TUTORIAL: What NYC Subways Can Teach Us About JavaScript Closures
byJavaScript doesn’t fit the strict definition of an object-oriented programming language, but it fits well enough so that you can use it to do object-oriented stuff. Closures play a big role here so understanding how they work is important.
Encapsulation
First, understand a programming concept called encapsulation and understand that it has two roles:
- Encapsulation hides your code from the web browser’s global space until the global space actually needs it, a top-notch JavaScript best practice.
- It organizes your code quite nicely.
You encapsulate variables and functions for the most part, and do so by placing them inside another function. Encapsulated variables are called private variables while encapsulated functions are called methods.
A private variable is not directly visible by the world outside of the encapsulating function. Encapsulated methods, however, act a little differently:
- An encapsulated method that returns something is called public method because whatever it returns, it returns to the global space. This means that other parts of your code can access it if you tell your code to do so.
- A public method is also a privileged method. This is because it has “privileged” access to any variables and methods that it’s encapsulated with.
- An encapsulated method can also be a private method if it doesn’t return anything that doesn’t return a specific value we give it (meaning that it will still return
undefined
). Despite this, always remember that it’s doing something…that’s the point of functions, isn’t it? Maybe it’s doing something as simple as sending out an alert, but it’s doing something. And if it’s encapsulated with a public method, the public method can take whatever the private method is doing and send out to the global space.
The stricter object-oriented languages like C# and Java have syntax to create private, public and privileged code, but JavaScript does not. JavaScript can still create such code, and it can still be accessed if it’s private.
In JavaScript, accessing private, encapsulated code from the outside is done with closures.
Obviously, closures can be tough to understand at first, but understanding them is a must if you want to master JavaScript. So, I’m going to try to help here.
A little parable about the New York City subway may help...
The Subway Story
Of all the subway systems in the world, New York City’s is the most famous. It averages 10 million rides a week and is made up of 421 subway stations.
The NYC subway has 24 lines, each traveling through four of the city’s five boroughs: Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens and the Bronx (sorry Staten Island). So for example: the L line travels from 8th Avenue in Manhattan to Canarsie in Brooklyn, the 6 train travels from Pelham Bay Park in the Bronx to Manhattan’s Wall Street neighborhood, and so on.
There is no borough that all of these lines run through: every borough has a line that doesn’t run through it. And in the case of Manhattan, the busiest borough, that line is the G line that, as of this article, runs from Long Island City in Queens to the Kensington neighborhood in Brooklyn.
The only way to get to “the G” from Manhattan is to take another subway line to a connecting station where the G stops, then transfer over. The G has many connecting stations that you can get to from Manhattan. A few options are:
- Someone catching the E train at its 14th Street Manhattan stop can take it to its Court Square Queens stop and catch the G.
- Someone catching the F train at its 2nd Avenue Manhattan stop can take it its to Fort Hamilton Parkway Brooklyn stop and catch the G.
- Someone catching the N train at its 34th Street Manhattan stop can take it to its 4th Avenue Brooklyn stop and catch the G.
A more direct line between Manhattan and the neighborhoods that the G runs along would be great, but impossible. Strictly speaking, Manhattan can’t see the G line so it can’t access it directly.
The Simple Subway Closure Examples
Now…how does all of this subway stuff tie in with closures?
- Think of the G line as a private variable encapsulated by a function named
brooklyn
. - All those stops along the G, like Court Square? Think of them as both public and privileged methods: they’re public because things outside of the
brooklyn
function can access them, but they’re also privileged because they’re inside thebrooklyn
function and have access to the private variable, the G line. - Since the only way to get to the G is via one the connecting lines, think of the connecting lines as closures.
Let’s start with small examples that will build up to the big one. I’ll be running these simple examples in Firebug Console for Firefox.
IMPORTANT: Every time you run a new block of code in the Console, you must do it in a new browser tab.
Cut-and-paste the code below in to the Console and run it:
var GLine = "You have connected to the G line!";
alert(GLine); //alert popup appears!
All works fine...we get an alert popup that says “You have connected to the G line!”
Now, open up a new tab and plug this code in the console and run it:
function brooklyn() {
var GLine = "You have connected to the G line!";
}
alert(GLine); //Oops! The alert doesn't show!
The console now returns a message that the GLine
is not defined. This because GLine
is now a private variable wrapped inside the brooklyn
function, meaning the outside world can’t see it. And since our alert lives in the outside world, it’s giving us this error.
A closure named connectingLine
can help us here. Open up a new tab again and run this code in the console.
function brooklyn() {
var GLine = "You have connected to the G line!";
return function() {
alert(GLine);
};
}
var connectingLine = brooklyn();
connectingLine(); //alert popup appears!
And with that, the alert now pops up…let’s break down why:
The brooklyn
function now contains the not only the GLine
private variable, but also an inner function. This inner function is a public method that’s also a privileged method.
As a public method, the function returns whatever it does to the world outside of brooklyn
, which is our alert from the earlier examples. And as a privileged method, the function has access to the GLine
private variable that it’s encapsulated with, which is the alert message.
Our closure, connectingLine
, has the power to find what the public/privileged method returns to the world outside of brooklyn
. And again, what it returns is an alert that displays the value of GLine
.
The Difficult Subway Closure Example
We started with alerts for the sake of easy explanation-now let’s create something more complicated with a private method:
HTML for the difficult closure example
<!DOCTYPE html>

<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>The NYC subway can teach you about closures!</title>

Catch the G train by taking the E Train

Catch the G train by taking the F Train

Catch the G train by taking the N Train

JavaScript for the difficult closure example (scripts.js)
(function() {
var brooklyn, connectWithETrain, connectWithFTrain, connectWithNTrain;
brooklyn = function() {
var GLine = 'G line!';
function howToGetThere(trainLine,startingStation,endingStation) {
$('#myRoute').html('Catch the ' + trainLine + ' at the ' + startingStation + ' station. Take it to ' + endingStation + ' station and get off to catch the ' + GLine);
}
return {
ETrain: function() {
howToGetThere('E train','14th Street, Manhattan','Court Square');
},
FTrain: function() {
howToGetThere('F train','2nd Avenue Manhattan','Fort Hamilton Parkway');
},
NTrain: function() {
howToGetThere('N train','34th Street Manhattan','4th Avenue');
}
};
};
connectWithETrain = brooklyn();
connectWithFTrain = brooklyn();
connectWithNTrain = brooklyn();
$('#eTrain').click(function () {
return connectWithETrain.ETrain();
});
$('#fTrain').click(function () {
return connectWithFTrain.FTrain();
});
$('#nTrain').click(function () {
return connectWithNTrain.NTrain();
});
})();
Let’s break this code down:
(function() {
...
})();
This is a lot of code and we don’t want it in the global space as that can screw things up, so we’re wrapping it in a self-executing anonymous function (it has other names, but I like this one).
This means that we wrap all this code up in an unnamed function: note that there’s no name between function
and ()
on the first line. The code ends with another ()
on the last line which makes the function run, or “self-execute.”
And a little piece of trivia: the code for the jQuery core library is wrapped up in a self-executing anonymous function. This type of function has been around for a while, but jQuery’s usage of it has increased its popularity with developers.
var brooklyn, connectWithETrain, connectWithFTrain, connectWithNTrain;
These are variables that we’re going to use at some point in our code. We’re naming them but not initializing them by giving them a value (although you should if possible).
We’re creating them using the single var pattern, meaning that we group all of our variables together with one var
keyword and comma-separate them. This keeps our variables organized and easy to find, and since JavaScript moves variables to the top of functions anyway, we might as well do it ourselves.
brooklyn = function() {
...
};
Our brooklyn
function has returned…only this time, it’s not a function. Remember, we declared it as a variable in the beginning.
This brooklyn
variable is now equal to another anonymous function that encapsulates a lot of code.
var GLine = 'G line!';
function howToGetThere(trainLine,startingStation,endingStation) {
$('#myRoute').html('Catch the ' + trainLine + ' at the ' + startingStation + ' station. Take it to ' + endingStation + ' station and get off to catch the ' + GLine);
}
Our GLine
private variable is still here and it’s still a text string, but it’s shorter than the earlier versions. GLine
is joined by a private method called howToGetThere()
.
A reminder: a private method is method that doesn’t return anything that returns no other value than undefined
but does something. And as we can see, this describes howToGetThere()
perfectly.
And what’s howToGetThere()
“doing?” It’s using jQuery to look for the myRoute
ID on our HTML page, then load a text string into it with the jQuery’s .html()
function (FYI: .html()
is actually a jQuery method!)
The howToGetThere
method also has parameters that will be passed into the text string: trainLine
, startingStation
and endingStation
. They will represent, respectively, the name of the train line to catch, where in Manhattan to catch it and where to get off to catch the G Line. The GLine
variable will be passed to the text string as well.
The howToGetThere
private method is going to run when a link is clicked, but we have a few more things to do first, code-wise.
return {
ETrain: function() {
howToGetThere('E train','14th Street, Manhattan','Court Square');
},
FTrain: function() {
howToGetThere('F train','2nd Avenue Manhattan','Fort Hamilton Parkway');
},
NTrain: function() {
howToGetThere('N train','34th Street Manhattan','4th Avenue');
}
Here are three public methods: ETrain
, FTrain
and NTrain
. They all have access to the howToGetThere
private method and are written out using something called the module pattern.
Each of these methods runs the howToGetThere
private method, returning the parameters we discussed earlier. Again, howToGetThere
will run when a page link is clicked but before we talk about that, we have to set up our closures first.
connectWithETrain = brooklyn();
connectWithFTrain = brooklyn();
connectWithNTrain = brooklyn();
Here are the closures. They’re actually the variable names we created at the top of our code with the single var pattern-we’ve just now given them a value.
The value of each closure is the brooklyn()
function, meaning it can access the public methods. It will do this with links, which we’ll now set up.
$('#eTrain').click(function () {
return connectWithETrain.ETrain();
});
$('#fTrain').click(function () {
return connectWithFTrain.FTrain();
});
$('#nTrain').click(function () {
return connectWithNTrain.NTrain();
});
Every time one of our three page links is clicked, jQuery’s .click()
method runs a callback function. This function then runs one of our three public methods, which in turn, runs the howToGetThere()
private method.
This means that a text string will load into the myRoute
page ID when a link is clicked. The parameters defined with the public methods decide what the text string will say.
That’s it for the code. I hope it helps but am sure you want to read up more on the subject. These articles may help.
Further Reading
MDN Closure Article »
The Mozilla Developer Network’s excellent post on closures is your first stop. Take note of the potential performance issues mentioned at the end.
Why use “closure”? by Tim Caswell »
Another excellent article by this California-based developer. His closure examples also use factory patterns and Object.prototype
.
Stuart Langridge: Secrets of JavaScript Closures (video) »
Hilarious presentation from this UK-based developer.
meta-excerpt from John Resig’s Upcoming Book, Secrets of the JavaScript Ninja »
jQuery creator John Resig has written extensively on JavaScript closures. This sample content about closures from his upcoming book is, I think, his most in-depth article on the subject. It’s probably the toughest read on this list, but a great read nonetheless. Registration is required.
Conclusion
Closures are tough to understand in the beginning, I don’t deny it.  Re-read this article if you need to, check out the articles on the reading list and hit me up if you have questions.


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For lack of a better image-based button.
Overly blue oceans.
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This button likes to feel important.
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Smooth and sleek.
Designed by
Matthew Mascioni


The Moon is tight yo
Let's see what the moon is up to
Google the moon
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Ordered List
Grab a Loaf of bread
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README File for JSIM
The JSIM License
Download the tar file (JSIM.tar)
- 4612931 Jan 28 04:50 JSIM.tar
Installing JSIM
Updating your Environment (UNIX)
(e.g., in .login or .cshrc files -- adjust as needed)
- setenv JAVA_HOME $HOME/java/jdk1.6.0
- setenv JSIM_HOME $HOME/JSIM
- setenv CLASSPATH $JSIM_HOME/.:$CLASSPATH
Updating your Environment (LINUX)
(e.g., in .bashrc files -- adjust
as needed)
- export JAVA_HOME $HOME/java/jdk1.6.0
- export JSIM_HOME $HOME/JSIM
- export CLASSPATH $JSIM_HOME/.:$CLASSPATH
Adding JSIM to your path
(directories to search for executable files, e.g., see .cshrc or .bashrc)
Building JSIM
The JSIM build uses Apache ANT 1.6.2. The instructions below
assume that ANT is installed.
- cd JSIM
- ant -buildfile JSIMBuild.xml compile
Let's now assume you are starting from your JSIM home directory.
Running the Model Designer
The steps below will open and generate the Bank example in
the using the JSIM designer.
- cd examples/bank
- ant -find Designer.xml
- -- select the "Open" option on the file menu
- -- enter Bank.jm as the file name in the open dialog box
- -- click the "Apply" button on the open dialog box
- -- click "Generate" button and then on the canvas
More information on using the JSIM designer can be found
in the Manual.htm file.
Running Example Model Applications
The steps below will compile and execute the Bank
example.
- cd examples/bank
- ant -find ModelBuild.xml
- java Bank
More information on executing JSIM models can be found
in the Manual.htm file.
Creating the JSIM API Documantation
- ant -buildfile JSIMBuild.xml doc
The api documentation will be placed
in the JSIM/doc directory.
Known Bugs
- Edges cannot be deleted in the graphical designer.
- Signal nodes do not work correctly when used with facility nodes.
- The designer does not generate models correctly when signal
nodes are used.
- In some cases the designer encounters a serialization error when
attempting to load saved models.


---
layout: post
title: Book review - Rework
date: '2013-02-23T17:27:00.001Z'
author: Phil Hale
tags:
- book review
modified_time: '2013-02-23T17:27:21.467Z'
thumbnail: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-g8AfIU7RduM/USj7pApY0TI/AAAAAAAAAEo/v3ksjTFlUsk/s72-c/front-cover.png
blogger_id: tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3610670596953898701.post-2611721821717039225
blogger_orig_url: http://www.philjhale.com/2013/02/book-review-rework.html
redirect_from: /2013/02/book-review-rework.html
---
Short, simple, to the point, positive and full of practical advise. I liked it.


|
Ubiquity
2.3.0
php rapid development framework
|
Public Member Functions | |
| __construct ($code, $title, $detail=null, $source=null, $status=null) | |
| getStatus () | |
| getCode () | |
| getSource () | |
| getTitle () | |
| getDetail () | |
| setStatus ($status) | |
| setCode ($code) | |
| setSource ($source) | |
| setTitle ($title) | |
| setDetail ($detail) | |
| asArray () | |
Static Public Member Functions | |
| static | notFound ($keyValues, $source=null) |
Private Attributes | |
| $status | |
| $code | |
| $source | |
| $title | |
| $detail | |
Definition at line 5 of file RestError.php.
| __construct | ( | $code, | |
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Definition at line 12 of file RestError.php.
| asArray | ( | ) |
Definition at line 100 of file RestError.php.
| getCode | ( | ) |
Definition at line 32 of file RestError.php.
| getDetail | ( | ) |
Definition at line 56 of file RestError.php.
| getSource | ( | ) |
Definition at line 40 of file RestError.php.
| getStatus | ( | ) |
Definition at line 24 of file RestError.php.
| getTitle | ( | ) |
Definition at line 48 of file RestError.php.
|
static |
Definition at line 120 of file RestError.php.
| setCode | ( | $code | ) |
| mixed | $code |
Definition at line 72 of file RestError.php.
| setDetail | ( | $detail | ) |
| string | $detail |
Definition at line 96 of file RestError.php.
| setSource | ( | $source | ) |
| string | $source |
Definition at line 80 of file RestError.php.
| setStatus | ( | $status | ) |
| string | $status |
Definition at line 64 of file RestError.php.
| setTitle | ( | $title | ) |
| mixed | $title |
Definition at line 88 of file RestError.php.
|
private |
Definition at line 7 of file RestError.php.
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private |
Definition at line 10 of file RestError.php.
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private |
Definition at line 8 of file RestError.php.
|
private |
Definition at line 6 of file RestError.php.
|
private |
Definition at line 9 of file RestError.php.


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The complex “At The Americans” is located in the old part of the town of Pomorie. It equipped with 12 modern studios, offering a coziness and comfort. For the appliance of our customers is offered a Barbecue and Cocktail bar on the sandy beach.
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Drag race event held on abandoned airport in Sliven,Bulgaria. Fans of high speed and tuned sport cars gathered from all around the Balkans, in one place, for one reason - to race and enjoy.
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Beach Bar Scandalo
Beach Bar located literally on the beach. With amazing athmosphere and music, you will not regret if you visit it.
Tourist Train Attraction
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Harmani Beach
Located in Sozopol, Bulgaria. This beach is wider and longer than the Central beach in the town, hence it is a better option during busy months. Harmani Beach has a big number of small restaurants and bars, located nearby.
Summer in Pomorie
Pomorie is a town and seaside resort in southeastern Bulgaria, located on the southern Bulgarian Black Sea Coast. Pomorie is an ancient city and today, an important tourist destination.
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Press release
A press notice on Michael Gove's speech to headteachers at the National College for School Leadership.
Record number of underperforming schools to become academies this year
Weakest primary schools to become academies
Minimum GCSE standards to rise from 35 per cent to 50 per cent
The Government today announced further action to help our school system become world class.
Speaking to headteachers at the National College for School Leadership, Michael Gove set out plans to raise standards and tackle underperforming schools. The key measures will include:
This ‘sponsored academy’ programme is in addition to the 1,200 schools that have already applied to convert to academy status (‘convertor academies’). The academy programme was previously focussed on underperforming secondary schools. This Government is now using academies to tackle weak primary schools as well. The rapid conversion of so many great schools to academies means there is now a larger pool of great schools to build chains and improve underperforming schools.
There are around 1,400 primary schools below the primary ‘minimum floor standard’ (less than 60 per cent of the children reaching a basic level in English and Maths at 11, and where children make below average progress between seven and 11) based on 2010 results. Of these, about 500 have been below the floor for two or three of the last four years. A further 200 have been below the floor for the last five years (120 of these roughly 200 have been below the floor for more than a decade).
Michael Gove, Secretary of State for Education, said
We have just suffered the worst financial crisis since 1929. Our economy is weighed down by a huge debt burden. Europe has major problems with debt and the euro. Meanwhile there is a rapid and historic shift of political and economic power to Asia and a series of scientific and technological changes that are transforming our culture, economy and global politics. If we do not have a school system that is adapting to and preparing for these challenges - a school system that is not only adapting to the amazing revolution of iTunesU, whereby Harvard and Oxbridge publish their most valuable content free, but is also able to adapt to the unknown revolutions ahead - then we will face even worse crises in the years ahead.
The education debate in this country has not confronted reality. Education systems across the world are improving faster than England. We have to set our sights higher. We should no longer tolerate a system in which so many pupils leave primary school without a good grasp of English and maths, and leave secondary school without five good GCSEs. We want all parents to have a choice of good local schools.
Evidence shows that the academy programme has had a good effect on school standards. Heads and teachers should run schools and they should be more accountable to parents instead of politicians. We must go faster and further in using the programme to deal with underperforming schools.
Michael Gove addresses National College conference
The Education Secretary also confirmed that the minimum expected standard for secondary schools will rise over the course of this parliament. In 2004, a ‘floor standard’ for secondary performance was set at 20 per cent of pupils getting five A* to C GCSEs (English and Maths not included); in 2006, it rose to 25 per cent in 2007, it rose to 30 per cent getting five A* to C GCSEs including English and Maths. In 2010, the new Government raised it to 35 per cent getting five A* to C GCSEs including English and maths, combined with the majority of pupils making above average progress from Key Stage 2 to Key Stage 4.
The 35 per cent floor will increase. In 2012, it will rise to 40 per cent and by the end of the Parliament it will rise to 50 per cent. The current average across the system will become the new floor.
The May 2011 LSE report ‘Changing School Autonomy: Academy Schools and their Introduction to England’s Education’ showed not only that Academies raise standards in particular schools but also that they generate higher standards in surrounding schools.
You can download a list of the 88 sponsored academies from the academies section of the Department for Education’s website.
You can read the full transcript of Michael Gove’s speech from the announcements section.
| Year of opening | Number opening | Total |
| Academic year 02/03 | 3 | 3 |
| Academic year 03/04 | 9 | 12 |
| Academic year 04/05 | 5 | 17 |
| Academic year 05/06 | 10 | 27 |
| Academic year 06/07 | 20 | 47 |
| Academic year 07/08 | 36 | 83 |
| Academic year 08/09 | 50 | 133 |
| Academic year 09/10 | 70 | 203 |
| Academic year 10/11 | 71 | 274 |
| Academic year 11/12 | 88 | 362 |
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Published: 16 June 2011


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Processing incoming requests
The Comms Group Manager will sit in front of several Service Bundles so you need to check the incoming message bean to see which end point to actually call. The Comms Group Manager receives a generic object type, so you must check which bean type it is. The different schema java beans created earlier will also be dependencies for the project implementing the FeatureServer interface:
// --------- CALCULATOR BUNDLE ---------
if (messageBean.getClass().equals(CalcBean.class)) {
... call method on the Calculator service ...
// -------- FORTUNE COOKIE BUNDLE ---------
else if (messageBean.getClass().equals(FortuneCookieBean.class)) {
... call method on the FortuneCookie Service ...
In our example, we are calling the Add method so our code under the IF statement for the CalcBean.class would look like:
CalcBean calc = (CalcBean) messageBean;
switch (calc.getMethod()) {
//Add() METHOD
case Add:
int a = calc.getA();
int b = calc.getB();
int result = calcService.Add(a, b); //CALL THE Calculator SERVICE BUNDLE
break;
case ...
calcService is actually the injected instance of the Calc Service Bundle that performs all the work and returns the result. Finally, the return Bean that contains the return value - what is received by the client -- needs to be instanciated. This is how to do that:
CalcBeanResult calcRes = new CalcBeanResult();
calcRes.setResult(result);
return calcRes;


--- title: "Laycy" category: E-Commerce link: http://www.laycy.com images: folder_name: laycy thumbnail: thumb.jpg desktop: laycy1.png tablet: laycy2.png mobile: laycy3.png ---
Laycy is a dynamic and energetic young company which specializes in the distribution of international beauty brands in Singapore. This new startup aims to bring their products closer to their target audience via their own ecommerce webstore.