I am indebted to reader Mike Jennings who, despite being banished to a pompous land, has, in his own words, been “compiling these tentative notes toward a Dobson bibliography”. This seems to me to be a work of magnificent scholarship. Indeed, I cannot begin to imagine how we have all been coping without it.
Mr Jennings adds “Much work is to be done of course with regard to details such as binding, font, illustration etc but I know my limitations. Such scrutiny I will leave to more qualified Dobsonists with the requisite anoraks and little grease-proof bags of egg sandwiches.”
The bibliography is ordered according to an arcane system of Mr Jennings’ own devising, one the intrinsic beauty of which I hope we can all appreciate. I have taken the liberty of applying a set of Blötzmann Numbers to the pamphlet titles. Though broadly similar to ordinary numbers, they of course harbour a terrifying underlying significance. To paraphrase H P Lovecraft, “the most merciful thing in the world is the inability of the human mind to understand the Blötzmann Numbers”.
Unless otherwise stated—and it isn't—all titles are out of print.
1. The Adhesive Properties Of Six Hundred Different Types Of Glue, With Diagrams
2. Dobsonetics.
3. A Recantation Of Dobsonetics.
4. On The History Of Potato Clocks.
5. My Revolutionary New Method Of Moving Sludge Around The Countryside.
6. Hedges Hidden From Sight By Steam.
7. I, Piano Tuner!
8. “The hedgehog grumbling back to darkness is known by me and loved by me” (The Rod McKuen pamphlet)
9. Why I Shall Bestride This Century Like A Colossus.
10. Certain Aspects Of Plastic Baubles And Plastic Sheeting.
11. Killer Bees, Ferenc Puskas, And Tomatoes On the Vine.
12. How I Coped With A Collapsed Lung During A Thunderstorm.
13. Chew, Gnaw, Eel, Teeth, Pap And Slops For Dinner : A Memoir Of Vlasto Pismire.
14. Of the fifteen-part critical analysis of The Life and Times of Captain Cake, Volume IV is entitled Welk, Bankhead, Loy : There'll Be A Welcome In The Hillsides.
15. Worlds Beyond Sense .
16. Chucklesome Fripperies From My Notebooks (Lavender Series).
17. Things Beginning with B, My Hatred of Squirrels, & Hedy Lamarr: Scientist.
18. How And Why I Built Eight Small Pâpier Maché Brontosauruses.
19. How I Invented a Revolutionary New Birdseed.
20. The Belle of Amherst & Other Essays Written During An Unprecedented Pea-souper.
21. Hideous Execution Practices Of The Blood-Drenched Corsairs.
22. Ten Easy Steps To Grooming Your Cormorant.
23. My Nightmares About Emily Dickinson.
24. Downy, Witched, Dutch Cloud-Heaps of Some Quaintest Tramontane Nephelococcugia of Thought.
25. Dobson's Heraldic Dossier.
26. Marsh Gas, Badge Man, Prester John & Other Imponderables.
27. Tip Top Encyclopaedia Of Tip Top Pop Bands.
28. There's Hours Of Fun To Be Had With A Handful Of Pins (Under the pseudonym “Blenkinsop”).
29. Description of & Reverie upon Forty-Four Curlews.
30. Some Hurried Notes On Tab Hunter.
31. Eight Things You Never Knew About Tuesday Weld.
32. Why I Do Not Live In A Grot, Elfin Or Otherwise.
33. Copse & Spinney Nomenclature : A Guide For Tiny Tots.
34. Six Types Of Snodgrass Implement.
35. On The Naming Of Curs As Fido : A Stern Corrective.
36. An Alphabetical Guide To What Every Infant Should Know About The Majesty Of Nature.
37. How My Annotated List Of Chewed Things Was Lost In A Muddy Canadian River.
38. The Bee As Moral Exemplar & Other Insect-Related Parables For Young & Old Alike, Innit.
39. Cornflakes, Ready Brek, Special K and Suicide.
40. Some Things To Eat In The Bleak Midwinter.
41. A Full And Frank Commentary On “The Dark Night Of The Soul”, Wherein Certain Controversial Theories Are Proposed Which Have Led The Author Into Fist-Fights With Sailors Outside Tough Drinking Taverns In The Marseilles Dockyards.
42. Little Stories Of Charming People To Warm The Cockles Of Your Heart.
43. Six Hundred And Twenty Uncanny Tales, Together With A Pen-Portrait Of Victoria Principal.
44. How I Was Attacked By A Flock Of Partridges At A Bus Stop While On My Way To The Potato Club.
45. Bilgewater Elegies.
46. Netherlands, Holland, Dutch—What's That About?
47. Some Thoughts About Shabby Taverns, Cows And The 1958 Munich Air Disaster Which Wiped Out The Flower Of Post-War English Football, Although Sir Matt Busby Survived The Crash, Praise The Lord.
48. An Essay About Bowls, Dishes And Pots.
49. A Pamphlet Of Majestic Sweeping Paragraphs.
50. Why I Smashed My Copy Of “Thick As A Brick” By Jethro Tull Into Twenty Thousand Pieces With A Geological Hammer And Then Glued It Back Together Again.
51. Notes On A Shelf Of Test Tubes Containing The Blood Of Squirrels.
52. Observations On Cows From A Great Distance, In The Rain.
53. He Who Plucks The Strings Of A Banjo In Wintry, Wintry Weather.
54. Ten Things Guaranteed To Drive Marigold Chew Crackers.
55. Nomenclature of Paraguayan Bandit Musicians & Soviet Collective Farm Administrators Compared.
56. All About My Nocturnal River Trip In The Government Canoe With Captain Vargas, During Which I Was Heavily Sedated.
57. My Parents Are Dead, But Christ!, I Adore Hiking.
58. The Death Of Stalin Has Led Me By Dense Entangled Byways To The Unshakeable Conviction That A Complete And Thorough Pedagogic System Can Be Based Entirely Upon My Own Pamphlets.
59. How I Thwarted My Cacodaemon With A Pointy Stick And Some Bleach.
60. God Almighty, Is There Anything More Satisfying Than A Well-Executed Picnic?
61. A Dictionary Of Squirrels (and its appendix Eerie & Macabre Picnic Praxis).
62. A Dictionary Of Guillemot Habitat Maps.
63. Wild And Unhinged Fantasies Regarding The Existence Of Wholly Imaginary Registers.
64. Why I Can Be Difficult And Self-Centred.
65. The Sane Person's Guide To Swearing By The Etruscan Gods.
66. Child, Be Thunderstruck As Your Tiny Brain Copes With The Notion That Ice And Water And Steam Are But Different Forms Of The Same Substance!.
67. Why Those Let Loose From Mad Cabins Should Immediately Up Sticks And Settle At A Seaside Resort.
68. “On terrifying facial expressions”.
69. Meetings With Remarkable Owls.
70. “On the forest beings”.
71. The Unutterable Chaos Caused By Panicking Hens.
72. My Mysterious Day Trip To Alaska And What I Did With A Handful Of Pebbles While I Was There.
73. How To Knit Knots While Remaining Invisible To Hurrying Brutes.
74. Tips For Janitors.
75. On the History and Origins of the Fred Jessop Cup.
76.
77. Some Arresting, Diverting, And Frankly Sensational Factoids Regarding Certain Ponds I Have Had The Pleasure To Take A Turn Around, In All Weathers, Arranged In Alphabetical Order By Pond Name.
78. How I Spent Six Months Underground In An Amazing Subterranean Vault Built To House The Blister Lane Gasworks, Together With Mr And Mrs Pan And Their Cat Hudibras. (considered lost)
79. An Essay Concerning A Bird Perched Upon A Promontory.
80. A Disquisition Upon The Various Types Of Cloth From Which Trousers May Be Woven , Together With Some Pictures Of Hume Cronyn.
81. How I Conquered My Fear Of Googie Withers, Together With A Few Tips On The Limitless Possibilities For Entertainment Afforded By A Toy Squirrel Made Of Tin.
82. Fun With Paraffin!
83. How To Dye A Goat.
84. What Planet Does Jeanette Winterson Live On?
85. On The Judicious And Non-Repeating Deployment Of Pancake Hints.
86. Thousands Of Unusual And Arresting Facts About Birds.
87. The Huddled Shapelessness Of The Dead.
88.
89. Mawkish Fables Of Punctilio And Rectitude For Tiny Tots.
90. Never Pack A Knapsack In A Panic.
91. Keeping Cutlery Aligned Tidily In The Cutlery Drawer As An Absolute Imperative If One Aspires To Be Fully Human.
92. The Happy Sprinter : An Eye-Witness Account Of The Training Schedule Of Fictional Athlete Bobnit Tivol Under The Direction Of His Coach, Old Halob.
93. Tacky To Goo : Some Frightfully Complicated Thoughts On The Consistency Of Manufactured Pastes.
94. Ten Short Essays On Chopping And Cutting And Hacking.
95. Some Remarks On The Grotesque Pallor I Encountered This Morning In My Shaving Mirror.
96. The Four Horsemen Of The Apocalypse… Or Were They?
97. How I Mislaid My Bus Pass During A Thunderstorm.
98. An Anthology Of Disastrous Hiking Mishaps Cobbled Together From A Lifetime Of Ill-Starred Rustic Pursuits.
99. Forty Visits To The Post Office.
100. Six Lectures On Fruit.
101. Where Eagles Dare.
102. The Man Who Put The Bee In Beelzebub.
103. An Anecdote About Channelling Jungle Demons Wearing A Copper Cone Atop My Head While Hiding In A Cubby Full Of Bats.
104. Quite A Few Things I Know About Swans.


Litterature on Software Engienering
Digitalization and Software Industry
A Case for Human Values in Software Engineering. Jon Whittle, Maria Angela Ferrario, Will Simm, Waqar Hussain. In IEEE Softw. 38(1): 106-113 (2021)
Is software the result of top-down intelligent design or evolution?. Edward A. Lee. 2018. Commun. ACM 61, 9 (August 2018), 34-36. ( video and book)
Crowdsourcing in Software Engineering: Models, Motivations, and Challenges. LaToza, Thomas & van der Hoek, Andre. IEEE Software (2016). 33. 74-80. 10.1109/MS.2016.12.
Software Heritage: Why and How to Preserve Software Source Code, by Roberto Di Cosmo, Stefano Zacchiroli. 2017.
Why Software Is Eating The World, By Marc Andreessen, In wsj. August 20, 2011.
Software Engineering in Practices
Software development in disruptive times, by João Varajão. 2021. Commun. ACM 64, 10 (October 2021), 32–35.
Surviving Software Dependencies, by Russ Cox, Communications of the ACM, September 2019.
Software Engineering at Google, by Fergus Henderson, 2019.
Why are many business instilling a DevOps culture into their organization?, by Diaz, J., López-Fernández, D., Perez, J., and González-Prieto, Á., 2020.
Why Google Stores Billions of Lines of Code in a Single Repository, by Rachel Potvin, Josh Levenberg. In Communications of the ACM, Vol. 59 No. 7, Pages 78-87, 2016.
Development and Deployment at Facebook, by Dror Feitelson, Eitan Frachtenberg, and Kent Beck. In IEEE Internet Computing 17, 4 (July 2013).
Deploying Search Based Software Engineering with Sapienz at Facebook, by Nadia Alshahwan, Xinbo Gao, Mark Harman, Yue Jia, Ke Mao, Alexander Mols, Taijin Tei, and Ilya Zorin. In Search-Based Software Engineering 2018, Springer.
The antifragile organization, by Ariel Tseitlin. In Commun. ACM 56, 8 (August 2013).
How We Build Code at Netflix. M. McGarr, E. Bukoski, and B. Moyles. 2016.
Einas Haddad. Service-Oriented Architecture: Scaling the Uber Engineering Codebase As We Grow. 2015.
Microservices. J. Thones. In: IEEE Software 32.1 (2015), pp. 116–116. doi: 10.1109/MS.2015.11.
Software Testing and Resilience Engineering
Long Term Effects of Mutation Testing, by Goran Petrovic Gordon Fraser Marko Ivanković René Just. 2021 IEEE/ACM 43rd International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE), IEEE, pp. 910-921
Practical Mutation Testing at Scale: A view from Google, by Goran Petrovic Gordon Fraser Marko Ivanković René Just. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering (2021)
What It Would Take to Use Mutation Testing in Industry–A Study at Facebook, by Moritz Beller, Chu-Pan Wong, Johannes Bader, Andrew Scott, Mateusz Machalica, Satish Chandra, Erik Meijer. In ICSE 2021 SEIP - Software Engineering in Practice.
A Large-Scale Study of Test Coverage Evolution, by Michael Hilton, Jonathan Bell and Darko Marinov. In Proceedings of the 33rd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE ’18), ACM.
Chaos Engineering, by Ali Basiri, Niosha Behnam, Ruud de Rooij, Lorin Hochstein, Luke Kosewski, Justin Reynolds, Casey Rosenthal. In IEEE Software vol. 33 no. 3, p. 35-41, 2016.
Automating chaos experiments in production, Ali Basiri, Lorin Hochstein, Nora Jones, Haley Tucker. In Proceedings of the 41st International Conference on Software Engineering: Software Engineering in Practice (ICSE-SEIP ‘19). IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, USA, 31-40.
Understanding flaky tests: the developer’s perspective. Moritz Eck, Fabio Palomba, Marco Castelluccio, and Alberto Bacchelli. 2019. In ESEC/FSE 2019.
Programming Language
A Large-Scale Study of Programming Languages and Code Quality in GitHub, by Baishakhi Ray, Daryl Posnett, Premkumar Devanbu, Vladimir Filkov. In Communications of the ACM, Vol. 60 No. 10, Pages 91-100, Oct. 2017.
A programmable programming language, by Matthias Felleisen, Robert Bruce Findler, Matthew Flatt, Shriram Krishnamurthi, Eli Barzilay, Jay McCarthy, and Sam Tobin-Hochstadt. In Communications of the ACM 61, 3, Pages 62-71, Feb. 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3127323
Typing
Against a Universal Definition of ‘Type’, by Tomas Petricek. In Proceedings of Onward! Essays 2015.
In Search of Types, by Stephen Kell. In Proceedings of the 2014 ACM International Symposium on New Ideas, New Paradigms, and Reflections on Programming & Software (Onward! 2014).
To Type or Not to Type: Quantifying Detectable Bugs in JavaScript by Z. Gao, C. Bird and E. T. Barr. In IEEE/ACM 39th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE'17), Buenos Aires, 2017, pp. 758-769.
On understanding data abstraction, revisited by William R. Cook. In the 24th ACM SIGPLAN conference on Object Oriented Programming Systems Languages and Applications (OOPSLA ‘09), 2009.
Approximate computing
A survey of techniques for approximate computing, by Mittal, S. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), 48(4), 62 (2016).
Software modularity
Traits: Composable Units of Behavior, by Nathanael Schärli, Stéphane Ducasse, Oscar Nierstrasz and Andrew Black. In European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 2003).
Aspect-oriented programming, by Kiczales G. et al. European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP 1997).
Software synthesis
Automatic patch generation by learning correct code, by Fan Long and Martin Rinard. In Proceedings of the 43rd Annual ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages (POPL ‘16). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 298-312.
Scientific Method
The ABC of Software Engineering Research. Klaas-Jan Stol and Brian Fitzgerald. 2018. ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol. 27, 3, Article 11 (October 2018).
Repeatability in Computer Systems Research By Christian Collberg, Todd A. Proebsting. Communications of the ACM, March 2016, Vol. 59 No. 3, Pages 62-69.


In this example, route queries use the ingresDataAdapter5.
The ingresDataAdapter5 contains:
Connection object containing the target data source string.
SELECT command used for retrieving data from the Route table.
INSERT command used for adding data to the Route table.
UPDATE command for changing data in the Route table.
DELETE command for removing data from the Route table.


{{ StartupErrorMessage }}
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FHIR Communicator
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--- layout: archive title: Zulip Chat Archive permalink: /stream/113489-new-members/topic/mathlib.2Flean.20version.html ---
The mathlib instructions at https://github.com/leanprover/mathlib/blob/master/docs/elan.md#scenario-1-start-a-new-package suggest using the version in the mathlib leanpkg.toml, expecting it to be a nightly, but it's actually the stable 3.4.1 now, which means leanpkg downloads the lean-3.4.1 branch instead of master.
What's the right way to use mathlib master?
For now I've just specified the latest nightly, but I'm not sure if I'm supposed to be tracking along with mathlib as suggested by those docs somehow
Ugh, we really need to fix this issue! There was some discussion a few days ago.
{% endraw %}Last updated: Apr 24 2020 at 19:02 UTC


Support for parallel computation with progress bar, and option to stop or proceed on errors. Also provides logging to console and disk, and the logging persists in the parallel threads. Additional functions support function call automation with delayed execution (e.g. for executing functions in parallel).
| Version: | 1.0.1 |
| Depends: | R (≥ 3.1.0) |
| Imports: | snow, XML, jsonlite, methods, utils |
| Suggests: | testthat, shiny, DT, knitr, rmarkdown |
| Published: | 2018-10-25 |
| Author: | Martijn Schuemie [aut, cre], Marc Suchard [aut], Observational Health Data Science and Informatics [cph] |
| Maintainer: | Martijn Schuemie <schuemie at ohdsi.org> |
| BugReports: | https://github.com/OHDSI/ParallelLogger/issues |
| License: | Apache License 2.0 |
| URL: | https://github.com/OHDSI/ParallelLogger |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| Materials: | README NEWS |
| CRAN checks: | ParallelLogger results |
| Reference manual: | ParallelLogger.pdf |
| Vignettes: |
Logging using ParallelLogger Parallel execution using ParallelLogger |
| Package source: | ParallelLogger_1.0.1.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: ParallelLogger_1.0.1.zip, r-release: ParallelLogger_1.0.1.zip, r-oldrel: not available |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: ParallelLogger_1.0.1.tgz, r-oldrel: ParallelLogger_1.0.1.tgz |
| Old sources: | ParallelLogger archive |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ParallelLogger to link to this page.


Introduction
The xPSDesiredStateConfiguration module is a part of the Windows PowerShell Desired State Configuration (DSC) Resource Kit, which is a collection of DSC Resources produced by the PowerShell Team. This module contains the
xDscWebService , xWindowsProcess, xService, xPackage, xRemoteFile, and xGroup resources, and
xFileUpload composite resource. Please see the Details section for more information on the functionalities provided by these resources.
All of the resources in the DSC Resource Kit are provided AS IS, and are not supported through any Microsoft standard support program or service. The "x" in xPSDesiredStateConfiguration stands for experimental, which means that these resources
will be fix forward and monitored by the module owner(s).
Please leave comments, feature requests, and bug reports in the Q & A tab for this module.
If you would like to modify xPSDesiredStateConfiguration module, feel free. When modifying, please update the module name, resource friendly name, and MOF class name (instructions below). As specified in the license, you may copy or modify
this resource as long as they are used on the Windows Platform.
For more information about Windows PowerShell Desired State Configuration, check out the blog posts on the
PowerShell Blog (this
is a good starting point). There are also great community resources, such as
PowerShell.org
, or
PowerShell Magazine
. For more information on the DSC Resource Kit, check out
this blog post.
Installation
To install xPSDesiredStateConfiguration module
- Unzip the content under $env:ProgramFiles\WindowsPowerShell\Modules folder
To confirm installation:
-
Run Get-DSCResource to see that xDscWebService , xWindowsProcess, xService, xRemoteFile, xPackage, xGroup and xFileUpload are among the DSC Resources listed
Requirements
This module requires the latest version of PowerShell (v4.0, which ships in Windows 8.1 or Windows Server 2012R2). To easily use PowerShell 4.0 on older operating systems,
install WMF 4.0. Please read the installation instructions that are present on both the download page and the release notes for WMF 4.0.
Description
The xPSDesiredStateConfiguration module contains the
xDscWebService , xWindowsProcess, xService, xPackage, xRemoteFile, xGroup, and xFileUpload
DSC Resources. The xDscWebService resource allows the configuration of a OData endpoint for DSC Service to make a node a DSC Pull Server. The xWindowsProcess resource
is an enhancement to the inbox WindowsProcess resource and allows you to run a process under the context of a user. (Note that the user needs to log in at least once so that his profile is present on the system.) The xService resource is also an enhancement
on the inbox and allows you to create and delete a service . xRemoteFile allows to download file from HTTP or HTTPS location to local destination. It provides possibility to specify user agent and headers when sending a web request. xFileUpload is a composite
resource which allows to upload file from local machine to the SMB share. xPackage resource allows installation of .msi and .exe software installations. xGroup extends the in-box Group resource with support for cross-domain account resolution and UPN names.
Details
xDscWebService resource has following properties:
-
EndpointName: The desired web service name
-
CertificateThumbPrint: Certificate thumbprint for creating HTTPS endpoint
-
Port: Port
for web service
-
PhysicalPath: Folder location where content of web service resides
-
State: State
of the web service - Started or Stopped
-
ModulePath: Folder location where DSC Resources are stored
-
ConfiguraitonPath: Folder location where DSC Configurations are stored
-
IsComplianceServer: Should the web service endpoint expose compliance data
-
Ensure: Should
the web service be created or deleted
Some of the properties of the xWindowsProcess resource are enumerate below. For a complete list, please use Get-DscResource
-
Path: The full path or the process executable
-
Arguments: This is a mandatory parameter for passing in arguments to the process executable. Specify an empty string if you don't want to pass any arguments
-
Credential: The credentials of the user under who's context you want to run the process.
-
Ensure: An enumeration stating if the process needs to be running or stopped
Some of the properties of the xService resource are enumerate below. For a complete list, please use Get-DscResource
-
Name: The name for the service
-
Ensure: An enumeration which stating whether the service needs to be created (when set to 'Present') or deleted (when set to 'Absent')
-
Path: The path to the service executable file. This is a requied parameter if Ensure is set to true
xRemoteFile resource has following properties:
-
DestinationPath:Path under which downloaded file should be accessible after operation
-
Uri:Uri of a file which should be downloaded
-
UserAgent:User agent for the web request
-
Headers:Headers of the web request
-
Credential:Specifies credential of a user which has permissions to send the request
-
Ensure:Says whether DestinationPath exists on the machine
xFileUpload resource has following properties:
-
DestinationPath:Path under which file should be accessible after uploading
-
SourcePath:Path to the file which should be uploaded
-
Credential:PSCredential object with to access DestinationPath. Username in domain\user format.
-
CertificateThumbprint:Thumbprint of the certificate which should be used for encryption/decryption
The properties of the xPackage resource are enumerated below. For a complete list, please use Get-DscResource
-
Ensure:
An enumeration which stating whether the service needs to be created (when set to 'Present') or deleted (when set to 'Absent')
-
Name:
The
name of the package.
-
Path:
The source path for the package.
-
ProductId:
The product id of the package. Usually
a GUID value.
-
Arguments:
Command line arguments passed on the installation
command line.
-
Credential: Credentials necessary to access the Path.
-
ReturnCode:
An array of return codes that are returned after a successful
installation.
-
LogPath:
The destination
path of the log.
-
PackageDescription: A text description of the package being installed.
-
Publisher: Publisher's name.
-
InstalledOn: Date of installation.
-
Size:
Size of the installation.
-
Version:
Version
of the package.
-
Installed:
Is the package
installed?
-
RunAsCredential: Credentials to run under when installing the package.
-
InstalledCheckRegKey: Registry key to open to check for package installation status.
-
InstalledCheckRegValueName: Registry value name to check for package installation status.
-
InstalledCheckRegValueData: Value to compare against the retrieved value to check for package installation.
The xGroup resource extends the in-box Group resource by supporting cross-domain account lookup where a valid trust relationship exists.
In addition, limited support for UPN-formatted names are supported for identifying user, computer, and group domain-based accounts. The properties of the xGroup
resource are identical to the in-box resource and include the following:
-
GroupName: The name of the group for which you want to ensure a specific state
-
Ensure: An enumeration stating if the group should be Present (default)or Absent.
-
Description: Description of the group.
-
Members: The members that form the group.
-
Important ......................If the group already exists, the listed items in this property replaces what is in the Group.
-
MembersToInclude: List of users to add to the group.
-
Important ......................This property is ignored if 'Members' is specified.
-
MembersToExclude: List of users you want to ensure are not members of the group.
-
Important ......................This property is ignored if 'Members' is specified.
-
Credential: Indicates the credentials required to access remote resources.
-
Important ......................This account must have the appropriate Active Directory permissions to add all non-local accounts to the group; otherwise, an error will occur.
Local accounts may be specified in one of the following ways:
- The simple name of the account of the group or local user.
- The account name scoped to the explicit machine name; such as myserver\users or myserver\username
- The account name scoped using the explicit local machine qualifier; such as .\users or .\username
Domain members may be specified using domain\name or Universal Principal Name (UPN) formatting. The following illustrates the various formats
- Domain joined machines: mydomain\myserver or<EMAIL_ADDRESS>- Domain user accounts: mydomain\username or<EMAIL_ADDRESS>- Domain group accounts: mydomain\groupname or<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Renaming Requirements
When making changes to these resources, we suggest the following practice:
-
Update the following names by replacing MSFT with your company/community name and replacing the
"x" with "c" (short for "Community") or another prefix of your choice:
-
Module name (ex: xPSDesiredStateConfiguration becomes
cPSDesiredStateConfiguration
)
-
Resource folder (ex: MSFT_DscWebService becomes Contoso_cDscWebService)
-
Resource Name (ex: MSFT_DscWebService becomes Contoso_cDscWebService)
-
Resource Friendly Name (ex: DscWebService becomes cDscWebService)
-
MOF class name (ex: MSFT_DscWebService becomes Contoso_cDscWebService)
-
Filename for the <resource>.schema.mof (ex: MSFT_DscWebService.schema.mof becomes
Contoso_cDscWebService.schema.mof)
- Update module and metadata information in the module manifest
- Update any configuration that use these resources
We reserve resource and module names without prefixes ("x" or "c") for future use (e.g. "MSFT_DscWebService" or "DscWebService"). If the next version of Windows Server ships with a "DscWebService" resource, we don't want to break any configurations that
use any community modifications. Please keep a prefix such as "c" on all community modifications.
Versions
<IP_ADDRESS>
-
Adding following resources:
<IP_ADDRESS>
-
Adding following resources:
<IP_ADDRESS>
-
Adding following resources:
- xWindowsProcess
- xService
- xRemoteFile
- xPackage
<IP_ADDRESS>
-
Fix to remove and recreate the SSL bindings when performing a new HTTPS IIS Endpoint setup
- Fix in the resource module to consume WebSite Name parameter correctly
<IP_ADDRESS>
-
Initial release with the following resources
Example: Change the Name and the Workgroup Name
This configuration will set a machine name and changes the workgroup it is in.
Example: Switch from a Workgroup to a Domain
This configuration sets the machine name and joins a domain.
Note: this requires a credential.
Example: Change the Name while staying on the Domain
This example will change the machines name while remaining on the domain.
Note: this requires a credential.
Example: Change the Name while staying on the Workgroup
This example will change the machines name while remaining on the workgroup.
Example: Switch from a Domain to a Workgroup
This example switches the computer from a domain to a workgroup.
Note: this requires a credential.
Example: Download file from uri. Specify headers and user agent.
This configuration will download file from specific uri to DestinationPath. Web request will contain specific headers and will be sent as a specified user agent.
Example: Upload file to SMB share.
This configuration will upload file from SourcePath to the remote DestinationPath. Username and password will be used to access the DestinationPath
Example: Sample1.ps1 installs a package that uses an .exe file.
This configuration will install a the .exe package verifying the package using the package name.
Example: Sample1.ps2 installs a package that uses an .exe file.
This configuration will install a the .exe package and verify the package using the product id and package name .
Example: Sample1.ps3 installs a package that uses an .msi file.
This configuration will install a the .msi package and verify the package using the product id and package name and requires credentials to read the share and install the package.
Example: Sample1.ps4 installs a package that uses an .exe file.
This configuration will install a the .exe package and verify the package using the product id and package name and requires credentials to read the share and install the package. It also uses custom registry values to check for the package presence.


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KratosMultiphysics
KRATOS Multiphysics (Kratos) is a framework for building parallel, multi-disciplinary simulation software, aiming at modularity, extensibility, and high performance. Kratos is written in C++, and counts with an extensive Python interface.
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#include <apply_constant_phreatic_line_pressure_process.hpp>
Public Member Functions | |
| KRATOS_CLASS_POINTER_DEFINITION (ApplyConstantPhreaticLinePressureProcess) | |
| ApplyConstantPhreaticLinePressureProcess (ModelPart &model_part, Parameters rParameters) | |
| ApplyConstantPhreaticLinePressureProcess (const ApplyConstantPhreaticLinePressureProcess &)=delete | |
| ApplyConstantPhreaticLinePressureProcess & | operator= (const ApplyConstantPhreaticLinePressureProcess &)=delete |
| ~ApplyConstantPhreaticLinePressureProcess () override=default | |
| void | ExecuteInitialize () override |
| std::string | Info () const override |
| Turn back information as a string. More... | |
| Public Member Functions inherited from Kratos::Process | |
| KRATOS_CLASS_POINTER_DEFINITION (Process) | |
| Pointer definition of Process. More... | |
| Process () | |
| Default constructor. More... | |
| Process (const Flags options) | |
| ~Process () override | |
| Destructor. More... | |
| void | operator() () |
| This operator is provided to call the process as a function and simply calls the Execute method. More... | |
| virtual Process::Pointer | Create (Model &rModel, Parameters ThisParameters) |
| This method creates an pointer of the process. More... | |
| virtual void | Execute () |
| Execute method is used to execute the Process algorithms. More... | |
| virtual void | ExecuteBeforeSolutionLoop () |
| This function is designed for being execute once before the solution loop but after all of the solvers where built. More... | |
| virtual void | ExecuteInitializeSolutionStep () |
| This function will be executed at every time step BEFORE performing the solve phase. More... | |
| virtual void | ExecuteFinalizeSolutionStep () |
| This function will be executed at every time step AFTER performing the solve phase. More... | |
| virtual void | ExecuteBeforeOutputStep () |
| This function will be executed at every time step BEFORE writing the output. More... | |
| virtual void | ExecuteAfterOutputStep () |
| This function will be executed at every time step AFTER writing the output. More... | |
| virtual void | ExecuteFinalize () |
| This function is designed for being called at the end of the computations. More... | |
| virtual int | Check () |
| This function is designed for being called after ExecuteInitialize ONCE to verify that the input is correct. More... | |
| virtual void | Clear () |
| This method clears the assignation of the conditions. More... | |
| virtual const Parameters | GetDefaultParameters () const |
| This method provides the defaults parameters to avoid conflicts between the different constructors. More... | |
| std::string | Info () const override |
| Turn back information as a string. More... | |
| void | PrintInfo (std::ostream &rOStream) const override |
| Print information about this object. More... | |
| void | PrintData (std::ostream &rOStream) const override |
| Print object's data. More... | |
Protected Member Functions | |
| double | CalculatePressure (const Node &rNode) const |
Protected Attributes | |
| ModelPart & | mrModelPart |
| Member Variables. More... | |
| std::string | mVariableName |
| bool | mIsFixed |
| bool | mIsFixedProvided |
| bool | mIsSeepage |
| unsigned int | mGravityDirection |
| double | mSpecificWeight |
| unsigned int | mOutOfPlaneDirection |
| unsigned int | mHorizontalDirection |
| Vector3 | mFirstReferenceCoordinate |
| Vector3 | mSecondReferenceCoordinate |
| double | mSlope |
| double | mMinHorizontalCoordinate |
| double | mMaxHorizontalCoordinate |
| double | mPressureTensionCutOff |
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inline |
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delete |
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overridedefault |
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inlineprotected |
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inlineoverridevirtual |
this function is designed for being called at the beginning of the computations right after reading the model and the groups
Reimplemented from Kratos::Process.
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inlineoverride |
Turn back information as a string.
| Kratos::ApplyConstantPhreaticLinePressureProcess::KRATOS_CLASS_POINTER_DEFINITION | ( | ApplyConstantPhreaticLinePressureProcess | ) |
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delete |
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Member Variables.
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Tessel Temperature
This is an example of getting Tessel settings pushed to your web page. This example uses Socket.io to push real-time updates from a Tessel to a table on your page.
| Temperature | 0.0 |
| Humidity | 0.0 |
...
...
This is an example of getting Tessel settings pushed to your web page. This example uses Socket.io to push real-time updates from a Tessel to a table on your page.
| Temperature | 0.0 |
| Humidity | 0.0 |


Converted amount in your selected country :
Your selected country code :
Present rate of your selected country :
Last Updated on :
Next update on :


Steelta348.github.io
Imesa LM7EDP Manuals User Guides - all-guides.com. IMESA LM7EDP OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS MANUAL Pdf Download September 13th, 2018 - View and Download Imesa LM7EDP operating instructions manual online LM7EDP Washer pdf manual download IMESA MAFIADOC COM November 2nd, 2018 - CONTACT THERMOSTAT 155Â°C with manual reset 16A 250V for Dryer IMESA ES10 ES55 ES75 for Dryer IMESA ES10 ES10INV.
PDF Imesa Es10 Manual Epub - cifalquito.org.
IMESA LM7EDP OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS MANUAL Pdf Download. Instructions manual online LM7EDP Washer pdf manual download All IMESA catalogues and technical brochures PDF November 16th, 2018 - Search in IMESA catalogs and technical brochures. Imesa Washing Machine User Manuals - Libble.eu. PDF Imesa Es10 Manual Epub - ipra2016.org. Imesa LM7EDP Manuals User Guides. User Manuals, Guides and Specifications for your Imesa LM7EDP Washer. Database contains 1 Imesa LM7EDP Manuals (available for free online viewing or downloading in PDF): Operating instructions manual.
IMESA LM7EDP OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS MANUAL Pdf Download September 13th, 2018 - View and Download Imesa LM7EDP operating instructions manual online LM7EDP Washer pdf manual download All IMESA catalogues and technical brochures PDF November 13th, 2018 - Search in IMESA catalogs and technical brochures.
Free download of your Imesa Washing Machine User Manuals. Still need help after reading the user manual? Post your question in our forums. PDF Imesa Es10 Manual Epub - southafricantheatre.org. Operating Instructions Washing Machine Imesa LM7EDP Dear Imesa customer! Welcome to the family of Imesa customers. We hope that you will have many years of use from your new machine. The machine has many special functions.


Mine Gridcoin the same as you would mine litecoin. Download cg-miner 3.10 or GuiMiner scrypt alpha. Set up your config file to solo mine.
Ask the recipient for their gridcoin address. Press the Send button from the main form. Enter the recipients wallet address and fill out the form and press Send.


Background
Education
- University of Washington
- Bachelors of Science Microbiology
- Highline College
- Associate of Science Biology
Resume
- University of Washington Medical Center
- Position:Patient Care Technician
- Start-End date: June 2016 - Current
- Walmart Pharmacy
- Position: Pharmacy Assistant
- Start-End date: Sept 2014 - Sept 2015


@@include("../partials/head.html")
We’re constantly improving & updating Dashui. See the latest features and improvements.
v1.0.1
- Aug 17, 2021
v1.0.0
- June 19, 2021
Dashui is a fully responsive and yet modern premium bootstrap dashboard Admin template.


Deals: Nintendo Labo Kits Plunge To Just £15 In Ridiculous Black Friday Savings (UK)
Act fast!
by Ryan CraddockIf you're yet to experience Nintendo Labo, perhaps waiting for a price drop before committing to such a purchase, then now is absolutely the time to strike.
We can't quite believe that they're available at such a low price, but you can now pick up both the Nintendo Labo Robot Kit and the Nintendo Labo Vehicle Kit for just £14.99 in the UK. The original Variety Kit is also available for an almost-as-amazing £25.99.
Of course, you may remember that the Robot Kit initially launched for £69.99, meaning that you're actually getting it for £55 less than the recommended retail price. The Variety Kit launched at £59.99, too.
Nintendo Labo Toy-Con 01: Variety Kit
Nintendo Labo Toy-Con 02: Robot Kit
Nintendo Labo Toy-Con 03: Vehicle Kit
If you're after more great savings, we've been gathering up all of the best Black Friday Nintendo deals we can find.
Tempted at this price? Let us know if you'll be grabbing any of these with a comment below.


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| If you are organising an event and would like Ocuco to attend, please contact Ocuco |
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OPTIFERIA EXPO OPTICA
Sunday 10 Aug 2008 to Wednesday 13 Aug 2008
Buenos Aires , Argentina
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MSOO Monday 01 Sep 2008 to Friday 05 Sep 2008
Moscow, Russia
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CRIO
Saturday 13 Sep 2008 to Monday 15 Sep 2008
Dortmund, Germany
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21st International Optics Fair - China (Beijing)
Friday 26 Sep 2008 to Monday 29 Sep 2008
China International Exhibition Centre, Beijing, P.R. China
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ABDO Conference and Exhibition, Manchester
Saturday 27 Sep 2008 to Tuesday 30 Sep 2008
Manchester
http://www.abdo.co.uk |
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IOFT
Wednesday 01 Oct 2008 to Saturday 04 Oct 2008
Tokyo, Japan
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International Vision Expo West, Las Vegas
Thursday 02 Oct 2008 to Monday 06 Oct 2008
Sands Expo Centre, Las Vegas, USA
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ICLS Seminar 2008 - Annual Seminar & Trade Show
Sunday 05 Oct 2008 to Monday 06 Oct 2008
Plaza Hotel, Dublin
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EFCLIN CONGRESS, Glasgow
Thursday 09 Oct 2008 to Sunday 12 Oct 2008
Glasgow - Thistle Hotel
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TIOF
Friday 10 Oct 2008 to Monday 13 Oct 2008
Thessaloniki,Greece
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Optical World - 9th Int Symposium for the Optical Industry - Paris
Thursday 30 Oct 2008 to Friday 31 Oct 2008
Paris, France
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SILMO, Paris
Thursday 30 Oct 2008 to Monday 03 Nov 2008
Porte de Versailles, Paris, France
http://www.silmo.fr |
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Hong Kong Optical Fair
Thursday 06 Nov 2008 to Sunday 09 Nov 2008
Hong Kong
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OLA - Nashville
Thursday 06 Nov 2008 to Sunday 09 Nov 2008
Galord Opryland Hotel, Nashville
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VISION CANADA
Friday 07 Nov 2008 to Monday 10 Nov 2008
Kelowna, British Columbia
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Ocuco 2008 User Group Meeting - Portugal
Sunday 09 Nov 2008 to Wednesday 12 Nov 2008
Vilamoura, Portugal
http://www.ocuco.com/usergroup |
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SP & AS - ABDO Area 2 Ocuco Talk
Wednesday 12 Nov 2008 to Thursday 13 Nov 2008
Central Leeds - Asda's Headquarters
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OPTICS SALON
Friday 28 Nov 2008 to Monday 01 Dec 2008
Kiev, Ukraine
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VISIONOPTICS
Monday 01 Dec 2008 to Tuesday 02 Dec 2008
New Delhi, India
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Eyecare 3000
Sunday 18 Jan 2009 to Tuesday 20 Jan 2009
Glasgow
http://www.eyecare3000.co.uk |
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Opti 09
Friday 23 Jan 2009 to Monday 26 Jan 2009
New Munich Trade Fair Centre
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VISION-X DUBAI 2009
Monday 02 Feb 2009 to Tuesday 03 Feb 2009
Date in Feb but not decided yet
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SIOF
Wednesday 11 Feb 2009 to Sunday 15 Feb 2009
Shanghai/China - Shanghair Everbright Convention & Exhibition Centre
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OPTIMED - Tunis - Been cancelled/postponed/changed
Monday 02 Mar 2009 to Tuesday 03 Mar 2009
Tunisia
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ROMOPTIK - Been cancelled/Postponed/changed
Monday 02 Mar 2009 to Tuesday 03 Mar 2009
Bucharest, Romania
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SNOL - Been Cancelled, postponed/changed
Monday 02 Mar 2009 to Tuesday 03 Mar 2009
Casablanca, Morocco
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SECO International 2009 - Georgia
Wednesday 04 Mar 2009 to Monday 09 Mar 2009
Georgia World Congress Centre, Atlanta, Georgia
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OPTIK ISTANBUL 2009
Thursday 05 Mar 2009 to Monday 09 Mar 2009
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MIDO 2009
Friday 06 Mar 2009 to Tuesday 10 Mar 2009
Milan, Italy
http://www.mido.it |
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MS00 - 2009
Tuesday 10 Mar 2009 to Saturday 14 Mar 2009
Moscow/Russia - Expocentr, Krasnaja
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International VisionExpo East - New York
Thursday 26 Mar 2009 to Monday 30 Mar 2009
Jacob K Javits Convention Centre, New York
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Expooptica
Friday 27 Mar 2009 to Monday 30 Mar 2009
Madrid- Spain
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Optrafair 2009
Saturday 04 Apr 2009 to Tuesday 07 Apr 2009
NEC Exhibition Centre, Birmingham
http://www.optrafair.co.uk |
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Wenzhou International Optics Fair
Wednesday 01 Jul 2009 to Thursday 02 Jul 2009
Wenzhou/China
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CIOF
Tuesday 01 Sep 2009 to Wednesday 02 Sep 2009
Beijing/China
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IOFTTokyo/Japan
Thursday 01 Oct 2009 to Friday 02 Oct 2009
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Vision Expo West
Thursday 01 Oct 2009 to Sunday 04 Oct 2009
Las Vagas, USA
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Vision Canada
Friday 13 Nov 2009 to Monday 16 Nov 2009
Calgary, Alberta
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Optical Middle East
Monday 07 Dec 2009 to Thursday 10 Dec 2009
Abu Dhabi National Exhibition Centre
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This Is Header
KhsCI Hello
GitHub
GitHub App New
Install GitHub App in your Repo
Coding
Gitee
Support Docs


Friendly Sylhet is a divisional capital with a pronounced small-town feel, its congested streets and bustling roadside markets chipping in with requisite measures of sights, sounds and smells. The town, however, also gives off a strong underlying sense of economic prosperity. The majority of British Bangladeshis hail from here, and those with stronger ties to the homeland continue to visit their families regularly and pour money back into the local economy. This has helped create a city that is more modern than other comparable urban centres in Bangladesh. For tourists, it also means the availability of better hotels and restaurants, easier access to creature comforts and a disproportionately large local population that speaks good English.


Happy Birthday!
Problem:
You do not have JavaScript enabled. JavaScript must be enabled for this application to work.


BOINC Terminology |
|
|---|---|
| Word | Description |
| Abort | To stop a task crunching. This will effectively stop it, delete it and wait to be reported as being aborted by user. In your stderr text on the server it will show as "Aborted by User". No credit will be given for this task. |
| Abort Transfer | As above, this aborts the task. It will NOT stop the upload or download of a task!! |
| Aborted by User | The message you get when you abort a task, both in Boinc Manager/Tasks and on the project. |
| Account Key |
A random 32 character hexadecimal key assigned to your email address, made by the project. With this key you can log in at all times on a projects server, to change your password etc. |
| Account Manager | This is a web site that simplifies participating in BOINC, especially if you are new to BOINC, or if you have several computers, participate in several projects, or like to learn about new projects. |
| Activities Suspended |
You will see this message in Boinc Manager/Tasks when you have Suspended/Snoozed BOINC. Resume from the Activity menu. |
| Allow New Tasks |
Formerly known as No New Work. In Boinc Manager/Projects, when you select a project and press the No New Tasks button, it changes to this new button. The button shows the option you have, not the state it is in. |
| Alpha project |
A project that isn't available to the main public. Example given, the BOINC Alpha project is invite only. |
| Alpha version |
The first stage in testing of the BOINC core client or a project's application. The group of people testing it is small. It's not given out to the general public until most bugs have been removed through testing. |
| AM | Abbreviation for Account Manager. |
| AMD | Advanced Micro Devices - A CPU manufacturer. |
| Anonymous platform |
BOINC applications, and the BOINC core client, are native-mode programs, so different versions are required for each platform (a 'platform' is the combination of an operating system and a processor type: e.g., Linux/Intel). The BOINC core client is available for common platforms (Windows/Intel, Linux/Intel, Mac OS/X. etc.). BOINC-based projects compile program versions for some or all of these platforms and place them on their servers. Typically, you download the BOINC core client version for your platform. When the core client requests work from the project's scheduling server, the client tells the server its platform, and the server instructs it to download the appropriate program version. This addresses the needs of most BOINC participants, but it's inadequate if:
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| AP (1) | Abbreviation for anonymous platform. |
| AP/ap (2) | Abbreviation for Astropulse. |
| App_info.xml | A file listing a non-standard application. Either you downloaded an optimized application or you compiled it yourself. |
| Assimilator | The assimilator handles workunits that are 'completed': that is, that have a canonical task or for which an error condition has occurred. Handling a successfully completed task might involve record tasks in a database and perhaps triggering the generation of more work. |
| Astropulse |
Astropulse is a new type of SETI. It expands on the original SETI@home, but does not replace it. The original SETI@home searches for narrowband signals, as does a conventional AM or FM radio. Astropulse, on the other hand, listens for broader-band, short-time pulses. See for more information: Astropulse @ Seti |
| Attach |
To tell BOINC you want to crunch for a specific project, you attach to that project through Boinc Manager or via an account manager. By attaching to a project, BOINC will download the project's application(s) and at least one task to work on. |
| Backoff |
The time between scheduler requests. Also called deferral. Increases at random yet exponentially, with a minimum of 1 minute and a maximum of 1 day (86,400 seconds). |
| BAM! | Abbreviation for BOINCstats Account Manager. |
| Benchmarks | Testing the CPU's capabilities/performance. |
| Beta project |
The second stage in testing, after Alpha testing a project's application. The group of people testing it has grown. It's not given out to the general public until most bugs have been removed through testing. |
| BM | Abbreviation for BOINC Manager. |
| BOINC |
Abbreviation for Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing. Usually used to point out the whole BOINC package: daemon, manager and screen saver. Never used to point out the project's application. Also named BOINC Core Client. |
| Boinccmd | The BOINC command tool (boinccmd.exe) provides a command-line interface to a running BOINC core client. |
| BOINC Daemon | The actual BOINC program. |
| BOINC Database | MySQL database program that stores the available platforms, applications, users, hosts and a description of the results and work units. |
| BOINC Manager | A Graphical User Interface (GUI) program with which you can check and control the use of your computer's disk, network and processor resources, check Boinc specific and project messages and running tasks. It is normally started at boot time and starts the Boinc daemon. |
| BOINC screen saver |
A computer program originally designed to conserve the image quality of computer displays by blanking the screen or filling them with moving images or patterns when the computers are not in use. Today, screensavers are primarily used for entertainment or security purposes. Not all projects include a screen saver in their science application. |
| BOINC Simple GUI |
A simpler set up GUI for the Boinc Manager. It has some simple preferences build in. It is also fully skinnable. |
| BRP | Binary Radio Pulsar. A search method used at Einstein@Home. Uses data from the Arecibo dish. |
| BSG | Abbreviation for BOINC Simple GUI. |
| Cache |
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| Canonical | As in canonical results: accepted results. |
| CC | Abbreviation for Core Client. |
| cc_config.xml |
A configuration file available for alpha/beta testing of the BOINC client. The flags inside this file add helpful debug information to the std*.txt files, which can then be sent to the developers. |
| Checkpoint/Checkpointing | The writing to disk of a temporary marker on how far the result is crunched. |
| Claimed Credit | When your computer completes a result (upload and report) it claims credit for the amount of work it has done. Whether or not you get the claim depends on if the project validates the results. |
| Client Error | Any errors made by the client, or by the user. Aborting results is a client error. |
| Client_state.xml | The general status file for BOINC. It contains information on all the projects you are attached to, your preferences settings, proxy settings etc. Without it BOINC will start as new, download new work and all. |
| Cobblestones |
The original name for Credits. Named after Jeff Cobb, one of the Seti administrators. A Cobblestone is 1/100 day of CPU Time on a Reference Computer that does:
|
| Communication deferred | When the BOINC daemon cannot communicate with any of the projects attached, you get this message. It isn't an error message. It's informational, telling you also how long it will take before it will try to communicate with the project again. See Backoff and Defer/Deferral/Deferring. |
| Computer ID |
The Identification Number for the computer you run BOINC with on the project you are attached to. See also HostID. |
| Connect to Network about every | With this setting in your General Preferences, you regulate how long the hiatus is between communications with the project, to ask for more work. It doesn't set the amount of work. It depends on the deadline of some projects if you get work when set too high. Default is 0.1 day, maximum is 10 days. |
| Core Client | Another name for the BOINC daemon, the BOINC executable. |
| CPID | Abbreviation for Cross Project IDentification. |
| CPU | Abbreviation for Central Processing Unit. This is the computer's main component, without it the computer won't start up or work. |
| CPU Efficiency |
This number reflects the amount of CPU used for BOINC application graphics, CPU usage by non-BOINC applications and I/O activity by the BOINC application. Minimum 0, maximum 1. Multiply by 100 to get to a percentage. |
| CPU Throttling | This pauses crunching for 1 or more seconds per every 10 seconds, depending on what percentage you set it to. Read CPU Usage Percentage, how does it work? for more information. Available in BOINC 5.6.5 and above. |
| CPU Time | The amount of time the CPU has taken so far to crunch a result. |
| Credit/Credits | A reward for the computations your computer performs for a project. |
| Cross Project Identification | A random generated 32 character hexadecimal key that identifies you on other projects if you use the same email address. Is mainly used for the statistics sites. |
| Crunching | Describes the CPU's computation activity that the science application does on a result. |
| Database Purger | The database purger removes workunit and result database entries when they are no longer needed, first writing them to XML log files. This bounds the size of these tables, so that they act as a working set rather than an archive. This allows database management operations (such as backups and schema changes) to be done quickly. |
| DCF | Abbreviation for Duration Correction Factor. |
| Deadline | The "Sell by date" of a result. If you return a result after its deadline has passed, you will not get credit. An exception to this rule is the CPDN project which allows for results to come in late. |
| Debt |
A project's 'debt' is how much work is owed to it, relative to other projects. It regulates if work is requested from a project (long term debt) and which project is next in line to be crunched (short term debt). See Long Term Debt, Short Term Debt, No Work Fetch and Work Fetch Policy. |
| Defer/Deferral/Deferring |
The time between scheduler requests. It's BOINC's way of pausing between requests for work. So not to overload the servers, a standard backoff/deferral of at least 60 seconds is used between communication attempts. If a project is offline or has no work, the deferral increases inside the BOINC client. Minimum is 60 seconds, maximum is 86,400 seconds (1 day). |
| Detach |
When you are done with a project and don't want to crunch for it anymore, you detach from it. Detaching will delete all outstanding results, application executables and other files. |
| Downloading |
The act of getting results into your cache or the science application from the project. This will of course use your internet connection. |
| Dual Core |
This technology allows for two independent CPUs to sit on on CPU die. Also known as Multi-Core. |
| Duration Correction Factor |
With this BOINC learns to estimate the "to completion time" of results more correctly, so in the end you can even download more work. It takes on average about 2 weeks before BOINC gets in the neighborhood of correctly estimated times and even then it continues to correct times. It works per project. Default is 1. If your times all of a sudden sky-rocket, there's a good chance your DCF numbers are broken (very high). Resetting them to 1 is then a good thing to do. The entry can be found in the client_state.xml file. |
| Earliest Deadline First/EDF |
A policy for results that are in danger of missing their deadline, and weighted round-robin among other projects if additional CPUs exist. This allows the client to meet deadlines that would otherwise be missed, while honoring resource shares over the long term.
No longer in use in BOINC 5.7.5 and above. |
| Exit |
|
| Feeder | The feeder streamlines the scheduler's database access. It maintains a shared-memory segment containing 1) static database tables such as applications and application versions, and 2) a fixed-size cache of unsent result/workunit pairs. The scheduler finds results that can be sent to a particular client by scanning this memory segment, rather than by accessing the database. A semaphore synchronizes access to the shared-memory segment. To minimize contention for this semaphore, a scheduler can mark a cache entry as 'busy' (and release the semaphore) while it reads the result from the database (to verify that it is still unsent). |
| File Deleter | The file deleter deletes input and output files when they are no longer needed. |
| Firewall | A firewall is a logical barrier designed to prevent unauthorized or unwanted communications between sections of a computer network. This can be a hardware firewall (inside the modem, router or bridge) or a software firewall. |
| FLOP(S) |
In computing, FLOPS (or flops) is an acronym meaning FLoating point Operations Per Second. This is used as a measure of a computer's performance, especially in fields of scientific calculations that make heavy use of floating point calculations; similar to instructions per second.
One should speak in the singular of a FLOPS and not of a FLOP, although the latter is frequently encountered. The final S stands for second and does not indicate a plural. Alternatively, the singular FLOP (or flop) is used as an abbreviation for "FLoating-point OPeration", and a flop count is a count of these operations (e.g., required by a given algorithm or computer program). In this context, "flops" is simply the plural rather than a rate. |
| General Preferences | This set of preferences specify how and when your BOINC should run. |
| Granted Credit | Is what you get after your result has been validated by the project's validator. |
| Host | Host is another word for your computer. |
| HostID | When your computer first attaches to a project, it gets a HostID. This is a number which is stored in the project's BOINC database. The security measure taken is that the HostID that downloads work should also be the one that uploads it. If your work is uploaded with another HostID, you won't get Credits. See also Computer ID. |
| Host Location | A setting under Your Account, Computers in your account, to set the venue you want this computer to work under. See Venue. |
| Host Name | When checking your computer under Your Account, it'll show the name you/your company/school gave to that computer. This name is only visible to you. |
| HT | Abbreviation of Hyperthreading and Hypertransport. |
| Hyperthreading |
Hyperthreading (or Hyper-threading) is Intel's way of allowing two CPUs to exist on one CPU. One CPU is the normal one, the other is a virtual one. Not to be confused with Dual Core. From Wikipedia: Hyper-Threading works by duplicating certain sections of the processor—those that store the architectural state—but not duplicating the main execution resources. This allows a Hyper-Threading equipped processor to pretend to be two "logical" processors to the host operating system, allowing the operating system to schedule two threads or processes simultaneously. |
| Hypertransport | From Wikipedia: HyperTransport (HT), formerly known as Lightning Data Transport (LDT), is a bidirectional serial/parallel high-bandwidth, low-latency computer bus that was introduced on April 2, 2001 [1]. The HyperTransport Consortium is in charge of promoting and developing HyperTransport technology. The technology is used by AMD and Transmeta in x86 processors, PMC-Sierra, Broadcom, and Raza Microelectronics in MIPS microprocessors, ATI Technologies, NVIDIA, VIA, SiS, AMD, and HP in PC chipsets, HP, Sun Microsystems, IBM, and IWill in servers, Cray, Newisys, and QLogic in high performance computing, and Cisco Systems in routers. Notably missing from this list is semiconductor giant Intel, which continues to use a shared bus architecture. |
| Initial Replication | When a work unit is split into results to crunch, the result is divided over (usually) 2 or more hostIDs. This dividing of the result is called initial replication. It is needed to get to the quorum. |
| Intel | A CPU producing company. |
| Invalid |
Is an error message on the project's website for a result. For some reason it got to be invalid. Reasons can be that it can't reach quorum, your result crashed etc. |
| Local Host | Local host (or localhost) is another word for your computer. In network addresses it resides at <IP_ADDRESS> |
| Long Term Debt | Long-term debt is used by the work-fetch policy. It is defined for all projects, and adjusted over the set of potentially runnable projects. It is normalized so that average long-term debt, over all project, is zero. |
| LTD | Abbreviation for Long Term Debt. |
| Master File |
The Master File is a file on the project's server that tells where to find the scheduler server(s) and the project's data servers. It usually resides on the index page and should have embedded within one or more comment lines (invisible when the page is normally viewed in a Web Browser) one or more URLs for the Project's Scheduling Servers. This allows the Project to move the Servers to a new address without having to e-mail notices, contact and update all of the Participant's Computers, etc. |
| Master Science Database | This is the database of the project where all the results come from and are reported back to. |
| Maximum Daily Quota |
A setting that allows a computer to only download so many results per day. When the computer "trashes" results, or in other words returns client error upon client error, the MDQ is decreased 1 per faulty/trashed result. In the end you end up with 1 result per day. When you see such a message, it's 99% of the time your computer that is at fault. Check your hardware. Once the computer returns good results again, the MDQ will double per result returned correctly. |
| MB | Abbreviation for motherboard/megabyte/Abbreviation for Multi-Beam, a search method used on Seti. |
| Merge Computers | When your one computer is in your computer list multiple times with the same CPU/Operating system description, this feature allows you to merge them all together to be shown as one computer. You will not lose the old credit. |
| Model | Model is another word for a result, mostly used on the CPDN projects. Since their results are models of what the weather looked like or may look like in the future. |
| NNT | Abbreviation for No New Tasks. |
| No New Tasks |
Formerly known as No New Work. When in BOINC Manager, you can set a project not to download work again. This allows you to stay attached to the project without too many problems. The button will change to "Allow New Tasks". It shows the option you have, not the state that it is in. See Allow New Tasks. |
| No Reply |
The result was sent to a client and no reply was received within the time limit. See Outcome. |
| No Work Fetch |
This situation occurs when you have no need for work. See Not requesting new work or reporting results. The work fetch scheduler deems you don't need work and thus you won't get any. See Work Fetch Policy. This situation can also happen when your computer is in EDF mode. See EDF/Earliest Deadline First. |
| NWF | Abbreviation for No Work Fetch. |
| Open Source | From Wikipedia: Open source describes practices in production and development that promote access to the end product's source materials — typically its source code — allowing users to create user-generated software content. Some consider it a philosophy, and others consider it a pragmatic methodology. |
| Outcome |
A result's outcome is defined if its server state is over. Possible values are:
|
| Over | This will show on the Your Results pages in the Your Account page, when the result's outcome has hit one of the definitive ones. |
| Overcommitted |
This message is for BOINC version pre-5.8, it falls together with the Earliest Deadline First message. An overcommitted computer is in the process of missing a deadline on one or more results. It won't download new work.
The message can also happen when you download just too much work for a slow computer. |
| Parsing | Parsing transforms input text into a data structure, usually a tree, which is suitable for later processing and which captures the implied hierarchy of the input. |
| Password | A password is a security measure, allowing you to log in, but others not. Using a password of only letters, all lower case, is easily cracked. Using a combination of lower case, upper case and numbers is more difficult to crack. |
| Pending Credit | The stage between you reporting your results and the project not having had enough results in yet to form a quorum of results. During this period, your credits will be listed as pending. When the quorum of results is met and all results are checked by the validator and deemed OK, your credit will be granted. See Claimed Credit; Granted Credit. |
| Preempted |
Used up until version 5.8.2 which changed it to "Waiting to run". Preempted means paused. When you have multiple projects attached and they switch applications at the switch-over time (default 60 minutes), while one of your results is still being crunched, this result will be paused. It then shows as preempted in Boinc Manager. |
| Profile | On a project's website you can make a personal profile in which you tell things about yourself. The profile, if it contains a picture, is used to make the User of the Day. |
| Project | Project is a description for Einstein@Home, Seti@Home, Rosetta@Home etc. |
| Project Suspended by User |
This is a condition in Boinc Manager/Projects and /Tasks. It can be met by suspending an individual result, or suspending the whole project, or suspending the whole of BOINC. By suspending a project/result you stop it from being crunched. |
| Proxy | From Wikipedia: A proxy (-server) is a computer that offers a computer network service to allow clients to make indirect network connections to other network services. A client connects to the proxy server, then requests a connection, file, or other resource available on a different server. The proxy provides the resource either by connecting to the specified server or by serving it from a cache. In some cases, the proxy may alter the client's request or the server's response for various purposes. |
| Queue |
Starting with Seti Classic, it had a flaw where it would only download one result, crunch it and upload it again. Yet if the project was offline for a couple of weeks, you couldn't get - and thus crunch more - results. Add-ons to Seti Classic overcame this problem. A central server would download multiple results that were sent out to others. BOINC has its own queue. It can take work from 0.001 days to a maximum of 10 days. This should get your through project related outages without a problem. |
| Quorum |
One result, a set or a collection of results that are ready for Validation. Most projects use a quorum of 3 results. Some projects use a quorum of 1, where you get what you claimed. CPDN uses trickles which give you a set amount of credit for the model you are crunching. See trickles. |
| Quota |
The daily result quota will determine how many results you can download per 24 hours to your computer. This amount is set by the project. It's also set per CPU. So if you have a duo-core HT computer, you have 4 times the daily quota. This depends on how many CPUs you set BOINC to use, of course. When your computer is returning only garbage results, which won't validate, you will be deducted one result per result turned in badly. This means you could end up to 1 result/day per CPU. Hopefully before that time you noticed something is wrong already. Do check if you didn't overclock too high, check if your RAM is still alright and always report to the forums of the project you have the problem with, include the error message you got when returning faulty results. Once you fixed your computer and are returning good results again, your quota will double with every result returned correctly. |
| RAC | Abbreviation of Recent Average Credit. |
| RDCF | Abbreviation for Result Duration Correction Factor. Also known as DCF/Duration Correction Factor. |
| Read config file |
Used only in BOINC 5.8 and above. This allows for changes to the cc_config.xml file while BOINC is running. Using this menu option loads the cc_config.xml file again without you needing to exit BOINC and restarting it. Works also on service installs. |
| Read local prefs file |
Used only in BOINC 5.8 and above. This allows for changes to the global_prefs.xml or global_prefs_override.xml file while BOINC is running. Using this menu option loads the latest preferences file again without you needing to exit BOINC and restarting it. Works also on service installs. |
| Ready to Report |
Once the application has crunched your result to completion and uploaded it to the project, it needs to be reported back to the project's database that you finished this result.
In BOINC Manager it will then show as "Ready to report".
BOINC reports completed work at the first of:
|
| Ready to Run | Results in the queue in BOINC Manager/Tasks that haven't started yet will show this status. |
| Release project | A project that got out of Alpha or Beta stage testing and is opened to the public. |
| Remote Procedure Call |
From Wikipedia: Remote procedure call is a technology that allows a computer program to cause a subroutine or procedure to execute in another address space - commonly on another computer, without the programmer explicitly coding the details for this remote interaction. That is, the programmer would write essentially the same code whether the subroutine is local to the executing program, or remote. It's also used to allow BOINC to communicate with its different parts (daemon, GUI, screen saver) on localhost. The computer's firewall needs to approve of this. |
| Report Deadline | The "Sell by date" of a result. See Deadline. |
| Reset Project | This command in the BOINC Manager will reset the project back to its initial state. It will delete all results you still have, including those you still need to report. It will also delete the application(s) and then download everything anew. -- It will not delete an anonymous platform though. If you are using an app_info.xml file, you will need to exit BOINC, delete this file yourself, then restart BOINC and reset the project. |
| Resource Share |
With the Resource Share setting you set the amount of time you give the CPU to any of the projects you are attached to over a 24 hour window. The project needs to have work in the queue. Other dependencies are the Short Term Debt and the switch between projects time. |
| Result | The outcome of a task after it has been crunched by the application for that project. This is what you upload to the project. See Work Unit. |
| Resume | To continue after a pause or suspend. In BOINC Manager, the Suspend button will change to a Resume button when pressed. |
| Retry Communications | With the Retry comms option in BOINC Manager/Advanced menu, you can force communications with all projects that are deferring communications. It will not make your BOINC Update on itself. Use the Update button for that. |
| Retry in… | Status showing in BOINC Manager, showing the deferral time before Boinc will try to communicate with a project again. |
| Retry Now | A way to force a retry on uploading results in BOINC Manager/Tasks. |
| RPC | Abbreviation for Remote Procedure Call. |
| RS | Abbreviation for Resource Share. |
| Run always | Do work, regardless of any general preferences set. |
| Run based on preferences | Do work, following the preferences you set in your general preferences and project preferences (resource share, queue size, disk amount used, etc.). |
| Running | When in BOINC Manager/Tasks, the status Running Shows the active result(s) being crunched. |
| Running, High Priority |
A policy for results that are in danger of missing their deadline, and weighted round-robin among other projects if additional CPUs exist. This allows the client to meet deadlines that would otherwise be missed, while honoring resource shares over the long term.
Since BOINC 6.10.24 only tasks that miss their deadline in RR simulation will be chosen. Former EDF. See also EDF, Earliest Deadline First. |
| Scheduler | The scheduler communicates with BOINC clients. Each request includes a description of the host, a list of completed results, and a request for additional work, expressed in terms of the time the work should take to complete. The reply includes a list of results and their corresponding workunits. For each request involves a number of database operations: reading and updating records for the user account and team, the host, and the various workunits and results. Many instances of the scheduler can run at once (it is implemented as a Fast CGI program run from the Apache web server). |
| (Science) Application | The actual executable that is crunching the results sent to you by the project you are attached to. Science is put in parentheses as not all projects out there do science. |
| Service Install | An option to install BOINC under Windows. When installed as a service, BOINC can run when no one is logged on. It can also run without the BOINC Manager showing all the time. The graphics will not work natively, while the screen saver shows only textual information. (There is a work around for that). This option needs a Windows administrator account with password. |
| Shared Memory | From Wikipedia: In computer hardware, shared memory refers to a (typically) large block of random access memory that can be accessed by several different central processing units (CPUs) in a multiple-processor computer system. The issue with shared memory systems is that many CPUs need fast access to memory and will likely cache memory. Whenever one cache is updated with information that may be used by other processors, the change needs to be reflected to the other processors, otherwise the different processors will be working with incoherent data. Such coherence protocols can, when they work well, provide extremely high performance access to shared information between multiple processors. On the other hand they can sometimes become overloaded and become a bottleneck to performance. |
| Shared User Install | An option to install BOINC, where BOINC runs for whomever logged in. |
| Short Term Debt | Short-term debt is used by the CPU scheduler. It is adjusted over the set of runnable projects. It is normalized so that minimum short-term debt is zero, and maximum short-term debt is no greater than 86,400 (i.e. one day). |
| Show Graphics | In BOINC Manager/Tasks, this option is used to open a window with which you can see the graphics of the project, otherwise shown in the screen saver. This only works when the project's application actually has graphics capability/a screen saver built in. |
| Single User Install | An option to install BOINC, where BOINC will only run for the user who installed it when he is logged in. |
| Snooze | Stop work (crunching and file transfer) for one hour or until you cancel Snooze. |
| Status | This shows the condition BOINC is in when doing work, trying to communicate with a project, etc. It's always showing what it is doing. |
| STD | Abbreviation for Short Term Debt. |
| Success | Message showing when BOINC has managed to complete communications. |
| Suspend Project | With this setting in BOINC Manager/Projects, you pause the whole project you selected. It will pause (suspend) all running and waiting results as well. The button will change to the next option you have: Resume. |
| Suspend Task | With this setting in BOINC Manager/Tasks, you pause individual results. The Button will change to the next option you have: Resume Task. |
| Suspended |
A status message showing you have suspended a project or a task. Another word for suspended is paused. |
| Suspended by User | A status message showing you have suspended a project or a task. |
| Task | A piece of the Work Unit to be crunched on the participants computer. This is what you download from the project. See Work Unit. |
| Team | A group of people with the same interest who have come together to crunch for the same project. |
| To Completion | The (estimated) time remaining to the end of the result. Shown in BOINC Manager/Tasks. |
| Transitioner | The transitioner acts as a coordinator. It examines workunits for which a state change has occurred (e.g., a completed result has been reported). Depending on the situation, it may generates new results, flag the workunit as having a nonrecoverable error, or trigger validation or assimilation of the workunit. |
| Trickle |
A between times status report of a result that is running. Long running projects, such as ClimatePrediction.Net use trickles to send information about their model back to the servers. This so the people still have (some) information in case the result is never crunched to its full time (crashes, loss of interest by the user). |
| Turnaround Time | The time between your computer getting tasks and it crunching, uploading and reporting them. |
| Unrecoverable error |
A message for the user/project to show that for some kind of reason this result crashed and cannot be crunched any further. The message will usually have an error message included. In the stderr.txt that is sent to the server it will show (hopefully) more information. |
| Unsent | Message on the Project's server. The result is ready to send, but hasn't been sent yet. |
| UOTD | Abbreviation for User of the Day. |
| Update | With this button you force updates on the project. For instance reporting all results ready to be reported, or you have changed your preferences and want BOINC to know about them. With this button you do so. You Update the whole state of BOINC with it. |
| Uploading |
The act of sending completed results from your cache back to the project. This will of course use your internet connection. |
| User of the Day | A show of appreciation by the project to those who have made a profile with a picture. The UOTD is chosen at random from the BOINC database. |
| Validate Error | The result was reported but could not be validated, typically because the output files were lost on the server. |
| Validator | The validator compares redundant results and selects a canonical result representing the correct output, and a canonical credit granted to users and hosts that return the correct output. |
| Venue |
The Location setting for the preferences for this computer. Venue choices are Home, Work, School and Default. |
| VHAR |
On Seti: Very High Angle Range. Happens when the receiver is actively being 'nodded' from side to side to cover more sky, in a basket weave pattern. |
| VLAR |
One Seti: Very Low Angle Range. Happens when the receiver is actively being powered backwards against the Earth's rotation, so a single sky point (star, nebula, galaxy) remains at the centre of the field of view for an extended period. |
| Waiting to run |
Used in BOINC 5.8.3 and above. The new terminology for preempted. A result that has run and is paused will now show this status in BOINC Manager/Tasks. |
| Watchdog (from Rosetta) | Rosetta has a "watch dog" in place which helps assure that a given task is crunching properly, and to abort it for you if it is not progressing. So, again, when in doubt, let it run. |
| Work Generator | The work generator creates new workunits and their input files. As an example, the SETI@home work generator reads digital tapes containing data from a radio telescope, divides this data into files, and creates a workunit in the BOINC database. The work generator sleeps if the number of unsent results exceeds a threshold, limiting the amount of disk storage needed for input files. |
| Work Unit | A term used to signify a piece of work from any of the projects. One work unit is divided in multiple tasks. It's these tasks which are sent out to you, the cruncher and returned to the project. All returned tasks make up the work unit again. The work unit will stay on the project's servers until all tasks sent out and returned are validated and assimilated. |
| Work Fetch Policy |
A policy running in the background when BOINC runs that is constantly checking: When should the core client ask a project for more work, which project should it ask and how much work should it ask for? It depends on the Long Term Debt, the amount of work still in queue, the speed of the processor. |
| Write to Disk Interval |
The time in seconds that BOINC writes the status on an application's crunching to disk. In preferences set default at 60 seconds, but science applications can override this (from anywhere to every 3 seconds to every 300 seconds). |
| WU | Abbreviation for Work Unit. |
CryptoCurrency Terminology |
|
|---|---|
| Word | Description |
| 51% attack |
A condition in which more than half the computing power on a cryptocurrency network is controlled by a single miner or group of miners. That amount of power theoretically makes them the authority on the network. This means that every client on the network believes the attacker’s hashed transaction block. This gives them control over the network, including the power to:
|
| Address | An address is used to receive and send transactions on the network. It contains a string of alphanumeric characters, but can also be represented as a scannable QR code. An address is also the public key in the pair of keys used by bitcoin holders to digitally sign transactions (see Public key). |
| Altcoin | The collective name for cryptocurrencies offered as alternatives to bitcoin. Litecoin, Feathercoin and PPcoin are all altcoins. |
| AML | Anti-Money Laundering techniques are used to stop people converting illegally obtained funds, to appear as though they have been earned legally. AML mechanisms can be legal or technical in nature. Regulators frequently apply AML techniques to bitcoin exchanges. |
| ASIC | An Application Specific Integrated Circuit is a silicon chip specifically designed to do a single task. In the case of bitcoin, they are designed to process SHA-256 hashing problems to mine new bitcoins. |
| ASIC Miner | A piece of equipment containing an ASIC chip, configured to mine for bitcoins. They can come in the form of boards that plug into a backplane, devices with a USB connector, or standalone devices including all of the necessary software, that connect to a network via a wireless link or ethernet cable. |
| Blockchain | The full list of blocks that have been mined since the beginning of the Gridcoin cryptocurrency. The block chain is designed so that each block contains a hash drawing on the blocks that came before it. This is designed to make it more tamperproof. |
| Block Reward | The reward given to a miner which has successfully hashed a transaction block. This can be a mixture of coins and transaction fees, depending on the policy used by the cryptocurrency in question, and whether all of the coins have already been successfully mined. |
| Client | A software program running on a desktop or laptop computer, or mobile device. It connects to the bitcoin network and forwards transactions. |
| Confirmation | The act of hashing a bitcoin transaction successfully into a transaction block, and cementing its validity. A single confirmation will take around 10 minutes, which is the average length of time for a transaction block to be hashed. However, some more sensitive or larger transactions may require multiple confirmations, meaning that more blocks must be hashed and added to the block chain after the transaction’s block has been hashed. Each time another block is added to the block chain after the transaction’s block, the transaction is confirmed again. |
| Colored coins | A proposed add-on function for bitcoin that would enable bitcoin users to give them additional attributes. These attributes could be user-defined, enabling you to mark a bitcoin as a share of stock, or a physical asset. This would enable bitcoins to be traded as tokens for other property. |
| CPU | Central Processing Unit – the ‘brain’ of a computer. In the early days, these were used to hash bitcoin transactions, but are now no longer powerful enough. They are still sometimes used to hash transactions for altcoins. |
| Coin age | The age of a coin, defined as the currency amount multiplied by the holding period. |
| Cryptocurrency | A form of currency based on mathematics alone. Instead of fiat currency, which is printed, cryptocurrency is produced by solving mathematical problems based on cryptography. |
| Cryptography | The use of mathematics to create codes and ciphers that can be used to conceal information. Used as the basis for the mathematical problems used to verify and secure Gridcoin transactions. |
| DDoS | A distributed denial of service attack uses large numbers of computers under an attacker’s control to drain the resources of a central target. They often send small amounts of network traffic across the Internet to tie up computing and bandwidth resources at the target, which prevents it from providing services to legitimate users. |
| Deflation | The reduction of prices in an economy over time. It happens when the supply of a good or service increases faster than the supply of money, or when the supply of money is finite, and decreases. This leads to more goods or services per unit of currency, meaning that less currency is needed to purchase them. This carries some downsides. When people expect prices to fall, it causes them to stop spending and hoard money, in the hope that their money will go further later. This can depress an economy. |
| Difficulty | This number determines how difficult it is to hash a new block. It is related to the maximum allowed number in a given numerical portion of a transaction block’s hash. The lower the number, the more difficult it is to produce a hash value that fits it. Difficulty varies based on the amount of computing power used by miners on the bitcoin network. If large numbers of miners leave a network, the difficulty would decrease. Thus far, however, bitcoin’s growing popularity has attracted more computing power to the network, meaning that the difficulty has increased. |
| Double spending | The act of spending bitcoins twice. It happens when someone makes a transaction using bitcoins, and then makes a second purchase from someone else, using the same bitcoins. They then convince the rest of the network to confirm only one of the transactions by hashing it in a block. Double spending is not easy to do, thanks to the way that the bitcoin network operates, but it is nevertheless a risk run by those accepting zero-confirmation transactions. |
| Dust transaction | A transaction for an extremely small amount of bitcoins, which offers little financial value, but takes up space in the block chain. The bitcoin developer team has taken efforts to eliminate dust transactions by increasing the minimum transaction amount that will be relayed by the network. |
| ECDSA | The Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm is the lightweight cryptographic algorithm used to sign transactions in the Bitcoin protocol. |
| Escrow | The act of holding funds or assets in a third-party account to protect them during an asynchronous transaction. If Bob wants to send money to Alice in exchange for a file, but they cannot conduct the exchange in person, then how can they trust each other to send the money and file to each other at the same time? Instead, Bob sends the money to Eve, a trusted party who holds the funds until Bob confirms that he has received the file from Alice. She then sends Alice the money. |
| Exchange | A central resource for exchanging different forms of money and other assets. |
| Faucet | A service that donates coins to new users daily. |
| Fiat currency | A currency, conjured out of thin air, which only has value because people say it does. Constantly under close scrutiny by regulators due to its known application in money laundering and terrorist activities. Not to be confused with bitcoin. |
| FinCEN | The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, an agency within the US Treasury Department. FinCEN has thus far been the main organization to impose regulations on exchanges trading in bitcoin. |
| Fork | The creation of an alternative ongoing version of the block chain, typically because one set of miners begins hashing a different set of transaction blocks from another. It can be caused maliciously, by a group of miners gaining too much control over the network (see 51% attack), accidentally, thanks to a bug in the system, or intentionally, when a core development team decides to introduce substantial new features into a new version of a client. A fork is successful if it becomes the longest version of the block chain, as defined by difficulty. |
| FPGA | A Field Programmable Gate Array is a processing chip that can be configured with custom functions after it has been fabricated. Think of it as a blank silicon slate on which instructions can be written. Because FPGAs can be produced en masse and configured after fabrication, manufacturers benefit from economies of scale, making them cheaper than ASIC chips. However, they are usually far slower. |
| Genesis block | The very first block in the block chain. |
| Gigahashes/sec | The number of hashing attempts possible in a given second, measured in billions of hashes (thousands of Megahashes). |
| Hash | A mathematical process that takes a variable amount of data and produces a shorter, fixed-length output. A hashing function has two important characteristics. Firstly, it is mathematically difficult to work out what the original input was by looking at the output. Secondly, changing even the tiniest part of the input will produce an entirely different output. |
| Hash rate | The number of hashes that can be performed by a Gridcoin miner in a given period of time (usually a second). |
| Inflation | When the value of money drops over time, causing prices for goods to increase. The result is a drop in purchasing power. Effects include less motivation to hoard money, and more motivation to spend it quickly while the prices of goods are still low. |
| Kilohashes/sec | The number of hashing attempts possible in a given second, measured in thousands of hashes. |
| Leverage | In foreign currency trading, leverage multiplies the real funds in your account by a given factor, enabling you to make trades that result in significant profit. By giving leverage to a trader, the trading exchange is effectively lending them money, in the hope that it will earn back more than it loaned in commission. Leverage is also known as a margin requirement. |
| Liquidity | The ability to buy and sell an asset easily, with pricing that stays roughly similar between trades. A suitably large community of buyers and sellers is important for liquidity. The result of an illiquid market is price volatility, and the inability to easily determine the value of an asset. |
| Margin call | The act of calling in a margin requirement. An exchange will issue a margin call when it feels that a trader does not have sufficient funds to cover a leveraged trading position. |
| Megahashes/sec | The number of hashing attempts possible in a given second, measured in millions of hashes (thousands of Kilohashes). |
| Market order | An instruction given to an exchange, asking it to buy or sell an asset at the going market rate. In a bitcoin exchange, you would place a market order if you simply wanted to buy or sell bitcoins immediately, rather than holding them until a set market condition is triggered to try and make a profit. |
| Microtransaction | Paying a tiny amount for an asset or service, primarily online. Micro-transactions are difficult to perform under conventional payment systems, because of the heavy commissions involved. It is difficult to pay two cents to read an online article using your credit card, for example. |
| Mining | The act of generating new bitcoins by solving cryptographic problems using computing hardware. |
| Mixing service | A service that mixes your bitcoins with someone else’s, sending you back Gridcoin with different inputs and outputs from the ones that you sent to it. A mixing service (also known as a tumbler) preserves your privacy because it stops people tracing a particular Gridcoin to you. It also has the potential to be used for money laundering. |
| Node | A computer connected to the bitcoin network using a client that relays transactions to others (see client). |
| Nonce | A random string of data used as an input when hashing a transaction block. A nonce is used to try and produce a digest that fits the numerical parameters set by the bitcoin difficulty. A different nonce will be used with each hashing attempt, meaning that billions of nonces are generated when attempting to hash each transaction block. |
| Orphan block | A block which is not a part of the valid block chain, but which was instead part of a fork that was discarded. |
| OTC exchange | An exchange in which traders make deals with each other directly, rather than relying on a central exchange to mediate between them. |
| Output | The destination address for a Gridcoin transaction. There can be multiple outputs for a single transaction. |
| P2P | Peer-to-peer. Decentralized interactions that happen between at least two parties in a highly interconnected network. An alternative system to a ‘hub-and-spoke’ arrangement, in which all participants in a transaction deal with each other through a single mediation point. |
| Paper wallet | A printed sheet containing one or more public Gridcoin addresses and their corresponding private keys. Often used to store Gridcoin securely, instead of using software wallets, which can be corrupted, or web wallets, which can be hacked or simply disappear. A useful form of cold Gridcoin storage. |
| Pool | A collection of mining clients which collectively mine a block, and then split the reward between them. Mining pools are a useful way to increase your probability of successfully mining a block as the difficulty rises. |
| Pre-mining | The mining of coins by a cryptocurrency’s founder before that coin has been announced and details released to others who may wish to mine the coin. Pre-mining is a common technique used with scamcoins, although not all pre-mined coins are scamcoins (see Scamcoins). |
| Private key | An alphanumeric string kept secret by the user, and designed to sign a digital communication when hashed with a public key. In the case of bitcoin, this string is a private key designed to work with a public key. The public key is a bitcoin address (see Bitcoin address). |
| PSP | Payment Service Provider. The PSP offers payment processing services for merchants who wish to accept payments online. |
| Pump and dump | Inflating the value of a financial asset that has been produced or acquired cheaply, using aggressive publicity and often misleading statements. The publicity causes others to acquire the asset, forcing up its value. When the value is high enough, the perpetrator sells their assets, cashing in and flooding the market, which causes the value to crash. |
| Process node | The size of a transistor in nanometers, produced during a chip fabrication process. Smaller process nodes are more efficient. |
| Proof of stake | An alternative to proof of work, in which your existing stake in a currency (the amount of that currency that you hold) is used to calculate the amount of that currency that you can mine. |
| Proof of work | A system that ties mining capability to computational power. Blocks must be hashed, which is in itself an easy computational process, but an additional variable is added to the hashing process to make it more difficult. When a block is successfully hashed, the hashing must have taken some time and computational effort. Thus, a hashed block is considered proof of work. |
| Public key | An alphanumeric string which is publicly known, and which is hashed with another, privately held string to sign a digital communication. In the case of Gridcoin, the public key is a Gridcoin address. |
| QR code | A two-dimensional graphical block containing a monochromatic pattern representing a sequence of data. QR codes are designed to be scanned by cameras, including those found in mobile phones, and are frequently used to encode bitcoin addresses. |
| Signature | A digital digest produced by hashing private and public keys together to prove that a Gridcoin transaction came from a particular address. |
| Silk Road | An underground online marketplace, generally used for illicit purchases, often with cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin. Silk Road was shut down in early October 2013 by the FBI after owner Ross Ulbricht was arrested. |
| SEPA | The Single European Payments Area. A payment integration agreement within the European Union, designed to make it easier to transfer funds between different banks and nations in euros. |
| SHA-256 | The cryptographic function used as the basis for bitcoin’s proof of work system. |
| Stale | When a Gridcoin block is successfully hashed, any others attempting to hash it may as well stop, because it is now ‘stale’. They would simply be repeating work that someone else has already done, for no reward. The term is also used in mining pools to describe a share of a hashing job that has already been completed. |
| Taint | An analysis of how closely related two addresses are when they have both held a particular bitcoin. A taint analysis could be used to determine how many steps it took for bitcoins to move from an address known for stolen coins, to the current address. |
| Terahashes/sec | The number of hashing attempts possible in a given second, measured in trillions of hashes (thousands of Gigahashes). |
| Testnet | An alternative Gridcoin block chain, used purely for testing purposes. |
| TOR | An anonymous routing protocol, used by people wanting to hide their identity online. |
| Transaction block | A collection of transactions on the Gridcoin network, gathered into a block that can then be hashed and added to the block chain. |
| Transaction fee | A small fee imposed on some transactions sent across the Gridcoin network. The transaction fee is awarded to the miner that successfully hashes the block containing the relevant transaction. |
| Volatility | The measurement of price movements over time for a traded financial asset (including bitcoin). |
| Wallet | A method of storing Gridcoin for later use. A wallet holds the private keys associated with Gridcoin addresses. The block chain is the record of the bitcoin amounts associated with those addresses. |
| Wire transfer | Electronically transferring money from one person to another. Commonly used to send and retrieve fiat currency from Gridcoin exchanges. |
| Zero-confirmation transaction | A transaction in which the merchant is happy to provide a product or service before the Gridcoin’s transmission has been confirmed by a miner and added to the block chain. It can carry a risk of double spending. |


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Start Using Newa Traditional
Traditional layout for Nepal Bhasa in Prachalit (newa) script for users familiar with Preeti like fonts.
For desktop
Normal State
Shift State
Use dead key { for special characters like ! , @ etc
{ ! = !
{ @ = @
Detailed instructions for similar layout for नेपाली
For mobile
While most of the layout remains the same as in desktop version, numerals have been moved to separate layer and some characters have been moved to longpress menu to account for limited screen estate. Wherever a long press menu is available, there is a small dot on right top of the key.
Notable longpresses
- 𑐷𑐂𑐃 are in 𑐶
- 𑐿𑐊𑐋 are in 𑐾
- 𑐹𑐄𑐅 are in 𑐸
- zwjzwnj are in 𑑂(top right key)
- non joining 𑐫𑑂 as in 𑐩𑐫𑑂𑐖𑐸 is in 𑐫
- 𑐲 is in 𑐳
- 𑐎𑑂𑐲 is in 𑐎
- 𑐖𑑂𑐘 is in 𑐖
For tablet
Similar to desktop layout for most part apart from some long press items. Symbols that required dead key combinations are now in symbols layer.


Internationalization support for GWT applications.
GWT includes a flexible set of tools to help you internationalize your
applications and libraries. GWT internationalization support provides a
variety of techniques to internationalize strings, typed values, and classes.