dup2 - clone file handles
Standard C Library (libc, -lc)
#include <unistd.h>
int
dup2(int oldfd, int newfd);
dup2 clones the file handle identifed by file descriptor oldfd onto the file handle identified by newfd. If newfd names an already-open file, that file is closed.
The two handles refer to the same "open" of the file -- that is, they are references to the same object and share the same seek pointer. Note that this is different from opening the same file twice.
dup2 is most commonly used to relocate opened files onto STDIN_FILENO, STDOUT_FILENO, and/or STDERR_FILENO.
Both file descriptors must be non-negative, and, if applicable, smaller than the maximum allowed file handle number.
The call (like all system calls) should be atomic; for single-threaded processes this is trivial. Multithreaded processes should never e.g. see an intermediate state where newfd has been closed but oldfd has not yet been cloned onto it. Similarly, if two threads attempt e.g. dup2(3, 4) and dup2(4, 3) simultaneously, the results must be equivalent to one of the calls completing before the other starts.
Using dup2 to clone a file handle onto itself has no effect.
(The "2" in "dup2" arises from the existence of an older and less powerful Unix system call "dup".)
dup2 returns newfd. On error, -1 is returned, and errno is set according to the error encountered.
The following error codes should be returned under the conditions given. Other error codes may be returned for other cases not mentioned here.
| EBADF | oldfd is not a valid file descriptor, or newfd is a value that cannot be a valid file descriptor. | |
| EMFILE | The process's file table was full, or a process-specific limit on open files was reached. | |
| ENFILE | The system's file table was full, if such a thing is possible, or a global limit on open files was reached. |


Chariot Arena Battle
In this arena every chariot is on his own. Even the horses have turned invisble. Shoot your arrows to destoy
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About Me
I am a NodeJS developer, based in Poland. I've also been working with React and Vue. Currently, I am proudly working at Netguru.
Technologies
NodeJS:
- ECMA 2018
- TypeScript
- Express
- Routing Controllers
- TypeORM
- JWT
- mjml
-
Databases:
-
Testing:
- Mocha
- Chai
- Supertest
- Sinon
DevOps:
General:
- Fluent English, written and spoken
- Experience in working using Agile/SCRUM
Projects
Moonfare(July 2018 - now) — part of the NodeJS Backend Team


Artifcial Super Intelligence (ASI)
Fullstack Engineering
and
DevOps Engineering
Security Architecture
DDOS monitoring
Being an organization made of white, gray and black hats has enabled our organization
to get the whole idea of Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI) and its potential application to modern life.
We Develop/Engineer domain optimized algorithms and applications and encourage DevOps I encourage Continuous
Integration and Continuous Development practices.Using tools such as Chef , Docker and Capistrano
Security architecture is a major drive for us here at shadowscript because we strive to improve security in all parts of the globe.
Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI)
Engineering
DevOps


Today I learned that javascript arrays are objects. Typically an array is a contiguous span of memory divided into equal sized slots, where each slot is indexed. This allows for very fast and efficient reading/writing. The javascript array is not this.
The javascript array
Arrays are objects that use the Array.prototype instead of the Object.prototype to give them some helpful methods like length, push, and pop, etc. Additionally it has some special behavior where the length property is auto updated. Indexes are converted to strings and used as names for retrieving values.
Some advantages
No need to provide a length or type when creating an array because the array doesn’t need to be initialized with a size when you create an array. You can just say const a = []
Very efficient for sparse arrays. However lots of people more commonly use dense arrays.
We don’t have to worry about out of bounds errors. This is because it is not really an array, it is more of a hash table with special properties and functions. If the “index” is not in the array you just get an undefined value back.
Weirdness
Just one example of the weirdness you could see from the javascript array is with the length property. The length property is a special property that is automatically updated to always be 1 larger than the highest integer subscript. Which is not always the same as number of elements in the array.
1
2
3
const a = []
a[42] = 'foo'
console.log(a.length) // this will output 43 even thought you would expect 1
How I learned this
This is just one of the many things I learned while reading Javascript: The Good Parts by Douglas Crockford . He also has a really good video series on Pluralsight about javascript and he covers somethings he didn’t cover in the book.
At the end of the book there is a page about the animal on the cover of the book. It is a Plain Tiger butterfly and here is a little description about it
While the Plain Tiger’s beauty is part of its charm, its looks can also be deadly. During its larval stages, the butterfly ingests alkaloids that are poisonous to birds—its main predator—which are often attracted to the insect’s markings. After ingesting the Plain Tiger, a bird will vomit repeatedly—occasionally fatally. If the bird lives, it will let other birds know to avoid the insect, which can also be recognized by its leisurely, meandering pattern of flying low to the earth.


ubern00ber wrote:Well from the edges of the map(visible from the void, and yes, you can get to the void in this map too), the old one was 1024x768 tiles, while this one is like 1024x600, a lot of which is the useless gas-through-able water. But yeah it does have less water in the actual map, so maybe it is larger with respect to the ground.
EDIT: Actually, I think this one is 1024x1000, but the last 400 y-coordinates are the strange water.
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Adds an alert
Hides the below button
Will unhide the button
toggles between show and hide
provides a slide down animation when showing
I was hiding
hides and element by sliding up
switches between slide up and slide down
I am the toggled element
shows and element with a fade in animation
Hides an element with an animation
I will fade out
Adds a class
My text will turn aqua
Adds something before the element
An h1 tag will be added before me
Adds something after the element
An h1 tag will be added after me
appends something after the last element/text within an element
I am the p tag
replaces the html within a element
I am a p tag within the div
Retreives or set an attribute of an element
I am a p tag with the class of purple. Class=
Retrieves or set a value of an input
replace the text of an element
My text will be replaced
stores a data value in that element(hidden in javascript)
I have a name hidden in me. What is it?


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Helpers
Introduction
Laravel includes a variety of global "helper" PHP functions. Many of these functions are used by the framework itself; however, you are free to use them in your own applications if you find them convenient.
Available Methods
Arrays & Objects
Arr::accessible Arr::add Arr::collapse Arr::crossJoin Arr::divide Arr::dot Arr::except Arr::exists Arr::first Arr::flatten Arr::forget Arr::get Arr::has Arr::hasAny Arr::isAssoc Arr::last Arr::only Arr::pluck Arr::prepend Arr::pull Arr::query Arr::random Arr::set Arr::shuffle Arr::sort Arr::sortRecursive Arr::where Arr::wrap data_fill data_get data_set head last
Paths
Strings
__ class_basename e preg_replace_array Str::after Str::afterLast Str::ascii Str::before Str::beforeLast Str::between Str::camel Str::contains Str::containsAll Str::endsWith Str::finish Str::is Str::isAscii Str::isUuid Str::kebab Str::length Str::limit Str::lower Str::orderedUuid Str::padBoth Str::padLeft Str::padRight Str::plural Str::random Str::replaceArray Str::replaceFirst Str::replaceLast Str::singular Str::slug Str::snake Str::start Str::startsWith Str::studly Str::substr Str::title Str::ucfirst Str::upper Str::uuid Str::words trans trans_choice
Fluent Strings
after afterLast append ascii basename before beforeLast camel contains containsAll dirname endsWith exactly explode finish is isAscii isEmpty isNotEmpty kebab length limit lower ltrim match matchAll padBoth padLeft padRight plural prepend replace replaceArray replaceFirst replaceLast replaceMatches rtrim singular slug snake split start startsWith studly substr title trim ucfirst upper when whenEmpty words
URLs
Miscellaneous
abort abort_if abort_unless app auth back bcrypt blank broadcast cache class_uses_recursive collect config cookie csrf_field csrf_token dd dispatch dispatch_now dump env event filled info logger method_field now old optional policy redirect report request rescue resolve response retry session tap throw_if throw_unless today trait_uses_recursive transform validator value view with
Method Listing
Arrays & Objects
Arr::accessible()
The Arr::accessible
method determines if the given value is array accessible:
use Illuminate\Support\Arr;
use Illuminate\Support\Collection;
$isAccessible = Arr::accessible(['a' => 1, 'b' => 2]);
// true
$isAccessible = Arr::accessible(new Collection);
// true
$isAccessible = Arr::accessible('abc');
// false
$isAccessible = Arr::accessible(new stdClass);
// false
Arr::add()
The Arr::add
method adds a given key / value pair to an array if the given key doesn't already exist in the array or is set to null
:
use Illuminate\Support\Arr;
$array = Arr::add(['name' => 'Desk'], 'price', 100);
// ['name' => 'Desk', 'price' => 100]
$array = Arr::add(['name' => 'Desk', 'price' => null], 'price', 100);
// ['name' => 'Desk', 'price' => 100]
Arr::collapse()
The Arr::collapse
method collapses an array of arrays into a single array:
use Illuminate\Support\Arr;
$array = Arr::collapse([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]);
// [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
Arr::crossJoin()
The Arr::crossJoin
method cross joins the given arrays, returning a Cartesian product with all possible permutations:
use Illuminate\Support\Arr;
$matrix = Arr::crossJoin([1, 2], ['a', 'b']);
/*
[
[1, 'a'],
[1, 'b'],
[2, 'a'],
[2, 'b'],
]
*/
$matrix = Arr::crossJoin([1, 2], ['a', 'b'], ['I', 'II']);
/*
[
[1, 'a', 'I'],
[1, 'a', 'II'],
[1, 'b', 'I'],
[1, 'b', 'II'],
[2, 'a', 'I'],
[2, 'a', 'II'],
[2, 'b', 'I'],
[2, 'b', 'II'],
]
*/
Arr::divide()
The Arr::divide
method returns two arrays: one containing the keys and the other containing the values of the given array:
use Illuminate\Support\Arr;
[$keys, $values] = Arr::divide(['name' => 'Desk']);
// $keys: ['name']
// $values: ['Desk']
Arr::dot()
The Arr::dot
method flattens a multi-dimensional array into a single level array that uses "dot" notation to indicate depth:
use Illuminate\Support\Arr;
$array = ['products' => ['desk' => ['price' => 100]]];
$flattened = Arr::dot($array);
// ['products.desk.price' => 100]
Arr::except()
The Arr::except
method removes the given key / value pairs from an array:
use Illuminate\Support\Arr;
$array = ['name' => 'Desk', 'price' => 100];
$filtered = Arr::except($array, ['price']);
// ['name' => 'Desk']
Arr::exists()
The Arr::exists
method checks that the given key exists in the provided array:
use Illuminate\Support\Arr;
$array = ['name' => 'John Doe', 'age' => 17];
$exists = Arr::exists($array, 'name');
// true
$exists = Arr::exists($array, 'salary');
// false
Arr::first()
The Arr::first
method returns the first element of an array passing a given truth test:
use Illuminate\Support\Arr;
$array = [100, 200, 300];
$first = Arr::first($array, function ($value, $key) {
return $value >= 150;
});
// 200
A default value may also be passed as the third parameter to the method. This value will be returned if no value passes the truth test:
use Illuminate\Support\Arr;
$first = Arr::first($array, $callback, $default);
Arr::flatten()
The Arr::flatten
method flattens a multi-dimensional array into a single level array:
use Illuminate\Support\Arr;
$array = ['name' => 'Joe', 'languages' => ['PHP', 'Ruby']];
$flattened = Arr::flatten($array);
// ['Joe', 'PHP', 'Ruby']
Arr::forget()
The Arr::forget
method removes a given key / value pair from a deeply nested array using "dot" notation:
use Illuminate\Support\Arr;
$array = ['products' => ['desk' => ['price' => 100]]];
Arr::forget($array, 'products.desk');
// ['products' => []]
Arr::get()
The Arr::get
method retrieves a value from a deeply nested array using "dot" notation:
use Illuminate\Support\Arr;
$array = ['products' => ['desk' => ['price' => 100]]];
$price = Arr::get($array, 'products.desk.price');
// 100
The Arr::get
method also accepts a default value, which will be returned if the specified key is not present in the array:
use Illuminate\Support\Arr;
$discount = Arr::get($array, 'products.desk.discount', 0);
// 0
Arr::has()
The Arr::has
method checks whether a given item or items exists in an array using "dot" notation:
use Illuminate\Support\Arr;
$array = ['product' => ['name' => 'Desk', 'price' => 100]];
$contains = Arr::has($array, 'product.name');
// true
$contains = Arr::has($array, ['product.price', 'product.discount']);
// false
Arr::hasAny()
The Arr::hasAny
method checks whether any item in a given set exists in an array using "dot" notation:
use Illuminate\Support\Arr;
$array = ['product' => ['name' => 'Desk', 'price' => 100]];
$contains = Arr::hasAny($array, 'product.name');
// true
$contains = Arr::hasAny($array, ['product.name', 'product.discount']);
// true
$contains = Arr::hasAny($array, ['category', 'product.discount']);
// false
Arr::isAssoc()
The Arr::isAssoc
returns true
if the given array is an associative array. An array is considered "associative" if it doesn't have sequential numerical keys beginning with zero:
use Illuminate\Support\Arr;
$isAssoc = Arr::isAssoc(['product' => ['name' => 'Desk', 'price' => 100]]);
// true
$isAssoc = Arr::isAssoc([1, 2, 3]);
// false
Arr::last()
The Arr::last
method returns the last element of an array passing a given truth test:
use Illuminate\Support\Arr;
$array = [100, 200, 300, 110];
$last = Arr::last($array, function ($value, $key) {
return $value >= 150;
});
// 300
A default value may be passed as the third argument to the method. This value will be returned if no value passes the truth test:
use Illuminate\Support\Arr;
$last = Arr::last($array, $callback, $default);
Arr::only()
The Arr::only
method returns only the specified key / value pairs from the given array:
use Illuminate\Support\Arr;
$array = ['name' => 'Desk', 'price' => 100, 'orders' => 10];
$slice = Arr::only($array, ['name', 'price']);
// ['name' => 'Desk', 'price' => 100]
Arr::pluck()
The Arr::pluck
method retrieves all of the values for a given key from an array:
use Illuminate\Support\Arr;
$array = [
['developer' => ['id' => 1, 'name' => 'Taylor']],
['developer' => ['id' => 2, 'name' => 'Abigail']],
];
$names = Arr::pluck($array, 'developer.name');
// ['Taylor', 'Abigail']
You may also specify how you wish the resulting list to be keyed:
use Illuminate\Support\Arr;
$names = Arr::pluck($array, 'developer.name', 'developer.id');
// [1 => 'Taylor', 2 => 'Abigail']
Arr::prepend()
The Arr::prepend
method will push an item onto the beginning of an array:
use Illuminate\Support\Arr;
$array = ['one', 'two', 'three', 'four'];
$array = Arr::prepend($array, 'zero');
// ['zero', 'one', 'two', 'three', 'four']
If needed, you may specify the key that should be used for the value:
use Illuminate\Support\Arr;
$array = ['price' => 100];
$array = Arr::prepend($array, 'Desk', 'name');
// ['name' => 'Desk', 'price' => 100]
Arr::pull()
The Arr::pull
method returns and removes a key / value pair from an array:
use Illuminate\Support\Arr;
$array = ['name' => 'Desk', 'price' => 100];
$name = Arr::pull($array, 'name');
// $name: Desk
// $array: ['price' => 100]
A default value may be passed as the third argument to the method. This value will be returned if the key doesn't exist:
use Illuminate\Support\Arr;
$value = Arr::pull($array, $key, $default);
Arr::query()
The Arr::query
method converts the array into a query string:
use Illuminate\Support\Arr;
$array = [
'name' => 'Taylor',
'order' => [
'column' => 'created_at',
'direction' => 'desc'
]
];
Arr::query($array);
// name=Taylor&order[column]=created_at&order[direction]=desc
Arr::random()
The Arr::random
method returns a random value from an array:
use Illuminate\Support\Arr;
$array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
$random = Arr::random($array);
// 4 - (retrieved randomly)
You may also specify the number of items to return as an optional second argument. Note that providing this argument will return an array even if only one item is desired:
use Illuminate\Support\Arr;
$items = Arr::random($array, 2);
// [2, 5] - (retrieved randomly)
Arr::set()
The Arr::set
method sets a value within a deeply nested array using "dot" notation:
use Illuminate\Support\Arr;
$array = ['products' => ['desk' => ['price' => 100]]];
Arr::set($array, 'products.desk.price', 200);
// ['products' => ['desk' => ['price' => 200]]]
Arr::shuffle()
The Arr::shuffle
method randomly shuffles the items in the array:
use Illuminate\Support\Arr;
$array = Arr::shuffle([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
// [3, 2, 5, 1, 4] - (generated randomly)
Arr::sort()
The Arr::sort
method sorts an array by its values:
use Illuminate\Support\Arr;
$array = ['Desk', 'Table', 'Chair'];
$sorted = Arr::sort($array);
// ['Chair', 'Desk', 'Table']
You may also sort the array by the results of a given closure:
use Illuminate\Support\Arr;
$array = [
['name' => 'Desk'],
['name' => 'Table'],
['name' => 'Chair'],
];
$sorted = array_values(Arr::sort($array, function ($value) {
return $value['name'];
}));
/*
[
['name' => 'Chair'],
['name' => 'Desk'],
['name' => 'Table'],
]
*/
Arr::sortRecursive()
The Arr::sortRecursive
method recursively sorts an array using the sort
function for numerically indexed sub-arrays and the ksort
function for associative sub-arrays:
use Illuminate\Support\Arr;
$array = [
['Roman', 'Taylor', 'Li'],
['PHP', 'Ruby', 'JavaScript'],
['one' => 1, 'two' => 2, 'three' => 3],
];
$sorted = Arr::sortRecursive($array);
/*
[
['JavaScript', 'PHP', 'Ruby'],
['one' => 1, 'three' => 3, 'two' => 2],
['Li', 'Roman', 'Taylor'],
]
*/
Arr::where()
The Arr::where
method filters an array using the given closure:
use Illuminate\Support\Arr;
$array = [100, '200', 300, '400', 500];
$filtered = Arr::where($array, function ($value, $key) {
return is_string($value);
});
// [1 => '200', 3 => '400']
Arr::wrap()
The Arr::wrap
method wraps the given value in an array. If the given value is already an array it be returned without modification:
use Illuminate\Support\Arr;
$string = 'Laravel';
$array = Arr::wrap($string);
// ['Laravel']
If the given value is null
, an empty array will be returned:
use Illuminate\Support\Arr;
$array = Arr::wrap(null);
// []
data_fill()
The data_fill
function sets a missing value within a nested array or object using "dot" notation:
$data = ['products' => ['desk' => ['price' => 100]]];
data_fill($data, 'products.desk.price', 200);
// ['products' => ['desk' => ['price' => 100]]]
data_fill($data, 'products.desk.discount', 10);
// ['products' => ['desk' => ['price' => 100, 'discount' => 10]]]
This function also accepts asterisks as wildcards and will fill the target accordingly:
$data = [
'products' => [
['name' => 'Desk 1', 'price' => 100],
['name' => 'Desk 2'],
],
];
data_fill($data, 'products.*.price', 200);
/*
[
'products' => [
['name' => 'Desk 1', 'price' => 100],
['name' => 'Desk 2', 'price' => 200],
],
]
*/
data_get()
The data_get
function retrieves a value from a nested array or object using "dot" notation:
$data = ['products' => ['desk' => ['price' => 100]]];
$price = data_get($data, 'products.desk.price');
// 100
The data_get
function also accepts a default value, which will be returned if the specified key is not found:
$discount = data_get($data, 'products.desk.discount', 0);
// 0
The function also accepts wildcards using asterisks, which may target any key of the array or object:
$data = [
'product-one' => ['name' => 'Desk 1', 'price' => 100],
'product-two' => ['name' => 'Desk 2', 'price' => 150],
];
data_get($data, '*.name');
// ['Desk 1', 'Desk 2'];
data_set()
The data_set
function sets a value within a nested array or object using "dot" notation:
$data = ['products' => ['desk' => ['price' => 100]]];
data_set($data, 'products.desk.price', 200);
// ['products' => ['desk' => ['price' => 200]]]
This function also accepts wildcards using asterisks and will set values on the target accordingly:
$data = [
'products' => [
['name' => 'Desk 1', 'price' => 100],
['name' => 'Desk 2', 'price' => 150],
],
];
data_set($data, 'products.*.price', 200);
/*
[
'products' => [
['name' => 'Desk 1', 'price' => 200],
['name' => 'Desk 2', 'price' => 200],
],
]
*/
By default, any existing values are overwritten. If you wish to only set a value if it doesn't exist, you may pass false
as the fourth argument to the function:
$data = ['products' => ['desk' => ['price' => 100]]];
data_set($data, 'products.desk.price', 200, $overwrite = false);
// ['products' => ['desk' => ['price' => 100]]]
head()
The head
function returns the first element in the given array:
$array = [100, 200, 300];
$first = head($array);
// 100
last()
The last
function returns the last element in the given array:
$array = [100, 200, 300];
$last = last($array);
// 300
Paths
app_path()
The app_path
function returns the fully qualified path to your application's app
directory. You may also use the app_path
function to generate a fully qualified path to a file relative to the application directory:
$path = app_path();
$path = app_path('Http/Controllers/Controller.php');
base_path()
The base_path
function returns the fully qualified path to your application's root directory. You may also use the base_path
function to generate a fully qualified path to a given file relative to the project root directory:
$path = base_path();
$path = base_path('vendor/bin');
config_path()
The config_path
function returns the fully qualified path to your application's config
directory. You may also use the config_path
function to generate a fully qualified path to a given file within the application's configuration directory:
$path = config_path();
$path = config_path('app.php');
database_path()
The database_path
function returns the fully qualified path to your application's database
directory. You may also use the database_path
function to generate a fully qualified path to a given file within the database directory:
$path = database_path();
$path = database_path('factories/UserFactory.php');
mix()
The mix
function returns the path to a versioned Mix file:
$path = mix('css/app.css');
public_path()
The public_path
function returns the fully qualified path to your application's public
directory. You may also use the public_path
function to generate a fully qualified path to a given file within the public directory:
$path = public_path();
$path = public_path('css/app.css');
resource_path()
The resource_path
function returns the fully qualified path to your application's resources
directory. You may also use the resource_path
function to generate a fully qualified path to a given file within the resources directory:
$path = resource_path();
$path = resource_path('sass/app.scss');
storage_path()
The storage_path
function returns the fully qualified path to your application's storage
directory. You may also use the storage_path
function to generate a fully qualified path to a given file within the storage directory:
$path = storage_path();
$path = storage_path('app/file.txt');
Strings
__()
The __
function translates the given translation string or translation key using your localization files:
echo __('Welcome to our application');
echo __('messages.welcome');
If the specified translation string or key does not exist, the __
function will return the given value. So, using the example above, the __
function would return messages.welcome
if that translation key does not exist.
class_basename()
The class_basename
function returns the class name of the given class with the class's namespace removed:
$class = class_basename('Foo\Bar\Baz');
// Baz
e()
The e
function runs PHP's htmlspecialchars
function with the double_encode
option set to true
by default:
echo e('foo');
// foo
preg_replace_array()
The preg_replace_array
function replaces a given pattern in the string sequentially using an array:
$string = 'The event will take place between :start and :end';
$replaced = preg_replace_array('/:[a-z_]+/', ['8:30', '9:00'], $string);
// The event will take place between 8:30 and 9:00
Str::after()
The Str::after
method returns everything after the given value in a string. The entire string will be returned if the value does not exist within the string:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$slice = Str::after('This is my name', 'This is');
// ' my name'
Str::afterLast()
The Str::afterLast
method returns everything after the last occurrence of the given value in a string. The entire string will be returned if the value does not exist within the string:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$slice = Str::afterLast('App\Http\Controllers\Controller', '\\');
// 'Controller'
Str::ascii()
The Str::ascii
method will attempt to transliterate the string into an ASCII value:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$slice = Str::ascii('û');
// 'u'
Str::before()
The Str::before
method returns everything before the given value in a string:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$slice = Str::before('This is my name', 'my name');
// 'This is '
Str::beforeLast()
The Str::beforeLast
method returns everything before the last occurrence of the given value in a string:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$slice = Str::beforeLast('This is my name', 'is');
// 'This '
Str::between()
The Str::between
method returns the portion of a string between two values:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$slice = Str::between('This is my name', 'This', 'name');
// ' is my '
Str::camel()
The Str::camel
method converts the given string to camelCase
:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$converted = Str::camel('foo_bar');
// fooBar
Str::contains()
The Str::contains
method determines if the given string contains the given value. This method is case sensitive:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$contains = Str::contains('This is my name', 'my');
// true
You may also pass an array of values to determine if the given string contains any of the values in the array:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$contains = Str::contains('This is my name', ['my', 'foo']);
// true
Str::containsAll()
The Str::containsAll
method determines if the given string contains all of the values in a given array:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$containsAll = Str::containsAll('This is my name', ['my', 'name']);
// true
Str::endsWith()
The Str::endsWith
method determines if the given string ends with the given value:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$result = Str::endsWith('This is my name', 'name');
// true
You may also pass an array of values to determine if the given string ends with any of the values in the array:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$result = Str::endsWith('This is my name', ['name', 'foo']);
// true
$result = Str::endsWith('This is my name', ['this', 'foo']);
// false
Str::finish()
The Str::finish
method adds a single instance of the given value to a string if it does not already end with that value:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$adjusted = Str::finish('this/string', '/');
// this/string/
$adjusted = Str::finish('this/string/', '/');
// this/string/
Str::is()
The Str::is
method determines if a given string matches a given pattern. Asterisks may be used as wildcard values:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$matches = Str::is('foo*', 'foobar');
// true
$matches = Str::is('baz*', 'foobar');
// false
Str::isAscii()
The Str::isAscii
method determines if a given string is 7 bit ASCII:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$isAscii = Str::isAscii('Taylor');
// true
$isAscii = Str::isAscii('ü');
// false
Str::isUuid()
The Str::isUuid
method determines if the given string is a valid UUID:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$isUuid = Str::isUuid('a0a2a2d2-0b87-4a18-83f2-2529882be2de');
// true
$isUuid = Str::isUuid('laravel');
// false
Str::kebab()
The Str::kebab
method converts the given string to kebab-case
:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$converted = Str::kebab('fooBar');
// foo-bar
Str::length()
The Str::length
method returns the length of the given string:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$length = Str::length('Laravel');
// 7
Str::limit()
The Str::limit
method truncates the given string to the specified length:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$truncated = Str::limit('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', 20);
// The quick brown fox...
You may pass a third argument to the method to change the string that will be appended to the end of the truncated string:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$truncated = Str::limit('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', 20, ' (...)');
// The quick brown fox (...)
Str::lower()
The Str::lower
method converts the given string to lowercase:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$converted = Str::lower('LARAVEL');
// laravel
Str::orderedUuid()
The Str::orderedUuid
method generates a "timestamp first" UUID that may be efficiently stored in an indexed database column. Each UUID that is generated using this method will be sorted after UUIDs previously generated using the method:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
return (string) Str::orderedUuid();
Str::padBoth()
The Str::padBoth
method wraps PHP's str_pad
function, padding both sides of a string with another string until the final string reaches a desired length:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$padded = Str::padBoth('James', 10, '_');
// '__James___'
$padded = Str::padBoth('James', 10);
// ' James '
Str::padLeft()
The Str::padLeft
method wraps PHP's str_pad
function, padding the left side of a string with another string until the final string reaches a desired length:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$padded = Str::padLeft('James', 10, '-=');
// '-=-=-James'
$padded = Str::padLeft('James', 10);
// ' James'
Str::padRight()
The Str::padRight
method wraps PHP's str_pad
function, padding the right side of a string with another string until the final string reaches a desired length:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$padded = Str::padRight('James', 10, '-');
// 'James-----'
$padded = Str::padRight('James', 10);
// 'James '
Str::plural()
The Str::plural
method converts a singular word string to its plural form. This function currently only supports the English language:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$plural = Str::plural('car');
// cars
$plural = Str::plural('child');
// children
You may provide an integer as a second argument to the function to retrieve the singular or plural form of the string:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$plural = Str::plural('child', 2);
// children
$plural = Str::plural('child', 1);
// child
Str::random()
The Str::random
method generates a random string of the specified length. This function uses PHP's random_bytes
function:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$random = Str::random(40);
Str::replaceArray()
The Str::replaceArray
method replaces a given value in the string sequentially using an array:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$string = 'The event will take place between ? and ?';
$replaced = Str::replaceArray('?', ['8:30', '9:00'], $string);
// The event will take place between 8:30 and 9:00
Str::replaceFirst()
The Str::replaceFirst
method replaces the first occurrence of a given value in a string:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$replaced = Str::replaceFirst('the', 'a', 'the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog');
// a quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
Str::replaceLast()
The Str::replaceLast
method replaces the last occurrence of a given value in a string:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$replaced = Str::replaceLast('the', 'a', 'the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog');
// the quick brown fox jumps over a lazy dog
Str::singular()
The Str::singular
method converts a string to its singular form. This function currently only supports the English language:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$singular = Str::singular('cars');
// car
$singular = Str::singular('children');
// child
Str::slug()
The Str::slug
method generates a URL friendly "slug" from the given string:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$slug = Str::slug('Laravel 5 Framework', '-');
// laravel-5-framework
Str::snake()
The Str::snake
method converts the given string to snake_case
:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$converted = Str::snake('fooBar');
// foo_bar
Str::start()
The Str::start
method adds a single instance of the given value to a string if it does not already start with that value:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$adjusted = Str::start('this/string', '/');
// /this/string
$adjusted = Str::start('/this/string', '/');
// /this/string
Str::startsWith()
The Str::startsWith
method determines if the given string begins with the given value:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$result = Str::startsWith('This is my name', 'This');
// true
Str::studly()
The Str::studly
method converts the given string to StudlyCase
:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$converted = Str::studly('foo_bar');
// FooBar
Str::substr()
The Str::substr
method returns the portion of string specified by the start and length parameters:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$converted = Str::substr('The Laravel Framework', 4, 7);
// Laravel
Str::title()
The Str::title
method converts the given string to Title Case
:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$converted = Str::title('a nice title uses the correct case');
// A Nice Title Uses The Correct Case
Str::ucfirst()
The Str::ucfirst
method returns the given string with the first character capitalized:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$string = Str::ucfirst('foo bar');
// Foo bar
Str::upper()
The Str::upper
method converts the given string to uppercase:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$string = Str::upper('laravel');
// LARAVEL
Str::uuid()
The Str::uuid
method generates a UUID (version 4):
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
return (string) Str::uuid();
Str::words()
The Str::words
method limits the number of words in a string. An additional string may be passed to this method via its third argument to specify which string should be appended to the end of the truncated string:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
return Str::words('Perfectly balanced, as all things should be.', 3, ' >>>');
// Perfectly balanced, as >>>
trans()
The trans
function translates the given translation key using your localization files:
echo trans('messages.welcome');
If the specified translation key does not exist, the trans
function will return the given key. So, using the example above, the trans
function would return messages.welcome
if the translation key does not exist.
trans_choice()
The trans_choice
function translates the given translation key with inflection:
echo trans_choice('messages.notifications', $unreadCount);
If the specified translation key does not exist, the trans_choice
function will return the given key. So, using the example above, the trans_choice
function would return messages.notifications
if the translation key does not exist.
Fluent Strings
Fluent strings provide a more fluent, object-oriented interface for working with string values, allowing you to chain multiple string operations together using a more readable syntax compared to traditional string operations.
after
The after
method returns everything after the given value in a string. The entire string will be returned if the value does not exist within the string:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$slice = Str::of('This is my name')->after('This is');
// ' my name'
afterLast
The afterLast
method returns everything after the last occurrence of the given value in a string. The entire string will be returned if the value does not exist within the string:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$slice = Str::of('App\Http\Controllers\Controller')->afterLast('\\');
// 'Controller'
append
The append
method appends the given values to the string:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$string = Str::of('Taylor')->append(' Otwell');
// 'Taylor Otwell'
ascii
The ascii
method will attempt to transliterate the string into an ASCII value:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$string = Str::of('ü')->ascii();
// 'u'
basename
The basename
method will return the trailing name component of the given string:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$string = Str::of('/foo/bar/baz')->basename();
// 'baz'
If needed, you may provide an "extension" that will be removed from the trailing component:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$string = Str::of('/foo/bar/baz.jpg')->basename('.jpg');
// 'baz'
before
The before
method returns everything before the given value in a string:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$slice = Str::of('This is my name')->before('my name');
// 'This is '
beforeLast
The beforeLast
method returns everything before the last occurrence of the given value in a string:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$slice = Str::of('This is my name')->beforeLast('is');
// 'This '
camel
The camel
method converts the given string to camelCase
:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$converted = Str::of('foo_bar')->camel();
// fooBar
contains
The contains
method determines if the given string contains the given value. This method is case sensitive:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$contains = Str::of('This is my name')->contains('my');
// true
You may also pass an array of values to determine if the given string contains any of the values in the array:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$contains = Str::of('This is my name')->contains(['my', 'foo']);
// true
containsAll
The containsAll
method determines if the given string contains all of the values in the given array:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$containsAll = Str::of('This is my name')->containsAll(['my', 'name']);
// true
dirname
The dirname
method returns the parent directory portion of the given string:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$string = Str::of('/foo/bar/baz')->dirname();
// '/foo/bar'
If necessary, you may specify how many directory levels you wish to trim from the string:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$string = Str::of('/foo/bar/baz')->dirname(2);
// '/foo'
endsWith
The endsWith
method determines if the given string ends with the given value:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$result = Str::of('This is my name')->endsWith('name');
// true
You may also pass an array of values to determine if the given string ends with any of the values in the array:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$result = Str::of('This is my name')->endsWith(['name', 'foo']);
// true
$result = Str::of('This is my name')->endsWith(['this', 'foo']);
// false
exactly
The exactly
method determines if the given string is an exact match with another string:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$result = Str::of('Laravel')->exactly('Laravel');
// true
explode
The explode
method splits the string by the given delimiter and returns a collection containing each section of the split string:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$collection = Str::of('foo bar baz')->explode(' ');
// collect(['foo', 'bar', 'baz'])
finish
The finish
method adds a single instance of the given value to a string if it does not already end with that value:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$adjusted = Str::of('this/string')->finish('/');
// this/string/
$adjusted = Str::of('this/string/')->finish('/');
// this/string/
is
The is
method determines if a given string matches a given pattern. Asterisks may be used as wildcard values
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$matches = Str::of('foobar')->is('foo*');
// true
$matches = Str::of('foobar')->is('baz*');
// false
isAscii
The isAscii
method determines if a given string is an ASCII string:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$result = Str::of('Taylor')->isAscii();
// true
$result = Str::of('ü')->isAscii();
// false
isEmpty
The isEmpty
method determines if the given string is empty:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$result = Str::of(' ')->trim()->isEmpty();
// true
$result = Str::of('Laravel')->trim()->isEmpty();
// false
isNotEmpty
The isNotEmpty
method determines if the given string is not empty:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$result = Str::of(' ')->trim()->isNotEmpty();
// false
$result = Str::of('Laravel')->trim()->isNotEmpty();
// true
kebab
The kebab
method converts the given string to kebab-case
:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$converted = Str::of('fooBar')->kebab();
// foo-bar
length
The length
method returns the length of the given string:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$length = Str::of('Laravel')->length();
// 7
limit
The limit
method truncates the given string to the specified length:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$truncated = Str::of('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog')->limit(20);
// The quick brown fox...
You may also pass a second argument to change the string that will be appended to the end of the truncated string:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$truncated = Str::of('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog')->limit(20, ' (...)');
// The quick brown fox (...)
lower
The lower
method converts the given string to lowercase:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$result = Str::of('LARAVEL')->lower();
// 'laravel'
ltrim
The ltrim
method trims the left side of the string:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$string = Str::of(' Laravel ')->ltrim();
// 'Laravel '
$string = Str::of('/Laravel/')->ltrim('/');
// 'Laravel/'
match
The match
method will return the portion of a string that matches a given regular expression pattern:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$result = Str::of('foo bar')->match('/bar/');
// 'bar'
$result = Str::of('foo bar')->match('/foo (.*)/');
// 'bar'
matchAll
The matchAll
method will return a collection containing the portions of a string that match a given regular expression pattern:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$result = Str::of('bar foo bar')->matchAll('/bar/');
// collect(['bar', 'bar'])
If you specify a matching group within the expression, Laravel will return a collection of that group's matches:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$result = Str::of('bar fun bar fly')->matchAll('/f(\w*)/');
// collect(['un', 'ly']);
If no matches are found, an empty collection will be returned.
padBoth
The padBoth
method wraps PHP's str_pad
function, padding both sides of a string with another string until the final string reaches the desired length:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$padded = Str::of('James')->padBoth(10, '_');
// '__James___'
$padded = Str::of('James')->padBoth(10);
// ' James '
padLeft
The padLeft
method wraps PHP's str_pad
function, padding the left side of a string with another string until the final string reaches the desired length:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$padded = Str::of('James')->padLeft(10, '-=');
// '-=-=-James'
$padded = Str::of('James')->padLeft(10);
// ' James'
padRight
The padRight
method wraps PHP's str_pad
function, padding the right side of a string with another string until the final string reaches the desired length:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$padded = Str::of('James')->padRight(10, '-');
// 'James-----'
$padded = Str::of('James')->padRight(10);
// 'James '
plural
The plural
method converts a singular word string to its plural form. This function currently only supports the English language:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$plural = Str::of('car')->plural();
// cars
$plural = Str::of('child')->plural();
// children
You may provide an integer as a second argument to the function to retrieve the singular or plural form of the string:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$plural = Str::of('child')->plural(2);
// children
$plural = Str::of('child')->plural(1);
// child
prepend
The prepend
method prepends the given values onto the string:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$string = Str::of('Framework')->prepend('Laravel ');
// Laravel Framework
replace
The replace
method replaces a given string within the string:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$replaced = Str::of('Laravel 6.x')->replace('6.x', '7.x');
// Laravel 7.x
replaceArray
The replaceArray
method replaces a given value in the string sequentially using an array:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$string = 'The event will take place between ? and ?';
$replaced = Str::of($string)->replaceArray('?', ['8:30', '9:00']);
// The event will take place between 8:30 and 9:00
replaceFirst
The replaceFirst
method replaces the first occurrence of a given value in a string:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$replaced = Str::of('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog')->replaceFirst('the', 'a');
// a quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
replaceLast
The replaceLast
method replaces the last occurrence of a given value in a string:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$replaced = Str::of('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog')->replaceLast('the', 'a');
// the quick brown fox jumps over a lazy dog
replaceMatches
The replaceMatches
method replaces all portions of a string matching a pattern with the given replacement string:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$replaced = Str::of('(+1)<PHONE_NUMBER>')->replaceMatches('/[^A-Za-z0-9]++/', '')
// '15015551000'
The replaceMatches
method also accepts a closure that will be invoked with each portion of the string matching the given pattern, allowing you to perform the replacement logic within the closure and return the replaced value:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$replaced = Str::of('123')->replaceMatches('/\d/', function ($match) {
return '['.$match[0].']';
});
// '[1][2][3]'
rtrim
The rtrim
method trims the right side of the given string:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$string = Str::of(' Laravel ')->rtrim();
// ' Laravel'
$string = Str::of('/Laravel/')->rtrim('/');
// '/Laravel'
singular
The singular
method converts a string to its singular form. This function currently only supports the English language:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$singular = Str::of('cars')->singular();
// car
$singular = Str::of('children')->singular();
// child
slug
The slug
method generates a URL friendly "slug" from the given string:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$slug = Str::of('Laravel Framework')->slug('-');
// laravel-framework
snake
The snake
method converts the given string to snake_case
:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$converted = Str::of('fooBar')->snake();
// foo_bar
split
The split
method splits a string into a collection using a regular expression:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$segments = Str::of('one, two, three')->split('/[\s,]+/');
// collect(["one", "two", "three"])
start
The start
method adds a single instance of the given value to a string if it does not already start with that value:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$adjusted = Str::of('this/string')->start('/');
// /this/string
$adjusted = Str::of('/this/string')->start('/');
// /this/string
startsWith
The startsWith
method determines if the given string begins with the given value:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$result = Str::of('This is my name')->startsWith('This');
// true
studly
The studly
method converts the given string to StudlyCase
:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$converted = Str::of('foo_bar')->studly();
// FooBar
substr
The substr
method returns the portion of the string specified by the given start and length parameters:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$string = Str::of('Laravel Framework')->substr(8);
// Framework
$string = Str::of('Laravel Framework')->substr(8, 5);
// Frame
title
The title
method converts the given string to Title Case
:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$converted = Str::of('a nice title uses the correct case')->title();
// A Nice Title Uses The Correct Case
trim
The trim
method trims the given string:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$string = Str::of(' Laravel ')->trim();
// 'Laravel'
$string = Str::of('/Laravel/')->trim('/');
// 'Laravel'
ucfirst
The ucfirst
method returns the given string with the first character capitalized:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$string = Str::of('foo bar')->ucfirst();
// Foo bar
upper
The upper
method converts the given string to uppercase:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$adjusted = Str::of('laravel')->upper();
// LARAVEL
when
The when
method invokes the given closure if a given condition is true
. The closure will receive the fluent string instance:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$string = Str::of('Taylor')
->when(true, function ($string) {
return $string->append(' Otwell');
});
// 'Taylor Otwell'
If necessary, you may pass another closure as the third parameter to the when
method. This closure will execute if the condition parameter evaluates to false
.
whenEmpty
The whenEmpty
method invokes the given closure if the string is empty. If the closure returns a value, that value will also be returned by the whenEmpty
method. If the closure does not return a value, the fluent string instance will be returned:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$string = Str::of(' ')->whenEmpty(function ($string) {
return $string->trim()->prepend('Laravel');
});
// 'Laravel'
words
The words
method limits the number of words in a string. If necessary, you may specify an additional string that will be appended to the truncated string:
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
$string = Str::of('Perfectly balanced, as all things should be.')->words(3, ' >>>');
// Perfectly balanced, as >>>
URLs
action()
The action
function generates a URL for the given controller action:
use App\Http\Controllers\HomeController;
$url = action([HomeController::class, 'index']);
If the method accepts route parameters, you may pass them as the second argument to the method:
$url = action([UserController::class, 'profile'], ['id' => 1]);
asset()
The asset
function generates a URL for an asset using the current scheme of the request (HTTP or HTTPS):
$url = asset('img/photo.jpg');
You can configure the asset URL host by setting the ASSET_URL
variable in your .env
file. This can be useful if you host your assets on an external service like Amazon S3 or another CDN:
// ASSET_URL=http://example.com/assets
$url = asset('img/photo.jpg'); // http://example.com/assets/img/photo.jpg
route()
The route
function generates a URL for a given named route:
$url = route('route.name');
If the route accepts parameters, you may pass them as the second argument to the function:
$url = route('route.name', ['id' => 1]);
By default, the route
function generates an absolute URL. If you wish to generate a relative URL, you may pass false
as the third argument to the function:
$url = route('route.name', ['id' => 1], false);
secure_asset()
The secure_asset
function generates a URL for an asset using HTTPS:
$url = secure_asset('img/photo.jpg');
secure_url()
The secure_url
function generates a fully qualified HTTPS URL to the given path. Additional URL segments may be passed in the function's second argument:
$url = secure_url('user/profile');
$url = secure_url('user/profile', [1]);
url()
The url
function generates a fully qualified URL to the given path:
$url = url('user/profile');
$url = url('user/profile', [1]);
If no path is provided, an Illuminate\Routing\UrlGenerator
instance is returned:
$current = url()->current();
$full = url()->full();
$previous = url()->previous();
Miscellaneous
abort()
The abort
function throws an HTTP exception which will be rendered by the exception handler:
abort(403);
You may also provide the exception's message and custom HTTP response headers that should be sent to the browser:
abort(403, 'Unauthorized.', $headers);
abort_if()
The abort_if
function throws an HTTP exception if a given boolean expression evaluates to true
:
abort_if(! Auth::user()->isAdmin(), 403);
Like the abort
method, you may also provide the exception's response text as the third argument and an array of custom response headers as the fourth argument to the function.
abort_unless()
The abort_unless
function throws an HTTP exception if a given boolean expression evaluates to false
:
abort_unless(Auth::user()->isAdmin(), 403);
Like the abort
method, you may also provide the exception's response text as the third argument and an array of custom response headers as the fourth argument to the function.
app()
The app
function returns the service container instance:
$container = app();
You may pass a class or interface name to resolve it from the container:
$api = app('HelpSpot\API');
auth()
The auth
function returns an authenticator instance. You may use it as an alternative to the Auth
facade:
$user = auth()->user();
If needed, you may specify which guard instance you would like to access:
$user = auth('admin')->user();
back()
The back
function generates a redirect HTTP response to the user's previous location:
return back($status = 302, $headers = [], $fallback = '/');
return back();
bcrypt()
The bcrypt
function hashes the given value using Bcrypt. You may use this function as an alternative to the Hash
facade:
$password = bcrypt('my-secret-password');
blank()
The blank
function determines whether the given value is "blank":
blank('');
blank(' ');
blank(null);
blank(collect());
// true
blank(0);
blank(true);
blank(false);
// false
For the inverse of blank
, see the filled
method.
broadcast()
The broadcast
function broadcasts the given event to its listeners:
broadcast(new UserRegistered($user));
broadcast(new UserRegistered($user))->toOthers();
cache()
The cache
function may be used to get values from the cache. If the given key does not exist in the cache, an optional default value will be returned:
$value = cache('key');
$value = cache('key', 'default');
You may add items to the cache by passing an array of key / value pairs to the function. You should also pass the number of seconds or duration the cached value should be considered valid:
cache(['key' => 'value'], 300);
cache(['key' => 'value'], now()->addSeconds(10));
class_uses_recursive()
The class_uses_recursive
function returns all traits used by a class, including traits used by all of its parent classes:
$traits = class_uses_recursive(App\Models\User::class);
collect()
The collect
function creates a collection instance from the given value:
$collection = collect(['taylor', 'abigail']);
config()
The config
function gets the value of a configuration variable. The configuration values may be accessed using "dot" syntax, which includes the name of the file and the option you wish to access. A default value may be specified and is returned if the configuration option does not exist:
$value = config('app.timezone');
$value = config('app.timezone', $default);
You may set configuration variables at runtime by passing an array of key / value pairs. However, note that this function only affects the configuration value for the current request and does not update your actual configuration values:
config(['app.debug' => true]);
cookie()
The cookie
function creates a new cookie instance:
$cookie = cookie('name', 'value', $minutes);
csrf_field()
The csrf_field
function generates an HTML hidden
input field containing the value of the CSRF token. For example, using Blade syntax:
{{ csrf_field() }}
csrf_token()
The csrf_token
function retrieves the value of the current CSRF token:
$token = csrf_token();
dd()
The dd
function dumps the given variables and ends execution of the script:
dd($value);
dd($value1, $value2, $value3, ...);
If you do not want to halt the execution of your script, use the dump
function instead.
dispatch()
The dispatch
function pushes the given job onto the Laravel job queue:
dispatch(new App\Jobs\SendEmails);
dispatch_now()
The dispatch_now
function runs the given job immediately and returns the value from its handle
method:
$result = dispatch_now(new App\Jobs\SendEmails);
dump()
The dump
function dumps the given variables:
dump($value);
dump($value1, $value2, $value3, ...);
If you want to stop executing the script after dumping the variables, use the dd
function instead.
env()
The env
function retrieves the value of an environment variable or returns a default value:
$env = env('APP_ENV');
$env = env('APP_ENV', 'production');
{note} If you execute the
config:cache
command during your deployment process, you should be sure that you are only calling theenv
function from within your configuration files. Once the configuration has been cached, the.env
file will not be loaded and all calls to theenv
function will returnnull
.
event()
The event
function dispatches the given event to its listeners:
event(new UserRegistered($user));
filled()
The filled
function determines whether the given value is not "blank":
filled(0);
filled(true);
filled(false);
// true
filled('');
filled(' ');
filled(null);
filled(collect());
// false
For the inverse of filled
, see the blank
method.
info()
The info
function will write information to your application's log:
info('Some helpful information!');
An array of contextual data may also be passed to the function:
info('User login attempt failed.', ['id' => $user->id]);
logger()
The logger
function can be used to write a debug
level message to the log:
logger('Debug message');
An array of contextual data may also be passed to the function:
logger('User has logged in.', ['id' => $user->id]);
A logger instance will be returned if no value is passed to the function:
logger()->error('You are not allowed here.');
method_field()
The method_field
function generates an HTML hidden
input field containing the spoofed value of the form's HTTP verb. For example, using Blade syntax:
<form method="POST">
{{ method_field('DELETE') }}
</form>
now()
The now
function creates a new Illuminate\Support\Carbon
instance for the current time:
$now = now();
old()
The old
function retrieves an old input value flashed into the session:
$value = old('value');
$value = old('value', 'default');
optional()
The optional
function accepts any argument and allows you to access properties or call methods on that object. If the given object is null
, properties and methods will return null
instead of causing an error:
return optional($user->address)->street;
{!! old('name', optional($user)->name) !!}
The optional
function also accepts a closure as its second argument. The closure will be invoked if the value provided as the first argument is not null:
return optional(User::find($id), function ($user) {
return $user->name;
});
policy()
The policy
method retrieves a policy instance for a given class:
$policy = policy(App\Models\User::class);
redirect()
The redirect
function returns a redirect HTTP response, or returns the redirector instance if called with no arguments:
return redirect($to = null, $status = 302, $headers = [], $https = null);
return redirect('/home');
return redirect()->route('route.name');
report()
The report
function will report an exception using your exception handler:
report($e);
request()
The request
function returns the current request instance or obtains an input field's value from the current request:
$request = request();
$value = request('key', $default);
rescue()
The rescue
function executes the given closure and catches any exceptions that occur during its execution. All exceptions that are caught will be sent to your exception handler; however, the request will continue processing:
return rescue(function () {
return $this->method();
});
You may also pass a second argument to the rescue
function. This argument will be the "default" value that should be returned if an exception occurs while executing the closure:
return rescue(function () {
return $this->method();
}, false);
return rescue(function () {
return $this->method();
}, function () {
return $this->failure();
});
resolve()
The resolve
function resolves a given class or interface name to an instance using the service container:
$api = resolve('HelpSpot\API');
response()
The response
function creates a response instance or obtains an instance of the response factory:
return response('Hello World', 200, $headers);
return response()->json(['foo' => 'bar'], 200, $headers);
retry()
The retry
function attempts to execute the given callback until the given maximum attempt threshold is met. If the callback does not throw an exception, its return value will be returned. If the callback throws an exception, it will automatically be retried. If the maximum attempt count is exceeded, the exception will be thrown:
return retry(5, function () {
// Attempt 5 times while resting 100ms in between attempts...
}, 100);
session()
The session
function may be used to get or set session values:
$value = session('key');
You may set values by passing an array of key / value pairs to the function:
session(['chairs' => 7, 'instruments' => 3]);
The session store will be returned if no value is passed to the function:
$value = session()->get('key');
session()->put('key', $value);
tap()
The tap
function accepts two arguments: an arbitrary $value
and a closure. The $value
will be passed to the closure and then be returned by the tap
function. The return value of the closure is irrelevant:
$user = tap(User::first(), function ($user) {
$user->name = 'taylor';
$user->save();
});
If no closure is passed to the tap
function, you may call any method on the given $value
. The return value of the method you call will always be $value
, regardless of what the method actually returns in its definition. For example, the Eloquent update
method typically returns an integer. However, we can force the method to return the model itself by chaining the update
method call through the tap
function:
$user = tap($user)->update([
'name' => $name,
'email' => $email,
]);
To add a tap
method to a class, you may add the Illuminate\Support\Traits\Tappable
trait to the class. The tap
method of this trait accepts a Closure as its only argument. The object instance itself will be passed to the Closure and then be returned by the tap
method:
return $user->tap(function ($user) {
//
});
throw_if()
The throw_if
function throws the given exception if a given boolean expression evaluates to true
:
throw_if(! Auth::user()->isAdmin(), AuthorizationException::class);
throw_if(
! Auth::user()->isAdmin(),
AuthorizationException::class,
'You are not allowed to access this page.'
);
throw_unless()
The throw_unless
function throws the given exception if a given boolean expression evaluates to false
:
throw_unless(Auth::user()->isAdmin(), AuthorizationException::class);
throw_unless(
Auth::user()->isAdmin(),
AuthorizationException::class,
'You are not allowed to access this page.'
);
today()
The today
function creates a new Illuminate\Support\Carbon
instance for the current date:
$today = today();
trait_uses_recursive()
The trait_uses_recursive
function returns all traits used by a trait:
$traits = trait_uses_recursive(\Illuminate\Notifications\Notifiable::class);
transform()
The transform
function executes a closure on a given value if the value is not blank and then returns the return value of the closure:
$callback = function ($value) {
return $value * 2;
};
$result = transform(5, $callback);
// 10
A default value or closure may be passed as the third argument to the function. This value will be returned if the given value is blank:
$result = transform(null, $callback, 'The value is blank');
// The value is blank
validator()
The validator
function creates a new validator instance with the given arguments. You may use it as an alternative to the Validator
facade:
$validator = validator($data, $rules, $messages);
value()
The value
function returns the value it is given. However, if you pass a closure to the function, the closure will be executed and its returned value will be returned:
$result = value(true);
// true
$result = value(function () {
return false;
});
// false
view()
The view
function retrieves a view instance:
return view('auth.login');
with()
The with
function returns the value it is given. If a closure is passed as the second argument to the function, the closure will be executed and its returned value will be returned:
$callback = function ($value) {
return (is_numeric($value)) ? $value * 2 : 0;
};
$result = with(5, $callback);
// 10
$result = with(null, $callback);
// 0
$result = with(5, null);
// 5


linetype
monotone
monotone
basis
step-before
linear
bundle
cardinal
clear all
Chronoplot: Adam Tavares
Data: Maxim Romanov
@ Perseus Project, Tufts University
@ University of Leipzig


I'm currently living in Bay Area and working at Discord.
I went to UT Austin and got myself a CS degree, and now I'm back at 🤘 again pursuing a Master remotely.
Previously I've worked on applied/creative computer vision at Facet, ads optimization and user/device clustering at LinkedIn via Drawbridge, satellite image segmentation at Nexus Connectivity, audio transcription formatting at Tenfold, inventory forecast at Vast, video compression research at Twitch, fraud detection at Apple, internal tools at Spredfast (now Khoros), and in-game UI for CoD at Activision.
I used to organize hackathons at Freetail Hackers, plan mobile dev conferences at MAD, educate K-12 students about CS at Roadshow, and teach students about machine learning/data science at MLDS.
I enjoy spending time on esports analytics so much that my friends and I built SixteenZero together. Otherwise, you can usually find me competing in CS:GO for charity via CEA, or listening to all kinds of rap with my budget HiFi gear.
Thanks for stopping by 🥰 and if you want to chat, shoot me an email!


{% extends 'base.html' %} {% load static %} {% block content %}
| Description | Expense | Due Date | Payment | Paid Date | Balance | Invoice Attachment | Management |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| {{accounting.description}} | {{accounting.expense}} | {{accounting.due_date|date:"Y-m-d"}} | {{accounting.payment}} | {{accounting.paid_date|date:"Y-m-d"}} | {{accounting.balance}} | {{accounting.invoice}} |
| Overdue Accounts |
|---|
| {{student.name}} |


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Penguins beat Devils 4-1 with 3rd-period burst
by The Associated PressPITTSBURGH (AP) - Jared McCann and John Marino scored 25 seconds apart in the third period to boost the Pittsburgh Penguins past the New Jersey Devils 4-1 on Friday night.
Jake Guentzel had his team-leading 11th goal for Pittsburgh and Dominik Kahun added his sixth of the season to help the Penguins snap a four-game winless streak at home against New Jersey.
Tristan Jarry trimmed his goals-against average to 1.81 by stopping 36 shots, weathering an early second-period surge from the Devils, then coasting after Guentzel’s pretty backhander just past the midway point gave the Penguins the momentum they would need.
Taylor Hall scored his third of the season for the Devils. Mackenzie Blackwood made 30 saves before being pulled in favor of Louis Domingue early in the third period after giving up goals on back to back shots by McCann and Marino.
SENATORS 4, RANGERS 1
OTTAWA, Ontario (AP) - Thomas Chabot had a goal and an assist, Anders Nilsson stopped 30 shots and Ottawa beat New York for its third straight victory
Logan Brown, Tyler Ennis and Anthony Duclair also scored for the Senators.
Jacob Trouba scored for the Rangers, and Henrik Lundqvist made 35 saves.
More AP NHL: https://apnews.com/NHL and https://twitter.com/AP_Sports
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A collection can be initializes as a secured collection by defining a username and password. When initializing a collection with username and password - the collection data will be encrypted.


domestic | energy | introduction | 2010
Introduction
6.0
6.0.1 Background
Within Scottish building regulations, improvements in energy standards have
been made over many years, culminating in 2007 with the move to a carbon
dioxide emissions based methodology for assessing carbon and energy
performance in new
buildings.
The Sullivan Report
In 2007, Scottish Ministers convened an expert panel to advise on the
development of a low carbon building standards strategy to increase energy
efficiency and reduce carbon emissions. This resulted in
The Sullivan Report
– ‘A Low Carbon Building Standards Strategy for Scotland’. A key
recommendation of this Report is staged improvements in energy standards
in 2010 and 2013, with the aim of net zero carbon
buildings
(emissions for
space heating, hot water, lighting and ventilation) in 2016/17, if practical.
Climate Change
(Scotland) Act 2009
The
Climate Change (Scotland) Act 2009
creates a statutory framework for
delivery of greenhouse gas emissions reductions in Scotland. The Act sets
an interim target of a 42% reduction in emissions (compared to 1990) by
2020, and an 80% reduction target for 2050. Annual targets for each year
from 2010 to 2022 will be set in secondary legislation by 1 June 2010. The
high level measures required in each sector to meet Scotland’s statutory
climate change targets, for 2022 and in the long term, are set out in the
Scottish Government’s
Climate Change Delivery Plan
.
This includes
recommendations for the delivery of low carbon new
buildings
.
The
construction
sector has a major role to play in this respect. Emissions
from the burning of fossil fuels are contributing to climate change, with energy
use in
buildings
a significant source of emissions. Increased energy
efficiency and promotion of renewable energy are therefore an important
element of Scotland’s strategy to tackle climate change.
To deliver
buildings
that are more energy efficient and have fewer carbon
dioxide emissions, a greater emphasis is needed on the overall effect that
design and specification choices,
construction
and commissioning of new
6.0.2 Aims
The intention of section 6 is to ensure that effective measures for the
consisting of
dwellings
. In addition to limiting energy demand, by addressing
dioxide emissions standard obliges a designer of new
dwellings
to consider
building
design in a holistic way.
Improvements set out within this section will result in a greater need to
consider the benefits which localised or
building
-integrated low carbon
equipment (LCE) (e.g. photovoltaics, solar water heating, combined heat and
power and heat pumps) can make towards meeting standards. Although the
focus is primarily on lowering carbon dioxide emissions from
dwellings
in use,
the measures within this section also reduce energy demand and continue to
ensure that, for new homes and new
building work
, use of energy and fuel
costs arising from this are both minimised.
6.0.1
—
6.0.2
domestic | energy | introduction | 2010
Guidance also recognises issues relevant to requirements within Article 5 of
the EU Directive
2002/91/EC
on the Energy Performance of Buildings
(EPBD) and Article 13 of the EU Directive
2009/28/EC
on the promotion of
The standards and guidance given in this section are intended to achieve an
improvement, reducing emissions by approximately 30% compared to
the 2007 standards. However nothing here prevents a
domestic building
from being designed and
constructed
to be even more energy efficient and
make greater use of low carbon equipment (LCE).
6.0.3 General guidance
This section addresses the carbon dioxide emissions and energy
performance of all
domestic buildings (houses, flats
and
maisonettes)
and
form part of the
dwelling
should be within an
insulation envelope.
This section should be read in conjunction with all the guidance to the
Building (Scotland) Regulations 2004 but in particular section 3 Environment
has a close affiliation with energy efficiency, regarding:
a. heating of
dwellings;
b. ventilation of
domestic buildings;
c. condensation;
d. natural lighting;
e. combustion air and cooling air for combustion appliances;
f. drying facilities; and
g. storage of woody biomass.
Other than where qualified in the limitations to individual functional standards,
the standards and guidance within this section apply, irrespective of the
intended lifespan or the potential to relocate a
building
:
•
to
dwellings
;
•
to ancillary and subsidiary accommodation to
dwellings
(some of which
may be
stand-alone buildings
), that are to be heated (excepting heating
rated at a maximum of 25 W/m² floor area, installed solely for the purpose
of frost protection);
•
to
stand-alone buildings
that are heated (see paragraph below); and
•
Heated
stand-alone
In 2007, the EU Directive
2002/91/EC
on the energy performance of
buildings
led to the introduction of the category of ‘
stand-alone building’,
a definition of
which is available in appendix A of the Technical Handbooks. The Directive
exempts such
buildings,
where less than 50 m² in floor area, from both the
need to use a methodology to calculate energy performance (standard 6.1)
and also the production of an Energy Performance Certificate (standard 6.9).
The defined term includes not only detached
buildings
, but also thermally
divided parts of a
building
with separate heating shut-down control.
Stand-alone domestic buildings
that are less than 50 m² in floor area must
still comply with standards 6.2 to 6.8 (6.10 not being applicable to
domestic
buildings
). The guidance to standard 6.2 recommends that the
insulation
applicable to an extension.
6.0.2
—
6.0.3
the use of energy from renewable sources.
domestic | energy | introduction | 2010
Examples
Common examples of
stand-alone buildings
that could be less than 50 m²
include: a heated stair enclosure associated with a block of
flats;
a heated
summerhouse ancillary to a
dwelling
; and a
conservatory
attached to a new
or existing
dwelling
.
As for other standards within Scottish building regulations, the energy
standards apply to
conversions
and also
work
on existing
buildings
, such as
extensions,
conservatories
, alterations and replacement
work
. However in
some situations, individual standards may not apply or guidance on
compliance with the standards may differ for such
work
. The latter is usually
to recognise constraints that arise when working with existing
buildings
.
It is advisable, in the first instance, to check the functional standard as
sometimes a limitation removes certain classes of this type of
work
. Where
not excepted by a limitation to a standard, the provisions of the standard will
proposed
works
are wholly categorised as a conversion, where the standard
in question may be met as far as is
reasonably practicable.
This is identified
in the introduction to the guidance supporting each standard.
6.0.4
U-values
Thermal transmittance (
U-value
) is a measure of how much heat will pass
through one square metre of a structure when the temperature on either side
differs by one degree Celcius. It is expressed in units of watts per square
metre per degree of temperature difference (W/m²K).
Measurements of
U-values
should be made in accordance with BS EN ISO
8990: 1996 - ‘Thermal insulation. Determination of steady-state thermal
transmission properties. Calibrated and guarded hot box’. In calculation,
thermal bridging may be disregarded where the difference in thermal
resistance between bridging and bridged material is less than 0.1 m² K/W.
For example, normal mortar joints need not be taken into account in
calculations for brickwork, but should be taken into account for lightweight
insulating blockwork.
Taking into account guidance from BRE publication BR 443: 2006
‘Conventions for U-value calculations’
individual
U-values
of
building
elements forming the
insulation envelope
can be established by a number of
methods, including:
a. by using insulation to a thickness derived from manufacturers’ data
relating to thermal conductivities (W/m.K) and thermal transmittances
(U-values: W/m²K) certified by a
notified body
;
b. by calculation, taking into account thermal bridging effects of, e.g. timber
joists, structural and other framing and normal bedding mortar, by using
the Combined Method set out in BS EN ISO 6946: 2007 or
CIBSE Guide
Section A3
2006 Edition;
c. for floors adjacent to the ground and basements, by using the method set
out in BS EN ISO 13370: 2007 or
CIBSE Guide Section A3
2006 Edition;
or
d. for windows, doors and rooflights, by using BS EN ISO 10077-1: 2006 or
BS EN ISO 10077-2: 2003 and, for rooflights, BS EN ISO 12567-2: 2005.
6.0.3
—
6.0.4
domestic | energy | introduction | 2010
6.0.5 Thermal conductivity
The thermal conductivity (the
l
-value) of a material is a measure of the rate
at which that material will transmit heat and is expressed in units of watts per
metre per degree of temperature difference (W/m.K). Establishing the thermal
conductivity of materials in a
building
element forming part of the
insulation
envelope
will enable the thermal transmittance of the element to be
calculated.
Measurements of thermal conductivity should be made in accordance with
BS EN 12664: 2001, BS EN 12667: 2001 or BS EN 12939: 2001. There are a
wide range of technical publications which give the thermal conductivity of
common
construction
materials but, where available, preference should be
given to values that are certified by a
notified body
. Additional guidance given
in BRE publication
BR 443: 2006
should also be followed.
6.0.6 Thermal transmittance through separating elements
Previously, thermal transmittance through
separating walls
or
separating
the same
building
(e.g. between a
flat
and a
protected zone
with space
heating) was not assessed. Accommodation on both sides of the separating
element was expected to be at a similar temperature when the
dwellings
or
buildings
are occupied.
This is no longer always the case. Whilst ‘no loss’ may still be assumed for
solid walls, research has identified previously unanticipated heat losses from
air movement in cavity
separating walls
. This ‘thermal bypass’ is now
identified in both calculation methodology and guidance to standard 6.1,
guidance to standard 6.2 and within the revised
6.0.7 Buffering effects on the insulation envelope
unheated enclosed area, (for example, solid waste storage accommodation,
a
porch,
garage,
protected zone
or underground car park) the
U-values
of the
walls/floors (including doors and translucent
glazing
) may be calculated by:
a. disregarding the buffering effects and treating the element as if it is directly
exposed to the outside;
b. using the relevant formulae within SAP 2009;
c. following the procedure in BS EN ISO 6946: 2007; or
d. following the procedure in BS EN ISO 13789: 2007.
6.0.8 Roofs that perform the function of a floor
function of a floor or similar loadbearing surface (e.g. an
access deck
,
escape
route,
roof garden or car park), should be considered as a roof for the
purpose of assessment within this section.
6.0.5
—
6.0.8
domestic | energy | introduction | 2010
6.0.9
Conservatories
and atria
A
conservatory
allows natural light and natural ventilation to be ‘borrowed’
through
glazing
and
ventilators
into adjacent
rooms
of a
dwelling
. In view of
this, a large area of translucent material is required in the
conservatory
fabric
to ensure that such
rooms
are not adversely affected. The definition of
conservatory
in appendix A of the Technical Handbooks should be read in
conjunction with the SAP 2009 document. Further guidance is given on how
the standards apply to
conservatories
in clauses 6.1.7, 6.2.12, and 6.3.14.
In a
dwelling
with an atrium, it should be assumed that the atrium is to gain
heat transfer from the surrounding
building
. The continuity of the
insulation
translucent material) and the atrium is considered to be a heated part of the
dwelling
.
6.0.10 Performance of fixed
building
services
Unless otherwise identified in text, guidance given in support of standards 6.3
to 6.6 continues to follow the recommendations developed for the
Domestic
Building Services Compliance Guide
produced by the Department for
Communities and Local Government. This is intended to allow
standardisation of the specification and expected performance of fixed
building
services throughout the UK. The Guide also provides helpful
supplementary information that may assist designers in the installation and
commissioning of services to delivering optimum operating efficiency.
Additional information on the use of a range of low carbon equipment (LCE),
such as solar thermal systems, photovoltaic panels and heat pumps, and
application within building regulations can be found on the
Technical Pages
of the Building Standards Division website.
6.0.11 Calculation of areas
When calculating areas for the purposes of this section and in addition to
regulation 7, schedule 4, the following should be observed:
a. all areas should be measured in square metres (m²), unless stated
otherwise in this guidance;
b. the area of a floor, wall or roof is to be measured between finished internal
faces of the
insulation
envelope, including any projecting bays and in the
case of a roof, in the plane of the insulation;
c. floor areas are to include stairwells within the
insulation envelope
and also
d. the area of an opening (e.g. window or door) should be measured
internally from ingo to ingo and from head to sill or threshold.
6.0.12 Latest changes
The 2010 edition of section 6 incorporates a large number of changes whilst
retaining the existing methodology introduced in 2007. The majority of these
changes relate to improvement in specified performance to deliver the
intended 30% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions. A full summary of
changes can be found on the
Technical Handbooks
page of the Building
Standards Division section of the Scottish Government website.
6.0.9
—
6.0.12
domestic | energy | introduction | 2010
The key changes that have been made to the standards and guidance since
1 May 2009.
•
Standard 6.1 – standard updated to reflect previous changes to standard
6.9. No effect on guidance.
•
SAP 2009 now used to calculate carbon dioxide emissions.
•
Clause 6.1.2 – comprehensive revisions of fuel package table and
associated notes to deliver 30% aggregate improvement on Target
Emissions Rates.
•
Clause 6.2.1 - improved fabric backstops for new
buildings
; proposal to
address performance of cavity
separating walls
.
•
Clause 6.2.3 - revised guidance on limiting non-repeating thermal bridging
& revision of current Accredited Construction Details document.
•
Clause 6.2.4 - expanded guidance on limiting uncontrolled air infiltration,
including reference to standard 3.14 where very low infiltration rates
proposed.
•
Clause 6.2.5 - introduction of airtightness testing regime.
•
(aligned with non-domestic guidance).
•
Clause 6.2.8 - expanded guidance on how to address energy performance
in conversion of older and
traditional buildings.
•
Clause 6.2.9 - improved fabric backstops for extensions; alternative
guidance on
constructing
extensions to better
U-values
where existing
building
fabric values are poor.
•
Clause 6.2.12 - improved
U-value
for
glazing
in
conservatories
,
irrespective of area.
•
Standard 6.3 – 6.6 - comprehensive revision of guidance on heating
lighting, cooling and ventilation systems, efficiencies and controls.
Guidance remains based upon UK recommendations (developed by the
Department of Communities and Local Government).
•
Standard 6.4 - limitation within standard on cooled pipes or
ducts
in
domestic buildings
removed.
•
Standard 6.5 - standard extended to include lighting in common areas of
•
Clause 6.5.1 - increased percentage of energy efficient lighting; revised
minimum efficacy; new clause on common areas.
•
Standard 6.6 - standard extended to include ventilation and cooling
systems in
domestic buildings
.
•
Clause 6.6.2 - new clause on efficiency of air conditioning systems.
•
Clause 6.6.3 - new clause on efficiency of mechanical ventilation systems.
•
Standard 6.8 - standard extended to cover ventilation and cooling systems
in
domestic buildings
.
EU Directive
2006/32/EC
Reference should be made to UK legal requirements enforcing Article 13 of
the Energy End-Use Efficiency and Energy Services Directive
2006/32/EC
.
When
building work
is carried out to an existing
building
with a floor area of
more than 1000 m² or a new
building
is
constructed
, the energy supply
companies providing services to such
buildings
should be notified.
6.0.12
—
6.0.13
•
Clause 6.5.2 - new clause on efficiency of external lighting.
domestic | energy | introduction | 2010
EU Directive
2009/28/EC
Directive
2009/28/EC
promotes the use of energy from renewable sources,
including promotion within national legislation. It establishes a common
framework for the use of energy from renewable sources in order to limit
greenhouse gas emissions, including establishment of national action plans
and targets which set the share of energy from renewable sources for 2020.
6.0.14 Certification
Scottish Ministers can, under Section 7 of the Building (Scotland) Act 2003,
approve schemes for the certification of design or
construction
for compliance
with the mandatory functional standards. Such schemes are approved on the
basis that the procedures adopted by the scheme will take account of the
need to co-ordinate the
work
of various designers and specialist contractors.
Individuals approved to provide certification services under the scheme are
assessed to ensure that they have the qualifications, skills and experience
required to certify compliance for the
work
covered by the scope of the
scheme. Checking procedures adopted by Approved Certifiers will deliver
design or installation reliability in accordance with legislation.
The Certification of Design (section 6 – Energy) for domestic Buildings
scheme has been approved by Scottish Ministers to confirm compliance with
section 6. Details area available on the
certification pages
of the Building
Standards Division website.
6.0.13
—
6.0.14


Type 1 Indexes
Prior to DB2 Version 6 there were two types of indexes available to DB2: type 1 and type 2. Type 2 indexes were introduced with DB2 Version 4 and are now the standard index type implemented in every DB2 shop. Even prior to V6, most organizations favored creating type 2 indexes over type 1 indexes because they offer the following benefits:
Eliminate index locking (the predominant cause of contention in most pre-V4 DB2 applications). Type 2 indexes do not use index subpages. Type 2 indexes are the only type supported for ASCII encoded tables. Many newer DB2 features cannot be used unless Type 2 indexes are used; these features include row level locking, data sharing, full partition independence, uncommitted reads (ISOLATION(UR)), UNIQUE WHERE NOT NULL, and CPU and Sysplex parallelism.
As of DB2 V6, type 1 indexes are no longer supported by DB2. So, if you are running V6, V7, or V8, all of your shop's indexes will be type 2.
For those few shops not yet on Version 6, it is wise to begin migrating from type 1 to type 2 indexes as soon as possible, not just because of the benefits outlined earlier, but also because type 1 indexes are obsolete.
NOTE
If your shop is running DB2 V3 or an earlier release, you cannot implement type 2 indexes because they are not supported. If you are running on such an old version of DB2, you should really begin to migrate to a more recent DB2 version.
DB2 V4 was the first version of DB2 to begin supporting type 2 indexes.
To find all type 1 indexes in your DB2 subsystems issue the following SQL statement:
SELECT CREATOR, NAME
FROM SYSIBM.SYSINDEXES
WHERE INDEXTYPE = ' ';
For DB2 V4 and V5 subsystems type 1 indexes are still supported. However, you should convert to type 2 indexes as soon as possible because of the benefits they provide. Additionally, you can set the DSNZPARM parameter DEFIXTP=2 to make type 2 indexes the default index type.
|


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Startups + Gadgets + Geekery
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The modern, read/write web thrives on processes which accept and coordinate a large set of contributions from a set of contributors that is almost as large. Before this was common on the web, open source software capitalized on the aggregate efforts of communities. However, not every web 2.0 site or open source project succeeds in attracting or retaining contributors. In the case of web sites, this is often due to poor user interface or other highly visible problems
Software projects, however, typically suffer from a different problem: the cost of creating and integrating contributions. This ailment also afflicts proprietary software, where it is actually rarely diagnosed, and even more rarely treated.
I argue that all substantial software projects should strive to minimize two variables:
- Aggregate cost adding a contributor [1]
- Maximum individual cost of accepting a contribution
- If either of these variables are not minimized, a project will fail to fully utilize the efforts of its key members, never mind begin to capitalize on the long tail of contributions. High contribution costs waste countless millions of hours of productivity.
In a company, the easiest way to measure the cost of adding a contributor is to measure the time from signing the employee agreement until the moment that the software builds and runs on the new-hire’s development machine. Don’t forget to count this in man-hours because this will surely require the efforts of a manager, a more senior engineer, or both.
Additionally, you should also count the time before the new developer feels some level of confidence in the codebase. Can this new person dive right in and start hacking on a new feature? Could they fix a bug without everything falling apart? How many times will they need to knock on the door of the expert? [2]
Measuring the cost of accepting a contribution is subtly different. The aggregate cost is not of critical importance as long as it is justifiable given the benefit of accepting a contribution. However, minimizing the aggregate cost of accepting a contribution is already the goal of any successful software project. Teams are always striving to be more efficient, but it is a local optimization. If you want to increase the number of contributors and contributions, you need to minimize the maximum cost to maintainers, newcomers, other team members, and communities.
As any good manager knows, they must suffer the pain of meetings, accept frequent context switching, and act as a shield from politics. They must do all of this to ensure their reports are as productive as they possibly can be. Similarly, senior engineers should donate some of their time to analogous tasks in component and systems ownership. Although these tasks introduce a cost which causes an individual contributor to spend less time actually contributing, it opens the door to greater net contributions.
So here come’s the concrete advice part of the post…
Some ways to reduce the cost of adding a contributor
- Buddy builds – One button should instantly and automatically allocate a fresh machine, enlist in the source tree, build without additional dependencies, execute all tests, and provide detailed status and results.
- Standardized tools – Allow contributors to transfer their skills in version control, issue tracking, building, testing, and communication. Every team is different, but the more you can reasonably share, the more you simulate one cohesive team.
- Encourage branching
- Understand that contributions can come from anyone [3]
- Keep documentation up to date and complete – Hold new project members accountable for the correctness and completeness of the newcomers wiki page.
Some ways to reduce the cost of accepting a contribution
- Automated unit tests – Insist on a high code coverage and a low flakiness rating. Require a 100% pass-rate before committing to the main branch.
- Explicit coding standards
- Code reviews
- “Lieutenants” – Put an “owners” file in each directory of your source tree. Fill it with the usernames of those who should perform the code reviews for those files and sub-directories. Keep these files up to date.
- Widely and clearly communicate project vision and direction – This ensures misguided contributions will be rejected swiftly.
- Regular release cycle – Do I really need to say “release early, release often”? Releasing often enough will force you to reduce the cost of your release process as well.
- Got any more?
[1] This post was prompted by my startup hobby project’s failure in this
respect. Adding a third team member took several hours of my attention, but
should have taken several minutes.
[2] Sorry Stephen!
[3] Some discussion lists at Microsoft are notorious for responding to internal feedback with the URL http://career/ and possibly a snarky comment. These people are artificially setting the cost of adding a contributor to be a career left-turn and the cost of accepting outside contributions to infinity. I hope these dinosaurs go extinct.


CP Judge is a platform to organize competetive programming contests and take part in on-going contests. Host a new contest or register and login to particpate in on-going contests.


Facelike:
An Advertisement Infested Web-site
Users
Name
Privileges
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Ian
Admin
Oak
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Rax
Mod
Posts
Title
ID
Body
User
ID
Body
That Breakfast I Had
001
I went to a resteraunt
That Breakfast at a Bar
002
I went to a Bar
That Breakfast @Matt's
003
Went to Matt's
Comments
User
ID
Body
Rax
423
Matt sucks...
Oak
424
He's nice!
Ian
001
User had been banned for this post.
{{user}}
{{id}}
{{body}}


{{recipient}}
{{company}}
{{address}}
{{city}}, {{state}} {{postalcode}}
Dear {{recipient}},
It was with great interest that I read your posting on {{origin}} for the position of {{position}} at {{company}}. I respectfully proffer my candidacy for this position and have attached my resumé for your perusal. I am confident you will agree that I have the necessary qualifications to execute the tasks associated with the job.
I have over 20 years experience in IT with 8 of those years in management roles. Having started work in the industry while still in high school, I'm experienced enough to know what to do yet young enough to have the energy to get the job done.
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I will strive to put your company at the forefront of the technology community where it will benefit from the attention it deserves. I have the training to be able to handle both the technical as well as the business side of a given issue. Further, I am a leader who will build a solid team dedicated to the development and implementation of technical solutions.
I believe that to be a successful CTO of any company, you need to have experience, knowledge and technical ability; as well as an ability to supervise, mentor and coordinate talent into one direct objective. In short, I believe my years of experience, IT acumen and leadership skills could be of great service to your organization. I would enjoy the opportunity to be a part of the team that takes your company to the next level.
If you would like to discuss my experience in greater depth I am available via phone, video chat or, if COVID allows, in-person. I can be reached by phone or SMS at<PHONE_NUMBER> or by email at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Sincerely,
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415-810-6991
cdr@cdr2.com


A major source of uncertainty for many cities and regions throughout the world is the potential impacts of climate change. These impacts include, but are not limited to, extreme weather events, changes in global temperature, droughts, and sea level rise. Of these many potential impacts, sea level rise is perhaps the most relevant to transportation systems: higher sea levels coupled with extreme weather hold the potential to inundate transportation networks and impact the people that live, work and travel to these areas.
My thesis research focuses on modeling inundation impacts on transportation networks in the Boston Metro Region. The data for the "Inundated Assets" visualization is derived from GIS analysis in ArcMap. All other charts have data derived from the MIT - Cube Voyager Four Step Transportation Model. Four step models are used to estimate the travel patterns in a region. The output of these models includes origin destination matrices by different modes, as well as network (Transit & Highway) attributes that describe the performance of the network given the number of users in the system. For more information on four step models please see the basic description. For a more detailed description of methods and models please see this source or contact Michael Dowd.
When modeling inundation in the Cube model system, I assume that all users of the sytem will attempt to complete their trip even if portions of the region are inundated. I am modeling a normal day where the transport network is compromised but people still attempt to complete their normal trips, if possible.
Click Chart to View Different Asset
Click to see Percentages


{% extends "layout.html" %} {% block title %}Zero-OS Hub{% endblock %} {% block content %}
With this tool, you can convert an existing docker image to our hub and uses it out-of-box with our container system.