L-99: Ninety-Nine Lisp Problems
Based on a Prolog problem list by<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Working with lists
- P01
(*) Find the last box of a list.
- Example:
* (my-last '(a b c d))
(D)
- P02
(*) Find the last but one box of a list.
- Example:
* (my-but-last '(a b c d))
(C D)
- P03
(*) Find the K'th element of a list.
- The first element in the list is number 1.
Example:
* (element-at '(a b c d e) 3)
C
- P04
(*) Find the number of elements of a list.
- P05
(*) Reverse a list.
- P06
(*) Find out whether a list is a palindrome.
- A palindrome can be read forward or backward; e.g. (x a m a x).
- P07
(**) Flatten a nested list structure.
- Transform a list, possibly holding lists as elements into a `flat'
list by replacing each list with its elements (recursively).
Example:
* (my-flatten '(a (b (c d) e)))
(A B C D E)
Hint: Use the predefined functions list and append.
- P08
(**) Eliminate consecutive duplicates of list elements.
- If a list contains repeated elements they should be replaced
with a single copy of the element. The order of the elements should
not be changed.
Example:
* (compress '(a a a a b c c a a d e e e e))
(A B C A D E)
- P09
(**) Pack consecutive duplicates of list elements into sublists.
- If a list contains repeated elements they should be placed
in separate sublists.

- Use the result of problem P09 to implement the so-called
run-length encoding data compression method. Consecutive duplicates
of elements are encoded as lists (N E) where N is the number
of duplicates of the element E.
Example:
* (encode '(a a a a b c c a a d e e e e))
((4 A) (1 B) (2 C) (2 A) (1 D)(4 E))
- P11
(*) Modified run-length encoding.
- Modify the result of problem P10 in such a way that if an element
has no duplicates it is simply copied into the result list. Only
elements with duplicates are transferred as (N E) lists.

- Given a run-length code list generated as specified
in problem P11. Construct its uncompressed version.
- P13
(**) Run-length encoding of a list (direct solution).
- Implement the so-called run-length encoding data compression
method directly. I.e. don't explicitly create the sublists
containing the duplicates, as in problem P09, but only count them.
As in problem P11, simplify the result list by replacing the singleton
lists (1 X) by X.
Example:
* (encode-direct '(a a a a b c c a a d e e e e))
((4 A) B (2 C) (2 A) D (4 E))
- P14
(*) Duplicate the elements of a list.
- Example:
* (dupli '(a b c c d))
(A A B B C C C C D D)
- P15
(**) Replicate the elements of a list a given number of times.
- Example:
* (repli '(a b c) 3)
(A A A B B B C C C)
- P16
(**) Drop every N'th element from a list.
- Example:
* (drop '(a b c d e f g h i k) 3)
(A B D E G H K)
- P17
(*) Split a list into two parts; the length of the first
part is given.
- Do not use any predefined predicates.
Example:
* (split '(a b c d e f g h i k) 3)
( (A B C) (D E F G H I K))
- P18
(**) Extract a slice from a list.
- Given two indices, I and K, the slice is the list
containing the elements between the I'th and K'th element
of the original list (both limits included). Start counting
the elements with 1.
Example:
* (slice '(a b c d e f g h i k) 3 7)
(C D E F G)
- P19
(**) Rotate a list N places to the left.
- Examples:
* (rotate '(a b c d e f g h) 3)
(D E F G H A B C)
* (rotate '(a b c d e f g h) -2)
(G H A B C D E F)
Hint: Use the predefined functions length and append,
as well as the result of problem P17.
- P20
(*) Remove the K'th element from a list.
- Example:
* (remove-at '(a b c d) 2)
(A C D)
- P21
(*) Insert an element at a given position into a list.
- Example:
* (insert-at 'alfa '(a b c d) 2)
(A ALFA B C D)
- P22
(*) Create a list containing all integers within a given range.
- If first argument is smaller than second, produce a list in
decreasing order.
- Example:
* (range 4 9)
(4 5 6 7 8 9)
- P23
(**) Extract a given number of randomly selected elements from a
list.
- The selected items shall be returned in a list.
Example:
* (rnd-select '(a b c d e f g h) 3)
(E D A)
Hint: Use the built-in random number generator and the
result of problem P20.
- P24
(*) Lotto: Draw N different random numbers from the set 1..M.
- The selected numbers shall be returned in a list.
Example:
* (lotto-select 6 49)
(23 1 17 33 21 37)
Hint: Combine the solutions of problems P22 and P23.
- P25
(*) Generate a random permutation of the elements of a list.
- Example:
* (rnd-permu '(a b c d e f))
(B A D C E F)
Hint: Use the solution of problem P23.
- P26
(**) Generate the combinations of K distinct objects
chosen from the N elements of a list
-
In how many ways can a committee of 3 be chosen from a group of
12 people? We all know that there are C(12,3) = 220 possibilities
(C(N,K) denotes the well-known binomial coefficients). For pure
mathematicians, this result may be great. But we want to
really generate all the possibilities in a list.
Example:
* (combination 3 '(a b c d e f))
((A B C) (A B D) (A B E) ... )
- P27
(**) Group the elements of a set into disjoint subsets.
-
a) In how many ways can a group of 9 people work in 3 disjoint subgroups
of 2, 3 and 4 persons? Write a function that generates all the
possibilities and returns them in a list.
Example:
* (group3 '(aldo beat carla david evi flip gary hugo ida))
( ( (ALDO BEAT) (CARLA DAVID EVI) (FLIP GARY HUGO IDA) )
... )
b) Generalize the above predicate in a way that we can specify a list
of group sizes and the predicate will return a list of groups.
Example:
* (group '(aldo beat carla david evi flip gary hugo ida) '(2 2 5))
( ( (ALDO BEAT) (CARLA DAVID) (EVI FLIP GARY HUGO IDA) )
... )
Note that we do not want permutations of the group members; i.e.
((ALDO BEAT) ...) is the same solution as ((BEAT ALDO) ...). However,
we make a difference between ((ALDO BEAT) (CARLA DAVID) ...) and
((CARLA DAVID) (ALDO BEAT) ...).
You may find more about this combinatorial problem in a good book
on discrete mathematics under the term "multinomial coefficients".
- P28
(**) Sorting a list of lists according to length of sublists
-
a) We suppose that a list contains elements that are
lists themselves. The objective is to sort the elements of this list
according to their length. E.g. short lists first, longer lists
later, or vice versa.
Example:
* (lsort '((a b c) (d e) (f g h) (d e) (i j k l) (m n) (o)))
((O) (D E) (D E) (M N) (A B C) (F G H) (I J K L))
b) Again, we suppose that a list contains elements that are
lists themselves. But this time the objective is to sort the elements
of this list according to their length frequency; i.e.,
in the default,
where sorting is done ascendingly, lists with rare lengths are placed
first, others with a more frequent length come later.
Example:
* (lfsort '((a b c) (d e) (f g h) (d e) (i j k l) (m n) (o)))
((i j k l) (o) (a b c) (f g h) (d e) (d e) (m n))
Note that in the above example, the first two lists in the result
have length 4 and 1, both lengths appear just once. The third and
forth list have length 3 which appears twice (there are two list of this
length). And finally, the last three lists have length 2. This is
the most frequent length.
Arithmetic
- P31
(**) Determine whether a given integer number is prime.
- Example:
* (is-prime 7)
T
- P32
(**) Determine the greatest common divisor of two positive integer
numbers.
- Use Euclid's algorithm.
Example:
* (gcd 36 63)
9
- P33
(*) Determine whether two positive integer numbers are coprime.
- Two numbers are coprime if their greatest common divisor equals 1.
Example:
* (coprime 35 64)
T
- P34
(**) Calculate Euler's totient function phi(m).
- Euler's so-called totient function phi(m) is defined as the number
of positive integers r (1 <= r < m) that are coprime to m.
Example: m = 10: r = 1,3,7,9; thus phi(m) = 4.
Note the special case: phi(1) = 1.
* (totient-phi 10)
4
Find out what the value of phi(m) is if m is a prime number.
Euler's totient function plays an important role in one of the
most widely used public key cryptography methods (RSA). In this
exercise you should use the most primitive method to calculate
this function (there are smarter ways that we shall discuss later).
- P35
(**) Determine the prime factors of a given positive integer.
- Construct a flat list containing the prime factors
in ascending order.
Example:
* (prime-factors 315)
(3 3 5 7)
- P36
(**) Determine the prime factors of a given positive integer (2).
- Construct a list containing the prime factors and
their multiplicity.
Example:
* (prime-factors-mult 315)
((3 2) (5 1) (7 1))
Hint: The problem is similar to problem
P13.
- P37
(**) Calculate Euler's totient function phi(m) (improved).
- See problem P34 for the definition of Euler's totient function.
If the list of the prime factors of a number m is known in the form
of problem P36 then the function phi(m) can be efficiently
calculated as follows:
Let ((p1 m1) (p2 m2) (p3 m3) ...) be the list of prime factors (and
their multiplicities) of a given number m. Then phi(m) can be calculated
with the following formula:
phi(m) = (p1 - 1) * p1 ** (m1 - 1) + (p2 - 1) * p2 ** (m2 - 1) +
(p3 - 1) * p3 ** (m3 - 1) + ...
Note that a ** b stands for the b'th power of a.
- P38
(*) Compare the two methods of calculating Euler's totient function.
- Use the solutions of problems P34 and P37 to compare the algorithms.
Take the number of logical inferences as a measure for efficiency.
Try to calculate phi(10090) as an example.
- P39
(*) A list of prime numbers.
- Given a range of integers by its lower and upper limit, construct
a list of all prime numbers in that range.
- P40
(**) Goldbach's conjecture.
- Goldbach's conjecture says that every positive even number
greater than 2 is the sum of two prime numbers. Example: 28 = 5 + 23.
It is one of the most famous facts in number theory that has not
been proved to be correct in the general case.
It has been numerically
confirmed up to very large numbers (much larger than we can go with our
Prolog system). Write a predicate to find the two prime numbers
that sum up to a given even integer.
Example:
* (goldbach 28)
(5 23)
- P41
(**) A list of Goldbach compositions.
- Given a range of integers by its lower and upper limit, print
a list of all even numbers and their Goldbach composition.
Example:
* (goldbach-list 9 20)
10 = 3 + 7
12 = 5 + 7
14 = 3 + 11
16 = 3 + 13
18 = 5 + 13
20 = 3 + 17
In most cases, if an even number is written as the sum of two
prime numbers, one of them is very small. Very rarely, the primes
are both bigger than say 50. Try to find out how many such cases
there are in the range 2..3000.
Example (for a print limit of 50):
* (goldbach-list 1 2000 50)
992 = 73 + 919
1382 = 61 + 1321
1856 = 67 + 1789
1928 = 61 + 1867
Logic and Codes
- P46
(**) Truth tables for logical expressions.
- Define predicates and/2, or/2, nand/2, nor/2, xor/2, impl/2
and equ/2 (for logical equivalence) which succeed or
fail according to the result of their respective operations; e.g.
and(A,B) will succeed, if and only if both A and B succeed.
Note that A and B can be Prolog goals (not only the constants
true and fail).
A logical expression in two variables can then be written in
prefix notation, as in the following example: and(or(A,B),nand(A,B)).
Now, write a predicate table/3 which prints the truth table of a
given logical expression in two variables.

- Continue problem P46 by defining and/2, or/2, etc as being
operators. This allows to write the logical expression in the
more natural way, as in the example: A and (A or not B).
Define operator precedence as usual; i.e. as in Java.
Example:
* table(A,B, A and (A or not B)).
true true true
true fail true
fail true fail
fail fail fail
- P48
(**) Truth tables for logical expressions (3).
- Generalize problem P47 in such a way that the logical
expression may contain any number of logical variables.
Define table/2 in a way that table(List,Expr) prints the
truth table for the expression Expr, which contains the
logical variables enumerated in List.
Example:
* table([A,B,C], A and (B or C) equ A and B or A and C).
true true true true
true true fail true
true fail true true
true fail fail true
fail true true true
fail true fail true
fail fail true true
fail fail fail true
- P49
(**) Gray code.
- An n-bit Gray code is a sequence of n-bit strings constructed
according to certain rules. For example,
n = 1: C(1) = ['0','1'].
n = 2: C(2) = ['00','01','11','10'].
n = 3: C(3) = ['000','001','011','010',´110´,´111´,´101´,´100´].
Find out the construction rules and write a predicate with the following
specification:
% gray(N,C) :- C is the N-bit Gray code
Can you apply the method of "result caching" in order to make the predicate
more efficient, when it is to be used repeatedly?
- P50
(***) Huffman code.
- First of all, consult a good book on discrete mathematics or
algorithms for a detailed description of Huffman codes!
We suppose a set of symbols with their frequencies, given as a list of
fr(S,F) terms. Example:
[fr(a,45),fr(b,13),fr(c,12),fr(d,16),fr(e,9),fr(f,5)]. Our objective is to
construct a list hc(S,C) terms, where C is the Huffman code word for
the symbol S. In our example, the result could be Hs = [hc(a,'0'),
hc(b,'101'), hc(c,'100'), hc(d,'111'), hc(e,'1101'),
hc(f,'1100')] [hc(a,'01'),...etc.].
The task shall be performed by the predicate huffman/2 defined as follows:
% huffman(Fs,Hs) :- Hs is the Huffman code table for the frequency table Fs
Binary Trees
A binary tree is either empty or it is composed of a root
element and two successors, which are binary trees themselves.
In Lisp we represent the empty tree by 'nil' and the
non-empty tree by the list (X L R), where X denotes the root
node and L and R denote the left and right subtree, respectively.
The example tree depicted opposite is therefore represented by the
following list:
(a (b (d nil nil) (e nil nil)) (c nil (f (g nil nil) nil)))
Other examples are a binary tree that consists of a root node only:
(a nil nil) or an empty binary tree: nil.
You can check your predicates using these example trees. They are
given as test cases in p54.lisp.
- P54A
(*) Check whether a given term represents a binary tree
- Write a predicate istree which returns true if and only if its argument
is a list representing a binary tree.
Example:
* (istree (a (b nil nil) nil))
T
* (istree (a (b nil nil)))
NIL
- P55
(**) Construct completely balanced binary trees
- In a completely balanced binary tree, the following property holds for
every node: The number of nodes in its left subtree and the number of
nodes in its right subtree are almost equal, which means their
difference is not greater than one.
Write a function cbal-tree to construct completely balanced
binary trees for a given number of nodes. The predicate should
generate all solutions via backtracking. Put the letter 'x'
as information into all nodes of the tree.
Example:
* cbal-tree(4,T).
T = t(x, t(x, nil, nil), t(x, nil, t(x, nil, nil))) ;
T = t(x, t(x, nil, nil), t(x, t(x, nil, nil), nil)) ;
etc......No
- P56
(**) Symmetric binary trees
- Let us call a binary tree symmetric if you can draw a vertical
line through the root node and then the right subtree is the mirror
image of the left subtree.
Write a predicate symmetric/1 to check whether a given binary
tree is symmetric. Hint:
Write a predicate mirror/2 first to
check whether one tree is the mirror image of another.
We are only interested in the structure, not in the contents
of the nodes.
- P57
(**) Binary search trees (dictionaries)
- Use the predicate add/3, developed in chapter 4 of the course,
to write a predicate to construct a binary search tree
from a list of integer numbers.
Example:
* construct([3,2,5,7,1],T).
T = t(3, t(2, t(1, nil, nil), nil), t(5, nil, t(7, nil, nil)))
Then use this predicate to test the solution of the problem P56.
Example:
* test-symmetric([5,3,18,1,4,12,21]).
Yes
* test-symmetric([3,2,5,7,1]).
No
- P58
(**) Generate-and-test paradigm
- Apply the generate-and-test paradigm to construct all symmetric,
completely balanced binary trees with a given number of nodes.
Example:
* sym-cbal-trees(5,Ts).
Ts = [t(x, t(x, nil, t(x, nil, nil)), t(x, t(x, nil, nil), nil)),
t(x, t(x, t(x, nil, nil), nil), t(x, nil, t(x, nil, nil)))]
How many such trees are there with 57 nodes? Investigate about
how many solutions there are for a given number of nodes? What if
the number is even? Write an appropriate predicate.
- P59
(**) Construct height-balanced binary trees
- In a height-balanced binary tree, the following property holds for
every node: The height of its left subtree and the height of
its right subtree are almost equal, which means their
difference is not greater than one.
Write a predicate hbal-tree/2 to construct height-balanced
binary trees for a given height. The predicate should
generate all solutions via backtracking. Put the letter 'x'
as information into all nodes of the tree.
Example:
* hbal-tree(3,T).
T = t(x, t(x, t(x, nil, nil), t(x, nil, nil)), t(x, t(x, nil, nil),
t(x, nil, nil))) ;
T = t(x, t(x, t(x, nil, nil), t(x, nil, nil)), t(x, t(x, nil, nil),
nil)) ;
etc......No
- P60
(**) Construct height-balanced binary trees with a given number of nodes
- Consider a height-balanced binary tree of height H. What is the
maximum number of nodes it can contain?
Clearly, MaxN = 2**H - 1.
However, what is the minimum number MinN? This question is more
difficult. Try to find a recursive statement and turn it into a
predicate minNodes/2 defined as follwos:
% minNodes(H,N) :- N is the minimum number of nodes in a
height-balanced binary tree of height H.
(integer,integer), (+,?)
On the other hand, we might ask: what is the maximum height H a
height-balanced binary tree with N nodes can have?
% maxHeight(N,H) :- H is the maximum height of a height-balanced
binary tree with N nodes
(integer,integer), (+,?)
Now, we can attack the main problem: construct all the
height-balanced binary trees with a given nuber of nodes.
% hbal-tree-nodes(N,T) :- T is a height-balanced binary tree with
N nodes.
Find out how many height-balanced trees exist for N = 15.
- P61
(*) Count the leaves of a binary tree
- A leaf is a node with no successors. Write a predicate
count-leaves/2 to count them.
% count-leaves(T,N) :- the binary tree T has N leaves
- P61A
(*) Collect the leaves of a binary tree in a list
- A leaf is a node with no successors. Write a predicate
leaves/2 to collect them in a list.
% leaves(T,S) :- S is the list of all leaves of the binary tree T
- P62
(*) Collect the internal nodes of a binary tree in a list
- An internal node of a binary tree has either one or two non-empty
successors. Write a predicate internals/2 to collect
them in a list.
% internals(T,S) :- S is the list of internal nodes of
the binary tree T.
- P62B
(*) Collect the nodes at a given level in a list
- A node of a binary tree is at level N if the path from the
root to the node has length N-1. The root node is at level 1.
Write a predicate atlevel/3 to collect all nodes at a given
level in a list.
% atlevel(T,L,S) :- S is the list of nodes of the binary tree
T at level L
Using atlevel/3 it is easy to construct a predicate levelorder/2
which creates the level-order sequence of the nodes. However,
there are more efficient ways to do that.
- P63
(**) Construct a complete binary tree
- A complete binary tree with height H is
defined as follows: The levels 1,2,3,...,H-1 contain the
maximum number of nodes (i.e 2**(i-1) at the level i, note
that we start counting the levels from 1 at the root).
In level H, which may contain less than the maximum possible number
of nodes, all the nodes are "left-adjusted". This means
that in a levelorder tree traversal all internal nodes come
first, the leaves come second, and empty successors (the nil's
which are not really nodes!) come last.
Particularly, complete binary trees are used as data structures
(or addressing schemes) for heaps.
We can assign an address number to each node in a complete
binary tree by enumerating the nodes in levelorder, starting
at the root with number 1. In doing so, we realize that for
every node X with address A the following property holds:
The address of X's left and right successors are 2*A and 2*A+1,
respectively, supposed the successors do exist. This fact can
be used to elegantly construct a complete binary tree structure.
Write a predicate complete-binary-tree/2 with the following
specification:
% complete-binary-tree(N,T) :- T is a complete binary tree with
N nodes. (+,?)
Test your predicate in an appropriate way.
- P64
(**) Layout a binary tree (1)
- Given a binary tree as the usual Prolog term t(X,L,R) (or nil).
As a preparation for drawing the tree, a layout algorithm is
required to determine the position of each node in a rectangular
grid. Several layout methods are conceivable, one of them is
shown in the illustration below.
In this layout strategy, the position of a node v
is obtained by the following two rules:
- x(v) is equal to the position of the node v
in the inorder sequence
- y(v) is equal to the depth of the node v in
the tree
In order to store the position of the nodes, we extend the Prolog
term representing a node (and its successors) as follows:
% nil represents the empty tree (as usual)
% t(W,X,Y,L,R) represents a (non-empty) binary tree with root
W "positioned" at (X,Y), and subtrees L and R
Write a predicate layout-binary-tree/2 with the following
specification:
% layout-binary-tree(T,PT) :- PT is the "positioned" binary
tree obtained from the binary tree T. (+,?)
Test your predicate in an appropriate way.
- P65
(**) Layout a binary tree (2)
-
An alternative layout method is depicted in the illustration
opposite. Find out the rules and write the corresponding
Prolog predicate. Hint: On a given level, the horizontal
distance between neighboring nodes is constant.
Use the same conventions as in problem P64 and test your
predicate in an appropriate way.
- P66
(***) Layout a binary tree (3)
-
Yet another layout strategy is shown in the illustration
opposite. The method yields a very compact layout while
maintaining a certain symmetry in every node. Find out
the rules and write the corresponding Prolog predicate.
Hint: Consider the horizontal distance between a node and its
successor nodes. How tight can you pack together two subtrees to
construct the combined binary tree?
Use the same conventions as in problem P64 and P65 and
test your predicate in an appropriate way. Note: This is
a difficult problem. Don't give up too early!
Which layout do you like most?
- P67
(**) A string representation of binary trees
-
Somebody represents binary trees as strings of the
following type (see example opposite):
a(b(d,e),c(,f(g,)))
a)
Write a Prolog predicate which generates this string
representation, if the tree is given as usual (as nil or
t(X,L,R) term). Then write a predicate which does
this inverse; i.e. given the string representation,
construct the tree in the usual form. Finally, combine the
two predicates in a single predicate tree-string/2 which
can be used in both directions.
b)
Write the same predicate tree-string/2 using difference lists
and a single predicate tree-dlist/2 which does the conversion
between a tree and a difference list in both directions.
For simplicity, suppose the information in the nodes is a single
letter and there are no spaces in the string.
- P68
(**) Preorder and inorder sequences of binary trees
- We consider binary trees with nodes that are identified by
single lower-case letters, as in the example of problem P67.
a)
Write predicates preorder/2 and inorder/2 that construct
the preorder and inorder sequence of a given binary tree,
respectively. The results should be atoms, e.g. 'abdecfg'
for the preorder sequence of the example in problem P67.
b)
Can you use preorder/2 from problem part a) in the reverse
direction; i.e. given a preorder sequence, construct a
corresponding tree? If not, make the necessary arrangements.
c)
If both the preorder sequence and the inorder sequence of
the nodes of a binary tree are given, then the tree is determined
unambiguously. Write a predicate pre-in-tree/3 that does
the job.
d)
Solve problems a) to c) using difference lists. Cool! Use the
predefined predicate time/1 to compare the solutions.
What happens if the same character appears in more than one node.
Try for instance pre-in-tree(aba,baa,T).
- P69
(**) Dotstring representation of binary trees
- We consider again binary trees with nodes that are identified by
single lower-case letters, as in the example of problem P67. Such a
tree can be represented by the preorder sequence of its nodes in which
dots (.) are inserted where an empty subtree (nil) is encountered
during the tree traversal. For example, the tree shown in problem P67
is represented as 'abd..e..c.fg...'. First, try to establish a
syntax (BNF or syntax diagrams) and then write a predicate
tree-dotstring/2 which does the conversion in both directions.
Use difference lists.
Multiway Trees
A multiway tree is composed of a root element and
a (possibly empty) set of successors which are multiway trees
themselves. A multiway tree is never empty. The set of successor
trees is sometimes called a forest.
In Prolog we represent a multiway tree by a term t(X,F), where X denotes
the root node and F denotes the forest of successor trees (a Prolog list).
The example tree depicted opposite is therefore represented by the
following Prolog term:
T = t(a,[t(f,[t(g,[])]),t(c,[]),t(b,[t(d,[]),t(e,[])])])
- P70B
(*) Check whether a given term represents a multiway tree
- Write a predicate istree/1 which succeeds if and only if its argument
is a Prolog term representing a multiway tree.
Example:
* istree(t(a,[t(f,[t(g,[])]),t(c,[]),t(b,[t(d,[]),t(e,[])])])).
Yes
- P70C
(*) Count the nodes of a multiway tree
- Write a predicate nnodes/1 which counts the nodes of a given
multiway tree.
Example:
* nnodes(t(a,[t(f,[])]),N).
N = 2
Write another version of the predicate that allows
for a flow pattern (o,i).
- P70
(**) Tree construction from a node string
- We suppose that the nodes of a multiway tree contain single
characters. In the depth-first order sequence of its nodes, a
special character ^ has been inserted whenever, during the
tree traversal, the move is a backtrack to the previous level.
By this rule, the tree in the figure opposite is
represented as: afg^^c^bd^e^^^
Define the syntax of the string and write a predicate tree(String,Tree)
to construct the Tree when the String is given. Work with atoms (instead
of strings). Make your predicate work in both directions.
- P71
(*) Determine the internal path length of a tree
- We define the internal path length of a multiway tree as the
total sum of the path lengths from the root to all nodes of the tree.
By this definition, the tree in the figure of problem P70 has an internal
path length of 9. Write a predicate ipl(Tree,IPL) for the flow
pattern (+,-).
- P72
(*) Construct the bottom-up order sequence of the tree nodes
- Write a predicate bottom-up(Tree,Seq) which constructs the
bottom-up sequence of the nodes of the multiway tree Tree. Seq
should be a Prolog list. What happens if you run your predicate
backwords?
- P73
(**) Lisp-like tree representation
- There is a particular notation for multiway trees in Lisp.
Lisp is a prominent functional programming language, which is used
primarily for artificial intelligence problems. As such it is one of
the main competitors of Prolog.
The following pictures show how multiway tree structures are
represented in Lisp.
Note that in the "lispy" notation a node with successors (children)
in the tree is always the first element in a list, followed by its
children.
The "lispy" representation of a multiway tree is a sequence of
atoms and parentheses '(' and ')', which we shall collectively
call "tokens". We can represent this sequence of tokens
as a Prolog list; e.g. the lispy expression (a (b c)) could be
represented as the Prolog list ['(', a, '(', b, c, ')', ')'].
Write a predicate tree-ltl(T,LTL) which constructs the "lispy
token list" LTL if the tree is given as term T in the usual
Prolog notation.
Example:
* tree-ltl(t(a,[t(b,[]),t(c,[])]),LTL).
LTL = ['(', a, '(', b, c, ')', ')']
As a second, even more interesting exercise try to rewrite
tree-ltl/2 in a way that the inverse conversion is also
possible: Given the list LTL, construct the Prolog tree T.
Use difference lists.
Graphs
A graph is defined as a set of nodes
and a set of edges, where each edge is a pair of nodes.
There are several ways to represent graphs in Prolog. One method is to
represent each edge separately as one clause (fact). In this form,
the graph depicted below is represented as the following predicate:
edge(h,g).
edge(k,f).
edge(f,b).
...
We call this edge-clause form. Obviously,
isolated nodes cannot be represented.
Another method is to represent the whole graph as one data object. According
to the definition of the graph as a pair of two sets (nodes and edges), we
may use the following Prolog term to represent the example graph:
graph([b,c,d,f,g,h,k],[e(b,c),e(b,f),e(c,f),e(f,k),e(g,h)])
We call this graph-term form. Note, that the lists are kept sorted,
they are really sets, without duplicated elements. Each edge
appears only once in the edge list; i.e. an edge from
a node x to another node y is represented as e(x,y), the term e(y,x)
is not present. The graph-term form is our default representation.
In SWI-Prolog there are predefined predicates to work
with sets.
A third representation method is to associate with each node the set
of nodes that are adjacent to that node. We call this the
adjacency-list form. In our example:
[n(b,[c,f]), n(c,[b,f]), n(d,[]), n(f,[b,c,k]), ...]
The representations we introduced so far are Prolog terms and therefore
well suited for automated processing, but their syntax is not very
user-friendly. Typing the terms by hand is cumbersome and error-prone.
We can define a more compact and "human-friendly" notation
as follows: A graph is represented by a list of atoms and terms of
the type X-Y (i.e. functor '-' and arity 2). The atoms stand for
isolated nodes, the X-Y terms describe edges. If an X appears as an
endpoint of an edge, it is automatically defined as a node.
Our example could be written as:
[b-c, f-c, g-h, d, f-b, k-f, h-g]
We call this the human-friendly form. As the example shows,
the list does not have to be sorted and may even contain the same
edge multiple times. Notice the isolated node d. (Actually, isolated
nodes do not even have to be atoms in the Prolog sense, they can
be compound terms, as in d(3.75,blue) instead of d in the example).
When the edges are directed we call them arcs. These
are represented by ordered pairs. Such a graph is called
directed graph. To represent a directed graph, the forms
discussed above are slightly modified. The example graph opposite
is represented as follows:
- Arc-clause form
- arc(s,u).
arc(u,r).
...
- Graph-term form
- digraph([r,s,t,u,v],[a(s,r),a(s,u),a(u,r),a(u,s),a(v,u)])
- Adjacency-list form
- [n(r,[]),n(s,[r,u]),n(t,[]),n(u,[r]),n(v,[u])]
Note that the adjacency-list does not have the information on whether
it is a graph or a digraph.
- Human-friendly form
- [s > r, t, u > r, s > u, u > s, v > u]
Finally, graphs and digraphs may have additional information attached
to nodes and edges (arcs). For the nodes, this is no problem, as we can
easily replace the single character identifiers with arbitrary compound
terms, such as city('London',4711). On the other hand, for
edges we have to extend our notation. Graphs with additional information
attached to edges are called labelled graphs.
- Arc-clause form
- arc(m,q,7).
arc(p,q,9).
arc(p,m,5).
- Graph-term form
- digraph([k,m,p,q],[a(m,p,7),a(p,m,5),a(p,q,9)])
- Adjacency-list form
- [n(k,[]),n(m,[q/7]),n(p,[m/5,q/9]),n(q,[])]
Notice how the edge information has been packed into a term with
functor '/' and arity 2, together with the corresponding node.
- Human-friendly form
- [p>q/9, m>q/7, k, p>m/5]
The notation for labelled graphs can also be used for so-called
multi-graphs, where more than one edge (or arc) are allowed
between two given nodes.
- P80
(***) Conversions
- Write predicates to convert between the different graph
representations. With these predicates, all representations
are equivalent; i.e. for the following problems you can always pick
freely the most convenient form. The reason this problem is rated (***) is
not because it's particularly difficult, but because it's a lot
of work to deal with all the special cases.
- P81
(**) Path from one node to another one
- Write a predicate path(G,A,B,P) to find an acyclic path P from
node A to node b in the graph G. The predicate should return all paths
via backtracking.
- P82
(*) Cycle from a given node
- Write a predicate cycle(G,A,P) to find a closed path (cycle) P
starting at a given node A in the graph G. The predicate should
return all cycles via backtracking.
- P83
(**) Construct all spanning trees
- Write a predicate s-tree(Graph,Tree) to construct
(by backtracking) all spanning trees
of a given graph. With this predicate, find out how many
spanning trees there are for the graph depicted to the left.
The data of this example graph can be found in the file p83.dat.
When you have a correct solution for the s-tree/2 predicate, use it to
define two other useful predicates: is-tree(Graph) and
is-connected(Graph). Both are five-minutes tasks!
- P84
(**) Construct the minimal spanning tree
- Write a predicate ms-tree(Graph,Tree,Sum) to construct
the minimal spanning tree of a given labelled graph. Hint:
Use the algorithm of Prim. A small modification of the solution of
P83 does the trick. The data of the example graph to the right can
be found in the file p84.dat.
- P85
(**) Graph isomorphism
- Two graphs G1(N1,E1) and G2(N2,E2) are isomorphic if there is
a bijection f: N1 -> N2 such that for any nodes X,Y of N1, X and Y
are adjacent if and only if f(X) and f(Y) are adjacent.
Write a predicate that determines whether two graphs are isomorphic.
Hint: Use an open-ended list to represent the function f.
- P86
(**) Node degree and graph coloration
- a) Write a predicate degree(Graph,Node,Deg) that determines
the degree of a given node.
b) Write a predicate that generates a list of all nodes of a
graph sorted according to decreasing degree.
c) Use Welch-Powell's algorithm to paint the nodes of a graph
in such a way that adjacent nodes have different colors.
- P87
(**) Depth-first order graph traversal
(alternative solution)
- Write a predicate that generates a depth-first order graph
traversal sequence. The starting point should be specified,
and the output should be a list of nodes that are reachable from
this starting point (in depth-first order).
- P88
(**) Connected components
(alternative solution)
- Write a predicate that splits a graph into its connected components.
- P89
(**) Bipartite graphs
- Write a predicate that finds out whether a given graph is bipartite.
Miscellaneous Problems
- P90
(**) Eight queens problem
- This is a classical problem in computer science. The objective is to
place eight queens on a chessboard so that no two queens are attacking
each other; i.e., no two queens are in the same row, the same column,
or on the same diagonal.
Hint: Represent the positions of the queens as a list of numbers 1..N.
Example: [4,2,7,3,6,8,5,1] means that the queen in the first column
is in row 4, the queen in the second column is in row 2, etc.
Use the generate-and-test paradigm.
- P91
(**) Knight's tour
- Another famous problem is this one: How can a knight jump on
an NxN chessboard in such a way that it visits every square exactly
once?
Hints: Represent the squares by pairs of their coordinates of
the form X/Y, where both X and Y are integers between 1 and N.
(Note that '/' is just a convenient functor, not division!)
Define the relation jump(N,X/Y,U/V) to express the fact that a
knight can jump from X/Y to U/V on a NxN chessboard. And finally,
represent the solution of our problem as a list of N*N knight
positions (the knight's tour).
- P92
(***) Von Koch's conjecture
- Several years ago I met a mathematician who was intrigued by
a problem for which he didn't know a solution. His name was Von Koch,
and I don't know whether the problem has been solved since.
Anyway the puzzle goes like this: Given a tree with N nodes
(and hence N-1 edges). Find a way to enumerate the nodes from 1 to N
and, accordingly, the edges from 1 to N-1 in such a way, that for
each edge K the difference of its node numbers equals to K.
The conjecture is that this is always possible.
For small trees the problem is easy to solve by hand. However, for
larger trees, and 14 is already very large, it is extremely difficult
to find a solution. And remember, we don't know for sure whether there is
always a solution!
Write a predicate that calculates a numbering scheme for a given
tree. What is the solution for the larger tree pictured above?
- P93
(***) An arithmetic puzzle
- Given a list of integer numbers, find a correct way of inserting
arithmetic signs (operators) such that the result is a correct equation.
Example: With the list of numbers [2,3,5,7,11] we can form the
equations 2-3+5+7 = 11 or 2 = (3*5+7)/11 (and ten others!).
- P94
(***) Generate K-regular simple graphs with N nodes
- In a K-regular graph all nodes have a degree of K; i.e. the number
of edges incident in each node is K. How many (non-isomorphic!) 3-regular
graphs with 6 nodes are there? See also a table of results
and a Java applet that can represent
graphs geometrically.
- P95
(**) English number words
- On financial documents, like cheques, numbers must sometimes be
written in full words. Example: 175 must be written as one-seven-five.
Write a predicate full-words/1 to print (non-negative) integer numbers
in full words.
- P96
(**) Syntax checker
(alternative solution with difference lists)
-
In a certain programming language (Ada) identifiers are defined
by the syntax diagram (railroad chart) opposite.
Transform the syntax diagram into a system of syntax diagrams
which do not contain loops; i.e. which are purely recursive.
Using these modified diagrams, write a predicate identifier/1 that can
check whether or not a given string is a legal identifier.
% identifier(Str) :- Str is a legal identifier
- P97
(**) Sudoku
-
Sudoku puzzles go like this:
Problem statement Solution
. . 4 | 8 . . | . 1 7 9 3 4 | 8 2 5 | 6 1 7
| | | |
6 7 . | 9 . . | . . . 6 7 2 | 9 1 4 | 8 5 3
| | | |
5 . 8 | . 3 . | . . 4 5 1 8 | 6 3 7 | 9 2 4
--------+---------+-------- --------+---------+--------
3 . . | 7 4 . | 1 . . 3 2 5 | 7 4 8 | 1 6 9
| | | |
. 6 9 | . . . | 7 8 . 4 6 9 | 1 5 3 | 7 8 2
| | | |
. . 1 | . 6 9 | . . 5 7 8 1 | 2 6 9 | 4 3 5
--------+---------+-------- --------+---------+--------
1 . . | . 8 . | 3 . 6 1 9 7 | 5 8 2 | 3 4 6
| | | |
. . . | . . 6 | . 9 1 8 5 3 | 4 7 6 | 2 9 1
| | | |
2 4 . | . . 1 | 5 . . 2 4 6 | 3 9 1 | 5 7 8
Every spot in the puzzle belongs to a (horizontal) row and a (vertical)
column, as well as to one single 3x3 square (which we call "square"
for short). At the beginning, some of the spots carry a single-digit
number between 1 and 9. The problem is to fill the missing spots with
digits in such a way that every number between 1 and 9 appears exactly
once in each row, in each column, and in each square.
- P98
(***) Nonograms
-
Around 1994, a certain kind of puzzles was very popular in England.
The "Sunday Telegraph" newspaper wrote: "Nonograms are puzzles from
Japan and are currently published each week only in The Sunday
Telegraph. Simply use your logic and skill to complete the grid
and reveal a picture or diagram." As a Prolog programmer, you are in
a better situation: you can have your computer do the work! Just write
a little program ;-).
The puzzle goes like this: Essentially, each row and column of a
rectangular bitmap is annotated with the respective lengths of
its distinct strings of occupied cells. The person who solves the puzzle
must complete the bitmap given only these lengths.
Problem statement: Solution:
|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_| 3 |_|X|X|X|_|_|_|_| 3
|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_| 2 1 |X|X|_|X|_|_|_|_| 2 1
|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_| 3 2 |_|X|X|X|_|_|X|X| 3 2
|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_| 2 2 |_|_|X|X|_|_|X|X| 2 2
|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_| 6 |_|_|X|X|X|X|X|X| 6
|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_| 1 5 |X|_|X|X|X|X|X|_| 1 5
|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_| 6 |X|X|X|X|X|X|_|_| 6
|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_| 1 |_|_|_|_|X|_|_|_| 1
|_|_|_|_|_|_|_|_| 2 |_|_|_|X|X|_|_|_| 2
1 3 1 7 5 3 4 3 1 3 1 7 5 3 4 3
2 1 5 1 2 1 5 1
For the example above, the problem can be stated as the two lists
[[3],[2,1],[3,2],[2,2],[6],[1,5],[6],[1],[2]] and
[[1,2],[3,1],[1,5],[7,1],[5],[3],[4],[3]] which give the
"solid" lengths of the rows and columns, top-to-bottom and
left-to-right, respectively. Published puzzles are larger than this
example, e.g. 25 x 20, and apparently always have unique solutions.
- P99
(***) Crossword puzzle
-
Given an empty (or almost empty) framework of a crossword puzzle and
a set of words. The problem is to place the words into the framework.
The particular crossword puzzle is specified in a text file which
first lists the words (one word per line) in an arbitrary order. Then,
after an empty line, the crossword framework is defined. In this
framework specification, an empty character location is represented
by a dot (.). In order to make the solution easier, character locations
can also contain predefined character values. The puzzle opposite
is defined in the file p99a.dat, other examples
are p99b.dat and p99d.dat.
There is also an example of a puzzle (p99c.dat)
which does not have a solution.
Words are strings (character lists) of at least two characters.
A horizontal or vertical sequence of character places in the
crossword puzzle framework is called a site.
Our problem is to find a compatible way of placing words onto sites.
Hints: (1) The problem is not easy. You will need some time to
thoroughly understand it. So, don't give up too early! And remember
that the objective is a clean solution, not just a quick-and-dirty hack!
(2) Reading the data file is a tricky problem for which a solution
is provided in the file
p99-readfile.lisp. Use the predicate
read_lines/2.
(3) For efficiency reasons it is important, at least for
larger puzzles, to sort the words and the sites in a particular order.
For this part of the problem, the solution of
P28 may be very helpful.
Last modified: Mon Oct 16 21:23:19 BRT 2006


The opinions on this site are my own, and are not necessarily shared by my employer.
 That standard users could unlock Energy Saver or Date and Time preferences? Well dear reader, this is the article for you.
If, for some strange reason you can’t be bothered to read this overly long article (I do love to procrastinate), you can head over to my macscripts repo on GitHub for the scripts and resulting pkginfo files I’ve made for this.
Before we start, let’s get one thing out of the way - Munki isn’t at heart a configuration management system. I’ve traditionally preferred Puppet for these tasks, but as there is at the time of writing a bug open on modifying this with Puppet, I took it upon myself to make this work in my environment. I spent a couple of days trying to get my sub-par Ruby skills to match my aspirations, so I moved onto a much more comfortable technology for me: Python and Munki.
To tackle this issue, I’m going to be using the same Philosophy as Puppet:
Check if the resource exists and what it’s current value is
If required, change the value
And be able to revert back to how things were
These translate quite nicely into installcheck_script, postinstall_script and uninstall_script rolled into a nopkg pkginfo (for a good intro into how nopkg pkginfos work, see how to manage printers with them over on the Munki wiki). We could do this with a payload free package and an installcheck_script just as easily, but as we’re already putting code into our pkginfo, we might as well keep it all in one place.
This isn’t intended to be a tutorial on the theory of OS X’s authorization database - there are already excellent resources available.
installcheck_script
Our installcheck_script is going to be very basic. To first open up the root system.preferences right, we just need to make sure that the group is set to everyone rather than admin. If you want to use another group, just substitute it in the group variable in the installcheck_script and the postinstall_script.
postinstall_script
The postinstall_script is just an extension of the installcheck_script - but we’re going to make use of Python’s built-in plistlib to modify the plist and feed it back into security authorizationdb to set our desired settings.
uninstall_script
We should be good admins and clean up after ourselves, so we’ll include an uninstall script.
Getting it into Munki
Now we’ve got our three scripts, we need to get them together into a pkginfo file. Assuming the scripts you’ve just made live in ~/src/macscripts/Munki/Auth:
Which will produce the bare bones of a pkginfo file, but there are a few other things we need to add into it. Modify OpenSysPref-1.0.plist to look like the below. For further documentation on what we’re doing here, have a look at the Munki wiki. The important parts you’ll need to add / modify are:
autoremove
catalog
description
display_name
name
installer_type
minimum_os_version
version
unattended_install (if you want it to apply in the background)
uninstall_method
uninstallable
At this point, you should be able to add this pkginfo to your Munki repository, include it in a manifest and - well, nothing will happen, as this only unlocks the top level of System Preferences. If you want to do more, you’ll need to unlock additional parts as well - the scripts to do this can be found in my macscripts repository. I’ve specified that OpenSysPrefs is required in all of these - this means I can include only the needed modifications in the manifest and not worry about the top level being unlocked.
Also remember that Munki has conditional items built right in - you might only want to unlock the Network pane on laptops so they can install VPN profiles etc using something like this:


Hi There
I'm Danielle Greaves.  I am a Front-End Developer with an emphasis on design and I enjoy a good challenge.
My favorite things in life are coffee, family, and the outdoors.
Skills
I have 2+ years experience in HTML5, CSS3, JavaScript & jQuery. I also have 2+ years experience in backend development in SQL & VB.net .
My main focus is to bring great ideas to life. I focus on responsive development and cross browser compatibility so that a site can be enjoyed by all.
I also have a pretty mean brush stroke in Photoshop! With over 5 years experience with photoshopping myself in celebrity photos, I have an excellent understanding of how to use the program.
Other Stuff I do!
I have extensive knowledge with WordPress and Joomla! I can manipulate templates to fit a specific layout. I can create child themes in WordPress and change them so that they don't remotely look like the original theme. I can get down into the nitty gritty of a site and have a design coming to life in just a few hours.


A B C D E F G H I L M N O P R S T U V
All Classes All Packages
All Classes All Packages
All Classes All Packages
C
- character - Variable in class lz77grammar.Power
- character - Variable in class lz77grammar.Terminal
- clone() - Method in class lz77grammar.Branch
-
Clone Override
- clone() - Method in interface lz77grammar.Node
- clone() - Method in class lz77grammar.Terminal
- cnfTest1() - Method in class lz77grammar.grammarTests
-
Parses "grammarTest.txt" in Chomsky Normal Form.
- cnfTest2() - Method in class lz77grammar.grammarTests
-
Parses "grammarTest2.txt" not in Chomsky Normal Form.
- compareSigs() - Static method in class lz77grammar.Main
-
Takes two user input strings and compares their signatures.
- compress(String) - Method in class lz77grammar.LZ77
-
Compress a string into Tuples using LZ77 algorithm.
- compressionTest1() - Method in class lz77grammar.LZ77Tests
-
Compresses the string "aabbaaab" into the desired tuples.
- compressionTest2() - Method in class lz77grammar.LZ77Tests
-
Compresses the string "aaaaaaaaaaa" into the desired tuples.
- compressionTest3() - Method in class lz77grammar.LZ77Tests
-
Compresses the string "thisisatestthisisatest" into the desired tuples.
- concatenate(List<SequenceNode>, List<SequenceNode>) - Method in class lz77grammar.SignatureStore
-
Builds new signature from two existing signatures.
- concatenate(Node, Node) - Method in class lz77grammar.Converter
-
Concatenate two nodes
- concatenateSigs() - Static method in class lz77grammar.Main
-
Takes two user input strings and concatenates their signatures using loaded SignatureStore, storing new signature in SignatureStore.
- concatEqualityTest() - Method in class lz77grammar.signatureStoreTests
-
Take two strings, concatenate and obtain identical signature to building from scratch."
- concatEqualityTest3() - Method in class lz77grammar.signatureStoreTests
-
Take two strings, concatenate and obtain differing signature to building different string"
- concatEqualityTest4() - Method in class lz77grammar.signatureStoreTests
-
Concatenate 3 strings and confirm signature equality to building from scratch.
- concatEqualityTest5() - Method in class lz77grammar.signatureStoreTests
-
Build the sequence "testing", two different ways, confirm both results return same signature.
- constructGrammar(String[]) - Method in class lz77grammar.Converter
-
Constructs a balanced SLP from a set of LZ77-factors or G-factors.
- converter - Static variable in class lz77grammar.Main
- Converter - Class in lz77grammar
-
Converter methods used to convert LZ77 compressed tuples into a balanced SLP.
- Converter() - Constructor for class lz77grammar.Converter
-
Initialised alphabet with all ascii characters.
- create(String) - Method in class lz77grammar.Converter
-
Builds an SLP for given word from existing NonTerminals
- createSig() - Static method in class lz77grammar.Main
-
Takes user input string and creates new signature using loaded SignatureStore, storing in SignatureStore.
All Classes All Packages


Kapsule property delegate.
Injection interface.
Kapsule injector.
Static storage of Kapsule instances.


Pro Tips
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Eminent Sufi singer Manjhee Fakeer threatened by angry mob
by Sameer MandhroKARACHI: Eminent Sufi singer Manjhee Fakeer has demanded security from law enforcement agencies and the Sindh government after he was threatened by a mob on Thursday night.
Around two dozen miscreants stormed Fakeer’s village of Bharoon Sharif and chanted religious slogans, condemning the message of inter-faith harmony that the singer promotes through his music.
The signboard guiding passersby to FaKeer Dur Muhammad shrine was also dismantled on the main Nawabshah-Sangrh road.
Members of the civil society also called out the authorities for the lack of action, after the video of the incident went viral.
Explaining the details of the incident, Faqeer told The Express Tribune that he knew who had tried to hatch a conspiracy against him. “They want me to stop spreading the message of humanity,” he said.
“It’s not the first time. I am not against any religious group and leader. I am not against any religion,” he explained. “Through poetry and singing, we just spread the message of love, humanity, and peace.”
DIG Nawabshah has also ensured strict action against the mob. “I have been ensured that action would be taken against culprits,” said Fakeer.
Sindh Minister for Culture and Tourism Syed Sardar Ali Shah has also directed Sindh Police to initiate an inquiry into the matter and reassured Faqeer of immediate action against the perpetrators.
Faqeer is popular for singing poetry of Sufi giants such as Shah Latif, Sachal Sarmasat, Sufi Shah Inayat and other prominent Sufi saints of the region.


{% extends "base_generic.html" %} {% block content %}
Morgana player:
Name: {{ player.player_name }} || Seat at {{ player.id }}
{% else %}Other evil side players:
Name: {{ player.player_name }} || Seat at {{ player.id }}
{% endif %} {% endfor %}There is no vision! Something went wrong!
{% endif %} {% endblock %}


{% extends "base.html" %} {% block title %}Add a snippet{% endblock %} {% block content_title %}
Please remember that this site is not a pastebin or debugging tool; it is intended for finished, working pieces of code.
{% if form.errors %}Please correct the errors below:
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Edited by Crypto Current, Original Video (Apr 17, 2016): https://youtu.be/bVEMa7YkefY These Andreas Antonopoulous videos are an editorial work by Crypto C...
Watch that @house
touches on that
house26-Nov-18 01:36 PM
anyhoo ... why would you give out money to people who don't provide a service to the community ... this is where social security/ benefits fail to realize a true commitment of energy
DrKush26-Nov-18 01:36 PM
exactly, just if the people is a instruction for less $, € ..
house26-Nov-18 01:36 PM
ok, thanks
reliance on others for life's essentials is a slippery slope
DrKush26-Nov-18 01:37 PM
duniter makes crypto creation other than by mining;)
house26-Nov-18 01:38 PM
if darwin got one thing right it is that only the strong survive
DrKush26-Nov-18 01:38 PM
lol no i dont reliance on other just education crypto with other's
and many people for some reason are eager for more wall street participation in crypto...
ComputerGenie 👴👴👴26-Nov-18 02:24 PM
imo, those that want wall street involvement is because they can't imagine a world where crypto currency stands on its own and they can't let go of "traditional" banking theories
>A viable means of exchanging value that doesn't revolve around the wealthy and/or governments? what madness is this?
Cryptoon26-Nov-18 02:24 PM
I think the next rally will start when the ETF's will be approved. It's the perfect narrative for another big run up.
After dropping around 30% in the last week, the crypto market had a brief reprieve on Sunday.
1
blackjok3r26-Nov-18 03:44 PM
I saw a video of fatketoshi drinking scotch saying he was selling BTC until it was under $1000 ...
If he really is satoshi ....
we are screwed
CryptoNinjaa26-Nov-18 03:45 PM
he cannot sell for ever
the trend deff looks manipulated / stupid to me. sideways for a couple of days then market sells and repeat. he could well be doing that
blackjok3r26-Nov-18 03:47 PM
Him or its soemone else and hes just claiming it is him, for ego or something.
CryptoNinjaa26-Nov-18 03:47 PM
yeah that aswell
seems too prolonged to be mass panic selling , someone is most defiantly market selling when they feel like it(edited)
1
blackjok3r26-Nov-18 03:49 PM
I would have thaught everyone who would panic sell, would have done so by now... There was ample opertunity to exit at a reasonable price.
CryptoNinjaa26-Nov-18 03:49 PM
yeah exactly, there would most certainly be a rush for the exit. but it wouldn't last this long imo
blackjok3r26-Nov-18 03:50 PM
He claims to have more BTC than Wu and Ver
CryptoNinjaa26-Nov-18 03:51 PM
yup he is not satoshi 100% but i reckon he has / had a nice bag
blackjok3r26-Nov-18 03:51 PM
and has no problem selling it for any price to win the war ...
CryptoNinjaa26-Nov-18 03:51 PM
banks do ...
1
blackjok3r26-Nov-18 03:51 PM
no body wins from this ... it makes no sense ...
if he was tryig to do what he claims ...
he wouldnt crash the whole space
Cassius26-Nov-18 03:51 PM
Well, he's all in to make SV a success
blackjok3r26-Nov-18 03:51 PM
its non sensical
yes but you scare every person who is in the space out of it ... killign adoption with this method..
ComputerGenie 👴👴👴26-Nov-18 03:52 PM
no body wins from this ... it makes no sense ...
Since when did 2 guys need a sensible reason to have a dick-swinging contest?
1
CryptoNinjaa26-Nov-18 03:52 PM
he is like a spoiled kid if he cant win noone can type attitude
1
Cassius26-Nov-18 03:53 PM
But if anyone who thinks the guy who wrote bitcoin's white paper is the same guy dropping memes on Twitter and claiming that business and banks are the way forward for bitcoin, they deserve each other
1
2
blackjok3r26-Nov-18 03:53 PM
Unless he has some major backing from corperations who will build in SV ... that no one knows about ... this is the worst way he can go about making bitcoin the reserve world currency.
CryptoNinjaa26-Nov-18 03:55 PM
do you have that video link @blackjok3r i could do with a laugh
Craig Wright crashed my stream for a surprise interview. We find out that POW (Proof Of Work) is inferior to POW (Proof Of Watch) If you want to see the enti...
it was a good laugh ... long tho
CryptoNinjaa26-Nov-18 03:56 PM
thanks dude
blackjok3r26-Nov-18 03:56 PM
He really is a dick ... like very much so ... and smug
CryptoNinjaa26-Nov-18 03:56 PM
Cassius26-Nov-18 04:00 PM
Looking to test $3500-3600 again. Wonder whether this will be the last leg down before a bounce
Annoyingly BTC network is backed up so my tx hasn't hit Trex for the super-cheap KMD that are surely incoming
blackjok3r26-Nov-18 04:01 PM
CNBC said $3500 was the bottom ...
so its not
CryptoNinjaa26-Nov-18 04:01 PM
you cannot ta for that douche that comes along and market sells
Cassius26-Nov-18 04:02 PM
No, but you can put in the dirtiest skunk order imaginable and wait for the panic sellers
1
CryptoNinjaa26-Nov-18 04:02 PM
im confident we will see sub 3k before this over imo
3
Cassius26-Nov-18 04:02 PM
Would not surprise me in the slightest
CryptoNinjaa26-Nov-18 04:03 PM
yes you can cassius be a legend be the guy that snaps it up at $1 in a flash lol


handles an event queue of either an agent domain or a simulator
Initialize the event queue client class >>> client = EventQueueClient()
The event queue client requires an event queue capability >>> from pyogp.lib.base.caps import Capability >>> cap = Capability(‘EventQueue’, http://localhost:12345/cap)
>>> event_queue = EventQueueClient(cap)
>>> event_queue.start()
Sample implementations: region.py Tests: tests/test_event_queue.py
set up the event queue attributes


---
title: About SIG Contributor Strategy
linkTitle: About
type: single
layout: single
weight: 10
menu:
main:
weight: 10
---
{{< blocks/cover title="About SIG Contributor Strategy" image_anchor="bottom" height="min" >}}
{{< /blocks/cover >}}
{{% blocks/lead color="primary" %}}
SIG Contributor Strategy is responsible for contributor experience,
sustainability, governance, and openness guidance to help CNCF community groups
and projects with their own contributor strategies for a healthy project.
We are a CNCF Special Interest Group that advises the Technical Oversight
Committee and CNCF projects on strategies related to building, scaling, and
retaining contributor communities, including governance, communications,
operations, and tools. We want to help grow flourishing, sustainable communities
with smooth journeys throughout their CNCF project lifecycle.
[Read our Charter](/about/charter/)
{{% /blocks/lead %}}
{{% blocks/lead color="dark" %}}
The mission of CNCF SIG Contributor Strategy is to collaborate on strategies
related to building, scaling, and retaining contributor communities, including
(people) governance, communications, operations, and tools. We want to help grow
flourishing, sustainable communities with smooth journeys throughout their CNCF
project lifecycle.
{{% /blocks/lead %}}
{{< blocks/section color="dark" >}}
{{% blocks/feature icon="fas fa-hands" title="Intentional Space" %}}
Host a maintainers circle omprised of those interested in growing their projects
and joining fellow maintainers in related cross project discussions.
{{% /blocks/feature %}}
{{% blocks/feature icon="fas fa-assistive-listening-systems" title="Listen and Advise" %}}
Create informational and training resources including guides, tutorials and
templates of best practices, trade-offs, strategies, building and participating
in scalable contributor communities.
{{% /blocks/feature %}}
{{< /blocks/section >}}
{{< blocks/section color="dark" >}}
{{% blocks/feature icon="fas fa-tasks" title="Evaluate and Foster" %}}
Assist the CNCF Technical Oversight Committee with assessments and due diligence
of prospective new projects by developing community graduation criteria check
points for rolling feedback and guidance.
{{% /blocks/feature %}}
{{% blocks/feature icon="fas fa-comments" title="Educate and Engage" %}}
Provide guidance to end users on how to engage with contributors and vice
versa.
{{% /blocks/feature %}}
{{< /blocks/section >}}
{{< blocks/section color="secondary" >}}
{{% blocks/feature icon="fa-gavel" title="Governance" url="governance/" %}}
Looking to improve your project's governance model? We've got you covered!
{{% /blocks/feature %}}
{{% blocks/feature icon="fas fa-heartbeat" title="Contributor Growth" url="contributor-growth/" %}}
Need more contributors? Maybe a few good maintainers? We can help you
sustainably grow your contributor base, and provide tips for doing so without
burning out.
{{% /blocks/feature %}}
{{% blocks/feature icon="fas fa-handshake" title="Maintainers Circle" url="maintainers-circle/" %}}
Connect with other maintainers, share best practices, commiserate and grow.
{{% /blocks/feature %}}
{{< /blocks/section >}}
{{< blocks/section color="light" >}}
{{% blocks/feature icon="fas fa-video" title="Meetings" %}}
We meet every 2nd and 3rd Thursday at 10:30am PT (USA Pacific, see your timezone [here](https://time.is/compare/1030AM_in_PT)):
- Calendar invites are sent to the [mailing list]. Once you join, you won't
automatically have the invite on your calendar. You can get it from a [past
message here](https://lists.cncf.io/g/cncf-sig-contributor-strategy/message/1)
- [Meeting minutes and agenda](https://bit.ly/cncf-contribstrat-agenda)
- Meeting Link: [zoom.us/my/cncfsigcontributorstrategy](https://zoom.us/my/cncfsigcontributorstrategy)
[mailing list]: https://lists.cncf.io/g/cncf-sig-contributor-strategy
{{% /blocks/feature %}}
{{% blocks/feature icon="fas fa-envelope" title="Mailing List"
url="https://lists.cncf.io/g/cncf-sig-contributor-strategy" url_text="Sign Up" %}}
Keep up-to-date on new templates, advisory guides, and what we are planning next.
{{% /blocks/feature %}}
{{< /blocks/section >}}
{{< blocks/section color="primary" >}}
## Leadership
- Paris Pittman ([@parispittman](https://github.com/parispittman)), Google
- Josh Berkus ([@jberkus](https://github.com/jberkus)), Red Hat
- Stephen Augustus ([@justaugustus](https://github.com/justaugustus)), VMware
{{< /blocks/section >}}
{{< blocks/section color="secondary" >}}
- [Governance](governance/)
- [Contributor Growth](contributor-growth/)
- [Maintainer's Circle](maintainers-circle/)
## Working Groups
{{< /blocks/section >}}


enum LogCR::LogLevel
Overview
LogLevel defines which logs to show and which to not, controlled by the Logger class
Defined in:
logcr.crEnum Members
-
Debug =
0
-
Info =
1
-
Warn =
2
-
Error =
3
LogLevel defines which logs to show and which to not, controlled by the Logger class
0
1
2
3


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Provide a brief description of yourself , such as birthday,hobbit or anything else. Page size and layout can be adjusted according to your information needs.
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Trump tweets at Kim, tells him to 'get the deal done'
by ReutersU.S. President Donald Trump on Sunday told North Korean leader Kim Jong Un to "act quickly" to reach a deal with the United States, in a tweet weighing in on North Korea's criticism of his political rival former Vice President Joe Biden.
Trump, who has met Kim three times since 2018 over ending the North's missile and nuclear programs, addressed Kim directly, referring to the one-party state's ruler as "Mr. Chairman".
In his tweet, Trump told Kim, "You should act quickly, get the deal done," and hinted at a further meeting, signing off "See you soon!"
North Korea said on Thursday it had turned down a U.S. offer for fresh talks ahead of a year-end deadline Pyongyang has set for Washington to show more flexibility in negotiations.
U.S. Defense Secretary Mark Esper announced in Thailand earlier on Sunday that joint U.S.-South Korean military drills would be postponed in an effort to bolster the stalled peace push.
Pyongyang's official KCNA news agency in a commentary on Friday lashed out at Biden for insulting Kim, calling Biden a "rabid dog" that needs to be put down.
Biden tops most national opinion polls in the Democratic Party's nominating contest to take on Republican President Trump in a November 2020 election.
"Joe Biden may be Sleepy and Very Slow, but he is not a “rabid dog,” Trump tweeted. "He is actually somewhat better than that, but I am the only one who can get you where you have to be."


---
layout: post
title: Title Design sketch
date: '2013-06-27T17:09:00+02:00'
categories:
- Title Design
- Klare Lijn — Ligne Claire
picture_url: https://film-Storyboards.tumblr.com/post/54047281483/title-design-sketch-version-03-draft-01-drawn
---
Title design sketch. Version 03, draft 01. Drawn for a documentary by Sonoya Yamamoto.


The Auth SDK module is not normally called directly from client apps. It is required by other SDK modules in order to authenticate
their server API calls.
At a high level the Auth SDK supports the following functionality:
OAuth2 Client authentication for Client/App functionality such as registering a new user
OAuth2 User authentication for User functionality such as sending a message to another user


With a BS Degree in Biochemistry from the UW, I am currently a sales engineer
for
lab scale tangential flow membrane research equipment, and I consult with customers to
explore
best fits for their project needs.
I've developed an interest in web design/development to create
webpages and web apps which are currently lacking in my industry, so that better resources can be
used to help others that follow similar lines of work.
If you would like to learn more about me, please visit the Contact page at the top right of the
screen.