Milan, Italy
I have visited Milan for work multiple times and was always wondering how I would make this post. Milan is a pretty cool place and theres a whole lot of venturing to be done because it is a pretty big city. I mostly stayed around the Centre but it was still quite vast. Visiting another time near Christmas time was cool, specifically Duomo. I had fun visiting the Da Vinci museum as well. I guess I am bias as I do not like cheese that much so I was never really super fond of the pasta but I definitely ate my fill and had my tuscan and napoli pizzas too.
Soundtrack
Checked out the mueseums in Duomo
19th century design for a high luxury mall near Duomo
While eating breakfast and drinking a coffee, I struck up a conversation with a nice man that suggested I visit Santa Maria presso San Santiro which was in the heart of Milan, near the shopping center. Obviously the city transformed and introduced shops but this church remained. It was quite beautiful as the nice man had told me and it was worth it to just see it and bathe in it's presence.
Not too far away from his mueseum, where you can see all his engineering and inventions.
It's not too far of a walk back to the Hotel and Duomo. Along the way I get to see Sforenzo Castle (more on that later).
Not too far from the hotel, you can see Arco della Pace
You can even dine outside and are within view of it. Of course you will get upcharged for the view but its well worth it. My dining experiences with these resturaunts were pretty amazing. Was never a fan of balsamic vinegar and bread but am now.
As I was strolling through my walk back to the hotel, this was actually the time right after my day trip to Lake Como, I saw some familiar font-face of one of my beloved TV series at Sforenzo Castle. This was probably the apex of the show before it all went downhill and went further than the books.
It was super packed filled with fans, they had a viewing of season 6 (or 5?) at 2am at the castle. I got some pretty neat gifts and a tote bag. They gave out random wristbands from each house and I got Targaryen. It's funny that they put more effort into this than the show's Dorne storyline
One of the coolest architecture feats was the Bosco Verticale. Which means Vertical Forest, hosts 900 trees, 5,000 shrubs and 11,000 floral plants, which helps mitigate smog and produce oxygen.
2 seperate occasions went to AW Lab and was able to pick up the last Ultraboost 3 triple black and red inikis. I was very happy with these finds here. You can find this place at Via Dell'Unione
I returned to Milan in 2018 right before Christmas and it was pretty spectacular. Duomo and it's surrounded shops were all decorated in luxuious fashion. It was quite a sight! Short video link here Here as pictures really don't do it justice.
Fun tidbit that in Italy, they love Super Robot Taisen and Mechs. They even have Italian translated manga too
Milan is multi-cultural as well, you will see and meet a few Japanese and Chinese people that now live in Milan.
Met up with a work partner at lunch, I asked him to take me to his favorite resturaunt and he took me to Trattoria Caprese. He claimed it had the best Napolonese food; which I probably had to agree. The pizza and pasta was great. Cute decor too.
I really really liked this hotel, very close to the Centre, a walk to Arco della Pace with fine dining nearby and a block away from nightlife. People seem to gather there at night. The hotel is far enough that it is quiet too! The staff was awesome and were super nice to me, especially when I had to bring 2 huge Pelican cases there and were always happy to see me. I highly recommend this spot for the cleanliness of the room, location and staff. Hotel Lancaster
Alternatively if you want something closer to Grand Centrale station and more in deep within the city, Star Ritz Hotel is great and has a pretty awesome reliable chain of hotels across Italy.
I airbnb'd the first time I was here and it was too far away from everything. Really do not recommend airbnb'ing here because of the language barrier and locations aren't as great. All the hotels I stayed at had a great breakfast buffet with tons of Nutella


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Celebrity jeopardy
问题描述 :
Here, as in Celebrity Jepoardy, questions and answers are a bit confused, and, because the participants are elebrities, there’s a real need to make the challenges simple. Your program needs to prepare a question to be solved — an equation to be solved — given the answer. Specifically, you have to write a program which finds the simplest possible equation to be solved given the answer, considering all possible equations using the standard mathematical symbols in the usual manner. In this context, simplest can be defined unambiguously several different ways leading to the same path of resolution. For now, find the equation whose transformation into the desired answer requires the least effort.
For example, given the answer X = 2, you might create the equation 9 – X = 7. Alternately, you could build the system X > 0; X^2 = 4. These may not be the simplest possible equations. Solving these mind-scratchers might be hard for a celebrity.
输入:
输出:
样例输入:
Y = 3 X=9
样例输出:
Y = 3 X=9
解题代码:
import java.util.*; public class Main { public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner cin = new Scanner(System.in); while(cin.hasNext()) { System.out.println(cin.nextLine()); } } }
。。。
分析的很专业！
第二个是python代码啊。。
这个后缀数组不是常用的那个.
太好了，收藏
想问下computeLSPArray那里，if(len!=0) len=lps[len-1]是什么意思
DFS方法的原理还是不太清楚啊
很好的思路，可以借鉴
厉害，支持
补充：此算法求出的不一定是最优解，之前理解错了
welcome!
这是什么编译器啊，不通过
受益匪浅！！


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Whilst all Ensembl Genomes database can be accessed using the standard Ensembl API, the way that up to 250 genomes are loaded into a single database presents some barriers to easy access for Ensembl Bacteria. To overcome this, a metadata API is provided to make accessing the data easier.
The Bio::EnsEMBL::LookUp object provides an interface for loading the EnsEMBL Registry with the large numbers of genomes from multiple databases, and allows individual DBAdaptor objects to be retrieved for genomes that match criteria including ENA accession (or other seq_region name), Genome Assembly accession, species name and taxonomy ID.
Once Bio::EnsEMBL::DBAdaptor objects have been returned, they can be used as for any Ensembl species. Alternatively, the now-loaded Bio::EnsEMBL::Registry object can be accessed directly.
First, the standard Ensembl API and its dependencies should be installed. This should be the same version of Ensembl that is used by Ensembl Bacteria.
Secondly, the ensembl-metadata API should be installed from the GitHub repository. You will need to add the modules directory from this package to your PERL5LIB. You may also need to install the CPAN package JSON - please consult your local systems adminstration if you are unsure about how to do this.
The default mode for using the API is to use a specialised lookup database on the public MySQL server.
use strict; use warnings; use Bio::EnsEMBL::LookUp; my $lookup = Bio::EnsEMBL::LookUp->new();
Once instantiated, the helper can be queried to retrieve Ensembl DBAdaptors in various ways:
use strict; use warnings; use Bio::EnsEMBL::LookUp; my $lookup = Bio::EnsEMBL::LookUp->new(); my $dba = $lookup->get_by_name_exact('escherichia_coli_str_k_12_substr_mg1655'); my @dbas = @{$lookup->get_all_by_name_pattern('escherichia_coli_.*')};
To get all genomes an organism identified by a given taxonomic node, supply the NCBI taxonomy ID to get_all_by_taxon_id(). For instance, for Streptococcus sanguinis (strain SK36):
use strict; use warnings; use Bio::EnsEMBL::LookUp; my $lookup = Bio::EnsEMBL::LookUp->new(); my @dbas = @{$lookup->get_all_by_taxon_id(388919)};
To get all genomes belonging to a branch of the taxonomy, supply the NCBI taxonomy ID of the root node for that branch to get_all_by_taxon_branch(). For instance, to find all genomes from the genus Escherichia:
use strict; use warnings; use Bio::EnsEMBL::LookUp; my $lookup = Bio::EnsEMBL::LookUp->new(); my @dbas = @{$lookup->get_all_by_taxon_branch(561)};
use strict; use warnings; use Bio::EnsEMBL::LookUp; my $lookup = Bio::EnsEMBL::LookUp->new(); my ($dba) = $lookup->get_all_by_accession("U00096");
use strict; use warnings; use Bio::EnsEMBL::LookUp; my $lookup = Bio::EnsEMBL::LookUp->new(); my $dba = $lookup->get_by_assembly_accession("GCA_000005845.1");
Once obtained, DBAdaptor objects can be used as normal for an Ensembl species e.g.
my $genes = $dba->get_GeneAdaptor()->fetch_all(); print "Found ".scalar @$genes." genes for ".$dba->species()."\n";
Important: Once finished with a DBAdaptor object for the time being, it should be disconnected to avoid running out of connections on the MySQL server being used with following method:
$dba->dbc()->disconnect_if_idle();
Disconnected DBAdaptor objects can be used again without manually reconnecting.
The registry helper can be instantiated and used in a variety of ways. For instantiation from a local database set, the following code can be used (subsitute your own details):
register_dbs( "mysql.mydomain.com", 3306, "myuser", "mypass", "bacteria_[0-9]+_collection_core_17_70_1" ); my $lookup = Bio::EnsEMBL::LookUp::LocalLookUp->new(-CLEAR_CACHE => 1); # use as required
The ensembl-metadata API can be used in conjunction with the Compara Perl API to access gene family data for Ensembl Bacteria. To find which families a gene belongs to:
use strict; use warnings; use Bio::EnsEMBL::LookUp; use Bio::EnsEMBL::Compara::DBSQL::DBAdaptor; print "Building helper\n"; my $helper = Bio::EnsEMBL::LookUp->new(); my $nom = 'escherichia_coli_str_k_12_substr_mg1655'; print "Getting DBA for $nom\n"; my ($dba) = @{$helper->get_by_name_exact($nom)}; my $gene = $dba->get_GeneAdaptor()->fetch_by_stable_id('b0344'); print "Found gene " . $gene->external_name() . "\n"; # load compara adaptor my $compara_dba = Bio::EnsEMBL::Compara::DBSQL::DBAdaptor->new(-HOST => 'mysql-eg-publicsql.ebi.ac.uk', -USER => 'anonymous', -PORT => '4157', -DBNAME => 'ensembl_compara_bacteria_24_77'); # find the corresponding member my $member = $compara_dba->get_GeneMemberAdaptor()->fetch_by_source_stable_id('ENSEMBLGENE',$gene->stable_id()); # find families involving this member for my $family (@{$compara_dba->get_FamilyAdaptor()->fetch_all_by_Member($member)}) { print "Family ".$family->stable_id()."\n"; }
To retrieve the genes belonging to a given family:
use strict; use warnings; use Bio::EnsEMBL::LookUp; use Bio::EnsEMBL::Compara::DBSQL::DBAdaptor; print "Building helper\n"; my $helper = Bio::EnsEMBL::LookUp->new(); # load compara adaptor my $compara_dba = Bio::EnsEMBL::Compara::DBSQL::DBAdaptor->new(-HOST => 'mysql-eg-publicsql.ebi.ac.uk', -USER => 'anonymous', -PORT => '4157', -DBNAME => 'ensembl_compara_bacteria_24_77'); # find the corresponding member my $family = $compara_dba->get_FamilyAdaptor()->fetch_by_stable_id('MF_00395'); print "Family " . $family->stable_id() . "\n"; for my $member (@{$family->get_all_Members()}) { my $genome_db = $member->genome_db(); print $genome_db->name(); my ($member_dba) = @{$helper->get_by_name_exact($genome_db->name())}; if (defined $member_dba) { my $gene = $member_dba->get_GeneAdaptor()->fetch_by_stable_id($member->gene_member()->stable_id()); print $member_dba->species() . " " . $gene->external_name . "\n"; $member_dba->dbc()->disconnect_if_idle(); } }
To retrieve the genes belonging to a given family (in this case the HAMAP family for the cytochrome b6-f complex subunit 8), filtering to a specific branch of the taxonomy (in this case from the species Prochlorococcus marinus):
-use strict; use warnings; use Bio::EnsEMBL::LookUp; use Bio::EnsEMBL::Compara::DBSQL::DBAdaptor; print "Building helper\n"; my $helper = Bio::EnsEMBL::LookUp->new(); # find all genomes that descendants of a specified node to use as a filter my $taxid = 1219; # Prochlorococcus marinus print "Finding genomes for " . $taxid . "\n"; my %target_species = map { $_->species() => $_ } @{$helper->get_all_by_taxon_branch($taxid)}; # load compara adaptor my $compara_dba = Bio::EnsEMBL::Compara::DBSQL::DBAdaptor->new(-HOST => 'mysql-eg-publicsql.ebi.ac.uk', -USER => 'anonymous', -PORT => '4157', -DBNAME => 'ensembl_compara_bacteria_24_77'); # find the corresponding member my $family = $compara_dba->get_FamilyAdaptor()->fetch_by_stable_id('MF_00395'); print "Family " . $family->stable_id() . "\n"; for my $member (@{$family->get_all_Members()}) { my $genome_db = $member->genome_db(); # filter by taxon from the calculated list my $member_dba = $target_species{$genome_db->name()}; if (defined $member_dba) { my $gene = $member_dba->get_GeneAdaptor()->fetch_by_stable_id($member->gene_member()->stable_id()); print $member_dba->species() . " " . $gene->external_name . "\n"; $member_dba->dbc()->disconnect_if_idle(); } }
To retrieve the canonical peptides from genes belonging to a given family:
use strict; use warnings; use Bio::EnsEMBL::LookUp; use Bio::EnsEMBL::Compara::DBSQL::DBAdaptor; use Bio::SeqIO; print "Building helper\n"; my $helper = Bio::EnsEMBL::LookUp->new(); # load compara adaptor my $compara_dba = Bio::EnsEMBL::Compara::DBSQL::DBAdaptor->new(-HOST => 'mysql-eg-publicsql.ebi.ac.uk', -USER => 'anonymous', -PORT => '4157', -DBNAME => 'ensembl_compara_bacteria_24_77'); # find the corresponding member my $family = $compara_dba->get_FamilyAdaptor()->fetch_by_stable_id('MF_00395'); # create a file to write to my $outfile = ">" . $family->stable_id . ".fa"; my $seq_out = Bio::SeqIO->new(-file => $outfile, -format => "fasta",); print "Writing family " . $family->stable_id() . " to $outfile\n"; # loop over members for my $member (@{$family->get_all_Members()}) { my $genome_db = $member->genome_db(); my ($member_dba) = @{$helper->get_by_name_exact($genome_db->name())}; if (defined $member_dba) { my $gene = $member_dba->get_GeneAdaptor()->fetch_by_stable_id($member->gene_member()->stable_id()); print "Writing sequence for " . $member->stable_id() . "\n"; my $s = $gene->canonical_transcript()->translate(); $seq_out->write_seq($s); $member_dba->dbc()->disconnect_if_idle(); } }


Section 02
blah blah...
blah blah... 2nd parameter is ... and third is ...
$PDOgrid->joinTable("user_meta", "users.user_id = user_meta.user_id", "LEFT JOIN"); echo $PDOgrid->dbTable("users")->render();
Note that BETTER NOT USE join operations because :
- eg PDOgrid left join currently doesn’t support alias
- only two table left join operation is available in this version
- delete deletes data from both the tables.


Construction waste is a solid waste produced in the process of building, reconstructing, expanding or demolishing a building. With the accelerated process of urbanization, construction waste has attracted more and more attention from the government as an environmental problem. If construction waste is not properly handled, it will bring a lot of bad effects. The random stowage of construction waste will cause potential safety hazards and will affect urban traffic. Construction waste will seriously pollute water resources and affect air quality. Besides, it will occupy land and reduce soil quality.
CONVERSION OF WEAPONS
K Series Mobile Station
Because of the complex terrain, miscellaneous materials and narrow operating environment, it brings great difficulties to construction. K series mobile crushing plant includes tracked crusher, four in one mobile crusher, three in one mobile crusher, Mobile VSI Crusher, mobile VSI crusher & washer, mobile impact crusher and so on. They can complete a variety of needs, such as coarse crushing, medium crushing, fine crushing, ultra-fine crushing and sieving. Its various models can be combined freely and be configured flexibly according to your needs. What’s more, the significant advantage of fast transfer can effectively eliminate the restrictions on the construction of the geographical environment.
Through the upgrading of the material, the equipment has higher strength, and it can be applied to the harsh environment of low temperature and vibration load.
The hydraulic device can carry out the lifting, transportation, folding and other ductile movements, which is intelligent and flexible.
Various models can be used in the same machine body and the main machines can exchange each other. The more comprehensive function make its application wider.
It is humanized and safe because of the new maintenance hangers, hoisting hooks and operating platforms.
Transformation of Construction Waste
Scrap metal can be reprocessed into various specifications of steel
The coarse aggregate obtained by crushing the waste concrete blocks can be used directly as gravel for foundation reinforcement, cushion for road,runway and indoor floor. Fine aggregate is used for masonry mortar and plastering mortar.
Muck can be made of slag brick, also can be directly used for greening, landscaping and backfilling cultivated soil
Waste cement, brick and so on can be made into hollow bricks, solid bricks, square bricks and other environmentally friendly bricks.
Enterprise Strength
Production
Production
We possess of two production base that covers an area of over 140000 square meters, three heavy modern production workshop that covers an area of 50000 square meters, has the domestic advanced large vertical lathe, planer, grinder, fixed lathe, milling machine and other equipment nearly 100 Taiwan, powerful production capacity can meet the needs of customers worldwide.
Brand
Brand
As one of the crushing screening equipment, industrial milling equipment, mineral processing equipment production bases in China, Kefid has exported a large number of high-end mobile crushing stations and milling equipment to more than 100 countries and regions, and has solved thousands of mineral processing projects for customers. The brand has gained recognition and trust from customers all over the world.
Technology
Technology
We are committed to exchanges and cooperation with international advanced technology, and actively introduce advanced technology from Germany, Sweden and Finland. We continue to increase investment in scientific research and adhere to innovation, so that we can provide higher quality products, and more advanced technical support for you.
Service
Service
We have a worldwide network of services, and you can get our fast feedback and service no matter where you are. Experienced engineers will provide you with equipment selection, installation, commissioning, repair, maintenance and other services. Besides ,we will provide systematic theory and practice training to ensure efficient production for you.


Disney finally casts Prince Eric in 'The Little Mermaid' – and he's a dreamboat
Cape Town – Disney has finally found its Prince Eric for The Little Mermaid live-action movie.
This comes after former One Direction singer Harry Styles turned down the role in August.
English actor Jonah Hauer-King will star alongside Halle Bailey as Ariel in the upcoming film based on the 1989 classic.
Other cast members include Melissa McCarthy as Ursula, Javier Bardem as King Triton, Daveed Diggs as Sebastian, Awkwafina as Scuttle and Jacob Tremblay as Flounder.
According to Variety the 24-year-old had two screen tests with director Rob Marshall in London.
The remake is expected to be released in 2020 and will feature music from the original film as well as new music from Lin-Manuel Miranda and Alan Menken.
According to Entertainment Weekly Jonah started off in theatre appearing alongside Kenneth Branagh in The Entertainer.
His acting credits include the movie A Dogs Way Home and the television series Little Women. He is set to star alongside Naomi Watts and Bobby Cannavale in the movie Once Upon a Time in Staten Island.
And if you're wondering if he can sing Jonah showed of his vocal abilities with a rendition of Hallelujah by Leonard Cohen.
WATCH IT HERE:
Compiled by Leandra Engelbrecht (Sources: Variety , Entertainment Weekly , Channel24).


Go to the source code of this file.
Defines | |
| #define | LZB_ALIGNMENT 1 |
| #define | LZB_BLOCK_SIZE 256 |
| #define | LZB_MACHINE_WORD_SIZE sizeof( compress_type_t ) |
| #define | LZB_WORDS_PER_BLOCK (LZB_BLOCK_SIZE / sizeof( compress_type_t )) |
| #define | LZB_HASH_WINDOW_SIZE 8 |
| #define | LZB_WORK_SPACE_SIZE (WORDS_PER_BLOCK * HASH_WINDOW_SIZE) |
Typedefs | |
| typedef signed char | compress_type_t |
Functions | |
| void | Compress (void *dst, unsigned int &dstSize, const void *src, unsigned int srcSize, void *workspace) |
| void | Decompress (void *dst, unsigned int &dstSize, const void *src, unsigned int srcSize) |
| #define LZB_ALIGNMENT 1 |
Definition at line 4 of file Compress.h.
| #define LZB_BLOCK_SIZE 256 |
Definition at line 8 of file Compress.h.
| #define LZB_HASH_WINDOW_SIZE 8 |
Definition at line 11 of file Compress.h.
| #define LZB_MACHINE_WORD_SIZE sizeof( compress_type_t ) |
Definition at line 9 of file Compress.h.
| #define LZB_WORDS_PER_BLOCK (LZB_BLOCK_SIZE / sizeof( compress_type_t )) |
Definition at line 10 of file Compress.h.
| #define LZB_WORK_SPACE_SIZE (WORDS_PER_BLOCK * HASH_WINDOW_SIZE) |
Definition at line 12 of file Compress.h.
| typedef signed char compress_type_t |
Definition at line 6 of file Compress.h.
| void Compress | ( | void * | dst, | |
| unsigned int & | dstSize, | |||
| const void * | src, | |||
| unsigned int | srcSize, | |||
| void * | workspace | |||
| ) |
Definition at line 10 of file Compress.cpp.
| void Decompress | ( | void * | dst, | |
| unsigned int & | dstSize, | |||
| const void * | src, | |||
| unsigned int | srcSize | |||
| ) |
Definition at line 92 of file Compress.cpp.


Soul Survivors
Soul Survivors is a movie starring Melissa Sagemiller, Wes Bentley, and Casey Affleck. A co-ed is caught between the world of the living and the dead.


Simple-Date
Table of Contents
- Date type
- class date
- function encode-date (year month day)
- function decode-date (date)
- function day-of-week (date)
- Timestamp type
- function encode-timestamp (year month day &optional (hour 0) (minute 0) (second 0) (millisecond 0))
- function decode-timestamp (timestamp)
- function timestamp-to-universal-time (timestamp)
- function universal-time-to-timestamp (universal-time)
- Interval type
- function encode-interval (&key (year 0) (month 0) (week 0) (day 0) (hour 0) (minute 0) (second 0) (millisecond 0))
- function decode-interval (interval)
- Operations
Simple-date provides types (CLOS classes) for dates, timestamps, and intervals similar to the ones SQL databases use, in order to be able to store and read these to and from a database in a straighforward way. A few obvious operations are defined on these types.
The most glaring defect of this library is its ignorance of time zones. It pretends the whole world lives in UTC. Use with care.
To use this library with cl-postgres or postmodern, load simple-date-cl-postgres-glue to register suitable SQL readers and writers for the associated database types.
To get back to the default cl-postgres reader:
(setf cl-postgres:*sql-readtable* (cl-postgres:copy-sql-readtable cl-postgres::*default-sql-readtable*))
To use the simple-date reader when cl-postgres is using the default:
(setf cl-postgres:*sql-readtable* (cl-postgres:copy-sql-readtable simple-date-cl-postgres-glue:*simple-date-sql-readtable*))
As a reminder for those who want to use local-time, to enable the local-time reader:
(local-time:set-local-time-cl-postgres-readers)
Date type
class date
Represents a date, with no time-of-day information.
function encode-date (year month day)
→ date
Creates a date object.
function decode-date (date)
→ (values year month day)
Extract the elements from a date object.
function day-of-week (date)
→ integer
Determine the day of the week that the given date falls on. Value ranges from 0 to 6, with 0 being Sunday and 6 being Saturday.
Timestamp type
class timestamp
Represents an absolute timestamp, with a millisecond precision.
function encode-timestamp (year month day &optional (hour 0) (minute 0) (second 0) (millisecond 0))
→ timestamp
Create a timestamp. No negative values or values outside of an arguments normal range (i.e. 60 for minutes, 1000 for milliseconds) should be passed.
function decode-timestamp (timestamp)
→ (values year month day hour minute second millisecond)
Decode a timestamp into its components.
function timestamp-to-universal-time (timestamp)
→ universal-time
Convert a timestamp to the corresponding universal-time, rounding to seconds. Note that this will treat the timestamp as if it were in UTC.
function universal-time-to-timestamp (universal-time)
→ timestamp
Create a timestamp from a universal time. Again, the resulting timestamp should be treated as if it were in UTC.
Interval type
class interval
An interval represents a period of time. It contains both an absolute part in milliseconds (days, weeks, minutes, etc are always the same length), and a relative part for months and years ― the amount of time that a month or year represents is not always the same.
function encode-interval (&key (year 0) (month 0) (week 0) (day 0) (hour 0) (minute 0) (second 0) (millisecond 0))
→ interval
Create an interval. Arguments may be negative and of any size.
function decode-interval (interval)
→ (values year month day hour minute second millisecond)
Decompose an interval into parts. Note that these may be different from the parameters that created it ― an interval of 3600 seconds is the same as one of 1 hour.
Operations
To prevent a proliferation of different function names, generic functions are used for operations on time values. The semantics of these differ for the type of the operands.
method time-add (a b)
→ value
Adds two time-related objects. Adding an interval to a date or timestamp will return a new date or timestamp, increased by the value of the interval. Adding two intervals returns a new interval with the sum of the two arguments. Integers can be used in place of intervals, and will be interpreted as an amount of milliseconds.
method time-subtract (a b)
→ value
Subtracts time-related objects from each other. Subtracting two dates or timestamps results in an interval that represents the difference between them. Similarly, subtracting two intervals also gives their difference.
method time= (a b)
→ boolean
Compare two time-related values, returns a boolean indicating whether they denote the same time or period.
method time< (a b)
→ boolean
Compare two time-related values, returns a boolean indicating whether the first is less than the second.
method time> (a b)
→ boolean
Compare two time-related values, returns a boolean indicating whether the first is greater than the second.
function time<= (a b)
→ boolean
The inverse of time>.
function time>= (a b)
→ boolean
The inverse of time<.


{% extends "TCWiki/page.html" %} {%block body%} The page {{title}} doesn't exist. If you have permission to do so, then you may create it. {%endblock%}


Dear Sir/madam My name is Mrs. Joy Ibe I, am about to retire from my work before the end of next year. I write to inform you of my intention to invest in Hotel business in your country and to request you to assists me carrying out feasibility studies on location, type and estimation on how much it will cost to establish a "Three Star Hotel", either by outright purchase of an already existing but dilapidated one and renovate or setting up a new one entirely. If you sincerely carry out this survey, and give me a feedback as soon as possible,I will give you the power of attorney to build & manage the hotel on my behalf pending my retirement next year. I am presently down with sickness as a result of my old age and stress but I have been assured by my doctor that I will be fine and back to work soon. Please do let me know wether you are willing and capable of handling all these. I will be expecting your reply as soon as possible. Thanks My alternative email addresses:-<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Yours sincerely, Mrs Joy Ibe.


Adding last-minute features, whether in response to competitive pressure, as a developer’s pet feature, or on the whim of management, causes more bugs in software than almost anything else. --John Robbins [ source]


Show the world what an awesome guide you are by building a profile that will amaze both Tourists and Companies!
Get in touch with other guides, take part in exiting events, share knowledge, exchange industry secrets and make friends
From lone travelers to groups of tourists and Companies, everyone needs a great guide. So why not show them what you can do?
Turn each moment into an opportunity. By writing your contact details on your profile, jobs will start contacting you!

Right now we're preparing for the great launch and a part of the team is working on integrating even more cool features in the first release.
We want everything to be perfect and to best suit your necesities, so if you have any idea or suggestion you want to share with us, please contact us on our Facebook page.


--- title: Metrics keywords: fastai sidebar: home_sidebar summary: "Metrics, evaluations, and results for all models" description: "Metrics, evaluations, and results for all models" nb_path: "04_metrics.ipynb" ---
from ought.starter import *
from ought.lstm import *
from ought.bart import *
from ought.gpt import *
import numpy as np
from tqdm import tqdm
One of the first orders of buisness is setting up a clear objective to optimize. Here, the goal is to get as high an accuracy as possible on text classification on the test set, so the metric is accuracy.
metrics = Metrics('data/dev.jsonl', 10)
The dataset is imbalanced heavily, but since the Metrics
class uses a uniform sampler to get the samples for checking accuracy, a function that always predicts a constant label should have 50% aaaccuracy.
metrics.accuracy(lambda c: 'Not AI')
Perfect! Now we can test all our models. Please refer to the other pages/files for more details on what each model is/does.
We'll now check the accuracy of each model individually. Note that this section may require a few restarts to clear GPU memory, as we are loading all models together.
%%time
%%capture
model = GPTLMClassifier(samples=2)
acc = metrics.accuracy(model.predict)
acc
%%time
%%capture
model = GPTMatmulClassifier(samples=6)
acc = metrics.accuracy(model.predict)
acc
%%time
%%capture
model = GPTSimilarityClassifier(samples=6)
acc = metrics.accuracy(model.predict)
acc
%%time
%%capture
model = LSTMClassifier(samples=500)
acc = metrics.accuracy(model.predict)
acc
%%time
%%capture
model = BARTClassifier(samples=5)
acc = metrics.accuracy(model.predict)
acc
Finally, we can put it all together and ensemble across all models. This should give the most accurate predictions.
Unfortunately, there is not enough VRAM on this machine to run all models together. But running the following cells on a machine with sufficient memory will display the timings and results.
%%time
%%capture
model = EnsembleClassifier()
%%time
%%capture
acc = metrics.accuracy(model.predict)
acc
None of the above models seem to be doign particularly great, but GPTSimilarityClassifier
and GPTMatmulClassifier
seems to have a slight edge. Additionally, some prompt engineering could be applied to the GPT-2 and BART models, but this a substantial improvement seems unlikely.


Reports multiplication of an integer value by a constant power of 2. These
expressions may be replaced by right or left shift operations, for a possible performance improvement.
Use the checkbox below to enable the inspection for divisions by a power of two. Note that replacing
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Keyboard
A piano-style keyboard that is a collection of buttons. Keyboard is a type of Widget and inherits its methods and properties.
Example:
fm = FM( 'brass' )
keys = Keyboard({ startoctave:4, endoctave:5 })
keys.target = fm
Properties
See the Widget prototype for many other relevant properties.
- target : Ugen. When assigned, the keyboard will send noteon / off messages to its target ugen.
- startoctave : Int, constructor property only. Determines the starting octave of the keyboard's range. TODO: make dynamic.
- endoctave : Int, constructor property only. Determines the ending octave of the keyboard's range. TODO: make dynamic.
Methods
See the Widget prototype for relevant methods.


|
Ext.NET Mobile
4.1.0
.NET Component Framework for Enterprise Level Apps
|
Public Member Functions | |
| Builder (TGaugeSeries component) | |
| virtual TBuilder | Donut (int? donut) |
| virtual TBuilder | AngleField (string angleField) |
| The store record field name to be used for the gauge value. The values bound to this field name must be positive real numbers. More... | |
| virtual TBuilder | Maximum (int? maximum) |
| virtual TBuilder | Minimum (int? minimum) |
| virtual TBuilder | Needle (bool needle) |
| virtual TBuilder | NeedleLength (int? needleLength) |
| virtual TBuilder | NeedleWidth (int? needleWidth) |
| virtual TBuilder | Sectors (int[] sectors) |
| virtual TBuilder | SectorsConfig (Action< GaugeSectorCollection > action) |
| virtual TBuilder | ShowInLegend (bool showInLegend) |
| virtual TBuilder | TotalAngle (double? totalAngle) |
| virtual TBuilder | TotalAngleDegrees (int? totalAngleDegrees) |
| virtual TBuilder | Value (int? value) |
| virtual TBuilder | WholeDisk (bool wholeDisk) |
| virtual TBuilder | SetValue (object value) |
| Builder () | |
| Builder (GaugeSeries component) | |
| Builder (GaugeSeries.Config config) | |
Static Public Member Functions | |
| static implicit | operator Builder (GaugeSeries component) |
| TGaugeSeries | : | GaugeSeries | |
| TBuilder | : | Builder | |
| TBuilder | : | TGaugeSeries | |
| TBuilder | : | TBuilder |
|
inline |
|
inline |
|
inline |
|
inline |
|
inlinevirtual |
The store record field name to be used for the gauge value. The values bound to this field name must be positive real numbers.
|
inlinevirtual |
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inlinevirtual |
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inlinevirtual |
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inlinevirtual |
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inlinestatic |
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inlinevirtual |
|
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| action | The action delegate |
|
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This page shows the data we have about the currently logged in user. In most cases the data is directly from the database, in some cases some additional data is added to clarify what various IDs mean, for eaxmple for poll votes, the question and option are also included, for theme votes the selected option is translated from the internal representation of 1, 2 and 3 to -1, 0 and +1 respectively.
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ESLint is a tool that allows us to maintain code quality and enforce code conventions. ESLint is a static code evaluator. Basically, it means that ESLint will not actually execute the code but will instead read through the source code to see if all the preconfigured code conventions are followed by the developers.
ESLint allows us to maintain consistent code style throughout the project. Thus, any developer on the team can easily understand the code written by another developer. This can exponentially increase the team's velocity and avoid dependencies. It can reduce human errors and can act as a guardian that maintains code conventions.
Apart from code conventions, ESLint also spots common mistakes made by developers. For example,
var a = 1, b = 2, c = 3, e = 4;
var test = function() {
console.log(a, b, c, d, e);
};
The above code will compile fine. But as soon as you execute it, it will throw a runtime exception ReferenceError
test()
VM206:4 Uncaught ReferenceError: d is not defined
at test (<anonymous>:4:22)
at <anonymous>:1:1
test @ VM206:4
(anonymous) @ VM222:1
These mistakes can be easily detected by ESLint.
It is pretty easy to setup ESLint for a project.
yarn add --dev eslint babel-eslint eslint eslint-plugin-react eslint-plugin-react-native
This would install ESLint and other useful plugins as your dev dependencies.
After this, add an npm script
in your package.json
as given below.
Your package.json
should now have
{
"name": "testapp",
"version": "0.0.1",
"scripts": {
"start": "node node_modules/react-native/local-cli/cli.js start",
....
....
....
"lint": "eslint app/",
"lint:fix": "eslint app/ --fix"
},
"dependencies": {
....
....
You can simply run
npm run lint
or
npm run lint:fix
npm run lint
will run the ESLint and show a list of errors that need to be fixed. npm run lint:fix
will run ESLint and attempt to correct the errors it is able to fix automatically.
Most modern editors have support for ESLint via plugins. The benefit of a text editor ESLint plugin is that these plugins suggest corrections while we write code, thus saving a lot of time for developers.
An editor configured with ESLint would look something like this.
Some of these plugins also support features like lint on save. Thus, ESLint attempts to run eslint --fix <current_file>
the moment you save (cmd+s)
a file. This fixes all auto-fixable lint errors such as incorrect indentation spaces, adding semicolons at the end of a line, etc.
We strongly recommend enabling this feature.
.eslintrc
fileESLint rules can be configured via a configuration file .eslintrc
which should be placed in the root directory of the project.
A sample .eslintrc
file looks like this:
# "off" or 0 - turn the rule off
# "warn" or 1 - turn the rule on as a warning(doesn’ t affect exit code)
# "error" or 2 - turn the rule on as an error(exit code is 1 when triggered)
{
"parser": "babel-eslint",
"env": {
"browser": true
},
"plugins": [
"react",
"react-native"
],
"ecmaFeatures": {
"jsx": true
},
"extends": ["eslint:recommended", "plugin:react/recommended"],
"rules": {
"react/no-did-mount-set-state": 2,
"react/no-direct-mutation-state": 2,
"react/jsx-uses-vars": 2,
"no-undef": 2,
"semi": 2,
"react/prop-types": 2,
"react/jsx-no-bind": 2,
"react/jsx-no-duplicate-props": 2,
....
....
....
},
"globals": {
"GLOBAL": false,
"it": false,
"expect": false,
"describe": false,
....
....
....
}
}
The important area in the above configuration is the rules section. This section controls all the code conventions followed in the project.
The complete list of all the available rules is present here: http://eslint.org/docs/rules/
It can be pretty overwhelming at first to decide which rules should go in. Hence we can start with
"extends": ["eslint:recommended", "plugin:react/recommended"]
These should cover all the basic rules needed to start your project.
But we recommend adding these as well
"rules": {
"react/no-did-mount-set-state": 2,
"react/no-direct-mutation-state": 2,
"react/jsx-uses-vars": 2,
"no-undef": 2,
"semi": 2,
"react/prop-types": 2,
"react/jsx-no-bind": 2,
"react/jsx-no-duplicate-props": 2,
....
....
....
},
Rest of the rules can be added based on what conventions the team decides to follow.
We would suggest adding more of auto-fixable rules as the corrections suggested by these rules can be fixed by the editor with an ESLint plugin on file save. This would reduce the time that a developer would spend fixing lint errors than writing actual code.
We also recommend using ESLint for spacing/tabs instead of other methods like .editorconfig
. This way, all the code conventions can be configured via a single utility (eslint) and the fixes can be made by the editor itself on save.
The code till here can be found on the branch chapter/6/6.1


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pywindow package¶
Submodules¶
pywindow.io_tools module¶
Module contains classes for input/output processing.
-
class
pywindow.io_tools.
Input
[source]¶ Bases:
object
Class used to load and process input files.
-
load_file
(filepath)[source]¶ This function opens any type of a readable file and decompose the file object into a list, for each line, of lists containing splitted line strings using space as a spacer.
Parameters: filepath ( str
) – The full path or a relative path to any type of file.Returns: Returns a dictionary containing the molecular information extracted from the input files. This information will vary with file type and information stored in it. The data is sorted into lists that contain one feature for example key atom_id: [atom_id_1, atom_id_2] Over the process of analysis this dictionary will be updated with new data. Return type: dict
-
load_rdkit_mol
(mol)[source]¶ Return molecular data from
rdkit.Chem.rdchem.Mol
object.Parameters: mol ( rdkit.Chem.rdchem.Mol
) – A molecule object from RDKit.Returns: A dictionary with elements
andcoordinates
as keys containing molecular data extracted fromrdkit.Chem.rdchem.Mol
object.Return type: dict
-
-
class
pywindow.io_tools.
Output
[source]¶ Bases:
object
Class used to process and save output files.
-
dump2file
(obj, filepath, override=False, **kwargs)[source]¶ Dump a dictionary into a file. (Extensions: XYZ or PDB)
Parameters: - obj (
dict
) – A dictionary containing molecular information. - filepath (
str
) – The filepath for the dumped file. - override (
bool
) – If True, any file in the filepath will be override. (default=False)
- obj (
-
dump2json
(obj, filepath, override=False, **kwargs)[source]¶ Dump a dictionary into a JSON dictionary.
Uses the json.dump() function.
Parameters: - obj (
dict
) – A dictionary to be dumpped as JSON file. - filepath (
str
) – The filepath for the dumped file. - override (
bool
) – If True, any file in the filepath will be override. (default=False)
- obj (
-
pywindow.molecular module¶
Defines MolecularSystem
and Molecule
classes.
This module is the most important part of the pywindow
package, as it is
at the frontfront of the interaction with the user. The two main classes
defined here: MolecularSystem
and Molecule
are used to
store and analyse single molecules or assemblies of single molecules.
The MolecularSystem
is used as a first step to the analysis. It allows
to load data, to refine it (rebuild molecules in a periodic system, decipher
force field atom ids) and to extract single molecules for analysis as
Molecule
instances.
To get started see MolecularSystem
.
To get started with the analysis of Molecular Dynamic trajectories go to
pywindow.trajectory
.
-
class
pywindow.molecular.
MolecularSystem
[source]¶ Bases:
object
Container for the molecular system.
To load input and initialise
MolecularSystem
, one of theMolecularSystem
classmethods (load_file()
,load_rdkit_mol()
orload_system()
) should be used.MolecularSystem
should not be initialised by itself.Examples
- Using file as an input:
pywindow.molecular.MolecularSystem.load_file(`filepath`)
- Using RDKit molecule object as an input:
pywindow.molecular.MolecularSystem.load_rdkit_mol(rdkit.Chem.rdchem.Mol)
- Using a dictionary (or another
MoleculeSystem.system
) as input:
pywindow.molecular.MolecularSystem.load_system({...})
-
system_id
¶ str
orint
– The input filename or user defined.
-
system
¶ dict
– A dictionary containing all the information extracted from input.
-
molecules
¶ list
– A list containing all the returnedMolecule
s after usingmake_modular()
.
-
decipher_atom_keys
(forcefield='DLF', dict_key='atom_ids')[source]¶ Decipher force field atom ids.
This takes all values in
MolecularSystem.system['atom_ids']
that match force field type criteria and createsMolecularSystem.system['elements']
with the corresponding periodic table of elements equivalents.If a forcefield is not supported by this method, the
MolecularSystem.swap_atom_keys()
can be used instead.DLF stands for DL_F notation.
See: C. W. Yong, Descriptions and Implementations of DL_F Notation: A Natural Chemical Expression System of Atom Types for Molecular Simulations, J. Chem. Inf. Model., 2016, 56, 1405–1409.
Parameters: - forcefield (
str
) – The forcefield used to decipher atom ids. Allowed (not case sensitive): ‘OPLS’, ‘OPLS2005’, ‘OPLSAA’, ‘OPLS3’, ‘DLF’, ‘DL_F’. (default=’DLF’) - dict_key (
str
) – TheMolecularSystem.system
dictionary key to the array containing the force field atom ids. (default=’atom_ids’)
Returns: None
Return type: NoneType
- forcefield (
-
dump_system
(filepath=None, modular=False, **kwargs)[source]¶ Dump a
MolecularSystem
to a file (PDB or XYZ).Kwargs are passed to
pywindow.io_tools.Output.dump2file()
.Parameters: - filepath (
str
) – The filepath for the dumped file. IfNone
, the file is dumped localy withsystem_id
as filename. (defualt=None) - modular (
bool
) – If False, dump theMolecularSystem
as inMolecularSystem.system
, if True, dump theMolecularSystem
as catenated :class:Molecule objects fromMolecularSystem.molecules
Returns: None
Return type: NoneType
- filepath (
-
dump_system_json
(filepath=None, modular=False, **kwargs)[source]¶ Dump a
MolecularSystem
to a JSON dictionary.The dumped JSON dictionary, with
MolecularSystem
, can then be loaded through a JSON loader and then throughload_system()
to retrieve aMolecularSystem
.Kwargs are passed to
pywindow.io_tools.Output.dump2json()
.Parameters: - filepath (
str
) – The filepath for the dumped file. IfNone
, the file is dumped localy withsystem_id
as filename. (defualt=None) - modular (
bool
) – If False, dump theMolecularSystem
as inMolecularSystem.system
, if True, dump theMolecularSystem
as catenated :class:Molecule objects fromMolecularSystem.molecules
Returns: None
Return type: NoneType
- filepath (
-
classmethod
load_file
(filepath)[source]¶ Create a
MolecularSystem
from an input file.Recognized input file formats: XYZ, PDB and MOL (V3000).
Parameters: filepath ( str
) – The input’s filepath.Returns: MolecularSystem
Return type: pywindow.molecular.MolecularSystem
-
classmethod
load_rdkit_mol
(mol)[source]¶ Create a
MolecularSystem
fromrdkit.Chem.rdchem.Mol
.Parameters: mol ( rdkit.Chem.rdchem.Mol
) – An RDKit molecule object.Returns: MolecularSystem
Return type: pywindow.molecular.MolecularSystem
-
classmethod
load_system
(dict_, system_id='system')[source]¶ Create a
MolecularSystem
from a pythondict
.As the loaded
MolecularSystem
is storred as adict
in theMolecularSystem.system
it can also be loaded directly from adict
input. This feature is used bytrajectory
that extracts trajectory frames as dictionaries and returns them asMolecularSystem
objects through this classmethod.Parameters: - dict (
dict
) – A python dictionary. - system_id (
str
or :class:’int’, optional) – Inherited or user defined system id. (default=’system’)
Returns: Return type: - dict (
-
make_modular
(rebuild=False)[source]¶ Find and return all
Molecule
s inMolecularSystem
.This function populates
MolecularSystem.molecules
withMolecule
s.Parameters: rebuild ( bool
) – If True, run first therebuild_system()
. (default=False)Returns: None Return type: NoneType
-
rebuild_system
(override=False, **kwargs)[source]¶ Rebuild molecules in molecular system.
Parameters: override ( bool
, optional (default=False)) – If False the rebuild molecular system is returned as a newMolecularSystem
, if True, the currentMolecularSystem
is modified.
-
swap_atom_keys
(swap_dict, dict_key='atom_ids')[source]¶ Swap a force field atom id for another user-defined value.
This modified all values in
MolecularSystem.system['atom_ids']
that match criteria.This function can be used to decipher a whole forcefield if an appropriate dictionary is passed to the function.
Example
In this example all atom ids ‘he’ will be exchanged to ‘H’.
pywindow.molecular.MolecularSystem.swap_atom_keys({'he': 'H'})
Parameters: - swap_dict (
dict
) – A dictionary containg force field atom ids (keys) to be swapped with corresponding values (keys’ arguments). - dict_key (
str
) – A key inMolecularSystem.system
dictionary to perform the atom keys swapping operation on. (default=’atom_ids’)
Returns: None
Return type: NoneType
- swap_dict (
-
system_to_molecule
()[source]¶ Return
MolecularSystem
as aMolecule
directly.Only to be used conditionally, when the
MolecularSystem
is a discrete molecule and no input pre-processing is required.Returns: Molecule
Return type: pywindow.molecular.Molecule
-
class
pywindow.molecular.
Molecule
(mol, system_name, mol_id)[source]¶ Bases:
pywindow.molecular._Shape
Container for a single molecule.
This class is meant for the analysis of single molecules, molecular pores especially. The object passed to this class should therefore be a finite and interconnected individuum.
This class should not be initialised directly, but result from
MolecularSystem.system_to_molecule()
orMolecularSystem.make_modular()
.Methods in
Molecule
allow to calculate:- The maximum diameter of a molecule.
- The average diameter of a molecule.
- The intrinsic void diameter of a molecule.
- The intrinsic void volume of a molecule.
- The optimised intrinsic void diameter of a molecule.
- The optimised intrinsic void volume of a molecule.
- The circular diameter of a window of a molecule.
-
mol
¶ dict
– TheMolecular.System.system
dictionary passed to theMolecule
which is esentially a container of the information that compose a molecular entity, such as the coordinates and atom ids and/or elements.
-
no_of_atoms
¶ int
– The number of atoms in the molecule.
-
elements
¶ numpy.array
– An array containing the elements, as strings, composing the molecule.
-
atom_ids
¶ numpy.array
(conditional) – If theMolecule.mol
contains ‘atom_ids’ keyword, the force field ids of the elements.
-
coordinates
¶ numpy.array
– The x, y and z atomic Cartesian coordinates of all elements.
-
parent_system
¶ str
– Thename
ofMolecularSystem
passed toMolecule
.
-
calculate_average_diameter
(**kwargs)[source]¶ Return the average diamension of a molecule.
Returns: The average dimension of the molecule. Return type: float
-
calculate_centre_of_mass
()[source]¶ Return the xyz coordinates of the centre of mass of a molecule.
Returns: The centre of mass of the molecule. Return type: numpy.array
-
calculate_maximum_diameter
()[source]¶ Return the maximum diamension of a molecule.
Returns: The maximum dimension of the molecule. Return type: float
-
calculate_pore_diameter
()[source]¶ Return the intrinsic pore diameter.
Returns: The intrinsic pore diameter. Return type: float
-
calculate_pore_diameter_opt
(**kwargs)[source]¶ Return the intrinsic pore diameter (for the optimised pore centre).
Similarly to
calculate_pore_diameter()
this method returns the the intrinsic pore diameter, however, first a better approximation of the pore centre is found with optimisation.Returns: The intrinsic pore diameter. Return type: float
-
calculate_pore_volume
()[source]¶ Return the intrinsic pore volume.
Returns: The intrinsic pore volume. Return type: float
-
calculate_pore_volume_opt
(**kwargs)[source]¶ Return the intrinsic pore volume (for the optimised pore centre).
Similarly to
calculate_pore_volume()
this method returns the the volume intrinsic pore diameter, however, for thecalculate_pore_diameter_opt()
returned value.Returns: The intrinsic pore volume. Return type: float
-
calculate_windows
(**kwargs)[source]¶ Return the diameters of all windows in a molecule.
This function first finds and then measures the diameters of all the window in the molecule.
Returns: numpy.array
– An array of windows’ diameters.NoneType
– If no windows were found.
-
dump_molecule
(filepath=None, include_coms=False, **kwargs)[source]¶ Dump a
Molecule
to a file (PDB or XYZ).Kwargs are passed to
pywindow.io_tools.Output.dump2file()
.For validation purposes an overlay of window centres and COMs can also be dumped as:
He - for the centre of mass
Ne - for the centre of the optimised cavity
Ar - for the centres of each found window
Parameters: - filepath (
str
) – The filepath for the dumped file. IfNone
, the file is dumped localy withmolecule_id
as filename. (defualt=None) - include_coms (
bool
) – If True, dump also with an overlay of window centres and COMs. (default=False)
Returns: None
Return type: NoneType
- filepath (
-
dump_properties_json
(filepath=None, molecular=False, **kwargs)[source]¶ Dump content of
Molecule.properties
to a JSON dictionary.Parameters: - filepath (
str
) – The filepath for the dumped file. IfNone
, the file is dumped localy withmolecule_id
as filename. (defualt=None) - molecular (
bool
) – If False, dump only the content ofMolecule.properties
, if True, dump all the information aboutMolecule
.
Returns: None
Return type: NoneType
- filepath (
-
full_analysis
(ncpus=1, **kwargs)[source]¶ Perform a full structural analysis of a molecule.
This invokes other methods:
Parameters: ncpus ( int
) – Number of CPUs used for the parallelised parts ofpywindow.utilities.find_windows()
. (default=1=serial)Returns: The updated Molecule.properties
with returns of all used methods.Return type: Molecule.properties
pywindow.tables module¶
This module containes general-purpose chemical data (aka tables).
Sources:
1. www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/Lists/ResourceFileList/Elemental_Radii.xlsx, (access date: 13 Oct 2015)
2. C. W. Yong, ‘DL_FIELD - A force field and model development tool for DL_POLY’, R. Blake, Ed., CSE Frontier, STFC Computational Science and Engineering, Daresbury Laboratory, UK, p38-40 (2010)
3. https://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/support-and-resources/ccdcresources/ Elemental_Radii.xlsx (access date: 26 Jul 2017)
Note:
Added atomic mass, atomic van der Waals radius and covalent radius, that equals 1, for a dummy atom X. This is for the shape descriptors calculations to use with functions for molecular shape descriptors that require mass.
pywindow.trajectory module¶
Module intended for the analysis of molecular dynamics trajectories.
The trajectory file (DL_POLY_C:HISTORY, PDB or XYZ) should be loaded with the one of the corresponding classes (DLPOLY, PDB or XYZ, respectively).
Example
In this example a DL_POLY_C HISTORY trajectory file is loaded.
pywindow.trajectory.DLPOLY('path/to/HISTORY')
Then, each of the trajectory frames can be extracted and returned as a
pywindow.molecular.MolecularSystem
object for analysis. See
pywindow.molecular
docstring for more information.
Alternatively, the analysis can be performed on a whole or a chunk of
the trajectory with the analysis()
function. The benefit is
that the analysis can be performed in parallel and the results stored as a
single JSON dictionary in a straightforward way. Also, the deciphering of the
force field atom ids and the rebuilding of molecules can be applied to each
frame in a consitent and automated manner. The downfall is that at the
moment it is not possible to choose the set of parameters that are being
calculated in the pywindow.molecular.Molecule
as the
pywindow.molecular.Molecule.full_analysis()
is invoked by default.
However, the computational cost of calculating majority of the structural
properties is miniscule and it is usually the
pywindow.molecular.MolecularSystem.rebuild_system()
step that is the
bottleneck.
-
class
pywindow.trajectory.
DLPOLY
(filepath)[source]¶ Bases:
object
A container for a DL_POLY_C type trajectory (HISTORY).
This function takes a DL_POLY_C trajectory file and maps it for the binary points in the file where each frame starts/ends. This way the process is fast, as it not require loading the trajectory into computer memory. When a frame is being extracted, it is only this frame that gets loaded to the memory.
Frames can be accessed individually and loaded as an unmodified string, returned as a
pywindow.molecular.MolecularSystem
(and analysed), dumped as PDB or XYZ or JSON (if dumped as apywindow.molecular.MolecularSystem.system
)-
filepath
¶ str
– The filepath.
-
system_id
¶ str
– The system id inherited from the filename.
-
frames
¶ dict
– A dictionary that is populated, on the fly, with the extracted frames.
-
analysis_output
¶ dict
– A dictionary that is populated, on the fly, with the analysis output.
-
analysis
(frames='all', ncpus=1, _ncpus=1, override=False, **kwargs)[source]¶ Perform structural analysis on a frame/ set of frames.
Depending on the passed parameters a frame, a list of particular frames, a range of frames (from, to), or all frames can be analysed with this function.
The analysis is performed on each frame and each discrete molecule in that frame separately. The steps are as follows:
- A frame is extracted and returned as a
MolecularSystem
. - If swap_atoms is set the atom ids are swapped.
- If forcefield is set the atom ids are deciphered.
- If rebuild is set the molecules in the system are rebuild.
- Each discrete molecule is extracted as
Molecule
- Each molecule is analysed with
Molecule.full_analysis()
- Analysis output populates the
analysis_output
dictionary.
As the analysis of trajectories often have to be unique, many options are conditional.
A side effect of this function is that the analysed frames are also returned to the
frames
mimicking the behaviour of theget_frames()
.Parameters: - frames (
int
orlist
ortouple
orstr
) – Specified frame (int
), or frames (list
), or range (touple
), or all/everything (str
). (default=’all’) - override (
bool
) – If True, an output already storred inanalysis_output
can be override. (default=False) - swap_atoms (
dict
, optional) – If this kwarg is passed with an appropriate dictionary apywindow.molecular.MolecularSystem.swap_atom_keys()
will be applied to the extracted frame. - forcefield (
str
, optional) – If this kwarg is passed with appropriate forcefield keyword apywindow.molecular.MolecularSystem.decipher_atom_keys()
will be applied to the extracted frame. - modular (
bool
, optional) – If this kwarg is passed apywindow.molecular.MolecularSystem.make_modular()
will be applied to the extracted frame. (default=False) - rebuild (
bool
, optional) – If this kwarg is passed a rebuild=True is passed topywindow.molecular.MolecularSystem.make_modular()
that will be applied to the extracted frame. (default=False) - ncpus (
int
, optional) – If ncpus > 1, then the analysis is performed in parallel for the specified number of parallel jobs. Otherwise, it runs in serial. (default=1)
Returns: None – The function returns None, the analysis output is returned to
analysis_output
dictionary.Return type: NoneType
- A frame is extracted and returned as a
-
get_frames
(frames='all', override=False, **kwargs)[source]¶ Extract frames from the trajectory file.
Depending on the passed parameters a frame, a list of particular frames, a range of frames (from, to), or all frames can be extracted with this function.
Parameters: - frames (
int
orlist
ortouple
orstr
) – Specified frame (int
), or frames (list
), or range (touple
), or all/everything (str
). (default=`all`) - override (
bool
) – If True, a frame already storred inframes
can be override. (default=False) - extract_data (
bool
, optional) – If False, a frame is returned as astr
block as in the trajectory file. Ohterwise, it is extracted and returned aspywindow.molecular.MolecularSystem
. (default=True) - swap_atoms (
dict
, optional) – If this kwarg is passed with an appropriate dictionary apywindow.molecular.MolecularSystem.swap_atom_keys()
will be applied to the extracted frame. - forcefield (
str
, optional) – If this kwarg is passed with appropriate forcefield keyword apywindow.molecular.MolecularSystem.decipher_atom_keys()
will be applied to the extracted frame.
Returns: pywindow.molecular.MolecularSystem
– If a single frame is extracted.- None (
NoneType
) – If more than one frame is extracted, the frames are returned toframes
- frames (
-
save_analysis
(filepath=None, **kwargs)[source]¶ Dump the content of
analysis_output
as JSON dictionary.Parameters: filepath ( str
) – The filepath for the JSON file.Returns: None Return type: NoneType
-
-
class
pywindow.trajectory.
PDB
(filepath)[source]¶ Bases:
object
-
analysis
(frames='all', ncpus=1, override=False, **kwargs)[source]¶ Perform structural analysis on a frame/ set of frames.
Depending on the passed parameters a frame, a list of particular frames, a range of frames (from, to), or all frames can be analysed with this function.
The analysis is performed on each frame and each discrete molecule in that frame separately. The steps are as follows:
- A frame is extracted and returned as a
MolecularSystem
. - If swap_atoms is set the atom ids are swapped.
- If forcefield is set the atom ids are deciphered.
- If rebuild is set the molecules in the system are rebuild.
- Each discrete molecule is extracted as
Molecule
- Each molecule is analysed with
Molecule.full_analysis()
- Analysis output populates the
analysis_output
dictionary.
As the analysis of trajectories often have to be unique, many options are conditional.
A side effect of this function is that the analysed frames are also returned to the
frames
mimicking the behaviour of theget_frames()
.Parameters: - frames (
int
orlist
ortouple
orstr
) – Specified frame (int
), or frames (list
), or range (touple
), or all/everything (str
). (default=’all’) - override (
bool
) – If True, an output already storred inanalysis_output
can be override. (default=False) - swap_atoms (
dict
, optional) – If this kwarg is passed with an appropriate dictionary apywindow.molecular.MolecularSystem.swap_atom_keys()
will be applied to the extracted frame. - forcefield (
str
, optional) – If this kwarg is passed with appropriate forcefield keyword apywindow.molecular.MolecularSystem.decipher_atom_keys()
will be applied to the extracted frame. - modular (
bool
, optional) – If this kwarg is passed apywindow.molecular.MolecularSystem.make_modular()
will be applied to the extracted frame. (default=False) - rebuild (
bool
, optional) – If this kwarg is passed a rebuild=True is passed topywindow.molecular.MolecularSystem.make_modular()
that will be applied to the extracted frame. (default=False) - ncpus (
int
, optional) – If ncpus > 1, then the analysis is performed in parallel for the specified number of parallel jobs. Otherwise, it runs in serial. (default=1)
Returns: None – The function returns None, the analysis output is returned to
analysis_output
dictionary.Return type: NoneType
- A frame is extracted and returned as a
-
get_frames
(frames='all', override=False, **kwargs)[source]¶ Extract frames from the trajectory file.
Depending on the passed parameters a frame, a list of particular frames, a range of frames (from, to), or all frames can be extracted with this function.
Parameters: - frames (
int
orlist
ortouple
orstr
) – Specified frame (int
), or frames (list
), or range (touple
), or all/everything (str
). (default=`all`) - override (
bool
) – If True, a frame already storred inframes
can be override. (default=False) - extract_data (
bool
, optional) – If False, a frame is returned as astr
block as in the trajectory file. Ohterwise, it is extracted and returned aspywindow.molecular.MolecularSystem
. (default=True) - swap_atoms (
dict
, optional) – If this kwarg is passed with an appropriate dictionary apywindow.molecular.MolecularSystem.swap_atom_keys()
will be applied to the extracted frame. - forcefield (
str
, optional) – If this kwarg is passed with appropriate forcefield keyword apywindow.molecular.MolecularSystem.decipher_atom_keys()
will be applied to the extracted frame.
Returns: pywindow.molecular.MolecularSystem
– If a single frame is extracted.- None (
NoneType
) – If more than one frame is extracted, the frames are returned toframes
- frames (
-
-
class
pywindow.trajectory.
XYZ
(filepath)[source]¶ Bases:
object
A container for an XYZ type trajectory.
This function takes an XYZ trajectory file and maps it for the binary points in the file where each frame starts/ends. This way the process is fast, as it not require loading the trajectory into computer memory. When a frame is being extracted, it is only this frame that gets loaded to the memory.
Frames can be accessed individually and loaded as an unmodified string, returned as a
pywindow.molecular.MolecularSystem
(and analysed), dumped as PDB or XYZ or JSON (if dumped as apywindow.molecular.MolecularSystem.system
)-
filepath
¶ str
– The filepath.
-
filename
¶ str
– The filename.
-
system_id
¶ str
– The system id inherited from the filename.
-
frames
¶ dict
– A dictionary that is populated, on the fly, with the extracted frames.
-
analysis_output
¶ dict
– A dictionary that is populated, on the fly, with the analysis output.
-
analysis
(frames='all', ncpus=1, override=False, **kwargs)[source]¶ Perform structural analysis on a frame/ set of frames.
Depending on the passed parameters a frame, a list of particular frames, a range of frames (from, to), or all frames can be analysed with this function.
The analysis is performed on each frame and each discrete molecule in that frame separately. The steps are as follows:
- A frame is extracted and returned as a
MolecularSystem
. - If swap_atoms is set the atom ids are swapped.
- If forcefield is set the atom ids are deciphered.
- If rebuild is set the molecules in the system are rebuild.
- Each discrete molecule is extracted as
Molecule
- Each molecule is analysed with
Molecule.full_analysis()
- Analysis output populates the
analysis_output
dictionary.
As the analysis of trajectories often have to be unique, many options are conditional.
A side effect of this function is that the analysed frames are also returned to the
frames
mimicking the behaviour of theget_frames()
.Parameters: - frames (
int
orlist
ortouple
orstr
) – Specified frame (int
), or frames (list
), or range (touple
), or all/everything (str
). (default=’all’) - override (
bool
) – If True, an output already storred inanalysis_output
can be override. (default=False) - swap_atoms (
dict
, optional) – If this kwarg is passed with an appropriate dictionary apywindow.molecular.MolecularSystem.swap_atom_keys()
will be applied to the extracted frame. - forcefield (
str
, optional) – If this kwarg is passed with appropriate forcefield keyword apywindow.molecular.MolecularSystem.decipher_atom_keys()
will be applied to the extracted frame. - modular (
bool
, optional) – If this kwarg is passed apywindow.molecular.MolecularSystem.make_modular()
will be applied to the extracted frame. (default=False) - rebuild (
bool
, optional) – If this kwarg is passed a rebuild=True is passed topywindow.molecular.MolecularSystem.make_modular()
that will be applied to the extracted frame. (default=False) - ncpus (
int
, optional) – If ncpus > 1, then the analysis is performed in parallel for the specified number of parallel jobs. Otherwise, it runs in serial. (default=1)
Returns: None – The function returns None, the analysis output is returned to
analysis_output
dictionary.Return type: NoneType
- A frame is extracted and returned as a
-
get_frames
(frames='all', override=False, **kwargs)[source]¶ Extract frames from the trajectory file.
Depending on the passed parameters a frame, a list of particular frames, a range of frames (from, to), or all frames can be extracted with this function.
Parameters: - frames (
int
orlist
ortouple
orstr
) – Specified frame (int
), or frames (list
), or range (touple
), or all/everything (str
). (default=`all`) - override (
bool
) – If True, a frame already storred inframes
can be override. (default=False) - extract_data (
bool
, optional) – If False, a frame is returned as astr
block as in the trajectory file. Ohterwise, it is extracted and returned aspywindow.molecular.MolecularSystem
. (default=True) - swap_atoms (
dict
, optional) – If this kwarg is passed with an appropriate dictionary apywindow.molecular.MolecularSystem.swap_atom_keys()
will be applied to the extracted frame. - forcefield (
str
, optional) – If this kwarg is passed with appropriate forcefield keyword apywindow.molecular.MolecularSystem.decipher_atom_keys()
will be applied to the extracted frame.
Returns: pywindow.molecular.MolecularSystem
– If a single frame is extracted.- None (
NoneType
) – If more than one frame is extracted, the frames are returned toframes
- frames (
-
save_analysis
(filepath=None, **kwargs)[source]¶ Dump the content of
analysis_output
as JSON dictionary.Parameters: filepath ( str
) – The filepath for the JSON file.Returns: None Return type: NoneType
-
-
pywindow.trajectory.
make_supercell
(system, matrix, supercell=[1, 1, 1])[source]¶ Return a supercell.
This functions takes the input unitcell and creates a supercell of it that is returned as a new
pywindow.molecular.MolecularSystem
.Parameters: - system (
pywindow.molecular.MolecularSystem.system
) – The unit cell for creation of the supercell - matrix (
numpy.array
) – The unit cell parameters in form of a lattice. - supercell (
list
, optional) – A list that specifies the size of the supercell in the a, b and c direction. (default=[1, 1, 1])
Returns: Returns the created supercell as a new
MolecularSystem
.Return type: - system (
pywindow.utilities module¶
Module containing all general purpose functions shared by other modules.
This module is not intended for the direct use by a User. Therefore, I will only docstring functions if I see fit to do so.
LOG¶
- 11/07/18
- Changed the way vector path is analysed. Now, the initial analysis is done with the geometrical formula for line-sphere intersection. Only the remaining vestors that do not intersect any van der Waals spheres are then analysed in the old way.
- 27/07/17
- Fixed the cartesian coordinates -> fractional coordinates -> cartesian coordinates conversion related functions, creation of lattice array from unit cell parameters (triclinic system: so applicable to any) and conversion back to unit cell parameters. WORKS! inspiration from: http://www.ruppweb.org/Xray/tutorial/Coordinate%20system%20transformation.htm
- 26/07/17
- Changed the way bonds are determined. Now, rather then fixed value a formula and covalent radii are used as explained in the Elemental_Radii spreadsheet (see tables module).
TO DO LIST¶
- Fix and validate calculating shape descriptors: asphericity, acylindricity and the realtive shape anisotropy. (Not working at the moment)
- In the find_windows() function, maybe change the way the EPS value for the DBSCAN() is estimates. Need to look how the distances change with the increase in size of the sampling sphere. (validate this with the MongoDB)
-
pywindow.utilities.
angle_between_vectors
(x, y)[source]¶ Calculate the angle between two vectors x and y.
-
pywindow.utilities.
calculate_pore_shape
(elements, coordinates, adjust=1, increment=0.1, **kwargs)[source]¶ Return average diameter for a molecule.
-
pywindow.utilities.
cart2frac_all
(coordinates, lattice_array)[source]¶ Convert all cartesian coordinates to fractional.
-
pywindow.utilities.
cartisian_from_fractional
(coordinate, lattice_array)[source]¶ Return cartesian coordinate from a fractional one.
-
pywindow.utilities.
center_of_coor
(coordinates)[source]¶ Return the centre of coordinates.
Parameters: coordinates (numpy.ndarray) – An array containing molecule’s coordinates. Returns: An 1d array with coordinates of the centre of coordinates excluding elements’ masses. Return type: numpy.ndarray
-
pywindow.utilities.
center_of_mass
(elements, coordinates)[source]¶ Return the centre of mass (COM).
Parameters: - elements (numpy.ndarray) – An array of all elements (type: str) in a molecule.
- coordinates (numpy.ndarray) – An array containing molecule’s coordinates.
Returns: An 1d array with coordinates of the centre of mass including elements’ masses.
Return type: numpy.ndarray
-
pywindow.utilities.
compose_atom_list
(*args)[source]¶ Return an atom list from elements and/or atom ids and coordinates.
An atom list is a special object that some pywindowfunctions uses. It is a nested list of lists with each individual list containing:
- [[element, coordinates (x, y, z)], …]
- [[element, atom key, coordinates (x, y, z)], …]
They work better for molecular re-building than two separate arrays for elements and coordinates do.
Parameters: - elements (
numpy.ndarray
) – An array of all elements (type: str) in a molecule. - coordinates (
numpy.ndarray
) – An array containing molecule’s coordinates. - atom_ids (
numpy.ndarray
, optional) – An array of all forcfield dependent atom keys (type:str) in a molecule.
Returns: Version 1 or version 2 atom list depending on input parameters.
Return type: list
Raises: _FunctionError : :class:`Exception` – Raised when wrong number of parameters is passed to the function.
-
pywindow.utilities.
correct_pore_diameter
(com, *params)[source]¶ Return negative of a pore diameter. (optimisation function).
-
pywindow.utilities.
create_supercell
(system, supercell=[[-1, 1], [-1, 1], [-1, 1]])[source]¶ Create a supercell.
-
pywindow.utilities.
decipher_atom_key
(atom_key, forcefield)[source]¶ Return element for deciphered atom key.
This functions checks if the forcfield specified by user is supported and passes the atom key to the appropriate function for deciphering.
Parameters: - atom_key (str) – The atom key which is to be deciphered.
- forcefield (str) – The forcefield to which the atom key belongs to.
Returns: A string that is the periodic table element equvalent of forcefield atom key.
Return type: str
-
pywindow.utilities.
decompose_atom_list
(atom_list)[source]¶ Return elements and/or atom ids and coordinates from an atom list.
Depending on input type of an atom list (version 1 or 2)
- [[element, coordinates (x, y, z)], …]
- [[element, atom key, coordinates (x, y, z)], …]
the function reverses what pywindow.utilities.compose_atom_list() do.
Parameters: atom_list (list) – A nested list of lists (version 1 or 2) Returns: A touple of elements and coordinates arrays, or if input contained atom ideas, also atom ids array. Return type: touple
-
pywindow.utilities.
discrete_molecules
(system, rebuild=None, tol=0.4)[source]¶ Decompose molecular system into individual discreet molecules.
Note
New formula for bonds: (26/07/17) The two atoms, x and y, are considered bonded if the distance between them, calculated with distance matrix, is within the ranges: .. :math:
Rcov(x) + Rcov(y) - t < R(x,y) < Rcov(x) + Rcov(y) + twhere Rcov is the covalent radius and the tolarenace (t) is set to 0.4 Angstrom.
-
pywindow.utilities.
distance
(a, b)[source]¶ Return the distance between two vectors (points) a and b.
Parameters: - a (numpy.ndarray) – First vector.
- b (numpy.ndarray) – Second vector.
Returns: A distance between two vectors (points).
Return type: numpy.float64
-
pywindow.utilities.
find_average_diameter
(elements, coordinates, adjust=1, increment=0.1, processes=None, **kwargs)[source]¶ Return average diameter for a molecule.
-
pywindow.utilities.
find_windows
(elements, coordinates, processes=None, mol_size=None, adjust=1, pore_opt=True, increment=1.0, **kwargs)[source]¶ Return windows diameters and center of masses for a molecule.
-
pywindow.utilities.
find_windows_new
(elements, coordinates, processes=None, mol_size=None, adjust=1, pore_opt=True, increment=1.0, **kwargs)[source]¶ Return windows diameters and center of masses for a molecule.
-
pywindow.utilities.
frac2cart_all
(frac_coordinates, lattice_array)[source]¶ Convert all fractional coordinates to cartesian.
-
pywindow.utilities.
fractional_from_cartesian
(coordinate, lattice_array)[source]¶ Return a fractional coordinate from a cartesian one.
-
pywindow.utilities.
get_gyration_tensor
(elements, coordinates)[source]¶ Return the gyration tensor of a molecule.
The gyration tensor should be invariant to the molecule’s position. The known formulas for the gyration tensor have the correction for the centre of mass of the molecule, therefore, the coordinates are first corrected for the centre of mass and essentially shifted to the origin.
Parameters: - elements (numpy.ndarray) – The array containing the molecule’s elemental data.
- coordinates (numpy.ndarray) – The array containing the Cartesian coordinates of the molecule.
Returns: The gyration tensor of a molecule invariant to the molecule’s position.
Return type: numpy.ndarray
-
pywindow.utilities.
get_inertia_tensor
(elements, coordinates)[source]¶ Return the tensor of inertia a molecule.
Parameters: - elements (numpy.ndarray) – The array containing the molecule’s elemental data.
- coordinates (numpy.ndarray) – The array containing the Cartesian coordinates of the molecule.
Returns: The tensor of inertia of a molecule.
Return type: numpy.ndarray
-
pywindow.utilities.
is_number
(number)[source]¶ Return True if an object is a number - can be converted into a float.
Parameters: number (any) – Returns: True if input is a float convertable (a number), False otherwise. Return type: bool
-
pywindow.utilities.
lattice_array_to_unit_cell
(lattice_array)[source]¶ Return crystallographic param. from unit cell lattice matrix.
-
pywindow.utilities.
max_dim
(elements, coordinates)[source]¶ Return the maximum diameter of a molecule.
Parameters: - elements (numpy.ndarray) – An array of all elements (type: str) in a molecule.
- coordinates (numpy.ndarray) – An array containing molecule’s coordinates.
-
pywindow.utilities.
molecular_weight
(elements)[source]¶ Return molecular weight of a molecule.
Parameters: elements (numpy.ndarray) – An array of all elements (type: str) in a molecule. Returns: A molecular weight of a molecule. Return type: numpy.float64
-
pywindow.utilities.
normal_vector
(origin, vectors)[source]¶ Return normal vector for two vectors with same origin.
-
pywindow.utilities.
normalize_vector
(vector)[source]¶ Normalize a vector.
A new vector is returned, the original vector is not modified.
Parameters: vector (np.array) – The vector to be normalized. Returns: The normalized vector. Return type: np.array
-
pywindow.utilities.
opt_pore_diameter
(elements, coordinates, bounds=None, com=None, **kwargs)[source]¶ Return optimised pore diameter and it’s COM.
-
pywindow.utilities.
optimise_xy
(xy, *args)[source]¶ Return negative pore diameter for x and y coordinates optimisation.
-
pywindow.utilities.
optimise_z
(z, *args)[source]¶ Return pore diameter for coordinates optimisation in z direction.
-
pywindow.utilities.
pore_diameter
(elements, coordinates, com=None)[source]¶ Return pore diameter of a molecule.
-
pywindow.utilities.
rotation_matrix_arbitrary_axis
(angle, axis)[source]¶ Return a rotation matrix of angle radians about axis.
Parameters: - angle (int or float) – The size of the rotation in radians.
- axis (numpy.array) – A 3 element aray which represents a vector. The vector is the axis about which the rotation is carried out.
Returns: A 3x3 array representing a rotation matrix.
Return type: numpy.array
-
pywindow.utilities.
shift_com
(elements, coordinates, com_adjust=array([ 0., 0., 0.]))[source]¶ Return coordinates translated by some vector.
Parameters: - elements (numpy.ndarray) – An array of all elements (type: str) in a molecule.
- coordinates (numpy.ndarray) – An array containing molecule’s coordinates.
- com_adjust (numpy.ndarray (default = [0, 0, 0])) –
Returns: Translated array of molecule’s coordinates.
Return type: numpy.ndarray
-
pywindow.utilities.
unique
(input_list)[source]¶ Return a list of unique items (similar to set functionality).
Parameters: input_list (list) – A list containg some items that can occur more than once. Returns: A list with only unique occurances of an item. Return type: list
-
pywindow.utilities.
unit_cell_to_lattice_array
(cryst)[source]¶ Return parallelpiped unit cell lattice matrix.
-
pywindow.utilities.
vector_analysis
(vector, coordinates, elements_vdw, increment=1.0)[source]¶ Analyse a sampling vector’s path for window analysis purpose.
-
pywindow.utilities.
volume_from_cell_parameters
(cryst)[source]¶ Return unit cell’s volume from crystallographic parameters.
-
pywindow.utilities.
volume_from_lattice_array
(lattice_array)[source]¶ Return unit cell’s volume from lattice matrix.
-
pywindow.utilities.
window_analysis
(window, elements, coordinates, elements_vdw, increment2=0.1, z_bounds=[None, None], lb_z=True, z_second_mini=False, **kwargs)[source]¶ Return window diameter and window’s centre.
Parameters: - widnow (list) –
- elements (numpy.array) –
- coordinates (numpy.array) –
- elements_vdw (numpy.array) –
- step (float) –
-
pywindow.utilities.
window_shape
(window, elements, coordinates, increment2=0.1, z_bounds=[None, None], lb_z=True, z_second_mini=False, **kwargs)[source]¶ Return window diameter and window’s centre.
Parameters: - widnow (list) –
- elements (numpy.array) –
- coordinates (numpy.array) –
- elements_vdw (numpy.array) –
- step (float) –


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The latest version of MaltParser is available from the MaltParser download page.
Unpack the MaltParser distribution malt-1.2.zip or malt-1.2.tar.gz by running one of the following commands:
prompt> tar -zxvf malt-1.2.tar.gz
prompt> gunzip malt-1.2.tar.gz prompt> tar -xvf malt-1.2.tar
prompt> unzip malt-1.2.zip
The distribution of MaltParser contains the following files and directories:
| LICENSE | License information |
| NOTICE | Acknowledgement |
| README | Readme file |
| appdata | Application data |
| build.properties | Build properties |
| build.xml | Ant build script |
| docs | User guide and MaltParser source documentation |
| examples | Examples of treebank data, option files and feature specification files |
| lib | Jar-files used by MaltParser |
| malt.jar | MaltParser executable jar-file |
| src | Java source of MaltParser |
After installing MaltParser, you can run it to verify that it is working properly on your system. To be able to run MaltParser you need Java Runtime Environment (JRE). You need version JRE 1.5 (Java 5) or later version. If you dont have JRE installed on your system, download and install the latest version of Java Runtime Environment.
To run MaltParser type the following at the command line prompt (it is important that you are in the malt-1.2 directory):
prompt> java -jar malt.jarIf MaltParser displays something like the message below, the distribution has been installed successfully.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------- MaltParser 1.2 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- MALT (Models and Algorithms for Language Technology) Group School of Mathematics and Systems Engineering (MSI) Vaxjo University, Sweden ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Usage: java -jar malt.jar -fjava -jar malt.jar -h for more help and options help ( -h) : Show options ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- option_file ( -f) : Path to option file ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- verbosity ( -v) : Verbosity level debug - Logging of debugging messages error - Logging of error events fatal - Logging of very severe error events info - Logging of informational messages off - Logging turned off warn - Logging of harmful situations ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Documentation: docs/index.html
MaltParser is distributed both in binary form and with all source code and documentation. If you only want to use MaltParser as a parser you only need to install the distribution (follow the installation guidelines above), but if you need to build the system you should follow these guidelines. To be able to build MaltParser you need Java SE Development Kit (JDK) 6 and Apache Ant 1.7.0. If you dont have these tools please download and install them by following the instructions on their web sites.
To build the MaltParser distribution:
prompt> cd <path to malt-1.2 directory> prompt> ant dist<path to malt-1.2 directory> should be replaced by the actual path to the directory where malt-1.2 is installed.


--- layout: post title: More inline RJS post_id: 141 categories: - tips & tricks date: 2007-01-12 13:02:00.000000000 -07:00 author: Jamis permalink: 2007/1/12/more-inline-rjs.html ---
In Inline RJS I talked about invoking simple RJS actions right there in your controller. Did you know you can do the same in your views, with (among other helpers) link_to_function
?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 |
# before <%= link_to_function "Close", "$('some_div').down('form').reset(); $('some_div').hide()" %> # after <%= link_to_function "Close" do |page| page[:some_div].down('form').reset page[:some_div].hide end %> |
Furthermore, Sam Stephenson showed me a trick where you can use RJS in arbitrary helper methods to generate Javascript code. Don’t like inlining RJS as above? Then refactor it like this:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 |
module SomeHelper def hide_and_reset(div) update_page do |page| page[div].down('form').reset page[div].hide end end end |
Then, in your view:
1 |
<%= link_to_function "Close", hide_and_reset(:some_div) %>
|
That update_page
method is defined in PrototypeHelper, and will return the generated Javascript as a string. Beware, though: whether you use update_page
or a block passed to link_to_function
, making use of inline RJS has a price. It’s fine if you only need to do it a few times on a page, but stick to explicit Javascript if you’re emitting lots of bits like that.


Home / Business opportunities
Marketing-plan
THE PREMIUM BINAR
7 types of bonuses
COURSE OF PAYOUT FOR MARKETING
1 PV = 0,68 $
Registration
Business in the company begins with a simple registration.
Registration is the opening of your personal account in the system,
in which the partner gets access to their data on the status of their
structure and all accrued bonuses.
When registering, the partner needs to purchase a package
of marketing tools that gives a quick start in business.
The cost of the package is 40$ and is paid once a year.
This amount includes:
- training sessions on recruiting new partners
- manual for working with the team
- promotional materials for printing
- a unique author autofunnel
- sales training from existing practitioners
- motivational seminars on personal growth and family happiness
BUSINESS PACKAGE:
TO GET A NEW STATUS IN THE OPPOSITE BRANCH,
THERE MUST BE AT LEAST ONE PARTNER WITH THE CORRESPONDING STATUS.
3 BINAR
You get from 10-24 % (depending on the status)
of the PV volume in a small branch of your structure.
The branch with the smallest PV volume is considered in a small branch.
Product:
1) Liquid Maxilin (LM): one pack-14 jar for 14 days-Full courses of treatment /50PV
2) Solid Maxilin (SM): one pack-42 pill for 14 days-Full courses of treatment /50PV
3) The heart blossoms (HB): one box-2 jar for 14 days-Half courses of treatment/100PV
4) L-arginin – 2 pieces. /50PV
5) L-arginin – 4 pieces ./100PV
1.REFERRAL BONUS
The number of invited is not limited!
2. QUICKSTART
You get 20% of the PV volume of their purchased package for each personally invited partner.
Example:
You have invited a partner for an medium package of 125$ | 100 PV
100PV*20%*0.68=13,6$
For a large package 380$ | 250 PV
250PV*20%*0,68 = 34$
For VIP package 1000$ | 650 PV
650*20%*0,68 = 88,4$
You will get an addition 20% to the referral bonus, plus another 20%
for a quick start which amounts 40%.
This bonus will be awarded weekly while all conditions are carried
out if you will invite at least 2 partners to any packages within
7 days from the date of registration.
EXAMPLE:
MEDIUM PACKAGE
100 PV
LARGE PACKAGE
250 PV
VIP PACKAGE
650 PV
RE-PURCHASE
Re-purchase occurs provided automatically once a month,
when your total monthly income is
from 200$ to 399$ – re-purchase is 50 PV (cost-65$)
from 400$ and above – re-purchase is 100 PV (cost-125$)
The balance of points goes to the next week.
BINAR payments are calculated weekly!
20% of the starting package price is returned by the cashback
to the partner's savings account,
from which he can make additional purchases.
2*100*20%*0,68=27,2$ (Ref.bonus)
2*100*20%*0,68=27,2$ (quick start)
total: 54.4$
2*250*20%*0,68=68$ (Ref.bonus)
2*250*20%*0,68=68$ (quick start)
total: 136$
2*650*20%*0,68=176,8$ (Ref.bonus)
2*650*20%*0,68=176,8$ (quick start)
total: 353,6$
THE STATUS OF BINAR
Partner
Manager
Bronze
Silver
Gold
Platinum
Diamond
Diamond manager
Diamond Director
BINAR
10%
12%
14%
16%
18%
20%
22%
24%
3% МТО
The balance of points goes to the next week.
BINAR payments are calculated weekly!
QUALIFICATIONS AND STATUSES
Status
Partner
Manager
Bronze
Silver
Gold
Platinum
Diamond
Diamond Manager
Diamond Director
Qualification
2 personal partners
5 personal partners
5 managers
5 bronze
4 silver
3 gold
2 platinum
2 diamonds
2 diamond managers
weekly payments
500$
1000$
2000$
3000$
5000$
10000$
15000$
20000$
25000$
BINAR
10%
12%
14%
16%
18%
20%
22%
24%
3% МТО
GROUP SALES
--------
500 PV
2500 PV
12500PV
50000PV
150000PV
300000PV
600000PV
1200000PV
COMPRESSION
The structure uses COMPRESSION for the rapid growth
of partners on the career ladder.
Example:
You have invited 5 partners to the first line for 500 PV and became a Manager.
You need to have 5 managers
in your structure to become a bronze.
It can be as your partners and partners
of your individuals from the depths.
4. MATCHING BONUS
Depending on your status, you get 10%
of the earnings on the BINAR of your partners up to 3 lines.
Status:
Manager, Bronze – 1 line 10%
Silver, Gold-1,2 line by 10%
Platinum and above-1,2,3 line by 10%
Example:
Partners of your structure in 3 lines have earned
1000$ BINAR, your income from each partner will be:
1 line of 1000$ * 10% = 100$
2 line of 1000$ * 10% = 100$
3 line of 1000$ * 10% = 100$
If you invite 5 people to the first line
and help them duplicate you to line 3,
then you will end up with 155 people.
155 * 100$ = 15 500$
5. HAPPY TRAVEL
You get a ticket to exotic countries of the world,
for each closing status, starting with gold,
at the expense of the company!
THE STATUS OF THE GOLD- VOUCHER
THE PLATINUM STATUS - VOUCHER
THE STATUS OF THE DIAMOND - VOUCHER
The trip takes place 3 times in a year.
6.RECOGNITION BONUS
For achieving a certain status,
the company awards the partner with
a cash award:
Silver - 250$
Gold - 1000$
Platinum - 2500$
Diamond - 5000$
Diamond Manager –
VIP present from the company
Diamond Director –
VIP present from the company
7. THE OFFICE DEVELOPMENT BONUS
For the rapid growth and development of the company,
branded offices will be opened in each
region.
To support an office in a certain region,
10% of its turnover in PV is allocated.
Notes:
The office is assigned to a certain top
leader who already has an existing
structure.
© 2020. nrg-max.com


Web MIDI Chrome app for viewing messages from connected MIDI devices and sending messages to them.
MIDI Inputs
MIDI Outputs
Terminal Keyboard Shortcuts
- up arrow - previous command from history
- down arrow - next command from history
- ctrl + r - search through command history
- ctrl + g/esc - cancel search
- ctrl + a - beginning of line
- ctrl + e - end of line
- ctrl + k - remove text from cursor to end of line and save in kill area
- ctrl + y - paste from kill area
- shift + enter - insert new line
- more shortcuts here
Source code