ValidatorError
public struct ValidatorError: Error, CustomStringConvertible
Error that is thrown when a validation fails. Proivdes the validator type and the value that failed validation
-
The value that failed validation.
Declaration
Swift
public let wrapperValue: Any


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For serious chocolate lovers. Two layers of moist chocolate cake with equal layers of creamy chocolate mouse, topped with a fresh sliced peach and fudge cookie. Mmm..
Decadent chocolate Roll cake with fresh cream. Try the vanilla, lemon, or matcha flavors. It'll drive you mad as a Hatter!
Delicate layers of sponge cake filled with light cream and topped with fresh mangos, strawberries, & kiwi. Perfect for tea parties!
Fresh Milk bun with whipped coconut cream, topped with shredded coconut flakes. Yum!
Delicious Beef Curry Pastry with sautéed onions, ground beef, curry, and soy sauce for a kick of flavor. Always best when served hot!


--- layout: home search_exclude: true ---
This is a collection of everything related to my Diploma in AI/ML


--- layout: post title: Climate change threatens Norway's moose date: '2008-05-16T07:01:02+01:00' tags: [] tumblr_url: http://backlog.robbevan.com/post/34987998/climate-change-threatens-norways-moose --- Climate change threatens Norway's moose


Welcome to my page!


The above screenshot shows a BeagleBone Black running Ubuntu, Ruby, and Rails. Why Ubuntu? The Bone comes pre-installed with Ångström, and it boots as soon as you unbox it. Why not stick with Ångström?
My opinion: The factory standard is fine, but it’s always good to have options. Here’s why I decided to try Ubuntu on the BeagleBone Black…


Lucy can only escape each floor after collecting the GREEN KEY.
Collecting all the DIAMONDS is optional but will give you more points!
Have you noticed that Lucy ignores lines that start with the #
symbol?
Try it out now!
Execute the code once and then remove the #
from the lines!


rm
OS/161 Reference Manual
Name
rm - remove (unlink) files
Synopsis
/bin/rm file...
Description
rm deletes the files specified on its command line. (If one of the
filenames specified is one of several hard links to the same file, the
actual file is only erased when all links are removed.)
Using rm on directories produces an error. Use
rmdir to remove
directories.
Requirements
rm uses the following system calls:
rm should function properly once assignment 4 is completed.
Restrictions
emufs does not support rm.
See Also
rmdir


class: center, middle # [NeuroData](http://neurodata.io): ## Enabling Petascale Neuroscience #### these slides:
{[bme](http://www.bme.jhu.edu/),[icm](http://icm.jhu.edu/),[cis](http://cis.jhu.edu/),[idies](http://idies.jhu.edu/),kavli,[cs](http://engineering.jhu.edu/computer-science/), [ams](http://engineering.jhu.edu/ams/), [neuro](http://neuroscience.jhu.edu/)}@[jhu](https://www.jhu.edu/)
.center[please ask questions: [support@neurodata.io](mailto:support at neurodata dot io)!] --- layout: true .bbar[ _[Intro](#intro): Opportunity_ | [Tools](#tools) | [Applications](#applications) | [Discussion](#disc)] --- name: intro # Big Scientific Data
.pull-left[ - molecular genomics (1D) ] .pull-right[
] --- # Big Scientific Data
.pull-left[ - molecular genomics (1D) - cosmology (2D) ] .pull-right[
] --- # Big Scientific Data
.pull-left[ - molecular genomics (1D) - cosmology (2D) - Neuroscience! (3D+) ] .pull-right[
] --- ### Opportunity: Big Neuro Data .pull-left[ .center[
] - Modality: Transmission Electron Microscopy Camera Array - 4 x 4 x 40 nm^3 - 450 x 350 x 50 micron^3 - Size: ~10 TB - Cite: Bock et al. (Nature) 2011 ] -- .pull-right[ .center[
] - Modality: Serial Electron Microscopy w/ATUM - Resolution: 3 x 3 x 30 nm
3
- Volume: 40 x 40 x 50 μm
3
- Size: ~1 TB - Cite: Kasthuri et al. (Cell) 2015 ] --- ### Opportunity: Big Neuro Data .center[
] --- layout: true .bbar[ _[Intro](#intro): Challenge_ | [Tools](#tools) | [Applications](#applications) | [Discussion](#disc)] --- ## Challenge #1: Reproducible and Extensible Science .center[
] - 916 excitatory axons - 1,036 dendritic spines - 7,505 spine touches - 1,037 synapses - Question: Many different anatomical questions that require a catalog of all spatial objects in ontology for efficient search, discovery, analysis. --- ## Challenge #2: Synapse Spatial Point Process Pattern .center[
] - 8 million mm
3
➝ 8 million synapses - Manual labeling requires ~10 sec / synapse - 60 sec x 60 min x 8 hrs x 250 days = 8 million seconds - A person can find 8 million synapses working for 10 years - Question: Are synapses distributed uniformly in space? If not, how are they distributed? Are there clusters? --- # Action
- [Computer Science](cs.html#2) - [Statistical Science](stats.html#2) - [Big Data Curation](data.html#2) - [Neuroscience](neuro.html#2) --- layout: true .bbar[ [Intro](#intro) | [Tools](#tools) | _[Applications](#applications)_ | [Discussion](#disc)] --- layout: true .bbar[ [Intro](#intro) | [Tools](#tools) | [Applications](#applications) | _[Discussion](#disc)_] --- name: disc # Resolution
- Contributions & Implications - Other inference tasks to be integrated - Other modalities - Related Work - Next steps --- ## Open Science Contributions
- Reference datasets in a variety of modalities - Reference pipelines for operating on such data - Web-services for data access - Computing configuration - A cloud computing stack to facilitate analysis - Detailed specs for plugging in different routines - Data derivatives at all stages of analysis --
#### Implications: it is now easier to
- Answer questions the require scale - Engage complementary expertise - Bridge across scales and modalities - Reproduce results --- ## Coming soon...
- [Ophys Spike detection](https://github.com/jovo/oopsi) - Ephys Spike Detection: [batch](https://github.com/jovo/spike-sorting), [online](https://github.com/decarlson/opass) - [m2g](http://m2g.io/): MRI to Graphs - IF Synapse Detection - Ophys Cell Detection - Cell detection for micron resolution data --- # Related Work
- [CATMAID](http://catmaid.readthedocs.org/en/stable/) - [Neurodata Without Borders](http://nwb.org/) - [Keller Lab Block File Format](http://www.nature.com/nprot/journal/v10/n11/abs/nprot.2015.111.html) - [Thunder](http://thunder-project.org/) --- ## Further Lowering the Barrier to Entry
- Put it all together - Apply to other domains & questions - Deploy backend and analytics stack in commercial cloud - We work together! --- # References
1. Burns B et al. [The Open Connectome Project Data Cluster: Scalaballe Analysis and Vision for High-Throughput Neuroscience](http://arxiv.org/abs/1306.3543). Scientific and Statistical Database Management (SSDBM), 2013. 1. Burns B, Vogelstein JT, Szalay AS. [From Cosmos to Connectomes: the Evolution of Data-Intensive Science](http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627314007466). Neuron, 2015. --- layout: false class: center # NeuroData Family
.center[ | | | | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | Data | | .purple[Clay Reid, Davi Bock, Jeff Licthman, Bobb Kasthuri, Karl Deisseroth, Raju Tomer, Li Ye, Ed Boyden, Mike Milham, Cameron Craddock, Stephen Smith, Forrest Collman, Kristen Harris, Scott Emmons, Dan Bumbarger, Mitya Chklovskii, Nikhil Bhatla] | Store | | Randal Burns, Eric Perlman, Kunal Lillaney, Priya Manavalan, Alex Eusman | Explore | | .orange[Misha Kazhdan, Alex Baden, Jordan Matelsky] | Parse | | .y[Mike Miller, Nicholas Charon, Kwame Kutten, Greg Kiar, Eric Bridgeford, Greg Hager, Will Gray Roncal, Mark Chevillet, Deank Kleissas, R. Jacob Vogelstein, Guillermo Sapiro, Anish Simhal, Konrad Kording, Eva Dyer] | Analyze | | .blue[Joshua T. Vogelstein, Carey Priebe, Dan Naiman, Tyler Tomita, Youngser Park, Cencheng Shen, Ivan Kuznetsov] | Graphs | | .black[Da Zheng, Disa Mhembere, Vince Lyzinski, Avanti Athreya, Daniel Sussman, Shangsi Wang, Runze Tang, Minh Tang] | Love | | .pink[yummy, family, friends, earth, universe, multiverse?] ] --- class: center # Questions?
_____ Funding NIH: TRA NIH/NSF: {BIGDATA, CRCNS} DARPA: {XDATA,GRAPHS,SIMPLEX} ____ w: [neurodata.io](http://neurodata.io) d: [docs.neurodata.io](http://docs.neurodata.io) e: [support<EMAIL_ADDRESS>____ [more slides](http://docs.neurodata.io/ndintro/more.html)


[1]
n't work , the manager managed to another router in the room , big thumbs up .
[2]
manager :/: generally helpful staff , especially when we complained that wifi did n't work .


Offering hospitality and welcoming “strangers” to our homes strengthens our faith in each other.
Set your hosting location on the map. Zoom in and drag the map below to place the marker over your home. Your exact location won't be revealed to others; the location is publicly randomized by a couple of hundred meters. Got it!
Zoom in and drag the map below to place the marker over your home. The location is publicly randomized by a couple hunderd meters.
Start hosting Stop hosting Cancel


Challenge 2 - The Voynich Manuscript
The Voynich manuscript is an illustrated codex hand-written in an unknown writing system.
The vellum on which it is written has been carbon-dated to the early 15th century, and it may have been composed in Northern Italy during the Italian Renaissance.
The manuscript is named after Wilfrid Voynich, a Polish book dealer who purchased it in 1912.
The Voynich manuscript has been studied by many professional and amateur cryptographers, including American and British codebreakers from both World War I and World War II. No one has yet succeeded in deciphering the text, and it has become a famous case in the history of cryptography. The mystery of the meaning and origin of the manuscript has excited the popular imagination, making the manuscript the subject of novels and speculation. None of the many hypotheses proposed over the last hundred years has yet been independently verified.
(On the right, a photograph of a page of this mysterious manuscript, from the Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Yale University)
In recent times, it has been declared that the corpus of this manuscript approximately follows Zipf’s law, which states that given some corpus of natural language utterances, the frequency of any word is inversely proportional to its rank in the frequency table. Thus the most frequent word will occur approximately twice as often as the second most frequent word, three times as often as the third most frequent word, etc.
So, as the lead computer scientist at Yale University Library, you are determined to put an end to this mystery and solve whether the Voynich Manuscript is really written in a natural language or whether it is some kind of encrypted book.
In order to do so, you will develop a code that is able to determine which fragments of a corpus follow Zipf’s law and see which are the most frequent words and how frequently they appear.
Input
The downloadable corpus text of a sample manuscript with words separated by spaces.
In the first line, the number of fragments to check from the manuscript, N.
Each case is described in a line with two ordinal integers, A and B, that determine the first and the last word of the fragment to check.
Output
For each case, the output is the string "Case #t:" followed by the first word and the number of literal appearances (frequency) separated by a space, the second word and its frequency, and the third word and its frequency, separated by commas.
We can assure you that the three words that appear most frequently will not appear the same number of times as each other.
Check the output example.
Limits
1 <= N <= 5000
1 <= A,B <= 35000
Sample input
Considering the following manuscript:
| Blue White Aqua Azure Beige Lavender White Black Blue Lavender Blue Brown Khaki Blue Brown Blue White Khaki Blue Cyan Brown Gold White Blue Lavender White Lavender White Ivory Khaki Lavender Beige Lime Magenta |
And the following input
2 11 22 5 28
Sample output
Case #1: Blue 4,Brown 3,Khaki 2 Case #2: Blue 6,White 5,Lavender 4
Test & submit your code
We provide a form to test and submit your code. You need to pass the test phase before attempting the submit phase.
Test your program
A nice output will tell you if your program got the right solution or not. You can try as many times as you need.
Submit your program to the challenge
Note that you first need to solve the test phase before submitting the code. During the submit phase, in some problems, we might give your program harder questions, so try to make your program failsafe.
Important: In this phase, you must provide the source code used to solve the challenge and, if necessary, a brief explanation of how you solved it.
Remember you can only submit once! Once your solution is submitted you won't be able to amend it to fix issues or make it faster, so please be sure your solution is finished before submitting it.
If you have any doubts, please check the info section.
Go ahead
I'm done! :)
Once you have submitted your code, the page should be automatically refreshed so you can continue to next challenge.
I'm stuck! :(
Be sure you follow the Tuenti Engineering twitter for updates and possible hints during the contest.
If this challenge is too hard and you are blocked, you will be able to skip it after two hours. Note that you won't be able to complete it later, and you have a limited number of challenges to skip.
Finally, if you run out of skips but are still really stuck with one problem, you will be able to skip it after 24 hours.
Challenge status:
| Test case | Not done |
|---|---|
| Solution submitted | Not done |
| Skip |
(You have 4 skips) |


@(trail: Trail, rowNum: Int, related: Boolean = false, headingLevel: Int = 2) @fragments.relativeDate(trail.webPublicationDate, trail.isLive, isFront=true) @RemoveOuterParaHtml(trail.headline) @trail.trailText.map { text =>


What are three new things you have learned about yourself and your ego as a result of the core learning?
- I haven't been being as honest as I would like recently
- I find it hard to take breaks when I'm on a roll
- I often try to solve a problem with brute force when a more methodical approach would work better
What are the roles of empathy and self-awareness in learning and programming?
A lot of the time it's easy to get into an intellectual rut while programming and get lost in your own head. Self-awareness allows you to mediate your attention and approach a problem in an effective and efficient way.
Empathy allows us to connect with our fellow developers and work together productively. The productivity of two people working together is often greater than the sum of its parts.
What has surprised you the most about the core learning?
Honestly, I thought it would be mostly useless and a waste of time. Although I still haven't loved it, there were some moments where I could see the value in what I was doing. For example, the values and identity activity caused a surprising amount of introspection.
What were the most challenging aspects of the core learning?
I found the lack of a clear structure to be very annoying. I like clear, logical instructions and lots of the core material was not like this at all.
Why do you think we, a programming school, are spending so much time focusing on core learning in a web development bootcamp course?
Because the kind of person who takes a programming course - like me - is typically a highly logical, unemotional person and it's important to develop both aspects of the personality.
Does the time you spent studying core learning here feel like a waste of time? Should you have just used that time to practicing programming instead? Justify your answer
Personally I think i would've benefitted from focussing more on coding. I believe some of the core work was superfluous. Where I could see clear progress in my coding skills as I progressed through the tech work, I often couldn’t quite understand the point of the core work or how it would translate helpfully into real-life. I did, however, find the productivity-focussed parts of the core work quite interesting as they were directly relevant to the work I was doing.
What is your long term goal and/or career pathway?
gddd
What are you hoping to use the skills you gain during this course for? What sort of impact would you like to make once you leave Dev Academy? Do you have a destination in mind?
gddd
What do you think your biggest strengths and limitations will be in Bootcamp?
sgddd
Re-evaluate your strengths and limitations from Sprint 2. Has your idea of these changed over the course of Foundations? Have you discovered any new ones during this course? How do you think these will help/hinder you during Bootcamp?
gddd
What do you think your biggest non-technical challenge at Bootcamp will be?
gddd
While you will face many technical challenges on Bootcamp, this is not what we would like you to consider here. Non-technical challenges might include staying on top of the material, working in groups, speaking in front of the group, or keeping focused for 9 weeks, etc.
gddd
What non-technical skills - human skills - would you like to see developed in yourself while at EDA?
gddd
At Dev Academy we have a large focus around human skills and improving yourself. Based on your strengths/limitations, what are some areas for development you would like to work on?
gddd
For example, this could be things around communication, teamwork within groups, pairing with others, giving and receiving feedback, developing some leadership skills, or improving your self awareness and reflective skills.
gddd
What are your expectations of yourself on Bootcamp
gddd
Based on your knowledge of Bootcamp, how and where will you seek help in a timely way?
gddd
Write down a commitment to how you will manage your workload in this programme. This should include - an explanation of how you will manage yourself to work productively and safely with other learners, facilitators and industry/community representatives.
gddd


Author: Roger Mellor<EMAIL_ADDRESS>"Trottie True" (UK) (1948)
This film tells the story of 'Trottie True', a middle class girl who becomes a child star of the Bedford Music Hall, graduates to the heights of being a successful Gaiety Girl, marries a Lord and eventually leaves the stage. It is not a particularly original or thrilling storyline, and it could be a very dull film if it were not for the sumptuous costumes and scenery that are so beautifully selected to display the Technicolor process.
The on-stage scenes (which are few and far between) show some colourful costumes as do the various ballroom and restaurant scenes. This newly restored print enables us to have a good idea of what the film would have originally been like to see the cinema, and it must have been a wonderful way to forget the aftermath of the war.
Apart from the lavishness and brightness of the film, the female performances are a delight, especially that of Jean Kent as 'Trottie True'. Miss Kent gives a truthful performance of a rising star who falls in love with a Balloonist, becomes a successful stage performer, and marries a Lord. The story all sounds rather far-fetched, but Jean Kent's performance makes it work. So often, characters that are aiming for stardom become untruthful, but Miss Kent was totally believable. She aimed to get to the top of her profession, and did so without becoming the usual 'bitch', a trap that these type of roles can easily fall into. She is also totally believable towards the end of the film when she marries the Lord and becomes a Duchess. A particularly moving moment happens when she performs her Music Hall songs at the Servants Ball. We all think that her rather austere mother-in-law will be mortified, but instead turns to her husband, and says: "She can stay" - perhaps a little sentimental, but rather moving. Apart from giving an excellent performance, Jean Kent also looks so beautiful in her extravagant dresses and with her gorgeous red hair used to full effect in the Technicolor filming.
The other female roles are equally well cast, particularly the ever-wonderful Hattie Jacques as a fellow Gaiety Girl. She gives a wonderfully rich comic performance that never steps over the mark. It is good to see her in an earlier stage in her career. Hattie Jacques is matched brilliantly with the late Bill Owen as 'Trottie's' Music Hall friend. He gives a performance without any of the ususal stereotypical characteristics of a 'Cockney Music Hall Performer', and although it is obvious that he is in love with 'Trottie', he never becomes too sentimental as if playing 'Buttons' in "Cinderella".
Unfortunately, the male leads let down the film. James Donald as 'Lord Digby' is extremely dull. 'Trottie' has far too much vitality to fall in love with him! Her first love, 'Maurice' (the Balloonist) (Hugh Sinclair) was an unbelievable character and his rather awkward smile filled the screen too many times. I rather felt that 'Trottie' may have had more fun if she had gone off with some of the film extras - and why not when they comprise of such names as Roger Moore, Patrick Cargill and Ian Carmichael! In fact the list of small part players is rather amazing, with a wonderful ripple of recognition when Gretchen Franklyn appeared as 'Martha' the maid in 'Trottie's' childhood home! A special mention needs to go to a young teenage Dilys Laye who plays the young 'Trottie'. She gave a delightful performance and gave a clear indication of the successful career that she was about to embark upon.
The most important element of this film is depiction of the differences between the Music Hall and Gaiety Theatre. There is a wonderful scene between 'Trottie' and Lana Morris as 'Bouncie Barrington' in which 'Bouncie' comments on all the jewellery she has been given from her Stage-Door Johnnies. She says that she is a Gaiety Girl because she is pretty - which is all that is expected from her when she performs on the stage. 'Trottie', of course, has other ideas, and knows that she is a good performer and that the audiences love her for her talent. This film gives a good indication what these days must have been like - it is just such a shame that a full Musical Number is not seen on stage at the Gaiety. One number between Bill Owen, Hattie Jacques and Jean Kent is seen (in part) from the wings of a theatre. It should have been filmed in its entirety, but was cut short few to financial constraints at the time of filming. The other songs were sweet, including a Music Hall number written by Carroll Gibbons which commenced with Dilys Laye as the young 'Trottie' and moved forward in time with Jean Kent finishing it as the older 'Trottie'. Another song "White Wings" (which is supposed to have been one of the Queen Mother's favourite songs) seemed rather dull and although was supposed to be sung by Jean Kent, looked suspiciously dubbed! The print viewed was a newly restored version of a gorgeous film that gave us some lovely performances plus historical facts of the Gaiety Girls.
Check out British Musical Movies http://britmusicalfilm.webjump.com
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
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Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


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4.1/
The derivative
- Derivative:
- The forward/backward difference formula:
Derivative formulat [at \(x = x_0\)]
This formula is known as the forward-difference formula if
and the backward-difference formula ifError Bound:
- The \((n + 1)\)-point formula to approximate \(f'(x_j)\):
- Derivation:
- Derivation:
- Three-point Formula:
for each \(j = 0, 1, 2\), where the notation \(\zeta_j\) indicates that this point depends on \(x_j\).

- Why?


#define LASER_TEMP_MAX 30.0 #define LASER_THRESHOLD_TEMP 10.0 #define MASS_TEMP_MAX 5.0 class CtrlPanelState { I64 shot_radius,fuse_time; F64 laser_temperature; Bool spacewalk; } ctrl_panel; #define CTRL_PANEL_SPACING 33 #define CTRL_PANEL_RANGE 30 #define CTRL_PANEL_BORDER 2 #define CTRL_PANEL_BTTN_SIZE 12 #define TMP_Y (+2) U0 DrawCtrlPanelCtrl(CDC *dc,CCtrl *c) { CtrlPanelState *s=c->state; F64 d,d_range; dc->color=LTRED; GrRect(dc, c->left,c->top,CTRL_PANEL_SPACING*3+2, CTRL_PANEL_SPACING*2+CTRL_PANEL_RANGE+CTRL_PANEL_BTTN_SIZE); dc->color=DKGRAY; GrRect(dc, c->left+CTRL_PANEL_BORDER,c->top+CTRL_PANEL_BORDER, CTRL_PANEL_SPACING*3+2-2*CTRL_PANEL_BORDER, CTRL_PANEL_SPACING*2+CTRL_PANEL_RANGE+CTRL_PANEL_BTTN_SIZE -2*CTRL_PANEL_BORDER); dc->color=BLACK; GrLine(dc,c->left+CTRL_PANEL_SPACING,(c->top+CTRL_PANEL_BTTN_SIZE)+ CTRL_PANEL_SPACING,c->left+CTRL_PANEL_SPACING, (c->top+CTRL_PANEL_BTTN_SIZE)+CTRL_PANEL_SPACING+CTRL_PANEL_RANGE-1); GrLine(dc,c->left+2*CTRL_PANEL_SPACING+1,(c->top+CTRL_PANEL_BTTN_SIZE)+ CTRL_PANEL_SPACING,c->left+2*CTRL_PANEL_SPACING+1, (c->top+CTRL_PANEL_BTTN_SIZE)+CTRL_PANEL_SPACING+CTRL_PANEL_RANGE-1); dc->color=BLACK; GrRect(dc,(c->left+c->right+1)/2-9*FONT_WIDTH/2-3, c->top+CTRL_PANEL_BORDER+(CTRL_PANEL_SPACING-FONT_HEIGHT)/2, 9*FONT_WIDTH+6,FONT_HEIGHT+6); if (s->spacewalk) dc->color=YELLOW; else dc->color=DKGRAY; GrRect(dc,(c->left+c->right+1)/2-9*FONT_WIDTH/2-2, c->top+CTRL_PANEL_BORDER+1+(CTRL_PANEL_SPACING-FONT_HEIGHT)/2, 9*FONT_WIDTH+4,FONT_HEIGHT+4); dc->color=RED; GrPrint(dc,(c->left+c->right+1)/2-9*FONT_WIDTH/2, c->top+CTRL_PANEL_BORDER+3+ (CTRL_PANEL_SPACING-FONT_HEIGHT)/2,"SpaceWalk"); GrPrint(dc,c->left+CTRL_PANEL_SPACING-4*FONT_WIDTH/2, (c->top+CTRL_PANEL_BTTN_SIZE)+ CTRL_PANEL_SPACING-FONT_HEIGHT-2,"Size"); GrPrint(dc,c->left+2*CTRL_PANEL_SPACING+1-4*FONT_WIDTH/2, (c->top+CTRL_PANEL_BTTN_SIZE)+ CTRL_PANEL_SPACING-FONT_HEIGHT-2,"Fuse"); dc->color=LTRED; GrPrint(dc,c->left+CTRL_PANEL_SPACING-FONT_WIDTH/2, (c->top+CTRL_PANEL_BTTN_SIZE)+CTRL_PANEL_SPACING+CTRL_PANEL_RANGE+3, "%d",s->shot_radius*10/CTRL_PANEL_RANGE); GrPrint(dc,c->left+2*CTRL_PANEL_SPACING+1-FONT_WIDTH/2, (c->top+CTRL_PANEL_BTTN_SIZE)+CTRL_PANEL_SPACING+CTRL_PANEL_RANGE+3, "%d",s->fuse_time*10/CTRL_PANEL_RANGE); GrRect(dc,c->left+CTRL_PANEL_SPACING-3, (c->top+CTRL_PANEL_BTTN_SIZE)+CTRL_PANEL_SPACING+ CTRL_PANEL_RANGE-1-s->shot_radius-2 ,7,5); GrRect(dc,c->left+2*CTRL_PANEL_SPACING+1-3, (c->top+CTRL_PANEL_BTTN_SIZE)+CTRL_PANEL_SPACING+ CTRL_PANEL_RANGE-1-s->fuse_time-2,7,5); dc->color=YELLOW; GrRect(dc,c->left+CTRL_PANEL_SPACING-2, (c->top+CTRL_PANEL_BTTN_SIZE)+CTRL_PANEL_SPACING+ CTRL_PANEL_RANGE-1-s->shot_radius-1 ,5,3); GrRect(dc,c->left+2*CTRL_PANEL_SPACING+1-2, (c->top+CTRL_PANEL_BTTN_SIZE)+CTRL_PANEL_SPACING+ CTRL_PANEL_RANGE-1-s->fuse_time-1,5,3); d_range=c->right-c->left-5-5; d=s->laser_temperature*d_range/LASER_TEMP_MAX; dc->color=BLACK; GrRect(dc,c->left+5-1,c->bottom+TMP_Y-2,d_range+2,2+1+1); if (d>1.0) { dc->color=GREEN; GrRect(dc,c->left+5,c->bottom+TMP_Y-1,Min(d,d_range/3),2); if (d>=d_range/3) { dc->color=YELLOW; GrRect(dc,c->left+5+d_range/3,c->bottom+TMP_Y-1, Min(d,2*d_range/3)-d_range/3,2); if (d>=2*d_range/3) { dc->color=RED; GrRect(dc,c->left+5+2*d_range/3,c->bottom+TMP_Y-1,d-2*d_range/3,2); } } } } U0 UpdateDerivedCtrlPanelCtrl(CCtrl *c) { CtrlPanelState *s=c->state; c->left=c->win_task->pix_width-(CTRL_PANEL_SPACING*3+2); c->right=c->left+CTRL_PANEL_SPACING*3+2; c->top=c->win_task->pix_height-(CTRL_PANEL_SPACING*2+ CTRL_PANEL_RANGE+CTRL_PANEL_BTTN_SIZE); c->bottom=c->top+CTRL_PANEL_SPACING*2+CTRL_PANEL_RANGE; s->shot_radius=ClampI64(s->shot_radius,0,CTRL_PANEL_RANGE-1); s->fuse_time=ClampI64(s->fuse_time,0,CTRL_PANEL_RANGE-1); } U0 LeftClickCtrlPanel(CCtrl *c,I64 x,I64 y,Bool) { CtrlPanelState *s=c->state; if (y<c->top+CTRL_PANEL_BORDER+(CTRL_PANEL_SPACING-FONT_HEIGHT)/2+ FONT_HEIGHT+6) s->spacewalk=TRUE; else { if (x<(c->right+c->left)/2) s->shot_radius=CTRL_PANEL_RANGE-1 -(y-(c->top+CTRL_PANEL_SPACING+CTRL_PANEL_BTTN_SIZE)); else s->fuse_time=CTRL_PANEL_RANGE-1 -(y-(c->top+CTRL_PANEL_SPACING+CTRL_PANEL_BTTN_SIZE)); } if (c->update_derived_vals) (*c->update_derived_vals)(c); } CCtrl *CtrlPanelNew() { CCtrl *c=CAlloc(sizeof(CCtrl)); MemSet(&ctrl_panel,0,sizeof(ctrl_panel)); c->win_task=Fs; c->flags=CTRLF_SHOW|CTRLF_CAPTURE_LEFT_MS; c->type=CTRLT_GENERIC; c->state=&ctrl_panel; c->draw_it=&DrawCtrlPanelCtrl; c->left_click=&LeftClickCtrlPanel; c->update_derived_vals=&UpdateDerivedCtrlPanelCtrl; QueIns(c,Fs->last_ctrl); TaskDerivedValsUpdate; return c; } U0 CtrlPanelDel(CCtrl *c) { QueRem(c); Free(c); }


function Gray32(Intensity: Byte; Alpha: Byte): TColor32;
The action of Gray32(I, A) is the same as Color32(I, I, I, A). It just works faster.
[See also] AlphaComponent, RedComponent, GreenComponent, BlueComponent


Mining KineticGold
assuming an average $2000/month in deposits
Generation
Sponsored
Total deposits
% Mining
Profit
Sharing
1
20
40,000
1% $
400/month
2
200 (10 each)
400,000
.4%
$
1,600/month
3
1,000 (5 each)
2,000,000
.4%
$
8,000/month
4
2,000 (2 each)
4,000,000
.4% $
16,000/month
5
2,000 (1 each)
4,000,000
.4% $
16,000/month
$ 42,000 / month


Tammy Abraham slams England fans for “unacceptable” treatment of Joe Gomez
by Ste CarsonChelsea striker Tammy Abraham has spoken out against the England fans that booed Joe Gomez on Thursday night as the Three Lions humbled Montenegro.
The young forward bagged himself a goal in the game, but it was marred by the treatment of the Liverpool defender by some England fans.
You see, the Liverpool defender had the audacity to get attacked by Raheem Sterling in the Three Lions’ camp, and the Man City winger was disciplined by Southgate by way of being dropped from the team.
In fairness, since the booing of Gomez, Sterling has actually come out on social media to stand up for his team-mate, who he admits has been wronged by himself and then the England fans.
MORE: (Video) Some England fans boo LFC’s Joe Gomez as he’s subbed on after Sterling bust-up
In the aftermath of the England fans’ reaction, there has been a lot of reaction – some have been saying it’s outrageous, others saying it’s an over-reaction and, bizarrely, some even denying it was about Gomez.
But now Tammy has faced it head on and helped us find out what the reaction of the dressing room was like. “We had the incident today with Joe where we are all England players or fans,” he’s quoted as saying by the Metro.
“We need everyone to be together, times like that we need the fans to lift us up and help us really when we are going into tournaments.
“We said after the game it was unacceptable we don’t need that really he’s a great player. Things happen in football, things happen between teammates.
“It’s about dusting yourself down and just moving on. We’ve all moved on from the situation and it’s looking positive.”
Fair play to the young lad for actually saying something about it – it’s also reassuring for us Liverpool fans to know that the dressing room is behind our man.


|
JavaTM 2 Platform Standard Ed. 5.0 |
|||||||||
| PREV CLASS NEXT CLASS | FRAMES NO FRAMES | |||||||||
| SUMMARY: NESTED | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD | DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD |
java.lang.Object java.awt.Toolkit
public abstract class Toolkit
This class is the abstract superclass of all actual
implementations of the Abstract Window Toolkit. Subclasses of
Toolkit
are used to bind the various components
to particular native toolkit implementations.
Many GUI operations may be performed asynchronously. This means that if you set the state of a component, and then immediately query the state, the returned value may not yet reflect the requested change. This includes, but is not limited to:
ScrollPane.setScrollPosition
and then getScrollPosition
may return an incorrect
value if the original request has not yet been processed.
setVisible(true)
on a Window
,
Frame
or Dialog
may occur
asynchronously.
setSize
, setBounds
or
setLocation
on a Window
,
Frame
or Dialog
are forwarded
to the underlying window management system and may be
ignored or modified. See Window
for
more information.
Most applications should not call any of the methods in this
class directly. The methods defined by Toolkit
are
the "glue" that joins the platform-independent classes in the
java.awt
package with their counterparts in
java.awt.peer
. Some methods defined by
Toolkit
query the native operating system directly.
| Field Summary | |
|---|---|
protected Map<String,Object> |
desktopProperties
|
protected PropertyChangeSupport |
desktopPropsSupport
|
| Constructor Summary | |
|---|---|
Toolkit()
|
| Method Summary | ||
|---|---|---|
void |
addAWTEventListener(AWTEventListener listener,
long eventMask)
Adds an AWTEventListener to receive all AWTEvents dispatched system-wide that conform to the given eventMask . |
|
void |
addPropertyChangeListener(String name,
PropertyChangeListener pcl)
Adds the specified property change listener for the named desktop property. |
|
abstract void |
beep()
Emits an audio beep. |
|
abstract int |
checkImage(Image image,
int width,
int height,
ImageObserver observer)
Indicates the construction status of a specified image that is being prepared for display. |
|
protected abstract java.awt.peer.ButtonPeer |
createButton(Button target)
Creates this toolkit's implementation of Button using
the specified peer interface. |
|
protected abstract java.awt.peer.CanvasPeer |
createCanvas(Canvas target)
Creates this toolkit's implementation of Canvas using
the specified peer interface. |
|
protected abstract java.awt.peer.CheckboxPeer |
createCheckbox(Checkbox target)
Creates this toolkit's implementation of Checkbox using
the specified peer interface. |
|
protected abstract java.awt.peer.CheckboxMenuItemPeer |
createCheckboxMenuItem(CheckboxMenuItem target)
Creates this toolkit's implementation of CheckboxMenuItem using
the specified peer interface. |
|
protected abstract java.awt.peer.ChoicePeer |
createChoice(Choice target)
Creates this toolkit's implementation of Choice using
the specified peer interface. |
|
protected java.awt.peer.LightweightPeer |
createComponent(Component target)
Creates a peer for a component or container. |
|
Cursor |
createCustomCursor(Image cursor,
Point hotSpot,
String name)
Creates a new custom cursor object. |
|
protected abstract java.awt.peer.DialogPeer |
createDialog(Dialog target)
Creates this toolkit's implementation of Dialog using
the specified peer interface. |
|
|
createDragGestureRecognizer(Class<T> abstractRecognizerClass,
DragSource ds,
Component c,
int srcActions,
DragGestureListener dgl)
Creates a concrete, platform dependent, subclass of the abstract DragGestureRecognizer class requested, and associates it with the DragSource, Component and DragGestureListener specified. |
|
abstract java.awt.dnd.peer.DragSourceContextPeer |
createDragSourceContextPeer(DragGestureEvent dge)
Creates the peer for a DragSourceContext. |
|
protected abstract java.awt.peer.FileDialogPeer |
createFileDialog(FileDialog target)
Creates this toolkit's implementation of FileDialog using
the specified peer interface. |
|
protected abstract java.awt.peer.FramePeer |
createFrame(Frame target)
Creates this toolkit's implementation of Frame using
the specified peer interface. |
|
Image |
createImage(byte[] imagedata)
Creates an image which decodes the image stored in the specified byte array. |
|
abstract Image |
createImage(byte[] imagedata,
int imageoffset,
int imagelength)
Creates an image which decodes the image stored in the specified byte array, and at the specified offset and length. |
|
abstract Image |
createImage(ImageProducer producer)
Creates an image with the specified image producer. |
|
abstract Image |
createImage(String filename)
Returns an image which gets pixel data from the specified file. |
|
abstract Image |
createImage(URL url)
Returns an image which gets pixel data from the specified URL. |
|
protected abstract java.awt.peer.LabelPeer |
createLabel(Label target)
Creates this toolkit's implementation of Label using
the specified peer interface. |
|
protected abstract java.awt.peer.ListPeer |
createList(List target)
Creates this toolkit's implementation of List using
the specified peer interface. |
|
protected abstract java.awt.peer.MenuPeer |
createMenu(Menu target)
Creates this toolkit's implementation of Menu using
the specified peer interface. |
|
protected abstract java.awt.peer.MenuBarPeer |
createMenuBar(MenuBar target)
Creates this toolkit's implementation of MenuBar using
the specified peer interface. |
|
protected abstract java.awt.peer.MenuItemPeer |
createMenuItem(MenuItem target)
Creates this toolkit's implementation of MenuItem using
the specified peer interface. |
|
protected abstract java.awt.peer.PanelPeer |
createPanel(Panel target)
Creates this toolkit's implementation of Panel using
the specified peer interface. |
|
protected abstract java.awt.peer.PopupMenuPeer |
createPopupMenu(PopupMenu target)
Creates this toolkit's implementation of PopupMenu using
the specified peer interface. |
|
protected abstract java.awt.peer.ScrollbarPeer |
createScrollbar(Scrollbar target)
Creates this toolkit's implementation of Scrollbar using
the specified peer interface. |
|
protected abstract java.awt.peer.ScrollPanePeer |
createScrollPane(ScrollPane target)
Creates this toolkit's implementation of ScrollPane using
the specified peer interface. |
|
protected abstract java.awt.peer.TextAreaPeer |
createTextArea(TextArea target)
Creates this toolkit's implementation of TextArea using
the specified peer interface. |
|
protected abstract java.awt.peer.TextFieldPeer |
createTextField(TextField target)
Creates this toolkit's implementation of TextField using
the specified peer interface. |
|
protected abstract java.awt.peer.WindowPeer |
createWindow(Window target)
Creates this toolkit's implementation of Window using
the specified peer interface. |
|
AWTEventListener[] |
getAWTEventListeners()
Returns an array of all the AWTEventListener s
registered on this toolkit. |
|
AWTEventListener[] |
getAWTEventListeners(long eventMask)
Returns an array of all the AWTEventListener s
registered on this toolkit which listen to all of the event
types indicates in the eventMask argument. |
|
Dimension |
getBestCursorSize(int preferredWidth,
int preferredHeight)
Returns the supported cursor dimension which is closest to the desired sizes. |
|
abstract ColorModel |
getColorModel()
Determines the color model of this toolkit's screen. |
|
static Toolkit |
getDefaultToolkit()
Gets the default toolkit. |
|
Object |
getDesktopProperty(String propertyName)
Obtains a value for the specified desktop property. |
|
abstract String[] |
getFontList()
Deprecated. see GraphicsEnvironment.getAvailableFontFamilyNames() |
|
abstract FontMetrics |
getFontMetrics(Font font)
Deprecated. As of JDK version 1.2, replaced by the Font
method getLineMetrics . |
|
protected abstract java.awt.peer.FontPeer |
getFontPeer(String name,
int style)
Deprecated. see java.awt.GraphicsEnvironment#getAllFonts |
|
abstract Image |
getImage(String filename)
Returns an image which gets pixel data from the specified file, whose format can be either GIF, JPEG or PNG. |
|
abstract Image |
getImage(URL url)
Returns an image which gets pixel data from the specified URL. |
|
boolean |
getLockingKeyState(int keyCode)
Returns whether the given locking key on the keyboard is currently in its "on" state. |
|
int |
getMaximumCursorColors()
Returns the maximum number of colors the Toolkit supports in a custom cursor palette. |
|
int |
getMenuShortcutKeyMask()
Determines which modifier key is the appropriate accelerator key for menu shortcuts. |
|
protected java.awt.peer.MouseInfoPeer |
getMouseInfoPeer()
Obtains this toolkit's implementation of helper class for MouseInfo operations. |
|
protected static Container |
getNativeContainer(Component c)
Give native peers the ability to query the native container given a native component (eg the direct parent may be lightweight). |
|
PrintJob |
getPrintJob(Frame frame,
String jobtitle,
JobAttributes jobAttributes,
PageAttributes pageAttributes)
Gets a PrintJob object which is the result of initiating
a print operation on the toolkit's platform. |
|
abstract PrintJob |
getPrintJob(Frame frame,
String jobtitle,
Properties props)
Gets a PrintJob object which is the result of initiating
a print operation on the toolkit's platform. |
|
static String |
getProperty(String key,
String defaultValue)
Gets a property with the specified key and default. |
|
PropertyChangeListener[] |
getPropertyChangeListeners()
Returns an array of all the property change listeners registered on this toolkit. |
|
PropertyChangeListener[] |
getPropertyChangeListeners(String propertyName)
Returns an array of all the PropertyChangeListener s
associated with the named property. |
|
Insets |
getScreenInsets(GraphicsConfiguration gc)
Gets the insets of the screen. |
|
abstract int |
getScreenResolution()
Returns the screen resolution in dots-per-inch. |
|
abstract Dimension |
getScreenSize()
Gets the size of the screen. |
|
abstract Clipboard |
getSystemClipboard()
Gets the singleton instance of the system Clipboard which interfaces with clipboard facilities provided by the native platform. |
|
EventQueue |
getSystemEventQueue()
Get the application's or applet's EventQueue instance. |
|
protected abstract EventQueue |
getSystemEventQueueImpl()
Gets the application's or applet's EventQueue
instance, without checking access. |
|
Clipboard |
getSystemSelection()
Gets the singleton instance of the system selection as a Clipboard object. |
|
protected void |
initializeDesktopProperties()
initializeDesktopProperties |
|
boolean |
isDynamicLayoutActive()
Returns whether dynamic layout of Containers on resize is currently active (both set programmatically, and supported by the underlying operating system and/or window manager). |
|
protected boolean |
isDynamicLayoutSet()
Returns whether the layout of Containers is validated dynamically during resizing, or statically, after resizing is complete. |
|
boolean |
isFrameStateSupported(int state)
Returns whether Toolkit supports this state for Frame s. |
|
protected Object |
lazilyLoadDesktopProperty(String name)
an opportunity to lazily evaluate desktop property values. |
|
protected void |
loadSystemColors(int[] systemColors)
Fills in the integer array that is supplied as an argument with the current system color values. |
|
abstract Map<TextAttribute,?> |
mapInputMethodHighlight(InputMethodHighlight highlight)
Returns a map of visual attributes for the abstract level description of the given input method highlight, or null if no mapping is found. |
|
abstract boolean |
prepareImage(Image image,
int width,
int height,
ImageObserver observer)
Prepares an image for rendering. |
|
void |
removeAWTEventListener(AWTEventListener listener)
Removes an AWTEventListener from receiving dispatched AWTEvents. |
|
void |
removePropertyChangeListener(String name,
PropertyChangeListener pcl)
Removes the specified property change listener for the named desktop property. |
|
protected void |
setDesktopProperty(String name,
Object newValue)
Sets the named desktop property to the specified value and fires a property change event to notify any listeners that the value has changed. |
|
void |
setDynamicLayout(boolean dynamic)
Controls whether the layout of Containers is validated dynamically during resizing, or statically, after resizing is complete. |
|
void |
setLockingKeyState(int keyCode,
boolean on)
Sets the state of the given locking key on the keyboard. |
|
abstract void |
sync()
Synchronizes this toolkit's graphics state. |
| Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object |
|---|
clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait |
| Field Detail |
|---|
protected final Map<String,Object> desktopProperties
protected final PropertyChangeSupport desktopPropsSupport
| Constructor Detail |
|---|
public Toolkit()
| Method Detail |
|---|
protected abstract java.awt.peer.ButtonPeer createButton(Button target) throws HeadlessException
Button
using
the specified peer interface.
target
- the button to be implemented.
Button
.
HeadlessException
- if GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
returns trueGraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
,
Button
,
ButtonPeer
protected abstract java.awt.peer.TextFieldPeer createTextField(TextField target) throws HeadlessException
TextField
using
the specified peer interface.
target
- the text field to be implemented.
TextField
.
HeadlessException
- if GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
returns trueGraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
,
TextField
,
TextFieldPeer
protected abstract java.awt.peer.LabelPeer createLabel(Label target) throws HeadlessException
Label
using
the specified peer interface.
target
- the label to be implemented.
Label
.
HeadlessException
- if GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
returns trueGraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
,
Label
,
LabelPeer
protected abstract java.awt.peer.ListPeer createList(List target) throws HeadlessException
List
using
the specified peer interface.
target
- the list to be implemented.
List
.
HeadlessException
- if GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
returns trueGraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
,
List
,
ListPeer
protected abstract java.awt.peer.CheckboxPeer createCheckbox(Checkbox target) throws HeadlessException
Checkbox
using
the specified peer interface.
target
- the check box to be implemented.
Checkbox
.
HeadlessException
- if GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
returns trueGraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
,
Checkbox
,
CheckboxPeer
protected abstract java.awt.peer.ScrollbarPeer createScrollbar(Scrollbar target) throws HeadlessException
Scrollbar
using
the specified peer interface.
target
- the scroll bar to be implemented.
Scrollbar
.
HeadlessException
- if GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
returns trueGraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
,
Scrollbar
,
ScrollbarPeer
protected abstract java.awt.peer.ScrollPanePeer createScrollPane(ScrollPane target) throws HeadlessException
ScrollPane
using
the specified peer interface.
target
- the scroll pane to be implemented.
ScrollPane
.
HeadlessException
- if GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
returns trueGraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
,
ScrollPane
,
ScrollPanePeer
protected abstract java.awt.peer.TextAreaPeer createTextArea(TextArea target) throws HeadlessException
TextArea
using
the specified peer interface.
target
- the text area to be implemented.
TextArea
.
HeadlessException
- if GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
returns trueGraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
,
TextArea
,
TextAreaPeer
protected abstract java.awt.peer.ChoicePeer createChoice(Choice target) throws HeadlessException
Choice
using
the specified peer interface.
target
- the choice to be implemented.
Choice
.
HeadlessException
- if GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
returns trueGraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
,
Choice
,
ChoicePeer
protected abstract java.awt.peer.FramePeer createFrame(Frame target) throws HeadlessException
Frame
using
the specified peer interface.
target
- the frame to be implemented.
Frame
.
HeadlessException
- if GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
returns trueGraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
,
Frame
,
FramePeer
protected abstract java.awt.peer.CanvasPeer createCanvas(Canvas target)
Canvas
using
the specified peer interface.
target
- the canvas to be implemented.
Canvas
.Canvas
,
CanvasPeer
protected abstract java.awt.peer.PanelPeer createPanel(Panel target)
Panel
using
the specified peer interface.
target
- the panel to be implemented.
Panel
.Panel
,
PanelPeer
protected abstract java.awt.peer.WindowPeer createWindow(Window target) throws HeadlessException
Window
using
the specified peer interface.
target
- the window to be implemented.
Window
.
HeadlessException
- if GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
returns trueGraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
,
Window
,
WindowPeer
protected abstract java.awt.peer.DialogPeer createDialog(Dialog target) throws HeadlessException
Dialog
using
the specified peer interface.
target
- the dialog to be implemented.
Dialog
.
HeadlessException
- if GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
returns trueGraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
,
Dialog
,
DialogPeer
protected abstract java.awt.peer.MenuBarPeer createMenuBar(MenuBar target) throws HeadlessException
MenuBar
using
the specified peer interface.
target
- the menu bar to be implemented.
MenuBar
.
HeadlessException
- if GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
returns trueGraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
,
MenuBar
,
MenuBarPeer
protected abstract java.awt.peer.MenuPeer createMenu(Menu target) throws HeadlessException
Menu
using
the specified peer interface.
target
- the menu to be implemented.
Menu
.
HeadlessException
- if GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
returns trueGraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
,
Menu
,
MenuPeer
protected abstract java.awt.peer.PopupMenuPeer createPopupMenu(PopupMenu target) throws HeadlessException
PopupMenu
using
the specified peer interface.
target
- the popup menu to be implemented.
PopupMenu
.
HeadlessException
- if GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
returns trueGraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
,
PopupMenu
,
PopupMenuPeer
protected abstract java.awt.peer.MenuItemPeer createMenuItem(MenuItem target) throws HeadlessException
MenuItem
using
the specified peer interface.
target
- the menu item to be implemented.
MenuItem
.
HeadlessException
- if GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
returns trueGraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
,
MenuItem
,
MenuItemPeer
protected abstract java.awt.peer.FileDialogPeer createFileDialog(FileDialog target) throws HeadlessException
FileDialog
using
the specified peer interface.
target
- the file dialog to be implemented.
FileDialog
.
HeadlessException
- if GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
returns trueGraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
,
FileDialog
,
FileDialogPeer
protected abstract java.awt.peer.CheckboxMenuItemPeer createCheckboxMenuItem(CheckboxMenuItem target) throws HeadlessException
CheckboxMenuItem
using
the specified peer interface.
target
- the checkbox menu item to be implemented.
CheckboxMenuItem
.
HeadlessException
- if GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
returns trueGraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
,
CheckboxMenuItem
,
CheckboxMenuItemPeer
protected java.awt.peer.MouseInfoPeer getMouseInfoPeer()
MouseInfo
operations.
MouseInfo
UnsupportedOperationException
- if this operation is not implementedMouseInfoPeer
,
MouseInfo
protected java.awt.peer.LightweightPeer createComponent(Component target)
target
- The Component to be created.@Deprecated protected abstract java.awt.peer.FontPeer getFontPeer(String name, int style)
Font
using
the specified peer interface.
name
- the font to be implementedstyle
- the style of the font, such as PLAIN
,
BOLD
, ITALIC
, or a combination
Font
Font
,
FontPeer
,
GraphicsEnvironment.getAllFonts()
protected void loadSystemColors(int[] systemColors) throws HeadlessException
systemColors
- an integer array.
HeadlessException
- if GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
returns trueGraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
public void setDynamicLayout(boolean dynamic) throws HeadlessException
dynamic
- If true, Containers should re-layout their
components as the Container is being resized. If false,
the layout will be validated after resizing is finished.
HeadlessException
- if GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
returns trueisDynamicLayoutSet()
,
isDynamicLayoutActive()
,
getDesktopProperty(String propertyName)
,
GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
protected boolean isDynamicLayoutSet() throws HeadlessException
HeadlessException
- if GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
returns truesetDynamicLayout(boolean dynamic)
,
isDynamicLayoutActive()
,
getDesktopProperty(String propertyName)
,
GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
public boolean isDynamicLayoutActive() throws HeadlessException
HeadlessException
- if GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
returns truesetDynamicLayout(boolean dynamic)
,
isDynamicLayoutSet()
,
getDesktopProperty(String propertyName)
,
GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
public abstract Dimension getScreenSize() throws HeadlessException
GraphicsConfiguration
and
GraphicsDevice
.
HeadlessException
- if GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
returns trueGraphicsConfiguration.getBounds()
,
GraphicsDevice.getDisplayMode()
,
GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
public abstract int getScreenResolution() throws HeadlessException
HeadlessException
- if GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
returns trueGraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
public Insets getScreenInsets(GraphicsConfiguration gc) throws HeadlessException
gc
- a GraphicsConfiguration
HeadlessException
- if GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
returns trueGraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
public abstract ColorModel getColorModel() throws HeadlessException
ColorModel
is an abstract class that
encapsulates the ability to translate between the
pixel values of an image and its red, green, blue,
and alpha components.
This toolkit method is called by the
getColorModel
method
of the Component
class.
HeadlessException
- if GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
returns trueGraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
,
ColorModel
,
Component.getColorModel()
@Deprecated public abstract String[] getFontList()
GraphicsEnvironment.getAvailableFontFamilyNames()
For 1.1, the following font names are deprecated (the replacement name follows):
The ZapfDingbats fontname is also deprecated in 1.1 but the characters are defined in Unicode starting at 0x2700, and as of 1.1 Java supports those characters.
GraphicsEnvironment.getAvailableFontFamilyNames()
@Deprecated public abstract FontMetrics getFontMetrics(Font font)
Font
method getLineMetrics
.
font
- a font
LineMetrics
,
Font.getLineMetrics(java.lang.String, java.awt.font.FontRenderContext)
,
GraphicsEnvironment.getScreenDevices()
public abstract void sync()
This method ensures that the display is up-to-date. It is useful for animation.
public static Toolkit getDefaultToolkit()
If there is a system property named "awt.toolkit"
,
that property is treated as the name of a class that is a subclass
of Toolkit
.
If the system property does not exist, then the default toolkit
used is the class named "sun.awt.motif.MToolkit"
,
which is a motif implementation of the Abstract Window Toolkit.
Also loads additional classes into the VM, using the property 'assistive_technologies' specified in the Sun reference implementation by a line in the 'accessibility.properties' file. The form is "assistive_technologies=..." where the "..." is a comma-separated list of assistive technology classes to load. Each class is loaded in the order given and a single instance of each is created using Class.forName(class).newInstance(). This is done just after the AWT toolkit is created. All errors are handled via an AWTError exception.
AWTError
- if a toolkit could not be found, or
if one could not be accessed or instantiated.public abstract Image getImage(String filename)
filename
- the name of a file containing pixel data
in a recognized file format.
createImage(java.lang.String)
public abstract Image getImage(URL url)
url
- the URL to use in fetching the pixel data.
createImage(java.net.URL)
public abstract Image createImage(String filename)
filename
- the name of a file containing pixel data
in a recognized file format.
getImage(java.lang.String)
public abstract Image createImage(URL url)
url
- the URL to use in fetching the pixel data.
getImage(java.net.URL)
public abstract boolean prepareImage(Image image, int width, int height, ImageObserver observer)
If the values of the width and height arguments are both
-1
, this method prepares the image for rendering
on the default screen; otherwise, this method prepares an image
for rendering on the default screen at the specified width and height.
The image data is downloaded asynchronously in another thread, and an appropriately scaled screen representation of the image is generated.
This method is called by components prepareImage
methods.
Information on the flags returned by this method can be found
with the definition of the ImageObserver
interface.
image
- the image for which to prepare a
screen representation.width
- the width of the desired screen
representation, or -1
.height
- the height of the desired screen
representation, or -1
.observer
- the ImageObserver
object to be notified as the
image is being prepared.
true
if the image has already been
fully prepared; false
otherwise.Component.prepareImage(java.awt.Image,
java.awt.image.ImageObserver)
,
Component.prepareImage(java.awt.Image,
int, int, java.awt.image.ImageObserver)
,
ImageObserver
public abstract int checkImage(Image image, int width, int height, ImageObserver observer)
If the values of the width and height arguments are both
-1
, this method returns the construction status of
a screen representation of the specified image in this toolkit.
Otherwise, this method returns the construction status of a
scaled representation of the image at the specified width
and height.
This method does not cause the image to begin loading.
An application must call prepareImage
to force
the loading of an image.
This method is called by the component's checkImage
methods.
Information on the flags returned by this method can be found
with the definition of the ImageObserver
interface.
image
- the image whose status is being checked.width
- the width of the scaled version whose status is
being checked, or -1
.height
- the height of the scaled version whose status
is being checked, or -1
.observer
- the ImageObserver
object to be
notified as the image is being prepared.
ImageObserver
flags for the
image data that is currently available.prepareImage(java.awt.Image,
int, int, java.awt.image.ImageObserver)
,
Component.checkImage(java.awt.Image,
java.awt.image.ImageObserver)
,
Component.checkImage(java.awt.Image,
int, int, java.awt.image.ImageObserver)
,
ImageObserver
public abstract Image createImage(ImageProducer producer)
producer
- the image producer to be used.
Image
,
ImageProducer
,
Component.createImage(java.awt.image.ImageProducer)
public Image createImage(byte[] imagedata)
The data must be in some image format, such as GIF or JPEG, that is supported by this toolkit.
imagedata
- an array of bytes, representing
image data in a supported image format.
public abstract Image createImage(byte[] imagedata, int imageoffset, int imagelength)
imagedata
- an array of bytes, representing
image data in a supported image format.imageoffset
- the offset of the beginning
of the data in the array.imagelength
- the length of the data in the array.
public abstract PrintJob getPrintJob(Frame frame, String jobtitle, Properties props)
PrintJob
object which is the result of initiating
a print operation on the toolkit's platform.
Each actual implementation of this method should first check if there
is a security manager installed. If there is, the method should call
the security manager's checkPrintJobAccess
method to
ensure initiation of a print operation is allowed. If the default
implementation of checkPrintJobAccess
is used (that is,
that method is not overriden), then this results in a call to the
security manager's checkPermission
method with a
RuntimePermission("queuePrintJob")
permission.
frame
- the parent of the print dialog. May not be null.jobtitle
- the title of the PrintJob. A null title is equivalent
to "".props
- a Properties object containing zero or more properties.
Properties are not standardized and are not consistent across
implementations. Because of this, PrintJobs which require job
and page control should use the version of this function which
takes JobAttributes and PageAttributes objects. This object
may be updated to reflect the user's job choices on exit. May
be null.
PrintJob
object, or null
if the
user cancelled the print job.
NullPointerException
- if frame is null. This exception is
always thrown when GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless() returns
true.
SecurityException
- if this thread is not allowed to initiate a
print job requestGraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
,
PrintJob
,
RuntimePermission
public PrintJob getPrintJob(Frame frame, String jobtitle, JobAttributes jobAttributes, PageAttributes pageAttributes)
PrintJob
object which is the result of initiating
a print operation on the toolkit's platform.
Each actual implementation of this method should first check if there
is a security manager installed. If there is, the method should call
the security manager's checkPrintJobAccess
method to
ensure initiation of a print operation is allowed. If the default
implementation of checkPrintJobAccess
is used (that is,
that method is not overriden), then this results in a call to the
security manager's checkPermission
method with a
RuntimePermission("queuePrintJob")
permission.
frame
- the parent of the print dialog. May be null if and only
if jobAttributes is not null and jobAttributes.getDialog()
returns JobAttributes.DialogType.NONE or
JobAttributes.DialogType.COMMON.jobtitle
- the title of the PrintJob. A null title is equivalent
to "".jobAttributes
- a set of job attributes which will control the
PrintJob. The attributes will be updated to reflect the user's
choices as outlined in the JobAttributes documentation. May be
null.pageAttributes
- a set of page attributes which will control the
PrintJob. The attributes will be applied to every page in the
job. The attributes will be updated to reflect the user's
choices as outlined in the PageAttributes documentation. May be
null.
PrintJob
object, or null
if the
user cancelled the print job.
NullPointerException
- if frame is null and either jobAttributes
is null or jobAttributes.getDialog() returns
JobAttributes.DialogType.NATIVE.
IllegalArgumentException
- if pageAttributes specifies differing
cross feed and feed resolutions. This exception is always
thrown when GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless() returns true.
SecurityException
- if this thread is not allowed to initiate a
print job request, or if jobAttributes specifies print to file,
and this thread is not allowed to access the file systemPrintJob
,
GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
,
RuntimePermission
,
JobAttributes
,
PageAttributes
public abstract void beep()
public abstract Clipboard getSystemClipboard() throws HeadlessException
In addition to any and all formats specified in the flavormap.properties
file, or other file specified by the AWT.DnD.flavorMapFileURL
Toolkit property, text returned by the system Clipboard's
getTransferData()
method is available in the following flavors:
java.awt.datatransfer.StringSelection
, if the
requested flavor is DataFlavor.plainTextFlavor
, or an
equivalent flavor, a Reader is returned. Note: The behavior of
the system Clipboard's getTransferData()
method for
DataFlavor.plainTextFlavor
, and equivalent DataFlavors, is
inconsistent with the definition of DataFlavor.plainTextFlavor
. Because of this, support for
DataFlavor.plainTextFlavor
, and equivalent flavors, is
deprecated.
Each actual implementation of this method should first check if there
is a security manager installed. If there is, the method should call
the security manager's checkSystemClipboardAccess
method
to ensure it's ok to to access the system clipboard. If the default
implementation of checkSystemClipboardAccess
is used (that
is, that method is not overriden), then this results in a call to the
security manager's checkPermission
method with an
AWTPermission("accessClipboard")
permission.
HeadlessException
- if GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
returns trueGraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
,
Clipboard
,
StringSelection
,
DataFlavor.stringFlavor
,
DataFlavor.plainTextFlavor
,
Reader
,
AWTPermission
public Clipboard getSystemSelection() throws HeadlessException
Clipboard
object. This allows an application to read and
modify the current, system-wide selection.
An application is responsible for updating the system selection whenever
the user selects text, using either the mouse or the keyboard.
Typically, this is implemented by installing a
FocusListener
on all Component
s which support
text selection, and, between FOCUS_GAINED
and
FOCUS_LOST
events delivered to that Component
,
updating the system selection Clipboard
when the selection
changes inside the Component
. Properly updating the system
selection ensures that a Java application will interact correctly with
native applications and other Java applications running simultaneously
on the system. Note that java.awt.TextComponent
and
javax.swing.text.JTextComponent
already adhere to this
policy. When using these classes, and their subclasses, developers need
not write any additional code.
Some platforms do not support a system selection Clipboard
.
On those platforms, this method will return null
. In such a
case, an application is absolved from its responsibility to update the
system selection Clipboard
as described above.
Each actual implementation of this method should first check if there
is a SecurityManager
installed. If there is, the method
should call the SecurityManager
's
checkSystemClipboardAccess
method to ensure that client
code has access the system selection. If the default implementation of
checkSystemClipboardAccess
is used (that is, if the method
is not overridden), then this results in a call to the
SecurityManager
's checkPermission
method with
an AWTPermission("accessClipboard")
permission.
Clipboard
, or
null
if the native platform does not support a
system selection Clipboard
HeadlessException
- if GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
returns trueClipboard
,
FocusListener
,
FocusEvent.FOCUS_GAINED
,
FocusEvent.FOCUS_LOST
,
TextComponent
,
JTextComponent
,
AWTPermission
,
GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
public int getMenuShortcutKeyMask() throws HeadlessException
Menu shortcuts, which are embodied in the
MenuShortcut
class, are handled by the
MenuBar
class.
By default, this method returns Event.CTRL_MASK
.
Toolkit implementations should override this method if the
Control key isn't the correct key for accelerators.
Event
class
that is used for menu shortcuts on this toolkit.
HeadlessException
- if GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
returns trueGraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
,
MenuBar
,
MenuShortcut
public boolean getLockingKeyState(int keyCode) throws UnsupportedOperationException
VK_CAPS_LOCK
,
VK_NUM_LOCK
,
VK_SCROLL_LOCK
, and
VK_KANA_LOCK
.
IllegalArgumentException
- if keyCode
is not one of the valid key codes
UnsupportedOperationException
- if the host system doesn't
allow getting the state of this key programmatically, or if the keyboard
doesn't have this key
HeadlessException
- if GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
returns trueGraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
public void setLockingKeyState(int keyCode, boolean on) throws UnsupportedOperationException
VK_CAPS_LOCK
,
VK_NUM_LOCK
,
VK_SCROLL_LOCK
, and
VK_KANA_LOCK
.
Depending on the platform, setting the state of a locking key may involve event processing and therefore may not be immediately observable through getLockingKeyState.
IllegalArgumentException
- if keyCode
is not one of the valid key codes
UnsupportedOperationException
- if the host system doesn't
allow setting the state of this key programmatically, or if the keyboard
doesn't have this key
HeadlessException
- if GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
returns trueGraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
protected static Container getNativeContainer(Component c)
public Cursor createCustomCursor(Image cursor, Point hotSpot, String name) throws IndexOutOfBoundsException, HeadlessException
Note that multi-frame images are invalid and may cause this method to hang.
cursor
- the image to display when the cursor is activedhotSpot
- the X and Y of the large cursor's hot spot; the
hotSpot values must be less than the Dimension returned by
getBestCursorSize
name
- a localized description of the cursor, for Java Accessibility use
IndexOutOfBoundsException
- if the hotSpot values are outside
the bounds of the cursor
HeadlessException
- if GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
returns trueGraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
public Dimension getBestCursorSize(int preferredWidth, int preferredHeight) throws HeadlessException
Note: if an image is used whose dimensions don't match a supported size (as returned by this method), the Toolkit implementation will attempt to resize the image to a supported size. Since converting low-resolution images is difficult, no guarantees are made as to the quality of a cursor image which isn't a supported size. It is therefore recommended that this method be called and an appropriate image used so no image conversion is made.
preferredWidth
- the preferred cursor width the component would like
to use.preferredHeight
- the preferred cursor height the component would like
to use.
HeadlessException
- if GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
returns trueGraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
public int getMaximumCursorColors() throws HeadlessException
Note: if an image is used which has more colors in its palette than the supported maximum, the Toolkit implementation will attempt to flatten the palette to the maximum. Since converting low-resolution images is difficult, no guarantees are made as to the quality of a cursor image which has more colors than the system supports. It is therefore recommended that this method be called and an appropriate image used so no image conversion is made.
HeadlessException
- if GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
returns trueGraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
public boolean isFrameStateSupported(int state) throws HeadlessException
Frame
s. This method tells whether the UI
concept of, say, maximization or iconification is
supported. It will always return false for "compound" states
like Frame.ICONIFIED|Frame.MAXIMIZED_VERT
.
In other words, the rule of thumb is that only queries with a
single frame state constant as an argument are meaningful.
state
- one of named frame state constants.
true
is this frame state is supported by
this Toolkit implementation, false
otherwise.
HeadlessException
- if GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
returns true
.Frame.setExtendedState(int)
public static String getProperty(String key, String defaultValue)
public final EventQueue getSystemEventQueue()
First, if there is a security manager, its
checkAwtEventQueueAccess
method is called.
If the default implementation of checkAwtEventQueueAccess
is used (that is, that method is not overriden), then this results in
a call to the security manager's checkPermission
method
with an AWTPermission("accessEventQueue")
permission.
EventQueue
object
SecurityException
- if a security manager exists and its SecurityManager.checkAwtEventQueueAccess()
method denies access to the EventQueue
AWTPermission
protected abstract EventQueue getSystemEventQueueImpl()
EventQueue
instance, without checking access. For security reasons,
this can only be called from a Toolkit
subclass.
EventQueue
objectpublic abstract java.awt.dnd.peer.DragSourceContextPeer createDragSourceContextPeer(DragGestureEvent dge) throws InvalidDnDOperationException
InvalidDnDOperationException
GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
public <T extends DragGestureRecognizer> T createDragGestureRecognizer(Class<T> abstractRecognizerClass, DragSource ds, Component c, int srcActions, DragGestureListener dgl)
abstractRecognizerClass
- The abstract class of the required recognizerds
- The DragSourcec
- The Component target for the DragGestureRecognizersrcActions
- The actions permitted for the gesturedgl
- The DragGestureListener
GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
public final Object getDesktopProperty(String propertyName)
protected final void setDesktopProperty(String name, Object newValue)
protected Object lazilyLoadDesktopProperty(String name)
protected void initializeDesktopProperties()
public void addPropertyChangeListener(String name, PropertyChangeListener pcl)
name
- The name of the property to listen forpcl
- The property change listenerpublic void removePropertyChangeListener(String name, PropertyChangeListener pcl)
name
- The name of the property to removepcl
- The property change listenerpublic PropertyChangeListener[] getPropertyChangeListeners()
PropertyChangeListener
s
or an empty array if no property change
listeners are currently registeredpublic PropertyChangeListener[] getPropertyChangeListeners(String propertyName)
PropertyChangeListener
s
associated with the named property.
propertyName
- the named property
PropertyChangeListener
s associated with
the named property or an empty array if no such listeners have
been addedpublic void addAWTEventListener(AWTEventListener listener, long eventMask)
eventMask
.
First, if there is a security manager, its checkPermission
method is called with an
AWTPermission("listenToAllAWTEvents")
permission.
This may result in a SecurityException.
eventMask
is a bitmask of event types to receive.
It is constructed by bitwise OR-ing together the event masks
defined in AWTEvent
.
Note: event listener use is not recommended for normal application use, but are intended solely to support special purpose facilities including support for accessibility, event record/playback, and diagnostic tracing. If listener is null, no exception is thrown and no action is performed.
listener
- the event listener.eventMask
- the bitmask of event types to receive
SecurityException
- if a security manager exists and its
checkPermission
method doesn't allow the operation.removeAWTEventListener(java.awt.event.AWTEventListener)
,
getAWTEventListeners()
,
SecurityManager.checkPermission(java.security.Permission)
,
AWTEvent
,
AWTPermission
,
AWTEventListener
,
AWTEventListenerProxy
public void removeAWTEventListener(AWTEventListener listener)
First, if there is a security manager, its checkPermission
method is called with an
AWTPermission("listenToAllAWTEvents")
permission.
This may result in a SecurityException.
Note: event listener use is not recommended for normal application use, but are intended solely to support special purpose facilities including support for accessibility, event record/playback, and diagnostic tracing. If listener is null, no exception is thrown and no action is performed.
listener
- the event listener.
SecurityException
- if a security manager exists and its
checkPermission
method doesn't allow the operation.addAWTEventListener(java.awt.event.AWTEventListener, long)
,
getAWTEventListeners()
,
SecurityManager.checkPermission(java.security.Permission)
,
AWTEvent
,
AWTPermission
,
AWTEventListener
,
AWTEventListenerProxy
public AWTEventListener[] getAWTEventListeners()
AWTEventListener
s
registered on this toolkit. Listeners can be returned
within AWTEventListenerProxy
objects, which also contain
the event mask for the given listener.
Note that listener objects
added multiple times appear only once in the returned array.
AWTEventListener
s or an empty
array if no listeners are currently registered
SecurityException
- if a security manager exists and its
checkPermission
method doesn't allow the operation.addAWTEventListener(java.awt.event.AWTEventListener, long)
,
removeAWTEventListener(java.awt.event.AWTEventListener)
,
SecurityManager.checkPermission(java.security.Permission)
,
AWTEvent
,
AWTPermission
,
AWTEventListener
,
AWTEventListenerProxy
public AWTEventListener[] getAWTEventListeners(long eventMask)
AWTEventListener
s
registered on this toolkit which listen to all of the event
types indicates in the eventMask
argument.
Listeners can be returned
within AWTEventListenerProxy
objects, which also contain
the event mask for the given listener.
Note that listener objects
added multiple times appear only once in the returned array.
eventMask
- the bitmask of event types to listen for
AWTEventListener
s registered
on this toolkit for the specified
event types, or an empty array if no such listeners
are currently registered
SecurityException
- if a security manager exists and its
checkPermission
method doesn't allow the operation.addAWTEventListener(java.awt.event.AWTEventListener, long)
,
removeAWTEventListener(java.awt.event.AWTEventListener)
,
SecurityManager.checkPermission(java.security.Permission)
,
AWTEvent
,
AWTPermission
,
AWTEventListener
,
AWTEventListenerProxy
public abstract Map<TextAttribute,?> mapInputMethodHighlight(InputMethodHighlight highlight) throws HeadlessException
highlight
- input method highlight
null
HeadlessException
- if
GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless
returns trueGraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
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class: center, middle # threads # threadpools # implementation # usage ??? hello everyone, i'm going to be talking today mainly about threadpools in rust. in particular starting out by introducing... # threads * how to use them in rust # threadpools * why we need them # implementation * basic implementation # usage * brief overview of existing threadpool implementations --- class: center, middle # who ## corey farwell ## rwell.org ## @frewsxcv ??? who am i? **corey farwell** backend software engineer at kickstarter ruby / rails started using rust late 2014 contributed to various projects over the years rust documentation team (w/ steve) **rwell.org** there's not much on it so don't bother going to it **frewsxcv** unpronouncible online handle twitter github --- class: center, middle # https://slides.rwell.org ??? **read**: in case you want to follow along, here's a url to the slides --- class: center, middle
# safe # concurrent # practical ??? let's begin. rust is commonly advertised as a * safe * concurrent * and practical systems language the focus of my talk today is on concurrency. --- class: center, middle # concurrent ??? wikipedia defines concurrent computing to be: *a form of computing in which several computations are executed during overlapping time periods—concurrently—instead of sequentially* what is the basic building block of concurrency in rust? --- class: center, middle # threads! --- # threads ```rust use std::thread; use std::time::Duration; fn main() { thread::spawn(|| { thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)); println!("hello from a thread! 👋") }); } ``` ??? **explain**: go through every bit of the code lets see what happens when we compile and run this... --- # threads ```rust use std::thread; use std::time::Duration; fn main() { thread::spawn(|| { thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)); println!("hello from a thread! 👋") }); } ``` ```sh corey@mac /p/tmp> rustc code.rs corey@mac /p/tmp> ./code corey@mac /p/tmp> ``` ??? what happened? where's our output? some of you in the audience might have caught it earlier. in the main thread, we called `thread::spawn` and a child thread spawned. but then the main thread reached the end of the function. when that happens, the main thread kills all child threads and the child thread never printed the output. so how do we get the main thread to wait for the child thread to finish? --- # threads ```rust use std::thread; use std::time::Duration; fn main() { let handle = thread::spawn(|| { thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)); println!("hello from a thread! 👋") }); handle.join().unwrap(); } ``` ??? `thread::spawn` returns a `JoinHandle` struct. the `JoinHandle` struct allows us to block the main thread and wait for the child thread to complete via the `join` method. now when we run it... --- # threads ```rust use std::thread; use std::time::Duration; fn main() { let handle = thread::spawn(|| { thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)); println!("hello from a thread! 👋") }); handle.join().unwrap(); } ``` ```sh corey@mac /p/tmp> rustc code.rs corey@mac /p/tmp> ./code hello from a thread! 👋 ``` ??? cool, looks like it worked so now that we've mastered spawing a single thread, let's try spawning multiple --- # multiple threads ```rust let mut handles = vec![]; for i in 0..4 { handles.push( thread::spawn(move || { thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)); println!("hello from thread {}", i); }) ); } for h in handles { h.join().unwrap() } ``` ??? **explain**: all the new parts of the code doing the same thing as before, but now we're building up a vector of handles and joining all of them. it's all a bit clunky, but so be it. let's try running and compiling... --- # multiple threads ```sh corey@mac /p/tmp> rustc code.rs corey@mac /p/tmp> ./code hello from thread 2 hello from thread 1 hello from thread 3 hello from thread 0 corey@mac /p/tmp> ./code hello from thread 0 hello from thread 3 hello from thread 2 hello from thread 1 ``` ??? **explain**: the output as you can see, all four threads get run, in a non-deterministic order, in true asynchronous fashion four tasks getting run is not very impressive, let's try bumping up that number a small amount... --- # multiple threads ```rust let mut handles = vec![]; for i in 0..100_000 { handles.push( thread::spawn(move || { thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)); println!("hello from thread {}", i); }) ); } for h in handles { h.join().unwrap() } ``` ??? **explain**: the differences in the code --- ```sh corey@mac /p/tmp> rustc code.rs corey@mac /p/tmp> ./code thread 'main' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap()` on an `Err` value: Error { repr: Os { code: 35, message: "Resource temporarily unavailable" } }', src/libcore/result.rs:906:4 note: Run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` for a backtrace. ``` ??? **read**: the error message let's return to our code --- # multiple threads ```rust let mut handles = vec![]; for i in 0..100_000 { handles.push( thread::spawn(move || { thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)); println!("spawning thread {}", i); }) ); } for h in handles { h.join().unwrap() } ``` ??? instead of printing after we sleep, let's print as soon as we start the thread... --- # multiple threads ```rust let mut handles = vec![]; for i in 0..100_000 { handles.push( thread::spawn(move || { println!("spawning thread {}", i); thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)); }) ); } for h in handles { h.join().unwrap() } ``` --- ```sh corey@mac /p/tmp [101]> ./code spawning thread 0 spawning thread 1 spawning thread 3 spawning thread 4 spawning thread 2 ... spawning thread 2042 spawning thread 2043 spawning thread 2044 spawning thread 2045 spawning thread 2046 thread 'main' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap()` on an `Err` value: Error { repr: Os { code: 35, message: "Resource temporarily unavailable" } }', src/libcore/result.rs:906:4 note: Run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` for a backtrace. ``` ??? **explain**: everything in the console those of you with powers of two memorized might have alarms going off in your head right now so what's going on here --- class: center, middle # threading models ??? to answer that question, we first need to answer the question, "what is rust's threading model?" among other things, a programming language's threading model specifies how language defined threads interact with native operating system threads --- class: center, middle
??? **read**: off the image so in essence, whenever a rust thread is created, a corresponding native thread is created. because there is a 1:1 relationship here, this sort of threading model is often referred to as 1:1 threading. so in our previous example, when we tried to spin up 100,000 rust threads, because of rust's threading model, we're also telling macOS to spin up 100,000 threads, and it so happens that (at least on my machine) macOS doesn't want me spinning up more than 2048 threads. so now we have an understanding of what this 1:1 threading is, you might ask, what other types of threading models are there? --- class: center, middle # green threads ## M:N threading ??? many programming languages provide their own special implementation of threads. programming language provided threads are sometimes called lightweight or green threads. these languages take a number of green threads and execute them in the context of a different number of operating system threads. **mention**: M:N --- class: center, middle # native threads vs. green threads
??? here's a crappy visual i through together comparing native os threads and green threads **describe**: the visual languages with green threads: * go goroutines * python w/ gevent * lua coroutines * julia tasks * prior to 1.0, rust used to have green threads so for example if you tried to run 100,000 goroutines, we would not hit a native thread limit since go multiplexes go routines to a fixed number of native threads. there are a ton of tradeoffs when deciding if one's programming language should use native threads or green threads. how different languages actually implement green threading is a bit fuzzy to me so it's hard for me personally to make good direct comparisons, soooooooo don't expect me to answer any super indepth questions about this. the important takeaway here is, if you're working with concurrency in any programming language or library, it's important to consider the threading model. is it okay for me to execute 10,000 coroutines, threads, goroutines, tasks. --- ??? **read**: considering rust's native os threading model, we need some minimal layer of abstraction that allows us to schedule many tasks (potentially 100,000 takss) operating on a fixed number of native os threads. --- class: center, middle # thread pool! --- class: center, middle
??? A thread pool is a group of spawned threads that are ready to handle some task. When the program receives a new task, one of the threads in the pool will be assigned the task and will go off and process it. The remaining threads in the pool are available to handle any other tasks that come in while the first thread is processing. When the first thread is done processing its task, it gets returned to the pool of idle threads ready to handle a new task. so going back to our earlier problematic code... --- ```rust let mut handles = vec![]; for i in 0..100_000 { handles.push( thread::spawn(move || { thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)); println!("hello from thread {}", i); }) ); } for h in handles { h.join().unwrap() } ``` ??? --- ```rust let mut threadpool = ThreadPool::new(4); for i in 0..100_000 { threadpool.execute(move || { thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)); println!("hello from thread {}", i); }); } threadpool.join().unwrap(); ``` ??? **explain**: the code --- class: center, middle # implementation ??? **read**: so as per the last slide, now that you've seen what a basic interface is for the threadpool, i want to briefly run through how one might implement this. --- class: center, middle # https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/second-edition/ ??? the implementation i'm walking through is virtually identical to the threadpool implementation introduced in the last chapter of the second edition of the rust programming language book. for simplicity and readability, i cut a few corners in the implementation so the slides aren't just a wall of text. if you get lost during this section, don't worry, you can always refer to the book for a more thorough explanation. --- class: center, middle # components ## threadpool ## job ## worker --- class: center, middle
??? **explain** the relationships between all these concepts. what creates what * job is just rust closure * threadpool sends out job to all the workers via a channel * each of the workers listen on the channel and the jobs and run them on a thread --- # implementation: threadpool ```rust pub struct ThreadPool { ... } impl ThreadPool { pub fn new(size: usize) -> ThreadPool { ... } pub fn execute
(&self, f: F) where F: FnOnce() + Send + 'static { ... } } ``` ??? the traits on `where` clause are the same traits specified by the standard library's `thread::spawn` function we saw earlier **read**: `FnOnce`: in rust, closures can capture their environment in a few different ways. in particular, every closure in rust either implements the `Fn` trait, the `FnMut` trait, or the `FnOnce` trait. `FnOnce` indicates the closure is only called once and moves ownership of captured values into the closure. [1](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/second-edition/ch13-01-closures.html#closures-can-capture-their-environment) **read**: `Send` indicates the closure is able to safely be sent to another thread [1](https://doc.rust-lang.org/beta/nomicon/send-and-sync.html) **read**: `'static` indicates that any references used within the closure must have a static lifetime, which more or less means if you use a reference in the closure, it must be constant or static. --- # implementation: threadpool ```rust impl ThreadPool { pub fn new(size: usize) -> ThreadPool { let (sender, receiver) = mpsc::channel(); let mut workers = vec![]; for id in 0..size { workers.push(Worker::new(receiver.clone())); } ThreadPool { workers, sender, } } } ``` ??? mpsc: multi producer single consumer --- # implementation: threadpool ```rust impl ThreadPool { pub fn execute
(&self, f: F) where F: FnOnce() + Send + 'static { let job = Box::new(f); self.sender.send(job).unwrap(); } } ``` --- # implementation: job ```rust type Job = Box
; ``` ??? **read**: because the compiler doesn't know the size of the closure at compile time, since closure size can vary, we need to move the closure onto the heap before we can pass it through channels to other threads. --- # implementation: worker ```rust struct Worker { ... } impl Worker { fn new(receiver: mpsc::Receiver
) -> Worker { ... } } ``` --- # implementation: worker ```rust struct Worker { handle: thread::JoinHandle<()>, } ``` --- # implementation: worker ```rust impl Worker { fn new(receiver: mpsc::Receiver
) -> Worker { let handle = thread::spawn(move || { loop { let job = receiver.recv().unwrap(); job(); } }); Worker { handle } } } ``` ??? **explain**: the code **something i simplified**: Receiver is not allowed to be shared across different threads (because !Send), so it needs to be wrapped in a mutex to ensure it's only used by one thread at a time --- ??? and that's it, that's how you implement a threadpool like i said earlier, if you want a much more thorough explanation about the implementation, i strongly recommend taking a look at the book. --- class: center, middle # usage --- class: center, middle # threadpool # scoped-pool # scoped_threadpool # rayon ??? **explain**: history of each **threadpool**: used to be TaskPool in the std before 1.0 between these four crates, if you're looking to use a threadpool, i would suggest using rayon. --- # rayon ```rust use rayon::prelude::*; fn sum_of_squares(input: &[i32]) -> i32 { input.par_iter() .map(|&i| i * i) .sum() } ``` ```rust use rayon::prelude::*; fn increment_all(input: &mut [i32]) { input.par_iter_mut() .for_each(|p| *p += 1); } ``` --- # rayon ```rust rayon::ThreadPool::new(); ``` --- class: small # rayon ```rust /// Returns a handle to the global thread pool. This is the pool /// that Rayon will use by default when you perform a `join()` or /// `scope()` operation, if no other thread-pool is installed. If /// no global thread-pool has yet been started when this function /// is called, then the global thread-pool will be created (with /// the default configuration). If you wish to configure the /// global thread-pool differently, then you can use [the /// `rayon::initialize()` function][f] to do so. /// /// [f]: fn.initialize.html pub fn global() -> &'static Arc
{ lazy_static! { static ref DEFAULT_THREAD_POOL: Arc
= Arc::new(ThreadPool { registry: Registry::global() }); } &DEFAULT_THREAD_POOL } ``` ??? **describe**: what is good about a static threadpool GCT: grand central dispatch --- # rayon ```rust rayon::ThreadPool::global().spawn(|| { // ... }) ``` ```rust rayon::spawn(|| { // ... }) ``` ??? rayon is the primary threadpool used in servo, and parts of servo are shipping in firefox literally this next tuesday, so as far as i understand rayon will be in firefox next week --- class: center, middle # extra credit: scoped pools --- # scoped pools ```rust let mut vec = vec![0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]; let pool = ThreadPool::new(4); for e in &mut vec { pool.execute(move || { *e += 1; }); } pool.join().unwrap(); println!("{:?}", vec); ``` ??? imagine this scenario... **explain**: the code This task will run in the implicit, global scope, which means that it may outlast the current stack frame -- therefore, it cannot capture any references onto the stack. explain**: the code and why it doesn't compile --- # scoped pools class: small ```sh error[E0597]: `vec` does not live long enough --> src/main.rs:9:19 | | for e in &mut vec { | ^^^ does not live long enough ... | } | - borrowed value only lives until here | = note: borrowed value must be valid for the static lifetime... ``` --- # scoped pools ```rust let mut vec = vec![0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]; rayon::scoped(|scoped| { for e in &mut vec { scoped.execute(move || { *e += 1; }); } }); println!("{:?}", vec); ``` --- class: center, middle # know your threading model # read the book # use rayon --- class: center, middle # questions? ??? threads vs. processes: The typical difference is that threads (of the same process) run in a shared memory space, while processes run in separate memory spaces. --- class: center, middle # thanks!


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It's a fonts library for number surround by a circle.
<link href="CirlcleNum.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<i class="cnum-0"></i>
Tips: In propertype "class",the format like this
cnum-Number
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If a final field is assigned to a compile-time constant, it could be made static, thus saving overhead in each object at runtime.
This rule is deprecated, use {rule:squid:S1170} instead.


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In Ruby, we create an object using the class
-statement. An example of creating a Person object in Ruby is shown below. (Remember that this is only creating the "blue-print" for an object, which is separate from creating an instance of an object.)
In JavaScript, there is no class
-statement. But there are not
one but two ways to create a JavaScript object: Literal notation (below
left) and Constructor function (below right). For the Constructor method,
you have the option of two syntax styles. Below is the equivalent JavaScript
(not quite for the Literal notation-- more later) to the Ruby object created above:
JavaScript syntax looks strange having come from Ruby, right? The Literal notation looks not unlike a Ruby Hash
. The Constructor function syntax is equally wierd: it looks like a function being assigned to a variable, not creating an object. Perhaps a helpful way to think about the Constructor function syntax is this: those aren't any ol' functions being assigned to a variable name. Those are constructors! The JavaScript equivalent of def initialize
from Ruby. And we all know constructors mean constructing an object.
Now let's instantiate our Person object in Ruby. And with that instance, call its method to say hello. The code would look like this:
RUBY OBJECT INSTANTIATION AND METHOD CALL
And now to instantiate our Person object in JavaScript for both Literal notation and Constructor function, and call the instance method to say hello:
Wait. Why does creating a Literal object instance look just like the code
to create the "blue-print" for a Literal object?? Aha! That's because for
JavaScript Object Literals, creating an object (its "blue-print") and its
instance are done together and simultaneously! There is no separation.
(That's the reason why in the above LITERAL
NOTATION example, the firstName property suspiciously didn't get any
value.) There's a catch: an Object Literal has one and only one instance ever.
By contrast, a Constructor function object can instantiate an unlimited number of instances. That is the key difference between the two ways to create an object in JavaScript. (Technically, there's a third way using Object.create()
, but we won't go there.)
You might wonder: If there are two ways in JavaScript to create an object, how do I know which one to use? The Literal notation or the Constructor function? This article suggests the following guidelines:
Literal is a preferred option for name spacing so that your JavaScript code doesn't interfere (or vice versa) with other scripts running on the page and also if you are using this object as a single object and not requiring more than one instance of the object, whereas Constructor function type notation is preferred if you need to do some initial work before the object is created or require multiple instances of the object where each instance can be changed during the lifetime of the script.
References:


Photo: Ohio State Fan’s Jim Harbaugh Sign Goes Viral At College GameDay
by Andrew McCartyOn Saturday morning, ESPN’s College GameDay kicked off from Columbus ahead of a huge match-up between No. 2 Ohio State and No. 8 Penn State.
Before the game kicks off, Kirk Herbstreit and company took the stage to break down the day’s slate of games. as the crew previewed the biggest game of the Big Ten season, the cameras panned out to the crowd.
Of course, no College GameDay would be complete without a litany of signs.
One Ohio State fan’s sign stuck out.
“I’m thankful for Jim Harbaugh,” the sign read.
Harbaugh’s struggles against the Buckeyes have been well documented of the years. He’s still yet to beat Michigan’s biggest rival and it looks like the Wolverines won’t have a true chance this year either.
Meanwhile, Ohio State has its eyes set on a massive game against Penn State this afternoon. The Buckeyes enter as 18.5-point favorites, the biggest spread among top-10 teams since 2016.
Ohio State and Penn State kick off at 12:00 p.m. ET on FOX.