help for u - Homework help mayans, river severn.
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Simulations Engage Students in Active Learning Education. Parkfield Primary School: Learning. Chew on this: Gum may be good for body, mind - CNN.com. PYRAMIDS OF MEXICO Deep within the jungles of Mexico and Guatemala and extending into the limestone shelf of the Yucatan peninsula lie the mysterious temples. Formulation. The VigRX Plus ® formula has been scientifically engineered for maximum possible results. We did our homework to create this one of a kind formula.
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What was the Aztec political structure? eNotes. Mesoamerican Civilizations: The Olmecs to Cortes - Video.


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- twitaba + twitter -


We're gonna test some srcset here too!
srcset
Unfortunatley, we're just going to have to use a polyfill for now.


BLERG!
I'm some particularly dull-looking HTML.
Header
Useful data
Useful data
Important Data!
Cruft you don't needor
really
want


Spanish League Loses Court Battle, Won’t Play Match in US
by ASSOCIATED PRESSMADRID (AP) — The Spanish league lost another battle against the Spanish soccer federation on Friday and won’t be allowed to take a regular-season match to the United States, at least not for now.
The game between Villarreal and Atlético Madrid next month was called off after the league lost a court battle against the federation.
A Madrid commercial court denied an injunction to force the federation to approve the staging of the match abroad, which is part of the league’s strategy to expand internationally.
The league hasn’t fully given up, though, and its “unfair competition” case against the federation will continue despite Friday’s ruling. It contends the federation has no right to block the match and is acting anti-competitively.
The league hopes to be able to stage a regular-season game in the U.S. beginning in February, when the full case will be heard.
“Staging an official LaLiga match abroad is part of a long-term LaLiga strategy for international growth,” the league said in a statement. “We hope that from February forth LaLiga will be able to organize an official match beyond Spanish borders.”
The league has a 15-year partnership with the group Relevent to promote soccer and bring games to the United States.
“Bringing clubs closer to their global fans represents a significant opportunity to connect with them and to continue working to increase LaLiga’s followers around the world,” the league said. “This international growth leads to benefits for the clubs, their players, their fans, LaLiga as a whole, Spanish football and the brand of Spain.”
Last season, the league unsuccessfully tried to take a match between Girona and Barcelona to Florida, an attempt also hindered by the federation’s lack of approval. Barcelona pulled out citing a lack of agreement between those involved.
The league complained the federation opposed the games but at the same time is organizing its own matches abroad, like the four-team Spanish Super Cup that it will host in January in Saudi Arabia. The Spanish Super Cup also was played abroad last season, in Morocco.
The federation argued it was different to play a league game abroad because it would affect the other 18 clubs participating in the competition. Real Madrid and Barcelona had reportedly expressed their opposition to the game in the U.S. because it would be played in a neutral venue, thus favoring Atlético, the away team.
Instead, the game will be played as originally scheduled in Villarreal, an industrial city of 50,000 a short drive from Valencia.
The dispute is the latest between league president Javier Tebas and federation president Luis Rubiales, two outspoken figures who have been at odds over a series of issues involving Spanish soccer.
The federation said in Thursday’s court hearing the league’s attempt to play abroad breached FIFA regulations and could hurt Spain’s bid with Portugal to host the 2030 World Cup.
Although FIFA’s permission for the game is not mandatory, president Gianni Infantino last season expressed his concerns when the league tried to play the game between Girona and Barcelona near Miami.
Villarreal season ticket holders would have been compensated for losing out on a home game. They could have received a 40% discount on their next season ticket purchase, free entry, and travel for up to 3,000 fans to the away game at Atlético’s Wanda Metropolitano Stadium or a paid-for trip to Miami for up to 600 people.
Similar compensation packages were offered to Girona fans last season, and many had already accepted them when the game was called off.
___
By TALES AZZONI AP Sports Writer
Copyright © 2019 courthousenews.com


SignalServer is a web application that significantly reduces the amount of time required to perform quality control on large sets of video files. Built upon QCTools and FFmpeg, the application allows users to set their own pass/fail parameters, cross-referencing QCTools reports in an effort to identify potentially problematic outliers. Like MediaConch, but focused on frame-based video analysis rather than technical metadata policy checking, SignalServer reduces human error by providing comprehensive and customizable collection-level quality control reporting.
QCTools, MediaConch, and MediaArea, and now SignalServer are all the products of a growing community of open-source developers dedicated to serving the needs of audiovisual preservationists. SignalServer specifically addresses those who are engaged in large-scale workflows that require an automated means of quality controlling the mass amounts of digital files entering their repositories. Free to use and download and open to collaborators via the site's Github page, SignalServer is an accessible solution to expensive proprietary software applications.
Bay Area Video Coalition (BAVC) receieved initial funding for development from the National Endowment of the Humanties and their Division of Preservation and Access. Additional funding was provided by the Knight Foundation.


Families
Family Name: Bruce Goldberg
Family ID: 9
Hash: jl985jlsn2390ijk4322jl985jlsn2390ijk4322
Students: Sam (Student Group: Bruce Goldberg)
Website users<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>Can hit a button to send email invite to a new email address to create an account for the website
Current Bill
6 session credits remaining
Note: edit button will bring up a form with the fields: amount (can be negative to give credit), descriptionPayment History
Date: 6/1/2016
Number of sessions: 10
Paid by: Brian Skinner
Payment ID: 305254
5 sessions at $110 with 10% off
5 sessions at $130 with 10% off
Total: $1080
Charlie - Tuesday, October 5th 2015
Sophie - Tuesday, October 5th 2015
Charlie - Tuesday, October 5th 2015
Sophie - Tuesday, October 5th 2015
Date: 5/16/2016
Number of sessions: 2
Paid by: Brian Skinner
Payment ID: 305204
1 session at $110
1 session at $130
Total: $240
Charlie - Tuesday, October 5th 2015
Sophie - Tuesday, October 5th 2015
Date: 2/23/2016
Number of sessions: 10
Paid by: Brian Skinner
Payment ID: 305111
5 sessions at $110 with 10% off
5 sessions at $130 with 10% off
Total: $1080
Charlie - Tuesday, October 5th 2015
Sophie - Tuesday, October 5th 2015
Charlie - Tuesday, October 5th 2015
Sophie - Tuesday, October 5th 2015
Charlie - Tuesday, October 5th 2015
Sophie - Tuesday, October 5th 2015
Charlie - Tuesday, October 5th 2015
Sophie - Tuesday, October 5th 2015
Charlie - Tuesday, October 5th 2015
Sophie - Tuesday, October 5th 2015


title = "收货地址列表" url = "/user/addresses" layout = "octaskin" is_hidden = 0 [account] paramCode = "code" forceSecure = 0 redirect = "auth" [session] security = "user" redirect = "auth" [userAddresses] ==


Instance Variables
í
In this blog post I will talk about the use of instance variables. To understand what an instance variable is, and how to use it we’ll have a look at an example.
Let's say we have a class Car.
Also, we have a method that returns the color of the car. This color will be returned as a so called instance variable.
The @ indicates the instance variable here.
See what happens, if we are calling the what_color method in order to get the color of the car.
First, we create an instance car of the Car class. Second, we call the what_color method. But it returns nil! Of course it does, because we never defined what color the car instance should have.
Let’s try to give the car a color. How about:
?
Aha, we can read the color („nil“ in this case), but that doesn't mean we can assign a new color to the car.
For this, we need a „writer“-method in addition to our „reader“-method (what_color):
Awesome. Now we can write and read instance variable @color using reader (here what_color) and writer (here give_color) methods.
This is done so frequently, why waste time writing these methods every time? We can do it easier.
This does exactly the same as the class above. It turns out that Ruby already has predefined reader and writer methods called attr_reader and attr_writer, that we can use instead of what color and give_color. Internally they do the same as we did some lines above: They create one reader method that returns @color and a writer method that assigns a string („Black“ if we want to) to the @color instance variable, except that we can’t see this. It could be any other type of object instead of „String“, of course.
If you know that you need read and write access to to instance variable (like in our example), you can cut corners even more:
This combines both the attr_reader and the attr_writer methods. If you make use of these three attr_x methods, you have access to the instance variable in any other method, like this:
It’s important to understand this concept thoroughly, because it’s possible to generate a lot of errors if you give access to instance variables from outside, although they were meant to only function inside of its class. That way, someone who uses your code could accidentally overwrite variables.
Using attr_reader/writer/accessor properly prevents you from making those mistakes.
Let's say we have a class Car.
- class Car
- end
Also, we have a method that returns the color of the car. This color will be returned as a so called instance variable.
- class Car
- def what_color
- @color # simply returning an instance variable.
- end
- end
The @ indicates the instance variable here.
See what happens, if we are calling the what_color method in order to get the color of the car.
- car = Car.new
- car.what_color # => nil
First, we create an instance car of the Car class. Second, we call the what_color method. But it returns nil! Of course it does, because we never defined what color the car instance should have.
Let’s try to give the car a color. How about:
- car.color = "Black" # => no method error
Aha, we can read the color („nil“ in this case), but that doesn't mean we can assign a new color to the car.
For this, we need a „writer“-method in addition to our „reader“-method (what_color):
- class Car
- def what_color
- @color
- end
- def give_color=(str)
- @color = str
- end
- end
- car = Car.new
- car.give_color = „Black"
- car.what_color # => „Black"
Awesome. Now we can write and read instance variable @color using reader (here what_color) and writer (here give_color) methods.
This is done so frequently, why waste time writing these methods every time? We can do it easier.
- class Car
- attr_reader :color
- attr_writer :color
- end
This does exactly the same as the class above. It turns out that Ruby already has predefined reader and writer methods called attr_reader and attr_writer, that we can use instead of what color and give_color. Internally they do the same as we did some lines above: They create one reader method that returns @color and a writer method that assigns a string („Black“ if we want to) to the @color instance variable, except that we can’t see this. It could be any other type of object instead of „String“, of course.
If you know that you need read and write access to to instance variable (like in our example), you can cut corners even more:
- class Car
- attr_accessor :color
- end
This combines both the attr_reader and the attr_writer methods. If you make use of these three attr_x methods, you have access to the instance variable in any other method, like this:
- class Car
- attr_accessor :color
- def say_something
- „You wanna know my color? Ok, it’s #{@color}!“
- end
- end
- car = Car.new
- car.color = "Black"
- car.say_something # => "You wanna know my color? Ok, it’s Black!“
It’s important to understand this concept thoroughly, because it’s possible to generate a lot of errors if you give access to instance variables from outside, although they were meant to only function inside of its class. That way, someone who uses your code could accidentally overwrite variables.
Using attr_reader/writer/accessor properly prevents you from making those mistakes.