rspec-rails supports integration with Capbyara out of the box by adding its Capybara::DSL (visit/page) and Capybara::RSpecMatchers to the examples in the applicable directories, which differ slightly between Capybara 1.x and Capybara >= 2.x.
Capybara::DSL
Adds the visit
and page
methods, which work together to simulate a
GET request and provide access to the result (via page
).
Capybara::RSpecMatchers
Exposes matchers used to specify expected HTML content (e.g. should_not have_selector
will work correctly).
Capybara 1.x
Capybara::DSL is added to examples in:
- spec/requests # included by Capybara
- spec/controllers
Capybara::RSpecMatchers is added to examples in:
- spec/requests # included by Capybara
- spec/controllers
- spec/views
- spec/helpers
- spec/mailers
Capybara 2.0
To use Capybara 2.0, you need rspec-rails-2.11.1 or greater.
Capybara::DSL is added to examples in:
- spec/features
Capybara::RSpecMatchers is added to examples in:
- spec/features
- spec/controllers
- spec/views
- spec/helpers
- spec/mailers
Upgrading to Capybara-2.0
Many users have been confused by the co-existence of the the Capybara::DSL (visit/page) alongside the rack-test DSL (get|post|put|delete|head/response.body) in examples in spec/requests and spec/controllers. As of rspec-rails-2.11.1 and capybara-2.0.0.beta2, these are separated as follows:
- Capybara::DSL is included
spec/features
- rack-test DSL is included in
spec/requests
andspec/controllers
Capybara::RSpecMatchers is added to examples in:
- spec/features
- spec/controllers
- spec/views
- spec/helpers
- spec/mailers
If you're upgrading to Capybara-2.0 and you used visit/page in spec/requests you'll want to move those examples to spec/features and they should just work.
If you want to leave those examples in spec/requests, you can include Capybara::DSL in those examples yourself as follows, but this is absolutely not recommended as you will be overriding the intended behavior and accepting the risks associated with doing so:
# not recommended!
RSpec.configure do |c|
c.include Capybara::DSL, :example_group => {
:file_path => "spec/requests"
}
end


We Love art, We Collect art, Let’s Share art. The Muzi Mavuso Art House – Affectionately known as mmArtHouse is a private home of Muzi Mavuso, who is a passionate collector of contemporary art by young emerging artists. The ArtHouse looks to provide a lucrative platform for young artists and collectors to share their works with the public. Young curators will also have the opportunity to utilize the house for private exhibitions and art talks.
The mmArtHouse aspires to provide a unique experience, which is intimate and personal for our guests. We pride ourselves on our artists and know that everyone who visits mmArtHouse will find a work of art that connects with them. The mmArtHouse is also utilised as an events venue for those that look to have artistic background to their event.


Ripple
Ripple provides components (or any element) with a material "ink ripple" interaction effect.
References
Import
Design & API Documentation
Selector:
mdc-ripple
| Properties |
Description |
| ripple: MdcRipple |
Use ripple methods. |
| primary: boolean |
Colors the ripple with the primary theme color. |
| secondary: boolean |
Colors the ripple with the secondary theme color. |
| disabled: boolean |
Disable the ripple ink. |
| unbounded: boolean |
Whether or not the ripple is unbounded (e.g.: checkbox or radio buttons). |
Sass Mixins
To customize the ripple, use the following mixins.
Sass Mixins
Basic Usage
EDIT IN STACKBLITZ
Click me


Licensing related services
| Operation | Description |
|---|---|
| GET /test | A test |
| Operation | Description |
|---|---|
| GET /license/list | Obtains a list of licenses |
| GET /license/findlicenseinrdf | Guesses the license in an ontology or dataset. |
| GET /license/findlicenseintxt | Guesses the license in an ontology or dataset. |
| Operation | Description |
|---|---|
| GET /odrl/validate | Validates a ODRL fragment |
Obtains a list guessed licenses in the Linked Data resource. Triples with the property dct:license etc. are scanned.
Uses default content-types: application/json
An array of licenses guesses
Unexpected error
Obtains a list guessed licenses in a text document. Known text fragments are searched.
Uses default content-types: application/json
An array of licenses guesses
Unexpected error
Obtains a list of well-known licenses to be used for general works and data, together with the RDF equivalent.
Uses default content-types: application/json
An array of licenses
Unexpected error
Determines whether an RDF document conforms or not to the ODRL specification
Uses default content-types: application/json
True or false
Nothing more than a test call.
Uses default content-types: application/json
A hello world string to test the service availability
URI of the RDFlicense.
Common name of a License
URI of the original text (if any).


Repo Finder
Post projects that need help and find projects that want help.
Post a project
{{#list}}
{{title}}
{{url}}
{{description}}
{{/list}}


This directory contains example charts to help you get started with chart development.
The alpine
chart is very simple, and is a good starting point.
It simply deploys a single pod running Alpine Linux.
The nginx
chart shows how to compose several resources into one chart, and it illustrates more complex template usage.
It deploys a Deployment
(which creates a ReplicaSet
), a ConfigMap
, and a Service
. The replica set starts an nginx pod. The config map stores the files that the nginx server can serve.


WebGL Clock
Your browser doesn't appear to support the
<canvas>
element.
Linear
In quad
Out quad
Ease out elastic
Parameters for "Ease out elastic":
Beginning
Duration
Change


Ptolemy’s cosmos, to scale
Diagrams of Ptolemy’s epicycles and equants
rarely show their correct relative scale.
So the “Whole cosmos” and “Inner planets” pages of this site
show accurate animations of his system,
with parameters derived from the real-world motion of the planets:
Here are some notes about the diagrams:
-
They’re built by me,
Brandon Rhodes.
-
You can find the Python scripts
that generate the parameters and SVG diagrams
on GitHub.
-
The Earth is at each diagram’s center.
-
The dotted circles are all exactly concentric,
and are all centered on the Earth.
They each show the circle that their planet would travel
if its orbit had zero eccentricity
and was perfectly centered on the Earth.
-
But planet orbits are eccentric —
the circles are not all centered on the Earth.
So instead of moving along its dotted circle,
each planet moves along the corresponding solid circle,
which is called the planet’s deferent.
The deferent is closest to Earth where it touches the dotted circle
(the point is marked with a short tick mark)
and furthest from Earth on the opposite side.
-
Motion along the deferent is not uniform
if viewed from the Earth:
each planet moves faster when close to the Earth
and slower when far away.
The motion is only uniform
when viewed from the planet’s equant,
an invisible point
over on the opposite side of the deferent’s center
from the Earth.
(Neither the deferents’ centers nor the equants are shown in the diagram,
as they would create a small crowded forest of dots down around the Earth
that would be visually difficult to associate with the correct planets.)
-
The Sun’s motion is simplest.
It travels directly along its deferent.
-
The motion of every other planet is complicated by an epicycle:
a circle whose center travels along the deferent.
The planet itself revolves around the circumference of the epicycle
at a simple uniform speed.
-
Ptolemy used ancient and contemporary observations
to determine the eccentricity of each equant
and the size of each planet’s epicycle compared to its deferent.
The parameters in these diagrams are instead generated
by taking a modern NASA ephemeris of planetary positions
and running a SciPy optimizer against them
to find a best fit for each parameter.
-
One crucial parameter for each orbit is still undetermined
even after all the other numbers have been determined:
how big is the orbit?
The Greeks could measure no planetary parallax against the fixed stars
and so lacked any sense of their scale.
Even if, for example, you doubled the size of Saturn’s deferent,
you could still make Saturn trace the right path in the sky
by doubling the size of its epicycle to match.
So Ptolemy suggested several restrictions
that together provide a possible scale for the cosmos:
-
The distance to the Moon’s orbit was known:
the Greeks estimated it to be 59.7 Earth radii.
-
Ptolemy chose an order in which to place the planets above the Moon.
First he listed Mercury and Venus,
that never stray far from the Sun;
then the Sun itself;
and then the outer planets
from fastest to slowest: Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn.
-
Next, Ptolemy reasoned that the orbits must be far enough apart
that the epicycles never collide —
for example, Saturn’s orbit must be large enough
to keep its epicycle from ever overlapping with that of Jupiter.
-
Suspecting that the cosmos would not include
large yawning gulfs that served no purpose,
he finished by suggesting that the planet orbits
would otherwise be stacked as tightly as possible.
The diagrams here impose exactly these conditions,
resulting in a maximum height for the outermost planet Saturn
of 16,551 Earth radii —
above which must stand the outer edge of the cosmos,
the sphere of the fixed stars.
Ptolemy’s own estimate
was that the cosmos was 20,000 Earth radii across,
so the parameters computed here
have permitted a slightly tighter packing than those of Ptolemy.
-
As you watch the planets move,
you will notice three coincidences
which proved momentous for the future of Western science.
-
Coincidence #1:
The center of Mercury’s epicycle and Venus’s epicycle
are always roughly aligned with the Sun.
If the Earth is the center of planetary motion,
why aren’t Mercury and Venus free to move independently of the Sun,
like the outer planets?
-
Coincidence #2:
The epicycles of Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn
all have exactly the same period,
one solar year.
Why aren’t their epicycles free to have different periods?
-
Coincidence #3:
The epicycles of Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn
always point in nearly the same direction
as a line connecting the Earth and Sun.
If the Earth is the only center of planetary motion,
why is every outer planet copying the Sun’s motion?
More than a thousand years later,
these coincidences drove a Polish scientist named Copernicus
to famously suggest an alternative to Ptolemy’s system,
as described in my 2013
Keynote
talk at DjangoCon Europe in Warsaw.
-
The model illustrated in these diagrams
is very slightly simpler than Ptolemy’s real model:
-
The diagram ignores inclination
and pretends that all the planets orbit in exactly the same plane.
This seemed reasonable for a two-dimensional diagram
which would have trouble depicting inclination angles anyway.
-
The diagram makes the Sun’s deferent
symmetric with those of the other planets
by giving it an equant.
Ptolemy instead deferred
to the model of his predecessor Hipparchus
by giving the Sun no equant
and instead putting the Earth twice as far
from the center of the Sun’s deferent.
-
The orbit of Mercury shown here uses only a single epicycle,
whereas Ptolemy gave it two epicycles
to better model its motion over the long centuries
between his own era
and the observations of the ancient Babylonian astronomers.
-
I am unlikely to fiddle with this diagram further,
but if anyone else is interested in tackling
the second and third inaccuracies listed above,
I welcome
discussion at the GitHub repository
where the
code for this diagram
lives.
-
In early drafts of this page
I kept referring to the model
as “Ptolemy’s Solar System”
but it’s not a solar system: the Sun isn’t at its center.
-
Bibliography:


| Order No |
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Container Type |
Container Capacity |
Container Quantity |
Price |
Updated At |
Creator |
|
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|
Customer Name |
Origin |
Destination |
|
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Container Type |
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View Location Examples
Your local forecast office is
Seattle, WA
Rain, thunderstorms developing from southern Plains to mid-Atlantic
A slow-moving storm system will be the focus for rain and thunderstorms from the southern Plains across to the Southeast and Mid-
Atlantic States early this week. Locally heavy rainfall could lead to isolated flash flooding, especially in the mid-Mississippi River Valley on
Tuesday. Isolated severe thunderstorms will be possible Tuesday near the Gulf Coast associated with this same storm system.
Read More...
Current conditions at
Seattle, Seattle Boeing Field (KBFI)
Lat: 47.57°N Lon: -122.41°W Elev: 16ft.
A Few Clouds
45°F
7°C
Humidity 90%
Wind Speed SSE 8 MPH
Barometer 30.34 in (1027.4 mb)
Dewpoint 42°F(6°C)
Visibility 10.00 mi
Wind Chill 41°F(5°C)
Last update 21 Feb 9:53 pm PST
More Information
Local Forecast Office
More Local Wx
3 Day History
Mobile Weather
Hourly Weather Forecast
Extended Forecast for
2 Miles NW West Seattle WA
Tonight
Monday
Monday
Night
Tuesday
Tuesday
Night
Wednesday
Wednesday
Night
Thursday
Thursday
Night
Showers
Likely
Showers
Likely then
Chance
Showers
Partly Cloudy
Sunny
Partly Cloudy
Partly Sunny
Mostly Cloudy
Mostly Sunny
Partly Cloudy
Low: 40 °F
High: 50 °F
Low: 37 °F
High: 52 °F
Low: 41 °F
High: 54 °F
Low: 43 °F
High: 56 °F
Low: 45 °F


Your browser needs to support canvas for this to work!
Draw anywhere!
You will see everyone else who's doing the same.
Tip: if the stage gets dirty, simply reload the page


#include <stTreeInformation.h>
Classes | |
| struct | stLevelInfo |
| struct | stOptimalLevelInfo |
Public Member Functions | |
| stTreeInformation (int height, int objectCount) | |
| virtual | ~stTreeInformation () |
| virtual int | GetHeight () |
| virtual int | GetMinHeight () |
| virtual int | GetOptimalHeight () |
| virtual int | GetObjectCount () |
| virtual double | GetLocalFatFactor (int level) |
| virtual double | GetGlobalFatFactor () |
| virtual double | GetMeanObjectSize () |
| virtual double | GetAbsoluteFatFactor () |
| virtual void | Invalidate () |
| void | UpdateIntersections (int level, int n=1) |
| void | UpdateNodeCount (int level, int n=1) |
| void | UpdateObjectCount (int level, int n=1) |
| void | UpdateMeanObjectSize (stSize size) |
| void | UpdateMinHeight (int height) |
| virtual bool | HasOptimalTree () |
| void | SetOptimalTreeInfo (int height, int *objectCount, int *nodeCount) |
| void | CalculateOptimalTreeInfo (int occupation) |
| stTreeInformation * | Clone () |
| Public Member Functions inherited from stTreeInfoResult | |
| virtual | ~stTreeInfoResult () |
Protected Member Functions | |
| void | Validate () |
| void | ResetData () |
| void | Calculate () |
Protected Attributes | |
| int | height |
| int | minHeight |
| double | fatFactor |
| double | bloatFactor |
| int | objectCount |
| stSize | objectSizeSum |
| stSize | objectSizeCount |
| stLevelInfo * | levelData |
| stOptimalLevelInfo * | optimalLevelData |
| int | optimalHeight |
| bool | ready |
This class implements the class stTreeInfoResult. It works as a form that each tree must fill in order to provide its statistics to users.
Definition at line 172 of file stTreeInformation.h.
| stTreeInformation::stTreeInformation | ( | int | height, |
| int | objectCount | ||
| ) |
Creates a new FatFactor result for a tree with a given height.
| height | The maximum height of the tree. |
|
virtual |
Disposes this FatFactor result.
|
protected |
This method uses the information available to calculate the FatFactor.
Since this method is a quite expensive, the flag ready is used to avoid unnecessary calls to this method. To assure this, never call this method directly, call Validate() instead.
Referenced by Validate().
| void stTreeInformation::CalculateOptimalTreeInfo | ( | int | occupation | ) |
This method calculates the optimal tree info based on the same rules used to calculate the best M-Tree and Slim-Tree configuration. It assumes that all objects are stored in the last level of the tree and the number of links in an internal node is equal to occupation.
Since not all trees follow these rules, a method called SetOptimalTreeInfo() may be used to fill the information about the optimal tree.
| occupation | The maximum occupation of a node. |
| stTreeInformation* stTreeInformation::Clone | ( | ) |
Returns a clone of this instance.
|
inlinevirtual |
Returns the absolute FatFactor for this tree. The result of this method is meanless if HasOptimalTree() returned false.
Implements stTreeInfoResult.
Definition at line 246 of file stTreeInformation.h.
References bloatFactor, and Validate().
|
inlinevirtual |
Returns the global FatFactor.
Implements stTreeInfoResult.
Definition at line 229 of file stTreeInformation.h.
References fatFactor, and Validate().
|
inlinevirtual |
Returns the maximum height of the tree.
Implements stTreeInfoResult.
Definition at line 190 of file stTreeInformation.h.
References height.
|
inlinevirtual |
Returns the FatFactor for a given level.
| level | The level number. |
Implements stTreeInfoResult.
Definition at line 221 of file stTreeInformation.h.
References stTreeInformation::stLevelInfo::FatFactor, levelData, and Validate().
|
inlinevirtual |
Returns the mean size of the objects stored in the tree. This value is useful to help tree developers to calculate the optimal tree.
Implements stTreeInfoResult.
Definition at line 238 of file stTreeInformation.h.
References objectSizeCount, and objectSizeSum.
|
inlinevirtual |
Returns the minimum height of the tree.
Implements stTreeInfoResult.
Definition at line 197 of file stTreeInformation.h.
References minHeight.
|
inlinevirtual |
Returns the number of objects indexed by the tree.
Implements stTreeInfoResult.
Definition at line 212 of file stTreeInformation.h.
References objectCount.
|
inlinevirtual |
Returns the optimal height of the tree. The result of this method is meanless if HasOptimalTree() returned false.
Implements stTreeInfoResult.
Definition at line 205 of file stTreeInformation.h.
References optimalHeight.
|
inlinevirtual |
Returns true if this information includes the optimal tree data.
Implements stTreeInfoResult.
Definition at line 324 of file stTreeInformation.h.
References optimalLevelData.
|
inlinevirtual |
This method invalidates the current calculated FatFactor data. These data will be recalculated again when required.
Implements stTreeInfoResult.
Definition at line 255 of file stTreeInformation.h.
References ready.
Referenced by UpdateIntersections(), UpdateNodeCount(), and UpdateObjectCount().
|
protected |
Resets all data acquired from the tree. All fields are set to 0.
| void stTreeInformation::SetOptimalTreeInfo | ( | int | height, |
| int * | objectCount, | ||
| int * | nodeCount | ||
| ) |
Sets the information obout the optimal tree. This information is used to calculate some of the tree's statistics.
| height | The optimal height of the tree. |
| objectCount | The number of objects per level in the optimal tree. |
| nodeCount | The number of nodes per level of the optimal tree. |
|
inline |
Updates the number of intersections of a given level.
| level | The desired level. |
| n | Number of intersections to add (default = 1). |
Definition at line 266 of file stTreeInformation.h.
References stTreeInformation::stLevelInfo::Intersections, Invalidate(), and levelData.
|
inline |
Updates the mean size of the object by adding a new object entry. To make this computation more accurate, avoid to add a given object more than once.
| size | Size of the serialized object in bytes. |
Definition at line 303 of file stTreeInformation.h.
References objectSizeCount, and objectSizeSum.
|
inline |
Updates the minimum height of the tree. If the minimum height is constant, this method may be avoided.
| height | The height of a minimum |
Definition at line 315 of file stTreeInformation.h.
|
inline |
Updates the number of nodes of a given level.
| level | The desired level. |
| n | Number of nodes to add (default = 1). |
Definition at line 278 of file stTreeInformation.h.
References Invalidate(), levelData, and stTreeInformation::stLevelInfo::NodeCount.
|
inline |
Updates the number of objects of a given level.
| level | The desired level. |
| n | Number of objects to add (default = 1). |
Definition at line 290 of file stTreeInformation.h.
References Invalidate(), levelData, and stTreeInformation::stLevelInfo::ObjectCount.
|
inlineprotected |
Updates the FatFactor data when required. It must be called once before all FatFactor returning method to assure the consistency of data.
Definition at line 471 of file stTreeInformation.h.
References Calculate().
Referenced by GetAbsoluteFatFactor(), GetGlobalFatFactor(), and GetLocalFatFactor().
|
protected |
Value of the BloatFactor (the absolute FatFactor ?).
Definition at line 423 of file stTreeInformation.h.
Referenced by GetAbsoluteFatFactor().
|
protected |
Value of the global FatFactor.
Definition at line 418 of file stTreeInformation.h.
Referenced by GetGlobalFatFactor().
|
protected |
Height of the tree.
Definition at line 408 of file stTreeInformation.h.
Referenced by GetHeight(), and UpdateMinHeight().
|
protected |
Information about each level.
Definition at line 443 of file stTreeInformation.h.
Referenced by GetLocalFatFactor(), UpdateIntersections(), UpdateNodeCount(), and UpdateObjectCount().
|
protected |
Minimum height.
Definition at line 413 of file stTreeInformation.h.
Referenced by GetMinHeight(), and UpdateMinHeight().
|
protected |
Number of objects indexed by the tree.
Definition at line 428 of file stTreeInformation.h.
Referenced by GetObjectCount().
|
protected |
Number of objects used to compute the mean object size.
Definition at line 438 of file stTreeInformation.h.
Referenced by GetMeanObjectSize(), and UpdateMeanObjectSize().
|
protected |
Total object size used to compute the mean object size.
Definition at line 433 of file stTreeInformation.h.
Referenced by GetMeanObjectSize(), and UpdateMeanObjectSize().
|
protected |
The height of the optmal tree.
Definition at line 453 of file stTreeInformation.h.
Referenced by GetOptimalHeight().
|
protected |
Information about each level of the optmal tree.
Definition at line 448 of file stTreeInformation.h.
Referenced by HasOptimalTree().
|
protected |
This flag is used to determine the availability of the FatFactor information. If this flag is false, it is necessary to call Calculate() to make the information ready to use.
Definition at line 463 of file stTreeInformation.h.
Referenced by Invalidate().


Robotic drawers opener
The robotic "assistant" that helps you find stored items
The Concept
The main idea of this project come from a real need that I have... something who helps me remember where I store all my electronic components, and all the small stuff I have in my personal laboratory.
I have a lot of small drawers' storage, and there is not a much space for write on them what they contains, and also if i did it, I waste a lot of time reading all the small write, in the process to find what I need. (even if I store methodically the items for application field).
So my purpose is to create a robotic drawers opener (a xy Crtesian mechanics behind the drawers) and a good software for finding what I need.
Picture of a standard work-bench with a lot of drawers
The Way
The way I will develop my project is first build a Cartesian movement system to put behind the drawers, with a little actuator who can open the drawers, then I will make an electronic system to drive the motor to the precise position of the drawers.
Then i will focus on the software who will find the items and that tell to the electronic where they are; first of all I will make it “text based” (normal searching process), then I will try to make it more user friendly (some friend of mine tell me "you should project this in a way that your grandma can also use it" so I will try this).
Future steps will be make it modular in the dimension and size of the drawers used.
And more.....
For example you can see this schematic representation of what I mean


Inventory Made Easy
An inventory of your company's internet-accessible tech. Instantly created. Automatically updated.
Contact usHow it works
Instant Inventory Creation
Provide one domain name, and Bit Discovery does the rest, instantly creating a complete Inventory.
Deep Discovery
Bit Discovery keeps running and goes deeper, continually updating your Inventory with discovered ports, services, and technology.
Get Notified
Prompt notification keeps you informed when your Inventory is updated with newly discovered tech.
Features
Advanced Discovery
Bit Discovery automatically discovers your internet-accessible tech, and then inventories it for you. It discovers domain names, subdomains, ports, and does extensive technology fingerprinting.
Powerful Filtering
Bit Discovery delivers detailed information for all of your assets. Filtering makes the information you're looking for easy to find.
Email Alerts
Notification in the Bit Discovery application is great, but notification in email is even better. Every little bit of data, new found assets, and updates to known assets are available to you anytime, anywhere.
Auth0 Single Sign On
To access Bit Discovery, use the credentials of your most trusted existing account. No additional account setup necessary!


Top 5 Songs For Helen
Rank
Artist
Title
Album
1
Jackson Wang, Rich Brian
Titanic
2
Gavin James
Nervous
3
Lil Mosey
Blueberry Faygo
4
BLACKPINK
WHISTLE
5
keshi
2 soon


{% extends "base.html" %} {% block content%} {{ page }} Student Student Number Class Name Action {% for q in queryset %} {{ q.full_name }} {{ q.student_number }} {{ q.class_name }} 1st 2st 3rd 4th {% endfor %} {% endblock %}


Msg Splitter
Place Holder
Place Holder
Place Holder
Summary
Segments
0
Characters
0
Encoding
gsm
UCS-2 Chars
0
Pricing
Twilio
Bandwidth
Toll Free
Local
Short Code
Estimated Price:
$0/msg
0 Segments, 0 Chars, gsm
#
Content
0 Segments, 0 Chars, gsm
#
Content


Pre-requisites:
We tested it with Anaconda Python 2.x (should be in path for pip). Note that only stable package currently works - 0.8.1 (there is an issue with custom protobuf in the master branch) $ pip install jupyter pandas numpy scipy matplotlib scikit-image scikit-learn pyyaml protobuf future google $ pip install --upgrade beautifulsoup4 $ pip install --upgrade html5lib pip install ck ck pull repo:ck-caffe2 ck install package --tags=lib,caffe2,vcuda,v0.8.1Usage example (image classification):
ck run program:caffe2Crowd-benchmarking (see paper):
ck crowdbench caffe2 --env.BATCH_SIZE=5 --user=i_want_to_ack_my_contribution


Home
Hypo
Flight Booking
From
Enter City
Enter City
Search Flights
{{ccity.airport}}
{{ccity.airport}}
×
Flight Details
Name
seats
departure
arrival
Price
Book
{{items.flightName}}
{{items.seats}}
{{items.departure}}
{{items.arrival}}
{{items.price|currency}}
Book
{{errmsg}}
our services
Bue Ticket Booking.
Flight Ticket Booking.


This is an application where a user may enter a GitHub username into a form, submit it, see names and descriptions of that person's public repositories. The user can also look for repositories.
It contains a well-designed landing page that displays GitHub user's GitHub information such as your username, your profile photo and a list of your repositories.


Here is another possible solution for “hiding” your site during those private, site-under-construction moments. Here we are instructing Apache to provide visitors with a password prompt while providing open access to any specifically indicated IP addresses or URLs. Edit the following code according to your IP address and other development requirements (thanks to Caleb at askapache.com for sharing this trick):
# password prompt for visitors
AuthType basic
AuthName "This site is currently under construction"
AuthUserFile /home/path/.htpasswd
AuthGroupFile /dev/null
Require valid-user
# allow webmaster and any others open access
Order Deny,Allow
Deny from all
Allow from <IP_ADDRESS>
Allow from favorite.validation/services/
Allow from googlebot.com
Satisfy Any
For more in-depth information and advanced techniques, check out the following tutorials:
.htaccess Redirect to Maintenance Page
Maintenance mode via .htaccess
HTAccess Password-Protection Tricks


Question #1
What is the name of the tube that food travels through to get from your mouth to your stomach?
A Epiglottis B Trachea C Esophagus D Peristalsis
A Epiglottis B Trachea C Esophagus D Peristalsis
A Trypsin B Enzymes C Chyme D Mucus
A Lipids B Chyme C Pepsin D Lipase
A Anal sphincter B Pyloric sphincter C Esophageal sphincter D Cardiac sphincter
A Bolus B Pancreas C Salivary glands D Gallbladder
A Pharynx B Ileum C Jejunum D Duodenum
A Lipase B Maltase C Amylase D Lacteals
A Bolus B Peptidase C Globule D Chyme
A Mucus B Bile C Bicarbonate D Pepsin
A Sulphuric acid B Hydrofluoric acid C Carbonic acid D Hydrochloric acid


They came to slay and stay: RuPaul’s Drag Race UK to return for second series
The UK edition of RuPaul’s Drag Race will return for a second series, the BBC has announced.
The first series started airing on BBC Three in October.
According to the BBC the series – which is just over the halfway point and has seen five queens sent home so far – has had a total of 6.5 million requests on iPlayer to date.
The show’s host, RuPaul Charles, said: “I want to thank the BBC and all our fans for their overwhelming support of RuPaul’s Drag Race UK.
“This season’s queens proved that Britain’s Got Charisma Uniqueness Nerve and Talent and I want to see more! Here’s to another season of love, laughter and light!”
Kate Phillips, Controller of Entertainment Commissioning, said: “The response to the current UK series has been nothing short of dragulous, our viewers have really taken the show and the amazing queens to their hearts.
“So I’m delighted that Ru and the gang are going to shantay stay. Let the search for the next group of queens begin!”
BBC Three has also opened auditions to start searching for the next crop of queens.
BBC Three controller Fiona Campbell said: “I’m delighted that BBC Three will be the home for series two of Drag Race UK. Every single queen for series one has brought something different to the table and I’ve loved watching and getting to know them.
“The show is a huge hit for us and we’re very much looking forward to unleashing another series for our audience to tuck into!”
This year’s UK series has featured judges RuPaul and Michelle Visage, with Graham Norton and Alan Carr starring as rotating judges.
Celebrity guests have included Game of Thrones’ Maisie Williams, Spice Girl Geri Horner and Stacey Dooley.
The US version of Drag Race has been nominated for 29 Emmys and has won 13, including awards for best reality-competition programme and host in 2018.
READ MORE
Singer Chris Brown holds high-end yard sale at his Los Angeles home


Routing provides you tools that map URLs to controller actions. By defining
routes, you can separate how your application is implemented from how its URL’s
are structured.
Routing in CakePHP also encompasses the idea of reverse routing, where an array
of parameters can be transformed into a URL string. By using reverse routing,
you can re-factor your application’s URL structure without having to update all
your code.
Quick Tour
This section will teach you by example the most common uses of the CakePHP
Router. Typically you want to display something as a landing page, so you add
this to your routes.php file:
use Cake\Routing\Router;
// Using the scoped route builder.
Router::scope('/', function ($routes) {
$routes->connect('/', ['controller' => 'Articles', 'action' => 'index']);
});
// Using the static method.
Router::connect('/', ['controller' => 'Articles', 'action' => 'index']);
Router
provides two interfaces for connecting routes. The static method is
a backwards compatible interface, while the scoped builders offer more terse
syntax when building multiple routes, and better performance.
This will execute the index method in the ArticlesController
when the
homepage of your site is visited. Sometimes you need dynamic routes that will
accept multiple parameters, this would be the case, for example of a route for
viewing an article’s content:
$routes->connect('/articles/*', ['controller' => 'Articles', 'action' => 'view']);
The above route will accept any URL looking like /articles/15
and invoke the
method view(15)
in the ArticlesController
. This will not, though,
prevent people from trying to access URLs looking like /articles/foobar
. If
you wish, you can restrict some parameters to conform to a regular expression:
$routes->connect(
'/articles/:id',
['controller' => 'Articles', 'action' => 'view'],
)
->setPatterns(['id' => '\d+'])
->setPass(['id']);
// Prior to 3.5 use the options array
$routes->connect(
'/articles/:id',
['controller' => 'Articles', 'action' => 'view'],
['id' => '\d+', 'pass' => ['id']]
)
The previous example changed the star matcher by a new placeholder :id
.
Using placeholders allows us to validate parts of the URL, in this case we used
the \d+
regular expression so that only digits are matched. Finally, we told
the Router to treat the id
placeholder as a function argument to the
view()
function by specifying the pass
option. More on using this
option later.
The CakePHP Router can also reverse match routes. That means that from an
array containing matching parameters, it is capable of generating a URL string:
use Cake\Routing\Router;
echo Router::url(['controller' => 'Articles', 'action' => 'view', 'id' => 15]);
// Will output
/articles/15
Routes can also be labelled with a unique name, this allows you to quickly
reference them when building links instead of specifying each of the routing
parameters:
// In routes.php
$routes->connect(
'/login',
['controller' => 'Users', 'action' => 'login'],
['_name' => 'login']
);
use Cake\Routing\Router;
echo Router::url(['_name' => 'login']);
// Will output
/login
To help keep your routing code DRY, the Router has the concept of ‘scopes’.
A scope defines a common path segment, and optionally route defaults. Any routes
connected inside a scope will inherit the path/defaults from their wrapping
scopes:
Router::scope('/blog', ['plugin' => 'Blog'], function ($routes) {
$routes->connect('/', ['controller' => 'Articles']);
});
The above route would match /blog/
and send it to
Blog\Controller\ArticlesController::index()
.
The application skeleton comes with a few routes to get you started. Once you’ve
added your own routes, you can remove the default routes if you don’t need them.
Connecting Routes
-
Cake\Routing\Router::
connect
($route, $defaults = [], $options = [])
To keep your code DRY you should use ‘routing scopes’. Routing
scopes not only let you keep your code DRY, they also help Router optimize its
operation. This method defaults to the /
scope. To create a scope and connect
some routes we’ll use the scope()
method:
// In config/routes.php
use Cake\Routing\Route\DashedRoute;
Router::scope('/', function ($routes) {
// Connect the generic fallback routes.
$routes->fallbacks(DashedRoute::class);
});
The connect()
method takes up to three parameters: the URL template you wish
to match, the default values for your route elements, and the options for the
route. Options frequently include regular expression rules to help the router
match elements in the URL.
The basic format for a route definition is:
$routes->connect(
'/url/template',
['default' => 'defaultValue'],
['option' => 'matchingRegex']
);
The first parameter is used to tell the router what sort of URL you’re trying to
control. The URL is a normal slash delimited string, but can also contain
a wildcard (*) or Route Elements. Using a wildcard tells the router
that you are willing to accept any additional arguments supplied. Routes without
a * only match the exact template pattern supplied.
Once you’ve specified a URL, you use the last two parameters of connect()
to
tell CakePHP what to do with a request once it has been matched. The second
parameter is an associative array. The keys of the array should be named after
the route elements the URL template represents. The values in the array are the
default values for those keys. Let’s look at some basic examples before we
start using the third parameter of connect()
:
$routes->connect(
'/pages/*',
['controller' => 'Pages', 'action' => 'display']
);
This route is found in the routes.php file distributed with CakePHP. It matches
any URL starting with /pages/
and hands it to the display()
action of
the PagesController
. A request to /pages/products
would be mapped to
PagesController->display('products')
.
In addition to the greedy star /*
there is also the /**
trailing star
syntax. Using a trailing double star, will capture the remainder of a URL as a
single passed argument. This is useful when you want to use an argument that
included a /
in it:
$routes->connect(
'/pages/**',
['controller' => 'Pages', 'action' => 'show']
);
The incoming URL of /pages/the-example-/-and-proof
would result in a single
passed argument of the-example-/-and-proof
.
You can use the second parameter of connect()
to provide any routing
parameters that are composed of the default values of the route:
$routes->connect(
'/government',
['controller' => 'Pages', 'action' => 'display', 5]
);
This example shows how you can use the second parameter of connect()
to
define default parameters. If you built a site that features products for
different categories of customers, you might consider creating a route. This
allows you to link to /government
rather than /pages/display/5
.
A common use for routing is to create URL segments that don’t match your
controller or model names. Let’s say that instead of accessing our regular URL
at /users/some_action/5
, we’d like to be able to access it by
/cooks/some_action/5
. The following route takes care of that:
$routes->connect(
'/cooks/:action/*', ['controller' => 'Users']
);
This is telling the Router that any URL beginning with /cooks/
should be
sent to the UsersController
. The action called will depend on the value of
the :action
parameter. By using Route Elements, you can create
variable routes, that accept user input or variables. The above route also uses
the greedy star. The greedy star indicates that this route should accept any
additional positional arguments given. These arguments will be made available in
the Passed Arguments array.
When generating URLs, routes are used too. Using
['controller' => 'Users', 'action' => 'some_action', 5]
as
a URL will output /cooks/some_action/5
if the above route is the
first match found.
The routes we’ve connected so far will match any HTTP verb. If you are building
a REST API you’ll often want to map HTTP actions to different controller methods.
The RouteBuilder
provides helper methods that make defining routes for
specific HTTP verbs simpler:
// Create a route that only responds to GET requests.
$routes->get(
'/cooks/:id',
['controller' => 'Users', 'action' => 'view'],
'users:view'
);
// Create a route that only responds to PUT requests
$routes->put(
'/cooks/:id',
['controller' => 'Users', 'action' => 'update'],
'users:update'
);
The above routes map the same URL to different controller actions based on the
HTTP verb used. GET requests will go to the ‘view’ action, while PUT requests
will go to the ‘update’ action. There are HTTP helper methods for:
- GET
- POST
- PUT
- PATCH
- DELETE
- OPTIONS
- HEAD
All of these methods return the route instance allowing you to leverage the
fluent setters to further configure your route.
New in version 3.5.0: The HTTP verb helper methods were added in 3.5.0
Route Elements
You can specify your own route elements and doing so gives you the
power to define places in the URL where parameters for controller
actions should lie. When a request is made, the values for these
route elements are found in $this->request->getParam()
in the controller.
When you define a custom route element, you can optionally specify a regular
expression - this tells CakePHP how to know if the URL is correctly formed or
not. If you choose to not provide a regular expression, any non /
character
will be treated as part of the parameter:
$routes->connect(
'/:controller/:id',
['action' => 'view']
)->setPatterns(['id' => '[0-9]+']);
// Prior to 3.5 use the options array
$routes->connect(
'/:controller/:id',
['action' => 'view'],
['id' => '[0-9]+']
);
The above example illustrates how to create a quick way to view
models from any controller by crafting a URL that looks like
/controllername/:id
. The URL provided to connect()
specifies two
route elements: :controller
and :id
. The :controller
element
is a CakePHP default route element, so the router knows how to match and
identify controller names in URLs. The :id
element is a custom
route element, and must be further clarified by specifying a
matching regular expression in the third parameter of connect()
.
CakePHP does not automatically produce lowercased and dashed URLs when using the
:controller
parameter. If you need this, the above example could be
rewritten like so:
use Cake\Routing\Route\DashedRoute;
// Create a builder with a different route class.
$routes->scope('/', function ($routes) {
$routes->setRouteClass(DashedRoute::class);
$routes->connect('/:controller/:id', ['action' => 'view'])
->setPatterns(['id' => '[0-9]+']);
// Prior to 3.5 use options array
$routes->connect(
'/:controller/:id',
['action' => 'view'],
['id' => '[0-9]+']
);
});
The DashedRoute
class will make sure that the :controller
and
:plugin
parameters are correctly lowercased and dashed.
If you need lowercased and underscored URLs while migrating from a CakePHP
2.x application, you can instead use the InflectedRoute
class.
Note
Patterns used for route elements must not contain any capturing
groups. If they do, Router will not function correctly.
Once this route has been defined, requesting /apples/5
would call the view()
method of the ApplesController. Inside the view()
method, you would need to
access the passed ID at $this->request->getParam('id')
.
If you have a single controller in your application and you do not want the
controller name to appear in the URL, you can map all URLs to actions in your
controller. For example, to map all URLs to actions of the home
controller,
e.g have URLs like /demo
instead of /home/demo
, you can do the
following:
$routes->connect('/:action', ['controller' => 'Home']);
If you would like to provide a case insensitive URL, you can use regular
expression inline modifiers:
// Prior to 3.5 use the options array instead of setPatterns()
$routes->connect(
'/:userShortcut',
['controller' => 'Teachers', 'action' => 'profile', 1],
)->setPatterns(['userShortcut' => '(?i:principal)']);
One more example, and you’ll be a routing pro:
// Prior to 3.5 use the options array instead of setPatterns()
$routes->connect(
'/:controller/:year/:month/:day',
['action' => 'index']
)->setPatterns([
'year' => '[12][0-9]{3}',
'month' => '0[1-9]|1[012]',
'day' => '0[1-9]|[12][0-9]|3[01]'
]);
This is rather involved, but shows how powerful routes can be. The URL supplied
has four route elements. The first is familiar to us: it’s a default route
element that tells CakePHP to expect a controller name.
Next, we specify some default values. Regardless of the controller,
we want the index()
action to be called.
Finally, we specify some regular expressions that will match years,
months and days in numerical form. Note that parenthesis (grouping)
are not supported in the regular expressions. You can still specify
alternates, as above, but not grouped with parenthesis.
Once defined, this route will match /articles/2007/02/01
,
/articles/2004/11/16
, handing the requests to
the index()
actions of their respective controllers, with the date
parameters in $this->request->getParam()
.
There are several route elements that have special meaning in
CakePHP, and should not be used unless you want the special meaning
controller
Used to name the controller for a route.
action
Used to name the controller action for a route.
plugin
Used to name the plugin a controller is located in.
prefix
Used for Prefix Routing
_ext
Used for File extentions routing.
_base
Set to false
to remove the base path from the generated URL. If
your application is not in the root directory, this can be used to generate
URLs that are ‘cake relative’.
_scheme
Set to create links on different schemes like webcal or ftp.
Defaults to the current scheme.
_host
Set the host to use for the link. Defaults to the current host.
_port
Set the port if you need to create links on non-standard ports.
_full
If true
the FULL_BASE_URL constant will be prepended to
generated URLs.
#
Allows you to set URL hash fragments.
_ssl
Set to true
to convert the generated URL to https or false
to force http.
_method
Define the HTTP verb/method to use. Useful when working with
Creating RESTful Routes.
_name
Name of route. If you have setup named routes, you can use this key
to specify it.
Configuring Route Options
There are a number of route options that can be set on each route. After
connecting a route you can use its fluent builder methods to further configure
the route. These methods replace many of the keys in the $options
parameter
of connect()
:
$routes->connect(
'/:lang/articles/:slug',
['controller' => 'Articles', 'action' => 'view'],
)
// Allow GET and POST requests.
->setMethods(['GET', 'POST'])
// Only match on the blog subdomain.
->setHost('blog.example.com')
// Set the route elements that should be converted to passed arguments
->setPass(['slug'])
// Set the matching patterns for route elements
->setPatterns([
'slug' => '[a-z0-9-_]+',
'lang' => 'en|fr|es',
])
// Also allow JSON file extensions
->setExtenions(['json'])
// Set lang to be a persistent parameter
->setPersist(['lang']);
New in version 3.5.0: Fluent builder methods were added in 3.5.0
Passing Parameters to Action
When connecting routes using Route Elements you may want to have routed
elements be passed arguments instead. The pass
option whitelists which route
elements should also be made available as arguments passed into the controller
functions:
// src/Controller/BlogsController.php
public function view($articleId = null, $slug = null)
{
// Some code here...
}
// routes.php
Router::scope('/', function ($routes) {
$routes->connect(
'/blog/:id-:slug', // E.g. /blog/3-CakePHP_Rocks
['controller' => 'Blogs', 'action' => 'view']
)
// Define the route elements in the route template
// to pass as function arguments. Order matters since this
// will simply map ":id" to $articleId in your action
->setPass(['id', 'slug'])
// Define a pattern that `id` must match.
->setPatterns([
'id' => '[0-9]+',
]);
});
Now thanks to the reverse routing capabilities, you can pass in the URL array
like below and CakePHP will know how to form the URL as defined in the routes:
// view.ctp
// This will return a link to /blog/3-CakePHP_Rocks
echo $this->Html->link('CakePHP Rocks', [
'controller' => 'Blog',
'action' => 'view',
'id' => 3,
'slug' => 'CakePHP_Rocks'
]);
// You can also used numerically indexed parameters.
echo $this->Html->link('CakePHP Rocks', [
'controller' => 'Blog',
'action' => 'view',
3,
'CakePHP_Rocks'
]);
Using Named Routes
Sometimes you’ll find typing out all the URL parameters for a route too verbose,
or you’d like to take advantage of the performance improvements that named
routes have. When connecting routes you can specifiy a _name
option, this
option can be used in reverse routing to identify the route you want to use:
// Connect a route with a name.
$routes->connect(
'/login',
['controller' => 'Users', 'action' => 'login'],
['_name' => 'login']
);
// Name a verb specific route (3.5.0+)
$routes->post(
'/logout',
['controller' => 'Users', 'action' => 'logout'],
'logout'
);
// Generate a URL using a named route.
$url = Router::url(['_name' => 'logout']);
// Generate a URL using a named route,
// with some query string args.
$url = Router::url(['_name' => 'login', 'username' => 'jimmy']);
If your route template contains any route elements like :controller
you’ll
need to supply those as part of the options to Router::url()
.
Note
Route names must be unique across your entire application. The same
_name
cannot be used twice, even if the names occur inside a different
routing scope.
When building named routes, you will probably want to stick to some conventions
for the route names. CakePHP makes building up route names easier by allowing
you to define name prefixes in each scope:
Router::scope('/api', ['_namePrefix' => 'api:'], function ($routes) {
// This route's name will be `api:ping`
$routes->get('/ping', ['controller' => 'Pings'], 'ping');
});
// Generate a URL for the ping route
Router::url(['_name' => 'api:ping']);
// Use namePrefix with plugin()
Router::plugin('Contacts', ['_namePrefix' => 'contacts:'], function ($routes) {
// Connect routes.
});
// Or with prefix()
Router::prefix('Admin', ['_namePrefix' => 'admin:'], function ($routes) {
// Connect routes.
});
You can also use the _namePrefix
option inside nested scopes and it works as
you’d expect:
Router::plugin('Contacts', ['_namePrefix' => 'contacts:'], function ($routes) {
$routes->scope('/api', ['_namePrefix' => 'api:'], function ($routes) {
// This route's name will be `contacts:api:ping`
$routes->get('/ping', ['controller' => 'Pings'], 'ping');
});
});
// Generate a URL for the ping route
Router::url(['_name' => 'contacts:api:ping']);
Routes connected in named scopes will only have names added if the route is also
named. Nameless routes will not have the _namePrefix
applied to them.
New in version 3.1: The _namePrefix
option was added in 3.1
Prefix Routing
-
static
Cake\Routing\Router::
prefix
($name, $callback)
Many applications require an administration section where
privileged users can make changes. This is often done through a
special URL such as /admin/users/edit/5
. In CakePHP, prefix routing
can be enabled by using the prefix
scope method:
use Cake\Routing\Route\DashedRoute;
Router::prefix('admin', function ($routes) {
// All routes here will be prefixed with `/admin`
// And have the prefix => admin route element added.
$routes->fallbacks(DashedRoute::class);
});
Prefixes are mapped to sub-namespaces in your application’s Controller
namespace. By having prefixes as separate controllers you can create smaller and
simpler controllers. Behavior that is common to the prefixed and non-prefixed
controllers can be encapsulated using inheritance,
Components, or traits. Using our users example, accessing
the URL /admin/users/edit/5
would call the edit()
method of our
src/Controller/Admin/UsersController.php passing 5 as the first parameter.
The view file used would be src/Template/Admin/Users/edit.ctp
You can map the URL /admin to your index()
action of pages controller using
following route:
Router::prefix('admin', function ($routes) {
// Because you are in the admin scope,
// you do not need to include the /admin prefix
// or the admin route element.
$routes->connect('/', ['controller' => 'Pages', 'action' => 'index']);
});
When creating prefix routes, you can set additional route parameters using
the $options
argument:
Router::prefix('admin', ['param' => 'value'], function ($routes) {
// Routes connected here are prefixed with '/admin' and
// have the 'param' routing key set.
$routes->connect('/:controller');
});
You can define prefixes inside plugin scopes as well:
Router::plugin('DebugKit', function ($routes) {
$routes->prefix('admin', function ($routes) {
$routes->connect('/:controller');
});
});
The above would create a route template like /debug_kit/admin/:controller
.
The connected route would have the plugin
and prefix
route elements set.
When defining prefixes, you can nest multiple prefixes if necessary:
Router::prefix('manager', function ($routes) {
$routes->prefix('admin', function ($routes) {
$routes->connect('/:controller');
});
});
The above would create a route template like /manager/admin/:controller
.
The connected route would have the prefix
route element set to
manager/admin
.
The current prefix will be available from the controller methods through
$this->request->getParam('prefix')
When using prefix routes it’s important to set the prefix option. Here’s how to
build this link using the HTML helper:
// Go into a prefixed route.
echo $this->Html->link(
'Manage articles',
['prefix' => 'manager', 'controller' => 'Articles', 'action' => 'add']
);
// Leave a prefix
echo $this->Html->link(
'View Post',
['prefix' => false, 'controller' => 'Articles', 'action' => 'view', 5]
);
Note
You should connect prefix routes before you connect fallback routes.
Plugin Routing
-
static
Cake\Routing\Router::
plugin
($name, $options = [], $callback)
Routes for Plugins should be created using the plugin()
method. This method creates a new routing scope for the plugin’s routes:
Router::plugin('DebugKit', function ($routes) {
// Routes connected here are prefixed with '/debug_kit' and
// have the plugin route element set to 'DebugKit'.
$routes->connect('/:controller');
});
When creating plugin scopes, you can customize the path element used with the
path
option:
Router::plugin('DebugKit', ['path' => '/debugger'], function ($routes) {
// Routes connected here are prefixed with '/debugger' and
// have the plugin route element set to 'DebugKit'.
$routes->connect('/:controller');
});
When using scopes you can nest plugin scopes within prefix scopes:
Router::prefix('admin', function ($routes) {
$routes->plugin('DebugKit', function ($routes) {
$routes->connect('/:controller');
});
});
The above would create a route that looks like /admin/debug_kit/:controller
.
It would have the prefix
, and plugin
route elements set. The
Plugin Routes section has more information on building plugin routes.
Creating Links to Plugin Routes
You can create links that point to a plugin, by adding the plugin key to your
URL array:
echo $this->Html->link(
'New todo',
['plugin' => 'Todo', 'controller' => 'TodoItems', 'action' => 'create']
);
Conversely if the active request is a plugin request and you want to create
a link that has no plugin you can do the following:
echo $this->Html->link(
'New todo',
['plugin' => null, 'controller' => 'Users', 'action' => 'profile']
);
By setting 'plugin' => null
you tell the Router that you want to
create a link that is not part of a plugin.
SEO-Friendly Routing
Some developers prefer to use dashes in URLs, as it’s perceived to give
better search engine rankings. The DashedRoute
class can be used in your
application with the ability to route plugin, controller, and camelized action
names to a dashed URL.
For example, if we had a ToDo
plugin, with a TodoItems
controller, and a
showItems()
action, it could be accessed at /to-do/todo-items/show-items
with the following router connection:
use Cake\Routing\Route\DashedRoute;
Router::plugin('ToDo', ['path' => 'to-do'], function ($routes) {
$routes->fallbacks(DashedRoute::class);
});
Matching Specific HTTP Methods
Routes can match specific HTTP methods using the HTTP verb helper methods:
Router::scope('/', function($routes) {
// This route only matches on POST requests.
$routes->post(
'/reviews/start',
['controller' => 'Reviews', 'action' => 'start']
);
// Match multiple verbs
// Prior to 3.5 use $options['_method'] to set method
$routes->connect(
'/reviews/start',
[
'controller' => 'Reviews',
'action' => 'start',
]
)->setMethods(['POST', 'PUT']);
});
You can match multiple HTTP methods by using an array. Because the _method
parameter is a routing key, it participates in both URL parsing and URL
generation. To generate URLs for method specific routes you’ll need to include
the _method
key when generating the URL:
$url = Router::url([
'controller' => 'Reviews',
'action' => 'start',
'_method' => 'POST',
]);
Matching Specific Hostnames
Routes can use the _host
option to only match specific hosts. You can use
the *.
wildcard to match any subdomain:
Router::scope('/', function($routes) {
// This route only matches on http://images.example.com
// Prior to 3.5 use the _host option
$routes->connect(
'/images/default-logo.png',
['controller' => 'Images', 'action' => 'default']
)->setHost('images.example.com');
// This route only matches on http://*.example.com
$routes->connect(
'/images/old-log.png',
['controller' => 'Images', 'action' => 'oldLogo']
)->setHost('images.example.com');
});
The _host
option is also used in URL generation. If your _host
option
specifies an exact domain, that domain will be included in the generated URL.
However, if you use a wildcard, then you will need to provide the _host
parameter when generating URLs:
// If you have this route
$routes->connect(
'/images/old-log.png',
['controller' => 'Images', 'action' => 'oldLogo']
)->setHost('images.example.com');
// You need this to generate a url
echo Router::url([
'controller' => 'Images',
'action' => 'oldLogo',
'_host' => 'images.example.com',
]);
New in version 3.4.0: The _host
option was added in 3.4.0
Routing File Extensions
-
static
Cake\Routing\Router::
extensions
(string|array|null $extensions, $merge = true)
To handle different file extensions with your routes, you can define extensions
on a global, as well as on a scoped level. Defining global extensions can be
achieved via the routers static Router::extensions()
method:
Router::extensions(['json', 'xml']);
// ...
This will affect all routes that are being connected afterwards, no matter
their scope.
In order to restrict extensions to specific scopes, you can define them using the
Cake\Routing\RouteBuilder::setExtensions()
method:
Router::scope('/', function ($routes) {
// Prior to 3.5.0 use `extensions()`
$routes->setExtensions(['json', 'xml']);
});
This will enable the named extensions for all routes that are being connected in
that scope after the setExtensions()
call, including those that are being
connected in nested scopes. Similar to the global Router::extensions()
method, any routes connected prior to the call will not inherit the extensions.
Note
Setting the extensions should be the first thing you do in a scope, as the
extensions will only be applied to routes connected after the extensions
are set.
Also be aware that re-opened scopes will not inherit extensions defined in
previously opened scopes.
By using extensions, you tell the router to remove any matching file extensions,
and then parse what remains. If you want to create a URL such as
/page/title-of-page.html you would create your route using:
Router::scope('/page', function ($routes) {
// Prior to 3.5.0 use `extensions()`
$routes->setExtensions(['json', 'xml', 'html']);
$routes->connect(
'/:title',
['controller' => 'Pages', 'action' => 'view']
)->setPass(['title']);
});
Then to create links which map back to the routes simply use:
$this->Html->link(
'Link title',
['controller' => 'Pages', 'action' => 'view', 'title' => 'super-article', '_ext' => 'html']
);
File extensions are used by Request Handling
to do automatic view switching based on content types.
Connecting Scoped Middleware
While Middleware can be applied to your entire application, applying middleware
to specific routing scopes offers more flexibility, as you can apply middleware
only where it is needed allowing your middleware to not concern itself with
how/where it is being applied.
Before middleware can be applied to a scope, it needs to be
registered into the route collection:
// in config/routes.php
use Cake\Http\Middleware\CsrfProtectionMiddleware;
use Cake\Http\Middleware\EncryptedCookieMiddleware;
Router::scope('/', function ($routes) {
$routes->registerMiddleware('csrf', new CsrfProtectionMiddleware());
$routes->registerMiddleware('cookies', new EncryptedCookieMiddleware());
});
Once registered, scoped middleware can be applied to specific
scopes:
$routes->scope('/cms', function ($routes) {
// Enable CSRF & cookies middleware
$routes->applyMiddleware('csrf', 'cookies');
$routes->get('/articles/:action/*', ['controller' => 'Articles'])
});
In situations where you have nested scopes, inner scopes will inherit the
middleware applied in the containing scope:
$routes->scope('/api', function ($routes) {
$routes->applyMiddleware('ratelimit', 'auth.api');
$routes->scope('/v1', function ($routes) {
$routes->applyMiddleware('v1compat');
// Define routes here.
});
});
In the above example, the routes defined in /v1
will have ‘ratelimit’,
‘auth.api’, and ‘v1compat’ middleware applied. If you re-open a scope, the
middleware applied to routes in each scope will be isolated:
$routes->scope('/blog', function ($routes) {
$routes->applyMiddleware('auth');
// Connect the authenticated actions for the blog here.
});
$routes->scope('/blog', function ($routes) {
// Connect the public actions for the blog here.
});
In the above example, the two uses of the /blog
scope do not share
middleware. However, both of these scopes will inherit middleware defined in
their enclosing scopes.
Grouping Middleware
To help keep your route code DRY middleware can
be combined into groups. Once combined groups can be applied like middleware
can:
$routes->registerMiddleware('cookie', new EncryptedCookieMiddleware());
$routes->registerMiddleware('auth', new AuthenticationMiddleware());
$routes->registerMiddleware('csrf', new CsrfProtectionMiddleware());
$routes->middlewareGroup('web', ['cookie', 'auth', 'csrf']);
// Apply the group
$routes->applyMiddleware('web');
New in version 3.5.0: Scoped middleware & middleware groups were added in 3.5.0
Creating RESTful Routes
Router makes it easy to generate RESTful routes for your controllers. RESTful
routes are helpful when you are creating API endpoints for your application. If
we wanted to allow REST access to a recipe controller, we’d do something like
this:
// In config/routes.php...
Router::scope('/', function ($routes) {
// Prior to 3.5.0 use `extensions()`
$routes->setExtensions(['json']);
$routes->resources('Recipes');
});
The first line sets up a number of default routes for easy REST
access where method specifies the desired result format (e.g. xml,
json, rss). These routes are HTTP Request Method sensitive.
| HTTP format |
URL.format |
Controller action invoked |
| GET |
/recipes.format |
RecipesController::index() |
| GET |
/recipes/123.format |
RecipesController::view(123) |
| POST |
/recipes.format |
RecipesController::add() |
| PUT |
/recipes/123.format |
RecipesController::edit(123) |
| PATCH |
/recipes/123.format |
RecipesController::edit(123) |
| DELETE |
/recipes/123.format |
RecipesController::delete(123) |
CakePHP’s Router class uses a number of different indicators to
detect the HTTP method being used. Here they are in order of
preference:
- The _method POST variable
- The X_HTTP_METHOD_OVERRIDE
- The REQUEST_METHOD header
The _method POST variable is helpful in using a browser as a
REST client (or anything else that can do POST). Just set
the value of _method to the name of the HTTP request method you
wish to emulate.
Creating Nested Resource Routes
Once you have connected resources in a scope, you can connect routes for
sub-resources as well. Sub-resource routes will be prepended by the original
resource name and a id parameter. For example:
Router::scope('/api', function ($routes) {
$routes->resources('Articles', function ($routes) {
$routes->resources('Comments');
});
});
Will generate resource routes for both articles
and comments
. The
comments routes will look like:
/api/articles/:article_id/comments
/api/articles/:article_id/comments/:id
You can get the article_id
in CommentsController
by:
$this->request->getParam('article_id');
By default resource routes map to the same prefix as the containing scope. If
you have both nested and non-nested resource controllers you can use a different
controller in each context by using prefixes:
Router::scope('/api', function ($routes) {
$routes->resources('Articles', function ($routes) {
$routes->resources('Comments', ['prefix' => 'articles']);
});
});
The above would map the ‘Comments’ resource to the
App\Controller\Articles\CommentsController
. Having separate controllers lets
you keep your controller logic simpler. The prefixes created this way are
compatible with Prefix Routing.
Note
While you can nest resources as deeply as you require, it is not recommended
to nest more than 2 resources together.
New in version 3.3: The prefix
option was added to resources()
in 3.3.
Limiting the Routes Created
By default CakePHP will connect 6 routes for each resource. If you’d like to
only connect specific resource routes you can use the only
option:
$routes->resources('Articles', [
'only' => ['index', 'view']
]);
Would create read only resource routes. The route names are create
,
update
, view
, index
, and delete
.
Changing the Controller Actions Used
You may need to change the controller action names that are used when connecting
routes. For example, if your edit()
action is called put()
you can
use the actions
key to rename the actions used:
$routes->resources('Articles', [
'actions' => ['update' => 'put', 'create' => 'add']
]);
The above would use put()
for the edit()
action, and add()
instead of create()
.
Mapping Additional Resource Routes
You can map additional resource methods using the map
option:
$routes->resources('Articles', [
'map' => [
'deleteAll' => [
'action' => 'deleteAll',
'method' => 'DELETE'
]
]
]);
// This would connect /articles/deleteAll
In addition to the default routes, this would also connect a route for
/articles/delete_all. By default the path segment will match the key name. You
can use the ‘path’ key inside the resource definition to customize the path
name:
$routes->resources('Articles', [
'map' => [
'updateAll' => [
'action' => 'updateAll',
'method' => 'DELETE',
'path' => '/update_many'
],
]
]);
// This would connect /articles/update_many
If you define ‘only’ and ‘map’, make sure that your mapped methods are also in
the ‘only’ list.
Custom Route Classes for Resource Routes
You can provide connectOptions
key in the $options
array for
resources()
to provide custom setting used by connect()
:
Router::scope('/', function ($routes) {
$routes->resources('Books', [
'connectOptions' => [
'routeClass' => 'ApiRoute',
]
];
});
URL Inflection for Resource Routes
By default, multi-worded controllers’ URL fragments are the underscored
form of the controller’s name. E.g., BlogPostsController
‘s URL fragment
would be /blog_posts.
You can specify an alternative inflection type using the inflect
option:
Router::scope('/', function ($routes) {
$routes->resources('BlogPosts', [
'inflect' => 'dasherize' // Will use ``Inflector::dasherize()``
]);
});
The above will generate URLs styled like: /blog-posts.
Note
As of CakePHP 3.1 the official app skeleton uses DashedRoute
as its
default route class. Using the 'inflect' => 'dasherize'
option when
connecting resource routes is recommended for URL consistency.
Changing the Path Element
By default resource routes use an inflected form of the resource name for the
URL segment. You can set a custom URL segment with the path
option:
Router::scope('/', function ($routes) {
$routes->resources('BlogPosts', ['path' => 'posts']);
});
New in version 3.5.0: The path
option was added in 3.5.0


The Earth’s rotation is gradually slowing.
This deceleration is happening almost imperceptibly, at approximately 17 milliseconds per hundred years, although the rate at which it occurs is not perfectly uniform. This has the effect of lengthening our days, but it happens so slowly that it could be as much as 140 million years before the length of a day will have increased to 25 hours.
The Earth was once believed to be the centre of the universe.
Due to the apparent movements of the Sun and planets in relation to their viewpoint, ancient scientists insisted that the Earth remained static, whilst other celestial bodies travelled in circular orbits around it. Eventually, the view that the Sun was at the centre of the universe was postulated by Copernicus, though this is also not the case.
Earth has a powerful magnetic field.
This phenomenon is caused by the nickel-iron core of the planet, coupled with its rapid rotation. This field protects the Earth from the effects of solar wind.
There is only one natural satellite of the planet Earth.
As a percentage of the size of the body it orbits, the Moon is the largest satellite of any planet in our solar system. In real terms, however, it is only the fifth largest natural satellite.
Earth is the only planet not named after a god.
The other seven planets in our solar system are all named after Roman gods or goddesses. Although only Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn were named during ancient times, because they were visible to the naked eye, the Roman method of naming planets was retained after the discovery of Uranus and Neptune.
The Earth is the densest planet in the Solar System.
This varies according to the part of the planet; for example, the metallic core is denser than the crust. The average density of the Earth is approximately 5.52 grams per cubic centimetre.


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2020 Kia Seltos Sport+ AWD review
Kia Australia has wanted a model like the Seltos for a long, long time. Now it's here, and it's a very good thing.
by Scott CollieRating: 8.2
$36,490 Mrlp
- Fuel Economy
7.6L - Engine Power
130kW - CO2 Emissions
175g - ANCAP Rating
N/A
Looking for a deal on this car?
Pros and Cons
Pros
- Spacious interior
- Punchy engine
- Excellent infotainment
- Balance between ride and handling
Cons
- Interior is a bit bland for the price
- DCT still isn't perfect
- Big price jump over the Cerato
- shares
Kia Australia has been waiting a long time for a compact SUV. It's been without a competitor in one of Australia's hottest segments, watching crossover-hungry buyers snap up the Hyundai Kona, Nissan Qashqai, Mazda CX-3 and Mitsubishi ASX.
Now, the Seltos is here. And although it's the new kid on the block, Kia has a potential class leader on its hands.
In the 2020 Kia Seltos Sport+ AWD guise you see here, it retails for $36,490 drive-away. That gets you a long list of inclusions on paper, and one of the punchiest powertrains in the class.
It also gets you a car that's physically much bigger than you might expect. At 4315mm long, 1800mm wide and 1620mm tall, it's almost the same size as the Sportage. With a claimed 433L of boot space, the Seltos is only 33L shy of its bigger brother with the rear seats in place. It's also 72L bigger than the all-wheel-drive Hyundai Kona back there.
With the 60/40 rear seats folded, the load area expands to offer 1393L – up on the Kona's claim, but 205L down on the Nissan Qashqai.
There's an abundance of space inside, too. The driver and passenger sit on high-set, comfortable seats with plenty of adjustment, and rear seat passengers are treated to a generously padded bench.
Head room is excellent, and six-footers can sit behind six-footers without too much stress. We wouldn't be surprised to see plenty of Uber drivers adopting lower-end Seltos models, given it combines a spacious rear cabin with a low sticker price.
You get proper bottle pockets in all four doors, a map pocket behind the passenger seat, and a spacious glovebox up front. Under the dashboard there's room for a modern smartphone (but no wireless charging, reserved instead for the flagship GT-Line) in the two-tiered storage space.
The highlight of the cabin, however, is the 10.25-inch touchscreen infotainment system. To start with, it's absolutely massive – on a par with the displays in the latest Europeans – and offers clear, simple graphics.
The full-screen map is excellent, and being able to see your navigation, media, and driving data on the same home screen without it looking cramped is something few manufacturers can boast. Apple CarPlay looks brilliant on such a large, high-resolution screen, too. Well done Kia.
Less good are the materials, which range from nice (cloth seat trim, leather-look steering wheel), through acceptable (padded central armrest and door elbow rests), to shiny and cheap (dashboard, instrument cluster, transmission tunnel). You also miss out on rear air vents in the Sport+.
It's less of an issue in lower-spec cars, but there isn't much to thrill touchy-feely types for your $36,490. That's why the GT-Line exists, of course, with its leather seats, shiny trim pieces, illuminated door speakers and fancy-sounding badge.
At least the Sport+ comes with all the safety equipment you could possibly want. Autonomous emergency braking with pedestrian and cyclist detection, adaptive cruise control, driver-attention warning, blind-spot monitoring, rear cross-traffic alert, and parking sensors front/rear are all standard.
Under the bonnet is a slightly detuned version of the 1.6-litre turbocharged engine offered in the Cerato GT sedan and hatchback, making 130kW and 265Nm. It's hooked up to a seven-speed dual-clutch transmission and all-wheel drive.
Claimed fuel use is 7.6L/100km on the combined cycle, while we saw 9.7L/100km across a mix of city and highway driving, with a skew towards time in town. A pure highway run yielded mid-6.0L/100km numbers.
The engine is one of the highlights of life in the Seltos. With its generous torque figure, it feels punchy in a way few other compact crossovers (barring the Kona 1.6T with which it shares the engine, of course) can match.
Don't be fooled, the Seltos with a 1.6-litre turbo isn't a hot hatch on stilts, but it feels far more grown up than most of the anaemic atmospheric engines offered in most compact and mid-sized crossovers.
Response is good from low in the rev range, the mid-range is strong, and there's a bit of joy to be found in revving it all the way out to redline. It's just nice to drive a compact crossover that doesn't need to be thrashed to deliver something approaching acceptable performance.
If there's a weak point in the car's powertrain, it's the transmission. We've written about the slightly hesitant Kia dual-clutch transmission before, and our previous complaints ring true here.
You don't get steering wheel paddles on the Sport+, but control freaks can take control with the gearstick. The seven-speeder is quick to shift on the move, but it can get confused by light throttle inputs at low speeds.
The transmission's electric brain tries to mimic a smooth-moving torque converter off the line, and it generally does a good job. But the grey area between first and second gear can flummox it – sometimes you get a flare of revs as the car tries to work out where it needs to be, others it slams too aggressively into gear.
It can also be a bit indecisive between gears on the highway, occasionally getting caught between gears on kick down. It's behaviour that gets easier to 'drive around' with familiarity, but Kia still has some work to do before it can match the best dual-clutch transmissions out there.
Interestingly, Kia hasn't chosen to offer the Seltos with a conventional torque converter; the less powerful naturally aspirated engine is mated with a CVT.
The family resemblance carries beyond the close-but-not-quite gearbox. Kia and Hyundai have put their faith in local suspension tuning to set their cars apart from the crowd, and the Seltos rides with the same sure-footed confidence as the Sportage and Cerato.
It maintains its composure over the pothole-ridden streets of Melbourne, with a more comfort-focused suspension tune than the Cerato GT with which it shares an engine. What's more, our launch review revealed the Seltos will hold its own on gravel – a characteristic that'll no doubt endear the car to rural buyers.
A tall seating position, easy-to-spot corners, and inoffensive low-speed steering mean the Seltos is a doddle to thread through the city – the high-resolution rear-view camera and parking sensors don't hurt, either. It's spacious inside, but this is still a relatively compact car.
The entire Seltos range gets a MacPherson strut front suspension, but only all-wheel-drive models are treated to a multi-link set-up at the rear. Based on our experience at launch, the multi-link set-up is the better bet if ride quality is your top priority.
The other benefit of the more sophisticated rear suspension comes in the corners, where the Seltos carries a dash of the sporty DNA that makes the Cerato GT such a performance bargain.
It isn't a high-riding hot hatch, but there's a neutral feeling to the chassis and a weight to the steering that would help the Seltos to show a number of its rivals a clean set of heels on an interesting road.
Because it's a Kia, the Seltos is furnished with a seven-year, unlimited-kilometre warranty. Although many of its mainstream rivals have moved to five years of warranty, Kia is alone in offering seven years of coverage.
(Editor's note: Kia Australia has yet to firm up the specifics of its servicing plan for the Seltos range. We expect to have details by the end of this week.)
There's very little wrong with the Seltos Sport+ AWD. It drives like a class leader (watch for our coming comparisons to test that notion), has a properly spacious and practical interior, offers an industry-leading warranty, and is pretty handsome to behold.
As far as I can tell, there are two problems. The first is the price of this particular model. Having all-wheel drive is nice, but the (slightly) more powerful version of the same engine and transmission can be had in the Cerato GT sedan/hatch for around $5000 less.
Plus, the top-spec Cerato gets niceties like gearshift paddles and leather trim. The corollary of that? Not everyone wants a sedan or hatch, and the Seltos does feel more substantial inside.
If you can reconcile the SUV tax and need the extra punch offered by the 1.6-litre engine, the only other issue is the name.
Designed to evoke the Greek name for Heracles's son, Celtus, the badge has been massaged into Seltos so it doesn't ruin the s-themed thing Kia has going on with the Soul, Sportage, Sorento and Telluride...
MORE: Seltos news, reviews, comparisons and videos
MORE: Everything Kia
Our Ratings Breakdown
Rating: 8.2
8.1 Performance
8.4 Ride Quality
8.2 Handling & Dynamics
7.4 Driver Technology
8.6 Interior Comfort & Packaging
9.2 Infotainment & Connectivity
7.3 Fuel Efficiency
8.0 Safety
7.9 Value for Money
8.5 Fit for Purpose
Our ratings explained
Looking for a deal on this car?
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2020 Kia Seltos Sport+ AWD review


A TB303 emulator
The Tb303 suite emulates the classic Roland TB-303 "Bass Line" analog synth.
(Just the synth, not the sequencer; VSS has a separate sequencer actor.)
To use the Tb303 implementation, load tb303.so and create an actor of type Tb303Actor.
Note that it won't make any sound after you send the BeginSound command
until you also send the Retrigger command. So the usual order of commands
is
- hSound = BeginSoundPaused SetFoo 42.0 SetBar 43.0 ... ;
- Retrigger hSound;
- SetPause hSound 0;
Tb303Actor messages
In addition to the messages understood by all generator actors, the Tb303Actor understands the following messages.
If the optional parameter time is specified in any of the following messages, then
the corresponding parameter is linearly modulated from the old value to the specified value over the
duration of time seconds after receipt of the command. In the case of the commands
SetAll[Param] (which set the value for all handlers spawned by a particular actor),
the default [Param] is always set immediately on receipt of the command, regardless of
time.
- SetFreq hActor x
SetAllFreq hActor x time
- Set the default frequency for new instances to x.
- SetFilterCutoff hActor x
SetAllFilterCutoff hActor x time
- Set the default filter cutoff for new instances to x.
- SetResonance hActor x
SetAllResonance hActor x time
- Set the default resonance for new instances to x.
- SetEnvMod hActor x
SetAllEnvMod hActor x time
- Set the default envelope modulation for new instances to x.
- SetEnvDecay hActor x
SetAllEnvDecay hActor x time
- Set the default envelope decay for new instances to x.
Tb303 handler messages
In addition to the messages understood by all handlers, the handler for the tb303 algorithm understands the following messages:
- Retrigger hSound
- Play the attack portion of a sound (the phreeeeoooooooo part before
it settles down to the steady-state portion).
- SetFreq hSound x time
- Set the frequency to x Hz (10 to 1000 works best; default 110).
- SetFilterCutoff hSound x time
- Set the "vowel color" to x (0 to 1, default 0);
from 0 to 1, the sound goes through oo, oh, ah, ee and gets louder
at the same time.
- SetResonance hSound x time
- Set the narrowness of the filter to x (0 to 1, default 0).
At higher values you can hear individual harmonics during the
attack of a sound.
- SetEnvMod hSound x time
- Set the amount of "modulation" in the attack envelope to x
(0 to 1, default 0). At higher values, the attack starts higher
and finishes on a lower (less buzzy, more sinetone) steady-state sound.
- SetEnvDecay hSound x time
- Set the duration of the attack portion to x
(0 to 1, default 0). 0 corresponds to about 1/10 second,
1 to about 5 or 6 seconds.
(All these funky names are what the original Roland box used.)


brolgar
helps you browse over longitudinal data graphically and analytically in R, by providing tools to:
This helps you go from the “plate of spaghetti” plot on the left, to “interesting observations” plot on the right.
Install from GitHub with:
# install.packages("remotes")
remotes::install_github("njtierney/brolgar")
brolgar
: We need to talk about dataThe tools and workflows in brolgar
are designed to work with a special tidy time series data frame called a tsibble
. This handles a lot of the details of the data, making it very efficient to explore your data. This section discusses the details of what this means.
To efficiently look at your longitudinal data, we assume it is a time series, with irregular time periods between measurements. This might seem strange, (that’s OK!), so remember these two things:
Together, the index and key uniquely identify an observation.
The term key
is used a lot in brolgar, so it is an important idea to internalise:
The key is the identifier of your individuals or series
The wages
data is an example dataset provided with brolgar. It looks like this:
wages
#> # A tsibble: 6,402 x 9 [!]
#> # Key: id [888]
#> id ln_wages xp ged xp_since_ged black hispanic high_grade
#> <int> <dbl> <dbl> <int> <dbl> <int> <int> <int>
#> 1 31 1.49 0.015 1 0.015 0 1 8
#> 2 31 1.43 0.715 1 0.715 0 1 8
#> 3 31 1.47 1.73 1 1.73 0 1 8
#> 4 31 1.75 2.77 1 2.77 0 1 8
#> 5 31 1.93 3.93 1 3.93 0 1 8
#> 6 31 1.71 4.95 1 4.95 0 1 8
#> 7 31 2.09 5.96 1 5.96 0 1 8
#> 8 31 2.13 6.98 1 6.98 0 1 8
#> 9 36 1.98 0.315 1 0.315 0 0 9
#> 10 36 1.80 0.983 1 0.983 0 0 9
#> # … with 6,392 more rows, and 1 more variable: unemploy_rate <dbl>
And under the hood, it was created with the following setup:
wages <- as_tsibble(x = wages,
key = id,
index = xp,
regular = FALSE)
Here as_tsibble()
takes wages, and a key
, and index
, and we state the regular = FALSE
(since there are not regular time periods between measurements). This turns the data into a tsibble
object - a powerful data abstraction made available in the tsibble
package by Earo Wang, if you would like to learn more about tsibble
, see the official package documentation or read the paper.
If you want to learn more about what longitudinal data as a time series, you can read more in the vignette, “Longitudinal Data Structures”.
Exploring longitudinal data can be challenging when there are many individuals. It is difficult to look at all of them!
You often get a “plate of spaghetti” plot, with many lines plotted on top of each other. You can avoid the spaghetti by looking at a random subset of the data using tools in brolgar
.
sample_n_keys()
In dplyr
, you can use sample_n()
to sample n
observations, or sample_frac()
to look at a frac
tion of observations.
brolgar
builds on this providing sample_n_keys()
and sample_frac_keys()
. This allows you to take a random sample of n
keys using sample_n_keys()
. For example:
set.seed(2019-7-15-1300)
wages %>%
sample_n_keys(size = 5) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = xp,
y = ln_wages,
group = id)) +
geom_line()
And what if you want to create many of these plots?
facet_sample()
facet_sample()
allows you to specify the number of keys per facet, and the number of facets with n_per_facet
and n_facets
.
By default, it splits the data into 12 facets with 5 per facet:
set.seed(2019-07-23-1937)
ggplot(wages,
aes(x = xp,
y = ln_wages,
group = id)) +
geom_line() +
facet_sample()
Under the hood, facet_sample()
is powered by sample_n_keys()
and stratify_keys()
.
You can see more facets (e.g., facet_strata()
) and data visualisations you can make in brolgar in the Visualisation Gallery.
Sometimes you want to know what the range or a summary of a variable for each individual. We call these summaries features
of the data, and they can be extracted using the features
function, from fabletools
.
For example, if you want to answer the question “What is the summary of wages for each individual?”. You can use features()
to find the five number summary (min, max, q1, q3, and median) of ln_wages
with feat_five_num
:
wages %>%
features(ln_wages,
feat_five_num)
#> # A tibble: 888 x 6
#> id min q25 med q75 max
#> <int> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 31 1.43 1.48 1.73 2.02 2.13
#> 2 36 1.80 1.97 2.32 2.59 2.93
#> 3 53 1.54 1.58 1.71 1.89 3.24
#> 4 122 0.763 2.10 2.19 2.46 2.92
#> 5 134 2.00 2.28 2.36 2.79 2.93
#> 6 145 1.48 1.58 1.77 1.89 2.04
#> 7 155 1.54 1.83 2.22 2.44 2.64
#> 8 173 1.56 1.68 2.00 2.05 2.34
#> 9 206 2.03 2.07 2.30 2.45 2.48
#> 10 207 1.58 1.87 2.15 2.26 2.66
#> # … with 878 more rows
This returns the id, and then the features.
There are many features in brolgar - these features all begin with feat_
.  You can also see other features for time series in the feasts
package.
Once you have created these features, you can join them back to the data with a left_join
, like so:
wages %>%
features(ln_wages, feat_monotonic) %>%
left_join(wages, by = "id") %>%
ggplot(aes(x = xp,
y = ln_wages,
group = id)) +
geom_line() +
gghighlight(increase)
key
.You can also use n_obs()
inside features to return the number of observations for each key:
wages %>%
features(ln_wages, n_obs)
#> # A tibble: 888 x 2
#> id n_obs
#> <int> <int>
#> 1 31 8
#> 2 36 10
#> 3 53 8
#> 4 122 10
#> 5 134 12
#> 6 145 9
#> 7 155 11
#> 8 173 6
#> 9 206 3
#> 10 207 11
#> # … with 878 more rows
This returns a dataframe, with one row per key, and the number of observations for each key.
This could be further summarised to get a sense of the patterns of the number of observations:
brolgar
provides other useful functions to explore your data, which you can read about in the exploratory modelling and Identify Interesting Observations vignettes. As a taster, here are some of the figures you can produce:
Please note that the brolgar
project is released with a Contributor Code of Conduct. By contributing to this project, you agree to abide by its terms.
This version of brolgar was been forked from tprvan/brolgar, and has undergone breaking changes to the API.
Thank you to Mitchell O’Hara-Wild and Earo Wang for many useful discussions on the implementation of brolgar, as it was heavily inspired by the feasts
package from the tidyverts
. I would also like to thank Tania Prvan for her valuable early contributions to the project, as well as Stuart Lee for helpful discussions. Thanks also to Urusla Laa for her feedback on the package structure and documentation.


|
SFML Game AI Demos
0.5.0
C++ intelligent agents for games, with demos using the SFML framework.
|
| ▼CGameAIDemos::BaseEntityState | Base state class for entities in the game. A state defines an entity's current actions in the game. For example, an entity can be fleeing from another entity, or seeking an entity. |
| CGameAIDemos::DeadEntityState | Subclass of BaseEntityState used for the dead state of entities. |
| CGameAIDemos::FleeEntityState | Subclass of BaseEntityState used for the fleeing state of an entity. In this state, an entity is moving away from a target entity. |
| CGameAIDemos::IdleEntityState | Subclass of BaseEntityState used for the idling state. In this state, an entity is not performing any specific action (but may still be moving in a specified direction). |
| CGameAIDemos::SeekEntityState | Subclass of BaseEntityState used for the seeking state of an entity. In this state, an entity is moving towards a target entity. |
| ▼CGameAIDemos::Entity | Class for game entities such as items, NPCs, tiles and the player character. |
| ▼CGameAIDemos::LiveEntity | Subclass of Entity for live entities. Examples of live entities are NPCs, monsters and a player character. |
| CGameAIDemos::AgentEntity | Subclass of LiveEntity for the intelligent agent entity. An agent entity can seek or flee from targets, or it can be in idle state. |
| CGameAIDemos::PlayerEntity | Subclass of LiveEntity for the player character entity. |
| CGameAIDemos::Game | Main game class used to initialize the game, create a game window and add scenes to it. |
| CGameAIDemos::InfoPanel | A class for information panel UI elements. An info panel element in the UI is a simple rectangle with text displayed inside it. This can be used to display game information, tooltips, HUD elements and more. It may also be attached to entities to display their information, such as health and current state. |
| CGameAIDemos::Logger | Provides a very simple logging utility for the game. |
| ▼CGameAIDemos::Scene | A class for scenes and scene management. Scenes can be anything from levels to main menu screens. |
| CGameAIDemos::LevelScene | Subclass of Scene for game AI demo levels. |


Man on way to job interview says he was shocked with a Taser by officers for jaywalking
by WSBTV.comA Georgia man on the way to a job interview said officers used a Taser on him three times for jaywalking. Police say he refused verbal commands and physically resisted.
This began in March, when the officers gave John Efford a jaywalking citation on Holcomb Bridge Road in Gwinnett County.
Efford said that a couple of minutes later, the same officers approached him again, saying he jaywalked again. He said that's when they refused to answer his questions and began using a Taser on him.
"I was terrified," Efford told WSB-TV.
He was charged with two counts of obstruction and improper crossing a roadway.
Police sent WSB-TV a use of force report that indicated the level of force used was within policy. It said Efford refused to follow verbal commands and physically resisted.
An officer's body cam video recorded the incident.
 Cuff him. You're going to get Tased again," an officer is heard on video.
Once officers arrested Efford, he asked what he did
"You jaywalked again right in front of us. Again, bro," the officer said.
"Y'all doing all that over jaywalking?" Efford responded.
Efford said the officers used excessive force and he said it was unlawful arrest.
"This video is a classic case of police brutality," said his attorney, Jackie Patterson.
Patterson said officers terrorized his client for no reason.
"All you had to do was write him a ticket and let him go," Patterson said.
Patterson said the charges were dropped after prosecutors saw the video.
Efford is not letting this go.
"I want them to lose their jobs," Efford said.
In the use of force report, a major said Officer Charles Bynum was counseled on the importance of advising suspects they are under arrest.
Another major said the officer's version of what happened and the video were not consistent. Still, it said the use of force was within policy.
Efford said he plans to file a lawsuit.
© 2019 Cox Media Group.


The caption of the media object.
The children of the media object. Only returned for Album IG Media.
The number of comments on the media object.
The id of the media object.
The instagram id of the media object.
Whether comments are enabled on the media object.
The number of likes on the media object.
Surface where the media is published.
The type of the media object.
The url of the media object.
The owner of the media object.
The permalink of the media object.
The shortcode of the media object.
The thumbnail of the media object.
The timestamp of the media object in ISO 8601.
The username of the media object.
IGTV media title.
Generated using TypeDoc
Interface to represent the data regarding a Media Object.
Tiago Grosso<EMAIL_ADDRESS>0.1.0


WITNESS LIST Criminal Jurisprudence Committee (Subcommittee on Parole Revocation) July 15, 1998-10:00A Parole Revocation On: Buford, Mary M. (Prison Fellowship, TAX) Cohen, Gary (TCDLa) Cranford, Susan (TDCJ, CJAD) Fabelo, Tony (Crim Justice Policy C) Gallegos, Ellen (TIFA,Prison Ministries,) Habern, Bill (TCDLA) Hearon, Genevieve (Capacity for Justice) Marin, Linda R. (TX CURE) McLane, Marsha (TDCJ) Ortiz, Madeline M. (TDCJ) Reeves, Linda (TX Inmate Families Asso) Rodriquez, Victor (TX Board/Pardons/Parole) Wells, Bettie L. (TDCJ)


Note: This tutorial is targeting beginners that are learning C++ and programming.
How can I get the maximum of 3 numbers using the C++ programming language.
Of course you can get the maximum of 3 numbers in many ways matter of fact there can be more than one solution and they are all correct but to this specific problem I found a really interesting solution.
Here is the code I will explain it below:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
|
/* Function maximum definition */
/* x, y and z are parameters */
int maximum(int x, int y, int z) {
int max = x; /* assume x is the largest */
if (y > max) { /* if y is larger than max, assign y to max */
max = y;
} /* end if */
if (z > max) { /* if z is larger than max, assign z to max */
max = z;
} /* end if */
return max; /* max is the largest value */
} /* end function maximum */
| |
The code is really simple, it assumes that any of the 3 values is the largest then compares the other 2 values to the first value.
if one of the 2 values is greater than the one we assumed then the max is equal to that value.
If you have any questions related to this article you can contact me via
Twitter: _mFouad
mail: mfouad91@gmail.com


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This ain’t our first item, it is the best of the rest.
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Oh he decisively impression attachment friendship so if everything.
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Whose her enjoy chief new young. Felicity if ye required likewise so doubtful.
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