Reading suggestion: Taylor chapter 7 (except 7.8 and 7.9)
Reading suggestion: Taylor chapter 7 (except 7.8 and 7.9)
The final exam will be available on Wednesday the 26th at 8am. We will discuss it on Wednesday and Friday this week. The deadline is Friday May 5 at midnight (1159pm).
We will keep our in person and zoom sessions MWF 3pm-5pm open for discussions and more, feel free to swing by or just schedule a separate zoom session if these hours don't fit.
Two examples are provided for solving for normal modes. These are solutions with multiple generalized coordinates, where the motion is that of simple harmonic motion. However, the motion is only simple for a particular set of coordinates \( q_1 \) and \( q_2 \),
$$ \begin{eqnarray} q_1&=&A\cos(\omega_1 t),\\ \nonumber q_2&=&B\cos(\omega_2 t), \end{eqnarray} $$while it is not necessarily simple in other coordinates. For example if \( x=q_1+q_2 \), and \( y=q_1-q_2 \), the \( x \) and \( y \) motions will contain mixtures of multiple frequencies. For many problems, or in the limit of small vibrations about a minimum, there is some coordinate system where the motion is simple. These are normal modes. Characterizing the normal modes involves finding the frequencies, \( \omega_i \), and the coordinate system where the motion is simple for each coordinate. This involves finding the direction, or the linear combination of \( x_i \) that form the coordinates \( q_i \) in which the motion is that of a single oscillator in each coordinate.
For a first example, we consider a system of springs, where we write the Lagrangian, then find the normal modes. For the second example, a double pendulum is considered. In this case, one must first make a small angle expansion before finding the modes. In principle, problems could have the same number of normal modes a degrees of freedom. For example, a system of 7 particles moving in three dimensions has 21 degrees of freedom. However, some of the degrees of freedom do not have oscillatory behavior. For example, for a rigid body in free space, the angles describing the orientation evolve, but do not oscillate. Also, the center-of-mass coordinates of a system of particles isolated from outside particles moves at constant velocity. One can also describe these as normal modes, but acknowledge that their characteristic frequency is zero, as there are no restoring forces.
Consider two springs, whose relaxed lengths are \( \ell \), connected to three masses as depicted in the figure here. Describe the two normal modes of the motion. We can write the Lagrangian as
$$ \begin{eqnarray*} \mathcal{L}&=&\frac{m}{2}\dot{x}_1^2+m\dot{x}_2^2+\frac{m}{2}\dot{x}_3^2 -\frac{k}{2}(x_2-x_1-\ell)^2-\frac{k}{2}(x_3-x_2-\ell)^2. \end{eqnarray*} $$There are three coordinates, thus there are three equations of motion,
$$ \begin{eqnarray*} m\ddot{x}_1&=&-k(x_1-x_2+\ell)\\ 2m\ddot{x}_2&=&-k(x_2-x_1-\ell)-k(x_2-x_3+\ell)\\ &=&-k(2x_2-x_1-x_3)\\ m\ddot{x}_3&=&-k(x_3-x_2+\ell). \end{eqnarray*} $$This is a bit complicated because the center-of-mass motion does not easily separate from the three equations. Instead, choose the following coordinates,
$$ \begin{eqnarray*} X&=&\frac{x_1+2x_2+x_3}{4},\\ q_1&=&x_1-x_2+\ell,\\ q_3&=&x_3-x_2-\ell. \end{eqnarray*} $$In these coordinates the potential energy only involves two coordinates,
$$ \begin{eqnarray*} U&=&\frac{k}{2}(q_1^2+q_3^2). \end{eqnarray*} $$To express the kinetic energy express \( x_1, x_2 \) and \( x_3 \) in terms of \( X \), \( q_1 \) and \( q_3 \),
$$ \begin{eqnarray*} x_1&=&(3q_1-q_3-4\ell+4X)/4,\\ x_2&=&(4X-q_1-q_3)/4,\\ x_3&=&(3q_3-q_1+4\ell+4X)/4. \end{eqnarray*} $$The kinetic energy and Lagrangian are them
$$ \begin{eqnarray*} T&=&\frac{m}{2}\frac{1}{16}(3\dot{q}_1-\dot{q}_3+4\dot{X})^2 +m\frac{1}{16}(4\dot{X}-\dot{q}_1-\dot{q}_3)^2 +\frac{m}{2}\frac{1}{16}(3\dot{q}_3-\dot{q}_1+4\dot{X})^2\\ &=&\frac{3m}{8}(\dot{q}_1^2+\dot{q}_3^2)-\frac{m}{4}\dot{q}_1\dot{q}_3 +2m\dot{X}^2,\\ \mathcal{L}&=&\frac{3m}{8}(\dot{q}_1^2+\dot{q}_3^2)-\frac{m}{4}\dot{q}_1\dot{q}_3 +2m\dot{X}^2-\frac{k}{2}q_1^2-\frac{k}{2}q_3^2. \end{eqnarray*} $$The three equations of motion are then,
$$ \begin{eqnarray*} \frac{3}{4}m\ddot{q}_1-\frac{1}{4}m\ddot{q}_3&=&-kq_1,\\ \frac{3}{4}m\ddot{q}_3-\frac{1}{4}m\ddot{q}_1&=&-kq_3,\\ 4M\ddot{X}&=&0. \end{eqnarray*} $$The last equation simply states that the center-of-mass velocity is fixed. One could obtain the same result by summing the equations of motion for \( x_1 \), \( 2x_2 \) and \( x_3 \) above. The second two equations are more complicated. To solve them, we assume a form
$$ \begin{eqnarray*} q_1&=&Ae^{i\omega t},\\ q_3&=&Be^{i\omega t}, \end{eqnarray*} $$Because this is a linear equation, we can multiply the solution by a constant and it will still be a solution. Thus, we can set \( B=1 \), then solve for \( A \), effectively solving for \( A/B \). Putting this guess into the equations of motion,
$$ \begin{eqnarray*} -\frac{3}{4}\frac{A}{B}\omega^2+\frac{1}{4}\omega^2&=&-\omega_0^2\frac{A}{B},\\ -\frac{3}{4}\omega^2+\frac{1}{4}\frac{A}{B}\omega^2&=&-\omega_0^2. \end{eqnarray*} $$This is two equations and two unknowns, \( \omega^2 \) and \( A/B \). Substituting for \( A/B \) gives a quadratic equation,
$$ \begin{eqnarray*} \omega^4-3\omega_0^2\omega^2+2\omega_0^4&=&0,\\ \omega_0^2&\equiv&k/m. \end{eqnarray*} $$The two solutions are
$$ \begin{eqnarray*} (1)~~\omega&=&\omega_0,~~~A=-B,\\ (2)~~\omega&=&\omega_0\sqrt{2},~~~A=B. \end{eqnarray*} $$The first solution corresponds to the two outer masses moving in opposite directions, in sync, with the middle mass fixed. The second solution has both outer masses moving in the same direction, but with the center mass moving opposite. These two solutions are referred to as normal modes, and are characterized by their frequency and by the linear combinations of coordinates that oscillate together. In general, the solution is a linear combination of normal modes, which usually results in a chaotic looking motion. However, once the solution is expressed in terms of the normal modes, each of which oscillates independently in a simple manner, one can better understand the motion. Further, the frequencies of these modes represent the natural resonant frequencies of the system. This is important in the construction of many structures, such as bridges or vehicles.
Consider a double pendulum confined to the \( x-y \) plane, where \( y \) is vertical. A mass \( m \) is connected to the ceiling with a massless string of length \( \ell \). A second mass \( m \) hangs from the first mass with an identical massless string of the same length. Using \( \theta_1 \) and \( \theta_2 \) to describe the orientations of the strings relative to the vertical axis, find the Lagrangian and derive the equations of motion, both for arbitrary angles and in the small-angle approximation. Finally, express the equations of motion in the limit of small oscillations.
The kinetic and potential energies are:
$$ \begin{eqnarray*} T&=&\frac{1}{2}m\ell^2\dot{\theta}_1^2 +\frac{1}{2}m\left\{(\ell\dot{\theta}_1\cos\theta_1+\ell\dot{\theta}_2\cos\theta_2)^2 +(\ell\dot{\theta}_1\sin\theta_1+\ell\dot{\theta}_2\sin\theta_2)^2\right\}\\ &=&\frac{1}{2}m\ell^2\left\{2\dot{\theta}_1^2+\dot{\theta}_2^2+2\dot{\theta}_1\dot{\theta}_2\cos(\theta_1-\theta_2) \right\},\\ U&=&mg\ell(1-\cos\theta_1)+mg\left[\ell(1-\cos\theta_1)+\ell(1-\cos\theta_2)\right]\\ &=&mg\ell(3-2\cos\theta_1-\cos\theta_2) \end{eqnarray*} $$Lagrange's equations for \( \theta_1 \) lead to
$$ \begin{eqnarray*} m\ell^2\frac{d}{dt}\left\{2\dot{\theta}_1+\dot{\theta}_2\cos(\theta_1-\theta_2)\right\}&=& -m\ell^2\dot{\theta}_1\dot{\theta}_2\sin(\theta_1-\theta_2) -2mg\ell\sin\theta_1,\\ 2\ddot{\theta}_1+\ddot{\theta}_2\cos(\theta_1-\theta_2)+\dot{\theta}_2^2\sin(\theta_1-\theta_2) &=&-2\omega_0^2\sin\theta_1,\\ \omega_0^2&\equiv& g/\ell, \end{eqnarray*} $$and the equations for \( \theta_2 \) are
$$ \begin{eqnarray*} m\ell^2\frac{d}{dt}\left\{\dot{\theta}_2+\dot{\theta}_1\cos(\theta_1-\theta_2)\right\}&=& m\ell^2\dot{\theta}_1\dot{\theta}_2\sin(\theta_1-\theta_2)-mg\ell\sin\theta_2,\\ \ddot{\theta}_2+\ddot{\theta_1}\cos(\theta_1-\theta_2)&=& -\omega_0^2\sin\theta_2. \end{eqnarray*} $$For small oscillations, one can only consider terms linear in \( \theta_1 \) and \( \theta_2 \) or their derivatives,
$$ \begin{eqnarray} 2\ddot{\theta}_1+\ddot{\theta}_2&=&-2\omega_0^2\theta_1,\\ \nonumber \ddot{\theta}_1+\ddot{\theta}_2&=&-\omega_0^2\theta_2. \end{eqnarray} $$To find the solutions, assume they are of the form \( \theta_1=Ae^{i\omega t}, \theta_2=Be^{i\omega t} \). Solve for \( \omega \) and \( A/B \), noting that \( B \) is arbitrary.
Plug in the desired form and find
$$ \begin{eqnarray*} e^{i\omega t}(-2\omega^2A-\omega^2B)&=&e^{i\omega t}(-2\omega_0^2A),\\ e^{i\omega t}(-\omega^2A-\omega^2B)&=&e^{i\omega t}(-\omega_0^2B). \end{eqnarray*} $$We can treat \( B \) as arbitrary and set it to unity. When we find \( A \), it is the same as \( A/B \) for arbitrary \( B \). This gives the equations
$$ \begin{eqnarray*} 2\omega^2A+\omega^2&=&2\omega_0^2A,\\ \omega^2A+\omega^2&=&\omega_0^2. \end{eqnarray*} $$This is two equations and two unknowns. Solving them leads to a quadratic equation with solutions
$$ \begin{eqnarray*} A/B&=&\pm\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}},\\ \omega^2&=&\frac{\omega_0^2}{1\pm 1/\sqrt{2}}. \end{eqnarray*} $$Again, these two solutions are the normal modes, and the general solution is a sum of the two solutions, with two arbitrary constants. For the angles \( \theta_1 \) and \( \theta_2 \) are:
$$ \begin{eqnarray*} \theta_1&=&\frac{A_+}{\sqrt{2}}e^{i\omega_+t}, ~\theta_2=A_+e^{i\omega_+t},\\ \theta_1&=&\frac{-A_-}{\sqrt{2}}e^{i\omega_-t}, ~\theta_2=A_-e^{i\omega_-t},\\ \omega_{\pm}&=&\omega_0\sqrt{\frac{1}{1\pm 1/\sqrt{2}}}. \end{eqnarray*} $$One can also express the solution in vector notation, with the vectors having arbitrary amplitudes \( A_+ \) and \( A_- \),
$$ \begin{eqnarray*} \theta_+&=&\left(\begin{array}{c} \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\\ 1\end{array}\right)A_+e^{i\omega_+t},\\ \theta_-&=&\left(\begin{array}{c} \frac{-1}{\sqrt{2}}\\ 1\end{array}\right)A_-e^{i\omega_-t}. \end{eqnarray*} $$Here, the upper/lower components of the vector describe \( \theta_1/\theta_2 \) respectively.
These problems can be treated as linear algebra exercises. Linear algebra is not used in this course, but nonetheless we describe how this works for the curious student. In the limit of small vibrations, the equations of motion can be expressed in the form,
$$ \begin{eqnarray*} M\ddot{q}&=&-Kq, \end{eqnarray*} $$a form that looks like the spring equation. However, \( q \) is an $n-$dimensional vector and \( M \) and \( k \) are \( n\times n \) matrices. In the double pendulum example, the dimensionality is 2 and the \( q \) refers to the \( \theta_1 \) and \( \theta_2 \), and the matrices for \( M \) and \( K \) can be read off as
$$ M=\begin{bmatrix} 2&1\\ 1&1\end{bmatrix}, $$and
$$ K=\begin{bmatrix} 2\omega_0^2&0\\ 0&\omega_0^2\end{bmatrix}. $$Multiplying both sides of the equation by the inverse matrix \( M^{-1} \),
$$ \begin{eqnarray*} \ddot{q}&=&-\left(M^{-1}K\right)q. \end{eqnarray*} $$Here,
$$ \begin{eqnarray*} M^{-1}&=&\left(\begin{array}{cc} 1&-1\\ -1&2\end{array}\right),\\ M^{-1}K&=&\left(\begin{array}{cc} 2&-1\\ -2&2\end{array}\right)\omega_0^2. \end{eqnarray*} $$One can find a transformation, basically a rotation, that transforms to a frame where \( M^{-1}K \) is diagonal. In this coordinate system the diagonal components of \( M^{-1}K \) represent the squared frequencies of the normal modes,
$$ M^{-1}K\rightarrow -\left(\begin{array}{cc} \omega_+^2&0\\ 0&\omega_-^2\end{array}\right)~, $$and are known as "eigen" frequencies. The corresponding unit vectors,
$$ \left(\begin{array}{c} 1\\0\end{array}\right)~{\rm and}~\left(\begin{array}{c} 0\\1\end{array}\right)~{\rm in~the~new~coordinate~system}, $$can be rotated back into the original frame, and become the solutions for the normal modes. These are then called "eigenvectors", which are the same as the normal modes. Finding the eigenfrequencies is performed by realizing that the determinant of a matrix is unchanged by the rotation between coordinate systems. Writing the equations of motion as an eigenvalue problem,
$$ \begin{eqnarray} \left[A-\lambda_i\mathbb{1}\right]u_i&=&0,~~~A\equiv M^{-1}K,~\lambda_i\equiv \omega^2_i. \end{eqnarray} $$In the coordinate system where \( M^{-1}K \) is diagonal, and the forms for \( u_i \) are simple this requires that in that system, the diagonal elements of \( M^{-1}K \) are the eigenvalues, \( \omega_i^2 \). For each \( \omega^2_i \), the determinant \( |A-\lambda_i\mathbb{1}| \) must vanish. This is then true in any coordinate system,
$$ \begin{eqnarray} {\rm det}\left[A-\lambda\mathbb{1}\right]&=&0, \end{eqnarray} $$which for a \( 2\times 2 \) matrix becomes
$$ \begin{eqnarray} \left| \begin{array}{cc} A_{11}-\lambda&A_{12}\\ A_{21}&A_{22}-\lambda \end{array} \right|&=&0,\\ A_{11}A_{22}-\lambda A_{11}-\lambda A_{22}+\lambda^2-A_{21}A_{12}&=&0. \end{eqnarray} $$One can solve a quadratic equation for \( \lambda \), which gives two eigenvalues corresponding to \( \omega_+^2 \) and \( \omega_-^2 \) found above. Choosing one of the eigenvalues, one can insert one of the eigenvalues \( \lambda_i \) into the eigenvalue problem and solve for \( u_i \), then choose the other eigenvalue and solve for the other corresponding vector.
If this were a 3-dimensional set of equations, the determinant would include terms like \( \lambda^3 \) and would become a cubic equation with three eigenvalues. One would then solve for three eigenvectors. If one has a system with dimensionality \( n>2 \), one usually resorts to solving the problem numerically due to the messiness of the algebra. The main programming languages all have packages which readily diagonalize matrices and find eigenvectors and eigenvalues.
Energy is conserved only when the Lagrangian has no explicit dependence on time, i.e. \( L(q,\dot{q}) \), not \( L(q,\dot{q},t) \). To show this, we first define the Hamiltonian,
$$ \begin{eqnarray} H&=&\sum_i\left(\dot{q}_i\frac{\partial L}{\partial\dot{q}_i}\right)-L. \end{eqnarray} $$After showing that \( H \) is conserved, i.e. \( (d/dt)H=0 \), we then show that \( H \) can be identified with the total energy, \( H=T+V \).
One can see that \( H \) is conserved by applying first using the chain rule for \( (d/dt)H \), then applying Lagrange's equations,
$$ \begin{eqnarray} \frac{d}{dt}H&=&\sum_i\left\{\ddot{q}_i\frac{\partial L}{\partial\dot{q}_i}+\dot{q}_i\frac{d}{dt}\left(\frac{\partial L}{\partial\dot{q}_i}\right)-\frac{\partial L}{\partial\dot{q}_i}\ddot{q}_i-\frac{\partial L}{\partial q_i}\dot{q}_i\right\}\\ \nonumber &=&\sum_i\left\{\ddot{q}_i\frac{\partial L}{\partial\dot{q}_i}+\dot{q}_i\frac{\partial L}{\partial q_i}-\frac{\partial L}{\partial\dot{q}_i}\ddot{q}_i-\frac{\partial L}{\partial q_i}\dot{q}_i\right\}\\ \nonumber &=&0. \end{eqnarray} $$These steps assumed that \( L \) had no explicit time dependence, i.e. \( L \) is a function of \( q \) and \( \dot{q} \), but not of \( t \).
Next, we show that \( L \) can be identified with the energy. Because \( V \) does not depend on \( \dot{q} \),
$$ \begin{equation} H=\sum_i\frac{\partial T}{\partial\dot{q}_i}\dot{q}_i-T+V. \label{_auto1} \end{equation} $$If the kinetic energy has a purely quadratic form in terms of \( \dot{q} \),
$$ \begin{equation} T=\sum_{ij}A_{ij}(q)\dot{q}_i\dot{q}_j, \label{_auto2} \end{equation} $$the expression for the energy becomes
$$ \begin{eqnarray} H&=&\sum_{ij}2A_{ij}(q)\dot{q}_i\dot{q}_j-\sum_{ij}A_{ij}(q)\dot{q}_i\dot{q}_j+V\\ \nonumber &=&T+V. \end{eqnarray} $$The proof that \( H \) equals the energy hinged on the fact that the kinetic energy was quadratic in \( \dot{q} \). This can be attributed to time-reversal symmetry. Because the Cartesian coordinates \( x_i \) do not depend on \( \dot{q}_i \) or on time, \( \dot{x}_i=(\partial x_i/\partial q_j)\dot{q}_j \). Thus, the kinetic energy, \( T=m\dot{x}_i^2/2 \), should be proportional to two powers of \( \dot{q} \), which validates the assumption above.
Here, energy conservation is predicated on the Lagrangian not having an explicit time dependence. Without an explicit time dependence the equations of motion are unchanged if one translates a fixed amount in time because the physics does not depend on when the clock starts. In contrast, the absolute time becomes relevant if there is an explicit time dependence. In fact, conservation laws can usually be associated with symmetries. In this case the translation symmetry in time leads to energy conservation.
For another example of how symmetry leads to conservation laws, consider a Lagrangian for a particle of mass \( m \) moving in a two-dimensional plane where the generalized coordinates are the radius \( r \) and the angle \( \theta \). The kinetic energy would be
$$ \begin{equation} T=\frac{1}{2}m\left\{\dot{r}^2+r^2\dot{\theta}^2\right\}, \label{_auto3} \end{equation} $$and if the potential energy \( V(r) \) depends only on the radius \( r \) and not on the angle, Lagrange's equations become
$$ \begin{eqnarray} \frac{d}{dt}(m\dot{r})&=&-\frac{\partial V}{\partial r}+m\dot{\theta}^2r,\\ \nonumber \frac{d}{dt}(mr^2\dot{\theta})&=&0. \end{eqnarray} $$The second equation implies that \( mr^2\dot{\theta} \) is a constant. Indeed, it is the angular momentum which is conserved for a radial force. Here, the conservation of angular momentum is associated with the independence of the physics to changes in \( \theta \), or in other words, rotational invariance. Once one knows the fact that \( L=mr^2\dot{\theta} \) is conserved, it can be inserted into the equations of motion for \( \dot{r} \),
$$ \begin{equation} m\ddot{r}=-\frac{\partial V}{\partial r}+\frac{L^2}{mr^3}. \label{_auto4} \end{equation} $$This is related to Emmy Noether's theorem
Simply stated, if the Lagrangian \( L \) is independent of \( q_i \), one can see that the quantity \( \partial L/\partial\dot{q}_i \) is conserved,
$$ \begin{equation} \frac{d}{dt}\frac{\partial L}{\partial\dot{q}_i}=0. \label{_auto5} \end{equation} $$Another easy example is in Cartesian coordinates where the potential depends only on \( x \) and \( y \) but not on \( z \). In that case, there is a translational symmetry. From the last equation, this translates into conservation of the momentum in the \( z \) direction.
Consider a pair of particles of mass \( m_1 \) and \( m_2 \) where the potential is of the form
$$ U(\boldsymbol{r}_1,\boldsymbol{r}_2)=V_a(|m_1\boldsymbol{r}_1+m_2\boldsymbol{r}_2|/(m_1+m_2))+V_b(|\boldsymbol{r}_1-\boldsymbol{r}_2|). $$Using symmetry arguments alone, are there any conserved components of the momentum? or the angular momentum??
There is no translational invariance, hence there are no conserved components of the momentum. However, there is rotational invariance about any axis that goes through the origin. Hence, there is angular momentum conservation in all three directions. Symmetry arguments are great ways to recognize the existence of conserved quantities, but actually expressing them in terms of coordinates can be tricky. For instance, you may need to write the Lagrangian in terms of angles.
The relevant material can be found in Taylor chapters 4 and 8. Homework sets 5, 6-9 and the chapters on forces and two-body problems from the lecture notes may also be of use.
This exercise and the next are follow-ups of homework 6. There we studied the so-called Lennard-Jones potential which is widely used in molecular dynamics calculations and in the simulations of quantum liquids. This potential is based on parametrizations from experiments. In molecular dynamics calculations the assumption is that atoms move according to the laws of Newton, given the correct model for interactions. We can say then that quantum-mechanical degrees of freedom stemming from complicated interactions between electrons and protons in an atom, are parametrized in terms of an effective potential.
We will limit ourselves to a two-body problem.
The goal of this exercise is to model a gas of argon atoms (here two atoms only interacting), where the atoms interact according to the famous Lennard-Jones potential,
$$ \begin{equation} V(r) = 4\varepsilon\left((\frac{\sigma}{r})^{12} - (\frac{\sigma}{r})^6\right), \label{eq:lj} \end{equation} $$where \( r \) is the distance between two atoms, \( r=\vert\boldsymbol{r}_i-\boldsymbol{r}_j\vert \), that is the norm of the relative distance vector \( \boldsymbol{r} \). The quantities \( \sigma \) and \( \varepsilon \) are parameters which determine which chemical compound is modelled. This potential is a good approximation for noble gases like helium, neon, argon and other.
We start first with a basic study of the potential
Then we switch our attention to the equations of motion.
In this exercise we will solve the previous equations of motion numerically and study the solutions. Here you can use the same codes you developed in homework sets 5-9 and the second midterm.
Numerical accuracy is reduced when computing with values which are many orders of magnitude apart. This is often an issue in physics, and molecular dynamics is no exception. For example, the mass of argon is smaller than 10E-25kg, while typical length scales are on the order of nanometers, 10E-9m.
The remedy is to change units so that most quantities are close to \( 1 \). From \eqref{eq:lj} it is clear that \( \sigma \) and \( \varepsilon \) are the typical scales for length and energy.
We switch now to a numerical procedure and study the simulation of two interacting atoms.
The relevant chapters from Taylor are chapters 6-7 and 8. In addition he lectures notes on the Lagrangian Formalism and Calculus of Variations can be of use. You need also results from the two-body problem of chapter 8 of Taylor and the lecture notes two-body problems.
We will stay with a two-body problem only with particles \( 1 \) and \( 2 \), as in the two previous exercises. We introduce the relative mass \( \mu=m_1m_2/M \) where the total mass \( M=m_1+m_2 \), the sum of the masses \( m_1 \) and \( m_2 \).
Does this figure that match the experiences you have made this semester?
We have studied many systems numerically, from falling objects with and without friction/air resistance, small oscillations (harmonic oscillator), gravitational problems and other central force problems, rotations and the classical pendulum.
DeltaT = 0.001
#set up arrays
tfinal = 10 # in years
n = ceil(tfinal/DeltaT)
# set up arrays for t, a, v, and x
t = np.zeros(n)
v = np.zeros((n,3))
r = np.zeros((n,3))
# Initial conditions as compact 3-dimensional arrays
r0 = np.array([1.0,0.0,0.0])
v0 = np.array([0.0,2*pi,0.0])
r[0] = r0
v[0] = v0
# Start integrating using Euler's method
for i in range(n-1):
# Set up the acceleration for force that depends only on position
a = Force(r)/mass
# update velocity, time and position using the Euler-Cromer forward
v[i+1] = v[i] + DeltaT*a
r[i+1] = r[i] + DeltaT*v[i]
t[i+1] = t[i] + DeltaT
The overarching idea is that as soon as we have analyzed the forces at play, we can reuse our programs (algorithms) with new forces, without having to recur to the few analytical cases we can solve.
After the course you should:
To solve many of these problems, we have through different midterms and weekly exercises studied many systems numerically, from falling objects with and without friction/air resistance, small oscillations (harmonic oscillator), gravitational problems and other central force problems, rotations and the classical pendulum. To solve these systems, we have applied different algorithms for solving differential equations. These are
We have also, in connection with for example the work-energy theorem studied methods for evaluating integrals. These are (although we never wrote codes in exercises/midterms)
You should also have acquired skills in structuring a numerical project, as well as having developed a critical understanding of the pros and cons of the methods and an understanding of their limits and what can go wrong. Computing means solving scientific problems using computers. It covers numerical as well as symbolic computing. Computing is also about developing an understanding of the scientific process by enhancing algorithmic thinking when solving problems. Computing competence has always been a central part of the science and engineering education. In particular, some of the competences that are important in the development of your own understanding of computations, we would like to emphasize
Since grades are due on May 9, we need to have a hard deadline for the final exam, May 5 at midnight.


--- layout: doc_layout title: Json.net category: Serialization prev: /docs/serialization/defaultserializer.html next: /docs/serialization/xml.html ---
Json.net is a very popular JSON serialization library that is used by out of the box by ASP.NET WebAPI and in many other projects.
To use Json.net, add this NuGet package to your project:
PM> Install-Package Wave.Serialization.JsonDotNet
With this package installed, enabling Json.net as the serializer can be done using fluent configuration when configuring the host:
Or specified using XML configuration in the host's configuration file:


COMP-335: Introduction to Theoretical Computer Science
Assignment Submission Instructions
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Theory assignments: You are expected to submit your solutions as PDF. Other formats will not be graded. There will be a grade associated with how neat, readable, and organized your assignment is, hence I recommend against submitting a handwritten solution. I suggest using LaTeX and submitting the PDF. If you are not familiar with LaTeX, this is a good opportunity for you to caught up with it, since sooner or later you will have to use it. Here is a good tutorial for it. The other option would be using Microsoft Word, and submitting the PDF.


YEASTS
| Owner | |
| Owner Number | |
| Yeast Strain Name | |
| Project | |
| Plasmids | |
| Yeast Parents | |
| Genetic Background | |
| Mating Type |
| Yeast Code | Owner | Owner Number | Yeast Strain Name | Project | Plasmids | Yeast Parents | Genetic Background | Mating Type |
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The following is a list of compile dependencies for this project. These dependencies are required to compile and run the application:
| GroupId | ArtifactId | Version | Type | Licenses |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| org.eclipse.rdf4j | rdf4j-model | 2.2 | jar | Eclipse Distribution License v1.0 |
| org.eclipse.rdf4j | rdf4j-repository-api | 2.2 | jar | Eclipse Distribution License v1.0 |
| org.slf4j | slf4j-api | 1.7.9 | jar | MIT License |
The following is a list of test dependencies for this project. These dependencies are only required to compile and run unit tests for the application:
| GroupId | ArtifactId | Version | Type | Licenses |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| junit | junit | 4.7 | jar | Common Public License Version 1.0 |
| org.eclipse.rdf4j | rdf4j-repository-sail | 2.2 | jar | Eclipse Distribution License v1.0 |
| org.eclipse.rdf4j | rdf4j-rio-turtle | 2.2 | jar | Eclipse Distribution License v1.0 |
| org.eclipse.rdf4j | rdf4j-sail-memory | 2.2 | jar | Eclipse Distribution License v1.0 |
The following is a list of provided dependencies for this project. These dependencies are required to compile the application, but should be provided by default when using the library:
| GroupId | ArtifactId | Version | Type | Licenses |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| org.slf4j | slf4j-simple | 1.7.9 | jar | MIT License |
The following is a list of transitive dependencies for this project. Transitive dependencies are the dependencies of the project dependencies.
The following is a list of compile dependencies for this project. These dependencies are required to compile and run the application:
| GroupId | ArtifactId | Version | Type | Licenses |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| com.google.guava | guava | 18.0 | jar | The Apache Software License, Version 2.0 |
| org.eclipse.rdf4j | rdf4j-query | 2.2 | jar | Eclipse Distribution License v1.0 |
| org.eclipse.rdf4j | rdf4j-rio-api | 2.2 | jar | Eclipse Distribution License v1.0 |
| org.eclipse.rdf4j | rdf4j-util | 2.2 | jar | Eclipse Distribution License v1.0 |
The following is a list of runtime dependencies for this project. These dependencies are required to run the application:
| GroupId | ArtifactId | Version | Type | Licenses |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| commons-codec | commons-codec | 1.10 | jar | Apache License, Version 2.0 |
The following is a list of test dependencies for this project. These dependencies are only required to compile and run unit tests for the application:
MIT License: SLF4J API Module, SLF4J Simple Binding
Apache License, Version 2.0: Apache Commons Codec, Apache HttpClient, Apache HttpCore, RDFBeans
The Apache Software License, Version 2.0: Commons IO, Guava: Google Core Libraries for Java, mapdb
Common Public License Version 1.0: JUnit
Eclipse Distribution License v1.0: RDF4J: HTTP client, RDF4J: HTTP protocol, RDF4J: Inferencer Sails, RDF4J: MemoryStore, RDF4J: Model, RDF4J: Query, RDF4J: Query algebra - evaluation, RDF4J: Query algebra - model, RDF4J: Query parser - API, RDF4J: Query parser - SPARQL, RDF4J: Query parser - SeRQL, RDF4J: Query result IO - API, RDF4J: Query result IO - SPARQL/XML, RDF4J: Repository - API, RDF4J: Rio - API, RDF4J: Rio - Datatypes, RDF4J: Rio - Languages, RDF4J: Rio - N-Triples, RDF4J: Rio - TriG, RDF4J: Rio - Turtle, RDF4J: SPARQL Repository, RDF4J: Sail API, RDF4J: Sail Model, RDF4J: Sail base implementations, RDF4J: SailRepository, RDF4J: util
| Filename | Size | Entries | Classes | Packages | Java Version | Debug Information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| guava-18.0.jar | 2.3 MB | 1719 | 1690 | 17 | 1.6 | Yes |
| commons-codec-1.10.jar | 284.2 kB | 238 | 92 | 6 | 1.6 | Yes |
| commons-io-2.4.jar | 185.1 kB | 128 | 110 | 6 | 1.6 | Yes |
| junit-4.7.jar | 232.4 kB | 261 | 225 | 29 | 1.5 | Yes |
| httpclient-4.5.2.jar | 736.7 kB | 504 | 463 | 24 | 1.6 | Yes |
| httpcore-4.4.4.jar | 326.7 kB | 284 | 254 | 17 | 1.6 | Yes |
| rdf4j-http-client-2.2.jar | 44.1 kB | 35 | 21 | 3 | 1.8 | Yes |
| rdf4j-http-protocol-2.2.jar | 31.5 kB | 34 | 19 | 4 | 1.8 | Yes |
| rdf4j-model-2.2.jar | 211.9 kB | 144 | 128 | 7 | 1.8 | Yes |
| rdf4j-query-2.2.jar | 61.4 kB | 73 | 60 | 3 | 1.8 | Yes |
| rdf4j-queryalgebra-evaluation-2.2.jar | 343 kB | 257 | 229 | 14 | 1.8 | Yes |
| rdf4j-queryalgebra-model-2.2.jar | 154.1 kB | 126 | 111 | 3 | 1.8 | Yes |
| rdf4j-queryparser-api-2.2.jar | 23.5 kB | 35 | 21 | 3 | 1.8 | Yes |
| rdf4j-queryparser-serql-2.2.jar | 169 kB | 128 | 112 | 2 | 1.8 | Yes |
| rdf4j-queryparser-sparql-2.2.jar | 293 kB | 215 | 199 | 2 | 1.8 | Yes |
| rdf4j-queryresultio-api-2.2.jar | 31.6 kB | 46 | 33 | 2 | 1.8 | Yes |
| rdf4j-queryresultio-sparqlxml-2.2.jar | 25.4 kB | 32 | 14 | 1 | 1.8 | Yes |
| rdf4j-repository-api-2.2.jar | 67 kB | 68 | 39 | 5 | 1.8 | Yes |
| rdf4j-repository-sail-2.2.jar | 55.9 kB | 49 | 32 | 4 | 1.8 | Yes |
| rdf4j-repository-sparql-2.2.jar | 39.7 kB | 35 | 19 | 3 | 1.8 | Yes |
| rdf4j-rio-api-2.2.jar | 68.5 kB | 75 | 61 | 2 | 1.8 | Yes |
| rdf4j-rio-datatypes-2.2.jar | 9 kB | 19 | 5 | 1 | 1.8 | Yes |
| rdf4j-rio-languages-2.2.jar | 4.9 kB | 16 | 2 | 1 | 1.8 | Yes |
| rdf4j-rio-ntriples-2.2.jar | 17.1 kB | 20 | 5 | 1 | 1.8 | Yes |
| rdf4j-rio-trig-2.2.jar | 8.6 kB | 19 | 4 | 1 | 1.8 | Yes |
| rdf4j-rio-turtle-2.2.jar | 25 kB | 20 | 5 | 1 | 1.8 | Yes |
| rdf4j-sail-api-2.2.jar | 64.5 kB | 73 | 57 | 4 | 1.8 | Yes |
| rdf4j-sail-base-2.2.jar | 62.9 kB | 47 | 33 | 3 | 1.8 | Yes |
| rdf4j-sail-inferencer-2.2.jar | 60.3 kB | 44 | 27 | 4 | 1.8 | Yes |
| rdf4j-sail-memory-2.2.jar | 59.6 kB | 46 | 30 | 3 | 1.8 | Yes |
| rdf4j-sail-model-2.2.jar | 8 kB | 15 | 3 | 1 | 1.8 | Yes |
| rdf4j-util-2.2.jar | 96.9 kB | 85 | 64 | 10 | 1.8 | Yes |
| mapdb-1.0.8.jar | 416.5 kB | 232 | 223 | 1 | 1.6 | Yes |
| slf4j-api-1.7.9.jar | 32.1 kB | 39 | 28 | 3 | 1.5 | Yes |
| slf4j-simple-1.7.9.jar | 10.7 kB | 16 | 6 | 1 | 1.5 | Yes |
| Total | Size | Entries | Classes | Packages | Java Version | Debug Information |
| 35 | 6.5 MB | 5177 | 4424 | 192 | 1.8 | 35 |
| compile: 7 | compile: 2.8 MB | compile: 2203 | compile: 2070 | compile: 47 | - | compile: 7 |
| test: 26 | test: 3.4 MB | test: 2720 | test: 2256 | test: 138 | - | test: 26 |
| runtime: 1 | runtime: 284.2 kB | runtime: 238 | runtime: 92 | runtime: 6 | - | runtime: 1 |
| provided: 1 | provided: 10.7 kB | provided: 16 | provided: 6 | provided: 1 | - | provided: 1 |
| Repo ID | URL | Release | Snapshot |
|---|---|---|---|
| maven-restlet | https://maven.restlet.com | Yes | Yes |
| central | https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2 | Yes | No |
| sonatype-nexus-snapshots | https://oss.sonatype.org/content/repositories/snapshots | No | Yes |
| apache.snapshots | http://repository.apache.org/snapshots | No | Yes |
Repository locations for each of the Dependencies.


ggplot(data=murders, aes((murders$Population/1000000))) +
geom_histogram(aes(fill=..count..),alpha=0.5,col="red") +
scale_fill_gradient("Count", low = "white", high = "red") +
scale_x_continuous(breaks=seq(0,50,5))
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
Hypothesis: the histogram of murders by gun appears to overlap the population histogram almost entirely; this would suggest a very strong correlation between the amount of inhabitants and the incidence of the type of violence studied. A natural per capita rate of violent homicides? Not very inspiring…
For starting, the outlier in the gun murders data series is also an outlier in terms of population (California). Perhaps it is time to sophisticate our resources aimed to analyse data distributions, sample acummulation, outliers…
The sample median is just a particular case of a more general measurement: the percentile.
While the median splits the sample in half, each grouping 50% of the data, the X% percentile is higher than X% of the data. For instance, the 25% percentile corresponds to the observation that is higher than 25% of the data. If we are dealing with a data series of students’ heights, in a hundred students sample, the 25% percentile is simply the height a student should have in order to be taller than 25 collegues.
Quartiles are conspicuous cases of percentiles:
The 1st quartile -Q1- is higher than 25% of the sample and lower than the 75%.
The 2nd quartile -Q2- is the median.
The 3th quartile -Q3 is higher than 75% of the sample and lower than the 25%.
The whiskers mark the beginning of the outliers regions.
library(ggthemes)
ggplot(data=murders, aes(x="murders$Population",y=(murders$Population/1000000))) +
geom_boxplot(colour="blue",fill="blue",alpha=0.5) +
coord_flip() +
theme_fivethirtyeight()
Box Plots allow a more precise assessment of the sample dispersion: the wider the box, the more dispersed (very useful when comparing two different samples).
They also indicate asymmetries: a visibly wider box above the median correspond to a positive bias or, in other terms, to the accumulation of an important amount of the sample (50%) in narrower range of smaller values (then, a positive bias marks a peak towards the lowest values).
Outliers are clearly signaled.
library(classInt)
intervals=classIntervals(murders$Population,4,
style="quantile",
intervalClosure = "left")
PopulationGroup=cut(murders$Population,
breaks = intervals$brks,
labels=c("Small","Average -","Average +","Big"))
murders<-cbind(murders,PopulationGroup)
murders[51,9]<-"Small"
ggplot(data=murders, aes(x=PopulationGroup,y=murders$GunMurders)) +
geom_boxplot(colour="black",fill="plum",alpha=0.8) +
coord_flip() +
theme_fivethirtyeight() +
scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(0,1300,200))
Although very simple in design, this is actually a bivariate analysis exploring the correlation between two variables: does the amount of gun murders increases -in average- when bigger in population are considered? Apparently yes; the plot supports the association.
The plot also supports the intuition relating the histograms for population and gun murders; it is clear that bigger states -indeed- a visibly different dynamic of social violence.
There is a catch, however: the ideas above are clearly supported by the central tendency, the median -in this case-, but the variability introduces uncertainty as to the conclusion.
In fact, the boxplot is a great to tool to analyze variability; in particular, with the figure above we can gauge at glance the differences in variability between different samples: gun murders are far more volatile in the biggest states, in the sense that some behave like small states but other clearly exhibit an uncommon trend.
ggplot(murders,aes(GunMurders,color=PopulationGroup,
fill=PopulationGroup)) +
geom_density(alpha=0.85,col="black",size=0.5) +
scale_x_continuous(breaks = seq(0,1300,200))
ggplot(data=murders,aes(x=(Population/1000000),y=GunMurders,
group=PopulationGroup,
colour=PopulationGroup)) +
geom_point()
This bivariate analysis offers a very intuitive approach to a linear regression (the lower the variability for different levels of the independent variable, the better the prediction).


@InterfaceAudience.Private @InterfaceStability.Unstable public interface OperatorPlan
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
void |
add(Operator op)
Add a new operator to the plan.
|
void |
connect(Operator from,
int fromPos,
Operator to,
int toPos)
Connect two operators in the plan, controlling which position in the
edge lists that the from and to edges are placed.
|
void |
connect(Operator from,
Operator to)
Connect two operators in the plan.
|
void |
createSoftLink(Operator from,
Operator to)
Create an soft edge between two nodes.
|
Pair<Integer,Integer> |
disconnect(Operator from,
Operator to)
Disconnect two operators in the plan.
|
Iterator<Operator> |
getOperators()
Get an iterator of all operators in this plan
|
List<Operator> |
getPredecessors(Operator op)
For a given operator, get all operators immediately before it in the
plan.
|
List<Operator> |
getSinks()
Get all operators in the plan that have no successors.
|
List<Operator> |
getSoftLinkPredecessors(Operator op)
For a given operator, get all operators softly immediately before it in the
plan.
|
List<Operator> |
getSoftLinkSuccessors(Operator op)
For a given operator, get all operators softly immediately after it.
|
List<Operator> |
getSources()
Get all operators in the plan that have no predecessors.
|
List<Operator> |
getSuccessors(Operator op)
For a given operator, get all operators immediately after it.
|
void |
insertBetween(Operator pred,
Operator operatorToInsert,
Operator succ)
This method insert node operatorToInsert between pred and succ.
|
boolean |
isEqual(OperatorPlan other)
This is like a shallow comparison.
|
boolean |
pathExists(Operator load,
Operator store)
check if there is a path in the plan graph between the load operator to the store operator.
|
void |
remove(Operator op)
Remove an operator from the plan.
|
void |
removeAndReconnect(Operator operatorToRemove)
This method remove a node operatorToRemove.
|
void |
removeSoftLink(Operator from,
Operator to)
Remove an soft edge
|
void |
replace(Operator oldOperator,
Operator newOperator)
This method replace the oldOperator with the newOperator, make all connection
to the new operator in the place of old operator
|
int |
size()
Get number of nodes in the plan.
|
int size()
List<Operator> getSources()
List<Operator> getSinks()
List<Operator> getPredecessors(Operator op)
op
- operator to fetch predecessors ofList<Operator> getSuccessors(Operator op)
op
- operator to fetch successors ofList<Operator> getSoftLinkPredecessors(Operator op)
op
- operator to fetch predecessors ofList<Operator> getSoftLinkSuccessors(Operator op)
op
- operator to fetch successors ofvoid add(Operator op)
op
- operator to addvoid remove(Operator op) throws FrontendException
op
- Operator to be removedFrontendException
- if the remove operation attempts to
remove an operator that is still connected to other operators.void connect(Operator from, int fromPos, Operator to, int toPos)
from
- Operator edge will come fromfromPos
- Position in the array for the from edgeto
- Operator edge will go totoPos
- Position in the array for the to edgevoid connect(Operator from, Operator to)
from
- Operator edge will come fromto
- Operator edge will go tovoid createSoftLink(Operator from, Operator to)
from
- Operator dependent uponto
- Operator having the dependencyvoid removeSoftLink(Operator from, Operator to)
from
- Operator dependent uponto
- Operator having the dependencyPair<Integer,Integer> disconnect(Operator from, Operator to) throws FrontendException
from
- Operator edge is coming fromto
- Operator edge is going toFrontendException
- if the two operators aren't connected.Iterator<Operator> getOperators()
boolean isEqual(OperatorPlan other) throws FrontendException
other
- object to compareFrontendException
void replace(Operator oldOperator, Operator newOperator) throws FrontendException
oldOperator
- operator to be replacednewOperator
- operator to replaceFrontendException
void removeAndReconnect(Operator operatorToRemove) throws FrontendException
operatorToRemove
- operator to removeFrontendException
void insertBetween(Operator pred, Operator operatorToInsert, Operator succ) throws FrontendException
pred
- predecessor of inserted node after this methodoperatorToInsert
- operato to insertsucc
- successor of inserted node after this methodFrontendException
Copyright © 2007-2017 The Apache Software Foundation


Information Links
- https://github.com/OpenAgInitiative/openag_brain
- http://openag.media.mit.edu/build/
- https://fossbytes.com/build-openag-personal-food-computer-pfc-mit/
- https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/innovations/wp/2015/06/17/inside-an-mit-researchers-grand-plan-to-create-the-personal-food-computer/
- http://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/embedded-systems/mits-food-computer-the-future-of-urban-agriculture
- http://www.popsci.com/wikipedia-farming-is-here
- http://www.aeroponics.com/aero16.HTM
- http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2015/11/05/food-computer-future-of-farm-ryan-duffy-_n_8478870.html
- http://openag.media.mit.edu/
- https://www.ted.com/talks/caleb_harper_this_computer_will_grow_your_food_in_the_future?utm_source=tedcomshare&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=tedspread
Graphics Links
- https://www.japlusu.com/news/search?term=louvers&vocabulary=Tags
- http://www.dhgoodman.com/uploads/1/4/0/1/14015240/3973838.jpg
- https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/innovations/wp/2015/06/17/inside-an-mit-researchers-grand-plan-to-create-the-personal-food-computer/
- https://pixabay.com/en/earth-blue-planet-globe-planet-11009/


More than
2500
games...
and more than
10
different video consoles
You didn't know it, but you carry in your pocket up to three generations of classic video game consoles. Just connect your Playloop to turn them into reality. Literally plug and play.


RHEL 7
What's new
by Rizvi Rahim, Integra Technologies
Enough marketing, let's get technical
XFS is the default filesystem
- No longer a paid add-on
- Supports defragmentation
- Much more scalable
Supported filesystem limits
|
EXT3 |
EXT4 |
XFS |
| Max. single file |
2TB |
16TB |
500TB |
| Max. filesystem |
16TB |
16/50TB |
500TB |
| Max. subdirectories |
32000 |
64000* |
Unlimited |
XFS caveats
- Use the "
inode64
" mount option when mounting a filesystem larger than 1TB
- Be aware that you cannot shrink XFS filesystems
- Lots of tuning options available if you have lots of small files vs larger files
Systemd
- Lots of controversy, but systemd is actually a Good Thing ®
- Not something brand new introduced in RHEL7, developed for over 5 years, default since Fedora 15
- Gives a much-needed modernization boost to the Linux operating system
Systemd advantages
How RHEL 6 behaves with an error in the mail server configuration file:
Systemd advantages
How RHEL 6 behaves with an error in the mail server configuration file:
Systemd advantages
How RHEL 6 behaves with an error in the mail server configuration file:
Systemd advantages
How RHEL 6 behaves with an error in the mail server configuration file:
Systemd advantages
How RHEL 7 behaves with an error in the a mail server configuration file:
Systemd advantages
How RHEL 7 behaves with an error in the a mail server configuration file:
Systemd advantages
How RHEL 7 behaves with an error in the a mail server configuration file:
Systemd advantages
- Easier startup scripts
- Makes cgroups easily accessible (resource prioritization or limiting)
- Adds advanced features as simple configuration options, like auto-restarting services, hiding directories, etc.
- Service timeouts!
Firewalld
- New firewall management tool
- No service distruption when changing rules
- Supports different trust zones
- GUI, CLI and XML based configuration
- Will make the shift to nftables in the future easier
Firewalld
# Old: iptables -A INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp \
# --dport 80 -j ACCEPT
firewall-cmd --add-service=http
firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-service=smtp
firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=3667/tcp
firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=public --add-rich-rule= \
"rule family="ipv4" source address="<IP_ADDRESS>/24" \
service name="http" accept"
Docker/Containers
- A new method of software packaging and development
- An app distributed via a container is self contained and isolated
- Easy to deploy, no worrying about OS apache/mysql/library versions
- Easier to scale
- No performance hit; not really virtualization
Other improvements
- "bash-completion" now in the base repo, so better autocomplete
- NetworkManager actually usable for server use, with a command line utility
- Better networking performance (supports 40G ethernet cards)
- Better iSCSI target server, LIO. Supports persistent reservations.
- Swap memory compression - better performance in low memory situations
Other improvements
- Chrony handling NTP - better time accuracy
- NUMA aware auto-scheduling and memory allocation
- Easier Windows AD integration
- Performance Co-Pilot
- ....and more
Updated applications
- PHP 5.4
- Python 2.7.5
- Apache 2.4
- MariaDB 5.5
- PostgreSQL 9.2
Tech previews
kpatch - update kernels without rebooting
BTRFS - next generation filesystem
LVM caching - use SSDs to cache HDD storage
RHEL 7 caveats
- 32-bit servers are not supported any more
- Some older servers are no longer supported, eg. HP DL380 G6 and older
- A bit of a learning curve


"GRIZZLY" (1976)
a film by William Girdler
starring a big bear, Christopher George, Andrew Prine, and Richard Jaeckel
written by Harvey Flaxman and David Sheldon a Edward L. Montoro production released by Film Ventures International
MPAA ratinbg: PG for violence, gore, brief nudity, and mild profanity.
recommendation: sketchy
"If man continues to encroach upon this untouched natural environment, he will soon displace those creatures who were meant to live here." Thus begins the opening tirade of "Grizzly", released at the height of the mid-Seventies "man vs. nature" exploitation film craze. Make no mistake - this film is bad, probably as bad as most of the films following "Jaws" (1975) that bit so firmly on the genre. However, "Grizzly" is bad in a very odd, almost endearing way that made me feel kind of sorry for it. It's almost as if the film were made on two entirely different shoots.
The story copies "Jaws" almost verbatim, but with a twist. Instead of the ocean, we're in a national park, and instead of a shark, the tourists and campers are plagued by one fifteen foot, two-thousand-pound grizzly bear. How did it escape the tagging and cataloguing efforts of "National Park"'s rangers? "I don't know", says Scott (Richard Jaeckel), an eccentric naturalist hunter who wears a fur pelt. "It just did".
That's just one of the many plot deficiencies endemic within the film. Despite the warnings of rangers Kelly (Christopher George) and Don (Andrew Prine), the park superintendent Tom (Tom Arcuragi) refuses to heed the reports of campers mauled, eaten, and buried by this bear. And while the carnage continues, Tom opens the park to inexperienced, drunken hunters to stalk the bear without a barrage of media attention. Yeah, right. And when the cameras do arrive, Tom turns the situation into a veritable media circus. It's all a big part of his plan to pursue what Kelly refers to as a "big warm, brown plastic office in Washington". Tom finds Kelly a "maverick". That's the internal tension in the film. Seriously. That, and the bear, which has no "bear"-ing on any of the human drama that finds its way into the script.
By the way, we don't get to see the bear until the halfway point - those initial victims are merely attacked by a large furry paw, capable of shearing limbs. Of course, nobody in management listens to reason about how the bear behaves. Of course, the people who get naked get killed first. Of course, the false scare of the little boy who goes outside the front yard to round up his pet bunny is immediately followed with a scene of him getting his legs torn off. Of course, characters disappear, then come back after the action is gone. This is for the drive-in, and late-night cable TV, not for Sundance. Most of the men with speaking parts have gruff, affected voices that border on laughable. Tact is definitely not its strong suit.
What this film does have going for it is some pretty tight editing and wonderful aerial cinematography of the Georgia mountains. Director Girdler, who died in a helicopter crash after leaving us, unaccountable, with the similar "Day of the Animals" (1978), and the blaxploitation exorcism knockoff "Abby" (1974), scouted these locations well, and the look of the film is certainly not unprofessional. And it's got the bear, who also manages to knock the head off of a horse. But roughly one-quarter of the film is padded out with annoying "bear-cam" shots (you know, the first person perspective, with the rustling of leaves and branches underscoring a low, growling sound that even the hearing-impaired could sense).
I like bears. I find them to be the clowns of nature, and the star of "Grizzly" is no exception. I wish he (and it is a he, since it also eats a bear cub, something which a female bear would never do) would kill the entire cast and not stop until they were all chewed on at least a little bit.
 It's definitely not gripping in any way, shape, or form, and I would only recommend it to those who want to see people dumber than they are get torn to shreds by a really big bear.
(C) 1998 by Doug Mosurak.
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
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Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


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I find the array functions in Parable to be incredibly useful. While I had previously implemented a vocabulary for arrays in Retro, I didn't actually use it for much.
In Parable, arrays are stored in slices. The length is stored by the VM as the size of the slice, with the values stored sequentially in the slice. (I haven't implemented associative arrays yet). This is simplistic, but easy to understand and makes working with them at low level easy. The underlying VM is not aware of arrays as a data type, so conversions (via :s, :c, etc) are needed when working with the contents.
Arrays can be created with array-from-quote. Attaching a permanent name can be done with define.
[ #1 #2 #3 ] array-from-quote
Additionally, strings are just character arrays. To use them with the array functions, just use :p:
'hello, world!' :p
New values can be added with array-push and removed with array-pop.
#100 &name array-push
&name array-pop
The length can be obtained with array-length.
You an use the standard fetch and store functions to access array elements.
All of this is good, but the array combinators are what make arrays useful to me. There are currently three of interest: array-filter, array-map, and array-reduce.
array-filter takes an array and a quote which filters values, and returns a new array that contains values that match the filter. So to find all vowels in a string, we could do:
'this is a string of sorts' :p
[ :c vowel? ] array-filter
Or, to return values greather than 20:
[ #10 #20 #30 #4 #40 #5 #50 #60 #8 #98 ] array-from-quote
[ #20 < ] array-filter
array-map applies a quote to each value in an array. We could square all values in an array like:
[ #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 ] array-from-quote
[ dup * ] array-map
array-reduce takes an array, a value, and a quote. It's useful for doing something with each value in an array. Some examples:
"add all values in an array"
[ #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 ] array-from-quote
#0 [ + ] array-reduce
"find the max value in an array"
[ #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 ] array-from-quote
#0 [ max ] array-reduce
"count vowels in a string"
'this is a string of text' :p
#0 [ :c vowel? [ #1 + ] if-true ] array-reduce
Returning to more mundane functions, Parable also provides a function for checking an array for specific values. This is array-contains?.
#4 [ #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 ] array-contains?
'pear' [ 'apple' 'banana' 'orange' ] array-contains?
Parable also provide array-compare for comparing two arrays and array-reverse which flips the order of values in the array.
The last function provided is array-to-string. This takes an array and a type constant and generates a string representation of the contents. So we could do:
[ $h $e $l $l $o ] array-from-quote
CHARACTER array-to-string
[ #1 #3 #6 ] array-from-quote
NUMBER array-to-string


--- date: 2017-07-06T12:08:13+01:00 title: 'ChIPseeker: ChIP peak Annotation, Comparison, and Visualization' type: index weight: 1 ---
This package implements functions to retrieve the nearest genes around the peak, annotate genomic region of the peak, statstical methods for estimate the significance of overlap among ChIP peak data sets, and incorporate GEO database for user to compare their own dataset with those deposited in database. The comparison can be used to infer cooperative regulation and thus can be used to generate hypotheses. Several visualization functions are implemented to summarize the coverage of the peak experiment, average profile and heatmap of peaks binding to TSS regions, genomic annotation, distance to TSS, and overlap of peaks or genes.
ChIPseeker
is released within the Bioconductor project and the source code is hosted on GitHub.
Please cite the following article when using ChIPseeker
:
Yu G, Wang LG and He QY*. ChIPseeker: an R/Bioconductor package for ChIP peak annotation, comparison and visualization. Bioinformatics, 2015, 31(14):2382-2383.
Find out more on Featured Articles.
Install ChIPseeker
is easy, follow the guide on the Bioconductor page:
## try http:// if https:// URLs are not supported
source("https://bioconductor.org/biocLite.R")
## biocLite("BiocUpgrade") ## you may need this
biocLite("ChIPseeker")


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See:
Description
| Interface Summary | |
| ClientSubjectChecker | Interface for approving or rejecting client subjects during unicast discovery and decoding of multicast requests. |
| DatagramBufferFactory | Factory that produces byte buffers, each corresponding to a separate datagram packet to be sent. |
| DelayedMulticastAnnouncementDecoder | Interface implemented by classes which decode multicast announcement data and additionally support delayed constraint checking. |
| DelayedMulticastRequestDecoder | Interface implemented by classes which decode multicast request data and additionally support delayed constraint checking. |
| DiscoveryFormatProvider | Interface implemented by all discovery format provider classes, which is
used by the Discovery class to identify format providers available
via resource, as described in the documentation for the
Discovery.getProtocol2(ClassLoader) method. |
| EncodeIterator | Iterator for performing multicast encode operations on (potentially) multiple discovery format providers. |
| MulticastAnnouncementDecoder | Interface implemented by classes which decode multicast announcement data according to discovery protocol formats. |
| MulticastAnnouncementEncoder | Interface implemented by classes which encode multicast announcement data according to discovery protocol formats. |
| MulticastRequestDecoder | Interface implemented by classes which decode multicast request data according to discovery protocol formats. |
| MulticastRequestEncoder | Interface implemented by classes which encode multicast request data according to discovery protocol formats. |
| UnicastDiscoveryClient | Interface implemented by classes which perform the client (discovering) side of unicast discovery. |
| UnicastDiscoveryServer | Interface implemented by classes which handle the server (lookup service) side of unicast discovery. |
| Class Summary | |
| ClientPermissionChecker | Implementation of ClientSubjectChecker that approves or rejects
client subjects based on whether or not they have been granted a particular
permission. |
| Discovery | Class providing methods for participating in versions 1 and 2 of the discovery protocol. |
| DiscoveryConstraints | Class for processing constraints which apply to the discovery protocol:
DiscoveryProtocolVersion , MulticastMaxPacketSize ,
MulticastTimeToLive , UnicastSocketTimeout ,
ConnectionRelativeTime ,
ConnectionAbsoluteTime . |
| DiscoveryConstraintTrustVerifier | Trust verifier for instances of the constraint classes defined in the com.sun.jini.discovery package. |
| DiscoveryProtocolVersion | Represents a constraint on the version of the discovery protocol used to contact lookup services. |
| MulticastAnnouncement | Class representing the values in a multicast announcement. |
| MulticastMaxPacketSize | Represents a constraint on the size (in bytes) of multicast packets used in the multicast request and multicast announcement discovery protocols. |
| MulticastRequest | Class representing the values in a multicast request. |
| MulticastTimeToLive | Represents a constraint on the time to live (TTL) value set on outgoing multicast request and multicast announcement packets. |
| UnicastResponse | Class representing the values obtained as the result of unicast discovery. |
| UnicastSocketTimeout | Represents a constraint on the timeout set on sockets used for unicast discovery. |
| Exception Summary | |
| DiscoveryProtocolException | Exception indicating a discovery protocol error, such as failure to interpret packet data, or multicast request/announcement data that cannot fit within a given packet length. |
Provides a set of constraints, low-level utility classes, and provider interfaces for participating in versions 1 and 2 of the multicast request, multicast announcement, and unicast discovery protocols.
The DiscoveryProtocolVersion
,
MulticastMaxPacketSize
,
MulticastTimeToLive
and
UnicastSocketTimeout
classes represent
constraints which can be applied to multicast and unicast discovery. The
DiscoveryConstraints
class offers convenience
methods for querying the values expressed by groups of these constraints. The
Discovery
class provides methods implementing
various low-level discovery protocol operations, such as encoding and decoding
multicast packet contents and unicast discovery data. These methods accept as
arguments instances of the MulticastRequest
,
MulticastAnnouncement
and
UnicastResponse
classes, which represent the
values (independent of protocol details) to be transmitted by multicast
requests, multicast announcements, and unicast discovery.
The Discovery
class implements both versions 1 and 2 of the
discovery protocols. For version 2 of the protocols, it accepts pluggable
format providers, specified via resource using the
DiscoveryFormatProvider
interface, which
implement the MulticastRequestEncoder
,
MulticastRequestDecoder
,
MulticastAnnouncementEncoder
,
MulticastAnnouncementDecoder
,
UnicastDiscoveryClient
, and
UnicastDiscoveryServer
format provider
sub-interfaces.
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Mark Lawson
Democrat
Currently retired. Previously, for ten years I was an investigator for two federal contractors, USIS and Keypoint Government Solutions, conducting personal interviews and records searches to provide adjudicators with necessary information to grant security clearances for federal employees and for applicants for certain positions related to national security. Previous to being an investigator, I was a small business owner of Galaxy Satellite Systems in Parker, CO for approximately ten years. Prior to being a business owner, I was employed in the oil and gas business as an employee of Petro-Lewis, Inc, and Apache Corporation, both located in Downtown Denver at the time. I was involved with creating computer programs to calculate financial evaluations based on a variety of different economic forecasts for the prices of oil and gas.
I graduated from Durfee High School in Fall River, MA in 1965. I attended The University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School of Finance from 1965 to 1969 when I earned a Bachelor of Science in Economics degree. I attended the University of Denver from 1980 to 1981 and earned an MBA from that institution
80209
In the 2020 election I made donations to Amy McGrath for US Senate in KY, Sara Gideon for US Senate in Maine, and Cal Cunningham for US Senate in North Carolina.
None
I have voted in every election in Colorado for the past five decades, but have not taken an active role in any group or organization.
I feel that districting procedures in Colorado as in many states has been subjective, based on partisanship rather than objective, based on natural geographic and political (meaning county and municipal lines) boundaries. By serving on this commission, I would like to be a part of a collaborative process that draws lines that will more fairly reflect the will of the people of Colorado in future elections. I believe that "voters should choose politicians rather than politicians choosing voters."
I pride myself on my ability and willingness to listen to others. I try to listen without formulating a response while the other person is speaking and waiting for my chance to respond. I try to be open-minded and not assume that I have "the answer." I am very mathematically-oriented. (My major in college was actuarial science). Consequently, I am partial to data and science rather than intuition and being entrenched in a position. I am also not confrontational, but prefer to be collegial.
As mentioned above, I am math-oriented and have studied actuarial science in college. I like to solve puzzles and have since before I ever attended elementary school. I do solve (usually) approximately 40 puzzles a week including New York Times daily crossword, Sudokus, acrostics, cryptograms, jumbles, and Wall Street Journal crosswords and Weekend addition puzzles. To me, the districting of Colorado represents a complex and challenging puzzle. I enjoy setting up spreadsheets to analyze complex problems.
Male


Will it be possible to connect the new Optical Utility Meter LED Pulse Sensor to one of the new EmonTH nodes?
»
Archived Forum |
|
Optical Utility Meter LED Pulse Sensor an EmonTHSubmitted by borpin123 on Fri, 12/06/2015 - 10:06Will it be possible to connect the new Optical Utility Meter LED Pulse Sensor to one of the new EmonTH nodes? » |
Re: Optical Utility Meter LED Pulse Sensor an EmonTH
Hi
According to me, it's not possible because this kind of sensor require to be powered all the time. It will empty the EmonTh batteries in few time. That's why I'm investigating using LDR instead of photodiode.
Eric
Re: Optical Utility Meter LED Pulse Sensor an EmonTH
No I'm afraid not possible to use optical sensor with the emonTH since it will drain the emonTH batteries very quickly
Re: Optical Utility Meter LED Pulse Sensor an EmonTH
Ok thanks. Would it be possible to have a powered EmonTH as an option? You could then remote out the sensors and have the pi itself in a better location. Might make a gas sensor easier as well. Just a thought.
Re: Optical Utility Meter LED Pulse Sensor an EmonTH
Hi Brian - You can add a mini usb socket to the emonTH if you remove the battery carrier ( and make a hole in the case) as the pcb has the footprint there it just isn't fitted. Or you could power via the ftdi header or the same terminal block a sensor could connect to.
So while the "new Optical Utility Meter LED Pulse Sensor" will not connect directly to the emonTH as it has no RJ45 socket and the batteries aren't up to it, you can count pulses with a powered emonTH and some minimal modding to interconnect the sensor, power supply and emonTH.
Paul
Re: Optical Utility Meter LED Pulse Sensor an EmonTH
Great thanks. Just wonder if it is worth offering as an option on the TH (plus an RJ45 socket). It would mean you did not need to hide the EmonPi away next to the consumer unit (which is a shame as it looks so nice!). I'd also like an adapter so I did not need to cut off the RJ45 plug incase I upgrade from an EmonTX. Sometimes I feel early adopters get penalised as products develop.
Cheers.
Re: Optical Utility Meter LED Pulse Sensor an EmonTH
No need to chop the sensor, just source a RJ45 socket, a socket to match your power adapter and interlink them with the tails entering a vent on the emonTH into the screw terminals.
To make a neater more permanent solution, remove the emonTH battery carrier, fit the mini usb and glue a RJ45 socket on it's side, to the pcb where the non-terminal end of the battery carrier was. with a couple of well place holes for the RJ45 and power plug it would be a proper mod.
Paul


Located at the mouth of the River Arade, Portimao is a natural harbour. It is, conveniently, just 35 minutes drive from Faro airport, close to the well-known Praia de Roche and opposite the village of Ferrragudo.
The river also provides access to the ancient city of Silves. Sadly, because of two low bridges over the river at Portimão, it is impossible for yachts to reach the city. However, it is possible to anchor just inside the breakwaters at the entrance to the Arade and use a dinghy for the trip.
Position 37°08'N, 8°32'W.
Report to Marina office with passports and ships papers where all formalities carried out, with copies to the usual officials.
Marine Police, Customs and Immigration also have their offices in this circular building.
Last updated April 2014.
Visitors normally berth at Portimão Marina, located on the west side, just inside the entrance to the port, where there is good shelter. Prices here are high however.
Further up the river is a small craft marina, Porta de S.Francisco, and also floating pontoons closer to the low bridges.
Be aware that the flood and ebb streams run hard here, so it is necessary to berth bows to the stream.
Anchorages
There is also an anchorage, in 4m, inside the east mole, but it is subject to wash from the ferries. An alternative anchorage may be found in the small creek (Ferragudo) about a mile from the entrance, on the eastern side of the river.
Harbour Master
Tel:+351 282 400 689
Last updated April 2016.
[Show additional 1 entries for this category]


Locations
Test Place
Baha Fresh
Bahama Breeze
Bistro on Bridge
Black Lab Bistro
California Pizza Kitchen
Cheesecake Factory
Desi Village
Food Court
Gino’s
Han Dynasty
Kabuki
Kebab Cafe
La Michoacana
Longhorn
Maggiano’s
McKenzie Brew House
Mesa Fresh
Minado
Olive Garden
Outback
P.F. Chang’s
Panera
Peppers
Primo’s
Qdoba
Red Lobster
Rib House
Sly Fox
Spice Kitchen
Taste of India
Thai L’Elephant
Thai Place
Tilted Kilt
Wild Rice
Animo
CTC Cafeteria
DiBruno Bros
Farmers Keep
Halal Truck
Matt & Maries
Mexican Post
Milk House
Mission Taqueria
Naf Naf
Nom Nom Ramen
Noon
Panda Express
Ralphs
The Foodery
Yunique Pizza


Create Your Restaurant!
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Don't worry, you can still change your restaurant details after creating one.


It creates an object of the class JFrame
and gives the frame a title.
Here is the program again:
import java.awt.*; // import the abstract windowing toolkit import javax.swing.*; // import the Swing classes public class TestFrame1 { // usual application main public static void main ( String[] args ) { JFrame frame = new JFrame("Test Frame 1"); // construct a JFrame object frame.setSize(200,100); // set it to 200 pixels wide by 100 high frame.setVisible( true ); // ask it to become visible on the screen } }
The frame object created by new JFrame()
is a section of main storage in your computer.
It contains lots of information about what should appear on the monitor.
But nothing will appear on the monitor without some additional work.
JFrame
object is constructed.frame
refers to the JFrame
object.setSize()
method sets its size.setVisible()
method makes it appear on the screen.


|
KratosMultiphysics
KRATOS Multiphysics (Kratos) is a framework for building parallel, multi-disciplinary simulation software, aiming at modularity, extensibility, and high performance. Kratos is written in C++, and counts with an extensive Python interface.
|
#include <enrichment_utilities_duplicate_dofs.h>
Static Public Member Functions | |
| template<class TMatrixType , class TVectorType , class TGradientType > | |
| static int | CalculateTetrahedraEnrichedShapeFuncions (TMatrixType const &rPoints, TGradientType const &DN_DX, TVectorType &rDistances, TVectorType &rVolumes, TMatrixType &rShapeFunctionValues, TVectorType &rPartitionsSign, std::vector< TMatrixType > &rGradientsValue, TMatrixType &NEnriched) |
This function implements the calculation of enrichment functions, where the position of the discontinuity is prescribed by giving a level set function prescribing the distance the enrichmenet surface. WARNING: the function works only for simplicial elements (Triangles and tetrahedras) TODO: only implemented for Tetrahedras so far
The essential idea is that the element is divided by the level set functions into 2 parts one + and the other - let's suppose for a moment that nodes 1 and 2 (in local numeration) lay on the negative side and nodes 3,4 on the positive side if N1, N2, N3, N4 are the shape functions "centered" in the node with corresponding id, the enrichment shape functions are defined as follows:
POSITIVE SIDE N1enriched = N1, N2enriched = N2, N3enriched=0, N4enriched=0
NEGATIVE SIDE N1enriched = 0, N2enriched = 0, N3enriched=N3, N4enriched=N4
the combination of the original element shape functions and of thos enrichements can model a discontinuity and a discontinuity of the gradient of the function to be enriched.
WARNING: difficulties can be expected if the division prescribed passes exactly in one node or if one of the two sides has a volume approximately 0. In this case the definition above works correctly but the use of the enrichment shape functions requires some care
|
inlinestatic |
The method to calculate the ernriched shape functions for given tetrahedra. 4 ENRICHED SHAPE FUNCTIONS ARE GENERATED!!
| rPoints | A 4x3 matrix where row i has the coordinates of node i. |
| DN_DX | The gradient of the shape functions Ni respect to the reference coordinates |
| rDistances | is an input vector of 4 size which holds relative distance (not need to be exact) for each node. it is used internally to mark the position of the zero level |
| rVolumes | Result vector with size 6 (maximumn number of partitions) holding the volume of each partition |
| rShapeFunctionValues | Result 6x4 matrix where each row represents a partition and holds the shape functions N1 to N4 of the original tetrahedra evaluated in the gauss point (center) of the partition. so that it is N(gauss_index, node_index) |
| rPartitionsSign | A result vector of 6 holding the sign of the distance for the partition. The value -1 represents the negative distance sign, 1 represents positive distance and 0 stands for not used partition |
| rGradientsValue | Restult vector of size 6 holding the gradient of the enriched shape funciton for each volume. Each element of vector is a 4*3 matrix representing the gradient of enriched shape functions. The use of matrix is for possible future improvement. |
| Nenriched | is a Matrix that contains for every gauss point the values of the enriched shape functions at the position of the gauss point so that Nenriched(1,0) contains the value of the enriched shape function "0" at the gauss point "1" |


This is the partial for view 2.
X Showing of 'interpolate' filter: {{ 'Current version is v%VERSION%.' | interpolate }}
-------------------------------


Kelly Dodd Discusses Her Upcoming Wedding – Reveals Which Housewives Will Be There!
by Ashley MitchellKelly Dodd’s wedding is right around the corner and now, she is revealing which of the Housewives will be part of her big day! The reality TV star is tying the knot for a second time with her boyfriend she’s been dating for no longer than a few months but when you know, you just know, right?
Either way, Kelly is super excited to walk down the aisle after her man Rick Leventhal popped the big question unexpectedly.
That being said, the celeb already knows who will definitely not be missing from her upcoming wedding.
While in attendance at BravoCon in New York, she chatted with HollywoodLife, telling the news outlet that: ‘Knowing Ramona [Singer], she’s- She wants to be a bridesmaid.  You’re the one who happened for me.’
The future bride was referring to the fact that it was Ramona who introduced Kelly and her fiancé so she did, indeed, make it happen for them!
But of course, that doesn’t mean she will be the only one at the wedding and bridal shower.
‘Dorinda wants to officiate it. I think it would be great, because I’m Catholic and my fiance’s Jewish, so I’m not going to have a priest and a rabbi, so why not have Dorinda? She can officiate. Probably Braunwyn [Windham-Burke] and Emily [Simpson]. They’ll probably be there,’ she went on to dish.
Kelly has been an engaged woman only for a few days but it sounds like she already has a lot of plans for her wedding day and is constantly brainstorming for more!
She told the outlet that the wedding will most likely be really big since she has a lot of friends.
The same can be said about Rick’s circle of friends so that’s even more reason to have a huge party.
As for the date, she mentioned that they are trying their best to have it on October 10, 2020!


6.1. Using Class Based Views (CBV)¶
6.1.1. ClientAPIListView¶
Following the same example as Model ListView, the results returned from the model will go to the context variable object_list
, unless you want to customize it. Using ClientAPIListView we will use the attribute client_method
instead of model
to get our results
from django_api_client.views import ClientAPIListView
from folder_project.clients import api_client
...
class TestListView(ClientAPIListView):
template_name = "template_name.html"
page_title = 'Tests'
page_base_url = reverse_lazy('order:list')
paginate_by = 50
client_method = api_client.order.orders.list
Hint
template_name: path with name of you template
client_method: method of the client that get a list of records of a resource list
page_title: Generates a context variable to use in your template
page_base_url: Information used in pagination and the search
paginate_by: Number of items to generate the pagination
Note
The usage example assumes that the endpoint is /order/orders/
<IP_ADDRESS>. API Filters¶
Enable filter:
To enable a filter for the API you just need to add the filter you want in api_filters
from django_api_client.views import ClientAPIListView
from folder_project.clients import api_client
...
class TestUsingFilterListView(ClientAPIListView):
template_name = "template_name.html"
page_title = 'Tests'
page_base_url = reverse_lazy('order:list')
paginate_by = 50
client_method = api_client.order.orders.list
api_filters = ['user']
Note
The usage example use the user, so if you pass the user on the querystring, this value will be passed to the API
Add a custom filter or queryset:
To customize a search or call to the API you need to use get_api_params adding the parameters you want. Example:
from django_api_client.views import ClientAPIListView
from folder_project.clients import api_client
...
class TestUsingCustomFilterListView(ClientAPIListView):
template_name = "template_name.html"
page_title = 'Tests'
page_base_url = reverse_lazy('order:list')
paginate_by = 50
client_method = api_client.order.orders.list
api_filters = ['user']
def get_extra_params(self, request):
extra_params = super().get_extra_params(request)
extra_params['status'] = 'finished'
return extra_params
Note
The usage example take all params you already have and add the custom status to send to the API
6.1.2. ClientAPIDetailView¶
Following the same example as Model DetailView, the results returned from the model will go to the context variable object
, unless you want to customize it. Using ClientAPIDetailView we will use the attribute client_method
instead of model
to get our result
from django_api_client.views import ClientAPIDetailView
from folder_project.clients import api_client
...
class TestDetailView(ClientAPIDetailView):
template_name = "template_name.html"
page_title = _('View Test')
client_method = api_client.order.orders.get
Hint
template_name: path with name of you template
client_method: method of the client that to get a record in the resource
page_title: Generates a context variable to use in your template
Note
The usage example assumes that the endpoint is /order/orders/
6.1.3. ClientAPICreateView¶
Following the same example as Model CreateView, on submit will validate and save, using ClientAPIListView we will use the attribute `` client_method`` instead of model
to get our result
from django_api_client.views import ClientAPICreateView
from folder_project.clients import api_client
...
class TestCreateView(ClientAPICreateView):
form_class = TestForm
template_name = "template_name.html"
page_title = _('View Test')
success_url = reverse_lazy('test:list')
client_method = api_client.order.orders.create
Hint
template_name: path with name of you template
client_method: method of the client that create a record in the resource
page_title: Generates a context variable to use in your template
Note
The usage example assumes that the endpoint is /order/orders/
6.1.4. ClientAPIUpdateView¶
Simple
from django_api_client.views import ClientAPIUpdateView
from folder_project.clients import api_client
...
class TestUpdateView(ClientAPIUpdateView):
form_class = TestForm
template_name = "template_name.html"
success_url = reverse_lazy('test:list')
page_title = _('Edit Test')
client_method = api_client.order.orders.update
client_initial_method = api_client.order.orders.get
partial = False
Advanced with a custom initial
from django_api_client.views import ClientAPIUpdateView
from folder_project.clients import api_client
...
class TestUpdateView(ClientAPIUpdateView):
form_class = TestForm
template_name = "template_name.html"
success_url = reverse_lazy('test:list')
page_title = _('Edit Test')
client_method = api_client.order.orders.update
client_initial_method = api_client.order.orders.get
partial = False
def get_initial(self):
response = self.client_initial_method(**self.kwargs)
data = response.as_dict()
instance = response.as_obj()
data['start_date'] = datetime.fromisoformat(instance.start_date).strftime('%d/%m/%Y %H:%M')
data['end_date'] = datetime.fromisoformat(instance.end_date).strftime('%d/%m/%Y %H:%M')
return data
Hint
template_name: path with name of you template
client_method: method of the client that to update
client_initial_method: method of the client that brings the result
page_title: Generates a context variable to use in your template
partial: means if you are going to update only part of your asset or you are going to update everything
Note
The usage example assumes that the endpoint is /order/orders/
6.1.5. ClientAPIDeleteView¶
Following the same example as Model DetailView, the results returned from the model will go to the context variable object
, unless you want to customize it. Using ClientAPIDetailView we will use the attribute client_method
instead of model
to get our result
from django_api_client.views import ClientAPIDeleteView
from folder_project.clients import api_client
...
class TestDetailView(ClientAPIDeleteView):
client_method = api_client.order.orders.delete
success_url = reverse_lazy('test:list')
Hint
client_method: method of the client that to remove the resource
Note
The usage example assumes that the endpoint is /order/orders/


These are some lovely letters from a couple of my loved ones, oulining how they see me and my values, strengths, and weaknesses
From my Mother
I am Very Happy and Honored to Share My thoughts on just some Core Values of Ashleigh Anne Vivier...
I Only Need to make a Few Points as Ashleigh herself Will Demonstrate and Prove her Value...
And as in Some Cases Like this... "Less is More"... I have had the pleasure of knowing Ashleigh since she was Born. Like Any child growing up she has had her Ups and Downs but as always this is part of growing up and learning about Life.
Ashleigh certainly learned at a very early age what she believed to be Right as well as Wrong.
She has Always been Strong Headed and Willed at the same time Loving Kind and Fiercely Loyal to her Family and Friends around her....
I Will Bullet Point her Core Values: (Less is More)
Family Is of Fundamental Importance to Ashleigh as I am sure will always be!
Believes that Honesty Is The Best Policy and that Trust is Earned!
Ashleigh I think believes that Maintaining a Healthy Work/Life Balance is Very Important!
Truth Points:
Dependability - Always
Reliability - Totally
Loyalty - Without a Doubt
Consistency - This is Always an on-going exercise
Honesty - Totally
Efficiency - Far to Efficient
Positive - Always Strives to achieve this
Motivated - Go Ashleigh
Respect of Others & Nature - A Personal Passion and Pride to be sure
Good Humour- Hahahaha This is True
All of the above are just a few of Ashleigh's Core Values. She has so much to offer and then some. She has Always given of her best Striving to Deliver what she believes in...
She Also accepts that No One is perfect but will Always work on any imperfections to make right to continue to believe in herself and what she Sets out to do...
This Young Lady is a Gem
I Know this to be the Honest Truth as I am Her Friend....... And Mother
From my Wife
Ash is interested in lots of different things, likes change, likes learning and trying new things.
She is sensitive, changeable, can freak herself out with her own thoughts, is kind, thoughtful, defensive, controlling. She doesn’t know where she ends and others start sometimes and this means she’s vulnerable and affected by others more than she otherwise would be, in a way that drains her energy away from what’s important to her.
She is capable of a lot more change than most people, and thinks a lot about how she wants to change and why and how to go about it. She’s in a constant state of rebirth.
She’s highly intelligent and sensitive and knows she is but at the same time doubts it so she gets trapped in a cycle of lack of self-belief and then resentment when she sees her own lack of self-belief reflected off the people around which can throw her into a resentful and defensive spin.
She is competent and kind and capable and often does more for others than she does for herself which throws her out of kilter.
She has rid herself out of various addictive behaviours over the last few years through sheer creativeness and self-awareness.
She is hugely powerful and she senses it but doesn’t fully feel it yet and will go through various discomforts along the way to relaxing into that knowledge when it finally fully dawns on her.


Land Management/Owner Partners
Description
Team Dirt does not own any of the land on which the trails are built. Trails are built with the partnership of land managers/owners. Each land manager has their own goals and requirements for trail building that Team Dirt must follow. Federal programs, such as the BLM or USFS have recreation requirements built into their charters. Team Dirt applies for recreation grants/permits with these federal programs to allow access to building trails. The process is similar when working with private owners, but typically these organizations are more involved in the process. There is no mandate that these land managers give access to land, so Team Dirt works closely to follow the constraints set forth by these land managers. If a trail is approved, then a kick off process is started internal to Team Dirt to start to raise funds (if needed), flag, and schedule build days.
Team Dirt has worked hard these past few years to cultivate a working relationship with these land management partners. By showing quality trail building practices and results the club hopes to expand on that relationship.
Partner - BLM
Partner - Starker Forests
Starker Forests has operated in the Benton County area since 1936. There is a long history of Starker Forests allowing permitted recreation on their land, the working relationship with Team Dirt extends that relationship to the mountain biking community. Starker Forests owns the Blodgett area and central area of the McDonald Forest.
Partner - Oregon State University
Oregon State University owns and operates the McDonald-Dunn Research Forests and Peavy Arboretum, two tracts of land which contain ridable trails. Team Dirt has worked with the College of Forestry to plan and build the new No-Secret trail. The College of Forestry has provided valuable trail build training to Team Dirt Trail Leads in the past.
Partner - USFS
Partner - Corvallis Parks and Recreation
The City of Corvallis manages the Chip Ross and Bald Hill parks, along with the BMX track, and the site of the proposed Pump Track. Team Dirt is working on raising funds to build a Pump Track in downtown. In addition, Team Dirt helps to promote bike activity, such as the Spring Roll, and promote bike tourism.


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Note: Uninstalling GitHub Apps and revoking an app's installation token are currently available for developers to preview. To access the new endpoint during the preview period, you must provide a custom media type in the Accept
header:
application/vnd.github.gambit-preview+json
Warning: The API may change without advance notice during the preview period. Preview features are not supported for production use. If you experience any issues, contact GitHub Support or GitHub Premium Support.
Revokes the installation token you're using to authenticate as an installation and access this endpoint.
Once an installation token is revoked, the token is invalidated and cannot be used. Other endpoints that require the revoked installation token must have a new installation token to work. You can create a new token using the "Create a new installation token" endpoint.
You must use an installation access token to access this endpoint.
DELETE /installation/token
Status: 204 No Content


Find more pranks on the home page.
11:58
Type the name of a program, folder, document, or Internet resource, and Windows will open it for you.


The @CompanyName@search feature is a powerful tool. Although you can learn to create complex text queries as described in Query language description, a quick shortcut is to simply type in a name or word, without any keywords. For example, to find all mail containing the word " tim" anywhere in the subject line, to: from: cc: or bcc: lines, message body, or file attachment, you could simply type tim into the Find text box and click Search.
You select where to search: email, contacts, appointments, tasks, and files in Briefcase. You can also select to search all folders for the information.
To search for contacts in your address books, the query must be a whole word. For example, to search contacts by phone number you have to enter the full phone number as it appears in the contact entry; you cannot search just by the area code alone.
In the search row, in the drop-down menu, select Personal Contacts. This searches through all of your address books.
Enter a complete name or other contact data in the Search text box.
Click Search.
You can enter any value, such as a word, first name, last name, phone number, or domain name. For more options, you can use the asterisk * as a wildcard.
In the search row, in the drop-down menu, select the item to search, or select the item type to search.
Enter a word, name or other mail-related data in the Search text box.
Click Search.


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title: Publications
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Publications
Kulkarni, R., Dhakal, B. K., Slechta, E. S., Kurtz, Z., Mulvey, M. A., & Thanassi, D. G. (2009). Roles of Putative Type II Secretion and Type IV Pilus Systems in the Virulence of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli. PLoS ONE, 4(3), e4752.
“Understanding Virulence Factors of Pathogenic Escherichia coli” (BS thesis, Stony Brook University Honors College, 2009)
Abstracts
Kurtz ZD, Cox, LM, Plottel, CS, Blaser MB. Gut microbiome and bacterial ß-glucuronidase activity. Abstract presented at NYU Department of Medicine Research Day, New York, NY, May 2011
Kurtz, ZD, Cox, LM, Blaser, MJ. Towards Robust Correlation Networks for Microbial Ecology. Abstract presented at 1st Drexel Workshop on Microbiome Research, Philadelphia, PA., March 2012.
Reviews
“Lost in the DARC - the Undefined Role of an Anti-Malarial Mutation in HIV infection.” (2009). Stony Brook Young Investigators Review, 1 Winter,