Quite simply, where any application requires the highest resolution X-ray images as quickly as possible, our detectors provide the solutions.
Headquartered near Stockholm, Sweden with production facilities in the UK and Finland, the XCounter group is the largest manufacturer of Cadmium Telluride detectors in the world.
Over the years we have provided detectors into imaging systems that are used across the globe by a broad range of customers; systems used by dentists, radiographers, surgeons, engineers, food scientists, nuclear technologists, the list of our customers continues to grow.
Quite simply, where any application requires the highest resolution X-ray images as quickly as possible, our detectors provide the solutions.
With our direct conversion technology, our in-house software development and medical device standard manufacturing, our photon counting X-ray detectors provide market leading Dynamic Range, near perfect spatial resolution, absolute co-registered Dual Energy capability and the highest performance in MTF and DQE. But we are much more than our detectors.
Our research and development team work with some of the best research organisations in the world to keep our photon counting technology at the forefront of X-ray imaging. Our in-house IP in software and hardware not only provides market leading performance in X-ray detectors, it is our platform for delivering bespoke solutions to OEM customers.
Our manufacturing capability to ISO13485 medical devices standard, along with producing our core technology in one of the best clean rooms in Scandinavia provides our customers with complete confidence in our product and solution reliability.
Most importantly, our successful history has been grounded in our unwavering focus on driving our science forward. Not only do we pride ourselves on presenting the market with the latest in photon counting X-ray detection. We strive to develop and bring to market new solutions. XCounter. Photon counting. Future imaging.
Rasmus Ljungwe is Interim CEO of XCounter AB since 1 July 2013. Mr Ljungwe joined the Company in October 2011 and has since April 2012 served as Finance manager. Mr Ljungwe holds a upper secondary diploma in Finance from Upplands-Bro gymnasium.
Read more/less
Mr. Ullberg has been with XCounter since 1997 and prior to that has more than ten years of professional experience in project management in the development of space instrumentation. Previously, Mr. Ullberg was responsible for all electronics
design for space applications at ACR Electronic AB, worked as project manager of the multi-national scientific balloon project PIROG, and has been responsible for environmental tests of electronics systems for space applications. Mr Ullberg is a world expert on CdTe photon counting, dual energy technology.
Read more/less
Spencer has 20+ years of experience in software development and more than 10 years in Medical Imaging and detector development. He was a founder of Dexela and lead the team that created the first ever Tomosynthesis Workstation as well as working
with Dr Stewart on the first commercial tomosynthesis reconstructor. He will use his experience of developing cutting edge detectors and from helping customer integrations around the world to create the next generation of XCounter’s photon counting, energy discriminating high resolution detectors. His emphasis is on creating easy to use, easy to integrate, high performance detectors for the NDT and Medical industries.
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During the past twenty years Nathanael has successfully grown technology and engineering businesses around the globe. Educated at Imperial College with degrees in Physics and Advanced Mechanical Engineering he has held senior and executive roles
with a range of companies including Whatman, Pirelli, GMSL and IMH. He brings a wealth of experience in commercialising new technology and growing organisations in emerging & developing markets.
Read more/less
Roland has 15+ years of experience in the management and engineering of high tech product manufacturing. His experience spans a wide range of technology products including silicon photonics, high power fiber lasers, superconducting MRI magnets and
x-ray cameras. Previously Roland lead the CMOS x-ray camera manufacturing operations at Dexela Limited from initial prototypes to volume manufacturing. He holds an MSci from the University of Cambridge specialised in Physics complemented by postgraduate education in Engineering Management at the University of Bath.
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Mr. Pasi Laukka, born 1974, holds M.Sc. from Helsinki University of Technology. Mr. Laukka has been working for Ajat from 2001 in various positions. In the beginning, he was developing manufacturing technologies for CdTe/CZT sensor applications.
Prior to joining Ajat, he was working in Helsinki University of Technology doing research in advanced electronics manufacturing technologies. Mr. Laukka is now managing the manufacturing operation for XCounter at the Ajat facility in Finland.
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Dr Alex Stewart has 20+ years of detector development and image processing experience. He developed some of the first commercially available Tomosynthesis reconstruction software and was a founder of Dexela a CMOS X-ray detector company.
Alex brings deep insight into imaging technology and detector development.
Read more/less
ISO 9001:2008 and ISO 13485:2012 is the established, international quality-management framework that enables monitoring and continual improvement of the way XCounter operates
ISO 9001:2008 is an established, international quality-management framework. It enables monitoring and continuous improvement of the way XCounter operates, whether that means reaching out to new or strengthening existing partnership agreements, driving down costs, managing risk more effectively or improving staff satisfaction. In short, the ISO 9001:2008 status recognises the high quality of XCounter's comprehensive business processes. ISO 13485:2012 sets internationally recognized standards ensuring a management system for the design and manufacture of medical devices. Also, it constitutes a key requirement for gaining regulatory approval for medical devices in major commercial markets, including the USA.
It is a true measure of any company to be ISO certified, particularly for a medical-device company such as XCounter. ISO certification is required by partners and purchasers of high-end technology of global interest. Thus, XCounter's ISO accreditation marks a key step forward in the commercialisation process of the company's proprietary X-ray technologies. Also, the ISO certification makes up an important step in the company's internal development, reinforcing the commitment to developing ground-breaking applications that deliver high levels of accuracy and precision. In addition, the ISO accreditation makes up an endorsement of Xcounter's high-quality intellectual capital and professionalism, which benefit all of the company's stakeholders.
XCounter's key processes are certified by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and operates under ISO 9001:2008 as well as ISO 13485:2012. The company's ISO-certification status demonstrates that it meets an international set of standards and guidelines that are becoming vital components för conducting business in the global marketplace.
Based in Switzerland, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is a global network that identifies what international standards are required by business, government and society. In XCounter's case, the two ISO ceritfications follow a stringent evaluation process conducted by the Swedish Standards Institute (SIS). SIS is the centre for work on standards in Sweden and a working partner in the European (CEN) and global (ISO) networks.


The Insider ***
Rated on a 4-star scale Screening venue: Odeon (Liverpool City Centre) Released in the UK by Buena Vista International on March 10, 2000; certificate 15; 158 minutes; country of origin USA; aspect ratio 2.35:1
Directed by Michael Mann; produced by Pieter Jan Brugge, Michael Mann. Written by Michael Mann, Eric Roth; based on the "Vanity Fair" article "The Man Who Knew Too Much" by Marie Brenner. Photographed by Dante Spinotti; edited by William Goldenberg, David Rosenbloom, Paul Rubell.
CAST..... Russell Crowe..... Jeffrey Wigand Al Pacino..... Lowell Bergman Christopher Plummer..... Mike Wallace Diane Venora..... Liane Wigand Philip Baker Hall..... Don Hewitt Lindsay Crouse..... Sharon Tiller
The tobacco industry is one of the most greedy and deceptive there is. All its major companies have covered up official research which proves their products are disease-causing fire hazards, marketed them to underage kids, manipulated levels of nicotine to promote addiction and lied about these actions in open court. Everyone is disgusted at its behaviour -- onlookers, customers and even employees.
A case in point is Jeffrey Wigand, a former smoker who once headed the research department of Brown & Williamson, the third biggest cigarette manufacturer in the USA. B&W fired him for shooting off his mouth about company policy after his employers kept ignoring his evidence on how to produce a safer smoke. And then it went to great pains to destroy his life, when it became apparent that he intended to blow the whistle on its official secrets.
Michael Mann's "The Insider" stars Russell Crowe as Wigand, tells his story from the moment he was fired, and for the most part remains faithful to the facts. At the start of the film he is a man who does not want to rock the boat, despite his important knowledge about his bosses' dirty tricks. He usually speaks his mind, but breaking his confidentiality agreement with B&W would cut off his severance payments and medical insurance.
He denies an interview request from Lowell Bergman (Al Pacino), an investigative reporter for the television news magazine "60 Minutes". Until, that is, B&W send him uncalled-for violent reminders to keep quiet, which include a bullet in his mailbox, e-mail death threats and up-front stalkers. Then Wigand, furiously angry, agrees to record the interview, in which he reveals damning facts about the perjury and illegal cover-ups his firm was involved in.
CBS, the channel that runs "60 Minutes", decides not to broadcast the footage, because their executives have been threatened with a B&W lawsuit for "tortious interference". Bergman's fight against this decision is passionate, and takes up the second half of the film, but Wigand is offended that it was made in the first place. His involvement with Bergman has broken up his marriage, and provoked B&W to cancel his financial benefits and orchestrate a smear campaign against him.
But "The Insider" is not, as some reviews have stated, a character study of ambiguous American heroes. Nor does it make much of an impression as a tale of the struggles involved in investigative journalism. It involves both these things, yes, as well as elements of courtroom drama, but most critics are simply trying to find sophisticated ways of saying the movie isn't an attack on the tobacco industry, when that's exactly what it is. Every scene is haunted by the evil intimidation of Brown & Williamson: When Wigand's life is crumbling, when close relationships disintegrate, when Bergman's superiors are afraid to air his story, when court proceedings keep getting obstructed -- it's always obvious who's throwing the spanner in the works.
The news that big corporations use their influence destructively hardly surprises us (it's widely rumoured that the oil industry, for example, is just as bad as Big Tobacco). But we're still angered by it, and that's why "The Insider" works, unlike the Marie Brenner magazine article it's based on, which was interesting, but developed into a puzzle of facts and figures that was impossible to follow.
Mann, the director and co-writer, gets past this problem by organising the material in the manner of a slick Hollywood thriller. That's his forte -- he made "Thief", "Last of the Mohicans" and "Heat", all of which are acclaimed epic action pictures. Bergman's story, when told with their intensity and immediacy, becomes something we can easily get involved in. It's a pity that Mann is less interested by Wigand's (more attention-grabbing) plight. The developments in that character's life seem to be skimmed over in comparison to Bergman's; there's less of a structure to his tale.
Luckily, Russell Crowe gets across the point well enough with his startlingly brave acting. The physical side of his role involved putting on a dangerous amount of weight, wearing a grey wig and ageing make-up, and replacing his young Australian voice with the accent of a middle-aged man from Kentucky. Psychologically, he challenges us to admire Wigand's courage despite his bad temper, indecisiveness and shifty body language. Crowe always seems to be shaking a little, with eyes glaring and angry, and paranoid fingers fumbling -- but of course there's every justification for these nervous ticks.
This is great characterisation, and the way Crowe paints Wigand's breakdown incenses us at those who would seek to destroy his reputation. On that note, though, lies one of the significant problems I had with "The Insider", which is its unnecessarily dark portrayal of Mike Wallace, the presenter of "60 Minutes". I understand the need for screenwriters to take dramatic license when adapting true stories, or to condense events to make them cinematic. But Wallace, who in reality fought alongside Bergman, is shown bowing to CBS corporate pressure for no other reason than to make Al Pacino look more heroic. This is a film that wants to discuss the importance of truth. Lies and hypocrisy are not the best way to kick off the debate.
COPYRIGHT(c) 2000 Ian Waldron-Mantgani http://members.aol.com/ukcritic
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SparseZoo 0.1¶
Neural network model repository for highly sparse models and optimization recipes
Overview¶
SparseZoo is a constantly-growing repository of optimized models and optimization recipes for neural networks. It simplifies and accelerates your time-to-value in building performant deep learning models with a collection of inference-optimized models and recipes to prototype from.
Available via API and hosted in the cloud, the SparseZoo contains both baseline and models optimized to different degrees of inference performance vs baseline loss recovery. Optimizations on neural networks include approaches such as pruning and quantization allowing for significantly faster models with limited to no effect on their baseline metrics such as accuracy. Recipe-driven approaches built around these optimizations allow you to take the models as given, transfer learn from the models onto private datasets, or transfer the recipes to your architectures.
This repository contains the Python API code to handle the connection and authentication to the cloud.
Resources and Learning More¶
Release History¶
Official builds are hosted on PyPi - stable: sparsezoo - nightly (dev): sparsezoo-nightly
Additionally, more information can be found via GitHub Releases.


Preparation time
less than 30 mins
Cooking time
10 to 30 mins
Serves
Serves 4
James Martin shows you how to achieve the perfect rump steak, worthy of a top-end restaurant, at home.
Preheat the oven to 200C/180C Fan/Gas 6.
Boil the potato cubes in a pan of salted water for 3-4 minutes. Drain well and set aside.
Meanwhile, melt 50g/1¾oz of the butter in a frying pan over a medium heat. Add the shallot, garlic and leeks and fry for 2-3 minutes, or until softened.
Add the drained potato cubes and stir carefully to combine. Pour in the white wine and bring the mixture to the boil. Reduce the heat until the mixture is simmering, then stir in the cream and thyme leaves and continue to simmer for 2-3 minutes. Season, to taste, with salt and freshly ground black pepper. Transfer the potato mixture to an ovenproof dish.
Heat a further 50g/1¾oz butter in a separate frying pan over a medium to high heat. When the butter is foaming, add the brioche cubes and fry for 1-2 minutes on all sides, or until golden-brown and crisp. Scatter the brioche cubes over the potato mixture, then sprinkle over the grated Gruyère. Bake in the oven for 5-10 minutes, or until the cheese is golden-brown and the mixture is bubbling.
Meanwhile, heat a griddle pan over a very high heat until searing hot. Rub the steaks all over with the rapeseed oil, and brush the griddle pan with a little of the rapeseed oil, too.
Add the steaks to the pan and fry for 2 minutes, without moving them. Give the steaks a quarter-turn and fry for another 1 minute. Season the uncooked side with salt and freshly ground black pepper.
Turn the steaks over and fry for 1-2 minutes on the other side (for medium), or longer until cooked to your liking. Transfer the steaks to a warmed plate and set aside to rest for 5 minutes.
Melt the remaining butter in the pan used to fry the brioche, then brush it over the rested steaks, spooning any liquid that has been released from the meat back over the steaks. Season once more, to taste.
To serve, place a steak on each plate and spoon over the meat juices. Spoon the potato and leek gratin alongside.


{%- include head.html %}
{% include resolve_hiearchy.html %} {% include navbars.html %}
{% include nav_site.html %}
{% include nav_content.html %}
{% include main.html %} {% include footer.html %}
{% include javascripts.html %}


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public class RendererMap
extends java.lang.Object
ObjectRenderer
.| 构造器和说明 |
|---|
RendererMap() |
| 限定符和类型 | 方法和说明 |
|---|---|
static void |
addRenderer(RendererSupport repository,
java.lang.String renderedClassName,
java.lang.String renderingClassName)
Add a renderer to a hierarchy passed as parameter.
|
void |
clear() |
java.lang.String |
findAndRender(java.lang.Object o)
Find the appropriate renderer for the class type of the
o parameter. |
ObjectRenderer |
get(java.lang.Class clazz)
Search the parents of
clazz for a renderer. |
ObjectRenderer |
get(java.lang.Object o)
Syntactic sugar method that calls
get(Class) with the
class of the object parameter. |
ObjectRenderer |
getDefaultRenderer() |
void |
put(java.lang.Class clazz,
ObjectRenderer or)
Register an
ObjectRenderer for clazz . |
public static void addRenderer(RendererSupport repository, java.lang.String renderedClassName, java.lang.String renderingClassName)
public java.lang.String findAndRender(java.lang.Object o)
o
parameter. This is accomplished by calling the
get(Class)
method. Once a renderer is found, it is
applied on the object o
and the result is returned
as a String
.public ObjectRenderer get(java.lang.Object o)
get(Class)
with the
class of the object parameter.public ObjectRenderer get(java.lang.Class clazz)
clazz
for a renderer. The
renderer closest in the hierarchy will be returned. If no
renderers could be found, then the default renderer is returned.
The search first looks for a renderer configured for
clazz
. If a renderer could not be found, then the
search continues by looking at all the interfaces implemented by
clazz
including the super-interfaces of each
interface. If a renderer cannot be found, then the search looks
for a renderer defined for the parent (superclass) of
clazz
. If that fails, then all the interfaces
implemented by the parent of clazz
are searched and
so on.
For example, if A0, A1, A2 are classes and X0, X1, X2, Y0, Y1 are interfaces where A2 extends A1 which in turn extends A0 and similarly X2 extends X1 which extends X0 and Y1 extends Y0. Let us also assume that A1 implements the Y0 interface and that A2 implements the X2 interface.
The table below shows the results returned by the
get(A2.class)
method depending on the renderers
added to the map.
| Added renderers | Value returned by get(A2.class) |
|---|---|
A0Renderer
| A0Renderer
|
A0Renderer, A1Renderer
| A1Renderer
|
X0Renderer
| X0Renderer
|
A1Renderer, X0Renderer
| X0Renderer
|
This search algorithm is not the most natural, although it is particularly easy to implement. Future log4j versions may implement a more intuitive search algorithm. However, the present algorithm should be acceptable in the vast majority of circumstances.
public ObjectRenderer getDefaultRenderer()
public void clear()
public void put(java.lang.Class clazz, ObjectRenderer or)
ObjectRenderer
for clazz
.Copyright © 1999-2015 Apache Software Foundation. All Rights Reserved.


HTML links demo - hobbies
Home (absolute)
Home (relative)
My Hobbies
100m sprints
Piano
Real Analysis
Vegan cupcake eating


| Supplemental Table 7: Enrichment of GeneOntology classifications at 72hpf for 2D-LCMSMS and 2D-PAGE identification | ||||||||
| 72hpf 2D-LCMSMS GeneOntology enrichment - Biological Process | ||||||||
| term | count | total | p | description | condensed Term | condensed description | ||
| GO:0007275 | 38 | 924 | 0.009 | development | GO:0007275 | development | ||
| GO:0001707 | 2 | 8 | 0.019 | mesoderm formation | GO:0007275 | development | ||
| GO:0016042 | 4 | 39 | 0.022 | lipid catabolism | GO:0044237 | cellular metabolism | ||
| GO:0001708 | 2 | 9 | 0.024 | cell fate specification | GO:0007275 | development | ||
| GO:0001704 | 2 | 9 | 0.024 | formation of primary germ layer | GO:0007275 | development | ||
| GO:0048332 | 2 | 9 | 0.024 | mesoderm morphogenesis | GO:0007275 | development | ||
| GO:0008632 | 1 | 1 | 0.027 | apoptotic program | GO:0008219 | cell death | ||
| GO:0006919 | 1 | 1 | 0.027 | caspase activation | GO:0008219 | cell death | ||
| GO:0043280 | 1 | 1 | 0.027 | positive regulation of caspase activity | GO:0008219 | cell death | ||
| GO:0043026 | 1 | 1 | 0.027 | regulation of caspase activation | GO:0008219 | cell death | ||
| GO:0043281 | 1 | 1 | 0.027 | regulation of caspase activity | GO:0008219 | cell death | ||
| GO:0042660 | 1 | 1 | 0.027 | positive regulation of cell fate specification | GO:0030154 | cell differentiation | ||
| GO:0048337 | 1 | 1 | 0.027 | positive regulation of mesodermal cell fate specification | GO:0030154 | cell differentiation | ||
| GO:0045216 | 1 | 1 | 0.027 | intercellular junction assembly and/or maintenance | GO:0016043 | cell organization and biogenesis | ||
| GO:0000719 | 1 | 1 | 0.027 | photoreactive repair | GO:0044237 | cellular metabolism | ||
| GO:0006290 | 1 | 1 | 0.027 | pyrimidine dimer repair | GO:0044237 | cellular metabolism | ||
| GO:0051345 | 1 | 1 | 0.027 | positive regulation of hydrolase activity | GO:0048518 | positive regulation of biological process | ||
| GO:0048545 | 1 | 1 | 0.027 | response to steroid hormone stimulus | GO:0050896 | response to stimulus | ||
| GO:0045595 | 2 | 11 | 0.035 | regulation of cell differentiation | GO:0030154 | cell differentiation | ||
| GO:0006904 | 3 | 27 | 0.037 | vesicle docking during exocytosis | GO:0006810 | transport | ||
| GO:0048278 | 3 | 28 | 0.040 | vesicle docking | GO:0006810 | transport | ||
| GO:0006120 | 2 | 12 | 0.041 | mitochondrial electron transport | GO:0030154 | cell differentiation | ||
| GO:0008299 | 2 | 12 | 0.041 | isoprenoid biosynthesis | GO:0044237 | cellular metabolism | ||
| GO:0006720 | 2 | 13 | 0.048 | isoprenoid metabolism | GO:0044237 | cellular metabolism | ||
| GO:0044272 | 2 | 13 | 0.048 | sulfur compound biosynthesis | GO:0044237 | cellular metabolism | ||
| GO:0045165 | 2 | 13 | 0.048 | cell fate commitment | GO:0007275 | development | ||
| GO:0045045 | 6 | 96 | 0.048 | secretory pathway | GO:0006810 | transport | ||
| 72hpf 2D-LCMSMS GeneOntology enrichment - Cellular Process | ||||||||
| term | count | total | p | description | condensed Term | condensed description | ||
| GO:0005882 | 4 | 25 | 0.005 | intermediate filament | GO:0005622 | intracellular | ||
| GO:0045111 | 4 | 25 | 0.005 | intermediate filament cytoskeleton | GO:0005622 | intracellular | ||
| GO:0005741 | 3 | 15 | 0.008 | mitochondrial outer membrane | GO:0005622 | intracellular | ||
| GO:0016020 | 212 | 6773 | 0.010 | membrane | GO:0016020 | membrane | ||
| GO:0019867 | 4 | 34 | 0.014 | outer membrane | GO:0005622 | intracellular | ||
| GO:0009320 | 1 | 1 | 0.028 | phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase complex | GO:0043234 | protein complex | ||
| GO:0005941 | 7 | 111 | 0.035 | unlocalized protein complex | GO:0043234 | protein complex | ||
| 72hpf 2D-PAGE GeneOntology enrichment - Molecular Function | ||||||||
| term | count | total | p | description | condensed Term | condensed description | ||
| GO:0001619 | 2 | 8 | 0.00059198 | lysosphingolipid and lysophosphatidic acid receptor activity | GO:0004871 | signal transducer activity | ||
| GO:0045125 | 2 | 8 | 0.00059198 | bioactive lipid receptor activity | GO:0004871 | signal transducer activity | ||
| GO:0001760 | 1 | 1 | 0.004658329 | aminocarboxymuconate-semialdehyde decarboxylase activity | GO:0003824 | catalytic activity | ||
| GO:0004733 | 1 | 1 | 0.004658329 | pyridoxamine-phosphate oxidase activity | GO:0003824 | catalytic activity | ||
| GO:0001565 | 1 | 2 | 0.009295125 | phorbol ester receptor activity | GO:0004871 | signal transducer activity | ||
| GO:0004697 | 1 | 2 | 0.009295125 | protein kinase C activity | GO:0003824 | catalytic activity | ||
| GO:0004700 | 1 | 2 | 0.009295125 | atypical protein kinase C activity | GO:0003824 | catalytic activity | ||
| GO:0008415 | 3 | 119 | 0.018277358 | acyltransferase activity | GO:0003824 | catalytic activity | ||
| GO:0016747 | 3 | 120 | 0.01868359 | transferase activity, transferring groups other than amino-acyl groups | GO:0003824 | catalytic activity | ||
| GO:0017111 | 8 | 733 | 0.021640179 | nucleoside-triphosphatase activity | GO:0003824 | catalytic activity | ||
| GO:0003828 | 1 | 5 | 0.023077294 | alpha-N-acetylneuraminate alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase activity | GO:0003824 | catalytic activity | ||
| GO:0016462 | 8 | 744 | 0.023394037 | pyrophosphatase activity | GO:0003824 | catalytic activity | ||
| GO:0003735 | 3 | 131 | 0.023482434 | structural constituent of ribosome | GO:0005198 | structural molecule activity | ||
| GO:0016818 | 8 | 754 | 0.025073579 | hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, in phosphorus-containing anhydrides | GO:0003824 | catalytic activity | ||
| GO:0016746 | 3 | 139 | 0.027353118 | transferase activity, transferring acyl groups | GO:0003824 | catalytic activity | ||
| GO:0004356 | 1 | 6 | 0.027628937 | glutamate-ammonia ligase activity | GO:0003824 | catalytic activity | ||
| GO:0016817 | 8 | 790 | 0.031819947 | hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides | GO:0003824 | catalytic activity | ||
| GO:0016211 | 1 | 7 | 0.032159536 | ammonia ligase activity | GO:0003824 | catalytic activity | ||
| GO:0016880 | 1 | 7 | 0.032159536 | acid-ammonia (or amide) ligase activity | GO:0003824 | catalytic activity | ||
| GO:0004303 | 1 | 8 | 0.036669187 | estradiol 17-beta-dehydrogenase activity | GO:0003824 | catalytic activity | ||
| GO:0004999 | 1 | 8 | 0.036669187 | vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor activity | GO:0004871 | signal transducer activity | ||
| GO:0051082 | 2 | 70 | 0.042334358 | unfolded protein binding | GO:0005488 | binding | ||
| GO:0008171 | 1 | 10 | 0.045626029 | O-methyltransferase activity | GO:0003824 | catalytic activity | ||
| GO:0016641 | 1 | 10 | 0.045626029 | oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors, oxygen as acceptor | GO:0003824 | catalytic activity | ||
| GO:0005509 | 7 | 711 | 0.049046384 | calcium ion binding | GO:0005488 | binding | ||
| 72hpf 2D-PAGE GeneOntology enrichment - Biological Process | ||||||||
| term | count | total | p | description | condensed Term | condensed description | ||
| GO:0044237 | 54 | 9787 | 8.83E-05 | cellular metabolic process | GO:0044237 | cellular metabolic process | ||
| GO:0008152 | 56 | 11149 | 0.001077629 | metabolic process | GO:0044237 | cellular metabolic process | ||
| GO:0044249 | 11 | 986 | 0.00116445 | cellular biosynthetic process | GO:0044237 | cellular metabolic process | ||
| GO:0009058 | 11 | 1133 | 0.003460214 | biosynthetic process | GO:0044237 | cellular metabolic process | ||
| GO:0000165 | 1 | 1 | 0.003779543 | MAPKKK cascade | GO:0007165 | signal transduction | ||
| GO:0006023 | 1 | 1 | 0.003779543 | aminoglycan biosynthetic process | GO:0044237 | cellular metabolic process | ||
| GO:0006024 | 1 | 1 | 0.003779543 | glycosaminoglycan biosynthetic process | GO:0044237 | cellular metabolic process | ||
| GO:0007254 | 1 | 1 | 0.003779543 | JNK cascade | GO:0007165 | signal transduction | ||
| GO:0031098 | 1 | 1 | 0.003779543 | stress-activated protein kinase signaling pathway | GO:0007165 | signal transduction | ||
| GO:0048523 | 3 | 91 | 0.004971982 | negative regulation of cellular process | GO:0048523 | negative regulation of cellular process | ||
| GO:0009059 | 7 | 559 | 0.005192241 | macromolecule biosynthetic process | GO:0044237 | cellular metabolic process | ||
| GO:0009987 | 76 | 18161 | 0.005276678 | cellular process | GO:0009987 | cellular process | ||
| GO:0006888 | 2 | 29 | 0.005359935 | ER to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport | GO:0016043 | cell organization and biogenesis | ||
| GO:0048193 | 2 | 30 | 0.005728787 | Golgi vesicle transport | GO:0016043 | cell organization and biogenesis | ||
| GO:0051258 | 2 | 31 | 0.00610895 | protein polymerization | GO:0044237 | cellular metabolic process | ||
| GO:0045045 | 3 | 105 | 0.007388341 | secretory pathway | GO:0016043 | cell organization and biogenesis | ||
| GO:0006091 | 8 | 753 | 0.007507551 | generation of precursor metabolites and energy | GO:0044237 | cellular metabolic process | ||
| GO:0001570 | 1 | 2 | 0.00754498 | vasculogenesis | GO:0048869 | cellular developmental process | ||
| GO:0019563 | 1 | 2 | 0.00754498 | glycerol catabolic process | GO:0044237 | cellular metabolic process | ||
| GO:0046168 | 1 | 2 | 0.00754498 | glycerol-3-phosphate catabolic process | GO:0044237 | cellular metabolic process | ||
| GO:0046174 | 1 | 2 | 0.00754498 | polyol catabolic process | GO:0044237 | cellular metabolic process | ||
| GO:0046903 | 3 | 109 | 0.008185611 | secretion | GO:0016043 | cell organization and biogenesis | ||
| GO:0048519 | 3 | 109 | 0.008185611 | negative regulation of cellular process | GO:0048523 | negative regulation of cellular process | ||
| GO:0016192 | 3 | 115 | 0.009473248 | vesicle-mediated transport | GO:0006810 | transport | ||
| GO:0044238 | 46 | 9409 | 0.01234702 | primary metabolic process | GO:0044237 | cellular metabolic process | ||
| GO:0006118 | 6 | 512 | 0.012937492 | electron transport | GO:0006810 | transport | ||
| GO:0045947 | 1 | 4 | 0.015033749 | negative regulation of translational initiation | GO:0048523 | negative regulation of cellular process | ||
| GO:0006413 | 2 | 54 | 0.017777091 | translational initiation | GO:0016043 | cell organization and biogenesis | ||
| GO:0006505 | 1 | 5 | 0.018757184 | GPI anchor metabolic process | GO:0044237 | cellular metabolic process | ||
| GO:0006506 | 1 | 5 | 0.018757184 | GPI anchor biosynthetic process | GO:0044237 | cellular metabolic process | ||
| GO:0009890 | 1 | 5 | 0.018757184 | negative regulation of biosynthetic process | GO:0048523 | negative regulation of cellular process | ||
| GO:0017148 | 1 | 5 | 0.018757184 | negative regulation of protein biosynthetic process | GO:0048523 | negative regulation of cellular process | ||
| GO:0031327 | 1 | 5 | 0.018757184 | negative regulation of cellular biosynthetic process | GO:0048523 | negative regulation of cellular process | ||
| GO:0046489 | 1 | 5 | 0.018757184 | phosphoinositide biosynthetic process | GO:0044237 | cellular metabolic process | ||
| GO:0022618 | 2 | 58 | 0.020336928 | protein-RNA complex assembly | GO:0016043 | cell organization and biogenesis | ||
| GO:0006022 | 1 | 7 | 0.02616241 | aminoglycan metabolic process | GO:0044237 | cellular metabolic process | ||
| GO:0007243 | 1 | 7 | 0.02616241 | protein kinase cascade | GO:0007165 | signal transduction | ||
| GO:0008360 | 1 | 7 | 0.02616241 | regulation of cell shape | GO:0050793 | regulation of developmental process | ||
| GO:0022603 | 1 | 7 | 0.02616241 | regulation of anatomical structure morphogenesis | GO:0050793 | regulation of developmental process | ||
| GO:0022604 | 1 | 7 | 0.02616241 | regulation of cell morphogenesis | GO:0050793 | regulation of developmental process | ||
| GO:0030203 | 1 | 7 | 0.02616241 | glycosaminoglycan metabolic process | GO:0044237 | cellular metabolic process | ||
| GO:0051248 | 1 | 7 | 0.02616241 | negative regulation of protein metabolic process | GO:0044237 | cellular metabolic process | ||
| GO:0022613 | 2 | 74 | 0.031970637 | ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis and assembly | GO:0016043 | cell organization and biogenesis | ||
| GO:0006072 | 1 | 9 | 0.033512452 | glycerol-3-phosphate metabolic process | GO:0044237 | cellular metabolic process | ||
| GO:0006916 | 1 | 9 | 0.033512452 | anti-apoptosis | GO:0048523 | negative regulation of cellular process | ||
| GO:0046164 | 2 | 78 | 0.035204469 | alcohol catabolic process | GO:0044237 | cellular metabolic process | ||
| GO:0046474 | 1 | 10 | 0.037166907 | glycerophospholipid biosynthetic process | GO:0044237 | cellular metabolic process | ||
| GO:0065003 | 3 | 208 | 0.044271934 | macromolecular complex assembly | GO:0016043 | cell organization and biogenesis | ||
| GO:0006497 | 1 | 12 | 0.044434934 | protein amino acid lipidation | GO:0044237 | cellular metabolic process | ||
| GO:0042158 | 1 | 12 | 0.044434934 | lipoprotein biosynthetic process | GO:0044237 | cellular metabolic process | ||
| GO:0043066 | 1 | 13 | 0.048048608 | negative regulation of apoptosis | GO:0048523 | negative regulation of cellular process | ||
| 72hpf 2D-PAGE GeneOnthology enrichment - Cellular Component | ||||||||
| term | count | total | p | description | condensed Term | condensed description | ||
| GO:0044444 | 13 | 1070 | 0.00097534 | cytoplasmic part | GO:0005622 | intracellular | ||
| GO:0005739 | 5 | 194 | 0.001891143 | mitochondrion | GO:0005622 | intracellular | ||
| GO:0005737 | 16 | 1615 | 0.002115346 | cytoplasm | GO:0005622 | intracellular | ||
| GO:0005673 | 1 | 1 | 0.004546013 | transcription factor TFIIE complex | GO:0005634 | nucleus | ||
| GO:0005742 | 1 | 1 | 0.004546013 | mitochondrial outer membrane translocase complex | GO:0005622 | intracellular | ||
| GO:0044429 | 3 | 113 | 0.014776967 | mitochondrial part | GO:0005622 | intracellular | ||
| GO:0031967 | 3 | 138 | 0.024964097 | organelle envelope | GO:0005622 | intracellular | ||
| GO:0000313 | 1 | 7 | 0.031397082 | organellar ribosome | GO:0005622 | intracellular | ||
| GO:0005761 | 1 | 7 | 0.031397082 | mitochondrial ribosome | GO:0005622 | intracellular | ||
| GO:0031975 | 3 | 153 | 0.032501292 | envelope | GO:0005575 | cellular_component | ||


Launch Calendar
The Launch Calendar was a group project revolving around api calls, it used the
launch library api to bring uo information on rocket launches by date.
I worked with the launch library Api while others in my group worked on correlating that information with map api and making it look nice.
Technologies Used
- HTML
- Javascript
- CSS
- Jquery
- Moment
- Bootstrap
Home
Projects


class: title-slide, center, middle # Statistical methods for archaeological data analysis I: Basic methods ## 06 - Basic Probability Theory ### Martin Hinz #### Institut für Archäologische Wissenschaften, Universität Bern 14.04.2021 .footnote[ .right[ .tiny[ You can download a [pdf of this presentation](smada06.pdf). ] ] ] --- ## Repetition: Population and sample [1] **Population** Amount of all items of relevance for an analysis. **Sample** Selection of items on basis of certain criteria (e.g. representativity) which will be analysed instead of the population The difference should always be kept in mind In archaeology only sampling is possible! The population can never be investigated! --- ## Repetition: Population and sample [2] Features of the population: *parameters* Parameters always exist, they have a certain value, but they are unknown and often (most of the time) also uncheckable. **Example:** .pull-left[ `\(\mu:\)` mean of the population `\(\bar{x}\)`: mean of the sample ] .pull-right[ `\(\sigma\)`: standard deviation of the population `\(s\)`: standard deviation of the sample ] In statistical tests only features of the sample could be checked. The quality of the statement of a test therefore depends on the choice of the sample (representativity)! --- ## Repetition: Null hypothesis ### Validation through falsification In statistical tests most of the times not the statement is tested which one expects to be true but one tries to disprove the statement which one expects to be wrong: the null hypothesis. This hypothesis states mostly, that a association do not exists or that there is no differences between the samples and the distribution of the observations is by chance. Example: Is the composition of grave goods different between male and female deceased? `\(H_0\)`: The composition is the same `\(H_1\)`: The composition is different ### Reason 1. It is (logical) easier to prove, that a statement is wrong (falsify) then to prove that a statement is true (verify). 2. Most of the times it is easier to formulate a null hypothesis (How exactly is the composition different?). It doesn't make a assumption about how the character of a association/difference exactly is. --- ## concept of probability ### Subjective (everyday) concept of probability Known from everyday life, we use every day. Subjective assumptions about probabilities (not verifiable) #### Example * Probably there is still no snow outside if the lecture is is over. * There will probably be a bad result if I don't do my homework ### Statistical (mathematical, quasi-objective) concept of probability Based on mathematical probability laws Refers to (in principle) repeatable operations whose result (in the principle) is not predictable Classic example: Gambling --- ## Probability and probability theory ### The basis of every statistic Prediction of unknown quantities by known values with a certain probability of error for given framework parameters ### Development of probability theory based on random experiments Definition of Kolmogorov ### Classical probability experiment: Rolling dice (for role players: W6) The result of a dice roll is a probability event (elementary event): 5 All possible events form the event space. Ω={1,2,3,4,5,6} => set Multiple dice results also form a set A = {2,4,1,3,5} --- ## Set Theory ### Some symbols... | | | |-|-| | Set A={1,2,3,4}; Set B={4,5,6}; Event space Ω={1,2,3,4,5,6} || | 1 is an element of set A | `\(1\in{A}\)` | | C is the union of A and B {1,2,3,4,4,5,6} | `\(C = A \cup B\)` | | D is the intersection of A and B {4} | `\(D = A \cap B\)` | | E is A minus B {1,2,3} | `\(E = A - B\)` | | Not A (=event space - A) | `\(\bar{A} = \Omega - A = {5,6}\)` | | The intersection of D {4} and E {1,2,3} is the empty set | `\(D \cap E = \emptyset\)`| --- ## probability calculation [1] ### Classical Probability Definition by Laplace `\(p(A) = \frac{Number\ of\ positive\ results}{Number\ of\ possible\ results}\)` Relative Frequency of an event Dice example A=6 , Event space={1,2,3,4,5,6} `\(p(6)=\frac{1}{6}=0.1667=16,67\%\)` `\(p(\bar{6})=p(\Omega) - p(6) = 1 - \frac{1}{6} = \frac{5}{6} = 0.8333 = 83.33\%\)` --- ## probability calculation [2] ### basic probabilities The probability of anything happening is always 100%. `\(p(\Omega) = 1\)` Is an event safe: 100 % probability `\(p(A) = 1\)` `\(p(this\ is\ a\ statistics\ course) = 1\)` If an event is excluded: 0% probability `\(p(A) = 0\)` `\(p(here\ you\ can\ learn\ something\ about\ knitting) = 0\)` --- ## probability calculation [3] ### complementary events Roll the dice: Without physical tricks a dice roll always has a number as result `\(p(6)=\frac{1}{6}\rightarrow p(A)=\frac{1}{6}%\)` `\(p(1...5)=\frac{5}{6}\rightarrow p(\bar{A})=\frac{5}{6}%\)` `\(p(A) + p(\bar{A}) = 1\)` The probability of an event and its opposite is always 1, so you can calculate one from the other. Example: A card game has 4 colors (diamonds, hearts, spades, clubs). The probability to draw a heart card is 1 of 4: 0.25 The probability of not drawing a Heart card is 3 of 4: 0.75, or 1 - 1 of 4: 1-0.25 = 0.75 --- ## Kolmogorov probability axioms ### 1. axiom Each event from the event space is assigned a number p(A), which describes the probability of the event. This is between 0 and 1. `\(0 \leq p(A) \leq 1\)` ### 2. axiom The safe event has the value one. `\(p(E) = 1\)` ### 3. axiom For pairwise disjunctive events, i.e. those that do not have an intersection (e.g. {1,2} and {3,4}), the probability for their union is the sum of their individual probabilities. `\(p(A_1 \cup A_2 ... \cup A_n) = \sum_{i=1}^n p(A_i)\)` also z.B. `\(\Omega = \{1,2,3 ,4 ,5,6\} , A=\{1,2\}, B=\{3,4\}\)` `\(p(A) = \frac{2}{6}, P(B) = \frac{2}{6}, p(A \cup B) = p(A) + p(B) = \frac{2}{6} + \frac{2}{6} = \frac{4}{6} = 66,67\%\)` --- class: inverse ## Conditional and independent events --- ## Conditional and independent events Example Rolling dice: The result of the 2nd roll is independent of the result of the 1st roll. Therefore the probability is to roll first a 5 and then a 6: `\(p(A \cap B) = p(A) * p(B) = \frac{1}{6} * \frac{1}{6} = \frac{1}{36}\)` Example biscuits (after Dolić): A (non-transparent) bag with a chocolate biscuit, a sugar biscuit, an eco biscuit. How likely is it to get out the chocolate biscuit first and then the eco biscuit? Wrong would be: `\(p(choco\ than\ eco) = p(choco) * p(eco) = \frac{1}{3} * \frac{1}{3} = \frac{1}{9}\)` because after the chocolate biscuit's out, there's only two biscuits left `\(p(eco\ if\ choco) = \frac{1}{2}\)` That's why: `\(p(choco\ than\ eco) = p(choco) * p(eco\ if\ choco) = \frac{1}{3} * \frac{1}{2} = \frac{1}{6}\)` ### axiom of (conditional) probability `\(p(A \cap B) = p(A) * p(B|A)\)` --- ## addition law of probability or the sum rule Derived from the axioms: For all possible combination of events `\(p(A \cup B) = p(A) + p(B) - p(A \cap B)\)` ![](../images/07_session/set_image.png) Example: Drawing of cards, how likely is it to draw a hearts card? 32 cards, 1/4 is hearts (8) --- ## addition law of probability or the sum rule Derived from the axioms: For all possible combination of events `\(p(A \cup B) = p(A) + p(B) - p(A \cap B)\)` .middle[ ![](../images/07_session/set_image.png) ] Example: Drawing of cards, how likely is it to draw a hearts card? 32 cards, 1/4 is hearts (8) `\(p(A) = \frac{8}{32}\)` `\(p(A) = \frac{1}{4}\)` --- ## addition law of probability or the sum rule Derived from the axioms: For all possible combination of events `\(p(A \cup B) = p(A) + p(B) - p(A \cap B)\)` ![](../images/07_session/set_image.png) Example: Drawing of cards, how likely is it to draw a queen? 32 cards, 4 queen --- ## addition law of probability or the sum rule Derived from the axioms: For all possible combination of events `\(p(A \cup B) = p(A) + p(B) - p(A \cap B)\)` ![](../images/07_session/set_image.png) Example: Drawing of cards, how likely is it to draw a queen? 32 cards, 4 queen `\(p(A) = \frac{4}{32}\)` `\(p(A) = \frac{1}{8}\)` --- ## addition law of probability or the sum rule Derived from the axioms: For all possible combination of events `\(p(A \cup B) = p(A) + p(B) - p(A \cap B)\)` ![](../images/07_session/set_image.png) Example: Drawing of cards, how likely is it to draw a trump card (queens and hearts are trump)? 32 cards, 4 queen, 8 heart, one queen of hearts --- ## addition law of probability or the sum rule Derived from the axioms: For all possible combination of events `\(p(A \cup B) = p(A) + p(B) - p(A \cap B)\)` ![](../images/07_session/set_image.png) Example: Drawing of cards, how likely is it to draw a trump card (queens and hearts are trump)? 32 cards, 8 heart, 4 queen, one queen of hearts `\(p(A) = \frac{1}{4}\)`; `\(p(B) = \frac{1}{8}\)`; `\(p(A \cup B) = p(A) + p(B) - p(A \cap B)\)` `\(p(A \cup B) = \frac{1}{4} + \frac{1}{8} - \frac{1}{32} = \frac{11}{32} = 0.34375\)` --- ## Summary .tiny[ **Classical Probability Definition by Laplace** `\(p(A) = \frac{Number\ of\ positive\ results}{Number\ of\ possible\ results}\)` .pull-left[ **Kolmogorov 1. axiom** Each event from the event space is assigned a number p(A), which describes the probability of the event. This is between 0 and 1. `\(0 \leq p(A) \leq 1\)` **Kolmogorov 2. axiom** The safe event has the value one. `\(p(E) = 1\)` **Kolmogorov 3. axiom** For pairwise disjunctive events, i.e. those that do not have an intersection (e.g. {1,2} and {3,4}), the probability for their union is the sum of their individual probabilities. `\(p(A_1 \cup A_2 ... \cup A_n) = \sum_{i=1}^n p(A_i)\)` ![](../images/07_session/first_draw.png) ] .pull-right[ **Multiple indepent events** `\(p(A \cap B) = p(A) * p(B)\)` **multiple conditional events** `\(p(A \cap B) = p(A) * p(B|A)\)` **multiple not disjunctive events** `\(p(A \cup B) = p(A) + p(B) - p(A \cap B)\)` ![](../images/07_session/second_draw.png) .caption[Source: McElreath 2017] ] ] --- ## combinatorics [1] To determine the probability, it is necessary to know all possible events This is easy for an event alone, but what if events are to be combined? -> Combinatorics How many possibilities are there to select k elements from n elements? ||Variation (with respect to order)|Combination (without respecting the order)| |-|-|-| |with 'putting back'; with replacement| `\(n^k\)` | `\(\frac{(n+k-1)!}{k!*(n-1)!}\)` | |without 'putting back'; without replacement| `\(\frac{n!}{(n-k)!}\)` | `\(\frac{n!}{k!*(n-k)!}=\binom{n}{k}\)` | --- ## combinatorics [2] ### Examples How many possibilities are there to combine 2 dice results? With putting back, with respect to order `\(\Omega = \{1,2,3,4,5,6\}; n(\Omega) = 6; number\ dices\ k = 2\)` `\(B^{k=2}_n = \{(x_1,x_2) | x_i \in \Omega\}\)` `\(n(B) = n(x_1) * n(x_2) = n(\Omega) * n(\Omega) = 6*6 = 36\)` Therefore: Probability for 1. roll=6, 2. roll=6: `\(p(6,6) = \frac{1}{6^2} = \frac{1}{36} = 0,0278= 2,78\%\)` --- ## combinatorics [3] How many possible unique Lotto tickets (6 of 49) are there? Without 'putting back', without respecting order `\(\Omega = \{1,2,3...,49\}, n(\Omega)=49, number\ balls\ k = 6\)` `\(B^{k=6}_n = \{(x_1, x_2,...,x_6)|| x_i \in \Omega | (x_1,...x_{i-1}) \}\)` `\(n(B) = \frac{n!}{k! * (n-k)!} = \frac{49!}{6! * (49-6)!} = 13983816\)` Therefore: Probability for 6 correct crosses: `\(p(6_{right})=\frac{1}{13983816}=0.000000072=0.000007151 \%\)` --- ## Law of large numbers **The larger the sample, the more similar the distribution of sample and population** Example: dice The theoretical probability for each result is 1/6, the total population of all rolls ever made (with unbiased dice), the proportion of each number should be pretty much 1/6. The more often one throws the dice experimentally, the more similar is the distribution of the sample to the population. **The relative frequency of the random results converges against the probability of the random result** The law of the large number is the *bridge from the sample to the population*, it allows statements to be made about the population without knowing it. --- ## Simulating law of large numbers .pull-left[ .small[ ```r rolls=1000 roll<- as.numeric(sample(1:6,rolls, replace=T)) list=0 count=0 position=0 anteil=0 for (test in roll) { list<-append(list,test,length(list)) anteil<-append(anteil,sum(list==1)/length(list)) } plot(anteil,type="l",ylim=c(0,1)) abline(h=1/6,lty=3) ``` ] ] .pull-right[ ![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-7-1.png) ] Simulated dice experiment, the proportion of the number of 6 eyes is plotted, the dotted line shows the probability for 6 eyes. --- ## Random variables ### What is random at all? A random variable is the result of a (complex?, unknown?) process. The various possible outcomes of the process represent the values of the random variable. Whether a variable is regarded as random or not depends on the definition: Coin toss: The result of a coin toss is *determined* by different physical laws (throwing force, density of air, gravity etc.)! Since we cannot control these, the result to be considered *random*! In order to be able to analyze them statistically, the results are converted into the space of real numbers (recoded). --- ## Random Variable Example ### Example (after Dolić) A coin is flipped three times. The number of "heads" (H) is noted as a random variable. Possible results: |coin flip| `\(x_i\)` | `\(p(x_i)\)` | |-|-|-| |TTT|0| 1/8 | |TTH|1| 1/8 | |THT|1| 1/8 | |HTT|1| 1/8 | |THH|2| 1/8 | |HTH|2| 1/8 | |HHT|2| 1/8 | |HHH|3| 1/8 | --- ## Probability function (density function) .pull-left[ Example tossing a coin typical properties **Expected value**: The value that is most probable. **Dispersion**: The variance of distribution more: Skewness and Kurtosis $$ f(x_i) = `\begin{cases} p(x_i=0) = \frac{1}{8}\newline p(x_i=1) = \frac{3}{8}\newline p(x_i=2) = \frac{3}{8}\newline p(x_i=3) = \frac{1}{8} \end{cases} $$ ] .pull-right[ ![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-8-1.png) ] --- ## Cumulative distribution function .pull-left[ Is the sum function of the probability function "What is the probability of having up to two heads?" Properties: `\(0 \leq F(x) \leq 1\)` F(x) is monotonous not falling `\(F(x_1 ) \leq F(x_2 )... \leq F(x_n )\)` $$ f(x_i) = `\begin{cases} p(x_i < 0) = 0\newline p(x_i \leq 0) = \frac{1}{8}\newline p(x_i \leq 1) = \frac{4}{8}\newline p(x_i \leq 2) = \frac{7}{8}\newline p(x_i \leq 3) = 1 \end{cases} $$ ] .pull-right[ ![](index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-9-1.png) ] --- ## Relationship with statistical tests ### Question: Is someone playing with biased coins? How can one significantly (error probability 5%) determine that the coins are biased and always show head? `\(H_0\)`: The coins are not biased, the distribution corresponds to the distribution of an unbiased coin toss (Binomial distribution). `\(H_1\)`: The coins are biased, the distribution differs significantly from the distribution of an unbiased coin toss (Binomial distribution). N=20 throws We need: **Rejection range**: number head that is high enough to be sure with 95% of probability the coin is biased --- ## Relationship with statistical tests ### Question: Is someone playing with biased coins? We need: **Rejection range**: number head that is high enough to be sure with 95% of probability the coin is biased If the probability of the random occurrence of a result is less than 5%, the occurrence of that event is not random with 95% probability. --- ## Relationship with statistical tests ### Question: Is someone playing with biased coins? We need: **Rejection range**: number head that is high enough to be sure with 95% of probability the coin is biased If the probability of the random occurrence of a result is less than 5%, the occurrence of that event is not random with 95% probability. So: For how many head results on 20 rolls is the probability 5% or lower? --- ## Relationship with statistical tests ### Question: Is someone playing with biased coins? We need: **Rejection range**: number head that is high enough to be sure with 95% of probability the coin is biased If the probability of the random occurrence of a result is less than 5%, the occurrence of that event is not random with 95% probability. So: For how many head results on 20 rolls is the probability 5% or lower? Basically: Probability according to Laplace: `\(p(A) = \frac{Number\ of\ positive\ results}{Number\ of\ possible\ results}\)` Relative frequency of an event --- ## Relationship with statistical tests ### Question: Is someone playing with biased coins? We need: **Rejection range**: number head that is high enough to be sure with 95% of probability the coin is biased Basically: Probability according to Laplace: `\(p(A) = \frac{Number\ of\ positive\ results}{Number\ of\ possible\ results}\)` We need: Number of positive events (heads) and number of possible events (total number of possible results of throws of 20 coins) --- class: center, middle number of possible events ---

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 --- ## Relationship with statistical tests ### Question: Is someone playing with biased coins? We need: **Rejection range**: number head that is high enough to be sure with 95% of probability the coin is biased Number of possible events (total number of possible results of throws of 20 coins) -> combinatorics: Is the order important? --- ## Relationship with statistical tests ### Question: Is someone playing with biased coins? We need: **Rejection range**: number head that is high enough to be sure with 95% of probability the coin is biased Number of possible events (total number of possible results of throws of 20 coins) -> combinatorics: Is the order important? Answer: **Yes** (suprised?) [T,T,H] represents a different case that [H,T,T] If a coin shows tails, does that change the probability of the next coin to show tails (without replacement) or does this probability remain unchanged (with replacement)? --- ## Relationship with statistical tests ### Question: Is someone playing with biased coins? We need: **Rejection range**: number head that is high enough to be sure with 95% of probability the coin is biased Number of possible events (total number of possible results of throws of 20 coins) -> combinatorics: Is the order important? Answer: **Yes** (suprised?) [T,T,H] represents a different case that [H,T,T] If a coin shows tails, does that change the probability of the next coin to show tails (without replacement) or does this probability remain unchanged (with replacement)? Answer is: **No**. Chances does not change, so with replacement. --- ## Relationship with statistical tests ### Question: Is someone playing with biased coins? We need: **Rejection range**: number head that is high enough to be sure with 95% of probability the coin is biased Number of possible events (total number of possible results of throws of 20 coins) -> combinatorics: with respect to order and with replacement: ||Variation (with respect to order)|Combination (without respecting the order)| |-|-|-| |with 'putting back'; with replacement| `\(n^k\)` | `\(\frac{(n+k-1)!}{k!*(n-1)!}\)` | |without 'putting back'; without replacement| `\(\frac{n!}{(n-k)!}\)` | `\(\frac{n!}{k!*(n-k)!}=\binom{n}{k}\)` | --- ## Relationship with statistical tests ### Question: Is someone playing with biased coins? `\(n^k\)` 2 possible cases (Heads, Tails) : n 20 possible positions : k **number of possible results: `\(n^k\)` = `\(2^{20}\)` = 1048576** 2 results can be distributed in 1048576 ways on 20 positions --- class: center, middle number of positive events --- .pull-left[ HHHHHH ] .pull-right[ TTTTTTTTTTTTTT ]

  1 	  2 	  3 	  4 	  5 	  6 	  7 	  8 	  9 	  10 	  11 	  12 	  13 	  14 	  15 	  16 	  17 	  18 	  19 	  20

  H 	  H 	  H 	  H 	  H 	  H 	  T 	  T 	  T 	  T 	  T 	  T 	  T 	  T 	  T 	  T 	  T 	  T 	  T 	  T

  1 	  2 	  3 	  4 	  5 	  6 	  7 	  8 	  9 	  10 	  11 	  12 	  13 	  14 	  15 	  16 	  17 	  18 	  19 	  20

  H 	  H 	  H 	  H 	  H 	  T 	  H 	  T 	  T 	  T 	  T 	  T 	  T 	  T 	  T 	  T 	  T 	  T 	  T 	  T

  1 	  2 	  3 	  4 	  5 	  6 	  7 	  8 	  9 	  10 	  11 	  12 	  13 	  14 	  15 	  16 	  17 	  18 	  19 	  20

  H 	  H 	  H 	  H 	  H 	  T 	  T 	  T 	  T 	  T 	  T 	  T 	  T 	  T 	  T 	  T 	  T 	  T 	  T 	  H

 --- ## Relationship with statistical tests ### Question: Is someone playing with biased coins? We need: **Rejection range**: number head that is high enough to be sure with 95% of probability the coin is biased Number of positive events: How many possibilities are there to divide a fixed number of coins with head (k: 1-20) into 20 places (n)? n=20 places, k= cases head Is it important in which order the coins fall? --- ## Relationship with statistical tests ### Question: Is someone playing with biased coins? We need: **Rejection range**: number head that is high enough to be sure with 95% of probability the coin is biased Number of positive events: How many possibilities are there to divide a fixed number of coins with head (k: 1-20) into 20 places (n)? n=20 places, k= cases head Is it important in which order the coins fall? Answer: No, we are only interested in the number of e.g. 1x head, 2x tails, not in their order. If a coin shows tails, does this change the distribution of head/tail to the remaining places? (yes: without, no: with replacement) --- ## Relationship with statistical tests ### Question: Is someone playing with biased coins? We need: **Rejection range**: number head that is high enough to be sure with 95% of probability the coin is biased Number of positive events: How many possibilities are there to divide a fixed number of coins with head (k: 1-20) into 20 places (n)? Is it important in which order the coins fall? No Answer: No, we are only interested in the number of e.g. 1x head, 2x tails, not in their order. If a coin shows tails, does this change the distribution of head/tail to the remaining places? (yes: without, no: with replacement) Answer: Yes, the distribution is changing! If I have chosen head for a place, the number of remaining heads changes (with a fixed number of heads)! --- ## Relationship with statistical tests ### Question: Is someone playing with biased coins? n = 20 places, k = number heads Number of positive events -> combinatorics: with not respecting the order and without replacement: ||Variation (with respect to order)|Combination (without respecting the order)| |-|-|-| |with 'putting back'; with replacement| `\(n^k\)` | `\(\frac{(n+k-1)!}{k!*(n-1)!}\)` | |without 'putting back'; without replacement| `\(\frac{n!}{(n-k)!}\)` | `\(\frac{n!}{k!*(n-k)!}=\binom{n}{k}\)` | --- ## Relationship with statistical tests ### Question: Is someone playing with biased coins? n = 20 places, k = number heads Number of possible events = `\(n^k = 2^{20} = 1048576\)` Number of positive events: calculated according to binomial coefficient, possibilities to arrange number of outputs in number of throws .pull-left[ No times head: n = 20, k=0: only one possibility 1 times head: n = 20, k = 1: 20 possibilities 2 times head: n = 20, k = 2: 190 possibilities 3 times head: n = 20, k = 3: 1140 possibilities 4 times head: n = 20, k = 4: 4845 possibilities 5 times head: n = 20, k = 5: 15504 possibilities 6 times head: n = 20, k = 6: 38760 possibilities ] .pull-right[ `\(\frac{n!}{k!*(n-k)!}=\binom{n}{k}\)` ] --- ## Relationship with statistical tests ### Question: Is someone playing with biased coins? Number of possible events = `\(n^k = 2^{20} = 1048576\)` `\(p(A) = \frac{Number\ of\ positive\ results}{Number\ of\ possible\ results}\)`

  number head 	  possibilities 	  positive/possible 	  cumulative

  0 	  1 	  0.000 	  0.000

  1 	  20 	  0.000 	  0.000

  2 	  190 	  0.000 	  0.000

  3 	  1140 	  0.001 	  0.001

  4 	  4845 	  0.005 	  0.006

  5 	  15504 	  0.015 	  0.021

  6 	  38760 	  0.037 	  0.058

 --- ## Relationship with statistical tests ### Question: Is someone playing with biased coins? Number of possible events = `\(n^k = 2^{20} = 1048576\)` General: `\(B_{n;k;p} = \binom{n}{k} * p^k * (1 - p)^{n-k}\)`: Equation for binomial distribution In this example eg. 2 Heads, 18 Tails, k = 2, n = 20, p = 0.5: 190/1048576 = 0.000181 = `\(\binom{20}{2} * 0.5^2 * (1 - 0.5)^{20-2} = 190*0.25 * 3.815\times 10^{-6}\)`

  number head 	  possibilities 	  positive/possible 	  cumulative

  0 	  1 	  0.000 	  0.000

  1 	  20 	  0.000 	  0.000

  2 	  190 	  0.000 	  0.000

  3 	  1140 	  0.001 	  0.001

  4 	  4845 	  0.005 	  0.006

  5 	  15504 	  0.015 	  0.021

  6 	  38760 	  0.037 	  0.058

 --- ## Relationship with statistical tests ### Question: Is someone playing with biased coins? N=20 throws We need: Rejection range: Number Tails < 6: 95% Probability, that something with the coins is wrong. (25% of the tosses) In R: .tiny[ ```r binom.test(5,20,0.5) ``` ``` ## ## Exact binomial test ## ## data: 5 and 20 ## number of successes = 5, number of trials = 20, p-value = 0.04 ## alternative hypothesis: true probability of success is not equal to 0.5 ## 95 percent confidence interval: ## 0.0866 0.4910 ## sample estimates: ## probability of success ## 0.25 ``` ] --- ## Relationship with statistical tests ### Question: Is someone playing with biased coins? N=200 throws We need: Rejection range: Number Tails < 85: 95% Probability, that something with the coins is wrong. (42% of the tosses) In R: .tiny[ ```r binom.test(85,200,0.5) ``` ``` ## ## Exact binomial test ## ## data: 85 and 200 ## number of successes = 85, number of trials = 200, p-value = 0.04 ## alternative hypothesis: true probability of success is not equal to 0.5 ## 95 percent confidence interval: ## 0.356 0.497 ## sample estimates: ## probability of success ## 0.425 ``` ]


This type of executables could be found inside the UEFI firmware. The UEFI firmware is stored in SPI flash memory, which is a chip soldered on a system's motherboard. UEFI firmware is very modular: it usually contains dozens, if not hundreds, of executables. To store all these separates files, the firmware is laid out in volumes using the Firmware File System (FFS), a file system specifically designed to store firmware images. The volumes contain files that are identified by GUIDs and each of these files contain one or more sections holding the data. One of these sections contains the actual executable image. Most of the executable images follow the PE format. However, some of them follow the TE format.
The Terse Executable (TE) image format was created as a mechanism to reduce the overhead of the PE/COFF headers in PE32/PE32+ images, resulting in a corresponding reduction of image sizes for executables running in the PI (Platform Initialization) Architecture environment. Reducing image size provides an opportunity for use of a smaller system flash part.
So the TE format is basically a stripped version of PE.
This page hosts a formal specification of TE (Terse Executable) file using Kaitai Struct. This specification can be automatically translated into a variety of programming languages to get a parsing library.
meta:
id: uefi_te
title: TE (Terse Executable) file
application: UEFI
file-extension:
- efi
- te
xref:
wikidata: Q83443959
tags:
- executable
- firmware
license: CC0-1.0
ks-version: 0.7
endian: le
doc: |
This type of executables could be found inside the UEFI firmware. The UEFI
firmware is stored in SPI flash memory, which is a chip soldered on a
system's motherboard. UEFI firmware is very modular: it usually contains
dozens, if not hundreds, of executables. To store all these separates files,
the firmware is laid out in volumes using the Firmware File System (FFS), a
file system specifically designed to store firmware images. The volumes
contain files that are identified by GUIDs and each of these files contain
one or more sections holding the data. One of these sections contains the
actual executable image. Most of the executable images follow the PE format.
However, some of them follow the TE format.
The Terse Executable (TE) image format was created as a mechanism to reduce
the overhead of the PE/COFF headers in PE32/PE32+ images, resulting in a
corresponding reduction of image sizes for executables running in the PI
(Platform Initialization) Architecture environment. Reducing image size
provides an opportunity for use of a smaller system flash part.
So the TE format is basically a stripped version of PE.
doc-ref: https://uefi.org/sites/default/files/resources/PI_Spec_1_6.pdf
seq:
- id: te_hdr
size: 0x28
type: te_header
- id: sections
type: section
repeat: expr
repeat-expr: te_hdr.num_sections
types:
te_header:
seq:
- id: magic
contents: "VZ"
- id: machine
type: u2
enum: machine_type
- id: num_sections
type: u1
- id: subsystem
type: u1
enum: subsystem_enum
- id: stripped_size
type: u2
- id: entry_point_addr
type: u4
- id: base_of_code
type: u4
- id: image_base
type: u8
- id: data_dirs
type: header_data_dirs
enums:
# Don't forget to update the `machine_type` enum in `executable/microsoft_pe.ksy` when
# you modify this one.
#
# https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/debug/pe-format#machine-types
machine_type:
0x0:
id: unknown
doc: The content of this field is assumed to be applicable to any machine type
0x184:
id: alpha
doc: Alpha AXP, 32-bit address space
0x284:
id: alpha64_or_axp64
-orig-id:
- IMAGE_FILE_MACHINE_ALPHA64
- IMAGE_FILE_MACHINE_AXP64
doc: |
> Alpha 64, 64-bit address space
or
> AXP 64 (Same as Alpha 64)
0x1d3:
id: am33
doc: Matsushita AM33
0x8664:
id: amd64
doc: x64
0x1c0:
id: arm
doc: ARM little endian
0xaa64:
id: arm64
doc: ARM64 little endian
0x1c4:
id: arm_nt
-orig-id: IMAGE_FILE_MACHINE_ARMNT
doc: ARM Thumb-2 little endian
0xebc:
id: ebc
doc: EFI byte code
0x14c:
id: i386
doc: Intel 386 or later processors and compatible processors
0x200:
id: ia64
doc: Intel Itanium processor family
0x6232:
id: loongarch32
doc: LoongArch 32-bit processor family
0x6264:
id: loongarch64
doc: LoongArch 64-bit processor family
0x9041:
id: m32r
doc: Mitsubishi M32R little endian
0x266:
id: mips16
doc: MIPS16
0x366:
id: mips_fpu
-orig-id: IMAGE_FILE_MACHINE_MIPSFPU
doc: MIPS with FPU
0x466:
id: mips16_fpu
-orig-id: IMAGE_FILE_MACHINE_MIPSFPU16
doc: MIPS16 with FPU
0x1f0:
id: powerpc
doc: Power PC little endian
0x1f1:
id: powerpc_fp
-orig-id: IMAGE_FILE_MACHINE_POWERPCFP
doc: Power PC with floating point support
0x166:
id: r4000
doc: MIPS little endian
0x5032:
id: riscv32
doc: RISC-V 32-bit address space
0x5064:
id: riscv64
doc: RISC-V 64-bit address space
0x5128:
id: riscv128
doc: RISC-V 128-bit address space
0x1a2:
id: sh3
doc: Hitachi SH3
0x1a3:
id: sh3_dsp
-orig-id: IMAGE_FILE_MACHINE_SH3DSP
doc: Hitachi SH3 DSP
0x1a6:
id: sh4
doc: Hitachi SH4
0x1a8:
id: sh5
doc: Hitachi SH5
0x1c2:
id: thumb
doc: Thumb
0x169:
id: wce_mips_v2
-orig-id: IMAGE_FILE_MACHINE_WCEMIPSV2
doc: MIPS little-endian WCE v2
subsystem_enum:
0: unknown
1: native
2: windows_gui
3: windows_cui
7: posix_cui
9: windows_ce_gui
10: efi_application
11: efi_boot_service_driver
12: efi_runtime_driver
13: efi_rom
14: xbox
16: windows_boot_application
header_data_dirs:
seq:
- id: base_relocation_table
type: data_dir
- id: debug
type: data_dir
data_dir:
seq:
- id: virtual_address
type: u4
- id: size
type: u4
section:
seq:
- id: name
type: str
encoding: UTF-8
size: 8
pad-right: 0
- id: virtual_size
type: u4
- id: virtual_address
type: u4
- id: size_of_raw_data
type: u4
- id: pointer_to_raw_data
type: u4
- id: pointer_to_relocations
type: u4
- id: pointer_to_linenumbers
type: u4
- id: num_relocations
type: u2
- id: num_linenumbers
type: u2
- id: characteristics
type: u4
instances:
body:
pos: pointer_to_raw_data - _root.te_hdr.stripped_size + _root.te_hdr._io.size
size: size_of_raw_data


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United Auto Workers union unveils ethics reforms after US corruption probe
The United Auto Workers (UAW) on Wednesday announced a series of ethics reforms in answer to a spreading U.S. federal corruption probe that has resulted in charges or convictions for a number of former leaders of the union.
DETROIT: The United Auto Workers (UAW) on Wednesday announced a series of ethics reforms in answer to a spreading U.S. federal corruption probe that has resulted in charges or convictions for a number of former leaders of the union.
The UAW said those reforms will include the appointment of an independent ethics ombudsman who will not be an employee of the union; increased financial oversight by the union's accounting department; and creation of an ethics hotline.
"I'm committed to putting in place the right mechanisms to safeguard our union, regaining the trust of our members, and ensuring the misconduct that has recently come to light will never happen again," acting UAW president Rory Gamble said in a statement.
To date, 10 people have pleaded guilty in connection with the criminal investigation into illegal payoffs. Just last week former UAW vice president and former GM board member Joseph Ashton was charged with conspiracy to commit money laundering and wire fraud.
Earlier this month the UAW said that its president Gary Jones, who had been linked to the ongoing corruption probe, was taking a paid leave of absence.
Last week acting UAW president Gamble said he would scrutinize every department in the union in response to the probe and that the UAW would have to prove it could run itself in order to avoid a possible U.S. government takeover of the labor organization.
In 1988, the U.S. Justice Department sued to force out senior leaders at the International Brotherhood of Teamsters union and appoint a trustee because of the union's connection to organized crime.
The government oversaw the union from March 1989 until 2015, when it agreed to a five-year transition period that will end in February 2020.
(Reporting By Nick Carey; Editing by David Gregorio)


spicy noodles
Contrary to popular belief and going through the cites of the word in comes from a line in section 1.10.32.
order nowContrary to popular belief, Lorem Ipsum is not to to popular belief, popular belief and going through the.
Contrary to popular belief, Lorem Ipsum is not to popular belief and going through the.


Programming actors
[Functionality by programming task]
Classes | |
| class | Gecode::PropCost |
| Propagation cost. More... | |
| class | Gecode::Actor |
| Base-class for both propagators and branchers. More... | |
| class | Gecode::Propagator |
| Base-class for propagators. More... | |
| class | Gecode::Council< A > |
| Council of advisors More... | |
| class | Gecode::Advisors< A > |
| Class to iterate over advisors of a council. More... | |
| class | Gecode::Advisor |
| Base-class for advisors. More... | |
| class | Gecode::Choice |
| Choice for performing commit More... | |
| class | Gecode::Brancher |
| Base-class for branchers. More... | |
| class | Gecode::ViewArray< View > |
| View arrays. More... | |
Modules | |
| Programming integer actors | |
| Programming set actors | |
| Programming float actors | |
| Reified propagator patterns | |
| Generic brancher based on view and value selection | |
| Generic brancher based on view selection | |
| Status of constraint propagation and branching commit | |
| Propagator patterns | |
Defines | |
| #define | GECODE_POST |
| Check for failure in a constraint post function. | |
| #define | GECODE_ME_CHECK(me) |
| Check whether modification event me is failed, and forward failure. | |
| #define | GECODE_ME_CHECK_MODIFIED(modified, me) |
| Check whether me is failed or modified, and forward failure. | |
| #define | GECODE_ME_FAIL(me) |
| Check whether modification event me is failed, and fail space home. | |
| #define | GECODE_ES_CHECK(es) |
| Check whether execution status es is failed or subsumed, and forward failure or subsumption. | |
| #define | GECODE_ES_FAIL(es) |
| Check whether execution status es is failed, and fail space home. | |
| #define | GECODE_REWRITE(prop, post) |
| Rewrite propagator by executing post function. | |
Typedefs | |
| typedef int | Gecode::ModEventDelta |
| Modification event deltas. | |
Enumerations | |
| enum | Gecode::ActorProperty { Gecode::AP_DISPOSE = (1 << 0), Gecode::AP_WEAKLY = (1 << 1), Gecode::AP_VIEW_TRACE = (1 << 2), Gecode::AP_TRACE = (1 << 3) } |
Actor properties. More... | |
Functions | |
| void | Gecode::Space::notice (Actor &a, ActorProperty p, bool duplicate=false) |
| Notice actor property. | |
| void | Gecode::Space::ignore (Actor &a, ActorProperty p, bool duplicate=false) |
| Ignore actor property. | |
| void | Gecode::Space::fail (void) |
| Fail space. | |
| bool | Gecode::Space::failed (void) const |
| Check whether space is failed. | |
| bool | Gecode::Space::stable (void) const |
| Return if space is stable (at fixpoint or failed). | |
| bool | Gecode::me_failed (ModEvent me) |
| Check whether modification event me is failed. | |
| bool | Gecode::me_modified (ModEvent me) |
| Check whether modification event me describes variable modification. |
Define Documentation
| #define GECODE_POST |
if (home.failed()) return; \ ::Gecode::PostInfo __gecode__pi(home);
Check for failure in a constraint post function.
Also sets group information for posting.
Definition at line 40 of file macros.hpp.
| #define GECODE_ME_CHECK | ( | me | ) |
do { \ if (::Gecode::me_failed(me)) \ return ::Gecode::ES_FAILED; \ } while (0)
Check whether modification event me is failed, and forward failure.
To be used inside the propagate member function of a propagator or the commit member function of a brancher.
Definition at line 52 of file macros.hpp.
| #define GECODE_ME_CHECK_MODIFIED | ( | modified, | |||
| me | ) |
do { \ ::Gecode::ModEvent __me__ ## __LINE__ = (me); \ if (::Gecode::me_failed(__me__ ## __LINE__)) \ return ::Gecode::ES_FAILED; \ modified |= ::Gecode::me_modified(__me__ ## __LINE__); \ } while (0)
Check whether me is failed or modified, and forward failure.
To be used inside the propagate member function of a propagator or the commit member function of a brancher.
Definition at line 64 of file macros.hpp.
| #define GECODE_ME_FAIL | ( | me | ) |
do { \ if (::Gecode::me_failed(me)) { \ (home).fail(); \ return; \ }} while (0)
Check whether modification event me is failed, and fail space home.
To be used inside post functions.
Definition at line 77 of file macros.hpp.
| #define GECODE_ES_CHECK | ( | es | ) |
do { \ ::Gecode::ExecStatus __es__ ## __LINE__ = (es); \ if (__es__ ## __LINE__ < ::Gecode::ES_OK) \ return __es__ ## __LINE__; \ } while (0)
Check whether execution status es is failed or subsumed, and forward failure or subsumption.
Definition at line 91 of file macros.hpp.
| #define GECODE_ES_FAIL | ( | es | ) |
do { \ ::Gecode::ExecStatus __es__ ## __LINE__ = (es); \ assert(__es__ ## __LINE__ != ::Gecode::__ES_SUBSUMED); \ if (__es__ ## __LINE__ < ::Gecode::ES_OK) { \ (home).fail(); return; \ } \ } while (0)
Check whether execution status es is failed, and fail space home.
Definition at line 103 of file macros.hpp.
| #define GECODE_REWRITE | ( | prop, | |||
| post | ) |
do { \ ::Gecode::Propagator& __p__ ## __LINE__ = (prop); \ size_t __s__ ## __LINE__ = __p__ ## __LINE__.dispose(home); \ ::Gecode::ExecStatus __es__ ## __LINE__ = (post); \ if (__es__ ## __LINE__ != ::Gecode::ES_OK) \ return ::Gecode::ES_FAILED; \ return home.ES_SUBSUMED_DISPOSED(__p__ ## __LINE__,__s__ ## __LINE__); \ } while (0)
Rewrite propagator by executing post function.
Definition at line 116 of file macros.hpp.
Typedef Documentation
| typedef int Gecode::ModEventDelta |
Modification event deltas.
Modification event deltas are used by propagators. A propagator stores a modification event for each variable type. They can be accessed through a variable or a view from a given propagator. They can be constructed from a given modevent by a variable or view.
Enumeration Type Documentation
Actor properties.
- Enumerator:
AP_DISPOSE Actor must always be disposed.
Normally, a propagator will not be disposed if its home space is deleted. However, if an actor uses external resources, this property can be used to make sure that the actor will always be disposed.
AP_WEAKLY Propagator is only weakly monotonic, that is, the propagator is only monotonic on assignments.
AP_VIEW_TRACE A propagator is in fact implementing a view trace recorder.
AP_TRACE A propagator is in fact implementing a trace recorder.
Function Documentation
| void Gecode::Space::notice | ( | Actor & | a, | |
| ActorProperty | p, | |||
| bool | duplicate = false | |||
| ) | [inline, inherited] |
| void Gecode::Space::ignore | ( | Actor & | a, | |
| ActorProperty | p, | |||
| bool | duplicate = false | |||
| ) | [inline, inherited] |
| void Gecode::Space::fail | ( | void | ) | [inline, inherited] |
| bool Gecode::Space::failed | ( | void | ) | const [inline, inherited] |
| bool Gecode::Space::stable | ( | void | ) | const [inline, inherited] |
| bool Gecode::me_failed | ( | ModEvent | me | ) | [inline] |
Check whether modification event me is failed.
Definition at line 54 of file modevent.hpp.
| bool Gecode::me_modified | ( | ModEvent | me | ) | [inline] |
Check whether modification event me describes variable modification.
Definition at line 59 of file modevent.hpp.


JOHNS A film review by Steve Rhodes Copyright 1997 Steve Rhodes
I saw JOHNS at the press screening. It opens Friday, January 31. It will be playing at one of the Camera Cinemas in the San Jose area and at the Lumiere Cinemas in San Francisco.
JOHNS A film review by Steve Rhodes Copyright 1997 Steve Rhodes
RATING (0 TO ****): ** 1/2
"I am not a prostitute," says young prostitute Donner, played with naivete and sensitivity by Lukas Haas (WITNESS). "I am an entertainer. I do not go in for violence." Life on the street is tough and weird. Today's "date" is an eighty-year-old pervert who gets off by spanking boys.
JOHNS is a frequently shocking, intensely real, and always poignant look at the lives of young hustlers. First time director and writer Scott Silver makes many of the mistakes of newcomers but, nevertheless, shows much promise with his troubling, touching, and sometimes humorous view of homeless kids.
Silver's background is as a documentarian, and it shows. In the press kit he says he got the idea during his first Christmas in Hollywood where the temperature was in the 90s, and "I felt utter desolation, despair, and depression." His approach to developing the story for the movie was to interview young hustlers, paying them $20 each to hear their stories. From these ideas, acknowledged in the credits, he derived the script.
JOHNS happens on the day before Christmas. John, played quite believably by David Arquette (SCREAM), is sleeping in the park when his expensive, lucky shoes and his money in them are stolen. The camera focuses in tight for close-ups as his long dirty feet go running in vain after the thief. John gets some golf shoes with cleats from his first trick of the day, Danny Cohen, played by John C. McGinley (from THE ROCK). John clanks along with these golf shoes through the rest of the picture.
Tomorrow is John's 21st birthday, and he has long had plans to stay one night on vacation at the fancy Park Plaza Hotel. Now he is broke. But it gets worse. Because he took money during a drug deal gone bad, Jimmy Warlock (Terence Dashon Howard) is looking for him to collect the money -- one way or another.
Donner is John's happy-go-lucky friend. Donner has the innocence of someone new to the street. His parents disowned him because he was gay, and now he is picking up tricks to make ends meet. Although there are some similarities to MIDNIGHT COWBOY, John and Donner are much more clean-cut looking.
Although I did laugh a few times, mainly I felt sorry for these two kids. The best parts of the show are the musical interludes where they go about their everyday business while some dreamy tune is playing. The songs have all the happiness that the prostitutes lack.
The supporting cast is strong, except for Alanna Ubach (from the delightful DENISE CALLS UP) who plays John's girlfriend. Ubach's performance is unbelievably strident.
Arguably the best performance is by an actor in the minuscule role of hotel registration desk clerk Paul Truman. Richard Kind takes what has all of the markings of being the most cliched part in the film and gives Paul great warmth and compassion. I cannot say more or I would give away some of the most precious moments in the film, and poor John needs his few good times to preserve his dignity.
Much is wrong and infuriating with JOHNS. The cinematography has an intentional low budget look in the constant outdoor scenes. The background is so overexposed that you feel like you will be blinded. Although the film has a good narrative drive, it is too predictable. The ending seems obvious from the start. Nevertheless, the characters are sympathetically drawn so that every time their predictable tragedies arise, they touch your heart.
JOHNS runs a fast 1:36. It is rated R. There is explicit sex, drug usage, strong profanity, sadomasochism, violence, and quite adult themes. I do not think they show is for kids, even teenagers, but if teenagers do go, they need to be quite mature. I give the film a thumbs up and ** 1/2.
**** = A must see film. *** = Excellent show. Look for it. ** = Average movie. Kind of enjoyable. * = Poor show. Don't waste your money. 0 = Totally and painfully unbearable picture.
REVIEW WRITTEN ON: January 13, 1997
Opinions expressed are mine and not meant to reflect my employer's.
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
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review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


Time Travel to help your clock survive the dangerous battery thieves. To better survive the enemies, upgrade your clock to unlock weapons and keep your clock "ticking"! The games alpha will be released by mid November. Alpha testing sign-ups are now open. Sign up here. Fill out the form, and submit your signup.


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Summary
Even if the primary authentication mechanisms do not include any vulnerabilities, it may be that vulnerabilities exist in alternative legitimate authentication user channels for the same user accounts. Tests should be undertaken to identify alternative channels and, subject to test scoping, identify vulnerabilities.
The alternative user interaction channels could be utilized to circumvent the primary channel, or expose information that can then be used to assist an attack against the primary channel. Some of these channels may themselves be separate web applications using different host names or paths. For example:
- Standard website
- Mobile, or specific device, optimized website
- Accessibility optimized website
- Alternative country and language websites
- Parallel websites that utilize the same user accounts (e.g. another website offering different functionally of the same organization, a partner website with which user accounts are shared)
- Development, test, UAT and staging versions of the standard website
But they could also be other types of application or business processes:
- Mobile device app
- Desktop application
- Call center operators
- Interactive voice response or phone tree systems
Note that the focus of this test is on alternative channels; some authentication alternatives might appear as different content delivered via the same website and would almost certainly be in scope for testing. These are not discussed further here, and should have been identified during information gathering and primary authentication testing. For example:
- Progressive enrichment and graceful degradation that change functionality
- Site use without cookies
- Site use without JavaScript
- Site use without plugins such as for Flash and Java
Even if the scope of the test does not allow the alternative channels to be tested, their existence should be documented. These may undermine the degree of assurance in the authentication mechanisms and may be a precursor to additional testing.
Example
The primary website is:
http://www.example.com
and authentication functions always take place on pages using Transport Layer Security:
https://www.example.com/myaccount/
However, a separate mobile-optimized website exists that does not use Transport Layer Security at all, and has a weaker password recovery mechanism:
http://m.example.com/myaccount/
How to Test Understand the primary mechanism
Fully test the website's primary authentication functions. This should identify how accounts are issued, created or changed and how passwords are recovered, reset, or changed. Additionally knowledge of any elevated privilege authentication and authentication protection measures should be known. These precursors are necessary to be able to compare with any alternative channels.
Identify other channels
Other channels can be found by using the following methods:
- Reading site content, especially the home page, contact us, help pages, support articles and FAQs, T&Cs, privacy notices, the robots.txt file and any sitemap.xml files.
- Searching HTTP proxy logs, recorded during previous information gathering and testing, for strings such as "mobile", "android", blackberry", "ipad", "iphone", "mobile app", "e-reader", "wireless", "auth", "sso", "single sign on" in URL paths and body content.
- Use search engines to find different websites from the same organization, or using the same domain name, that have similar home page content or which also have authentication mechanisms.
For each possible channel confirm whether user accounts are shared across these, or provide access to the same or similar functionality.
Enumerate authentication functionality
For each alternative channel where user accounts or functionality are shared, identify if all the authentication functions of the primary channel are available, and if anything extra exists. It may be useful to create a grid like the one below:
In this example, mobile has an extra function "change password" but does not offer "log out". A limited number of tasks are also possible by phoning the call center. Call centers can be interesting, because their identity confirmation checks might be weaker than the website's, allowing this channel to be used to aid an attack against a user's account.
While enumerating these it is worth taking note of how session management is undertaken, in case there is overlap across any channels (e.g. cookies scoped to the same parent domain name, concurrent sessions allowed across channels, but not on the same channel).
Review and test
Alternative channels should be mentioned in the testing report, even if they are marked as "information only" and/or "out of scope". In some cases the test scope might include the alternative channel (e.g. because it is just another path on the target host name), or may be added to the scope after discussion with the owners of all the channels. If testing is permitted and authorized, all the other authentication tests in this guide should then be performed, and compared against the primary channel.
Related Test Cases
The test cases for all the other authentication tests should be utilized.
Remediation
Ensure a consistent authentication policy is applied across all channels so that they are equally secure.


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Triangle Tracker is a web application that takes the lengths of three sides and determines if they form a valid triangle.
If this condition is met, the T.T returns the name of the kind of triangle the sides make i.e equilateral, isosceles or scalene.


|
CellularHelper
|
This class is used to return the rssi and qual values (AT+CSQ) More...
#include <CellularHelper.h>
Public Member Functions | |
| void | postProcess () |
| Parses string and stores the results in rssi and qual. | |
| String | toString () const |
| Converts this object into a string. More... | |
| Public Member Functions inherited from CellularHelperPlusStringResponse | |
| virtual int | parse (int type, const char *buf, int len) |
| Method to parse the output from the modem. More... | |
| String | getDoubleQuotedPart (bool onlyFirst=true) const |
| Gets the double quoted part of a string response. More... | |
| Public Member Functions inherited from CellularHelperCommonResponse | |
| void | logCellularDebug (int type, const char *buf, int len) const |
| Used when enableDebug is true to log the Cellular.command callback data using Log.info. More... | |
Data Fields | |
| int | rssi = 99 |
| RSSI Received Signal Strength Indication value. More... | |
| int | qual = 99 |
| Signal quality value. More... | |
| Data Fields inherited from CellularHelperPlusStringResponse | |
| String | command |
| Your subclass must set this to the command requesting (not including the AT+ part) More... | |
| String | string |
| Returned string is stored here. | |
| Data Fields inherited from CellularHelperCommonResponse | |
| int | resp = RESP_ERROR |
| Response code from Cellular.command. More... | |
| bool | enableDebug = false |
| Enables debug mode (default: false) More... | |
This class is used to return the rssi and qual values (AT+CSQ)
Note that for 2G, qual is not available and 99 is always returned.
Since it inherits from CellularHelperPlusStringResponse and CellularHelperCommonResponse you can check resp == RESP_OK to make sure the call succeeded.
This class is the result of CellularHelper.getRSSIQual(); you normally wouldn't instantiate one of these directly.
| String CellularHelperRSSIQualResponse::toString | ( | ) | const |
Converts this object into a string.
The string will be of the format rssi=-50 qual=3
. If either value is unknown, it will show as 99.
| int CellularHelperRSSIQualResponse::qual = 99 |
Signal quality value.
Values:
| int CellularHelperRSSIQualResponse::rssi = 99 |
RSSI Received Signal Strength Indication value.
Values:


Comments
-
Greg Hurrell
I haven't had any problems with Synergy and iTunes 5.0 (Synergy 2.1 running on Mac OS X 10.4.2). There are some troubleshooting things you can try out that are described in this article here:
http://wincent.com/a/knowledge-base/archives/2004/11/how_to_file_a_g.php
Things like deleting your preferences file (which may be corrupt), ruling out other possible causes etc). It also mentions some ways of gathering useful information for solving problems and squishing bugs.
We'll leave this bug report open so that other users can add comments to it. But as far as I know, Apple didn't make any substantive changes to iTunes' AppleScript implementation that would break backwards compatibility with any program or script that communicates with iTunes.
-
Greg Hurrell
I'm going to mark this bug as CLOSED now that Apple has released iTunes 6.0. My recommendation is always to run the latest versions of iTunes, Synergy and Mac OS X that you can.
Add a comment
Comments are now closed for this issue.


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--- layout: post title: Get yourself organized with GTD, from the shell date: 2007-07-04 09:38:20.000000000 +02:00 type: post published: true status: publish categories: - coding - ruby tags: [] meta: _publicize_job_id: '14401151090' original_post_id: '129' _wp_old_slug: '129' author: login: joesixpack email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>display_name: dirk lüsebrink first_name: '' last_name: '' ---
promoting GTD might be surprising from me because it’s kind of contradicting myself. I have great doubts in any tool claiming to solve the problem for you, but this time it might be different. Peter Copper drove my attention to EarGTD of Gregory Brown.
EarGTD is a console application for David Allen’s GTD method. It is a good example for a Ruby outside of Rails application which still uses the ORM powers of ActiveRecord
.
The commandline is where i spend lots my productive time and having a framework for database driven applications could be boost. Actually i already made myself a google console app(g-module alpha gem), example:
$ google :count earGTD
158 results for ["eargtd"]
$ google :lucky earGTD
gives you google result on the commandline.
Adding ActiveResource/database access to my console apps is a big help for me. “In the Beginning was the Command Line” and i start seeing a pattern here that i like.
I will now go using EarGTD to find out how it works for me but there are 3 things would like to add i find time to do so:
1. keeping removed tasks in the database and add a done
flag to them. This could make gtd a good tools for automated reports.
2. make a distributed group version where a bunch of people works on the same dataset. This coule make it a good sync tool for a group of coders.
3. to project
and context
add a person
attribute, but that is actually only a sub-feature of the previous point.
4. must have: twitter connection!
Me beeing to lazy to gem’ify it just added:
require "fileutils"
FileUtils.cd(File.dirname(__FILE__))
$:.unshift "."
to the earGTP
script itself and made an
alias gtd=~/EarGTD/earGTD
so i now can call it form anywhere. e nu?
gtd + "write better posts [blog] <writing>"
cheers


#http://techslides.com/over-1000-d3-js-examples-and-demos #edited by Steffi Baumgart #wanted to save SVG as png/jpeg and display on another htm


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