Remind yourself how much you have to learn
The first step in learning something is recognizing that you don’t know it. That sounds obvious, but experienced programmers remember how long it took to overcome this personal assumption. Too many computer science students graduate with an arrogant “I know best” bravado, a robust certainty that they know everything and the intense need to prove it to every new work colleague. In other words: Your “I know what I’m doing!” attitude can get in the way of learning anything new.
Stop trying to prove yourself right
To become great—not just good—you have to learn from experience. But be careful, experience can teach us to repeat poor behavior and to create bad habits. We’ve all encountered programmers with eight years of experience … the same year of experience, repeated eight times. To avoid that syndrome, look at everything you do and ask yourself, “How can I make this better?”
Novice software developers (and too many experienced ones) look at their code to admire its wonderfulness. They write tests to prove that their code works instead of trying to make it fail. Truly great programmers actively look for where they’re wrong—because they know that eventually users will find the defects they missed.
“The code works” isn’t where you stop; it’s where you start
Yes, your first step is always to write quality software that fulfills the spec. Average programmers quit at that point and move on to the next thing.
But to stop once it’s “done” is like taking a snapshot and expecting it to be a work of art. Great programmers know that the first iteration is just the first iteration. It works— congratulations!—but you aren’t done. Now, make it better.
Part of that process is defining what “better” means. Is it valuable to make it faster? Easier to document? More reusable? More reliable? The answer varies with each application, but the process doesn’t.
Write it three times
Good programmers write software that works. Great ones write software that works exceedingly well. That rarely happens on the first try. The best software usually is written three times:
First, you write the software to prove to yourself (or a client) that the solution is possible. Others may not recognize that this is just a proof-of-concept, but you do. The second time, you make it work. The third time, you make it work right. This level of work may not be obvious when you look at the work of the best developers. Everything they do seems so brilliant, but what you don’t see is that even rock-star developers probably threw out the first and second versions before showing their software to anyone else. Throwing away code and starting over can be a powerful way to include “make it better” into your personal workflow.
If nothing else, “Write it three times” teaches you how many ways there are to approach a problem. And it prevents you from getting stuck in a rut.
Read code. Read lots of code
You probably expected me to lead with this advice, and indeed it’s both the most common and the most valuable suggestion for improving programming skills. What is less evident are the reasons that reading others’ code is so important.
When you read others’ code, you see how someone else solved a programming problem. But don’t treat it as literature; think of it as a lesson and a challenge. To get better, ask yourself:
How would I have written that block of code? What would you do differently, now that you’ve seen another solution? What did I learn? How can I apply that technique to code I wrote in the past? (“I’d never have thought to use recursive descent there…”). How would I improve this code? And if it’s an open source project where you are confident you have a better solution, do it! Write code in the author’s style. Practicing this helps you get into the head of the person who wrote the software, which can improve your empathy. Don’t just idly think about these steps. Write out your answers, whether in a personal journal, a blog, in a code review process, or a community forum with other developers. Just as explaining a problem to a friend can help you sort out the solution, writing down and sharing your analysis can help you understand why you react to another person’s code in a given way. It’s all part of that introspection I mentioned earlier, helping you to dispassionately judge your own strengths and weaknesses.
Warning: It’s easy to read a lot of code without becoming a great programmer, just as a wannabe writer can read great literature without improving her own prose. Plenty of developers look at open source or other software to “find an answer” and, most likely, to copy and paste code that appears to solve a similar problem. Doing that can actually make you a worse programmer, since you are blindly accepting others’ wisdom without examining it. (Plus, it may be buggier than a summer picnic, but because you didn’t take the time to understand it, you’ll never recognize that you just imported a bug-factory.)
Write code, and not just as assignments
Working on personal programming projects has many advantages. For one, it gives you a way to learn tools and technologies that aren’t available at your current job, but which make you more marketable for the next one. Whether you contribute to an open source project or take on pro-bono work for a local community organization, you’ll gain tech skills and self-confidence. (Plus, your personal projects demonstrate to would-be employers that you’re a self-starter who never stops learning.)
Another advantage of writing code for fun is that it forces you to figure things out on your own. You can’t leave the hard stuff to someone else, so it keeps you from asking for help too soon.
Pro tip: Don’t choose only personal projects where you never fail. You need to fail! But you do probably don’t want to fail at work or when you have a deadline.
Work one-on-one with other developers any way you can
collaborate concept: become a better coderIt helps to listen to other people. That might mean pair programming, or going to a hackathon, or joining a programming user group (such as the Vermont Coders Connection). When you contribute to an open source project, pay attention to the feedback you get from users and from other developers. What commonalities do you see in their criticism?
You might be lucky enough to find a personal mentor whom you can trust to guide you in everything from coding techniques to career decisions. Don’t waste these opportunities.
Learn techniques, not tools
Programming languages, tools, and methodologies come and go. That’s why it pays to get as much experience as you can with as many languages and frameworks as possible. Focus on the programming fundamentals, because the basics never change; pay more attention to architecture than to programming. If you feel certain that there’s only one right way to do something, it’s probably time for a reality check. Dogma can hamper your ability to learn new things, and make you slow to adapt to change.
I could keep going, but a key tenet of self-improvement is knowing when to stop.


Raphael Ultraf
Raphael is an Israeli manufacturer of control valves (Part of the Talis group).
Together with them, me and my team worked to connect these valves to the Internet of things.
Changing the watering amount, pressure change, weekly plans, and more
complex operations that used to require reading a complicated manual and handling with hardware, were all simplified by us in order to make it all available from an app.
My role was everything related to the product, from understanding the user
flows to the tiny interactions.


from .base import SqlReader, NameCompare
from .engine import Engine
import copy
import warnings
import re
[docs]class PandasReader(SqlReader):
ENGINE = Engine.PANDAS
def __init__(self, df, metadata):
super().__init__()
# using string here, because we don't want to import .metadata due to circular reference
if "metadata.collection.CollectionMetadata" in str(type(df)):
warnings.warn(
"[df] API has changed to pass (df, metadata). Please update code to pass df first and metadata second. This will be a breaking change in future versions.",
Warning,
)
tmp = df
df = metadata
metadata = tmp
self.df = df
self.metadata, self.original_column_names = self._sanitize_metadata(metadata)
import sqlite3
ver = [int(part) for part in sqlite3.sqlite_version.split(".")]
if len(ver) < 3:
# all historical versions of SQLite have 3 parts
if (
ver[0] < 3
or (ver[0] == 3 and ver[1] < 2)
or (ver[0] == 3 and ver[1] == 2 and ver[2] < 6)
):
warnings.warn(
"This python environment has outdated sqlite version {0}. PandasReader will fail on queries that use private_key. Please upgrade to a newer Python environment (with sqlite >= 3.2.6), or ensure that you only use row_privacy.".format(
sqlite3.sqlite_version
),
Warning,
)
def _sanitize_column_name(self, column_name):
x = re.search(r".*[a-zA-Z0-9()_]", column_name)
if x is None:
raise Exception(
"Unsupported column name {}. Column names must be alphanumeric or _, (, ).".format(
column_name
)
)
column_name = column_name.replace(" ", "_").replace("(", "_0_").replace(")", "_1_")
return column_name
def _sanitize_metadata(self, metadata):
metadata = copy.deepcopy(metadata)
table_names = list(metadata.m_tables.keys())
if len(table_names) > 1:
raise Exception(
"Only one table is supported for PandasReader. {} found.".format(len(table_names))
)
table_name = table_names[0]
original_column_names = list(metadata.m_tables[table_name].m_columns)
has_key = False
for column_name in original_column_names:
sanitized_column_name = self._sanitize_column_name(column_name)
metadata.m_tables[table_name].m_columns[sanitized_column_name] = metadata.m_tables[
table_name
].m_columns[column_name]
metadata.m_tables[table_name].m_columns[
sanitized_column_name
].name = sanitized_column_name
has_key = (
has_key or metadata.m_tables[table_name].m_columns[sanitized_column_name].is_key
)
self.df[sanitized_column_name] = self.df[column_name]
if column_name != sanitized_column_name:
del metadata.m_tables[table_name].m_columns[column_name]
if not has_key: # TODO handle this in metadata to avoid circ dep
key = "primary_key"
self.df[key] = range(len(self.df))
from opendp.smartnoise.metadata.collection import Int
metadata.m_tables[table_name].m_columns[key] = Int(
key, minval=0, maxval=len(self.df), is_key=True
)
return metadata, original_column_names
def _sanitize_query(self, query):
for column in self.original_column_names:
sanitized_column = self._sanitize_column_name(column)
for column_form in ["'{}'".format(column), '"{}"'.format(column), column]:
query = query.replace(column_form, sanitized_column)
return query
[docs] def db_name(self):
"""
Get the database associated with this connection
"""
sql = "SELECT current_database();"
dbname = self.execute(sql)[1][0]
return dbname
[docs] def execute(self, query):
"""
Executes a raw SQL string against the database and returns
tuples for rows. This will NOT fix the query to target the
specific SQL dialect. Call execute_typed to fix dialect.
"""
query = self._sanitize_query(query)
from pandasql import sqldf
if not isinstance(query, str):
raise ValueError("Please pass strings to execute. To execute ASTs, use execute_typed.")
table_names = list(self.metadata.m_tables.keys())
if len(table_names) > 1:
raise Exception(
"PandasReader only supports one table, {} found.".format(len(table_names))
)
df_name = "df_for_diffpriv1234"
table_name = table_names[0]
def clean_query(query):
for column in self.metadata.m_tables[table_name].m_columns:
if " " in column or "(" in column or ")" in column:
new_column_name = column.replace(" ", "_").replace("(", "_").replace(")", "_")
query = query.replace(column, new_column_name)
query = query.replace("'{}'".format(new_column_name), new_column_name)
return query.replace(table_name, df_name)
for column in self.metadata.m_tables[table_name].m_columns:
new_column_name = column.replace(" ", "_").replace("(", "_").replace(")", "_")
if self.metadata.m_tables[table_name].m_columns[column].is_key:
if column not in self.df:
self.df[column] = range(len(self.df))
else:
if new_column_name not in self.df:
self.df[new_column_name] = self.df[column]
df_for_diffpriv1234 = self.df
q_result = sqldf(clean_query(query), locals())
return [tuple([col for col in q_result.columns])] + [
val[1:] for val in q_result.itertuples()
]


Methods
createScopedDuckFactory(duck) → {function}
Creates a function thas can scope a given duck.
Takes a duck and returns a function that is able to create scoped versions of the given duck.
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
duck |
object |
- Source:
Returns:
duck factory - a function that takes a scope and returns a scoped version of the given duck
- Type
- function
Example
import * as counterDuck from "src/counter/duck"
import { createScopedDuckFactory } from "redux-scoped-ducks"
// create a factory for counter duck
export const counterDuckFactory = createScopedDuckFactory(counterDuck)
// now you can use the factory to create multiple versions of the counter duck, and therfore its whole redux logic, that are scoped and do not interfere with each other
const counterADuck = counterDuckFactory("counterA")
const counterBDuck = counterDuckFactory("counterB")
scopeAction(scope, action) → {object|function}
Scopes an action creator/object/type.
the given action can be an action creator/object/type.
The given action is a string: will be treated as action type.
scopeAction
will return an action object wich will contain the scoped action type aswell as some meta data.
If not duck complient, the action type of the returned action object will remain unscoped and no meta data will be added
The given action is an object: will be treated as action object.
scopeAction
will modify the object by scoping its action type aswell as adding some meta data.
If not duck complient, the action object will be returned as it is.
The given action is a function: will be treated as action creator.
scopeAction
will return an action creator that will return the output of the given action creator but scopes the action type aswell as adding some meta data.
If not duck complient, the given action creator will be returned as it is.
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
scope |
string | the scope: will replace the reducer part of the actions action type |
action |
string | object | function | the action (type/object/creator) that will be scoped |
- Source:
Returns:
scoped action object or action creator
- Type
- object | function
Example
// basic usage
...
const scopedAction = scopeAction("reducerB", action)
// given action is an action type
const action = "app/reducerA/DO_STUFF";
console.log(scopeAction("reducerB", action));
// {
// type: "app/reducerB/DO_STUFF",
// meta: {
// unscopedActionType: "app/reducerA/DO_STUFF"
// }
// }
// given action is an action object
const action = {
type: "app/reducerA/DO_STUFF",
payload: 42
};
console.log(scopeAction("reducerB", action));
// {
// type: "app/reducerB/DO_STUFF",
// payload: 42,
// meta: {
// unscopedActionType: "app/reducerA/DO_STUFF"
// }
// }
// given action is an action creator
const action = payload => ({ type: "app/reducerA/DO_STUFF", payload })
console.log(action(42))
// {
// type: "app/reducerA/DO_STUFF",
// payload: 42
// }
const scopedAction = scopeAction("reducerB", action)
console.log(scopedAction(42));
// {
// type: "app/reducerB/DO_STUFF",
// payload: 42,
// meta: {
// unscopedActionType: "app/reducerA/DO_STUFF"
// }
// }
scopeActionType(scope, actionType) → {string}
Scope an action type.
Replaces reducer in a duck complient action type with param scope". If not duck complient, the given action type is returned unproccessed.
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
scope |
string | the string that will replace the reducer part of the action type |
actionType |
string | the action type that will be scoped |
- Source:
Returns:
scoped action type
- Type
- string
Example
const actionType = "app/reducerA/DO_STUFF";
console.log(scopeActionType("reducerB", actionType)); // app/reducerB/DO_STUFF
scopeDuck(scope, duck) → {object}
Scopes a whole duck.
Takes a duck and returns a scoped version. All scrion types, action creators and the reducer are scoped.
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
scope |
string | |
duck |
object |
- Source:
Returns:
scoped duck - all action types/creators and the reducer are scoped
- Type
- object
Example
// src/valueDuck.js
export const SET_VALUE = "app/reducerA/SET_VALUE"
export const setValue = payload => ({
type: SET_VALUE,
payload
})
export default (state = 0, action) => action.type === SET_VALUE
? action.payload
: state
// src/valueADuck.js
import * as valueDuck from "./valueDuck"
export const duck = scopeDuck("valueA", valueDuck)
// src/valueBDuck.js
import * as valueDuck from "./valueDuck"
export const duck = scopeDuck("valueB", valueDuck)
scopeReducer(scope, reducer) → {function}
Scopes a reducer function.
Accepts a scope and a reducer function and returns a scoped reducer fucnction. A scoped reducer works and can be used like a regular reducer - the only difference is that the scoped reducer will ignore all actions that aren't scoped the same. If not of type "function", the given reducer is returned as it is.
Parameters:
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
scope |
string | |
reducer |
function |
- Source:
Returns:
- Type
- function
Example
const setValue = payload => ({
type: "app/reducerA/SET_VALUE",
payload
})
const scopedSetValue = scopeAction("reducerB", setValue)
const reducer = (state = 0, action) => action.type === "app/reducerA/SET_VALUE" ? action.payload : state
const scopedReducer = scopeReducer("reducerB", reducer)
// scoped reducer ignores unscoped action
console.log(scopedReducer(0, setValue(42)))
// 0
// scoped reducer handles scoped action
console.log(scopedReducer(0, scopedSetValue(42)))
// 42


Change History
Changes are split into three categories:
- Major changes: The major new features that all users should know about.
- Minor changes: Any smaller changes, including bugfixes.
- API changes: Any changes to the API that could impact existing users.
Version 1.1.3
Release 13 January 2006.
Major changes
- Added XStream.toXML(OutputStream) and XStream.fromXML(InputStream).
- Ability to prevent fields from being serialized by calling XStream.omitField() or by implementing Mapper.shouldSerializeMember().
- Added Converter for Enum, EnumMap and EnumSet
- XSTR-186: Added BeanConverter (contributed by Andrea Aime)
- XSTR-246: Added ISO8601SqlTimestampConverter (contributed by Cheong, Chung-Onn)
- XSTR-215: Fixed support for IBM JVM (contributed by Gabor Liptak)
Minor changes
- Remove unnecessary PrintWriter wrapper in default writers (pointed out by Mathieu Champlon)
- Bugfix: EnumSet converter can now deal with empty sets (contributed by Baba Buehler)
- Update ISO8601DateConverter to use Joda 1.0
API changes
- None.
Version 1.1.2
Released Apr 30, 2005. Most popular feature requests implemented. Java 5 Enum support. Serialization of JavaBeans using accessors. Aliasing of fields. StAX integration, with namespaces. Improved support on JDK 1.3 and IBM JDK.
Major changes
- XSTR-186, Option to serialize JavaBeans using public accessors, rather than private fields (contributed by Andrea Aime).
- Ability to alias fields as well as classes, using XStream.addFieldAlias().
- XSTR-70, XSTR-204 Support for JDK 5 enums (contributed by Eric Snell and Bryan Coleman).
- XSTR-206 Clean representation of JDK 5 EnumMap and EnumSet.
- XStream can now be built using JDK 1.3 (previously it required JDK 1.4 to compile, but 1.3 to run).
- XSTR-215, Enhanced mode is now supported on the IBM 1.4 JDK.
- The default HierarchicalStreamWriter implementation is supplied by the HierarichicalStreamDriver (as well as the reader).
Minor changes
- XSTR-104 HierarchicalStreamReader now exposes all available attributes to the Converter implementations (contributed by Trygve Laugstol).
- Bugfix: Externalizable deserialization supported for objects not at the root of tree.
- JavaMethodConverter handles non public methods/constructors (contributed by Kevin Ring).
- PropertiesConverter also serializes default properties, if present (contributed by Kevin Ring).
- Bugfix: In some cases, XppReader and StaxReader would get confused when calling hasMoreChildren() and getValue() on the same node.
- XSTR-217, ISO8601DateConverter now requires joda-time-1.0
- PrettyPrintWriter and CompactWriter may have their text/attribute escaping rules customized by overriding writeText() and writeAttributeValue().
API changes
- HierarchicalStreamDriver implementations now require a createWriter() method. The simplest implementation is to return a new PrettyPrintWriter.
- Introduced ReaderWrapper/WriterWrapper classes to make it easier to wrap (decorate) HierarchicalStreamReader/Writer instances.
Version 1.1.1
Released Mar 7, 2005. Mostly bugfixes and minor feature enhancements.
Major changes
- Converters can be registered with a priority, allowing more generic filters to handle classes that don't have more specific converters.
- Converters can now access underlying HierarchicalStreamReader/Writer implementations to make implementation specific calls.
- Improved support for classes using ObjectInputFields to follow the serialization specification.
- XSTR-179 Support for ObjectInputStream.registerValidation(ObjectInputValidation).
- XSTR-178 Serialized inner class now maintains reference to outer class.
- XSTR-199 Default ClassLoader may be changed using XStream.setClassLoader().
Minor changes
- Bugfix: Thread context classloader is loaded by the correct thread. (Thanks to Padraic Renaghan for pointing this out).
- Bugfix: Default implementations of aliased classes were not being deserialized by SerializableConverter.
- Bugfix: XSTR-180 Serializable objects support defaultReadObject() even when no default fields available.
- Bugfix: For serialized objects class hierarchy is serialized starting with superclass (as per Java Object Serialization).
- Bugfix: readObject() is now called for classes containing only transient fields.
- Bugfix: Order of fields are maintained when calling ObjectOutputStream.putFields().
- Bugfix: FontConverter extended to support FontUIResource which does some awkward native calls.
- Bugfix: Deserialization of very complicated graphs (such as Swing components) sometimes resulted in broken object references. Now fixed.
- Bugfix: XSTR-188 Classes that use readResolve()/writeReplace() can now return different types.
- Bugfix: XSTR-185, XSTR-195 Support for loading of array classes for classes that have not yet been loaded. (Thanks to Henri Tremblay and Simon Daniel)
- Bugfix: XSTR-190 PrettyPrintWriter and CompactWriter escape characters in XML attributes.
- Bugfix: XSTR-176, XSTR-196 The XStream ObjectInputStream and ObjectOutputStream implementations now propegate the flush() and close() events to the underlying streams.
- Bugfix: XSTR-192 Implicit collection mappings are now supported in inheritance hierarchies.
API changes
- ClassMapper is now deprecated. Replaced with MapperWrapper.
- HierarchicalStreamWriter implementations must now implement close(), flush() and underlyingWriter().
- HierarchicalStreamReader implementations must now implement close() and underlyingReader().
Version 1.1
Released Jan 15, 2005. Focus on support for objects defining custom serialization using the standard Java serialization mechanism.
Major changes
- Provides drop in replacement for ObjectInputStream and ObjectOutputStream, using XStream.createObjectInputStream() and XStream.createObjectOutputStream() and XStream.createObjectInputStream(). This provides support for streaming objects.
- Support for objects that specify their own serialization schemes by implementing readObject() and writeObject() (as in Java serialization spec). This includes support for ObjectInputStream.getFields() and ObjectOuputStream.putFields().
- Support for objects to serialize other objects to the stream by implementing writeReplace() (as in Java serialization spec).
- Support for any object that performs custom serialization by implementing java.io.Externalizable (as in Java serialization spec).
- Implicit collections can be specified for classes, allowing the element wrapping the collection to be skipped.
- New writer implementations to allow XStream to serialize directly to a SAX stream or TrAX pipeline.
- The MarshallingContext and UnmarshallingContext interfaces now extend DataHolder, allowing arbitary data to be stored by the user whilst walking the object graph and passed around to Converters. DataHolders can also be passed into XStream from the outside.
- Includes new DomWriter implementation to serialize directly to a W3C DOM tree (to complement the existing DomReader).
- Better support for instantiating objects on non Sun 1.4+ JVMs, including non-public constructors, private static inner classes and ANY class that implements java.io.Serializable.
- DOM, DOM4J, JDOM, XOM, Electric-XML, SAX, STAX
- Specific ClassLoaders can be passed into XStream, to allow for greater compatability in J2EE containers.
- Ability to change the default converter
- Added optional ISO8601DateConverter for full ISO8601 date format support. The converter is not registered by default as it requires the joda-time dependency (http://joda-time.sf.net). To use, ensure joda-time is in classpath and register explicitly.
- Enhanced mode is now supported on the Apple 1.4 JDK.
Minor changes
- PrettyPrintWriter only flushes stream when necessary - large performance improvement for serialization.
- Added XStream.fromXml(xml, root) convenience methods for deserializing into an existing root object.
- JDK 1.3 compatability: Added mechanism for accessing nested exception.
- JDK 1.3 compatability: GregorianCalendarConverter only calls Calendar.getTimeInMillis() the JDK supports it.
- Bugfix: All caches are now synchronized - there were some thread safety issues.
- Bugfix: Only immutable basic types will have references ignored in XML (for clarity).
- Bugfix: Class names can contain underscores.
- Bugfix: Support for '\0' char.
- Bugfix: PropertyConverter no longer attempts to serialize subclasses of Properties.
- Bugfix: JVM detection uses system properties, which is more accurate than searching the classpath.
API changes
- XStream.addDefaultCollection() has been deprecated. Use XStream.addImplicitCollection() instead.
Version 1.0.2
Released Aug 7, 2004. Focus on improving the converters bundled with XStream to support a wider range of types.
Major changes
- XML elements are written in order they are defined in class, rather than alphabetical.
- Converters for java.io.File, java.sql.Timestamp, java.awt.Color, and dynamic proxies are now registered by default.
- EncodedByteArrayConverter is now registered by default and uses a single Base64 string to store the contents of a byte[]. This now works on all JVMs as it no longer relies on Sun specific classes. This converter will also unmarshal byte[] that have been serialized without it, for backwards compatability.
- New converters for java.sql.Time, java.sql.Date, java.util.Locale, java.util.Currency, java.util.Calendar and java.awt.Font.
- All caching is done in XStream instance instead of statics, allowing applications that use hot redeployment of classes to use XStream in a parent classloader.
- XStream will fail fast if a field value is defined more than once in XML when deserializing.
Minor changes
- The <entry> element used in Maps can now be specified by creating an alias for java.util.Map.Entry.
- Bugfix: Fields with characters that generate invalid XML (such as $ signs) are now escaped.
- Bugfix: Pre-instantiated objects can be unmarshalled through multiple levels.
API changes
- None.
Version 1.0.1
Released May 30, 2004. Misc features and bugfixes.
Major changes
- Support for multidimensional arrays.
- Object with readResolve() method will be treated the same way native serialization treats them.
Minor changes
- New converters for Throwable and StackTraceElement that retain stack trace (JDK 1.4 only)
- Bugfix: System.identityHashCode() is not guaranteed to be unique. Ensure reference checking is used as well.
- Bugfix: Allows user classes to be defined in WEB-INF/classes in Servlet environments. Tries to use context classloader if available.
- Support for java.util.Currency (through readResolve()).
- Instances of Jakarta Commons Lang Enum are now reused (through readResolve()).
- Bugfix: JavaClassConverter handles primitive type classes (contributed by Matthew Sandoz).
API changes
- Additional method: ConverterLookup.defaultConverter(). Custom implementations of this class should implement this new method.
Version 1.0
Released May 14, 2004. Focusses on finalizing the API for 1.0 release.
Major changes
- Supports fields of same name, hidden by inheritance.
Minor changes
- JavaDoc for most important parts of API.
API changes
- The ReflectionConverter and ReflectionProviders have had an overhaul to support hidden fields. Most methods now take an extra argument to specify which class a field is declared in.
Version 1.0 (release candidate 1)
Released May 9, 2004. Focusses on finalizing the API for 1.0 release.
Major changes
- JDK 1.3 compatability.
- Informative error messages.
- Defaults to using faster XPP based parser.
- Serializes final field under JDK 1.4.
- Fail fast when trying to serialize final field if not Sun 1.4 JRE.
Minor changes
- Misc performance improvements.
- Converters for TreeMap and TreeSet that store the Comparator.
API changes
- Default constructor for XStream class uses XppDriver instead of DomDriver. To use DomDriver, explicitly pass it in to the constructor.
- Exception is thrown if trying to serialize an object that contains a final field if not Sun 1.4 JRE.
About XStream version numbers...
Version 0.6
Released May 7, 2004. Focusses on providing full object graph support.
Major changes
- None.
Minor changes
- Bugfix: Objects that had no children could not be derefenced properly (thanks to Brian Slesinsky and Nick Pomfret).
- Bugfix: DateConverter is now thread safe.
- Optimization: String instances are reused as much as possible.
- Converters for BigInteger and BigDecimal.
- IntConverter now recognises hexadecimal and octal notations (thanks to Konstantin Pribluda).
API changes
- None.
Version 0.6 (release candidate 1)
Released April 19, 2004. Focusses on providing full object graph support.
Major changes
- Full support for object graphs, including duplicate references of same object and circular references.
- References can be identified using XPath (default), unique-IDs or disabled.
Minor changes
- Release includes Ant build file.
- Converters for non standard collections such as Collections.EMPTY_LIST, syncronizedList(), unmodifiableMap(), etc.
- Converter for nulls.
- Converter for dynamic proxies.
- Converter for java.net.URL.
- Converters for java.util.LinkedHashMap and java.util.LinkedHashSet.
- Converters for java.lang.reflect.Method and java.lang.reflect.Constructor.
- If duplicate reference support is disabled and a circular reference is encountered, an exception will be thrown.
API changes
- None.
Version 0.5
Released March 8, 2004. Focussed on performance.
Major changes
- Massive performance improvements. Up to 3 times faster for serialization and 22 times faster for deserialization!
- Non-DOM building pull parser based reader. Results in much smaller memory footprint, particularly when deserializing large object models.
Minor changes
- Misc performance improvements.
- Misc bugfixes.
- Alternate encodings can be used with DomDriver.
API changes
- Renamed XMLReader/Writer to HierarchicalStreamReader/Writer as XStream is not actually coupled to serializing just to XML.
- Cleaned up the public API.
- Moved internal XStream implementation classes to core package.
- Misc package/class renames to make more sense. Dumped lots of dead code.
Version 0.4
This version was never publicly released. All changes were made available in 0.5. Focussed on making it easier to create custom converters.
Major changes
- Overhaul of interface for Converters. Makes Converters much cleaner to write.
Minor changes
- Added custom converters for java.io.File, java.util.Properties, java.util.Vector, java.util.Hashtable, java.util.BitSet byte[] (Base64 encoded), char[].
- Misc bugfixes.
API changes
- New interface to be implemented by custom converters.
Version 0.3
Released January 1, 2004.
Major changes
- Added ElementMapper interface and default implementations to allow fine grained control over element name to class mapper operations.
- Added an XPP based reader and writer that uses a pull-parser to create a lightweight DOM tree.
Minor changes
- Added XStream.fromXML(XMLReader xmlReader,Object root) method to allow the population of an object graph starting with a live object root.
- Added XMLReader.peek() method to allow access to the underlying hierarchical object being unmarshalled.
API changes
- Aligned the the methods in XStream to use the specified ObjectFactory in the constructor instead of creating a SunReflectionObjectFactory.
Older versions
Changes in XStream prior to version 0.3 were not logged.


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send


Dave's Fill-in-the-Blank Story
Enter your words in the text boxes, then click on the button to view the story.
Enter an adjective:
Enter a boy's name:
Enter a color:
Enter a type of animal:
Enter a swear word or exclamation:
Enter a type of building:


Preview
Serif
This is : Times New Roman, Times, serif
This is : Georgia, serif
This is : Palatino Linotype, Book Antiqua, Palatino, serif
Sans-Serif
This is : Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif
This is : Arial Black, Gadget, sans-serif
This is : Comic Sans MS, cursive, sans-serif
This is : Impact, Charcoal, sans-serif
This is : Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, sans-serif
This is : Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif
This is : Trebuchet MS, Helvetica, sans-serif
This is : Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif
Monospace
This is : Courier New, Courier, monospace
This is : Lucida Console, Monaco, monospace
Source -> W3Schools And 853 Google Fonts -> Here


Physical Characteristics
The platypus has several unique adaptations that allow for its semiaquatic lifestyle:
- webbed feet and streamlined, waterproof fur for swift swimming
- a large duck-like bill, used to hunt aquatic invertebrate prey
- a venomous spur on each hindleg (males only), used primarily in intraspecies combat
Behavior
Stay tuned, more content is on its way!
Habitat
Stay tuned, more content is on its way!
More Cool Platypus Facts!
For more information on platypuses, please click here. - This site is an excellent resource for all things platypus. It has a very useful sidebar for navigation as well as a search bar at the top of the page. The formatting of the website is a little outdated, but the content is great! Check it out!


Lakeview advisory ends
by Sarita PatelThe City of West Kelowna has cancelled a water quality advisory for the Lakeview water system.
Working in conjunction with Interior Health, the city has also concluded water main maintenance activities for the year.
No water quality advisories are in effect in West Kelowna’s systems at this time.
The city has stopped free access at the bulk filling station at Shannon Lake and Asquith roads.


GATA-3 represses gp91phox gene expression in eosinophil-committed HL-60-C15 cells.
Abstract
To study the regulatory mechanism of gp91phox gene expression in eosinophils, we transiently transfected eosinophil-committed HL-60-C15 cells with gp91phox promoter constructs, and identified a negative element from bp -267 to -246 of the gp91phox gene, the deletion of which caused an 83 % increase in promoter activity. Electrophoresis mobility shift assays demonstrated GATA-3 binds to the GATA consensus site from bp -256 to -250. An 81 % increment in promoter activity was obtained when a mutation was introduced in the GATA-3 binding site of the bp -267 to +12 construct, which is comparable to that of the bp -245 to +12 construct. We therefore conclude that GATA-3 specifically binding to the GATA site negatively regulates the expression of the gene in HL-60-C15 cells.


1024_xujun45.py
class Solution:
def minOperationsMaxProfit(self, customers: List[int], boardingCost: int, runningCost: int) -> int:
best_rotations = 0
cost = 0
cur_cost = 0
cur_count = 0
cur_rotations = 0
for i, count in enumerate(customers):
cur_count += count
board = min(4, cur_count)
cur_count -= board
cur_cost += board * boardingCost - runningCost
if cur_cost > cost:
cost = cur_cost
best_rotations = i + 1
cur_rotations = len(customers)
while cur_count > 0:
board = min(4, cur_count)
cur_cost += board * boardingCost - runningCost
cur_count -= board
if cur_cost > cost:
cost = cur_cost
best_rotations = cur_rotations + 1
cur_rotations += 1
return best_rotations if cost > 0 else -1


Get more information about your GitHub Pages site.
Custom media type: mister-fantastic-preview Announced: 2016-07-06
mister-fantastic-preview


The maximum number of times any qualifying build should be retried.
If 0, the build will run exactly 1 time (retried 0 times).
If 1, the build will run at most 2 times (1 time initially, plus potentially 1 more time).
If 2, the build will run at most 3 times (1 time initially, plus potentially 2 more times).
etc.


NDAttributeList.h.
More...
#include <NDAttributeList.h>
NDAttributeList.h.
Mark Rivers University of Chicago October 18, 2013NDAttributeList class; this is a linked list of attributes.
◆ NDAttributeList()
| NDAttributeList::NDAttributeList |
( |
| ) |
|
◆ ~NDAttributeList()
| NDAttributeList::~NDAttributeList |
( |
| ) |
|
◆ add() [1/2]
Adds an attribute to the list.
If an attribute of the same name already exists then the existing attribute is deleted and replaced with the new one.
- Parameters
-
| [in] | pAttribute | A pointer to the attribute to add. |
◆ add() [2/2]
Adds an attribute to the list.
This is a convenience function for adding attributes to a list. It first searches the list to see if there is an existing attribute with the same name. If there is it just changes the properties of the existing attribute. If not, it creates a new attribute with the specified properties. IMPORTANT: This method is only capable of creating attributes of the NDAttribute base class type, not derived class attributes. To add attributes of a derived class to a list the NDAttributeList::add(NDAttribute*) method must be used.
- Parameters
-
| [in] | pName | The name of the attribute to be added. |
| [in] | pDescription | The description of the attribute. |
| [in] | dataType | The data type of the attribute. |
| [in] | pValue | A pointer to the value for this attribute. |
◆ clear()
| int NDAttributeList::clear |
( |
| ) |
|
Deletes all attributes from the list.
◆ copy()
Copies all attributes from one attribute list to another.
It is efficient so that if the attribute already exists in the output list it just copies the properties, and memory allocation is minimized. The attributes are added to any existing attributes already present in the output list.
- Parameters
-
| [out] | pListOut | A pointer to the output attribute list to copy to. |
◆ count()
| int NDAttributeList::count |
( |
| ) |
|
Returns the total number of attributes in the list of attributes.
- Returns
- Returns the number of attributes.
◆ find()
| NDAttribute * NDAttributeList::find |
( |
const char * |
pName | ) |
|
Finds an attribute by name; the search is now case sensitive (R1-10)
- Parameters
-
| [in] | pName | The name of the attribute to be found. |
- Returns
- Returns a pointer to the attribute if found, NULL if not found.
◆ next()
Finds the next attribute in the linked list of attributes.
- Parameters
-
| [in] | pAttributeIn | A pointer to the previous attribute in the list; if NULL the first attribute in the list is returned. |
- Returns
- Returns a pointer to the next attribute if there is one, NULL if there are no more attributes in the list.
◆ remove()
| int NDAttributeList::remove |
( |
const char * |
pName | ) |
|
Removes an attribute from the list.
- Parameters
-
| [in] | pName | The name of the attribute to be deleted. |
- Returns
- Returns ND_SUCCESS if the attribute was found and deleted, ND_ERROR if the attribute was not found.
◆ report()
| int NDAttributeList::report |
( |
FILE * |
fp, |
|
|
int |
details |
|
) |
| |
Reports on the properties of the attribute list.
- Parameters
-
| [in] | fp | File pointer for the report output. |
| [in] | details | Level of report details desired; if >10 calls NDAttribute::report() for each attribute. |
◆ updateValues()
| int NDAttributeList::updateValues |
( |
| ) |
|
The documentation for this class was generated from the following files:


{% extends "base.html" %} {% block title %}View Homework{% endblock %} {% block head %} {% endblock %} {% block content %}
{{ homework.description }}
Deadline: Mid-Night of {{ homework.deadline }}
File: {{ homework.originalname }}


OAuth2 authentication against meanSso server at {{config.meanSso.baseUrl}}
This form requires the username and password be shared with the client and does not support delegation to third party providers. The remote account must already exist.
This form supports delegating authentication to third party providers such as Facebook (not working yet). This will create the remote account if needed.
Register Device


uzlib
– zlib decompression¶
|see_cpython_module| python:zlib
.
This module allows to decompress binary data compressed with DEFLATE algorithm (commonly used in zlib library and gzip archiver). Compression is not yet implemented.
Functions¶
-
uzlib.
decompress
(data, wbits=0, bufsize=0, /)¶ Return decompressed data as bytes. wbits is DEFLATE dictionary window size used during compression (8-15, the dictionary size is power of 2 of that value). Additionally, if value is positive, data is assumed to be zlib stream (with zlib header). Otherwise, if it’s negative, it’s assumed to be raw DEFLATE stream. bufsize parameter is for compatibility with CPython and is ignored.
-
class
uzlib.
DecompIO
(stream, wbits=0, /)¶ Create a stream wrapper which allows transparent decompression of compressed data in another stream. This allows to process compressed streams with data larger than available heap size. In addition to values described in
decompress()
, wbits may take values 24..31 (16 + 8..15), meaning that input stream has gzip header.Difference to CPython
This class is MicroPython extension. It’s included on provisional basis and may be changed considerably or removed in later versions.


Długa 11/353-657 Wrocław


Licensed under the New BSD License.
http://sabotter-for-iphone.appspot.com/
Portions of this product may utilize the following copyrighted material, the use of which is hereby acknowledged.
Copyright (c) 2007-2008, Akira Ueda
Copyright (c) 2008-2009, Takuma Mori
Copyright (c) 2009, Yoshihiro Sugi
All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
* Neither the name of the Akira Ueda nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission.


Information related to credits.
ECTS credits are the measuring units to build your programme.
They reflect the amount of work necessary to pass a particular learning activity (e.g. a course or a seminar) and are calculated taking into account the total time needed in order to achieve the desired learning outcomes, including the time spent in individual study.
Being a standard European measure, ECTS credits will make it easier for your studies at UCLouvain to be recognized by your home university.
ECTS credits are workload units to build your programme. They reflect the amount of work necessary to pass a particular learning activity (e.g. a course or a seminar) and are calculated taking into account the total time needed in order to achieve the desired learning outcomes, including the time spent in individual study.
Being a standard European measure, ECTS credits will make it easier for your studies at UCLouvain to be recognized by your home university.
Workload
An academic year at UCLouvain equals 60 ECTS. The normal workload at LSM is 30 ECTS per term, which represent 6 courses of 5 ECTS each.
At UCLouvain, exchange students are expected to follow the workload of a UCLouvain full-time academic semester. However, the exact number of credits you have to take is set up by your home university. We usually allow exchange students to take French language courses (a basic one and its complementary) but these ones are not to be taken into consideration for ECTS workload requirements.
LSM courses are often worth 5 ECTS each, which corresponds to 30 contact hours per course. Contact hours are the number of hours of lectures for the course. Courses at LSM being given on 6 weeks, you will in most of the case have 5 hours per week of lectures. You need to be aware that, for each course, you will need several hours outside lectures to prepare the lectures or group works.
LSM recommends a workload of 30 ECTS credits for one semester. The below ECTS rules are of application :
The maximum workload per semester at LSM is 30 ECTS.
Regular exchange students minimum workload is 20 ECTS (besides language courses).
CEMS exchange students minimum workload is 25 ECTS (besides Block Seminar, seminars & language courses).
LSM recommends a workload of 30 ECTS credits for one semester. The below ECTS rules are of application :
The maximum workload per semester at LSM is 30 ECTS.
Regular exchange students minimum workload is 20 ECTS (besides language courses).
CEMS exchange students minimum workload is 25 ECTS (besides Block Seminar, seminars & language courses).
The normal and recommended workload at LSM is 30 ECTS per term, which represent 6 courses of 5 ECTS each. Exchange student may take up to 2 French courses for free (a basic ccourse and its complementary) if these ones are listed on their Learning Agreement. Be aware that language courses are not to be considered in the ECTS workload requirements of LSM.
A standard academic year is equivalent to 60 ECTS credits. Depending on how long you will stay at UCLouvain, you must therefore, in general, make up a programme of 30 credits (one semester) or 60 credits (two semesters). The exact number of credits you need to take is set by your home university, depending on your individual learning path. However, at UCLouvain you will be expected to make up a programme sufficiently close to the workload of a typical full-time academic semester or year.


2016
Accountant, Winder Farms
Recorded over $400,000 in purchases and $1,000,000 in sales using Quickbooks
Paid quarterly taxes, ran payroll, amortized loans, depreciated purchases, etc.
Reference, Bruce Schreiner:<PHONE_NUMBER><EMAIL_ADDRESS>2011- Present
Server/Lead, Executive Club, All-Star Catering
Duties included end of night financials, and a supervisory role
Reference, Cydney Young:<PHONE_NUMBER><EMAIL_ADDRESS>2012-2014
Salesman, Salt Lake Auto Paint & Body Supplies
Wrote 3931 invoices, increased personal sales by 76% from one year to the next selling a total of $272,134 in paint and materials
Duties included filing all invoices, and yearly inventory using ComCept
Reference, Steve Spencer:<PHONE_NUMBER><EMAIL_ADDRESS>2000-2012
Manager/Piano Mover, Piano Wizards
Managed company using Quickbooks for finances and invoicing


Click the Increment Step button to create new browser history entries, and the browser's Back button to go back.
NOTE: This page has to be served from server -- it will NOT work when opened as a local file.


Recipe 11.17. Getting User Input on Mac OSCredit: Matteo Rattotti ProblemYou're writing a simple application to run on Mac OS and want to get an input value from the user without frightening the user by opening a scary terminal window. SolutionMany Mac OS users are frightened by the terminal, so Python scripts that require simple input from the user shouldn't rely on normal textual input but rather should use the EasyDialogs module from the Python Standard Library. Here is an example, a simple image converter and resizer application: import os, sys, EasyDialogs, Image # instead of relying on sys.argv, ask the user via a simple dialog: rotater = ('Rotate right', 'Rotate image by 90 degrees clockwise') rotatel = ('Rotate left', 'Rotate image by 90 degrees anti-clockwise') scale = ('Makethumb', 'Make a 100x100 thumbnail') str = ['Format JPG', 'Format PNG'] cmd = [rotater, rotatel, scale] optlist = EasyDialogs.GetArgv(str, cmd, addoldfile=False, addnewfile=False, addfolder=True) # now we can parse the arguments and options (we could use getopt, too): dirs = [ ] format = "JPEG" rotationr = False rotationl = False resize = False for arg in optlist: if arg == "--Format JPG": format = "JPEG" if arg == "--Format PNG": format = "PNG" if arg == "Rotate right": rotationr = True if arg == "Rotate left": rotationl = True if arg == "Makethumb": resize = True if os.path.isdir(arg): dirs.append(arg) if len(dirs) == 0: EasyDialogs.Message("No directories specified") sys.exit(0) # Now, another, simpler dialog, uses the system's folder-chooser dialog: path = EasyDialogs.AskFolder("Choose destination directory") if not path: sys.exit(0) if not os.path.isdir(path) : EasyDialogs.Message("Destination directory not found") sys.exit(0) # and now a progress bar: tot_numfiles = sum([ len(os.listdir(d)) for d in dirs ]) bar = EasyDialogs.ProgressBar("Processing", tot_numfiles) for d in dirs: for item in os.listdir(d): bar.inc( ) try: objpict = Image.open(d + "/" + item) if resize: objpict.thumbnail((100, 100, 1)) if rotationr: objpict = objpict.rotate(-90) if rotationl: objpict = objpict.rotate(90) objpict.save(path + "/" + item + "." + format, format) except: print item + " is not an image" # and one last dialog...: score = EasyDialogs.AskYesNoCancel("Do you like this program?") if score == 1: EasyDialogs.Message("Wwowowowow, EasyDialog roolz, ;-)") elif score == 0: EasyDialogs.Message("Sigh, sorry, will do better next time!-(") elif score == -1: EasyDialogs.Message("Hey, you didn't answer?!") DiscussionThis recipe's program is quite trivial, mostly meant to show how to use a few of the dialogs in the EasyDialogs standard library module for the Mac. You could add quite a few more features, or do a better job of implementing some of those in this recipe, for example, by using getopt from the Python Standard Library to parse the arguments and options, rather than the roll-your-own approach we've taken. Since EasyDialogs is in the Python Standard Library for the Mac, you can count on finding that module, as well as Python itself, in any Mac that runs Mac OS X 10.3 Pantherand that's well over ten million Macs, according to Apple. Just build your script into an application with bundlebuilder or, even better, with py2app and distutils. Doing so will enable you to distribute your Python application so that users can park it in the Dock, use drag-and-drop from the Finder to give it arguments, and so on. Documentation for both bundlebuilder and py2app can be found on the Wiki at http://www.pythonmac.org/wiki. The EasyDialogs module in the Python Standard Library works only on the Mac, but if you like the concept, you can try out Jimmy Retzlaff's port of that module to Windows, available for download at http://www.averdevelopment.com/python/EasyDialogs.html. See AlsoLibrary Reference documentation on EasyDialogs; http://www.pythonmac.org/wiki for more information on Python for Mac resources; py2app is at http://undefined.org/python/; http://www.averdevelopment.com/python/EasyDialogs.html for a port of EasyDialogs to Microsoft Windows. |


Alex and Chelsea would like to invite you to celebrate the start of their married lives together at a small cocktail party in Seattle. The event space is OOLA Distillery. Beer, wine and hand crafted cocktails will be served throughout the night. There will be some small bites provided though not a full meal. If you are the hangry type, please eat beforehand.
The details are being worked out, but the current party timeline is:
8:00 p.m. - Please enjoy some handmade to order cocktails, local craft brews or wine of indeterminate quality. Chow down on some hearty nibbles.
9:00 p.m. - Alex and Chelsea enjoy their first dance.
10:00 p.m. - Cake! Toasts!
11:00 p.m. - Those with a taste for the Capitol Hill nightlife are invited to start bar hopping with the Bride and Groom.


An Open Social Platform based on Blockchain.
2018
2019
2020
1.Private-Sale
2.Pre-Sale
3.Crowd-Sale
4.Partnership with Main Creators
5.Partnership with Main MCNs
6.Partnership with Major Contents Marketplaces
7.YK Chain Alpha launch
8.Open a Contents Creator Training Program
We create & craft websites that ooze practicality in every aspect. Our goal is to drive sales and attract new customers via blockchain.


“Markets can remain irrational a lot longer than you and I can remain solvent.” - John Maynard Keynes


url = "/service/google-my-business"
layout="app"
==
{% put head %}
"Google My Business" | CaptchaMarketing
{% endput %}
{% partial "hero" videoUrl="assets/videos/social-media-bg.mp4" title="Google My Business" %}
Optimised Local SEO through GMB
{% content "about-google-my-page.txt" %}
Type of Service we can help with GMB
Why GMB for your business ?
{% content "about-google-my-page.txt" %}


{% extends "base.html" %} {#Head container#} {% load staticfiles %} {% load bootstrap %} {% load i18n widget_tweaks %} {% block content %}
{%trans "Return to"%} {%trans "Assembly Home"%}
{% elif sequencing_run.status == 'UploadError' %}{% blocktrans %} It looks like one or more of your files did not upload successfully. Click the button below to retry upload of your sequence data. You'll only have to upload files that did not successfully upload. {%endblocktrans%}
{%trans "This page will automatically refresh. An assembly run usually takes at least 4-5 hours."%}
{%trans "You don't have to remain on this page - this assembly request will be visible on "%} {%trans "Assembly Home"%}
{% if request.user.email in sequencing_run.emails_array %}{%trans "Your email is already on the list to be notified."%}
{%trans "Would you like to add another email?"%} {% else %}{%trans "Would you like an email upon completion?"%}
{% endif %} {% elif sequencing_run.status == 'Complete' %}{%trans "Shareable link:"%} {{ sequencing_run.download_link }}


"rs-core/common.hpp"
- Common utilities"rs-core/kwargs.hpp"
- Keyword arguments"rs-core/optional.hpp"
- Optional type"rs-core/variant.hpp"
- Variant type"rs-core/thread.hpp"
- Threads"rs-core/channel.hpp"
- Message dispatch"rs-core/process.hpp"
- Process control"rs-core/signal.hpp"
- Signal handling"rs-core/array-map.hpp"
- Sequence based associative array"rs-core/blob.hpp"
- Binary large object"rs-core/grid.hpp"
- Multidimensional array"rs-core/index-table.hpp"
- Multi-index map"rs-core/scale-map.hpp"
- Interpolating associative array"rs-core/stack.hpp"
- Deterministic stack"rs-core/algorithm.hpp"
-- Algorithms"rs-core/cache.hpp"
-- Function memoization"rs-core/meta.hpp"
- Template metaprogramming"rs-core/file.hpp"
- File class"rs-core/io.hpp"
- I/O utilities"rs-core/terminal.hpp"
- Terminal I/O"rs-core/net.hpp"
- TCP/IP networking"rs-core/float.hpp"
- Floating point utilities"rs-core/mp-integer.hpp"
-- Multiple precision integers"rs-core/random.hpp"
- Random numbers"rs-core/rational.hpp"
-- Rational numbers"rs-core/statistics.hpp"
-- Statistics"rs-core/vector.hpp"
- Vectors, matrices, and quaternions"rs-core/digest.hpp"
-- Message digest algorithms"rs-core/encoding.hpp"
-- Binary and text encodings"rs-core/string.hpp"
- String algorithms"rs-core/table.hpp"
- Simple table layout"rs-core/uuid.hpp"
- UUID"rs-core/time.hpp"
- Time and date algorithms"rs-core/unit-test.hpp"
- Unit testingThis is a header-only library that contains the utilities that I've found a common need for in multiple projects.
Everything in this library is in namespace RS
, and can be used either by
explicit namespace qualification or via using namespace RS
.
Since this library is header-only, it is not necessary to build anything before using it with any other library. The makefile included here exists mainly to be referenced by inclusion in other projects' makefiles; it can also be used to run the library's own unit tests.
The library is written in C++14 (more or less); you will need an up-to-date
C++ compiler, probably a recent version of Clang or GCC. I developed it mainly
on macOS, currently using Clang 9.0, as well as testing with GCC 6/7 on
Windows. All test builds are made using strict compilation mode (-Wall
-Wextra -Werror
). It will not work with any existing release of Microsoft
Visual C++.
Because I'm primarily targeting a short list of compilers rather than a specific edition of the C++ standard, the code makes a few assumptions that are not guaranteed by the standard but are reliably true on all the system I care about. These include:
char
is always 8 bits.float
and double
are IEEE 32 and 64 bit types.On Microsoft Windows builds, including the core header will bring in the whole
of <windows.h>
. This is annoying but unfortunately unavoidable for a library
that needs to make calls to system APIs while remaining header-only. (Under
Cygwin, this will only happen if _WIN32
is defined.)
Rebuilding the documentation (make doc
) requires Python 3.4+ and the
Markdown module. The scripts expect
Python 3 to be callable as python3
.


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Silk route
Ancient network of trails and trading routes connecting East Asia to the Mediterranean
Trade route
A network of routes where people traded/shared goods as well as ideas and religion
Astronomy
The scientific study of the universe and the objects in it, including stars, planets, nebulae, and galaxies
Caravan
Group of traveling merchants and animals
Climate
The average weather conditions of a place over a long period of time
Weather
Day to day changes in the atmosphere
Collision boundary
When two continents collide and are welded together into one larger continent
Relief rainfall
When warm moist air arrive at a mountainous area, it is forced to rise and condense which makes precipitation fall on the windward side
Precipitation
Any form of moisture condensing in the air and depositing on the ground
Temperature
Hotness or coldness of a substance
Trade
Buying or selling goods and services to earn money and make profit
Spice route
Sea route that followed the coast down India and Europe for spice trade
Boundary
An invisible line marking the extent of a state's territory
Border
A line separating two countries, administrative divisions, or other areas
Barrier
A structure or object that impedes free movement
Nation state
A region with united people and a single government
Natural border
Borders made by nature e.g. himalayas, lake victoria
Scramble for africa
When European countries attempted to gain African lands and claim Africa
Political map
A map that shows all the boundaries of nations and other political units
Topographic map
A map showing the surface features of an area
Thematic map
A type of map that displays one or more variables within a specific area
Plateau
A large area of flat land elevated high above sea level
Desert
An extremely dry area with little water and few plants
Rain shadow
A drier area on the leeward side of a mountain range
Altitude
Elevation or height above sea level
lingua franca
A common language used by speakers of different languages
Pidgin
A simplified form of speech developed from two or more languages
Barter
Swapping goods for goods
| Previous Card | ← |
| Next Card | → |
| Flip Card | ↑ / ↓ / Return / Space |
| Show/Hide Keyboard Shortcuts | ? |


Public Member Functions | |
| def | __init__ |
| def | get_consumer |
| def | args_to_dict |
| def | load_session |
| def | store_session |
| def | render |
| def | report_error |
| def | show_front_page |
| def | relative_time |
| def | display_name |
Static Public Attributes | |
| consumer = None | |
| session = None | |
| session_args = None |
A base handler class with a couple OpenID-specific utilities.
Definition at line 82 of file consumer.py.
| def args_to_dict | ( | self | ) |
Converts the URL and POST parameters to a singly-valued dictionary. Returns: dict with the URL and POST body parameters
Definition at line 102 of file consumer.py.
| def display_name | ( | self, | ||
| openid_url | ||||
| ) |
Extracts a short, representative part of an OpenID URL for display. For example, it returns "ryan" for: ryan.com www.ryan.com ryan.provider.com provider.com/ryan provider.com/id/path/ryan Adapted from Net::OpenID::Consumer, by Brad Fitzpatrick. See: http://code.sixapart.com/svn/openid/trunk/perl/Net-OpenID-Consumer/lib/Net/OpenID/VerifiedIdentity.pm Args: openid_url: string Returns: string
Definition at line 223 of file consumer.py.
| def get_consumer | ( | self | ) |
Returns a Consumer instance.
Definition at line 91 of file consumer.py.
| def load_session | ( | self | ) |
Loads the current session.
Definition at line 111 of file consumer.py.
| def relative_time | ( | self, | ||
| timestamp | ||||
| ) |
Returns a friendly string describing how long ago the timestamp was. Args: timestamp: a datetime Returns: string
Definition at line 188 of file consumer.py.
| def render | ( | self, | ||
extra_values = {} | ||||
| ) |
Renders the page, including the extra (optional) values. Args: template_name: string The template to render. extra_values: dict Template values to provide to the template.
Definition at line 142 of file consumer.py.
| def report_error | ( | self, | ||
| message, | ||||
exception = None | ||||
| ) |
Shows an error HTML page. Args: message: string A detailed error message.
Definition at line 167 of file consumer.py.
| def show_front_page | ( | self | ) |
Do an internal (non-302) redirect to the front page. Preserves the user agent's requested URL.
Definition at line 178 of file consumer.py.
| def store_session | ( | self | ) |
Stores the current session.
Definition at line 134 of file consumer.py.


|
Ipass project Natan Houwaart
|
This is a ringbuffer class that is supposed to store the received data from the UART bus. More...
#include <hardware_uart.h>
Public Member Functions | |
| buffer () | |
| Default construcctor for the buffer. The buffer will initially be empty when created. | |
| int | returnBegin () |
| Returns the begin index of the buffer. | |
| int | returnEnd () |
| Returns the end index of the buffer. | |
| int | returnSize () |
| Returns the size of the buffer. | |
| void | push_back (const uint8_t c) |
| Pushes back a character at the back of the buffer. More... | |
| uint8_t | pop () |
| Gets the first element of the buffer and removes it. More... | |
| void | clear () |
| reset the buffer | |
This is a ringbuffer class that is supposed to store the received data from the UART bus.
This buffer is templated and can be decided at compile time. It is reccomended to make the buffer no larger than 255 bytes for speed purposes
|
inline |
Gets the first element of the buffer and removes it.
If the buffer has reached the end index of the buffer, it will wrap around and start at index 0 again and start popping characters form there
|
inline |
Pushes back a character at the back of the buffer.
If the buffer has reached the end index of the buffer, it will wrap around and start at index 0 again. This will possibly overwrite the characters already there


Class AnswerPost
Represents an answer post.
Inherited Members
System.Object.Equals(System.Object)
System.Object.Equals(System.Object, System.Object)
System.Object.GetHashCode()
System.Object.GetType()
System.Object.MemberwiseClone()
System.Object.ReferenceEquals(System.Object, System.Object)
System.Object.ToString()
Namespace: DontPanic.TumblrSharp.Client
Assembly: DontPanic.TumblrSharp.Client.dll
Syntax
public class AnswerPost : BasePost
Properties
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| Answer | Gets or sets the answer. |
| AskingName | Gets or sets the name of the user asking the question. |
| AskingUrl | Gets or sets the url of the blog of the user asking the question. |
| Question | Gets or sets tquestion. |


|
These are the instructions you’ve been waiting for. SiWriter outputs a character when you type its coded pattern. The patterns are created by selecting combinations of the five ‘fingerprint’ keys. To help you remember the patterns, try and imagine the shape of the character you want to type and visualise it outlined in the five main keys. Have a look at the Cykey site for further information. Like the Cykey before it, the SiWriter reads the 'keys' or 'finger prints' as they are pressed but only acts on the presses when the last one is released. The images show the ‘finger prints’ patterns for most of the codes available in SiWriter. These may well be expanded, but won’t be changed. So you can get used to them now! There are ‘shift’ keys to change key outputs to ‘Capitals’, ‘Numbers’ or ‘Symbols’. By default, SiWriter is in lower case letter mode. To get an upper case letter, tap the lower Shift key once – an Orange dot shows - use it once and it will then revert to lower case. Tapping twice will operate a Shift Lock, with a Green dot. Tap that key once to clear Shift Lock. Similarly, for Numbers, tap the upper Shift key once – and an Orange dot appears. Again, tapping twice will operate a Shift lock, with a Green dot, and another tap will clear it. For Symbols, tap twice on both Shift keys, and get a light in both keys. To clear Symbols mode, tap either the Number or Shift buttons once. To get back to standard behaviour remove all the dots. I have provided both a ‘schematic’ image and an ‘Actual keys to press guide’ because some people find one or the other confusing to look at for some reason. The help page now has an extra button to select and set an image for the background in both Landscape and Portrait orientations. Try and use an image with a small file size - that is, not much detail - or the result may be visually confusing and the app may run more slowly. |
|


Youssef's Portfolio
Home
About Me
Projects
(current)
Contact
Arduino Calculator
Winter 2021
Unbeatable AI TicTacToe Game
Winter 2021
English Spellcheck Application
Fall 2020
Network File-sharing System
Summer 2020


Created by <Academia de Código_>
management of changes in documents/code/information
File locks allow a developer to lock a file while working on it.
e.g. SCCS and RCS
e.g. CVS, SourceSafe, Perforce, SubVersion
e.g. Git, Mercurial, Bazaar, Bitkeeper
# check if git is installed
$ git version
# set user info and default editor
$ git config --global user.name "John Doe"
$ git config --global user.email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>$ git config --global core.editor vim
# dump the git configuration and repo configuration if executed inside repo
$ git config --list
# getting help
$ git help config
We'll learn what git is and how it works by using it.
Let's start off creating a fictitious project.
# create a new directory for your fake project, and move inside
$ mkdir my-vegan-restaurant
$ cd my-vegan-restaurant
It's time for git to know about your project.
Programmers would say we're initializing a local git repository inside your project root directory.
All your local repository data is stored inside a directory called .git.
It is created as soon as you initialize
the repository.
# initialize a local git repository
# (make sure your current directory is your project root directory!)
$ git init
# list all files (including hidden ones)
$ ls -a
Don't mess with the .git directory!
By now, you have successfully created a directory for your project and initialized a local git repository to manage its versions.
Git has nothing to keep track of, because there are no files inside your project directory.
Let's create your first file and check what that means to git.
# create your restaurant description
$ echo "We've got the best fresh vegetables all day, every day." > description.txt
# check your current repository status
$ git status
You are happy with the description you've come up with. You'd like to be able to come back to this one in case it changes for the worse.
This is where you make a new "version". Git calls it a commit.
A commit stores the state of your project (the content of your files) with an associated date and description.
Your commits are kept in a chronologically ordered list, and you are able to navigate between them (changing files' content on the fly).
In most VCS, you would create a commit of your files content now.
In git, you must add it to the staging area first. This area is where you place all the files you want to be stored in your next commit.
# add the file to the staging area
$ git add description.txt
# check your current repository status again
$ git status
You may use unix metacharacters for pattern matching.
e.g: ., *, *.txt, etc..
A file is said to be tracked if there is evidence of it in the last snapshot in the Local Repository.
If no story of it is available (files not yet committed for the first time), we say the file is untracked.
The git status report will list these files.
When you add an untracked file, it goes directly to the staging area.
It will be added to the repository during the next commit
When you make a commit, staging area will flush and your files in the working directory will be in unmodified state.
This means the files in the working directory are the same as the snapshot in the local repository
When you produce some change to a file in the working directory,
it changes to the modified state
A modified file won't be automatically staged. You must manually do it (with the add command) if you want it to.
All the files in modified state can be added to the staging area
and ready to be part of the local repository during the next commit
A file can be removed from the unmodified state.
This action will force the file to be untracked again
It won't be deleted from the working directory. You can always add it again, if needed
We don't want git to track every file in our workind directory
Do we allways remember not to stage those files?
Does everyone in the team know what files not to stage?
No! so there must be a better way to do this!
.gitignore
is a file that tells git
which files in the repository should be ignored
# create file .gitignore
$ vim .gitignore
After adding the file to the staging area,
you are ready to make your first commit.
The commit needs to be accompanied with a brief description
of what has changed.
It will be useful when navigating through hundreds of commits,
or when you want to have an overview of what has
been done in a series of commits.
# commit your staging area
$ git commit -m "Initial commit. Add restaurant description."
# I think you know what this means
$ git status
Remember this core concept: commit often, perfect later!
Now that you've made your first commit, you are able to safely
keep working on your project.
Let's add some menus to our restaurant!
# create a menus directory
$ mkdir menus
# create the fried cuttlefish menu
$ echo "Bean Burrito | Sweet Potato Fries | Beer -> $5" > menus/bean-burrito.txt
# create a new menu you're still not sure about it's price
$ echo -n "Vegetable Curry | White Rice | Wine -> $7" > menus/vegetable-curry.txt
$ git status
It's time for you to create a new commit
with both files and a nice description.
The two commits you've made are stored in your local repository and it's possible to see them in an chronologically ordered list.
A unique key is assigned to each commit that is used as an identifier.
As commits store the files content at a point in time, git also provides a tool to compare file differences across versions.
# see the differences between two commits on a particular file
$ git diff COMMIT_ID menus/bean-burrito.txt
# see the differences between two commits (every file that has changed)
$ git diff COMMIT_ID
# see the differences between the last commit and the current project state (excluding what's in the staging area)
$ git diff
# see the differences between the last commit and the current staging area
$ git diff --staged
Why would we store multiple versions of our files if we didn't want to check them in the future?
The clients didn't like the changes you've made to your prices, and you want to revert them as soon as possible.
Of course you could remember what the prices were in this situation, but imagine a restaurant with hundreds of menus that keep changing their price.
# revert a file to it's state in a particular commit
$ git checkout COMMIT_ID menu/bean-burrito.txt
# the file is automatically added to the staging area, you may commit the price reversion
$ git commit -m "revert burrito menu price"
# check your log for an overview
$ git log
Remote repositories are versions of your project that are hosted on the Internet or in a network somewhere.
# Connect to the bootcamp server
ssh<EMAIL_ADDRESS># create a new git shared repository
git init --bare myrepo.git
# logout from the bootcamp server
exit
# Connect the local and remote repositories
git remote add origin codecadet@bootcamp.academiadecodigo.org:myrepo.git
# cloning a remote
$ git clone [url]
# adding a new remote repository, origin is a common shortname
$ git remote add [shortname] [url]
# listing all remotes with urls
$ git remote -v
# pull a copy of the master branch from the remote repository named origin,
# and merges it with the current checked out local branch
$ git pull origin master
# merges current checked out local branch
# with the remote branch the local branch was created from
$ git pull
# push data from local checked out branch
# to master branch in the remote named origin
$ git push origin master
# push data from local checked out branch
# to the remote branch the local branch was created from
$ git push
Remember that you won't be able to push
if any changes are waiting for being pulled.
In a collaborative environment, it is common for several developers to share and work on the same source code
Branches allow each developer to branch out from the original code base and isolate their work from others.
Let's start simple
Let's assume this is our repository history. There's a pointer called
master
pointing at commit
a5c3eb
That's all branches are: movable pointers.
$ git branch feature
We just created another pointer called feature pointing at the exact same commit.
Now that we have two different branches pointing to the same commit, how does Git know which branch are we working on?
The HEAD is a special pointer that simply points to the currently checked out branch or commit.
$ git checkout feature
All that happens is that HEAD is now pointing to
feature
instead of
master
$ touch anotherFile.txt
$ git add anotherFile.txt
$ git commit -m "working hard"
We created a new commit
c57e22
and the
feature
pointer moved on to it.
$ git checkout master
the HEAD pointer changed to
master
and the state of the entire working directory
changed to what it was at
a5c3eb
.
$ touch yetAnotherFile.txt
$ git add yetAnotherFile.txt
$ git commit -m "minor changes on master"
A new commit
3aa2ff
appeared and
master
moved on to it. At this point our history has diverged.
This is the whole point of branches. They enable parallel evolution of a code base.
# list of branches with the last commit
$ git branch -v
# create a new branch
$ git branch feature
# change to the new branch
$ git checkout feature
# shortcut: create and change to the new branch
$ git checkout -b feature
# delete a branch
$ git branch -d feature
The
git merge
command lets you take independent branches and integrate them into a single commit.
Git can merge other branches into the current branch.
The current branch will be updated to reflect the merge, but the target branch will be completely unaffected.
This means that
git merge
is often used in conjunction with
git checkout
for selecting the current branch and
git branch -d
for deleting the obsolete target branch.
# create a branch to develop a new feature, and automatically checkout to it
$ git checkout -b new-feature
# develop a new feature..
$ git add .
$ git commit
# merge the new branch into master
$ git checkout master
$ git merge new-feature
# delete the newly merged branch
$ git branch -d new-feature
If two developers are working on the same file in parallel,
conflicts may arise.
When merging both commits, git is often able to automatically resolve these conflicts based on a number of factors
(e.g: date),
but sometimes the process may require human interaction.
Git will modify the file to combine the content of both commits, with separators indicating where the conflicts are.
Conflicts may be resolved manually by editing the conflicted files
or using third party software for creating the merge commit.


| ICNRG | M. Mosko |
| Internet-Draft | PARC, Inc. |
| Intended status: Experimental | February 2016 |
| Expires: August 4, 2016 |
CCNx Cache Control
draft-mosko-icnrg-cachecontrol-latest
This document proposed a modification of the CCNx 1.0 cache control directives to allow use of either absolute times or relative times by the publisher. Intermediate caches do not require synchronized clocks even if the publisher uses an absolute time. This document updates the definition of the RecommendedCacheTime but leaves the ExpiryTime as previously defined.
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on August 4, 2016.
Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.
The current CCNx 1.0 specification [CCNSemantics] defines two cache control directives: RecommendedCacheTime and ExpiryTime. Both use absolute times and thus require caches have synchronized time. We propose an extension to CCNx that allows the use of relative times and the processing of ExpiryTime without synchronized time between caches.
This draft does not change the semantics of ExpiryTime and RecommendedCacheTime (RCT). ExpiryTime is the maximum time during which a cache can respond with a ContentObject. RCT is the maximum time during which a cache should keep a ContentObject, though any cache may discard early or may choose to keep longer such as if it is popular. We introduce new MaxAge and Age fields for use in relative time expiry calculations.
This proposal is somewhat based on the HTTP/1.1 age system, but not exactly the same due to the definitions of our existing ExpiryTime and RecommendedCacheTime (RCT) fields. It also has different semantics because HTTP allows for stale and fresh, while in CCNx we have either alive or dead (expired).
To use relative times for cache control requires and Age field in the unsigned packet headers. The Age field is incremented by a cache when it serves a ContentObject based on its residency time in the cache. Combining a MaxAge field from the signed portion of the ContentObject with the Age field allows one to determine if the ContentObject is expired or not. If Age >= MaxAge, then the ContentObject is expired.
We can use a single Age field for ContentObjects with either MaxAge or ExpiryTime (it would not have both). If using MaxAge, then Age is a relative time with a base of 0. If using ExpiryTime, then Age is initialized to the current synchronized time by the publisher and intermediate caches increment it from there.
Because the Age field is outside the signature envelope, one cannot rely on it for trusted protocol operation. Not having it, however, results in worse side effects than relying on the unauthenticated Age field. If all nodes are operating correctly, we can make a correct and live protocol using the rule that only the publisher is allowed to decrement the age field and intermediate caches cannot decrement it. This is not true of only having a MaxAge field without an Age field, as a ContentObject could travel in a cycle and live for longer than MaxAge.
We do not consider allowing an Interest to have a min-age directive.
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].
All of these headers only control when a cache and respond with a ContentObject. They do not affect the data plane.
We consider time in flight to be negligible compared to time in storage or the second resolution of MaxAge and Age. If a cache has reason to believe there is a large time in flight before a ContentObject was received from the previous hop, it should take that time into consideration of its residency time at the cache. For example, a space system might know that a certain communication takes 4 minutes or a satellite system might know that one hop takes 300 msec.
The RCT is re-defined to now always be relative to the Age. Once the Age exceeds the RCT, a node SHOULD stop serving it from cache, but is not required to stop.
If it does not have synchronized time, it MUST NOT use ExpiryTime. It MAY use MaxAge.
A publisher MUST NOT use both ExpiryTime and MaxAge.
When first creating a Content Object:
If answering an Interest for a ContentObject that was already created:
The ContentStore on the publisher node operates as normal for any ContentStore.
In these calculations, we will assume a missing field has the value of 0. For example, a ContentObject with an ExpiryTime has an implicit MaxAge of 0. Remember that Age is in milli-seconds and MaxAge is in seconds, so one should re-scale MaxAge when comparing it to Age.
The residency_time is the rounded-up time in milli-seconds that a ContentObject has resided in the cache. The minimum value is 1. This ensures that the Age is always increasing as it is stored and served from a set of caches.
age_value = Age + residency_time remaining_age = max(MaxAge - age_value, 0) remaining_expiry = max(ExpiryTime - now, 0)
At most one of remaining_age and remaining_expiry will be positive. Both could be 0.
remaining_life = max(remaining_age, remaining_expiry)
If remaining_life > 0, then the ContentObject may be used from cache. Otherwise, it should be considered a cache miss.
This rule ensures that the Age field never decreases at an intermediate cache and will try to catch up to synchronized time whenever possible. When responding with a ContentObject from cache, a node MUST:
If the ContentStore receives the same ContentObject but with a younger Age, it should reset its Age to the new value. This allows the publisher to re-issue the same ContentObject with a new validity period without re-signing and creating a new ContentObject. Because the protocol maintains the invariant that only the publisher can decrement the Age, the protocol should not induce permanent cycles of ContentObjects bouncing between caches.
If the consumer has synchronized time and the ContentObject has an ExpiryTime, it MAY perform a validation on the ContentObject to determine if it is out of date. Otherwise, it MAY consider the Age field relative to the MaxAge or ExpiryTime. It is possible for a ContentObject to expire while in flight, so a Consumer usually should not penalize recently expired objects, though this behavior is application dependent.
None of these combinations require synchronized clocks at any node and all allow a mixture of synchronized and unsynchronized clocks.
No cache is required to keep a ContentObject for any amount of time. No cache is required to discard a ContentObject after the RCT, though it should unless it is popular. All caches must cease to respond with a ContentObject that has expired, based either on Age to MaxAge or Age to ExpiryTime comparison or based on comparing a synchronized clock to the ExpiryTime. Comparing a synchronized clock to ExpiryTime always takes precedence over the Age field to determine expiry.
To prevent a ContentObject from being served from cache, a producer should set the ExpiryTime to 0.
This memo includes no request to IANA. TODO: If this document is submitted as an official draft, this section must be updated to reflect the IANA registries described in [CCNMessages]
Because the Age field is outside the security envelope, a system relying on only relative times (MaxAge) could be susceptible to intermediate nodes decreasing the Age and a ContentObject living beyond the desired MaxAge. If this is highly sensitive, then a consumer and producer could use synchronized clocks and ExpiryTime.
| [RFC2119] | Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997. |
| [CCNMessages] | Mosko, M., Solis, I. and C. Wood, "CCNx Messages in TLV Format (Internet draft)", 2016. |
| [CCNSemantics] | Mosko, M., Solis, I. and C. Wood, "CCNx Semantics (Internet draft)", 2016. |
| [CCNx] | PARC, Inc., "CCNx Open Source", 2007. |
| [RFC3552] | Rescorla, E. and B. Korver, "Guidelines for Writing RFC Text on Security Considerations", BCP 72, RFC 3552, DOI 10.17487/RFC3552, July 2003. |
| [RFC5226] | Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 5226, DOI 10.17487/RFC5226, May 2008. |


Returns DOM element where content of the panel is rendered.
el(type)
| type |
string, name of the panel |
Description
The first and only argument type is the name of the panel. It can be one of the following:
- top
- left
- main
- right
- preview
- bottom
Each panel in the layout has multiple elements, such as, toolbar, tabs, resizer and content. Calling el allows
you to find DOM Element where content of the panel is rendered. It can be used in jQuery to find some specific elements in this panel only:


Remove "exec " if script should continue after this command.
echo "Starting compilation"
exec ./compile
echo "Starting deployment"
exec ./deploy
echo "Starting compilation"
./compile
echo "Starting deployment"
./deploy
The script contains an exec
command followed by other commands in the same block. This is likely an error because the script will not resume after an exec
command.
Instead, "exec" refers to the Unix process model's idea of execution (see execve(2)
), in which the current process stops its current program and replaces it with a new one. This is mainly used in wrapper scripts.
To execute another script or program and then continue, simply drop the exec
as in the example.
If the code after the exec
is only there to handle a failure in executing the command you can ignore this warning. For this reason, ShellCheck suppresses the warning if exec
is only followed by echo
/exit
commands.


multiGSEA.Rd
multiGSEA is wrapper function that delegates GSEA analyses to different
"workers", each of which implements the flavor of GSEA of your choosing.
The particular analyses that are performed are specified by the
methods
argument, and these methods are fine tuned by passing their
arguments down through the ...
of this wrapper function.
multiGSEA( gsd, x, design = NULL, contrast = NULL, methods = NULL, use.treat = FALSE, feature.min.logFC = if (use.treat) log2(1.25) else 1, feature.max.padj = 0.1, trim = 0.1, verbose = FALSE, ..., rank_by = NULL, select_by = NULL, rank_order = c("ordered", "descending", "ascending"), group_by = NULL, biased_by = NULL, xmeta. = NULL, .parallel = FALSE, BPPARAM = bpparam() )
| gsd | The |
|---|---|
| x | An ExpressoinSet-like object |
| design | A design matrix for the study |
| contrast | The contrast of interest to analyze. This can be a column
name of |
| methods | A character vector indicating the GSEA methods you want to run. Refer to the GSEA Methods section for more details. If no methods are specified, only differential gene expression and geneset level statistics for the contrast are computed. |
| use.treat | should we use limma/edgeR's "treat" functionality for the gene-level differential expression analysis? |
| feature.min.logFC | The minimum logFC required for an individual
feature (not geneset) to be considered differentialy expressed. Used in
conjunction with |
| feature.max.padj | The maximum adjusted pvalue used to consider an
individual feature (not geneset) to be differentially expressed. Used in
conjunction with |
| trim | The amount to trim when calculated trimmed |
| verbose | make some noise during execution? |
| ... | The arguments are passed down into
|
| .parallel | by default, |
| BPPARAM | a BiocParallel parameter definition, like one generated from
|
A MultiGSEAResult()
which holds the results of all the analyses
specified in the methods
parameter.
Note that we are currently in the middle of a refactor to accept and fully
take advantage of data.frame
as inputs for x
, which will be used for
preranked type of GSEA methods. See the following issue for more details:
https://github.com/lianos/multiGSEA/issues/24
The bulk of the GSEA methods currently available in this package come from edgeR/limma, however others are included (and are being added), as well. GSEA Methods and GSEA Method Parameterization sections for more details.
In addition to performing GSEA, this function also internally orchestrates
a differential expression analysis, which can be tweaked by identifying
the parameters in the calculateIndividualLogFC()
function, and
passing them down through ...
here. The results of the differential
expression analysis (ie. the limma::topTable()
) are accessible by calling
the logFC()
function on the MultiGSEAResult()
object returned from this
function call.
Please Note: be sure to cite the original GSEA method when using results generated from this function.
You can choose the methods you want to run over your contrast using the
methods
, parameter. The currently available methods are:
"camera"
: from limma::camera()
(*)
"cameraPR"
: from limma::cameraPR()
"ora"
: overrepresentation analysis from, optionally accounting for bias.
From limma::kegga()
.
"roast"
: from limma::roast()
(*)
"fry"
: from limma::fry()
(*)
"romer"
: from limma::romer()
(*)
"geneSetTest"
: from limma::geneSetTest()
"goseq"
: from goseq::goseq()
"fgsea"
: from fgsea::fgsea()
Methods annotated with a (*)
indicate that these methods require
a complete expression object, a valid design matrix, and a contrast
specification in order to run. These are all of the same things you need to
provide when performing a vanilla differential gene expression analysis.
Methods missing a (*)
can be run on a feature-named input vector
of gene level statistics which will be used for ranking (ie. a named vector
of logFC's or t-statistics for genes). They can also be run by providing
an expression, design, and contrast vector, and the appropriate statistics
vector will be generated internally from the t-statistics, p-values, or
log-fold-changes, depending on the value provided in the score.by
parameter.
The worker functions that execute these GSEA methods are functions named
do.METHOD
within this package. These functions are not meant to be executed
directly by the user, and are therefore not exported. Look at the respective
method's help page (ie. if you are running "camera"
, look at the
limma::camera()
help page for full details. The formal parameters that
these methods take can be passed to them via the ...
in this multiGSEA()
function.
Each GSEA method can be tweaked via a custom set of parameters. We leave the
documentation of these parameters and how they affect their respective GSEA
methods to the documentation available in the packages where they are
defined. The multiGSEA
call simply has to pass these parameters down
into the ...
parameters here. The multiGSEA
function will then
pass these along to their worker functions.
What happens when two different GSEA methods have parameters with the same name?
Unfortunately you currently cannot provide different values for these parameters. An upcoming version version of multiGSEA will support this feature via slightly different calling semantics. This will also allow the caller to call the same GSEA method with different parameterizations so that even these can be compared against each other.
When the multiGSEA()
call is given an expression matrix, design, and
contrast, it will also internally orchestrate a gene level differential
expression analysis. Depending on the type of expression object passed in
via x
, this function will guess on the best method to use for this
analysis.
If x
is a DGEList
, then ensure that you have already called
edgeR::estimateDisp()
on x
and edgeR's quasilikelihood framework will be
used, otherwise we'll use limma (note that x
can be an EList
run through
voom()
, voomWithQuailityWeights()
, or when where you have leveraged
limma's limma::duplicateCorrelation()
functionality, even.
The parameters of this differential expression analysis can also be
customized. Please refer to the calculateIndividualLogFC()
function for
more information. The multiGSEA use.treat
, feature.min.logFC
,
feature.max.padj
, as well as the ...
parameters are passed down to that
funciton.
vm <- exampleExpressionSet() gdb <- exampleGeneSetDb() mg <- multiGSEA(gdb, vm, vm$design, 'tumor', methods=c('camera', 'fry'), # customzie camera parameter: inter.gene.cor = 0.04) resultNames(mg)#> [1] "camera" "fry"


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