#include "SGDMA.h"
#include "GPIO.h"
Go to the source code of this file.
Defines | |
| #define | MAX_PCI_BARS 7 |
| #define | SYS_MEM_BUF_SIZE (64 * 1024) |
| #define | DMA_MEM_BUF_SIZE (64 * 1024) |
| #define | SYS_DMA_BUF_SIZE (64 * 1024) |
| #define | SGDMA_MAX_SIZE (1024 * 1024) |
| #define | MAX_DMA_WR_BDS 256 |
| #define | MAX_DMA_RD_BDS 16 |
| #define | BAR0(a) (0x00000000 | a) |
| #define | BAR1(a) (0x10000000 | a) |
| #define | BAR2(a) (0x20000000 | a) |
| #define | BAR3(a) (0x30000000 | a) |
| #define | BAR4(a) (0x40000000 | a) |
| #define | BAR5(a) (0x50000000 | a) |
| #define | BAREXP(a) (0x60000000 | a) |
| #define | OFFSET2BAR(o) (o>>28) |
| #define | OFFSET2ADDR(o) (o & 0x0fffffff) |
| #define | BARADDR2BAR(o) (o>>28) |
| #define | BARADDR2OFFSET(o) (o & 0x0fffffff) |
| #define | MAKE_BARADDR(n, o) ((n<<28) | (o & 0x0fffffff)) |
| #define | MAX_RW_BLOCK_SIZE 4096 |
| #define | GPIO(i) ((BAR0(0x0000)) + i) |
| #define | SGDMA(i) ((BAR0(0x2000)) + i) |
| #define | IMG_FIFO(i) ((BAR0(0x4000)) + i) |
| #define | EBR_64(i) ((BAR0(0x10000)) + i) |
| #define | EBR64_SIZE (64 * 1024) |
| #define | IMG_FIFO_FRAME_SIZE (1024 * 1024) |
| #define | WB(a) (a & 0x0fffffff) |
Typedefs | |
| typedef ULONG | BARAddr_t |
Accessing hardware uses the addressing convention [BAR:31..28][Offset:27..0] See BAR0() def below.
Definition in file Devices.h.
|
|
Macros for specifying the address in a specific BAR address space. To write to address 0x10 in BAR1 of the device use: BAR1(0x10) |
|
|
extract BAR from the full Driver Address |
|
|
extract device base offset from the full Driver Address |
|
|
64kB buffer for requested common buffer DMA |
|
|
size of EBR storage for Image Move Definition at line 96 of file Devices.h. Referenced by lscdma_open(). |
|
|
Address of EBR for image move storage Definition at line 95 of file Devices.h. Referenced by lscdma_open(). |
|
|
address of GPIO IP module Definition at line 92 of file Devices.h. Referenced by GPIO_Setup(), IntrCtrl_Setup(), lscdma_open(), lscdma_release(), SGDMA_StartReadChan(), and SGDMA_StartWriteChan(). |
|
|
address of ColorBar IP module Definition at line 94 of file Devices.h. Referenced by lscdma_open(). |
|
|
size of ColorBar image frame Definition at line 97 of file Devices.h. Referenced by lscdma_open(). |
|
|
create Drive Device Address from BAR and base offset |
|
|
max for EBR; 64KB = 16 * 4K |
|
|
max for ImgFIFO 1MB=256 * 4K |
|
|
Maximum number of bytes per block transfer operation |
|
|
extract device bases offset from a Driver Device Address |
|
|
extract BAR from a Driver Device Address |
|
|
address of SGDMA IP module Definition at line 93 of file Devices.h. Referenced by SGDMA_ConfigRead(), SGDMA_ConfigWrite(), SGDMA_Disable(), SGDMA_DisableChan(), SGDMA_EnableChan(), and SGDMA_Init(). |
|
|
1 MB is maximum amount SGDMA will move |
|
|
64kB buffer for requested common buffer DMA |
|
|
64kB buffer for requested common buffer DMA |
|
|
convert the system (PC) resource addr to the board's local Address Definition at line 99 of file Devices.h. Referenced by SGDMA_ConfigRead(), and SGDMA_ConfigWrite(). |
|
|
Definition of the Driver Address type using BAR+Offest |


Please select the type of application you are submitting:
In order to maintain a distillery licence, and as a term and condition of the licence, you must maintain your production equipment and continue to manufacture on-site at your establishment each year. This and other regulatory requirements are established variously in the Liquor Control and Licensing Act, Liquor Control and Licensing Regulation, and relevant Terms & Conditions handbook. As a part of this application, you are required to confirm:
A co-packer is a liquor packaging facility that is contracted by a manufacturer to bottle or otherwise put liquor into containers intended for sale to the public or to other licensees. The licence for co-packers authorizes manufacturing activities limited to the packaging, bottling, blending, and flavouring of liquor on behalf of a licensed winery, brewery, or distillery. In a co-packing arrangement, the product is always owned by the manufacturer (not the co-packer) and must be immediately returned to the manufacturer once the packaging is complete. The licence for co-packers does not authorize the fermenting, distilling or direct sale of liquor. It is the responsibility of both the manufacturer (winery, brewery or distillery) and the co-packer to ensure that the other party is licensed by the Liquor and Cannabis Regulation Branch.
Winery applicants are required to show intent to produce at least 4,500 litres of their own wine on-site at their establishment each year. Production for this purpose is defined as ‘fermentation’, and at least one of the following winemaking steps, must take place at the establishment:
At a minimum, applicants must have the equipment to ferment 4,500 litres each year, as well as equipment sufficient to undertake at least one of other winemaking step listed above. This and other regulatory requirements are established in the Liquor Control and Licensing Act, Liquor Control and Licensing Regulation, and relevant Terms & Conditions handbook. As a part of this application, you are required to confirm:
In order to maintain a brewery licence, and as a term and condition of the licence, you must maintain your production equipment and continue to manufacture on-site at your establishment each year. This and other regulatory requirements are established variously in the Liquor Control and Licensing Act, Liquor Control and Licensing Regulation, and relevant Terms & Conditions handbook. As a part of this application, you are required to confirm:


2 references to IsWindowsApplication
System.Management.Automation (2)
engine\NativeCommandProcessor.cs (2)
518
bool isWindowsApplication =
IsWindowsApplication
(this.Path);
595
isWindowsApplication =
IsWindowsApplication
(executable);


Handwriting
Back
Show Code
Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)
Tensorflow model trained on EMNIST dataset
Recognizes handwritten numbers and letters
write number or letter here
PREDICT
:)


IGV 2.3, released April 2013
New Features and Improvements
-
Motif finder. This new feature allows you to search for a particular nucleotide sequence in the
reference genome, using either regular expression syntax or IUPAC ambiguity codes. Search results are displayed
in two new tracks; one displays matches on the positive strand, and the other displays matches on the negative
strand. Read more about it here.
-
Copy details of alignment coverage track to the clipboard. If you hover the mouse cursor
over a sequence alignment coverage track, the pop-up window shows details about the reads at that locus,
including the number of reads, and the distribution of called nucleotides. You can now copy this information to
your computer's clipboard by right-clicking and selecting Copy Details to Clipboard from
the menu.
-
Improved memory performance for BAM files. In this release, sequence alignments that are no
longer in view are purged from memory more frequently than before. "Out of memory" messages should
happen less often.
-
Gitools integration. Gitools is a framework, developed at the Biomedical Research Park in
Barcelona (PRBB), for analysis and visualization of genomic data. Data and results are represented as browsable
heatmaps. Data can be exported from IGV in gitools format, or loaded directly into a running gitools session. Available
under the Tools menu. See http://www.gitools.org for details.
Bug Fixes
-
Improved parsing of GFF3 files, so alternate coding sequences are displayed properly.
-
Fixed loading of BAM files over FTP.
-
Fixed bug where "Load Genome" dialog was sometimes blank.
-
Set autoscale to false when scale manually set, don't disable "Set Data Range" when autoscale set.
-
Trim any leading bases from VCF files which match the reference, so variants are displayed where the variation
actually starts.
IGV 2.3.2 April 22, 2013
Bug Fixes
-
Cannot load large tdf or tabix files over http from some servers.
IGV 2.3.3 May 1, 2013
Bug Fixes
-
Minimum junction setting is ignored in splice junction track.
-
"Goto mate region" jumps to whole chromosome view when mate is on another chromosome.
IGV 2.3.4 May 13, 2013
Bug Fixes
-
File handes for "tribble" indexed files are not being closed.
-
Dragging in split screen / gene list view is broken.
-
Coverage track height cannot be changed.
IGV 2.3.6 May 2013
Bug Fixes
-
Null pointer exception creating snapshots from batch script.
IGV 2.3.7 May 30, 2013
-
The region-of-interest (ROI) batch command now takes an optional "name" argument.
Bug Fixes
-
When viewing VCF files with large numbers of samples view is not refreshed after scrolling vertically.
-
IGV fails on startup with Java 8
IGV 2.3.8 May 31, 2013
Bug Fixes
-
Fails to use proxy settings when performing byte range requests.
-
Searching for full chromosome causes no view change if already zoomed in
IGV 2.3.10 July 7, 2013
New features and Improvements
-
Display message when BEDTools plugin encounters an error
-
Show genomic location in tooltip of alignment tracks
-
Sashimi plot for RNA-Seq alignments
-
Option to override user preferences via a batch comman>
-
Option to direct igvtools output to stdout for count and sort commands, using the special string
'stdout' as the output file.
Bug Fixes
-
igvtools outputs incorrect wig files (multiple track lines)
-
SVG files are not readable by some programs (e.g. gimp) on Windows platform due to incorrect
encoding.
IGV 2.3.12 July 15, 2013
Bug Fixes
-
Some bigwig files fail to load with a "null pointer exception"
IGV 2.3.13 August 2, 2013
-
Pickup default proxy settings from environment variables.
Bug Fixes
-
UTRs not recognized in GFF files
IGV 2.3.14 August 6, 2013
-
Implement autoscale for splice junction tracks
Bug Fixes
-
Loading bedgraph files fail with "array index out of bounds" error
IGV 2.3.15 August 19, 2013
Bug Fixes
-
Show read sequence of unmapped mates
-
Exons not associated with transcripts in GTF files
-
Splice junction tooltip incomplete in collapsed mode
IGV 2.3.16 August 20, 2013
-
Add "export consensus sequence" option to alignment track menu
IGV 2.3.17 August 26, 2013
-
Disable native Mac dialog when IGV is launched from Java Web Start
IGV 2.3.18 September 5, 2013
Bug Fixes
-
Autoscale option is reset after navigating to new locus
-
Reference sequence track is not shown from session files if there is no assoicated annotation track
IGV 2.3.19 September 27, 2013
Bug Fixes
-
Popup messages appear when running batch scripts from the command line
-
Starting from the command line with a session file fails if no genome was previously selected
-
IGV hangs when viewing soft-clipped alignments at coordinates < 0 (5' end of
contig)
-
Not all exons are displayed from Wormbase GFF files
IGV 2.3.23 October 24, 2013
New Features and Improvements
-
Add preference to control display of default sample/track attributes
-
Performance improvements for loading BAM files over the web
-
Development version only: Remove tracks via delete or backspace key
-
Allow multiple motifs to be entered at once in MotifFinder
-
Allow grouping of VCF tracks
Bug Fixes
-
Starting igv with the -g option causes a null pointer exception when genome is in current
directory
-
Cannot read BAM files when server doesn't return Content-Length
-
Cannot read eQTL files with missing q-value
IGV 2.3.26 January 17, 2014
New Features and Improvements
-
Add option to overlay data tracks
-
A new option for loading files from the ENCODE project has been added to the file menu for genome assemblies
hg19, b37, and mm9.
-
Provide 1-click download of genome and sequence files.
-
Add additional options for loading files by URL, can specify the index file and TDF file location with "index"
and "coverage" query parameters respectively.
-
Allow EPS snapshot output, through use of EPSGraphics library. See https://www.broadinstitute.
org/software/igv/third_party_
tools#epsgraphics for instructions
-
Add "remove" batch command, syntax "remove <trackName>"
-
Add 'ctrl-s' hotkey for sorting alignments by most recent sort
-
Read pairs are now downsampled together (both kept or both removed)
Bug Fixes
-
Fallback from HEAD to GET for HTTP requests if HEAD fails. Useful for loading from cloud providers such as AWS
-
When long error messages are displayed, they are scrollable
IGV 2.3.46 March 16, 2015
New Features and Improvements
-
BLAT. You can now do a BLAT search from a feature, alignment, or
region of interest, of up to 8 kb in length as detailed here.
-
Features: Right-click on the feature in the track to see the BLAT command in the pop-up menu. The BLAT input sequence is the section of the reference genome defined by the feature start and end bounds.
-
Alignments: Right-click on the aligned read to see the BLAT command in the
pop-up menu. The BLAT input sequence is the read sequence. It is not the sequence
of the reference genome where the read was aligned.
-
Regions of Interest: After creating a region of
interest, click on the region's red bar to see the BLAT command in the popup menu. The BLAT
input sequence is the sequence of the reference genome defined by the region bounds.
By default, the BLAT server hosted at the UCSC Genome Browser is used, but this
can be changed in the Advanced preferences (View > Preferences > Advanced). Most UCSC
derived genomes are supported, including human and mouse genomes.
-
Combine numeric tracks. From the Tools menu, you can now
dynamically create new tracks by combining two existing numeric tracks. Operators include add, subtract,
multiply, and divide. Note that this does not overlay the two tracks, but rather creates a new data track
that combines the data values from both tracks. For example, if you multiply two tracks, and one track has a
data value of 10 at a particular locus, and the other track has a value of 2 at that locus, then the new
track will have a value of 20.
-
Support for Supplementary Alignments
-
Added a new alignment preference to filter supplementary alignments. See Filter and
shading options in View > Preferences > Alignments.
-
Added Group by supplementary flag to the alignment popup track menu.
-
Enhanced the pop-up information panel, also referred to as a tooltip, for supplementary alignments.
-
Misc
-
Session file paths are now relative where possible (i.e. data file path is relative to session path).
-
Added a new batch command to go to whole genome view: “goto all”.
-
You can now optionally disable quality weighting of the allele fraction when displaying single nucleotide mismatches in the coverage track for sequencing data. See "Filter and shading options" in View
> Preferences > Alignments.
-
Nucleotide colors for the sequence track are now settable by adding or editing properties COLOR.A, COLOR.C, COLOR.T, COLOR.G, and COLOR.N in the IGV pref.properties file (see the igv directory in your home directory). Similarly for a BAM track with properties SAM.COLOR.A, SAM.COLOR.C, etc., as outlined here.
-
The exon numbering scheme has been changed to begin at first coding exon, rather than first exon.
-
Increased the keyboard left/right scroll speed to 50 pixels per key press.
-
Improved memory management for smaller BAM file footprint.
IGV 2.3.47 March 26, 2015
New Features and Improvements
-
Add option to filter junctions on Sashimi plot by strand
Bug Fixes
-
Fix SSL certification errors when running under Java 1.8
IGV 2.3.49 April 10, 2015
Bug Fixes
-
"Show centerline" ignored if alignment tracks are zoomed out
IGV 2.3.50 April 15, 2015
New Features and Improvements
-
Option to add gene lists in "bed" format
-
Add "count as pairs" and "extension factor" options to igvtools input form
-
Add option to scale fonts for very high resolution displays. If the screen resolution is > 1.5 times
the design resolution of 96 dpi all fonts are scaled proportionally. Option is set on the "Genera"
tab of the preferences window, default is off (don't scale).
Bug Fixes
-
Null pointer exception preventing startup when scaling fonts on some machines with very-high resolution screens.
IGV 2.3.51 April 20, 2015
Bug Fixes
-
Null pointer exception preventing startup when scaling fonts on some machines with very-high resolution screens.
IGV 2.3.52 April 20, 2015
Bug Fixes
-
BAM files fail to load and hang IGV if server returns a "302" status code for file not found.
IGV 2.3.53 May 26, 2015
Bug Fixes
-
Bug -- #gffTags ignored if followed by track line
-
Concatenate bases of leading soft-clip operators
New Features and Improvements
-
Support for UCSC snp files (extension ".snp").
-
Check of active port listener before attempting OAuth.
-
Determine content length of remote file from partial content response header.
-
Print version update notice to log instead of popup dialog to prevent batch runs from failing.
IGV 2.3.55 May 28, 2015
Bug Fixes
-
Bug -- ".bam.bai" index file not found in some situations
IGV 2.3.56 June 19 , 2015
New Features and Improvements
-
Support for proxy "white list"
-
Improve treatment of cigar operators with padding
-
Support ".bdg" as a bedgraph file extension
-
Ignore "YC" tag in bam records if not convertible to a color
IGV 2.3.57 June 19 , 2015
Bug Fixes
-
Check for "null" gap types when computing splice junctions.
IGV 2.3.58 August 4, 2015
New Features and Improvements
-
Support for Encode gapped peak files (extension .gappedPeak).
-
Update htsjdk to version 1.138
IGV 2.3.59 August 7 , 2015
Bug Fixes
-
Splice gaps in alignments sometimes drawn as deletion when show soft clips is on
New Features and Improvements
-
User preference for customizing VCF colors
-
User preference for turning on "show all bases"
IGV 2.3.60 September 21 , 2015
Bug Fixes
-
Center position off-by-one when using "goto"
New Features and Improvements
-
New option to render bed files as arcs connecting the start and end position. To use specify "graphType=arc" on
the track line. An initial height of at least 250 pixels is recommended (track line option height=250)
-
New bisulfite option to show all "C"s irrespective of context (context = None)
-
Session files now uses absolute resource paths by default. There is a new option to force use of relative paths
in the "General" category of user preferences.
IGV 2.3.61 October 20 , 2015
Bug Fixes
-
VCF and bed files not loadable from Google cloud storage (gs:// urls)
IGV 2.3.67 November 27 , 2015
Bug Fixes
-
Recognize GFF version directives with major/minor version numbers
New Features and Improvements
-
Add support for exporting features from the Splice Junction track
IGV 2.3.68 January 13, 2016
New Features and Improvements
-
VCF colors can now be customized. See the "Variants" tab of the Preferences dialog
-
New options for loading BAM files - alignments can now be hidden, showing coverage and/or splice junctions only.
This option leads to significant memory savings when viewing individual alignments is not neccessary. See the
new track display options on the "Alignments" tab of the Preferences dialog. These options control initial
display
upon loading a BAM file. Alignments
can still be loaded on demand for specific loci by right-clicking on the coverage or splice-junction track and
selecting Show Alignment Track. NOTE: When the Alignment track is off consider selecting "Display all
tracks in a single panel" from the "General" tab of the Preferences dialog.
-
Add new menu item to autoscale multiple tracks as a group. Item is enabled if multiple numeric tracks are selected.
IGV 2.3.69 March 8, 2016
New Features and Improvements
-
Support indexing of .mut and .maf mutation files with igvtools.
-
Add "Export Track Names" to right-click menu. Selected track names and associated meta-data (sample information) are
exported to a file.
-
Support for loading Bionano .smap files.
-
Note: Important change to VCF variant coloring. VCF variants can now be colored by either allele fraction (AF) or
allele fraction (computed from AC and AN fields). This option is specified on the Variant tab of the user
preferences window. Calculations of Allele Fraction from genotype records is no longer performed in IGV, either
AF or AC & AN must be specified in the INFO column to color variants.
Bug Fixes
-
Suppress confirm dialogs when running a batch script.
-
Fix problems with VCF allele counts.
IGV 2.3.71 March 21, 2016
Bug Fixes
-
Cannot load a bam file with "refgene" in the name.
-
.mut mutation files fail to load with number format error.
IGV 2.3.72 April 1, 2016
Bug Fixes
-
Alignments starting with deletions not rendered correctly.
IGV 2.3.73 May 25, 2016
New Features and Improvements
-
igvtools now support sorting and indexing BAM files.
-
New MAF -> SAM converter available in igvtools.
-
Support group autoscale across panels.
-
Support group autoscale of alignment coverage tracks.
-
New "blat" item in Tools menu for blatting arbitrary sequence.
Bug Fixes
-
setMaxHeight command in batch files ignored on igv startup.
IGV 2.3.74 May 25, 2016
Bug Fixes
-
Deletions starting out-of-view not rendered.
IGV 2.3.75 May 31, 2016
Bug Fixes
-
Autoscale not working for coverage tracks.
IGV 2.3.76 June 9, 2016
New Features and Improvements
-
Attributes from all constituitve parts of GFF features are now displayed in popup text.
Bug Fixes
-
Small chromosomes skipped when jumping through features (ctrl-f and ctrl-b).
IGV 2.3.78 June 28, 2016
New Features and Improvements
-
Check sequence lengths in bam files for maximum supported length of 2^29-1.
-
Improved feature export for gff tracks.
-
Remove restriction on number of stacked features at a single locus.
IGV 2.3.79 July 9, 2016
New Features and Improvements
-
Improved tool-tip text for alignment tracks.
Bug Fixes
-
OAuth credentials not passed for GA4GH readgroupsets.
-
Cannot specify index URL for google cloud storage BAM files.
IGV 2.3.80 August 4, 2016
New Features and Improvements
-
Support Google gs:// urls from batch scripts.
-
Enable loading ga4gh read group sets from batch scripts.
-
Support for setting igv directory from command line switch (--igvDirectory).
-
Display error dialog if fasta index file cannot be created.
-
Allow setting oAuth access token via a port command.
Bug Fixes
-
Copy number segmenets not always drawn if start is close to left edge of screen.
IGV 2.3.81 August 29, 2016
New Features and Improvements
-
New "color-by library" option for alignment tracks
-
Session loading by drag&drop
Bug Fixes
-
Relative genome paths in session files don't work.
IGV 2.3.82 September 27, 2016
Bug Fixes
-
Sashimi plots do not autoscale.
IGV 2.3.83 September 27, 2016
Bug Fixes
-
Create new panel for bam files loaded from batch script (git issue #322)
-
Fix git issue #317. Server not loading data from tracks where the index file has a distinct URL
IGV 2.3.84 October 27, 2016
Bug Fixes
-
Fix: GenomeSpace paths with spaces will not load.
IGV 2.3.85 October 30, 2016
Bug Fixes
-
Line plots artificats in whole genome view from TDF files
New Features and Improvements
-
Support "points" plot type (with window function == none) for whole genome view from TDF files
IGV 2.3.86 November 1, 2016
Bug Fixes
-
Incorrect (black & white) colors for "seg" copy number files.


GRIB API installation is based on the standard configure utility. It is tested on several platforms and with several compilers. However for some platforms modifications to the installation engine may be required. If you encounter any problem during the installation procedure please send an e-mail with your problem to Softw. are. Suppo rt@e cmwf. int
The only required package for a standard installation is jasper which enables the jpeg2000 packing/unpacking algorithm. It is possible to build GRIB API without jasper, by using the –disable-jpeg configure option, but to install a fully functional library, its download is recommended.
The following instructions are valid only if you have already installed GRIB API and you need to update the current parameter files. The parameter files should work with any version of GRIB API.
To install the parameter files, then please unpack the downloaded archive in the definition files folder of your GRIB API installation, i.e.:
This process will overwrite any changes you might have done to the parameter files, so please do make a backup of the definition files folder before installing the downloaded GRIB API parameter files.
The following instructions are valid only if you have already installed GRIB API and you need to update the definition files compatible with the same library version you have already installed. Please note that using the definition files with a version of the library different from the one indicated as compatible will cause some problems in decoding/encoding.


--- layout: simple title: Notes on Cavaleri (2009) ---
Cavaleri, L. (2009). Wave modeling-missing the peaks. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 39(11), 2757-2778.
This is a very interesting paper, which although focussed on extreme conditions, “analyzes the capability of the present wave models of properly reproducing the conditions during and at the peak of severe and extreme storms”, it identifies a lot of potential issues with spectral wave models. Even in the abstract there are some very interesting quotes, such as:
“wind accuracy is still a relevant factor at the peak of the storms.”
“a sensitivity study is suggested to identify the most critical areas in a wave model to determine where to invest for further improvements.”
“The limits on the description of the physics of the processes when using the spectral approach, particularly in extreme conditions, are considered.”
Basically the introduction, this section presents some of the apparent issues and what to do about them. The following quotes are self explanatory:
Issues with parameterisation:
“The strong demand for practical results has also led to solutions where the complexity of the problem and the difficulties of getting enough data in the right conditions have required partially empirical solutions.”
Issues with calibration over time scales:
“tuning is generally completed on the bulk of the data. The more rare a special case is, the more likely it is to be poorly represented by the “tuned” rule, especially if in these “different” conditions the physics of the process does change.”
Issues with validation:
“Of course, a low bias does not exclude positive and negative errors by the model, for whatever reason. This is why we also use correlations and scatter indices. However, a straight-forward study of several scatter diagrams or time series comparisons and related statistics will quickly reveal that the models have a marked tendency to under-estimate the largest wave heights, and in particular the peaks, more in heavy storm conditions.”
Identification of errors:
“Obviously the first step is to identify the reasons for our errors. This paper is an attempt in this direction for what concerns spectral wave modeling.”
“This leads to a rather long, possibly discouraging, list of potential sources of errors.”
Solutions to the problems:
“we try to discuss where it is possible to act, where work can be done, and which actions could be taken to overcome at least part of the present limitations.”
“there is a wide spectrum of opinions of where exactly we are and which are the right ways to go.”
General discussion that normal conditions of wave models perform quite well, particularly local models which can be calibrated specifically
“Nowadays, the average error of an advanced wave model is easily down to a few, typically negative, percents, with a bias of the order of 10 cm or fewer.”
“Compared to the quoted general performance of operational global models, even better results are achieved by special studies, typically concerning some specific storms.”
The focus on the poor performance in high wave heights is emphasized:
“when we analyze the statistics with respect to wave height… it is immediately evident that the average error, both as bias and rms, is strongly dependent on $H_{s}$, the largest wave heights suffering underestimates up to 1m or more.”
The ability for local models to perform better is generally attributed to improved description of wind fields:
“Indeed, the improvements in the description of the surface wind fields, derived from the model’s higher resolutions, and an improved description of the physical processes at work, particularly at the air-sea interface, have been key elements in the improvement of the wave results.”
This relationship of improved wind fields leading to multiplicative improvements in the wave field, has led to a belief that errors in the wind field is the main source of error in wave modelling. Yet, this (lengthy) quote and perhaps our own investigations in Hebmarine may indicate this is not entirely the case:
“[There was an] assumption that the wind field inaccuracy was the main reason for the, typically negative, errors in wave modeling. However, … this attitude is rapidly approaching an end. Although the wind errors should certainly still be considered, wave modelers also have to look into their own machines if they want to decrease further the differences between wave model results and the measured truth.”
There is a lot of evidence of missing peaks and troughs in wave modelling. The time series in Figure 2 (p. 2760) shows that, even for non-extreme conditions, models perform better in the average than in the extremes
“The one-month plot (March 2008) shows very clearly the repeated tendency of the model to miss the peaks.”
Figures 3 and 4 show an interesting relationship that shows that the average wind speeds become asymptotic with resolution quickly, with a similar (but not complete) convergence for average wave heights. Figure 4 shows that no such convergence is apparent for peak wind speeds or wave heights. There is an argument that problems in the wave field are all related to the wind field, however, this quote aims to dispel that:
“with increasing resolution the area [influenced] by the wind underestimate is getting smaller and smaller. Because the waves are an integrated effect, in space and time, of the driving wind fields, we should expect to see a progressively reduced effect of these “wind misses” on the waves - something obviously not true from the right panel of Fig. 4. Therefore, although the wind quality has obviously an effect, we must conclude that the problem lies also within the wave model itself.”
This section (actually called “The search for a good reason (where we find we have to deal with a whole plethora of processes)”) tries to identify the problems leading to the underestimation of extremes and splits the discussion into the physics within models, the numerics of the models and a more general modelling discussion.
I think I’ll just quote the summary here:
“Summary. Underestimates of the surface wind speeds are more frequent in the high value range. Model resolution is critical. Smoothing of the fields, a frequent practice in meteorological modeling, leads to lower peak values. Gustiness is not properly considered. Air density can vary substantially, directly affecting wave generation.”
The interesting part about resolution is capturing the gradients, so that a small area storm can be more difficult to model that a large one and the gradients will be more substantial. The term Limited-Area Model (LAM) is defined, which might describe the Hebmarine model, although it may be larger, being defined, roughly, as not global.
Miles (1957) is the method used for the generation of waves from wind in numerical models. It was improved by Snyder (1981), but the measurements were taken for wind speeds of about 7-10 ms${}^{-1}$. This has issues:
“It is natural to wonder if we are allowed, as we presently do, to use the same findings in extreme storms, with winds up to 30 or 40 ms${}^{-1}$, much higher in hurricanes. The nice orderly picture that the Miles process implies is likely not to correspond to the truth once we move to high winds.”
The physics in high wave heights is different…
“Banner and Melville (1976) had shown that the transfer of energy to waves is characterized by a series of bursts that happen when the surface air boundary layer detaches from the sea surface soon after the crest of breaking waves. In severe, and more so in extreme, conditions this can be expected to be the case for practically each single wave.”
Apparently, as waves get bigger the physics changes somewhat. Water droplets being blown off the waves can have an impact as their acceleration is felt by the atmosphere and creates higher surface drag, whilst they also kill the short waves which enable momentum transfer.
At the very high wind speeds, so much foam is generated that there is no troughs in the wave, which invalidates the Miles (1975) approach apparently.
There are also issues with linear theory, even for deep water problems, when large waves are considered:
“All the spectral wave models use linear wave kinematics; that is, the phase speed $c$ of a given spectral component is evaluated on the basis of linear theory. However, the infinitesimal approximation implied and the finite dimension of real waves may lead to appreciable differences.”
The phase speed being higher for steeper waves decreases the difference between the wind speed, $U$, and $c$ (which would reduce transfer) but longer waves also mean that the waves could be larger.
Interestingly gustiness causes waves to grow faster than the equivalent uniform wind speed. There is also a phenomena that happens when the phase speed of the waves is close to the wind speed. Something called the “diode” effect (from Abdalla and Calaleri (2002)).
The differences can be significant: straightforward numerical experiments showing that a 30% wind variability can lead, in a longer time scale, to a 30% increase of the maximum significant wave height.”
Here is the summary for this section:
“Summary. Doubts exist on the validity of the Miles (1957) theory (although modified) in extreme conditions. The physics does change in such a situation. At present we do not have a good physical, hence numerical, model of what is going on at very high wind speeds.
The finite, large amplitude of stormy waves, particularly the dominant ones, implies a phase speed greater than dictated by linear theory. In the end this may lead to larger wave heights.
The level of gustiness experienced in the field is often underestimated in meteorological models. Therefore, its consideration in wave models does not lead to the related enhancements found in the measured results. Besides, models do not reproduce the possible longer-term oscillations of both the winds and wave fields. In certain conditions, but typically in the very severe storms, this leads to a strong underestimate of the possible maximum values.
Cold, hence frequently gusty, winds are also characterized by a higher air density. Neglecting its variations often leads to an underestimate of the resulting wave heights.”
There are two main whitecapping models in use, but they seem to vary in outputs, which is particularly interesting in terms of uncertainty quantification as this is being “made up” somewhere in the models:
“If used in their correct software environment, both of these approaches provide reasonable and often good results in most practical applications; however, it is stunning that their quantifications of the process differ by 100% or more, which tells a lot about the difference between sound physics and correct operational results.”
Better approaches have been found recently, which has improved the bias significantly for low wave heights (see Figure 1). This Ardhuin et al. (2008) formulation still requires parameterisation, however, and does still not work well in the high ranges.
Here is the section summary:
“Summary. During the present decade, progress has been made in understanding the physics of breaking waves. These results have only recently found their way into one operational model. Notwithstanding these advances, there is still a good level of empiricism in the way we attack the problem, and most of the operational models still cling to very empiric, often totally inconsistent, approaches. All the proposed and used solutions require some tunable constants. As such, they are tuned to the bulk of the results and may fail in extreme conditions, when the physics of the process is likely to be substantially different.”
So non-linear interactions are solved with exact solutions, but under some strong assumptions. Nonetheless, the computing power required is very high for the original formulation of Hasselmann (1962 etc.) so a less intensive version called the discrete interaction approximation (DIA) has been used instead.
There are some issues with DIA, particularly with the transfer of too much energy into the low frequencies or to spread the energy directionally, will cause less growth through wind inputs.
Efforts are being made to provide solutions closer to the original Hasselmann formulation as more computing power becomes available, but the strong assumptions of the original formulation are still “not exact”, for reasons such as
“the model is a large time limit closure and neglects near-resonant modes that can change the spectrum on much shorter scales… and in a region of rapid changes.”
“the Hasselmann model presumes a homogeneous and Gaussian sea state, which is of course an idealization, especially in heavy and extreme conditions.”
“it is a truncated model of a weakly nonlinear system. In other words, it includes the lowest-order resonances, whereas on longer time and space scales, other nonlinear contributions may become important.”
Finally, this is the summary:
“Summary. Beside its sometime incorrect spectral distribution, the present widely used DIA approximation leads to too-wide energy distributions in the spectra, both in frequency and in direction. This decreases the wind input to waves. New, better solutions are on the way. It is expected that these solutions will be implemented in operational models in the near future. However, all these solutions are still approximations, based on some strong hypotheses that are likely not to be satisfied in heavy and extreme sea conditions. The related implications for wave modeling have not yet been explored.”
The role of the numerics are described as:
“to import into the spectral energies the inputs-outputs derived from the physical processes, and then to advect the resulting energy in the direction of the speciﬁc components.”
The main issue with the numerics, particularly for extremes in the diffusion of energy throughout the spatial and frequency domains. Caverli says that “the problem is unavoidably linked to the discontinuity associated to a grid”, although there are some arguments that grid refinement is perhaps not always ideal. However, I think this relates more to the time-step size, so without a fixed CFL number.
“In some numerical schemes, the spreading due to diffusion can be reduced by using a higher-resolution grid or, where possible, using larger integration time steps, that is, reducing their number in a given time interval.”
“a careful analysis is required to achieve the best balance between diffusion and overall integration time.”
Other fixes include higher order numerical schemes, although these have some risk from the “garden sprinkler effect”. Also higher frequency resolution can be used but this has a double hit in terms of computing time as more non-linear interaction calculations must be done as well.
Generally these issues effect small area storms with large gradients, but the correct advection of swell is also important.
“A large-scale storm will be marginally affected by diffusion. However, a strong isolated peak will be substantially decreased during advection, its energy being redeployed at the neighboring grid points.”
“a lower Hs also implies a lower peak period and in turn an underestimate of the consequent swell period, hence group speed.”
“the correct advection of swell may happen to be of relevance for our present discussion.”
Here is the summary:
“Summary. Diffusion, unavoidably associated to the use of discrete grids, leads to a smoothing of the fields, hence to an underestimate of the extremes. Although higher-order schemes may improve the situation, they often do so at the expenses of other details. Engineering solutions have been devised for practical applications.
Higher-resolution grids or, Courant number permitting, larger time steps may help. However, in each case a careful analysis is required to be sure that the introduced changes act in the right direction.
A higher spectral resolution would also be beneficial, especially for long-distance swell. This could be relevant in cross-sea conditions.”
This section considers other modelling considerations. These include combined effects, spectrum impacts and sensitive modelling phenomena such as “dynamic generation”.
In terms of wave-current interactions, the paper say this:
“Most of the currents we find in the sea are not strong enough to affect at a significant level the waves that characterize a storm. However, in certain areas where the current speed is not negligible with respect to the group speed of the relevant wave system - typically the Gulf Stream, the Kuroshio and the Agulhas Current - the interaction with currents may substantially enhance the height of the waves.”
Currents can reduce the wavelength of waves and enhance their wave height, with increased steepness. This increased steepness can lead to more energy transfer from wind. Getting accurate current information (ocean circulation, rather than tidal), is very difficult.
There are some issues with the classical Pierson Moskowitz spectrum, in that models don’t tend to converge to this spectrum in all cases. This may be due to the model, or the development of the spectrum.
“the very concept of fully developed conditions is still a matter of debate (see, e.g., Glazman and Pilorz 1990; Glazman 1994; Hwang and Wang 2004). As Alves et al. (2003) point out, the present convenient use of P-M64 is more a matter of a lack of conclusive evidence in either direction than scientific truth.”
There are also issues with model quirks, such as the use of limiters in some models to control energy exchange. The model parts do not interchange either, for the same physical processes, which is not easily explained:
“[We cannot take] part of the physics of WAM, for example, the whitecapping subroutines, and plunge it into WAVEWATCH. Surprisingly, at least the first time, we find that the $H_{s}$ results may change up to 40%.”
Dynamic generation, “the case when the heart of the storm, that is, its more energetic waves, moves with the weather system that generates it”, is a particular test for wave modelling as many of the talked about issues (particularly the correct phase speed) come into play. This is why, for some cases, “all the wave models substantially underestimated the measured peak values (Cardone et al 1996)”.
Finally, the analytical modelling of the tail of the energy spectrum in models may cause some problems. A tail is required because the number of frequency bins is finite [although a lot of the high frequency bins tend to be empty in Hebmarine data]. The spectrum has a cut-off frequency and the selection of this frequency, and the power of the analytical tail leads to differences:
“it implies possible $H_{s}$ differences of some tens of centimeters, particularly in heavy and extreme conditions, when the cutoff can be at a relatively low frequency.”
The tail can also impact on the “level of input” and the losses due to whitecapping. There is also a general issue of models frequency components and real waves which is illucidated by this quote:
“For advection a spectral model considers separately all the spectral components, the motion of each one independent of the other components. This is not the case for a buoy, especially in the high-frequency range, where the single components ride on top of the larger and longer ones, with a potential nonnegligible influence on their spectral representation.”
Finally, this is the summary:
“Summary. A highly detailed knowledge of the distribution of currents in the oceans is required for a proper evaluation of the wave-current interactions, hence the possibility of enhanced or focused wave fields. Such knowledge is not yet available.
Even when fetch and duration allow, wave models do not necessarily converge to the classical Pierson-Moskowitz spectrum. On the other hand, given the present level of accuracy of wave models and measurements, one could wonder about the accuracy of the data that led to this spectrum. Also the very concept of fully developed conditions is still a matter of debate.
The use of limiters is in itself a strong indicator of the approximation with which the physics is represented in wave models, especially in extreme conditions; similarly so for the impossibility of exchanging sections of the programs representing the same physical process between two different models.
The importance of accurately representing the phase and group speeds in extreme conditions becomes apparent in the case of dynamical generation.
“The frequency after which to apply a tail and the slope of the tail is still a matter of debate. This may imply a nonnegligible contribution to the overall energy of the system, hence to the resulting wave height.”
This section considers more general wave modelling issues, rather than focussing on the extremes. A discussion of other sources of error is given:
“Easy examples are the theoretical approximations implied in modeling, and the convergence and the accuracy of the numerical procedure.”
A mention of nearshore processes and there issues is also given, with reference to the WISE group paper for further details.
There is an interesting discussion on the balance of wave models and how they have been tweaked to get the errors from each process to cancel in some effect. [This, obviously, stands in the way of software process. You almost have deliberate failure in the unit testing]. Discussing the main drivers, which are wind and wave breaking, the author says:
“We succeed, within limits, because the system is self-regulating. For instance, if at a certain time breaking is underestimated, the wave conditions rapidly grow to a level where breaking becomes impelling again, bringing the system under control.”
This appears to be a hindrance to further development in wave models as “the present results of the operational wave models are in general surprisingly good.” This means that there is a reluctance to change the operational models for more exact physics, because of these special balances.
“The dominant rule in practical applications is the following: a change to a model becomes permanent if and only if its effect is positive, that is, the score of prolonged applications improves.”
“that the present models, good as they are, represent a careful balance among the different processes, each one with its larger or smaller inaccuracies. Having one process correct and all the other ones with their own previous approximations does not necessarily imply better results.”
Issues with modelling and measurement for extreme conditions are mentioned. There is also some discussion about the validity of the spectral approach, although an alternative method seems somewhat daunting. There is an interesting quote from another paper, Komen et al. (1994) about trying to improve the quality of existing models:
“one should not be too optimistic about the effect of further refinements…”
This section considers what can be done to improve the present situation and has some good quotes for justifying work on uncertainty quantification. It considers the itemised issues for large amplitude waves and then the general case for modelling.
Model resolution is discussed for both wind:
“Starting as before with the wind, the most obvious possible improvement, particularly for the most intense areas of severe and extreme storms, is an increased resolution of the meteorological models… each additional step ahead $\alpha$ in resolution implying a much larger increase, $\alpha^{3}$ or $\alpha^{4}$, of the computer capabilities.”
and wave:
“Here, too, an $\alpha$ increase implies an $\alpha^{3}$ increase in computer time.”
A highlighted issue with adding additional computer power, is that in the large centers wave modelling is not as important as other climate factors,
“there are larger scientific and social interests driving the advance of the meteorological models, interests for which the wave modeling community is probably a minority.”
Also, although meteorological models are advancing, “doubling the resolution of the meteorological models every five years or so”, issues with a lack of understanding of gustiness and a lack of proper modelling of the atmospheric spectrum.
Regarding computing power for waves, adapted meshes are proposed:
“what we really need is a flexible, most likely finite element, dynamical grid whose density in space is able to adapt continuously to the local gradients while the wave system moves from one area to another.”
Not only refinement of spatial grid, but also refinement of the spectral representation should be of benefit:
“a better spectral resolution, both in frequency and direction, and improved advection algorithms are key elements to reducing the smoothing of the fields, the consequent lowering of the maxima, and the error in the swell arrival time in a certain area. Although the former is only a matter of computer power, the latter one is a subtle compromise with the need to avoid unnaturally patchy fields.”
The need for more computing power also extends into the underlying physical processes, particularly the nonlinear interactions.
“The nonlinear interactions are probably the single item where the problem we face is the lack of sufficient computer power.”
In the broader context of current interaction, again, a lack of computation power comes to the fore, although understanding and a lack of data also play a part:
“The problem for the circulation modelers has its roots both in the physics of the processes at work, in the computer power for higher resolution, and in the lack of data.”
This raises an issue of whether some of these problems can be modelling deterministically. In terms of ocean currents, given the lack of data, this is extremely difficult, thus “It seems that, at least for certain aspects, we will have to live more and more in a probabilistic world.”
Other, not often considered phenomena and also mentioned, such as Stokes drift (non-linear transfer of mass by Stokes waves) and current-wind interactions.
Most excitingly, a short discussion of uncertainty quantification and model testing is hiding in the back of the paper. For instance, when considering how best to distribute future resources:
“a more rational way could be to analyze the sensitivity of the final results to a refinement in the various processes and decide to invest along the most sensitive lines”.
“it is not immediately obvious which elements the model is more sensitive to.”
“It seems that a sensitivity study would be a useful exercise.”
I believe that a general uncertainty analysis process ideally lends itself to the above issues.
Interestingly, there is mention of Bayesian techniques for uncertainty quantification (is this how I found this paper?), although the difficulties with them are acknowledged
“Sophisticated methods for model reproduction based on a Bayesian approach have recently been proposed… However, the sheer complexity and variety of the possible situations suggest that this is not a practical way, especially when we expect, as we presently do, to go beyond the classically integrated parameters $H_{s}$, $T_{m}$ and $\Theta_{m}$ (mean period and direction, respectively) and on to argue about the structure of the spectra.”
Finally, there is some discussion of using cutting edge simulation to move away from, but also maybe inform the processes used in spectral modelling, “I believe a possibility is offered by the direct numerical simulation of what is going on in the sea”. Thus, some higher resolution CFD type studies of large and breaking waves would be beneficial.
“Even a two-dimensional realization (i.e., a vertical section of the atmosphere and the sea surface), although with its limitations, would be a valuable start. Given these high waves, we could model the wind flow over it and evaluate from basic principles how much energy is passing from the atmosphere to the waves.”
The last mention is of the ultimate mega total atmosphere model, which we are working towards, but might never reach.
“Obviously, the full simulation of air and sea, possibly starting as before from already developed conditions and modeling their physical evaluation with all the processes at work: wind, boundary layer, vortex shedding, waves, breaking, limited crest length, foam, turbulence, shear currents, and so on.”


TMBClient
@interface TMBClient : NSObject <TMBPushInternalDelegate>
Client for interacting with a Tamber project and/or engine via the Tamber API.
-
Create a Tamber Client instance.
Declaration
Objective-C
+ (nullable instancetype)apiClientWithPublishableProjectKey: (nullable NSString *)publishableProjectKey publishableEngineKey: (nullable NSString *) publishableEngineKey;
Swift
class func apiClient(withPublishableProjectKey publishableProjectKey: String?, publishableEngineKey: String?) -> Self?
Parameters
publishableProjectKey
Your publishable project key. Obtained from https://dashboard.tamber.com
publishableEngineKey
Your publishable engine key. Obtained from https://dashboard.tamber.com
-
Create a Tamber Client instance.
Declaration
Objective-C
+ (nullable instancetype) apiClientWithPublishableProjectKey: (nullable NSString *)publishableProjectKey publishableEngineKey:(nullable NSString *)publishableEngineKey user:(nullable NSString *)user;
Swift
class func apiClient(withPublishableProjectKey publishableProjectKey: String?, publishableEngineKey: String?, user: String?) -> Self?
Parameters
publishableProjectKey
Your publishable project key. Obtained from https://dashboard.tamber.com
publishableEngineKey
Your publishable engine key. Obtained from https://dashboard.tamber.com
user
The unique id for the app user
-
Tamber initialization
Declaration
Objective-C
- (nullable instancetype) initWithPublishableProjectKey:(nullable NSString *)publishableProjectKey publishableEngineKey:(nullable NSString *)publishableEngineKey user:(nullable NSString *)user;
Swift
init?(publishableProjectKey: String?, publishableEngineKey: String?, user: String?)
Parameters
publishableProjectKey
Your publishable project key, obtained from https://dashboard.tamber.com
publishableEngineKey
Your publishable engine key, obtained from https://dashboard.tamber.com
user
The unique id for the app user
-
Set id for the user
Declaration
Objective-C
- (void)setUser:(nullable NSString *)user;
Swift
func setUser(_ user: String?)
Parameters
user
The unique id for the app user
-
Get the current user. Returns nil if no user has been set.
Declaration
Objective-C
- (nullable NSString *)getUser;
Swift
func getUser() -> String?
-
Set the push token for the user (must set the user first)
Declaration
Objective-C
- (void)setUserPushToken:(nullable NSString *)token;
Swift
func setUserPushToken(_ token: String?)
Parameters
token
The unique push token for the user
-
Set the location for the user (must set the user first)
Declaration
Objective-C
- (void)setUserLocation:(nullable CLLocation *)location;
Swift
func setUserLocation(_ location: CLLocation?)
Parameters
location
The current location for the user
-
Set the delegate for
TMBPush
.Declaration
Objective-C
- (void)setPushDelegate:(nullable id<TMBPushDelegate>)delegate;
Swift
func setPushDelegate(_ delegate: TMBPushDelegate?)
Parameters
delegate
The
TMBPushDelegate
. -
Enable
TMBPush
operation. InitializesTMBPush
instance to begin handling push notification events.Declaration
Objective-C
- (void)enablePush;
Swift
func enablePush()
-
Track start of user session. Used to evaluate engagement driven by push notifications.
Declaration
Objective-C
- (void)sessionStarted;
Swift
func sessionStarted()
-
Disable push notification services for the user.
Declaration
Objective-C
- (void)disableUserPush;
Swift
func disableUserPush()
-
Enable push notification services for the user after having called
disableUserPush
. Push services will be enabled by default ifenablePush
has been called and the user has given push permissions to the app.Declaration
Objective-C
- (void)reEnableUserPush;
Swift
func reEnableUserPush()
-
Track event to your project.
Declaration
Objective-C
- (nullable NSURLSessionDataTask *) trackEvent:(nullable TMBEventParams *)eventParams responseCompletion:(nullable TMBAPIResponseBlock)responseCompletion;
Swift
func trackEvent(_ eventParams: TMBEventParams?, responseCompletion: TMBAPIResponseBlock? = nil) -> URLSessionDataTask?
Parameters
eventParams
The parameters for the event you are tracking. If the client’s user has been set, then the user field can be nil and it will default to the client’s user.
responseCompletion
The callback to run with the returned TMBEventResponse (and any errors that may have occurred)
-
Create user in your project. IMPORTANT: You do not need to manually create users, tracking events will automatically create novel users. Manually creating a user is valuable for initializing metadata, or if you have an onboarding flow where users interact with items, you can create the user with a list of events from onboarding to seed their recommendations.
Declaration
Objective-C
- (nullable NSURLSessionDataTask *) createUser:(nullable TMBUserParams *)userParams responseCompletion:(nullable TMBAPIResponseBlock)responseCompletion;
Swift
func createUser(_ userParams: TMBUserParams?, responseCompletion: TMBAPIResponseBlock? = nil) -> URLSessionDataTask?
Parameters
userParams
The parameters for the user you are creating. If the client’s user has been set, then the
ID
field can be nil and it will default to the client’s user.responseCompletion
The callback to run with the returned TMBUser (and any errors that may have occurred)
-
Save user in your project. The metadata field will be set to the value provided, if not nil, overwriting any past metadata.
Declaration
Objective-C
- (nullable NSURLSessionDataTask *)saveUser:(nullable TMBUserParams *)userParams responseCompletion: (nullable TMBAPIResponseBlock)responseCompletion;
Swift
func saveUser(_ userParams: TMBUserParams?, responseCompletion: TMBAPIResponseBlock? = nil) -> URLSessionDataTask?
Parameters
userParams
The parameters for the user you are updating. If the client’s user has been set, then the
ID
field can be nil and it will default to the client’s user.responseCompletion
The callback to run with the returned TMBUser (and any errors that may have occurred)
-
Save user in your project with configurable save mode, either “merge” or “replace”. The metadata field will be set to the value provided, if not nil, overwriting any past metadata.
Declaration
Objective-C
- (nullable NSURLSessionDataTask *)saveUser:(nullable TMBUserParams *)userParams withMode:(nullable NSString *)mode responseCompletion: (nullable TMBAPIResponseBlock)responseCompletion;
Swift
func saveUser(_ userParams: TMBUserParams?, withMode mode: String?, responseCompletion: TMBAPIResponseBlock? = nil) -> URLSessionDataTask?
Parameters
userParams
The parameters for the user you are updating. If the client’s user has been set, then the
ID
field can be nil and it will default to the client’s user.mode
The mode for how the user object will be saved on conflict, either “merge” with the pre-existing user or “replace” the whole object (default is “replace”).
responseCompletion
The callback to run with the returned TMBUser (and any errors that may have occurred)
-
Deprecated
Use saveUser instead.
Update user in your project. The metadata field will be set to the value provided, if not nil, overwriting any past metadata.
Declaration
Objective-C
- (nullable NSURLSessionDataTask *) updateUser:(nullable TMBUserParams *)userParams responseCompletion:(nullable TMBAPIResponseBlock)responseCompletion;
Swift
func updateUser(_ userParams: TMBUserParams?, responseCompletion: TMBAPIResponseBlock? = nil) -> URLSessionDataTask?
Parameters
userParams
The parameters for the user you are updating. If the client’s user has been set, then the
ID
field can be nil and it will default to the client’s user.responseCompletion
The callback to run with the returned TMBUser (and any errors that may have occurred)
-
Retrieve user in your project.
Declaration
Objective-C
- (nullable NSURLSessionDataTask *) retrieveUser:(nullable TMBUserParams *)userParams responseCompletion:(nullable TMBAPIResponseBlock)responseCompletion;
Swift
func retrieveUser(_ userParams: TMBUserParams?, responseCompletion: TMBAPIResponseBlock? = nil) -> URLSessionDataTask?
Parameters
userParams
The parameters for the user you are retrieving – only the
ID
is used. If the client’s user has been set, then theID
field can be nil and it will default to the client’s user.responseCompletion
The callback to run with the returned TMBUser (and any errors that may have occurred)
-
Retrieve user in your project.
Declaration
Objective-C
- (nullable NSURLSessionDataTask *) retrieveUser:(nullable TMBUserParams *)userParams getEvents:(BOOL)getEvents responseCompletion:(nullable TMBAPIResponseBlock)responseCompletion;
Swift
func retrieveUser(_ userParams: TMBUserParams?, getEvents: Bool, responseCompletion: TMBAPIResponseBlock? = nil) -> URLSessionDataTask?
Parameters
userParams
The parameters for the user you are retrieving – only the
ID
is used. If the client’s user has been set, then theID
field can be nil and it will default to the client’s user.getEvents
Include the past events performed by the user in the user response.
responseCompletion
The callback to run with the returned TMBUser (and any errors that may have occurred)
-
Merge from the current default user to another, transferring the tracked events / recommendations and removing the default user from the project, as well as all associated engines, and setting the
TMBClient
default user to the id of the newtoUser
. Useful for transferring a temporary user profile to a logged-in user.Declaration
Objective-C
- (nullable NSURLSessionDataTask *)mergeToUser:(nonnull NSString *)toUser responseCompletion:(nullable TMBAPIResponseBlock) responseCompletion;
Swift
func merge(toUser: String, responseCompletion: TMBAPIResponseBlock? = nil) -> URLSessionDataTask?
Parameters
toUser
The ID of the user that will be merged to.
responseCompletion
The callback to run with the returned TMBUser (and any errors that may have occurred)
-
Merge one user into another, removing the
from
user. Useful for transferring the tracked events / recommendations of a temporary user to a logged-in user.Declaration
Objective-C
- (nullable NSURLSessionDataTask *)mergeUser:(nonnull NSString *)fromUser toUser:(nonnull NSString *)toUser responseCompletion: (nullable TMBAPIResponseBlock)responseCompletion;
Swift
func mergeUser(_ fromUser: String, toUser: String, responseCompletion: TMBAPIResponseBlock? = nil) -> URLSessionDataTask?
Parameters
fromUser
The ID of the user that will be merged from.
toUser
The ID of the user that will be merged to.
responseCompletion
The callback to run with the returned TMBUser (and any errors that may have occurred)
-
Merge one user into another, removing the
from
user. Useful for transferring the tracked events / recommendations of a temporary user to a logged-in user.Declaration
Objective-C
- (nullable NSURLSessionDataTask *)mergeUser:(nonnull NSString *)fromUser toUser:(nonnull NSString *)toUser noCreate:(BOOL)noCreate getEvents:(BOOL)getEvents responseCompletion: (nullable TMBAPIResponseBlock)responseCompletion;
Swift
func mergeUser(_ fromUser: String, toUser: String, noCreate: Bool, getEvents: Bool, responseCompletion: TMBAPIResponseBlock? = nil) -> URLSessionDataTask?
Parameters
fromUser
The ID of the user that will be merged from.
toUser
The ID of the user that will be merged to.
noCreate
By default, if the toUser does not yet exist it will be created. Set noCreate to
true
to disable this behavior (meaning attempting to merge to a user that does not exist will return an error).getEvents
Include the past events performed by the user in the user response.
responseCompletion
The callback to run with the returned TMBUser (and any errors that may have occurred)
-
Search for users by metadata field-values.
Declaration
Objective-C
- (nullable NSURLSessionDataTask *)searchUsers:(nonnull NSDictionary *)metadata responseCompletion:(nullable TMBAPIResponseBlock) responseCompletion;
Swift
func searchUsers(_ metadata: [AnyHashable : Any], responseCompletion: TMBAPIResponseBlock? = nil) -> URLSessionDataTask?
Parameters
metadata
Dictionary of key-value pairs to search on. The key-values are AND’d together, meaning the search will return users whose metadata contains the entirety of the given dictionary.
responseCompletion
The callback to run with the returned TMBUserSearchResponse (and any errors that may have occurred)
-
Retrieve the set of recommended items to display next for the given item and user (if the user is set). Discover Next is your go-to tool for displaying personalized items on item-pages (set the item to the currently displayed item).
Declaration
Objective-C
- (nullable NSURLSessionDataTask *) discoverNext:(nonnull TMBDiscoverParams *)discoverParams responseCompletion:(nonnull TMBAPIResponseBlock)responseCompletion;
Swift
func discoverNext(_ discoverParams: TMBDiscoverParams, responseCompletion: @escaping TMBAPIResponseBlock) -> URLSessionDataTask?
Parameters
discoverParams
The parameters for the discover request.
responseCompletion
The callback to run with the returned TMBEventResponse (and any errors that may have occurred)
-
Retrieve recommended items for the given user.
Declaration
Objective-C
- (nullable NSURLSessionDataTask *) discoverRecommendations:(nonnull TMBDiscoverParams *)discoverParams responseCompletion:(nonnull TMBAPIResponseBlock)responseCompletion;
Swift
func discoverRecommendations(_ discoverParams: TMBDiscoverParams, responseCompletion: @escaping TMBAPIResponseBlock) -> URLSessionDataTask?
Parameters
discoverParams
The parameters for the discover request. If the client’s user has been set, then the user field can be nil and it will default to the client’s user.
responseCompletion
The callback to run with the returned TMBEventResponse (and any errors that may have occurred)
-
Retrieve similar items for the given item.
Declaration
Objective-C
- (nullable NSURLSessionDataTask *) discoverSimilar:(nonnull TMBDiscoverBasicParams *)discoverParams responseCompletion:(nonnull TMBAPIResponseBlock)responseCompletion;
Swift
func discoverSimilar(_ discoverParams: TMBDiscoverBasicParams, responseCompletion: @escaping TMBAPIResponseBlock) -> URLSessionDataTask?
Parameters
discoverParams
The parameters for the discover request. Set the
item
parameter to the id of the item for which you wish to receive similar item suggestions.responseCompletion
The callback to run with the returned TMBEventResponse (and any errors that may have occurred)
-
Retrieve similar items for the given item, that are tailored to the taste profile of the given user.
Declaration
Objective-C
- (nullable NSURLSessionDataTask *) discoverRecommendedSimilar:(nonnull TMBDiscoverBasicParams *)discoverParams responseCompletion:(nonnull TMBAPIResponseBlock)responseCompletion;
Swift
func discoverRecommendedSimilar(_ discoverParams: TMBDiscoverBasicParams, responseCompletion: @escaping TMBAPIResponseBlock) -> URLSessionDataTask?
Parameters
discoverParams
The parameters for the discover request. Set the
item
parameter to the id of the item for which you wish to receive similar item suggestions. If the client’s user has been set, then the user field can be nil and it will default to the client’s user.responseCompletion
The callback to run with the returned TMBEventResponse (and any errors that may have occurred)


|
ActiveTcl User Guide
|
||
pid - Retrieve process id(s)
pid ?fileId?
If the fileId argument is given then it should normally refer to a process pipeline created with the open command. In this case the pid command will return a list whose elements are the process identifiers of all the processes in the pipeline, in order. The list will be empty if fileId refers to an open file that isn't a process pipeline. If no fileId argument is given then pid returns the process identifier of the current process. All process identifiers are returned as decimal strings.
file, pipeline, process identifier
Copyright © 1993 The Regents of the University of California. Copyright © 1994-1996 Sun Microsystems, Inc. Copyright © 1995-1997 Roger E. Critchlow Jr.


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Variables
IC = Initial Concentration (cfu/ml) DF = Dilution Factor (unitless) FC = Final Concentration (cfu/ml) PL = Volume Plated (ul) CO = Colonies (cfu)


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Module : io
Module Overview
This module is designed to support input and output operations via channels in a canonical way, either in a blocking, or non-blocking manner.
Channels
A channel represents an I/O source or sink of some bytes, characters, or records that are opened for reading or writing respectively.
Byte channels
The most primitive channel is the ByteChannel
which reads and writes 8-bit bytes. For an example on the ByteChannel
, see the Byte I/O Example.
Character channels
The CharacterChannel
is used to read and write characters. The charset encoding is specified when creating the CharacterChannel
. For an example on the CharacterChannel
, see the Read/Write Files Example.
If a ReadableCharacterChannel
points to a JSON or XML source, it can be read and then written directly into a variable of
the respective type. For examples on reading/writing JSON or XML sources, see the JSON I/O Example and XML I/O Example.
Record channels
Also, Ballerina supports I/O for delimited records. For an example on reading the records in a text file, see the Record I/O Example.
A .CSV
file can be read and written directly into a CSVChannel
as shown in this CSV I/O Example.
Data Channels
Ballerina supports performing data i/o operations.
A Person object could be serialized into a file or a network socket as seen in the Data I/O Example.
| Detail |
Record type to hold the details of an error. |
| ReadableByteChannel |
ReadableByteChannel represents an input resource (i. |
| ReadableCSVChannel |
Represents a ReadableCSVChannel which could be used to read records from CSV file. |
| ReadableCharacterChannel |
Represents a channel, which could be used to read characters through a given ReadableByteChannel. |
| ReadableDataChannel |
Represents a data channel for reading data. |
| ReadableTextRecordChannel |
Represents a channel which will allow to read |
| StringReader |
Represents a reader which will wrap string content as a channel. |
| WritableByteChannel |
WritableByteChannel represents an output resource (i. |
| WritableCSVChannel |
Represents a WritableCSVChannel, which could be used to write records from the CSV file. |
| WritableCharacterChannel |
Represents a channel which could be used to write characters through a given WritableCharacterChannel. |
| WritableDataChannel |
Represents a WritableDataChannel for writing data. |
| WritableTextRecordChannel |
Represents a channel, which will allow to write records through a given WritableCharacterChannel. |
| createReadableChannel |
Creates an in-memory channel, which will be a reference stream of bytes. |
| openReadableCsvFile |
Retrieves a readable CSV channel from a given file path. |
| openReadableFile |
Retrieves a |
| openWritableCsvFile |
Retrieves a writable CSV channel from a given file path. |
| openWritableFile |
Retrieves a |
|
Prints |
|
| println |
Prints |
| readln |
Retrieves the input read from the STDIN. |
| sprintf |
Returns a formatted string using the specified format string and arguments. |
| DEFAULT |
Default value is the format specified by the CSVChannel. |
| CSV |
Field separator will be "," and the record separator will be a new line. |
| TDF |
Field separator will be a tab and the record separator will be a new line. |
| COMMA |
Comma (,) will be used as the field separator. |
| TAB |
Tab (/t) will be use as the field separator. |
| COLON |
Colon (:) will be use as the field separator. |
| CONNECTION_TIMED_OUT |
This will be used to construct a ConnectionTimedOutError. |
| GENERIC_ERROR |
This will be used to construct an IO GenericError. |
| ACCESS_DENIED_ERROR |
This will be used to construct a AccessDeniedError. |
| FILE_NOT_FOUND_ERROR |
This will be used to construct a FileNotFoundError. |
| END_OF_FILE_ERROR |
This will be used to construct an EofError. |
| CSV_RECORD_SEPARATOR |
Represents the record separator of the CSV file. |
| FS_COLON |
Represents the colon separator, which should be used to identify colon-separated files. |
| MINIMUM_HEADER_COUNT |
Represents the minimum number of headers, which will be included in the CSV. |
| BIG_ENDIAN |
Specifies the bytes to be in the order of most significant byte first. |
| LITTLE_ENDIAN |
Specifies the byte order to be the least significant byte first. |
| Error |
Represents IO module related errors. |
| Format |
The format, which will be used to represent the CSV. |
| Separator |
Field separators, which are supported by the |
| AccessDeniedError |
This will get returned due to file permission issues. |
| ConnectionTimedOutError |
This will return when connection timed out happen when try to connect to a remote host. |
| EofError |
This will get returned if read operations are performed on a channel after it closed. |
| FileNotFoundError |
This will get returned if the file is not available in the given file path. |
| GenericError |
Represents generic IO error. |


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Intradimer and interdimer couplings in Ba 2CuSi 2O 6Cl 2. a ... |
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Excitation spectra along H or K directions. a Energy-momentu ... |
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Excitation spectra along L directions. a, b Color contour ma ... |
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Scattering intensities sliced with the constant energy. Inte ... |
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Schematic view of expected pseudomagnetic field and edge sta ... |
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Fig. 6
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Aluminum plate. Ba 2CuSi 2O 6Cl 2 crystals co-aligned on an ... |


FANTASIA (1940) A Film Review by Ted Prigge Copyright 1997 Ted Prigge
Directors: James Algar, Samuel Armstrong, Ford Beebe, Norman Ferguson, Jim Handley, T. Hee, Wilfred Jackson, Hamilton Luske, Bill Roberts, and Ben Sharpsteen Writers: (look at this list of Directors. The list for writers is 10 times longer, and I'm not going to write them all out for obvious reasons, sorry) Starring: Leopold Stokowski and the Philadelphia Orchestra, Walt Disney (voice)
Disney films are famous (or infamous) for their Utopian presentation of the world through most of their movies. They present a bright-as-the-sun angle to the world, filled with a bit of melodrama, and always ending with happily, even if that means altering the story of their source. They promise a world that's always quenched of evil-doers, and ends with a little song and a bunch of smiles. And that's what's so cool about "Fantasia."
"Fantasia" presents a wide oeuvre of short little animated films by Disney, all silent, and all set to pieces of classical music, and not always the bright, cheery, sun-shiny promises of perfection that Disney "masterpieces" are known for. The music is done by the famous Philadelphia Orchestra, who are conducted by the even-more-famous Leopold Stokowski, who show up between pieces, sometimes actually doing other stuff than playing (one time Leo shakes hands with Mickey Mouse). But this isn't really the great part (seems too PBS-y to me). The cartoons are fascinating little vignettes, all unique, and each one interesting and hypnotic. Well, most of them are.
"Fantasia" starts off kind of on a down-note with a rather boring cartoon for Bach's "Tocatta and Fugue in D minor" (the music made famous in the original version of "Phantom of the Opera"). Nothing much happens in it, and it lasts a good 10 minutes. Yes, it goes by faster than it probably usually would, but it's still not up to par with the other ones.
But in the second little film, "Fantasia" takes off and never really comes down. The second film does a little adaptation of Tchaikovsky's "Nutcracker Suite," but with the brilliant idea of not having to do anything with the Nutcracker, but rather on mother nature.  Although having nothing to do with the suite, it makes up for that lacking by making each of the parts of the little vignette unique, humorful, and fascinating.
The third one seems like it's just the oligatory use of Mickey Mouse's fame. But what results is a classic story set to the music of Paul Dukas's "The Sorcerer Apprentice," and dealing with exactly that. In it, Mickey is, well, a sorcerer's apprentice, who takes the sorcerer's hat and begins playing around with magic when the guy leaves for a bit. He ends up creating one broom to carry water for him (which is his job), but accidentally turns it into thousands of brooms, all carrying water, and then there's a bit of a mishap. It's wonderfully done, with a great silent job by Mickey (seriosuly, he's much better without that annoying voice of his).
The best of the vignettes takes place following the Mickey one. Set to Stravinsky's "Rite of the Spring," it deals with the beginning of earth, and up to the death of the dinosaurs and the reconstruction of earth following. Each of Stravinsky's long piece is set perfectly, sometimes erupting with violence, and then shifting to a more serene setting. In it, we get to see many different dinosaurs, the great scene where the Tyranosaurus Rex shows up out of nowhere and wreaks havoc, and the sad demise of the dinosaurs in a proposed idea by Disney that there was just a lot of heat and all vegetation died (which doesn't explain why the T-Rex wasn't just eating everyone else till there was no one else left). But anyway, this is the best part of the film despite this little trip-up in the dinosaur-death-propoganda.
There's a bit of a break between these two little Acts (the film's 2 hours long, there had to be a little intermission), and we get to see a little pointless thing about a sound wave which makes, you guessed it, sound. Not great or anything, but the film picks up again.
The fifth little film is set to Beethoven's "Pastoral Symphony," which ends up dealing with ancient and mythological Greece in three movements from the Symphony. There's a bit about unicorns, another one about centaurs falling in love with the help of little cupids, and one about a big party that is crashed by Zeus, who was in one of his PMS/lightning throwing moods at the time. It's great to see it and all, and it gets most of the mythology right (a biggie after seeing what they did to Greece in "Hercules"...oh, I mean "Jercules" - besides, it has better music).
The sixth film is a really, really silly litle vignette about elephants and alligators (great pairing there), which is set to the very familiar "Dance of the Hours" by Amilcare Ponchielli (you'll recognize it when you hear it). There's a lot elephants pretending they're ballet students, and there's a lot of weird stuff with alligators, and it really doesn't mean anything, but who cares: it's fun.
The seventh and final one, and the second best one, deals with the procession from dark to light, from death to hell to heaven, and from night to morning. In other words, it shows the devil fooling around, then showing everyone he screwed with going to heaven. The first part is set to the ominous piece "Night on Bald Mountain" by Modest Mussorgsky, which deals with him looking fantastic, and emerging from the top of a mountain, then preying upon all the souls in a little town. This fantastic little bit is then interrupted by chimes and a lot of light from above, where the souls march into heaven set to Franz Schubert's beautiful "Ave Maria." And thus ends the film.
"Fantasia" bombed when it opened, and I suppose believably. It's not the typical Disney fare. There's no real point to it, other than to include a lot of great little animated films set to awesome music. And that's what makes it one of Disney's best, if not it's best cinematically. There doens't always have to be a great happy ending.  And at the end of "The Rite of the Spring," all the dinosaurs die miserably. And the artistry is better than usual Disney. I don't know why, but the visuals look even more beautiful than they usually do.
This film proves that you can find escapist Disney, meaning you don't always get the Disney formula of happy characters, bad villains, and a bright ending, filled with hokey and hummable tunes, and, well, having a coherent storyline which goes from point A to point B. I usually don't like Disney films because of this (and well the pious fact that they insist on every film being a "masterpiece," when only an elite few of them are even better than "good"), but "Fantasia" breaks all the rules, suceeds, and even entertains. So, anyway, it's just far superior than most of the Dinsey flicks.
MY RATING (out of 4): ****
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