COM2108 Functional Programming
| Summary |
This module introduces the principles of functional programming, using the Haskell programming language. It introduces types and classes, function
definitions, list comprehension, recursive and higher order functions, eager and lazy evaluation, and basic data types. |
| Session |
Autumn 2018/19 |
| Credits |
10 |
| Assessment |
- Assessment will be 100% Coursework. Coursework will be 100% based on programming assignments designed to cover all learning outcomes. Typically the programming
assignment will be split into two or three sub-stages.
|
| Lecturer(s) |
Professor Philip Green |
| Resources |
|
| Aims |
This unit aims to:
- develop an understanding of types, values, functions and expressions;
- develop an understanding of programming as the simplification of expressions;
- develop an understanding of recursion and recursive function design;
- introduce notions of pattern matching, algebraic data types, lazy programming;
- introduce the concepts of partial application and higher-order functional
programming;
- enhance recursive, parametric and higher-order programming skills.
|
| Objectives |
By the end of the unit, a candidate will be able to:
- understand the functional model in which a program is a set of nested expressions;
- be skilled in the design of recursive functions using base and recursive cases;
- understand the use of partial and higher-order function application techniques;
- be skilled in the construction of practical, declarative and modular programs;
|
| Content |
Basic functional programming and Haskell [6 lectures]
- Introduction to functional programming: functions, parameters, arguments, binding, environments and types;
- Built-in types such as Integers, Reals and Lists;
- Recursive function definitions: tail recursion and general recursion;
- Function definition using multiple equations, patterns and guards.
Further topics in functional programming: [ 6 lectures ]
- Anonymous functions;
- Higher order functions;
- User-defined data structures and type classes.
Advanced functional programming: [ 6 lectures ]
- Top-down design and bottom-up implementation of functional programs;
- Algebraic data types
- Partial function application
- Lazy Programming
- Function Composition
- The IO Monad
|
| Teaching Method |
- There will be up to 3 lectures per week, with not more than 18 lectures in all.
- As well as the lectures there will be drop-in sessions as required.
- Practical work will develop the ability to define recursive algorithms to solve problems and design Haskell programs to implement these algorithms.
|
| Feedback |
Assignments marked using published criteria, submission
commented and returned by MOLE within 3 weeks. |
| Recommended Reading |
- Bryan O'Sullivan, Don Stewart and John Goerzen, "Real World Haskell", O'Reilly Media, 2008. Free online access to full text at http://book.realworldhaskell.org/
- Graham Hutton, "Programming in Haskell", Cambridge University Press, Second Edition, 2016.
- Simon Thompson, "Haskell: The Craft of Functional Programming", (Second Edition). Addison- Wesley, 1999.
|
|


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Deploying via Continuous Integration
This live MirageOS website is written as a MirageOS application itself, with the source code on mirage/mirage-www on GitHub. Our workflow is such that we can send a pull request to update the website, and have a fully standalone Xen kernel committed into the binary mirage/mirage-www-deployment repository.
This all works by installing a fresh MirageOS installation for each change committed to the website, and rebuilding the entire website unikernel from scratch (a process that takes around 5-7 minutes without any parallel building). We use the free Travis Continuous Integration for automating all of this, so that we don’t need to host any servers to go from pull request to a deployed cloud.
Getting started with Travis
First, log into Travis and sign in via your GitHub credentials. Click on the Accounts button on the top-right and you should see a list of the all the GitHub repositories that you have access to. Just click the On switch for the one you want to start testing (in our case, mirage/mirage-www). Nothing will actually happen until the next code push or pull request goes to that repository. Behind the scenes, the On button that you clicked use the GitHub APIs to turn on the Travis post-commit hook for your repository.
Create a .travis.yml
file in your main repository that references the
OCaml Travis CI Skeleton
Mirage
script. Travis doesn’t have native support for OCaml, but it isn’t really needed
since we can just use the C
mode and write our own shell scripts. The env
variables define a matrix of the different combinations of MirageOS backends
that we want to test. Just remove variations that you don’t care about to avoid
wasting Travis’ CPU time (open source projects are supported on a fair-use basis
by them).
Here’s the first part of the .travis.yml
used by
mirage/mirage-www:
language: c
install: wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ocaml/ocaml-travisci-skeleton/master/.travis-mirage.sh
script: bash -ex .travis-mirage.sh
env:
matrix:
- OCAML_VERSION=4.02 MIRAGE_BACKEND=unix MIRAGE_NET=socket
- OCAML_VERSION=4.02 MIRAGE_BACKEND=unix MIRAGE_NET=direct
- OCAML_VERSION=4.02 MIRAGE_BACKEND=xen DEPLOY=1 XENIMG="openmirage.org"
IP="<IP_ADDRESS>" NETMASK="<IP_ADDRESS>" GATEWAYS="<IP_ADDRESS>"
TLS=0 HOST="openmirage.org" REDIRECT="https://mirage.io"
UPDATE_GCC_BINUTILS=1
- OCAML_VERSION=4.02 MIRAGE_BACKEND=xen DEPLOY=1 XENIMG="mirage.io"
IP="<IP_ADDRESS>" NETMASK="<IP_ADDRESS>" GATEWAYS="<IP_ADDRESS>"
TLS=1 HOST="mirage.io" SECRETS=fat
UPDATE_GCC_BINUTILS=1
This is followed by a set of global
secure
keys that we’ll come back to
below when talking about deployment.
Every pull request and commit to the mirage-www repository then triggers a set of test builds via Travis CI, ensuring we consistently build for the range of MirageOS backends. Each build runs in a separate VM provisioned by the Travis infrastructure, invoking the .travis-mirage.sh script, which begins:
# If a fork of these scripts is specified, use that GitHub user instead
fork_user=${FORK_USER:-ocaml}
# If a branch of these scripts is specified, use that branch instead of 'master'
fork_branch=${FORK_BRANCH:-master}
### Bootstrap
set -uex
get() {
wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/${fork_user}/ocaml-travisci-skeleton/${fork_branch}/$@
}
TMP_BUILD=$(mktemp -d)
cd ${TMP_BUILD}
get .travis-ocaml.sh
sh .travis-ocaml.sh
export OPAMYES=1
eval $(opam config env)
This fetches and executes the .travis-ocaml.sh script which installs the requested version of OCaml, various native packages we will need, and the latest OPAM from an Ubuntu package repository we maintain.
The script then continues:
opam install ocamlfind
get yorick.mli
get yorick.ml
get travis_mirage.ml
ocamlc.opt yorick.mli
ocamlfind ocamlc -c yorick.ml
ocamlfind ocamlc -o travis-mirage -package unix -linkpkg yorick.cmo travis_mirage.ml
cd -
${TMP_BUILD}/travis-mirage
This fetches a helper library,
yorick
,
and builds it; and finally fetches, builds and executes
travis_mirage.ml
with the environment variables defined in the
.travis.yml file. This piece
of OCaml sets the environment to use OPAM, installs any pins requested by
setting the variable PINS
in the .travis.yml
file (none in this case), and
then executes the following commands:
eval $(opam config env)
opam update -u
opam install mirage
MODE=$MIRAGE_BACKEND make configure
make build
The build is configured via variables set in the .travis.yml
(MIRAGE_BACKEND
, IP
, NETMASK
and so on), and then executed.
Pushing to the deployment repository
Builds occur for all the specified backends. One of these is the Xen backend,
the output of which must be pushed to the
deployment repository if the
build was triggered by a commit (not a pull request) to the main mirage-www
repo. To do so securely we use Travis’
support for encrypted environment variables.
The basic workflow is that you encrypt key/value pairs using a public key that
they publish per GitHub repository. Once registered, this is made available as a
decrypted environment variable within the Travis worker. You can use this to
transmit API keys or other authentication data that you need to commit to the
travis.yml
file, but obviously can’t leave on a public repository for the
world to see.
The small hitch with this whole scheme is that there’s a very small limit
of about 90 bytes or so for the size of each individual environment variable
that’s exported, and so you can’t just stash an SSH private key in there.
Instead, it needs to be Base64 encoded, split it up into multiple environment
variables of the right size, and then reassembled within the Travis VM. Rather
than deal with importable shell scripts between MacOS X and Linux, we provide
a small travis-senv
command-line tool to make this easier.
To use it, just opam install travis-senv
and follow the instructions on the
README at the homepage. The final
fragment of the
travis_mirage.ml,
having defined the following predicates:
let is_deploy = getenv_default "DEPLOY" "false" |> fuzzy_bool_of_string
let is_travis_pr =
getenv_default "TRAVIS_PULL_REQUEST" "false" |> fuzzy_bool_of_string
let have_secret =
getenv_default "XSECRET_default_0" "false" |> fuzzy_bool_of_string
let is_xen =
getenv_default "MIRAGE_BACKEND" "" |> function "xen" -> true | _ -> false
let travis_branch = getenv_default "TRAVIS_BRANCH" ""
…shows this in action:
if is_deploy && is_xen && have_secret && (not is_travis_pr) &&
travis_branch = "master"
then begin
let ssh_config = "Host mir-deploy github.com
\ Hostname github.com
\ StrictHostKeyChecking no
\ CheckHostIP no
\ UserKnownHostsFile=/dev/null"
in
export "XENIMG" "mir-${XENIMG:-$TRAVIS_REPO_SLUG#mirage/mirage-}.xen";
export "MIRDIR" "${MIRDIR:-src}";
export "DEPLOYD" "${TRAVIS_REPO_SLUG#*/}-deployment";
(* setup ssh *)
?| "opam install travis-senv";
?| "mkdir -p ~/.ssh";
?| "travis-senv decrypt > ~/.ssh/id_dsa";
?| "chmod 600 ~/.ssh/id_dsa";
?|~ "echo '%s' > ~/.ssh/config" ssh_config;
(* configure git for github *)
?| "git config --global user.email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>?| "git config --global user.name 'Travis the Build Bot'";
?| "git config --global push.default simple";
(* clone deployment repo *)
?| "git clone git@mir-deploy:${TRAVIS_REPO_SLUG}-deployment";
(* remove and recreate any existing image for this commit *)
?| "rm -rf $DEPLOYD/xen/$TRAVIS_COMMIT";
?| "mkdir -p $DEPLOYD/xen/$TRAVIS_COMMIT";
?| "cp $MIRDIR/$XENIMG $MIRDIR/config.ml $DEPLOYD/xen/$TRAVIS_COMMIT";
?| "bzip2 -9 $DEPLOYD/xen/$TRAVIS_COMMIT/$XENIMG";
?| "echo $TRAVIS_COMMIT > $DEPLOYD/xen/latest";
(* commit and push changes *)
?| "cd $DEPLOYD &&\
\ git add xen/$TRAVIS_COMMIT xen/latest &&\
\ git commit -m \"adding $TRAVIS_COMMIT for $MIRAGE_BACKEND\" &&\
\ git push"
end
(The ?|
and ?|~
operators are defined in yorick.ml
and act simply as shell
invocations piping stdin
/stdout
/stderr
in the usual way, with
success/failure tests on the status of each invoked command.)
While this fragment is a bit longer than the rest, it’s actually rather
straightforward. We install travis-senv
and use it to retrieve our SSH
deployment key (which is stored encrypted in the .travis.yml
file, and can
only be decrypted by the Travis infrastructure). Once that’s installed, we
initialise git
and clone the deployment repository. We then compress our
output unikernel, update the xen/latest
pointer to refer to the new unikernel,
commit everything, and push the results back.
Updating the live website
The live website runs on a Xen machine which has a crontab entry in dom0 that
polls the
mirage/mirage-www-deployment
repository for new content via git pull
. When new content is obtained, a
Git post-merge.hook
is invoked
which
stops the current unikernel and boots the newly updated latest version.
This machine doesn’t need to have any of the MirageOS tools installed, and if
there’s an error in an updated website, we can simply revert back to a previous
as previous binary revisions of the site remain in the deployment repository.
The same approach could be used to deploy to Heroku, Rackspace or EC2 instead of a custom Xen host; we’ll cover this in future updates.
(Note: This article is based on a similar blog post for general OCaml use available here.)


Verify that important security operations are logged. Some examples of important security operations are:
Logging security operations may help detect an attacker's presence if he tries to create unauthorized user accounts or make other unauthorized changes to the system.
Use the following steps to verify that important security operations are logged:
Define logging requirements. Make a list of critical security events that should be logged. Some examples are:
Identify code that implements security operations. For each important security operation on the list, make a list of functions that implement this operation.
Review code. Use the list of functions that implement important security operations to review code. When reviewing code, verify that each log entries are generated when important security operations take place. Make sure that both successful and failed events are logged. Use the list of important security operations and check off each security operation that generates log entries.
Perform the following actions to implement logging of important security operations:
Define logging requirements. Make a list of critical security events that should be logged. Some examples are:
Identify log entry details. For each important security operation on the list, make a list of details that should be included in the log entries. Some examples are:
Identify code that implements security operations. For each important security operation on the list, make a list of functions that implement this operation.
Identify the logging subsystem. The logging subsystem should provide an API that allows generating log entries from application code. If the API or the logging subsystem don't exist, write them. Make a list of functions that may be used to generate log entries and collect documentation about how to use them.
Add code that logs important security operations. Use the list of functions that implement important security operations to add code that generates log entries whenever these operations take place. Log both successful and failed events. Use the list of logging APIs when writing code that generates log entries. Use the list of log entry details when writing code that generates log entries to make sure that the log entries include all the relevant information.


Elise Penn
PhD Candidate
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling Group
Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences
Harvard University
Research Interests
I am currently a PhD student working with Daniel Jacob at Harvard University. I am interested in using satellite observations with atmospheric chemistry models to better understand what drives changes in air pollutants and greenhouse gasses. My current project uses a global inversion of methane observations in the shortwave infrared and thermal infrared ranges to separately constrain methane emissions and tropospheric OH.
Before graduate school, I worked with Tracey Holloway at the University of Wisconsin-Madison studying the diurnal cycle of nitrogen oxides with satellite observations. I also did summer research at the NOAA Geophyisical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory with Larry Horowitz and Vaishali Naik validating global NO2 in the GFDL-AM3 model, and at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory with Dr. Jennifer Newman studying atmospheric effects on wind turbine efficiency.
About Me
My family moved a lot while I was growing up (some places include north/south California, Wisconsin, and Oxford, UK). Of these, I feel the stongest connection to Milwaukee, WI, where I've spent the most time. I am a proud alumna of Milwaukee Public Schools.
My interest in the earth sciences started off on the "solid earth" side, when I majored in Geological Engineering at University of Wisconsin-Madison, and I still like to break out the geology books on road trips. My current hobbies include ceramics, hiking, camping, and video games.
Website template credit: github.com/yenchiah


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java.lang.Object org.apache.coyote.http11.InternalInputBuffer
Implementation of InputBuffer which provides HTTP request header parsing as well as transfer decoding.
| Nested Class Summary | |
protected class |
InternalInputBuffer.InputStreamInputBuffer
This class is an input buffer which will read its data from an input stream. |
| Field Summary | |
protected InputFilter[] |
activeFilters
Active filters (in order). |
protected char[] |
ascbuf
Pointer to the US-ASCII header buffer. |
protected byte[] |
bodyBuffer
HTTP body buffer. |
protected byte[] |
buf
Pointer to the current read buffer. |
protected InputFilter[] |
filterLibrary
Filter library. |
protected char[] |
headerBuffer
US-ASCII header buffer. |
protected byte[] |
headerBuffer1
HTTP header buffer no 1. |
protected byte[] |
headerBuffer2
HTTP header buffer no 2. |
protected MimeHeaders |
headers
Headers of the associated request. |
protected java.io.InputStream |
inputStream
Underlying input stream. |
protected InputBuffer |
inputStreamInputBuffer
Underlying input buffer. |
protected int |
lastActiveFilter
Index of the last active filter. |
protected int |
lastValid
Last valid byte. |
protected boolean |
parsingHeader
State. |
protected int |
pos
Position in the buffer. |
protected Request |
request
Associated Coyote request. |
protected static StringManager |
sm
The string manager for this package. |
protected boolean |
swallowInput
Swallow input ? (in the case of an expectation) |
| Constructor Summary | |
InternalInputBuffer(Request request)
Default constructor. |
|
InternalInputBuffer(Request request,
int headerBufferSize)
Alternate constructor. |
| Method Summary | |
void |
addActiveFilter(InputFilter filter)
Add an input filter to the filter library. |
void |
addFilter(InputFilter filter)
Add an input filter to the filter library. |
void |
clearFilters()
Clear filters. |
int |
doRead(ByteChunk chunk,
Request req)
Read some bytes. |
void |
endRequest()
End request (consumes leftover bytes). |
protected boolean |
fill()
Fill the internal buffer using data from the undelying input stream. |
InputFilter[] |
getFilters()
Get filters. |
java.io.InputStream |
getInputStream()
Get the underlying socket input stream. |
void |
nextRequest()
End processing of current HTTP request. |
boolean |
parseHeader()
Parse an HTTP header. |
void |
parseHeaders()
Parse the HTTP headers. |
void |
parseRequestLine()
Read the request line. |
void |
recycle()
Recycle the input buffer. |
void |
setInputStream(java.io.InputStream inputStream)
Set the underlying socket input stream. |
void |
setSwallowInput(boolean swallowInput)
Set the swallow input flag. |
| Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object |
clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait |
| Field Detail |
protected static StringManager sm
protected Request request
protected MimeHeaders headers
protected boolean parsingHeader
protected boolean swallowInput
protected byte[] buf
protected char[] ascbuf
protected int lastValid
protected int pos
protected byte[] headerBuffer1
protected byte[] headerBuffer2
protected byte[] bodyBuffer
protected char[] headerBuffer
protected java.io.InputStream inputStream
protected InputBuffer inputStreamInputBuffer
protected InputFilter[] filterLibrary
protected InputFilter[] activeFilters
protected int lastActiveFilter
| Constructor Detail |
public InternalInputBuffer(Request request)
public InternalInputBuffer(Request request, int headerBufferSize)
| Method Detail |
public void setInputStream(java.io.InputStream inputStream)
public java.io.InputStream getInputStream()
public void addFilter(InputFilter filter)
public InputFilter[] getFilters()
public void clearFilters()
public void addActiveFilter(InputFilter filter)
public void setSwallowInput(boolean swallowInput)
public void recycle()
public void nextRequest() throws java.io.IOException
java.io.IOException
public void endRequest() throws java.io.IOException
java.io.IOException
- an undelying I/O error occuredpublic void parseRequestLine() throws java.io.IOException
java.io.IOException
- If an exception occurs during the underlying socket
read operations, or if the given buffer is not big enough to accomodate
the whole line.public void parseHeaders() throws java.io.IOException
java.io.IOException
public boolean parseHeader() throws java.io.IOException
java.io.IOException
public int doRead(ByteChunk chunk, Request req) throws java.io.IOException
doRead
in interface InputBuffer
java.io.IOException
protected boolean fill() throws java.io.IOException
java.io.IOException
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Data management¶
DataLad is a software tool designed to help with anything related to the version control of of digital objects. Flexible storage options and means for retrieval and updating of data efficiently are crucial for data further usage. DataLad assists with storing and retrieving the data in a transparent and streamlined fashion, which aims to standardize data access and updates across hosting solutions.
Basics¶
DataLad enables you to improve access to data from various sources in the form of a distributed network by registering online sources or neuroscience data platforms (such as OpenNeuro) as useful metadata for files. Moreover, this tool separates the actual data retrieval of the file contents from the simplified metadata based representation of file names, allowing you to represent datasets of any scale at a fraction of their total size on disk while documenting and maintaining access to them.
For full access to the contents of any dataset, use the command % datalad get ...
which is specified in Command Line Reference in the DataLad documentation.
In order to share data sets, it can use the standard repository hosting infrastructure (GitHub, Bitbucket and others) as access points for data installation, without actually publishing the data content in these services, which allows it to have the height of the files.
Data storage¶
In progress.


File and Directory constraints perform tests on files or Directories as a string, as a FileInfo or as a DirectoryInfo.
Tests that a File or Directory exists.
FileOrDirectoryExistsConstraint()
Does.Exist Does.Not.Exist
IgnoreDirectories IgnoreFiles
Assert.That(fileStr, Does.Exist); Assert.That(dirStr, Does.Exist); Assert.That(fileStr, Does.Not.Exist); Assert.That(dirStr, Does.Not.Exist); Assert.That(new FileInfo(fileStr), Does.Exist); Assert.That(new DirectoryInfo(dirStr), Does.Exist);
Tests if a Directory is empty.
EmptyDirectoryConstraint()
Is.Empty
Assert.That(new DirectoryInfo(actual), Is.Empty); Assert.That(new DirectoryInfo(actual), Is.Not.Empty);


We all have intensely personal relationships with Google. The questions we ask of it can, in many ways, tell the story of our lives. Ranging from questions about our work to our hobbies to our fears, many people are honest with Google in a way they are with a select few. I recently found out that Google allows users to download a record of the search queries in easily digestible JSON, and I immediately knew that this would be the topic of my next blog post. Pretending that I know nothing about myself, what can I learn about my life by looking through my search history? In part one of this two-part post, I'll explore the general themes present in my queries. What words appear the most often in my searches? How have my searches changed over the past two years? How about over the course of a week? Let's find out.
Data
I was able to download a little less than two years worth of my search queries by following the guide here. Google provides individual JSON files for each financial quarter containing the timestamp and content of each query. Map queries are included as well. Unfortunately, they are not clearly labeled, so I was unable to exclude them. Direction queries, however, all contained '->', so I removed all queries containing that arrow.
The first query in my database was performed on July 28, 2013, and these data were collected on June 22, 2015. I'm not sure why Google only has two years worth of data available on me. Presumably, I deleted my entire history in July, 2013, though I don't remember doing so. While all the other datasets used on this blog have been publicly available or been made available by me, I am going to keep this dataset to myself for privacy reasons. In total, this dataset comprises 22,339 search queries.
Results
What words appear the most often in my searches?
For this exercise, I'm going to take a naive approach to the data. In other words, I'm going to pretend that I know nothing about myself. To start with, what words appear in my queries most often? As a pre-processing step for this question (and the questions below), I tokenized each query into individual words, removing punctuation. I also converted all words into lowercase to remove case conflicts. To calculate the frequency of each word, I simply used the Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK) object, FreqDist. For this analysis, I also removed common, uninformative, words, such as conjunctions and articles. Let's take a look at the fifty words that appear most often in my search queries.
A few themes immediately jump out. First and foremost, my most searched for word, by a large margin, is "matlab." As a neuroscientist working in academia, I spend the majority of my day coding in Matlab, so this makes sense. You can also see several other programming related words pop up with high frequency, including "python," "bash," "array," "html," and "list." We also see another theme: finance. Financial words abound, including "nasdaq," "nysearca," and "nyse." There are also words relating to video games (e.g., "xbox"), operating systems (e.g., "windows"), and baseball (e.g., "mlb").
It is also obvious that I live in Boston and attend Harvard, as "boston" and "ma" are two of the four most frequently used words, and "harvard" comes in at #16.
How have my searches changed over time?
From looking at the frequency distribution, I was able to tease out several obvious themes in my searches. Are searches for these themes constant throughout time, or has their frequency changed over the past two years? To find out, I binned the data into individual months, and counted the number of queries in each bucket containing words related to the theme of interest. As an example, for the "Web Development" theme, I included "html" and "css" as relevant search terms. Note that each query can only be counted once, so a query containing both of these words would not be double-counted. Below, I've plotted the number of matching queries over time for several of the above categories.
We can immediately see that all of these terms were searched for over short time periods, and not so much outside of that narrow window. I searched for "bash" a lot in late 2013 while I was learning how to use Orchestra, Harvard Medical School's high performance computing cluster for my research. Shortly thereafter, I developed an intense interest in finance and investing, which lasted through the early summer of 2014. I built this website in early February of this year, and therefore spent a lot of time searching for terms related to web development. Finally, I started learning python at the end of last year, and my searches related to that have continued, with a big peak when I undertook my first big project with python on clustering subreddits based on common word usage in March.
We can perform this same analysis for several other themes as well:
We can see that I searched a lot for "dog" in late summer, 2014, just before I rescued by dog, Dash, who's prominently featured in my about me page. We can also see two search themes with interesting cyclical patterns. First, my searches for baseball ebb and flow with the season, falling off after the World Series in October, picking up again during the Winter Meetings in December, and then finally coming back to life in anticipation of the season starting in April. You can also see that the long season takes a toll on me, as my interest wanes some in early summer before picking back up during the pennant races. My searches related to video games are also cyclical, peaking around E3 in June and the major releases in the fall.
How do my searches change over the course of a week?
Next, let's look at when in the week I most often search. We can visualize this as heat map, in which each row represents a day of the week, and each column represents an hour of the day. The color of each pixel corresponds to the number of matching queries. First, we can look at all of my searches to get a general idea of when I search the most:
As might be expected, we can see that I search most often during the work day and quite often in the evening, but very infrequently between the hours of 1AM and 8AM, when I'm usually asleep. On average, I search more frequently during the week, but not by a tremendous margin. There is also a single pocket on Tuesdays at 4PM. This lack of searches corresponds to my lab's weekly meeting. Now that we have an idea of what my general search patterns look like, let's look at specific themes. For example: the word, "matlab":
Because I use Matlab primarily for my research, I search for it most often during the day on weekdays. Apparently, I'm also substantially less productive on Fridays. Whoops. On the flip side, I use python primarily for this blog, and my side projects:
Here, we see an approximately inverted graph, with most of my searches relating to python occurring in the evenings during the week and during the day on weekends. A similar trend exists for operating systems, as I use a Windows 7 PC at lab, and a Mac at home.
Finally, let me leave you with my favorite plot from this analysis. When do I search for terms relating to video games?
Apparently, late afternoons during the week are tough for me, as I seem to usually take a break and search for video games, seemingly looking ahead to playing something when I get home.
Closing thoughts
While perhaps not surprising, it's a little scary how much I could learn about my habits through even a cursory analysis of my search history. Moreover, I tend to be careful about my searches. If I don't want it to be recorded, I use incognito mode in chrome or a privacy-first search engine such as DuckDuckGo. If I didn't have these habits, I might have had to filter a lot more of the results for this post.
Furthermore, these analyses don't even get into the really interesting stuff one can do with search data given the histories of large quantities of users. Applying machine learning tools to these data to make inferences about users must have incredible power, and perhaps justifies the growing tide of Google-phobia. That said, these data also have tremendous power to make our lives easier. I appreciate that my searches are more likely to return what I'm looking for because Google "knows" me. Ultimately, it's up to each of us individually to decide how much we're willing to give away in exchange for convenience.
You may have noticed that this post is titled Part I. That's because I have several more ideas for analyses on this dataset. How often do I search for the same thing more than once and how much time passes in between? How do my queries evolve when I'm having trouble finding what I want? Expect a Part II with these analyses shortly!
You can check out the iPython notebook used to perform these analyses here.


How to Make the Perfect
Sponge Cake
After several trials it will be easy! This is a
basic sponge cake recipe with whole eggs whisked together.
Ingredients: 15-cm round
cake mold or make 1.5 times with 18-cm mold
|
Eggs |
2, medium |
|
Granulated
sugar |
60 g |
|
Plain
flour (sifted) |
60 g |
|
Butter |
20 g |
|
Milk |
1 tablespoon |
|
Vanilla
oil |
a small amount |
1. [Prepare
the utensils] You will need a large bowl, hand mixer, cake mould (line with
baking paper. If you use a paper mould use as it is), frying pan, flour sifter and
plastic spatula.
2. [Prepare
the ingredients] Put the eggs in a large bowl. Measure the flour and sugar with
cling film on a scale. Put the butter, milk and vanilla oil in a sauce pan over
bain-marie.
3. [The
last preparation] Fill the frying pan with water and put over heat. Pre-heat
the oven to 180°C.
4. Beat
the eggs in a large bowl lightly with hand mixer. Add the granulated sugar in
one go and start to beat at high speed.
5. Check
if the water in the frying pan is warm enough to have little bubbles on the
surface. Turn off the heat and place the large bowl over the warmed water.
Continue to beat with hand mixer over bain-marie.
6. After
the mixture is slightly warm to the touch remove the bowl from the hot water.
When you touch the mixture with your clean finger and it doesn't feel cold, it
is about right.
7. Place
a pan with butter in the hot water in the frying pan to melt.
8. Tilt
the large bowl and continue to beat with hand mixer. You need to move your hand
mixer time to time and rotate your bowl.
9. Continue
to beat to make the batter voluminous with plenty of air.
10. When
you lift the hand mixer and try to draw 8 on the surface a clear 8 remains on
the surface for a few seconds it is ready.
11. Stir
the mixture gently at low speed for 1 minute and stabilize and smooth out the
texture.
12. Hold
the flour sifter up above the bowl and sift the flour again evenly onto the
surface of the mixture. If you don't the weight of the flour pushes out the air
of the mixture.
13. Fold
in several times with a plastic spatula. Stop folding in when you see the flour
partially combined. Do not over-mix.
14. After
melting the butter over a bain-marie, stir in a few drops of vanilla oil and a
spoonful of the sponge batter. Mix well to ensure the butter and batter are
thoroughly mixed in.
15. Add
the mixture from Step 14 into the large bowl. To avoid the heavy butter mixture
from damaging the airy sponge batter pour the butter mixture onto the spatula
and drizzle over the butter mixture evenly. After adding, fold in several times
as you did at Step 13. Stop folding in once it's evenly mixed! Do not
over-mix!!
16. The
sponge batter is done. Pour the batter into the mould and give several taps to
get rid of excess air. Bake in the oven pre-heated to 180°C for 16 to 18
minutes.
17. When
a skewer inserted in the middle and comes out clean, it is ready. Remove the
sponge from the mould and peel off the baking paper. Leave to cool.
18. If
you have corn flour use 50 g of plain flour and 10 g of corn flour. You will
have a more delicate texture. Finally, Enjoy your delicious cake


UK weather forecast: Flood hit Britain faces more rain as big freeze descends
A Met Office weather warning for ice has been issued in Northern Ireland, with showers of rain and sleet expected this morning
by Matthew Dresch, https://www.mirror.co.uk/authors/matthew-dresch/Some 145 flood warnings and a Met Office ice alert are in force as the UK is hit by a big freeze.
The ice warning in Northern Ireland has been in force since 10.02pm last night - and is due to end at 10am today.
The alert warns of icy roads as a result of sub-zero temperatures, with further rain and sheet showers expected today.
Downpours have caused flooding chaos across the country overnight, resulting in landslides, road closures and railway disruption.
In addition to the 145 flood warnings, the Environment Agency has also issued 172 less serious flood alerts for England.
Today's Met Office ice alert states: "Icy stretches are likely to develop on roads and pavements overnight as temperatures fall below zero and this may persist into the morning travel period.
"Showers of rain or sleet are expected to continue across the west of the warning area, with these falling onto frozen surfaces making ice more likely here."
Tonight will be grey and cloudy across most of England and Wales with rain in central, southern and eastern England.
Through the night patchy rain will spread westwards into parts of Wales and south-east Scotland.
Clear spells are expected in Northern Ireland and western Scotland.
Tomorrow will be grey and cloudy with a few spots of rain and drizzle for many during the morning.
In Scotland and Northern Ireland there will be a few bright spells once any fog patches clear.
In the afternoon patchy rain and drizzle will continue for many, especially in central and northern areas.
Sunday is set to be mostly cloudy with outbreaks of rain, especially central, northern and western areas.
Snow is likely at times over hills in the north.
On Monday there will be cloud and patchy rain in the east but sunny spells will develop in the west.
A 'vast' amount of train services in the West Midlands were cancelled or delayed yesterday evening, the BBC reports.
More than 100 schools in the region have shut because of the terrible weather .
Threat-to-life weather warnings stretched from central Wales to Doncaster, running through the Midlands on Thursday night, with more than 140 flood warnings in place this morning.
A week's worth of rain was expected to fall in parts of Yorkshire, the Midlands, and Wales last night.
Met Office five-day forecast
Today:
England and Wales drier than Thursday, but windy with some rain developing over East Anglia and southeast England later. Northern Ireland and most of Scotland brighter and drier. Feeling cold.
Tonight:
Outbreaks of rain spreading north and west to affect most of England and Wales by dawn. Some clear spells across Scotland and Northern Ireland with local frost.
Saturday:
Further rain at times across northern England and southern Scotland. Mainly dry elsewhere with some sunshine, temperatures feeling slightly less cold too.
Outlook for Sunday to Tuesday:
Showery rain gradually becoming more confined to the east by Monday before clearing. Drier and brighter conditions following to all areas. Feeling cold with overnight frosts becoming more widespread.


Tak Plot Summary ---------------- Things heat up when Alex (Lara Flynn Boyle) is mistaken for a male by the college bureaucracy and placed with Eddie (Josh Charles) and Stuart (Stephen Baldwin) in a college dorm room. Alex soon develops a huge lust for Eddie, Eddie would rather not get involved, and Stuart is really hot for Alex. The rest of the movie is about trying to sort out these feelings and the situations that arise.
Tak Thoughts ** minor spoilers -- revealed in first 20 mins ** ------------ THREESOME opens with a definition of "deviant" that goes much like this: 1) to stray, esp. from a standard, or principle. 2) to depart from an established course or norm. Eddie narrates, and says "... this is the story of a time in our lives where we traveled the less traveled path and, for a brief while, became deviants."
When you look at the thick of things, it seems far from the norm, but it's not such a stretch. Each step down the so-called deviant lifestyle makes sense as it's taken. It's only after you've traveled for awhile that you realize how far from normal you've gone.
Anyone into combinations and permutations? Well, THREESOME would make an interesting story problem. If you had three people, Alex, Stuart, and Eddie; all of whom wanted to sleep with one of the others, but the person they wanted didn't want them. List all the possible combinations of partners and their directed lust, indicated by a directed arrow. ---> Find the solution with the most fulfilled lust.
Ok, start by writing down what you know.
given: Alex-->Eddie Eddie-->Stuart Stuart-->Alex
That's a lust of 3, but that's the given. So let's list all the other combos, including leftovers.
*rate* *Relationships* *Leftovers* 0 null Alex, Eddie, Stuart 2 Alex<-->Eddie Stuart 2 Eddie<-->Stuart Alex 2 Stuart<-->Alex Eddie 3 Alex-->Eddie-->Stuart--> null (given) 6 +-Alex<--->Stuart<--->Eddie-+ null +------------><-------------+
The numbers say everyone should sleep with everyone, right? Right. But that's too easy. And it just doesn't work. Mostly because the two guys have a problem with taking certain partners. Though it's not with each other, as Eddie is gay. Eddie won't do Alex (except for a trial run), and Stuart won't do Eddie (though he makes certain concessions). So they really have to find some solution that everyone is comfortable with.
They really try. They try out all the combinations listed above. They even bring in "outsiders" for the left out person in the couples experiments. These just don't work. They're only really happy when they're all together. Then some sort of magic happens, where they can all believe they're getting what they want.
THREESOME could be seen as a glorification of an immoral lifestyle. This is certainly acknowledged, as the threesome become quite the scandal at their dorm. I certainly wouldn't condemn them. It fact, I'm envious.  I know there've been times in my life ... well ... :-)
My favorite scene is a road trip where they abduct an garden gnome, frolic in a rental convertible, and end up at a swimming hole. Fun, tense, and delightful to watch. Oh, and there's the "scary, hairy Larry" scene. There's lots more.
I've spent more time than usual talking about the storyline. I think that's pretty high praise, actually. I didn't have any problems with any of the mechanics of the movie (actors, direction, etc) getting in the way of me being totally immersed in the story. Bravo.
Tak Rating: ----------- I liked THREESOME. Strict adherence to wholesome-ness can be so restricting at times. Check it out--let yourself think about what it might be like to be a deviant. Who knows? If you're lucky, maybe THREESOME will set you off on your own deviant path.
avoid at all costs see several times (w/friends) as matinee wait for videotape see once at full price watch it on cable X see it several times - full and/or matinee see once as a matinee see many times at full price -- Mark Takacs<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Seattle, WA
there've
.
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


#MAKEPEACEOFPAPER is a movement to put peace first- peace with one another, between nations, between political groups. Listen more. Talk less. Be willing to risk giving up more of our position to secure peace.
How? We take the bad news we find in the papers or online and turn it into something beautiful- an origami peace crane. Then we take this beauty and place it for the world to see or by posting it to the people of power, influence. All as an invitation to seek peace.
Interested in joining us? It's simple:
It’s something beautiful, something good. It is the statement that the best victory we can imagine is peace. Make Peace of Paper. #makepeaceofpaper


Class session
CS141 Session1
CS141 Session2
Question number
Question 1
Question 2
Report
Open Report
Open Report


Message from the GenSec
Words are the most powerful force of nature. They make. They break. They burn.
They cleanse. They erase. They etch. They inspire!
We, at the Literary and Debating Club, NITW believe that the skill to communicate and the ability to express are fundamental to empower the young to become engaged citizens, skilled professionals and honourable leaders in this global society. We aspire to connect, support and inspire a diverse community of members of the club, the institution and all students at large to foster excellence, a dedication to diligence and a commitment to be tolerant & inclusive, through ❮competitive and otherwise❯ literary, speech and debate activities. The Club sees an initiation of focus on strengthening our skill set and letting each one of its members discover and indulge themselves in their passion whilst always providing a platform to showcase and learn for anyone with a zest for language,verse and good argument !
We strive to make the club an epitome of learning and growth; as our motto goes - Semper Anticus - we shall always strive to move forward !
General Secretary
English Literary and Debating Club
About Us
Literary and Debating Club (LDC) aspires to be a platform where every individual is nurtured to realize his potential, where there is an atmosphere of joyous learning, responsibility to society, dedication to hard work, commitment to be tolerant, compassionate and inclusive.
Self Improvement
Leadership Qualities
Overall Development
Our Journey
The literary and debating club has launched its journey at the start of the new scholastic year. The naissance of the LDC from the backbone of LnD showcases our evolution and progress. It’s a society of a number of talented, enthusiastic, devoted and hard working members and coordinators. The LDC has been continuously organising and participating in various debate championships on an intra as well as an inter-college platform. From the very beginning of its journey in 2008, it has been established as one of the most progressive and popular clubs in the literary and debate arena.
This year we have remodelled ourselves via compartmentalization of members much similar to how multiple gears work cohesively to ensure smooth functioning.
With the advent of the Book Club and the Online Blog, we aim to inculcate the habit of reading for leisure and develop the art of Literature.
The LDC Team
Arun Ramaswamy
Additional Secretary
There may not be a book in every one of us, but there sure is a damned good short story
Mohammad Faraaz Khan
Additional Secretary
Pravallika Karavadi
General Secretary
To thine own self be true.
Gagan Dep
Additional Secretary
Kreeshnee Oree
Additional Secretary
Do well and good and let the world sink.


SkinClassifier wants to empower doctors to detect skin cancer types in images.
Upload ImageWe take the health of our users seriously. Research is at the heart of our organization. The latest research proves that SkinClassifier can accurately detect 7 different types of skin cancer.
Open the SkinClassifier web app and upload an image of the skin spot that concerns you.
SkinClassifier will assess your photo using our artificial neural network algorithm.
Within 30 seconds, you'll receive the probabilities of 7 different types of skin cancer.


This is a test post to demonstrate working functionality.
Inline two bold asterisks
Inline italics asterisks
bold underscore
italics underscore
Link 1
And an inline link is also possible: Link 2


com
goticks
package
goticks
Visibility
Public
All
Type Members
class
BoxOffice
extends
Actor
trait
BoxOfficeApi
extends
AnyRef
case class
Error
(
message:
String
)
extends
Product
with
Serializable
case class
EventDescription
(
tickets:
Int
)
extends
Product
with
Serializable
trait
EventMarshalling
extends
DefaultJsonProtocol
trait
RequestTimeout
extends
AnyRef
class
RestApi
extends
RestRoutes
trait
RestRoutes
extends
BoxOfficeApi
with
EventMarshalling
case class
TicketRequest
(
tickets:
Int
)
extends
Product
with
Serializable
class
TicketSeller
extends
Actor
Value Members
object
BoxOffice
object
Main
extends
App
with
RequestTimeout
object
TicketSeller
Ungrouped


If you would like to get in touch I can be reached at email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>You can also reach me via any of the links below


An app designed to help senior citizens whom are traveling in the US find a local Medicare provider.
Select current state:


My name is Manuel Gonzalez. I'm a Computer Science student graduated from University of Central Florida. I've been around computers since I was four, and they never cease to amaze me. My love for video games and computers led me to programming, and it ended being what I do day to day.
These small projects are the results of all these years of experimenting and learning. I hope you enjoy them as much as I enjoyed developing them. Have fun!
First-person Pacman with some really creepy ghosts. Grid-based collision detection aided by raytracing, A* pathfinding.


https://portswigger.net/blog/turbo-intruder-embracing-the-billion-request-attack
Turbo Intruder is a Burp Suite extension for sending large numbers of HTTP requests and analyzing the results. It's intended to complement Burp Intruder by handling attacks that require exceptional speed, duration, or complexity. The following features set it apart:
Fast - Turbo Intruder uses a HTTP stack hand-coded from scratch with speed in mind. As a result, on many targets it can seriously outpace even fashionable asynchronous Go scripts.
Scalable - Turbo Intruder can achieve flat memory usage, enabling reliable multi-day attacks. It can also be run in headless environments via the command line.
Flexible - Attacks are configured using Python. This enables handling of complex requirements such as signed requests and multi-step attack sequences. Also, the custom HTTP stack means it can handle malformed requests that break other libraries.
Convenient - Boring results can be automatically filtered out by an advanced diffing algorithm adapted from Backslash Powered Scanner. This means you can launch an attack and obtain useful results in two clicks.
On the other hand it's undeniably harder to use, and the network stack isn't as reliable and battle-tested as core Burp's. Finally, I should mention that it's designed for sending lots of requests to a single host. If you want to send a single request to a lot of hosts, I recommend ZGrab.
Getting started
Install Turbo Intruder into Burp Suite using the BApp Store under the Extender tab.
To use it, simply highlight the area you want to inject over, then right click and 'Send to Turbo Intruder':
This will open a window containing your request and a Python snippet looking something like this:
You can customise this code depending on what you want to achieve with your attack.
Basic use
You'll notice that the area of the request that you highlighted has been replaced with '%s' - this is where your payloads will be placed. To begin with you'll probably just want to change '/usr/share/dict/words' to a more suitable wordlist. Other than that the default script should work out of the box for simple use cases.
A word of caution
Turbo Intruder achieves speed through network-level efficiency so it should remain relatively performant even on poor network connections; my first live demo was done in a pub basement using wifi borrowed from the coffee shop next door, and still achieved a few hundred requests per second.
This means that the target website will probably be the limiting factor for how fast it can run. As it uses low numbers of concurrent connections it should be unlikely to cause the classic DoS situation where a server's connection pool is consumed and nobody else can connect. However targeting a resource intensive page may make the server struggle and slow down for everyone, so monitoring application performance during attacks is advised.
Filtering boring results
In Turbo Intruder, responses don't get placed in the results table automatically. Instead, the 'handleResponse' function is called, in which you can decide whether to add the response to the table. Here's a simple example:
def handleResponse(req, interesting):
if '200 OK' in req.response:
table.add(req)
Coding a custom response check here isn't always necessary - if you queue a few requests with the 'learn' parameter then Turbo Intruder will learn those responses as boring, and then set the 'interesting' argument based on whether each new response looks like a boring one. This strategy is used by the default script. For further information on this filtering strategy, check out my presentation on Backslash Powered Scanner.
Speed tuning
If speed is important for your attack, you'll want to tune the pipeline, requestsPerConnection, and concurrentConnections arguments, probably in that order. Your goal should be to find values that maximise the RPS (Requests Per Second) value, while keep the Retries counter close to 0. The optimum values here are highly server dependent, but the max speed I've achieved to a remote server so far is 30,000 RPS. You may be able to achieve a further speed gain by slimming your request down, and/or shortening the response by changing the method from GET to HEAD.
Finding race conditions
The default script uses a streaming attack style, which is great for minimising memory usage but not ideal for finding race conditions. To find a race condition you'll want to ensure all your requests hit the target in as small a window as possible, which can be done by queueing all your requests before starting the request engine. You can find an example at race.py.
Built-in wordlists
Turbo Intruder has two built-in wordlists - one for launching long-running bruteforce attacks, and one containing all words observed in in-scope proxy traffic. The latter wordlist can lead to some quite interesting findings that would normally require manual testing to identify. You can see how to use these in specialWordlists.py.
Command line usage
From time to time, you might find you want to run Turbo Intruder from a server. To support headless use it can be launched directly from the jar, without Burp. You can grab a prebuilt turbo.jar from releases.
You'll probably find it easiest to develop your script inside Burp as usual, then save and launch it on the server:
java -jar turbo.jar <scriptFile> <baseRequestFile> <endpoint> <baseInput>
Example:java -jar turbo.jar resources/examples/basic.py resources/examples/request.txt https://example.net:443 foo
The command line support is pretty basic - if you try to use this exclusively you'll probably have a bad time. Also, it doesn't support automatic interesting response detection as this relies on various Burp methods.
Swapping request engines
Turbo Intruder has been architected to let you easily swap between different network stacks, using the optional 'engine' argument to RequestEngine. By default it'll use the speedy Engine.THREADED options, but in some situations you may prefer to take advantage of Burp's stability or upstream proxy handling by using Engine.BURP instead. Earlier versions of Turbo Intruder also had asynchronous and HTTP2 engines built on Apache HttpComponents but they were vastly less reliable than the threaded engine and didn't actually go any faster on most machines, so I canned them.
Debugging problems
If the 'failed' counter in the stats panel starts rapidly increasing, that's a good sign that something is amiss. It could be a problem with your script, the target website, or Turbo Intruder's network stack. If you're interested in helping make the tool better, I've made a debug script to help you identify and potentially report the source of the problem.
Final note
As ever, I've got many plans for future improvements to Turbo Intruder. We also look forward to eventually introducing some features from Turbo Intruder's network stack into core Burp Suite tools. Also, while I have your attention, we're currently collecting votes for the top 10 web hacking techniques of 2018, and we'd love to have yours.
Good luck, have fun, and try not to take anything down.


CFDISK
Section: Linux Programmer's Manual (8)Updated: 3 June 1995
Index Return to Main Contents
NAME
cfdisk - Curses based disk partition table manipulator for LinuxSYNOPSIS
cfdisk [-agvz] [-c cylinders] [-h heads] [-s sectors-per-track] [-P opt] [device]DESCRIPTION
cfdisk is a curses based program for partitioning any hard disk drive. Typical values of the device argument are:
- /dev/hda [default] /dev/hdb /dev/sda /dev/sdb /dev/sdc /dev/sdd
In order to write the partition table cfdisk needs something called the `geometry' of the disk: the number of `heads' and the number of `sectors per track'. Linux does not use any geometry, so if the disk will not be accessed by other operating systems, you can safely accept the defaults that cfdisk chooses for you. The geometry used by cfdisk is found as follows. First the partition table is examined, to see what geometry was used by the previous program that changed it. If the partition table is empty, or contains garbage, or does not point at a consistent geometry, the kernel is asked for advice. If nothing works 255 heads and 63 sectors/track is assumed. The geometry can be overridden on the command line or by use of the `g' command. When partitioning an empty large modern disk, picking 255 heads and 63 sectors/track is always a good idea. There is no need to set the number of cylinders, since cfdisk knows the disk size.
Next, cfdisk tries to read the current partition table from the disk drive. If it is unable to figure out the partition table, an error is displayed and the program will exit. This might also be caused by incorrect geometry information, and can be overridden on the command line. Another way around this problem is with the -z option. This will ignore the partition table on the disk.
The main display is composed of four sections, from top to bottom: the header, the partitions, the command line and a warning line. The header contains the program name and version number followed by the disk drive and its geometry. The partitions section always displays the current partition table. The command line is the place where commands and text are entered. The available commands are usually displayed in brackets. The warning line is usually empty except when there is important information to be displayed. The current partition is highlighted with reverse video (or an arrow if the -a option is given). All partition specific commands apply to the current partition.
The format of the partition table in the partitions section is, from left to right: Name, Flags, Partition Type, Filesystem Type and Size. The name is the partition device name. The flags can be Boot, which designates a bootable partition or NC, which stands for "Not Compatible with DOS or OS/2". DOS, OS/2 and possibly other operating systems require the first sector of the first partition on the disk and all logical partitions to begin on the second head. This wastes the second through the last sector of the first track of the first head (the first sector is taken by the partition table itself). cfdisk allows you to recover these "lost" sectors with the maximize command (m). Note: fdisk(8) and some early versions of DOS create all partitions with the number of sectors already maximized. For more information, see the maximize command below. The partition type can be one of Primary or Logical. For unallocated space on the drive, the partition type can also be Pri/Log, or empty (if the space is unusable). The filesystem type section displays the name of the filesystem used on the partition, if known. If it is unknown, then Unknown and the hex value of the filesystem type are displayed. A special case occurs when there are sections of the disk drive that cannot be used (because all of the primary partitions are used). When this is detected, the filesystem type is displayed as Unusable. The size field displays the size of the partition in megabytes (by default). It can also display the size in sectors and cylinders (see the change units command below). If an asterisk (*) appears after the size, this means that the partition is not aligned on cylinder boundaries.
DOS 6.x WARNING
The DOS 6.x FORMAT command looks for some information in the first sector of the data area of the partition, and treats this information as more reliable than the information in the partition table. DOS FORMAT expects DOS FDISK to clear the first 512 bytes of the data area of a partition whenever a size change occurs. DOS FORMAT will look at this extra information even if the /U flag is given -- we consider this a bug in DOS FORMAT and DOS FDISK.
The bottom line is that if you use cfdisk or fdisk to change the size of a DOS partition table entry, then you must also use dd to zero the first 512 bytes of that partition before using DOS FORMAT to format the partition. For example, if you were using cfdisk to make a DOS partition table entry for /dev/hda1, then (after exiting fdisk or cfdisk and rebooting Linux so that the partition table information is valid) you would use the command "dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/hda1 bs=512 count=1" to zero the first 512 bytes of the partition. Note:
BE EXTREMELY CAREFUL if you use the dd command, since a small typo can make all of the data on your disk useless.
For best results, you should always use an OS-specific partition table program. For example, you should make DOS partitions with the DOS FDISK program and Linux partitions with the Linux fdisk or Linux cfdisk program.
COMMANDS
cfdisk commands can be entered by pressing the desired key (pressing Enter after the command is not necessary). Here is a list of the available commands:- b
- Toggle bootable flag of the current partition. This allows you to select which primary partition is bootable on the drive.
- d
- Delete the current partition. This will convert the current partition into free space and merge it with any free space immediately surrounding the current partition. A partition already marked as free space or marked as unusable cannot be deleted.
- g
- Change the disk geometry (cylinders, heads, or sectors-per-track). WARNING: This option should only be used by people who know what they are doing. A command line option is also available to change the disk geometry. While at the change disk geometry command line, you can choose to change cylinders (c), heads (h), and sectors per track (s). The default value will be printed at the prompt which you can accept by simply pressing the Enter key, or you can exit without changes by pressing the ESC key. If you want to change the default value, simply enter the desired value and press Enter. The altered disk parameter values do not take effect until you return to the main menu (by pressing Enter or ESC at the change disk geometry command line). If you change the geometry such that the disk appears larger, the extra sectors are added at the end of the disk as free space. If the disk appears smaller, the partitions that are beyond the new last sector are deleted and the last partition on the drive (or the free space at the end of the drive) is made to end at the new last sector.
- h
- Print the help screen.
- m
- Maximize disk usage of the current partition. This command will recover the unused space between the partition table and the beginning of the partition, but at the cost of making the partition incompatible with DOS, OS/2 and possibly other operating systems. This option will toggle between maximal disk usage and DOS, OS/2, etc. compatible disk usage. The default when creating a partition is to create DOS, OS/2, etc. compatible partitions.
- n
- Create new partition from free space. If the partition type is Primary or Logical, a partition of that type will be created, but if the partition type is Pri/Log, you will be prompted for the type you want to create. Be aware that (1) there are only four slots available for primary partitions and (2) since there can be only one extended partition, which contains all of the logical drives, all of the logical drives must be contiguous (with no intervening primary partition). cfdisk next prompts you for the size of the partition you want to create. The default size, equal to the entire free space of the current partition, is displayed in megabytes. You can either press the Enter key to accept the default size or enter a different size at the prompt. cfdisk accepts size entries in megabytes (M) [default], kilobytes (K), cylinders (C) and sectors (S) by entering the number immediately followed by one of (M, K, C or S). If the partition fills the free space available, the partition is created and you are returned to the main command line. Otherwise, the partition can be created at the beginning or the end of the free space, and cfdisk will ask you to choose where to place the partition. After the partition is created, cfdisk automatically adjusts the other partitions' partition types if all of the primary partitions are used.
- p
-
Print the partition table to the screen or to a file. There are
several different formats for the partition that you can choose from:
-
- r
- Raw data format (exactly what would be written to disk)
- s
- Partition table in sector order format
- t
- Partition table in raw format
-
The
raw data format
will print the sectors that would be written to disk if a
write
command is selected. First, the primary partition table is printed,
followed by the partition tables associated with each logical
partition. The data is printed in hex byte by byte with 16 bytes per
line.
The partition table in sector order format will print the partition table ordered by sector number. The fields, from left to right, are the number of the partition, the partition type, the first sector, the last sector, the offset from the first sector of the partition to the start of the data, the length of the partition, the filesystem type (with the hex value in parenthesis), and the flags (with the hex value in parenthesis). In addition to the primary and logical partitions, free and unusable space is printed and the extended partition is printed before the first logical partition.
If a partition does not start or end on a cylinder boundary or if the partition length is not divisible by the cylinder size, an asterisk (*) is printed after the non-aligned sector number/count. This usually indicates that a partition was created by an operating system that either does not align partitions to cylinder boundaries or that used different disk geometry information. If you know the disk geometry of the other operating system, you could enter the geometry information with the change geometry command (g).
For the first partition on the disk and for all logical partitions, if the offset from the beginning of the partition is not equal to the number of sectors per track (i.e., the data does not start on the first head), a number sign (#) is printed after the offset. For the remaining partitions, if the offset is not zero, a number sign will be printed after the offset. This corresponds to the NC flag in the partitions section of the main display.
The partition table in raw format will print the partition table ordered by partition number. It will leave out all free and unusable space. The fields, from left to right, are the number of the partition, the flags (in hex), the starting head, sector and cylinder, the filesystem ID (in hex), the ending head, sector and cylinder, the starting sector in the partition and the number of sectors in the partition. The information in this table can be directly translated to the raw data format.
The partition table entries only have 10 bits available to represent the starting and ending cylinders. Thus, when the absolute starting (ending) sector number is on a cylinder greater than 1023, the maximal values for starting (ending) head, sector and cylinder are printed. This is the method used by OS/2, and thus fixes the problems associated with OS/2's fdisk rewriting the partition table when it is not in this format. Since Linux and OS/2 use absolute sector counts, the values in the starting and ending head, sector and cylinder are not used.
-
- q
- Quit program. This will exit the program without writing any data to disk.
- t
- Change the filesystem type. By default, new partitions are created as Linux partitions, but since cfdisk can create partitions for other operating systems, change partition type allows you to enter the hex value of the filesystem you desire. A list of the know filesystem types is displayed. You can type in the filesystem type at the prompt or accept the default filesystem type [Linux].
- u
- Change units of the partition size display. It will rotate through megabytes, sectors and cylinders.
- W
- Write partition table to disk (must enter an upper case W). Since this might destroy data on the disk, you must either confirm or deny the write by entering `yes' or `no'. If you enter `yes', cfdisk will write the partition table to disk and the tell the kernel to re-read the partition table from the disk. The re-reading of the partition table does not work in some cases, for example for device-mapper devices. In particular case you need to inform kernel about new partitions by partprobe(8), kpartx(8) or reboot the system.
- Up Arrow
- Down Arrow
- Move cursor to the previous or next partition. If there are more partitions than can be displayed on a screen, you can display the next (previous) set of partitions by moving down (up) at the last (first) partition displayed on the screen.
- CTRL-L
- Redraws the screen. In case something goes wrong and you cannot read anything, you can refresh the screen from the main command line.
- ?
-
Print the help screen.
All of the commands can be entered with either upper or lower case letters (except for Writes). When in a sub-menu or at a prompt to enter a filename, you can hit the ESC key to return to the main command line.
OPTIONS
- -a
- Use an arrow cursor instead of reverse video for highlighting the current partition.
- -g
- Do not use the geometry given by the disk driver, but try to guess a geometry from the partition table.
- -v
- Print the version number and copyright.
- -z
- Start with zeroed partition table. This option is useful when you want to repartition your entire disk. Note: this option does not zero the partition table on the disk; rather, it simply starts the program without reading the existing partition table.
- -c cylinders
- -h heads
- -s sectors-per-track
- Override the number of cylinders, heads and sectors per track read from the BIOS. If your BIOS or adapter does not supply this information or if it supplies incorrect information, use these options to set the disk geometry values.
- -P opt
- Prints the partition table in specified formats. opt can be one or more of "r", "s" or "t". See the print command (above) for more information on the print formats.
EXIT STATUS
0: No errors; 1: Invocation error; 2: I/O error; 3: cannot get geometry; 4: bad partition table on disk.SEE ALSO
fdisk(8), sfdisk(8), mkfs(8), parted(8), partprobe(8), kpartx(8)BUGS
The current version does not support multiple disks.AUTHOR
Kevin E. Martin (martin@cs.unc.edu)AVAILABILITY
The cfdisk command is part of the util-linux-ng package and is available from ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux-ng/.
Index
- NAME
- SYNOPSIS
- DESCRIPTION
- DOS 6.x WARNING
- COMMANDS
- OPTIONS
- EXIT STATUS
- SEE ALSO
- BUGS
- AUTHOR
- AVAILABILITY
This document was created by man2html, using the manual pages.
Time: 05:34:24 GMT, December 24, 2015


Clean, natural energy sources.
The power per unit area of sunlight cast upon the Earth. In areas of the US where there is lots of sunlight year round, many homes and businesses harness that free energy. It is common to build the price of solar panels into the cost of a new home.
This wind velocity heat map illustrates the central US wind corridor, and the coastal wind resources. The wind corridor runs mostly across lightly populated states. A typical wind generator produces 2-4 MW of power, and cost 2-3 million dollars to construct. From inception to completion is about 3 years, far less than for standard power generation, where it can take decades of planning to builld and decades to decommission.


The NJIT Solar Car Team is a student-run organization formed in the spring of 2017. The team is an interdisciplinary, project-based learning community which seeks to provide undergraduate and graduate students of all majors in all departments with real-world experience in systems engineering. In order to prepare our students to be the innovators of tomorrow, our team emphasizes sustainable energy, taking initiative, providing experience for future career preparation, and the development of technical and soft skills in engineering, research, design, and business. The NJIT Solar Car Team will compete with other collegiate teams and their electric vehicles in the summer of 2018 in their first competition called “The American Solar Challenge,” a 2,000 mile cross-country time/distance rally event.


Hello World!
welcome to my website
will be making changes into it soon
making first brach and pull request
ability
run


How to use:
1. type things
2. press send
Current commands:
/[color] [text]: changes text color
/bold [text]: bolds the text
/img [url]: creates an image
/link [url]: creates a hyperlink
This chatroom hasn't been completed yet and still has many errors. If you have any experience in html, javascript, or php, you can create a pull request here to help the project ;)


{{! Copyright 2015, Jakob Korherr Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License. }} {{< signupDialog}} {{$dialogContent}} {{#bean}}
{{/bean}} {{/dialogContent}} {{/ signupDialog}}


As we talked about in our last article booting a computer is a very straightforward process. So simple in-fact that most of the time you don’t even realize that its happening.
When you press that power button you set in motion a series of events. First the OEM installed BIOS makes the hardware components available to a computer. The device then tries to find a bootloader on a disk (either a hard disk or an external device like usb). Once the bootloader is found, the os kernel is loaded and it starts system services followed by user defined services to make the system run.
All of this happens in a sequence. First the BIOS, then the bootloader and then the kernel access the storage device. Most of the time that storage device is the hard disk. This means that there must be a way for the BIOS to find the bootloader on the attached disk and for the bootloader to find the kernel files.
As a user however you have a very different view of the storage. You don’t really consider or care about system files and directories.  Most operating systems present the file system to the user as a hierarchy of directories.
The “home” directory is the one you interact with. In reality it is simply a part of larger system of root directory that contains not only the user files but also system files. Now summarizing what we’ve discussed so far.
We have a problem. There is only one disk and there we have placed on it so many different responsibilities. No way can it fulfill all of these demands unless we find a way to compartmentalize the requirements.
Partitioning is this compartmentalizing of the hard disk to serve different purposes at different stages of a system lifecycle.
Additionally on most operating systems another partition is created to hold the swap data. Swap is basically a temporary place reserved for applications to use when they run out of RAM.
Whether the device is an internal disk or an attached storage (via a usb port) it follows the same partitioning structure. This is why you can direct your BIOS to load the operating system from a usb drive without affecting the internal disk.


Digital Marketing
Weekly Newsletter
date1 to date2
Digital Marketing
Weekly Newsletter
date1 to date2
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Good evening!
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We hear you! Long Redmine lists are boring, hard to understand and no one reads them anyway. Hence why, we will be shaking things up a bit from this week onwards.
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We work on a bunch of things each week, most of which are long-term projects, so covering everything in one go can get confusing and overwhelming - not to mention, annoyingly repetitive. However, from this week onwards, we'll feature a few projects in detail every week.
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Still want to know what else we're working on? You can find links to our Redmine boards in the bottom of this email.
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Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a
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New followers
+50k
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New followers sdfg sdfgrtg
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+50k
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Total likes
+250k
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Total likes
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+250k
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Comments on posts
+37k
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Comments on posts
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+37k
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In focus this week
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Training videos for partners
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The objective of this project is to offer training for our partners on the best practices to promote Deriv. We have concluded 2 phases up until now.
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- Phase 1 featured a number of videos teaching partners on how to promote Deriv using different digital marketing tools and social platforms.
- Phase 2, concluded last week, taught our partners the best practices in promoting Deriv in different regions.
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We're now taking a break for 2 weeks as we gear up for Phase 3, where we will teach our partners all they need to know about our products and platforms to successfully promote them. In this gap-time, we'll prepare the scripts for Phase 3 as well as run a survey for partners, to see what else they'd like to learn more about. We aim to conclude phase 3 and consider this project done and dusted by early Q3.
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Curious to know what we're talking about? Check out our partnerships playlists on YouTube for Phase 1 and Phase 2.
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Deriv X launch
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We are getting ready to launch Deriv X in the markets. We're working on a number of marketing materials - the emails have been designed and have moved on to front-end and we're just giving a finishing touch to some nice social media posts and banners for the blog.
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Keep an eye on our progress on Redmine here.
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LinkedIn Revamp
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We have partnered with LinkedIn to support our recruitment team in finding the best candidates to join us here in Deriv. In line with this, we're working towards revamping the content on our LinkedIn page and adding the exclusive Life pages. We've finished up the first draft and will be adding on to the local pages as well. So if we reach out to you to share a few words about your experience on Deriv for employee testimonials - please meet us halfway. Want to be featured? Send us a few lines about your experience on Slack or via email.
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Want to check out the life pages? Take a look on LinkedIn here.
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If you'd like to learn more about the other interesting and not-so-interesting things we work on at this time, please find our Redmine boards below.
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Take me to Redmine
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Is this email still an absolute bore and you snoozed off twice before you got to the end? Let us know and we'll re-work it next week!
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Best regards,
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Digital Marketing Team
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Large Blue colored paragraph
With an external style sheet, you can change the look of an entire website by changing just one file! Each page must include a reference to the external style sheet file inside the link element. An external style sheet can be written in any text editor. The file should not contain any html tags. The style sheet file must be saved with a .css extension.


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Light passenger plane crashes in Goma, DR Congo
In Summary
A small plane carrying 19 passengers and crew has today crashed on takeoff Sunday into a densely populated area of Goma in the Democratic Republic of Congo, the airline and witnesses said.
Goma. A small plane carrying 19 passengers and crew has today crashed on takeoff Sunday into a densely populated area of Goma in the Democratic Republic of Congo, the airline and witnesses said.
The Dornier-228 aircraft had been headed for Beni, 350 kilometres (220 miles) north of Goma when it went down. It crashed into a residential area near Goma airport.
"There were 17 passengers on board and two crew members. It took off around 9-9.10 am (0700 GMT)," Busy Bee airline staff member Heritier Said Mamadou said.
Busy Bee, a recent company, has three planes serving routes in North Kivu province.


FUSION3D DISTRIBUTION CHECKLIST
INDEX
build
build_sowin
NotToOS
data/CustomParms.txt
Make sure stereo is turned off
Make sure other parms are as below
# ##################################################
# Customized Parameters for Fusion3D
# ##################################################
Tiles-N 70 50 4 1
Map3d-Color-Scale 0 # 0=natural/abs elev, 1=blue-red/abs elev, 2=natural/rel elev, 3=blue-red/rel elev
Stereo-On-Off off # 'on'/'off'/'anaglyph'
Mobmap-Max-NDisplay 20000000
Camera-El-Max 85
D:\FINE\Composites/CampRoberts.s4d
CRASHES -- Tau values not getting read properly (compression=2 like other files, so this should be OK)
D:\FINE\Composites/pender9.s4d
Duplicating markers for targets from bookmarks and vector overlays for display
Include bookmarks in toggle??
D:\FINE\Composites/elYunque.s4d
For vector overlay, point is off map and elevation is bad
D:\FINE\Composites/elYunque.s4d
Slider for PC filter menu not getting reset


The world just like software is full of events. Sometimes these events occur while we are busy doing other things. Wouldn't it be nice to have a way to replay all events? Noel is the way.
By being able to replay events we can design reactive systems without having to worry about timing.
$ npm install noel
const Noel = require('Noel');
const noel = new Noel();
noel.emit('userChanged', myNewUser);
noel.on('userChanged', updateUserAvatar).replay();


tvn drumm basic` opdavies
Community
tvn webchick drumm davidhernandez YesCT
YesCT favorite
a document [that] builds on ideas that have been blogged about or presented at Drupal events by many people, and attempts to clearly document how things are currently done, and also proposes some incremental improvements.


Read the rest of the post here.The very first ride I took on the Softail Slim S, I ended up on a dirt road. Completely unintentional, I turned onto what I thought was tarmac and found that with the traffic behind me and the gravel nuzzling up to my rims, the compulsion to continue on was...


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Giadi1833.github.io
Honeywell Halo Betriebsanleitung. Aircraft Manuals - Aviation Aircraft Helicopter Engines. Bell Aircraft Corporation Model P-39 to P-63 Aircraft Blueprints Engineering Drawings - on DVDs Lockheed F / RF / TF-104 G C Aircraft Operating Data Manual, 250 pages - T.O. 1F-104G-1


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{% extends 'email/base_message.html' %} {% block content %}
A request has been made to reset your password. To confirm this reset request, please go to:
{{ url }}


PartyNextDoor Teases Release Date For His Third Studio Album
by Yohance Kyles (@HUEYmixwitRILEY)Are you ready for a full-length effort from the R&B star?
(AllHipHop News) Fans of PartyNextDoor finally got new music from the singer-songwriter. A two-pack with "The News" and "Loyal" Featuring Drake dropped on Friday.
Following those records hitting DSPs, people began asking when PND would release his next body of work. He partially answered that question on Twitter last night.
"Album in January," tweeted PartyNextDoor at 9:14 pm. The OVO Sound recording artist did not provide an exact date for the upcoming LP.
Party has let loose two official studio albums so far. PartyNextDoor Two came out in 2013. That was followed by PartyNextDoor 3 in 2016. He has also released the PartyNextDoor, Colours, Colours 2, and Seven Days EPs.


Whether you want to hike, camp, fish, sail, snorkel, scuba dive or just observe wildlife, Shoreline Summit Adventures can help plan an experience you'll remember the rest of your life. We also offer private events (like corporate, group, team building workshops and weddings) from 1-4 days with captained sailing and motor yachts at a size and budget to accomodate your specific plans. And finally, we offer artist workshops facilitated by professional painters and photographers to learn or refine your skills. Have the adventure of a lifetime and we'll do all the work. Experience the enchanted Channel Islands!
(note: please visit our store for pricing or keep reading for more information)
Campers should be prepared for a variety of weather conditions, especially on the outer islands. Thirty-knot winds are not uncommon on Santa Rosa and San Miguel Islands. Sturdy, low-profile tents, stakes and line for securing tents to ground, table or wind shelters are recommended.
Fog can occur on the islands during any season producing cool, damp conditions.
All of the campgrounds, except eastern Santa Cruz, are located away from trees and shade. Overexposure to the wind and sun can be a serious problem.
Visitors are advised to bring supplies for an extra day in case boats are unable to pick up campers due to sea conditions.
It’s advisable to check weather conditions before departing in order to get a sense of what to expect while on the islands.
Click on the dropdown menu from the adventures tab at the top of the page to see details about the Channel Islands as well as each of the adventures offered through Shoreline Summit Adventures.


magneticalc.Field.Field
class documentationmagneticalc.Field
(View In Hierarchy)
Field class.
| Method | __init__ | Initializes an empty field. |
| Method | is_valid | Indicates valid data for display. |
| Method | invalidate | Resets data, hiding from display. |
| Method | get_type | Gets field type. |
| Method | get_units | Gets field units. |
| Method | get_vectors | Gets field vectors. (The selected field type determined which field was calculated.) |
| Method | get_total_limited | Gets total number of distance limited points. |
| Method | recalculate | Recalculates field vectors. |
| Static Method | get_arrows | Returns the field arrow parameters needed by VispyCanvas . |
| Instance Variable | _backend | Undocumented |
| Instance Variable | _type | Undocumented |
| Instance Variable | _distance_limit | Undocumented |
| Instance Variable | _length_scale | Undocumented |
| Instance Variable | _total_limited | Undocumented |
| Instance Variable | _vectors | def print_array(array): return "np.array([" + ",".join([f"[{p[0]},{p[1]},{p[2]}]" for p in array]) + "])" |
Initializes an empty field.
| Parameters | backend | Backend index (0: JIT; 1: JIT + CUDA) |
| _type | Field type to display (0: A-field; 1: B-field) | |
| distance_limit | Distance limit (mitigating divisions by zero) | |
| length_scale | Length scale (m) |
def print_array(array): return "np.array([" + ",".join([f"[{p[0]},{p[1]},{p[2]}]" for p in array]) + "])"
element_centers = [element[0] for element in wire.get_elements()] element_directions = [element[1] for element in wire.get_elements()]
import sys import numpy numpy.set_printoptions(threshold=sys.maxsize)
print("sampling_volume_points =", print_array(sampling_volume.get_points())) print("element_centers =", print_array(element_centers)) print("element_directions =", print_array(element_directions)) print("vectors =", print_array(self._vectors))
Indicates valid data for display.
| Returns | True if data is valid for display, False otherwise |
Gets field vectors. (The selected field type determined which field was calculated.)
| Returns | Ordered list of 3D vectors (field vectors & corresponding sampling volume points have the same indices) |
Gets total number of distance limited points.
| Returns | Total number of distance limited points |
Recalculates field vectors.
| Parameters | wire | Wire |
| sampling_volume | Sampling volume | |
| progress_callback | Progress callback | |
| num_cores | Number of cores to use for multiprocessing | |
| Returns | True if successful, False if interrupted (CUDA backend currently not interruptable) |
Returns the field arrow parameters needed by VispyCanvas
.
| Parameters | sampling_volume_points | Sampling volume points |
| field_vectors | Field vectors | |
| line_pairs | Arrow line pairs (ordered list of arrow start/stop 3D points) | |
| head_points | Arrow head points (ordered list of arrow stop 3D points) | |
| arrow_scale | Arrow scale | |
| magnitude_limit | Magnitude limit (mitigating divisions by zero) |


--- layout: archive title: Zulip Chat Archive permalink: /stream/116395-maths/topic/addition.20in.20opposite.html ---
Currently op (a * b) = op b * op a
while op (a + b) = op a + op b
. Though it makes sense because addition is usually commutative, it breaks the to_additive
machinery.
What was the reason to choose op (a + b) = op a + op b
?
In general it doesn't make sense to conflate different kinds of "opposite" because they can vary independently: eg multiplication and order (or symmetric monoidal structure and category structure). I think this was discussed on either zulip or the github pr.
For additive
purposes maybe it makes sense to add opposite_add
(which strikes me as rarely useful otherwise)
I'll either add opposite_add
or use additive
/multiplicative
tags instead of to_additive
.
Last updated: Apr 24 2020 at 19:02 UTC


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