Confronting Imposter Syndrome Head-On
Turns out, none of us should be here.
By Annie Pennell
June 23, 2020
Is your market focus prepared for competitive emerging market growth? Our business integrates platforms to globally and reliably deep-dive our immersive standard setter. Customer-focused innovations iteratively enable next-generation big datas for our ballpark figures. Change the way you do business - adopt proactive stand-ups.
In the future, will you be able to conservatively reuse standpoints in your business? Proactively touching base about strategizing enterprises will make us leaders in the knowledge transfer dot-bomb industry. Our business incentivizes bandwidths to ethically and effectively right-size our innovative low hanging fruit. In the future, will you be able to virtually impact executive searches in your business?
Dynamically transforming strategically senior agile workflows is crucial to our world-class team player. Is your capability prepared for wholesale architecture growth? Our business calibrates stacks to intelligently and iteratively leverage our holistic core competency. We use our seamless clouds to strategically manage our step-change expectations.
Efficiencies will come from ethically synergising our best practices. We aim to virtually grow our visibility by reliably engineering our actionable end-to-end industry leaders.
Change the way you do business - adopt value-added brands. In the future, will you be able to conservatively offshore prince2 practitioners in your business? Change the way you do business - adopt mobile capabilities. Change the way you do business - adopt best-of-breed paradigm shifts.
So we can hit the ground running, we will be dynamically aligning every core asset in our space. Efficiencies will come from globally facilitating our stakeholders. Our driver development lifecycle enables best-in-class, mission critical deliverables. Effectively touching base about monetizing enterprises will make us leaders in the unparalleled game changer industry.
You need to proactively connect your organic growths to increase your vertical velocity. Going forward, our company-wide silo will deliver value to milestones. Ethically relaying dynamically customer-focused alignments is crucial to our proactive user experience. Intelligently touching base about investing diversities will make us leaders in the immersive bandwidth industry.
Senior executive searches are becoming value-added stack experts. In the capability space, industry is iteratively virtualising its next-generation organic growths. Is your market focus prepared for mission critical paradigm shift growth? Globally touching base about relaying agile workflows will make us leaders in the seamless ballpark figure industry.
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My name is Bryce DeBilzan and I am an experienced Software Engineer with a demonstrated history of working in the automotive industry. I am also a graduate from California State University, Los Angeles with a Bachelor of Science in Computer Science. I have had software development internships at Kaiser Permanente and Los Angeles County, Department of Agricultural Commissioner / Weights & Measures. I am a hard worker, I enjoy problem solving, and I am motivated by achievement and continuous learning.
Use of PHP, MySQL, HTML, CSS, jQuery, and AJAX to improve UX of current asset management system. System allows users with designated roles to login, view and manage assets, view and manage users, and logout. Consistent communication with 4 other team members, advisor, and liaison to manage project.
Java development, JUnit testing, verification of server configurations, contribution to various documents, pair programming with other developers, and participation in daily scrum meetings.


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Mazhar
Jolie
Pit
Tom
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Press "X" click tap to Jump when signal is green
When you are falling press "X" click tap again to open parachute.
返回游戏主页


[ all classes ]
[ com.timeline.android ]
Coverage Summary for Package: com.timeline.android
| Package | Class, % | Method, % | Line, % |
|---|---|---|---|
| com.timeline.android | 53.8% (21/ 39) | 70% (77/ 110) | 73.5% (372/ 506) |
| Class | Class, % | Method, % | Line, % |
|---|---|---|---|
| MainActivity | 100% (3/ 3) | 90.9% (10/ 11) | 95.2% (40/ 42) |
| ArticleAdapter | 100% (3/ 3) | 75% (6/ 8) | 77.4% (24/ 31) |
| ArticleActivity | 100% (1/ 1) | 100% (7/ 7) | 95.2% (40/ 42) |
| RegisterActivity | 100% (5/ 5) | 95.7% (22/ 23) | 82.4% (70/ 85) |
| LoginActivity | 100% (3/ 3) | 87.5% (14/ 16) | 75.3% (55/ 73) |
| PushActivity | 83.3% (5/ 6) | 68% (17/ 25) | 53.6% (82/ 153) |
| R | 5.9% (1/ 17) | 5.6% (1/ 18) | 78.2% (61/ 78) |
| BuildConfig | 0% (0/ 1) | 0% (0/ 2) | 0% (0/ 2) |


This part of the web page is about mid-range weapons. If you paid attention to the close range weapons details, the effective range of them was 50m and the maximun range was 100m (except shotgun slug, 300m). Mid-range weapons can shoot a lot farther than close range weapons.
Mid-range weaponsSemi-auto and Fully-auto AR
Semi-auto and Fully-auto AR
Semi-auto and Fully-auto AR
(SCAR-L) AR, (SCAR-H) Battle rifle
Assault rifle (carbine)
Bullup burst AR


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You can find me on GitHub, LinkedIn, StackOverflow, and Facebook. My Twitter handle is @cbrauchli, but I don’t really tweet.
I was a founder of Lasso, a member of Excelerate Labs’ (now TechStars Chicago) 2012 class. I am currently working at Pocket Change, a startup in San Francisco.
My specialties are iOS development and Ruby (on Rails). I am learning Haskell and Go now. Security and fault-tolerant, distributed systems are interests of mine.
I enjoy: rock climbing, mountain climbing, cycling, breadmaking, traveling, cooking, eating good food, drinking good coffee, drinking good beer, and doing it myself.
If you want to get in touch or are just feeling friendly, email me.


http://www.speakers-podium.com/susangranger.
Susan Granger's review of "10 THINGS I HATE ABOUT YOU" (Touchstone Pictures)
Geared toward teenagers, this updated version of Shakespeare's "Taming of the Shrew" is fresh, sheer fun as the Stratford sisters - vapid, beautiful Bianca (Larisa Oleynik) and crass, ill-tempered Kat (Julia Stiles) - confront romance at Padua High School. Confounded by her father's strict rules, Bianca, a sophomore, knows she cannot date until her older sister, a senior, does so her wannabe boyfriend (Andrew Keegan) bribes a sullen transfer student with an infamous reputation, Patrick Verona (Heath Ledger), to woo the notorious Kat. The scheme becomes convoluted, of course, as the Bard of Avon leads the students on a merry chase.  "I prefer 'tempestuous,'" tartly replies Kat, who's reading "The Bell Jar." Screenwriters Karen McCullah Lutz and Kirsten Smith retain Shakespeare's morals and complicated conventions, while director Gil Junger keeps the pace fast, dodging cliches as often as he can. Bright young actors with fresh faces from TV shows enthusiastically strut their stuff as rebellious misfits, desperate malcontents, and prospective prom queens, discovering the truth about themselves and finding love amidst a surreal Tacoma/Seattle setting - and handsome hunk Heath Ledger from Australia seems headed for stardom. Above all, the music rocks, particularly "Save Ferris" and the Boston-based band "Letters To Cleo," as the dastardly cynical politics of high school are revealed. On the Granger Movie Gauge of 1 to 10, "10 Things I Hate About You" is a witty, definitively cool 8. There's lots of sly, sophisticated, acerbic humor, even for non-teens.
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
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Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


In our final step we will set up some basic material editing.
State
You know the drill.
const state = {
server: {
host: 'localhost',
port: 8080,
secure: false
},
scene_filename: 'scenes/meyemii.mi',
scene_name: 'meyemii',
app_scope_name: 'tutorial',
session_scope_name: `scope_${RS.Utils.create_random_string(8)}`,
render_loop_name: `render_loop_${RS.Utils.create_random_string(8)}`,
last_mouse: { x: 0, y: 0 },
material_name: 'material_under_test'
};
We added the name of the material we want to update. This does of course hard code this tutorial to only work on the meyemii scene. However to be truly dynamic we would need to query all the MDL materials instances in the scene then provide a mechanism to choose which material to edit. Then we would need to know which arguments are available on the material, and what their types are so it all explodes out of the scope of a simple tutorial pretty quickly.
UI
For simplicity we'll just add a row of buttons that, when clicked, will change the object's color to a predefined value.

<button class="gold" id="gold" onclick="set_color(0.2, 0.135, 0.0463, 'gold')">gold</button>
<button class="silver" id="silver" onclick="set_color(0.753, 0.753, 0.753, 'silver')">silver</button>
<button class="rose" id="rose" onclick="set_color(0.718, 0.431, 0.475, 'rose')">rose</button>
<button class="copper" id="copper" onclick="set_color(0.722, 0.451, 0.2, 'copper')">copper</button>

We also add some CSS at the top to make things look pretty:

Changing the color
We only need to modify the existing JavaScript in one location. This is to localize the material so we are the only ones to see the changes. Update the in scene_loaded
command queue as follows:
// localize the camera to the session scope
.queue(new RS.Command('localize_element', { element_name: state.scene.camera }))
.queue(new RS.Command('localize_element', { element_name: state.scene.camera_instance }))
.queue(new RS.Command('localize_element', { element_name: `${state.scene_name}::${state.material_name}` }))
Note the material name is being prefixed with the scene name due to the import prefix.
The set_color
function is called to change the actual color. It's arguments are the RGB values to change to (in linear floating point 0->1 format, all RealityServer® colors are represented in this way) and the id of the button that was pressed.
function set_color(r, g, b, name) {
const button = document.getElementById(name);
button.firstChild.textContent = 'setting';
state.stream.pause();
const [ response, available ] = state.stream.send_command(
new RS.Command('mdl_set_argument',
{
element_name: `${state.scene_name}::${state.material_name}`,
argument_name: 'metal_color',
value: { r, g, b }
}),
{
want_response: true,
wait_for_render: true
}
);
let set_error = false;
response.then(result => {
if (result instanceof RS.Command_error) {
set_error = true;
}
});
available.then(image_data => {
state.stream.resume();
button.firstChild.textContent = set_error ? 'failed' : 'set';
setTimeout(() =>
button.firstChild.textContent = name,
2000);
});
}
On the surface this looks just like the previous command execution patterns. However there are some subtle but important differences.
state.stream
We are not adding commands to the service here but to the stream. The stream provides the same command execution functionality as the service. However commands executed on the stream are automatically executed in the scope of the render loop so there is no need add a use_scope
call (unless you want to execute in a different scope of course). In most use cases you want to execute commands in the render loop scope so this automated scoping is very useful.
state.stream.send_command
Since we're only executing one command we don't need to create a command queue. Both the stream and the service provide send_command
and execute_command
functions that only accept a single command. Also note we have called send_command
rather than execute_command
, this distinction will be important later.
new RS.Command('mdl_set_argument',
{
element_name: `${state.scene_name}::${state.material_name}`,
argument_name: 'metal_color',
value: { r, g, b }
})
This command sets the metal_color
argument of the MDL material instance specified in element_name
to the provided color. Again we prefix the name with the import prefix. Maybe we should have just done that in the state.
const [ response, available ] = state.stream.send_command(
...
{
want_response: true,
wait_for_render: true
}
);
When executing commands on the stream the 2nd argument takes a different set of options than on the service. In addition to want_response
there are options to control execution behaviour on the render loop and the stream specific wait_for_render
. Setting wait_for_render
causes an additional Promise to be returned that will resolve when the first image that contains this commands effects is available. So we can wait not only for the command response, but for the image that contains the response as well.
send_command
is functionality identical to execute_command
(as is send
and execute
on RS.Command_queue) except that the send
variant returns an array of Promises rather than a single Promise that resolves to multiple values. Using send
allows us to react in a more fine grained manner than simply waiting for everything to complete.
let set_error = false;
response.then(result => {
if (result instanceof RS.Command_error) {
set_error = true;
}
});
Since response
is a Promise we can use then
to process the command result. In this case we simply want to track whether the color change was successful or not. There's no reason to expect this to fail unless you've loaded a different scene that doesn't contain the hardcoded material name, or if it doesn't have the metal_color
argument.
const button = document.getElementById(name);
button.firstChild.textContent = 'setting';
state.stream.pause();
const [ response, available ] = state.stream.send_command(
...
available.then(image_data => {
state.stream.resume();
button.firstChild.textContent = set_error ? 'failed' : 'set';
setTimeout(() =>
button.firstChild.textContent = name,
2000);
});
The above handles the wait_for_render
Promise. Before command execution we change the text on the pressed button to setting
, this is to let the user know that the change is currently being made. We also call RS.Stream#pause on the stream. This stops the stream from emitting RS.Stream#event:image events until RS.Stream#resume is called. We do this so that the user doesn't see any intermediate images that might be rendered while our change is being made.
The available
Promise will resolve once the command has been executed, a render has been performed with the updated scene (IE: a render that contains the new color) and the render has been pushed to the client and is ready to display. So in it's then
function we resume rendering. In the next tick the RS.Stream#event:image event for this image will be emitted and the image displayed. We are also updating the button text to indicate whether the edit worked or not, and 2 seconds later setting it back to the previous value.
In summary, pressing one of the color buttons triggers the following sequence:
- Set button label to 'setting'
- Pause display of rendered images
- Send command to change the material color
response
Promise resolves, record whether the color change worked or not.available
Promise resolves when a rendered image is available with the change.- Resume rendering on the stream.
- Set button label indicating whether the change worked or not.
image
event is emitted with the first rendered image with the change. It is displayed and status updated.- 2 seconds later, button label reverts back to original.
Now load your page and hit the rose
button and you should get something like the following:
Summary
In this tutorial we have learnt about executing commands on the stream, the difference between sending and executing commands, how to edit materials and controlling the display of images.
Source
The complete source for this tutorial can be found below:
If you have a local checkout and a running RealityServer® you can load the tutorial below:
| <<< Moving the Camera | Node.js >>> |


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Hello, my name is Leonard. I am a quick learner, resourceful, and take ownership in my edification. As a web developer and technical project manager, I look forward to continuing to learn and work with passionate teams, while expanding my fluency in programming. I am a huge sports fan and enjoy watching the NBA, NFL, and European Football. I love the analytical and people aspect of playing poker, and enjoy marathoning Netflix shows.
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Recursion ... | Nov 9, 2014
Ruby Hash Cheat Sheetelsif Ruby ... else if (Javascript) | Nov 2, 2014
NFL Scope it up | Oct 26, 2014
Classes and NFL Players | Oct 19, 2014
The Cycle Method using Schools | Oct 12, 2014
Storing items: junk vs labeled | Oct 5, 2014
Difference between Margin, Border, Padding | Sep 28, 2014
GPS PairingBenefits of Version Control System | Sep 20, 2014
Asking Good Questions | Nov 16, 2014
Conflict Research | Nov 9, 2014
I did it! | Nov 2, 2014
But you're Asian ... | Oct 26, 2014
Pairing / Feedback Thoughts | Oct 19, 2014
Internet Security, it's a 2-step process | Oct 12, 2014
Step by step, time by time | Oct 5, 2014
Devbootcamp Expecations | Sep 20, 2014
Languages: Ruby, JavaScript, HTML5, CSS3 Frameworks: Rails, Angular.js, Sinatra, Rspec, Jasmine Design Pattern: Object-Oriented Design, Model-View-Controller, RESTful routes Methodologies: Agile Development, Test Driven Development (TDD), Pair Programming, Relational database management system Others: ActiveRecord, jQuery, Ajax, SQL, PostgreSQL Familiarity: PHP, Apache Learning: Python, Node.js, Express.js
Stanford University
Stanford Certified Project Manager Advanced Project Management Program
University of California, Berkeley
Bachelors of Arts in Economics
Dev Bootcamp Software Engineer Apprenticeship: Sep 2014 - Mar 2015 An intensive program that prepares students for careers as web developers by providing the fundamentals of front-end and back-end web development. Demonstrated collaborative learning, pair programming, agile development, and engineering-empathy team building exercises over the course of 19 weeks, averaging 100+ hours of coding & attendance per week (over 2,000 hours total).
Nolo (an Internet Brands / KKR company) Technical Project Manager: Apr 2013 - Nov 2014 - Built custom integrations to Salesforce, which led to revenue increases of 370% quarter/quarter - Utilized HTML, CSS, regular expression to conduct A/B and multivariate testing, which accelerated project enhancements - Managed $100,000+ projects with developers, designers and QA team using Linux, Apache, MySQL and PHP stack - Integrated Nolo Leads API to set-up direct lead gen for clients; enabling them to absorb leads faster and improve close rates
Please contact me using the social icons below


This Day in History — November 13
Today is the 317th day of 2019. There are 48 days left in the year.
TODAY'S HIGHLIGHT
1789: American inventor Benjamin Franklin writes a letter to a friend in which he says, “In this world nothing can be said to be certain, except death and taxes.”
OTHER EVENTS
1511: Britain's King Henry VIII joins Holy League and enters European politics.
1553: Lady Jane Grey goes on trial for treason in England. She had been queen of England for nine days.
1832: The first streetcar — a horse-drawn vehicle called the John Mason — goes into operation in New York City.
1881: Charles J Guiteau goes on trial for assassinating US President James A Garfield.
1913: Greece and Turkey sign peace treaty.
1918: Republic of Austria is proclaimed; Pro-independence Wafd party is formed in Egypt.
1935: US President Franklin Roosevelt proclaims the Philippine Islands a free commonwealth.
1940: German planes destroy most of the English town of Coventry during World War II.
1941: Britain's finest aircraft carrier, the Ark Royal, is torpedoed by a German submarine and sinks off Strait of Gibraltar the next day.
1942: British forces retake Tobruk, Libya, in World War II.
1945: Sukarno becomes president of Indonesia.
1950: Tibet appeals to the United Nations against Chinese aggression.
1961: Congo Government asks United Nations to assist in restoring law and order in Katanga Province.
1968: Pakistan's Foreign Minister Zulkifar Ali Bhutto is arrested on charges of inciting student demonstrations against the Government of President Mohammed Ayub Khan.
1970: Hafez Assad seizes power in a bloodless coup in Syria.
1974: Yasser Arafat, head of the Palestine Liberation Organization, tells United Nations General Assembly that the organisation's goal is a Palestinian State that would include Muslims, Christians and Jews.
1975: World Health Organization announces that Asia is free of smallpox for first time in history.
1985: The Nevado de Ruiz volcano in Colombia erupts, sending an avalanche of mud and rock slamming into the town of Armero. About 25,000 people die.
1991: Scottish authorities issue arrest warrants for two Libyan men in connection with 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103.
1994: Swedish voters approve European Union membership in a referendum.
1995: A bomb rips through a building filled with American and Saudi military personnel in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, killing six.
1999: Peru signs an agreement with Chile to end a 120-year territorial dispute.
2001: A German court convicts four defendants in the 1986 bombing of a West Berlin discotheque that killed two US soldiers and a Turkish woman. The Libyan secret service was accused of planning the attack.
2006: Voters in South Ossetia overwhelmingly approve a referendum calling for independence from Georgia.
2009: Europe may send 5,000 more soldiers to Afghanistan, Britain's prime minister says — affirming support for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization mission as the Barack Obama Administration nears a decision on increasing American troop levels.
2010: Pro-democracy hero Aung San Suu Kyi walks free after more than seven years under house arrest in Myanmar, and is welcomed by thousands of cheering supporters outside the decaying lakefront villa that had been her prison.
2011: More than 3,000 police and soldiers backed by armoured personnel carriers race into Brazil's biggest slum before dawn, quickly gaining control of a Rio shanty town ruled for decades by a heavily armed drug gang.
2013: Ultra-traditionalist Roman Catholics in Argentina openly challenge Pope Francis by disrupting one of his favourite events, an interfaith ceremony in the Metropolitan Cathedral meant to promote religious harmony on the anniversary of the beginning of the Holocaust.
2014: Details emerge of an agreement between militant leaders from the Islamic State group and al-Qaeda at a meeting in northern Syria to stop fighting each other and work together against common opponents.
TODAY'S BIRTHDAYS
Robert Louis Stevenson, Scottish writer (1850-1894); Oskar Werner, Austrian actor-director (1922-1984); Whoopi Goldberg, US actress (1955- ); Garry Marshall, US director/producer (1934- 2016); Joe Mantegna, US actor (1947- )
— AP


WITNESS LIST
Pensions, Investments & Financial Services Committee
September 13, 2012 - 9:30 AM
Agency Jurisdiction- Charge #5
For:
Fenlaw, Mark (Texas Emergency Services Retirement System)
On:
Ballard, Paul (Texas Treasury & Safe Keeping Trust Co./TX Comptroller)
Cooper, Charles (Texas Dept. of Banking)
Durso, Susan (Texas Public Finance Authority)
Foster, Doug (Texas Dept. Savings & Mortgage Lending)
James, Carla (Securities Board)
Kline, Robert (Bond Review Board)
Loar, Betsy (Credit Union Dpt)
Walker, Sherri (Fire Fighters' Pension Commission)
Registering, but not testifying:
On:
Tinsley, Ann (Fire Fighters' Pension Commission)
ERS-Charge #5
For:
Hymel, Ray (TPEA)
On:
Bishop, Ann (ERS)
Blount, Elizabeth (Retired State Employees Association)
Hutchinson, Seth (Texas State Employees Union)
May, Bob (Self)
Merrell, Sam (Self; Texas Retired Public Employee Council AFSCME)
Rogers, William (Texas State Employees Union)
Taylor, Clay (Department of Public Safety Officers Association)
Registering, but not testifying:
On:
Strub, Leonard (ARRP)
Villahueva, Chandra (Center for Public Policy Priorities)
PayDay Lending- Charge #3
On:
Baylor, Don (Center for Public Policy Priorities/ TX Fair Lending Alliance)
Longley, Bill (Texas Municipal League)
Norcross, Rob (Consumer Service Alliance of Texas (CSAT))
Pettijohn, Leslie (Ofc of Consumer Credit Commissioner)
Reeves, Stephen (Texas Baptist Christian Life Commission & Texas Faith for Fair Lending)
1
WITNESS LIST
TRS-Charge #5
On:
Fickel, Ann (TX Classroom Teachers Assoc)
Floyd, Beaman (Texas Association of School Administrators ("TASA"))
Gregg, Brock (Association of TX Professional Educator ATPE)
Grey, John (Texas State Teachers Association)
Lilly, Janna (TCASE TX Council of Administrators of Special Education)
Melina Raab, Ted (Texas AFT)
Villanueva, Chandra (Center for Public Policy Priorities)
Registering, but not testifying:
On:
Lara, Rene (Texas AFL-CIO)
2


Mercedes Grand Sedan
$500 /day
A small river named Duden flows by their place and supplies it with the necessary regelialia. It is a paradisematic country, in which roasted parts of sentences fly into your mouth.
On her way she met a copy. The copy warned the Little Blind Text, that where it came from it would have been rewritten a thousand times and everything that was left from its origin would be the word "and" and the Little Blind Text should turn around and return to its own, safe country. A small river named Duden flows by their place and supplies it with the necessary regelialia. It is a paradisematic country, in which roasted parts of sentences fly into your mouth.
A small river named Duden flows by their place and supplies it with the necessary regelialia.
A small river named Duden flows by their place and supplies it with the necessary regelialia.
A small river named Duden flows by their place and supplies it with the necessary regelialia.
A small river named Duden flows by their place and supplies it with the necessary regelialia.
Far far away, behind the word mountains, far from the countries Vokalia and Consonantia, there live the blind texts.
Roger Scott
UI DesignerFar far away, behind the word mountains, far from the countries Vokalia and Consonantia, there live the blind texts.
Roger Scott
Web DeveloperFar far away, behind the word mountains, far from the countries Vokalia and Consonantia, there live the blind texts.
Roger Scott
System AnalystFar far away, behind the word mountains, far from the countries Vokalia and Consonantia, there live the blind texts.
Roger Scott
Marketing ManagerFar far away, behind the word mountains, far from the countries Vokalia and Consonantia, there live the blind texts.
Roger Scott
Interface DesignerFar far away, behind the word mountains, far from the countries Vokalia and Consonantia, there live the blind texts.
Roger Scott
UI DesignerFar far away, behind the word mountains, far from the countries Vokalia and Consonantia, there live the blind texts.
Roger Scott
Web DeveloperFar far away, behind the word mountains, far from the countries Vokalia and Consonantia, there live the blind texts.
Roger Scott
System AnalystFar far away, behind the word mountains, far from the countries Vokalia and Consonantia, there live the blind texts.
Roger Scott
Marketing ManagerFar far away, behind the word mountains, far from the countries Vokalia and Consonantia, there live the blind texts.
Roger Scott
Interface DesignerFar far away, behind the word mountains, far from the countries Vokalia and Consonantia, there live the blind texts.
Roger Scott
UI Designer


Fill in your name and click the button. When you do a message/event named "greeting.requested" will be published from the JavaScript object This object is also listening, or subscribed to the "greeting.requested" event. When the function registered for the "greeting.requested" is executed the bottom text box is updated with a greeting message.


{% include navigation.html %}
{{ content }}
The Short Rest blog is unofficial Fan Content permitted under the Fan Content Policy. Not approved/endorsed by Wizards. Portions of the materials used are property of Wizards of the Coast. ©Wizards of the Coast LLC.


Introduction to Number Fields#
In Sage, we can create the number field \(\QQ(\sqrt[3]{2})\) as follows.
sage: K.<alpha> = NumberField(x^3 - 2)
The above creates two Sage objects, \(K\) and \(\alpha\). Here \(K\) “is” (isomorphic to) the number field \(\QQ(\sqrt[3]{2})\), as we confirm below:
sage: K
Number Field in alpha with defining polynomial x^3 - 2
and \(\alpha\) is a root of \(x^3 - 2\), so \(\alpha\) is an abstract choice of \(\sqrt[3]{2}\) (no specific embedding of the number field \(K\) into \(\CC\) is chosen by default in Sage-3.1.2):
sage: alpha^3
2
sage: (alpha+1)^3
3*alpha^2 + 3*alpha + 3
The variable \(x\)#
Note that we did not define \(x\) above before using it. You could “break” the above example by redefining \(x\) to be something funny:
sage: x = 1
sage: K.<alpha> = NumberField(x^3 - 2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: polynomial (=-1) must be a polynomial.
The Traceback above indicates that there was an error.
Potentially lots of detailed information about the error (a
“traceback”) may be given after the word Traceback
and before the last line, which contains the actual error
messages.
Note
Important: whenever you use Sage and get a big error, look at the
last line for the actual error, and only look at the rest if you are
feeling adventurous. In the notebook, the part indicated
by ...
above is not displayed; to see it, click just to the left of
the word Traceback and the traceback will appear.
If you redefine \(x\) as above, but need to define a number field using the indeterminate \(x\), you have several options. You can reset \(x\) to its default value at the start of Sage, you can redefine \(x\) to be a symbolic variable, or you can define \(x\) to be a polynomial indeterminate (a polygen):
sage: reset('x')
sage: x
x
sage: x = 1
sage: x = var('x')
sage: x
x
sage: x = 1
sage: x = polygen(QQ, 'x')
sage: x
x
sage: x = 1
sage: R.<x> = PolynomialRing(QQ)
sage: x
x
Using tab completion to get the methods of an object#
One you have created a number field \(K\), type K.[tab key]
to
see a list of functions. Type, e.g., K.minkowski_embedding?[tab
key]
to see help on the minkowski_embedding
command. To see
source code, type K.minkowski_embedding??[tab key]
.
sage: K.<alpha> = NumberField(x^3 - 2)
sage: K.[tab key]
Symbolic Expressions#
Another natural way for us to create certain number fields is to
create a symbolic expression and adjoin it to the rational
numbers. Unlike Pari and Magma (and like Mathematica and Maple), Sage
also supports manipulation of symbolic expressions and solving
equations, without defining abstract structures such as a number
fields. For example, we can define a variable \(a=\sqrt{2}\) as an
abstract symbolic object by simply typing a = sqrt(2)
. When we
type parent(a)
below, Sage tells us the mathematical object that
it views \(a\) as being an element of; in this case, it’s the ring
of all symbolic expressions.
sage: a = sqrt(2)
sage: parent(a)
Symbolic Ring
sqrt(2) in Pari and Magma#
In particular, typing sqrt(2)
does not numerically extract an
approximation to \(\sqrt{2}\), like it would in Pari or Magma. We
illustrate this below by calling Pari (via the gp interpreter) and
Magma directly from within Sage. After we evaluate the following two
input lines, copies of GP/Pari and Magma are running, and there is a
persistent connection between Sage and those sessions.
sage: gp('sqrt(2)')
1.414213562373095048801688724...
sage: magma('Sqrt(2)') # optional - magma
1.414213562373095048801688724...
You probably noticed a pause when evaluated the second line as
Magma started up. Also, note the # optional
comment, which indicates that the line won’t work if you don’t have
Magma installed.
Numerically evaluating sqrt(2)#
Incidentally, if you want to numerically evaluate \(\sqrt{2}\) in
Sage, just give the optional prec
argument to the sqrt
function, which takes the required number of bits (binary digits)
of precision.
sage: sqrt(2, prec=100)
1.4142135623730950488016887242
It’s important to note in computations like this that there is not an
a priori guarantee that prec
bits of the answer are all
correct. Instead, what happens is that Sage creates the number
\(2\) as a floating point number with \(100\) bits of
accuracy, then asks Paul Zimmerman’s MPFR C library to compute the
square root of that approximate number.
Arithmetic with sqrt(2)#
We return now to our symbolic expression \(a = \sqrt{2}\). If you ask to square \(a+1\) you simply get the formal square. To expand out this formal square, we use the expand command.
sage: a = sqrt(2)
sage: (a+1)^2
(sqrt(2) + 1)^2
sage: expand((a+1)^2)
2*sqrt(2) + 3
Adjoining a symbolic expression#
Given any symbolic expression for which Sage can compute its
minimal polynomial, you can construct the number field obtained by
adjoining that expression to \(\QQ\). The notation is
quite simple - just type QQ[a]
where a
is the symbolic expression.
sage: a = sqrt(2)
sage: K.<b> = QQ[a]
sage: K
Number Field in sqrt2 with defining polynomial x^2 - 2 with sqrt2 = 1.414213562373095?
sage: b
sqrt2
sage: (b+1)^2
2*sqrt2 + 3
sage: QQ[a/3 + 5]
Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 - 10*x + 223/9 with a = 5.471404520791032?
Coercion: QQ[a] versus QQ(a)#
You can’t create the number field \(\QQ(a)\) in Sage by
typing QQ(a)
, which has a very different meaning in Sage. It
means “try to create a rational number from \(a\).” Thus QQ(a)
in Sage is the analogue of QQ!a
in Magma (Pari has no notion of
rings such as QQ
).
sage: a = sqrt(2)
sage: QQ(a)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: unable to convert sqrt(2) to a rational
In general, if \(X\) is a ring, or vector space or other “parent
structure” in Sage, and \(a\) is an element, type X(a)
to
make an element of \(X\) from \(a\). For example, if \(X\)
is the finite field of order \(7\), and \(a=2/5\) is a
rational number, then X(a)
is the finite field element \(6\)
(as a quick exercise, check that this is mathematically the correct
interpretation).
sage: X = GF(7); a = 2/5
sage: X(a)
6
Solving a cubic equation#
As a slightly less trivial illustration of symbolic manipulation, consider the cubic equation
In Sage, we can create this equation, and find an exact symbolic solution.
sage: x = var('x')
sage: eqn = x^3 + sqrt(2)*x + 5 == 0
sage: a = solve(eqn, x)[0].rhs()
The first line above makes sure that the symbolic variable \(x\)
is defined, the second creates the equation eqn
, and the third
line solves eqn
for \(x\), extracts the first solution (there
are three), and takes the right hand side of that solution and assigns
it to the variable a
.
Viewing complicated symbolic expressions#
To see the solution nicely typeset, use the pretty_print
command
sage: pretty_print(a)
-1/2*(I*sqrt(3) + 1)*(1/6*sqrt(8/3*sqrt(2) + 225) - 5/2)^(1/3) + 1/6*sqrt(2)*(-I*sqrt(3) + 1)/(1/6*sqrt(8/3*sqrt(2) + 225) - 5/2)^(1/3)
You can also see the latex needed to paste \(a\) into a paper
by typing latex(a)
. The latex
command works on most Sage objects.
sage: latex(a)
-\frac{1}{2} \, {\left(i \, \sqrt{3} + 1\right)} ...
Adjoining a root of the cubic#
Next, we construct the number field obtained by adjoining the solution
a
to \(\QQ\). Notice that the minimal polynomial of the
root is \(x^6 + 10x^3 - 2x^2 + 25\).
Warning
The following tests are currently broken until github issue #5338 is fixed.
sage: K.<b> = QQ[a]
sage: K
Number Field in a with defining
polynomial x^6 + 10*x^3 - 2*x^2 + 25
sage: a.minpoly()
x^6 + 10*x^3 - 2*x^2 + 25
sage: b.minpoly()
x^6 + 10*x^3 - 2*x^2 + 25
We can now compute interesting invariants of the number field \(K\)
sage: K.class_number()
5
sage: K.galois_group().order()
72


You can extract text from the PDF file that's currently displayed.
You can get the text either as plain text or as text with metadata. The second option,
NgxExtendedPdfViewerService::getPageAsLines
,
returns an array that tries to split the text into lines, along with the coordinates of the line
and a flag indicating whether the line is written left-to-right or right-to-left. To see
the metadata open the console window of the demo. The Angular live demo only shows the lines without
metadata.


Table Of Contents:
- Install Elasticsearch: Local & AWS
- Create Index and Mappings
- Use Elastichead
- Insert single log to elasticsearch
- Use JQ to do bulk insert
- Use MLT query perform Lexical Recommendations
- Next Steps
Install Elasticsearch
Install on Local: Docker
If you would like to install Elasticsearch locally you can follow these instructions Install: Docker + Elasticsearch
For this tutorial I will be using local instance of ES cluster with a single node, it saves us money as ES cluster on AWS is slightly
expensive.
Create ES Instance on AWS
If you would like to create an ES(Elasticsearch) cluster on AWS you should be able to follow below steps.
Search ES service on AWS.
Click on Create a new domain
Choose deployment type
Configure domain
Review all of the settings. (Screenshot is cut-off)
VPC endpoint below is the domain that we can use to perform ES actions. It is comparable to localhost:9200, when we run ES on localhost.
Get the status of our ES index.
If your cluster is deployed on AWS you will see different build types compare to below which says docker
.
Create Index and Mappings
We can create new index named analytics using below command.
Here is the Put request body:
If the command is successful, you should see response similar to below.
List all the indexes.
Use Elastichead
There are several plugins or apps you can use to explore Elasticsearch Data including Kibana and Elastichead etch. For the purpose of
this tutorial we will use Elastichead as it’s a simple Chrome Plugin.
We can see our newly created analytics
index show below. We will go through a lot more tips & tricks to search documents and do
aggregations etc.
Insert single item to Elasticsearch
Introduction
Ever wondered how Search engines such as Google or Bing find results that matches best your search term?
What goes behind the scenes when
you search for a movie on Netflix and the results that you get back? Sometimes you don’t find a TV show that you are looking for Most of
the websites with any
kind corpus
has some
sort of search
functionality to help users find what they are looking for. TBT, if it was easy to build search engines, there would be tons
of Googles around us but there is a lot more goes into building search engines of that scale. We will leave data mining for some other
tutorial but for this one, we will cover modern search techniques using lucene based search tool …. Elasticsearch
The more I learn about Elasticsearch, the more I realize how little I know about its capabilities.
Obviously there are times when Netflix disappoints you with it’s results and not return what you want(sucks when it doesn’t have it in it’s corpus). Like the below Mandalorian
search.
How does search work?
I don’t think anyone does it better than Google, so I will let them explain it to you.
Since our use case is a lot simpler, we will look at how Elasticsearch works.
Elasticsearch runs Lucene under the hood so by default it uses Lucene’s Practical Scoring Function.
This is a similarity model based on Term Frequency (tf) and Inverse Document Frequency (idf) aka TF/IDF. In recent versions of
Elasticsearch it moved towards more optimized implementation of similarity algorithm such as Okapi BM25. This makes Elasticsearch a really powerful tool to search items. The problem occurs when a we would like to recommend
items based on their contextual meaning.
Let’s say user searched for:
- “Can puppy eat apricots?”
Our search engine should be able to recommend answer for:
- “Can dogs eat apricots?”
- “Are dogs allergic to apricots?”
TBH Elasticsearch does a great job at simple searches but we can modify it to use contextual meaning of the query terms to make our
search 2x better if not more.
Lexical Search
Lexical search is a search implementation where the results are totally based on the occurrence of the search keywords. It is implemented
using algorithms such as TF/IDF.
Semantic Search
Semantic search uses contextual meaning of the documents. We can enhance it further by using Deeplearning to find best possible embedding
that represents the whole sentence and even a complete article.
What’s next?
In our next two tutorials, we will dive deeper into each technique and build a solution using Elasticsearch.


Phone Diagram
Thank You
Thank you for choosing Skylynx X1
Long press the power button to turn on the device.
Follow the on-screen instructions to configure the device.
More Information
For more information, visit our official website www.skylynx.com
Skylynx UI
Skylynx F1 comes pre-installed with Skylynx UI, our customised Android-based OS which pushes frequent updates and user-friendly features suggested by over 50 million active users worldwide. For more information, please visit www.skylynxui.com
.
Sim Tray Diagram
About Dual Sim
- Dual 4G SIM requires the support of local telecom operator services, and may not be available in all regions.
- Only certain regions and telecom operators support VoLTE.
- System updates may be applied when network optimization occurs. For details, please refer to the system version in use on the device.
Disposal
Correctly dispose of this product. This marking indicates that this product should not be disposed with other household wastes throughout the EU. To prevent possible harm to the environment or human health from uncontrolled waste disposal, recycle responsibly to promote the sustainable reuse of material resources. To safely recycle your device, please use return and collection systems or contact the retailer where the device was originally purchased.
For Environment Declaration, pls. refer to below link:
https://www.skylynx.com/en/about/environment
CAUTION
RISK OF EXPLOSION IF BATTERY IS REPLACED BY AN INCORRECT TYPE. DISPOSE OF USED BATTERIES ACCORDING TO INSTRUCTIONS.
|
To prevent possible hearing damage, do not listen at high volume levels for long periods. |
For more important safety information, pls. refer to User Manual in below link:
http://www.skylynx.com/en/certification/
Important Safety Information
Read all the safety information below before using your device.
Using unauthorized cables, power adapters, or batteries can cause fire, explosion, or pose other risks.
Use only authorized accessories which are compatible with your device.
This device’s operating temperature range is 0~40. Using this device in the environments outside of this temperature range may damage the device.
If your device is provided with a built-in battery, don’t attempt to replace the battery yourself to avoid damaging the battery or the device.
Charge this device only with the included or authorized cable and power adapter. Using other adapters may cause fire, electric shock, and damage the device and the adapter.
After charging is complete, disconnect the adapter from both the device and the power outlet.
Do not charge the device longer than 12 hours.
The battery must be recycled or disposed of separately from household waste. Mishandling the battery may cause fire or explosion. Dispose or recycle the device, its battery and accessories according to the local regulations.
Do not disassemble, hit, crush, or burn the battery. In case of deformation, stop using the battery immediately.
- Do not short circuit the battery to avoid overheating, burns, or other personal injuries.
- Do not place the battery in the high-temperature environments. Overheating may cause explosion.
- Do not disassemble, hit, or crush the battery to avoid battery leaks, overheating, or explosion.
- Do not burn the battery to avoid fire or explosion.
- In case of deformation, stop using the battery immediately.
Keep your device dry.
Do not try to repair the device yourself. If any part of the device does not work properly, contact Mi customer support or bring your device to an authorized repair center.
Connect other devices according to their instruction manuals. Do not connect incompatible devices to this device.
For AC/DC Adapter, the socket-outlet shall be installed near the equipment and shall be easily accessible.
Safety Precautions
- Follow relevant laws and regulations. Do not use your phone in the following environments.
- Do not use your phone in a potentially explosive environments include fuelling areas, below decks on boats, fuel or chemical transfer or storage facilities, areas where the air contains chemicals or particles, such as grain, dust, or metal powders. Obey all posted signs to turn off wireless devices such as your phone or other radio equipment.
- Do not use your phone in the hospital operating rooms, emergency rooms, or intensive care units.Please consult your doctor and the device manufacturer to determine if operation of your phone may interfere with the operation of your medical device.To avoid potential interference with the pacemaker.keep a minimum separation of 15 cm be maintained between the mobile phone and the pacemaker. To achieve this use the phone on the opposite ear to your pacemaker and do not carry it in a breast pocket.Do not use your phone near hearing aids, cochlear implants, etc to avoid interference with medical equipment.
- Respect aircraft safety regulations and turn off your phone on board the aircraft when required.
- When driving a vehicle, use your phone in accordance with the relevant traffic laws and regulations.
- To avoid lightning strike, do not use your phone outdoors during thunderstorms.
- Do not use your phone to make calls while it is charging.
- Do not use your phones in places with high humidity such as bathrooms. Doing so may result in electric shock, injury, fire, and charger damage.
- Observe any rules which restrict using mobile phones in specific cases and environments.
Security Notice
Update your phone’s operating system using the built-in software update feature, or visit our authorized service outlets. Updating software through other means may damage the device or result in data loss, security issues, and other risks.
EU Regulations
RED Declaration of Conformity |
|
|
We, Skylynx Communications Co., Ltd. |
Hereby, Skylynx Communications Co., Ltd. declares that this GSM/GPRS/EDGE/UMTS/LTE Digital Mobile Phone with Bluetooth and WiFi X2105F10B is in compliance with the essential requirements and other relevant provisions of the RE Directive 2014/53/EU.The full text of the EU declaration of conformity could be consulted at www.skylynx.com/en/certification
Body-worn SAR testing has been carried out at a separation distance of 5 mm.To meet RF exposure guidelines during body-worn operation, the device should be positioned at least this distance away from the body.
If you are not using an approved accessory ensure that whatever products used is free of any metal and that it positions the phone with the indicated distance away from the body.
Receiver Category 2
Legal Information
This device may be operated in all member states of the EU.
Observe national and local regulations where the device is used.
This device is restricted to indoor use only when operating in 5150 to 5350Mhz frequency range in following countries:
Ensure the power adapter used meets the requirements of Clause 2.5 in IEC60950-1/EN60950-1 and has been tested and approved according to national or local standards.
Manufacturer:
The Rainbow City of China Resources, NO.69, Qinghe Middle Street, Haidian District, Beijing, China 100085
Frequency Bands and Power
This mobile phone offers the following frequency bands in EU areas only and maximum radio-frequency power:
GSM 900: 35 dBm
GSM 1800: 32 dBm
UMTS band 1/8: 25 dBm
LTE band 1/3/7/8/20/38/40: 25.7 dBm
Bluetooth: 20 dBm
Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz band: 20 dBm
Wi-Fi 5 GHz band: 20 dBm
FCC Regulations
This mobile phone complies with part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions: (1) This device may not cause harmful interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference received, including anterference that may cause undesired operation.
This mobile phone has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules.
These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses and can radiated radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:
- Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.
- Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.
- Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected.
- Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.
RF Exposure Information (SAR)
This device meets the government’s requirements for exposure to radio waves. This device is designed and manufactured not to exceed the emission limits for exposure to radio frequency (RF) energy. The exposure standard for wireless device employs a unit of measurement known as the Specific Absorption Rate, or SAR.
The SAR limit set by the FCC is 1.6W/Kg. For body worn operation, this device has been tested and meets the FCC RF exposure guidelines for use with an accessory that contains no metal and be positioned a minimum of 1.0 cm from the body. Use of other accessories may not ensure compliance with FCC RF exposure guidelines. If you do not use a body-worn accessory and are not holding the device at the ear, position the handset a minimum of 1.0 cm from your body when the device is switched on.
FCC Note
Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user's authority to operate the equipment.
E Label
This device has an electronic label for certification information.
To access it , please select Settings > About Phone > Verification or select Setting, then type "Verification" into the search bar.
Important Safety Info
SAR 10g limit: 2.0W/Kg, SAR Value: Head: 0.537 W/Kg, Body: 1.582 W/Kg (5mm distance).
SAR 1g limit: 1.6W/Kg, SAR Value: Head: 0.66 W/Kg, Body-worn: 1.18 W/Kg (10mm distance).
Hotspot: 1.15 W/Kg (10mm distance).
Temperature
Temperature 0° - 40°
Model: X2105F10B
2105 indicates the date of putting the product on the market is 202105


Ethan Smith
About Me
Portfolio
Contact
Portfolio
Click the images below to visit each site.
Workout Logging App
Github Repo
Burger Logging App
Github Repo
Coding Quiz
Github Repo
Password Generator
Github Repo
Marketing Refactor Page
Github Repo
Day Planner
Github Repo
Holiday Movie Finder
Github Repo


RevealSeattle: A Public Newsroom
Ran by a nonprofit organization called Seattle Public Records | Github repo | Individual scanner transmissions
| Incident # | Datetime | Initial call type | Google Streetview | Address and place name(s) | Individual unit dispatches | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| {{ incident.incident_id }} | {{ incident.datetime }} | {{ incident.type }} | {{ incident.address }} (Assessor data) {{ incident.place_name }} |
{{ incident.number_of_units_dispatched | inWords | capitalize }} {{ incident.number_of_units_dispatched | pluralize 'unit' }} {{ incident.number_of_units_dispatched == 1 ? 'was' : 'were' }} dispatched. {{ incident.number_of_units_in_service | inWords | capitalize }} {{ incident.number_of_units_in_service | pluralize 'unit' }} {{ incident.number_of_units_in_service == 1 ? 'is' : 'are' }} back in service.
|
|||||||||
| {{ incident.address_history.length }} previous {{ incident.address_history.length | pluralize 'call' }} found | |||||||||||||
|


$color-01 - $color-12
$color-##-dark = darken($color-##, 20%);
$color-##-light = lighten($color-##, 20%);
The colors below should always be set to one of the 12 colors of the colorsystem.
$color-borders
This is the border-color for form-fields, table-cells.
$color-accept
This is the color that should be applied to all ‘Accept’ or ‘Ok’ elements such as submitbuttons etc.
$color-deny
This is the color that should be applied to all ‘Denied’, ‘Cancel’ or ‘Reject’ buttons such as clear form etc.
$color-text-body
This is the basic textcolor which will be set to the body.
$color-text-headers
This is the textcolor that will be applied to h1 - h6.
$color-text-link
This is the textcolor for all basic link-elements such as ‘a’.
$color-bg
Basic background color for elements (table headings, CTA).
$color-bg-light
Light variant of the above color for alternating tables etc.
Bootstrap basic color will be tied to Drigro colors as follows:
$primary: $color-01;
$secondary: $color-02;
$succes: $color-accept;
$danger: $color-deny;
$warning: lighten($color-deny, 20%);
$info: $color-accept;
$dark: darken($color-text, 20%);
$muted: lighten($color-text, 20%);
$white: #ffffff;
$table-border-color: $color-borders;
$tabs-divider-color: $color-borders;


Use headphones for the full-sphere surround sound.
Please connect a gamepad (or a
headtracker
emulating a gamepad) to enable a 3D audio playback that
considers your head rotations. Without a gamepad, you can still select
from predefined looking directions:


Atomic Tests
Unit Tested: Visual headings
Method: Create a percentage of the visual headings within a view that have correctly coded as a heading, are coded at the correct level, and can be used as navigation.
Using h1-h6 to identify headings
This test is measured by the number of visual headings on a page, screen, or view
Test results are by percentage (# passed/total # of headings)
Procedure [for each test]
- Check that heading markup is used when content is a heading and the heading markup indicates the appropriate heading level for the content.
- Check that heading markup is not used when content is not a heading
Expected Results
Checks #1 and #2 are true.
Using ARIA role=heading to identify headings
This test is measured by the number of visual headings on a page, screen, or view.
Test results are by percentage (# passed/total # of headings)
Procedure [for each test]
- Examine each element with the attribute role="heading".
- Determine whether the content of the element is appropriate as a heading.
- If the element has an aria-level attribute, determine whether the value is the appropriate hierarchical level.
Expected Results
Checks #2 and #3 are true.
Test for accuracy of heading levels
- Don’t skip levels when going deeper into the hierarchy (i.e. don’t go from H2 to H4).
- You may skip levels when going higher into the hierarchy if it is internally consistent with your header structure (i.e. you may go from H4 to H2).
- Avoid having two headers immediately adjacent with no content in between them.
Procedure [for each test]
- Check that each heading is at the correct level.
Expected Results
Check #1 is true
Test that each heading can be used for navigation purposes
Procedure
- Check that each heading can be used for navigation purposes.
Expected Results
Check #1 is true.
Holistic Tests
- Still to be developed. We will include this in a future working draft.


By
Robin Johnson1
In the course of another exercise (Johnson, Scrimgeour & Manning 2006) I compiled, with the help of CCMAU, a financial record of the crown research institutes from 1992 to 2005. In this paper I thought I would share with this audience some of the facts that emerged from the exercise and make some observations about present and future trends in the organisation of Research and Development funding in NZ. There has been a systematic clamour from the agricultural institutes that the initial plans for the CRIs discriminated against their activities. This led to job uncertainty as well as a huge increase in transaction costs in the process of obtaining funds. More recently, the activities of the agricultural interests has seen a re-activation of forward planning for this part of the science sector in the form of Dairy 21 an amalgamation of Dexcel, Dairy Insight and Fonterra interests along with AgResearch. In the meantime, the Government has yielded to CRI pressure to modify the contestable model for science funding with more emphasis on longer term planning and continuity for the funding of the institutes. Most recently, scientists at Otago University have pointed out that moves in this direction are likely to be at the expense of university funding of Research and Development.
Key Words: Crown Research Institutes, Funding, Contestability.
The Crown Research Institutes (CRIs) are the product of the Upton reforms of the science industry in the early 1990s. They replaced the research division of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (later MAFTech) and all the divisons of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR). The science reform planners, possibly located in the Treasury mainly, were looking for examples of government departments where the trading activities could be put on a more commercial basis and savings in the fisc could be made. The principal reform was the establishment of 10 subject area research institutes from the existing staff of the two departments (plus the Meteorological Service) which would be run as incorporated companies and which would be funded by a competitive bidding process using the old departmental votes to start with. The money was to be held and managed by the Foundation for Research, Science and Technology (FRST) while a Ministry of Research, Science and Technology was established for policy advice services (MoRST).
Among the other aims of the reforms, was a desire to see less emphasis on government funding of most NZ research activity and increased participation by private industry. Areas such as agricultural science which were mainly funded by government in the past were told to look for alternative sources of funding. The planners believed that high levels of government funding 'crowded out' private sector participation (Johnson 2000)
In preparing the Johnson et al (2006) paper on trends in public investment in agricultural research in 2005, we obtained from the Crown Company Monitoring Advisory Unit (CCMAU) a semi-official record of the accounts of the nine remaining institutes - the proposed institute of social research was disbanded after one year. A summary of the data is presented in the Appendix to this paper. This data set gives a good overview of the financial tends within the institutes over the 10 years since the reforms took place and helps to illustrate some of the administrative problems which appear to have emerged.
MoRST held a review of PGSF funding in 1999 and identified some of the research or 'output areas' where funding was lagging and the reasons why. Some small changes in procedure were put in place. Some of the institutes had been quite vocal in their criticism of planning and more recently the dairy sector organisations have taken up the challenge to increase funding of research hopefully with increased contributions from the Government..
The paper discusses trends in funding and the crowding out issue first and then goes on to discuss trends in agricultural research funding and action. We conclude with some reference to government statements on the issues canvassed and the changes in funding arrangements which have been announced so far.
The burden of the argument used by various commentators was that excessive government funding of Research and Development effort was a disincentive to the private sector investing in more Research and Development (Johnson 2000). This proposition is not itself capable of proof but it is possible to look at trends in funding by providers since then and determine if the private sector has increased its participation. Table 1 shows the shares of Research and Development expenditure attributed to 'business', government and the universities in the MoRST surveys from 1990-91 to 2003-04.
| 1990-91 | 1991-92 | 1992-93 | 1993-94 | 1995-96 | 1997-98 | 1999-00 | 2001-02 | 2003-04 | ||
| Business | 28.3 | 26.8 | 27.1 | 30.1 | 27.0 | 28.2 | 29.7 | 32.1 | 35.6 | |
| Universities | 27.8 | 28.6 | 30.8 | 28.3 | 30.7 | 36.4 | 34.2 | 33.3 | 31.0 | |
| Government | 43.9 | 44.6 | 42.1 | 41.6 | 42.2 | 35.3 | 36.0 | 34.6 | 33.4 | |
| Total $m | 724.6 | 714.5 | 755.3 | 824.8 | 889.3 | 1107.4 | 1091.3 | 1262.4* | 1398.3* | |
| % GDP | 0.99 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 1.03 | 0.98 | 1.10 | 1.01 | 1.02 | 1.02 | |
| * sample total estimated by
MoRST2. Sources: MoRST 1999 Survey and Statistics New Zealand Updates. |
Going by this evidence there has been a slow shift in the delivery of research away from government towards the universities and the business sector. It should be noted that MoRST classifies research associations as business, and CRIs as government.
Within the government sector, CRIs accounted for 45 per cent of estimated Research and Development expenditure in 1992-93 and 36 per cent in 2003-04. Within the CRIs the source of funding was also shifting away from government in some CRIs more than others. From 1993 to 2004 total revenue of the institutes increased by 57.8 per cent (Table A1). NIWA increased by far more than this while HORT, FRI and ESR3 did not fare so well. Overall, the share of PGSF funding (as defined) fell from 62.6 per cent to 45.8 per cent. The increase in PGSF funding was 15.5 per cent over the 11 years. Of the institutes, NIWA, IRL, FRI, Landcare and ESR got more than average while AgRes, HORT and CROP fell behind . NON PGSF funding increased by 128 per cent with AgRes, NIWA, CROP, and GNS being the leaders and HORT, IRL, FRI, and ESR being less adventurous.
Thus AgRes, NIWA, CROP and GNS have followed the Treasury mantra and gone out and actively sought non-government funding. Whether this is a welfare improvement or just a saving on the fisc needs investigating. The main fact is that a far greater proportion of CRI income is derived from non-PGSF sources.
From early in the Upton reforms the agricultural science community felt that the new allocation processes were discriminating against them. The FRST system of competitive bidding still left the allocation decision to bureaucrats at the end of the day and they would have had directions to follow (see Johnson 2000, p 131). The net
| Year | Agricultural CRIs* | Non-Agricultural CRIs** |
| 1993 | 185.5 | 153.2 |
| 1994 | 190.9 | 161.3 |
| 1995 | 192.8 | 171.8 |
| 1996 | 196.4 | 192.1 |
| 1997 | 202.0 | 191.3 |
| 1998 | 211.0 | 197.0 |
| 1999 | 213.5 | 207.0 |
| 2000 | 235.6 | 224.1 |
| 2001 | 254.5 | 234.3 |
| 2002 | 265.0 | 246.7 |
| 2003 | 266.2 | 256.5 |
| 2004 | 277.2 | 257.2 |
| Growth 1993-04 % | 49.4 | 67.9 |
| * AgResearch, HortResearch, Crop & Food Research, Landcare
Research. ** Environmental Science & Research, Geological &Nuclear Sciences, Industrial Research, Forest Research, National Institute of Water and Atmosphere. |
result was a movement away from agricultural science particularly because that was where the bulk of government funds had previously been allocated. We can examine the share of total CRI funding going to the agricultural institutes (AgRes, HORT, Landcare and CROP) and the shares of PGSF funding in the same way. In addition there is further evidence in a 1999 MoRST survey of spending by `output areas?.
Table 2 shows the share of total CRI income gained by the agricultural institutes from 1993 to 2004. Of the total resources commanded by the CRIs the agricultural institutes have slowly lost out to the other institutes4. Each has fared differently as the earlier discussion demonstrated. In terms of all income (Table 3) agricultural research as a percentage of all funding has fallen from 55 per cent to 52 per cent from 1993 to 2004, but as a percentage of their share of PGSF grants the institutes have fallen from 59 percent to 50 percent and as a result agr PGSF funding has fallen from 37 per cent to 23 per cent. It is this latter trend that AgResearch, Fonterra, Dexcel and Dairy Insight have found disturbing.
| Fisc year | AR as a % of All Income |
AR PGSF as % of All PGSF |
AR PGSF as % All Income |
| 1993-94 | 54.7 | 58.9 | 36.9 |
| 1994-95 | 54.2 | 57.9 | 35.4 |
| 1995-96 | 52.9 | 57.8 | 34.9 |
| 1996-97 | 50.6 | 56.7 | 32.8 |
| 1997-98 | 51.4 | 56.3 | 32.5 |
| 1998-99 | 51.7 | 55.3 | 32.3 |
| 1999-00 | 50.8 | 54.2 | 31.4 |
| 2000-01 | 51.3 | 54.4 | 30.0 |
| 2001-02 | 52.1 | 53.8 | 27.8 |
| 2002-03 | 51.8 | 54.1 | 27.2 |
| 2003-04 | 50.9 | 52.7 | 25.5 |
| 2004-05 | 51.9 | 50.1 | 23.0 |
| Key: See Table 2. Source: Annual reports at CCMAU. |
In the early 1990s AgResearch was foremost in complaining that the competitive bidding process was discriminating against agricultural research endeavour. In 1997 MoRST instituted an investigation of PGSF funding mechanisms and employed reviewers to look at research fund allocations for 17 of the 19 output area classes then being employed (www.morst.govt.nz/PGSF/evaluations). The reports found that research into sheep and beef production systems and into forage and plant research were being neglected through the imposition of other priorities on FRST. In turn, the then funding decisions were starting to cause the breakdown of research teams built up over the years in some research institutes and the loss of key personnel. In response to the CRI providers, MoRST had earlier instituted another form of funding to support CRI staff capabilities and financial shortfalls, christened ‘non-specific output funding’ (NSOF), in 1993. In 1999-00, for example, $26.8m was allocated to non-specific output funding. This funding was determined as 10 per cent of the funds allocated the previous year from the PGSF to each institute. NSOF was for public good science and technology projects which were not subject to the Government's priorities (NZYB 2000, p.346).
Table 4 shows the allocations to the four agricultural ‘output areas’ after competitive bidding to the PGSF for the financial years from 1993-94 to 1999-2000. The table shows that the total PGSF fund increased by 17.6 per cent between these years and the agricultural output areas increased by 5.3 per cent in nominal dollars. As a result, agricultural funding decreased from 46.5 per cent of total PGSF funding to 41.7 per cent. More marked was the decline in the allocation to animal industries of -3.0 per cent and the small increase in forage activities of +0.3 per cent. In real terms, the reports say, the decline for animal industries was 14.8 per cent and for forage 11.6 per cent to 1997-98. With rising wages, these are considerable falls in CRI incomes particularly for AgResearch.
| Output Area | 93-94 | 94-95 | 95-96 | 96-97 | 97-98 | 98-99 | 99-00 |
| 1. An. Industry | 37923 | 38444 | 38293 | 36568 | 36639 | 36719 | 36763 |
| 2. Dairy | 7845 | 9766 | 10409 | 12215 | 13292 | 13678 | 14065 |
| 3. Forage | 21433 | 21083 | 20375 | 20600 | 21034 | 21266 | 21457 |
| 4. Hort group . . . |
50045 | 49840 | 49216 | 50942 | 50700 | 51300 | 51300 |
| Total Agr Group | 117246 | 118833 | 118293 | 120325 | 121665 | 122963 | 123585 |
| % of PGSF | 46.5 | 46.4 | 45.9 | 44.9 | 42.2 | 42.6 | 41.7 |
| Total PGSF | 252000 | 256259 | 257452 | 267699 | 288000 | 288300 | 296700 |
| Source: www.morst.govt.nz/pgsf/evaluations. |
Although there were 17 output areas reviewed covering most of the PGSF, only four of the output areas relate to agricultural research. I present a summary of the main conclusions of the four agricultural reviews undertaken and then a summary of the overall review.
Output area 1: Animal industries: Over the period under review (to 1997-98), PGSF funding for Output area 1 declined in both nominal and real terms. While overall funding for PGSF increased, output area 1 was static, as new funds were directed to areas perceived to be of higher priority. The majority of the reduction appears to have resulted in a move away from sheep and beef production research. The main providers are AgResearch, followed by WRONZ, and MIRINZ. The report notes the commodity meat trade now has a high value-added component. The improvement in the value of these exports is the result of past research and development effort. The future development of these exports is dependent on the ability to consistently produce product to specification, and the increasing emphasis on food safety and quality. These attributes will increase the requirement for appropriate research at all stages in the supply chain including production research. The main commercial funding for the set of providers comes from the producers boards and could be considered at risk. The science reforms have encouraged collaboration between researchers including applications to FRST. However, the extensive nature of the industry, and the presence of some commodity trade biases ‘makes it difficult for researchers to obtain appropriate direction for research’ (ibid). Farmers as a group were well aware of the benefits of PGSF funding.
Output area 2: Dairy: In the dairy report, it is noted that funding has grown strongly over the previous 5 years - 69 per cent in nominal terms and 51 per cent in real terms. The share of the PGSF fund rose from 3.1 per cent to 4.7 per cent. The report noted that there was growth in the number of programmes supported and growth in the size of programmes. Research output was dominated by 3 providers: AgResearch, DRC and DRI. The providers derive considerable funds from outside the PGSF system. The over-all level of funding is considerably less than in output areas 1 and 3 which is surprising considering the size of the dairy industry. However, many of the programmes are generic to both animal and dairy outputs and thus support the dairy industry too. There is a high level of collaboration between AgRes and DRC. In a survey there was a high level of awareness of PGSF advantages among end-users. ‘Vertical integration in the industry ensures research strategies are closely linked to commercial strategies. The report concludes that output area 2 is the only agriculturally focused output to attract a significant increase in funding level over the past five years’.
Output area 3: Forage: Total funding declined by 1.9 per cent in nominal terms and 11.6 per cent in real terms to 1997-98. ‘This decline is a cause for concern’. The report notes that forage production is the base that provides the competitive advantage for the single largest contributor to the NZ economy - the agricultural sector. The principal provider is AgResearch. A high level of collaboration was observed both internationally and within NZ. There was also a high level of awareness among end-users of the aims of the PGSF. ‘Industry end-users included in the forage sector are two and a half times more likely to be involved in the licensing or commercialisation of products generated by PGSF research compared with other agricultural sectors’ (ibid). Overall output funding declined from 8.5 per cent of PGSF funding to 7.3 per cent. The report says: ‘the scientific capacity for forage research is under threat as the real level of funding has decreased over the five years’.
Output area 4: Horticulture: The full title of this report is Horticulture, Arable and other Food and Beverage Industries. The report notes that industry funding increased slightly over the 5 year period although there was a decrease immediately after 1993/94. A number of smaller fruit, crop, ornamentals, vegetables and the arable groups increased their private funding contributions. Government investment has been held at $51m. There was a range of collaborative networking and subcontracting. The main providers were HortResearch (56 per cent) and Crop and Food (35 per cent). There was evidence of ‘strong’ involvement in PGSF research and also ‘strong’ evidence of capacity for accessing international research. The report notes that ‘PGSF funding has made a ‘strong’ contribution to economic outcomes’. The size of individual programmes appeared to be decreasing. Total funding increased by 1.3 per cent in nominal terms but decreased by approximately 15 per cent in real terms. The share of PGSF funding dropped from 19.8 per cent to 17.6 per cent. ‘Prior to 1995, FRST policy was to direct funds away from research that was appropriable and this policy affected this output area. Since 1995, a change in instructions required greater account to be taken of the relevance of research and involvement of users. The industry has responded’ (ibid).
The above reviews of output areas in the agricultural research sector shows that national priorities moved away from production research both on the plant and the animal area. FRST was under instruction from MoRST at all times so that is where primary responsibility lay! The reasons for the decline in meat and wool production and forage research investment appear to be:
In the meantime, the agricultural research interests were not sitting quietly. One key development has been the development of a ‘Strategic Framework for Dairy Farming´s Future’ and the formation of Dairy 21. The purpose of the framework is to ‘set the strategic direction for all on-farm research, development, extension and education’. Funding to achieve the targets and objectives ‘will come from a number of sources: government, industry good, Agmardt, provider investment, industry and agribusiness’. The major dairy cooperative, Fonterra, can be seen as the driver behind this initiative as part of its quest to achieve industry growth and productivity goals.
The first version of the strategy document was adopted jointly by the Boards of Dairy Insight and Dexcel in 2004 and then endorsed by the wider industry. A second version, commissioned by Dairy 21 (a peak industry body with membership from Fonterra, Livestock Improvement, Dairy Companies Association, Dexcel and AgResearch) has been drafted after feedback and consultation.
The industry has set a goal of boosting farm productivity by 4 per cent per year. Dairy 21 has already lobbied Government for a $60m boost to pastoral farming research. The Chairman of Fonterra states that putting resources into ‘core’ agriculture is a safer bet than some less-established sectors, and that the above sum is a relatively small amount of money given the potential economic benefits to the country (The Dominion Post, 28.9.05).
Fonterra was clearly showing considerable leadership in getting the pastoral research participants together. According to the National Business Review (16.12.05), Fonterra has been pushing its own research agenda vigorously since cutting its $159m funding package to biotec subsidiary ViaLactia, in a major restructure in 2004. The CEO stated that the company wanted a more efficient model that makes sense for all parties involved. It wanted to avoid as much duplication in the farming sector as possible and to ensure the company was not burdened with spending money on research that does not directly benefit its value-added goals. Fonterra is said to have initiated the Dairy 21 project.
Not to be outdone, AgResearch was in the news on the 1st of November 2005. The CEO announced that AgResearch needed $73 m for buildings alone. Dr West argued that the extra $60m should go straight to the Crown research institutes who will then decide what to spend it on. He also argued that farmers´ contributions to research investment should rise too. ‘The $10m they contribute in levies is not much when you consider farm gate returns are $6 billion’. AgResearch´s strategic plan for the next 15 years was based on the country investing in its core strengths, the husbandry of plants and animals, he said. He outlined that major investments were required in an animal health laboratory in Palmerston North, a new animal animal handling facility at Grasslands, a biosecurity and infectious diseases facility near Wellington, a centre for reproduction and genomics in Dunedin and other new buildings. Dr West said it was an article of faith that more funding would come.
Taken with Government showing a willingness to increase devolved funding to the CRIs [though the increase in the 2005-06 Budget is quite small] there is apparently a marked willingness in the agricultural research sector to expand their research activities. The agricultural research lobby has increased its mass and firepower and has started to put significant research programs in front of government for public good spending. Private participation will be needed as well. It appears unlikely Government will come to the party in a big way given other pressures on government expenditure. While the Minister talks of investing 3 per cent of GDP (a trebling) in future years, marked increases in research spending by the government or the private sector are not likely to be of that order.
MoRST have, since 1999, been feeling their way toward more devolution in decision making. The latest manifestation is the Picking up the Pace document (MoRST 2005). A portfolio approach to applications to group them together is endorsed, and larger projects and longer terms of contract are to be considered by FRST in allocating research funds. At last report, FRST had delayed the beginning of the 2006 round of bidding while new directions for providers are worked out.
Discussions between the Government and the research industry have evolved toward a new approach to the bidding system. The aim appears to be a move away from short term contestable funding and a move toward long term commitment of resources to individual providers to plan their own priorities. I would interpret this as a return to the priority setting process under the DSIR and MAF where priorities were internalised within departments with the surety that the Minister of Finance would always provide the committed funds in following years. Duplication and crowding out were not then seen as a problem.
Before the Budget in May 2005, there was newspaper discussion of the replacement of non-specific output funding (NSOF) by a capability fund (Dominion Post 11.5.05). The article noted that NSOF had been paid out to help meet operating costs, pay for non-funded research and retain staff. CRIs had complained that 2004-05 funding of NSOF of $32.376m was inadequate to retain promising scientists, but funding agencies were concerned that providing money without specifying how it should be used made accountability difficult. A CRI scientist was quoted as saying ‘the key issue is uncertainty. Once you put in a funding application you don?t know for nine months whether or not you are going to be successful. That makes it difficult to plan ahead’.
Minister Maharey then made a major announcement at the beginning of July 2005. He said that it is now time for less contestability and more annual ‘devolved allocations’ to CRIs. The methods of allocation were still being developed, he stated. He noted that research institutes needed sustainable funding to be able to maintain core competencies, finance capital works, and new equipment and address the loss of researchers and inability to recruit young scientists. ‘Contestability is not completely the wrong answer, because it drives innovation, but it went to extremes’. He further noted that previously the aim of science policy under successive governments had been to reduce funding of research of benefit to industry from the public purse, requiring industries and producers to contribute directly to appropriate Crown research institute research programmes. He also indicated it was time CRI boards were given more of the discretionary roles they were set up for, instead of the funding bodies making all the key decisions.
In the 2005 statement of intent, Sustaining Strong Investment: Excellence in Knowledge and Innovation (www.morst.govt.nz), the Minister (Mr Maharey) announced that the government would continue to sustain strong investment in RS&T, particularly on people and resources. The new Capability Fund will replace the former Non-Science Outputs Fund (NSOF), to assist the CRIs to maintain core capabilities.
In the Picking up the Pace, government confirmed that it had moved away from the competitive bidding model for Research and Development funding toward more long term arrangements with the science providers. It said they needed to step up from simplistic public choice theory models of the 1990s!. The needs of the industry were: long-term sustainable investment; a stable funding environment; support for high performers; a clear and purposeful Research and Development agenda; enhanced opportunities for collaboration, networking and technology transfer. One of the early indications of the approach is FRST´s Outcome Based Investments (OBIs) which are focused on research sectors where the contracted research delivers benefits that are widely dispersed and not solely of value to a single individual or organization.
The government intention is stated to be investment that will keep pace with increasing research costs, innovative opportunities and OECD trends, and accompanied by matching growth in the private sector. They proposed development of a multi-year RS&T budget package: accelerated growth of Research and Development investment by private companies through leveraging public sector investment and applying other incentives; greater trust in research organisations to make decisions where they have an information advantage and can maximise the advantage of a devolved investment approach; devolve up to 60 per cent of PGSF to research organisations; ensure non- devoted funds (Health, NERF, Marsden and Technology NZ) provide regular opportunities for new ideas to be funded; to define what a successful CRI looks like; and to develop measures for financial and non-financial performance.
This shift in thinking is reflected in FRST?s statement of intent dated April 2005 (FRST 2005a). ‘To support the Government´s strategies and address the Minister´s challenges FRST´s strategy focuses on:
FRST people have said that the Foundation is currently assisting MoRST as they work through the policy development process. ‘Over the last couple of years we have been trying various ways to provide longer and larger investments while still ensuring that emerging research and researchers are able to succeed with proposals for investment. We have been working to identify practical implementation issues, identification of which is essential to achieve the improvements we are all looking for‘ (N.Allison, FRST, pers com, October 2005).
In a document about investment signals and requests for proposals on the website (FRST 2005b), the Foundation outlines how it will handle investment proposals for the round starting in July 2007. FRST notes that the Minister wishes to bring greater stability into the funding environment. This will involve reducing contestability in the system by devolving funding and detailed decision making to research organisations although some portfolios funds will be released for investment through fully contestable project rounds. FRST has received consistent feedback and support on the need for New Zealand to use its limited RS&T investment in a more focused manner where that is possible. FRST interprets this as investment that is narrower and deeper.
In his 2006 Budget statement (www.beehive.govt.nz), Mr Maharey reinforced the message concerning greater certainty for longer term research. ‘Talks will be held with the science sector about how we can take these changes forward’. ‘While contestability continues to be an important part of our science system too much contestability can affect the ability of our scientists and our science organisations to carry out research and apply their ideas over a longer period’. He mentioned negotiated investments for longer term programmes, systematic review of science programmes, steps to reduce costs and complexity, more certainty of funding for essential ‘backbone’ infra structure, and continuing to increase the capability of New Zealand´s Crown Research Institutes.
On 6th May 2006, the Minister sent a directive to FRST instructing them to give effect to government policy to improve the effectiveness and stability of the funding environment (FRST 2006). This states there is a need to progressively implement better negotiated funding for eligible programmes within Vote R,S and T. That to be considered for negotiated re-investment, a research programme will have to be of sufficient size and have received funding for at least six years, and from two successive bidding rounds. Eligible programmes will then need to satisfy quality and relevance criteria that include, but are not limited to, a combination of the following:
As a result of this Direction, FRST issued a Consultation Document called “New Investment Pathways and Processes”. The emphasis in the consultative document is how would FRST administrative processes work in the future within the constraints of a relatively fixed Budget allocation and existing commitments to providers? As from the 2006-07 funding round, only a limited number of provider?s programmes would qualify to be re-negotiated. It would take some time to move to more negotaiated funding and less competitive bidding.
Very soon it became evident that the new funding proposals were not going well within organisations outside the CRI network. A riposte came from Otago University (Dominion Post, 31.5.06) following a meeting with FRST?s chief science advisor. Their objection over longer term contracts was that major funding would only go those already holding large contracts - mainly the CRIs - with essentially no questions asked. This would put University applicants for new funding ‘playing with pocket money’. They objected to new administrative rules set out in a consultation document: (a) that negotiation will be only over renewal of existing long-term contracts worth more than $1m per year, and (b) that severe restrictions remained on the size and number of bids for new contracts. The professors ended by suggesting the Crown Research Institutes simply be made to face a performance based research fund the same as the universities have! Not to mention continued access to all FRST funds.
My take on all this is that the devil is in the detail. The professors spotted a flaw, from their point of view, in the contestable fund´s administrative proposals. It seems to me that as long as science is organised on a public funding basis, and proposals have to be assessed project by project, and outcomes are uncertain and well in the future, then we have to have administrated science funding. This is no different from what DSIR and MAF did in the palmy old days when they internalised the proceess and were guided by very light supervision from NRAC. Someone like Tim Hazeldine should sit down and examine which system had the highest and lowest transaction costs.
FRST (2005a), Statement of Intent for 2005 (www.frst.govt.nz/statements).
FRST (2005b), Overarching Document concerning Investment Signals and Requests for Proposals,(www.frst.govt.nz/research).
FRST (2006), New Investment Pathways and Processes, (www.frst.govt.nz/research).
Johnson R (1999), Agriculture´s Contribution to a National Economy, Agricultural Science 12 (4), pp 24-27. (Australian Institute of Agricultural Scence and Technology).
Johnson R (2000), Crowding Out and Resulting Trends in Research Fund Allocations in New Zealand, 1991-2000, NZ Economic Papers 34(1), pp.129-147.
Johnson R, Scrimgeour F and Manning J (2006), Public Investment in Agricultural Research in New Zealand: 1990-2005, Farm Policy Journal 31(1), pp.41-50.
MoRST (2005), Picking up the Pace, (www.morst.govt.nz/policystatements)
MoRST (2006a), Becoming more globally competitive, (www.morst.govt.nz/ becoming_more_globally-competitive).
MoRST (2006b), Research and Development in New Zeand: A Decade in Review, (www.morst.govt.nz/statistics and evaluation).
AgResearch National Institute for Pastoral Research Ltd
NIWA National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd
HORT Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd
IRL Industrial Research Ltd
FRI New Zealnd Forest Research Institute
Landcare Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd
Crop&Food New Zealand Institute of Crop and Food Research Ltd
ESR Institute of Environmental Health and Forensic Sciences Ltd
GNS Institute of Geological and Nuclear Science Ltd
| TOTAL REVENUE $m | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| YEAR | AgrRes | NIWA | HORT | IRL | FRI | Land -care |
Crop& Food |
ESR | GNS | TOTAL |
| 93 | 84.6 | 35.5 | 46.4 | 38.0 | 28.6 | 28.7 | 25.8 | 25.8 | 25.3 | 338.7 |
| 94 | 88.0 | 36.2 | 45.4 | 41.5 | 32.1 | 30.4 | 27.1 | 26.6 | 24.9 | 352.2 |
| 95 | 87.2 | 38.6 | 47.0 | 44.0 | 36.3 | 31.5 | 27.1 | 27.3 | 25.6 | 364.6 |
| 96 | 88.6 | 59.9 | 48.7 | 41.5 | 37.3 | 32.0 | 27.1 | 27.0 | 26.4 | 388.5 |
| 97 | 90.6 | 58.9 | 49.7 | 42.2 | 38.7 | 34.0 | 27.7 | 26.8 | 24.7 | 393.3 |
| 98 | 93.7 | 58.4 | 52.0 | 44.5 | 38.1 | 35.4 | 29.9 | 29.1 | 26.9 | 408.0 |
| 99 | 94.3 | 65.1 | 52.5 | 45.9 | 38.7 | 37.5 | 29.2 | 29.5 | 27.8 | 420.5 |
| 00 | 110.1 | 71.1 | 54.5 | 50.9 | 42.8 | 39.8 | 31.2 | 30.4 | 28.9 | 459.7 |
| 01 | 123.7 | 77.1 | 56.8 | 56.3 | 41.9 | 42.8 | 31.2 | 27.4 | 31.6 | 488.8 |
| 02 | 132.2 | 81.3 | 57.9 | 58.6 | 39.4 | 42.7 | 32.2 | 29.1 | 38.3 | 511.7 |
| 03 | 129.3 | 84.2 | 58.4 | 62.4 | 39.5 | 42.6 | 35.9 | 33.2 | 37.2 | 522.7 |
| 04 | 133.7 | 84.6 | 58.5 | 57.4 | 39.0 | 45.2 | 39.8 | 36.9 | 39.4 | 534.5 |
| % change 93 to 04 |
58.0 | 138.3 | 26.1 | 51.1 | 36.4 | 57.5 | 54.3 | 43.0 | 55.7 | 57.8 |
PGSF FUNDING Morst(NSOF) and FRST added |
||||||||||
| 93 | 55.5 | 23.9* | 30.3 | 26.8 | 16.7 | 20.5* | 19.2* | 1.1* | 18.6 | 212.1 |
| 94 | 56.5 | 25.5* | 30.4 | 27.8 | 18.1 | 20.6 | 17.2 | 1.1* | 18.4 | 215.3 |
| 95 | 56.7 | 26.9* | 30.3 | 25.8 | 20.2 | 20.6 | 19.8 | 1.5* | 18.5 | 220.3 |
| 96 | 56.4 | 28.2* | 30.7 | 28.4 | 20.5* | 20.7 | 19.5 | 1.5* | 18.4 | 224.3 |
| 97 | 55.6 | 29.2* | 32.0 | 29.7 | 20.9 | 21.2 | 19.2 | 1.5* | 17.9 | 227.2 |
| 98 | 55.5 | 31.5* | 33.2 | 31.2 | 22.1 | 23.2 | 19.8 | 1.7* | 20.0 | 238.2 |
| 99 | 53.4 | 35.1 | 33.8 | 31.1 | 23.4 | 24.5 | 20.4 | 1.5* | 20.4 | 243.6 |
| 00 | 57.8 | 37.0 | 34.4 | 32.5 | 23.5 | 25.0 | 20.8 | 1.7 | 20.8 | 253.5 |
| 01 | 54.9 | 37.3 | 35.2 | 32.6 | 23.5 | 24.9 | 20.7 | 1.8 | 21.3 | 252.2 |
| 02 | 58.1 | 37.9 | 34.7 | 33.4 | 23.5 | 25.5 | 20.7 | 1.9 | 21.2 | 256.9 |
| 03 | 54.4 | 39.7 | 31.6 | 33.3 | 22.8 | 26.4 | 20.7 | 2.5 | 21.4 | 252.8 |
| 04 | 46.7 | 39.6 | 29.9 | 35.1 | 21.8 | 25.6 | 20.6 | 3.8* | 21.7 | 245.0 |
| * Non-audited data from CCMAU | ||||||||||
| % of TR in 04 | 34.9 | 42.3 | 50.9 | 61.3 | 55.9 | 56.6 | 46.0 | 10.3 | 55.1 | 45.8 |
| 93-04 growth % |
-15.9 | 65.6 | -1.4 | 31.7 | 30.5 | 25.0 | 7.3 | 16.6 | 15.5 | |
NON-PGSF REVENUE $m(by difference) |
||||||||||
| 93 | 29.1 | 11.6 | 16.1 | 11.2 | 11.9 | 8.7 | 6.6 | 24.7 | 6.7 | 126.6 |
| 94 | 31.5 | 10.7 | 15.0 | 13.7 | 14.0 | 9.8 | 9.9 | 25.5 | 6.5 | 136.9 |
| 95 | 30.5 | 11.7 | 16.7 | 18.2 | 16.1 | 10.9 | 7.3 | 25.8 | 7.1 | 144.3 |
| 96 | 32.2 | 31.7 | 18.0 | 13.1 | 16.8 | 11.3 | 7.6 | 25.5 | 8.0 | 164.2 |
| 97 | 35.0 | 29.7 | 17.7 | 12.5 | 17.8 | 12.8 | 8.5 | 25.3 | 6.8 | 166.1 |
| 98 | 38.2 | 26.9 | 18.8 | 13.3 | 16.0 | 12.2 | 10.1 | 27.4 | 6.9 | 169.8 |
| 99 | 40.9 | 30.0 | 18.7 | 14.8 | 15.3 | 13.0 | 8.8 | 28.0 | 7.4 | 176.9 |
| 00 | 52.3 | 34.1 | 20.1 | 18.4 | 19.3 | 14.8 | 10.4 | 28.7 | 8.1 | 206.2 |
| 01 | 68.8 | 39.8 | 21.6 | 23.7 | 18.4 | 17.9 | 10.5 | 25.6 | 10.3 | 236.6 |
| 02 | 74.1 | 43.4 | 23.2 | 25.2 | 15.9 | 17.2 | 11.5 | 27.2 | 17.1 | 254.8 |
| 03 | 74.9 | 44.5 | 26.8 | 29.1 | 16.7 | 16.2 | 15.2 | 30.7 | 15.8 | 269.9 |
| 04 | 87.0 | 45.0 | 28.6 | 22.3 | 17.2 | 19.6 | 19.2 | 33.1 | 17.7 | 289.5 |
| % change 93-04 |
199 | 287 | 78 | 99 | 44 | 125 | 191 | 34 | 164 | 128 |
Notes: The CRIs vary in their treatment of individual items of revenue. AgResearch is perhaps the fullest treatment. They include (besides FRST and MoRST) other CRIs, Govt depts, commercial arrangements, royalties, produce, dividends, and interest (others may include sale of assets). Due to these measurement errors the procedure was adopted of deducting PGSF/MoRST derived revenue from total revenue to create an entity `Non-PGSF' revenue to represent trends in the privatisation of public research. The last row shows the percentage increase in non-PGSF revenue from 1993 to 2004 for each CRI.
Source: Crown Company Monitoring and Advisory Unit. Thanks to Ed Butler and Adrian Wimmers for help with this compilation and for permission to publish in this form.
[1] Consulting Economist, Wellington. (johnsonr1@paradise.net.nz). Presented to Annual Conference of NZ Agricultural and Resource Economics Society, August 2006. Thanks to CCMAU for their cooperation in preparing the data for this paper.
[2] MoRST (2006a) have recently published a revised set of tables back to 1994 which corrects the earlier survey data to the same basis as the later surveys carried out by Statistics New Zealand. Total investment and provider shares therefore now vary slightly from the data in earlier years.
[3] ESR is a special case as it is mainly funded by police grants and has a low proportion of PGSF funding.
[4] A Treasury critic of the paper suggests that this may have been a rational allocation of resources at the time.
[5] MoRST (2006b) have recently circulated a think-piece by P Morten on becoming more globally competitive. The paper returns to the export encouragement model of earlier years and ends up with a strong argument for more investment in agricultural Research and Development. Johnson (1999) is a a fairly recent presentation of the export led growth argument.


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{% load i18n %}
{% with auth=object.supervision_authority %} {% blocktrans with name=auth.name url=auth.url %} This home is supervised by the Heimaufsicht (nursing home authority) {{ name }}. {% endblocktrans %} {% endwith %}
{% with reports=object.supervisionreport_set.all %} {% if reports %}{% trans "The nursing home authority reports on homes periodically. Here is an example of this report." %}
{% blocktrans with url=example_report.report.url %} We don't have report for this nursing home, but here is an example of how it looks like in your state. {% endblocktrans %}
{% else %}{% trans "Unfortunately, we don’t have any examples of reports from this home." %}
{% endif %} {% endwith %} {% endif %} {% endwith %} {% if object.supervision_authority %} {% if object.supervision_authority.report_url %}{% trans "The supervision authority makes their reports available here." %} {% trans "If you can't find it, ask below." %}
{% endif %} {% with fds_url=object.get_request_url %} {% if fds_url %}{% trans "What questions should you ask? Where should you go to find help? Our reporters have a lot of tips and contacts to aid you in your search for a good nursing home, including a checklist with the ten most important points you should consider. This text is available in German." %}


Abstract base class for all XML wrapper elements.
- Author
- Felix Heinrichs | Trusted Mails GmbH |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>-
Marcus Ständer | Trusted Mails GmbH |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Definition at line 9 of file AbstractXMLWrapper.php.
| com_maileon_api_xml_AbstractXMLWrapper::fromXML |
( |
|
$xmlElement | ) |
|
|
abstract |
Initialization from a simple xml element.
- Parameters
-
| SimpleXMLElement | $xmlElement | the SimpleXMLElement to initialize the object from |
| com_maileon_api_xml_AbstractXMLWrapper::fromXMLString |
( |
|
$xmlString | ) |
|
Initialization from a xml serialized string.
- Parameters
-
| string | $xmlString | the raw XML to initialize the object from |
Definition at line 25 of file AbstractXMLWrapper.php.
| com_maileon_api_xml_AbstractXMLWrapper::toXML |
( |
| ) |
|
|
abstract |
Serialization to a simple XML element.
- Returns
- SimpleXMLElement contains the serialized representation of the object
| com_maileon_api_xml_AbstractXMLWrapper::toXMLString |
( |
| ) |
|
Serialization to an XML string.
- Returns
- string contains the serialized representation of the object
Definition at line 46 of file AbstractXMLWrapper.php.
| com_maileon_api_xml_AbstractXMLWrapper::toString |
( |
| ) |
|
|
abstract |
- Returns
- string a human-readable representation of the object
The documentation for this class was generated from the following file: