How To Grow Apple Crop
Introduction
Radish is a famous vegetable in each tropical in addition to temperate regions. Being a brief developing crop, it could be effortlessly planted as a partner crop or intercrop among the rows of the opposite vegetables. It also can be planted on ridges, isolating one plot from another. It is cultivated throughout India, in particular close to the metropolis markets. Radish originated probable in China. In India, it appears to were cultivated from historic times. It become famous many of the historic Egyptians and Greeks. The botanical call of radish is “Raphanus sativus”. The enlarged suitable for eating roots are fusiform and range in colour from white to red.
Soil and climate conditions
Climatic conditions –
Usually, radish is a groovy season crop however the Asiatic types can withstand extra warmness than the European or temperate types. It attains pleasant flavor, texture, and length at 10 to 15°C. Long days, in addition to excessive temperature, result in bolting with out good enough root formation. During the recent weather, the basis turns into hard and smelly earlier than achieving the safe to eat length and, therefore, the crop ought to be harvested at the same time as younger and small in length. The radish is extra smelly at a better temperature. Pungency decreases with a cooler temperature.
Soil conditions –
Radish grows in any well-drained, loose soil. Till the soil to a depth of 6-8 inches to make it loose and conducive to radish growth. To enrich it with organic matter, add a layer of farmyard manure (FMY) or garden compost. Radish farming requires soils with a pH range of 6.0 – 7.5.Radish grows in any well-drained, loose soil. Till the soil to a depth of 6-8 inches to make it loose and conducive to radish growth. To enrich it with organic matter, add a layer of farmyard manure (FMY) or garden compost. Radish farming requires soils with a pH range of 6.0 – 7.5..
Cultivation –
Since radish is a fab season crop, its cultivation is ready all through the iciness season withinside the plains. It may be sown at any time among September and January in northern plains because it isn't always affected both via way of means of frost or via way of means of extraordinarily bloodless climate condition. It is grown from March to August withinside the hills. In the areas wherein summer time season is mild, it is able to be grown all through the yr, besides for some months of summer time season. In Bangalore, radish roots are to be had for 8-10 months of the yr however the quality suitable for eating roots are to be had all through November-December only. The temperate sorts are normally now no longer planted until October.
Sowing -
Radish is commonly grown on ridges to facilitate precise root production. It is grown, as a unmarried crop or as a associate crop. The plant rows or ridges approximately 22 cm excessive are saved approximately forty five cm apart, while the flora withinside the rows are saved eight cm apart. The European or temperate types, as they want nearer spacing, may be sown 20 -30 cm apart. Generally, the seed sowing is completed 1.15 cm deep. The seed is sown with the aid of using any of the 2 techniques specifically line sowing and broadcasting. There are sorts of Sowing in Radish Farming. Line sowing: Seed is blended with sand or soil withinside the ratio of 1:four and located in a row with the aid of using hand, over the ridges after which protected with Soil. Broadcasting: Seed is blended with sand or soil in a ratio of 1:four and scattered over the field, as whilst possible, observed with the aid of using planking. Plants are spaced after germination at the same time as hoeing.
Fertilizer
Manures and Fertilizers in Radish Cultivation: The farmyard manure ought to be blended up very well on the time of subject preparation, while the entire doses of potassic phosphatic and one-1/2 of dose of nitrogenous fertilizers may be carried out withinside the rows earlier than sowing. The ultimate 1/2 of dose of nitrogenous fertilizers ought to be carried out as a pinnacle dressing along side irrigation while the plant life begin developing vigorously. Radish is a quick-developing crop, as a result the soil ought to be exceedingly wealthy in plant nutrients. Add farmyard manure 25-forty tonnes, nitrogen 18-50 kg withinside the shape of ammonium sulfate, phosphorus 50 kg withinside the shape of superphosphate and potash 50 kg withinside the shape of Muriate of potash for one hectare of the subject. Regular weeding in Radish Farming is important to peer the boom of the weeds. In the wet season, weedings can be required to preserve the boom of weeds below control. Tok E -25 (Nitrofan 25%) carried out as pre-emergence, controls each monocot in addition to dicot weeds in radish subject.
Diseases occurred in crop:
| Name of Disease | Caused by | Symptoms | Management |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alternaria blight | Fungus | Yellow, dark brown or black circular spots on leaves with concentric rings on leaves, petioles, stems and/or flowers; center of lesions may dry and drop out, giving the leaf spots a shot-hole appearance; spots coalesce to form large necrotic patches; leaf drop may occur | Plant only certified, disease-free seed; treat seeds with hot water prior to planting; rotate crops to non-brassica species; irrigate plants in morning to allow suffici ent time to dry out during the day; apply appropriate fungicide |
| Clubroot | Fungus | Slow growing, stunted plants; yellowish leaves which wilt during day and rejuvenate in part at night; swollen, distorted roots; extensive gall formation | Once the pathogen is present in the soil it can survive for many years, elimination of the pathogen is economically unfeasible; rotating crops generally does not provide effective control; plant only certified seed and avoid field grown transplants unless produced in a fumigated bed; applying lime to the soil can reduce fungus sporulation |
| Downy mildew | Fungus | Small angular lesions on upper surface of leaves which enlarge into orange or yellow necrotic patches; white fluffy growth on undersides of leaves | Remove all crop debris after harvest; rotate with non-brassicas; it is possible to control downy mildew with the application of an appropriate fungicide |
| Scab | Bacteria | Brown-yellow circular lesions on roots; sunken, cracked lesions which may be irregular in shape and coalesce | Management of scab can be very difficult; rotate crops to non-host for four years; maintain a high level of soil moisture; avoid increasing soil pH through soil amendments |
| Black Root | Bacterium | Small black-blue areas on roots which expand and girdle taproot; roots become constricted at site of lesions; black discoloration extends into root | Plant resistant radish varieties; rotate crops with non-brassica species |
Radish Harvest and Yielding
Harvest
In Radish Farming, harvesting time is an critical component in developing radish. If you go away radish withinside the floor for too lengthy then it turns into inedible. Generally, the crop may be harvested from 3rdweek of sowing seeds. Matured radish may be diagnosed with the aid of using huge leaves above the floor on 2-three cm extensive top. Pull the mature radish out of the floor and reduce off the luxurious inexperienced top. Store the harvested crop withinside the fridge and use inside a week. In order to store seeds for subsequent season go away the radish withinside the floor and allow it flower and fruit.
Yielding
In 25-30 days, European or temperate varieties produce 80-100 quintals of roots per hectare. whereas Asiatic improved Radish varieties yield 150-250 quintals of roots per hectare in 40-60 days.


Web APIs
The following standard APIs are supported by Crosswalk.
Version key: [a] = Android only [w] = Windows desktop only [X.X.X.X] = this Crosswalk version or later [X.X.X.X;x86|ARM] = this version or later for the specified architecture.
Crosswalk Project Extensions for Intel RealSense Technology
- Depth Enhanced Photography[w] Capture 3D depth photo, enhance photo processing by leveraging the 3D depth information and I/O with [XDM] format.
- Scene Perception[w] Create a digital representation of the observed environment and estimate in real-time the camera pose by leveraging the 3D camera.
- Face Tracking and Recognition[w] Access 3D camera for face tracking and recognition on the Web.
Multimedia & Graphics
- CSS Animations - Animate CSS properties over time using keyframes.
- CSS Backgrounds and Borders Level 3 - CSS features for borders and backgrounds.
- CSS Color Module Level 3 - CSS features for color values and properties.
- CSS Flexible Box Layout - A CSS box model for user interface design.
- CSS Fonts Level 3 - Font properties and dynamic font resource loading.
- CSS Multi-column Layout - Multi-column layouts with CSS.
- CSS Text Decoration Level 3 - Text decoration CSS features.
- CSS Transforms - Change the position of content in 3D space without disrupting the normal flow using CSS.
- CSS Transitions - Enables property changes in CSS values over time.
- HTML Canvas 2D Context - An API for 2D immediate mode graphics.
- HTML5 Audio/Video - Audio and Video support without plugins.
- Media Queries Level 3 - CSS media features for adapting the same content to different output devices and screens.
- Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) 1.1 - An XML markup language for 2D vector graphics.
- WebRTC[a] - Peer to peer sharing of video and audio streams.
Networking & Storage
- File API - Asynchronously read the contents of files or raw data buffers stored on the client.
- File API: Directories and System - Expose a sandboxed filesystem on the client.
- File API: Writer - Write files to a sandboxed sandboxed filesystem on the client.
- HTML5 Web Messaging - A mechanism for communicating between browsing contexts.
- Indexed DB - An asynchronous client-side storage API for fast access to large amounts of structured data.
- Online State - Online and offline events for the network state.
- Web SQL - Store data in databases on the client using a variant of SQL.
- Web Sockets - A low overhead bi-directional communication with web servers over a persistent TCP connection.
- Web Storage - A simple synchronous client-side storage API for storing name-value pairs.
- XMLHttpRequest - Transfer data between a client and a server programmatically over HTTP.
Performance & Optimization
- Navigation Timing - Access timing information related to navigation and elements.
- Page Visibility[a] - Programmatically determine the visibility state of the web application.
- Resource Timing - Access timing information related to HTML elements.
- Selectors Level 1 and Level 2 - Retrieve elements from the DOM using CSS selectors.
- Typed Array 1.0 - Data types for raw binary data for performance-critical tasks.
- Web Workers - Run scripts in parallel to the main page.
Device & Hardware
- Device Orientation Events - DOM events which provide information about the physical orientation and motion of the device.
- Fullscreen - Programmatically instruct an element on the page to be presented in full screen mode.
- Geolocation - Access geographical location information associated with the hosting device.
- HTML5 Date and Time state for input element[a] - Picker controls for date and time input types.
- HTML5 Telephone, Email and URL state for input element[a] - Picker controls for telephone, email and URL input types.
- Media Capture and Streams[a] - Provides access to local media streams including video (camera) and audio (microphone).
- Screen Orientation - Enables screen orientation locking and provides access to screen orientation data and events.
- Touch Events - Handle touch events programmatically.
- Vibration - Programmatically control a device's vibration mechanism.
- Web Notifications - Use the device's native notification mechanism (e.g. status bar on Android) to display messages to the user.
Experimental APIs
In addition to the standard APIs, Crosswalk provides additional experimental or emerging standards APIs to further support building a native application experience using web platform technologies.
- Device Capabilities - Retrieve information about the underlaying system.
- Launch Screen - Display a static user interface on application launch and hide it when the application is ready.
- Presentation API[a] - Access external displays from within web applications. Get started with this tutorial: Presentation API Tutorial. For more information see the developer documentation.
- Raw Sockets - Raw TCP and UDP sockets for client and server sides.
- SIMD - Data types and operations for access to the Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) instruction sets available on common CPU architectures, such as SSE (IA32/X64) and NEON (ARMv7. This implemention is not yet complete). Whitepaper: SIMD in Javascript via C++ and Emscripten.
- WebCL[a][13.41.304.0] - JavaScript binding to the Khronos OpenCL standard. It enables web applications to access harness GPU and multi-core CPU for parallel processing.
Some content in the Standard APIs section of this page has been adapted from chromestatus.com, © 2013 The Chromium Authors, used under Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 license


Welcome to the Department of Computer Science at the University of Illinois at Chicago! We have a faculty of about 30 computer scientists, deeply engaged in both cutting-edge research and education. We are one of the leading research departments at UIC, with annual research funding exceeding $9 million. At the same time, five of our professors have won UIC’s top teaching prize, the Award for Excellence in Teaching, awarded to only three to five professors from the entire UIC campus each year. We have about 500 undergraduate majors, 150 masters students, and 100 PhD students. We are also proud of our connections to the community and region, with research and outreach programs serving the City of Chicago, local public schools, transportation systems, and more.
The Computer Science Department offers three degrees: the Bachelor of Science in Computer Science (including concentrations in Computer Systems and Software Engineering), the Master of Science in Computer Science, and the Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Science. Our academic programs are designed to prepare students for successful careers in a rapidly evolving discipline, and we place a strong emphasis on design principles and practice. Computer Science remains an outstanding major for these difficult times. Our graduates continue to find excellent jobs, and equally important, Computer Science empowers you to do good: to connect technology to your world.


| DOSE: |
|
smoked |
Tobacco |
| |
|
smoked |
Products - Smoking Blends - Cannabis-Like |
Description of mindset & setting: Comfortable surroundings, alone at home. Mindset normal
Details of any preparations made for the experience: none
Reported substance: (2 x) galaxy meltdown and then (1 x) galaxy rocket fuel
Dosage & timing information: 3 cigarettes smoked over a two hour period (50% tobacco, 50% 'blend' smoked). Timecourse of effects almost identical to that of cannabis, perhaps a little slower.
Notes on prescription or over-the-counter medications, herbs or supplements that were being taken at the time of the experience. None.
  I am not seeing patterns of any sort. I am feeling factual.
I have been interested in these synthetic cannabinoids and their certain specificities for particular cannabinoid receptors. I have only tried one of the 'legal smoking blends' so far (now) and unfortunately it does not advertise what specific synthetic active(s) it contains. Nevertheless my experience has left me pondering this receptor specificity idea. This is because it seems that half of the cannabis experience is present and the other half is not only absent, but actively suppressed.
(edit: I have been reading up on these cannabinoid receptors and it seems that the majority/all psychoactive effects are mediated via CB1 receptor. I am unable to work out what I think about this.)
Similarities: I feel stoned. Peripheral effects are very similar to cannabis intoxication, a pleasant body high, blood shot eyes etc. I feel comfortable and physically lazy.
Not similarities: I do not have dry mouth. I do not have appetites (food, drugs, sex). I can eat, for example, but I derive no pleasure out of the nicest foods.  I am focussed, very calm, slower than usual, but focussed. I am not losing my train of thought. Usually, when smoking cannabis, I cannot finish sentences, but instead the words and logic get all jumbled up and I find it very funny and I start giggling. Here, I am calm, focussed and motivated only towards intellectual activities. I think self doubt has been toned down. It also appears that I am repeating myself, perhaps memory is affected.
#
Essentially this is a specifically very dull experience. It is odd, however, as I am paying attention to details. I do not usually do this.
This entire report has been written and submitted while under the influence of these two blends.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


RT @keeprubyweird: Jonan Scheffler (@1337807) with Ruby Monsters Go Bump In The Night http://t.co/5d4Oyzsws0 #afraid #notagotalk
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Ryan Bennett
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What does Ryan enjoy doing?
What has Ryan done in the past?
What does Ryan want to do in the future?
Wow, this is a really neat guy! Click on the links below to find out why!


--- layout: post title: 'Found recipes: Boston brown bread' date: 2018-03-27 20:47:27.000000000 -04:00 type: post parent_id: '0' published: true image: assets/images/post-img/breaduse-450x600.jpg status: publish rurl: http://www.americanfoodroots.com/50-states/found-recipes-boston-brown-bread/ categories: - Bread tags: [] meta: _wpghs_github_path: _posts/2018-03-27-found-recipes-boston-brown-bread.md _sha: c01b31d45f10a2597e08c22a52cd8758fb6e7372 _edit_last: '1' _thumbnail_id: '910' _posts_by_tag_page_fields: a:2:{s:12:"widget_title";s:0:"";s:11:"widget_tags";s:0:"";} _yourls_url: http://7t3.link/jnq2p _yourls_clicks: '1' author: login: mkelley email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>display_name: Mike first_name: Mike last_name: Kelley ---
Some 50 years ago, my grandmother used to make me Boston brown bread, which she baked in empty tin cans. It was a dark bread with dates or raisins.


I have Masters Certificates in GIS and Statistics from the University of Utah. I realized extracting insights from data can help inform and meaningfully impact decisions.
I have over 4 years of professional experience at the Office of the Governor. I believe in government because of the promise of what it can be at its best: transparent, accountable, and virtuous.
I'm trained in full-stack web development with a certificate from the University of Utah. As a resident of this incredible digital age, I felt obligated to understand how to code.


Curly and Floppy Twistytail, the Funny Piggie Boys
by Howard R. Garis
Chapter 2: “Floppy Gets His Name”
Additional Information
- Year Published: 1918
- Language: English
- Country of Origin: United States of America
- Source: Garis, H. R. (1918). Curly and Floppy Twistytail, the Funny Piggie Boys. New York, NY: A. L. Burt Co.
-
Readability:
- Flesch–Kincaid Level: 4.7
- Word Count: 1,454
- Genre: Fantasy
- ✎ Cite This
Downloads
One day, oh, I guess it must have been about a week after Curly Twistytail, the little pig boy, had the adventure with the bear, and his brother rescued him, as I told you in the story before this one,—one day Curly’s brother, who hadn’t any name as yet, said:
“Oh, Curly, let’s go out for another walk, and maybe something will happen to us.”
“All right,” agreed Curly, “only I hope a bear doesn’t happen. It’s no fun to think you’re going to be turned into roast pork and eaten with apple sauce,” for that is what the bear was going to do, you know.
 Don’t go one on one path, and one on another, as you did before, and have trouble. Stay together, and help one another.”
“We will!” they answered, and really they meant to, but, you see, little pigs sometimes forget, just as real children do.
On they went together. Curly and his brother who hadn’t any name, except that sometimes people called him “Bub,” or maybe “Son,” or even “Hey, Johnnie!” though that wasn’t his real name at all.
Pretty soon, in about as long as it takes to eat a lollypop if you don’t hurry to get down to the stick part of it—pretty soon the two piggie boys met Grandfather Squealer, who was the grandpapa of all the pigs in that part of the country.
“Oh, ho!” exclaimed the old gentleman pig, “Oh, ho! How are you today, Curly?”
“Very well, sir, thank you,” replied the pig boy politely, and he looked around to see if the curly kink had come out of his tail where the bear had tied him to the round fence rail, but the curl was still there.
“And how is this other little chap?” went on Grandpa Squealer, as he took a pinch of snuff, and then looked in his vest pocket to see if he had any spare pennies. “How are you, Bub?” he asked. “You haven’t any name yet, have you?”
“No sir,” answered the brother of Curly. “I wish I had, though,” and he also wished that Grandpa Squealer would find a penny so that he and his brother could buy a lollypop, and that wish came true, if you will kindly believe me. For the old gentleman pig did find two pennies.
“There now, boys,” he said, “run along to the candy store. And maybe you can buy a name for yourself,” and he playfully pulled the ears of Curly’s brother. Then Grandpa Squealer sneezed again and walked on, and so did the two boy pigs.
“I’m going to buy a corn lollypop,” said Curly.
 Isn’t that funny?
So they walked on together, talking of different things, and pretty soon they came to a place where there were two stores. One was painted red and the other was painted blue.
“I’m going in the red store for my lollypop,” said Curly.
“Oh, let’s go in the blue one,” suggested his brother. “Maybe I can buy a name for myself in there. I am tired of being called ‘Bub’ and ‘Johnny,’ and names like that.”
But the two brothers couldn’t agree, so Curly went in the red store and his brother in the blue one.  “The only names I have are names of candy, and I’m sure you don’t want any of those, do you? There is peppermint and spearmint and cinnamon and lemon drops and cocoanut kisses and lollypops and jaw-breakers and tootsie rolls and chocolate—do you want any of those names?”
“No,” replied the little pig boy, “I don’t think I like any of those names for myself. I wouldn’t want to be called Cocoanut Kisses, nor yet Lollypops, nor even Tootsie Rolls. Oh dear! I wish I could get a name such as my brother Curly has. But maybe I will some day. And now, if you please, I’ll have a sour-milk lollypop.”
 He was just taking the paper off the lollypop, and was going to eat it—the lollypop, not the paper, you understand—and go out and see if his brother had come out of the red store, when, all of a sudden, a little puppy dog boy who had just come in from school saw the pig boy in the store, and right at him he sprang with a bow wow bark.
“Here!   He really didn’t mean to, but his teeth closed fast on poor piggie’s ear, and there they stuck.
“Oh! Oh! Oh!” howled piggie. “I’m caught! Oh let me go. Please let me go!”
“Yes, let go of him at once, you naughty boy!” cried the doggie’s mamma, as she made a grab for his tail. But just then piggie began to run, squealing as hard as he could, and as the doggie did not let go of his ear, the little barking chap was dragged along too. And then out from the red store ran Curly and he squealed and his brother squealed, also, and the boy dog barked, and so did the storekeeper lady dog, and such a time you never heard in all your life! Oh! such a racket!
“Let go my ear! Let go my ear!” squealed the pig, and the doggie boy tried to let go but he couldn’t, until Curly got hold of him by the left leg and pulled him loose.
“Oh dear! Oh dear!” cried the piggie who had bought the sour milk lollypop. “Is my ear pulled off, Curly?”
“No, but it is hanging down like anything,” said his brother. “I guess it’s broken!”
“Oh, I am so sorry!” exclaimed the little boy dog. “I didn’t mean to do it. I was only going to tag you, but I slipped. Come in the house and my mamma will put some salve on your ear, and I’ll give you an ice cream cone.”
And just then Grandfather Squealer came past, and he saw Curly’s little brother, with his ear hanging down, going flippity-flop, and the old gentleman said:
“Oh ho! I think I will call you Flopear, or Floppy for short. That is a good name, and it just fits you.”  But the salve soon made it well, and the storekeeper lady gave Floppy and Curly each an ice cream cone.
So that’s all now, if you please, but in case the butcherman doesn’t throw the loaf of bread at the candlestick and scare the lamp chimney I’ll tell you in the story after this about Pinky Twistytail’s rubber ball.


Details
Researchers have confirmed that drinking even moderate
amounts of alcohol can affect blood coagulation -- acting as a "blood thinner" --
which can have both positive and negative health effects.
"The contrasting effects of alcohol are similar to the effects of blood thinners
like aspirin, which clearly prevent heart attacks but at the expense of some
additional bleeding strokes," said Kenneth J. Mukamal, an internist at Beth
Israel Deaconess Medical Center and corresponding author for the study.
"Acting as a blood thinner makes sense, because heart attacks are caused
by blood clots that form in clogged arteries, and blood thinners can
hasten bleeding from injured arteries. Based on these findings, we speculated
that moderate drinking would also act as a blood thinner."


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Formatted tooltips are a new feature in version 5.22 and make it super-easy to have unique tooltips but using just one specification in your configuration (as shown below).
This goes in the documents header:<script src="RGraph.common.core.js"></script> <script src="RGraph.common.dynamic.js"></script> <script src="RGraph.common.tooltips.js"></script> <script src="RGraph.hprogress.js"></script>Put this where you want the chart to show up:
<canvas id="cvs1" width="150" height="650">[No canvas support]</canvas> <canvas id="cvs2" width="150" height="650">[No canvas support]</canvas>This is the code that generates the chart - it should be placed AFTER the canvas tag(s):


lclpy.termination package¶
Submodules¶
lclpy.termination.abstract_termination_criterion module¶
-
class
lclpy.termination.abstract_termination_criterion.
AbstractTerminationCriterion
¶ Bases:
abc.ABC
Template to create termination criterions.
-
check_first_value
(value)¶ Function that should be called once before the main loop.
- Parameters
value (int or float) – Is the evaluation value of the initial problem.
-
check_new_value
(value)¶ Checks a value.
Does not need to be used or implemented.
- Parameters
value (int or float) – A value from the evaluation function.
-
check_variable
(variable)¶ Checks a variable specific to an implementation.
Does not need to be used or implemented
- Parameters
variable – The value of a certain value of a specific algorithm.
-
iteration_done
()¶ Function to be called after every iteration.
Does not need to be used or implemented.
-
abstract
keep_running
()¶ Function to determine if the algorithm needs to continue running
- Returns
The function returns true if the algorithm has to continue running, if the function returns false the algorithm needs to stop running.
- Return type
bool
-
reset
()¶ Resets the object back to it’s state after init.
-
start_timing
()¶ Starts an internal timer if needed.
Does not need to be used or implemented.
-
lclpy.termination.always_true_criterion module¶
-
class
lclpy.termination.always_true_criterion.
AlwaysTrueCriterion
¶ Bases:
lclpy.termination.abstract_termination_criterion.AbstractTerminationCriterion
Termination criterion that will never terminate an algorithm.
This criterion is only meant to be used as a default termination criterion in algorithms that will stop iterating when no improvement is found. Don’t use it in any other case.
-
keep_running
()¶ function to determine if the algorithm needs to continue running.
- Returns
Will always be True.
- Return type
bool
-
reset
()¶ Resets the object back to it’s state after init.
-
lclpy.termination.max_iterations_termination_criterion module¶
-
class
lclpy.termination.max_iterations_termination_criterion.
MaxIterationsTerminationCriterion
(max_iterations=1000)¶ Bases:
lclpy.termination.abstract_termination_criterion.AbstractTerminationCriterion
Termination criterion to terminate after a set amount of iterations.
- Parameters
max_iterations (int, optional) – The maximal amount of iterations. The default is 1000 iterations.
-
_max_iterations
¶ The maximal amount of iterations.
- Type
int
-
_iterations
¶ The amount of iterations.
- Type
int
Examples
Default amount of iterations:
50 iterations:
-
iteration_done
()¶ function to be called after every iteration.
Increments _iterations by 1.
-
keep_running
()¶ function to determine if the algorithm needs to continue running.
- Returns
The function returns true if the amount of iteration is smaller than max_iterations, if the function returns false the amount of iterations is bigger than max_iterations
- Return type
bool
-
reset
()¶ Resets the object back to it’s state after init.
Examples
Default amount of iterations:
lclpy.termination.max_seconds_termination_criterion module¶
-
class
lclpy.termination.max_seconds_termination_criterion.
MaxSecondsTerminationCriterion
(max_seconds=60)¶ Bases:
lclpy.termination.abstract_termination_criterion.AbstractTerminationCriterion
Termination criterion to terminate after a set amount of seconds.
Note that this terminationcriterion isn’t exact. It will only terminate the algorithm after iterating longer than the set time AND if an iteration is finished. The extra time that the algorithm will run depends on the duration of the last iteration.
- Parameters
max_seconds (int or float, optional) – The maximal amount of seconds passed. The default is 60 seconds.
-
_max_seconds
¶ The maximal amount of seconds passed.
- Type
int or float
-
_seconds
¶ The amount of seconds passed since the start of the iterations
- Type
float
-
_start
¶ The moment when the time starts to be measured in seconds measured from the epoch.
- Type
float
Examples
Running for 60 seconds (default):
Running for 3 seconds:
-
iteration_done
()¶ function to be called after every iteration
Sets _seconds to be the difference between the current time and the start time.
-
keep_running
()¶ function to determine if an algorithm needs to continue running
- Returns
The function returns true if the amount of time passed is smaller than max_seconds, if the function returns false the amount of time passed is bigger than max_seconds
- Return type
bool
-
reset
()¶ Resets the object back to it’s state after init.
Examples
Running for 3 seconds:
-
start_timing
()¶ function to be called before the iterations
Sets _start to the current time in seconds from the epoch.
lclpy.termination.min_temperature_termination_criterion module¶
-
class
lclpy.termination.min_temperature_termination_criterion.
MinTemperatureTerminationCriterion
(min_temperature=10)¶ Bases:
lclpy.termination.abstract_termination_criterion.AbstractTerminationCriterion
A termination criterion for use with a simulated annealing algorithm.
This termination criterion ends the algorithm if the current temperature is lower than the minimal temperature.
- Parameters
min_temperature (int, optional) – The minimal temperature. The default is 10.
-
min_temperature
¶ The minimal temperature.
- Type
int
-
_run
¶ True if no temperature lower than the minimal has been encountered, False if a temperature lower than the minimal has been encountered.
- Type
bool
Examples
A simple example of the default behaviour:
Example with a minimal temperature of 100:
-
check_variable
(current_temperature)¶ Checks if the current temperature is lower than the minimal temperature.
This function should always be called if the temperature is lowered.
- Parameters
current_temperature (int or float) – The current temperature of the algorithm.
-
keep_running
()¶ function to determine if the algorithm needs to continue running.
- Returns
The function returns true if the current temperature is higher than or equal to the minimal temperature, else it returns false.
- Return type
bool
-
reset
()¶ Resets the object back to it’s state after init.
Examples:
A simple example with the default min_temperature:
lclpy.termination.multi_and_criterion module¶
-
class
lclpy.termination.multi_and_criterion.
MultiAndCriterion
(criteria)¶ Bases:
lclpy.termination.multi_criterion.MultiCriterion
Class to use multiple terminationcriteria at once.
- Parameters
criteria (list or tuple of AbstractTerminationCriterion) – An iterable object containing the intialised termination criterions one wishes to use.
-
criteria
¶ An iterable object containing the intialised termination criterions one wishes to use.
- Type
list or tuple of AbstractTerminationCriterion
Examples
3 termination criteria are used, three tests are done to ensure that all three criterions are capable of stopping the iterating correctly.
MaxSecondsTerminationCriterion stops the iterating:
MaxIterationsTerminationCriterion stops the iterating:
NoImprovementTerminationCriterion stops the iterating:
-
keep_running
()¶ function to determine if the algorithm needs to continue running.
- Returns
The function returns true if the algorithm has to continue running, if the function returns false the algorithm needs to stop running. If all the composing termination criterions return False if their keep_running method is called, this method will return False. Else the method will return True.
- Return type
bool
lclpy.termination.multi_criterion module¶
-
class
lclpy.termination.multi_criterion.
MultiCriterion
(criteria)¶ Bases:
lclpy.termination.abstract_termination_criterion.AbstractTerminationCriterion
Class to combine multiple terminationcriteria.
- Parameters
criteria (list or tuple of AbstractTerminationCriterion) – An iterable object containing the intialised termination criterions one wishes to use.
-
criteria
¶ An iterable object containing the intialised termination criterions one wishes to use.
- Type
list or tuple of AbstractTerminationCriterion
Examples
3 termination criteria are used, three tests are done to ensure that all three criterions are capable of stopping the iterating correctly.
MaxSecondsTerminationCriterion stops the iterating:
MaxIterationsTerminationCriterion stops the iterating:
NoImprovementTerminationCriterion stops the iterating:
-
check_new_value
(value)¶ Checks a value.
- Parameters
value (int or float) – A value from the evaluation function.
-
check_variable
(variable)¶ Checks a variable specific to an implementation.
Does not need to be used or implemented
- Parameters
variable – The value of a certain value of a specific algorithm.
-
iteration_done
()¶ function to be called after every iteration.
-
keep_running
()¶ function to determine if the algorithm needs to continue running.
- Returns
The function returns true if the algorithm has to continue running, if the function returns false the algorithm needs to stop running. If one or more of the composing termination criterions returns False if its keep_running method is called, this method will return False. Else the method will return True.
- Return type
bool
-
reset
()¶ Resets the object back to it’s state after init.
Examples
MaxIterationsTerminationCriterion stops the iterating:
-
start_timing
()¶ Starts an internal timer if needed.
lclpy.termination.must_improve_termination_criterion module¶
-
class
lclpy.termination.must_improve_termination_criterion.
MustImproveTerminationCriterion
(minimise=True)¶ Bases:
lclpy.termination.abstract_termination_criterion.AbstractTerminationCriterion
Criterion to terminate after an iteration without improvement.
- Parameters
minimise (bool, optional) – If the goal is to minimise the evaluation function, this should be True. If the goal is to maximise the evaluation function, this should be False. The default is True.
-
_old_best_value
¶ The last value. Is initialised as infinite (minimise = True) or minus infinite (minimise = False)
- Type
int
-
_function
¶ The function used to judge if a value is an improvement.
- Type
function
-
_run
¶ True if no worse value has been encountered, False if this isn’t the case.
- Type
bool
Examples
Smaller values are considered improvements(default). 8 iterations with improvement. After that there are no more improvements. The dataset eval_values is hardcoded:
Bigger values are considered improvements. 5 iterations with improvement. After that there are no more improvements. The dataset eval_values is hardcoded:
-
check_new_value
(value)¶ function to be called after every calculation of the evaluation function.
- Parameters
value (int or long or float) – Is the new evaluation value of a solution.
-
keep_running
()¶ function to determine if the algorithm needs to continue running
- Returns
The function returns True if there hasn’t been encountered a non-improving value. The function returns False if a non-improving value is encountered.
- Return type
bool
-
reset
()¶ Resets the object back to it’s state after init.
Examples
Smaller values are considered improvements(default). 8 iterations with improvement. After that there are no more improvements. The dataset eval_values is hardcoded. After this, the criterion is resetted and the loop is repeated:
lclpy.termination.no_improvement_termination_criterion module¶
-
class
lclpy.termination.no_improvement_termination_criterion.
NoImprovementTerminationCriterion
(max_iterations=100, minimise=True)¶ Bases:
lclpy.termination.abstract_termination_criterion.AbstractTerminationCriterion
Criterion to terminate after a set amount of iterations without improvement.
- Parameters
max_iterations (int, optional) – The maximal amount of iterations without improvement. The default is 100 iterations.
minimise (bool, optional) – If the goal is to minimise the evaluation function, this should be True. If the goal is to maximise the evlauation function, this should be False. The default is True.
-
_max_iterations
¶ The maximal amount of iterations without improvement.
- Type
int
-
_iterations
¶ The amount of iterations with no improvement.
- Type
int
-
_run
¶ Will be True if the maximal amount of iterations without improvement hasn’t been reached yet, will be false if this isn’t the case.
- Type
bool
-
_old_best_value
¶ The last best value. Is initialised as minus infinite (improvement_is_bigger = True) or infinite (improvement_is_bigger = False)
- Type
int
-
_function
¶ The function used to judge if a value is an improvement.
- Type
function
Examples
Default amount of iterations without improvement (100), always checking the new value. Smaller values are considered improvements(default). The dataset eval_values is generated. (1 improvement, 99 cases without improvement, 1 improvement, 110 cases without improvement) After this the iterations start:
3 iterations without improvement, only checking improved values. Smaller values are considered improvements(default). The dataset eval_values is hardcoded:
Default amount of iterations without improvement (100). Bigger values are considered improvements. The dataset eval_values is generated. (1 improvement, 99 cases without improvement, 1 improvement, 110 cases without improvement) After this the iterations start:
3 iterations without improvement. Bigger values are considered improvements. The dataset eval_values is hardcoded:
-
check_first_value
(value)¶ Function that should be called once before the main loop.
- Parameters
value (int or float) – Is the evaluation value of the initial solution.
-
check_new_value
(value)¶ Function to be called after every improvement of the evaluation function.
It’s also possible to call this function every time when the evaluation value is calculated without ill effects.
- Parameters
value (int or float) – Is the best evaluation value found for a solution or the new evaluation value of a solution. It does not matter which one is used.
-
iteration_done
()¶ Function to be called after every iteration.
Increments _iterations by 1.
-
keep_running
()¶ Function to determine if the algorithm needs to continue running.
- Returns
The function returns true if the amount of iterations is smaller than _max_iterations, if the function returns false the amount of iterations is bigger than max_iterations
- Return type
bool
-
reset
()¶ Resets the object back to it’s state after init.
Examples
3 iterations without improvement. Bigger values are considered improvements. The dataset eval_values is hardcoded. After this, the criterion is resetted and the loop is repeated:
Module contents¶
This package contains a template for termination criterions and implementations of said template.


an object-oriented computer programming language commonly used to create interactive effects within web browsers.
a symbol that is used to perform an operation (examples: arithmetic operators, assignment operators, string operators, etc.)
anything that can vary; a container for storing a data value (var).
describes naming variables, functions, classes or components in JavaScript (best practice is to use lowerCamelCase)
a set of statements that performs a task or calculates a value. to use a function, you must define it somewhere in the scope from which you wish to call it.
actions that can be performed on objects
an Array-like object accessible inside functions that contains the values of the arguments passed to that function when the function is invoked
variables listed as a part of the function definition
return statements cease execution in a function and return a value to the caller; JavaScript functions require an explicit return statement for returning the result of an expression (the value) from a function
also known as Cascading; refers to repeatedly calling one method after another on an object, in one continuous line of code.
A string is a sequence of one or more characters that may consist of letters, numbers, or symbols. Strings in JavaScript are primitive data types and immutable, which means they are unchanging.
Boolean is a datatype that returns either of two values i.e. true or false. In JS, boolean boolean is used as a function to get the value of a variable, object, conditions, expressions etc. in terms of true or false.
JavaScript assigns 'undefined' to any object that has been declared but not initialized or defined. In other words, in a case where no value has been explicitly assigned to the variable, JavaScript calls it 'undefined'.
The NaN property represents "Not-a-Number" value. This property indicates that a value is not a legal number. The NaN property is the same as the Number.
The escape() function encodes a string. This function makes a string portable, so it can be transmitted across any network to any computer that supports ASCII characters.
a simple window containing a message
can be used to explain JavaScript code, and to make it more readable.
a JavaScript library designed to simplify HTML DOM tree traversal and manipulation, as well as event handling, CSS animation, and Ajax
All properties have a name. In addition they also have a value. The value is one of the property's attributes.


Pizza Cats
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Rocket Surgery for Brain Scientists
a.k.a Frontend Tooling
@waako
What is Frontend Tooling?
A collection of tools to help automate, speed up and improve developmet workflows.
What tools build these slides
Node.js
Grunt
On a good day
It's easy:
$ npm install
$ grunt watch
What does this provide us with?
- sass
- autoprefixr
- uglify
- cssmin
- jshint
- connect
- qunit
- watch
- zip
Give us an idea of what tools we could use
CSS Test
CSS Comb
CSS Lint
Autoprefixr
CSS Shrink
CSS Colorguard
Linting
Gulp
Grunt
Broccoli
Brunch
Emmet
Pageres
PerfMetrics
WebPageTest
Critical Path
Iconizr
Browserify
Font-face render check
Modern.ie
PhantomJS
Yeoman
Sitespeed
PerfMap
Performance Budget
Prettify
Static Inline
Regression Testing
HTML Lint
Watch
Minification
Concatenation
Optimise Performance
IE8 Linter
Styleguide conformance
Vulcanize
UnCSS
CSS Stats
BackstopJS
A11Y
PerfBudget
TMI
disclaimer: there are more, I just got bored!
## Type of tools
* Build
* Testing / Validation
* Optimisation (CSS, JS, Images, Font)
* Performance
* Analysis / Stats
* Design
**Also:**
the tools to install & manage these tools…
* Node.js
* npm
* Bower
* …
# Build
Things you are probably already doing
### Scaffolding
[Yeoman](http://yeoman.io/generators/) provides you with a template which builds a working environment in one command:
[Drupal theme generator](https://github.com/frontend-united/generator-drupal-theme)
[Hedley](https://github.com/Gizra/generator-hedley)
headless Drupal backend, Angular app client, Behat and PhantomCSS tests
[Drupal profile generator](https://github.com/itarato/Yeoman-Drupal-profile)
### Code Linting
### Beautify / Prettify
### Minification
### Uglification
### Compiling everything
### Livereload
### Frameworks
Bootstrap
Foundation
Web Starter Kit
### Styleguides & Documentation
Automatically generated from code
### Images
Generate sprites
SVG fallpack images
## Automated Browser testing
* [Pageres](https://github.com/sindresorhus/pageres)
Capture screenshots of websites in various resolutions. A good way to make sure your websites are responsive.
* [Browserify](http://www.browsersync.io/)
sync browsing & actions between devices
### Headless Browser engines
PhantomJS:
headless WebKit scriptable with Javascript
### Visual Regression testing
Generate page screenshots with diff with every code change
### IE (*yeah I know*)
* [ie8 linter](https://github.com/israelidanny/ie8linter)
* [Modern.IE Static Code Scan](https://github.com/InternetExplorer/modern.IE-static-code-scan)
analyzes the HTML, CSS, and JavaScript of a site or application for common coding issues.
## Code Reviews
Highlight issues in your HTML, CSS, JS…
### CSS
* [CSS Test](http://csste.st/)
The why and how of CSS testing
* [Revenge](https://github.com/Heydon/REVENGE.CSS)
Puts pink box & comic sans around your dirty work
* [CSS Colorguard](https://github.com/SlexAxton/css-colorguard)
Keep a watchful eye on your css colors.
### JS
* jsfmt
* fixmyjs
* jsinspect
### Accessibility
* [a11y.css](https://github.com/ffoodd/a11y.css)
Roughly evaluate a site's quality by simply including it as an external stylesheet.
* [a11y](https://github.com/addyosmani/a11y)
Easy accessibility audits powered by the Chrome Accessibility Tools.
### Drupal
* [Gulp DrupalCS](https://github.com/patrickocoffeyo/drupalcs)
Portable Gulp tool that checks a Drupal installation for JavaScript and PHP syntax errors.
## CSS
* [CSS Comb](https://github.com/csscomb/csscomb.js)
Reorganises your CSS into defined order
* [Autoprefixr](https://github.com/postcss/autoprefixer)
* [UnCSS](https://github.com/giakki/uncss)
Removes unused CSS from your stylesheets
## Images
* [TMI(Too Many Image)](https://github.com/addyosmani/tmi)
* [Grunt Image](https://github.com/1000ch/grunt-image)
Optimize PNG, JPEG, GIF, SVG images
## Markup
* [Grunt Static Inline](https://github.com/dayvson/grunt-static-inline)
Replace url from static files such as img,js,css an put inline in a template.
## Page Speed
* [PageSpeed ngrok](https://github.com/jrcryer/grunt-pagespeed-ngrok-sample)
Run mobile and desktop performance tests for your deployed site using Google PageSpeed Insights, uses grunt-pagespeed, psi and gpagespeed for local development environments.
## Performance Budgets
* [Intro by Tim Kadlec](http://timkadlec.com/2013/01/setting-a-performance-budget/)
## Performance Mapping
* [PerfMap](https://github.com/zeman/perfmap)
Front-end performance heatmap of resources loaded in the browser using the Resource [Timing API](https://camo.githubusercontent.com/cffc7939b714e2a0795732dce6db97c6ea3275a2/687474703a2f2f7a656d616e2e6769746875622e696f2f706572666d61702f6578616d706c652e6a7067)
## Development Performance
* [DevPerf](https://github.com/gmetais/grunt-devperf)
Helps front-end developers to reach a good quality and good performances
## Browser Metrics
* [Phantomas](https://github.com/macbre/phantomas)
PhantomJS-based web performance metrics collector and monitoring tool
* Page Speed Insights
## Code Stats
* [CSS Stats](https://github.com/cssstats/cssstats)
* [Houndci.com](https://github.com/thoughtbot/hound): Review your Ruby, JavaScript, CoffeeScript, and SCSS code for style guide violations with a trusty hound.
## Styleguides
* [Styleguides.io](https://github.com/maban/styleguides)
* [Lonely Planet's rizzo](https://github.com/lonelyplanet/rizzo)
This barely scratches the surface.
## People worth watching
* [Sindre Sorhus](https://github.com/sindresorhus/)
* [Addy Osmani](https://github.com/addyosmani/)
* [Chris Ruppel](https://github.com/rupl/)
Great [Frontend Ops talk](https://github.com/rupl/frontend-ops)


You have Choosen Formula 2.
Rearrange the formula to solve for a new variable.


Sagittarius Hamil:
No one has more experience against Commander Kadesh than
Magister Gauen
of the
Ivory Tower
. His assistance is essential. Go and meet him now.


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Caramel Cheesecake and Creamy Caramel Mousse on a Blonde Brownie all topped with Salted Caramel.
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_The_Big_Kahuna_ (R) *** (out of ****)
_The_Big_Kahuna_ is based on a play (_Hospitality_Suite_ by Roger Rueff, who also wrote the screenplay), and first-time feature director John Swanbeck doesn't hide that fact. Aside from a couple of location (Wichita, Kansas) establishing shots and fleeting detours into the outdoors, the film is set in (as the title of the original play implies) a hotel hospitality suite that serves as the venue of philosphical debate between three industrial lubricant salesmen: hotshot Larry (Kevin Spacey, who also produced), veteran Phil (Danny DeVito), and neophyte Bob (Peter Facinelli). Not exactly the most promising jumping-off point for an exciting, thought-provoking drama, but that's exactly what _The_Big_Kahuna_ evolves into. As the bickering trio's arguments shift from business practices to how one should practice one's life in general, Rueff's script freely confronts thorny issues of loyalty, morality, and religion. No easy answers are offered, but enough food for thought is given to nourish just about any conclusions the audience may arrive at.
_The_Big_Kahuna_ is pretty much all talk, but the three actors bring to the words fire, feeling, and meaning. Spacey does a good job, but the role of a sarcastic, flamboyant slickster is one he can easily do while comatose. Swanbeck is able to draw out surprising range and poise from Facinelli, who had previously done little of note in such timeless classics such as _Supernova_ and _Can't_Hardly_Wait_; the deeply religious--but _not_ fanatical--Bob is the crux of the story, and Facinelli proves able to handle the demanding task. His performance is a revelation, but it's not the best; that distinction belongs to DeVito's. Usually called on to play the wacky person in the mix, DeVito's world-wise and -weary Phil is a beautiful work of gentleness and subtlety. In a film of large ideas and screaming voices, his center of calm speaks the loudest.
Michael Dequina<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Mr. Brown's Movie Site: http://welcome.to/mrbrown CinemaReview Magazine: http://www.CinemaReview.com on ICQ: #25289934 | on AOL Instant Messenger: MrBrown23
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
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Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


--- layout: post esbma_id: 1173 title: Finance for Geeks date: 2003-11-24 16:58:52 keywords: bos teaser: I'll begin with a short summary of what accounting is all about. Then I'll cover the concept of profit margins. Finally, I'll talk about outside funding sources and the perils of building a company with money from other people. ---
Summary: Eric Sink provides a geek-oriented overview of accounting and company funding.
On my weblog I write a series of articles entitled Marketing for Geeks. The concept of these articles is that a lot of technically-oriented people actually do end up involved in marketing decisions. Most software startups are founded by one or more geeks, often without the presence of experienced people in other areas like marketing. For these people, a little marketing knowledge can go a long way.
The series has been quite popular, but marketing is obviously not the only functional area that a geek entrepreneur might need to learn. Several readers have asked me to write a similar geek-oriented overview of accounting and finance. This article will highlight several things that a geek in a small ISV should know.
Before I get started, let me offer a disclaimer or two. I am not a lawyer, nor am I an accountant. I can't give legal or financial advice to anyone, and nothing in this article should be construed as such. I am simply a geek who has learned just enough about accounting and finance to have an intelligent conversation with the experts who advise SourceGear. I'd suggest any geek entrepreneur should do likewise. Find some financial experts you trust. Learn enough about their field such that you can talk with them. Hopefully this article will help with some terminology and basic concepts.
I'll begin with a short summary of what accounting is all about. Then I'll cover the concept of profit margins. Finally, I'll talk about outside funding sources and the perils of building a company with money from other people.
If you are a geek who helps make strategic decisions for your ISV, then you need to know how to read the three basic financial statements:
All companies report their financials to somebody. Publicly traded companies like Microsoft are required to publish their financial statements to the public. This means that many examples of the three basic financial statements are available easily over the Web. Most Web sites that give stock quotes can also show company financial statements. For example, the latest Microsoft stock quote information can be found at http://finance.yahoo.com/q/ecn?s=MSFT.
At the time of writing this article, the Yahoo! Finance Microsoft Corp. (MSFT) Quotes & Info page has a sidebar on the left. At the bottom of that sidebar are three links to the latest Income Statement, Balance Sheet, and Cash Flow for Microsoft. Right now, the latest Balance Sheet says Microsoft has around forty-nine billion dollars in cash (and "near-cash" assets).
Every introductory accounting class teaches the basic equation on which all of accounting is based:
Assets = Liabilities + Capital
Assets: An asset is anything of value that the company owns or has in its possession. Cash is the most obvious asset, but receivables, inventories, laptops, chairs, and copyrights are assets as well.
Liabilities: A liability is a debt or other financial obligation.
Capital: Sometimes called "Stockholders Equity". This is the residual interest in the company's assets after the creditors are all paid.
The balance sheet is simply the expression of this equation. At the top, it lists all the assets, with a total amount. Below that, it lists the all the liabilities and capital, with a total amount. The two totals are always the same.
The total amount of capital or stockholders equity on the balance sheet is one way to describe how much the company is worth. However, the actual fair market value of the company is often significantly higher or lower than this number. Company valuation is a complex subject that I won't attempt to cover here. Suffice it to say that the information on the balance sheet is an important part of determining the value of a company, but it is only a small part.
I like to paraphrase the accounting equation like this:
Everything the company has (assets) either belongs to somebody else (liabilities) or to the company's owners (capital).
The first thing I check when I'm reading a balance sheet is how much cash the company has. This is near the top of the page, sometimes in a subsection called "Current Assets". As the old cliché goes, "Cash is king". If nothing else on a balance sheet interests you, it is always critical to know how much cash a company is holding.
Another important thing to remember about a balance sheet is the date at the top. A balance sheet is a snapshot of just one moment in time. For example, it tells you how much cash the company had at that moment. It tells you how much debt the company had, but only at that moment.
The balance sheet says nothing about how much money is being made or lost. It can't tell us anything about the performance of the company over time, since it merely describes the company's condition at just one moment in time. To understand what is happening over time, we turn to the income statement.
The income statement is sometimes called the profit and loss statement. Unlike the balance sheet, this statement describes what happened during a range of time. For example, it might contain a list of all the income and expenses during a given month, or a given year.
The income statement tells us where money is being spent and how much. Just like the balance sheet, this statement is merely the expression of an equation, and a rather obvious one at that:
Income = Revenue - Expenses
The income statement appears to be the easiest of the three basic financial statements. Everybody thinks they understand it. Revenue is shown at the top, following by expenses. Below that is the oft-mentioned "bottom line", also known as net income or net profit.
But the income statement can be deceiving, since it usually contains a whole bunch of numbers that have nothing to do with cash. It says nothing about how much cash we have in the bank right now. Even worse, the income statement can sometimes obscure important details about cash that management wants to know.
This brings us to the most important thing that all non-accountants should learn about accounting. Money and cash are completely different.
The third of the three basic financial statements is the statement of cash flows. This one is critical. It covers a specific time period, and provides answers to important questions like:
This may sound like it is the same as the income statement, but it is are very different, and the distinction is quite important. I am being somewhat facetious when I say, "Money and cash are completely different". Nonetheless, in one sense it is quite true.
All the numbers on the income statement are in dollars (or whatever applicable currency you use). However, not all of those numbers correspond to actual cash. Just to be clear, note that when we speak of "cash" we are not talking about physical paper currency or coin. In corporate finance, the word "cash" refers to money in the bank that could be spent.
The income statement tells us how we gained or lost anything of value, but those gains or losses may not have cash connected with them right now.
As a silly example, suppose we agreed to sell a license of SourceGear Vault, and as compensation we accepted a cow. (Those kinds of deals happen quite a bit here in the Midwest, you know.) That cow is definitely income. For our financial statements to be correct, we have to assign that cow a dollar value. It must show up on our income statement as revenue. It needs to show up on our balance sheet as a new asset.
But it is not cash. Cash is a very special thing in a company. It is by far the most important asset, since it is the only thing our creditors and employees will accept when it is time for them to be paid. Salaries are paid in cash. Our lease is paid in cash. Our company credit card bill is paid in cash. And all of these expenses and debts have strict deadlines associated with them. No matter how bright our future looks, no matter how much our customers like our products, if we run out of cash, we will go out of business.
These facts are the reason why we commonly say "Cash is king". Companies monitor cash very closely. If the most critical issue in financial management were cows, then we would have a Cow Flow Statement.
Setting aside my silly example, there is a more important reason why the Income Statement says very little about cash. Most businesses practice a concept called "accrual accounting". This basically means that income and expenses are recorded when it makes sense to do so, but not necessarily when the corresponding cash moves in or out of the company.
This is best explained by way of example. Suppose that a corporate customer places an order with SourceGear for one copy of our product. Here's what usually happens:
Accrual accounting is the major reason why we need a cash flow statement. Non-cash income and non-cash expenses can give us a false impression of how the company is doing. The cash flow statement filters out all the fuzziness that arises from accrual accounting and agricultural barter, giving management a clear picture of cash.
OK, that's enough about accounting. I've only scratched the surface of this topic. If you remember nothing else, do grab onto the most important concept here:
Cash is king. It is possible to consistently make a profit and still run out of cash.
It's 2003. It is no longer appropriate to pigeonhole individuals and make assumptions on the basis of their gender, race, or religion. We are an advanced and civilized society, and we have outgrown that kind of narrow thinking about people.
However, it is still perfectly acceptable to pigeonhole companies according to stereotype and make the corresponding assumptions. In fact, it's kind of fun.
Personally, I like to broadly categorize companies according to their gross profit margin. This is a really important concept when thinking about any business. Let's define some terms:
For example, let's suppose I am buying sweaters for $12 and selling them for $24. My gross profit per shirt is $12, and my gross profit margin is 50%. This is a standard markup level in the apparel industry. The price tag on clothing is usually twice whatever the retailer paid for it.
Note that "gross profit" is quite different from the "net profit" figure that shows up on the bottom line of the income statement. Net profit is what you get when you take gross profit and subtract all the other costs of running the business. Except for the old joke about the guy who loses money on every sale and makes it up on volume, gross profit is always a positive number. On the other hand, net profit is positive only if you do a good job running your company.
Gross profit margins tend to vary widely across industries. The lowest margins are in markets where all the products are commodities. I define a commodity market as one where all the products are basically the same:
These are commodities. As a consumer, I might accept small price differences, but any time the gap grows too large, I will choose the cheaper item, since the products are the same anyway. In commodity markets, gross profit margins are usually quite small.
Let's talk about these ideas in the context of a small ISV. Many software products sell for a gross profit that seems ridiculously high. For example, our SourceOffSite product sells for $239 per license, but the actual cost of the CD is just a few dollars. The gross profit margin on this product is somewhere in the ballpark of 97%. Note that our net profit is a lot lower, since we have to pay the programmers who develop the product. Programmer time for a software product is not included in "cost of goods". If we sell a hundred copies of our product or a million, the cost of developing that product is essentially the same. Software product companies usually operate at a high gross profit margin.
In contrast, custom software development or consulting has a lower margin, because programmer time is included as cost of revenues. For every hour of time we charge, we have to pay an hour's wage to the developer who performed the work.
Gross profit margins are obviously not established by any authority. They simply tend to settle at the lowest level where people can be successful. Some industries have higher operating costs or higher risks, and these industries tend to operate at higher gross profit margins. For example, the gross margin on sweaters might be 50% while the gross margin on milk is 4%. There are many reasons for this, but one of the important ones is that the clothing retailer has to assume more risk in carrying inventory. Grocers carry inventory too, but they don't tend to get stuck with lots of excess milk and bananas that won't sell because they went out of style.
Like I said above, you can understand a lot about a company if you know roughly what its gross margins are. For example, understanding gross margin is the key to explaining why most open source companies tend to struggle. Fanatics can argue all day about whether or not open source business models work. Clearly they can, as there are several very impressive companies whose products are available as open source.
However, just as I mentioned last month, this is a situation where the typical programmer's black-and-white thinking doesn't help us find smart answers. The wrong question is "Do open source business ever work?" The right question is "Does an open source approach makes the business of software easier or harder?"
From a strictly financial perspective, I think open source makes things harder. An open source product is a commodity. Your version of Linux is essentially the same as mine. If you try to charge too much of a premium, I will undercut you on price, and people will start getting Linux from me instead. Open source companies tend to operate at lower gross margins. That doesn't mean that open source can never work as a business model. However, no matter what anybody says, if two companies have the same risks and operational costs, the low-margin company is a lot harder to manage than the high-margin company.
OK. We've covered a bunch of fundamentals, so let's talk about a topic that is dear to the heart of every entrepreneur: How to get funding.
Actually, scratch that. The topic of "how to get funding" is extremely well discussed in lots of other places. Over and over, I see seminars and workshops being offered to help entrepreneurs find the money they apparently need to start a company. Much more rare is the seminar which helps entrepreneurs figure out if outside funding is appropriate at all.
I realize what I'm about to say is heresy to some, but I think new companies should spend less time figuring out how to get funding and more time deciding if they should get funding. There are other ways to get a company started. Getting money from investors is not always the best approach.
I fully admit that many types of companies simply cannot be built without significant start-up capital. However, there are always pros and cons involved in the decision to have investors (or creditors), and I'm not sure the cons get enough attention.
When building or growing a company, you face two basic choices:
Like I said, there are pros and cons. The "pro" side of funding is obvious. Cash is king.
The "con" side of funding is the fact that the criteria for success are different for companies with outside funding.
A company with no investors or creditors has a simple definition of success. The company can stay in business as long as it is not losing money and never runs out of cash.
For a company with investors, the bar of success is higher and harder to jump over. If the company merely breaks even, making no profit and incurring no losses, there will be no way to repay the investors. This brings me to Eric's Law of Company Funding:
For a company that was built with somebody else's money, operating at break-even is failure.
It doesn't matter whether your investors loaned you money or used it to buy stock in your company. Cash always comes with strings attached. Debt comes with different strings than equity, but both come with obligations that cannot be ignored. Eventually, your company has to make enough profit to repay your investors or creditors. The more money you took from other people, the more profit you have to make.
My favorite example of a funding disaster is Webvan. The basic concept of this dotcom was to be an online grocery store with same-day delivery. Visit Webvan's Web site to place an order. A few hours later, somebody shows up at your door with milk and bananas. Cool idea.
The problem was not with the idea, but with the implementation. Webvan built an enormous distribution infrastructure. The total amount of outside capital invested in Webvan was in the neighborhood of a billion dollars.
Stop and think about that for a moment. We're talking about a business that sells food. Food is the ultimate commodity market. There is no industry that has tighter margins than food. It is unlikely that Webvan could have ever repaid a billion dollar investment from the profits on selling food. What were these investors thinking?
As they say, hindsight is 20/20.
Even though the Webvan example is rather large, we can apply its lesson in the small. Before taking investment money, think long and hard about how your investors will get their money back.
I'll close this edition of the "Business of Software Cliché Festival" with the reminder that there is no free lunch. The cash you get from funding can increase the likelihood of success, but the obligations you get from that funding also increase the likelihood of failure.
Like I said at the start of this piece, nothing here should be construed as financial advice. Every entrepreneur needs to find a financial expert to give advice, and that person is definitely not me.
But even as I observe that it can be foolish to make major decisions without consulting accountants and attorneys, I must admit that getting advice from these folks can involve a different kind of risk. I will close this article with one final caveat.
There is often a big impedance mismatch between the world of accountants and the world of software. You don't fully understand their world, and they don't fully understand yours. Depending on your geographic region, there is a good chance your accountant or attorney is more familiar with traditional industries than with the business of software.
If your legal or financial expert does not have a software background, move carefully. Consider his or her advice and decide whether it makes sense in a small ISV. Explain the special constraints of software businesses and how they differ from selling corn, cars, or carpet. This may slow you down a bit, but there's no point in paying for advice that isn't applicable to your situation.
Eric Sink is the non-legendary founder of SourceGear, a developer tools ISV located in Illinois. For recreation, Eric relaxes by moving golf balls from various retail establishments to the bottom of water hazards on the second hole at the nearby golf course. His weblog is at https://ericsink.com/.
This article originally appeared on the MSDN website.


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{% extends 'base.html'%} {% import 'bootstrap/wtf.html' as wtf%} {% block content %} {% for comment in comments %}
{{comment.posted }}


This event is a {{eventtype}}, located at {{location}}. This event starts at: {{startdate}} and ends at: {{enddate}}.


Therapist: {{ r.therapist.name }}
Reviewed on: {{ r.created_ts|date:"F d, Y" }}
Gender: {{ r.gender.all|join:"," }}
{% endif %} {% if r.sexual_orientation.all %}Sexual Orientation: {{ r.sexual_orientation.all|join:"," }}
{% endif %} {% if r.ethnicity.all %}Ethnicity: {{ r.ethnicity.all|join:"," }}
{% endif %} {% if r.identity.all %}Identity: {{ r.identity.all|join:"," }}
{% endif %}
For what type of care did you visit this therapist?
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{{ r.duration|linebreaksbr }}
How do you feel your visit went?
{{ r.feeling|linebreaksbr }}
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{{ r.identity_related_comment|linebreaksbr }}
What did your therapist recommend?
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What ongoing strategies did you and your therapist use?
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multivariate¶
| Title: | Multivariate Linear Regression. |
|---|
@author: Bhishan Poudel
@date: Sep 22, 2017
@email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The cost function is given by
Minimizing the cost function w.r.t. w gives the solution:
-
multivariate.
check_results
(y_train, x1_train)[source]¶ Multivariate Regression with statsmodels.api
Parameters: - y_train (float) – target column vector of floats.
- x1_train (array) – features+1 dimensional numpy array
This fits the multivariate linear regression in four lines:
import statsmodels.api as sm model = sm.OLS(y_train, x1_train) result = model.fit() print (result.summary())
-
multivariate.
compute_rmse
(X, t, w)[source]¶ Compute the RMSE.
RMSE is the root mean square error.
h is the hypothesis.
To find the norm of the residual matrix h-t we may use the code:
# inner1d is the fastest subroutine. from numpy.core.umath_tests import inner1d np.sqrt(inner1d(h-t,h-t)) # We can also use another method: ht_norm = np.linalg.norm(h - t)
-
multivariate.
read_data
(infile)[source]¶ Read the datafile.
Parameters: infile (str) – path to datafile
-
multivariate.
train
(X1, t)[source]¶ Train the data and return the weights w.
Parameters: - X1 (array) – Design matrix of size (m+1, n). I.e. There are m features and one bias column in the matrix X1.
- t (column) – target column vector
Note
Here the design matrix X1 should have one extra bias term.
Warning
The operator @ requires python >= 3.5


My role
Design process
We followed the process of Lean Service Creation. The project started by understanding the customer's business objectives. Then we interviewed district heating companies and board members of limited liability housing companies to understand their painpoints and needs.
We did a short version of Google Sprint and ideated few concepts based on insights we had gained. The final concept was validated with real users using fake-ads and interviews. For example we distributed brochures for the residents of housing company.
Result
Our final concept was to provide Leanheat's solution as a part of the district heating. The idea was that the housing companies would get a new upgraded district heating product by updating their current contracts. With this solution it would be possible to bypass the decision making about a new investment.
Aftermath
My build-measure-learn mindset became stronger and I gained a lot of domain information from a complex business scenario. Leanheat was super impressed with our validation and they gained important insights from private housing companies. The solution was described as simple yet effective.


Class: CocoapodsRepoSq::Source
- Inherits:
-
Pod::Source
- Object
- Pod::Source
- CocoapodsRepoSq::Source
- Defined in:
- lib/cocoapods_repo_sq/source.rb
Overview
Class responsible of managing a collection of podspecs and pods hosted at a Square SDK repository. Files are accessed via HTTPS with Basic HTTP Authentication RFC7617
Instance Attribute Summary collapse
-
#repository ⇒ Repository
readonly
An object representing a Square SDK repository.
Instance Method Summary collapse
-
#initialize(repository) ⇒ Source
constructor
A new instance of Source.
Constructor Details
#initialize(repository) ⇒ Source
Returns a new instance of Source
37 38 39 40 |
# File 'lib/cocoapods_repo_sq/source.rb', line 37 def initialize(repository) @repository = repository super(repository.path) end |
Instance Attribute Details
#repository ⇒ Repository (readonly)
Returns an object representing a Square SDK repository
31 32 33 |
# File 'lib/cocoapods_repo_sq/source.rb', line 31 def repository @repository end |


NICK OF TIME 1995 A film review by Timothy Voon Copyright 1997 Timothy Voon
Cast: Johnny Depp, Christopher Walken, Roma Maffia, Charles S. Dutton, Marsha Mason Director: John Badham Screenplay: Patrick Sheane Duncan
As the minutes tick away, we get older each day. This is a ‘real time' movie so let's do this review real time.
12.00pm Depp arrives at the train station with his daughter. (The door bell rings, it's the Jehovah Witnesses.  ‘Kill the governor, or your little girl dies!' (Phone call. It's a survey on cars. Do I like B.M.W.s, Mercedes, or Porsches? I like Toyotas thank-you very much).
12.30pm Depp arrives at the hotel with Walken breathing down his neck. (Time for a toilet break.)
12.45pm The Governor's in the lift. Here's Depp's opportunity to shoot her, but the gun's not loaded. (What shall I have for lunch? Pizza? Kentucky? MacDonald's?  Depp's just missed his second opportunity to kill the governor. The conspiracy unfolds. (Pause button. Home made Italian - Bolognese in the microwave. Ugggh!)
1.15pm Depp and the governor have a heart to heart at gun point. (Dry cleaning, groceries, return the videos and work tomorrow! And there's still a million and one things to do today.)
1.30m Finale. Finally. (Now of to the gym before it closes for renovations, and I got there in the nick of time!)
Ever feel like you were being rushed to finish something. Well that's what this movie feels like. Too much time focussed on the clock ticking away, and not enough time spent thinking through the mechanics of the movie.
Solid performances by Depp and Walken. An original concept, and occasionally tense.
Timothy Voon e-mail<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


{% load static %}
The Tetrahedron is a platform made by the department of Computer Science & Engineering / Information Technology in Collaboration with Computer Society Of India(CSI), in order to explore and showcase the talent of all the students. It's just to bring out smart and creative students at one place, where they are able to gain knowledge and at the same time they can compete with others.
This event include solving competiting problem based on C,C++,Java (You can use any of languages mentioned here)
This include 2 events : (C,C++),(JAVA),(PYTHON),(DBMS,OS)
The Topic will be given on the spot. So be prepared!
This include 2 events : web designing and Android Layout designing
This Events include games like Pubg(solo) , Need For speed and Counter Strike 1.6
Click above link to Download!
Mitul
Rishab
Ravi


#MovieMoney: French police warn of fake bank notes in circulation
by Luke HurstFrench police say they have seen an increase in the circulation of fake bank notes, warning the public to be vigilant.
The fake euro notes are film props, and while at first glance they look like genuine tender, they have a message written across one end stating: “This is not legal. It is to be used for motion props”.
The Gendarmerie for the Haute-Savoie region in eastern France warned it had been seeing the notes in circulation for a few weeks.
"For a few weeks now, we have been seeing the circulation of MovieMoney, counterfeit tickets used for the movie theatre that are quite close to the real ones and that deceive merchants. Be Vigilant" the police warned on Twitter.
A quick search online comes up with dozens of results for buying "movie money" bank notes, suggesting they are easily obtained and entered into circulation.
Earlier this year Spanish police launched a campaign on social media instructing people to "TOUCH, TURN AND LOOK!", as a way to ensure the bank notes they had were genuine.


@import controllers.Building @(buildings: List[Building]) @main("World's tallest buildings") { @buildings.size @for( building <- buildings ) { @building.name, @{building.height}m }


• Establish annual and monthly sales objectives, by team, in coordination with thecompany’s business plan. Supervising, guiding and motivating a team of 10 persons, sales, presales, operations, credits/recovery, logistic and marketing.
• Work with Marketing to ensure consistent lead generation.
• Hire high-performing sales people according to HR staffing guidelines.
• Manage day-to-day performance of all sales team members and deliver reviews.
• Track sales team metrics and report data to leadership on a regular basis.
• Coach and develop direct reports
*  Establish annual and monthly sales objectives, by team, in coordination with thecompany’s business plan. Supervising, guiding and motivating a team of 10 persons, sales, presales, operations, credits/recovery, logistic and marketing.
• Work with Marketing to ensure consistent lead generation.
• Hire high-performing sales people according to HR staffing guidelines.
• Manage day-to-day performance of all sales team members and deliver reviews.
• Track sales team metrics and report data to leadership on a regular basis.
• Coach and develop direct reports
• Work with all levels in prospect, from the CEO to the Systems Engineer.
• Commercial management of customer portfolio: Customer visits, negotiation.
• Commercial management of customer portfolio: Customer visits, negotiation.
• Participate in the National & International workshop events.
• Complete business forecasts and activity reports to senior management.
• Prospecting: Recruiting new customers and / or development of Salicru productsto existing customers.
• Manage all aspects of the sales process from cold calling to closing.
• Coordination with marketing department to meet the development needs of its customers: contributions,
promotions, catalogs, bundles...
• Establish annual and monthly sales objectives, by team, in coordination with thecompany’s business plan.
• Supervising, guiding and motivating a team of 15 persons, sales, presales, operations, credits/recovery, logistic and marketing.
• Work with Marketing to ensure consistent lead generation.
• Hire high-performing salespeople according to HR staffing guidelines.
• Manage day-to-day performance of all sales team members and deliver reviews.
• Track sales team metrics and report data to leadership on a regular basis.
• Coach and develop direct reports.
• Prospect and recruit new partners in region.
• Customer POC / Cisco Advanced technologies solutions.
• Analyze customer needs , quote required IT solutions.
• Establish strategies that will result in increased sales (both existing and new customers). Penetrate customer accounts at the manager/director levels ...
• Establish direct relationships with partners to maximize revenue opportunities and position Cisco Solutions (Hard, Soft and Service).
• Primary point of contact for Partner for driving sales activity.
• Build, drive & close funnel with Partners and distributors.
• Responsible for forecasting accuracy and updating SF.com.
• Leverage & share available intelligence to drive growth within the Partners (via upsell, cross-sell activities) ...
• Ensure the daily activity report of my team (15 agents).
• Implement action plans to improve performance (individual and group).
• Make supervisions and evaluations quality assessments.
• Conduct regular analysis and establish actions plans to meet agreed targets.
• Make sure my team is properly trained and informed about the products and process, check they are applied to achieve qualitative and quantitative targets.
• Administrative follow up (schedules, holidays, plan progress, discipline ...)
• Manage sales of DELL solutions for SMB in French market.
• Participate in the development of online and offline business by implementing all necessary processes to better serve our services for our customers.
• Review weekly and monthly performance with team members (results, problems, measurement objectives, performance improvement action plan to meet objectives...)
• Accountable for the day-to-day sales activities to reach targets: revenue, margin, growth ...
• Understand well the strategy and be able to translate it to an action plan.
• Collaborate across the various CSB go-to markets strategies to better serve the customers: Chat, Queue, Outbound & a relationship environment // Direct & Channel.
• Ensure resolution of trade issues affecting satisfaction and DELL image.
• Recruit new sales representatives if necessary. Etc.
• Provide sales representatives with necessary technical support to enhance detection of enterprise opportunities and respond to technical and financial constraints of the clients first time.
• Establish documents and internal procedure for the validation controls.
• Assist the sales force in its negotiations until the conclusion of business.
• Monitor the performance of commercial (individual and group).
• Coaches and supports account managers to improve and drive Bid detectionincluding providing feedback and identifying development opportunities & Closing.
• Fixing performance plan and support for commercial Low performers.
• Monitor business performance metrics on a daily basis.
• Build relationships with customers and channel partners based on knowledge of Dells technology as well as the customer business environment.
• Effectively articulates Dell Solution approach and Value proposition of Dell as End to End Solution provider to customers and channel partners.
• Recommends business solutions considering customer needs and Dell interests.
• Stays informed of current industry trends and applies them to the customer businessenvironment to help solve specific customer challenges in targeted industries.
• Makes decision based on an appropriate amount of information/data analysis andbrings up new ideas and innovations to be considered for the customer as a trusted advisor.


Get It Adventures: Bungee Jumping Video
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Test "fly away" away animation
Reset CSS rules
Big blue div
Split this into spans, and fry sweet potatoes and yams, then take a photo with a cam, and ride a camel to hunt lambs. Sam I am, I will not eat green eggs and spans.
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NTUC First Campus (NFC) is a leading player in Singapore’s Early Childhood Care and Education sector, with a workforce committed to shaping the lives and moulding the minds of young children. Since 1977, we have been building strong ties and nurturing honest relationships with parents and our staff throughout the children’s learning journey to bring out their full potential.
The use of organic shapes in the background convey the authenticity and spontaneity of children. Their dynamic forms and collective energy symbolise the collaboration and strong bonds that co-exist between staff, child and parents for the child’s learning journey to take shape.
The growth and development of a child takes place at home and at school, so a child’s education is not complete without the support of the parents. That is why at NFC, we believe in fostering responsive teacher-parent relationships based on care, trust and respect as the cornerstone to the children’s holistic development.
At NFC, our teachers and support staff play a critical role in our growth, from the custodial care and education of our children to delivering social impact. Harnessing their passion and creativity, we provide them with opportunities for development and progression through a strong learning culture so that they can have meaningful careers and to inspire the lives of future generations of children.
Every child deserves equal access to quality pre-school education and the opportunities to enjoy positive school experiences. From building friendships to learning about the world around them, we bring assurance to the families and the children will have the confidence and compassion to be school-ready and life-ready.
NFC spares no efforts in providing the best learning environment for our children. As an industry leader striving for excellence and pushing the frontiers of innovation in early childhood education, we will invest to build up quality curriculum, infrastructure and learning resources for our children to have a love for learning and to positively impact their lives beyond their pre-school years.
NFC prides itself as a pioneer and change agent that is responsive to industry changes and ready to seize emerging opportunities. By pushing boundaries and venturing into new grounds, we will gain from new exposure and insights to strengthen our position as a leading practice and thought leader in the ECCE sector.


module Bigarray: sig .. end
Large, multi-dimensional, numerical arrays.
This module implements multi-dimensional arrays of integers and
floating-point numbers, thereafter referred to as 'big arrays'.
The implementation allows efficient sharing of large numerical
arrays between OCaml code and C or Fortran numerical libraries.
Concerning the naming conventions, users of this module are encouraged
to do open Bigarray;
in their source, then refer to array types and
operations via short dot notation, e.g. Array1.t
or Array2.sub
.
Big arrays support all the OCaml ad-hoc polymorphic operations:
Element kinds
Element kinds
Big arrays can contain elements of the following kinds:
- IEEE single precision (32 bits) floating-point numbers
(
Bigarray.float32_elt
),
- IEEE double precision (64 bits) floating-point numbers
(
Bigarray.float64_elt
),
- IEEE single precision (2 * 32 bits) floating-point complex numbers
(
Bigarray.complex32_elt
),
- IEEE double precision (2 * 64 bits) floating-point complex numbers
(
Bigarray.complex64_elt
),
- 8-bit integers (signed or unsigned)
(
Bigarray.int8_signed_elt
or Bigarray.int8_unsigned_elt
),
- 16-bit integers (signed or unsigned)
(
Bigarray.int16_signed_elt
or Bigarray.int16_unsigned_elt
),
- OCaml integers (signed, 31 bits on 32-bit architectures,
63 bits on 64-bit architectures) (
Bigarray.int_elt
),
- 32-bit signed integer (
Bigarray.int32_elt
),
- 64-bit signed integers (
Bigarray.int64_elt
),
- platform-native signed integers (32 bits on 32-bit architectures,
64 bits on 64-bit architectures) (
Bigarray.nativeint_elt
).
Each element kind is represented at the type level by one of the
*_elt
types defined below (defined with a single constructor instead
of abstract types for technical injectivity reasons).
type float32_elt =
type float64_elt =
type int8_signed_elt =
type int8_unsigned_elt =
type int16_signed_elt =
type int16_unsigned_elt =
type int32_elt =
type int64_elt =
type int_elt =
type nativeint_elt =
type complex32_elt =
type complex64_elt =
type ('a, 'b) kind =
| |
Float32 : (float, float32_elt) kind |
| |
Float64 : (float, float64_elt) kind |
| |
Int8_signed : (int, int8_signed_elt) kind |
| |
Int8_unsigned : (int, int8_unsigned_elt) kind |
| |
Int16_signed : (int, int16_signed_elt) kind |
| |
Int16_unsigned : (int, int16_unsigned_elt) kind |
| |
Int32 : (int32, int32_elt) kind |
| |
Int64 : (int64, int64_elt) kind |
| |
Int : (int, int_elt) kind |
| |
Nativeint : (nativeint, nativeint_elt) kind |
| |
Complex32 : (Complex.t, complex32_elt) kind |
| |
Complex64 : (Complex.t, complex64_elt) kind |
| |
Char : (char, int8_unsigned_elt) kind |
let float32: kind(float, float32_elt);
let float64: kind(float, float64_elt);
let complex32: kind(Complex.t, complex32_elt);
let complex64: kind(Complex.t, complex64_elt);
let int8_signed: kind(int, int8_signed_elt);
let int8_unsigned: kind(int, int8_unsigned_elt);
let int16_signed: kind(int, int16_signed_elt);
let int16_unsigned: kind(int, int16_unsigned_elt);
let int: kind(int, int_elt);
let int32: kind(int32, int32_elt);
let int64: kind(int64, int64_elt);
let nativeint: kind(nativeint, nativeint_elt);
let char: kind(char, int8_unsigned_elt);
As shown by the types of the values above,
big arrays of kind
float32_elt
and
float64_elt
are
accessed using the OCaml type
float
. Big arrays of complex kinds
complex32_elt
,
complex64_elt
are accessed with the OCaml type
Complex.t
. Big arrays of
integer kinds are accessed using the smallest OCaml integer
type large enough to represent the array elements:
int
for 8- and 16-bit integer bigarrays, as well as OCaml-integer
bigarrays;
int32
for 32-bit integer bigarrays;
int64
for 64-bit integer bigarrays; and
nativeint
for
platform-native integer bigarrays. Finally, big arrays of
kind
int8_unsigned_elt
can also be accessed as arrays of
characters instead of arrays of small integers, by using
the kind value
char
instead of
int8_unsigned
.
Array layouts
type c_layout =
type fortran_layout =
Supported layouts
The GADT type 'a layout
represents one of the two supported
memory layouts: C-style or Fortran-style. Its constructors are
re-exported as values below for backward-compatibility reasons.
type 'a layout =
| |
C_layout : c_layout layout |
| |
Fortran_layout : fortran_layout layout |
let c_layout: layout(c_layout);
let fortran_layout: layout(fortran_layout);
Generic arrays (of arbitrarily many dimensions)
module Genarray: sig .. end
One-dimensional arrays
module Array1: sig .. end
One-dimensional arrays.
Two-dimensional arrays
module Array2: sig .. end
Two-dimensional arrays.
Three-dimensional arrays
module Array3: sig .. end
Three-dimensional arrays.
 Raise Invalid_argument
if the generic big array
does not have exactly one dimension.
let array2_of_genarray: Genarray.t('a, 'b, 'c) => Array2.t('a, 'b, 'c);
Return the two-dimensional big array corresponding to the given
generic big array. Raise Invalid_argument
if the generic big array
does not have exactly two dimensions.
let array3_of_genarray: Genarray.t('a, 'b, 'c) => Array3.t('a, 'b, 'c);
Return the three-dimensional big array corresponding to the given
generic big array. Raise Invalid_argument
if the generic big array
does not have exactly three dimensions.
Re-shaping big arrays
let reshape: (Genarray.t('a, 'b, 'c), array(int)) => Genarray.t('a, 'b, 'c);
reshape b [|d1;...;dN|]
converts the big array b
to a
N
-dimensional array of dimensions d1
...dN
. The returned
array and the original array b
share their data
and have the same layout. For instance, assuming that b
is a one-dimensional array of dimension 12, reshape b [|3;4|]
returns a two-dimensional array b'
of dimensions 3 and 4.
If b
has C layout, the element (x,y)
of b'
corresponds
to the element x * 3 + y
of b
. If b
has Fortran layout,
the element (x,y)
of b'
corresponds to the element
x + (y - 1) * 4
of b
.
The returned big array must have exactly the same number of
elements as the original big array b
. That is, the product
of the dimensions of b
must be equal to i1 * ... * iN
.
Otherwise, Invalid_argument
is raised.
let reshape_1: (Genarray.t('a, 'b, 'c), int) => Array1.t('a, 'b, 'c);
Specialized version of
Bigarray.reshape
for reshaping to
one-dimensional arrays.
let reshape_2: (Genarray.t('a, 'b, 'c), int, int) => Array2.t('a, 'b, 'c);
Specialized version of
Bigarray.reshape
for reshaping to
two-dimensional arrays.
let reshape_3: (Genarray.t('a, 'b, 'c), int, int, int) => Array3.t('a, 'b, 'c);
Specialized version of
Bigarray.reshape
for reshaping to
three-dimensional arrays.