11 Item Response Theory
This tutorial is adapted from 2 articles:
- MultiLCIRT: An R package for multidimensional latent class item response models
- Variable weighting via multidimensional IRT models in Composite Indicators construction
Thanks to Simone Del Sarto from University of Perugia, Italy for the guidance on this document.
11.1 Vulnerability as a “latent” variable
A major task in the measurement of complex and latent household vulnerability dimensions phenomena such as deprivation (or Basic Needs), wealth (or Coping capacity) and ability (or Well-being) consists of summarising information available from a set of dichotomous or ordinal questions (also referred as items) from an household survey questionnaire. For example:
Deprivation (or Basic Needs), is assessed by collecting data on the extent to which households possess certain commodities, engage in certain activities or are subject to financial pressures. The responses of individuals to deprivation item questionnaires constitute the manifest or observed indicators. (cf. Item response theory and the measurement of deprivation, Szeles and Fusco, 2013)
Wealth (or Coping capacity) is a latent concept to be derived from observable assets, and measures of wealth are calculated from a set of assets a household possesses (cf. Measuring Household Wealth with Latent Trait Modelling: An Application to Malawian DHS Data, Vandemoortele, 2014).
11.2 Building composite indicators with IRT
Item Response Theory (IRT) are specific type of statistical modeling that allows to address this complex challenge of building data-driven vulnerability scores without the use of proxy indicators. The assumptions that IRT approaches allows for are closer to the operational reality and needs:
Latent phenomenon → not directly observable through a proxy, meaning that vulnerability is not directly measurable .
Latent variable → assumed to have a discrete distribution rather than continuous vulnerability scales.
Phenomenon manifestation → response pattern to the items of a questionnaire rather to profile of respondents.
Summary of the phenomenon → composite indicators rather than predicted scores.
Item Response Theory (IRT) (also known as latent trait theory, strong true score theory, or modern mental test theory) is a paradigm for the design, analysis, and scoring of tests, questionnaires, and similar instruments measuring abilities, attitudes, or other latent variables. It is a theory of testing based on the relationship between individuals’ performances on a test item and the test takers’ levels of performance on an overall measure of the ability that item was designed to measure. IRT models the response of each respondant of a given ability to each item in the test.
The term item
, here is generic, covering all kinds of informative items. They might be multiple choice questions that have incorrect and correct responses, but are also commonly statements on questionnaires that allow respondents to indicate level of agreement (a rating or Likert scale), or patient symptoms scored as present/absent, or diagnostic information in complex systems.
The main advantage of the discrete
approach consists in the possibility of clustering the statistical units into homogeneous groups (latent classes): units (people, refugees and so on) in the same class share very similar characteristics in terms of the investigated (multidimensional) latent trait. Hence, this model would also allow us to classify refugees in similar groups. Such model can support prioritization needs as it assigns a score to each group, so that it is possible to highlight the most/least vulnerable groups of refugees and/or sketch several refugees’ profiles according to the various dimensions of it.
Composite indicators can be built using IRT using the following procedure:
- Step 1 : Assess dimensionality within the variables of the data-set → Multidimensional Latent Class IRT model + clustering algorithm
- Step 2 : Adoption the best model for assigning weights to the test items. This steps also allows to account for dimensionality (clusters) within respondents.
- Step 3 : Item aggregation using the weights obtained at the previous step → construction of a composite indicator for each dimension
11.2.1 Step 0: Data Preparation
Data are loaded in a data frame and converted in a matrix, corresponding to the unit-by-unit response configurations.
To make the further estimation of the proposed models and clustering of items faster perform the analyses after aggregating the original records which correspond to the same response pattern so as to obtain a matrix with a record for each distinct response configuration (rather than for each statistical unit).
The function function aggr_data
is then applied to this matrix. Output from function is:
data_dis
: matrix of distinct configurations → S (used after in model estimation);freq
: vector of corresponding frequencies → yv (used after in model estimation);
label
: index of each original response configuration among the distinct ones.
The data-set in this reports contains the responses of a sample of 201 / 201 records to 14 / 196 binary items.
Tableplot is a powerful visualization method to explore and analyse large multivariate datasets. The representation below are used to help in the understanding of the data, explore the relationships between the variables, discover strange data patterns, and check the occurrence and selectivity of missing values.
11.2.2 Step 1: Clustering algorithm / Dimensionality assessment
The first steps aims at grouping variables measuring the same latent construct in the same cluster
Investigating the best number of latent classes (parameter k
) is done through Hierarchical clustering of items based on the Rasch model. The function class_item
is used, it can take a long execution time. The classification is based on a sequence of likelihood ratio tests between pairs of multidimensional models suitably formulated.
The dendrogram below highlights three dimensions composing the multidimensional construct. Considering the item contents, the assessed dimension can be interpreted from a narrative point of view.
The following tables allows to interpret the clustering:
The first two columns (entitled
items
) indicate items or groups collapsed at each step of the clustering procedure,the third column(
deviance
) reports the corresponding LR statistic,the fourth column(
df
)reports the number of degrees of freedom,the fifth (
p-value
) reports the p-value, andthe last column (
newgroup
) contains the new group of items that is formed at each step.
11.2.3 Step 2: Model selection
The second step is a selection procedure based on estimation of ordinal polytomous multidimensional LCIRT model. The formulation of a specific model in the class of multidimensional Latent Class (LC) IRT models univocally depends on:
- number of latent classes
k
, - adopted parameterization in terms of
link
function , - constraints on the item parameters , and
- number of latent dimensions (
s
) and the corresponding allocation of items within each dimension
Parameter estimation for multidimensional IRT models based on discreteness of latent traits is performed through function est_multi_poly
requires the following main input:
S
: matrix of all response sequences observed at least once in the sample and listed row-by-row. Usually,S is a matrix of type data_dis obtained by applying function aggr_data to the original data. Missing responses are allowed and they are coded as NaN;yv
: vector of the frequencies of every response configuration in S corresponding to the output freq of function aggr_data (default value is given by a vector of ones, implying a unit weight for each record in S);k
: number of latent classes - defined in the step 1;X
: matrix of observed covariates, having the same dimension as S (default value is NULL, indicating the absence of covariates in the study);start
: method of initialization of the algorithm: 0 ( = default value) for deterministic starting values, 1 for random starting values, and 2 for arguments given bytheuser. If start = 2 ,we also need to specify as input the initial values of weights, support points, and discriminating an ddifficulty item parameters (using additional input arguments that are set equal to NULL otherwise);link
: type of link function: 0 (= default value) for the standard Latent Class model (i.e., no link function is specified),1 for global logits, and 2 for local logits. In the case of dichotomous responses, it is the same to specify link = 1 or link = 2;disc
: indicator of constraints on the discriminating item parameters: 0 (= default value) if γj= 1, j=1 ,…, r, and 1 otherwise;difl
: indicator of constraints on the difficulty item parameters: 0 (= default value) if difficulties are free and 1 if βjx= βj+ τxmulti
: matrix with a number of rows equal to the number of dimensions and elements in each row equal to the indices of the items measuring the dimension corresponding to that row. Cases where dimensions are measured by a different number of items are allowed, and the number of columns of matrix multi corresponds to the number of items in the largest dimension.
Function est_multi_poly
supplies the following output:
Piv
: optional object of type matrix containing the estimated weights of thelatent classes subject-by-subject (the weights may be different across subjects in the presence of covariates);Th
: estimated matrix of ability levels (support points) for each dimension (= row of matrix Th) and latent class (= column of matrix Th);Bec
: estimated vector of difficulty item parameters (split in two vectors if difl = 1);gac
: estimated vector of discriminating item parameters; if disc = 0 (Rasch-type model), all values of vector gac are constrained to 1;fv
: vector indicating the reference item chosen for each latent dimension;Phi
: optional object of type array containing the conditional response probabilities (see Eq.(1)) for every item and latent class. The array is made of as many matrices as the latent classes; moreover, the j -th column of each of such matrices refers to item j , where as the x-th row of each matrix refers to the x- th responsecategory(x = 0,…, lj − 1) of item j. In the case of items differing in the number of response categories, zeros are included in the corresponding cells;Pp
: optional object of type matrix containing the posterior probabilities of belonging to latent class c (column c of the Pp matrix), given the response configuration (row of the Pp matrix);lk
: log-likelihood at convergence of the EM algorithm;np
: number of free parameters;aic
: Akaike Information Criterion index (Akaike,1973);bic
: Bayesian Information Criterion index (Schwarz,1978)
<IP_ADDRESS> Number latent classes to consider
Checking here the optimal value of parameter k
| log-lik. | np | BIC | |
| model1 | -3,153.151 | 42 | 6,529.040 |
| model2 | -2,814.635 | 85 | 6,080.051 |
| model3 | -2,677.822 | 128 | 6,034.468 |
| model4 | -2,645.435 | 171 | 6,197.736 |
The model with lowest BIC is retained (i.e. k
= 3).
<IP_ADDRESS> Define parameterization on link function
To define if Global or local logit shall be used, we need to identify the optimal value of parameter link
(1= Glocal logit, 2 = Local logit)
| log-lik. | np | BIC | |
| model1 | -2,726.348 | 72 | 5,834.534 |
| model2 | -2,741.321 | 72 | 5,864.479 |
The model with lowest BIC is retained (i.e. link
= 1).
<IP_ADDRESS> Constraints on the item parameters: Likelihood ratio
To test between nested multidimensional LC IRT models, we can compare different multidimensional model: a restricted model against a larger multidimensional model based on a higher number of dimensions.
A typical example is testing a unidimensional model (and then the hypothesis of unidimensionality) against a bidimensional model through function test_dim
.
We will retain here the model with the smaller BIC value - Retained value for link
= 1
<IP_ADDRESS> Test of unidimensionality
Once the global logit has been chosen as the best link function, we carry on with the test of unidimensionality.
An LR test is used to comparemodels which differ in terms of the dimensional structure, all other elements being equal (i.e. free item discriminating and difficulty parameters), that is, * (i) a graded response model (GRM) with an r-dimensional structure, * (ii) a graded response model (GRM) with a bidimensional structure (i.e., anxiety and depression), as suggested by the structure of the questionnaire, and * (iii) a graded response model (GRM) with a unidimensional structure (i.e., all the items belong to the same dimension).
For this, models are calculated with different parameters:
* Difficulty levels (Free or Constrained, ie. constant or non-constant) difl
.
* Discriminating indices (Free or Constrained, ie. constant or non-constant) disc
.
| log-lik. | np | BIC | LR(vs. model1) | df | p-value | |
| model1 | -2,731.893 | 59 | 5,776.682 | |||
| model2 | -2,795.570 | 33 | 5,766.149 | 127.353 | 26 | 0 |
| model3 | -2,741.285 | 46 | 5,726.521 | 18.782 | 13 | 0.130 |
| log-lik. | np | BIC | LR(vs. model1) | df | p-value | |
| model1 | -2,741.285 | 46 | 5,726.521 | |||
| model2 | -2,844.518 | 20 | 5,795.102 | 206.467 | 26 | 0 |
| Class 1 | Class 2 | Class 3 | |
| Dimension 1 | -0.775 | 1.184 | 3.419 |
| prob | 0.342 | 0.491 | 0.167 |
11.2.4 Step 3: Items aggregation using the weights
The discrimination parameters express the informative capacity of a variable and its relative importance within sub-dimensions of the latent variables (as the model is multidimensional): so that the weight of a variable expresses the relative importance of that variable in the dimension it belongs to.
Weights are extracted from discrimination parameters, estimated through a Multidimensional IRT model, using a 2PL
parametrisation
Two composite indicators can be calculated:
- Unweighted score (raw relative frequency of correct response)
- Weighted score, using ˆ γ j (and their transformation) for weighting the items
<IP_ADDRESS> Multidimensional scores
gamma_hat: \(\hat{\gamma}_j\) (weights) from the model selected in the step above.
Since two dimensions are supposed, these weights can be divided into two groups
A useful thing to do is to rescale the parameters (within each dimension), so that the most discriminating item (for each dimension) has gamma_hat:\(\hat{\gamma}_j = 1\) and the other items have \(\hat{\gamma}_j < 1\). This is obtained by dividing each vector by its maximum element.
We can now use scaled discriminating item parameters parameters as weights.
Since these two sets of parameters are dimension-specific so they are not are not comparable.
Two different composite indicators can be constructed at this stage: one for the first dimension (dim1
) and one for the second dimension (dim2
).
Note that dividing by the weight sum (sum(gamma_hat1)
) is not necessary, it depends on the type of indicator you need (in terms of sum or average).
These indicators can be compared with the unweighted counterpart.
| CI1w | CI1unw | CI2w | CI2unw | |
| 1 | 1.127 | 1.143 | 1.173 | 1.143 |
| 2 | 0.576 | 0.571 | 0.715 | 0.714 |
| 3 | 1.379 | 1.429 | 0.873 | 0.857 |
| 4 | 0.671 | 0.714 | 0.576 | 0.571 |
| 5 | 0.279 | 0.286 | 0.432 | 0.429 |
| 6 | 0.549 | 0.571 | 0.432 | 0.429 |
Visualisation of resulting composite indicator
<IP_ADDRESS> Sinle composite indicator
One wish to have a unique composite indicator, computed by using the entire response pattern of each unit.
In this case, the discrimination parameters need to be made comparable across dimensions. Then, we have to compute \(\gamma_j^*\).
First, we need to compute gamma_hat: \(\hat{\sigma}_d\)
Then, we can compute gamma_hat: \(\gamma_j^* = \hat{\sigma}_d \hat{\gamma}_j, j \in \mathcal{J}_d\).
As the standard deviation of the latent traits is taken into consideration, the item discriminations are now comparable.
For example, we could rank the items according to their discrimination.
Hence, a unique composite indicator can be built using these last weights.
Finally, one could rescale these last parameters (in order to obtain those denoted by \(w_j\) in the paper).
| item | discr | unique | |
| 3 | 7 | 0.867 | 0.830 |
| 14 | 14 | 1.003 | 0.764 |
| 7 | 12 | 1.016 | 0.811 |
| 12 | 9 | 1.119 | 0.804 |
| 1 | 2 | 1.128 | 1 |
| 2 | 6 | 1.145 | 0.775 |
| 10 | 4 | 1.188 | 0.587 |
| 9 | 3 | 1.199 | 0.813 |
| 4 | 8 | 1.201 | 0.758 |
| 5 | 10 | 1.213 | 0.821 |
| 8 | 1 | 1.226 | 0.969 |
| 13 | 13 | 1.281 | 0.688 |
| 6 | 11 | 1.432 | 0.867 |
| 11 | 5 | 1.477 | 0.679 |
If the data at issue are multilevel (e.g., refugees nested in different neighborhoods/villages/camps districts), the model can be extended to cluster high-level units (i.e. neighborhoods/villages/camps districts) as well. Further, covariates can be included to check the effects (if any) of individual (or higher level) covariates in the units’ class membership probabilities.
Additionally, Discrete Multidimensional Two-Tier IRT Model, an extension of the previous models can be explored to account for the double dependency of single items on more than one dimension of the Latent Variable.
In further research, the proposed procedure can therefore be extended through a classification of higher-order units in homogeneous groups - instead of ranking them one by one - that would take advantage of the latent class part of the described method, and account for the multilevel structure of the data. So basically not only the analysis would provide the vulnerability score of household but also account for a potential geographic effect within their vulnerability profile.
Another element of research includes to define the impact of sampling on the resulting weights.


Hello my dear, Before I introduce myself, I wish to inform you that this letter is not a hoax mail and I urge you to treat it serious. I am Director of Procurement Department at the Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources, here in the United Arab Emirates. I obtained your email while searching for a reliable person, who could assist me in receiving transfer of a supposed contract awarded funds. This fund came as a result of over estimated contract awarded sums executed by foreign contractors in the Petroleum Ministry. This fund has been approved for payment to the contractor by the concerned Ministry. The contracts had been executed and commissioned. What I am about to receive now, is the over estimated funds which the contractor whom I helped during the process of obtaining the contracts added to his estimation for my own interest. This is a normal deal that goes in my Ministry by top officials. On our part, all modalities has been worked out in ensuring a smooth conclusion of the transfer to your account within the next few days. All I want from you is to receive this funds on my behalf, because as Government Official I cannot collect the funds directly from the contractor, neither I am allowed by Law to operate/ run foreign bank accounts. If you are trustworthy and can assist me in receiving the fund, do not hesitate to respond back to me immediately. Please note that there is no risk involved in receiving the funds in your account for and it will be done through wire transfer. I wish you to state in percentage what you shall have for the use of your account. As soon as you indicate your interest, further details and the amount involved shall be given to you once I hear from you. Please, treat with utmost confidentiality. Looking forward to hearing from you soonest. Best regards, Engr. Abbah Nasser. Ministry of Petroleum and Ministry Resources. United Arab Emirates. Greetings To You, How are you and your family I hope that you are all okay? I want to ask you, If you are not capable to quietly look for a reliable and honest person who will be capable and fit to provide either an existing bank account or to set up a new Bank a/c immediately to receive this money, even an empty a/c can serve to receive this money, as long as you will remain honest to me till the end for this important business trusting in you and believing in God that you will never let me down either now or in future. I am the Head of International banking department, in one of the biggest bank here in South Africa. During the course of our auditing, I discovered a floating fund in an account opened in the bank in 1996 and since 1998 nobody has operated on this account again, after going through some old files in the records I discovered that the owner of the account died without a [Heir/WILL] hence the money is floating and if I do not remit this money out urgently it will be forfeited for nothing. The owner of this account is late and by name Mr. Awal H. Zyed, a citizen of Iraq. During my investigation concerning his where about, I discovered that he died as a result of torture in the hand of Saddam Hussein (former Iraqi President) in one of his trips to his country Iraq during Saddam Hussein regime, as he was accused of leaking information to the Americans. I also found out that that Mr. El-Mohammed’s family wife and two sons died during the Gulf War in Iraq and was the reason why he did not declare any next of kin or relation in all his official documents, including his Bank Deposit paperwork in my Bank and did not leave any WILL The total amount involve is Eighteen million Six Hundred Thousand United States Dollars only [$18,600,000.00] and I wish to transfer this money into a safe foreigners bank account overseas. But I don't know any foreigner; I am only contacting you as a foreigner because this money cannot be approved to a local person here, but to a foreigner who has information about the account, which I shall give to you upon your positive response. I am revealing this to you with believe in God that you will never let me down in this business, you are the first and the only person that I am contacting for this business, so please reply urgently so that I will inform you the next step to take urgently. I need your strong assurance that you will never let us down, me and a key bank official who is deeply involved with me in this business. I guarantee that this transaction will be executed under a legitimate Arrangement that will protect you from any breach of the law. I will destroy all documents of transaction immediately we receive this money leaving no trace to any place. I will use my position and influence to obtain all legal approvals for onward transfer of this money to your account with appropriate clearance from the relevant ministries and foreign exchange departments. At the conclusion of this business, you will be given 30% of the total amount, 70% will be for us. Further details await your earliest reply. PLEASE, TREAT THIS PROPOSAL AS TOP SECRET. For security reasons, I expect your response of interest through this my private email address or contact me on my private satellite phone/fax numbers: TEL: +871763931353, FAX: +871763931351 I wait to receive your response to this mail as soon as you receive this mail. Best Regards, Mr. Clark Botha


Self-motivated, organized, and tech savvy 'Programmer' seeking a suitable position, to use my programming expertise for developing quality software products fitting to clients' requirements.
Switching to Software & Multi-media team;
Working on projects for Science & Technology Museums in EU and overseas (75% travel)
First international business experience in a German based company specializing in Interactive Exhibitions
Used udemy, an online learning platform, to take courses offered by accredited instructors and training programs, to acquire skills in: Unreal Engine C++, Design Patterns in Modern C++.
Obligatory by law 9-month military service in the Greek army forces
Relevant courses:
Field Study supervised by Bohdan Borowik (PhD) on the section of embedded systems for a "CNC” project. Development of a program from 16-bit microcontroller PIC 24H256 on a STM32mini controller with ARM 32-bit CortexM3 processor as well as development of the electronic board. Execution: Control DC, Stepper motor and graphics on 3.2” TFT Touch LCD screen. The microprocessor program was created with Keil µVision IDE in C++.
Elementary studies in Informatics combined with part-time student employment in a Greek Computing company (Futureland)
Development of a “Full automatic coffee machine” that produces coffee in the Greek way. The user can order the type of the coffee via Bluetooth, from an Android smart phone. The mechanical parts are from recyclable broken printers, pumps from cars etc. The project is using two Atmega328 microprocessors. Programming was in Arduino language C and the Android application for ordering the coffee was created with Eclipse (java). Project Link: wordpress
New development of products in the touch area: A project, with which you can turn any monitor/projector/Video-Wall into a touch screen with just one camera. Detects your moving finger towards the screen and translates it into touch and click swipe, touch and drag, draw\write actions with high accuracy and no latency. Any disturbances towards the invisible laser web caused by the movement of your finger in front of the screen will be detected by the sensor (camera) and translated into accurate and immediate mouse actions. Vimeo
| Operating Systems | Windows, Linux |
|---|---|
| Progamming Language | C++ |
| IDE | Visual studio |
| Framework | Qt |
| Libraries | OpenCV |
| Interface | raw HID |
| Depth camera | Intel RealSense |
| Micro-controller | Teensy 3.2 |
| Linux mini PC | Raspberry Pi 4 |
| Operating Systems | Windows, Linux |
|---|---|
| Progamming Languages | C, C++, C# .NET, Python, Java, Assembly, VHDL, FBD |
| Web Programming | HTML5, CSS3, JavaScript, jQuery, Angular, NodeJS |
| Software Development | Eclipse, Visual Studio, Visual Code |
| Siemens | LOGO! Soft Comfort |
| Engineering tools | AutoCAD |
| Virtualization | VirtualBox |
| Database | Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, NoSQL |
| Graphics design | Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Premiere |
Apart from a developer, I enjoy most of my time being outdoors. In the winter, I am an avid skier. During the warmer months, I enjoy mountain biking.
When forced indoors, I follow a number of sci-fi and fantasy genre movies and television shows, I am an aspiring chef, and I spend a large amount of my free time exploring the latest technology advancements in the front-end web development world.


about
news
get started
download
documentation
community
contact
site map
portuguÍs
Lua 5.3.3
released
Programando em Lua
published
Lua Workshop 2016
to be held in San Francisco


I've set up a blog for Python Paste-related news. Interested people can subscribe to the feed.
Feeling expedient, it's just done with Blogger, which uploads files to the server (using a very stripped-down template) and server-side includes that embed that file into the front page. Unfortunately archive pages are probably invalid HTML (since the template's meant to be embedded in another page), but I'm too lazy to deal with that now. This seems like a very easy way to embed news into otherwise-static pages.


{% extends 'base.html' %} {% block content %} {% include 'navbar-admin.html' %}
The authentication code has been emailed to the app owner for validation.


Philo
Contact
About
Home
Error 404
The page you requested isn't here. If you followed a link here, please
Contact
us to sort it out.


Upriver
Source
keep up with upstream
effortlessly sync your GitHub repositories with upstream using only the GitHub API
Sign in with GitHub
Toggle Dropdown
Private and public repos
Public repos only
into
branch
from
branch
force?
Pull
Results


--- layout: post title: |- Olav Mathis Eira, a Sami reindeer herder from Norway, said that his communities are seeing weather patterns unprecedented in their oral history. “Winter is one and a half months later than it used to be,” he said. “We observed birds and insects that do not have a name in Sami.” date: '2007-11-16T16:43:59+00:00' tags: [] tumblr_url: http://backlog.robbevan.com/post/19581207/olav-mathis-eira-a-sami-reindeer-herder-from ---
—IPCC to warn of ‘abrupt’ warmingOlav Mathis Eira, a Sami reindeer herder from Norway, said that his communities are seeing weather patterns unprecedented in their oral history.
“Winter is one and a half months later than it used to be,” he said. “We observed birds and insects that do not have a name in Sami.”


In collaboration with the Institut de la Vision (Team Pr. Chedotal) we present a disruptive project about the fetal development of the peripheral nervous networks.
Combine resolutions of few microns with rare specimens and you will get some of the most amazing and detailed images
of fetal development.
Check out some of our photos and video and get to know the intricate nervous connections that forms an human being!
The IMAG2 team would like to thank again the team of Pr. Alain Chedotal at the IDV for the immense contribution to the project. Without the help of Pr. Chedotal and Ms. Belle this works would surely not have been possible. Check them out on their official site!


FROM:MR.PRINCE WILL NKOMA
JOHANNESBURG SOUTH AFRICA.
TEL: 27-73-6214455
HIGHLY CONFIDENTIAL
-------------
ATTN: MANAGING DIRECTOR/C.E.O.
Dear Sir / Madam,
My name is Prince Will Nkoma, the elder son of Mr.Ben Nkoma of Zimbabwe. This might be a surprise to you about where I got your contact address.I got your address from the South Africa information and word online.
During the current war against the farmers in Zimbabwe from the supports of our President Robert Mugabe to claim all the white-owned farms to his party members and his followers,he ordered all white farmers to surrender all their farms to his party members and his followers.
My father is one of the best farmers in our country and because he did not support Mugabe's ideas,Mugabe's supporters invaded my father's farm and burnt everything in the farm,killing my father and made away with a lot of items in my father's farm.
Before his death,my father had deposited with one of the Security Company in Johannesburg,South Africa the sum of US$6.5 million {Six million, five hundred thousand united state dollars}.After the death of my father,we decided to move to the Republic of south Africa where he had deposited the money in the Security Company as valuables.
So, i decided to contact overseas firm and companies that will assist me to move this money out of South Africa because as asylum seekers we are not allowed to operate any account within South Africa.We have agreed to offer you 20% of the total sum for your assistance,5% will be mapped out for any expenses that may be incurred in the course of this transaction and 75% will be for me and family to invest in your country.
All I want you to do is to furnish me with your direct telephone and fax numbers for easy communication.You can contact me on the above Tel number. Note that this transaction is 100% RISK FREE and absolutely CONFIDENTIAL.
Thanks and God b
less.
Prince Will Nkoma.
For the family
Juega y llévate una PS2 two: Envía GENIOS al 5959.
Ya.com ADSL 24h + Llamadas Nacionales y Locales 24h - desde 9,95 €/mes+IVA.
¡Llévate el BALÓN del Mundial!: http://www.promomundial.ya.com/


Version 2.0.8 is the latest stable release. It currently supports Perl
5.003 regular expressions in the org.apache.oro.text.regex and
org.apache.oro.text.perlpackages. The main development goal is
to upgrade these packages to support Perl 5.8 regular
expressions. The development plan will lay out the path to
achieving this objective and this status page will report the
state of our progress. Our current objective is to settle on a
development plan sometime in the near future.
Immediate short-term development goals are summarized in this
extract from the oro-dev mailing list:
3. Prioritize this crop of changes. My bias is:
1. Conditional compilation supporting a J2ME target
2. Optional table-based character type lookup
3. Theoretically inlinable input iteration abstraction,
using CharSequence for J2SE 1.4
4. Proper case folding.
5. Possibly pool Perl5Repetition objects or something else
to reduce impact of memory allocation.
This order is based on dependencies that will minimize work as well
as complexity. You need 1 before you can do 3 if you're going to
support multiple JVMs. You want to do 3 before you do 4 if 4 might
affect code that iterates through input; also 3 is easier to implement
and less likely to introduce a bug than 4. 5 we don't know if we need
to do yet.
Number 4 may not be a quick change to make, but the rest aren't large
time sinks. If Mark could get us started with just one functionality
unit test and Bob could get us started with some performance tests,
I think there will be sufficient grounds to nominate you both as
committers (Jon and I just have to dig one of the inactive initial
committers to provide a third vote), which will make it easier for
each of you to support your respective company's use of jakarta-oro.
This may just be the thing to kick some life back into development
and keep my time constraints from being such a bottleneck. As I
recall, Bob, you also were hoping for group-local modifiers. That's
something we can tackle if we successfully make it through the above.
As a side note, for bug fixes I'm comfortable with just making the
fixes as necessary. But for changes that impact the overall API
or implementation, I think the httpd group's original review code
first before commit, or at least discuss and agree on the implementation
beforehand, is the best way to go (and very manageable for this
project since it's not a lot of code). So, even though I've implicitly
assigned myself the implementation of some of these changes, I'm not
going to have at them all without discussion. For example, I'll propose
a way to reimplement the input traversal to support the use of
CharSequence and the list can criticize it and counter propose.


{% extends "base.html" %} {% block title %}Error{% endblock %} {% block content %}
Sorry, something went wrong.
{% if error_code == 404 %} The page you were looking for was not found. {% elif error_code == 403 %} You do not have permission to access this page. {% elif error_code == 500 %} Internal server error. Please try again later. {% elif error_code == 401 %} Unauthorized access. You must be logged in. {% endif %}


| DOSE: |
25 mg |
oral |
2C-I |
(powder / crystals) |
The following is a general summary of the events leading up to and following the ingestion of ~25mg of 2c-i by 'Jon'. Let me begin by saying the doses obtained varied between 20-25mg, and that the doses weren't eyed out! Note, this trip reported through the eyes of Jon, and Stephanie's experiences are told second hand.
(-2 Weeks) - Obtained 6 doses of 2c-i, each varying between 20 and 25 mg. Jon had done 16 mg. of 2c-i months before, and he had an excellent time, very visually appealing yet lighthearted. Jon had also tried 20 mg. of 2c-e about a month after his first 2c-i trip, but made the mistake of smoking cannabis during his peak, which propelled him into a rather unpleasant experience. He decided to go with 2c-i again, using his positive past experience as his reasoning, but asked for a slightly higher dose to ensure an enriching +++ experience.
(+0:00) Jon and three friends each ingest a dose of 2c-i and prepare for the ride. Jon selects the fullest looking capsule, leading him to believe that he ingested the one of the capsules that contained around 25 mg. Each person has eaten lightly to avoid too much nausea on the come up.
(+0:30) Jon begins to feel the onset of the drug, which includes a lightened mood, intensification of colors, and a neon fuzz emanating from everything, similiar to static on a televison. To go along with the visual aspects, there is a bodily feeling similar to the rush of the onset of ecstacy, and Jon feels like he could dance the night away or run a mile.
(+1:00) Jon hasn't visually surpassed where he was at (+0:30), but he begins to feel a little negative, fueled mostly by the fact that his girlfriend 'Stephanie' has become overcome with negative feelings. Also, Jon and Stephanie both complain of slight joint/muscular discomfort, centered around the jaw and lower back. The sense of unhappiness doesn't leave either of them, so he decides to leave with her to return to a place where they can be alone.
(+1:30) Jon and Stephanie find a ride to her apartment, and as they are walking down the sidewalk leading to the parking lot, Stephanie says she's still not tripping, but proclaims that she feels as though she's walking on an incline. Jon, who had been looking at his feet the whole time, looked up, only to perceive the world as though it was on an incline as Stephanie had just said.
(+2:00) Jon and Stephanie enter Stephanie's room and crawl into Stephanie's bed, neither of them feeling as though they're at any point past where they were at (+1:00). Stephanie's room is dimly lit, with a lamp that consists of three different bulbs which each have a different color cover. They decide that they're just going to have a quiet conversation and fall asleep.
(+2:30) As Stephanie and Jon talk, Jon finds himself losing complete track of his thoughts, and he finds it hard to articulate. Stephanie proclaims that she is starting to see movement in pictures that are tacked to a board on the wall. They both wonder if it's residual effects, or if it's actually starting to work.
(+2:45) Stephanie and Jon have quickly reached a ++. Still objects throughout the room seem to vibrate with life, and blotches of colors appear against white walls, slowly moving about and changing colors. The experience is pleasing, despite the fact that the thinking process is very confused and it is hard to talk. The sheets that encompass the two trippers feel awesome against the skin, and light touch produces a resonating euphoria similar to ecstacy. The rush feeling and slight discomfort that was felt on the onset is still present, but is easily ignored by Jon as he indulges in the rich, light-hearted visual experience.
(+3:00) Stephanie and Jon have reached their peak, which is a full +++ experience. As Jon stares at the ceiling, it morphs into a giant kaliedoscopic pattern, each piece slowly changing and moving in a circular pattern. Jon also has beautiful closed eye visuals, patterns of neon colors (green, blue, pink) that morph into numerous elaborate pictures. The most memorable of these closed eye pictures looked like a rock from Easter Island surrounded by feathers that blew in an imaginary breeze.  He discovers that his sinuses, jaw, and mouth all throb with what he wouldn't describe as pain, but pressure. He also realizes that he has been desensitized to touch, to the point where he feels pressure from his girlfriends hand on his leg, but doesn't feel the sensation of her skin on his. This bothers Jon, but he resolves the issue by attempting a deep and meaningful conversation with Stephanie, who is enjoying a much ligher ++/+++.
(+5:30) Stephanie proclaims she has to pee, and this is the first time either Stephanie or Jon have moved in about 3 hours. Jon decides to stay, but as soon as Stephanie leaves the room Jon begins to feel uneasy and suggests that Stephanie leave both doors open as she uses the bathroom. As she pees, Jon realizes that he has not urinated since the beginning of the experience, and does not feel the need to do so. He finds this odd, and decides to go to the bathroom just in case. He pees, and finds that his bladder was in fact quite full, despite the fact that he could not feel the discomfort associated with a full bladder. He also realizes that it takes much concentration to relax the muscles 'down there.' He is confused by this, and adding to this confusion is the fact that the toilet water keeps changing colors as he pees, and the room keeps tilting, resetting itself, and tilting in another direction.
(+6:00) The bathroom experience has really shaken Jon, and he begins to realize just how out of sync he is with his body. His sense of smell has been limited to the point where the only odor he picks up on is the smell of burnt cigarettes, even though neither Jon nor Stephanie is a smoker. He also realizes that his sense of taste has limited everything to the point of being bland and flat tasting. The issues that Jon has with his body keep coming up in his head, as though his thoughts are a recording that keeps playing through and restarting. Stephanie puts on music, hoping to soothe Jon, but the music doesn't sound right to him. It sounds as though he is listening to it underwater, or listening to it being played at one end of a tunnel, and he is hearing it at the other end. He doesn't like the music too much, but Stephanie is enjoying it so he drowns it out with conversation.
(+6:45) Jon has been talking to Stephanie for the past 45 minutes, trying to ignore the thoughts that are continuously reeling through his head. His visuals are still +++, but become dizzying at times, forcing Jon to close his eyes. Stephanie has begun to come down, perhaps at a decent ++, but she is now complaining of being severely tired. Also, she compains of slight nystagmus, and feels the need for sleep. Jon is still +++, and the thought of Stephanie sleeping worries him, for he knows he will be alone with his head if she does so.
(+7:15) Stephanie has said her last, and has rolled over to go to sleep. Jon, however, is just starting to come down from his +++, and he can distinguish the fact that he is coming down by the fact that there are periods of time where the body high lifts and he can feel the coolness of the air on his skin. However, when these periods pass, he is propelled back into a full blown +++.
(+7:30) Jon lays awake, staring at the morphing ceiling, which is starting to lose some of it's detail. However, his mind is still completely confused and worried, and he starts to wonder when/if the experience will ever completely end.  The result is complete silence, but Jon's mind won't let this be the case. As Jon lays awake he begins to hear things, things that don't sound as though they occur naturally in this world. The sounds he hears are as though they have been produced by a computer, and consist of everything from a ringing and beeping in his ears, to the sounds of planes flying low overhead, to semi-human (but semi-evil) laughter.  The sound of the heat running is amplified by about 100%, and sounds somewhat scary to him.
(+11:00) Jon is finally baseline, but he's left with an achy jaw, achy joints, and an achy lower back. He is also wide awake, and will remain this way until he goes to sleep the next night.
Overall, Jon's second experience with 2c-i began very slowly, but as soon as he altered his physical settings his trip intensifed exponentially, and lasted a long time. Jon has deduced that the intensity and duration of his trip was directly related to the size of his dose, leading him to conclude (correctly) that 2c-i is extremely dose-sensitve. Although Jon felt uncomfortable and slightly paranoid during a decent amount of his trip, in hindsight he finds that it was amazing and worthwhile. He tells me that next time he doses on 2c-i (which won't be for awhile, he needs a break!) he's going to drop his dose to between 15 - 20 mg, as he hopes to embark on an experience that is more light-hearted, and less intense.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


|
| def | __init__ (self, model, stopFactor=4, beta=0.98) |
| |
| def | reset (self) |
| |
| def | is_data_iter (self, data) |
| |
| def | on_batch_end (self, batch, logs) |
| |
| def | find (self, trainData, startLR, endLR, epochs=None, stepsPerEpoch=None, batchSize=2, sampleSize=2048, verbose=1) |
| | This method is responsible for automatically finding our optimal learning rate for training. More...
|
| |
| def | save_csv (self, file_name="lr_loss.csv") |
| |
| def | plot_loss (self, skipBegin=10, skipEnd=1, title="") |
| |
◆ __init__()
| def mynet.callbacks.learning_rate_finder.LearningRateFinder.__init__ |
( |
|
self, |
|
|
|
model, |
|
|
|
stopFactor = 4 , |
|
|
|
beta = 0.98 |
|
) |
| |
◆ find()
| def mynet.callbacks.learning_rate_finder.LearningRateFinder.find |
( |
|
self, |
|
|
|
trainData, |
|
|
|
startLR, |
|
|
|
endLR, |
|
|
|
epochs = None , |
|
|
|
stepsPerEpoch = None , |
|
|
|
batchSize = 2 , |
|
|
|
sampleSize = 2048 , |
|
|
|
verbose = 1 |
|
) |
| |
This method is responsible for automatically finding our optimal learning rate for training.
We’ll call this method from our driver script when we are ready to find our learning rate.
- Parameters
-
| trainData | : Our training data (either a NumPy array of data or a data generator). |
| startLR | : The initial, starting learning rate. |
| epochs | : The number of epochs to train for (if no value is supplied we’ll compute the number of epochs). |
| stepsPerEpoch | : The total number of batch update steps per each epoch. |
| batchSize | : The batch size of our optimizer. |
| sampleSize | : The number of samples from trainData to use when finding the optimal learning rate. |
| verbose | : Verbosity setting for Keras .fit and .fit_generator functions. |
◆ is_data_iter()
| def mynet.callbacks.learning_rate_finder.LearningRateFinder.is_data_iter |
( |
|
self, |
|
|
|
data |
|
) |
| |
◆ on_batch_end()
| def mynet.callbacks.learning_rate_finder.LearningRateFinder.on_batch_end |
( |
|
self, |
|
|
|
batch, |
|
|
|
logs |
|
) |
| |
◆ plot_loss()
| def mynet.callbacks.learning_rate_finder.LearningRateFinder.plot_loss |
( |
|
self, |
|
|
|
skipBegin = 10 , |
|
|
|
skipEnd = 1 , |
|
|
|
title = "" |
|
) |
| |
◆ reset()
| def mynet.callbacks.learning_rate_finder.LearningRateFinder.reset |
( |
|
self | ) |
|
◆ save_csv()
| def mynet.callbacks.learning_rate_finder.LearningRateFinder.save_csv |
( |
|
self, |
|
|
|
file_name = "lr_loss.csv" |
|
) |
| |
◆ avgLoss
| mynet.callbacks.learning_rate_finder.LearningRateFinder.avgLoss |
◆ batchNum
| mynet.callbacks.learning_rate_finder.LearningRateFinder.batchNum |
◆ bestLoss
| mynet.callbacks.learning_rate_finder.LearningRateFinder.bestLoss |
◆ beta
| mynet.callbacks.learning_rate_finder.LearningRateFinder.beta |
◆ losses
| mynet.callbacks.learning_rate_finder.LearningRateFinder.losses |
◆ lrMult
| mynet.callbacks.learning_rate_finder.LearningRateFinder.lrMult |
◆ lrs
| mynet.callbacks.learning_rate_finder.LearningRateFinder.lrs |
◆ model
| mynet.callbacks.learning_rate_finder.LearningRateFinder.model |
◆ stopFactor
| mynet.callbacks.learning_rate_finder.LearningRateFinder.stopFactor |
◆ weightsFile
| mynet.callbacks.learning_rate_finder.LearningRateFinder.weightsFile |
The documentation for this class was generated from the following file:


Playing {{currentTrack.title}}
(loading...)
{{currentTime}} sec / {{duration}}
<< Previous
< Back
Pause ||
Play
Skip >
Next >>
Loop Track
Volume
Audio Settings
Auto Play Next
Loop Playlist
Auto Jump To Last Position
Shuffle Playlist
User Playlist
{{t.title}}
|
remove
<<<
Available tracks to listen to
{{t.title}}
-
add to playlist


Full-Stack Web Developer
Find Out MoreI have always been a curious and enthusiastic individual. As an IT graduate, I have always been curious to learn more about computers. It always puzzles me on how to do day to day things easier with computers and programming. As a personal challenge, I committed myself to learn more programming languages aside from what I learned during school days. I started out from learning to develop with simple applications and eventually developed complex applications involving front-end and back-end development with the help of my peers.
Seamless Web Applications
Skills such as ReactJS, Bootstrap, HTML5, CSS
Teamplayer - Respect - Organization
Every project is delivered and working
You can reach me to the following channels


Every minute towards your revenue
The Fun Learning Universe will be subscription service. For a monthly subscription price, the user can use all the content in the service without limitations. The pricing will be very affordable to attract large amount of users, including kids of less wealthy families and countries.


Sreeram
My YouTube channel
28 Dec 2019
How I started my YouTube channel?
So I had this idea for a YouTube channel for a really long time.
Please enable JavaScript to view the
comments powered by Disqus.


Special Navratri Offer Flat INR 500 off.
PYTHON POWER PROGRAMMING
From Novice to Expert
A 70+ hours of live-course which covers all the fundamentals of Python Programming, and provides you hands-on experience to both Django and Machine Learning.
Batch starts from 21st October 2020
WHAT WILL YOU GET
Certifications
Comprehensive Curriculum
Teaching Assistance
Fun Python Quiz
Must to-do Projects
International Corporate Certifications from Microsoft
Get internationally recognised certifications which will give the boost your career need.
FAQs
The course will be taught by Mr Ashish Misra, who is a Microsoft Innovate Trainer and also an Oracle Certified Professional. He has a teaching experience of over 12 years and has taught more than 10000 students. He has also been constantly conducting Faculty Development Programs in IITs and various corporate employee training for many MNC’s.
Yes, we will be organizing a two day online live webinar in which you will be introduced to python, its scope and its application in the real world. A few live projects of real time applications based on python will be demonstrated.
It is absolutely not a problem. If you don’t like the teaching methodology, we will refund you the amount fully. Although, this may be assured that the money will be refunded fully. This can be availed after 2-3 classes.
If you don’t need the Microsoft Technology Associate Certificate, it is fine. We will deduct the amount of the certificate from the price of the course. Nevertheless, you will still get the certificate from Floxus.
The class time will be decided such that everyone can attend. Even after that, if you miss the class, we will provide you with the recorded session of the respective class.
It is a highly competitive space out there, massive shortlisting is done based on certificates only. Certificates are used to differentiate between candidates having similar skillset, and it also acts as a filter for different companies while applying through recruiting platforms like LinkedIn.
There is no comparison between the free courses and our courses. The courses offered by Floxus are taught by experienced teachers who are always there to solve your doubts. The courses are completely project-based coupled with international corporate certifications and internships which no free courses can provide.
You can directly contact the concerned people. The contact details of the instructor and the concerned people will be shared. You can talk to them and fix yourself a preferred timing to solve the doubts.


{% extends "grid_base.html" %} {% load issue_tags %} {% block container %}
| Issue | Status | Duration | |
|---|---|---|---|
| {{ issue }} | {{ issue.boardposition.status.name }} | {% if issue.get_last_transition %}{{ issue.get_last_transition.date }} | {% else %}expected {{ issue|expected_date:object_list.duration_avg }} | {% endif %}


Restoration gives Perth taste of history
by Laura PondONE of Perth’s oldest agricultural buildings has been restored.
The State Heritage Council granted MercyCare $80,000 to restore the historical The Stables at Wembley located alongside its residential aged care and early learning services on Barrett Street.
The more than 160-year-old heritage-listed structure is the only remnant of the Benedictine Monastery of New Subiaco that ran from 1851 to 1867.
Chief executive Anthony Smith said they wanted to return the building to its original state, after it later became an orphanage and believed to have been used to produce olive oil at the site.
MercyCare and Bernard Seeber Architects spent six months restoring the structure and project manager Adam Roebuck said it was an important reminder of early European settlement in the Swan colony.
“Monks from this monastery helped design and build St Mary’s Cathedral and the Bishop’s Palace in Victoria Square,” he said.
“The Stables was most likely built by the Benedictine monks, novices or other assistants with little, if any, stone masonry or carpentry skills or experience.
“This meant although the building was robust, construction quality was not high and we had to get our modern trades to down-skill their work to respect the original quality of the building.”
The team, with Colgan Industries, last year finished conservation works at the Sister Martin Kelly Centre on the site, which won State Heritage and Master Builders Association awards for best historic restoration under $1.5 million.


Home
News
Contact
About
News
Apple is planning to release three new iPhones in 2018...
Rumor: A bigger iPhone...
What's the deal with OLED or LCD for the next iPhone X?...
Apple is expected to launch new iPhone models next month...
Coded by
Ibraham


Polygon
问题描述 :
Polygon is a game for one player that starts on a polygon with N vertices, like the one in Figure 1, where N=4. Each vertex is labelled with an integer and each edge is labelled with either the symbol + (addition) or the symbol * (product). The edges are numbered from 1 to N.
On the first move, one of the edges is removed. Subsequent moves involve the following steps:
�pick an edge E and the two vertices V1 and V2 that are linked by E; and
�replace them by a new vertex, labelled with the result of performing the operation indicated in E on the labels of V1 and V2.
The game ends when there are no more edges, and its score is the label of the single vertex remaining.
Write a program that, given a polygon, computes the highest possible score and lists all the edges that, if removed on the first move, can lead to a game with that score.
On the first move, one of the edges is removed. Subsequent moves involve the following steps:
�pick an edge E and the two vertices V1 and V2 that are linked by E; and
�replace them by a new vertex, labelled with the result of performing the operation indicated in E on the labels of V1 and V2.
The game ends when there are no more edges, and its score is the label of the single vertex remaining.
Consider the polygon of Figure 1. The player started by removing edge 3. After that, the player picked edge 1, then edge 4, and, finally, edge 2. The score is 0.
Write a program that, given a polygon, computes the highest possible score and lists all the edges that, if removed on the first move, can lead to a game with that score.
输入:
Your program is to read from standard input. The input describes a polygon with N vertices. It contains two lines. On the first line is the number N. The second line contains the labels of edges 1, …, N, interleaved with the vertices’ labels (first that of the vertex between edges 1 and 2, then that of the vertex between edges 2 and 3, and so on, until that of the vertex between edges N and 1), all separated by one space. An edge label is either the letter t (representing +) or the letter x (representing *).
3 <= N <= 50
For any sequence of moves, vertex labels are in the range [-32768,32767].
输出:
Your program is to write to standard output. On the first line your program must write the highest score one can get for the input polygon. On the second line it must write the list of all edges that, if removed on the first move, can lead to a game with that score. Edges must be written in increasing order, separated by one space.
样例输入:
4 t -7 t 4 x 2 x 5
样例输出:
33 1 2
解题代码:
import java.util.*; import java.io.*; import java.math.*; public class Main{ public static BigInteger[][] dp=new BigInteger[110][110]; public static BigInteger[][] dp1=new BigInteger[110][110]; public static BigInteger INF; public static BigInteger NEG; public static BigInteger[] array=new BigInteger[200]; public static char[] ops=new char[100]; public static BigInteger[] warray=new BigInteger[200]; public static char[] wops=new char[100]; public static int N; static void DP(int s,int t){ if(s==t){ dp1[s][t]=dp[s][t]=warray[s]; return; } if(!dp[s][t].max(NEG).equals(NEG)) { return; } BigInteger a,b,c,d; BigInteger tmp; for(int i=s;i< t;i++){ DP(s,i); DP(i+1,t); a=dp[s][i]; b=dp1[s][i]; c=dp[i+1][t]; d=dp1[i+1][t]; switch(wops[i]){ case 't': { dp[s][t]=dp[s][t].max(a.add(c)); dp1[s][t]=dp1[s][t].min(b.add(d)); break; } case 'x': { tmp=a.multiply(c); tmp=tmp.max(b.multiply(d)); dp[s][t]=dp[s][t].max(tmp); tmp=a.multiply(d); tmp=tmp.min(c.multiply(b)); tmp=tmp.min(a.multiply(c)); tmp=tmp.min(b.multiply(d)); dp1[s][t]=dp1[s][t].min(tmp); break; } } } } static void work(){ BigInteger res=NEG; BigInteger tmp; int cnt=0; int[] record=new int[100]; for(int i=0;i< N;i++){ for(int j=0;j< N;j++){ wops[j]=ops[(i+j+1)%N]; warray[j]=array[(i+j)%N]; } for(int j=0;j< 100;j++) { for(int k=0;k< 100;k++){ dp[j][k]=NEG; dp1[j][k]=INF; } } DP(0,N-1); //System.out.println(dp[0][N-1]); if(!res.max(dp[0][N-1]).equals(res)) { res=dp[0][N-1]; cnt=0; record[cnt++]=i+1; }else if(res.max(dp[0][N-1]).equals(dp[0][N-1])){ record[cnt++]=i+1; } } System.out.println(res); for(int i=0;i< cnt;i++){ if(i>0) System.out.print(" "); System.out.print(record[i]); } System.out.println(""); } public static void main(String[] args) throws FileNotFoundException { Scanner cin=new Scanner(System.in);//Scanner cin=new Scanner(new File("input.txt")); INF=BigInteger.valueOf(10).pow(301); NEG=BigInteger.valueOf(-10).pow(301); String[] buffer=new String[200]; String str; str=cin.nextLine(); N=Integer.parseInt(str); str=cin.nextLine(); buffer=str.split(" "); for(int i=0;i< N;i++){ ops[i]=buffer[i*2].charAt(0); array[i]=new BigInteger(buffer[i*2+1]); } work(); } }
(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
第2题，TCP不支持多播，多播和广播仅应用于UDP。所以B选项是不对的。第2题，TCP不支持多播，多播和广播仅应用于UDP。所以B选项是不对的。
有点意思
int L[m+1][n+1];这样定义出错，这个在gcc上可以编译通过 在VS上不行 应该改为new 或者vector
这道题目重复了，删掉一个吧
正确性是关键，冲突是都会有的，主要是那种算法冲突的概率低
因为要修改链表头(指针)，所以要用指针的指针
后面的掩码变量部分乍一看比较难理解，其实就是把32位按照一个整体来看待。
不错的网站，建议添加些比赛信息
第15行代码，/n/n，应该改为\n\n
为什么暴力求解方法循环到sqrt(n) 就可以了呢
失误失误，转载错了。已经改正，抱歉。
这个条件 “两个数的乘积最小”可以忽略
第一题还是比较考验智商~
5.1处，反了；“上一个操作符的优先级比操作符ch的优先级大，或栈是空的就入栈。”如代码所述，应为“上一个操作符的优先级比操作符ch的优先级小，或栈是空的就入栈。”


There's a lot of learning and networking that you can do on your own, without spending a dime! Free Code Camp, W3Schools, Treehouse, Code Academy, and Coursera all have an abundance of free and affordable resources. Yes, the certification often costs more, but most of the curriculum is available for free - and Coursera offers scholarships for most of their classes.
There are also several online learning sites, such as Udemy, where you can purchase quality, in-depth programming courses for less than $20. That's a far cheaper way to explore a new skill! They also come with course completion certificates, so along with the new projects you'll have in your portfolio, you'll have a new certification to list on your resume!
Finally, Meetup.com is a great place to start networking. Over 50% of new jobs are never publicly posted, so get out there, find the tech networking groups in your area, and start shaking some hands!
The PDX Code Guild offers full and part-time immersive bootcamp programs in Portland, OR. Unlike the other bootcamps in town, they focus primarly on Python, and they offer an Advanced JavaScript course about Node and React. They also offer needs-based scholarships, which helps with the hefty cost of tuition.
Epicodus provides both full and part-time classes in full-stack web design, although it's full program is only available full-time.
All of its curriculum is available for free, online, which is a nice feature. They also stand out among Portland schools as the only one to offer a 5 week internship at the end of their full time code camp.
Alchemy Code Lab is another full-time, immersive bootcamp in Portland, Oregon, taught in person in their downtown location. Like its local competitors, Alchemy Code Lab teaches the fundamentals of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript in just a handful of months, promising salaries of over $70k upon graduation.
In the Who We Are section of their website, Alchemy states that they value diversity, and intentionally welcome women, LGBTQ people, and veterans, among others. They also partner with local organizations to make scholarships possible for these diverse populations.
While The Tech Academy has physical locations in both Portland and Seattle, they also offer online, self-paced bootcamps that you can take from anywhere in the world. They offer a wide variety of languages, and the option to learn at home, at your own speed.
All that being said, is it really worth the $8-20k you're about to drop on a code course, especially when there are so many free and affordable alternatives? That's up to you!


Licence plate mandatory even if your car features a zombie and shark tail, Delta police say
The special car had a licence plate on the front dash, but legally must be on the front of the vehicle
by Ashley WadhwaniNo matter how cool your car is – a B.C. licence plate has to be attached to it.
Delta Police are issuing that reminder after an officer came across a vehicle decked out in “car art” on Thursday.
“At first I thought I was stopping ‘The Batmobile,’” Const. Ken Usipiuk said in a tweet.
Turns out the owner calls their car “Tha Hora,” and it includes what appears to be a tail on the back end, a large old-style grill on the front and a zombie and half-human creature on the top.
What it didn’t include, however, was a B.C. licence plate attached onto the front of the special car – required by law under the Motor Vehicle Act.
ALSO READ: ‘Grabher’ licence plate not dangerous, former sex researcher tells N.S. court
“Regardless how famous or unique attach your licence plates to the vehicle not loose on your dash,” Usipiuk said.
Delta police confirmed that the driver wasn’t issued a ticket and was likely given a verbal or written warning to get the plate attached.


The web is the communication between servers, the internet and your computer.
The computer sends a request to the internet and from the internet to the servers in the form of HTML.
Then information is transfered back to the internet and subsequently to your computer.
HTML - Hypertext Markup Language.
HTML is the protocal to talk to the servers.
HTML documents form the majority of the content on the web.
Tags- part of the code in a markup. It is included in what is known as the element.
Element and Tag are slightly interchangeable.
The element is the complete code for the markup.
Tags are written with a beginning tag and an ending tag both surrounded by "
<>".
Some tags are void tags which means they don't need an ending.

Inline vs Block ElementsHTML elements are either inline or block.
Block elements form an "invisible box" around the content inside of them whereas inline does not.


BRIAN WILDE
web developer
About Me
My Work
Contact Me
This page will eventually have something awesome!


A project of a group of cse students in the 2015 batch.
Why wait for the results, get it instantly with our site


From the Death Certificate
for John Harvey Pratt
Place of death:
PERSONAL AND STATISTICAL
PARTICULARS
male, white, married to
Kath__ Jane Pratt*
birth: June 22, 1858,
age: 67 years 8 months 13 days
occupation: laborer, Neff Lumber Co.
father: John Pratt, born
mother: Sarah Hartline, born
informant: George Pratt; Neffs, Oh
MEDICAL CERTIFICATE OF DEATH
date of death: Mar. 5, 1926
physician's statement: I hereby certify, that I attended deceased
from Oct. 6, 1923, to March 5, 1926,
that I last saw him alive on March 5, 1926, and that death occurred, on
the date state above at 10:25 p.m.
cause of death:
_________________________** by injury of
Oct. 6, 1923 by falling from a wagon on head
duration: 2 yrs. 5 mos.
contributory: angina pectoris
signed: Chas. H. Cale., M.D.; 3-10, 1926; Neffs, O.
burial: Rose Hill Cem.; 3-8, 1926
undertaker: Grafton & Mellott; Bellaire, O.
Submitter's Notes:
*MONROE COUNTY OHIO MARRIAGES 1867-1917
listed his marriage to Catharine J. Rouse.
Her name was illegible on the
death certificate after the first 4 letters.
**There were several words here which could not be read.
Provided by Betty Latta Kitchen
Click here for the Short-Cut Table of Contents


User Onboarding and
Brian Perry
d.o: brianperry / twitter: bricomedy / nintendo: wabrian
Todo: update template to Zelda-ify it.
HS2 Solutions
We're going to talk about video games. Christmas, mid 80s...
Got Atari, led to Nintendo, Windows 3.1 and programming. State website.
Lifelong love of Nintendo and web development.
Brings us all the way here to my 5yr old son and I at Chicago
Switch preview event.
Todo: Maybe follow up with top 5 games of all time slide.
Blue Chu Chu
I found my way to Drupal, but...
This is as Drupal as this presentaiton is going to get.
“User onboarding is the process of increasing the likelihood that new users become successful when adopting your product.” —Samuel Hulick of UserOnboard.com
User onboarding is the practice of making your product
or service as easy as possible for new customers to get value from.
Increasing the likelyhood users will be sucessful when adopting your product.
TODO - make the quotes pop a little more.
Success implies that the user is engaged,
They probably found success quickly.
They'll probably be back.
They are probably having fun on some level.
They "get it"
“User onboarding is the process of increasing the likelihood that new users become successful when adopting your product.”
Let's apply it to video games.
Player onboarding is the process of increasing the likelihood that new players become immersed in the game world .
Fun. Challenge. Understand mechanic / get it. Want to play more.
As promised, we're going to look at this through the lens of the legend of Zelda series.
The Legend of Zelda (NES - 1987)
VIDEO
No real description of what to do here...
Strange guy with sword? Sure.
A Link to the Past (SNES - 1992)
Does do more to direct the user...
VIDEO
We'll tell the user everything to do....
Ocarina of Time (N64 - 1998)
VIDEO
Skip through with 5 second skip
Explaining with text.
Tutorials with text.
Showing the game world through someone else's eyes.
Finally convert over to gaming, but it is more tutorials.
Rules for game tutorials
Less text
No front loading
Make it fun
Reinforce learning through play
Listen to your players
(Extra Credits: Tutorials 101)
Applies to game tutorials and onboarding experiences.
https://medium.com/@gauravkulkarni/product-onboarding-and-video-games-4fcdbaeece60
Before
Slack actually kind of has the best of both worlds
An experience in line with Ocarina, and improvements that
address sme of the rules for game tutorials.
Old sreen probably has too much text
After
Less Text / No distractions!
Before
Tap these things, learn more info. Might hang around
and annoy you for a while.
Before
And still pretty verbose.
After
And slack also onboards you with their bot, which is fun.
Twilight Princess / Skyward Sword (2006 / 2011 Wii)
So. Much. Tutorial.
Dungeons and Item Gating
Recycled Traversal
One further - all of the dungeons are essentially the same.
This is why I thought the game was boring.
Breath of the Wild (Switch 2017)
VIDEO
Play up to battle with first bad guy. Or maybe Zelda
telling me where to go.
Whoa, slow down Google Image Search results.
Sheikah Towers
Sets up start high, look for cool stuff.
Sheikah Shrines
Explain what a shrine is.
Four of them, introduce most mechanics.
120 in game.
Small puzzle inside shrines.
The World In Miniature
Great plateau vs full map. (Story of kid who only played plateau)
Only one item gates you.
Different Climates
4 divine beasts.
Or just screw it all, and run right to Gannon.
Onboarding Example: Duolingo
Onboarding Example: Things 3
Maybe we can contribute to making this process better?
Feedback!
https://joind.in/talk/be2df
Good luck on your quest.
Bonus Level!
VIDEO
You might say that all games were like that. But super mario brothers 1-1.
Right up to the final level to be designed title card.


| Interface | Description |
|---|---|
| BindingScopingVisitor<V> |
Visits each of the strategies used to scope an injection.
|
| BindingTargetVisitor<T,V> |
Visits each of the strategies used to find an instance to satisfy an injection.
|
| ConstructorBinding<T> |
A binding to the constructor of a concrete clss.
|
| ConvertedConstantBinding<T> |
A binding created from converting a bound instance to a new type.
|
| Element |
A core component of a module or injector.
|
| ElementVisitor<V> |
Visit elements.
|
| ExposedBinding<T> |
A binding to a key exposed from an enclosed private environment.
|
| HasDependencies | |
| InjectionListener<I> |
Listens for injections into instances of type
I . |
| InstanceBinding<T> |
A binding to a single instance.
|
| LinkedKeyBinding<T> |
A binding to a linked key.
|
| PrivateElements |
A private collection of elements that are hidden from the enclosing injector or module by
default.
|
| ProviderBinding<T extends Provider<?>> |
A binding to a
Provider that delegates to the binding for the provided type. |
| ProviderInstanceBinding<T> |
A binding to a provider instance.
|
| ProviderKeyBinding<T> |
A binding to a provider key.
|
| ProviderWithDependencies<T> |
A provider with dependencies on other injected types.
|
| TypeConverter |
Converts constant string values to a different type.
|
| TypeEncounter<I> |
Context of an injectable type encounter.
|
| TypeListener |
Listens for Guice to encounter injectable types.
|
| UntargettedBinding<T> |
An untargetted binding.
|
| Class | Description |
|---|---|
| DefaultBindingScopingVisitor<V> |
No-op visitor for subclassing.
|
| DefaultBindingTargetVisitor<T,V> |
No-op visitor for subclassing.
|
| DefaultElementVisitor<V> |
No-op visitor for subclassing.
|
| Dependency<T> |
A variable that can be resolved by an injector.
|
| Elements |
Exposes elements of a module so they can be inspected, validated or
rewritten . |
| InjectionPoint |
A constructor, field or method that can receive injections.
|
| InjectionRequest<T> |
A request to inject the instance fields and methods of an instance.
|
| MembersInjectorLookup<T> |
A lookup of the members injector for a type.
|
| Message |
An error message and the context in which it occurred.
|
| ProviderLookup<T> |
A lookup of the provider for a type.
|
| ProviderLookup.ProviderImpl<T> | |
| ScopeBinding |
Registration of a scope annotation with the scope that implements it.
|
| StaticInjectionRequest |
A request to inject the static fields and methods of a type.
|
| TypeConverterBinding |
Registration of type converters for matching target types.
|
| TypeListenerBinding |
Binds types (picked using a Matcher) to an type listener.
|


Name:
Adjective:
Plural noun:
Adjective:
Verb:
Past tense verb:
Noun:
Adjective:
Verb:
Adverb:
Noun:
Verb with -ing ending:
While I was out riding my bike, I saw . I went up to and wasn't very . They had
. I decided to with them to their house where we . Later, under the light we . , we had to stop because a wild was outside.


Contribute
Want to get involved?
If you wish to contribute to this project, Head to the Github repository.
This project is open source. See something that's wrong or unclear? Report feedbacks and bugs here.
Thanks to all the contributors!
{{contributor.login}}


Home
About
Service
Gallery
Contact
This is Service page heading
This is Service page paragraph
this is footer


{{messageReleasePlan}}
{{release.name + '-' + release.id +'(Id)'}}
Over time use of resources
{{'release deadline ' + getStringSUPERSEDEDate(release.deadline)}}
No resources are available
Resources usage
Name
Used %
Used hours
Skills
{{resource.resource_name}}
{{resource.total_used_hours + " out of " + resource.total_available_hours }}
{{resource.skillsAsString}}
Feature dependencies
No dependencies are available
Table view
Accept
Force replan
Previous plan


Sorry! You don't have access permissions for that.
A 403 error status indicates that you don't have permission to access the file or page. In general, web servers and websites have directories and files that are not open to the public web for security reasons.
Please use your browsers back button and check that you're in the right place. If you need immediate assistance, please send us an email instead.


New at the company? Do you want to meet your work mates? Enjoy even more of your job environment! Meet everyone and have always something to tell!
Login with Yammer


Deal of the Day
Ireland:8 days with air,hotel and car rental. Use promo code CFDL110 to save. Price refelcts NYC departure, other cities available..
save $110 with code
Gate 1 Travel
$649+
See Deal
|
|
|---|
|
|
cancun:4 nights with air and Melody Mkaer Cancun stay. price reflects MIA departure, other cites available.
Save upto 65%
$689
See Deal
|
|
|---|
|
|
China:Spend 7 nights in the heart of beijin.
Save upto 35%
$989
See Deal
|
|
|---|
|
|
london:Visit the Castles at London castles.
Save upto 75%
$1300
See Deal
|
|
|---|
|
|
|---|
|
still looking? There's more
Search hundreds of deals to suit your
budget on flights, packages,crusies and more
See Deal
|
|---|
|
|
|---|
|
|
|


Our Specialties
Ember.js Architecture
Need guidance building your app? Netwrk provides uniwue expertise to help you implement fast, responsice web applications using Ember.js.
We'll help you understand not just the how but the why, illuminating the design decisions behind Ember.js and significantly improving the productivity of your development team.
Cutting-edge UI with Ember and D3
Your customers want the interactivity of native apps with the ease of use of web apps. We can help you build software that's both beautiful and highly interactive. Reduce the feedback loop with techniques that marry Ember's advanced application architecture with the powerful visualizations of D3.
Rails apps that <3 JavaScript
If you've got an existing Ruby on Rails app desperately calling out for the speed of JaveScript frontend, you won't find another team with more experience.
We know Rails inside and out. We can teach you the best ways to modernize, so your app works well with client-side JavaScript apps; no need to start from scratch.
So when can we start?
Projects start at $275 per hour. Contact us for availability and rates.


North Korea says will not offer anything to Trump without receiving in return
SEOUL: North Korea will not offer anything for US President Donald Trump to brag about without receiving anything in return, a statement on its state news agency KCNA said on Monday (Nov 18).
North Korea was not interested in a summit that was "useless to itself", said the statement, under the name of Foreign Ministry adviser Kim Kye Gwan, referring to Trump's message on Sunday to North Korean leader Kim Jong Un on Twitter.
"If the US does not really want to let go of its dialogue with us, it should make a decision to withdraw its hostile policy of viewing us as an enemy," the KCNA statement said.


YouTube Videos
East London - Shoreditch to New Cross Gate - Hmmsim 2
Uploaded at 25th February 2021
Canterbury CSS Part 3
Uploaded at 18th February 2021
Canterbury CSS Part 2
Uploaded at 18th February 2021
Canterbury CSS Part 1
Uploaded at 18th February 2021
Compass vs First P2
Uploaded at 14th February 2021
Welcome to my Channel
Uploaded at 30th January 2021
Page updated: 25 February 2021


Every custom force requires implementation of a class that is derived from this abstract class. See Force::Custom for details.
More...
Every custom force requires implementation of a class that is derived from this abstract class. See Force::Custom for details.
◆ ~Implementation()
| virtual SimTK::Force::Custom::Implementation::~Implementation |
( |
| ) |
|
|
inlinevirtual |
◆ calcForce()
Calculate the force for a given state.
- Parameters
-
| state | the State for which to calculate the force |
| bodyForces | spatial forces on MobilizedBodies are accumulated in this. To apply a force to a body, add it to the appropriate element of this vector. |
| particleForces | forces on particles are accumulated in this. Since particles are not yet implemented, this is ignored. |
| mobilityForces | forces on individual mobilities (elements of the state's u vector) are accumulated in this. To apply a force to a mobility, add it to the appropriate element of this vector. |
◆ calcPotentialEnergy()
| virtual Real SimTK::Force::Custom::Implementation::calcPotentialEnergy |
( |
const State & |
state | ) |
const |
|
pure virtual |
Calculate this force's contribution to the potential energy of the System.
- Parameters
-
| state | the State for which to calculate the potential energy |
◆ dependsOnlyOnPositions()
| virtual bool SimTK::Force::Custom::Implementation::dependsOnlyOnPositions |
( |
| ) |
const |
|
inlinevirtual |
Get whether this force depends only on the position variables (q), not on the velocies (u) or auxiliary variables (z).
The default implementation returns false. If the force depends only on positions, you should override this to return true. This allows force calculations to be optimized in some cases.
◆ shouldBeParallelIfPossible()
| virtual bool SimTK::Force::Custom::Implementation::shouldBeParallelIfPossible |
( |
| ) |
const |
|
inlinevirtual |
Returns a boolean flag telling Simbody whether this Force type should be calculated in parallel if possible.
By default, this method returns false.
- Note
- : By overriding this method, you are telling Simbody that (1) the Force class is computationally expensive to calculate and (2) the Force class is thread safe such that multiple instances of the Force class will not rely on any shared cache variables in the state. See getStateLock() in SimTK::State.
◆ realizeTopology()
| virtual void SimTK::Force::Custom::Implementation::realizeTopology |
( |
State & |
state | ) |
const |
|
inlinevirtual |
The following methods may optionally be overridden to do specialized realization for a Force.
◆ realizeModel()
| virtual void SimTK::Force::Custom::Implementation::realizeModel |
( |
State & |
state | ) |
const |
|
inlinevirtual |
The following methods may optionally be overridden to do specialized realization for a Force.
◆ realizeInstance()
| virtual void SimTK::Force::Custom::Implementation::realizeInstance |
( |
const State & |
state | ) |
const |
|
inlinevirtual |
The following methods may optionally be overridden to do specialized realization for a Force.
◆ realizeTime()
| virtual void SimTK::Force::Custom::Implementation::realizeTime |
( |
const State & |
state | ) |
const |
|
inlinevirtual |
The following methods may optionally be overridden to do specialized realization for a Force.
◆ realizePosition()
| virtual void SimTK::Force::Custom::Implementation::realizePosition |
( |
const State & |
state | ) |
const |
|
inlinevirtual |
The following methods may optionally be overridden to do specialized realization for a Force.
◆ realizeVelocity()
| virtual void SimTK::Force::Custom::Implementation::realizeVelocity |
( |
const State & |
state | ) |
const |
|
inlinevirtual |
The following methods may optionally be overridden to do specialized realization for a Force.
◆ realizeDynamics()
| virtual void SimTK::Force::Custom::Implementation::realizeDynamics |
( |
const State & |
state | ) |
const |
|
inlinevirtual |
The following methods may optionally be overridden to do specialized realization for a Force.
◆ realizeAcceleration()
| virtual void SimTK::Force::Custom::Implementation::realizeAcceleration |
( |
const State & |
state | ) |
const |
|
inlinevirtual |
The following methods may optionally be overridden to do specialized realization for a Force.
◆ realizeReport()
| virtual void SimTK::Force::Custom::Implementation::realizeReport |
( |
const State & |
state | ) |
const |
|
inlinevirtual |
The following methods may optionally be overridden to do specialized realization for a Force.
◆ calcDecorativeGeometryAndAppend()
Override this if you want to generate some geometry for the visualizer to display.
Be sure to append the geometry to the list.
The documentation for this class was generated from the following file:


---
layout: page
title: "Bio"
meta: George Pius Chettupuzha's bio speaks on his interests in photography, albums, artwork, designs, his greed for the latest and his humility for new learning. All we could say is that he loves to learn, work practially and measurably in all his efforts. He is very practical and highly motivated in his tasks. You might have to catch-up with him before you lose him. Lets get to know George Pius Chettupuzha and his work :)
priority: 0.9
changefreq: monthly
keywords: George Pius Chettupuzha, George Pius, personal work, photography, albums, artwork, designs
---
Hi, I am George Pius Chettupuzha and I am recent author and an author by choice. I have treaded across different technologies of the past and the present and been pursuing this journey of mine for about 2.5 years now. My curiosity feeds my interests in photography, albums, artwork, designs and put it to use.
If you are interested in knowing more or if you have a challenge for me, I would be glad to know about it.


Challenge 05: fluff
Contents
Challenge 05: fluff#
Based on the instructions, I started with the write4
solution and thought I’d
go from there. I followed the normal early steps, confirmed the offset and
updated the addresses for system and data write locations.
I actually spent quite a bit of time on this challenge and, after working through the hard part, got stuck on what should have been easy.
Getting the String where it Should Be#
There were almost no overly helpful gadgets in this executeable. Following both
the instructions as well as intuition from prior challenges, it is plain that we
need a gadget of the form mov [rega] regb; ret;
. We found exactly that in the
write4
challenge and I set out t o find something like that again. Instead of
finding something that clean, I found the following:
0x40084e: mov qword ptr [r10], r11; pop r13; pop r12; xor byte ptr [r10], r12b;
ret;
This gives me notionally what I want, but it also means I have an unneeded
pop r13
, a pop r12
, and then this xor byte ptr [r10], r12b
mess to deal
with. The pop13
can be handled by placing a dummy value in my payload that
gets poped to that register and unused. The r12 value needs to be considered
more closely as it will have an affect on the subsequent call. Providing 0x0
for that should be sufficient to nullify any changes that the last call would
make to the string just moved to the location referred to by r10
.
Working backwards, I now know that I need to get my target address into r10
and the data in r11
. The hint from the instructions (and supported by
investigation) is that a pop r11; pop r10; ret;
will not exist. In fact,
nothing even close does. I spent quite a bit of time with ropper
, searching
various options, learning op codes, and thinking through how one might get the
data into those two registers. Here is what I ended up with:
# STEP 1: get target memory address into r10
# ensure that r11 is zeroed out. Provide dummy value for r14, ignore edi mov
0x400822: xor r11, r11; pop r14; mov edi, 0x601050; ret;
# pop the memory address into r12; ignore the r13d mov
0x400832: pop r12; mov r13d, 0x604060; ret;
# XOR r11 and r12 to effectively move the address from r12 to r11
# provide dummy value for r12 pop, ignore r13d mov
0x40082f: xor r11, r12; pop r12; mov r13d, 0x604060; ret;
# move contents of r11 into r10, ignore what was in r10
# provide dummy value for r15 pop, ignore r11d mov
0x400840: xchg r11, r10; pop r15; mov r11d, 0x602050; ret;
# r10 now has the target address
# STEP 2: get the text data into r11
# ensure that r11 is zeroed out. Provide dummy value for r14, ignore edi mov
0x400822: xor r11, r11; pop r14; mov edi, 0x601050; ret;
# pop 8 bytes of the text data into r12; ignore the r13d mov
0x400832: pop r12; mov r13d, 0x604060; ret;
# XOR r11 and r12 to effectively move the text data from r12 to r11
# provide dummy value for r12 pop, ignore r13d mov
0x40082f: xor r11, r12; pop r12; mov r13d, 0x604060; ret;
# r11 now has the text data
# STEP 3: move the data from the r11 register into memory
# mov r11 text data to the address provided by r10
# provide dummy value for r13 pop, provide 0x0 for r12 pop
0x40084e: mov qword ptr [r10], r11; pop r13; pop r12; xor byte ptr [r10], r12b;
ret;
# 8 bytes of text data are now in memory
## repeat steps 1-3 for each set of 8 bytes in command string
At this point, it should be a matter of putting the address of the command
string into a register via a pop rdi
followed by a call to system()
.
MOVAPS is Back (alignment issues)#
Well, things don’t always work out as you would like. My call to system()
kept
failing. I setup GDB to step through things and confirmed that it was getting
passed exactly as I would expect it to be. I even did a side-by-side comparison
to confirm… it was all good. However, it still failed. Stepping into that
call, I found that it was failing within do_system
on a MOVAPS
call and that
brought to mind some notes on the topic from the ROP Emporium beginners guide.
Essentially, some newer systems require 16-byte alignment of the stack before a
function call. I had fixed this in a prior challenge by simply changing where I
jumped into a function by 0x8
. Unfortunately, I didn’t see how to do that
here. Worse, I found that I didn’t understand what it meant by 16 byte
aligned, so… off to do some reading. Come to find out, it appears to be no
big deal… you simply need the stack pointer to be pointing at an
evenly-divisible mulitple of 16 (0x7fffffffdd00
is good, 0x7fffffffdd08
is
bad.). The question is, how do you fix it? Like most things, the solution is
relatively easy… simply add an entry into the call chain that pushes the stack
pointer down 8 bytes further before the call to system. The ROP equivalent of a
NOP
. With a little reading I found that this is sometimes called a ret2ret
and you will sometimes see a chain of them built up just like you might fight a
nop sled in shellcode. Searching for a ret
gadget was obviously trivial and I
simply added one in my payload right before my call to system()
. Now, I should
be all set.
The Big Issue#
But I wasn’t. To be clear, the ret2ret
trick did fix the movaps
issue
(confirmed by stepping through the code in gdb). Now, however, my exploit fails
in the call to execve()
. I set up a side-by-side window to see what was
different between the call in this challenge and the call in one of the
challenges that work, and I’m stuck. Somewhat frustrating as it seems that I’ve
solved the hard part of the problem (gadget dance above to get the command
string into memory as it needed to be).
Interestingly, I did some poking around on other people’s solutions, and nearly everyone I found did it identically to mine. I tried to run some of theirs, and each one failed exactly as mine did. I’m guessing that something in the O/S has “helped” us. I may dig further.
There is an issue with the call to execve - the third parameter (RDX) is being set to 0x10000 and that is causing it to fail. You can test this by stepping through in GDB to the spot right before and updating the address value using something similar to the following:
$ set {int}0x7fff04ad75d8 = 0x0
If you then continue it will work properly. I’m still trying to figure out where this is coming from and if there is a way to avoid it, but I’ve not been terribly successful.
32 Bit Solution#
The 32 bit solution was quite easy and straight-forward (well, given the solution to the 64 bit version). The registers and such were slightly different (obviously), but the pattern to solution was identical. Further, there were no issues with MOVAPS or the excve call - it just worked. The exploit is availble in exploit_0532.py.


No toast: Major liquor distributor hit over delivery delays
by kathryntindaleSummary
Republic National Distributing acknowledges the problems and says it may take many more days to fix things
The distributor consolidated operations in Livonia, causing problems for months
LANSING, Mich. (AP) — A major Michigan liquor distributor is taking heat for delays in getting booze to customers.
Republic National Distributing acknowledges the problems and says it may take many more days to fix things. Joe Gigliotti says there’s no liquor shortage — it’s all in the warehouse.
The distributor consolidated operations in Livonia, causing problems for months. Gigliotti told state regulators Friday that it “seemed to overload the system.”
Liquor Control Commission Chairman Pat Gagliardi says the problems show what can happen when a distributor has a large share of the market. Some retailers have driven to the warehouse to get their liquor.
The commission has logged more than 800 complaints in November. Steve Soka of Franklin Liquor & Deli in Southfield says the holidays are a critical time to sell liquor.


Note: This website is currently under construction.
GEMS is a UBC engineering project that consists of a portable system that will assist companies with autonomous geological and environmental monitoring in water bodies impacted by mining and construction work. The device is in the form of a buoy that collects and wirelessly sends data to a live server.
Website under construction
This website is currently under construction. For more information, please contact us.


Fokus
Fokus uses JavaScript to emphasize anything you select by covering the rest of the page with semi-transparent black.
Try it out by selecting this paragraph or the sample content below. You'll see the entire page fade out while this text is highlighted.
If you want to use Fokus on your site you just need to include the fokus.min.js script (3kb, no dependencies).
Fokus is also available as a Chrome extension.


 The gravity is so strong because matter has been squeezed into a tiny space. This can happen when a star is dying.
Because no light can get out, people can't see black holes. They are invisible. Space telescopes with special tools can help find black holes. The special tools can see how stars that are very close to black holes act differently than other stars.
Black holes can be big or small. Scientists think the smallest black holes are as small as just one atom. These black holes are very tiny but have the mass of a large mountain. Mass is the amount of matter, or "stuff," in an object.
Another kind of black hole is called "stellar." Its mass can be up to 20 times more than the mass of the sun. There may be many, many stellar mass black holes in Earth's galaxy. Earth's galaxy is called the Milky Way.
The largest black holes are called "supermassive." These black holes have masses that are more than 1 million suns together.  The supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy is called Sagittarius A. It has a mass equal to about 4 million suns and would fit inside a very large ball that could hold a few million Earths.
Scientists think the smallest black holes formed when the universe began.
Stellar black holes are made when the center of a very big star falls in upon itself, or collapses. When this happens, it causes a supernova. A supernova is an exploding star that blasts part of the star into space.
Scientists think supermassive black holes were made at the same time as the galaxy they are in.
A black hole can not be seen because strong gravity pulls all of the light into the middle of the black hole. But scientists can see how the strong gravity affects the stars and gas around the black hole. Scientists can study stars to find out if they are flying around, or orbiting, a black hole.
When a black hole and a star are close together, high-energy light is made. This kind of light can not be seen with human eyes. Scientists use satellites and telescopes in space to see the high-energy light.
Black holes do not go around in space eating stars, moons and planets.
Even if a black hole the same mass as the sun were to take the place of the sun, Earth still would not fall in. The black hole would have the same gravity as the sun. Earth and the other planets would orbit the black hole as they orbit the sun now.
The sun will never turn into a black hole.
NASA is using satellites and telescopes that are traveling in space to learn more about black holes. These spacecraft help scientists answer questions about the universe.
so i added my commit


Gatekeeper Spirit:
Behold, the sphere speaks...
You have entered the Forbidden Sanctum, resting place of Lilith and Anakim. I Guard the path to the Sanctum. The Seal of Avarice may only be breached when the eye is open.
[scripts_Util:Gatekeeper 185075 -11993 -5488 0|Teleport.]


|
Drake
|
Constrain the joint limits. More...
#include <drake/attic/multibody/rigid_body_constraint.h>
Public Member Functions | |
| PostureConstraint (RigidBodyTree< double > *model, const Eigen::Vector2d &tspan=DrakeRigidBodyConstraint::default_tspan) | |
| Constrain the joint limits. More... | |
| virtual | ~PostureConstraint (void) |
| bool | isTimeValid (const double *t) const |
| void | setJointLimits (int num_idx, const int *joint_idx, const Eigen::VectorXd &lb, const Eigen::VectorXd &ub) |
| Set the limit of some joints. More... | |
| void | setJointLimits (const Eigen::VectorXi &joint_idx, const Eigen::VectorXd &lb, const Eigen::VectorXd &ub) |
| void | bounds (const double *t, Eigen::VectorXd &joint_min, Eigen::VectorXd &joint_max) const |
| Public Member Functions inherited from RigidBodyConstraint | |
| RigidBodyConstraint (int category, RigidBodyTree< double > *robot, const Eigen::Vector2d &tspan=DrakeRigidBodyConstraint::default_tspan) | |
| int | getType () const |
| int | getCategory () const |
| RigidBodyTree< double > * | getRobotPointer () const |
| virtual | ~RigidBodyConstraint (void)=0 |
Constrain the joint limits.
| PostureConstraint | ( | RigidBodyTree< double > * | model, |
| const Eigen::Vector2d & | tspan = DrakeRigidBodyConstraint::default_tspan |
||
| ) |
Constrain the joint limits.
| [in] | model | |
| [in] | tspan | Time span of the constraint being valid |
|
inlinevirtual |
| void bounds | ( | const double * | t, |
| Eigen::VectorXd & | joint_min, | ||
| Eigen::VectorXd & | joint_max | ||
| ) | const |
| void setJointLimits | ( | int | num_idx, |
| const int * | joint_idx, | ||
| const Eigen::VectorXd & | lb, | ||
| const Eigen::VectorXd & | ub | ||
| ) |
Set the limit of some joints.
| [in] | num_idx | Number of joints whose limits are going to be set. |
| [in] | joint_idx | joint_idx[i] is the index of the i'th joint whose limits are going to be set. |
| [in] | lb | lb[i] is the lower bound of the joint joint_idx[i]. |
| [in] | ub | ub[i] is the upper bound of the joint joint_idx[i]. |
| void setJointLimits | ( | const Eigen::VectorXi & | joint_idx, |
| const Eigen::VectorXd & | lb, | ||
| const Eigen::VectorXd & | ub | ||
| ) |


Using Giant Language model Test Room (GLTR), your text was analyzed word by word based on its immediate left
word. GLTR assigns a rank and colour based on how predictable the word is.
Colour Guide
More predictable tokens as indicated by the highlight are more likely to be AI-generated while less predictable (redder) tokens are more likely to be human-made.
AI-generated text tends to have largely predictable (greener) text while human-written text tends to have more variety and unpredictability
Most Predictable
Predictable
Not Predictable
Least Predictable
Check out the project on Github!


I would like to be able to grab images from the screen. This is easy enough to do with Windows, but I've never managed to do this with the Mac (a PowerMac from a vintage era).
My "Switching to a Mac" book gives various ways of capturing screen images. Basically, you press 'Shift, 'apple' and either the '3' or '4' key. They all give a reassuring camera-type noise, one even shows a camera icon.
So I feel fairly sure that the image has been grabbed, I just don't know how to retrieve it. Doing Edit->paste in MS Office for Mac doesn't work.
In Windows, I would normally paste a screen-shot into Paint, but I can't see any equivalent application on the Mac. Hope someone can help.
TIA, Robin
Re: Using screenshots on a Mac
"These screenshots by default get saved to the desktop." (Quoted from http://howto.cnet.com/8301-11310_39-57405901-285/how-to-change-the-locat...)
Whether it works for your OS (which is...?) I've no idea.
Re: Using screenshots on a Mac
That's right - the screen shot is saved as a .png to your desktop.
I'm guessing you have too many Arduino IDE windows open to see it!
P.
Re: Using screenshots on a Mac
Sure does, Robert. Under all the layers, my desktop has recently acquired Picture1.png, Picture2.png ...
Many thanks, Robin
OS X 10.5.8
Re: Using screenshots on a Mac
Shame about the x axis....
P.
Re: Using screenshots on a Mac
I'm working on it Paul ...
Re: Using screenshots on a Mac
If that National Grid can't even get that right, can we trust them to keep the kettles running?
http://www.nationalgrid.com/uk/Electricity/Data/Realtime/Frequency/Freq6...
And why the 60 in the URL - surely it should be 50 in this side of the pond ;)
P.
Re: Using screenshots on a Mac
How's this for a match? My system appears to measure slightly low, but the shapes of the two graphs look pretty similar:
Howzatt!!
Re: Using screenshots on a Mac
And why the 60 in the URL - surely it should be 50 in this side of the pond ;)
Paul, there are 60 minutes in an hour on this side of the pond.
Re: Using screenshots on a Mac
And why the 60 in the URL -
Maybe because they only display data for the past hour. Bit of a pain that, when I was looking forward to comparing 24Hrs worth of my results with theirs :-(
Re: Using screenshots on a Mac
You lot are FAR too serious. My "60" comment was tongue in cheek. I even put a smiley at the end in case anyone didn't realise.
I'll try harder next time. ;) <-------
P.
Re: Using screenshots on a Mac
Robert, there is historic data available. A brown looking site I posted the other day (sorry, on my ipad so hard to go searching). Anyway, if you find that site I seem to remember a link to dl the raw data.
P.
Re: Using screenshots on a Mac
Can it supply data for variations of frequency as well as for demand?
Re: Using screenshots on a Mac
Yes!!!!
http://www.gridwatch.templar.co.uk/, click the download button near the top.
P.
Re: Using screenshots on a Mac
Wow, that's some datafile Paul. The file that I downloaded includes the mains frequency for every 5 minutes from 27/5/11 to 10/1/12. The data stops abruptly at row 65536, which sounds a familiar number. Maybe the problem is with my Office For Mac application.
Re: Using screenshots on a Mac
Yup - that's your old copy of Excel. The copy I downloaded an hour ago went up to row 172933
Shout if you want me to extract a smaller dataset for you. PM me the range you want, and an email address to send it to.
P.
Re: Using screenshots on a Mac
Thanks Paul. I guess we could do with a new thread for this topic.
Re: Using screenshots on a Mac
Paul, have a , and don't get at me!
Re: Using screenshots on a Mac
... went up to row 172933
I raise you 172990! LibreOffice (free download & use) will handle the full dataset.
Re: Using screenshots on a Mac
Another row every 15 minutes. I think this game of poker will last a while.
P.