FINDMNT
Section: Maintenance Commands (8)Updated: Apr 2010
Index Return to Main Contents
NAME
findmnt - find a filesystemSYNOPSIS
findmnt [options]findmnt [options] device|mountpoint
findmnt [options] [--source] device [--target] mountpoint
DESCRIPTION
findmnt will list all mounted filesytems or search for a filesystem. The findmnt command is able to search in /etc/fstab, /etc/fstab.d, /etc/mtab or /proc/self/mountinfo. If device or mountpoint is not given, all filesystems are shown.The command prints all mounted filesystems in the tree-like format by default.
OPTIONS
- -h, --help
- Print help and exit.
- -s, --fstab
- Search in /etc/fstab and /etc/fstab.d. The output is in the list format (see --list).
- -m, --mtab
- Search in /etc/mtab. The output is in the list format (see --list).
- -k, --kernel
- Search in /proc/self/mountinfo. The output is in the tree-like format. This is the default.
- -c, --canonicalize
- Canonicalize all printed paths.
- -d, --direction word
- The search direction - forward or backward.
- -e, --evaluate
- Convert all tags (LABEL or UUID) to the device names.
- -f, --first-only
- Print the first matching filesystem only.
- -i, --invert
- Invert the sense of matching.
- -l, --list
- Use the list output format. This output format is automatically enabled if the output is restricted by -t, -O, -S or -T option and the option --submounts is not used.
- -v, --nofsroot
- Do not print a [/dir] in the SOURCE column for bind-mounts or btrfs subvolumes.
- -n, --noheadings
- Do not print a header line.
- -u, --notruncate
- Do not truncate text in columns. The default is to not truncate the TARGET, SOURCE, UUID and LABEL columns. This option disables text truncation also in all other columns.
- -O, --options list
- Used to limit the set of printed filesystems. More than one option may be specified in a comma-separated list. The -t and -O options are cumulative in effect. It is different from -t in that each option is matched exactly; a leading no at the beginning of one option does not negate the rest. For more details see mount(8).
- -o, --output list
- Define output columns. Currently supported are SOURCE, TARGET, FSTYPE, OPTIONS, VFS-OPTIONS, FS-OPTIONS, LABEL and UUID. The TARGET column contains tree formatting if the --list or --raw options are not specified.
- -r, --raw
- Use raw output format.
- -a, --ascii
- Use ascii characters for tree formatting.
- -t, --types list
- Used to limit the set of printed filesystems. More than one type may be specified in a comma-separated list. The list of filesystem types can be prefixed with no to specify the filesystem types on which no action should be taken. For more details see mount(8).
- -R, --submounts
- Print recursively all submounts for the selected filesystems. The restrictions defined by options -t, -O, -S, -T and --direction are not applied to submounts. All submounts are always printed in tree-like order. The option enables the tree-like output format by default. This option has no effect for --mtab or --fstab.
- -S, --source spec
- Explicitly define the mount source. Supported are device, LABEL= or UUID=.
- -T, --target dir
- Explicitly define the mount target (mountpoint directory).
EXAMPLES
- findmnt --fstab -t nfs
- Prints all nfs filesystems defined in /etc/fstab.
- findmnt --fstab /mnt/foo
- Prints all /etc/fstab filesystems where the mountpoint directory is /mnt/foo. It also prints bind mounts where /mnt/foo is a source.
- findmnt --fstab --target /mnt/foo
- Prints all /etc/fstab filesystems where the mountpoint directory is /mnt/foo.
- findmnt --fstab --evaluate
- Prints all /etc/fstab filesystems and converts LABEL= and UUID= tags to the real device names.
- findmnt -n --raw --evaluate --output=target LABEL=/boot
- Prints only the mountpoint where the filesystem with label "/boot" is mounted.
AUTHORS
Karel Zak<EMAIL_ADDRESS>SEE ALSO
mount(8), fstab(5)AVAILABILITY
The findmnt command is part of the util-linux package and is available from ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/.
Index
This document was created by man2html, using the manual pages.
Time: 05:34:25 GMT, December 24, 2015


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It sounded like such a straightforward quest when Oberon proposed it—just gather up the magical talismans the fairies had given her family and give them back, now that King Charlemagne's war with Spain was over. But when Bradamant took on the quest, she didn't know that her brother would think it was trafficking with devils. Her cousins the magicians didn't want to give up their carefully indexed books of magic (much less the hippogriff—a useful steed and a loyal companion). Her sister-in-law was willing to give up the spear of Galafrone, but not until she'd finished using it.  What's a warrior to do when valiance alone is not enough for her to complete a quest?
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Prose by a poet. I look forward to rereading this many times
Paul McComas, award-winning author of Unforgettable, Planet of the Dates, and Unplugged.
The titular quest of Bradamant, Ruth Berman's formidable yet quite flesh-and-blood heroine, is to reclaim a series of talismans from various parties and return them to the Faerie realm whence they came. It is at once fitting and ironic that the author, in so beautifully chronicling the End of Magic, herself works a kind of literary spell. Then again, as the fairy Logistilla observes near the book's end, "spells" are related to "spelling," and "Speech was always at the heart of magic." In Bradamant's Quest, Berman "speaks" volumes, deploying deft descritpion, stunning set pieces, an unerring evocation of era (the reign of Charlemagne), and a freewheeling imagination to conjure the most elegant, authentic historical fantasy novel this author has ever read. Magic, indeed...and—in every sense—charming.
Eleanor Arnason, author of A Woman of the Iron People, winner of the James Tiptree Jr. Award and Mythopoeic Society Award; and Ring of Swords, winner of the Minnesota Book Award.
Bradamant’s Quest is set in a rarely used fantasy world, that of romances about Charlemagne. It starts after the battle of Ronseval, where the emperor’s nephew Roland has died, along with many peers and knights. Among those who died with Roland is Bradamant’s husband; she is mourning him and the others when Berman’s novel begins.
Bradamant is not an ordinary medieval housewife, but a woman knight, borrowed from Orlando Furioso, a romance about Charlemagne’s knights by the Italian Renaissance poet Ariosto. In Berman’s version. she is an admirable character; intelligent, tough, stoic, resourceful, ambitious for honor and loyal. While she is still grieving for her husband, she is given a quest by Oberon, the king of the fairies. She must recover the magical tools that have belonged to members of her extended family and return them to Oberon. (It’s a large family, full of knights and magicians, and a lot of magical tools have come into the family’s hands.) The world of magic is drawing away from the world of humans; and magic must go back to its original home.
Here is another loss, added to the loss at Ronseval. Magic is leaving the world, as it does at the end of The Lord of the Rings. But before it goes, we meet it, as Bradamant carries out Oberon’s quest. There are gargoyles, a dragon, a sea-orc, mermaids, a hippogryff, a highly unfriendly ox-headed man and a couple of magicians. Recovering each magical tool is an adventure, often risky; and Bradamant has a truly interesting family.
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Think of the Shire at the end of The Lord of the Rings, when Sam comes home.
What else is there to say? The book is has images that stay in my mind: the marsh filled with gargoyles, the stony waste where the mad Saracen hides out, and Bradamant’s journey roped to a sea-orc, like Ahab to Moby Dick, though with a better ending.
Read it!
Leah came to Autumn World only to observe. But when her survey ship crashes, and the other survivors, traumatized, run away, she finds herself in the midst of a political and religious struggle on an alien world she barely knows.
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The novel is well-crafted and a very good read with lots sf world-building detail which takes place on a heavier-than-earth-gravity planet with some really neat aliens. It is a lot better than 90% of the stuff that you can find on a rack at...the big chain bookstores.
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This is a complex and fascinating science fiction story with a well-developed but very alien world. ... Some of the aliens are extremely alien compared to humans, though they usually have understandable motivations. The book would appeal to young readers as well as adult readers.
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Definition at line 42 of file compressionprofileregistry.h.
Public Types | |
| enum | MatchType { MATCH_ALL, MATCH_OBJECT_ID, MATCH_PATH } |
Public Member Functions | |
| EncoderCreationInfo (const sm::eod::io::EncoderCreatorPtr &creator, Serializable::ObjectID object_id, size_t linger) | |
| EncoderCreationInfo (const sm::eod::io::EncoderCreatorPtr &creator) | |
| MatchType | matchType () const |
| bool | operator< (const EncoderCreationInfo &rhs) const |
| bool | operator== (const EncoderCreationInfo &rhs) const |
Public Attributes | |
| sm::eod::io::EncoderCreatorPtr | creator |
| SerializableCompressorEncoderFactory::StreamKey | key |
| size_t | linger |
| Serializable::ObjectID | object_id |
| enum MatchType |
The kind of matching this object requires.
Definition at line 75 of file compressionprofileregistry.h.
| EncoderCreationInfo | ( | const sm::eod::io::EncoderCreatorPtr & | creator | ) |
Constructor for root encoder.
| creator | Encoder creator factory. |
| EncoderCreationInfo | ( | const sm::eod::io::EncoderCreatorPtr & | creator, | |
| Serializable::ObjectID | object_id, | |||
| size_t | linger | |||
| ) |
Constructor for encoder for a specific object id.
| creator | Encoder creator factory. | |
| object_id | The object_id the creator encodes. | |
| linger | The linger parameter. |
| MatchType matchType | ( | ) | const |
Returns the type of match this instance performs.
An EncoderCreationInfo can match all object ids for a root encoder, a specific object_id or a particular object path.
| bool operator< | ( | const EncoderCreationInfo & | rhs | ) | const |
Key Comparison class.
Orders by MATCH_ALL, MATCH_OBJECT_ID, MATCH_PATH
Stream key if matchType() == MATCH_PATH.
Definition at line 48 of file compressionprofileregistry.h.
| size_t linger |
Object ID to match or 0 for root encoder.
Definition at line 51 of file compressionprofileregistry.h.


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Better procedure design using the Fortran pure
attribute
This article describes the resolution of an issue that arose when debugging a pure
Fortran procedure
as part of work related to the ARCHER2 eCSE06-04 project 3decomp: Towards Adaptive Mesh Refinement
in the high-order CFD code Xcompact3d.
When writing a function or subroutine in Fortran it is often desirable to give it the pure
attribute.
Declaring a procedure as pure
places certain constraints on what it can do which may allow the
compiler to apply additional optimisations, such as in-lining, and some use cases such as elemental
procedures may require it.
One of these constraints is that the procedure cannot perform I/O, including print
’ing to screen;
just as these constraints may aid the compiler, the developer may perceive them as a hindrance,
especially when debugging the code, leading to objections to the use of pure
.
I am going to argue that whenever the limitations of a pure
procedure feel prohibitive, they are
instead indicating a design issue with the code.
Consider code listing 1 which computes one of the coefficients for the compact finite difference scheme presented by (1), given as
\begin{equation} A_i = \frac{ \begin{split} h_{i-1}h_{i}h_{i+1} + h^2_{i}h_{i+1} + h_{i-1}h_{i}h_{i+2} + h^2_{i}h_{i+2} - h_{i-1}h^2_{i}\alpha - h_{i-1}h_{i}h_{i+1}\alpha \\ - h_{i-1}h_{i}h_{i+2}\alpha - h_{i-1}h_{i}h_{i+1}\beta -h^2_{i}h_{i+1}\beta -h_{i-1}h^2_{i+1}\beta -2h_{i}h^2_{i+1}\beta - h^3_{i+1}\beta \\ + h_{i-1}h_{i}h_{i+2}\beta + h^2_{i}h_{i+2}\beta + 2h_{i-1}h_{i+1}h_{i+2}\beta + 4h_{i}h_{i+1}h_{i+2}\beta + 3h^2_{i+1}h_{i+2}\beta \end{split} }{h_{i+1}\left(h_{i} + h_{i+1}\right)\left(h_{i-1} + h_{i} + h_{i+1}\right) h_{i+2}} \ , \end{equation}
where \(h_{i}=x_{i}-x_{i-1}\) and \(\alpha=\beta\).
Clearly the implementation of this function will be very susceptible to coding error, and requires
testing - a simple test is that it reduces to a known value of the grid spacing on uniform grids,
with such a test given in listing 2.
Even as I implemented this I expected floating point errors to be an issue due to the need to cancel
many products of terms of similar magnitude on a uniform grid, however with the gfortran
compiler
the test passed and all appeared to be well.
Testing with crayftn
on ARCHER2 however caused a test failure with the result falling outside the
range of tolerance for the test, and similarly using ifort
on a workstation also caused a test
failure.
After some investigation it was found that the tests would pass when floating point optimisations
were disabled (gfortran
also failed the test with optimisations, which are off by default, enabled).
pure real function coeff_a_deltas(h) !! Compute the coefficient acting on f_{i+1} of the finite diference given a stencil of grid !! spacings. type(nucfd_stencil_deltas), intent(in) :: h !! Stencil of grid spacings for the finite difference. real :: hm2, hm1, h0, hp1, hp2 ! Grid deltas at i -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 select type(deltas => h%stencil) type is(real) hm2 = deltas(-2) hm1 = deltas(-1) h0 = deltas(0) hp1 = deltas(1) hp2 = deltas(2) class default error stop end select associate(beta => alpha) ! To match Gamet et al. (1999) coeff_a_deltas = hm1 * h0 * hp1 + h0**2 * hp1 + hm1 * h0 * hp2 + h0**2 * hp2 & - hm1 * h0**2 * alpha - hm1 * h0 * hp1 * alpha & - hm1 * h0 * hp2 * alpha - hm1 * h0 * hp1 * beta - h0**2 * hp1 * beta & - hm1 * hp1**2 * beta - 2.0 * h0 * hp1**2 * beta - hp1**3 * beta & + hm1 * h0 * hp2 * beta + h0**2 * hp2 * beta + 2.0 * hm1 * hp1 * hp2 * beta & + 4.0 * h0 * hp1 * hp2 * beta + 3.0 * hp1**2 * hp2 * beta coeff_a_deltas = coeff_a_deltas & / (hp1 * (h0 + hp1) * (hm1 + h0 + hp1) * hp2) end associate end function coeff_a_deltas
a = coeff_a(stencil) call test_report("Coefficient A", check_scalar(a, aref / (2.0 * h)))
To debug this problem, I knew what the computed values inside coeff_a
should be at various stages so
the simplest solution was to remove the pure
attribute, insert some print
statements and check these
values.
After some rearranging of the terms I arrived at the implementation shown in
listing 3, explicitly grouping terms that cancel, which passed the tests with
optimisations enabled, I could then remove the print
statements and restore the pure
attribute.
real function coeff_a_deltas_alt(h) !! Compute the coefficient acting on f_{i+1} of the finite diference given a stencil of grid !! spacings. type(nucfd_stencil_deltas), intent(in) :: h !! Stencil of grid spacings for the finite difference. real :: hm2, hm1, h0, hp1, hp2 ! Grid deltas at i -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 select type(deltas => h%stencil) type is(real) hm2 = deltas(-2) hm1 = deltas(-1) h0 = deltas(0) hp1 = deltas(1) hp2 = deltas(2) class default error stop end select associate(beta => alpha) ! To match Gamet et al. (1999) coeff_a_deltas_alt = h0 * ((hm1 + h0) * (hp1 + hp2) + 2.0 * hp1 * hp2 * beta) & ! = (14/3) h^3 + hm1 * h0 * hp2 * (beta - alpha) & ! Should cancel for case alpha = beta + (h0**2) * (hp2 - hp1) * beta & ! Should cancel for constant h + hm1 * hp1 * (2.0 * hp2 - h0 - hp1) * beta & ! Should cancel for constant h + (hp1**3) * (3.0 * hp2 - 2.0 * h0 - hp1) * beta & ! Should cancel for constant h + h0 * (2.0 * hp1 * hp2 * beta - hm1 * (h0 + hp1) * alpha) ! Should cancel for constant h print *, "+++", coeff_a_deltas_alt / (h0**3), 14.0 / 3.0, "+++" coeff_a_deltas_alt = coeff_a_deltas_alt & / (3.0 * hp1 * ((h0 + hp1) / 2.0) * hp2) ! => 14.0 / 9.0 when h = const print *, "+++", coeff_a_deltas_alt, 14.0 / 9.0, "+++" coeff_a_deltas_alt = coeff_a_deltas_alt & / (2.0 * ((hm1 + h0 + hp1) / 3.0)) ! => (14.0 / 9.0) / (2h) when h = const end associate end function coeff_a_deltas_alt
However, this removal and then restoration of the pure
attribute should have been telling me that
there was a problem in the design.
As noted above, there were several stages to the computation which I knew expected values for —
these are themselves pure
functions!
Rather than temporarily disabling purity I should instead implement each stage as a pure
function,
the outer function can then call each of these and assemble the solution from their return values.
This is shown in listing 4, the implementation of the functions computing each
stage aren’t shown for brevity, however they reflect the body of the computation shown in
coeff_deltas_alt
.
module pure real function coeff_a_deltas(h) !! Compute the coefficient acting on f_{i+1} of the finite diference given a stencil of grid !! spacings. type(nucfd_stencil_deltas), intent(in) :: h !! Stencil of grid spacings for the finite difference. real :: numerator, numerator_corr, denominator, divisor call coeff_a_components(h, numerator, numerator_corr, denominator, divisor) coeff_a_deltas = ((numerator + numerator_corr) / denominator) / divisor end function coeff_a_deltas module pure subroutine coeff_a_components(h, numerator, numerator_corr, denominator, divisor) type(nucfd_stencil_deltas), intent(in) :: h !! Stencil of grid spacings for the finite difference. real, intent(out) :: numerator real, intent(out) :: numerator_corr real, intent(out) :: denominator real, intent(out) :: divisor real :: hm1, h0, hp1, hp2 ! Grid deltas at i -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 select type(deltas => h%stencil) type is(real) hm1 = deltas(-1) h0 = deltas(0) hp1 = deltas(1) hp2 = deltas(2) class default error stop end select associate(beta => alpha) ! To match Gamet et al. (1999) numerator = coeff_numerator(hm1, h0, hp2, hp2, beta) numerator_corr = coeff_numerator_corr(hm1, h0, hp1, hp2, alpha, beta) denominator = coeff_denominator(h0, hp1, hp2) divisor = coeff_divisor(hm1, h0, hp1) end associate end subroutine coeff_a_components
As these per-stage functions are relatively low level it is undesirable to expose them outside the
module, therefore a helper subroutine (coef_a_components
in listing 4) provides
an easy to use interface returning the values for each stage.
An additional benefit is that we can now test the intermediate values in the test suite, shown in
listing 5 making the implementation even more robust!
call coeff_a_components(points_to_deltas(stencil), numerator, numerator_corr, denominator, divisor) call test_report("Coefficient A numerator", check_scalar(numerator, numerator_f1ref * (h**3))) call test_report("Coefficient A numerator correction", & check_scalar(numerator_corr, numerator_corr_f1ref * (h**3))) call test_report("Coefficient A denominator", check_scalar(denominator, denominator_f1ref * (h**3))) call test_report("Coefficient A divisor", check_scalar(divisor, divisor_f1ref * h)) a = coeff_a(stencil) call test_report("Coefficient A", check_scalar(a, aref / (2.0 * h)))
By retaining the pure
attribute we have arrived at an implementation that is debuggable and better
tested than the original.
We could have done the same with regular procedures but this requires discipline when simply using
print
is an easy solution, whereas the use of pure
forced us down this design route.
In conclusion, pure
shouldn’t be viewed as a restriction making it difficult to debug failing code,
rather when the pure
attribute causes friction this likely indicates code design flaws.
Wanting to print
a variable implies that its value should be tested and the original procedure needs
to be further decomposed.
To present a user-friendly interface the low-level procedures this creates can be hidden behind a
helper subroutine which enables testing and debugging not only the original interface, but also the
intermediate values that were formerly untestable.
1. References
[1] Gamet, L. and Ducros, F. and Nicoud, F. and Poinsot, T., {Compact finite difference schemes on non-uniform meshes. Application to direct numerical simulations of compressible flows}, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 1999.


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So, components are kind of important. It wouldn’t be much of a pattern library without them. Fortunately, we’ve streamlined the process for adding and updating them so making them is a snap.
Your components are found in the src/html/components directory. To make updates, you can simply open the HTML file and make your changes. Bing, bang, boom!
The easiest way to create a new component is to duplicate an existing one from the src/html/components directory and change the file name. The file name can be anything you like, and you can create subdirectories for your components to help organize things better.
Components have HTML comments at the top to allow you to give them a name and a summary. This information will appear above the component when viewed in the pattern library.
Before a component actually appears in the pattern library, you will need to tell RPL where to place it in the menu. By default, you will see that the components section of the main navigation has a few groups where components are placed (such as Page Structure or Lists). You should know that these groups are customizable, and we expect you to modify them to your own needs. To do this, you will need to modify the rpl-assets/rpl-config.json file.
There is a navigation
key in the RPL config JSON file that contains all of the information for the main menu. This is where you will configure the groups available to your components. Give each group a name and a URI. The URI can be anything as long as it begins with components/.
Now that you’ve decided on which group to use for your component, you need to add it to that group. In the same JSON file, you should see a components
key. It contains an array of component groups, and each group has a list
value that controls which components appear there. First, ensure that any changes that you made to the groups in the navigation are reflected here, and then add your component to the list.
| Key | Value |
|---|---|
| uriKey | Matches the component group URI value from the navigation without the components/ part. |
| heading | Appears at the top of the page when the component group is viewed. |
| description | Appears below the heading at the top of the page. |
| list | A list of the components to add to the page. Each item in the list has a title (the text to use in the menu) and a uri (the component file path relataive to the src/html directory and without the .html extension. |
If you had to type out the HTML every time you wanted to use a component, that would be a problem. Fortunately, that’s not the case. To include a component on one of your HTML pages (or from within another component), add a comment in the following format:
<!-- build:include path/to/component.html --><!-- /build -->
The path to your component is relative to the file where it is being included. For example, if you have a component at src/html/components/parent-component.html and you want to include a component from src/html/components/children/child-component.html, you would use the following:
<!-- build:include children/child-component.html --><!-- /build -->
Some of your components may be best displayed at a smaller width or height. It can be incovenient to have to scroll past a large component, and that’s why we’ve made it possible to set default dimensions for components. Users can always resize the component using the resize handle if desired.
Use the DefaultDims value in your component comments to set the width and height.
<!--
Name: Sample Component with Default Dimensions
Summary: This component will display at 25rem × 10rem.
DefaultDims: 25rem, 10rem
-->
If you only need to set the width, simply leave off the comma and height value.
Sometimes, it’s necessary for multiple components to share a resource that should only be included once on a page. For example, you may have an SVG image where you want to reference parts of it with <use> tags. It wouldn’t make sense to include that SVG in every component as it only needs to appear once per page. So, instead, we can add that SVG as a dependency of those components.
We start by creating a file for the dependency, such as src/html/components/dependencies/icons.svg. Then, we reference that file from a component by adding it to the HTML comments at the top.
<!--
Name: Sample Component with Dependencies
Summary: This component has dependencies on an SVG and an HTML file.
Depends: dependencies/icons.svg,
dependencies/sample.html
-->
Notice that there can be multiple dependencies, separated by commas. See the Call-out sample component for an example of this concept in action.
Note: Dependencies are hidden when viewed in the pattern library, as they are not part of the component itself, but a shared resource.
By default, components are placed on a checkerboard background, which is helpful for showing what areas of a component are transparent. But, in some cases, a component may be difficult to see against this background, or maybe it will never be used except against a specific colored background. In these cases, you may specify a background color to use for the component by adding a Background value to the HTML comments.
<!--
Name: Sample Component with Background
Summary: This component has a red background when viewed in RPL.
Background: #f00
-->
Backgrounds are only applied when the component is viewed in RPL. If the component should always have a background, apply it using your style sheets.
See the Link List sample component for an example of how to apply a background.
Almost any website today is going to make use of responsive design. One problem that we still face is that we can only write CSS media queries that are relative to the viewport. However, in many cases, we need media queries to be based on a parent element. This is often referred to as a container query.
RPL displays components with some padding around them and with a sidebar to the right (depending on the viewport width). This means that some components that rely on media queries may not render as expected when viewed in the pattern library. To remedy this, you can tell RPL about your CSS breakpoints in the rpl-config.json file.
{
"styleBreakpoints": {
"rpl-sm": 480,
"rpl-md": 800,
"rpl-lg": 1024
}
}
RPL will automatically add a class attribute to the container of each component according to the width of the component. For example, using the configuration above, a component that is 900px wide will be given a class of rpl-sm rpl-md since it is larger than 800px but smaller than 1024px.
Here is an example of how you could style a component based on these classes.
.my-component {
display: block;
}
@media (min-width: 800px) {
.page-wrapper,
.rpl-md {
.my-component {
display: flex;
}
}
}
The component will have a block display on viewports smaller than 800px, but if the component is used on a page outside of RPL (denoted by the page-wrapper class) that is 800px wide or more, then a flex display will be used. The flex display will also be used within RPL if the component itself is 800px wide or more (denoted by the rpl-md class).
To see an example of this concept in action, take a look at the styles for the sample Thumbnail Grid component. The number of columns will change based on how much space is available to the component.
Components may have various options that can be applied, which is often done by adding an HTML class or other attribute to the root element of the component. RPL makes it possible to toggle these classes/attributes on and off to see exactly how the component will be affected. An example can be seen with the default Site Header component.
To include these option toggles in your own components, you will need to add an Options value to the component's HTML comments.
<!--
Name: Sample Component with Options
Summary: A component with alignment options.
Options: [
{ "name": "Align Center", "value": "sample--centered", "attr": "class" },
{ "name": "Align Top", "value": "sample--top", "attr": "class" },
{ "name": "Include Tooltip", "value": "Sample tooltip", "attr": "title" }
]
-->
| Key | Value |
|---|---|
| name | A friendly name for the option. |
| value | The class name or attribute value that will be applied to the component's root element. Leave empty for boolean attributes (e.g. hidden ). |
| attr | The attribute to be updated. |


This is a Twitter app made as final work for course 4IZ268 at University of Economics, Prague. To use it, you need to login with your twitter account.
Premier League is the best football league in the United Kingdom. Every PL team has a three-lettered unique
code. To make
searching on social sites easier, PL officially tells people to use hashtags made from the team codes joined
to one match code.
This app is designed to get the match tweets from Twitter. Unfortunately Twitter basic search API does not
provide tweets older
than 7 days and the maximum total count of tweets you can get is 100.
Author: Martin Jelínek, student at University of Economics, Prague
This is a Twitter app made as final work for course 4IZ268 at University of Economics, Prague. To use it, you need to login with your twitter account.


- Book - Class in com.example.vitabu
-
The Book object for Vitabu that encapsulates all the possible attributes of a book
- Book(String, String, String, String, String, String, String) - Constructor for class com.example.vitabu.Book
-
This is the constructor that is used to instantiate the Book object with all the necessary
regular parameters.
- Book() - Constructor for class com.example.vitabu.Book
-
This is the empty default constructor that is necessary for Firebase Database.
- BOOK_MESSAGE - Static variable in class com.example.vitabu.MainActivity
-
- bookAuthor_isCorrect() - Method in class com.example.vitabu.BookTest
-
- bookBorrower_isCorrect() - Method in class com.example.vitabu.BookTest
-
- bookDescription_isCorrect() - Method in class com.example.vitabu.BookTest
-
- bookEditActivity - Class in com.example.vitabu
-
This class creates the Book Edt activity which lets a book owner view and edit the full information about a
provided book.
- bookEditActivity() - Constructor for class com.example.vitabu.bookEditActivity
-
- bookInfoActivity - Class in com.example.vitabu
-
This class creates the Book Info activity which lets the users view the full information about a
provided book.
- bookInfoActivity() - Constructor for class com.example.vitabu.bookInfoActivity
-
- BookInfoTest - Class in com.example.vitabu
-
- BookInfoTest() - Constructor for class com.example.vitabu.BookInfoTest
-
- bookISBN_isCorrect() - Method in class com.example.vitabu.BookTest
-
- BOOKLIST_MESSAGE - Static variable in class com.example.vitabu.MainActivity
-
- booksBorrowed - Variable in class com.example.vitabu.UserAbstract
-
- booksOwned - Variable in class com.example.vitabu.UserAbstract
-
- bookStatus_isCorrect() - Method in class com.example.vitabu.BookTest
-
- BookTest - Class in com.example.vitabu
-
Example local unit test, which will execute on the development machine (host).
- BookTest() - Constructor for class com.example.vitabu.BookTest
-
- bookTitle_isCorrect() - Method in class com.example.vitabu.BookTest
-
- borrowerRating - Variable in class com.example.vitabu.UserAbstract
-
- BorrowRecord - Class in com.example.vitabu
-
Object used to keep track of borrow/lending transactions between users.
- BorrowRecord(String, String, String) - Constructor for class com.example.vitabu.BorrowRecord
-
This is the constructor that is used to instantiate the BorrowRecord object with all the necessary
and specified parameters.
- BorrowRecord() - Constructor for class com.example.vitabu.BorrowRecord
-
This is the default constructor that is used to instantiate the BorrowRecord without any parameters.
- BORROWRECORD_MESSAGE - Static variable in class com.example.vitabu.MainActivity
-
- BorrowRecordTest - Class in com.example.vitabu
-
Example local unit test, which will execute on the development machine (host).
- BorrowRecordTest() - Constructor for class com.example.vitabu.BorrowRecordTest
-
- browseBooksActivity - Class in com.example.vitabu
-
This class contains all the fragments and the bottom navigation bar that creates the UI.
- browseBooksActivity() - Constructor for class com.example.vitabu.browseBooksActivity
-
- BrowseBooksBookRecyclerViewAdapter - Class in com.example.vitabu
-
- BrowseBooksBookRecyclerViewAdapter.ItemClickListener - Interface in com.example.vitabu
-
- BrowseBooksBookRecyclerViewAdapter.ViewHolder - Class in com.example.vitabu
-
- BrowseBooksFragment - Class in com.example.vitabu
-
- BrowseBooksFragment() - Constructor for class com.example.vitabu.BrowseBooksFragment
-
- BrowseBooksTest - Class in com.example.vitabu
-
- BrowseBooksTest() - Constructor for class com.example.vitabu.BrowseBooksTest
-
- buildRecyclerView() - Method in class com.example.vitabu.acceptBookRequestActivity
-
- buildRecyclerView() - Method in class com.example.vitabu.searchBookResultsActivity
-


Welcome to DECIBEL’s documentation website!¶
DECIBEL is a new system for Automatic Chord Estimation (ACE) which exploits MIDI and tab files to improve audio ACE, thereby implicitly integrating musical knowledge.
Automatic Chord Estimation is a fundamental task in Music Information Retrieval (MIR), which has applications in both music performance and MIR research. The task consists of segmenting a music recording or score and assigning a chord label to each segment. Although it has been a task in the annual benchmarking evaluation MIREX for over 10 years, it is not yet a solved problem due to recent insights into the subjective nature of harmony perception.
Given an audio file and a set of MIDI and tab files corresponding to the same song, DECIBEL first estimates chord sequences from all files. For the audio file, it uses existing state-of-the-art audio ACE methods. MIDI files are first aligned to the audio, followed by a MIDI chord estimation step. Tab files are first parsed to untimed chord sequences and then aligned to the audio. In a final step, DECIBEL uses a data fusion method that integrates all estimated chord sequences into one final output sequence.
We tested DECIBEL on the Isophonics reference annotations. Our results show that DECIBEL improves all of the MIREX 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020 ACE submissions, as well as a state-of-the-art commercial ACE method.
Try DECIBEL yourself¶
If you want to reproduce our results or try DECIBEL on your own data set, you can clone the source code from https://github.com/DaphneO/DECIBEL.
The documentation can be found on the current website.


ORGENIC UI Datagrid supports scrolling and paging presentation as well as a lazy loading data provider.


The Dining Philosophers are the University of Pennsylvania's Computer Science interest group. We hold events for the Computer Science department, including guest lectures, faculty lunches, and social events. One of our members sits in on the faculty meetings to represent the undergraduate Computer Science body. We also host an annual programming contest for high school students called the Philadelphia Classic. It's also a great place to get to know other computer science students and stay connected within the computer science community at large.
Our name comes from a classic computer science problem.  All the philosophers do is eat or think. The philosophers have to pick up chopsticks on each side to be able to eat but they can only pick them up one at a time. Once a philosopher tries to eat, he won't put down a chopstick until he finishes eating. This is a classic case of a possible deadlock scenario. If each philospher picks up the chopstick to their left, then none of the philosophers will be able to eat and since none of them will also put down the chopstick, all of them will be stuck. More information about this problem can be found here.


Refugees, Men, Women, Children, Education, Hope, Play, Shelter, Sanitation, Health, Border, Elderly
One of my vivid recollections of my time with my father was him telling me how he fled with his family during the first Arab–Israeli war in 1948. They left in such a hurry that he did not have time to put on any shoes. Not quite able to grasp the complexity of the whole issue, I remember thinking to myself, But how was he able to run quickly enough without shoes? My father died (in 1993) when I was 16. Fast forward six years, when I started to work for the UN Refugee Agency, I would again come face to face with the same question: Just when and how do people decide to flee so abruptly and suddenly, leaving everything behind?...READ MORE
A UN refugee agency report released on Friday warns that the Syria refugee crisis is increasingly straining health services in surrounding countries, while refugees are facing increasing difficulties in accessing the quality treatment they need – particularly those with chronic and other costly health conditions. The report, which covers the first three months of 2013 in Iraq, Jordan and Lebanon, shows that refugees need treatment for a wide range of both common and conflict-related conditions, UNHCR spokesman Adrian Edwards told journalists in Geneva...READ MORE
These 17-year-old Syrian refugee teens had a different future for themselves in mind. Soon they would finish high school, go to university to build a foundation for a wide open future in Damascus. But when the war broke out, finding ways to dodge violence and survive shortages became their daily lesson. Until one day, their family couldn't face the dangers any more and they fled to Tripoli, Lebanon where they now live in a leaky garage. Pictured here in a community shelter run by the Danish Refugee Council, they have the chance to learn English and meet foreigners like me...READ MORE
visit http://storify.com/unhcrmedia to see the latest roundup of syria/unhcr coverage in the news
Construction works underway at Azraq new refugee camp in #Jordan preparing to host #Syria'n refugees. pic.twitter.com/ekMz10HCGi
1,500 more #syrian @refugees x'd to #jordan last nite. We are watching developments in Kherbet Ghazala & the rest of Daara w great concern.
#syrian journalist, 8 day old refugee in #Lebanon, burst into tears while I told her about syrian refugees here- seriously heartbreaking.
Italian coast guards rescue Syrian refugees http://ara.tv/6ahsd #Syria
< UNHCR SOCIAL MEDIA


Sidr Examples
Simple Menu that closes the menu on window resize
No displaced menu that closes when tapping anywhere on the screen or in a menu item.
Multiple menus on both sides with different sources.
Full Width menu.
Menu with anchors instead of links.
Menu with multiple callbacks.
Menu with only click.


Pound touches six-month high on Brexit optimism
The pound rallied to a six-month high against the euro as the Conservatives threw their weight behind the Prime Minister Boris Johnson’s Brexit plan, raising hopes for a smooth departure from the European Union.
Sterling strengthened versus all of its Group-of-10 peers after Johnson said every Conservative candidate has signed a pledge to vote for his Brexit deal if elected next month.
This, together with opinion polls showing the Tories in the lead and Jeremy Corbyn’s Labour Party struggling, boosted confidence the Conservatives could get a Brexit deal through Parliament in time for January 31 and end the UK’s political stalemate.
“Both culminate in the same outcome, which is that the withdrawal agreement has a higher chance of going through,” said Jane Foley, head of currency strategy at Rabobank.
The pound’s “performance in the last few weeks has been linked to this perception that if the withdrawal agreement gets through Parliament then Brexit is done and sterling goes up.”
Strategists see a Conservative majority as the best outcome for the December 12 vote, as it would mean Johnson can push through his Brexit plan and remove some of the uncertainty that has been a function of investing in the UK since the 2016 Brexit referendum.
Traders worry that an outright win by Labour could hurt the pound, given plans to ramp up spending, nationalise utilities and hike taxes for the rich that could open up the risk of capital flight.
Sterling gained as much as 0.5% versus the euro to 85.22 pence, the highest since May 6. It strengthened as much as 0.7% to $1.2985. The yield on UK 10-year government bonds was steady at 0.73%.
Traders are gaining confidence that Johnson will maintain his lead, averting any shock result, a gauge of expected large moves in the currency suggests.
Johnson took the decision to call the snap poll after lawmakers agreed to back his Brexit deal in principle but then fell short of giving it their full backing.
The pound has outperformed all other currencies in the world so far this quarter, gaining 5.4% versus the dollar and 3.8% against the euro.
Bloomberg


PLEASE REPLACE ME
For more information about EPICS, please refer to the home page of the Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System.
This is the working copy of this document. Comments are welcome.
The terms MUST, MUST NOT, SHOULD, SHOULD NOT, REQUIRED, and MAY when highlighted (through style sheets, and in uppercase in the source) are used in accordance with RFC 2119 [RFC2119]. The term NOT REQUIRED (not defined in RFC 2119) indicates exemption.
EPICS version 4 supplies types for memory resident structured data. EPICS V4 Normative Types defines types that build on the pvData types.
The normative types provide a standard set of structure definitions so that tools can be implemented which support the normative types.
The syntax for describing the normative types is an extension of the meta data syntax defined by pvData.
Definition: Normative Type
The syntax for a normative type definition follows the pattern:
structure NTXXX ntfield_t fieldName // or ntfield_t[] fieldName ...where
An example is of a normative type is:
structure NTScalar timeStamp_t timeStamp alarm_t alarm double value
A field of a normative type ( ndfield_t ) is any of the following:
An array of any of the above ( ndfield_t[] ) can also be a field of a normative type:
NOTE: A normative type can also define additional normative fields. An example is NTChannelFinderDirectory.
Note that of all the Normative Type fields only scalar_t is of simple type, that is, having a single or array value. All the others are represented by a structure (see Structure Normative Fields below).
A scalar field can be any of the folowing:
boolean // true or false byte // 8 bit signed integer short // 16 bit signed integer int // 32 bit signed integer long // 64 bit signed integer float // single precision IEEE 754 double // double precision IEEE 754 string // UTF-8 *
NOTE: There is no specific support for unsigned types. * See definition in RESOLUTION of 4-Oct.
A scalar array field can be any of the following:
boolean[] // array of true or false byte[] // array of 8 bit signed integer short[] // array of 16 bit signed integer int[] // array of 32 bit signed integer long[] // array of 64 bit signed integer float[] // array of single precision IEEE 754 double[] // array of double precision IEEE 754 string[] // array of UTF-8 *
The structured normative fields are all have Type structure.
structure anyName int index string[] choices
where
structure timeStamp long secsPastEpoch int nanoseconds int userTag
where
pvData provides two helper classes for a timeStamp structure: timeStamp, and PVTimeStamp.
structure alarm int severity int status string message
where
pvData provides two helper classes for an alarm structure: alarm, and PVAlarm.
structure alarmLimit double highAlarm double highWarning double lowWarning double lowAlarm
where
structure display structure limit double low double high string description string format string units
where
structure control structure limit double low double high
where
The following shows normative fields that have pvData type structureArray.
enum_t[] anyName
where
timeStamp_t[] anyName
where
alarm_t[] anyName
where
alarmLimit_t[] anyName
where
display_t[] anyName
where
control_t[] anyName
where
A primary reason for normative types is to pass data between a client and a service.
When it makes sense, the normative types for data sent from a client to a server has an optional field named function and of type string:
structure NTxxx string function
When it makes sense, the normative types for data sent from a server to a client has two optional fields alarm and timeStamp:
structure NTxxx timeStamp_t timeStamp alarm_t alarm
A normative type can be used both for sending data from client to service and from service to client.
The General Normative Types are for encapsulating data of any kind of application or use case. Compare to Specific Normative Types defined later in this document, and which are oriented to particular use cases.
A NTScalar is a top level structure that has the following form:
structure NTScalar scalar_t value string function // optional field timeStamp_t timeStamp // optional field alarm_t alarm // optional field display_t display // optional field control_t control // optional field
where
A NTEnum is a top level structure that has the following form:
structurer NTEnum enum_t value string function // optional field timeStamp_t timeStamp // optional field alarm_t alarm // optional field
where
A NTArray is a top level structure that has the following form:
structure NTArray scalar_t[] value string function // optional field timeStamp_t timeStamp // optional field alarm_t alarm // optional field display_t display // optional field int[] dim // optional field
where
Specific normative types are types defined by the EPICS V4 working group and are oriented towards specific uses and applications. Compare to General Normative Types defined above. The currently defined types are each described in a section below.
Some generic attributes are:
This is a type appropriate for many RPC (Remote Procedure Call) service requests.
structure NTNameValue string[] names string[] values string function // optional field timeStamp_t timeStamp // optional field alarm_t alarm // optional field
where
MultichannelArray aggregates an array of scalar values into a single array variable.
structure NTMultichannelArray string function // optional field alarm_t alarm // optional field timeStamp_t timeStamp // optional field double[] value // The array of scalar values. int[] severity // severity associated with each value double[] position // The absolute or relative position of each scalar. double[] deltaTime // The time relative to the timeStamp in seconds.
where
NTTimeDomainArray expresses an array of values that have a constant time between each value.
structure NTTimeDomainArray string function // optional field alarm_t alarm // optional field timeStamp_t timeStamp // optional field double deltaTime // Time in seconds between each sample. scalar_t[] value // array of numeric type
where
structure NTFrequencyDomainArray string function // optional field alarm_t alarm // optional field timeStamp_t timeStamp // optional field double deltaFrequency // Frequency in HZ double firstFrequency // frequency of the value[0] scalar_t[] value // array of any numeric type
where
NEEDS WORK
structure NTHistogram string function // optional field alarm_t alarm // optional field timeStamp_t timeStamp // optional field double firstValue double lastValue enum_t mode // LINEAR and LOGARITHMIC scalar_t[] values // integer types are unsigned
NEEDS WORK
NTStatistic compresses time domain data. It may be used for archive data, or compressing time domain data, or time domain rebasing. For instance, you have an FPGA sending data at 10KHz, and you want to archive its output, but you can't archive at the native rate.
structure NTStatistic string function // optional field alarm_t alarm // optional field timeStamp_t timeStamp // optional field double firstValue timeStamp_t firstValueTimeStamp double lastValue timeStamp_t lastValueTimeStamp double highValue double lowValue double aveValue double stdDev int N
where
The EPICS V4 image type (NTImage) will be a superset of this functionality. The variant type used for encoding metadata is also suitable for encoding table columns. byte [] data may contain a compressed image so the size may not be at least prod(dim) * element_size(datatype)
An NTImage is composed of three parts:
structure NTImage // Array part // Image part // metadata part
Each of these will be discussed separately.
structure NTImage scalar_t[] value string function // optional field timeStamp_t timeStamp // optional field alarm_t alarm // optional field display_t display // optional field int[] dim // Image part // Metadata part
These fields are the same as for NTArray defined previously.
A generic tool that operates on NTArrays will be able to use the image as long as compression is not used.
structure NTImage // Array part int colorMode int bayerPattern char [4] fourcc int [] offset // same length as dims, start of readout int [] binning int [] reverse int [] fullDim // Metadata part
where
NDColorModeMono = 0, /** Monochromatic image */ NDColorModeBayer = 1, /** Bayer pattern image, 1 value per pixel but with color filter on detector */ NDColorModeRGB1 = 2, /** RGB image with pixel color interleave, data array is [3, NX, NY] */ NDColorModeRGB2 = 3, /** RGB image with row color interleave, data array is [NX, 3, NY] */ NDColorModeRGB3 = 4, /** RGB image with plane color interleave, data array is [NX, NY, 3] */ NDColorModeYUV444 = 5, /** YUV image, 3 bytes encodes 1 RGB pixel */ NDColorModeYUV422 = 6, /** YUV image, 4 bytes encodes 2 RGB pixel */ NDColorModeYUV411 = 7 /** YUV image, 6 bytes encodes 4 RGB pixels */
NDBayerRGGB = 0, /** First line RGRG, second line GBGB... */ NDBayerGBRG = 1, /** First line GBGB, second line RGRG... */ NDBayerGRBG = 2, /** First line GRGR, second line BGBG... */ NDBayerBGGR = 3 /** First line BGBG, second line GRGR... */
Each metadata field is a variant structure. A variant structure defines a structure that is a "table" where each column is an array of a scalar types, an array of alarms, or an array of timeStamps. A variant structure is defined as:
structure variant string name int dataType boolean [] booleanValue byte [] byteValue short [] shortValue int [] intValue long [] longValue float [] floatValue double [] doubleValue string [] stringValue timestamp_t [] timeStampValue alarm_t [] alarmValue
where
0 - boolean 1 - byte 2 short 3 int 4 long 5 float 6 double 7 string 8 timeStamp 9 alarm
The metadata portion of NTImage is:
structure NTImage // Array part // Image part // Experimental MetaData part int uniqueId string [] attributeDescriptions int [] attributeSourceTypes string [] attributeSources variant_t [] attributes
where
NDAttrSourceDriver = 0, /** Attribute is obtained directly from driver */ NDAttrSourceParam, /** Attribute is obtained from parameter library */ NDAttrSourceEPICSPV /** Attribute is obtained from an EPICS PV */
NTTable is intended to be used when exchanging data which looks like a table. For instance table of BPM values of a whole accelerator section, or contents of a JDBC ResultSet.
structure NTTable string function // optional field alarm_t alarm // optional field timeStamp_t timeStamp // optional field string[] label ntfield_t[] xxx // an array of any valid normative field type ... // an arbitrary number of ntfield_t[] fields can appear including none
This represents a table. The number of columns is equal to the number of fields which follows label. Each xxx field has the data for it's column. All xxx fields and label MUST have the same length, which is the number of rows in the table. The value of each label can be used as a label for the associated column.
NEEDS WORK
NTChannelFinderDirectory can be used for exchanges of ChannelFinder query results.
structure nameValuePair string name string value structure channelFinderInfo string[] tag nameValuePair_t[] property structure NTChannelFinderDirectory alarm_t alarm timeStamp_t timeStamp string[] channelName channelFinderInfo_t[] channelInfo
The length of channelInfo must either be zero or the same as the length of channelName
Users and developers using EPICS V4 are free to defined their own special purpose types on top of PVStructure (or the other PV Types) but should note that only the normative types deifned here (NT*) above, are guaranteed to be understood by EPICS V4 services and clients.


Basic Text
My name is:
Lists of Things
Here:
Show / Hide and Click a Button
I can pay rent this month
Enter value and listen for change
You are a:
Input using a function
Your likes include:
Switch between panels
Burger
Fries
Soda
Tree Structures
Custom Attributes
This should look purple
This should look yellow
Event Binds
Hover here
Included Template
Included Template List (template cached)
Switch between panels (animate)
Burger
Fries
Soda
Reversed Lists of Things
Various function calls
Strings
My name is:


|
Hi! My name is Ramona Kate G. Manangan.
As you walk through this page, you will discover my hobbies and interest.
Like many youth today, I am fond of watching korean dramas and different
series and movies on netflix. Watching different stories inspires me
to do good on what I do, maybe because I really want to have a comfortable life, well who doesn't want that.
My favorite band is Ben & Ben. Their song gives me peace everytime I hear them.
War by Ben & Ben is one my favorite song, next is Ride Home by Ben & Ben also.
The song "War" is all about the battles that we face in life that we need to win.
I want to travel in different places and countries in the future. When I was a kid
I travel alot, going to my home town Pangasinan to Palawan where I reside now.
I even travelled alone going toManila when I was only 12 years old.
Maybe that is the reason why wanted to explore other places
because I grew up going to different places in such young age.
I grew up independently because my parents are working far away from me.
In doing task, I always do it in my best of ability because I want to show
other people that even I grew up without the guidance of my parents in my side,
I am perfecly fine, kind, and excellent.
Philippians 4:13
I can do all things, through Christ
who strengthens me.
Thank you and God Bless you all!
GO BACK TO RESUME!
|


"""
pysd.py
Contains all the code that will be directly accessed by the user in normal operation.
Also contains some private members to facilitate integration, setup, etc.
History
--------
August 15, 2014: created
June 6 2015: Major updates - version 0.2.5
Jan 2016: Rework to handle subscripts
May 2016: Updates to handle grammar refactoring
"""
import pandas as _pd
import numpy as np
import imp
import time
from . import utils
from . import functions
import warnings
# Todo: add a logical way to run two or more models together, using the same integrator.
# Todo: work out an RK4 adaptive integrator
[docs]def read_vensim(mdl_file):
"""
Construct a model from Vensim `.mdl` file.
Parameters
----------
mdl_file : <string>
The relative path filename for a raw Vensim `.mdl` file
Returns
-------
model: a PySD class object
Elements from the python model are loaded into the PySD class and ready to run
Examples
--------
>>> model = read_vensim('../tests/test-models/samples/teacup/teacup.mdl')
"""
from .vensim2py import translate_vensim
py_model_file = translate_vensim(mdl_file)
model = PySD(py_model_file)
model.mdl_file = mdl_file
return model
[docs]def load(py_model_file):
"""
Load a python-converted model file.
Parameters
----------
py_model_file : <string>
Filename of a model which has already been converted into a
python format.
Examples
--------
>>> model = load('../tests/test-models/samples/teacup/teacup.py')
"""
return PySD(py_model_file)
[docs]class PySD(object):
"""
PySD is the default class charged with running a model.
It can be initialized by passing a string to a translated python model file.
The import functions pull models and create this class.
"""
def __init__(self, py_model_file):
"""
Construct a PySD object from a translated model python file
Parameters
----------
py_model_file : <string>
Filename of a model which has already been converted into a
python format.
"""
# need a unique identifier for the imported module. Use the time.
module_name = str(time.time()).replace('.', '')
self.components = imp.load_source(module_name,
py_model_file)
self._stateful_elements = [getattr(self.components, name) for name in dir(self.components)
if isinstance(getattr(self.components, name),
functions.Stateful)]
self.py_model_file = py_model_file
self.reset_state()
[docs] def __str__(self):
""" Return model source files """
# JT: Might be helpful to return not only the source file, but
# also how the instance differs from that source file. This
# would give a more accurate view of the current model.
string = 'Translated Model File: ' + self.py_model_file
if hasattr(self, 'mdl_file'):
string += '\n Original Model File: ' + self.mdl_file
return string
[docs] def run(self, params=None, return_columns=None, return_timestamps=None,
initial_condition='original'):
""" Simulate the model's behavior over time.
Return a pandas dataframe with timestamps as rows,
model elements as columns.
Parameters
----------
params : dictionary
Keys are strings of model component names.
Values are numeric or pandas Series.
Numeric values represent constants over the model integration.
Timeseries will be interpolated to give time-varying input.
return_timestamps : list, numeric, numpy array(1-D)
Timestamps in model execution at which to return state information.
Defaults to model-file specified timesteps.
return_columns : list of string model component names
Returned dataframe will have corresponding columns.
Defaults to model stock values.
initial_condition : 'original'/'o', 'current'/'c', (t, {state})
The starting time, and the state of the system (the values of all the stocks)
at that starting time.
* 'original' (default) uses model-file specified initial condition
* 'current' uses the state of the model after the previous execution
* (t, {state}) lets the user specify a starting time and (possibly partial)
list of stock values.
Examples
--------
>>> model.run(params={'exogenous_constant': 42})
>>> model.run(params={'exogenous_variable': timeseries_input})
>>> model.run(return_timestamps=[1, 2, 3.1415, 4, 10])
>>> model.run(return_timestamps=10)
>>> model.run(return_timestamps=np.linspace(1, 10, 20))
See Also
--------
pysd.set_components : handles setting model parameters
pysd.set_initial_condition : handles setting initial conditions
"""
if params:
self.set_components(params)
self.set_initial_condition(initial_condition)
return_timestamps = self._format_return_timestamps(return_timestamps)
t_series = self._build_euler_timeseries(return_timestamps)
if return_columns is None:
return_columns = self.components._namespace.keys()
self.components._stage = 'Run'
self.clear_caches()
capture_elements, return_addresses = utils.get_return_elements(
return_columns, self.components._namespace, self.components._subscript_dict)
res = self._integrate(t_series, capture_elements, return_timestamps)
return_df = utils.make_flat_df(res, return_addresses)
return_df.index = return_timestamps
return return_df
[docs] def reset_state(self):
"""
Sets the model state to the state described in the model file.
Builds the state vector from scratch
"""
# We give the state and the time parameters leading underscores so that
# if there are variables in the model named 't' or 'state' there are no
# conflicts
self.components._t = self.components.initial_time()
self.components._stage = 'Initialization'
def initialize_state():
"""
This function tries to initialize the state vector.
In the case where an initialization function for `Stock A` depends on
the value of `Stock B`, if we try to initialize `Stock A` before `Stock B`
then we will get an error, as the value will not yet exist.
In this case, just skip initializing `Stock A` for now, and
go on to the other state initializations. Then call whole function again.
Each time the function is called, we should be able to make some progress
towards full initialization, by initializing at least one more state.
If we don't then references are unresolvable, so we should throw an error.
"""
retry_flag = False
making_progress = False
initialization_order = []
for element in self._stateful_elements:
try:
element.initialize()
making_progress = True
initialization_order.append(repr(element))
except KeyError:
retry_flag = True
except TypeError:
retry_flag = True
except AttributeError:
retry_flag = True
if not making_progress:
raise KeyError('Unresolvable Reference: Probable circular initialization' +
'\n'.join(initialization_order))
if retry_flag:
initialize_state()
if self._stateful_elements: # if there are no stocks, don't try to initialize!
initialize_state()
[docs] def set_components(self, params):
""" Set the value of exogenous model elements.
Element values can be passed as keyword=value pairs in the function call.
Values can be numeric type or pandas Series.
Series will be interpolated by integrator.
Examples
--------
>>> model.set_components({'birth_rate': 10})
>>> model.set_components({'Birth Rate': 10})
>>> br = pandas.Series(index=range(30), values=np.sin(range(30))
>>> model.set_components({'birth_rate': br})
"""
# It might make sense to allow the params argument to take a pandas series, where
# the indices of the series are variable names. This would make it easier to
# do a Pandas apply on a DataFrame of parameter values. However, this may conflict
# with a pandas series being passed in as a dictionary element.
for key, value in params.items():
if isinstance(value, _pd.Series):
new_function = self._timeseries_component(value)
else:
new_function = self._constant_component(value)
if key in self.components._namespace.keys():
func_name = self.components._namespace[key]
elif key in self.components._namespace.values():
func_name = key
else:
raise NameError('%s is not recognized as a model component' % key)
if 'integ_'+func_name in dir(self.components): # this won't handle other statefuls...
warnings.warn("Replacing the equation of stock {} with params".format(key),
stacklevel=2)
setattr(self.components, func_name, new_function)
[docs] def set_state(self, t, state):
""" Set the system state.
Parameters
----------
t : numeric
The system time
state : dict
A (possibly partial) dictionary of the system state.
The keys to this dictionary may be either pysafe names or original model file names
"""
self.components._t = t
for key, value in state.items():
if key in self.components._namespace.keys():
element_name = 'integ_%s' % self.components._namespace[key]
elif key in self.components._namespace.values():
element_name = 'integ_%s' % key
else: # allow the user to specify the stateful object directly
element_name = key
try:
element = getattr(self.components, element_name)
element.update(value)
except AttributeError:
print("'%s' has no state elements, assignment failed")
raise
[docs] def set_initial_condition(self, initial_condition):
""" Set the initial conditions of the integration.
Parameters
----------
initial_condition : <string> or <tuple>
Takes on one of the following sets of values:
* 'original'/'o' : Reset to the model-file specified initial condition.
* 'current'/'c' : Use the current state of the system to start
the next simulation. This includes the simulation time, so this
initial condition must be paired with new return timestamps
* (t, {state}) : Lets the user specify a starting time and list of stock values.
>>> model.set_initial_condition('original')
>>> model.set_initial_condition('current')
>>> model.set_initial_condition((10, {'teacup_temperature': 50}))
See Also
--------
PySD.set_state()
"""
if isinstance(initial_condition, tuple):
# Todo: check the values more than just seeing if they are a tuple.
self.set_state(*initial_condition)
elif isinstance(initial_condition, str):
if initial_condition.lower() in ['original', 'o']:
self.reset_state()
elif initial_condition.lower() in ['current', 'c']:
pass
else:
raise ValueError('Valid initial condition strings include: \n' +
' "original"/"o", \n' +
' "current"/"c"')
else:
raise TypeError('Check documentation for valid entries')
[docs] def clear_caches(self):
""" Clears the Caches for all model elements """
for element_name in dir(self.components):
element = getattr(self.components, element_name)
if hasattr(element, 'cache_val'):
delattr(element, 'cache_val')
def _build_euler_timeseries(self, return_timestamps=None):
"""
- The integration steps need to include the return values.
- There is no point running the model past the last return value.
- The last timestep will be the last in that requested for return
- Spacing should be at maximum what is specified by the integration time step.
- The initial time should be the one specified by the model file, OR
it should be the initial condition.
- This function needs to be called AFTER the model is set in its initial state
Parameters
----------
return_timestamps: numpy array
Must be specified by user or built from model file before this function is called.
Returns
-------
ts: numpy array
The times that the integrator will use to compute time history
"""
t_0 = self.components.time()
t_f = return_timestamps[-1]
dt = self.components.time_step()
ts = np.arange(t_0, t_f, dt, dtype=np.float64)
# Add the returned time series into the integration array. Best we can do for now.
# This does change the integration ever so slightly, but for well-specified
# models there shouldn't be sensitivity to a finer integration time step.
ts = np.sort(np.unique(np.append(ts, return_timestamps)))
return ts
def _format_return_timestamps(self, return_timestamps=None):
"""
Format the passed in return timestamps value if it exists,
or build up array of timestamps based upon the model saveper
"""
if return_timestamps is None:
# Build based upon model file Start, Stop times and Saveper
# Vensim's standard is to expect that the data set includes the `final time`,
# so we have to add an extra period to make sure we get that value in what
# numpy's `arange` gives us.
return_timestamps_array = np.arange(
self.components.initial_time(),
self.components.final_time() + self.components.saveper(),
self.components.saveper(), dtype=np.float64
)
elif isinstance(return_timestamps, (list, int, float, np.ndarray)):
return_timestamps_array = np.array(return_timestamps, ndmin=1)
elif isinstance(return_timestamps, _pd.Series):
return_timestamps_array = return_timestamps.as_matrix()
elif isinstance(return_timestamps, np.ndarray):
return_timestamps_array = return_timestamps
else:
raise TypeError('`return_timestamps` expects a list, array, pandas Series, '
'or numeric value')
return return_timestamps_array
def _timeseries_component(self, series):
""" Internal function for creating a timeseries model element """
# this is only called if the set_component function recognizes a pandas series
# Todo: raise a warning if extrapolating from the end of the series.
return lambda: np.interp(self.components.time(), series.index, series.values)
def _constant_component(self, value):
""" Internal function for creating a constant model element """
return lambda: value
def _euler_step(self, dt):
""" Performs a single step in the euler integration,
updating stateful components
Parameters
----------
dt : float
This is the amount to increase time by this step
"""
new_states = [component.state + component.ddt() * dt
for component in self._stateful_elements]
[component.update(new_state)
for component, new_state in zip(self._stateful_elements, new_states)]
def _integrate(self, time_steps, capture_elements, return_timestamps):
"""
Performs euler integration
Parameters
----------
time_steps: iterable
the time steps that the integrator progresses over
capture_elements: list
which model elements to capture - uses pysafe names
return_timestamps:
which subset of 'timesteps' should be values be returned?
Returns
-------
outputs: list of dictionaries
"""
# Todo: consider adding the timestamp to the return elements, and using that as the index
outputs = []
for t2 in time_steps[1:]:
if self.components._t in return_timestamps:
outputs.append({key: getattr(self.components, key)() for key in capture_elements})
self._euler_step(t2 - self.components._t)
self.components._t = t2 # this will clear the stepwise caches
# need to add one more time step, because we run only the state updates in the previous
# loop and thus may be one short.
if self.components._t in return_timestamps:
outputs.append({key: getattr(self.components, key)() for key in capture_elements})
return outputs
[docs] def doc(self):
"""
Formats a table of documentation strings to help users remember variable names, and
understand how they are translated into python safe names.
Returns
-------
docs_df: pandas dataframe
Dataframe with columns for the model components:
- Real names
- Python safe identifiers (as used in model.components)
- Units string
- Documentation strings from the original model file
"""
from parsimonious.grammar import Grammar
from parsimonious.nodes import NodeVisitor
varnames = filter(lambda x: not x.startswith('_') and x not in ('cache', 'functions', 'np'),
dir(self.components))
docstrings = [getattr(self.components, name).__doc__ for name in varnames]
g = """\
sdVar = (sep? name sep "-"* sep model_name_wrap sep unit sep+ comment? " "*)?
sep = ws "\\n" ws
ws = " "*
name = ~"[A-z ]+"
model_name_wrap = '(' model_name ')'
model_name = ~"[A-z_]+"
unit = ~"[A-z\\, \\/\\*\\[\\]\\?0-9]*"
comment = ~"[A-z _+-/*\\n]+"
"""
class SDVarDoc(NodeVisitor):
def __init__(self, grammar, text):
self.sdVar = {}
ast = Grammar(grammar).parse(text)
self.visit(ast)
def visit_name(self, n, vc):
self.sdVar['name'] = n.text
def visit_model_name(self, n, vc):
self.sdVar['model_name'] = n.text
def visit_unit(self, n, vc):
self.sdVar['unit'] = n.text
def visit_comment(self, n, vc):
self.sdVar['comment'] = n.text
def generic_visit(self, n, vc):
pass
docstring_list = list()
for ds in filter(None, docstrings):
docstring_list.append(SDVarDoc(g, ds).sdVar)
# Convert docstring_list, a list of dictionaries, to a Pandas DataFrame,
# for easy printing down the line.
df_headers = ['Real Name', 'Py Name', 'Unit', 'Comment']
docs_df = _pd.DataFrame(docstring_list, columns=df_headers)
return docs_df


@()
This is a placeholder page to show you the REST API. Use httpie to post JSON to the application.
To see all events, you can do a GET:
http GET localhost:9000/v1/events/
To create new events, do a post
http POST localhost:9000/v1/events/ {"userId": 1,"eventTime": [2019,3,20,10,35,55],"userRole": "role","details": "details"}
You can always look at the API directly: /v1/events


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2 Chronicles 33:4
Also he built altars in the house of the LORD, whereof the LORD had said, In Jerusalem shall my name be for ever.


Max B. Grove
Coding Experience
Java, HTML, CSS
Java
This game was created using object-oriented Java Programming. My partner and I completed it in Penn's Intro to Computer Programming class.
The source code (with ReadMe) for the game is listed on Github. There is a ReadMe included on GitHub detailing how to play the game.
HTML and CSS
This website was created to showcase my self-taught knowledge of HTML and CSS. The source code can be obtained by right-clicking anywhere on the background and selecting 'Show Page Source.' or navigating to the code on Github. It was created from nothing and took 6 versions to be built into the site it is today.
All images and icons are free use or designed by me.


Please review the answer provided and score the answer out of 10 points.
The planned end result of the project would be a fully implementable tool that could be rolled out to the industry. Once a fully tested prototype can be demonstrated we can start to take orders and travel to international Industry leaders the exhibit the value of the tool.


---
layout: post
title: Personal note
date: '2013-07-27T17:58:00.003+02:00'
comments: true
tags:
modified_time: '2013-07-27T17:59:47.026+02:00'
blogger_id: tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5442825777886761537.post-917527502650935324
blogger_orig_url: http://stickmanscorral.blogspot.com/2013/07/personal-update.html
---
I'm not normally one for broadcasting personal information and relationship updates on social media, but, hey, this a big one.
Very pleased, then, to say that I am recently returned from a trip to Veneto, Italy, engaged to the beautiful Miss LB. (Soon to be Mrs LM, although a rose by any other name...)
My five-year charm offensive has obviously paid dividends.
Finally.
In other news, Daniel Kuehn was kind enough to remind me on Facebook that I shouldn't make the mistake of thinking that my probation period is now over... Sage advice.


2 Overview and Introduction
2.1 Part I: Data Science Best Practices
2.2 Set up your computer
2.2.1 Installation
- Install R 3.4.1 from https://ftp.osuosl.org/pub/cran/ . (Requires administrator privellege)
- Install RStudio Desktop free version from https://www.rstudio.com/products/rstudio/download/
- Git: Follow these steps to install Git for Windows (or for the specific operating system on your laptop). (Requires administrator privellege)
2.2.2 Installation Verification
- Launch RStudio and you should see a program window like this:
- Click the File menu, select New Project…, then Version Control and Git;
- Copy & paste this URL: https://github.com/cities/datascience2017.git into the the Repository URL textbox;
- Click Create Project.
If you see a popup box that says “Clone Repsitory” with a progress bar and then RStudio refreshes, then your installation is working.
2.3 Why R
- Free, as in beer & speech
- Large and growing community, with more than 13,000 packages and growing
- Powerful and flexible
2.4 Introduction to R and RStudio
2.4.1 Project orgnization in RStudio
R experts keep all the files associated with a project together — input data, R scripts, analytical results, figures. This is such a wise and common practice that RStudio has built-in support for this via projects. For example, a project can be a R package under development, or code, data and documents for a research project, or a book project (for example, Hadley use a RStudio project for the R for Data Science book at https://github.com/hadley/r4ds).
A RStudio project must contain a file with extension Rproj and can contain any files within the directory where the project file lives or its subdirectories. Typical types of files in a RStudio project include: - R Script - R Markdown, R notebook - R Presentation - Shiny Web App - Text file, C++, html, …
Hadley recommends the following for RStudio projects workflow:
- Create an RStudio project for each data analyis project.
- Keep data files there and load them into R with data import.
- Keep scripts there; edit them, run them in bits or as a whole.
- Save your outputs (plots and cleaned data) there.
- Only ever use relative paths (relative to the root path of the project), not absolute paths.
Everything you need is in one place, and cleanly separated from all the other projects that you are working on.
I recommend organizing files in subdirectories by types, typically with at least these items: - project_name.Rproj, RStudio project file - README.md, a description file of the project - code, for R scripts - data, for data files - docs, for document/report files, such as R Markdown files
2.5 Exercise
Create a RStudio project for this class on your laptop, set up directory structure as recommended above, download the bike counts data file and save them in the data directory of your RStudio project.
2.6 Class project
For the class project, you are expected to create a R package with the following requirements and commit it to GitHub:
- Contains at least one self-contained function;
- Completed with necessary documentation;
- Passes R package check and test(s);
- [Advanced] includes a vignette that demonstrates the usage of the package.
You can take and/or re-organize code from your current work or start from scratch. Take the feasibility of completing in a week into consideration when selecting project ideas.
If you don’t have a feasible project idea at the moment, consider writing a R package that reads and visualizes the bike counts on Hawthorne Bridge and Tilikum Crossing. Daily traffic counts data for these two bridges can be found here. At the minimum, your package should be able to:
- Read the data in the excel files;
- Process (tidy) the data as necessary;
- Visualize bike counts on either or both bridges based on the data frame passed in;
- Plot daily bike counts for any specified period;
- [Advanced] Plot daily, weekly, or monthly bike counts based on an frequency argument;
- Pull weather data for Portland and study (visualize and/or model) the effect of weather on bike counts;
- [Advanced] Study (visualize and/or model) the effect of Tilikum Crossing (opened in September 2015) on bike counts on Hawthorne Bridge.
2.7 Learning more
The above will get your basic setup ready but here are some links if you are interested in reading a bit further.
- RStudio Cheat Sheet
- RStudio’s leads for getting help with R
- R FAQ:
- R Installation and Administration
- More about add-on packages in the R Installation and Administration Manual


public interface AFPConstants
| Modifier and Type | Field and Description |
|---|---|
static java.lang.String |
ASCII_ENCODING
The encoding to use to convert to ASCII
|
static int |
DPI_72
The scaling of the default transform is set to
approximately 72 user space coordinates per square inch
|
static int |
DPI_72_MPTS
72dpi in millipoints
|
static java.lang.String |
EBCIDIC_ENCODING
The encoding to use to convert to EBCIDIC
|
static float |
LINE_WIDTH_CORRECTION
The line width is set as a multiplier of a default line with; the width of the default
line width is implementation defined, which probably means different devices use different
actual widths; this means that the source line width (as specified in, say, a SVG line
element) needs to be corrected by a fudge factor that depends on the output device so that
the final output (print to paper, screen viewer) looks as intended.
|
static java.lang.String |
US_ASCII_ENCODING
The encoding to use to convert to US ASCII (7 bit)
|
static final java.lang.String EBCIDIC_ENCODING
static final java.lang.String ASCII_ENCODING
static final java.lang.String US_ASCII_ENCODING
static final int DPI_72
static final int DPI_72_MPTS
static final float LINE_WIDTH_CORRECTION
Copyright 1999-2020 The Apache Software Foundation. All Rights Reserved.


{include file="public/head" /}
{include file="public/header" /} {include file="public/small_menu" /}
{include file="public/sidebar" /}
首页
Home
{$usercount}
用户数量
{$bankcount}
已设置支付方式
{include file="public/footer" /}


{% extends "socialbase.html" %} {% block title %}Social Network Login Failure{% endblock %} {% block js %}{% endblock %} {% block ghostright %}
An error occurred while attempting to login via your social network account. Try again later?


Like is a social network where every like has value. Every day, across the world, millions of people like billions of posts. Liking a post has become such a common occurrence and such a large part of our culture that doing so has lost its value. When you first log into Like, you're given a limited number of likes to use, so you need to really think about which posts deserve your likes. Fear not, however, as there is a way to get more likes. Every time someone likes one of your posts, you are given more likes, so you can like more posts! Like also allows you to like posts multiple times, because showing your appreciation is never a bad thing. By changing the way people treat likes, Like aims to change the way people interact with one another.
Made with ♥ by Deb Banerji


Choose colour to use when the worst job status in the view is 'disabled'.
After 'unknown' and 'successful', the possible states from best to worst are 'disabled', 'unstable' and 'failed'.
Perhaps 'grey', if you particularly want to alert people to disabled jobs, but probably best to leave tabs uncoloured for disabled jobs, as jobs are often disabled for quite valid reasons.


CURLOPT_CUSTOMREQUEST explained
NAME
CURLOPT_CUSTOMREQUEST - custom string for request
SYNOPSIS
#include <curl/curl.h>
CURLcode curl_easy_setopt(CURL *handle, CURLOPT_CUSTOMREQUEST, char *request);
DESCRIPTION
Pass a pointer to a zero terminated string as parameter.
When you change the request method by setting CURLOPT_CUSTOMREQUEST to something, you don't actually change how libcurl behaves or acts in regards to the particular request method, it will only change the actual string sent in the request.
Restore to the internal default by setting this to NULL.
This option can be used to specify the request:
Instead of GET or HEAD when performing HTTP based requests. This is particularly useful, for example, for performing an HTTP DELETE request.
For example:
When you tell libcurl to do a HEAD request, but then specify a GET though a custom request libcurl will still act as if it sent a HEAD. To switch to a proper HEAD use CURLOPT_NOBODY, to switch to a proper POST use CURLOPT_POST or CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS and to switch to a proper GET use CURLOPT_HTTPGET.
Many people have wrongly used this option to replace the entire request with their own, including multiple headers and POST contents. While that might work in many cases, it will cause libcurl to send invalid requests and it could possibly confuse the remote server badly. Use CURLOPT_POST and CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS to set POST data. Use CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER to replace or extend the set of headers sent by libcurl. Use CURLOPT_HTTP_VERSION to change HTTP version.
Instead of LIST and NLST when performing FTP directory listings.
Instead of LIST when issuing IMAP based requests.
Instead of LIST and RETR when issuing POP3 based requests.
For example:
When you tell libcurl to use a custom request it will behave like a LIST or RETR command was sent where it expects data to be returned by the server. As such CURLOPT_NOBODY should be used when specifying commands such as DELE and NOOP for example.
Instead of a HELP or VRFY when issuing SMTP based requests.
For example:
Normally a multiline response is returned which can be used, in conjunction with CURLOPT_MAIL_RCPT, to specify an EXPN request. If the CURLOPT_NOBODY option is specified then the request can be used to issue NOOP and RSET commands.
The application does not have to keep the string around after setting this option.
DEFAULT
PROTOCOLS
HTTP, FTP, IMAP, POP3 and SMTP
EXAMPLE
CURL *curl = curl_easy_init(); if(curl) { curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_URL, "http://example.com/foo.bin"); /* DELETE the given path */ curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_CUSTOMREQUEST, "DELETE"); ret = curl_easy_perform(curl); curl_easy_cleanup(curl); }
AVAILABILITY
IMAP is supported since 7.30.0, POP3 since 7.26.0 and SMTP since 7.34.0.
RETURN VALUE
Returns CURLE_OK if the option is supported, CURLE_UNKNOWN_OPTION if not, or CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY if there was insufficient heap space.
SEE ALSO
CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, CURLOPT_NOBODY, CURLOPT_REQUEST_TARGET
This HTML page was made with roffit.


INDEPENDENCE DAY A film review by Mike Warner Copyright 1996 Mike Warner
* Preamble
For component summary, see http://www.id4.com
* Irrational
** Snapshot
I'm testosterone overloaded and out for bear. Gentlemen, saddle up, strap me in, and snap my head back. Whaa-- We're in an 8G power-dive and suddenly the flaps are down. Oh, I'm sorry. Excuse me. I didn't realize we had to cut to Will Smith's Significant Other shopping for Huggies.
** Summary
Velocity Interruptus. Screenwriting Amateurus.
* Rational
** Summary
Margaret, what I lack in technique, I'll make up for in size.
** Theory
*** Story
Good versus Evil. Cowboys and Indians-from-space with a state-of-the-art video treatment. How could I not like the White House getting pulverized? You say Bill and Hillary are on the doorsteps?
*** Screenplay
**** Structure
Look. If you're going to be the butt-kickingest high-velocity fireworks show yet, then do it. Don't ALSO try to be Les Miserables. When you've established a wake and we're all being sucked along at mach 3, don't stop to smell the roses.
***** Space & Time
Linear in time. Thank Christ. I don't think I could have handled "Captain Steven Hiller: the Formative Years". Localized in space. Which is fortunate. If the story-tellers had been Stephen King fans, we could have been saddled with following the Japanese Brady Bunch.
***** Threading
A story is a set of independent, parallel threads, with a camera following each thread. A screenwriter must be able to switch between threads without disrupting the velocity established by the preceding thread. Trust me, If you don't maintain consistent velocity between threads, the viewer gets pissed. ID4's screenwriters couldn't pull it off. The movie had 20 minutes of disruptive sub-threading that should have been edited out. Come to think of it, maybe these guys ARE Stephen King fans.
Verdict: Thread velocity mismatch.
**** Characterization
Carpe diem, dudes. Instead, let's go with the most embarrassing cliches we can remember. Hell, these guys didn't take Screenwriting 101. In the first class you learn: dont *tell* the audience; *show* them. Example: Will Smith's incessant carping about how "bad" he is. Yeh right, Will. You couldn't put a submission hold on the Avon Lady.
**** Dialogue
Again, Carpe diem, dudes. In the world of High Technology, these screenwriters were in over their heads. But don't feel bad, boys. Most screenwriters are. Also, many missed opportunities to delight with things contrasting and unexpected. They should have pulled-in Quentin Tarantino as a script consultant. In dialogue, Quentin knows about Seizing the Moment.
** Practice
*** Hype
This is where ID4 excelled. They had some excellent clips and whetted our appetites way in advance. Even if the thing had turned out to be as bad as Eraser, the advertising momentum would have pinned the facts in a match. The Marketroids rocked.
*** Acting
Will Smith [Captain Steven Hiller]. I got real tired, real quick of hearing Will Smith tell me how bad he is. Smith's a wimp. Plus, he can't act. But then, he's not an actor; he's a comedian who can't make the transition. Should have hired Wesley Snipes.
Harry Connick Jr. [Jimmy] Here's a musician who *can* make the transition. His impersonation of The Reverend Jesse Jackson is the high point of the film. This guy is dangerous. He can sing Frank Sinatra better than Frank. Have you seen CopyCat? Read my lips: HCJ will receive an oscar within the next 3 years.
Jeff Goldblum. [David Levinson] His verbal cadence and propensity to expressive hand gestures are getting him typecast as a techie. See Jurassic Park, Powder. Jeff's cool.
Judd Hirsch. [Julius Levinson] The film's other title is How The Jews Saved Earth From Alien Invasion. Judd Hirsch's character is there to remind us that Jeff is a Jew and that it's Jews who are saving our ass--once again.
Bill Pullman. [The President] Mis-cast. Bill, god bless his soul, is a mainstream non-entity.  He was pushing his envelope in The Accidental Tourist. In ID4 he has one shining moment to prove to us that he can act, AND ---. Sorry,Bill. You can't really act. See if Uncle Pully can get you into the Carpet business.
Brent Spiner. [Dr. Okun] Mis-cast. Plus, he doesn't play a character, he parodies one. I guess the Director went out with the Best Boys for tacos. Spiner should have waited till Emmerich returned, because Spiner apparently suffers from Judgment Deficit Disorder. Hell, there's always the Next Generation residuals.
Randy Quaid. [Russel] He could have played the character, but the Director was off with the Best Boys, so Quaid joined Spiner, who also suffers from Judgment Deficit Disorder. In the director's absence, Quaid played a stand-up comic parodying a drunk, something he does about 80 percent of the time, anyway. He's getting a lot of practice.
And various space-takers who didn't quit their day jobs, hopefully.
*** Direction
What direction? I think Emmerich used some of his bloated budget money to go to Disneyland. Couldn't he have waited until the movie ended? There's always the chance that one of the actors would have stumbled over him and he could have used that as an excuse to interject his recommendations on characterization. As Ace would say: loo-hoo-ser
*** Effects
Pretty much the whole gambit: modelling, compositing, computer imaging, and so forth. I'm beginning to favor the theory that Bill Pullman's character was actually an animatronic device. Hmmm. Anyway, Models are cool. You can down-light a model so that it lacks detail. That way the audience can't tell the blurry thing is a model. You can do the same thing in Software, but Software Engineers are WAY into proving that they can ray-trace better than god. Plus, they want you to see every incredible detail of the texturing on the ten million edge-softened polygons. You want me to blur what? Blur this.
Hell, with thirty-thousand dollars worth of Amiga/Video Toaster workstations, networked together ala Babylon-5, they could have had something viewable. Oh well. Why use what works when you have so many Effects Studios familiar with what doesn't?
Verdict: Gag me with a model.
*** Soundtrack
**** Music
Very few Movie Makers know how to use the power of Music to drive the velocity and create emotional involvement. Michael Mann is the expert. He proved his expertise in the Miami Vice series. If you want to experience the power of Music to contribute to the effect the Director envisions, check out the last ten minutes of Mann's masterpiece, Manhunter.
In ID4, the Makers were either clueless or uninterested. They may have been mesmerized by the Video and forgot about the Audio. Or maybe they had to trim the budget someplace. In the end, when we finally figure out how to take the Alien Octopi to the mat, a few power chords may have been in order.
Verdict: At least they didn't use Rap.
**** Other
THX rules. Some of the low-end notes (the thuds) were quite inspiring.
*** Integration
Not bad, really. Some of the computer-generated explosions were a little askew of the exploding models, but, hey, captive inertia carries the audience by many of the flawed details.
 Go see it!
** Rating
Rating system : -4 to +4, where 0 = better than a blank screen, but only if you smuggled-in your own candy.
+2
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