- What PC Parts Are Safe to Buy Used?
- Best Place to Buy Used PC Parts
- Apps & Websites
- Price and Performance Comparisons
- Laptops
There’s no shortage of used parts entering the market, and they’re a great way to save money when building a dirt cheap gaming PC.

Take it from a budget builder, used PC parts are definitely worth it, as long as you know what you’re doing.
That being said, let’s dive in:
What PC Parts Are Safe to Buy Used?
Generally, all PC parts should be okay to buy used except for the hard drive and power supply. Hard drives store sensitive information so it’s best to buy them new (they’re cheap anyway) and a faulty power supply can short the entire PC, so it’s best to buy them new.
Obviously, as with buying anything used, there will be inevitable wear and tear on whatever product you buy. This can range from physical cosmetic damage, to incapacitating internal damage, or hidden damage that might catch you down the line.
Processor (CPU)
Processors are one of the most popular components for resale. Since new CPUs are released yearly, there’s a constant flow of old processors coming in all the time.
Buying processors locally is a little dicey because you can’t always know if it works unless they show you beforehand, but on sites like eBay you can return faulty products for a refund.
When businesses upgrade their hardware, they sell their old stuff in bulk, meaning you can find powerful hardware for incredibly low prices.
An overclockable, 8 core, hyperthreaded Intel CPU that supports DDR4 RAM for under $200? Sold!
Before you decide to purchase a used AMD CPU, inspect it for bent or broken pins, as sometimes these deformities can cause shorts and damage to other internal components.
CPU Coolers
If you’re buying a used processor, it often won’t come with a cooler and hey, why not keep the used streak going.
Used coolers are going to have dust and other wear that’ll lower their performance from stock, so be sure to deep clean fans and heatsinks before use.
They may also have scratches on the base plate that might reduce contact with the CPU, and thus reduce cooling and I don’t recommend buying these.
Buying all-in-one water coolers used is kind of a mixed bag and most people will, justifiably, advise against it. However, I’ll tell you right now that I’ve never had any problems with my used water coolers in the years they’ve been running.
I got a 280mm Corsair H105 for $40 back in 2017 and it’s still running leak free in February of 2020. Same goes for the refurbished Asetek 120mm that was mounted to my old GTX 980.
Always ask to test a water cooler before buying to avoid any problems with leaks or the pump — otherwise, your other PC parts will be doomed.
Motherboards
Motherboards are usually fine used, and you can score some insane deals. Unfortunately, it’s hard to tell what problems will arise with them down the road.
On the plus side, you can find stupendous deals from people who are upgrading to newer hardware, but you can also run into wear issues if they were an avid user. I personally had a used motherboard fry 4 RAM sticks and a $140 i5 CPU due to a faulty power delivery that caught fire.
It’s difficult to judge which used motherboards have problems — the best you can do is have them prove its working condition before you buy.
Also, just like with AMD CPUs, if purchasing an Intel motherboard always check the socket for bent pins. You don’t want your new old motherboard to fry the rest of your new (old) parts.
Memory (RAM)
I personally think RAM is the safest electronic part you can buy used, but you can still run into issues regardless.
Make sure the stickers on the RAM match the advertisment.
And if the RAM has a heatsink, check the color of the sticker itself. Some scammers buy Kingston HyperX Fury heatsinks and throw them on cheap RAM to make a quick profit.
You can be the most careful person in the world and still run into problems later down the line, so I would consider purchasing a warranty if you’re buying from certain certified eBay resellers in case your sticks die after a while.
Graphics Card (GPU)
The most popular component to resell is hands down the graphics card. You will find these things everywhere, with a wide range of prices.
GPUs are one of the rare parts where you’ll find better deals on eBay in some cases.
When it comes to super old cards or relatively old mid-range cards, prices online are often slightly better or the same as local prices.
There are, of course, always exceptions. I managed to score a GTX 1070 Hybrid for $160 locally when it went for over $200 on eBay.
When you get into higher tier GPUs like GTX 1080s and 1080 Ti’s, prices are almost always better online.
I’ll be honest, I don’t think I’ve ever seen a fairly priced GTX 1080 locally.
Case
Hands down, cases are the safest piece of the computer to buy used.
The only part of a case that could really be a problem is the power button and front panel connectors — you’ve gotta turn your computer on after all.
Otherwise, all you have to worry about is possible cosmetic damage like scratches and dents.
If you’re okay with cosmetic damage though, you can find incredible deals on fully featured cases all around.
Storage
Out of all the parts I do recommend buying, storage is just barely on that list due to how fast storage solutions can deteriorate.
Hard drives, mechanical ones at least, should only be bought on an extreme budget because each drive has a set life span that you’ll be missing out on when buying used.
Plus, you never really know how long or how often the drive has been used.
You could be buying a retired NAS drive that’s been running non stop for the past 5 years.
Solid State storage solutions are a bit of a different story.
SSDs also have a lifespan in the number of times data can be written and rewritten before they start having errors and corruption.
Unlike HDDs though, SSDs tend to have a much longer lifespan so sometimes buying used SSDs is viable.
Power Supply (PSU)
I don’t recommend buying used power supplies under any circumstances unless you’re flipping computers and you don’t care about your customers.
I’ve had too many issues with used PSUs to recommend them, and the rest of the PC community agrees.
One PSU I got in a bundle fried all my hard drives with years worth of data, and another I bought for $50 only worked for one boot, then died.
You can’t attest to the quality of a used power supply. They’re the single most unpredictable part you can buy used.
Refurbished can be okay and I’ve been running a refurb PSU for 3 years with no issues, but you also don’t get the warranty and quality assurance that comes with a brand new power supply.
Best Place to Buy Used PC Parts
There are a couple of different routes you can take to find the best deals on used parts and each has its own benefits and drawbacks. I urge you to combine different strategies to optimize your results.
Bundles
Some of the best deals you can find for used parts are in bundles, especially from what I call ‘dysfunctional bundles’.
A bundle itself is pretty self explanatory: a bundle of parts.
Sometimes you can get full used PC bundles for cheap and you won’t have to change a thing, maybe just a couple upgrades here and there.
In that case you can even save more money by reselling the parts you don’t use.
There’s also CPU/Motherboard bundles or CPU/Mobo/RAM bundles that get you some of your core components fairly cheap so that you get a good starting point.
A dysfunctional bundle, on the other hand, can net you some big money saving if you’re willing to take some risk.
Dysfunctional bundles are bundles with faulty parts, or sometimes just a computer listed as “not working.”
These bundles are few and far between but if someone doesn’t know what they have (from a prebuilt system or something) you may be able to snag some quality parts on the cheap.
I was able to get a system with an i7-5930k and a GTX Titan X for $250 where the only problem was a faulty motherboard and no other issues.
However, you never know what could be broken or if anything is salvageable so be a little more cautious unless you’ve got some money to blow on a hunch.
Barebones Systems
Barebones systems are similar to bundles but they’re usually from OEM and proprietary systems like old Dell and HP desktops.
When businesses are parting with their old hardware to phase in the new, they start selling stuff in bulk, they may sell individual parts, full, or almost full systems.
These almost full systems are what we call barebones systems. They have the bare minimum required to run power, but sometimes (if you’re lucky) you’ll get a fully running system.
Often you can find barebones with just a processor, motherboard, and PSU in an OEM case. Occasionally they’ll even include RAM, but you’ll usually have to source it yourself.
Buying these can get you a fair price on an old system and all you gotta do is install the memory, a new power supply, and a dedicated video card.
Timing
Probably the single most important, and often hardest, part of building a budget PC from used parts is getting the timing right.
You may not always find great deals, and sometimes you’lly find deals that’re just out of this world. It’s all about knowing the best time to strike.
Here’s a great example from my personal experience:
Back in 2018, I decided to start building my very own gaming PC from used parts.
Unfortunately, my impatient nature pushed me to buy everything as soon as I could so I’d have my new PC up and running as fast as possible.
For context if you’re unaware, 2018 was one of the worst years for GPU and RAM pricing in history.
I ended up spending $140 on 16GB of used DDR4-2133 RAM, and $325 on a used Nvidia GTX 980.
The prices for those can now be found for around $40 and $130 respectively.
Definitely browse constantly over a period of time and just bookmark deals that you find to compare and contrast, and use the rest of the tips below in conjunction to find the best deals you can.
Apps & Websites
To start this section out we’d like to note that we highly suggest purchasing locally whenever possible.
You will without a doubt find significantly better deals locally 99% of the time since you don’t have to deal with shipping fees, tax, and some sellers just want their items gone as soon as possible.
For local buying, you can opt for the usual Craigslist classified ads or Facebook Marketplace as people have for years.
As time drags on people seem to be moving further away from Craigslist but Facebook Marketplace is still chugging strong.
I wouldn’t rule out Craigslist entirely though — I managed to get a fully functional i7-5820k system with a 1000 watt gold rated power supply and 32GB of DDR4 memory for $200 flat off of craigslist, alongside a mechanical RGB Alienware keyboard for $35.
Newer apps you might want to use for local buying are OfferUp and Letgo, two of the most popular used selling apps out right now.
You could also opt for Swop.it which is fairly popular, but the format is a bit odd and it’s a bit more focused on non-cash trades.
Both OfferUp and Letgo are very easy to use, have in-app messaging and search filtering, allow for seller rating, and OfferUp even has an integrated system to have items shipped.
However, a platform is only as good as its user base and in my experience, Letgo has some of the most openly rude users, at least in my area.
On the bright side, both apps give you the option to block other users.
For online buying, eBay is hands down the easiest go-to for buying used anything.
With easy navigation and filtering, you’re sure to find exactly what you’re looking for whenever you need it and their integrated Watch system can notify you on price and stock changes via email.
eBay also offers local buying for items in your area.
The best part about eBay is buyer security, something you just can’t find with local buying.
If an item arrives in a condition other than advertised, you can return it for a full refund and eBay customer service is quite good at figuring out disputes between buyers and sellers in a timely manner.
Although, this security comes at a cost and you’ll usually pay a bit more on eBay than locally.
Another site you may want to check out that I’ve never personally used is the hardwareswap subreddit (r/hardwareswap).
I can’t attest to the integrity of the forum, but it seems fairly legit and regulated from what info is available in their rules and wiki.
On hardwareswap you can both buy locally or provide a verified PayPal for sellers that offer to ship.
Price and Performance Comparisons
When you’re looking for specific parts you should always compare prices from different sellers and different platforms.
One common tactic that’s proved to work well for me is searching a part on eBay to find the average and lowest prices and then comparing them to locally sold offerings.
Hell, if you find it lower on eBay you could even use it as a bargaining chip to get an even better local price.
Comparing price-to-performance ratios is also important to get the perfect prices and the most performance out of your dollar.
If you’re up to the task, you could create a simple spreadsheet to compare prices and performance numbers from average benchmarks on sites like Userbenchmark, CPUBoss, and GPUCheck.
The way I do it is by dividing the performance number by the price and comparing the product of each equation. Higher is usually better but look for the difference between them to really determine what’s better.
Think of it like this: 100 is higher than 75, but is a difference of 25 worth $100.
If you just want raw percentage comparisons between CPUs or GPUs, for example the difference between an Intel i7-9700k and an AMD Ryzen 7 3700X, I highly suggest Userbenchmark.
Googling the format (cpu/gpu name) vs. (cpu/gpu name) will almost always send you a Userbenchmark link showing a comparison of average user submitted benchmarks between the two products and give a percentage difference in various fields of performance.
Some of the more popular products even include average FPS in a couple of game titles like CS:GO and League of Legends.
Peripherals
Peripherals are pretty easy to buy since the seller can usually show you right then and there how the product works with ease. But there are a couple guidelines to follow.
Monitors
Monitors are the only peripheral I can recommend buying 99% of the time as you’ll get such a better deal when buying used gaming monitors compared to new ones.
Monitors don’t lose all that much performance with use, so you can rest assured that your old new monitor will be running at it’s very best. It’s also obviously a lot easier to prove that the monitor is working before purchase.
Speakers
Similar to monitors, speakers are an easy buy used but they do deteriorate quicker than monitors do.
New speakers can be expensive so buying used is such a good route to go.
Once again, it’s easy to show any buyer that the speakers work by, well, playing something on them, and through that you’ll get a pretty good representation of just how they’ll sound before you commit to buying.
Keyboards
Keyboards are a bit of an odd buy for the used market, but there’s plenty of ‘em out there in case you’re on an extreme budget.
You never know where the hands which touched that keyboard have been, and you’ll never know the sheer amounts of food or drink that’ve been spilled on it.
I cannot stress enough that if you’re going to buy a used keyboard, buy a mechanical keyboard.
That way you can remove the keys to deep clean the board of any nasty contaminants possibly left over from the previous owner.
P.S. Please wipe it down with disinfectant wipes.
Headphones
Headphones are another used product that you might find a little nasty to buy, and most people would agree.
Just to be clear I’m talking over ear headphones not earbuds (which you should never buy used).
You can buy used headphones or headsets safely, and get a pretty damn good deal out of it, but you should definitely clean inside the ear muffs and the headphone band. Some gamers aren’t just sweaty in CS:GO.
Microphones
The easiest way to save money on your setup is to get a used microphone and I can safely suggest it all the way.
Microphones tend to keep their value on the use market but, more often than other parts, people will sell them cheap just to get rid of them which means you can get a stellar deal on a higher quality microphone as opposed to a brand new hundred dollar one.
Mics like the Blue Snowball are all over the market and you can get those things regularly for under $50.
Huge tip, for good microphone deals, find some failed rappers online! I got a $120 mic for 30 bucks that way.
Laptops
Used laptops? Aren’t those pretty common? Well, yes they are, and sometimes you can get old gaming laptops dirt cheap that can handle some modern games and most workstation tasks.
Older gaming laptops tend to hold their value pretty damn well but there’s always people willing to let their old items go on the cheap just to clear space.
If you don’t mind some cosmetic damage, many of these laptops are beyond dirt cheap since their old owners desire something new and clean.
If you can scoop up one of these to clean off or replace individual parts on, it may be well worth your while.
If you’re game to take some more risk, you might discover a gold mine in buying broken laptops. This one’s for those who are a little more tech savvy in replacing proprietary parts since laptops differ from system to system, but as long as you can follow online guides without breaking stuff I believe anyone could do it.
Buying an old thousand dollar broken gaming laptop and replacing it’s motherboard for a couple hundred bucks could net you the same performance as a brand new $700-800 laptop. It’s crazy stuff with some investment required, but you can easily run into issues with individual connectors, daughter boards, screens and so on.
Just a quick note, if you decide to fix a broken laptop with a display issue make sure you buy the right replacement screen because they’re not all cross compatible.


{% trans "You are changing the status for the following users" %}:
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--- layout: post title: "Hello world!" date: 2007-04-22 09:35:45 +0000 permalink: /2007/04/22/hello-world/ category: Linux redirect_from: - /blog/hello-world/ ---
This is my first post on my new blog. This blog is to focus on Linux and Open Source software as well as other technology issues of the day.


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Firms
[[ row.name ]]


WEEK 21 THURSDAY
Year 1 (Year 2)
FIRST READING 1 Thessalonians 3:7-13
“May the Lord make you increase and abound in love to one another and to all men.”
A reading from the first Letter of Saint Paul to the Thessalonians
Brethren, in all our distress and affliction we have been comforted
about you through your faith; for now we live, if you stand fast in the Lord.
For what thanksgiving can we render to God for you, for all the joy which we
feel for your sake before our God, praying earnestly night and day that we may
see you face to face and supply what is lacking in your faith? Now may our God
and Father himself, and our Lord Jesus, direct our way to you; and may the Lord
make you increase and abound in love to one another and to all men, as we do to
you, so that he may establish your hearts unblamable
in holiness before our God and Father, at the coming of our Lord Jesus with all
his saints.
The word of the Lord
RESPONSORIAL PSALM
Psalm 90:3-4.12-13.14 and 17 (R. 14)
R. Fill us with your merciful love, O Lord, and we shall exult.
You turn man back to dust, and say: 'Return, O children of men.' To your
eyes a thousand years are like yesterday, come and gone, or like a watch in the
night.
R. Fill us with your merciful love, O Lord, and we
shall exult.
Then teach us to number our days, that we may gain
wisdom of heart. Turn back, O Lord! How long? Show pity to your servants.
R. Fill us with your merciful love, O Lord, and we
shall exult.
At dawn, fill us with your merciful love; we shall exult and rejoice all
our days. Let the favour of the Lord our God be upon
us; give success to the work of our hands. O give
success to the work of our hands.
R. Fill us with your merciful love, O Lord, and we
shall exult.
FIRST READING 1 Corinthians 1:1-9
“In every way you were enriched in him.”
The beginning of the first Letter of Saint Paul to the Corinthians
Paul, called by the will of God to be an apostle of
Christ Jesus, and our brother Sosthenes, To the church
of God which is at Corinth, to those sanctified in Christ Jesus, called to be
saints together with all those who in every place call on the name of our Lord
Jesus Christ, both their Lord and ours: Grace to you and peace from God our
Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.  God
is faithful, by whom you were called into the fellowship of his Son, Jesus
Christ our Lord.
The word of the Lord
RESPONSORIAL PSALM Psalm 145:2-3.4-5.6-7 (R. see 1b)
R. I will bless your name, O Lord, for ever.
I will bless you day after day, and praise your
name for ever and ever. The LORD is great and highly to be praised; his
greatness cannot be measured.
R. I will bless your name, O Lord, for ever.
Age to age shall proclaim your works, shall declare
your mighty deeds. They will tell of your great glory and splendour, and
recount your wonderful works.
R. I will bless your name, O Lord, for ever.
They will speak of your awesome deeds, recount your
greatness and might. They will recall your abundant goodness, and sing of your
just deeds with joy.
R. I will bless your name, O Lord, for ever.
R. Alleluia. Watch, therefore, and be ready; the Son of Man is coming at an hour you do not expect. R. Alleluia.
GOSPEL Matthew 24:42-51
“Be ready.”
A reading from the holy Gospel according to Matthew
At that time: Jesus said to his disciples, ‘Watch for you do not know on
what day your Lord is coming. But know this, that if the householder had known
in what part of the night the thief was coming, he would have watched and would
not have let his house be broken into. Therefore you also must be ready; for
the Son of man is coming at an hour you do not expect. "Who then is the
faithful and wise servant, whom his master has set over his household, to give
them their food at the proper time? Blessed is that servant whom his master when
he comes will find so doing. Truly, I say to you, he will set him over all his
possessions. But if that wicked servant says to himself, 'My master is
delayed,' and begins to beat his fellow servants, and eats and drinks with the
drunken, the master of that servant will come on a day when he does not expect
him and at an hour he does not know, and will punish him, and put him with the
hypocrites; there men will weep and gnash their teeth.’
The Gospel of the Lord


WEEK 3
EXPLORING CSS
DECEMBER 16, 2015
This is the third week of Dev Bootcamp and we focused on expanding our knowledge of CSS. To start off, CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets and it describes how a page or document on the web should be displayed. It's usually a separate document that is linked to an HTML page in the tag and via the tag. It wasn't a super difficult subject to learn, but I'd be joking if I said that positioning didn't frustate the life out of me. Let's just say there was a lot of type this, refresh, view, erase, type that, refresh, view, erase, and so on.
The margin is the outermost space of an element. It's the blank space outside of the border and in-between elements.
The border is the line dividing the margin and the padding.
The padding is the inner most space right up against the element.
- What are the best practices associated with using classes vs. ids?
- What are the difference between relative, absolute, fixed, and static positioning?
- What does it mean to display inline vs using inline block?
What is the difference between margin, border, and padding?
If there are multiple elements that require the same styling, then classes should be used, otherwise an ID that's specific to one particular element can be used. I think of classes as like uniforms that students of the same school use. Everyone can be different, but they can all wear the same uniforms.
Static positioning is the default position and will try to position itself exactly to it's location on the HTML page - i.e. if the page is a paragraph, paragraph, image, static element, then it will position itself after the image. Relative is similar to static in that it uses the html's flow to determine position. The difference with relative though is it uses the top, bottom, left, and right attributes. It's a bit hard to explain so I'd advise making a simple page and trying it out to get an actual visual. Absolute is interesting because unlike the first two explained positioning, this one doesn't take into account the HTML's flow and the position is kind of hard set with numbers or percentages. Fixed is my favorite. This one is similar to absolute, but this one is relative to the browser window and you can see this in action with many navigation bars and the chatbox in facebook.
Displaying inline means the element is on the same exact line as other content, while inline block is similar except that it'll create a block in it's place. It's difficult for me to put into words so I created a visual below.


⌂
»
Site Content
Geometry Logic Ready for Testing
Building Area
# of Floors
Floor Area
Floor Height
# of Footprint Shapes (does nothing)
Footprint Shape
Massing Generator(does nothing)
Perimeter Depth(does nothing)
Orientation(does nothing)
Footprint dimensions
Length
Width
Thickness


REPAYMENT HISTORY
| Loan ID |
Created On |
Monthly Installment |
Amount |
Month |
Paid Amount |
Status |
Balance |
Action |
| #22338 |
03-01-2019 |
₦26667.534 |
₦200000 |
January |
₦27000 |
PAID |
₦154660.770 |
|
| #22338 |
03-01-2019 |
₦26667.534 |
₦200000 |
February |
₦27000 |
PAID |
₦154660.770 |
|
| #22338 |
03-01-2019 |
₦26667.534 |
₦200000 |
March |
₦27000 |
PAID |
₦154660.770 |
|
| #22338 |
03-01-2019 |
₦26667.534 |
₦200000 |
April |
₦27000 |
PAID |
₦154660.770 |
|
| #22338 |
03-01-2019 |
₦26667.534 |
₦200000 |
May |
₦27000 |
PENDING |
₦154660.770 |
|


Susan Paige Cantrell Lehtola
Unafffiliated
I am currently between jobs.
Metropolitan State University of Denver • B.S., Computer Information Systems Middle Tennessee State University • B.B.A., Bachelor of Business Administration, Minor: Art Arapahoe Community College, • Certificate, Healthcare Data Analytics
80134
On November 3rd, 2020, I was a Douglas County Election Judge. My position was Watcher Contact at a Voter Service and Polling Center in Parker, Colorado. I haven't donated any money to campaigns or political organizations.
I volunteer with Colorado Greyhound Association. I provide a home for foster greyhounds until they are adopted. In the past, I have maintained their website, and interviewed applications who are interested in adopting retired greyhounds.
Prior to the pandemic, I volunteer with Colorado Greyhound Association at events such as Parker Days, Denver PrideFest, and People's Fair. At a booth, we provide educational information about the breed, how to volunteer, and how to adopt a greyhound.
In recent years, I have wanted to be a more active citizen. I believe giving one party an advantage via gerrymandering suppresses representation. An independent, citizen-led commission of voters from across the state will diminish the influence of politics from the redistricting process. Districts with similar legislative concerns can be created to provide cohesive representation for voters who have been marginalized through partisan redistricting. I want to be part of this first step to create fairer districts.
To create agreement among team members, I listen to what the facts are before asking clarifying questions. In an unemotional, non-judgmental way, I provide well thought out feedback. I prefer diplomacy, and logic. I am able to encourage team camaraderie because my personality compliments almost every personality style. I believe these traits give me the ability to be fair and impartial.
As a data steward, I collect data from various sources to create a database of required information. To determine what data is necessary, I gather information from multiple stakeholders. Using the information gathered from stakeholders, I determine what data will be useful and create visual reports for decision makers.
she/her


| Document number |
ISO/IEC/JTC1/SC22/WG21/D1441R1 |
| Date |
2019-02-11 |
| Reply-to |
Rene Rivera<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
| Audience |
WG21 |
2. Changes
2.1. R1
Fix bug in test generation and DAG calculation that resulted in non-uniform growth in the modular test times. Fix grammatical errors. Ran tests on a high CPU machine from the GCC Farm Project. Additional data of parallel building from higher thread and faster hardware, thanks to Robert Maynard for running the tests and for the GCC Compile Farm for access to their machines. Replaced simple level based scheduler with a full parallel DAG executor to avoid CPU underutilization. Support for Clang 7.0.1 module compilation for alternate data.
3. Introduction
One of the stated goals of the modules proposals was performance over existing non-modular source specifically in terms of scalable builds. This paper aims to answer the important question of whether that goal was achieved by current modules implementations.
Building software does not happen in the solitude of the C++ compiler. It is a careful orchestration of a collection of tools from the preprocessor, compiler, linker, assembler, etc controlled by the build system. These have all been optimized to deal with the current separate compilation model and generally perform gargantuan feats. But as such it means that performance measurement needs to take into account, to some degree, all those in a controlled method to generate meaningful measurements.
To that end the measurements presented here are "synthetic". They are structured such that they simulate and isolate certain components, like the build system, to facilitate the extraction of relevance in the data. Such methods are described below for individual measurements.
4. Parallel Build
Although there are various aspects comprising performance scalability of key interest is in seeing how the potential algorithmic savings of modules "caching" compiler work at the cost of longer DAG build chains compares against the current, almost unlimited, parallelized building of plain source compiles. This test aims to measure the overall compile times of modular source across varied dependency chain depth against equivalent non-modular source.
4.1. Method
Overall we perform the basic task of compiling 150 C++ source files into
corresponding object files only. We perform the compile at different dependency
DAG chain depth counts. Each source depends, either as an import
or
#include
, on some number of sources (headers or modules) from the
previous DAG levels. Which means that at DAG level 150 each source depends on
at least the one source from the previous DAG level. The overall wall clock
time to compile all 150 files is taken as the result of the measurements.
An important observation is that at the highest DAG depth the arrangement
creates a completely linear dependency chain.
4.1.1. Modular Source
For modular source this test simulates the behavior of a build system to compile individual modular source files in parallel executions of the compiler to the limit of the available CPU threads. It does so in appropriate, but simulated, dependency DAG order; compiling each DAG level as a group. The process goes as such:
1) Generate a synthetic, and simplified, DAG to describe the build. Where all the sources in the level can be compiled in parallel.
2) Generate all source files similar to this:
export module m148;
import m0;
import m15;
import m84;
namespace m148_ns
{
export int n = 0;
export int i1 = 1;
// ...
export int i300 = 300;
}
Where the imports are randomly chosen from the set of all already compiled modules (in previous DAG levels).
3) For each DAG level compile all the source files therein with a GCC invocation similar to:
g++ -fmodules-ts -c -O0 m148.cpp
4.1.2. Non-modular Source
For no-modular source this test simulates the behavior of a build system to compile individually all source files in parallel executions of the compiler to the limit of the available CPU threads. As the non-modular sources only depend on already existing header source files all source files can be attempted to be compiled at once. The process goes as such:
1) Generate a synthetic, and simplified, DAG to describe the build with parity to the modular build. But which is not used in the build itself.
2) Generate all source header files similar to this:
#ifndef H_GUARD_h148
#define H_GUARD_h148
#include "h77.hpp"
#include "h78.hpp"
#include "h92.hpp"
namespace h148_ns
{
int n = 0;
int i1 = 1;
// ...
int i300 = 300;
}
#endif
Where the includes are randomly chosen from the set of all headers files in previous DAG levels. Although not needed to limit to previous DAG levels this is done to keep parity with the modular source in terms of statistical complexity of the included source size.
3) Generate all source files similar to this:
#include "h148.hpp"
4) Compile all source files as one group with a GCC invocation similar to:
g++ -c -O0 h148.cpp
4.2. Limitations
This test has some real-life limitations borne out of the software and hardware used for testing. Some of these limitations were discovered through experimentation, for example with internal compiler errors.
Being an experimental language feature the support for compiling modules is fragile and placed severe limits on what the modular sources could contain:
-
Most current C++ constructs fail to compile reliably on GCC, for example templates, and cause ICEs. This is why the generated sources only contain
int
variable definitions. -
Along that same line the current GCC modular compiler also seems to have stability limits on how many imports can be done. This is why only a maximum of three (3)
import
statements are included in the source. As the compiler errors with four (4) or moreimport
statements. -
Not to be outdone, compiling the header test also has one limitation. The GCC and Clang compilers have a hard limit of number of include header depth of 150. Which is why the tests only cover up to 150 files and consequently a matching DAG depth.
-
The Clang compiler does not implement the merged modules proposal. Which means we avoid features like the global fragment module when generating test source.
-
The Clang compiler uses two stages for modules. One to generate the BMI and another to generate the object code. This potentially increases the amount of parallelism but also increases the number of processes that need to run.
This is a simulation with "perfect" build knowledge as all dependency and source information is known before building starts. Hence it is only a very rough approximation of reality where build system have to deal with dependency discovery while building and in the face of generated source files.
The executor that schedules build commands is greedy and executes the first available task as soon as there’s a slot for it.
There is some amount of overhead on the Python side for running the threads in the executor. But this is stable through the lifetime of each test rune, and hence can be ignored as we only care about relative performance.
4.3. Results
The charts below use a triangle icon for non-modular builds, and a circle for modular builds.
First looking at the GCC performance, the solid lines, we can see that modular compiles have a consistent advantage over all DAG depths. Although the modular compiles rise slightly at the start they flatten out for most of the DAG depths. Whereas the non-modular compiles initially rise quickly and then a bit slower. But they still rise over time as more source code is consumed from the deepening header inclusions. This certainly looks really good for a modular future.
Now, lets look at Clang, the dashed lines, like GCC it starts out performing along the same scale of performance at lower DAG depths. But, alarmingly, at the 1/3 point it jumps in time to instead, surprisingly, follow the GCC non-modular compile performance. While at the same time the non-modular Clang compiles perform considerably better, but still linear. Another observation worth noting is that at the lower DAG depths GCC performs slightly better than Clang. This is likely from Clang test doing two compile invocations to generate the equivalent BMI and object data.
Even with the bad news of Clang at high DAG depths this looks promising. Both compilers perform very well at the not high DAG depths and scale well as DAG depth increases. But this is at what is considered low parallelism levels. Even phones are approaching this level of performance.
Lets now look at higher levels of parallelism with a machine that has only slightly lower CPU core speed but is capable of executing up 128 threads with its 32 physical cores. The first sample set is a base line comparison at 8 parallel jobs. As we can see it performs comparably with the above results. The one big difference is that now GCC non-modular performs better than the Clang non-modular builds.
We’ll now jump to 16 parallel jobs and onward step incrementally 16 jobs at a time until we reach the machine thread maximum of 128.
Immediately we can see that the non-modular builds roughly half in clock time matching the doubling of the available parallelism. And are now very close to the performance of GCC modular builds. What is striking is that the modular builds don’t substantially change from the 8 parallel job case.
As we can see the increasing number of parallel jobs keeps improving the performance of the non-modular builds while the modular builds are consistent. By now the non-modular builds are always faster at DAG depths 43 onward.
We’ve now reached the point where non-modular builds are faster at all DAG depths higher than 22. And while the modular builds have stayed the same in the face of increasing parallelism, the non-modular builds have gained ground at each step.
5. Conclusion
With the limitations of the capabilities of current compilers one can only conclude that modular builds could be advantageous at lower parallelism levels environments. In other words, that modules currently do not scale in the same ways as traditional compilation.
6. Acknowledgements
Thanks to Nathan Sidwell for the work to implement the latest merged modules proposal in GCC. And the citizens of the Internet and more specifically the contributors to StackOverflow for the hints that made it possible to decipher how to get the GCC svn checkout to build in OSX.
And many thanks to Mathias Stearn for the logic on how to compile the Clang modules. And Ninja generation for comparison in a different build system context.
7. References
GCC cxx-modules implementation, Nathan Sidwell https://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/cxx-modules
C++ Tooling Stats, Rene Rivera https://github.com/bfgroup/cpp_tooling_stats


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--- layout: page ---
Here is a basic example of a JSON Schema:
{
"title": "Example Schema",
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"firstName": {
"type": "string"
},
"lastName": {
"type": "string"
},
"age": {
"description": "Age in years",
"type": "integer",
"minimum": 0
}
},
"required": ["firstName", "lastName"]
}
The two examples below are step-by-step guides into building a schema:
The Space Telescope Science Institute has also published an guide aimed at schema authors.


About
portfolio
services
contact
Sweet.
Sunday.
We created engaging solutions and tell great stories
Technical Blog 3
Sunday 20th December, 2015
Cultural Blog
Sunday 13th December, 2015
Technical Blog Part 2
Thursday 10th December, 2015
Technical Blog Part 1
Tuesday 8th December, 2015
Time and habit
Saturday 4th December, 2015
Reflections
Friday 3rd December, 2015


MOTORCYCLE TOURS IN THE HIMALAYAS
Do you want to enjoy some of the best motorcycle tours in the Himalayas? Then, you need to familiarize yourself with the road, know what to bring and prepare yourself mentally. Mind you this trip is for professionals, so if this is your first time, you might want to travel with a professional biker. The roads from Manali to Ladakh are high-risk motorable roads that cut through the Indian Himalayas. The Himalayas road is not your regular city road; fatal accidents occur yearly and there are no hospitals or medical close by. However, the best means of traveling the Himalayas roads is with a British Royal Enfield motorbike manufactured in Chennai, India. This motorbike is rugged and travels the rough roads of the Himalayas easily.
Let's Have A Road Race
So you love to run, but what type of terrain is best for you? Before you get your asics sneakers on, let’s take a little time to discuss some of the different pros and cons to running on the road versus running on other types of terrain like grass or dirt. You want to make sure that when you engage in running that you do the best to minimize injury and maximize the health and personal benefits of running.Running in the city gives you a burst of adrenaline between the natural hormones being released in your body and heightened senses as you maneuver the streets like a professional athlete. Add to that the convenience of roads and even sidewalks for those who live in an urban environment. Road running gives you real life experience to reach your racing goals.
Slots Online for Free – Complete Collection of Games by Slotozilla
Slotozilla blooms with various tournaments and hot promotions. You can join one of the races and win cash prizes. Mind that prizes are different, so find the worthy one and go for it!We all take risks day by day; however, isn’t it a good idea to gain profit from it? With Slotozilla’s free slots, you can have fun and practice your gaming skills without risking your money prior to switching to a real game. So, there is no need to hesitate – give it a try!
Bungee Jumping Extreme Sports
The rubber band tied to the jumper's ankle is long enough to allow the jumper to enjoy "free fall" in the air for a few seconds. When the human body falls to a certain distance from the ground, the rubber rope is pulled apart, tightened, and prevents the human body from continuing to fall. When it reaches the lowest point, the rubber bounces up again, the human is pulled up, and then falls down again. This is repeated many times until the elasticity of the rubber rope disappears. This is the whole process of bungee jumping.


Start Aero
Aero, a next generation modern and clean Bootstrap 4x dashboard and admin template using flat, modern and minimal design. It is fully responsive built using SASS preprocessor, HTML5, CSS3 and jQuery plugins.
It can be used for most type of dashboard and app templates like Analytics, CRM, Backend Websites, CMS, build Blog, Business website and time line as well as desktop or mobile applications. Amazing flexibility and reusability
- Successfully tested on GTmetrix and Google page speed insight
- Two easy to customize Light & Dark Version colors schemes with 6 different accent colors.
- Layout options to easily make the sidebar, Mini sidebar, Mini Rightbar with collapse
- Over 100 components that can be merged together to create new unique elements and flows.
- User pages for login, register, locked screen, page offline, forgot password, each with to variations
- Applications examples: Inbox, Chat App, Contact, Blog, Ticket, Calendar, File Manager
- 3 icons packs: Material Icons, Themify Icons, Weather Icons.
- ... & many other useful features and ready to used widgets!
Main Features
- laravel v6.2.0
- Bootstrap v4.3.1
- Latest jQuery v3.3.1
- Built in SCSS
- Summernote
- CKEditor
- Markdown
- Morris Charts
- Flot Charts
- ChartJS Charts
- Knob Charts
- C3 Chart
- Jquery Datatable
- Editable Tables
- Responsive Tables
- Form Examples
- Form Validation
- Advanced Form Elements
- Form Wizard
- Color Pickers
- Masked Text Inputs
- Multi Select
- Tags Input
- Input Slider
- Date Picker
- Drag & Drop Upload
- Sortable & Nestable
- Treeview
- Progress Bars
- Range Sliders
- Sweet Alert Dialog
Main Template
The template consist of following components as show in image below:
- User Profile avatar
- Main Menu
- Main Search
- Hide Right Sidebar
- Main Usefull shortcuts links and Messages, Notifications
Main Laravel Structre
Server Requirements
Please make sure your server meets the following requirements.
- PHP >= 7.1.3
- OpenSSL PHP Extension
- PDO PHP Extension
- Mbstring PHP Extension
- Tokenizer PHP Extension
- XML PHP Extension
- Ctype PHP Extension
- JSON PHP Extension
- BCMath PHP Extension
Installation
Please make sure your server meets the following requirements.
1. Download
Download the theme files from your account and place on your server.
2. Composer
Laravel project dependencies are managed through the PHP Composer tool. The first step is to install the depencencies by navigating into your project in terminal and type following command:
composer install
3. NPM/Yarn
For NPM, you have to run following command from the root of the project in terminal:
npm install
4. Change Environment Configuration Files
This package ships with a .env. file in the root of the project. Change/Update your desired variables in this file.
Reference: https://laravel.com/docs/5.7/installation
Grunt Installation
Installing Grunt: Run npm install grunt --save-dev
command from your teminal to install grunt within your project.
Grunt Sass: Run grunt sass
command from your project directory. It will compile SASS to CSS for the project. This will read the file `assets/scss/filename.scss` and output a plain-css file to `/assets/css/filename.css`.
Grunt JSHint: Run grunt jshint
command from your project directory. It will checks all *.js files under `assetsjs/filename` for common syntax or coding errors using the JSHint utility.
Grunt Sprite: Run grunt sprite
command from your project directory.
Further help: To get more help on the grunt checkout Grunt
Note: However, any SASS code you write must be able compile via Grunt as well.It will generate pre-compiled javascript templates. Reads all the *.html files from `assets/js/filename` and outputs `assets/js/filename.templates.js`. Template.js will contains code of UI design and will be change each time you build solution through above command.
Grunt File The JavaScript Task Runner.
Grunt is a JavaScript task runner, a tool used to automatically perform frequent tasks such as minification, compilation, unit testing, and linting. It uses a command-line interface to run custom tasks defined in a file.
Folder Structure
Laravel/ ├──documentation/ ├──public/ ├──├─assets/ ├──│ ├──bundles/ ├──│ ├──css/ ├──│ ├──fonts/ ├──│ ├──images/ ├──│ ├──js/ ├──│ ├──├── Page/ ├──│ ├──plugins/ ├──│ ├──sass/ ├──resources/ ├──├─views/ ├──│ ├──authentication/ ├──│ ├──blog/ ├──│ ├──components/ ├──│ ├──dashboard/ ├──│ ├──ecommerce/ ├──│ ├──file-manager/ ├──│ ├──form/ ├──│ ├──icons/ ├──│ ├──layout/ ├──│ ├──pages/ ├──│ ├──profile/ ├──│ ├──project/ ├──│ ├──tables/ ├──│ ├──widgets/
CSS Structure
Please note that all Detail main Web Site, you need to set it up on your project Click Here..
main.css is the main CSS file located in assets/css/ folder of the package. Whole CSS file is well indexed with topic and its related code.
Javascript
Aero admin.js is the mail javascript file having all the js code. File is located in assets/js/ folder. This file code is also well formatted and section in different respective function names.
Along with this chart library based js code and dashboard based js code are added in separate files for ease of use of user.
Credit
- Bootstrap
- Google fonts
- Jquery
- Material Design Iconic Font
- Sweet-Alert
- Nestable
- Full Calendar
- Form Validator
- Bootstrap-timepicker
- Bootstrap Colorpicker
- Multi-select
- Datatables
- Morris
- Chartjs
- Sparkline
- Vector Maps
- Pexels (images)
- Flot-charts
- Bootstrap select
- Wysiwig Editor
- Bootstrap tables
- Chartist chart
Thank you!
- Created: 18-Oct-2018
- latest update: 21-Nov-2019
Thank you for purchasing our template. If you have any questions that are beyond the scope of this help file, please feel free to email at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>If you really like our work, design, performance and support then please don't forgot to rate us on Themeforest,
it really motivate us to provide something better.
Updates
Version 1.0.0 – 26 Nov 2019
-- Initial Release


New Balance 993 "Made in US" Returns With Two Classic Colorways
Back like it never left in grey/white and black/grey.
by Ross DwyerThe New Balance 993 is back once again with two classic made-in-the-US colorways: New Balance‘s signature grey and white, and an almost-as-storied black and grey. Although the brand has been undeniably busy this season, cranking out collaborations with the likes of Aimé Leon Dore and continuing to push the New Balance 990v5, they clearly haven’t forgotten about other heritage styles in the interim period.
First introduced in 2008 and the final model to be included in the 99X line, the 993 mixes elements from the New Balance 991 and New Balance 992 while adding enhanced cushioning for a modern-day feel. Much like the other 99X styles, the look presented is heavily heritage-inspired, with layered detailing on the mesh and suede upper, and an overall air of elegance given off by the simple-yet-effective color schemes.
Fully classic in its look, the grey and white pair mixes three shades of grey on its upper for a monochromatic palette, then adds white and silver detailing on the branded accents. Meanwhile, the black and grey makeup uses a heavy dose of hi-vis reflective accents on its stark upper, making for a style that’s simultaneously subtle and striking. Both shoes feature a two-tone ABZORB midsole and a black rubber outsole.
Both colorways of the New Balance 993 “Made In US” are available now via New Balance’s webstore. The retail price for each pair is set at $175 USD.
In other NB news, the brand recently used recycled materials to construct a colorful sneaker dubbed the PRJ 3.0.
New Balance 990v3 “Made In US”
Release Date
November 20, 2019 - 12:00 am EST (TBC)
Price
175 USD


I had the unique opportunity of being able to work for a couple Mennonite furniture makers here in the rural Waterloo region. These formative years really helped spark my passion for wood and wood projects. I have always loved spending time on the lathe. There is something so visually pleasing as I see a beautiful project being made from a rough piece of lumber. About 2 years ago, I came across a video of a guy turning and making his own pens and was instantly intrigued with the whole process. I made my first pen shortly after and have been hooked ever since. I have always loved working with my hands and creating beautiful wood projects from rough lumber and timber.


Shift Invariant Space Library (SISL)
Class Hierarchy
Go to the textual class hierarchy
Generated by
1.8.13


Hi so you have opened up our website now what do we do here you may ask , we build gaming projects here and their but we don't always just game we code games.
you can find us at a number of places
You can find us at github.
Visit Our Profile!
Copyright Danoxzilla.
Visit My discord Server!


Home
List all Images
List all containers
Image Details
Created
{{data['Created']}}
Author
{{data['Author']}}
Size
{{data['Size']}}
Repo Tags
{% for tag in data['RepoTags']%}
{{tag}}
{% endfor %}


| Drag a column header and drop it here to group by that column | |||||
| ProductID | Product name | Unit price | Quantity per unit | Units in stock | Discontinued |
| 1 | Chai | $18.00 | 10 boxes x 20 bags | 39 | |
| 2 | Chai | $18.00 | 10 boxes x 20 bags | 39 | |
| 3 | Chai | $18.00 | 10 boxes x 20 bags | 39 | |
| 4 | Chai | $18.00 | 10 boxes x 20 bags | 39 | |
| 5 | Chai | $18.00 | 10 boxes x 20 bags | 39 | |
| 6 | Chai | $18.00 | 10 boxes x 20 bags | 39 | |
| 7 | Chai | $18.00 | 10 boxes x 20 bags | 39 | |
| 8 | Chai | $18.00 | 10 boxes x 20 bags | 39 | |


We define a type of trees based on lists of trees. In this type, an node can have an arbitrary (but finite) number of children, grouped in a list.
Inductive ltree (A:Type) : Type := lnode : A -> list (ltree A)-> ltree A.
For this type, the induction principles that are generated by default or by the Scheme command are unsuitable, but we can construct a suitable one with the following script.
Section correct_ltree_ind. Variables (A : Type)(P : ltree A -> Prop)(Q : list (ltree A)-> Prop).  Fixpoint ltree_ind2 (t:ltree A) : P t := match t as x return P x with | lnode a l => H a l (((fix l_ind (l':list (ltree A)) : Q l' := match l' as x return Q x with | nil => H0 | cons t1 tl => H1 t1 (ltree_ind2 t1) tl (l_ind tl) end)) l) end. End correct_ltree_ind.
Prove a suitable induction principle for lists of trees of type ltree A.


This command initializes or re-initializes Soar. Initialization removes all elements from working memory, wipes out the goal stack, and resets all statistics. It does not excise chunks.


intro - introduction to system calls
Section 2 of the manual describes the Linux system calls. A system call is an
entry point into the Linux kernel. Usually, system calls are not invoked
directly: instead, most system calls have corresponding C library wrapper
functions which perform the steps required (e.g., trapping to kernel mode) in
order to invoke the system call. Thus, making a system call looks the same as
invoking a normal library function.
In many cases, the C library wrapper function does nothing more
than:
- copying arguments and the unique system call number to the registers where
the kernel expects them;
- trapping to kernel mode, at which point the kernel does the real work of
the system call;
- setting errno if the system call returns an error number when the
kernel returns the CPU to user mode.
However, in a few cases, a wrapper function may do rather more
than this, for example, performing some preprocessing of the arguments
before trapping to kernel mode, or postprocessing of values returned by the
system call. Where this is the case, the manual pages in Section 2 generally
try to note the details of both the (usually GNU) C library API interface
and the raw system call. Most commonly, the main DESCRIPTION will focus on
the C library interface, and differences for the system call are covered in
the NOTES section.
For a list of the Linux system calls, see syscalls(2).
On error, most system calls return a negative error number (i.e., the negated
value of one of the constants described in errno(3)). The C library
wrapper hides this detail from the caller: when a system call returns a
negative value, the wrapper copies the absolute value into the errno
variable, and returns -1 as the return value of the wrapper.
The value returned by a successful system call depends on the
call. Many system calls return 0 on success, but some can return nonzero
values from a successful call. The details are described in the individual
manual pages.
In some cases, the programmer must define a feature test macro in
order to obtain the declaration of a system call from the header file
specified in the man page SYNOPSIS section. (Where required, these feature
test macros must be defined before including any header files.) In
such cases, the required macro is described in the man page. For further
information on feature test macros, see feature_test_macros(7).
Certain terms and abbreviations are used to indicate UNIX variants and standards
to which calls in this section conform. See standards(7).
In most cases, it is unnecessary to invoke a system call directly, but there are
times when the Standard C library does not implement a nice wrapper function
for you. In this case, the programmer must manually invoke the system call
using syscall(2). Historically, this was also possible using one of the
_syscall macros described in _syscall(2).
Look at the header of the manual page source for the author(s) and copyright
conditions. Note that these can be different from page to page!
_syscall(2), syscall(2), syscalls(2), errno(3),
intro(3), capabilities(7), credentials(7),
feature_test_macros(7), mq_overview(7),
path_resolution(7), pipe(7), pty(7),
sem_overview(7), shm_overview(7), signal(7),
socket(7), standards(7), symlink(7), sysvipc(7),
time(7)
This page is part of release 5.05 of the Linux man-pages project. A
description of the project, information about reporting bugs, and the latest
version of this page, can be found at https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.


Change dir to NexT directory. There must be layout
, source
, languages
and other directories:
$ cd themes/next
$ ls
bower.json _config.yml docs gulpfile.coffee languages layout LICENSE.md package.json README.md scripts source test
Install module to source/lib
directory:
$ git clone https://github.com/theme-next/theme-next-canvas-nest source/lib/canvas-nest
Enable module in NexT _config.yml
file:
canvas_nest:
enable: true
onmobile: true # display on mobile or not
color: '0,0,255' # RGB values, use ',' to separate
opacity: 0.5 # the opacity of line: 0~1
zIndex: -1 # z-index property of the background
count: 99 # the number of lines
And, if you wants to use the CDN, then need to set:
vendors:
...
canvas_nest<EMAIL_ADDRESS>canvas_nest_nomobile<EMAIL_ADDRESS>$ cd themes/next/source/lib/canvas-nest
$ git pull


VEP run statistics
| VEP version (API) | 98 (98) |
| Annotation sources | Cache: /home/jhz22/.vep/homo_sapiens/98_GRCh37; Custom: clinvar_GRCh37.vcf.gz (exact) |
| Species | homo_sapiens |
| Command line options |
--assembly GRCh37 --cache --custom clinvar_GRCh37.vcf.gz,ClinVar,vcf,exact,0,CLNSIG,CLNREVSTAT,CLNDN --force_overwrite --input_data 1 154426970 154426970 A/C 1 --offline --output_file rs2228145.txt --species homo_sapiens |
| Start time | 2020-01-16 10:40:13 |
| End time | 2020-01-16 10:40:14 |
| Run time | 1 seconds |
| Input file | *Bio::EnsEMBL::VEP::Runner::IN |
| Output file | rs2228145.txt |
General statistics
| Lines of input read | 1 |
| Variants processed | 1 |
| Variants filtered out | 0 |
| Novel / existing variants | - |
| Overlapped genes | 1 |
| Overlapped transcripts | 6 |
| Overlapped regulatory features | - |


Running RECURSIVE–MATRIX–CHAIN is asymptotically more efficient than enumerating all the ways of parenthesizing the product and computing the number of multiplications for each.
The running time complexity of enumerating all the ways of parenthesizing the product is n*P(n) while in case of RECURSIVE-MATRIX-CHAIN, all the internal nodes are run on all the internal nodes of the tree and it will also create overhead
We know that the running time for enumeration is .
Now we will show that the running time for RECURSIVE–MATRIX–CHAIN is .
To find an upper bound on the running time of RECURSIVE-MATRIX-CHAIN, derive a recurrence of the form and solve it by substitution.
To get the upper-bound recurrence, we will assume the lines 1–2 and 6–7 each take at most constant time . Thus, we have the recurrence:
For , each term appears once as and once as , and collecting the in the summation together with the out front, we can rewrite the recurrence as
We will now prove that using substitution method.
(NOTE: Any upper bound of that is will suffice. It is preferred to prove).
Specifically, we shall show that for all . The basis is easy, since .
Using inductive procedure, for we have
The RECURSIVE–MATRIX–CHAIN takes time, and enumerating all parenthesizing takes time.
Hence, RECURSIVE–MATRIX–CHAIN is more efficient than enumeration.
Note:
The substitution uses
The equation can be derived from the equation of the exponential series
Let . By taking derivative, we get
The matrix-chain multiplication problem exhibit optimal substructure
If an optimal solution to a problem is obtained by the optimal solutions of its sub-problems, then the problem is said to be exhibits optimal sub structure.
Maximizing the number of scalar multiplications in the matrix-chain multiplication problem is also exhibits optimal sub structure.
• Consider a chain of matrices to multiply. Then this chain of matrices can be parenthesized so that the product cost is the maximum.
• To optimally parenthesize this product, the chain must be split between Ak and Ak+1 for some k in the range i ≤ k < j. since the cost to calculate is equals to the cost to calculate plus the cost to calculate
• Since the goal is to maximize the number of scalar multiplications, the sub chains and must be parenthesized optimally. That is , the problem split into two sub problems( and ) and the parenthesizing of these sub chains must be optimal.
• Consider that the sub problems produce the optimal solutions. Assume, if the solution to is not maximum cost, then there is another way to maximize the chain, then there is another way to parenthesis such that the cost to multiply the main chain more than the optimum. This is a contradiction.
• Therefore the solutions to the sub problems give the optimal solution to the whole problem.
Hence, maximizing the number of scalar multiplications problem exhibits optimal sub-structure.
Since the given problem exhibits optimal substructure, it can be solved by the following dynamic programming algorithm:
MATRIX-CHAIN-ORDER (p)
1 n = p.length- 1
2 let m[1..n,1..n] and s[1..n-1,1..n] be new tables
3 for i = 1 to n
4 m[i, i]=0
5 for l = 2 to n // l is the chain length
6 for i = 1 to n-l+1
7 j = i + l-1
8 m[i, j]=-1
9 for k = i to j-1
10 q = m[i,k]+ m[k+1, j]+pi-1pkpj
11 if q > m[i,j]
12 m[i, j]=q
13 s[i, j]=k
14 return m and s
Optimal Solution
Consider the following sizes of the matrices, , , and respectively
So, here
From the dynamic programming technique,
Therefore,
From the dynamic programming technique,
The optimal solution is
From the Professor Capulet’s equation,
Therefore,
From the Professor Capulet’s technique,
The optimal solution is
Thus, the solution calculated using the Professor Capulet’s technique and the solution calculated using the dynamic programming is not identical.
Therefore the solution calculated using the Professor Capulet’s technique is not optimal.
Hence, the above problem is an instance of matrix chain multiplication problem. This problem yields a suboptimal solution when greedy technique is used.
The rod cutting problem:
The rod cutting problem is violates the optimal substructure property if there is a limit on number of pieces of length i for
Optimal substructure is a property which says that optimal solutions to a problem gives optimal solutions to related sub problems, which can be solved independently.
If the number of pieces of a particular length that can be cut is limited, then the optimal -substructure property will be violated and dynamic programming approach would not apply. This is because, if the numbers of rods that can be cut of a particular length are limited, then the sub-problem which will involve two identical cuts would not have an optimal solution.
Hence the parent problem to that sub problem in the optimal sub problem could not have an optimal solution. So the optimal substructure property would be violated.
Example:
If we take a rod of length 4, price distribution is as given below in the table:
|
Length |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
|
Price |
2 |
5 |
5 |
4 |
Consider that at max user can have 1 cut of length 2.
The optimal solution to this problem would depend on the optimal problem of the sub problems.
So the optimal solution would be to cut the rod in 2+2 lengths using the optimal substructure property giving revenue of 10. But due to the restriction, the solution would be 2+1+1 revenue of 9, which is wrong.
Hence in case of restriction on the length li of the number of pieces, the optimal substructure property is not applicable in the rod cutting problem.
Currency conversion:
Consider the following:
Currency 1 = U.S Dollar, r12=65, r13=100
Currency 2= Indian rupee, r21=1/65, r23=2
Currency 3= Japanese Yen, r31=0.01, r32=1/2
That is, 1 U.S dollar buys 65 Indian rupees, 1 Indian rupee buys 2 Japanese yen, and 1 Japanese yen byes 0.01 U.S dollars.
The conversion form Indian rupees to U.S dollars are as follows:
• Direct conversion:
For 65 rupees one can get only 1U.S dollar.
• Making conversion in a series (rupees -> Yens->dollars):
For 65 Indian rupees one can get 130 Japanese Yens .
For 130 Japanese Yens one can get 1.3 dollars
Instead of one trade, a series of 2 trades makes profit of 33.3%.
Currency conversion problem:
• Consider that there are n currencies numbered.
• In the trade of currency exchange one can trade n currencies numbered where he can start from 1 and ends up with currency.
• If for each currency pair i and j the exchange rate is , then with d units of the currency i can be converted into units of currency j.
• is the commission that is charged on making k trades in a sequence.
• Since the sequence of trades may entail a commission, a best sequence of trades that produces more commission can be obtained.
Case 1:
Consider=0 for all k =1, 2, 3.., n. That is, there is no need to pay commission for making any number of trades. Then the finding best sequence of trade problem exhibits optimal sub structure.
Consider the rates between any two currencies:
|
1 |
2 |
. |
. |
. |
n |
|
|
1 |
0 |
r 12 |
. |
. |
. |
r 1n |
|
2 |
r 21 |
0 |
r 2n |
|||
|
. |
. |
. |
. |
. |
. |
. |
|
. |
. |
. |
. |
. |
. |
. |
|
. |
. |
. |
. |
. |
. |
. |
|
n |
r n1 |
r n2 |
. |
. |
. |
0 |
And ck = 0 for making any number of trades.
Consider the starting currency 1 and ending currency n. now for the sequence of exchange from currency 1 to currency n may contain one currency k such that d.r1k.rkn > d.r1n. There are n-2 choices for k. the trading sequence is 1-k-n .
Now, the problem is sub-divided into two problems
1. Trading from currency 1 to currency k: there may a currency i such that d.r1i.rik > d.r1k. There are n-3 choices for i. The trading sequence is 1-i-n.
2. Trading from currency k to currency n: again there may a currency j such that d.rkj.rjn > d.rkn. There are n-3 choices for j. The trading sequence is k-j-n.
Again the above problems produce sub problems.
The solution to the sub problems is optimal and the solution to the main problem is obtained by combining the solution to the sub problems. The solution to the main problem is also optimal.
Therefore the given problem exhibits optimal sub structure and can be solved recursively by dynamic programming.
Case 2:
If the commission rate (ck) is an arbitrary random value, then the problem of finding the best sequence of trading does not exhibit an optimal sub-structure.
Since the commission rate ck is arbitrary, even though there exists a currency k such that d.r1k.rkn > d.r1n, the solution may not the optimal.
There is no guarantee that the sub problems may give optimal solutions, because the commission rates are arbitrary values.
Hence, if the commission rate is arbitrary, then the finding a best sequence of trades problem do not exhibit optimal substructure property.


System Usability Questionnaire
Instruction: For each of the following statements, mark one box that best describes your reactions to the website.
I think that I would like to use this website frequently.
Strongly
disagree
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agree
I found this website unnecessarily complex.
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disagree
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agree
I thought this website was easy to use.
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disagree
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agree
I think that I would need assistance to be able to use this website.
Strongly
disagree
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agree
I found the various functions in this website were well integrated.
Strongly
disagree
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agree
I thought there was too much inconsistency in this website.
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disagree
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agree
I would imagine that most people would learn to use this website very quickly.
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disagree
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agree
I found this website very cumbersome/awkward to use.
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disagree
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agree
I felt very confident using this website.
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I needed to learn a lot of things before I could get going with this website.
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×
Sample Text


| Statement Date | Opening Balance | Payment | Advances | Other Charges | Adjustment Amount | Song Earnings | Close Balance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| {{fileRecord.statementDate | sonydate}} | {{fileRecord.openingBalanceAmount | currency}} | {{fileRecord.paymentAmount | currency}} | {{fileRecord.advanceAmount | currency}} | {{fileRecord.otherChargesAmount | currency}} | {{fileRecord.adjustmentsAmount | currency}} | {{fileRecord.domesticEarningsAmount + fileRecord.foreignEarningsAmount | currency}} | {{fileRecord.closingBalanceAmount | currency}} |


--- layout: post title: Podcasting all over the Rails categories: - general author: admin published: true date: 2005-07-12 10:53:54.000000000 +01:00 ---
Scott Barron has taken Ruby on Rails on the air. Listen to the Ruby on Rails Podcast:
On the show we will delve deep into the warped psyches of the members of the Rails core team. We’ll talk about news related to Rails and the web devlopment communities in general. We’ll talk about tips and tricks you can use to to write better Rails applications, and become a better person.


To access specific states append the 'states' query parameter to the end of the URL and add the states symbols.
Examples:
http://www.gpc4j.org/corona/index.xhtml?states=or,mi,tx,wi,ca,wa
http://www.gpc4j.org/corona/index.xhtml?states=ca,wa,ny
To exclude specific states append the 'exclude' query parameter to the end of the URL and add the states symbols.
Example:
http://www.gpc4j.org/corona/index.xhtml?exclude=ny,wa
Per Capita page available here where query filter parameters work the same as described above:
http://www.gpc4j.org/corona/percapita.xhtml
To access specific charts use the corresponding links below and append the 'states' or 'exclude' query parameters to the end of the URL as above if wanted.
Examples:
http://www.gpc4j.org/corona/region.xhtml


public abstract class AbstractAllocationDecision extends java.lang.Object implements ToXContentFragment, Writeable
ToXContent.DelegatingMapParams, ToXContent.MapParams, ToXContent.Params
Writeable.Reader<V>, Writeable.Writer<V>
| 限定符和类型 | 字段和说明 |
|---|---|
protected java.util.List<NodeAllocationResult> |
nodeDecisions |
protected DiscoveryNode |
targetNode |
EMPTY_PARAMS
| 限定符 | 构造器和说明 |
|---|---|
protected |
AbstractAllocationDecision(DiscoveryNode targetNode,
java.util.List<NodeAllocationResult> nodeDecisions) |
protected |
AbstractAllocationDecision(StreamInput in) |
| 限定符和类型 | 方法和说明 |
|---|---|
protected boolean |
atLeastOneNodeWithYesDecision()
Returns
true if there is at least one node that returned a Decision.Type.YES decision for allocating this shard. |
protected void |
checkDecisionState() |
static XContentBuilder |
discoveryNodeToXContent(DiscoveryNode node,
boolean outerObjectWritten,
XContentBuilder builder)
Generates X-Content for a
DiscoveryNode that leaves off some of the non-critical fields. |
boolean |
equals(java.lang.Object other) |
abstract java.lang.String |
getExplanation()
Gets the explanation for the decision.
|
java.util.List<NodeAllocationResult> |
getNodeDecisions()
Gets the sorted list of individual node-level decisions that went into making the ultimate decision whether
to allocate or move the shard.
|
DiscoveryNode |
getTargetNode()
Get the node that the allocator will assign the shard to, returning
null if there is no node to
which the shard will be assigned or moved. |
int |
hashCode() |
abstract boolean |
isDecisionTaken()
Returns
true if a decision was taken by the allocator, false otherwise. |
XContentBuilder |
nodeDecisionsToXContent(java.util.List<NodeAllocationResult> nodeDecisions,
XContentBuilder builder,
ToXContent.Params params)
Generates X-Content for the node-level decisions, creating the outer "node_decisions" object
in which they are serialized.
|
java.util.List<NodeAllocationResult> |
sortNodeDecisions(java.util.List<NodeAllocationResult> nodeDecisions)
Sorts a list of node level decisions by the decision type, then by weight ranking, and finally by node id.
|
void |
writeTo(StreamOutput out)
Write this into the StreamOutput.
|
isFragment
toXContent
@Nullable protected final DiscoveryNode targetNode
@Nullable protected final java.util.List<NodeAllocationResult> nodeDecisions
protected AbstractAllocationDecision(@Nullable DiscoveryNode targetNode, @Nullable java.util.List<NodeAllocationResult> nodeDecisions)
protected AbstractAllocationDecision(StreamInput in) throws java.io.IOException
java.io.IOException
public abstract boolean isDecisionTaken()
true
if a decision was taken by the allocator, false
otherwise.
If no decision was taken, then the rest of the fields in this object cannot be accessed and will
throw an IllegalStateException
.@Nullable public DiscoveryNode getTargetNode()
null
if there is no node to
which the shard will be assigned or moved. If isDecisionTaken()
returns false
, then
invoking this method will throw an IllegalStateException
.@Nullable public java.util.List<NodeAllocationResult> getNodeDecisions()
isDecisionTaken()
returns false
, then
invoking this method will throw an IllegalStateException
.public abstract java.lang.String getExplanation()
isDecisionTaken()
returns false
, then invoking
this method will throw an IllegalStateException
.public void writeTo(StreamOutput out) throws java.io.IOException
Writeable
protected void checkDecisionState()
public static XContentBuilder discoveryNodeToXContent(DiscoveryNode node, boolean outerObjectWritten, XContentBuilder builder) throws java.io.IOException
DiscoveryNode
that leaves off some of the non-critical fields.java.io.IOException
public java.util.List<NodeAllocationResult> sortNodeDecisions(java.util.List<NodeAllocationResult> nodeDecisions)
public XContentBuilder nodeDecisionsToXContent(java.util.List<NodeAllocationResult> nodeDecisions, XContentBuilder builder, ToXContent.Params params) throws java.io.IOException
java.io.IOException
protected boolean atLeastOneNodeWithYesDecision()
true
if there is at least one node that returned a Decision.Type.YES
decision for allocating this shard.public boolean equals(java.lang.Object other)
equals
在类中 java.lang.Object
public int hashCode()
hashCode
在类中 java.lang.Object


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--- layout: page weight: 0 title: Multiple Credentials navigation: show: true --- {% anchor h2 %} get {% endanchor %}
Retrieve a list of all credentials, or permissions for a specific credential.
| Parameter | Required | Requirements | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| username | No | alphanumeric | If a username is supplied, the API returns the JSON permissions for that user |
This API call allows user to add a new set of credentials to their account.
| Parameter | Required | Requirements | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| username | Yes | alphanumeric | Enter a username for the new account |
| password | Yes | alphanumeric | Enter a password for the new account |
| permissions | No | JSON array of bits |
Credentials are specified using a JSON object. There are three key names: email for access to SMTP, api for programmatic access, and web for administration. The values for each are a bit, 0 for off or 1 for on. The following example allows the specified username/password to log into the dashboard, but not send email or have access to any of the APIs: {"email": 0, "web": 1, "api": 0}
|
| Parameter | Required | Requirements | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| username | Yes | alphanumeric | The existing credentials to edit |
| password | No | alphanumeric | Optionally update the password |
| permissions | No | JSON array of bits |
Credentials are specified using a JSON object. There are three key names: email for access to SMTP, api for programmatic access, and web for administration. The values for each are a bit, 0 for off or 1 for on. The following example allows the specified username/password to log into the dashboard, but not send email or have access to any of the APIs: {"email": 0, "web": 1, "api": 0}
If you do not specify any additional parameters (i.e., email, web, api), then no permissions will be changed. This behavior allows you to change passwords without having to lookup the current applied permissions. |
| Parameter | Required | Requirements | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| username | Yes | alphanumeric | The credential to remove |


STTY(1) User Commands STTY(1) NAME stty - change and print terminal line settings SYNOPSIS stty [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [SETTING]... stty [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [-a|--all] stty [-F DEVICE | --file=DEVICE] [-g|--save] DESCRIPTION Print or change terminal characteristics. -a, --all print all current settings in human-readable form -g, --save print all current settings in a stty-readable form -F, --file=DEVICE open and use the specified DEVICE instead of stdin --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit Optional - before SETTING indicates negation. An * marks non-POSIX set‐ tings. The underlying system defines which settings are available. Special characters: * dsusp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal once input flushed eof CHAR CHAR will send an end of file (terminate the input) eol CHAR CHAR will end the line * eol2 CHAR alternate CHAR for ending the line erase CHAR CHAR will erase the last character typed intr CHAR CHAR will send an interrupt signal kill CHAR CHAR will erase the current line * lnext CHAR CHAR will enter the next character quoted quit CHAR CHAR will send a quit signal * rprnt CHAR CHAR will redraw the current line start CHAR CHAR will restart the output after stopping it stop CHAR CHAR will stop the output susp CHAR CHAR will send a terminal stop signal * swtch CHAR CHAR will switch to a different shell layer * werase CHAR CHAR will erase the last word typed Special settings: N set the input and output speeds to N bauds * cols N tell the kernel that the terminal has N columns * columns N same as cols N ispeed N set the input speed to N * line N use line discipline N min N with -icanon, set N characters minimum for a completed read ospeed N set the output speed to N * rows N tell the kernel that the terminal has N rows * size print the number of rows and columns according to the kernel speed print the terminal speed time N with -icanon, set read timeout of N tenths of a second Control settings: [-]clocal disable modem control signals [-]cread allow input to be received * [-]crtscts enable RTS/CTS handshaking csN set character size to N bits, N in [5..8] [-]cstopb use two stop bits per character (one with `-') [-]hup send a hangup signal when the last process closes the tty [-]hupcl same as [-]hup [-]parenb generate parity bit in output and expect parity bit in input [-]parodd set odd parity (even with `-') Input settings: [-]brkint breaks cause an interrupt signal [-]icrnl translate carriage return to newline [-]ignbrk ignore break characters [-]igncr ignore carriage return [-]ignpar ignore characters with parity errors * [-]imaxbel beep and do not flush a full input buffer on a character [-]inlcr translate newline to carriage return [-]inpck enable input parity checking [-]istrip clear high (8th) bit of input characters * [-]iutf8 assume input characters are UTF-8 encoded * [-]iuclc translate uppercase characters to lowercase * [-]ixany let any character restart output, not only start character [-]ixoff enable sending of start/stop characters [-]ixon enable XON/XOFF flow control [-]parmrk mark parity errors (with a 255-0-character sequence) [-]tandem same as [-]ixoff Output settings: * bsN backspace delay style, N in [0..1] * crN carriage return delay style, N in [0..3] * ffN form feed delay style, N in [0..1] * nlN newline delay style, N in [0..1] * [-]ocrnl translate carriage return to newline * [-]ofdel use delete characters for fill instead of null characters * [-]ofill use fill (padding) characters instead of timing for delays * [-]olcuc translate lowercase characters to uppercase * [-]onlcr translate newline to carriage return-newline * [-]onlret newline performs a carriage return * [-]onocr do not print carriage returns in the first column [-]opost postprocess output * tabN horizontal tab delay style, N in [0..3] * tabs same as tab0 * -tabs same as tab3 * vtN vertical tab delay style, N in [0..1] Local settings: [-]crterase echo erase characters as backspace-space-backspace * crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoprt and echoe settings * -crtkill kill all line by obeying the echoctl and echok settings * [-]ctlecho echo control characters in hat notation (`^c') [-]echo echo input characters * [-]echoctl same as [-]ctlecho [-]echoe same as [-]crterase [-]echok echo a newline after a kill character * [-]echoke same as [-]crtkill [-]echonl echo newline even if not echoing other characters * [-]echoprt echo erased characters backward, between `\' and '/' [-]icanon enable erase, kill, werase, and rprnt special characters [-]iexten enable non-POSIX special characters [-]isig enable interrupt, quit, and suspend special characters [-]noflsh disable flushing after interrupt and quit special characters * [-]prterase same as [-]echoprt * [-]tostop stop background jobs that try to write to the terminal * [-]xcase with icanon, escape with `\' for uppercase characters Combination settings: * [-]LCASE same as [-]lcase cbreak same as -icanon -cbreak same as icanon cooked same as brkint ignpar istrip icrnl ixon opost isig icanon, eof and eol characters to their default values -cooked same as raw crt same as echoe echoctl echoke dec same as echoe echoctl echoke -ixany intr ^c erase 0177 kill ^u * [-]decctlq same as [-]ixany ek erase and kill characters to their default values evenp same as parenb -parodd cs7 -evenp same as -parenb cs8 * [-]lcase same as xcase iuclc olcuc litout same as -parenb -istrip -opost cs8 -litout same as parenb istrip opost cs7 nl same as -icrnl -onlcr -nl same as icrnl -inlcr -igncr onlcr -ocrnl -onlret oddp same as parenb parodd cs7 -oddp same as -parenb cs8 [-]parity same as [-]evenp pass8 same as -parenb -istrip cs8 -pass8 same as parenb istrip cs7 raw same as -ignbrk -brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr -icrnl -ixon -ixoff -iuclc -ixany -imaxbel -opost -isig -icanon -xcase min 1 time 0 -raw same as cooked sane same as cread -ignbrk brkint -inlcr -igncr icrnl -iutf8 -ixoff -iuclc -ixany imaxbel opost -olcuc -ocrnl onlcr -onocr -onlret -ofill -ofdel nl0 cr0 tab0 bs0 vt0 ff0 isig icanon iexten echo echoe echok -echonl -noflsh -xcase -tostop -echoprt echoctl echoke, all special characters to their default values Handle the tty line connected to standard input. Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline, and deviations from stty sane. In settings, CHAR is taken literally, or coded as in ^c, 0x37, 0177 or 127; special values ^- or undef used to disable special characters. AUTHOR Written by David MacKenzie. REPORTING BUGS Report stty bugs to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>GNU coreutils home page: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/> General help using GNU software: <http://www.gnu.org/gethelp/> Report stty translation bugs to <http://translationproject.org/team/> COPYRIGHT Copyright © 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>. This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. SEE ALSO The full documentation for stty is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the info and stty programs are properly installed at your site, the com‐ mand info coreutils 'stty invocation' should give you access to the complete manual. GNU coreutils 8.12.197-032bb September 2011 STTY(1)


Minecraft Dungeons release date announced as April 2020
by James BillcliffeMinecraft Dungeons, the ARPG spin-off of everyone’s favourite world-conquering world-builder, will step up to the block in April 2020.
The release date announcement came during Microsoft’s XO19 presentation by way of a short teaser trailer – which you can see below:
One of the biggest points of the main Minecraft series is its online multiplayer, and this spin-off will include four-player co-op support.
This wasn’t the only announcement during XO19 however. Microsoft was keen to state that it has more games in the pipeline “than [it’s} ever had”.
While the next Xbox, Project Scarlett, will focus on speed, frame-rates, and a more powerful CPU.
On the games side, 10 Final Fantasy games are coming to Xbox Game Pass. While Kingdom Hearts 1 and 2 are also making the jump to Microsoft.
Halo Reach is joining the Master Chief Collection in December, while Yakuza 0, Kiwami and 2 are heading to Xbox One.
And the next game from Sea of Thieves developer Rare is called Everwild.
Games featured in this article


Provides an easy way to report the results of regression analysis, including: 1. Proportional hazards regression from function 'coxph' of package 'survival'; 2. Conditional logistic regression from function 'clogit' of package 'survival'; 3. Ordered logistic regression from function 'polr' of package 'MASS'; 4. Binary logistic regression from function 'glm' of package 'stats'; 5. Linear regression from function 'lm' of package 'stats'; 6. Risk regression model for survival analysis with competing risks from function 'FGR' of package 'riskRegression'; 7. Multilevel model from function 'lme' of package 'nlme'.
| Version: | 0.3.0 |
| Imports: | nlme |
| Published: | 2018-11-11 |
| Author: | Zhicheng Du, Yuantao Hao |
| Maintainer: | Zhicheng Du <dgdzc at hotmail.com> |
| License: | GPL-3 |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| CRAN checks: | reportReg results |
| Reference manual: | reportReg.pdf |
| Package source: | reportReg_0.3.0.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: reportReg_0.3.0.zip, r-release: reportReg_0.3.0.zip, r-oldrel: reportReg_0.3.0.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: reportReg_0.3.0.tgz, r-oldrel: reportReg_0.3.0.tgz |
| Old sources: | reportReg archive |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=reportReg to link to this page.


Tomorrow will start the laboratory!
Updated timetable
12 December: 15:30 - 18:30
14 December: 15:30 - 18:30
15 December: 12:30 - 15:00
18 December: 9:30 - 11:30
19 December: 15:30 - 18:30
20 December: 9:30 - 11:30
Second partial written examination
He was one of the most important men of Science of the whole history
Contributions in Mathematics, Physics, Astronomy, Logics
His works created entirely-new scholarly disciplines and fields
E.g.: graph theory - by demonstrating the problem of the seven bridges of Königsberg
Is it possible to walk around the city and to cross each of the bridges once and only once?
Graph: nodes (circles) connected by edges
An edge is followed every time one enters in a node, and another edge is needed to go out from that node
Each node, except the starting and ending nodes, should have an even number of edges for being satisfactorily traversed one or more times
But all the nodes in the graph have an odd number of edges
Contradiction: the problem of the seven bridges of Königsberg has no solution
Data structure used to describe in abstract terms several well-known situations
Routes between cities
Connections to people you know in social networks
Organisation of links between webpages on the Web
Two different kinds of graphs
undirected graphs, where an edge can be traversed in one way or the other indifferently
directed graphs, where the edge has a clear specification of the node-to-node direction that can be followed
Python package: NetworkX
Constructor: def Graph()
Used for creating undirected graphs without any possible multiple edge between two nodes
Constructor: def MultiGraph()
Used for creating undirected graphs which permit the specification of multiple edges between the same two nodes
NetworkX package allows us to associate as a node any possible immutable object definable in Python, that can be, thus, connected by means of one or more edges
add a node: <graph>.add_node(<node>)
If a node with that value is already present, the method has no effect on the graph
add an edge: <graph>.add_edge(<node_1>, <node_2>)
Inverting the position of the input nodes does not change the result
remove a node: <graph>.remove_node(<node>)
removes <node> from the graph as well as all the edges that involve it directly
remove an edge:
<graph>.remove_edge(<node_1>, <node_2>)
removes the particular edge between the two nodes specified
from networkx import Graph
my_graph = Graph()
my_graph.add_node(1)
my_graph.add_node(2)
my_graph.add_node(3)
my_graph.add_node(4)
my_graph.add_edge(1,2)
my_graph.add_edge(1,3)
my_graph.add_edge(1,4)
my_graph.add_edge(2,3)
my_graph.add_edge(3,4)
from networkx import MultiGraph
my_graph = MultiGraph()
my_graph.add_node(1)
my_graph.add_node(2)
my_graph.add_node(3)
my_graph.add_node(4)
my_graph.add_edge(1,2)
my_graph.add_edge(1,2)
my_graph.add_edge(1,3)
my_graph.add_edge(1,4)
my_graph.add_edge(1,4)
my_graph.add_edge(2,3)
my_graph.add_edge(3,4)
Additional information can be specified to nodes and edges by means of Python named parameters
E.g.: my_graph.add_edge(1, 2, weight=4)
<graph>.nodes()
and <graph>.edges()
return particular kind of lists (called NodeView
and EdgeView
respectively) that can be iterated by means of a foreach loop as usual - but no attributes of nodes/edges will be returned
Such attribution is explicit if we call nodes()
and edges()
by specifying the named parameter data
as True, e.g.<graph>.nodes(data=True)
Constructor: def DiGraph()
Used for creating directed graphs without any possible multiple edge between two nodes
Constructor: def MultiDiGraph()
Used for creating directed graphs which permit the specification of multiple edges between the same two nodes
Same methods presented for the undirected graphs
In this case, the order between <node_1>
and <node_2>
in the methods for adding and removing an edge is meaningful, since an edge specifies now a particular direction: <node_1>
is the source node, while <node_2>
is the target node
from networkx import MultiGraph from networkx import MultiDiGraph my_graph = MultiGraph() my_graph = MultiDiGraph() my_graph.add_node(1) my_graph.add_node(2) my_graph.add_node(3) my_graph.add_node(4) my_graph.add_edge(1,2) my_graph.add_edge(1,2) my_graph.add_edge(1,3) my_graph.add_edge(1,4) my_graph.add_edge(1,4) my_graph.add_edge(2,3) my_graph.add_edge(3,4)


Information in all forms is increasingly available, but using it effectively requires a range of technologies for acquiring, representing, reasoning, and manipulating information. These technologies constitute knowledge capture, and involve the extraction of useful knowledge from vast and diverse sources of information as well as its acquisition directly from users. Driven by the demands for knowledge-based applications and the unprecedented availability of information on the Internet, the study of knowledge capture has a renewed importance.
Although there has been considerable work in the area of knowledge capture, activities have been distributed across several distinct research communities, including knowledge engineering, machine learning, natural language processing, and the Semantic Web community. K-CAP provides a forum that brings together disparate research communities such as these, whose members are interested in efficiently capturing knowledge from a variety of sources and in creating representations that can be useful for reasoning. We solicit high-quality research papers for publication and presentation at our conference. Our aim is to promote multidisciplinary research that could lead to a new generation of tools and methodologies for knowledge capture.
K-CAP 2005, sponsored by ACM SIGART, follows on the success of two previous conferences in 2003 (Florida, USA) and 2001 (Victoria, Canada).
Topics of interest include, but are not limited to:
IMPORTANT DATES
| Paper submission deadline: | May 6, 2005 | |
| Review results available: | June 17, 2005 | |
| Camera-ready version due: | July 16, 2005 | |
| Conference: | October 2-5, 2005 |
SUBMISSION INSTRUCTIONS
|
Deadline: |
May 6, 2005 | |
| Page Limit: | 8 pages, using 10-point font, double column format | |
| Templates: | http://www.kcap05.org/templates/KCap05-Template.doc For LaTeX users, please use the following template: |
|
| Submissions: |
Please register as an author and submit papers (in PDF format only) at:
|
INVITED SPEAKERS
Pat Hayes (IHMC, Univ
West Florida)
Carole Goble (University of
Manchester, UK)
ABOUT THE VENUE
Banff is located in the Canadian Rocky Mountains, about 100 km west of Calgary.
Banff is part of Banff National Park, which offers a multitude of outdoor
activities. The Banff Centre was the traditional venue for the
knowledge-acquisition workshops held between 1985-1996.
More information:
| The Banff Centre: | http://www.banffcentre.ca/ | |
| Banff National Park: | http://www.pc.gc.ca/pn-np/ab/banff/ |
ORGANIZATION
| Program Co-Chairs | Peter Clark (Boeing) Guus Schreiber (Free University Amsterdam) |
|
| Treasurer | Jim Blythe (USC/ISI) | |
| Local Arrangements Chair | Rob Kremer (University of Calgary) | |
| Workshop and Tutorial Chair | Marie desJardins (University of Maryland Baltimore County) | |
| Publicity Chair | Matthew Richardson (Microsoft Research) | |
| Sponsorship Co-Chairs | Yolanda Gil (USC/ISI) David Leake (Indiana University) |
Steering Committee
| Ken Forbus (Northwestern University) | |
| Yolanda Gil (USC/ISI) | |
| Mark Musen (Stanford University) | |
| Jude Shavlik (University of Wisconsin at Madison) | |
| Derek Sleeman (University of Aberdeen) |
Program Committee
| Eugene Agichtein (Microsoft Research) | |
| Ken Barker (University of Texas) | |
| Larry Birnbaum (Northwestern University) | |
| Guy Boy (Eurisco) | |
| Vinay Chaudhri (SRI, International) | |
| Paul Compton (University of New South Wales) | |
| Rose Dieng (INRIA, France) | |
| Adam Farquhar (The British Library) | |
| Dieter Fensel (University of Innsbruck) | |
| George Ferguson (University of Rochester) | |
| Ken Ford (Institute for Human and Machine Cognition) | |
| Aldo Gangemi (CNR Rome) | |
| John Gennari (University of Washington) | |
| Asun Gomez-Perez (Polytechnic University Madrid) | |
| Udo Hahn (Jena University) | |
| Rob Holte (University of Alberta) | |
| Eric Horvitz (Microsoft Research) | |
| Ed Hovy (USC/ISI) | |
| Ross King (University of Wales, Aberystwyth) | |
| Doug Lenat (Cycorp) | |
| Henry Liebermann (MIT) | |
| Daniel Marcu (USC/ISI) | |
| Vibhu Mittal (Google) | |
| Riichiro Mizoguchi (Osaka University) | |
| Enrico Motta (The Open University) | |
| Ken Murray (SRI International) | |
| Natasha Noy (Stanford University) | |
| Bruce Porter (University of Texas at Austin) | |
| Alan Rector (University of Manchester) | |
| Claude Sammut (University of New South Wales) | |
| Nigel Shadbolt (University of Southampton) | |
| Rudy Studer (University of Karlsruhe) | |
| John Thompson (The Boeing Company) | |
| Peter Turney (NRC, Canada) | |
| Mike Uschold (Boeing) | |
| Christopher Welty (IBM Research) | |
| Bob Wielinga (University of Amsterdam) |