Positioning animals
Not only with iron pins, but also with melted wax, are animals secured to the plate of earth. Wash them first in clear water, after they have died in the mixture of vinegar and urine. And with a sponge clean off their mouth, eyes and head of the froth coming out, because the sand would never set well there and would become lumpy.
at left top margin
If you want to keep their mouths open, insert a little bit of harpsichord string, which will not take up much space.
Keeping animals
Having molded them once, if you want to keep them for molding again, put them back into the mixture of urine, vinegar and spirits where you killed the others, and they will keep for a long time without decaying. If you have a cut on your hand, take care that this mixture does not touch it.
Molds
After molding them do not keep them for long, but use them as soon as you can, because when kept for a long time, they are prone to spoiling.
When your molds are reheated, the thing comes out better.
Lute
When reheating, you might as well use common lute, But when you want to cast, strip it from the mold and, using a brush, quickly apply a layer of plaster lute that has been used for molds, because it will be dry as soon as it settles, and cast. This lute should be mainly placed on the joints.
Silver
When it quivers after melting, that is a sign that it is very hot. And since it commonly contains much lead, it is good to throw in some lime mortar because that attracts and gathers in the lead.
Fly wings
So that they come out best, place wax sprues from the gate up to the tips of the wings. Also make sure there is enough wax under the belly, because that is what makes the cast succeed.
Attaching a fly wing or something similar
They can be attached with fish glue mixed with spirits over slow heat, heating also the work. Then that is covered with wax “à ébaucher”, that should be grey.


Configuration
Pre-tournament settings
Define rounds for the tournament :
Round number
quarter finals round
Rounds comprised of two opposing or four opposing teams ?
2 sides
4 sides
Rounds internal pairing method ?
Bracket pairing top-bottom
Bracket pairing smart randomisation
Prevent same affiliation matches before quarter-finals
Generate Scoreboard
Tournament settings
Integrates data for next round :
Integrate data
Generates pairings for the rounds if possible :
Generate Round
By Ashley Manraj


I am a graduate student at University of Texas at Austin studying HCI. I am currently working at the Gaming Lab redesigning National Deaf Center's learning modules into fun gamified experiences for young adults.
Have a look at my resume and some of my significant projects.
Akash
Shetye
Shetye
UX and Dev @ Simulation and Game Applications Lab
at University of Texas at Austin.


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| PREV NEXT | FRAMES NO FRAMES |
getDistanceTolerance
; see
check(PrintStream,double)
for details.
Passed
to System.out if all is well.
Passed
if all is well.
num
points whose x, y, and
z values are each randomly chosen to lie within a specified
range, and then clipped to a maximum absolute
value.
num
randomly
chosen points which are degenerate which respect
to the specified dimensionality.
num
points whose x, y, and
z values are randomly chosen within a given range.
num
points whose x, y, and
z values are randomly chosen to lie within a sphere.
s
.
s
and places
the results in this vector.
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| PREV NEXT | FRAMES NO FRAMES |


BJP will protect Jhakhand's 'jal, jungle, jameen', says PM Modi
PM also lauded Raghubar Das-led for completing his five- year term, a first in Jharkhand since it attained statehood.
by DRAKSHA SHARMADaltonganj: Slamming the Opposition, Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Monday said the BJP is determined to protect 3 Js of Jharkhand.
''No matter what opposition parties say, BJP will continue to protect Jharkhand's 'jal', jungle and 'jameen' (water, forest and land)'', PM said at a poll meeting in Daltonganj.
Lauding the Raghubar Das-led for giving the state a stable government for the full term, PM Modi said: ''It is for the first time since Jharkhand attained statehood that a chief minister completed five-year term''.
PM Modi also addressed the most prominent issues that the state faces presently -- Naxalism and Corruption.
Modi insisted that the Jharkhand government has worked day and night to end corruption in the last five years and would continue to make efforts to curb Naxalism.
He also condemned last week's Naxal violence in the poll-bound state and paid tribute to policemen killed in Naxal attack in Latehar.
Elections for the Jharkhand Assembly are scheduled to be held between November 30 and December 20 in the BJP-ruled state.
Catch the latest news, live coverage and in-depth analyses from India and World. Follow us on Facebook and Twitter.


!= include('script.html') ?>
Google Drive Sharing Audit
Scans folders and files in a user's Google Drive for sharing settings and stores the information in a spreadsheet.
Time Elapsed:
none
Setup:
queued
Folders (
0
/
-
):
queued
Files (
0
/
-
):
queued
Results in spreadsheet:
View source on GitHub


About Me Home Town: Olathe, KS Education: BS Psychology & MS Psychology Hobbies: Hanging with my family, reading, watching football, doing fun outdoor stuff Quirkiness: Ummm, everything and nothing!


How to use this website ?
How to buy crypto currencies like Bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum (ETH), Litecoin (LTC) or BitcoinCash (BCH)?
How to buy crypto currencies like XRP, TRX, IOTA, XVG which are not available in coinbase ?
How to use CryptoRollCall ?
How to buy bitcoin, litecoin, ethereum or bitcoin cash ?


Sorry, this is probably a very newb question, but I have an emonPi with NO inputs and an emonTX with an AC-AC, 3x CT clamps and an optical sensor. Everything is working except I am confused about how the system "knows" to use the AC-AC reference and the differences between the optical sensor count, the CT clamps and the solar PV generation meter.
My house voltage is 245V vs the 230V nominal.
The CT clamp derived Solar PV readings are always higher than both the Enphase logged stats and the independent generation meter. The CT clamp derived grid usage (when not generating solar) is also always higher than the usage shown my the meter pulses.
Is this anything to do with the voltage being seen and is the emonpi "correct" and it's the other systems that might just assume a nominal 230V that are wrong or do I have to do anything to calibrate the readings on the clamps?
The Vrms and other inputs on the emonpi base are currently unused but do appear - i.e. the Vrms is showing a default 230V - do I need to "disable" this feed ?
Sorry, this is real basic for many, but I am just confused now.
Re: FAQ? AC-AC adaptor on a EmonTX and power / consumption?
The systems - both emonTx and emonPi - sniff the voltage at startup. If there's a sensible voltage there, it uses it. Otherwise, it assumes 230 V.
(If you're in the UK, although the 'nominal' voltage is 230 V, the centre voltage is 240 V and is likely to remain so for the foreseeable future, because to change it would mean changing almost every distribution transformer on the network. It's highly probable that your voltage will always be 240 V ±6%, and very rarely venture into the 230 V - 10% area.)
Your optical sensor is by definition correct, but only if it does not miss pulses and (probably) only when you are not exporting power (because most meters - there are exceptions - don't flash the LED when exporting, and how do you discriminate between an import flash and an export flash? ! ! !).
Your emonPi (Node 5), without a voltage input, assumes 230 V so it is the emonPi that would be reading low if you were using it and the emonTx should probably be closer to the true power.
But having said that, the calibration uses the nominal component values, so under very worst-case conditions it could be wrong by a significant amount. There's a Building Blocks article that explains the sources of error and their effect.
What I suggest, if you have a programmer, is to calibrate the emonTx according to the instructions in Building Blocks. If you don't have a programmer, then you can calibrate inside emonCMS using the times "×" operator on the inputs before you log to feed. (Voltage and power are independent at this point - the multiplication is done inside the emonTx.) You'll need to derive power from your meters by timing the pulses to give you the pulse rate = energy rate = power.
If you come to use the current inputs on the emonPi, I'd suggest you probably need a second ac adapter unless the emonTx is physically close enough to share, as you'll only be able to have apparent power if you use the emonPi current and the emonTx voltage multiplied together.
Re: FAQ? AC-AC adaptor on a EmonTX and power / consumption?
Thanks for that. Just wondering then, what is the AC-AC input for "out of the box" then? From the suggestions to calibrate stuff it sounds like the input voltage is not used for this.
So, in a related scratching of head, when is the phase stuff used from the AC-AC input?
Re: FAQ? AC-AC adaptor on a EmonTX and power / consumption?
I am now reading EmonLib.cpp - makes more sense if I see the code :)
Re: FAQ? AC-AC adaptor on a EmonTX and power / consumption?
I work so much better when reading code... I am getting it better now. It's the actually electronics / electricity that is not my area;
So, as a bit of a helper to me - are my grid and generation meters measuring power (sorry, probably the wrong terminology already) based on a nominal voltage or do they do the same as the emonPi/TX and watch the voltage as well as the current? Apologies if this sounds very basic, again.
Re: FAQ? AC-AC adaptor on a EmonTX and power / consumption?
If you are referring to the generation meters (for instance an Elster AC100) unit or similar, then these do both read the real voltage and current and then calculate the power from that.
As they are used for billing purposes, they are normally within 1% accuracy (probably better!)
If you have another "energy meter" which doesn't have a direct AC power supply, and just a simple clamp then its going to be making assumptions about the voltage - and guess at 230 or 240v.
Re: FAQ? AC-AC adaptor on a EmonTX and power / consumption?
I've now found and used the multimap visualisation and once I flatten the meter power (in my head) to ignore the pulses above and below a median over time, the CT clamp and the grid meter are actually quite close - certainly single percentages overall.
I think this is just "operator error" and inexperience on my part!
Re: FAQ? AC-AC adaptor on a EmonTX and power / consumption?
Peter - I think a read of Building Blocks - "An introduction to AC Power" is called for.
You'll be relieved to know that "power" was the right word in that context: they measure power and accumulate the total energy. (Energy = power × time, or more precisely, the integral of power over time. Or the inverse of that: power is the rate of using energy. And there's a BB article on meters too.)
And as Stuart says, many/most of the consumer energy displays only use the nominal voltage or (perhaps slightly better) a voltage you tell them, so they are OK for showing you've left something on but won't give accurate readings all the time, even though by carefully tweaking the voltage ("calibrating") you might get reasonable agreement with your supplier's meter over a long period.
Re: FAQ? AC-AC adaptor on a EmonTX and power / consumption?
Thanks. I did read (OK, slow scan read) most of the building block pages but my brain works in a way that it makes no sense until I can apply the information. Now I've got an installed system it's starting to sync in - but with these gaps.


Data cleaning is acknowledged as a major bottleneck in data analysis. Common hurdles include data not in the state expected , and missing data. Two R packages currently under development are presented that assist in widening this bottleneck: ggmissing and visdat. ggmissing extends ggplot2 by allowing it to include missing values, and visdat provides simple functions for visualising whole dataframes, giving a birds eye view of the data. Examples of how these packages can be incorporated into a workflow are then described.


Class Steel
This is the main Steel class; it is used for code execution and data storage.
Methods summary
public
|
|
public
|
|
public
|
|
public
array
|
|
public
array
|
|
public
|
|
public
string
|
|
public
|
#
render(
Run the desired MVC |


A repository is the most basic element of GitHub. They're easiest to imagine as a project's folder. A repository contains all of the project files (including documentation), and stores each file's revision history. Repositories can have multiple collaborators and can be either public or private.
A branch is a parallel version of a repository. It is contained within the repository, but does not affect the primary or master branch allowing you to work freely without disrupting the "live" version. When you've made the changes you want to make, you can merge your branch back into the master branch to publish your changes.
A repository's default branch is called "master". As you initially make commits, you're given a master branch that points to the last commit you made. Every time you commit, it moves forward automatically.
A fork is a copy of a repository. Forking a repository allows you to freely experiment with changes without affecting the original project. Most commonly, forks are used to either propose changes to someone else's project or to use someone else's project as a starting point for your own idea.
A commit to a in Git simply records/saves changed to a Git repository.
Markdown is a lightweight markup language with plain text formatting syntax. It is designed so that it can be converted to HTML and many other formats using a tool by the same name.
YAML (/ˈjæməl/, rhymes with camel) is a human-readable data serialization language. It is commonly used for configuration files, but could be used in many applications where data is being stored (e.g. debugging output) or transmitted (e.g. document headers).
Jekyll is a simple, blog-aware, static site generator. It takes a template directory containing raw text files in various formats, runs it through a converter (like Markdown) and a Liquid renderer, and spits out a complete, ready-to-publish static website suitable for serving with your favorite web server (or GitHub's in our case).
Jekyll looks to your directory and file sturcture to determine how to build a static Web Site
Jekyll has a plugin system with hooks that allow you to create custom generated content specific to your site. You can run custom code for your site without having to modify the Jekyll source itself.
GitHub has a predefined set of plugins that you can use, outside of those you will have to build your site locally before committing it to GitHub.
Jekyll allows you to concoct your sites in any way you can dream up, and it’s thanks to the powerful and flexible configuration options that this is possible. These options can either be specified in a _config.yml file placed in your site’s root directory, or can be specified as flags for the jekyll executable in the terminal.
Jekyll posts are either html or markdown files stored in the _posts directory.
Posts need to have their date and title in the filename like so: YEAR-MONTH-DAY-title.MARKUP
Posts also are required to have 'Front Matter' which is YAML defined in the top of the file
Jekyll Pages use 'Front Matter' to define page layout.
You can tell GitHub to completely bypass Jekyll processing on your Pages by creating a file named .nojekyll in the root of your pages directory.
AMP stands for Accelerated Mobile Pages, a Google-backed project designed as an open standard for any publisher to have pages load quickly on mobile devices. On Feb. 24, 2016, Google officially integrated AMP listings into its mobile search results.
AMP pages are weighted higher in search results.
AMP provides a set of Web Components to use as a pattern library for your site.
Let's fork a Jekyll AMP template for use as a new site.
Be sure to update the _config.yml file.
There are many options for editing your Jekyll site on GitHub including the online file editor, a Git tool and your favorite markdown editor, etc.
Prose.io is an online editor that uses GitHub's API to provide a friendlier (and free) editing experience.


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SDM OR 530: Orthodontics
SDM OR 760: Orthodontics for the General Practitioner
SDM OR 801: Orthodontic Fundamentals
SDM OR 802: Introduction to Biomechanics and Wirebending
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SDM OR 831: Orthodontics Seminar III
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SDM OR 950: Diagnosis and Occlusion
SDM OR 991: Research: Orthodontics
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SDM OS 520: General Medicine and Dental Correlations
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SDM OS 770: Journal Club
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SDM OS 864: Physical Diagnosis
SDM OS 866: Orthodontics-Orthognathic Surgery Conference
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SDM OS 868: Orthodontics-Orthognathic Surgery Conference
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SDM OS 873: General Surgery
SDM OS 876: Advanced Cardiac Life Support
SDM OS 877: Advanced Trauma Life Support
SDM OS 878: ATLS
SDM OS 879: ATLS
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SDM OS 883: Clinical Oral Maxillofacial Surgery
SDM OS 884: Clinical Oral Maxillofacial Surgery
SDM OS 890: Mock Board ExaminationsÂOral and Written sections
SDM OS 891: Mock Board ExaminationsÂOral and Written sections


For all enquiries email someone@somewhere
Emails will be answered Monday to Friday between 8:30am and 4:30pm


Shara Lynn Korn
Democrat
I am a former teacher and mother of three. I work part time from home as a teacher of record for online learners with Stone Creek Charter School on a independent contract basis.
I earned a multifield bachelor of arts degree combining gender studies, religious studies, and anthropology from St. Lawrence University in Canton, NY in 2000. I earned a masters degree in Early Childhood Education from the University of Colorado at Denver in 2005. I also simultaneously received my professional teaching license in Colorado through the Stanley British Teacher Preparation Program (now PEBC - Public Education Business Coalition).
81631
During my time on the board of The Learning Tree, I wrote a letter to the local paper and attended local town board meetings in an effort to secure subsidized space the day care and the only infant care facility in the town.
I vote. During this election cycle I became particularly interested in local and national politics and signed up with the Eagle County Democrats. I've never donated money to or volunteered with any campaign.
I am an active volunteer with my children's school, Stone Creek Charter School, serving on the Board of Directors and with the Parent Guild organization. (I am also a former employee and currently contract independently with the school.) In 2016-17, I served on the Board of The Learning Tree, the day care my daughter attended at the time. I also began volunteering with the Mountain Valley Horse Rescue this summer.
I believe that there is work to be done to serve our families and our communities. I believe that the success of our democracy depends on our ability as citizens to continue to build a society in which the rights many of us take for granted are secured for all of our people, and all of our children - regardless of race, ability, gender/sexual orientation, economic background, education, or cultural and linguistic background. I also believe that it is essential for us to find common ground amidst the current divisive political climate, if we are to serve the future of our democracy.
I believe that it is essential to begin our work together from a position of shared humanity. There are similarities we all share - families, life cycles, neighborhoods, emotions like hope and fear, the communities we've built, the lands we roam. My husband and my best friend do not share my political affiliation, and yet I know we share values. I work hard to understand their positions, to find common ground, and to accept our different view points with grace, compassion, and respect - and I politely insist that they treat me with the same consideration.
As a classroom teacher, I relied on data subsets to determine growth goals, plan instruction, maintain accountability, and analyze program efficacy. I rely on guidance from experts to ensure that I accurately interpret data with which I am unfamiliar.
female


Gofem – ana – analytical solutions for comparisons
package ana implements analytical solutions
package ana implements analytical solutions
- type CteStressPstrain
- func (o CteStressPstrain) CheckDispl(tst *testing.T, t float64, u, x []float64, tol float64)
- func (o CteStressPstrain) CheckStress(tst *testing.T, t float64, σ, x []float64, tol float64)
- func (o *CteStressPstrain) Init(prms fun.Prms)
- func (o CteStressPstrain) Solution(t float64) (σx, σy, σz, εx, εy float64)
- type Hill
- func (o Hill) Getc() float64
- func (o *Hill) Init(prms fun.Prms)
- func (o Hill) Sig(c float64, R, SR, ST []float64)
Package files
constantstress.go
pressurised_cylinder.go
In the call graph viewer below, each node
is a function belonging to this package
and its children are the functions it
calls—perhaps dynamically.
The root nodes are the entry points of the
package: functions that may be called from
outside the package.
There may be non-exported or anonymous
functions among them if they are called
dynamically from another package.
Click a node to visit that function's source code.
From there you can visit its callers by
clicking its declaring func
token.
Functions may be omitted if they were
determined to be unreachable in the
particular programs or tests that were
analyzed.
type CteStressPstrain struct {
E float64
}
CteStressPstrain computes the constant-stress solution to a simple
linear elastic plane-strain problem
qnV
↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓
▷ o-----------o ←
▷ | | ←
▷ | E | ← qnH
ly ▷ | ν | ←
▷ | | ←
▷ o-----------o ←
△ △ △ △ △
lx
func (CteStressPstrain) CheckDispl
func (o CteStressPstrain) CheckDispl(tst *testing.T, t float64, u, x []float64, tol float64)
CheckDispl checks displacements
func (CteStressPstrain) CheckStress
func (o CteStressPstrain) CheckStress(tst *testing.T, t float64, σ, x []float64, tol float64)
CheckStress check stresses
func (*CteStressPstrain) Init
func (o *CteStressPstrain) Init(prms fun.Prms)
Init initialises this structure
func (CteStressPstrain) Solution
func (o CteStressPstrain) Solution(t float64) (σx, σy, σz, εx, εy float64)
Solution computes solution
type Hill struct {
E float64
P float64
Y float64
P0 float64
Plim float64
}
func (Hill) Getc
func (o Hill) Getc() float64
func (*Hill) Init
func (o *Hill) Init(prms fun.Prms)
Init initialises this structure
func (Hill) Sig
func (o Hill) Sig(c float64, R, SR, ST []float64)


Tao's
About
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Translation (冷战)
Cold War (Chapter 1)
Written on February 16th, 2013 by Tao Sun
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http://www.speakers-podium.com/susangranger.
Susan Granger's review of "ILLUMINATA" (Artisan Entertainment)
After "Shakespeare in Love," this sumptuously presented but overly long story of behind-the-scenes actors pales in comparison. But you have to credit it as a labor of love by John Turturro, who co-wrote, directed, and acted in it. Set amid a flamboyant turn-of-the-century New York repertory company, it revolves around a failing resident playwright, John Turturro, whose claim to fame is his marriage to the troupe's leading lady, played by Katherine Borowitz, Turturro's real-life wife. The playwright yearns to shelve the heavy-handed melodramas of the period as he aspires to a more naturalistic style of theater, but no one believes in him. "Illuminata" is both the title of a play-within-the-movie and what he eventually calls his wife after they survive treachery, back-biting, and intrigue - not to mention the on-stage death of the leading man mid-performance on opening night. Susan Sarandon is glorious as the promiscuous, aging diva who glances at a young actress and murmurs, "That is how I shall look years from now. I'm beginning to be able to play ingenues."  Their characterizations are particularly bawdy. Beverly D'Angelo, Ben Gazzara, and the late Donal McCann complete the supporting cast, along with Turturro's son and cousin. On the Granger Movie Gauge of 1 to 10, "Illuminata" is an art-house 6, exploring the durability of love with enough dramatic lulls to catch a quick snooze.
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
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belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


--- title: About layout: page type: page ---
Simple timesheet system for accountants.
Save time and money by using hours worked.


Welcome a new Runner to the starting line!
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First Name
For our records. Check "Callsign Only" if you wish your information to be private
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Zip code is requested for location services. Please type "00000" if you wish no zip code location service
Create a Password
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Re-type password
Runner Gender
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Weight measured in pounds
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Check here if you only want Runshare to be able to display your callsign. No other information will ever be displayed
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Richard has maintained a long and distinguished career as bassoonist, music educator, conductor and arranger. A Composition graduate from Sydney University, he was appointed Associate Principal Bassoon with the Sydney Symphony Orchestra as a 20-year-old in 1968, moving to The Canberra School of Music as a foundation member of the Canberra Wind Soloists in 1978
With this renowned quintet, he recorded and toured internationally during a 30-year period, and gave it a unique repertoire with his virtuoso arrangements of large-scale orchestral works. He was for many years Principal Bassoon with the Australian Chamber Orchestra, and appeared on many occasions as guest Principal Bassoon with most of the Symphony Australia Orchestras - also as concerto soloist, and independently as a recitalist.
His continuing work as Principal Bassoon with the Canberra Symphony Orchestra dates back to student days of 1965 - 67. If you'd like to hear some of his work as bassoonist, chamber musician, and arranger, you'll find it on YouTube under Canberra Wind Soloists.
Simultaneously, he has sustained a career as one of Australia's most respected bassoon teachers, at all levels from beginner to post-graduate and professional. In addition he has worked tirelessly in the development of orchestral and ensemble skills with students of all instruments, particularly at the advanced tertiary level. He was for many years a regular tutor and conductor at the Australian Youth Orchestra's National Music Camps. He has taught over many years in south-east Asia.
His work as a conductor is well-known, particularly in Canberra. He was Conductor and Musical Director of the Canberra Youth Orchestra from 1980 - 1990, greatly broadening its repertoire and general endeavour, and led it on three highly-successful and widely-acclaimed European tours. His Canberra contribution has included development of and much work with the School of Music Orchestra, Canberra Opera, Canberra Philharmonic Society, thirteen-years as Musical Director of The Llewellyn Choir (with development of its accompanying professional ensemble, The Canberra Chamber Orchestra), and three years as Musical Director of The Oriana Chorale.
His numerous conducting activities outside of Canberra have included the foundation and development of the Barrier Reef Orchestra, with which he continues his association as Artistic Advisor and frequent conductor.
His 35-year career at the Canberra (now ANU) School of Music played a significant part in the creation of its erstwhile international reputation. Awards have included 1986 Canberran of the Year, Advance Australia, Sounds Australian, and National Critics' Circle awards. In 1992 he was granted an Order of Australia Medal, for services to Music and Music Education, particularly for his work with the Canberra Youth Orchestra. In 2013, he was elected President of the Australian Double Reed Society.


Javascript has two scopes: global and local. Scope refers to the set of variables that are able to be accessed: a global variable (a variable declared outside a function) can be accessed at any point. Local variables on the other hand (those declared inside a function) are local in scope; they can only be accessed by code within that same function.
The above provision about variables within functions being local only applies however if the var keyword is used. If a variable is declared inside of a function without using var, it is created as a global variable.
As a general rule, local variables are always prefered over global ones. Trying to hold to this guideline as much as possible is important especially when programs start getting bigger. Having a variable name that was reused (quite possible in larger programs) could have unexpected results that would take a significant amount of time to debug.
Closure is a similar topic related to scope. Broardly speaking, it takes advantage of the fact that a function has access to local variables created locally in the parent scope, even if the parent function has closed. I have a lot more study to do though to extend that basic understanding........


pbmtoptx(1) pbmtoptx(1) NAME pbmtoptx - convert a portable bitmap into Printronix printer graphics SYNOPSIS pbmtoptx [pbmfile] DESCRIPTION Reads a portable bitmap as input. Produces a file of Printronix printer graphics as output. Note that there is no ptxtopbm tool - this transformation is one way. SEE ALSO pbm(5) AUTHOR Copyright (C) 1988 by Jef Poskanzer. 31 August 1988 pbmtoptx(1)


Atlanta:
Horrific Golem corp...
Is that about the Golems around here?
Too bad its too much for you to investigate.
(Only character with level 70 or above and who have cleared the resurrection of the previous quest manager can take on this quest.)


| Name | ID | Description | Type | Dialects |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dataset Abstract Length | dataset.abstract.length.1 | Check that an abstract exists and is of suffient length. | Findable | Dialects: 5 DataCite 3.1, Dryad Data Package and Data File Modules, Ecological Metadata Language, ISO 19115 and ISO 19115-2 / ISO 19139 and ISO 19139-2, ISO 19115-1 / ISO 19115-3 |
| Dataset Creator Present | dataset.creator.present.1 | Check that a dataset creator exists. | Findable | Dialects: 5 DataCite 3.1, Dryad Data Package and Data File Modules, Ecological Metadata Language, ISO 19115 and ISO 19115-2 / ISO 19139 and ISO 19139-2, ISO 19115-1 / ISO 19115-3 |
| Dataset Creator Identifier Present | dataset.creatorIdentifier.present.1 | Check that a dataset creator identifier exists. | Reusable | Dialects: 5 DataCite 3.1, Dryad Data Package and Data File Modules, Ecological Metadata Language, ISO 19115 and ISO 19115-2 / ISO 19139 and ISO 19139-2, ISO 19115-1 / ISO 19115-3 |
| Dataset Keyword Type Present | dataset.keywordType.present.1 | Check if each keyword has a type specified.. | Findable | Dialects: 2 Ecological Metadata Language, ISO 19115 and ISO 19115-2 / ISO 19139, ISO 19139-2, ISO 19115-1, ISO 19115-3 |
| Dataset Keywords Controlled | dataset.keywords.controlled.1 | Check if a keyword thesaurus is present, indicating that the keywords are controlled. | Findable | Dialects: 2 Ecological Metadata Language, ISO 19115 and ISO 19115-2 / ISO 19139, ISO 19139-2, ISO 19115-1, ISO 19115-3 |
| Natural Language Keywords Present | dataset.naturalLanguageKeywords.present.1 | Check if kewords are present that are not controlled by a vocabulary (natural language keywords). | Findable | Dialects: 2 Ecological Metadata Language, ISO 19115 and ISO 19115-2 / ISO 19139, ISO 19139-2, ISO 19115-1, ISO 19115-3 |
| Dataset Publication Date Present | dataset.publicationDate.present.1 | Check that a publication date exists. | Findable | Dialects: 5 DataCite 3.1, Dryad Data Package and Data File Modules, Ecological Metadata Language, ISO 19115 and ISO 19115-2 / ISO 19139 and ISO 19139-2, ISO 19115-1 / ISO 19115-3 |
| Publication date is not in the future | dataset.publicationDate.timeframe.1 | Publication Date Should Not Be In The Future | Findable | Dialects: 5 DataCite 3.1, Dryad Data Package and Data File Modules, Ecological Metadata Language, ISO 19115 and ISO 19115-2 / ISO 19139 and ISO 19139-2, ISO 19115-1 / ISO 19115-3 |
| Dataset Revision Date Present | dataset.revisionDate.present.1 | Check that a revision date exists. | Findable | Dialects: 5 DataCite 3.1, Dryad Data Package and Data File Modules, Ecological Metadata Language, ISO 19115 and ISO 19115-2 / ISO 19139 and ISO 19139-2, ISO 19115-1 / ISO 19115-3 |
| Dataset Spatial Extent Present | dataset.spatialExtent.present.1 | Check that at least one spatial extent exists. | Findable | Dialects: 5 DataCite 3.1, Dryad Data Package and Data File Modules, Ecological Metadata Language, ISO 19115 and ISO 19115-2 / ISO 19139 and ISO 19139-2, ISO 19115-1 / ISO 19115-3 |
| Dataset Taxonomic Extent Present | dataset.taxonomicExtent.present.1 | Check that a taxonomic extent exists. | Findable | Dialects: 5 DataCite 3.1, Dryad Data Package and Data File Modules, Ecological Metadata Language, ISO 19115 and ISO 19115-2 / ISO 19139 and ISO 19139-2, ISO 19115-1 / ISO 19115-3 |
| Dataset Temporal Extent Present | dataset.temporalExtent.present.1 | Check that a temporal extent exists. | Findable | Dialects: 5 DataCite 3.1, Dryad Data Package and Data File Modules, Ecological Metadata Language, ISO 19115 and ISO 19115-2 / ISO 19139 and ISO 19139-2, ISO 19115-1 / ISO 19115-3 |
| Dataset title length is sufficient | dataset.title.length.1 | Check that the dataset title is greater than 7 words and less than 20. | identification | Dialects: 3 eml, ISO 19115 and ISO 19115-2 / ISO 19139 and ISO 19139-2, Dryad Data Package and Data File Modules |
| Entity Identifier Present | entity.identifier.present.1 | Check that each entity has an identifier. | Findable | Dialects: 5 DataCite 3.1, Dryad Data Package and Data File Modules, Ecological Metadata Language, ISO 19115 and ISO 19115-2 / ISO 19139 and ISO 19139-2, ISO 19115-1 / ISO 19115-3 |
| Entity Identifier Type Present | entity.identifierType.present.1 | Check that an entity identifier type exists. | Findable | Dialects: 4 DataCite 3.1, Dryad Data Package and Data File Modules, Ecological Metadata Language, ISO 19115 and ISO 19115-2 / ISO 19139, ISO 19139-2, ISO 19115-1, ISO 19115-3 |
| Geographic coverage description | geographic.description.present.2 | Geographic coverage description should be present at the dataset level. | discovery | Dialects: 3 eml, Dryad Data Package and Data File Modules, ISO 19115 and ISO 19115-2 / ISO 19139 and ISO 19139-2 |
| Metadata Identifier Present | metadata.identifier.present.1 | Check that a metadata identifier exists. | Findable | Dialects: 5 DataCite 3.1, Dryad Data Package and Data File Modules, Ecological Metadata Language, ISO 19115 and ISO 19115-2 / ISO 19139 and ISO 19139-2, ISO 19115-1 / ISO 19115-3 |


Untold numbers of Hooting Yard readers have been writing in with a single demand. What we expect, Mr Key, they all say, is regular lobster diagrams! We know what we want and we want them weekly! Whether this is a true reflection of the popular will or a sinister campaign to divert us from our important work I cannot say. As a sop to the protesters, however, here is a lobster diagram. You will note that it emphasises the location of the lobster's brain, which is, incidentally, the subject of Pebblehead's latest bestselling paperback, The Location Of The Lobster's Brain.


--- layout: post title: Instagram Engineering Sharding IDs at Instagram date: '2011-12-23T05:06:00.001Z' author: solrevdev tags: modified_time: '2011-12-23T05:06:20.260Z' blogger_id: tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31446756.post-8142976805959719394 blogger_orig_url: http://www.solrevdev.com/2011/12/instagram-engineering-sharding-ids-at.html ---


Purchasing Document Number
Item Number of Purchasing Document
Sequential Number of Account Assignment
Transaction/event type, purchase order history
Material Document Year
Number of Material Document
Item in Material Document
Purchase Order History Category
Movement type (inventory management)
Posting Date in the Document
Quantity
Amount in local currency
Amount in document currency
Currency Key
GR/IR account clearing value in local currency
Goods Receipt Blocked Stock in Order Unit
Quantity in GR blocked stock in order price unit
Debit/Credit Indicator/fast-checkbox>
Valuation type
"Delivery Completed" Indicator/fast-checkbox>
Reference Document Number
Fiscal Year of a Reference Document
Document No. of a Reference Document
Item of a Reference Document
Reason for Movement
Day On Which Accounting Document Was Entered
Time of Entry
Entered invoice value in local currency
Entered invoice value in foreign currency
Material Number
Plant
Sequential Number of Vendor Confirmation
Number of the document condition
Tax on sales/purchases code
Quantity in Unit of Measure from Delivery Note
Unit of Measure From Delivery Note
Material number
Local currency key
Batch Number
Document Date in Document
ISO Currency Code
ISO code for local currency
ISO code for unit of measure of delivery note
Long Material Number for MATERIAL Field
External GUID for MATERIAL Field
Version Number for MATERIAL Field
Long Material Number for PUR_MAT Field
External GUID for PUR_MAT Field
Version Number for PUR_MAT Field
Reference Document Number (for Dependencies see Long Text)
Stock Segment
Material Number (40 Characters, needed f. technical reasons)
Material Number (40 Characters, Technical Requirement)
Item Number of Purchasing Document
Sequential Number of Account Assignment
Transaction/event type, purchase order history
Material Document Year
Number of Material Document
Item in Material Document
Purchase Order Quantity
Order unit
Order unit in ISO code
Actual quantity delivered in stockkeeping units
Base Unit of Measure
Base unit of measure in ISO code
Actual quantity delivered (in sales units)
Sales unit
Sales unit in ISO code
Item Number of Purchasing Document
Sequential Number of Account Assignment
Transaction/event type, purchase order history
Material Document Year
Number of Material Document
Item in Material Document
Updated information in related user data field/fast-checkbox>
Updated information in related user data field/fast-checkbox>
Updated information in related user data field/fast-checkbox>
Updated information in related user data field/fast-checkbox>
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Updated information in related user data field/fast-checkbox>
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Updated information in related user data field/fast-checkbox>
Updated information in related user data field/fast-checkbox>
Updated information in related user data field/fast-checkbox>
Updated information in related user data field/fast-checkbox>
Updated information in related user data field/fast-checkbox>
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Updated information in related user data field/fast-checkbox>
Updated information in related user data field/fast-checkbox>
Message type: S Success, E Error, W Warning, I Info, A Abort
Message Class
Message Number
Message Text
Application log: log number
Application log: Internal message serial number
Message Variable
Message Variable
Message Variable
Message Variable
Parameter Name
Lines in parameter
Field in parameter
Logical system from which message originates
CSL: CSL-External Representation of a Token Reference


{{ data.char1 }} I'm scared {{ data.char2 }}, I think we should head back.
{{ data.char2 }} {{ data.char1 }}, you know we won't be better than the old planetary express crew if we turn around.
{{ data.char3 }} May the meatbags rest in peace.


{% extends 'emails/base.html' %} {% block content %}
Hi club officers,
We're writing to remind you that you are required to update your club application submissions with the decision you made for candidates: {{ applications_url }}.
Thanks so much for your cooperation! Feel free to reply to this email if you have any questions.
Best,
Penn Clubs


Alberto Alvarez
About
Portfolio
Contact
Portfolio
Number 1
Number 2
Number 3
Number 4
Number 5
Connect with Me


{% extends "base.html" %} {% block title %}
Medieval catalogues > BENEDICTINES > Peterborough > Books given by Abbot Robert of Sutton (1263-74)
{% endif %}26 identified entries found.
All data was derived from the List of Identifications by Professor Richard Sharpe.
{% if not printing %}
A key to codes used in the List is available (opens in new tab).{% endif %}


"I would like to buy a .ham .burger"
Squeeze page to less than 600px to see the hamburger
What is a Hamburger?
"The hamburger button is a symbol consisting of three parallel horizontal lines (displayed as ≡) that is used as a button in graphical user interfaces." (wikipedia).
What is a .ham .burger?
 The label for must be the id if the checkbox in the accordion, so clicking on the label toggles the accordion. The checkbox is hidden.

 <input type="checkbox" id="left-menu">
 ...

Classes .fa .fa-bars use Font Awesome to display an icon with 3 bars.
.ham on the label and .burger on the accordion turn the accordion into a special one that is open or closed depending on the window width.

 <input type="checkbox" id="left-menu">
 ...


If you're using Angular forms, you have probably written code like this to display validation errors:
Here is a complete small form using that kind of markup.
That's a lot of code and duplications to display appropriate error messages, when the form is submitted or when the input field is touched. And this is only one form, with just two fields.
Sure, we could improve this by adding fields or getters in the component, but doing so for each and every form of the app is cumbersome, error-prone, and can lead to inconsistencies if every developer doesn't use the same technique.


Hello from applet run page!!!!
Loading java applet failed. Check your browser settings.
And some text after the text.


| Path: | README |
| Last Update: | Mon Jun 26 12:20:54 CEST 2006 |
This plugins stores the history of locations visited by a user. I felt annoyed enough when having to redirect user back to their previous location in a hackish way that I wrote this plugin.
It avoids storing POST, PUT, DELETE and Ajax request. It also has a facility to specify actions not to store in the history.
Unpack into the vendor/plugin and that should be it.
In your app/controllers/application_controller.rb, add a history line like this:
class ApplicationController < ActionController::Base history :default => "http://default.url.com/", :max => 10 end
The history function accepts a hash of options
None of the parameters are required. If somebody know of a better way to obtain the default URL, he is welcomed to tell me how.
You can use the method history_skip in your controller if you want to avoid certain location to be stored in the history. By default, action resulting from a POST, PUT, DELETE request or an Ajax request are not stored in the history.
class FooController < ApplicationController history_skip :action_to_skip def action_to_skip # I will not be stored in the history end end
In your actions, you can then use the following methods:
Note that if you want to use the plugin to create a "back" link on a page, you must go back two times. For example, using this controller
class HistoryController < ApplicationController def foo end def bar end def back redirect_back(2) end end
I’ll try to explain clearly why. Let’s say that in your bar view, you create a back link wich links to the back action. Now a user visits foo then bar. What you want is your user being redirected to foo when clicking your "back" link. Now your user hits the link. The controller will call the back action. From its point of view, you are in the back action so going back one time would take you to the bar action.
This plugin is licensed under the MIT license. Complete license text is included in the MIT-LICENSE file.
This plugin was created by Damien Merenne<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and is located at blog.cosinux.org/pages/rails-history.


--- layout: default title: Home ---
{{!> welcome-msg }} {{!> tile-boxes }}F.C. Daehler Mortuary Co. offers distinctive, personal, and affordable services designed to help you honor your loved one in a way that is unique to them and meaningful to you.
Whether you choose burial or cremation, a funeral service is an important part of honoring your loved one and starting the healing process. We offer service options that are meaningful and affordable.
We offer several service options for families that choose cremation which can include a full service funeral, a memorial service, or something more private, as well as permanent resting place options for the cremated remains.
There is no greater honor than serving those who have served our country. We help you get the benefits and provide a service worthy of a veteran.
Our funeral directors are experts in helping to create meaningful services that are unique and honor your loved one in ways that are special and meaningful. We offer several ways to personalize a service from tribute videos to keepsakes, to live streaming for family and friends that cannot attend in person.


Another weekend project of mine, my first HTML5 app. Aruku is a simple HTML5 Web app to make a request to alc.co.jp to translate Japanese from and to English. I really like alc cause the result of their translation is more useful than other services I’ve tried like Google Translate. The source code is available at Github.
Open Safari in your iPhone/iPod, go to http://nicosakura.no-ip.info/Aruku/
Others' codes that I used here:
Copyright © 2011, Nico Prananta All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.


INSTALLATION¶
Arduino IDE¶
Free and Open-source
Easy-to-use
Compatible
Easy-to-understand
Reliable
Download¶
To download the Arduino IDE, open url https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Software.
Now select the download file based on your operating system.
Installation (Windows)¶
Now click on the downloaded file to start the installation.
Now accept the license agreement by clicking on I Agree button.
Click on Next to install various components of Arduino IDE Setup.
Now select the directory for installation and click Install button.
The following dialogue box appears, click Close after the installation is completed.
If the drivers are not pre-installed on your desktop, then a series of driver installation dialog box will appear. Click Install to install the necessary drivers.
The installation has been completed.
Now click on the desktop icon to start the Arduino IDE.
Installation (Linux)¶
Extract the downloaded package.
In the extracted folder, find the install.sh file.
Right click on it and chose the Run in Terminal from contextual menu.
If you can’t find the Run in Terminal option from contextual menu, then open Terminal and navigate to the extracted folder
Type the command ./install.sh and wait for the process to finish
Now, the Arduino IDE has been installed
It might be the case that you would not be able to upload the sketch because of serial port permission. The corresponding error message is ”Error connecting to Serial Port”
To set the permission, open Terminal and type ** ls -l /dev/ttyACM* **
The data we need is ‘dialout’(this is the group owner of the file)
Now we need to add our user to that group with the help of the following command “sudo usermod -a -G dialout <username>”
Installation (Mac OS X)¶
Extract the downloaded package.
Copy the Arduino application into the Applications folder or any other location.
The installation has been completed.
Now click on the Arduino icon to start the Arduino IDE.


{% extends 'base.html' %} {% from 'navigation.njk' import navbar %} {% block navigation %} {{ navbar(active='about') }} {% endblock %} {% block main %}
The conference program is ready! You can download it here:
DCCN2019_PROGRAM.pdf
Or, you can view it on our site.
The Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), the V.A. Trapeznikov Institute of Control Sciences of RAS (ICS RAS, Russia, Moscow), the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University, Russia, Moscow),the National Research Tomsk State University (NR TSU, Russia, Tomsk), and the Institute of Information and Communication Technologies of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (Bulgaria, Sofia) jointly organize the 22-th International Conference on
DISTRIBUTED COMPUTER AND COMMUNICATION NETWORKS: CONTROL, COMPUTATION, COMMUNICATIONS (DCCN'2019)
The purpose of the conference is to unite the efforts of Russian and foreign researchers from various academic and research organizations to develop, exchange and summarize the accumulated experience in the field of theory and practice of building computer and telecommunication networks, discuss development prospects and cooperation in this field.
The DCCN 2019 conference will continue a series of conferences on this subject, which have been held in Russia, Bulgaria and Israel in the last 22 years.
The accepted papers will be published in the Conference Proceedings volume (included into the Russian Science Citation Index) prior to the beginning of the Conference. After a peer review and plagiarism check using IEEE CrossCheck, authors of selected submissions in English, recommended by the Program Committee, will be invited to submit their extended papers (12-15 pages in Springer LNCS template). After a second round of review the accepted extended papers will be published by Springer (approved) as a stand-alone volume of selected extended papers (indexed in Scopus and Web of Science).
DCCN 2019 is an IEEE (Region 8 + Russia Section) technically co-sponsored (approved) International Conference.
For any questions please write us at org@dccn.ru


Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. A doloribus iste, maiores, impedit soluta sed quod, inventore laborum tempore facere doloremque est mollitia autem accusantium. Quae repellendus voluptates corporis a.
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VIEW OUR BANQUETS
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VIEW MENU LIST
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VIEW OUR ROOMS
Security servilliance (24 Hours)
Elegant & Luxurious Interiors
Newly well designed 4 banquet
Professional floral & decorators
Spacious Parking
22 modern & luxurious Rooms
Lorem ipsum dolor sit, amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Repudiandae culpa velit ducimus, laboriosam eius porro amet temporibus. READ ALL REVIEWS
The delicious main course, caring staff, but pity about the French fries. Visited the place for lunch with my friend. We were delighted by South-Indian style main course with species.- ANNA LARSEN
The delicious main course, caring staff, but pity about the French fries. Visited the place for lunch with my friend. We were delighted by South-Indian style main course with species.- JOHN WATSAN
The delicious main course, caring staff, but pity about the French fries. Visited the place for lunch with my friend. We were delighted by South-Indian style main course with species.- JAMES FAMILY
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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. A doloribus iste, maiores, impedit soluta see quod.
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| Mon-Tue | closed |
| Wed-Thu | 6:00 - 10: 00 Pm |
| Fri-Sun | 5:30-10:00 Pm |


Stellar mass to halo mass ratio¶
-
class
StellarMass.
MultiDark
¶
The class MultiDark is a wrapper to handle Multidark simulations results / outputs.
-
class
StellarMass.
StellarMass
(Lbox=<Quantity 2500.0 Mpc>, boxDir='/home/comparat/data/MultiDark', snl=[], Hbox=<Quantity 67.77 km / (Mpc s)>, Melement=23593750000.0)[source]¶ Loads the environement to assign stellar masses to halos from dark matter only simulations, here MultiDark simulations. :param Lbox: length of the box in Mpc/h :param wdir: Path to the multidark lightcone directory :param boxDir: box directory name :param snl: list of snapshots available :param zsl: list of redshift corresponding to the snapshots :param zArray: redshift array to be considered to interpolate the redshift – distance conversion :param Hbox: Hubble constant at redshift 0 of the box :param Melement: Mass of the resolution element in solar masses. :param columnDict: dictionnary to convert column name into the index to find it in the snapshots
-
SMHMr
(Mh, z)[source]¶ Computes the mu star parameter for a halo mass according to the Moster et al. 2013 equations
Returns :
$mu_* = 2left(0.0351 - 0.0247
rac{z}{1+z} ight)left(left[left( rac{10^{11.59 + 1.195 rac{z}{1+z}}}{M_h} ight)^{1.376 - 0.826 rac{z}{1+z}} + left( rac{M_h}{10^{11.59 + 1.195 rac{z}{1+z}}} ight)^{0.608 + 0.329 rac{z}{1+z}} ight]^{-1} ight)- 0.0225$
param Mh: halo mass array param z: redshift array
-
meanSM
(Mh, z)[source]¶ Computes the mu star parameter for a halo mass according to the Moster et al. 2013 equations
Returns :
$mu_* = 2left(0.0351 - 0.0247
rac{z}{1+z} ight)left(left[left( rac{10^{11.59 + 1.195 rac{z}{1+z}}}{M_h} ight)^{1.376 - 0.826 rac{z}{1+z}} + left( rac{M_h}{10^{11.59 + 1.195 rac{z}{1+z}}} ight)^{0.608 + 0.329 rac{z}{1+z}} ight]^{-1} ight)- 0.0225$
param Mh: halo mass array param z: redshift array
-


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Go Go Gorelians
问题描述 :
The Gorelians travel through space using warp links. Travel through a warp link is instantaneous, but for safety reasons, an individual can only warp once every 10 hours. Also, the cost of creating a warp link increases directly with the linear distance between the link endpoints.
The Gorelians, being the dominant force in the known universe, are often bored, so they frequently conquer new regions of space in the following manner.
1) The initial invasion force finds a suitable planet and conquers it, establishing a Regional Gorelian Galactic Government, hereafter referred to as the RGGG, that will govern all Gorelian matters in this region of space.
2) When the next planet is conquered, a single warp link is constructed between the new planet and the RGGG planet. Planets connected via warp links in this manner are said to be part of the Regional Gorelian Planetary Network, that is, the RGPN.
3) As additional planets are conquered, each new planet is connected with a single warp link to the nearest planet already in the RGPN, thus keeping the cost of connecting new planets to the network to a minimum. If two or more planets are equidistant from the new planet, the new planet is connected to whichever of them was conquered first.
This causes a problem however. Since planets are conquered in a more-or-less random fashion, after a while, the RGGG will probably not be in an ideal location. Some Gorelians needing to consult with the RGGG might only have to make one or two warps, but others might require dozens—very inconvenient when one considers the 10-hour waiting period between warps.
So, once each Gorelian year, the RGGG analyzes the RGPN and relocates itself to an optimal location. The optimal location is defined as a planet that minimizes the maximum number of warps required to reach the RGGG from any planet in the RGPN. As it turns out, there is always exactly one or two such planets. When there are two, they are always directly adjacent via a warp link, and the RGGG divides itself evenly between the two planets.
Your job is to write a program that finds the optimal planets for the RGGG. For the purposes of this problem, the region of space conquered by the Gorelians is defined as a cube that ranges from (0,0,0) to (1000,1000,1000).
输入:
The input consists of a set of scenarios where the Gorelians conquer a region of space. Each scenario is independent. The first line of the scenario is an integer N that specifies the total number of planets conquered by the Gorelians. The next N lines of the input specify, in the order conquered, the IDs and coordinates of the conquered planets to be added to the RGPN, in the format ID X Y Z. An ID is an integer from 1 to 1000. X, Y, and Z are integers from 0 to 1000. A single space separates the numbers. A value of N = 0 marks the end of the input.
输出:
For each input scenario, output the IDs of the optimal planet or planets where the RGGG should relocate. For a single planet, simply output the planet ID. For two planets, output the planet IDs, smallest ID first, separated by a single space.
样例输入:
5 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 3 0 0 2 4 0 0 3 5 0 0 4 5 1 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 3 3 2 0 4 2 1 0 5 3 0 0 10 21 71 76 4 97 32 5 69 70 33 19 35 3 79 81 8 31 91 17 67 52 31 48 75 48 90 14 4 41 73 2 21 83 74 41 69 26 32 30 24 0
样例输出:
3 2 4 31 97
解题代码:
//* @author: SmilingWang import java.util.*; public class Main { public static void main(String[] args) { int n; Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in); while(true){ n = in.nextInt(); Planet[] d = new Planet[n+1]; if(n == 0){ return; } for(int i = 1; i <= n; i++){ int id = in.nextInt(); int x = in.nextInt(); int y = in.nextInt(); int z = in.nextInt(); d[i] = new Planet(id, x, y, z); } f(n, d); } } public static void f(int n, Planet[] d){ int[][] con = new int[n+1][n+1]; for(int i = 1; i <= n; i++){ con[i][i] = 0; } for(int i = 2; i <= n; i++){ int min = Integer.MAX_VALUE; int mid = 1; //display(n, con); //System.out.println(); for(int j = 1; j < i; j++){ int dis = dis(d[i], d[j]); //System.out.println(dis + " " + i + " " + j); if(dis < min){ min = dis; mid = j; } } con[i][mid] = 1; con[mid][i] = 1; for(int j = 1; j < i; j++){ if(j == mid){ continue; } con[i][j] = con[mid][j] + 1; con[j][i] = con[i][j]; } //display(n, con); //System.out.println(); } int max[] = new int[n+1]; for(int i = 1; i <= n; i++){ for(int j = 1; j <= n; j++){ if(con[i][j] > max[i]){ max[i] = con[i][j]; } } } int min = Integer.MAX_VALUE; int min2 = Integer.MAX_VALUE; int mid = 1; int mid2 = 1; for(int i = 1; i <= n; i++){ if(max[i] < min){ min = max[i]; mid = i; } } for(int i = 1; i <= n; i++){ if(i == mid){ continue; } if(max[i] < min2){ min2 = max[i]; mid2 = i; } } if(min != min2){ System.out.println(d[mid].id); } else{ if(d[mid].id > d[mid2].id){ int temp = d[mid2].id; d[mid2].id = d[mid].id; d[mid].id = temp; } System.out.println(d[mid].id + " " + d[mid2].id); } } public static int dis(Planet d1, Planet d2){ return (int)(Math.pow(d1.x - d2.x, 2) + Math.pow(d1.y-d2.y, 2) + Math.pow(d1.z-d2.z, 2)); } public static void display(int n, int d[][]){ for(int i = 1; i <= n; i++){ for(int j = 1; j <= n; j++){ System.out.print(d[i][j] + " "); } System.out.println(" "); } } } class Planet{ int id; int x; int y; int z; public Planet(int id, int x, int y, int z){ this.id = id; this.x = x; this.y = y; this.z = z; } }
3，求得所有的为的总和sum—->所有数的总和
printf( "Not Possible" );—->printf("impossible");
对吗？
太变态了。我用hash居然超时了。这样break掉居然都行啊。。。
很给力啊，学习了
算法是程序的灵魂，算法分简单和复杂，如果不搞大数据类，程序员了解一下简单点的算法也是可以的，但是会算法的一定要会编程才行，程序员不一定要会算法，利于自己项目需要的可以简单了解。
顺利测试通过了，多谢
通不过。
不错，再多来的CF上面的题
思路二可以用一个长度为k的队列来实现，入队后判断下队尾元素的next指针是否为空，若为空，则出队指针即为所求。
这代码的输出格式不对阿，else语句的low=p移动一下位置，增加可读性
第一句可以忽略不计了吧。从第二句开始分析，说明这个花色下的所有牌都会在其它里面出现，那么还剩下♠和♦。第三句，可以排除2和7，因为在两种花色里有。现在是第四句，因为♠还剩下多个，只有是♦B才能知道答案。
第一题选错了，答案是A
else if也是要比较两次
good !
这个问题别太纠结了，不同的编译器结果不一


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referenced
by Kevin Reiss at 2020-02-03 17:57:31.merged
by Kevin Reiss at 2020-02-03 17:57:31.closed
by Kevin Reiss at 2020-02-03 17:57:31.head_ref_deleted
by Kevin Reiss at 2020-02-03 17:57:35.referenced
by Kevin Reiss at 2020-02-03 17:58:07.merged
by Kevin Reiss at 2020-02-03 17:58:07.closed
by Kevin Reiss at 2020-02-03 17:58:07.head_ref_deleted
by None at 2020-02-03 17:58:15.referenced
by Kevin Reiss at 2020-02-03 17:58:21.merged
by Kevin Reiss at 2020-02-03 17:58:21.closed
by Kevin Reiss at 2020-02-03 17:58:21.head_ref_deleted
by Kevin Reiss at 2020-02-03 17:58:26.referenced
by Kevin Reiss at 2020-02-03 17:58:45.merged
by Kevin Reiss at 2020-02-03 17:58:45.closed
by Kevin Reiss at 2020-02-03 17:58:45.head_ref_deleted
by Kevin Reiss at 2020-02-03 17:58:48.referenced
by Axa Mei Liauw at 2020-02-03 14:24:43.merged
by Axa Mei Liauw at 2020-02-03 14:24:43.closed
by Axa Mei Liauw at 2020-02-03 14:24:44.head_ref_deleted
by Axa Mei Liauw at 2020-02-03 14:24:48.head_ref_force_pushed
by None at 2020-02-03 13:21:02.head_ref_force_pushed
by None at 2020-02-03 13:28:08.referenced
by Axa Mei Liauw at 2020-02-03 14:26:28.merged
by Axa Mei Liauw at 2020-02-03 14:26:28.closed
by Axa Mei Liauw at 2020-02-03 14:26:28.head_ref_deleted
by Axa Mei Liauw at 2020-02-03 14:26:32.labeled
by Axa Mei Liauw at 2020-02-03 14:32:51.assigned
by Axa Mei Liauw at 2020-02-03 14:32:51.assigned
by None at 2020-02-03 13:42:39.referenced
by None at 2020-02-03 13:56:37.referenced
by None at 2020-02-03 15:14:15.referenced
by None at 2020-02-03 15:59:30.referenced
by None at 2020-02-03 16:09:26.referenced
by None at 2020-02-03 16:10:06.closed
by None at 2020-02-03 17:16:44.referenced
by None at 2020-02-03 17:16:44.merged
by None at 2020-02-03 17:16:44.closed
by None at 2020-02-03 17:16:45.head_ref_deleted
by None at 2020-02-03 17:16:50.Closing as we decided this is ok until we are told it is not.
closed
by None at 2020-02-03 18:48:14.renamed
by Shaun Ellis at 2020-02-03 21:33:43.referenced
by Shaun Ellis at 2020-02-03 21:33:44.merged
by Shaun Ellis at 2020-02-03 21:33:44.closed
by Shaun Ellis at 2020-02-03 21:33:44.head_ref_deleted
by Shaun Ellis at 2020-02-03 21:33:46.review_requested
by Axa Mei Liauw at 2020-02-03 18:46:32.renamed
by Axa Mei Liauw at 2020-02-03 18:57:50.head_ref_force_pushed
by Axa Mei Liauw at 2020-02-04 01:45:02.review_requested
by Shaun Ellis at 2020-02-03 21:35:49.referenced
by Axa Mei Liauw at 2020-02-04 02:01:15.merged
by Axa Mei Liauw at 2020-02-04 02:01:16.closed
by Axa Mei Liauw at 2020-02-04 02:01:16.head_ref_deleted
by Axa Mei Liauw at 2020-02-04 02:01:19.@escowles wrote:
received a request to update one of the western americana items from Sara Logue, who said a user alerted her to a problem with this item: I noticed the catalog description doesn't match the caption on the photo. http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/n583xv70q
given the discussions have had about those items, just ingesting WC055 first and taking that item down maybe makes more sense
unfortunately, i'm looking at the data, and the only match point i can find between the EAD (which has the component IDs we need to link to) and the MODS (which has the ARKs we need to update) is this:
from the EAD, c/did/container:
Volume Folio 2, Leaf 3, Photograph q from the MODS, location/holdingSimple/shelfLocator:
(WA) WC055, Folio 2, Leaf 3, Photograph q the MODS file is also pudl0017/wc055/1139550/002/00000005/q.mets, so maybe it's possible to turn the EAD structure into that....
the one thing that's definitely important is to ingest the items with the ARKs (or add them before making the items public) — that is the key to having figgy update the existing ARKs instead of minting duplicate ones
here's the rake task for doing bulk ingest: https://github.com/pulibrary/figgy/blob/master/lib/tasks/bulk.rake#L20 — you likely want to write a custom script or update this rake task to allow also specifying the ARKs
mentioned
by Esmé Cowles at 2020-02-03 13:33:37.subscribed
by Esmé Cowles at 2020-02-03 13:33:37.labeled
by Trey Pendragon at 2020-02-03 16:55:49.referenced
by Trey Pendragon at 2020-02-03 17:02:00.merged
by Trey Pendragon at 2020-02-03 17:02:00.closed
by Trey Pendragon at 2020-02-03 17:02:01.closed
by Trey Pendragon at 2020-02-03 17:02:01.does rubocop need to be updated?
Yeah, looks like 2.6 support was added in https://github.com/rubocop-hq/rubocop/releases/tag/v0.60.0
head_ref_force_pushed
by Trey Pendragon at 2020-02-03 17:18:58.As a test I kicked off regenerating derivatives of one of the resources: https://figgy.princeton.edu/catalog/f74778fc-1395-485f-b133-97fea481f896
labeled
by Trey Pendragon at 2020-02-03 16:33:50.labeled
by Trey Pendragon at 2020-02-03 16:33:50.assigned
by Trey Pendragon at 2020-02-03 16:34:24.assigned
by Eliot Jordan at 2020-02-03 17:21:13.unassigned
by Trey Pendragon at 2020-02-03 17:21:18.assigned
by Trey Pendragon at 2020-02-03 17:22:21.referenced
by Trey Pendragon at 2020-02-03 18:20:38.referenced
by Trey Pendragon at 2020-02-03 19:24:29.referenced
by None at 2020-02-03 17:41:44.merged
by None at 2020-02-03 17:41:44.closed
by None at 2020-02-03 17:41:44.closed
by None at 2020-02-03 17:41:44.closed
by Nikitas Tampakis at 2020-02-03 18:28:18.Fixed here: https://github.com/pulibrary/figgy/pull/3605/files#diff-1d37e48f9ceff6d8030570cd36286a61R166
closed
by Trey Pendragon at 2020-02-03 18:36:47.closed
by Trey Pendragon at 2020-02-03 18:37:01.head_ref_force_pushed
by Eliot Jordan at 2020-02-03 01:04:26.deployed
by Trey Pendragon at 2020-02-03 15:19:25.head_ref_force_pushed
by Eliot Jordan at 2020-02-03 15:52:48.deployed
by Trey Pendragon at 2020-02-03 15:53:08.head_ref_force_pushed
by Eliot Jordan at 2020-02-03 16:13:18.renamed
by Eliot Jordan at 2020-02-03 16:13:57.ready_for_review
by Eliot Jordan at 2020-02-03 16:16:19.head_ref_force_pushed
by Eliot Jordan at 2020-02-03 16:19:29.deployed
by Trey Pendragon at 2020-02-03 16:20:13.review_requested
by Eliot Jordan at 2020-02-03 17:00:20.review_dismissed
by Eliot Jordan at 2020-02-03 17:28:24.head_ref_force_pushed
by Eliot Jordan at 2020-02-03 17:28:24.referenced
by Nikitas Tampakis at 2020-02-03 18:28:17.merged
by Nikitas Tampakis at 2020-02-03 18:28:17.closed
by Nikitas Tampakis at 2020-02-03 18:28:18.head_ref_deleted
by Eliot Jordan at 2020-02-03 18:45:52.Tested in staging and it's adding time info to the label.
deployed
by Trey Pendragon at 2020-02-03 19:12:39.head_ref_force_pushed
by Trey Pendragon at 2020-02-03 19:24:30.renamed
by Trey Pendragon at 2020-02-03 19:29:52.labeled
by Esmé Cowles at 2020-02-03 18:49:02.Index both with and without the 'al' article
Closing due to no requests for this feature.
closed
by None at 2020-02-03 19:35:50.@escowles Is this still relevant? We aren't seeing a series title field, e.g. in https://figgy.princeton.edu/catalog/19113c44-d739-439e-807b-e342894f2807
mentioned
by Esmé Cowles at 2020-02-03 19:39:55.subscribed
by Esmé Cowles at 2020-02-03 19:39:55.Maybe we could just make a page on the spotlight wiki and post a message in slack asking people to add themselves. Spotlight community group has a monthly call; this would be good to bring up there.
labeled
by None at 2020-02-03 19:46:24.Closing this pending current use case.
closed
by None at 2020-02-03 19:50:51.We'll tackle this as part of the redesign conversation and/or when the need arises.
closed
by None at 2020-02-03 19:51:27.labeled
by None at 2020-02-03 19:52:32.labeled
by None at 2020-02-03 19:52:48.We think this is fixed.
closed
by None at 2020-02-03 19:54:33.This error is no longer active in HB
closed
by None at 2020-02-03 19:58:18.This causes problems with syncing. Currently a low priority since the poster collection is not live.
labeled
by None at 2020-02-03 20:01:21.Not needed
closed
by None at 2020-02-03 20:03:24.labeled
by None at 2020-02-03 20:04:19.milestoned
by None at 2020-02-03 20:08:18.milestoned
by None at 2020-02-03 20:10:59.That collection is not in use.
assigned
by Kim Leaman at 2020-02-03 20:15:02.assigned
by Kim Leaman at 2020-02-03 20:16:49.Usually this is a problem with an ephemera field or an id field. resolving #710 will help make this easier to figure out.
The commit is fine; it just removes the option to use feature pages that have been deleted.
It wasn't always. Try removing it.
We should be able to switch back and forth.
Currently switching around leads to a queue build-up on the other rabbitmq installation.
closed
by None at 2020-02-03 20:31:48.assigned
by None at 2020-02-03 18:02:29.Looking at the ansible solrcloud role, I find that there is a 3rd command line utility for doing zookeeper stuff. https://lucene.apache.org/solr/guide/7_7/command-line-utilities.html#create-a-new-zookeeper-path
assigned
by None at 2020-02-03 20:42:42.This is no longer relevant -- ansible is managing standalone config where required.
closed
by None at 2020-02-03 20:48:06.This is no longer the direction we're going in.
closed
by None at 2020-02-03 20:48:36.renamed
by None at 2020-02-03 20:51:13.unlabeled
by None at 2020-02-03 20:51:16.labeled
by Trey Pendragon at 2020-02-03 18:43:58.renamed
by Trey Pendragon at 2020-02-03 18:44:06.


Peter Kay 'in talks with BBC bosses on new project' after long break from showbiz
Peter Kay is reportedly in talks with the BBC about a new project following his extended break from our screens
by Irishmirror.ieComic Peter Kay is reportedly speaking to BBC bosses about a project which will see him return to our screens.
Since the final episode of his show Car Share aired last year, Peter, 46, has taken a break from performing.
At the end of 2017, he cancelled all of his upcoming tour dates due to "unforseen family circumstances", having already filmed the Car Share finale.
It was due to be his first tour in eight years, and Peter did not explain the exact reason, only asking for privacy.
But now The Sun has reported that he is discussing his big comeback.
A TV source said: “A conversation has been had between Peter and the BBC. There is no rush and whatever happens will always be dictated by Peter but a new project has been discussed.
“It’s exciting news for Peter’s fans, who have yet to see the void left by Car Share filled.”
Kay has had a profitable 12 months despite taking a break from TV and showbiz.
The Bolton comedian has barely been seen in public over the past year but his latest published accounts show that he has been coining it in without having to perform.
Peter seen his businesses continue to flourish, earning millions in the past year even though he hasn't worked much during the period.
In total, the accounts show that Kay has amassed a fortune of £32million in cash and investments through his companies.
The Phoenix Nights creator's Goodnight Vienna Productions business is sat on £23.7m in cash for last year, which is up from £19.8m in 2017.
Another of his production companies, Hussein Traders Limited, has a huge £8.3m sat in the bank through available monies and investments.
He surprised his fans by announcing a special screening of Phoenix Nights in 2020.


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Part 3: Intro to Policy Optimization¶
Table of Contents
In this section, we’ll discuss the mathematical foundations of policy optimization algorithms, and connect the material to sample code. We will cover three key results in the theory of policy gradients:
- the simplest equation describing the gradient of policy performance with respect to policy parameters,
- a rule which allows us to drop useless terms from that expression,
- and a rule which allows us to add useful terms to that expression.
In the end, we’ll tie those results together and describe the advantage-based expression for the policy gradient—the version we use in our Vanilla Policy Gradient implementation.
Deriving the Simplest Policy Gradient¶
Here, we consider the case of a stochastic, parameterized policy, . We aim to maximize the expected return . For the purposes of this derivation, we’ll take to give the finite-horizon undiscounted return, but the derivation for the infinite-horizon discounted return setting is almost identical.
We would like to optimize the policy by gradient ascent, eg
The gradient of policy performance, , is called the policy gradient, and algorithms that optimize the policy this way are called policy gradient algorithms. (Examples include Vanilla Policy Gradient and TRPO. PPO is often referred to as a policy gradient algorithm, though this is slightly inaccurate.)
To actually use this algorithm, we need an expression for the policy gradient which we can numerically compute. This involves two steps: 1) deriving the analytical gradient of policy performance, which turns out to have the form of an expected value, and then 2) forming a sample estimate of that expected value, which can be computed with data from a finite number of agent-environment interaction steps.
In this subsection, we’ll find the simplest form of that expression. In later subsections, we’ll show how to improve on the simplest form to get the version we actually use in standard policy gradient implementations.
We’ll begin by laying out a few facts which are useful for deriving the analytical gradient.
1. Probability of a Trajectory. The probability of a trajectory given that actions come from is
2. The Log-Derivative Trick. The log-derivative trick is based on a simple rule from calculus: the derivative of with respect to is . When rearranged and combined with chain rule, we get:
3. Log-Probability of a Trajectory. The log-prob of a trajectory is just
4. Gradients of Environment Functions. The environment has no dependence on , so gradients of , , and are zero.
5. Grad-Log-Prob of a Trajectory. The gradient of the log-prob of a trajectory is thus
Putting it all together, we derive the following:
Derivation for Basic Policy Gradient
This is an expectation, which means that we can estimate it with a sample mean. If we collect a set of trajectories where each trajectory is obtained by letting the agent act in the environment using the policy , the policy gradient can be estimated with
where is the number of trajectories in (here, ).
This last expression is the simplest version of the computable expression we desired. Assuming that we have represented our policy in a way which allows us to calculate , and if we are able to run the policy in the environment to collect the trajectory dataset, we can compute the policy gradient and take an update step.
Implementing the Simplest Policy Gradient¶
We give a short Tensorflow implementation of this simple version of the policy gradient algorithm in spinup/examples/pg_math/1_simple_pg.py
. (It can also be viewed on github.) It is only 122 lines long, so we highly recommend reading through it in depth. While we won’t go through the entirety of the code here, we’ll highlight and explain a few important pieces.
1. Making the Policy Network.
25 26 27 28 29 30 | # make core of policy network
obs_ph = tf.placeholder(shape=(None, obs_dim), dtype=tf.float32)
logits = mlp(obs_ph, sizes=hidden_sizes+[n_acts])
# make action selection op (outputs int actions, sampled from policy)
actions = tf.squeeze(tf.multinomial(logits=logits,num_samples=1), axis=1)
|
This block builds a feedforward neural network categorical policy. (See the Stochastic Policies section in Part 1 for a refresher.) The logits
tensor can be used to construct log-probabilities and probabilities for actions, and the actions
tensor samples actions based on the probabilities implied by logits
.
2. Making the Loss Function.
32 33 34 35 36 37 | # make loss function whose gradient, for the right data, is policy gradient
weights_ph = tf.placeholder(shape=(None,), dtype=tf.float32)
act_ph = tf.placeholder(shape=(None,), dtype=tf.int32)
action_masks = tf.one_hot(act_ph, n_acts)
log_probs = tf.reduce_sum(action_masks * tf.nn.log_softmax(logits), axis=1)
loss = -tf.reduce_mean(weights_ph * log_probs)
|
In this block, we build a “loss” function for the policy gradient algorithm. When the right data is plugged in, the gradient of this loss is equal to the policy gradient. The right data means a set of (state, action, weight) tuples collected while acting according to the current policy, where the weight for a state-action pair is the return from the episode to which it belongs. (Although as we will show in later subsections, there are other values you can plug in for the weight which also work correctly.)
You Should Know
Even though we describe this as a loss function, it is not a loss function in the typical sense from supervised learning. There are two main differences from standard loss functions.
1. The data distribution depends on the parameters. A loss function is usually defined on a fixed data distribution which is independent of the parameters we aim to optimize. Not so here, where the data must be sampled on the most recent policy.
2. It doesn’t measure performance. A loss function usually evaluates the performance metric that we care about. Here, we care about expected return, , but our “loss” function does not approximate this at all, even in expectation. This “loss” function is only useful to us because, when evaluated at the current parameters, with data generated by the current parameters, it has the negative gradient of performance.
But after that first step of gradient descent, there is no more connection to performance. This means that minimizing this “loss” function, for a given batch of data, has no guarantee whatsoever of improving expected return. You can send this loss to and policy performance could crater; in fact, it usually will. Sometimes a deep RL researcher might describe this outcome as the policy “overfitting” to a batch of data. This is descriptive, but should not be taken literally because it does not refer to generalization error.
We raise this point because it is common for ML practitioners to interpret a loss function as a useful signal during training—”if the loss goes down, all is well.” In policy gradients, this intuition is wrong, and you should only care about average return. The loss function means nothing.
You Should Know
The approach used here to make the log_probs
tensor—creating an action mask, and using it to select out particular log probabilities—only works for categorical policies. It does not work in general.
3. Running One Epoch of Training.
45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 | # for training policy
def train_one_epoch():
# make some empty lists for logging.
batch_obs = [] # for observations
batch_acts = [] # for actions
batch_weights = [] # for R(tau) weighting in policy gradient
batch_rets = [] # for measuring episode returns
batch_lens = [] # for measuring episode lengths
# reset episode-specific variables
obs = env.reset() # first obs comes from starting distribution
done = False # signal from environment that episode is over
ep_rews = [] # list for rewards accrued throughout ep
# render first episode of each epoch
finished_rendering_this_epoch = False
# collect experience by acting in the environment with current policy
while True:
# rendering
if not(finished_rendering_this_epoch):
env.render()
# save obs
batch_obs.append(obs.copy())
# act in the environment
act = sess.run(actions, {obs_ph: obs.reshape(1,-1)})[0]
obs, rew, done, _ = env.step(act)
# save action, reward
batch_acts.append(act)
ep_rews.append(rew)
if done:
# if episode is over, record info about episode
ep_ret, ep_len = sum(ep_rews), len(ep_rews)
batch_rets.append(ep_ret)
batch_lens.append(ep_len)
# the weight for each logprob(a|s) is R(tau)
batch_weights += [ep_ret] * ep_len
# reset episode-specific variables
obs, done, ep_rews = env.reset(), False, []
# won't render again this epoch
finished_rendering_this_epoch = True
# end experience loop if we have enough of it
if len(batch_obs) > batch_size:
break
# take a single policy gradient update step
batch_loss, _ = sess.run([loss, train_op],
feed_dict={
obs_ph: np.array(batch_obs),
act_ph: np.array(batch_acts),
weights_ph: np.array(batch_weights)
})
return batch_loss, batch_rets, batch_lens
|
The train_one_epoch()
function runs one “epoch” of policy gradient, which we define to be
- the experience collection step (L62-97), where the agent acts for some number of episodes in the environment using the most recent policy, followed by
- a single policy gradient update step (L99-105).
The main loop of the algorithm just repeatedly calls train_one_epoch()
.
Expected Grad-Log-Prob Lemma¶
In this subsection, we will derive an intermediate result which is extensively used throughout the theory of policy gradients. We will call it the Expected Grad-Log-Prob (EGLP) lemma. [1]
EGLP Lemma. Suppose that is a parameterized probability distribution over a random variable, . Then:
Proof
Recall that all probability distributions are normalized:
Take the gradient of both sides of the normalization condition:
Use the log derivative trick to get:
| [1] | The author of this article is not aware of this lemma being given a standard name anywhere in the literature. But given how often it comes up, it seems pretty worthwhile to give it some kind of name for ease of reference. |
Don’t Let the Past Distract You¶
Examine our most recent expression for the policy gradient:
Taking a step with this gradient pushes up the log-probabilities of each action in proportion to , the sum of all rewards ever obtained. But this doesn’t make much sense.
Agents should really only reinforce actions on the basis of their consequences. Rewards obtained before taking an action have no bearing on how good that action was: only rewards that come after.
It turns out that this intuition shows up in the math, and we can show that the policy gradient can also be expressed by
In this form, actions are only reinforced based on rewards obtained after they are taken.
We’ll call this form the “reward-to-go policy gradient,” because the sum of rewards after a point in a trajectory,
is called the reward-to-go from that point, and this policy gradient expression depends on the reward-to-go from state-action pairs.
You Should Know
But how is this better? A key problem with policy gradients is how many sample trajectories are needed to get a low-variance sample estimate for them. The formula we started with included terms for reinforcing actions proportional to past rewards, all of which had zero mean, but nonzero variance: as a result, they would just add noise to sample estimates of the policy gradient. By removing them, we reduce the number of sample trajectories needed.
An (optional) proof of this claim can be found here, and it ultimately depends on the EGLP lemma.
Implementing Reward-to-Go Policy Gradient¶
We give a short Tensorflow implementation of the reward-to-go policy gradient in spinup/examples/pg_math/2_rtg_pg.py
. (It can also be viewed on github.)
The only thing that has changed from 1_simple_pg.py
is that we now use different weights in the loss function. The code modification is very slight: we add a new function, and change two other lines. The new function is:
12 13 14 15 16 17 | def reward_to_go(rews):
n = len(rews)
rtgs = np.zeros_like(rews)
for i in reversed(range(n)):
rtgs[i] = rews[i] + (rtgs[i+1] if i+1 < n else 0)
return rtgs
|
And then we tweak the old L86-87 from:
86 87 | # the weight for each logprob(a|s) is R(tau)
batch_weights += [ep_ret] * ep_len
|
to:
93 94 | # the weight for each logprob(a_t|s_t) is reward-to-go from t
batch_weights += list(reward_to_go(ep_rews))
|
Baselines in Policy Gradients¶
An immediate consequence of the EGLP lemma is that for any function which only depends on state,
This allows us to add or subtract any number of terms like this from our expression for the policy gradient, without changing it in expectation:
Any function used in this way is called a baseline.
The most common choice of baseline is the on-policy value function . Recall that this is the average return an agent gets if it starts in state and then acts according to policy for the rest of its life.
Empirically, the choice has the desirable effect of reducing variance in the sample estimate for the policy gradient. This results in faster and more stable policy learning. It is also appealing from a conceptual angle: it encodes the intuition that if an agent gets what it expected, it should “feel” neutral about it.
You Should Know
In practice, cannot be computed exactly, so it has to be approximated. This is usually done with a neural network, , which is updated concurrently with the policy (so that the value network always approximates the value function of the most recent policy).
The simplest method for learning , used in most implementations of policy optimization algorithms (including VPG, TRPO, PPO, and A2C), is to minimize a mean-squared-error objective:
where is the policy at epoch . This is done with one or more steps of gradient descent, starting from the previous value parameters .
Other Forms of the Policy Gradient¶
What we have seen so far is that the policy gradient has the general form
where could be any of
or
or
All of these choices lead to the same expected value for the policy gradient, despite having different variances. It turns out that there are two more valid choices of weights which are important to know.
1. On-Policy Action-Value Function. The choice
is also valid. See this page for an (optional) proof of this claim.
2. The Advantage Function. Recall that the advantage of an action, defined by , describes how much better or worse it is than other actions on average (relative to the current policy). This choice,
is also valid. The proof is that it’s equivalent to using and then using a value function baseline, which we are always free to do.
You Should Know
The formulation of policy gradients with advantage functions is extremely common, and there are many different ways of estimating the advantage function used by different algorithms.
You Should Know
For a more detailed treatment of this topic, you should read the paper on Generalized Advantage Estimation (GAE), which goes into depth about different choices of in the background sections.
That paper then goes on to describe GAE, a method for approximating the advantage function in policy optimization algorithms which enjoys widespread use. For instance, Spinning Up’s implementations of VPG, TRPO, and PPO make use of it. As a result, we strongly advise you to study it.
Recap¶
In this chapter, we described the basic theory of policy gradient methods and connected some of the early results to code examples. The interested student should continue from here by studying how the later results (value function baselines and the advantage formulation of policy gradients) translate into Spinning Up’s implementation of Vanilla Policy Gradient.


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Jacob A. Carpenter
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