TRSL is a C++ library that implements several sampling schemes behind an (STL-like) iterator interface. The library may be used e.g. in particle filtering or probabilistic inference frameworks. For an overview of the functionalities provided by TRSL, refer to the Products page.
TRSL is distributed under the Boost Software License (BSL). BSL is a GPL-compatible free-software license, very similar to the BSD license and the MIT license; see Boost Software License Background. BSL is also open-source; see Boost Software License 1.0 on the Open Source Initiative website.
TRSL is in a usable state. However, as its version number suggests, it is likely to grow and change interface in the future.
Releases are available at the Sourceforge download page. The latest sources are available through Subversion:
svn co https://trsl.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/trsl/trunk trsl
Sourceforge project page.
TRSL is meant to be OS Portable. It has been tested on Linux and MacOS X with GCC 4 and LLVM 2.8 (with clang). If anyone tries it with a different compiler/platform, please comment!
The preferred method of communication is currently the Sourceforge forums (anonymous posts allowed).
See the Products page for the complete list of functionalities offered by TRSL.
The central TRSL product is trsl::is_picked_systematic, a predicate functor to use in combination with trsl::persistent_filter_iterator to form a sample iterator. The sample iterator accesses a population of elements through a range defined by a pair of Forward Iterators (begin/end), and provides on-the-fly iteration through a sample of the population.
Let us assume a particle filter implementation, which manages a population of particles (struct Particle { weight; x; y; }
) stored in a container ParticleCollection
. The following bit of code shows an example of how to iterate through a sample of the population after having implemented ParticleCollection::sample_begin(size_t)
and ParticleCollection::sample_end()
using e.g. trsl::is_picked_systematic.
const size_t POPULATION_SIZE = 100; const size_t SAMPLE_SIZE = 10; //-----------------------// // Generate a population // //-----------------------// ParticleCollection population; for (size_t i = 0; i < POPULATION_SIZE; ++i) { Particle p(double(rand())/RAND_MAX, // weight double(rand())/RAND_MAX, // position (x) double(rand())/RAND_MAX); // position (y) population.add(p); } //----------------------------// // Sample from the population // //----------------------------// ParticleCollection sample; //-- population contains 100 elements. --// for (ParticleCollection::const_sample_iterator si = population.sample_begin(SAMPLE_SIZE), se = population.sample_end(); si != se; ++si) { Particle p = *si; p.setWeight(1); sample.add(p); // ... or do something else with *si ... } //-- sample contains 10 elements. --// assert(sample.size() == SAMPLE_SIZE);
TRSL is developped by Renaud Detry.
TRSL is based on the excellent Boost Iterator Library.
Several concept implementations (e.g. accessors) are inspired from libkdtree++.


Move a folder with save files to your Axiom Verge Saves folder usually
(C:\Users\{{ '{userName}' }}\Documents\SavedGames\AxiomVerge\Saves\Player1)
Select said folder using the File Browser below.
| Area | Location | Health Nodes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| {{row.area}} | {{row.loc}} | {{row.nodes}} |


From:Datek<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Sent:2017-01-11T04:35:23.0000000Z Subject:Datek's November Insite
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EDRM Enron Email Data Set has been produced in EML, PST and NSF format by ZL Technologies, Inc. This Data Set is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 United States License <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/us/> . To provide attribution, please cite to "ZL Technologies, Inc. (http://www.zlti.com)."
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A jQuery plugin that allows you to dynamically change the background image of a container or div.
Created with Love by Xavier Kelly at Kelly.Tech © 2016
Follow Me


Joint which does not constrain the motion between frame_a and frame_b. Such a joint is only meaningful if the relative distance and orientation between frame_a and frame_b, and their derivatives, shall be used as states.
Note, that bodies such as Parts.Body, Parts.BodyShape, have potential states describing the distance and orientation, and their derivatives, between the world frame and a body fixed frame. Therefore, if these potential state variables are suited, a FreeMotion joint is not needed.
The states of the FreeMotion object are:
The quaternions have the slight disadvantage that there is a non-linear constraint equation between the 4 quaternions. Therefore, at least one non-linear equation has to be solved during simulation. A tool might, however, analytically solve this simple constraint equation. Using the 3 angles as states has the disadvantage that there is a singular configuration in which a division by zero will occur. If it is possible to determine in advance for an application class that this singular configuration is outside of the operating region, the 3 angles might be used as states by setting useQuaternions = false.
In text books about 3-dimensional mechanics often 3 angles and the angular velocity are used as states. This is not the case here, since 3 angles and their derivatives are used as states (if useQuaternions = false). The reason is that for real-time simulation the discretization formula of the integrator might be "inlined" and solved together with the model equations. By appropriate symbolic transformation the performance is drastically increased if angles and their derivatives are used as states, instead of angles and the angular velocity.
If parameter enforceStates is set to true (= the default) in the "Advanced" menu, then FreeMotion variables are forced to be used as states according to the setting of parameters "useQuaternions" and "sequence_angleStates".
In the following figure the animation of a FreeMotion joint is shown. The light blue coordinate system is frame_a and the dark blue coordinate system is frame_b of the joint. (here: r_rel_a_start = {0.5, 0, 0.5}, angles_start = {45, 45, 45}o).


This notice describes how medical information about you may be used and disclosed and how you can get access to this information.
Please review it carefullyWe can change the terms of this notice, and the changes will apply to all information we have about you. The new notice will be available upon request, in our office, and on our web site.
This notice is effective as of {{ org.ppn.effectiveDate | date:'MM/dd/yyyy hh:mma' }}
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MIT OpenCourseWare makes the materials used in the teaching of almost all of MIT's subjects available on the Web, free of charge. With more than 2,200 courses available, OCW is delivering on the promise of open sharing of knowledge. Learn more »
© 2001–2015
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Your use of the MIT OpenCourseWare site and materials is subject to our Creative Commons License and other terms of use.


Pronostics football
Champions League - Europa League
Ligue 1, Liga, BundesLiga, Premier League, Serie A


--- title: Changes to INI file handling version: "5.5" tags: - "5.5" - ini ---
The intl.use_exceptions
configuration directive has
been added, which controls the behaviour of intl when global errors occur
in conjunction with the already extant intl.error_level
configuration directive.
The mysqlnd.sha256_server_public_key configuration directive has been added to allow mysqli to use the new MySQL authentication protocol.


|
My Project
|
Files | |
| file | command_adapter.h [code] |
| This file contains the callback functions. | |
| file | common_client.h [code] |
| This file contains the definition, types and structures for the client. | |
| file | common_server.h [code] |
| This file contains the definition, types and structure for server. | |
| file | edge_command_type.h [code] |
| This file contains various command types and text descriptions. | |
| file | edge_identifier.h [code] |
| This file contains the definition, types and APIs for resource= s be implemented. | |
| file | edge_malloc.h [code] |
| This file contains the utilities APIs for use in OPCUA module be implemented. | |
| file | edge_node_identifier.h [code] |
| This file contains various identifiers of standard-defined nodes in namespace zero. | |
| file | edge_node_type.h [code] |
| This file contains the declaration for various NodeId types. | |
| file | edge_opcua_common.h [code] |
| This file contains the definition, types and APIs for resource= s be implemented. | |
| file | edge_status_code.h [code] |
| This file contains various status codes and error message descriptions. | |
| file | opcua_common.h [code] |
| This file contains the definition, types and structures common for both client and server. | |
| file | opcua_interface.h [code] |
| This file contains the definition, types and APIs for resource= s be implemented. | |
| file | opcua_manager.h [code] |
| This file contains the top level functions for OPC UA adapter. | |


Ayah's Light & Sound Memory Game
Welcome to the game! Repeat the pattern by pressing buttons.
Start
Stop


public class DefaultSocket
extends java.net.Socket
| Constructor and Description |
|---|
DefaultSocket() |
DefaultSocket(java.net.Proxy arg0) |
DefaultSocket(java.lang.String arg0,
int arg1) |
bind, close, connect, connect, getChannel, getInetAddress, getInputStream, getKeepAlive, getLocalAddress, getLocalPort, getLocalSocketAddress, getOOBInline, getOutputStream, getPort, getReceiveBufferSize, getRemoteSocketAddress, getReuseAddress, getSendBufferSize, getSoLinger, getSoTimeout, getTcpNoDelay, getTrafficClass, isBound, isClosed, isConnected, isInputShutdown, isOutputShutdown, sendUrgentData, setKeepAlive, setOOBInline, setPerformancePreferences, setReceiveBufferSize, setReuseAddress, setSendBufferSize, setSocketImplFactory, setSoLinger, setSoTimeout, setTcpNoDelay, setTrafficClass, shutdownInput, shutdownOutput, toString


Original cat image by Harald Wehner [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cat-MaineCoon-Lara1.png]
Original sheep image by Natural Resources Conservation Service [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sheep_and_goats.jpg]
Original treeswallow image by Leupold, James C. - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Treeswallow3.JPG]
Linear Combinations of Images
We can treat each image as a very large array of data: for each pixel, we have its red, green, and blue values.
This interactive turns each image into a vector, takes a linear combination of those vectors, and turns the result back into an image.
These techniques are used in fading between images and image recognition.


This project was bootstrapped with Create React App.
Below you will find some information on how to perform common tasks.
You can find the most recent version of this guide here.
<title>
public
Folderpublic
Folder.env
<meta>
Tags on the Servernpm start
doesn���t detect changesnpm test
hangs on macOS Sierranpm run build
exits too earlynpm run build
fails on Herokunpm run build
fails to minifyCreate React App is divided into two packages:
create-react-app
is a global command-line utility that you use to create new projects.react-scripts
is a development dependency in the generated projects (including this one).You almost never need to update create-react-app
itself: it delegates all the setup to react-scripts
.
When you run create-react-app
, it always creates the project with the latest version of react-scripts
so you���ll get all the new features and improvements in newly created apps automatically.
To update an existing project to a new version of react-scripts
, open the changelog, find the version you���re currently on (check package.json
in this folder if you���re not sure), and apply the migration instructions for the newer versions.
In most cases bumping the react-scripts
version in package.json
and running npm install
in this folder should be enough, but it���s good to consult the changelog for potential breaking changes.
We commit to keeping the breaking changes minimal so you can upgrade react-scripts
painlessly.
We are always open to your feedback.
After creation, your project should look like this:
my-app/
README.md
node_modules/
package.json
public/
index.html
favicon.ico
src/
App.css
App.js
App.test.js
index.css
index.js
logo.svg
For the project to build, these files must exist with exact filenames:
public/index.html
is the page template;src/index.js
is the JavaScript entry point.You can delete or rename the other files.
You may create subdirectories inside src
. For faster rebuilds, only files inside src
are processed by Webpack.
You need to put any JS and CSS files inside src
, otherwise Webpack won���t see them.
Only files inside public
can be used from public/index.html
.
Read instructions below for using assets from JavaScript and HTML.
You can, however, create more top-level directories.
They will not be included in the production build so you can use them for things like documentation.
In the project directory, you can run:
npm start
Runs the app in the development mode.
Open http://localhost:3000 to view it in the browser.
The page will reload if you make edits.
You will also see any lint errors in the console.
npm test
Launches the test runner in the interactive watch mode.
See the section about running tests for more information.
npm run build
Builds the app for production to the build
folder.
It correctly bundles React in production mode and optimizes the build for the best performance.
The build is minified and the filenames include the hashes.
Your app is ready to be deployed!
See the section about deployment for more information.
npm run eject
Note: this is a one-way operation.
If you aren���t satisfied with the build tool and configuration choices, you can eject
at any time. This command will remove the single build dependency from your project.
Instead, it will copy all the configuration files and the transitive dependencies (Webpack, Babel, ESLint, etc) right into your project so you have full control over them. All of the commands except eject
will still work, but they will point to the copied scripts so you can tweak them. At this point you���re on your own.
You don���t have to ever use eject
. The curated feature set is suitable for small and middle deployments, and you shouldn���t feel obligated to use this feature. However we understand that this tool wouldn���t be useful if you couldn���t customize it when you are ready for it.
By default, the generated project uses the latest version of React.
You can refer to the React documentation for more information about supported browsers.
This project supports a superset of the latest JavaScript standard.
In addition to ES6 syntax features, it also supports:
Learn more about different proposal stages.
While we recommend using experimental proposals with some caution, Facebook heavily uses these features in the product code, so we intend to provide codemods if any of these proposals change in the future.
Note that the project only includes a few ES6 polyfills:
Object.assign()
via object-assign
.Promise
via promise
.fetch()
via whatwg-fetch
.If you use any other ES6+ features that need runtime support (such as Array.from()
or Symbol
), make sure you are including the appropriate polyfills manually, or that the browsers you are targeting already support them.
Also note that using some newer syntax features like for...of
or [...nonArrayValue]
causes Babel to emit code that depends on ES6 runtime features and might not work without a polyfill. When in doubt, use Babel REPL to see what any specific syntax compiles down to.
To configure the syntax highlighting in your favorite text editor, head to the relevant Babel documentation page and follow the instructions. Some of the most popular editors are covered.
Note: this feature is available with
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and higher.
It also only works with npm 3 or higher.
Some editors, including Sublime Text, Atom, and Visual Studio Code, provide plugins for ESLint.
They are not required for linting. You should see the linter output right in your terminal as well as the browser console. However, if you prefer the lint results to appear right in your editor, there are some extra steps you can do.
You would need to install an ESLint plugin for your editor first. Then, add a file called .eslintrc
to the project root:
js
{
"extends": "react-app"
}
Now your editor should report the linting warnings.
Note that even if you edit your .eslintrc
file further, these changes will only affect the editor integration. They won���t affect the terminal and in-browser lint output. This is because Create React App intentionally provides a minimal set of rules that find common mistakes.
If you want to enforce a coding style for your project, consider using Prettier instead of ESLint style rules.
This feature is currently only supported by Visual Studio Code and WebStorm.
Visual Studio Code and WebStorm support debugging out of the box with Create React App. This enables you as a developer to write and debug your React code without leaving the editor, and most importantly it enables you to have a continuous development workflow, where context switching is minimal, as you don���t have to switch between tools.
You would need to have the latest version of VS Code and VS Code Chrome Debugger Extension installed.
Then add the block below to your launch.json
file and put it inside the .vscode
folder in your app���s root directory.
json
{
"version": "0.2.0",
"configurations": [{
"name": "Chrome",
"type": "chrome",
"request": "launch",
"url": "http://localhost:3000",
"webRoot": "${workspaceRoot}/src",
"sourceMapPathOverrides": {
"webpack:///src/*": "${webRoot}/*"
}
}]
}
Note: the URL may be different if you've made adjustments via the HOST or PORT environment variables.
Start your app by running npm start
, and start debugging in VS Code by pressing F5
or by clicking the green debug icon. You can now write code, set breakpoints, make changes to the code, and debug your newly modified code���all from your editor.
Having problems with VS Code Debugging? Please see their troubleshooting guide.
You would need to have WebStorm and JetBrains IDE Support Chrome extension installed.
In the WebStorm menu Run
select Edit Configurations...
. Then click +
and select JavaScript Debug
. Paste http://localhost:3000
into the URL field and save the configuration.
Note: the URL may be different if you've made adjustments via the HOST or PORT environment variables.
Start your app by running npm start
, then press ^D
on macOS or F9
on Windows and Linux or click the green debug icon to start debugging in WebStorm.
The same way you can debug your application in IntelliJ IDEA Ultimate, PhpStorm, PyCharm Pro, and RubyMine.
Prettier is an opinionated code formatter with support for JavaScript, CSS and JSON. With Prettier you can format the code you write automatically to ensure a code style within your project. See the Prettier's GitHub page for more information, and look at this page to see it in action.
To format our code whenever we make a commit in git, we need to install the following dependencies:
sh
npm install --save husky lint-staged prettier
Alternatively you may use yarn
:
sh
yarn add husky lint-staged prettier
husky
makes it easy to use githooks as if they are npm scripts.lint-staged
allows us to run scripts on staged files in git. See this blog post about lint-staged to learn more about it.prettier
is the JavaScript formatter we will run before commits.Now we can make sure every file is formatted correctly by adding a few lines to the package.json
in the project root.
Add the following line to scripts
section:
diff
"scripts": {
+ "precommit": "lint-staged",
"start": "react-scripts start",
"build": "react-scripts build",
Next we add a 'lint-staged' field to the package.json
, for example:
diff
"dependencies": {
// ...
},
+ "lint-staged": {
+ "src/**/*.{js,jsx,json,css}": [
+ "prettier --single-quote --write",
+ "git add"
+ ]
+ },
"scripts": {
Now, whenever you make a commit, Prettier will format the changed files automatically. You can also run ./node_modules/.bin/prettier --single-quote --write "src/**/*.{js,jsx,json,css}"
to format your entire project for the first time.
Next you might want to integrate Prettier in your favorite editor. Read the section on Editor Integration on the Prettier GitHub page.
<title>
You can find the source HTML file in the public
folder of the generated project. You may edit the <title>
tag in it to change the title from ���React App��� to anything else.
Note that normally you wouldn���t edit files in the public
folder very often. For example, adding a stylesheet is done without touching the HTML.
If you need to dynamically update the page title based on the content, you can use the browser document.title
API. For more complex scenarios when you want to change the title from React components, you can use React Helmet, a third party library.
If you use a custom server for your app in production and want to modify the title before it gets sent to the browser, you can follow advice in this section. Alternatively, you can pre-build each page as a static HTML file which then loads the JavaScript bundle, which is covered here.
The generated project includes React and ReactDOM as dependencies. It also includes a set of scripts used by Create React App as a development dependency. You may install other dependencies (for example, React Router) with npm
:
sh
npm install --save react-router
Alternatively you may use yarn
:
sh
yarn add react-router
This works for any library, not just react-router
.
This project setup supports ES6 modules thanks to Babel.
While you can still use require()
and module.exports
, we encourage you to use import
and export
instead.
For example:
Button.js
```js import React, { Component } from 'react';
class Button extends Component { render() { // ... } }
export default Button; // Don���t forget to use export default! ```
DangerButton.js
```js import React, { Component } from 'react'; import Button from './Button'; // Import a component from another file
class DangerButton extends Component { render() { return ; } }
export default DangerButton; ```
Be aware of the difference between default and named exports. It is a common source of mistakes.
We suggest that you stick to using default imports and exports when a module only exports a single thing (for example, a component). That���s what you get when you use export default Button
and import Button from './Button'
.
Named exports are useful for utility modules that export several functions. A module may have at most one default export and as many named exports as you like.
Learn more about ES6 modules:
Instead of downloading the entire app before users can use it, code splitting allows you to split your code into small chunks which you can then load on demand.
This project setup supports code splitting via dynamic import()
. Its proposal is in stage 3. The import()
function-like form takes the module name as an argument and returns a Promise
which always resolves to the namespace object of the module.
Here is an example:
moduleA.js
```js const moduleA = 'Hello';
export { moduleA }; ```
App.js
```js import React, { Component } from 'react';
class App extends Component { handleClick = () => { import('./moduleA') .then(({ moduleA }) => { // Use moduleA }) .catch(err => { // Handle failure }); };
render() { return (
export default App; ```
This will make moduleA.js
and all its unique dependencies as a separate chunk that only loads after the user clicks the 'Load' button.
You can also use it with async
/ await
syntax if you prefer it.
If you are using React Router check out this tutorial on how to use code splitting with it. You can find the companion GitHub repository here.
Also check out the Code Splitting section in React documentation.
This project setup uses Webpack for handling all assets. Webpack offers a custom way of ���extending��� the concept of import
beyond JavaScript. To express that a JavaScript file depends on a CSS file, you need to import the CSS from the JavaScript file:
Button.css
css
.Button {
padding: 20px;
}
Button.js
```js import React, { Component } from 'react'; import './Button.css'; // Tell Webpack that Button.js uses these styles
class Button extends Component { render() { // You can use them as regular CSS styles return
; } } ```This is not required for React but many people find this feature convenient. You can read about the benefits of this approach here. However you should be aware that this makes your code less portable to other build tools and environments than Webpack.
In development, expressing dependencies this way allows your styles to be reloaded on the fly as you edit them. In production, all CSS files will be concatenated into a single minified .css
file in the build output.
If you are concerned about using Webpack-specific semantics, you can put all your CSS right into src/index.css
. It would still be imported from src/index.js
, but you could always remove that import if you later migrate to a different build tool.
This project setup minifies your CSS and adds vendor prefixes to it automatically through Autoprefixer so you don���t need to worry about it.
For example, this:
css
.App {
display: flex;
flex-direction: row;
align-items: center;
}
becomes this:
css
.App {
display: -webkit-box;
display: -ms-flexbox;
display: flex;
-webkit-box-orient: horizontal;
-webkit-box-direction: normal;
-ms-flex-direction: row;
flex-direction: row;
-webkit-box-align: center;
-ms-flex-align: center;
align-items: center;
}
If you need to disable autoprefixing for some reason, follow this section.
Generally, we recommend that you don���t reuse the same CSS classes across different components. For example, instead of using a .Button
CSS class in <AcceptButton>
and <RejectButton>
components, we recommend creating a <Button>
component with its own .Button
styles, that both <AcceptButton>
and <RejectButton>
can render (but not inherit).
Following this rule often makes CSS preprocessors less useful, as features like mixins and nesting are replaced by component composition. You can, however, integrate a CSS preprocessor if you find it valuable. In this walkthrough, we will be using Sass, but you can also use Less, or another alternative.
First, let���s install the command-line interface for Sass:
sh
npm install --save node-sass-chokidar
Alternatively you may use yarn
:
sh
yarn add node-sass-chokidar
Then in package.json
, add the following lines to scripts
:
diff
"scripts": {
+ "build-css": "node-sass-chokidar src/ -o src/",
+ "watch-css": "npm run build-css && node-sass-chokidar src/ -o src/ --watch --recursive",
"start": "react-scripts start",
"build": "react-scripts build",
"test": "react-scripts test --env=jsdom",
Note: To use a different preprocessor, replace
build-css
andwatch-css
commands according to your preprocessor���s documentation.
Now you can rename src/App.css
to src/App.scss
and run npm run watch-css
. The watcher will find every Sass file in src
subdirectories, and create a corresponding CSS file next to it, in our case overwriting src/App.css
. Since src/App.js
still imports src/App.css
, the styles become a part of your application. You can now edit src/App.scss
, and src/App.css
will be regenerated.
To share variables between Sass files, you can use Sass imports. For example, src/App.scss
and other component style files could include @import "./shared.scss";
with variable definitions.
To enable importing files without using relative paths, you can add the --include-path
option to the command in package.json
.
"build-css": "node-sass-chokidar --include-path ./src --include-path ./node_modules src/ -o src/",
"watch-css": "npm run build-css && node-sass-chokidar --include-path ./src --include-path ./node_modules src/ -o src/ --watch --recursive",
This will allow you to do imports like
scss
@import 'styles/_colors.scss'; // assuming a styles directory under src/
@import 'nprogress/nprogress'; // importing a css file from the nprogress node module
At this point you might want to remove all CSS files from the source control, and add src/**/*.css
to your .gitignore
file. It is generally a good practice to keep the build products outside of the source control.
As a final step, you may find it convenient to run watch-css
automatically with npm start
, and run build-css
as a part of npm run build
. You can use the &&
operator to execute two scripts sequentially. However, there is no cross-platform way to run two scripts in parallel, so we will install a package for this:
sh
npm install --save npm-run-all
Alternatively you may use yarn
:
sh
yarn add npm-run-all
Then we can change start
and build
scripts to include the CSS preprocessor commands:
diff
"scripts": {
"build-css": "node-sass-chokidar src/ -o src/",
"watch-css": "npm run build-css && node-sass-chokidar src/ -o src/ --watch --recursive",
- "start": "react-scripts start",
- "build": "react-scripts build",
+ "start-js": "react-scripts start",
+ "start": "npm-run-all -p watch-css start-js",
+ "build-js": "react-scripts build",
+ "build": "npm-run-all build-css build-js",
"test": "react-scripts test --env=jsdom",
"eject": "react-scripts eject"
}
Now running npm start
and npm run build
also builds Sass files.
Why node-sass-chokidar
?
node-sass
has been reported as having the following issues:
node-sass --watch
has been reported to have performance issues in certain conditions when used in a virtual machine or with docker.
Infinite styles compiling #1939
node-sass
has been reported as having issues with detecting new files in a directory #1891
node-sass-chokidar
is used here as it addresses these issues.
With Webpack, using static assets like images and fonts works similarly to CSS.
You can import
a file right in a JavaScript module. This tells Webpack to include that file in the bundle. Unlike CSS imports, importing a file gives you a string value. This value is the final path you can reference in your code, e.g. as the src
attribute of an image or the href
of a link to a PDF.
To reduce the number of requests to the server, importing images that are less than 10,000 bytes returns a data URI instead of a path. This applies to the following file extensions: bmp, gif, jpg, jpeg, and png. SVG files are excluded due to #1153.
Here is an example:
```js import React from 'react'; import logo from './logo.png'; // Tell Webpack this JS file uses this image
console.log(logo); // /logo.84287d09.png
function Header() { // Import result is the URL of your image return ; }
export default Header; ```
This ensures that when the project is built, Webpack will correctly move the images into the build folder, and provide us with correct paths.
This works in CSS too:
css
.Logo {
background-image: url(./logo.png);
}
Webpack finds all relative module references in CSS (they start with ./
) and replaces them with the final paths from the compiled bundle. If you make a typo or accidentally delete an important file, you will see a compilation error, just like when you import a non-existent JavaScript module. The final filenames in the compiled bundle are generated by Webpack from content hashes. If the file content changes in the future, Webpack will give it a different name in production so you don���t need to worry about long-term caching of assets.
Please be advised that this is also a custom feature of Webpack.
It is not required for React but many people enjoy it (and React Native uses a similar mechanism for images).
An alternative way of handling static assets is described in the next section.
public
FolderNote: this feature is available with
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and higher.
The public
folder contains the HTML file so you can tweak it, for example, to set the page title.
The <script>
tag with the compiled code will be added to it automatically during the build process.
You can also add other assets to the public
folder.
Note that we normally encourage you to import
assets in JavaScript files instead.
For example, see the sections on adding a stylesheet and adding images and fonts.
This mechanism provides a number of benefits:
However there is an escape hatch that you can use to add an asset outside of the module system.
If you put a file into the public
folder, it will not be processed by Webpack. Instead it will be copied into the build folder untouched. To reference assets in the public
folder, you need to use a special variable called PUBLIC_URL
.
Inside index.html
, you can use it like this:
html
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="%PUBLIC_URL%/favicon.ico">
Only files inside the public
folder will be accessible by %PUBLIC_URL%
prefix. If you need to use a file from src
or node_modules
, you���ll have to copy it there to explicitly specify your intention to make this file a part of the build.
When you run npm run build
, Create React App will substitute %PUBLIC_URL%
with a correct absolute path so your project works even if you use client-side routing or host it at a non-root URL.
In JavaScript code, you can use process.env.PUBLIC_URL
for similar purposes:
js
render() {
// Note: this is an escape hatch and should be used sparingly!
// Normally we recommend using `import` for getting asset URLs
// as described in ���Adding Images and Fonts��� above this section.
return <img src={process.env.PUBLIC_URL + '/img/logo.png'} />;
}
Keep in mind the downsides of this approach:
public
folder get post-processed or minified.public
FolderNormally we recommend importing stylesheets, images, and fonts from JavaScript.
The public
folder is useful as a workaround for a number of less common cases:
manifest.webmanifest
.pace.js
outside of the bundled code.<script>
tag.Note that if you add a <script>
that declares global variables, you also need to read the next section on using them.
When you include a script in the HTML file that defines global variables and try to use one of these variables in the code, the linter will complain because it cannot see the definition of the variable.
You can avoid this by reading the global variable explicitly from the window
object, for example:
js
const $ = window.$;
This makes it obvious you are using a global variable intentionally rather than because of a typo.
Alternatively, you can force the linter to ignore any line by adding // eslint-disable-line
after it.
You don���t have to use React Bootstrap together with React but it is a popular library for integrating Bootstrap with React apps. If you need it, you can integrate it with Create React App by following these steps:
Install React Bootstrap and Bootstrap from npm. React Bootstrap does not include Bootstrap CSS so this needs to be installed as well:
sh
npm install --save react-bootstrap bootstrap@3
Alternatively you may use yarn
:
sh
yarn add react-bootstrap bootstrap@3
Import Bootstrap CSS and optionally Bootstrap theme CSS in the beginning of your src/index.js
file:
js
import 'bootstrap/dist/css/bootstrap.css';
import 'bootstrap/dist/css/bootstrap-theme.css';
// Put any other imports below so that CSS from your
// components takes precedence over default styles.
Import required React Bootstrap components within src/App.js
file or your custom component files:
js
import { Navbar, Jumbotron, Button } from 'react-bootstrap';
Now you are ready to use the imported React Bootstrap components within your component hierarchy defined in the render method. Here is an example App.js
redone using React Bootstrap.
Sometimes you might need to tweak the visual styles of Bootstrap (or equivalent package).
We suggest the following approach:
Here is an example of adding a customized Bootstrap that follows these steps.
Flow is a static type checker that helps you write code with fewer bugs. Check out this introduction to using static types in JavaScript if you are new to this concept.
Recent versions of Flow work with Create React App projects out of the box.
To add Flow to a Create React App project, follow these steps:
npm install --save flow-bin
(or yarn add flow-bin
)."flow": "flow"
to the scripts
section of your package.json
.npm run flow init
(or yarn flow init
) to create a .flowconfig
file in the root directory.// @flow
to any files you want to type check (for example, to src/App.js
).Now you can run npm run flow
(or yarn flow
) to check the files for type errors.
You can optionally use an IDE like Nuclide for a better integrated experience.
In the future we plan to integrate it into Create React App even more closely.
To learn more about Flow, check out its documentation.
Create React App doesn't prescribe a specific routing solution, but React Router is the most popular one.
To add it, run:
sh
npm install --save react-router-dom
Alternatively you may use yarn
:
sh
yarn add react-router-dom
To try it, delete all the code in src/App.js
and replace it with any of the examples on its website. The Basic Example is a good place to get started.
Note that you may need to configure your production server to support client-side routing before deploying your app.
Note: this feature is available with
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and higher.
Your project can consume variables declared in your environment as if they were declared locally in your JS files. By
default you will have NODE_ENV
defined for you, and any other environment variables starting with
REACT_APP_
.
The environment variables are embedded during the build time. Since Create React App produces a static HTML/CSS/JS bundle, it can���t possibly read them at runtime. To read them at runtime, you would need to load HTML into memory on the server and replace placeholders in runtime, just like described here. Alternatively you can rebuild the app on the server anytime you change them.
Note: You must create custom environment variables beginning with
REACT_APP_
. Any other variables exceptNODE_ENV
will be ignored to avoid accidentally exposing a private key on the machine that could have the same name. Changing any environment variables will require you to restart the development server if it is running.
These environment variables will be defined for you on process.env
. For example, having an environment
variable named REACT_APP_SECRET_CODE
will be exposed in your JS as process.env.REACT_APP_SECRET_CODE
.
There is also a special built-in environment variable called NODE_ENV
. You can read it from process.env.NODE_ENV
. When you run npm start
, it is always equal to 'development'
, when you run npm test
it is always equal to 'test'
, and when you run npm run build
to make a production bundle, it is always equal to 'production'
. You cannot override NODE_ENV
manually. This prevents developers from accidentally deploying a slow development build to production.
These environment variables can be useful for displaying information conditionally based on where the project is deployed or consuming sensitive data that lives outside of version control.
First, you need to have environment variables defined. For example, let���s say you wanted to consume a secret defined
in the environment inside a <form>
:
jsx
render() {
return (
<div>
<small>You are running this application in <b>{process.env.NODE_ENV}</b> mode.</small>
<form>
<input type="hidden" defaultValue={process.env.REACT_APP_SECRET_CODE} />
</form>
</div>
);
}
During the build, process.env.REACT_APP_SECRET_CODE
will be replaced with the current value of the REACT_APP_SECRET_CODE
environment variable. Remember that the NODE_ENV
variable will be set for you automatically.
When you load the app in the browser and inspect the <input>
, you will see its value set to abcdef
, and the bold text will show the environment provided when using npm start
:
html
<div>
<small>You are running this application in <b>development</b> mode.</small>
<form>
<input type="hidden" value="abcdef" />
</form>
</div>
The above form is looking for a variable called REACT_APP_SECRET_CODE
from the environment. In order to consume this
value, we need to have it defined in the environment. This can be done using two ways: either in your shell or in
a .env
file. Both of these ways are described in the next few sections.
Having access to the NODE_ENV
is also useful for performing actions conditionally:
js
if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
analytics.disable();
}
When you compile the app with npm run build
, the minification step will strip out this condition, and the resulting bundle will be smaller.
Note: this feature is available with
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and higher.
You can also access the environment variables starting with REACT_APP_
in the public/index.html
. For example:
html
<title>%REACT_APP_WEBSITE_NAME%</title>
Note that the caveats from the above section apply:
NODE_ENV
and PUBLIC_URL
), variable names must start with REACT_APP_
to work.Defining environment variables can vary between OSes. It���s also important to know that this manner is temporary for the life of the shell session.
cmd
set "REACT_APP_SECRET_CODE=abcdef" && npm start
(Note: Quotes around the variable assignment are required to avoid a trailing whitespace.)
Powershell
($env:REACT_APP_SECRET_CODE = "abcdef") -and (npm start)
bash
REACT_APP_SECRET_CODE=abcdef npm start
.env
Note: this feature is available with
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and higher.
To define permanent environment variables, create a file called .env
in the root of your project:
REACT_APP_SECRET_CODE=abcdef
Note: You must create custom environment variables beginning with
REACT_APP_
. Any other variables exceptNODE_ENV
will be ignored to avoid accidentally exposing a private key on the machine that could have the same name. Changing any environment variables will require you to restart the development server if it is running.
.env
files should be checked into source control (with the exclusion of .env*.local
).
.env
files can be used?Note: this feature is available with
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and higher.
.env
: Default..env.local
: Local overrides. This file is loaded for all environments except test..env.development
, .env.test
, .env.production
: Environment-specific settings..env.development.local
, .env.test.local
, .env.production.local
: Local overrides of environment-specific settings.Files on the left have more priority than files on the right:
npm start
: .env.development.local
, .env.development
, .env.local
, .env
npm run build
: .env.production.local
, .env.production
, .env.local
, .env
npm test
: .env.test.local
, .env.test
, .env
(note .env.local
is missing)These variables will act as the defaults if the machine does not explicitly set them.
Please refer to the dotenv documentation for more details.
Note: If you are defining environment variables for development, your CI and/or hosting platform will most likely need these defined as well. Consult their documentation how to do this. For example, see the documentation for Travis CI or Heroku.
.env
Note: this feature is available with
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and higher.
Expand variables already on your machine for use in your .env
file (using dotenv-expand).
For example, to get the environment variable npm_package_version
:
``` REACT_APP_VERSION=$npm_package_version
```
Or expand variables local to the current .env
file:
DOMAIN=www.example.com
REACT_APP_FOO=$DOMAIN/foo
REACT_APP_BAR=$DOMAIN/bar
Many popular libraries use decorators in their documentation.
Create React App doesn���t support decorator syntax at the moment because:
However in many cases you can rewrite decorator-based code without decorators just as fine.
Please refer to these two threads for reference:
Create React App will add decorator support when the specification advances to a stable stage.
React doesn't prescribe a specific approach to data fetching, but people commonly use either a library like axios or the fetch()
API provided by the browser. Conveniently, Create React App includes a polyfill for fetch()
so you can use it without worrying about the browser support.
The global fetch
function allows to easily makes AJAX requests. It takes in a URL as an input and returns a Promise
that resolves to a Response
object. You can find more information about fetch
here.
This project also includes a Promise polyfill which provides a full implementation of Promises/A+. A Promise represents the eventual result of an asynchronous operation, you can find more information about Promises here and here. Both axios and fetch()
use Promises under the hood. You can also use the async / await
syntax to reduce the callback nesting.
You can learn more about making AJAX requests from React components in the FAQ entry on the React website.
These tutorials will help you to integrate your app with an API backend running on another port,
using fetch()
to access it.
Check out this tutorial. You can find the companion GitHub repository here.
Check out this tutorial. You can find the companion GitHub repository here.
Note: this feature is available with
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and higher.
People often serve the front-end React app from the same host and port as their backend implementation.
For example, a production setup might look like this after the app is deployed:
/ - static server returns index.html with React app
/todos - static server returns index.html with React app
/api/todos - server handles any /api/* requests using the backend implementation
Such setup is not required. However, if you do have a setup like this, it is convenient to write requests like fetch('/api/todos')
without worrying about redirecting them to another host or port during development.
To tell the development server to proxy any unknown requests to your API server in development, add a proxy
field to your package.json
, for example:
js
"proxy": "http://localhost:4000",
This way, when you fetch('/api/todos')
in development, the development server will recognize that it���s not a static asset, and will proxy your request to http://localhost:4000/api/todos
as a fallback. The development server will only attempt to send requests without text/html
in its Accept
header to the proxy.
Conveniently, this avoids CORS issues and error messages like this in development:
Fetch API cannot load http://localhost:4000/api/todos. No 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin' header is present on the requested resource. Origin 'http://localhost:3000' is therefore not allowed access. If an opaque response serves your needs, set the request's mode to 'no-cors' to fetch the resource with CORS disabled.
Keep in mind that proxy
only has effect in development (with npm start
), and it is up to you to ensure that URLs like /api/todos
point to the right thing in production. You don���t have to use the /api
prefix. Any unrecognized request without a text/html
accept header will be redirected to the specified proxy
.
The proxy
option supports HTTP, HTTPS and WebSocket connections.
If the proxy
option is not flexible enough for you, alternatively you can:
When you enable the proxy
option, you opt into a more strict set of host checks. This is necessary because leaving the backend open to remote hosts makes your computer vulnerable to DNS rebinding attacks. The issue is explained in this article and this issue.
This shouldn���t affect you when developing on localhost
, but if you develop remotely like described here, you will see this error in the browser after enabling the proxy
option:
Invalid Host header
To work around it, you can specify your public development host in a file called .env.development
in the root of your project:
HOST=mypublicdevhost.com
If you restart the development server now and load the app from the specified host, it should work.
If you are still having issues or if you���re using a more exotic environment like a cloud editor, you can bypass the host check completely by adding a line to .env.development.local
. Note that this is dangerous and exposes your machine to remote code execution from malicious websites:
```
DANGEROUSLY_DISABLE_HOST_CHECK=true ```
We don���t recommend this approach.
Note: this feature is available with
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and higher.
If the proxy
option is not flexible enough for you, you can specify an object in the following form (in package.json
).
You may also specify any configuration value http-proxy-middleware
or http-proxy
supports.
js
{
// ...
"proxy": {
"/api": {
"target": "<url>",
"ws": true
// ...
}
}
// ...
}
All requests matching this path will be proxies, no exceptions. This includes requests for text/html
, which the standard proxy
option does not proxy.
If you need to specify multiple proxies, you may do so by specifying additional entries.
Matches are regular expressions, so that you can use a regexp to match multiple paths.
js
{
// ...
"proxy": {
// Matches any request starting with /api
"/api": {
"target": "<url_1>",
"ws": true
// ...
},
// Matches any request starting with /foo
"/foo": {
"target": "<url_2>",
"ssl": true,
"pathRewrite": {
"^/foo": "/foo/beta"
}
// ...
},
// Matches /bar/abc.html but not /bar/sub/def.html
"/bar/[^/]*[.]html": {
"target": "<url_3>",
// ...
},
// Matches /baz/abc.html and /baz/sub/def.html
"/baz/.*/.*[.]html": {
"target": "<url_4>"
// ...
}
}
// ...

If you���re using a WebSocket engine like Socket.io, you must have a Socket.io server running that you can use as the proxy target. Socket.io will not work with a standard WebSocket server. Specifically, don't expect Socket.io to work with the websocket.org echo test.
There���s some good documentation available for setting up a Socket.io server.
Standard WebSockets will work with a standard WebSocket server as well as the websocket.org echo test. You can use libraries like ws for the server, with native WebSockets in the browser.
Either way, you can proxy WebSocket requests manually in package.json
:
js
{
// ...
"proxy": {
"/socket": {
// Your compatible WebSocket server
"target": "ws://<socket_url>",
// Tell http-proxy-middleware that this is a WebSocket proxy.
// Also allows you to proxy WebSocket requests without an additional HTTP request
// https://github.com/chimurai/http-proxy-middleware#external-websocket-upgrade
"ws": true
// ...
}
}
// ...
}
Note: this feature is available with
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and higher.
You may require the dev server to serve pages over HTTPS. One particular case where this could be useful is when using the "proxy" feature to proxy requests to an API server when that API server is itself serving HTTPS.
To do this, set the HTTPS
environment variable to true
, then start the dev server as usual with npm start
:
cmd
set HTTPS=true&&npm start
Powershell
($env:HTTPS = $true) -and (npm start)
(Note: the lack of whitespace is intentional.)
bash
HTTPS=true npm start
Note that the server will use a self-signed certificate, so your web browser will almost definitely display a warning upon accessing the page.
<meta>
Tags on the ServerSince Create React App doesn���t support server rendering, you might be wondering how to make <meta>
tags dynamic and reflect the current URL. To solve this, we recommend to add placeholders into the HTML, like this:
html
<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta property="og:title" content="__OG_TITLE__">
<meta property="og:description" content="__OG_DESCRIPTION__">
Then, on the server, regardless of the backend you use, you can read index.html
into memory and replace __OG_TITLE__
, __OG_DESCRIPTION__
, and any other placeholders with values depending on the current URL. Just make sure to sanitize and escape the interpolated values so that they are safe to embed into HTML!
If you use a Node server, you can even share the route matching logic between the client and the server. However duplicating it also works fine in simple cases.
If you���re hosting your build
with a static hosting provider you can use react-snapshot or react-snap to generate HTML pages for each route, or relative link, in your application. These pages will then seamlessly become active, or ���hydrated���, when the JavaScript bundle has loaded.
There are also opportunities to use this outside of static hosting, to take the pressure off the server when generating and caching routes.
The primary benefit of pre-rendering is that you get the core content of each page with the HTML payload���regardless of whether or not your JavaScript bundle successfully downloads. It also increases the likelihood that each route of your application will be picked up by search engines.
You can read more about zero-configuration pre-rendering (also called snapshotting) here.
Similarly to the previous section, you can leave some placeholders in the HTML that inject global variables, for example:
js
<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<script>
window.SERVER_DATA = __SERVER_DATA__;
</script>
Then, on the server, you can replace __SERVER_DATA__
with a JSON of real data right before sending the response. The client code can then read window.SERVER_DATA
to use it. Make sure to sanitize the JSON before sending it to the client as it makes your app vulnerable to XSS attacks.
Note: this feature is available with
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and higher.
Read the migration guide to learn how to enable it in older projects!
Create React App uses Jest as its test runner. To prepare for this integration, we did a major revamp of Jest so if you heard bad things about it years ago, give it another try.
Jest is a Node-based runner. This means that the tests always run in a Node environment and not in a real browser. This lets us enable fast iteration speed and prevent flakiness.
While Jest provides browser globals such as window
thanks to jsdom, they are only approximations of the real browser behavior. Jest is intended to be used for unit tests of your logic and your components rather than the DOM quirks.
We recommend that you use a separate tool for browser end-to-end tests if you need them. They are beyond the scope of Create React App.
Jest will look for test files with any of the following popular naming conventions:
.js
suffix in __tests__
folders..test.js
suffix..spec.js
suffix.The .test.js
/ .spec.js
files (or the __tests__
folders) can be located at any depth under the src
top level folder.
We recommend to put the test files (or __tests__
folders) next to the code they are testing so that relative imports appear shorter. For example, if App.test.js
and App.js
are in the same folder, the test just needs to import App from './App'
instead of a long relative path. Colocation also helps find tests more quickly in larger projects.
When you run npm test
, Jest will launch in the watch mode. Every time you save a file, it will re-run the tests, just like npm start
recompiles the code.
The watcher includes an interactive command-line interface with the ability to run all tests, or focus on a search pattern. It is designed this way so that you can keep it open and enjoy fast re-runs. You can learn the commands from the ���Watch Usage��� note that the watcher prints after every run:
By default, when you run npm test
, Jest will only run the tests related to files changed since the last commit. This is an optimization designed to make your tests run fast regardless of how many tests you have. However it assumes that you don���t often commit the code that doesn���t pass the tests.
Jest will always explicitly mention that it only ran tests related to the files changed since the last commit. You can also press a
in the watch mode to force Jest to run all tests.
Jest will always run all tests on a continuous integration server or if the project is not inside a Git or Mercurial repository.
To create tests, add it()
(or test()
) blocks with the name of the test and its code. You may optionally wrap them in describe()
blocks for logical grouping but this is neither required nor recommended.
Jest provides a built-in expect()
global function for making assertions. A basic test could look like this:
```js import sum from './sum';
it('sums numbers', () => { expect(sum(1, 2)).toEqual(3); expect(sum(2, 2)).toEqual(4); }); ```
All expect()
matchers supported by Jest are extensively documented here.
You can also use jest.fn()
and expect(fn).toBeCalled()
to create ���spies��� or mock functions.
There is a broad spectrum of component testing techniques. They range from a ���smoke test��� verifying that a component renders without throwing, to shallow rendering and testing some of the output, to full rendering and testing component lifecycle and state changes.
Different projects choose different testing tradeoffs based on how often components change, and how much logic they contain. If you haven���t decided on a testing strategy yet, we recommend that you start with creating simple smoke tests for your components:
```js import React from 'react'; import ReactDOM from 'react-dom'; import App from './App';
it('renders without crashing', () => {
const div = document.createElement('div');
ReactDOM.render(
This test mounts a component and makes sure that it didn���t throw during rendering. Tests like this provide a lot of value with very little effort so they are great as a starting point, and this is the test you will find in src/App.test.js
.
When you encounter bugs caused by changing components, you will gain a deeper insight into which parts of them are worth testing in your application. This might be a good time to introduce more specific tests asserting specific expected output or behavior.
If you���d like to test components in isolation from the child components they render, we recommend using shallow()
rendering API from Enzyme. To install it, run:
sh
npm install --save enzyme enzyme-adapter-react-16 react-test-renderer
Alternatively you may use yarn
:
sh
yarn add enzyme enzyme-adapter-react-16 react-test-renderer
As of Enzyme 3, you will need to install Enzyme along with an Adapter corresponding to the version of React you are using. (The examples above use the adapter for React 16.)
The adapter will also need to be configured in your global setup file:
src/setupTests.js
```js import { configure } from 'enzyme'; import Adapter from 'enzyme-adapter-react-16';
configure({ adapter: new Adapter() }); ```
Note: Keep in mind that if you decide to "eject" before creating
src/setupTests.js
, the resultingpackage.json
file won't contain any reference to it. Read here to learn how to add this after ejecting.
Now you can write a smoke test with it:
```js import React from 'react'; import { shallow } from 'enzyme'; import App from './App';
it('renders without crashing', () => {
shallow(
Unlike the previous smoke test using ReactDOM.render()
, this test only renders <App>
and doesn���t go deeper. For example, even if <App>
itself renders a <Button>
that throws, this test will pass. Shallow rendering is great for isolated unit tests, but you may still want to create some full rendering tests to ensure the components integrate correctly. Enzyme supports full rendering with mount()
, and you can also use it for testing state changes and component lifecycle.
You can read the Enzyme documentation for more testing techniques. Enzyme documentation uses Chai and Sinon for assertions but you don���t have to use them because Jest provides built-in expect()
and jest.fn()
for spies.
Here is an example from Enzyme documentation that asserts specific output, rewritten to use Jest matchers:
```js import React from 'react'; import { shallow } from 'enzyme'; import App from './App';
it('renders welcome message', () => {
const wrapper = shallow(
All Jest matchers are extensively documented here.
Nevertheless you can use a third-party assertion library like Chai if you want to, as described below.
Additionally, you might find jest-enzyme helpful to simplify your tests with readable matchers. The above contains
code can be written more simply with jest-enzyme.
js
expect(wrapper).toContainReact(welcome)
To enable this, install jest-enzyme
:
sh
npm install --save jest-enzyme
Alternatively you may use yarn
:
sh
yarn add jest-enzyme
Import it in src/setupTests.js
to make its matchers available in every test:
js
import 'jest-enzyme';
We recommend that you use expect()
for assertions and jest.fn()
for spies. If you are having issues with them please file those against Jest, and we���ll fix them. We intend to keep making them better for React, supporting, for example, pretty-printing React elements as JSX.
However, if you are used to other libraries, such as Chai and Sinon, or if you have existing code using them that you���d like to port over, you can import them normally like this:
js
import sinon from 'sinon';
import { expect } from 'chai';
and then use them in your tests like you normally do.
Note: this feature is available with
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and higher.
If your app uses a browser API that you need to mock in your tests or if you just need a global setup before running your tests, add a src/setupTests.js
to your project. It will be automatically executed before running your tests.
For example:
src/setupTests.js
js
const localStorageMock = {
getItem: jest.fn(),
setItem: jest.fn(),
clear: jest.fn()
};
global.localStorage = localStorageMock
Note: Keep in mind that if you decide to "eject" before creating
src/setupTests.js
, the resultingpackage.json
file won't contain any reference to it, so you should manually create the propertysetupTestFrameworkScriptFile
in the configuration for Jest, something like the following:
js "jest": { // ... "setupTestFrameworkScriptFile": "<rootDir>/src/setupTests.js" }
You can replace it()
with xit()
to temporarily exclude a test from being executed.
Similarly, fit()
lets you focus on a specific test without running any other tests.
Jest has an integrated coverage reporter that works well with ES6 and requires no configuration.
Run npm test -- --coverage
(note extra --
in the middle) to include a coverage report like this:
Note that tests run much slower with coverage so it is recommended to run it separately from your normal workflow.
The default Jest coverage configuration can be overriden by adding any of the following supported keys to a Jest config in your package.json.
Supported overrides:
- collectCoverageFrom
- coverageReporters
- coverageThreshold
- snapshotSerializers
Example package.json:
json
{
"name": "your-package",
"jest": {
"collectCoverageFrom" : [
"src/**/*.{js,jsx}",
"!<rootDir>/node_modules/",
"!<rootDir>/path/to/dir/"
],
"coverageThreshold": {
"global": {
"branches": 90,
"functions": 90,
"lines": 90,
"statements": 90
}
},
"coverageReporters": ["text"],
"snapshotSerializers": ["my-serializer-module"]
}
}
By default npm test
runs the watcher with interactive CLI. However, you can force it to run tests once and finish the process by setting an environment variable called CI
.
When creating a build of your application with npm run build
linter warnings are not checked by default. Like npm test
, you can force the build to perform a linter warning check by setting the environment variable CI
. If any warnings are encountered then the build fails.
Popular CI servers already set the environment variable CI
by default but you can do this yourself too:
.travis.yml
file to your git repository.
```
language: node_js
node_js:Follow this article to set up CircleCI with a Create React App project.
cmd
set CI=true&&npm test
cmd
set CI=true&&npm run build
(Note: the lack of whitespace is intentional.)
Powershell
($env:CI = $true) -and (npm test)
Powershell
($env:CI = $true) -and (npm run build)
bash
CI=true npm test
bash
CI=true npm run build
The test command will force Jest to run tests once instead of launching the watcher.
If you find yourself doing this often in development, please file an issue to tell us about your use case because we want to make watcher the best experience and are open to changing how it works to accommodate more workflows.
The build command will check for linter warnings and fail if any are found.
By default, the package.json
of the generated project looks like this:
js
"scripts": {
"start": "react-scripts start",
"build": "react-scripts build",
"test": "react-scripts test --env=jsdom"
If you know that none of your tests depend on jsdom, you can safely remove --env=jsdom
, and your tests will run faster:
diff
"scripts": {
"start": "react-scripts start",
"build": "react-scripts build",
- "test": "react-scripts test --env=jsdom"
+ "test": "react-scripts test"
To help you make up your mind, here is a list of APIs that need jsdom:
window
and document
ReactDOM.render()
TestUtils.renderIntoDocument()
(a shortcut for the above)mount()
in EnzymeIn contrast, jsdom is not needed for the following APIs:
TestUtils.createRenderer()
(shallow rendering)shallow()
in EnzymeFinally, jsdom is also not needed for snapshot testing.
Snapshot testing is a feature of Jest that automatically generates text snapshots of your components and saves them on the disk so if the UI output changes, you get notified without manually writing any assertions on the component output. Read more about snapshot testing.
If you use Visual Studio Code, there is a Jest extension which works with Create React App out of the box. This provides a lot of IDE-like features while using a text editor: showing the status of a test run with potential fail messages inline, starting and stopping the watcher automatically, and offering one-click snapshot updates.
There are various ways to setup a debugger for your Jest tests. We cover debugging in Chrome and Visual Studio Code.
Note: debugging tests requires Node 8 or higher.
Add the following to the scripts
section in your project's package.json
json
"scripts": {
"test:debug": "react-scripts --inspect-brk test --runInBand --env=jsdom"
}
Place debugger;
statements in any test and run:
bash
$ npm run test:debug
This will start running your Jest tests, but pause before executing to allow a debugger to attach to the process.
Open the following in Chrome
about:inspect
After opening that link, the Chrome Developer Tools will be displayed. Select inspect
on your process and a breakpoint will be set at the first line of the react script (this is done simply to give you time to open the developer tools and to prevent Jest from executing before you have time to do so). Click the button that looks like a "play" button in the upper right hand side of the screen to continue execution. When Jest executes the test that contains the debugger statement, execution will pause and you can examine the current scope and call stack.
Note: the --runInBand cli option makes sure Jest runs test in the same process rather than spawning processes for individual tests. Normally Jest parallelizes test runs across processes but it is hard to debug many processes at the same time.
Debugging Jest tests is supported out of the box for Visual Studio Code.
Use the following launch.json
configuration file:
{
"version": "0.2.0",
"configurations": [
{
"name": "Debug CRA Tests",
"type": "node",
"request": "launch",
"runtimeExecutable": "${workspaceRoot}/node_modules/.bin/react-scripts",
"args": [
"test",
"--runInBand",
"--no-cache",
"--env=jsdom"
],
"cwd": "${workspaceRoot}",
"protocol": "inspector",
"console": "integratedTerminal",
"internalConsoleOptions": "neverOpen"
}
]
}
Usually, in an app, you have a lot of UI components, and each of them has many different states. For an example, a simple button component could have following states:
Usually, it���s hard to see these states without running a sample app or some examples.
Create React App doesn���t include any tools for this by default, but you can easily add Storybook for React (source) or React Styleguidist (source) to your project. These are third-party tools that let you develop components and see all their states in isolation from your app.
You can also deploy your Storybook or style guide as a static app. This way, everyone in your team can view and review different states of UI components without starting a backend server or creating an account in your app.
Storybook is a development environment for React UI components. It allows you to browse a component library, view the different states of each component, and interactively develop and test components.
First, install the following npm package globally:
sh
npm install -g @storybook/cli
Then, run the following command inside your app���s directory:
sh
getstorybook
After that, follow the instructions on the screen.
Learn more about React Storybook:
Styleguidist combines a style guide, where all your components are presented on a single page with their props documentation and usage examples, with an environment for developing components in isolation, similar to Storybook. In Styleguidist you write examples in Markdown, where each code snippet is rendered as a live editable playground.
First, install Styleguidist:
sh
npm install --save react-styleguidist
Alternatively you may use yarn
:
sh
yarn add react-styleguidist
Then, add these scripts to your package.json
:
diff
"scripts": {
+ "styleguide": "styleguidist server",
+ "styleguide:build": "styleguidist build",
"start": "react-scripts start",
Then, run the following command inside your app���s directory:
sh
npm run styleguide
After that, follow the instructions on the screen.
Learn more about React Styleguidist:
Create React App doesn't provide any built-in functionality to publish a component to npm. If you're ready to extract a component from your project so other people can use it, we recommend moving it to a separate directory outside of your project and then using a tool like nwb to prepare it for publishing.
By default, the production build is a fully functional, offline-first Progressive Web App.
Progressive Web Apps are faster and more reliable than traditional web pages, and provide an engaging mobile experience:
The sw-precache-webpack-plugin
is integrated into production configuration,
and it will take care of generating a service worker file that will automatically
precache all of your local assets and keep them up to date as you deploy updates.
The service worker will use a cache-first strategy
for handling all requests for local assets, including the initial HTML, ensuring
that your web app is reliably fast, even on a slow or unreliable network.
If you would prefer not to enable service workers prior to your initial
production deployment, then remove the call to registerServiceWorker()
from src/index.js
.
If you had previously enabled service workers in your production deployment and
have decided that you would like to disable them for all your existing users,
you can swap out the call to registerServiceWorker()
in
src/index.js
first by modifying the service worker import:
javascript
import { unregister } from './registerServiceWorker';
and then call unregister()
instead.
After the user visits a page that has unregister()
,
the service worker will be uninstalled. Note that depending on how /service-worker.js
is served,
it may take up to 24 hours for the cache to be invalidated.
Service workers require HTTPS,
although to facilitate local testing, that policy
does not apply to localhost
.
If your production web server does not support HTTPS, then the service worker
registration will fail, but the rest of your web app will remain functional.
Service workers are not currently supported in all web browsers. Service worker registration won't be attempted on browsers that lack support.
The service worker is only enabled in the production environment,
e.g. the output of npm run build
. It's recommended that you do not enable an
offline-first service worker in a development environment, as it can lead to
frustration when previously cached assets are used and do not include the latest
changes you've made locally.
If you need to test your offline-first service worker locally, build
the application (using npm run build
) and run a simple http server from your
build directory. After running the build script, create-react-app
will give
instructions for one way to test your production build locally and the deployment instructions have
instructions for using other methods. Be sure to always use an
incognito window to avoid complications with your browser cache.
If possible, configure your production environment to serve the generated
service-worker.js
with HTTP caching disabled.
If that's not possible���GitHub Pages, for instance, does not
allow you to change the default 10 minute HTTP cache lifetime���then be aware
that if you visit your production site, and then revisit again before
service-worker.js
has expired from your HTTP cache, you'll continue to get
the previously cached assets from the service worker. If you have an immediate
need to view your updated production deployment, performing a shift-refresh
will temporarily disable the service worker and retrieve all assets from the
network.
Users aren't always familiar with offline-first web apps. It can be useful to
let the user know
when the service worker has finished populating your caches (showing a "This web
app works offline!" message) and also let them know when the service worker has
fetched the latest updates that will be available the next time they load the
page (showing a "New content is available; please refresh." message). Showing
this messages is currently left as an exercise to the developer, but as a
starting point, you can make use of the logic included in src/registerServiceWorker.js
, which
demonstrates which service worker lifecycle events to listen for to detect each
scenario, and which as a default, just logs appropriate messages to the
JavaScript console.
By default, the generated service worker file will not intercept or cache any
cross-origin traffic, like HTTP API requests,
images, or embeds loaded from a different domain. If you would like to use a
runtime caching strategy for those requests, you can eject
and then configure the
runtimeCaching
option in the SWPrecacheWebpackPlugin
section of
webpack.config.prod.js
.
The default configuration includes a web app manifest located at
public/manifest.json
, that you can customize with
details specific to your web application.
When a user adds a web app to their homescreen using Chrome or Firefox on
Android, the metadata in manifest.json
determines what
icons, names, and branding colors to use when the web app is displayed.
The Web App Manifest guide
provides more context about what each field means, and how your customizations
will affect your users' experience.
Source map explorer analyzes JavaScript bundles using the source maps. This helps you understand where code bloat is coming from.
To add Source map explorer to a Create React App project, follow these steps:
sh
npm install --save source-map-explorer
Alternatively you may use yarn
:
sh
yarn add source-map-explorer
Then in package.json
, add the following line to scripts
:
diff
"scripts": {
+ "analyze": "source-map-explorer build/static/js/main.*",
"start": "react-scripts start",
"build": "react-scripts build",
"test": "react-scripts test --env=jsdom",
Then to analyze the bundle run the production build then run the analyze script.
npm run build
npm run analyze
npm run build
creates a build
directory with a production build of your app. Set up your favorite HTTP server so that a visitor to your site is served index.html
, and requests to static paths like /static/js/main.<hash>.js
are served with the contents of the /static/js/main.<hash>.js
file.
For environments using Node, the easiest way to handle this would be to install serve and let it handle the rest:
sh
npm install -g serve
serve -s build
The last command shown above will serve your static site on the port 5000. Like many of serve���s internal settings, the port can be adjusted using the -p
or --port
flags.
Run this command to get a full list of the options available:
sh
serve -h
You don���t necessarily need a static server in order to run a Create React App project in production. It works just as fine integrated into an existing dynamic one.
Here���s a programmatic example using Node and Express:
```javascript const express = require('express'); const path = require('path'); const app = express();
app.use(express.static(path.join(__dirname, 'build')));
app.get('/', function (req, res) { res.sendFile(path.join(__dirname, 'build', 'index.html')); });
app.listen(9000); ```
The choice of your server software isn���t important either. Since Create React App is completely platform-agnostic, there���s no need to explicitly use Node.
The build
folder with static assets is the only output produced by Create React App.
However this is not quite enough if you use client-side routing. Read the next section if you want to support URLs like /todos/42
in your single-page app.
If you use routers that use the HTML5 pushState
history API under the hood (for example, React Router with browserHistory
), many static file servers will fail. For example, if you used React Router with a route for /todos/42
, the development server will respond to localhost:3000/todos/42
properly, but an Express serving a production build as above will not.
This is because when there is a fresh page load for a /todos/42
, the server looks for the file build/todos/42
and does not find it. The server needs to be configured to respond to a request to /todos/42
by serving index.html
. For example, we can amend our Express example above to serve index.html
for any unknown paths:
```diff app.use(express.static(path.join(__dirname, 'build')));
-app.get('/', function (req, res) { +app.get('/*', function (req, res) { res.sendFile(path.join(__dirname, 'build', 'index.html')); }); ```
If you���re using Apache HTTP Server, you need to create a .htaccess
file in the public
folder that looks like this:
Options -MultiViews
RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteRule ^ index.html [QSA,L]
It will get copied to the build
folder when you run npm run build
.
If you���re using Apache Tomcat, you need to follow this Stack Overflow answer.
Now requests to /todos/42
will be handled correctly both in development and in production.
On a production build, and in a browser that supports service workers,
the service worker will automatically handle all navigation requests, like for
/todos/42
, by serving the cached copy of your index.html
. This
service worker navigation routing can be configured or disabled by
eject
ing and then modifying the
navigateFallback
and navigateFallbackWhitelist
options of the SWPreachePlugin
configuration.
When users install your app to the homescreen of their device the default configuration will make a shortcut to /index.html
. This may not work for client-side routers which expect the app to be served from /
. Edit the web app manifest at public/manifest.json
and change start_url
to match the required URL scheme, for example:
js
"start_url": ".",
By default, Create React App produces a build assuming your app is hosted at the server root.
To override this, specify the homepage
in your package.json
, for example:
js
"homepage": "http://mywebsite.com/relativepath",
This will let Create React App correctly infer the root path to use in the generated HTML file.
Note: If you are using react-router@^4
, you can root <Link>
s using the basename
prop on any <Router>
.
More information here.
For example:
js
<BrowserRouter basename="/calendar"/>
<Link to="/today"/> // renders <a href="/calendar/today">
Note: this feature is available with
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and higher.
If you are not using the HTML5 pushState
history API or not using client-side routing at all, it is unnecessary to specify the URL from which your app will be served. Instead, you can put this in your package.json
:
js
"homepage": ".",
This will make sure that all the asset paths are relative to index.html
. You will then be able to move your app from http://mywebsite.com
to http://mywebsite.com/relativepath
or even http://mywebsite.com/relative/path
without having to rebuild it.
See this blog post on how to deploy your React app to Microsoft Azure.
See this blog post or this repo for a way to use automatic deployment to Azure App Service.
Install the Firebase CLI if you haven���t already by running npm install -g firebase-tools
. Sign up for a Firebase account and create a new project. Run firebase login
and login with your previous created Firebase account.
Then run the firebase init
command from your project���s root. You need to choose the Hosting: Configure and deploy Firebase Hosting sites and choose the Firebase project you created in the previous step. You will need to agree with database.rules.json
being created, choose build
as the public directory, and also agree to Configure as a single-page app by replying with y
.
```sh === Project Setup
First, let's associate this project directory with a Firebase project.
You can create multiple project aliases by running firebase use --add,
but for now we'll just set up a default project.
? What Firebase project do you want to associate as default? Example app (example-app-fd690)
=== Database Setup
Firebase Realtime Database Rules allow you to define how your data should be
structured and when your data can be read from and written to.
? What file should be used for Database Rules? database.rules.json
��� Database Rules for example-app-fd690 have been downloaded to database.rules.json.
Future modifications to database.rules.json will update Database Rules when you run
firebase deploy.
=== Hosting Setup
Your public directory is the folder (relative to your project directory) that
will contain Hosting assets to uploaded with firebase deploy. If you
have a build process for your assets, use your build's output directory.
? What do you want to use as your public directory? build
? Configure as a single-page app (rewrite all urls to /index.html)? Yes
��� Wrote build/index.html
i Writing configuration info to firebase.json...
i Writing project information to .firebaserc...
��� Firebase initialization complete!
```
IMPORTANT: you need to set proper HTTP caching headers for service-worker.js
file in firebase.json
file or you will not be able to see changes after first deployment (issue #2440). It should be added inside "hosting"
key like next:
{
"hosting": {
...
"headers": [
{"source": "/service-worker.js", "headers": [{"key": "Cache-Control", "value": "no-cache"}]}
]
...

Uploading: [============================== ] 75%��� hosting: build folder uploaded successfully
��� hosting: 8 files uploaded successfully
i starting release process (may take several minutes)...
��� Deploy complete!
Project Console: https://console.firebase.google.com/project/example-app-fd690/overview
Hosting URL: https://example-app-fd690.firebaseapp.com
```
For more information see Add Firebase to your JavaScript Project.
Note: this feature is available with
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and higher.
homepage
to package.json
The step below is important!
If you skip it, your app will not deploy correctly.
Open your package.json
and add a homepage
field for your project:
json
"homepage": "https://myusername.github.io/my-app",
or for a GitHub user page:
json
"homepage": "https://myusername.github.io",
Create React App uses the homepage
field to determine the root URL in the built HTML file.
gh-pages
and add deploy
to scripts
in package.json
Now, whenever you run npm run build
, you will see a cheat sheet with instructions on how to deploy to GitHub Pages.
To publish it at https://myusername.github.io/my-app, run:
sh
npm install --save gh-pages
Alternatively you may use yarn
:
sh
yarn add gh-pages
Add the following scripts in your package.json
:
diff
"scripts": {
+ "predeploy": "npm run build",
+ "deploy": "gh-pages -d build",
"start": "react-scripts start",
"build": "react-scripts build",
The predeploy
script will run automatically before deploy
is run.
If you are deploying to a GitHub user page instead of a project page you'll need to make two additional modifications:
package.json
scripts to push deployments to master:
```diff
"scripts": {
"predeploy": "npm run build",npm run deploy
Then run:
sh
npm run deploy
gh-pages
Finally, make sure GitHub Pages option in your GitHub project settings is set to use the gh-pages
branch:
You can configure a custom domain with GitHub Pages by adding a CNAME
file to the public/
folder.
GitHub Pages doesn���t support routers that use the HTML5 pushState
history API under the hood (for example, React Router using browserHistory
). This is because when there is a fresh page load for a url like http://user.github.io/todomvc/todos/42
, where /todos/42
is a frontend route, the GitHub Pages server returns 404 because it knows nothing of /todos/42
. If you want to add a router to a project hosted on GitHub Pages, here are a couple of solutions:
hashHistory
for this effect, but the URL will be longer and more verbose (for example, http://user.github.io/todomvc/#/todos/42?_k=yknaj
). Read more about different history implementations in React Router.index.html
page with a special redirect parameter. You would need to add a 404.html
file with the redirection code to the build
folder before deploying your project, and you���ll need to add code handling the redirect parameter to index.html
. You can find a detailed explanation of this technique in this guide.If, when deploying, you get /dev/tty: No such a device or address
or a similar error, try the follwing:
git remote set-url origin<EMAIL_ADDRESS>.npm run deploy again
Use the Heroku Buildpack for Create React App.
You can find instructions in Deploying React with Zero Configuration.
Sometimes npm run build
works locally but fails during deploy via Heroku. Following are the most common cases.
If you get something like this:
remote: Failed to create a production build. Reason:
remote: Module not found: Error: Cannot resolve 'file' or 'directory'
MyDirectory in /tmp/build_1234/src
It means you need to ensure that the lettercase of the file or directory you import
matches the one you see on your filesystem or on GitHub.
This is important because Linux (the operating system used by Heroku) is case sensitive. So MyDirectory
and mydirectory
are two distinct directories and thus, even though the project builds locally, the difference in case breaks the import
statements on Heroku remotes.
If you exclude or ignore necessary files from the package you will see a error similar this one:
remote: Could not find a required file.
remote: Name: `index.html`
remote: Searched in: /tmp/build_a2875fc163b209225122d68916f1d4df/public
remote:
remote: npm ERR! Linux 3.13.0-105-generic
remote: npm ERR! argv "/tmp/build_a2875fc163b209225122d68916f1d4df/.heroku/node/bin/node" "/tmp/build_a2875fc163b209225122d68916f1d4df/.heroku/node/bin/npm" "run" "build"
In this case, ensure that the file is there with the proper lettercase and that���s not ignored on your local .gitignore
or ~/.gitignore_global
.
To do a manual deploy to Netlify���s CDN:
sh
npm install netlify-cli -g
netlify deploy
Choose build
as the path to deploy.
To setup continuous delivery:
With this setup Netlify will build and deploy when you push to git or open a pull request:
yarn build
as the build command and build
as the publish directoryDeploy site
Support for client-side routing:
To support pushState
, make sure to create a public/_redirects
file with the following rewrite rules:
/* /index.html 200
When you build the project, Create React App will place the public
folder contents into the build output.
Now offers a zero-configuration single-command deployment. You can use now
to deploy your app for free.
Install the now
command-line tool either via the recommended desktop tool or via node with npm install -g now
.
Build your app by running npm run build
.
Move into the build directory by running cd build
.
Run now --name your-project-name
from within the build directory. You will see a now.sh URL in your output like this:
```
Ready! https://your-project-name-tpspyhtdtk.now.sh (copied to clipboard) ```
Paste that URL into your browser when the build is complete, and you will see your deployed app.
Details are available in this article.
See this blog post on how to deploy your React app to Amazon Web Services S3 and CloudFront.
Install the Surge CLI if you haven���t already by running npm install -g surge
. Run the surge
command and log in you or create a new account.
When asked about the project path, make sure to specify the build
folder, for example:
sh
project path: /path/to/project/build
Note that in order to support routers that use HTML5 pushState
API, you may want to rename the index.html
in your build folder to 200.html
before deploying to Surge. This ensures that every URL falls back to that file.
You can adjust various development and production settings by setting environment variables in your shell or with .env.
| Variable | Development | Production | Usage |
|---|---|---|---|
| BROWSER | :white_check_mark: | :x: | By default, Create React App will open the default system browser, favoring Chrome on macOS. Specify a browser to override this behavior, or set it to none to disable it completely. If you need to customize the way the browser is launched, you can specify a node script instead. Any arguments passed to npm start will also be passed to this script, and the url where your app is served will be the last argument. Your script's file name must have the .js extension. |
| HOST | :white_check_mark: | :x: | By default, the development web server binds to localhost You may use this variable to specify a different host. |
| PORT | :white_check_mark: | :x: | By default, the development web server will attempt to listen on port 3000 or prompt you to attempt the next available port. You may use this variable to specify a different port. |
| HTTPS | :white_check_mark: | :x: | When set to true Create React App will run the development server in https mode. |
| PUBLIC_URL | :x: | :white_check_mark: | Create React App assumes your application is hosted at the serving web server's root or a subpath as specified in package.json (homepage . Normally, Create React App ignores the hostname. You may use this variable to force assets to be referenced verbatim to the url you provide (hostname included). This may be particularly useful when using a CDN to host your application. |
| CI | :large_orange_diamond: | :white_check_mark: | When set to true Create React App treats warnings as failures in the build. It also makes the test runner non-watching. Most CIs set this flag by default. |
| REACT_EDITOR | :white_check_mark: | :x: | When an app crashes in development, you will see an error overlay with clickable stack trace. When you click on it, Create React App will try to determine the editor you are using based on currently running processes, and open the relevant source file. You can send a pull request to detect your editor of choice. Setting this environment variable overrides the automatic detection. If you do it, make sure your systems PATH environment variable points to your editor���s bin folder. You can also set it to none to disable it completely. |
| CHOKIDAR_USEPOLLING | :white_check_mark: | :x: | When set to true the watcher runs in polling mode, as necessary inside a VM. Use this option if npm start isn't detecting changes. |
| GENERATE_SOURCEMAP | :x: | :white_check_mark: | When set to false source maps are not generated for a production build. This solves OOM issues on some smaller machines. |
| NODE_PATH | :white_check_mark: | :white_check_mark: | Same as NODE_PATH in Node.js, but only relative folders are allowed. Can be handy for emulating a monorepo setup by setting NODE_PATH=src |
npm start
doesn���t detect changesWhen you save a file while npm start
is running, the browser should refresh with the updated code.
If this doesn���t happen, try one of the following workarounds:
index.js
and you���re referencing it by the folder name, you need to restart the watcher due to a Webpack bug..env
file in your project directory if it doesn���t exist, and add CHOKIDAR_USEPOLLING=true
to it. This ensures that the next time you run npm start
, the watcher uses the polling mode, as necessary inside a VM.If none of these solutions help please leave a comment in this thread.
npm test
hangs on macOS SierraIf you run npm test
and the console gets stuck after printing react-scripts test --env=jsdom
to the console there might be a problem with your Watchman installation as described in facebookincubator/create-react-app#713.
We recommend deleting node_modules
in your project and running npm install
(or yarn
if you use it) first. If it doesn't help, you can try one of the numerous workarounds mentioned in these issues:
It is reported that installing Watchman 4.7.0 or newer fixes the issue. If you use Homebrew, you can run these commands to update it:
watchman shutdown-server
brew update
brew reinstall watchman
You can find other installation methods on the Watchman documentation page.
If this still doesn���t help, try running launchctl unload -F ~/Library/LaunchAgents/com.github.facebook.watchman.plist
.
There are also reports that uninstalling Watchman fixes the issue. So if nothing else helps, remove it from your system and try again.
npm run build
exits too earlyIt is reported that npm run build
can fail on machines with limited memory and no swap space, which is common in cloud environments. Even with small projects this command can increase RAM usage in your system by hundreds of megabytes, so if you have less than 1 GB of available memory your build is likely to fail with the following message:
The build failed because the process exited too early. This probably means the system ran out of memory or someone called
kill -9
on the process.
If you are completely sure that you didn't terminate the process, consider adding some swap space to the machine you���re building on, or build the project locally.
npm run build
fails on HerokuThis may be a problem with case sensitive filenames. Please refer to this section.
If you use a Moment.js, you might notice that only the English locale is available by default. This is because the locale files are large, and you probably only need a subset of all the locales provided by Moment.js.
To add a specific Moment.js locale to your bundle, you need to import it explicitly.
For example:
js
import moment from 'moment';
import 'moment/locale/fr';
If import multiple locales this way, you can later switch between them by calling moment.locale()
with the locale name:
```js import moment from 'moment'; import 'moment/locale/fr'; import 'moment/locale/es';
// ...
moment.locale('fr'); ```
This will only work for locales that have been explicitly imported before.
npm run build
fails to minifySome third-party packages don't compile their code to ES5 before publishing to npm. This often causes problems in the ecosystem because neither browsers (except for most modern versions) nor some tools currently support all ES6 features. We recommend to publish code on npm as ES5 at least for a few more years.
To resolve this:
Note: Create React App can consume both CommonJS and ES modules. For Node.js compatibility, it is recommended that the main entry point is CommonJS. However, they can optionally provide an ES module entry point with the module
field in package.json
. Note that even if a library provides an ES Modules version, it should still precompile other ES6 features to ES5 if it intends to support older browsers.
Fork the package and publish a corrected version yourself.
If the dependency is small enough, copy it to your src/
folder and treat it as application code.
In the future, we might start automatically compiling incompatible third-party modules, but it is not currently supported. This approach would also slow down the production builds.
Ejecting lets you customize anything, but from that point on you have to maintain the configuration and scripts yourself. This can be daunting if you have many similar projects. In such cases instead of ejecting we recommend to fork react-scripts
and any other packages you need. This article dives into how to do it in depth. You can find more discussion in this issue.
If you have ideas for more ���How To��� recipes that should be on this page, let us know or contribute some!