Implementation of SPI driver, transfer data through DMA. More...
#include "chip.h"
Go to the source code of this file.
Classes | |
| struct | _SpidCmd |
| Spi Transfer Request prepared by the application upper layer. More... | |
| struct | _Spid |
| Constant structure associated with SPI port. More... | |
Macros | |
| #define | SPID_ERROR 1 |
| An unspecified error has occurred. More... | |
| #define | SPID_ERROR_LOCK 2 |
| SPI driver is currently in use. More... | |
| #define | SPID_CSR_SCBR(mck, spck) SPI_CSR_SCBR((mck) / (spck)) |
| Calculates the value of the SCBR field of the Chip Select Register given MCK and SPCK. More... | |
| #define | SPID_CSR_DLYBS(mck, delay) |
| Calculates the value of the DLYBS field of the Chip Select Register given delay in ns and MCK. More... | |
| #define | SPID_CSR_DLYBCT(mck, delay) |
| Calculates the value of the DLYBCT field of the Chip Select Register given delay in ns and MCK. More... | |
Typedefs | |
| typedef void(* | SpidCallback) (uint8_t, void *) |
| SPI transfer complete callback. More... | |
| typedef struct _SpidCmd | SpidCmd |
| Spi Transfer Request prepared by the application upper layer. More... | |
| typedef struct _Spid | Spid |
| Constant structure associated with SPI port. More... | |
Functions | |
| uint32_t | SPID_Configure (Spid *pSpid, Spi *pSpiHw, uint8_t spiId, uint32_t SpiMode, sXdmad *pXdmad) |
| Initializes the Spid structure and the corresponding SPI & DMA hardware. More... | |
| void | SPID_ConfigureCS (Spid *pSpid, uint32_t dwCS, uint32_t dwCsr) |
| Configures the parameters for the device corresponding to the cs value. More... | |
| uint32_t | SPID_SendCommand (Spid *pSpid, SpidCmd *pCommand) |
| Starts a SPI master transfer. More... | |
| void | SPID_Handler (Spid *pSpid) |
| void | SPID_DmaHandler (Spid *pSpid) |
| uint32_t | SPID_IsBusy (const Spid *pSpid) |
| Check if the SPI driver is busy. More... | |
Implementation of SPI driver, transfer data through DMA.
| #define SPID_CSR_DLYBCT | ( | mck, | |
| delay | |||
| ) |
Calculates the value of the DLYBCT field of the Chip Select Register given delay in ns and MCK.
| #define SPID_CSR_DLYBS | ( | mck, | |
| delay | |||
| ) |
Calculates the value of the DLYBS field of the Chip Select Register given delay in ns and MCK.
| #define SPID_CSR_SCBR | ( | mck, | |
| spck | |||
| ) | SPI_CSR_SCBR((mck) / (spck)) |
Calculates the value of the SCBR field of the Chip Select Register given MCK and SPCK.
| #define SPID_ERROR 1 |
An unspecified error has occurred.
| #define SPID_ERROR_LOCK 2 |
SPI driver is currently in use.
Constant structure associated with SPI port.
This structure prevents client applications to have access in the same time.
| typedef void(* SpidCallback) (uint8_t, void *) |
SPI transfer complete callback.
| uint32_t SPID_Configure | ( | Spid * | pSpid, |
| Spi * | pSpiHw, | ||
| uint8_t | spiId, | ||
| uint32_t | spiMode, | ||
| sXdmad * | pXdmad | ||
| ) |
Initializes the Spid structure and the corresponding SPI & DMA hardware.
select value. The driver will uses DMA channel 0 for RX and DMA channel 1 for TX. The DMA channels are freed automatically when no SPI command processing.
| pSpid | Pointer to a Spid instance. |
| pSpiHw | Associated SPI peripheral. |
| spiId | SPI peripheral identifier. |
| pDmad | Pointer to a Dmad instance. |
| void SPID_ConfigureCS | ( | Spid * | pSpid, |
| uint32_t | dwCS, | ||
| uint32_t | dwCsr | ||
| ) |
Configures the parameters for the device corresponding to the cs value.
| pSpid | Pointer to a Spid instance. |
| cs | number corresponding to the SPI chip select. |
| csr | SPI_CSR value to setup. |
| void SPID_DmaHandler | ( | Spid * | pSpid | ) |
| void SPID_Handler | ( | Spid * | pSpid | ) |
| uint32_t SPID_IsBusy | ( | const Spid * | pSpid | ) |
Check if the SPI driver is busy.
| pSpid | Pointer to a Spid instance. |
Starts a SPI master transfer.
This is a non blocking function. It will return as soon as the transfer is started.
| pSpid | Pointer to a Spid instance. |
| pCommand | Pointer to the SPI command to execute. |


Porting TinyCLR
TinyCLR OS can be ported to new devices. We provide the precompiled .NET interpreter and runtime for several architectures. Currently Cortex M3, Cortex M4, Cortex M7, ARM7, and ARM9 are supported. To get started we'll build the FEZCLR firmware that the FEZ uses.
- Clone the ports repo to your computer. Make sure to clone the master branch so you're using the latest stable version. If you're new to git or haven't even heard of it, take a look at the Git Book to learn more about it.
- Download and install GCC. The latest version we have tested is
7-2018-q2-update
. - Download and extract the contents of CMSIS into the CMSIS folder of the cloned repo. While the file extension is
*.pack
, it's actually a zip that you can extract once you rename it to*.zip
. - Download and extract the latest TinyCLR OS Core Library into the Core folder of the cloned repo. Make sure to download the version corresponding to the version of the source code that you're trying to build. If you're building the master branch, then you want to use the very latest released version.
- Open a command prompt, change the directory to the cloned repo, and then execute
build.bat FEZCLR
.
The compiled firmware can then be found in the repo directory under build\release\FEZCLR
. The build system automatically produces firmware images in hex format (.hex), a raw binary (.bin), and either a binary meant to be loaded by our GHI Bootloader with its U command (.glb) or a binary meant to be loaded by the same bootloader with the X command (.ghi). For the FEZCLR firmware we built, flash the FEZCLR Firmware.glb
to your FEZ following the instructions on the bootloader page. When you restart it, it should be running TinyCLR OS and you can deploy to it from Visual Studio.
Creating your own device
To create a new firmware for a board that a Target
already exists for, you just need to create a new folder under Devices to define your board. You can do this easily by copying an existing board, like the FEZ, and making the changes you need for your board. Make sure you update the scatterfile to place the final firmware image in memory where it needs to be. For example, the FEZ scatterfile expects the GHI Bootloader to be present but you need to place your firmware's image at the start of flash.
To make using a custom port easier, we're specifically making the USB product ID 0x5000 under our vendor ID (0x1B9F) available for anyone to use for the USB debug interface on their TinyCLR device. Make sure to only use this product ID because other product IDs are assigned by us for our own use. Of course, if you have your own vendor ID, you are free to use it. So when you copy an existing device to make a new one, be sure to verify the USB vendor and product IDs are correct.
Creating a new target
To port to a new board with a new Target
, make sure it is one of the architectures that we have made a core library available for. Then, like above, you'll need to make a new folder for your device under the Devices folder. You'll also need to create a new folder under Targets that implements the needed APIs.
The TinyCLR runtime requires you to provide a few APIs for it to function correctly: deployment, interrupt, power, and time. The runtime also makes a few APIs available to you automatically: the API provider itself; a memory allocator; a recurring task creator; and a way to interact with managed objects, arguments, and events. Beyond that, you can provide whatever APIs you need like GPIO and SPI. See the native API document for details on APIs. On top of providing several APIs, you must call all the functions under TinyCLR_Startup_*
to properly initialize the system. The main.cpp
provided in the repo that our existing ports use and the build system includes is a good starting point.
Contributing
We are taking contributions to the TinyCLR OS ports and documentation, but we don't have an established process just yet, so standard contributing practices apply. Create a fork of the repo, create a new branch from dev, work on your changes, then submit a PR. Make sure to follow the existing style for the project and keep your changes easily reviewable. Your changes will need to be licensed under Apache 2 and you need to sign a Contributor License Agreement with us before your PR can be accepted.


--- layout: default ---
See the Pen Random Walks Explorer by George Hoqqanen (@hoqqanen) on CodePen.


Chris's Dream lands Troytown Chase at Navan
by Press AssociationChris's Dream justified market confidence as he ran out a stylish winner of the Ladbrokes Troytown Handicap Chase at Navan.
Trained by Henry de Bromhead, Chris's Dream was given a peach of a ride by Robbie Power, settling off the pace through the early stages before delivering a perfectly-timed challenge to grab the 59,000 euros first prize.
Last year's second Mr Diablo was prominent throughout much of the three-mile trip, but they were lining up to challenge him with three fences to jump.
Chris's Dream (9-2) was making effortless progress in behind, seizing control at the second-last as Fitzhenry tried to go with him.
When Power gave the signal coming to the last, the favourite stretched clear and soared over the final obstacle to pull nine and a half lengths clear at the line.
Fitzhenry kept on for second, with Portmore Lough a further seven and a half lengths back in third and Space Cadet fourth.
Chris's Dream was a Grade Two winner over course and distance back in February, but he fell short at Grade One level at Aintree and Punchestown.
De Bromhead said: "Brian (Acheson, owner) suggested this race, and it made a lot of sense. Robbie was brilliant on him, and he's a very good horse.
"His form tailed off a bit last season, so we'll have to watch that, and it seems he doesn't want too much racing. We went to Aintree full of confidence, and he was well beaten - then he ran no sort of race at Punchestown.
"Christmas will probably come too soon, so maybe we will look at something like the Thyestes -but to be honest, I haven't really looked beyond today."


| DOSE: |
1 tablet |
oral |
MDMA |
(pill / tablet) |
This was not the first time I had taken a pill before. But it was one of my most intense experiences and one that gave me 'the older brother I never had'. And it happened at an all ages rave event.
I had been to raves two times before this. I had dressed like my friends, who had been to many more raves, in jeans and a t-shirt. This time however, I was on a mission to have the night of my life. I dressed in shorts and t-shirt and my newly aquired visor. Worn upside down and around to the side. My flatmate (dressed in her kandy outfit) and her new 26yo boyfriend (several years older than myself) both accompanied me to the rave.
My flatmate dropped while we were in the car. I waited until one hour after we got to the event. I was sitting with my friends in a circle and they all started to come up. I decided to take mine. I put it under my tongue and dissolved it in my mouth. Not too tasty, but I wanted to come up fast!
We all moved off and some time later I felt light headed.  I nearly fell off the chair.  I tried to communicate with words but I couldn't. I would be short of breath every second word. This was a new feeling I had not felt before and I looked at my friends and they stared back at me with smiles as they nodded in agreement. They knew exactly what I was feeling and they asked the retorical question 'You feeling ok man?'. I just shook their hands as I grinned at them. Then I nodded my head. For once again we were brothers.
At this point I usually go and hug my flatmate. But when I got there I was greeted by her boyfriend. He jumped up as he saw me. He had a smile on his face from ear to ear. I was moving to the music, a wicked drum and bass track that flowed through my body and into my limbs. I did a little cross-over leg move as the sea of fellow stompers parted on the dance floor. He said to me that I was the little brother he never had and if I or my flatmate were ever in need he would be there for us. I shook his hand the only way I knew how, with respect and sincerity. Then I hugged him and told him that he was the big brother I never had.
After the encounter with my new found sibling I felt the urge to move again. I wanted to go outside. I got to the stairs and stopped. I stared at the obstacle that was preventing me from reaching my goal. I was still peaking and my body buckled at the idea of traversing something as dangerous as stairs, but I started one step at a time. 4 steps took about 20 seconds And I soon realised their was someone behind me. I just so happened to be blocking the whole stairwell. I looked over my shoulder and apologized to the young girl who stood behind me giggling at my state. She understood the way I felt so she just smiled back.
She overtook me and got to the bottom of the stairs, but she stopped there and waited for me. When I got there we met each other's eyes and I realised she was so gorgeous. She was smiling at me not because she had taken a pill, but because I looked pretty silly trying to walk down those stairs. We began chatting and I noticed my hearing had changed, the way I could hear her voice so clearly and everything else was distorted. I also remember how my eyes were affected. The light was so bright as I talked to her there and her green fluffy outfit really caught my attention. She asked if I wanted to dance and I obliged. She took my hand to help me up those stairs and after a while of dancing I kissed her on her cheek and thanked her for being so kind.
I got her number and called her up after I'd been home to have a sleep. We went to a few raves together and had one of the most fun relationships I've ever had, but it didn't last longer than a few months. I meet up with her at raves now and I see her out at raves when we've got time. But I love her now as a friend and she's still gorgeous.
And my newfound brother? Each time we go to raves together on pills we would always make sure the other person knew how we felt. We called ourselves brothers. But even out of the rave scene and not on drugs we stilled called each other brothers. He looked out for me and was always looking for ways he could help. He even sent me a birthday wish 4 months after my flatmate and him had broken up.
Sometimes you can make lasting relationships based upon the intense feelings you get while you're on Ecstacy. You've just got to try and be open.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


URL to the remote data source.
String or Object, default = ''
If the .url property is defined, then every time the grid needs to refresh, search, or sort records,
they will be pulled from the .url. If grid needs to save the records, new changes will be submitted to
this .url as well.
URL can be defined during object creation:
You may define different URLs for different operations (get records, delete records, save records)
URL can be defined during run-time:
If you do not specify any .url, then the assumed data source is local. You can add/remove records, user can search
and sort records and all actions will be performed locally. You can optionally use .load() method to load records from the server without switching grid to remote data source.
See grid overview page for data structured passed to and from server side url.


SRCCON 2016 highlights video, videography by Searle Video.
SRCCON is a hands-on conference focused on the practical challenges news technology and data teams encounter every day. We work to make it an inclusive and welcoming event where people can feel comfortable digging into complex problems. This year, SRCCON included more than 50 sessions on a wide range of topics, from tech strategies to workplace culture struggles.
The majority of SRCCON participants are developers, designers, and data analysts who work in newsrooms. We also enthusiastically welcome attendees from closely allied fields like civic tech, mapping, open data, and government—and others who are curious about journalism and excited to share their expertise at a journalism-centric conference.
Our participants represent organizations ranging from massive to tiny, and come from all over the US and many other countries. Each year, we particulary welcome journalists and allies from the city hosting SRCCON, and we’re working to build better remote-participation options for those who can’t attend in person.
To get information about upcoming deadlines and other SRCCON-related info and news, sign up for the SRCCON 2016 notification list:
While all of our SRCCON news will be going out on our mailing list, if you want to contact us, we'd love to hear from you:
SRCCON is produced by Knight-Mozilla OpenNews, an organization built to support the community of news developers, designers, and data analysts helping journalism thrive on the open web.
The “src” in SRCCON stands for “Source,” as in “view source.” We pronounce it “Source-con,” but you can say it however you want.


Outcome
This method supports the outcome Text alternatives available.
Detailed description
- Informative images represent a simple concept or information that can be expressed in a short phrase or sentence. The text alternative should convey the meaning or content that is displayed. Usually, the text alternative can provide the important information in or about the image without describing exactly what the image looks like.
- An image may require a detailed, literal description if “how” the image represents a concept is important. Example: a map used in a map-reading exercise.
- Authors determine if an image is informative or decorative based on the reason for including the image on the page.
- The WAI Alt Decision Tree can help authors determine if an image is informative.
- If possible, the short text alternative for an informative image should completely convey its purpose and information. If this is not possible, then the short text alternative should provide a brief overview of the information. An additional, long description can convey the full information.
- The text alternative substitutes for the non-text content. If the non-text content was replaced by the text, the page would still provide the same function and information.
- When deciding which details to include in the text alternative, consider the following questions:
- Why is this non-text content here?
- What information is it presenting?
- What purpose does it fulfill?
- If I could not use the non-text content, what words would I use to convey the same function and/or information?
- When non-text content contains words that are important to understanding the content, the text alternative should include those words. If the image contains too much text to fit in a short text alternative, then the short alt text should provide a brief overview of the image, and a long description should convey the complete in-image text.
Dependencies
None


--- ---
|
TGUI
v0.7-dev
|
Public Member Functions | |
| SpinButtonRenderer (SpinButton *spinButton) | |
| Constructor. More... | |
| virtual void | setProperty (std::string property, const std::string &value) override |
| Change a property of the renderer. More... | |
| virtual void | setProperty (std::string property, ObjectConverter &&value) override |
| Change a property of the renderer. More... | |
| virtual ObjectConverter | getProperty (std::string property) const override |
| Retrieve the value of a certain property. More... | |
| virtual std::map< std::string, ObjectConverter > | getPropertyValuePairs () const override |
| Get a map with all properties and their values. More... | |
| void | setBackgroundColor (const Color &color) |
| Changes the background color of the arrows. More... | |
| void | setBackgroundColorNormal (const Color &color) |
| Changes the background color of the arrows in the normal state (mouse not on spin button). More... | |
| void | setBackgroundColorHover (const Color &color) |
| Changes the background color of the arrows in the hover state (mouse standing on top of the spin button). More... | |
| void | setArrowColor (const Color &color) |
| Changes the color of the arrows. More... | |
| void | setArrowColorNormal (const Color &color) |
| Changes the color of the arrows in the normal state (mouse not on spin button). More... | |
| void | setArrowColorHover (const Color &color) |
| Changes the color of the arrows in the hover state (mouse standing on top of the spin button). More... | |
| void | setBorderColor (const Color &color) |
| Changes the color of the borders that are optionally drawn around the arrows. More... | |
| void | setArrowUpTexture (const Texture &texture) |
| Change the image that is used as the up arrow. More... | |
| void | setArrowDownTexture (const Texture &texture) |
| Change the image that is used as the down arrow. More... | |
| void | setArrowUpHoverTexture (const Texture &texture) |
| Change the image that is used as the up arrow when the mouse is on top of this arrow. More... | |
| void | setArrowDownHoverTexture (const Texture &texture) |
| Change the image that is used as the up arrow when the mouse is on top of this arrow. More... | |
| void | setSpaceBetweenArrows (float space) |
| Changes the space that is placed between the arrows. More... | |
| Public Member Functions inherited from tgui::WidgetRenderer | |
| virtual | ~WidgetRenderer () |
| Virtual destructor. | |
| Public Member Functions inherited from tgui::WidgetBorders | |
| virtual void | setBorders (const Borders &borders) |
| Changes the size of the borders. More... | |
| void | setBorders (float leftBorder, float topBorder, float rightBorder, float bottomBorder) |
| Changes the size of the borders. More... | |
| void | setBorders (float width, float height) |
| Changes the size of the borders. More... | |
| virtual Borders | getBorders () const |
| Returns the size of the borders as a tgui::Borders. More... | |
|
inline |
Constructor.
| spinButton | The spin button that is connected to the renderer |
|
overridevirtual |
Retrieve the value of a certain property.
| property | The property that you would like to retrieve |
Reimplemented from tgui::WidgetRenderer.
|
overridevirtual |
Get a map with all properties and their values.
Reimplemented from tgui::WidgetRenderer.
| void tgui::SpinButtonRenderer::setArrowColor | ( | const Color & | color | ) |
Changes the color of the arrows.
| color | New arrow color |
This color will overwrite the color for both normal and hover states.
Note that this color is ignored when an up and down arrow image were set.
| void tgui::SpinButtonRenderer::setArrowColorHover | ( | const Color & | color | ) |
Changes the color of the arrows in the hover state (mouse standing on top of the spin button).
| color | New arrow color |
Note that this color is ignored when an up and down arrow image were set.
| void tgui::SpinButtonRenderer::setArrowColorNormal | ( | const Color & | color | ) |
Changes the color of the arrows in the normal state (mouse not on spin button).
| color | New arrow color |
Note that this color is ignored when an up and down arrow image were set.
| void tgui::SpinButtonRenderer::setArrowDownHoverTexture | ( | const Texture & | texture | ) |
Change the image that is used as the up arrow when the mouse is on top of this arrow.
| texture | The new hover arrow texture |
The hover texture is ignored if no normal texture was set. Pass an empty texture to unset the image.
| void tgui::SpinButtonRenderer::setArrowDownTexture | ( | const Texture & | texture | ) |
Change the image that is used as the down arrow.
| texture | The new arrow texture |
When this image and the up image are set, the color properties will be ignored. Pass an empty texture to unset the image, in this case the color properties will be used again.
| void tgui::SpinButtonRenderer::setArrowUpHoverTexture | ( | const Texture & | texture | ) |
Change the image that is used as the up arrow when the mouse is on top of this arrow.
| texture | The new hover arrow texture |
The hover texture is ignored if no normal texture was set. Pass an empty texture to unset the image.
| void tgui::SpinButtonRenderer::setArrowUpTexture | ( | const Texture & | texture | ) |
Change the image that is used as the up arrow.
| texture | The new arrow texture |
When this image and the down image are set, the color properties will be ignored. Pass an empty texture to unset the image, in this case the color properties will be used again.
| void tgui::SpinButtonRenderer::setBackgroundColor | ( | const Color & | color | ) |
Changes the background color of the arrows.
| color | New background color |
This color will overwrite the color for both normal and hover states.
Note that this color is ignored when an up and down arrow image were set.
| void tgui::SpinButtonRenderer::setBackgroundColorHover | ( | const Color & | color | ) |
Changes the background color of the arrows in the hover state (mouse standing on top of the spin button).
| color | New background color |
Note that this color is ignored when an up and down arrow image were set.
| void tgui::SpinButtonRenderer::setBackgroundColorNormal | ( | const Color & | color | ) |
Changes the background color of the arrows in the normal state (mouse not on spin button).
| color | New background color |
Note that this color is ignored when an up and down arrow image were set.
| void tgui::SpinButtonRenderer::setBorderColor | ( | const Color & | color | ) |
Changes the color of the borders that are optionally drawn around the arrows.
| color | New border color |
|
overridevirtual |
Change a property of the renderer.
| property | The property that you would like to change |
| value | The new serialized value that you like to assign to the property |
| Exception | when deserialization fails or when the widget does not have this property. |
Reimplemented from tgui::WidgetRenderer.
|
overridevirtual |
Change a property of the renderer.
| property | The property that you would like to change |
| value | The new value that you like to assign to the property. The ObjectConverter is implicitly constructed from the possible value types. |
| Exception | for unknown properties or when value was of a wrong type. |
Reimplemented from tgui::WidgetRenderer.
| void tgui::SpinButtonRenderer::setSpaceBetweenArrows | ( | float | space | ) |
Changes the space that is placed between the arrows.
This space will use the BorderColor as color.
When images are used, this space is scaled together with the size of the images
| space | New space between the arrows |


{%load static %}
Scenario 3
The relationship bewieen the unmber of international tourist and the emotion of local people.
The relationship bewieen the unmber of international tourist and the emotion of local people.
data is the key of development
If you have any problem or recommendation, please contact us by following email Address.
Thebestteam@unimelb.edu.au.


Scott Doyle /<EMAIL_ADDRESS>PCA is a method of projecting data by calculating a set of vectors that captures the variance or “spread” of the data.
Recall that eigenvectors and eigenvalues can represent the direction and magnitude (respectively) of something represented in a matrix.
If our matrix is the covariance matrix $\boldsymbol{\Sigma}$, then the eigenvectors represent the direction of the data “spread”, while the eigenvalues are the magnitude of that spread.
Thus we can express the data as a lower-dimensional projection by choosing a set of eigenvectors corresponding to the largest eigenvalues.
The covariance matrix $\boldsymbol{\Sigma}$ is always positive and symmetric, having dimension $d\times d$ where $d$ is the number of dimensions.
We can prove that because of this, it has $d$ distinct, positive eigenvalues, each of which corresponds to an orthonormal eigenvector.
PCA tries to represent data by an optimized projection of the data using the covariance of the samples.
ICA seeks out independent generating components of the data.
Suppose you have $d$ independent, noiseless source signals $x_{i}(t)$ for $i=1,\,d$, where $t$ is our time component $1\leq t\leq T$.
We denote by $\mathbf{x}(t)$ the $d$ values of the mixed signal at time $t$, and assume that the mean of $\mathbf{x}$ over time is zero.
The multivariate density function is then written as:
$ p\left[\mathbf{x}(t)\right]=\prod_{i=1}^{d}p\left[x_{i}(t)\right] $
Example of two source signals, $x_{1}(t)$ and $x_{2}(t)$.
The source signals are detected by a $k$-dimensional sensor:
$ \mathbf{s}(t)=\mathbf{A}\mathbf{x}(t) $
where $\mathbf{A}$ is a $k\times d$ matrix representing the individual modulation of the $d$ source signals with respect to the $k$ detectors.
Example: If $\mathbf{x}$ is a set of sound waves produced by $d$ instruments, and $\mathbf{s}$ is an array of $k$ microphones that are recording the sound, then $\mathbf{A}$ might represent the distance between each specific microphone and instrument.
Goal: Extract the $d$ components in $\mathbf{s}$ that are independent.
Note that we’re ignoring the effects of noise, time delay, and possible dependence of one signal on another.
The source signals are sensed by an array of $k$ detectors, each of which receives a different mixture of $x_{1}(t)$ and $x_{2}(t)$.
The distribution in the output signals is related to the distribution:
$ p_\mathbf{y}=\frac{p_{\mathbf{s}}(\mathbf{s})}{|\mathbf{J}|} $
where $\mathbf{J}$ is the Jacobian matrix:
$ \mathbf{J}=\left( \begin{matrix} \frac{\partial y_{1}}{\partial s_{1}} & \cdots & \frac{\partial y_{d}}{\partial s_{1}} \\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ \frac{\partial y_{1}}{\partial s_{d}} & \cdots & \frac{\partial y_{d}}{\partial s_{d}} \end{matrix}\right) $
and
$ |\mathbf{J}|=\left| |\mathbf{W}|\prod_{i=1}^{d}\frac{\partial y_{i}}{\partial s_{i}}\right| $
The final stage is modeled as a linear transform of the source signals, plus a static nonlinearity:
$ \mathbf{y}=f[\mathbf{Ws}+\mathbf{w}_{0}] $
where $\mathbf{w}_{0}$ is a bias vector and $f[\cdot]$ is some kind of function (e.g. a sigmoid).
The goal in ICA is to find $\mathbf{W}$ and $\mathbf{w}_{0}$ so as to make the outputs $y_{i}$ as independent from one another as possible.
This is motivated by the fact that we know (i.e. we assume) the original signals themselves were independent.
So to find our matrix, we can calculate $\mathbf{W}$ and $\mathbf{w}_{0}$ iteratively, by defining a cost function, finding the derivative, and setting that to zero.
The goal is to find the set of components which are maximally independent, so our “cost” function should be a measure of independence for signals that we can try to maximize.
The reconstructed source signals are found by transforming the detected signals by a set of learned weights $\mathbf{W}$.
The reconstructed source signals are found by transforming the detected signals by a set of learned weights $\mathbf{W}$.
The reconstructed source signals are found by transforming the detected signals by a set of learned weights $\mathbf{W}$.
We use joint entropy to measure independence:
\begin{align} H(\mathbf{y}) &= -\mathcal{E}[\ln{p_{\mathbf{y}}(\mathbf{y})}] \\ &=\mathcal{E}[\ln{|\mathbf{J}|}]-\underbrace{\mathcal{E}[\ln{p_{\mathbf{s}}(\mathbf{s})}]}_{\textrm{independent of weights}} \ \end{align}
$\mathcal{E}$ is the expected value across all $t=1,\ldots,T$.
Through gradient descent we find the learning rule for $\mathbf{W}$:
$ \Delta\mathbf{W}\propto\frac{\partial H(\mathbf{y})}{\partial\mathbf{W}}=\frac{\partial}{\partial\mathbf{W}}\ln{|\mathbf{J}|}=\frac{\partial}{\partial\mathbf{W}}\ln{|\mathbf{W}|}+\frac{\partial}{\partial\mathbf{W}}\ln{\prod_{i=1}^{d}\left|\frac{\partial y_{i}}{\partial s_{i}}\right|} $
In component form we can write the first term as:
$ \frac{\partial}{\partial W_{ij}}\ln{|\mathbf{W}|}=\frac{\textrm{cof}[W_{ij}]}{|\mathbf{W}|} $
where $\textrm{cof}[W_{ij}]$ is the cofactor of $W_{ij}$, or $(-1)^{i+j}$ times the determinant of the $(d-1)-by-(k-1)$-dimensional matrix gotten by deleting the $i$th row and $j$th column of $\mathbf{W}$.
This gives us:
$ \frac{\partial}{\partial \mathbf{W}}\ln{|\mathbf{W}|}=[\mathbf{W}^{T}]^{-1} $
Which, in turn, gives the weight update rule for $\mathbf{W}$:
$ \Delta\mathbf{W}\propto[\mathbf{W}^{T}]^{-1}+(\mathbf{1}-2\mathbf{y})\mathbf{s}^{T}_{g} $
It can be shown that with the same sets of assumptions, the learning rule for the bias weights is:
$ \Delta\mathbf{w}_{0}\propto\mathbf{1}-2\mathbf{y} $
It’s difficult to know how many components we should try to reconstruct; if the number is too high, ICA may be sensitive to numerical simulation and may be unreliable.
This is a potentially useful alternative to PCA, if we suspect that our classes are elongated in parallel.
Using “similarity” instead of “distance” loses some intuitive interpretation about our data’s structure.
When this data is in very high dimensions, it’s impossible for us to visualize, even if the mathematics works perfectly.
We’d like to figure out a way to represent data in a low number (1-3) of dimensions while preserving the similarity between points.
First: Why do we NEED to see things in low dimensions?
Will a classifier work the same on the low-dimensional representation as it does on the high-dimensional one?
Are these methods only to help us humans visualize the data?
No! We are always constrained by the curse of dimensionality.
We’ve discussed it before, but now let’s examine it in detail.
The curse of dimensionality seems paradoxical at first: if features are statistically independent, and the class means are different, shouldn’t we always do better?
Consider the two class case where $p(\mathbf{x}|\omega_{j})\sim N(\boldsymbol{\mu}_{j},\boldsymbol{\Sigma})$ for $j=1,2$.
Assuming equal priors (just to make it simple), the Bayes error rate is:
$ P(e)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\int_{r/2}^{\infty}e^{-\frac{r^{2}}{2}}du $
where $r^2$ is the Mahalanobis distance between the class means:
$ r^{2}=(\boldsymbol{\mu}_{1}-\boldsymbol{\mu}_{2})^{T}\boldsymbol{\Sigma}^{-1}(\boldsymbol{\mu}_{1}-\boldsymbol{\mu}_{2}) $
$ P(e)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\int_{\frac{r}{2}}^{\infty}e^{-\frac{r^{2}}{2}}du $
How does our probability of error change as the distance between the class means $r$ increases?
Assuming conditional indpenedence, $\boldsymbol{\Sigma}=diag(\sigma_{1}^{2},\ldots,\sigma_{d}^{2})$ and:
$ r^{2}=\sum_{i=1}^{d}\left(\frac{\mu_{i1}-\mu_{i2}}{\sigma_{i}}\right)^{2} $
How does this change as $d$ gets larger?
We are adding more components, and thus (potentially) increasing $r$.
In the one-dimensional space, there is some significant overlap (i.e. Bayes error) between the features.
When we add dimensions, we see a reduction in this overlap; in the third dimensions, the class spaces are completely separate, and the Bayes error is zero.
In theory, the worst feature will have identical class means, so that $\mu_{i1}-\mu_{i2}=0$, so $r$ will not increase at that point in the sum.
If $r$ is increased without limit, then our error should theoretically approach zero! (Which obviously doesn’t happen.)
So what’s wrong? The reason not all classifiers are perfect comes down to one of these:
Dimensionality reduction methods seek to address these issues by projecting the data into a low-dimensional space, combining dependent variables and ignoring non-informative ones.
Let $\mathbf{y}_{i}$ be a projection of a sample $\mathbf{x}_{i}$.
$\delta_{ij}$ (delta) is the distance between $\mathbf{x}_{i}$ and $\mathbf{x}_{j}$, and $d_{ij}$ (lowercase “d”)is the distance between $\mathbf{y}_{i}$ and $\mathbf{y}_{j}$.
Thus we want to find how to arrange $\mathbf{y}_{1},\ldots,\mathbf{y}_{n}$ such that the distances $d_{ij}$ are as close as possible to $\delta_{ij}$.
We can set up a few criterion functions:
| Equation | Characteristic |
| $J_{ee}=\frac{\sum_{i<j}(d_{ij}-\delta_{ij})^{2}}{\sum_{i<j}\delta_{ij}^{2}}$ | Emphasizes large error, regardless of original distance |
| $J_{ff}=\sum_{i<j}\left(\frac{d_{ij}-\delta_{ij}}{\delta_{ij}}\right)^{2}$ | Emphasizes proportional error, regardless of actual error |
| $J_{ef}=\frac{1}{\sum_{i<j}\delta_{ij}}\sum_{i<j}\frac{(d_{ij}-\delta_{ij})^{2}}{\delta_{ij}}$ | Compromise between the two |
All are invariant to rigid transforms and are normalized.
Gradients are easy to compute: The gradient of $d_{ij}$ with respect to $\mathbf{y}_{i}$ is a unit vector in the direction of $\mathbf{y}_{i}-\mathbf{y}_{j}$:
$ \boldsymbol{\nabla}_{\mathbf{y}_{k}}J_{ef}=\frac{2}{\sum_{i<j}\delta_{ij}}\sum_{j\neq k}\frac{d_{kj}-\delta_{kj}}{\delta_{kj}}\frac{\mathbf{y}_{k}-\mathbf{y}_{j}}{d_{kj}} $
Example: 30 points spaced at unit intervals along a spiral, which circles around the $x_{3}$ axis:
\begin{align} x_{1}(k) &= \cos{\left(\frac{k}{\sqrt{2}}\right)} \\ x_{2}(k) &= \sin{\left(\frac{k}{\sqrt{2}}\right)} \\ x_{3}(k) &= \frac{k}{\sqrt{2}} \\ \end{align}
One thing to keep in mind is that these methods are linear – they cannot encode nonlinear relationships between datapoints.
A nonlinear dataset is one in which linear distances (e.g. Euclidean distance) between points is not a reliable measure of similarity.
What are some examples?
As we’ve seen, unsupervised methods rely on data structure to “tell a story” – therefore, if your linear method is applied to a nonlinear dataset, and you just get a big blob, how do you know what’s wrong?
You need a large number of samples before you can conclude that your dataset is nonlinear (and for nonlinear methods to work at all).
The swiss roll is nonlinear in 3 dimensions, but if your data is nonlinear in a million dimensions, it’ll be tough to know ahead of time.
Therefore, validation of these methods will require some amount of labeling or ground truth.
If you have a lot of data, you can assume it lies on a well-defined manifold – that is, the points form a “sheet” in high-dimensional space.
The only distances that are valid are those between a point and its close neighbors; everything else is invalid (i.e. the distance is “infinite”).
Think of houses on switchback streets: if you’re in a car, and not driving over people’s lawns, you have to travel the road to get to your neighbor’s house.
There are a lot of these methods, but they all make some pretty basic assumptions:
There are a lot of nonlinear methods.
We will cover the last two, as they are what most people gravitate towards these days, and it’s implemented in MATLAB.
This is a relatively new method developed in 2008 by:
It is a nonlinear, probabilistic technique which is also solved through numerical optimization (i.e., gradient descent).
This means that running t-SNE multiple times may give you different embeddings.
Let’s assume we have our $d$-dimensional dataset, $\{\mathbf{x}_{1}, \mathbf{x}_{2}, \ldots, \mathbf{x}_{N}\}$.
We assume that $d$ is fairly large, and that all features are relevant to describing the dataset.
The goal is to find a mapping where similarity between points is preserved, which in t-SNE is done by modeling between-point similarity as a probability distribution (and a Gaussian, no less).
If we assume the points are distributed as a Gaussian in high-dimensional space, then the probability, $p_{j|i}$, is understood as the likelihood that point $\mathbf{x}_{i}$ would have $\mathbf{x}_{j}$ as its “neighbor” (in other words, that the points would be close together).
$ p_{j|i} = \frac{\exp\left[-|\mathbf{x}_{i} - \mathbf{x}_{j}|^{2}/ 2\sigma^{2}_{i}\right]}{\sum_{k\neq i}\exp\left[-|\mathbf{x}_{i} - \mathbf{x}_{k}|^{2} / 2\sigma^{2}_{i}\right]} $
If you look closely, this is just a Gaussian where one of the points serves as the “mean”. The value of $\sigma$ is a parameter that can be derived from the “complexity” of the data, and is a tunable parameter.
By normalizing by the number of all points, we get a measure of point similarity:
$ p_{ij} = \frac{p_{i|j} + p_{j|i}}{2N} $
Next, we define a similar point-wise probability for the points in low dimensional space as well. Here, high-dimensional point $\mathbf{x}_{i}$ is referred to in low-dimensional space as $\mathbf{y}_{i}$.
Low-dimensional probability is defined as:
$ q_{ij} = \frac{\left(1 + |\mathbf{y}_{i} - \mathbf{y}_{j}|^{2}\right)^{-1} }{\sum_{k\neq i}\left(1 + |\mathbf{y}_{i} - \mathbf{y}_{k}|^{2}\right)^{-1}} $
This is NOT a Gaussian modeling: this is a Student-t distribution (hence, “t-distributed SNE”).
The paper goes into detail for each of their choices, but the use of two different distributions addresses some issues where outlier points have incorrect amounts of influence on the resulting mapping.
The Student-t distribution works like an inverse square law for large distances, meaning that the scale of the mapping doesn’t affect the result.
So we have a probability distribution on the data in high dimensions, $p_{ij}$, which we can calculate. We also have a form for the low-dimensional distribution, $q_{ij}$, but we can’t calculate that because we don’t know what $\mathbf{y}$ should be.
To find the location of the points $\mathbf{y}$, we minimize the Kullback-Leibler Divergence, which is defined as:
$ KL(P||Q) = \sum_{i\neq j}p_{ij}\log{\frac{p_{ij}}{q_{ij}}} $
The KL Divergence is basically how you calculate the difference between two probability distributions.
How do we minimize? Gradient descent!
As with any numerical optimization approach, we have to think about:
Because of this, t-SNE can give you different results if run multiple times (because of local minima), and selection of parameter values is critically important.
So interpreting your results should be done with a fair amount of caution. Make sure you test robustness by running the algorithm multiple times with different parameter sets on data you know is clean.
In addition, t-SNE has its own tunable parameters:
Again: you need to check that what you’re getting makes sense for your own data and assumptions.
Interpreting dimensionality reduction methods should be done with extreme caution.
Unsupervised methods, clustering, and DR are obviously a HUGE topic.
They are typically the first thing you can do when you start collecting data.
Cheap, (somewhat) fast, and give you an idea of how well your calculated features are doing.
There are a ton of variations of what we’ve discussed, but if you are interested, this is a good starting point.
Neural networks are an extension of linear machines and will serve as the basis for deep learning.
Next class, we will begin building the foundations we’ll need for understanding these complex classifiers.


| Title | Author | Description | Approve | Title | Skip Baker |
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Fiona Hill Recalls Unfortunate ‘Bowl Cut’ After Snuffing Out Hair On Fire During A Test
Former National Security Council senior director Fiona Hill confirmed an anecdote that effectively proved her resolve on Thursday — and delivered a moment of comic relief at the same time.
During Hill’s testimony, Rep. Jackie Speier (D-CA) asked Hill about a story in a New York Times report that claimed a boy in her class set one of her pigtails on fire while she was taking a test.
“I understand when you were 11-years-old there was a school boy that set your big tails on fire. And you were taking a test.  “Is that a true story?”
Hill responded that “it is a true story” and that she “was a bit surprised to see that pop up today.”
“It’s one of the stories I occasionally tell,” Hill said. “Very unfortunate consequences afterwards. My mother gave me bowl hair cut.”
After Hill’s remark drew laughter from the audience, she added that she “looked like Richard III.”
Speier then told Hill that she thought “it underscores the fact that you speak truth” and that she is “steely.”
Watch the exchange below:


Lost DVD news: Box Art and Press Release for Lost - The Complete ...
May 28, 2010 . Lost - Press Release Brings Final Contents, Packaging for Season 6 and . Each includes a 'new chapter of the island's story' (12-15 minutes of footage not . and a series of unique tours of Oahu with many of the cast as they .
http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Lost-Season-6-and-The-Complete-Collection/13833
Treatment for Herniated or Bulging Discs
Lost Season 6 Cast Photos - Photos of the Main ... - Lost - About.com
'Lost' Season 6 Cast Photos. From Bonnie Covel, former About.com Guide. 'Lost' season 6 is going to be a great one and here are the people who bring it to you .
http://lost.about.com/od/castphotos/ig/-Lost--Season-6-Cast-Photos/
Lost the Final Season - Season 6 Lost the Final Season
New Lost Special - Lost Beginning of the End will air before the season 6 premiere; Third Lost Supper Photo - This one is extra interesting; Cast Photo Gallery .
http://lost.about.com/od/aboutlost/a/lost_the_final_season.htm
new cast of lost season 6 Herniated or Bulging Discs
Lost (TV Series 20042010) - IMDb
News · Top News · Movie News · TV News · Celebrity News · Trailers . Jorge Garcia, Naveen Andrews and Matthew Fox | See full cast and crew . Lost: Season 6: Episode 17 -- Locke puts his plan into action, Lost: Season 6: Episode 16 .
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0411008/
Lost Cast - TV.com
Lost Cast: Matthew Fox, Josh Holloway, Evangeline Lilly, Jorge Garcia, Daniel Dae Kim, Yunjin Kim . Michael Dawson (Seasons 1,2 & 4, recurring in Season 6 ) .
http://www.tv.com/shows/lost/cast/
Lost Season 6 Cast - The Main Actors in the Lost ... - Lost - About.com
Lost has always had an ensemble cast. Some of the main cast .
http://lost.about.com/od/cast/tp/lost_season_6_cast.htm
Official Impairment Listing for Spinal Disorders
'Gossip Girl' Casts 'Lost' Alum Andrea Gabriel For Season 6
Jul 8, 2012 . Since "Lost" ended in 2010, Gabriel has appeared on ABC's "The Whole . Gossip Girl - Season 6 - Casting News - 3 New Recurring Guest .
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- bnsf main frame emulator (narrowing of the spine)
Season 6 - Lostpedia - The Lost Encyclopedia
Entering Season 6, Henry Ian Cusick was not listed as a principal cast member on . in any of the new character specific promotional photos for the new season.
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Lost on ABC - Watch full Lost seasons online, latest news on Lost, exclusive Lost episode spoilers, candid pictures, watch season 6 finale, Lost theories. . joining his former Lost cast mate Michael Emerson in this season of Person of Interest.
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See who joins the Lost cast for at least one season 6 episode.
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The official LOST page offers a deeper look at the ABC TV series with exclusive content and show . New to ABC.com? . It's the perfect gift this season!
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Medical-Vocational Allowance for Herniated Disc
Lost (season 6) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Unlike the latter half of the previous season, in which the cast was divided . The new main cast roles are pilot Frank Lapidus (Jeff Fahey), .
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Lost Season 6: Brand New Cast Photos! - Sky1 HD
Feb 17, 2005 . Lost Season 6 New Cast Pics! Sawyer, Jack, Kate, Locke, Sayid, Claire, Hurley, Ben, Richard Alpert, Frank Lapidus, Miles, and more.
http://sky1.sky.com/lost-season-6-brand-new-cast-pics
Lost: The Cast Give Up Some Season 6 Spoilers - IGN
Jan 31, 2010 . This weekend, I was in Hawaii to cover the Lost: Season 6 premiere, where I spoke to most of the cast. Perhaps it was the fact that we're only a .
http://www.ign.com/articles/2010/01/31/lost-the-cast-give-up-some-season-6-spoilers
Appealing a Denial of Benefits
Lost Cast - Season 6 - Yahoo!7 TV
Photos and bios of the main Lost characters and the actors who portray them. . News. Finance. Sport. Lifestyle. Entertainment. Travel. Cars. Jobs. Real Estate .
http://au.tv.yahoo.com/lost/cast/
Californication Casts Maggie Grace Season 6 - TVLine
May 11, 2012 . Scoop: Californication Taps Lost Vet Maggie Grace for Majorly Sexy Season 6 Arc. by Vlada Gelman. Get More: Casting News · Tweet .
http://tvline.com/2012/05/11/californication-maggie-grace/


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Connected Home over IP
672cf7684
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Go to the source code of this file.
Namespaces | |
| chip | |
| Adaptation for LwIP ip4_addr_t type. | |
| chip::System | |
| chip::System::Platform | |
| chip::System::Platform::Layer | |
Enumerations | |
| enum | { chip::System::kTimerFactor_nano_per_micro = 1000, chip::System::kTimerFactor_micro_per_milli = 1000, chip::System::kTimerFactor_milli_per_unit = 1000, chip::System::kTimerFactor_nano_per_milli = 1000000, chip::System::kTimerFactor_micro_per_unit = 1000000 } |
Functions | |
| uint64_t | chip::System::Platform::Layer::GetClock_Monotonic () |
| Platform-specific function for getting monotonic system time in microseconds. More... | |
| uint64_t | chip::System::Platform::Layer::GetClock_MonotonicMS () |
| Platform-specific function for getting monotonic system time in milliseconds. More... | |
| uint64_t | chip::System::Platform::Layer::GetClock_MonotonicHiRes () |
| Platform-specific function for getting high-resolution monotonic system time in microseconds. More... | |
| Error | chip::System::Platform::Layer::GetClock_RealTime (uint64_t &curTime) |
| Platform-specific function for getting the current real (civil) time in microsecond Unix time format. More... | |
| Error | chip::System::Platform::Layer::GetClock_RealTimeMS (uint64_t &curTimeMS) |
| Platform-specific function for getting the current real (civil) time in millisecond Unix time format. More... | |
| Error | chip::System::Platform::Layer::SetClock_RealTime (uint64_t newCurTime) |
| Platform-specific function for setting the current real (civil) time. More... | |
This is an internal header file that defines the interface to a platform-supplied function for retrieving the current system time.


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| SUMMARY: NESTED | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD | DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD |
java.lang.Object com.google.gwt.inject.rebind.util.MemberCollector
public class MemberCollector
This class can be used to collect a type's members, including those of its (recursive) superclasses and interfaces. The collector treats overrides correctly, i.e. it returns the method defined the closest to the provided type.
Note: The collector uses internal caching and can be called with the same arguments repeatedly without repeated performance costs.
This class is not thread-safe.
| Nested Class Summary | |
|---|---|
static interface |
MemberCollector.FieldFilter
Filter used during the collection of fields to restrict the kind of collected fields. |
static interface |
MemberCollector.MethodFilter
Filter used during the collection of methods to restrict the kind of collected methods. |
| Field Summary | |
|---|---|
static MemberCollector.MethodFilter |
ALL_METHOD_FILTER
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| Constructor Summary | |
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MemberCollector(com.google.gwt.core.ext.TreeLogger logger)
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| Method Summary | |
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java.util.Collection<FieldLiteral<?>> |
getFields(TypeLiteral<?> typeLiteral)
Returns all fields in the provided type, including those of the type's (recursive) super classes. |
java.util.Collection<MethodLiteral<?,java.lang.reflect.Method>> |
getMethods(TypeLiteral<?> typeLiteral)
Returns all methods in the provided type, including those of the type's (recursive) super classes and interfaces. |
void |
setFieldFilter(MemberCollector.FieldFilter filter)
Sets this collector's field filter. |
void |
setMethodFilter(MemberCollector.MethodFilter filter)
Sets this collector's method filter. |
| Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object |
|---|
clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait |
| Field Detail |
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public static final MemberCollector.MethodFilter ALL_METHOD_FILTER
| Constructor Detail |
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@Inject public MemberCollector(com.google.gwt.core.ext.TreeLogger logger)
| Method Detail |
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public void setMethodFilter(MemberCollector.MethodFilter filter) throws java.lang.IllegalStateException
filter
- new method filter for this collector
java.lang.IllegalStateException
- if the filter is set after members have been
requestedpublic void setFieldFilter(MemberCollector.FieldFilter filter) throws java.lang.IllegalStateException
filter
- new field filter for this collector
java.lang.IllegalStateException
- if the filter is set after members have been
requestedpublic java.util.Collection<MethodLiteral<?,java.lang.reflect.Method>> getMethods(TypeLiteral<?> typeLiteral)
typeLiteral
- type for which methods are collected
public java.util.Collection<FieldLiteral<?>> getFields(TypeLiteral<?> typeLiteral)
typeLiteral
- type for which fields are collected
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PostscriptPostcript and bibliography
- SHA-2 cryptographic hashing [Appel 2015]
- HMAC cryptographic authentication [Beringer 2015]
- HMAC-DRBG cryptographic random number generation [Ye 2017]
- Concurrent messaging system [Mansky 2017]
- Generational copying garbage collector [Wang 2019]
- Bins-based malloc/free system [Appel and Naumann 2020]
- AES encryption, B+Trees, Tries of B+ trees (unpublished master's or undergraduate theses).
Small examples
VST is distributed with a progs directory of many small C programs that demonstrate different features and methods of Verifiable C. If your VST installation is in the standard place, you can find this as a subdirectory of`coqc -where`/user-contrib/VST
Modules
The first-draft version of VST's module system -- for verifying multimodule C programs with .c and .h files -- is described in [Beringer 2019]. The newer version, using Verified Software Units, is demonstrated in progs/VSUpile distributed with VST. The description in [Beringer 2019] mostly matches the proofs in progs/VSUpile, but the proofs handle data abstraction using the methods described in the the VSU chapters of this volume.Input/output
To prove I/O using our Verifiable C logic, we treat the state of the outside world as a resource in the SEP clause, alongside (but separating from) in-memory conjuncts. Proved examples are in progs/io.c, progs/io_mem.c, and their proof files progs/verif_io.v, progs/verif_io_mem.v. Research papers describing these concepts include [Koh 2020] and [Mansky 2020].Looking around
Static analyzers
There are many static analyzers -- too numerous to list here -- that attempt to check safety of your program: will it crash? Will it access an array out of bounds, or dereference an uninitialized pointer? Static analyzers can be useful in software engineering, but they have two major limitations:- They don't verify functional correctness -- that is, does your program produce the right answer, or interact with the right behavior?
- They are incomplete. For example, proving that a[i] is an in-bounds array access requires proving that 0 ≤ i < N. Sometimes a static analyzer can deduce that from the program flow, but in general it is a functional correctness property that may require sophisticated invariants to prove.
Functional correctness verifiers -- functional languages
A good way to write proved-correct software is to program in a pure functional program logic, and use higher-order logic to prove correctness. For example:- Write pure functional programs in Coq, prove them correct in Coq, then extract them from Coq to OCaml or Haskell. See Volume 3 of Software Foundations: Verified Functional Algorithms.
- In HOL systems (Higher-order Logic) such as Isabelle/HOL, you can do the same thing: write functional programs, prove them correct, extract, compile.
- You can write Haskell programs, compile with ghc, and import into Coq for verification using hs-to-coq [Spector-Zabusky 2018].
- ACL2 is an older system, that uses a first-order logic. That's less expressive, you don't get polymorphism or quantification, but there have been many successful applications of ACL2 in industry.
Functional correctness verifiers -- imperative languages
Functional correctness verifiers -- C
- Frama-C (https://frama-c.com/)
- VeriFast [Jacobs 2011]
- VST (the subject of this volume).
- In VST, as you have seen, that language is a separation language (PROP/LOCAL/SEP) embedded in Coq, so that the PROP, LOCAL, and SEP clauses can all make use of the full expressive power of the Calculus of Inductive Constructions (CiC). You have seen a simple example of the expressive power of this approach, where we can use ordinary Coq proofs in Hashfun, and directly connect them to separation-logic proofs in Verif_hash.
- Frama-C uses a weaker assertion language, expressed in C syntax. That's a much weaker logic to reason in, and it doesn't directly connect to a general-purpose logic (and proof assistant) like Coq. Also, since Frama-C is not a separation logic, it can be difficult to reason about data structures.
- VeriFast uses a capable Dafny-like logic -- even more capable, since it is separation logic, not just Hoare logic. That means you can reason about data structures. There's no artificial limitation to a C-like syntax in the assertion language. Unfortunately, VeriFast's assertion language is not connected to a general-purpose logic (and proof assistant); that means you can do refinement proofs (this C program implements that functional model), but it's not so easy to reason about properties of your functional models.
Foundational soundness
- the compiler must not have bugs, and
- the compiler must agree with your verifier on every detail of the semantics of the source language.
Conclusion
(* 2022-08-28 09:48 *)


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To say that Adrian Peterson's return to Minnesota on Monday did not go as planned would be an understatement. The running back, who spent the first 10 ...


patch
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**patch**
1. n. A temporary addition to a piece of code, usually as a
`*quick-and-dirty* <../Q/quick-and-dirty.html>`__ remedy to an existing
bug or misfeature. A patch may or may not work, and may or may not
eventually be incorporated permanently into the program. Distinguished
from a `*diff* <../D/diff.html>`__ or `*mod* <../M/mod.html>`__ by the
fact that a patch is generated by more primitive means than the rest of
the program; the classical examples are instructions modified by using
the front panel switches, and changes made directly to the binary
executable of a program originally written in an
`*HLL* <../H/HLL.html>`__. Compare `*one-line
fix* <../O/one-line-fix.html>`__.
2. vt. To insert a patch into a piece of code.
3. [in the Unix world] n. A `*diff* <../D/diff.html>`__ (sense 2).
4. A set of modifications to binaries to be applied by a patching
program. IBM operating systems often receive updates to the operating
system in the form of absolute hexadecimal patches. If you have modified
your OS, you have to disassemble these back to the source. The patches
might later be corrected by other patches on top of them (patches were
said to “grow scar tissue”). The result was often a convoluted `*patch
space* `__ and headaches galore.
5. [Unix] the patch(1) program, written by Larry Wall, which
automatically applies a patch (sense 3) to a set of source code.
There is a classic story of a `*tiger team* <../T/tiger-team.html>`__
penetrating a secure military computer that illustrates the danger
inherent in binary patches (or, indeed, any patches that you can't — or
don't — inspect and examine before installing). They couldn't find any
`*trap door* <../T/trap-door.html>`__\ s or any way to penetrate
security of IBM's OS, so they made a site visit to an IBM office
(remember, these were official military types who were purportedly on
official business), swiped some IBM stationery, and created a fake
patch. The patch was actually the trapdoor they needed. The patch was
distributed at about the right time for an IBM patch, had official
stationery and all accompanying documentation, and was dutifully
installed. The installation manager very shortly thereafter learned
something about proper procedures.
--------------
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------------------+
| `Prev `__ | `Up <../P.html>`__ | `Next `__ |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------------------+
| pastie | `Home <../index.html>`__ | patch pumpkin |
+---------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------------------+


Earth's geologic history has fluctuated between icy glacial periods and warmer temporate interglacial periods for the last 450,000 years. These cycling warm and cold periods provide us with information on how much and how quickly the Earth has responded to changes in climate in the past. The Last Glacial Maximum, is the most recent cold to warm transition we have and, therefore, is an important geologic marker for scientists studying how the ice responds to changes in Earth's climate.
The greatest extent of ice from the last glacial period peaking ~20,000 years ago
Why study the past? Geologists are interested in understanding the Earth, how it formed, how it operates and how it has changed through time. Studying the past can provide us with important information about historic Earth events like previous climate changes, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other disturbances that can help develop predictions and models for the future. Studying the past begins with the examining the present since understanding current Earth processes helps us to interpret the past. Sediment, rocks and other markers deposited during Earth events and pathways carved by past rivers and glacial flow, can provide us with information about conditions in the past.
Why is the Thwaites area important? Thwaites Glacier flows into the Amundsen Sea on the western border of West Antartica. Both the Amundsen Sea and neighboring Bellingshausen Sea catchment areas are over performing! While these catchments account for only ~25% of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet they account for 33% of the snow accumulation and currently more than that in ice discharge. Their high discharge means that as they continue to lose ice they will have a significant impact on sea level. The amount of water in Thwaites Glacier alone is 65 cm (2 ft) of sea level rise. The wider drainage area would raise the amount to 2 meters (6.5 ft). Data collected on the timing of ice retreat since the Last Glacial Maximum, suggests that the current rate of ice loss in this region is faster than that of the past 10,000 years.
A permanent layer of land ice at least 50,000 sq. km. (20,000 sq. miles).
Loss of ice through calving, melting, sublimation (when snow goes straight to a gas state)
as glaciers lose ice they shrink and retreat, pulling back from low areas
How are scientists exploring this topic? Two projects of the International Thwaites Glacier Collaborative are directly focused on learning more about the past. GHC (Geological History Constraints on the Magnitude of Grounding-Line Retreat in the Thwaites Glacier System) is looking at evidence of the location of the ice grounding line in the Amundsen Bay region. They will drill through the ice into the bedrock below to collect rocks for 'surface exposure dating' to learn when, and for how long, the rock was last uncovered by the ice sheet. They also plan to collect artifacts like animal bones and other organic material they can collect age dates on, in order to determine the history of the ice retreat. THOR (Thwaites Offshore Research) will focus on the seabed and sedimentary records offshore of Thwaites Glacier and under Thwaites ice shelf, to better understand any changes in ocean conditions and glacial response to those changes from the clues left in the ocean floor.
Location where the ice sheet transitions from frozen to the ground to floating
scientists date isotopes in the rock to tell how long a particular surface has been uncovered from ice
What can we learn from the app? The four lines labeled in the app show the location of the furthest extent of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet in the Amundsen and Bellinghausen Seas over the last 20,000 years. 20,000 years ago the ice reached as far as the continental shelf, and then began to retreat until it came to rests at its current position. The lines represents the location of the ice sheet grounding line at the noted time in ice sheet history. Grounding lines are an important measure of ice sheet size and critical for determining ice sheet stability. Each line on the map represents a 5,000 year step. Scientists do not know if during these time steps the ice retreat was steady, or if abrupt changes occurred, or a mix of both. Take a look at the grounding lines representing 10,000 ago and 5,000 years ago. The data suggests that 10,000 years ago the ice margin (edge of ice extent) had retreated further than the ice location of 5,000 years ago. Is this something you expected? Why or why not? Note that this means the ice would have expanded slightly to its location 5,000 years ago. Can you pose a hypothesis for what might have caused this to occur? Do the different grounding lines seem to change evenly between the different 5000 yr. steps? Does the grounding line location around Thwaites Glacier seem to change at the same rate as the rest of the line? Can you pose a hypothesis as to why this might be?
A permanent layer of land ice at least 50,000 sq. km. (20,000 sq. miles).
How was this data collected? The data used to create the ice edge locations is pieced together from multiple datasets. For many decades data about the ocean bottom has been collected from ships in the Amundsen and Bellinghausen Seas using echo sounding, a process that sends down a sound into the water and measures how long it takes to return to the ship. This can be used to determine ocean depth and surface features. More recently an improved technique has collected multi-beam swath bathymetry data. This technique uses a number of sound pulses sent out in a fan on either side of the ship to get a much more detailed image of the bottom of the ocean. Additional data included sediment cores from the continental shelf which were analyzed for different rock material and organics, like marine plankton, to determine the dates they were deposited. Many also contained 'ice rafted debris', bits of rock and materials moved by the ice and trapped inside, that can only be dropped as the ice moved into the ocean and melted.
The measurement of the depth of water in oceans
Data Source
Reconstruction of changes in the Amundsen Sea and Bellingshausen Sea. R.D. Larter et al, 2014.
Additional information/References
Multi beam swath bathymetry
USGS Seafloor mapping group
BAS: Seals map bathymetry of the Antarctic Continental Shelf
Historical Geology


IntelliJ sports an excellent terminal emulator (the "Terminal" tab at
bottom of the editor). By default it brings up a terminal native to your
Operating System: CMD.EXE
on Windows, $SHELL
on
Linux and Mac.
However I prefer Cygwin when I work on Windows. WSL is incredible, but
there are still interoperability issues between its filesystem and
Windows-native programs, and IntelliJ (which relies on
java.exe
, a Windows-native program) is still working on it.
So, how to open a Cygwin terminal in IntelliJ? Setting the program to start
in Settings|Tools|Terminal|Shell path
, the most obvious thing
to do, does not quite work:
C:\cygwin64\bin\bash.exe
This is a non-interactive shell, and does not source your profile. The next try is:
C:\cygwin64\bin\bash.exe --login -i
This produces an error from IntelliJ that it cannot start the program correctly. A little checking says the leading command needs to be quoted, else IntelliJ treats the entire line as the name of the command, not as a command followed by flags. OK:
"C:\cygwin64\bin\bash.exe" --login -i
Hey, I have a shell! Unfortunately, it starts in my home directory, not in my project root. Starting in the project root is one of the nice features of the terminal in IntelliJ. Finally, two changes. First the IntelliJ setting:
"C:\cygwin64\bin\bash" -c "exec /usr/bin/env INTELLIJ=true $SHELL --login -i"
And an addition to my ~/.bashrc
:
${INTELLIJ-false} && cd ${OLDPWD-.}
Ipso presto!


New Relic Dashboard Copy
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The build3D user macro takes a series of 2D image files that represent layers of a 3D volume and builds them into 3D field data that can be visualized using the normal tools.
Parameters
The following lists all of the parameters found in the parameter block Build3DImageParams, which are accessed by the low-level macro Build3DAssemble, the functional macro Build3D and the UI Macro Build3D.
Name Type Description UI Control start_layer int first layer to be built into volume First layer text box end_layer int last layer to be built into volume Last layer text box component int colour component to be extracted Radio control panel start int triggers the building of the volume Build button This macro also makes use of the common parameter block IndexedFileParams and the associated macro CreateIndexedFilename. This macro creates a filename from a number of sub-strings and an index. Documentation can be found in the IOWidgets library. The important details of the parameters used are shown below.
Name Type Description UI Control dir string file directory (e.g. xp_comm_proj/build3d/) Directory Text Box filename_stub string filename without index (e.g. cube) Filename Stub Text Box extension string file extension without leading "." (e.g. tif) Extension Text Box index_width int width of index number in characters Index Width Edit Box Output Ports
Name Type Description out uniform scalar field generated 3D volume
The Build3D project consists of a set of macros that build up a 3D model from a set of 2D slices or layers. The 2D layers can be represented by any of the image file formats that AVS/Express supports. The build3D User Macro is a high-level macro that performs this task. It also helps the user by determining the resolution of the supplied files and by providing a user interface.
The 3D volume that is built is represented as uniform scalar field data. Scalar values are extracted from the image data by selecting a certain colour component and removing the others. The extracted scalar values are then stored as node data within the uniform field. It should be noted that due to the use of a uniform mesh, best results will be obtained when all slices are evenly spaced. This is a limitation of the current macro. In the future it maybe possible to use a rectlinear mesh and thereby allow unevenly spaced layers. It is currently possible to workaround this problem by using the scale module to stretch the output data.
Typically the module will be used to visualise all slices of data at once. This can be done by setting start_layer to 0 and end_layer to the last layer present. However when dealing with large data sets it maybe useful to only visual certain sections of the data. This can be done by specifying start and end layers appropriately.
start_layer
A member of the Build3DImageParams parameter block group, this int value is used to specify the index number of the first slice that should be used to build the 3D block. The start_layer should be less than the end_layer. However if this error is made the user interface will correct this by swapping the two values so they are in the correct order.
end_layer
A member of the Build3DImageParams parameter block group, this int value is used to specify the index number of the last slice that should be used to build the 3D block. The end_layer should be greater than the start_layer. However if this error is made the user interface will correct this by swapping the two values so they are in the correct order.
component
A member of the Build3DImageParams parameter block group, this int value is used to specify the colour component that should be extracted from the image file. This parameter can have values in the range 0 to 3, these values relate to the alpha, red, green and blue components respectively.
start
A member of the Build3DImageParams parameter block group, this int value is used to trigger the start of the internal loop that reads the image files into the uniform field. When the trigger value switches from 0 to 1 the macro disconnects the field data from the macro output and begins to read in the image files. Once this is finished the the network is reconnected. The field data is disconnected while image files are read to avoid unnecessary updates rippling through the network and thereby avoiding unnecessary visualization calculations.
out
The generated 3D block in the form of a uniform scalar field with the dimensions specified in the Build3DImageParams parameter block. The data present in the images is stored as single byte node data within the field. The data can be visualized using any of the standard visualization components. This can be seen in the example application where isosurface and bounds modules are used.
The User Macro build3D uses the Functional Macro Build3DFunc which in turn uses the low-level macro Build3DAssemble.
An example application Build3DEg is provided, which loads four BMP files that are each 4x4 pixels in size, builds a 3D volume from these and displays the volume using an isosurface and a bounding box. The resulting model should resemble a cube.
xp_comm_proj/build3d/bl3dmods.v contains the Build3DImageParams group and the Build3DMakeDims, Build3DExtractScalar and Build3DAssemble module V definitions.
xp_comm_proj/build3d/bl3dmacs.v contains the build3D User Macro, the Build3DFunc Functional Macro and the Build3DUI UI Macro.
xp_comm_proj/build3d/bl3dapps.v contains the Build3DEg and CreateImageSlicesEg example application V definitions.
This project requires the following components to be installed correctly. Without these components the project will not work.
The Build3DMacs library inherits its process. As this library contains no procedural code, the process is not important.
Steve Larkin
Jimmy Schumm Paul G. Lever Andrew Dodd


Art is something that I do in my free time. Below are some links to sketches and photographs that I have done over the years.


ALIENS A Film Review Copyright Dragan Antulov 1998
Almost any film reviewer sooner and later gets nostalgic and thinks fondly about certain period in film history, when unmatched multitude of masterpieces emerged in a relatively short time. For the author of this review, such Golden Age happened in late 1970s and early 1980s, when he enjoyed most of the movies he considers the best. Almost exclusively those movies belong to the genre of science fiction; genre that later became the domain of blockbuster infantilism, inspired by Lucas and Spielberg. Most of the directors that used to shine in that Golden Age, slowly faded away in the years to come, unable to adapt to the new rules of Hollywood. However, even in such atmosphere another masterpiece happened; shining counterexample to the popular belief that Hollywood sequels always must be inferior to the original. Such movie was ALIENS, 1986 science fiction horror by James Cameron, Canadian director who had a difficult task in matching quality of 1979 classic ALIEN by Ridley Scott. However, Cameron managed not only to make a good movie, but he also made a masterpiece of his own, instant cult classic that enjoys popularity even now, after twelve years and two disappointing sequels.
Like many sequels do, ALIENS begins more or less exactly where the old movie ended. Ripley (Sigourney Weaver) is a sole survivor of the space freighter plagued by a single yet deadly alien monster that killed the rest of her crew after being brought from LV-426 planet. Her voyage back to Earth in a shuttle ends when she is picked up by salvage team, only to discover that her hybernated sleep had lasted 57 years. Burdened with terrible nightmare and forced to live in a world with all her friends and family gone, Ripley also loses her job, because her old Company executives don't believe her story about alien-infested LV-426; the planet was in the meantime colonised by terraformers and nobody reported any problems. However, that is about to change when LV-426 stops sending signals. Ripley reluctantly agrees to join Company's senior official Burke (Paul Reiser) on a rescue mission, led by Liuetenant Gorman (William Hope) and his small but elite unit of Colonial Marines. Upon landing, they discover that the entire population was turned into hosts for alien organism. That means that they should deal not with a single monster, but entire small army. Marines quickly learn that in a first serious engagement, when they despite all their firepower, get slaughtered. The remaining band of survivors, nominally led by Corporal Hicks (Michael Biehn), and actually by Ripley, finds itself stranded in a small, isolated part of colony complex. Their chances of survival aren't however, totally hopeless, because a little girl Newt (Carrie Henn), daughter of the colonists, managed to avoid monsters simply by hiding in ventilation tunnels.
The biggest achievement of ALIENS is a fact that the movie seems to work both as a standalone action adventure, and as a sequel in the same time. Script by James Cameron remains true to the previous movie, even borrowing some crucial elements of its plot; yet, despite all those similarities, script manages to add new twists to the story and remains original. The most notable difference between those movies is in a genre; the first one was dark, disturbing, and slow-paced horror which relied on a thick atmosphere of anxiety and claustrophobia; the second one is an war movie, that relies on a clever combination of suspense and non-stop action thrills, that brings ALIENS clearly to the action genre territory.
However, there is another element that separates ALIENS from ALIEN; it is the fact that, unlike the previous movie, this one has more time and opportunity to speculate about the trends in future society and comment on the present one. The world of ALIENS seems like a natural extension of the some current yet disturbing trends of the Reagan era - supremacy of all-powerful military-industrial complex, rebirth of ultramilitaristic jingoism and, finally, yuppie philosophy of material success through any means necessary. Cameron obviously seems very concerned about the ultimate result if such trends remained unchecked, because ALIENS could be very easily (and most of the critics agree with such notion) seen as a metaphor for another, this time historical disaster - Vietnam. If ALIEN tried to warn about the fact that the universe may hide some horrors that humans aren't ready for, its sequel tries to warn that even in the brightest of futures superior technology can't save humans from repeating some costly mistakes from the past.
Because it tries to send a clear message, ALIENS, unlike ALIEN, tries to be more humanely oriented film, even uplifting, especially in the end. While the last one barely had a happy end and left nothing but a bitter taste in mouth, this one manages to praise courage, sacrifice and human spirit, and rewards its heroes by giving them a ride in the sunset in the form of well-deserved sleep. In order to be achieve that impact, ALIENS collected a small yet impressive group of well-drawn and three- dimensional characters the viewer cares for. The only character shared with ALIEN, Ripley, played by Sigourney Weaver in an "Oscar"-worthy performance, was well- developed; already proven to be capable of handling dangerous situations, Ripley was hardened by previous traumatic experience and now is ready to tackle with her worst demons. For some contemporary critics, character of Ripley from ALIENS was some kind of feminist response to the RAMBO-inspired renaissance of action moviee machismo. But, unlike Stallone's icon, Ripley was, through her interaction with Nwet, also portrayed as a mother figure, capable of emotions. Thus, character of Ripley can serve as an ideal for strong and capable women who don't want to lose her sensitivity and femininity.
Other characters are also well-drawn, although the breath-taking tempo of non-stop action and their constantly dwindling numbers wouldn't indicate so. Corporal Hicks, played by one of Cameron's most reliable actors, Michael Biehn, is brilliant as an indecisive, yet capable soldier, whose single yet subtle scene with Ripley gives few precious elements of sexual tension in this picture. Bill Paxton is, on the other hand, gave much stronger impression as his wisecracking yet panicky comrade who redeems his cowardice in the end. He managed to shadow even Jeanette Goldstein and her great effort to transform herself into tough female Marine. Most subtle performance was one by veteran character actor Lance Henriksen who played android Bishop; his simple gestures helped to turn his android character Bishop into the most human personality of all the cast. All of those characters were also equipped with a series of sharp one-liners that would become one of this movie's trademarks. Even the slimy Burke, played by Paul Reiser, had one of them.
Although ALIENS, unlike its predecessor, puts more emphasis on action than on atmosphere, James Cameron had worked very hard on visual details, trying to make it as faithful to ALIEN as possible. Yet in the same time, he made ALIENS quite unique with its new, futuristic weaponry, clothes, vehicles and spaceships. Together with Stan Winston's superb special effects those visuals made ALIENS one of the most recognisable and visually stunning movies. While the original was literally dark, Cameron's photographer Adrien Biddle used a lot of light, but its combination with grey tones made an atmosphere of ALIENS equally depressing. However, the most noticeable element of the movie is a superb musical score by James Horner, who had a very difficult task in matching Jerry Goldsmith's haunting soundtrack in the ALIEN. However, Horner made it by using effective themes that perfectly match numerous action scenes in the film. The proof of its quality lies in the fact that the ALIENS soundtrack is often used outside this movie.
For a lot of people ALIENS is considered to be "the best" in many categories. It is considered to be the best in Alien cycle. It is also the best movie in already impressive career of James Cameron. And, finally, it is also considered to be the best science fiction film ever made. Some people might disagree with anything from above, yet one thing remains obvious -ALIENS is an excellent movie, not just for the fans who built a whole cult around it, but also for the regular viewers, who haven't been able to see something matching its quality for a long time.
RATING: 10/10 (+++++)
Review written on November 8th 1998
Dragan Antulov a.k.a. Drax Fido: 2:381/100 E-Mail<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


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Installation and Usage
Here we explain how to run the scripts. After following the steps below try to run some calculations with the script calculations.py or reproduce the manuscript figures with the script manuscript_figures.py.
Miniconda, GitHub repository and conda environment
Install miniconda
, clone the repository
and cd
into the root directory 2deg_QH-SC-main after unzipping.
Then create the Conda environment that contains all dependencies with
conda env create -f environment.yml
You can now use this environment to run the scripts. Below is detailed how to run the scripts using the command line, Pycharm or Visual Studio Code.
Running the scripts by using the command line
To run a script from the terminal use the following command line:
<path_to_python_exe> <path_to_python_script>
The python executable should be located at :
~/opt/miniconda3/envs/2deg_QH-SC/bin/python (macOS)
~/miniconda3/envs/2deg_QH-SC/bin/python (Linux)
~/miniconda3/envs/2deg_QH-SC/python (Windows)
For example, if you are on macOS and you want to run the script calculations.py (while being in the root directory of the repo), use
~/opt/miniconda3/envs/2deg_QH-SC/bin/python calculations.py
Note
You can use a global shell variable to create a shortcut to the Python executable path. For that, open a terminal and modify the bash configuration file located in your HOME directory (the directory in which you are when you open the terminal) (.bashrc, .bash_profile, or .profile). For example on macOS
nano .bash_profile
Add the following in the file
export mypython=~/opt/miniconda3/envs/2deg_QH-SC/bin/python
and save it with Ctrl+X
and Y
and Enter
.
Then close the terminal and open a new one to make the modification effective.
You can now use the variable $mypython
for the path such that the above example reads
$mypython calculations.py
Running the scripts by using PyCharm
With PyCharm you can follow these steps :
Launch PyCharm and choose
Create New Project
Locate the project at the root directory 2deg_QH-SC-main.
Mark
Existing interpreter
(orPreviously configured interpreter
) and click on the selection icon...
Select
Conda Environment
and choose the location of the python executable. It should be located at :~/opt/miniconda3/envs/2deg_QH-SC/bin/python (macOS)
~/miniconda3/envs/2deg_QH-SC/bin/python (Linux)
~/miniconda3/envs/2deg_QH-SC/python (Windows)
Click on
Ok
then onCreate
and selectCreate from existing sources
You are ready to run the scripts!
(Optional) You can see progress bars during the calculations by activating the
Emulate terminal in output console
option. For that, got toRun->Edit Configurations
and check the option.
Running the scripts by using Visual Studio Code
With Visual Studio Code you can follow these steps :
Launch Visual Studio Code and install the Python extension if it’s not done yet.
From the main page choose
Open...
, select the root directory 2deg_QH-SC-main, and click onYes, I trust the authors
Open the Command Palette with
Ctrl+Shift+P
, searchPython: Select Interpreter
and choose the one associated to the ‘2deg_QH-SC’ environment.You are ready to run the scripts!
Updating the documentation
The documentation directory contains a pdf
and a local html
version of the documentation.
They can respectively be found at documentation/build/latex/2deg_qh-sc.pdf
and documentation/build/html/index.html. You can update them by using
conda activate 2deg_QH-SC
cd documentation
make html
make latexpdf
Note
When you compile the documentation it runs the python scripts so make sure
the calculations are commented before using make html
or make latexpdf
.


I am a Software Engineer from Bogota, Colombia interested in Front-End Development, Game Programming, and Interactive Design. I like creating fun experiences for all kinds of purposes and explore the relationship between art and technology. Since I started my bachelor’s degree in Los Andes University and during my one-year program in Vancouver Film School, I’ve developed multiple games in all kinds of languages and platforms; I’ve worked with different companies developing web applications for their internal use; and I’ve helped hundreds of students as a TA for Object Oriented Programming and Software Development In Teams classes. My goal is to work towards making videogames and technology more accessible and more friendly for all kinds of users through the use of Human Center Design


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Hello GA Idea Everything is a projection. Who The man , the myth , the organizer . Pitch Be public, be visible. Start here . DC Hack && Tell, every month Three types of projects Data Science word2vec RNN Data Science Classic machine learning Twitter f*cks Skills: Data science, twitter, choropleths Code Linguistics Skills: Data Science, Scraping Colorless Green Ideas Skills: Concurrence Matrix, Webapp word2vec An almost encoder Today AI Learned Skills: Data science, Reddit, word2vec Polysemous Emoji Skills: Data science, twitter, word2vec Transorthogonal Linguistics Skills: Word2vec, webapp Wikipedia Gender Skills: Data science, word2vec RNN Recurrent Neural Network: Still the best Language models* (pseudo) Science Skills: RNNs Deep Phonics Skills: RNNs 5baa61e4c9b93f3f0682 250b6cf8331b7ee68fd8 Skills: RNNs, password cracking Bots reading Bots Skills: RNNs, Neural network transfer Thanks, you. @metasemantic


Quick Start guide
Lets build a small site
Quick links
-
Project structure -
Installation -
Create index.html -
Create our fist page -
Lets run it - Next: Building pages
A quick note
This is a full example including a build process for production. Check this link out for a bare bones no build process example Bare bones
If you looking for a real world example, you can check out the repo for this website. The PAX documentation website is built using itself. GitHub Repo
Project structure
Installation
You can install pax-core through NPM
PAX build
This is a optional build step that will auto generate you entry file and compile your html into a single template cache
Create pax build config buildEntry.mjs
Nodemon
Auto rebuild all the things whenever any file changes
Create nodemon config Nodemon.json
Snowpack
Snowpack is a great build tool that can make development and building much faster and simpler
Create snowpack config snowpack.config.json
Package.json scrips
The only scripts you'll need
Create package.json package.json
Create index html
Create index html app/index.html
Create our fist page
Create page file app/pages/helloWorld.js
Lets run it
You no have a fully functional site!


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