.example a
div a
a
ul li a

element with a “title” attribute?1) .nav {...}
2) nav {...}
3) #nav {...}
1) An element with an ID of "nav"
2) A nav element
3) An element with a class of "nav"
They all target the same nav element.
1) An element with an class of "nav"
2) A nav element
3) An element with a id of "nav"
1) An element with an class of "nav"
2) A nav element
3) An div with a id of "nav"
rgba()
value?rgba()
value applies transparency to the background color only.rgba()
value specifies the level of transparency of an element, as a whole, including its content.rgba()
value applies transparency to the background color only.rgba()
value specifies the level of transparency of the parent element only.
element is an example of an inline element.
is an example of a block element.
is an example of a block element.

is an example of an inline element.background: blue url(image.jpg) no-repeat scroll 0px 0px;
background-color: blue;
background-image: url(image.jpg);
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-attachment: scroll;
background-position: 0px 0px;
background-color: blue;
background-img: url(image.jpg);
background-position: no-repeat;
background-scroll: scroll;
background-size: 0px 0px;
background-color: blue;
background-src: url(image.jpg);
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-wrap: scroll;
background-position: 0px 0px;
background-color: blue;
background-src: url(image.jpg);
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-scroll: scroll;
background-position: 0px 0px;
1. External; CSS is written in a separate file.
2. Inline; CSS is added to the  of the HTML page.
3. Internal; CSS is included within the HTML tags.
1. External; CSS is written in a separate file and is linked within the  element of the HTML file.
2. Inline; CSS is added to the HTML tag.
3. Internal; CSS is included within the  element of the HTML file.
1. External; CSS is written in a separate file and is linked within the  element of the HTML file.
2. Internal; CSS is included within the  element of the HTML file.
3. Inline; CSS is added to the HTML tag.
1. External; CSS is written in a separate file and is linked within the  element of the HTML file .
2. Inline; CSS is added to the HTML tag.
3. Internal; CSS is included within the  element of the HTML file.
"p" is the selector
"#000000" is the property
"color" is the value
"p" is the selector
"color" is the property
"#000000" is the value
"color" is the selector
"#000000" is the property
"#p" is the value
"color" is the selector
"p" is the property
"#000000" is the value
flex-direction: row;
Example 2: flex-direction: row-reverse;
Example 3: flex-direction: column;
Example 4: flex-direction: column-reverse;
flex-direction: row-reverse;
Example 2: flex-direction: row;
Example 3: flex-direction: column-reverse;
Example 4: flex-direction: column;
flex-direction: row;
Example 2: flex-direction: row-reverse;
Example 3: flex-direction: column;
Example 4: flex-direction: reverse-column;
flex-direction: column;
Example 2: flex-direction: column-reverse;
Example 3: flex-direction: row;
Example 4: flex-direction: row-reverse;
display:none
and visibility:hidden
?[ ] Both will hide the element on the page, but display:none has greater browser support. visibility:hidden is a new property and does not have the best browser support
[ ] display:none hides the elements but maintains the space it previously occupied. visibility:hidden will hide the element from view and remove it from the normal flow of the document
[x] display:none hides the element from view and removes it from the normal flow of the document. visibility:hidden will hide the element but maintains the space it previously occupied.
[ ] There is no difference; both will hide the element on the page
font-weight: 400; font-weight: 700;
.grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 50px 1fr 2fr; }
@font-face {
font-family: 'Avenir', sans-serif;
src: url('avenir.woff2') format('woff2'),
url('avenir.woff') format('woff');
}

tag containing the title attribute?.logo { position: absolute; left: 100px; top: 150px; }
.logo { position: absolute; margin-left: 100px; margin-top: 150px; }
.logo { position: absolute; padding-left: 100px; padding-top: 150px; }
.logo { position: absolute; left-padding: 100px; top-padding: 150px; }
p:first-of-type {
color: red;
}
p {
color: blue;
}
.container {
color: yellow;
}
p:first-child {
color: green;
}
Q1. Which CSS properties can you use to create a rounded corner on just the top-left and top-right corners of an element?
A. border-radius: 10px 10px 0 0; B. border-top-left-radius: 10px; and border-top-right-radius: 10px; C. border-radius: 10px 0; D. border-top-radius: 10px;
[ ] B and CB and C
[ ] C and DC and D
[ ] A and BA and B
[x] A and C
Q2. What is the output of the margin value when used within this context, assuming that its containing element is larger than 800px?
[ ] The example element will have 0 margin space around the whole element. The auto value will center align the element horizontally and vertically within its container.
[ ] The example element will have 0 margin space on the left and right. It will be sized automatically on the top and bottom, which will center align the element within its container.
[ ] The example element will have 0 margin space on the top and bottom. The margin will be sized automatically on the left and right, which may center align the element within its container.
[ ] The margin value is invalid because its missing a unit measurement after the 0.
Q3. In this example, what color will paragraphs one and two be?
[x] Paragraph one will be red, paragraph two will be blue.
[ ] Both paragraphs will be blue.
[ ] Both paragraphs will be red.
[ ] Paragraph one will be blue, paragraph two will be red.
Q4. What is the difference between display: none and visibility: hidden?
[x] display: none hides the element from view and removes it from the normal flow of the document. visibility: hidden will hide the element but maintain the space it previously occupied.
[ ] Both will hide the element on the page, but display: none has great browser support. visibility: hidden is a new property and does not have the best browser support.
[ ] display: none hides the element but maintains the space it previously occupied. visibility: hidden will hide the element from view and remove it from the normal flow of the document.
[ ] There is no difference; both will hide the element on the page.There is no difference; both will hide the element on the page.
Q5. The flex-direction property is used to specify the direction in which flex items are displayed. What are the flex values used to specify the direction of the items in these examples?
[x] Example 1: flex-direction: row; Example 2: flex-direction: row-reverse; Example 3: flex-direction: column; Example 4: flex-direction: column-reverse;
[ ] Example 1: flex-direction: row-reverse; Example 2: flex-direction: row; Example 3: flex-direction: column-reverse; Example 4: flex-direction: column;
[ ] Example 1: flex-direction: row; Example 2: flex-direction: reverse-row; Example 3: flex-direction: column; Example 4: flex-direction: reverse-column;
[ ] Example 1: flex-direction: column; Example 2: flex-direction: column-reverse; Example 3: flex-direction: row; Example 4: flex-direction: row-reverse;
Q6. How would you make the first letter of every paragraph on the page red?
[ ] p::capital-letter { color: red; }
[ ] first-letter:p { color: red; }
[x] p::first-letter { color: red; }
[ ] first-letter::p { color: red; }
Q7. There are currently four viewport-percentage lengths that can be used to define the value relative to the viewport size: vw, vh, vmin, and vmax. If the current viewport size has a width of 800px and a height of 600px, what will these values be equivalent to in pixels?
[x] 10vw = 80px 10vh = 60px 10vmin = 60px 10vmax = 80px
[ ] 10vw = 60px 10vh = 80px 10vmin = 80px 10vmax = 60px
[ ] 10vw = 8px 10vh = 6px 10vmin = 6px 10vmax = 8px
[ ] 10vw = 6px 10vh = 8px 10vmin = 8px 10vmax = 6px
Q8. When using flexbox, the justify-content property can be used to distribute the space between the flex items along the main axis. Which value should be used to evenly distribute the flex items within the container shown below?
[x] justify-content: space-around;
[ ] justify-content: center;
[ ] justify-content: space-between;
[ ] justify-content: auto;
Q9. Which choice is not a valid value for the font-style property?
[ ] normal
[ ] oblique
[x] none
[ ] italic
Q10. Which element(s) will be blue?
[ ] P3P3
[ ] P1P1
[ ] P1, P3, and P4P1, P3, and P4
[x] P3 and P4
Q11. In this example, which selector has the highest specificity value for selecting the anchor link element?
Q12. How will the grid items display? How will the grid items display?
[x] The first column is twice as wide as the second column and will fit proportionally within the grid container.
[ ] The first column is half the size of the container and the second column will absorb the remaining space.
[ ] The first column is twice the height of the second column and will be as wide as the content.
[ ] The first column is twice the width and height of the second column, and will fit proportionally within the grid container.
Q13. Referring to the HTML markup and CSS example below, which element(s) will be targeted?

Paragraph 1.

Paragraph 2.

Heading

Paragraph 3.

paragraph 4.

Paragraph 5.

Paragraph 6.

[ ] The first letter in all paragraphs will be red.
[ ] Only the first letter in paragraphs 1 and 5 will be red.
[x] The first letter in paragraphs 1, 3, and 5 will be red.
[ ] Only the first letter in paragraph 1 will be red.Only
Q14. What is the correct order for listing different link states in a website so those states display correctly on the page?
[x] :link :visited :focus :hover :active
[ ] :active :focus :hover :link :visited
[ ] :link :visited :hover :active :focus
[ ] a a:hover
Q15. Which five style features are associated with the box model?
[x] margin, padding, border, width, height
[ ] width, height, z-index, overflow, font size
[ ] margin, padding, font size, line height, border
[ ] font size, line height, letter spacing, width, height
Q16. What is the difference between these line-height settings?
[ ] The value of 20px will set the line-height to 20px. The value of 2 will default to a value of 2px.
[ ]The value of 20px will set the line-height to 20px. The value of 2 is not valid.
[x]The value of 20px will set the line-height to 20px. The value of 2 will set the line-height to twice the size of the corresponding font-size value.
[ ]The value of 20px will set the line-height to 20px. The value of 2 will set the line-height to 20% of the corresponding font-size value.
Q17. By default, a background image will repeat ______.
[ ] only if the background-repeat property is set to repeat
[x] indefinitely, vertically, and horizontally
[ ] indefinitely on the horizontal axis only
[ ] once, on the x and y axis
Q18. To change the color of an SVG using CSS, which property is used?
[ ] Use background-fill to set the color inside the object and stroke or border to set the color of the border.
[ ] The color cannot be changed with CSS.
[ ] Use fill or background to set the color inside the object and stroke to set the color of the border.
[x] Use fill to set the color inside the object and stroke to set the color of the border.
Q19. In this example, what is the selector, property, and value?
[ ] "p" is the selector
"#000000" is the property
"color" is the value
[x] "p" is the selector
"color" is the property
"#000000" is the value
[ ] "color" is the selector
"#000000" is the property
"#p" is the value
[ ] "color" is the selector
"p" is the property
"#000000" is the value
Q20. What is the rem unit based on?
[ ] The rem unit is relative to the font-size of the p element.
[ ] You have to set the value for the rem unit by writing a declaration such as rem { font-size: 1 Spx; }
[ ] The rem unit is relative to the font-size of the containing (parent) element.
[x] The rem unit is relative to the font-size of the root element of the page.
Q21. CSS transform properties are used to change the shape and position of the selected objects. The transform-origin property specifies the location of the element’s transformation origin. By default, what is the location of the origin?
[x] the top left corner of the element
[ ] the center of the element
[ ] the top right corner of the element
[ ] the bottom left of the element
Q22. In the shorthand example below, which individual background properties are represented?
[x] background-color: blue;
background-image: url(image.jpg);
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-attachment: scroll;
background-position: 0px 0px;
[ ] background-color: blue;
background-img: url(image.jpg);
background-position: no-repeat;
background-scroll: scroll;
background-size: 0px 0px;
[ ] background-color: blue;
background-src: url(image.jpg);
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-wrap: scroll;
background-position: 0px 0px;
[ ] background-color: blue;
background-src: url(image.jpg);
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-scroll: scroll;
background-position: 0px 0px;
Q23. In the example below, when will the color pink be applied to the anchor element?
[ ] The color of the link will display as pink after its been clicked or if the mouse is hovering over the link.
[ ] The color of the link will display as pink on mouse hover.
[x] The color of the link will display as pink while the link is being clicked but before the mouse click is released.
[ ] The color of the link will display as pink before it has been clicked.
Q24. Which type of declaration will take precedence?
[ ] any declarations in user-agent stylesheets
[x] important declarations in user stylesheets
[ ] normal declarations in author stylesheets
[ ] important declarations in author stylesheets
Q25.
Q26. Which selector would select only internal links within the current page?
[ ] a[href=“#”] {…}
[ ] a[href~=“#”]
[ ] a[href^=“#”]
[x] a[href=“#”]
Q27. What is the difference between the margin and padding properties?
[ ] Margin adds space around and inside of an element; padding adds space only inside of an element.
[x] Margin adds space around an element; padding adds apace inside of an element.
[ ] Margin adds a line around an element, padding adds space inside of an element.
[ ] Margin adds space inside of an element, padding adds space around an element.
Q28. Which choice will not set all links that include domain.com to pink?
[ ] a[href$="domain.com"] {color: pink;}
[x] a[href="*domain.com"] { color: pink; }
[ ] a[href*="domain.com"] { color: rgb(255, 155, 155); }
[ ] a[href*="domain.com"] { color: pink;}
Q29. The calc() CSS function is often used for calculating relative values. In the example below, what is the specified margin-left value?
[x] The left margin value is equal to 5% of its parents element’s width plus 5px
[ ] The left margin value is equal to 5% of the viewport width plus 5px
[ ] The left margin value is equal to 5% of the closest positioned element’s width plus 5px
[ ] The left margin value is equal to 5% of the selected element’s width (.example) plus 5px
Q30. When using the Flexbox method, what property and value is used to display flex items in a column?
[x] flex-flow: column; or flex-direction: column
[ ] flex-flow: column;
[ ] flex-column: auto;
[ ] flex-direction: column;
Q31. Which property and value pair could be used to apply a linear gradient effect?
[x] background: linear-gradient(#648880, #293f50);
[ ] background-image: linear(#648880, #293f50);
[ ] background: gradient(linear, #648880, #293f50);
[ ] background-color: linear-gradient(#648880, #293f50);
Q32. When elements overlap, they are ordered on the z-axis (i.e., which element covers another). The z-index property can be used to specify the z-order of overlapping elements. Which set of statements about the z-index property are true?
[x] Larger z-index values appear on top of elements with a lower z-index value. Negative and positive numbers can be used. z-index can only be used on positioned elements.
[ ] Smaller z-index values appear on top of elements with a larger z-index value. Negative and positive numbers can be used. z-index must also be used with positioned elements.
[ ] Larger z-index values appear on top of elements with a lower z-index value. Only positive numbers can be used. z-index must also be used with positioned elements.
[ ] Smaller z-index values appear on top of elements with a larger z-index value. Negative and positive numbers can be used. z-index can be used with or without positioned elements.
Q33. You want to add a background circle behind an icon. Which style declaration is correct?
[ ] .glyphicon-bgcircle {
circle-radius: 50%;
margins: 50px;
background-color: #fdadc6;
color: rgba(255,255,255,1.00);
font-size: 24px;
}
[ ] glyphicon-bgcircle {
border-circle: 50%;
padding: 50px;
background-color: #fdadc6;
color: rgba(255,255,255,1.00);
font-size: 24px;
}
[x] .glyphicon-bgcircle {
border-radius: 50%;
padding: 50px;
background-color: #fdadc6;
color: rgba(255,255,255,1.00);
font-size: 24px;
}
[ ] .glyphicon-bgcircle {
radius-rounded: 50%;
margins: auto;
background-color: #fdadc6;
color: rgba(255,255,255,1.00);
font-size: 24px;
}
Q34. When adding transparency styles, what is the difference between using the opacity property versus the background property with an
rgba()
value?
[ ] Opacity specifies the level of transparency of the child elements. Background with an rgba()
value applies transparency to the background color only.
[ ] Opacity applies transparency to the background color only. Background with an rgba()
value specifies the level of transparency of an element, as a whole, including its content.
[x] Opacity specifies the level of transparency of an element, including its content. Background with an rgba()
value applies transparency to the background color only.
[ ] Opacity applies transparency to the parent and child elements. Background with an rgba()
value specifies the level of transparency of the parent element only.
Q35. The values for the font-weight property can be keywords or numbers. For each numbered value below, what is the associated keyword?
[ ] bold; normal
[x] normal; bold
[ ] light; normal
[ ] normal; bold
Q36. What is the line-height property primarily used for?
[x] to control the height of the space between two lines of content
[ ] to control the height of the space between heading elements
[ ] to control the height of the character size
[ ] to control the width of the space between characters
Q37. What element(s) do these selectors match to?
[ ] 1. an element with an id of “nav” 2. a nav element 3. an element with a class of “nav”
[ ] 1. a div with a class of “nav” 2. a nav element 3. a div with an id of “nav”
[x] 1. an element with a class of “nav” 2. a nav element 3. an element with an id of “nav”
[ ] They all target the same nav element.
Q38. Using the :nth-child pseudo class, what would be the most efficient way to style every third item in a list, no matter how many items are present, starting with item 2?
[ ] li:nth-child(3 + 2n) {
margin: 0 5 px;
}
[x] li:nth-child(3n + 2) {
margin: 0 5 px;
}
[ ] li:nth-child(2),
li:nth-child(5),
li:nth-child(8) {
margin: 0 5 px;
}
[ ] li:nth-child(2n + 3) {
margin: 0 5 px;
}
Q39. Which statement regarding icon fonts is true?
[ ] Icon fonts can be inserted only using JavaScript.
[ ] Icon fonts are inserted as inline images.
[ ] Icon fonts require browser extensions.
[x] Icon fonts can be styled with typography-related properties such as font-size and color.
Q40. Which style places an element at a fixed location within its container?
[x] position: absolute;
[ ] display: flex;
[ ] display: block;
[ ] float: left;
Q41. Which statement about block and inline elements is true?
[ ] A
element is an example of an inline element.
is an example of a block element.
[x] By default, block elements span the entire width of its container. Inline elements are the same height and width as the content contained between their tags.
[ ] By default, block elements are the same height and width as the content contained between their tags. Inline elements span the entire width of its container.
[ ] A
is an example of a block element.

is an example of an inline element.
Q42. In the following example, according to cascading and specificity rules, what color will the link be?
Q43. Which style rule would make the image 50% smaller during a hover?

[ ] img#photo:hover {scale: 0.5;}
[x] img#photo:hover {transform: scale(0.5);}
[ ] img#photo:hover {size: smaller;}
[ ] img#photo {hover-scale: 0.5;}
Q44. What property is used to adjust the space between text characters?
[x] letter-spacing
[ ] text-transform
[ ] font-variant
[ ] font-style
Q45. What is not true about class selectors?
[x] Only one class value can be assigned to an element.
[ ] An element can have multiple class value.
[ ] Class selectors are marked with a leading period.
[ ] More than one element can have the same class value.
Q46. What is the ::placeholder pseudo-element used for?
[ ] It writes text content into any page element.
[ ] It writes text content into a hyperlink tooltip.
[x] It is used to format the appearance of placeholder text within a form control.
[ ] It specifies the default input text for a form control.
Q47. Which choice is not a valid animation sequence?
[ ] @keyframes bounce {
from {
transform: translate3d(0, 0, 0);
}
to {
transform: translate3d(0, 200px, 0);
}
}
[ ] @keyframes change-color {
from {
color: red;
}
to {
color: blue;
}
}
[x] @keyframes change-color {
0% {
color: red;
}
50% {
color: yellow;
}
100% {
color: blue;
}
}
[ ] @keyframes bounce {
0% {
top: 0;
}
50% {
bottom: 0;
}
100% {
top: 0;
}
}
Q48. When using a font stack to declare the font family, in what order should the values appear?
[x] The first value is the first choice, followed by alternative options, ordered by preference. The last option should be a generic font.
[ ] The first value is the first choice. The order of the alternative options does not matter. It depends on what is available on the user’s computer.
[ ] The first value is the first choice, and must be followed by at least one alternative option before adding the generic font.
[ ] The first value is the first choice, followed by a maximum of three alternatives.
Q49. When using media queries, media types are used to target a device category. Which choice lists current valid media types?
[ ] print, screen, aural
[ ] print, screen, television
[x] print, screen, speech
[ ] print, speech, device
Q50. In the following media query example, what conditions are being targeted?
Q51. Which items are valid values for the font-size property? (Select all that apply.)
[ ] C, D
[x] B, C, D
[ ] A, C
[ ] A, B, C, D
Q52. Which statement about the SVG image format is true?
-[ ] SVGs work best for creating 3D graphics.
-[x] SVGs can be created as a vector graphic or coded using SVG specific elements such as <svg>, <line>,
and <ellipse>
.
[ ] SVGs are a HAML-based markup language for creating vector graphics.
[ ] CSS cannot be applied to SVGs.
Q53. In this example, what color will Paragraph 1 be?
p:first-of-type {
color: red;
}
p {
color: blue;
}
.container {
color: yellow;
}
p:first-child {
color: green;
}
[ ] blue
[ ] green
[x] red
[ ] yellow
Q54. CSS grid introduced a new length unit, fr, to create flexible grid tracks. Referring to the code sample below, what will the widths of the three columns be?
Q55. What is the CSS selector for an

tag containing the title attribute?
[x] a[title]
[ ] a > title
[ ] a=title
[ ] a.title
Q56. In this image, the blue box and sample text are both contained within the same parent element. The blue box is floated on the left margin of the container. Why is it not contained with the container?
[ ] Floating the blue box increased its height.
[ ] Floating the blue box on the left also moves it down.
[ ] Floating the blue box actually shifts it to the right and down.
[ ] Floating the blue box took it out of document flow and the container is sized only to the sample text.
Q57. What are three valid ways of adding CSS to an HTML page?
[ ] 1. External; CSS is written in a separate file. 2. Inline; CSS is added to the
of the HTML page. 3. Internal; CSS is included within the HTML tags.
[ ] 1. External; CSS is written in a separate file and is linked within the
element of the HTML file. 2. Inline; CSS is added to the HTML tag. 3. Internal; CSS is included within the
element of the HTML file.
[x] 1. External; CSS is written in a separate file and is linked within the
element of the HTML file. 2. Internal; CSS is included within the
element of the HTML file. 3. Inline; CSS is added to the HTML tag.
[ ] 1. External; CSS is written in a separate file and is linked within the
element of the HTML file . 2. Inline; CSS is added to the HTML tag. 3. Internal; CSS is included within the
element of the HTML file.
Q58. Which choice is not a valid color value?
[ ] color: #000000;
[x] color: 000000;
[ ] color: rgb(0,0,0);
[ ] color: #000;
Q59. Review the HTML example below. Then choose the list of selectors that select the

, from lowest to highest specificity.
[ ] 1. p {...}
2. p.example {...}
3. section p {...}
4. [class*="example"] {...}
[ ] 1. p {...}
2. section p {...}
3. [class*="example"] {...}
4. p.example {...}
[x] 1. p.example {.1.}
2. section p {.3.}
3. [class*="example"] {.2.}
4. section * {.4.}
[ ] 1. section * {...}
2. [class*="example"] {...}
3. p.example {...}
4. section p {...}
Q60. Using an attribute selector, how would you select an

element with a “title” attribute?
[x] a[title]{…}
[ ] a > title {…}
[ ] a.title {…}
[ ] a=title {…}
Q61. CSS grid and flexbox are now becoming a more popular way to create page layouts. However, floats are still commonly used, especially when working with an older code base, or it you need to support older browser version. What are two valid techniques used to clear floats?
[ ] Use the “clearfix hack” on the floated element and add a float to the parent element.
[ ] Use the overflow property on the floated element or the “clearfix hack” on either the floated or parent element.
[ ] Use the “clearfix hack” on the floated element or the overflow property on the parent element.
[x] Use the “clearfix hack” on the parent element or use the overflow property with a value other than “visible.”
Q62. There are many properties that can be used to align elements and create page layouts such as float, position, flexbox and grid. Of these four properties, which one should be used to align a global navigation bar which stays fixed at the top of the page?
[x] position
[ ] flexbox
[ ] grid
[ ] float
Q63. Which code would you use to absolutely position an element of the logo class?
[x] .logo { position: absolute; left: 100px; top: 150px; }
[ ] .logo { position: absolute; margin-left: 100px; margin-top: 150px; }
[ ] .logo { position: absolute; padding-left: 100px; padding-top: 150px; }
[ ] .logo { position: absolute; left-padding: 100px; top-padding: 150px; }
Q64. What selector and property would you use to scale an element to be 50% smaller on hover?
[ ] element:hover {scale: 0.5;}
[x] element:hover {transform: scale(0.5);}
[ ] element:hover {scale: 50%;}
[ ] element:hover {transform: scale(50%);}
Q65. Which choice uses the correct syntax for adding a hover pseudo class to

element?
[ ] a hover {…}
[ ] a.hover {…}
[x] a:hover {…}
[ ] a :hover {…}


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Route Rules v1alpha3
Configuration affecting traffic routing. Here are a few terms useful to define in the context of traffic routing.
Service
a unit of application behavior bound to a unique name in a
service registry. Services consist of multiple network endpoints
implemented by workload instances running on pods, containers, VMs etc.
Service versions (a.k.a. subsets)
- In a continuous deployment
scenario, for a given service, there can be distinct subsets of
instances running different variants of the application binary. These
variants are not necessarily different API versions. They could be
iterative changes to the same service, deployed in different
environments (prod, staging, dev, etc.). Common scenarios where this
occurs include A/B testing, canary rollouts, etc. The choice of a
particular version can be decided based on various criterion (headers,
url, etc.) and/or by weights assigned to each version. Each service has
a default version consisting of all its instances.
Source
- A downstream client calling a service.
Host
- The address used by a client when attempting to connect to a
service.
Access model
- Applications address only the destination service
(Host) without knowledge of individual service versions (subsets). The
actual choice of the version is determined by the proxy/sidecar, enabling the
application code to decouple itself from the evolution of dependent
services.
ConnectionPoolSettings
Connection pool settings for an upstream host. The settings apply to each individual host in the upstream service. See Envoy’s circuit breaker for more details. Connection pool settings can be applied at the TCP level as well as at HTTP level.
For example, the following rule sets a limit of 100 connections to redis service called myredissrv with a connect timeout of 30ms
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
name: bookinfo-redis
spec:
host: myredissrv.prod.svc.cluster.local
trafficPolicy:
connectionPool:
tcp:
maxConnections: 100
connectTimeout: 30ms
ConnectionPoolSettings.HTTPSettings
Settings applicable to HTTP1.1/HTTP2/GRPC connections.
ConnectionPoolSettings.TCPSettings
Settings common to both HTTP and TCP upstream connections.
CorsPolicy
Describes the Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS) policy, for a given service. Refer to https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/AccesscontrolCORS for further details about cross origin resource sharing. For example, the following rule restricts cross origin requests to those originating from example.com domain using HTTP POST/GET, and sets the Access-Control-Allow-Credentials header to false. In addition, it only exposes X-Foo-bar header and sets an expiry period of 1 day.
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
name: ratings-route
spec:
hosts:
- ratings.prod.svc.cluster.local
http:
- route:
- destination:
host: ratings.prod.svc.cluster.local
subset: v1
corsPolicy:
allowOrigin:
- example.com
allowMethods:
- POST
- GET
allowCredentials: false
allowHeaders:
- X-Foo-Bar
maxAge: "1d"
Destination
Destination indicates the network addressable service to which the request/connection will be sent after processing a routing rule. The destination.host should unambiguously refer to a service in the service registry. Istio’s service registry is composed of all the services found in the platform’s service registry (e.g., Kubernetes services, Consul services), as well as services declared through the ServiceEntry resource.
Note for Kubernetes users: When short names are used (e.g. “reviews” instead of “reviews.default.svc.cluster.local”), Istio will interpret the short name based on the namespace of the rule, not the service. A rule in the “default” namespace containing a host “reviews will be interpreted as “reviews.default.svc.cluster.local”, irrespective of the actual namespace associated with the reviews service. To avoid potential misconfigurations, it is recommended to always use fully qualified domain names over short names.
The following Kubernetes example routes all traffic by default to pods of the reviews service with label “version: v1” (i.e., subset v1), and some to subset v2, in a kubernetes environment.
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
name: reviews-route
namespace: foo
spec:
hosts:
- reviews # interpreted as reviews.foo.svc.cluster.local
http:
- match:
- uri:
prefix: "/wpcatalog"
- uri:
prefix: "/consumercatalog"
rewrite:
uri: "/newcatalog"
route:
- destination:
host: reviews # interpreted as reviews.foo.svc.cluster.local
subset: v2
- route:
- destination:
host: reviews # interpreted as reviews.foo.svc.cluster.local
subset: v1
And the associated DestinationRule
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
name: reviews-destination
namespace: foo
spec:
host: reviews # interpreted as reviews.foo.svc.cluster.local
subsets:
- name: v1
labels:
version: v1
- name: v2
labels:
version: v2
The following VirtualService sets a timeout of 5s for all calls to productpage.prod.svc.cluster.local service in Kubernetes. Notice that there are no subsets defined in this rule. Istio will fetch all instances of productpage.prod.svc.cluster.local service from the service registry and populate the sidecar’s load balancing pool. Also, notice that this rule is set in the istio-system namespace but uses the fully qualified domain name of the productpage service, productpage.prod.svc.cluster.local. Therefore the rule’s namespace does not have an impact in resolving the name of the productpage service.
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
name: my-productpage-rule
namespace: istio-system
spec:
hosts:
- productpage.prod.svc.cluster.local # ignores rule namespace
http:
- timeout: 5s
route:
- destination:
host: productpage.prod.svc.cluster.local
To control routing for traffic bound to services outside the mesh, external services must first be added to Istio’s internal service registry using the ServiceEntry resource. VirtualServices can then be defined to control traffic bound to these external services. For example, the following rules define a Service for wikipedia.org and set a timeout of 5s for http requests.
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: ServiceEntry
metadata:
name: external-svc-wikipedia
spec:
hosts:
- wikipedia.org
location: MESH_EXTERNAL
ports:
- number: 80
name: example-http
protocol: HTTP
resolution: DNS
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
name: my-wiki-rule
spec:
hosts:
- wikipedia.org
http:
- timeout: 5s
route:
- destination:
host: wikipedia.org
DestinationRule
DestinationRule
defines policies that apply to traffic intended for a
service after routing has occurred. These rules specify configuration
for load balancing, connection pool size from the sidecar, and outlier
detection settings to detect and evict unhealthy hosts from the load
balancing pool. For example, a simple load balancing policy for the
ratings service would look as follows:
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
name: bookinfo-ratings
spec:
host: ratings.prod.svc.cluster.local
trafficPolicy:
loadBalancer:
simple: LEAST_CONN
Version specific policies can be specified by defining a named
subset
and overriding the settings specified at the service level. The
following rule uses a round robin load balancing policy for all traffic
going to a subset named testversion that is composed of endpoints (e.g.,
pods) with labels (version:v3).
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
name: bookinfo-ratings
spec:
host: ratings.prod.svc.cluster.local
trafficPolicy:
loadBalancer:
simple: LEAST_CONN
subsets:
- name: testversion
labels:
version: v3
trafficPolicy:
loadBalancer:
simple: ROUND_ROBIN
Note: Policies specified for subsets will not take effect until a route rule explicitly sends traffic to this subset.
Traffic policies can be customized to specific ports as well. The following rule uses the least connection load balancing policy for all traffic to port 80, while uses a round robin load balancing setting for traffic to the port 9080.
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
name: bookinfo-ratings-port
spec:
host: ratings.prod.svc.cluster.local
trafficPolicy: # Apply to all ports
portLevelSettings:
- port:
number: 80
loadBalancer:
simple: LEAST_CONN
- port:
number: 9080
loadBalancer:
simple: ROUND_ROBIN
DestinationWeight
Each routing rule is associated with one or more service versions (see glossary in beginning of document). Weights associated with the version determine the proportion of traffic it receives. For example, the following rule will route 25% of traffic for the “reviews” service to instances with the “v2” tag and the remaining traffic (i.e., 75%) to “v1”.
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
name: reviews-route
spec:
hosts:
- reviews.prod.svc.cluster.local
http:
- route:
- destination:
host: reviews.prod.svc.cluster.local
subset: v2
weight: 25
- destination:
host: reviews.prod.svc.cluster.local
subset: v1
weight: 75
And the associated DestinationRule
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
name: reviews-destination
spec:
host: reviews.prod.svc.cluster.local
subsets:
- name: v1
labels:
version: v1
- name: v2
labels:
version: v2
Traffic can also be split across two entirely different services without having to define new subsets. For example, the following rule forwards 25% of traffic to reviews.com to dev.reviews.com
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
name: reviews-route-two-domains
spec:
hosts:
- reviews.com
http:
- route:
- destination:
host: dev.reviews.com
weight: 25
- destination:
host: reviews.com
weight: 75
Gateway
Gateway
describes a load balancer operating at the edge of the mesh
receiving incoming or outgoing HTTP/TCP connections. The specification
describes a set of ports that should be exposed, the type of protocol to
use, SNI configuration for the load balancer, etc.
For example, the following Gateway configuration sets up a proxy to act
as a load balancer exposing port 80 and 9080 (http), 443 (https), and
port 2379 (TCP) for ingress. The gateway will be applied to the proxy
running on a pod with labels app: my-gateway-controller
. While Istio
will configure the proxy to listen on these ports, it is the
responsibility of the user to ensure that external traffic to these
ports are allowed into the mesh.
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: Gateway
metadata:
name: my-gateway
spec:
selector:
app: my-gatweway-controller
servers:
- port:
number: 80
name: http
protocol: HTTP
hosts:
- uk.bookinfo.com
- eu.bookinfo.com
tls:
httpsRedirect: true # sends 302 redirect for http requests
- port:
number: 443
name: https
protocol: HTTPS
hosts:
- uk.bookinfo.com
- eu.bookinfo.com
tls:
mode: SIMPLE #enables HTTPS on this port
serverCertificate: /etc/certs/servercert.pem
privateKey: /etc/certs/privatekey.pem
- port:
number: 9080
name: http-wildcard
protocol: HTTP
hosts:
- "*"
- port:
number: 2379 # to expose internal service via external port 2379
name: mongo
protocol: MONGO
hosts:
- "*"
The Gateway specification above describes the L4-L6 properties of a load
balancer. A VirtualService
can then be bound to a gateway to control
the forwarding of traffic arriving at a particular host or gateway port.
For example, the following VirtualService splits traffic for “https://uk.bookinfo.com/reviews”, “https://eu.bookinfo.com/reviews”, “http://uk.bookinfo.com:9080/reviews”, “http://eu.bookinfo.com:9080/reviews” into two versions (prod and qa) of an internal reviews service on port 9080. In addition, requests containing the cookie “user: dev-123” will be sent to special port 7777 in the qa version. The same rule is also applicable inside the mesh for requests to the “reviews.prod.svc.cluster.local” service. This rule is applicable across ports 443, 9080. Note that “http://uk.bookinfo.com” gets redirected to “https://uk.bookinfo.com” (i.e. 80 redirects to 443).
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
name: bookinfo-rule
spec:
hosts:
- reviews.prod.svc.cluster.local
- uk.bookinfo.com
- eu.bookinfo.com
gateways:
- my-gateway
- mesh # applies to all the sidecars in the mesh
http:
- match:
- headers:
cookie:
user: dev-123
route:
- destination:
port:
number: 7777
name: reviews.qa.svc.cluster.local
- match:
uri:
prefix: /reviews/
route:
- destination:
port:
number: 9080 # can be omitted if its the only port for reviews
name: reviews.prod.svc.cluster.local
weight: 80
- destination:
name: reviews.qa.svc.cluster.local
weight: 20
The following VirtualService forwards traffic arriving at (external)
port 27017 from “<IP_ADDRESS>/24” subnet to internal Mongo server on port
5555. This rule is not applicable internally in the mesh as the gateway
list omits the reserved name mesh
.
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
name: bookinfo-Mongo
spec:
hosts:
- mongosvr.prod.svc.cluster.local #name of internal Mongo service
gateways:
- my-gateway
tcp:
- match:
- port:
number: 27017
sourceSubnet: "<IP_ADDRESS>/24"
route:
- destination:
name: mongo.prod.svc.cluster.local
HTTPFaultInjection
HTTPFaultInjection can be used to specify one or more faults to inject while forwarding http requests to the destination specified in a route. Fault specification is part of a VirtualService rule. Faults include aborting the Http request from downstream service, and/or delaying proxying of requests. A fault rule MUST HAVE delay or abort or both.
Note: Delay and abort faults are independent of one another, even if both are specified simultaneously.
HTTPFaultInjection.Abort
Abort specification is used to prematurely abort a request with a pre-specified error code. The following example will return an HTTP 400 error code for 10% of the requests to the “ratings” service “v1”.
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
name: ratings-route
spec:
hosts:
- ratings.prod.svc.cluster.local
http:
- route:
- destination:
host: ratings.prod.svc.cluster.local
subset: v1
fault:
abort:
percent: 10
httpStatus: 400
The httpStatus field is used to indicate the HTTP status code to return to the caller. The optional percent field, a value between 0 and 100, is used to only abort a certain percentage of requests. If not specified, all requests are aborted.
HTTPFaultInjection.Delay
Delay specification is used to inject latency into the request forwarding path. The following example will introduce a 5 second delay in 10% of the requests to the “v1” version of the “reviews” service from all pods with label env: prod
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
name: reviews-route
spec:
hosts:
- reviews.prod.svc.cluster.local
http:
- match:
- sourceLabels:
env: prod
route:
- destination:
host: reviews.prod.svc.cluster.local
subset: v1
fault:
delay:
percent: 10
fixedDelay: 5s
The fixedDelay field is used to indicate the amount of delay in seconds. An optional percent field, a value between 0 and 100, can be used to only delay a certain percentage of requests. If left unspecified, all request will be delayed.
HTTPMatchRequest
HttpMatchRequest specifies a set of criterion to be met in order for the
rule to be applied to the HTTP request. For example, the following
restricts the rule to match only requests where the URL path
starts with /ratings/v2/ and the request contains a cookie
with value
user=jason
.
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
name: ratings-route
spec:
hosts:
- ratings.prod.svc.cluster.local
http:
- match:
- headers:
cookie:
regex: "^(.*?;)?(user=jason)(;.*)?"
uri:
prefix: "/ratings/v2/"
route:
- destination:
host: ratings.prod.svc.cluster.local
HTTPMatchRequest CANNOT be empty.
HTTPRedirect
HTTPRedirect can be used to send a 302 redirect response to the caller, where the Authority/Host and the URI in the response can be swapped with the specified values. For example, the following rule redirects requests for /v1/getProductRatings API on the ratings service to /v1/bookRatings provided by the bookratings service.
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
name: ratings-route
spec:
hosts:
- ratings.prod.svc.cluster.local
http:
- match:
- uri:
exact: /v1/getProductRatings
redirect:
uri: /v1/bookRatings
authority: newratings.default.svc.cluster.local
...
HTTPRetry
Describes the retry policy to use when a HTTP request fails. For example, the following rule sets the maximum number of retries to 3 when calling ratings:v1 service, with a 2s timeout per retry attempt.
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
name: ratings-route
spec:
hosts:
- ratings.prod.svc.cluster.local
http:
- route:
- destination:
host: ratings.prod.svc.cluster.local
subset: v1
retries:
attempts: 3
perTryTimeout: 2s
HTTPRewrite
HTTPRewrite can be used to rewrite specific parts of a HTTP request before forwarding the request to the destination. Rewrite primitive can be used only with the DestinationWeights. The following example demonstrates how to rewrite the URL prefix for api call (/ratings) to ratings service before making the actual API call.
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
name: ratings-route
spec:
hosts:
- ratings.prod.svc.cluster.local
http:
- match:
- uri:
prefix: /ratings
rewrite:
uri: /v1/bookRatings
route:
- destination:
host: ratings.prod.svc.cluster.local
subset: v1
HTTPRoute
Describes match conditions and actions for routing HTTP/1.1, HTTP2, and gRPC traffic. See VirtualService for usage examples.
L4MatchAttributes
L4 connection match attributes. Note that L4 connection matching support is incomplete.
LoadBalancerSettings
Load balancing policies to apply for a specific destination. See Envoy’s load balancing documentation for more details.
For example, the following rule uses a round robin load balancing policy for all traffic going to the ratings service.
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
name: bookinfo-ratings
spec:
host: ratings.prod.svc.cluster.local
trafficPolicy:
loadBalancer:
simple: ROUND_ROBIN
The following example uses the consistent hashing based load balancer for the same ratings service using the Cookie header as the hash key.
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
name: bookinfo-ratings
spec:
host: ratings.prod.svc.cluster.local
trafficPolicy:
loadBalancer:
consistentHash:
http_header: Cookie
LoadBalancerSettings.ConsistentHashLB
Consistent hashing (ketama hash) based load balancer for even load distribution/redistribution when the connection pool changes. This load balancing policy is applicable only for HTTP-based connections. A user specified HTTP header is used as the key with xxHash hashing.
LoadBalancerSettings.SimpleLB
Standard load balancing algorithms that require no tuning.
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
ROUND_ROBIN |
Round Robin policy. Default |
LEAST_CONN |
The least request load balancer uses an O(1) algorithm which selects two random healthy hosts and picks the host which has fewer active requests. |
RANDOM |
The random load balancer selects a random healthy host. The random load balancer generally performs better than round robin if no health checking policy is configured. |
PASSTHROUGH |
This option will forward the connection to the original IP address requested by the caller without doing any form of load balancing. This option must be used with care. It is meant for advanced use cases. Refer to Original Destination load balancer in Envoy for further details. |
OutlierDetection
A Circuit breaker implementation that tracks the status of each individual host in the upstream service. While currently applicable to only HTTP services, future versions will support opaque TCP services as well. For HTTP services, hosts that continually return errors for API calls are ejected from the pool for a pre-defined period of time. See Envoy’s outlier detection for more details.
The following rule sets a connection pool size of 100 connections and 1000 concurrent HTTP2 requests, with no more than 10 req/connection to “reviews” service. In addition, it configures upstream hosts to be scanned every 5 mins, such that any host that fails 7 consecutive times with 5XX error code will be ejected for 15 minutes.
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
name: reviews-cb-policy
spec:
host: reviews.prod.svc.cluster.local
trafficPolicy:
connectionPool:
tcp:
maxConnections: 100
http:
http2MaxRequests: 1000
maxRequestsPerConnection: 10
outlierDetection:
http:
consecutiveErrors: 7
interval: 5m
baseEjectionTime: 15m
OutlierDetection.HTTPSettings
Outlier detection settings for HTTP1.1/HTTP2/GRPC connections.
Port
Port describes the properties of a specific port of a service.
PortSelector
PortSelector specifies the number of a port to be used for matching or selection for final routing.
Server
Server
describes the properties of the proxy on a given load balancer
port. For example,
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: Gateway
metadata:
name: my-ingress
spec:
selector:
app: my-ingress-gateway
servers:
- port:
number: 80
name: http2
protocol: HTTP2
hosts:
- "*"
Another example
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: Gateway
metadata:
name: my-tcp-ingress
spec:
selector:
app: my-tcp-ingress-gateway
servers:
- port:
number: 27018
name: mongo
protocol: MONGO
hosts:
- "*"
The following is an example of TLS configuration for port 443
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: Gateway
metadata:
name: my-tls-ingress
spec:
selector:
app: my-tls-ingress-gateway
servers:
- port:
number: 443
name: https
protocol: HTTPS
hosts:
- "*"
tls:
mode: SIMPLE
serverCertificate: /etc/certs/server.pem
privateKey: /etc/certs/privatekey.pem
Server.TLSOptions
Server.TLSOptions.TLSmode
TLS modes enforced by the proxy
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
PASSTHROUGH |
Forward the connection to the upstream server selected based on the SNI string presented by the client. |
SIMPLE |
Secure connections with standard TLS semantics. |
MUTUAL |
Secure connections to the upstream using mutual TLS by presenting client certificates for authentication. |
ServiceEntry
ServiceEntry
enables adding additional entries into Istio’s internal
service registry, so that auto-discovered services in the mesh can
access/route to these manually specified services. A service entry
describes the properties of a service (DNS name, VIPs ,ports, protocols,
endpoints). These services could be external to the mesh (e.g., web
APIs) or mesh-internal services that are not part of the platform’s
service registry (e.g., a set of VMs talking to services in Kubernetes).
The following configuration adds a set of MongoDB instances running on unmanaged VMs to Istio’s registry, so that these services can be treated as any other service in the mesh. The associated DestinationRule is used to initiate mTLS connections to the database instances.
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: ServiceEntry
metadata:
name: external-svc-mongocluster
spec:
hosts:
- mymongodb.somedomain # not used
addresses:
- <IP_ADDRESS>/24 # VIPs
ports:
- number: 27018
name: mongodb
protocol: MONGO
location: MESH_INTERNAL
resolution: STATIC
endpoints:
- address: <IP_ADDRESS>
- address: <IP_ADDRESS>
and the associated DestinationRule
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
name: mtls-mongocluster
spec:
host: mymongodb.somedomain
trafficPolicy:
tls:
mode: MUTUAL
clientCertificate: /etc/certs/myclientcert.pem
privateKey: /etc/certs/client_private_key.pem
caCertificates: /etc/certs/rootcacerts.pem
The following example demonstrates the use of wildcards in the hosts for
external services. If the connection has to be routed to the IP address
requested by the application (i.e. application resolves DNS and attempts
to connect to a specific IP), the discovery mode must be set to NONE
.
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: ServiceEntry
metadata:
name: external-svc-wildcard-example
spec:
hosts:
- "*.bar.com"
location: MESH_EXTERNAL
ports:
- number: 80
name: http
protocol: HTTP
resolution: NONE
The following example demonstrates a service that is available via a Unix Domain Socket on the host of the client. The resolution must be set to STATIC to use unix address endpoints.
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: ServiceEntry
metadata:
name: unix-domain-socket-example
spec:
hosts:
- "example.unix.local"
location: MESH_EXTERNAL
ports:
- number: 80
name: http
protocol: HTTP
resolution: STATIC
endpoints:
- address: unix:///var/run/example/socket
For HTTP based services, it is possible to create a VirtualService backed by multiple DNS addressable endpoints. In such a scenario, the application can use the HTTP_PROXY environment variable to transparently reroute API calls for the VirtualService to a chosen backend. For example, the following configuration creates a non-existent external service called foo.bar.com backed by three domains: us.foo.bar.com:8443, uk.foo.bar.com:9443, and in.foo.bar.com:7443
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: ServiceEntry
metadata:
name: external-svc-dns
spec:
hosts:
- foo.bar.com
location: MESH_EXTERNAL
ports:
- number: 443
name: https
protocol: HTTP
resolution: DNS
endpoints:
- address: us.foo.bar.com
ports:
https: 8443
- address: uk.foo.bar.com
ports:
https: 9443
- address: in.foo.bar.com
ports:
https: 7443
and a DestinationRule to initiate TLS connections to the ServiceEntry.
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
name: tls-foobar
spec:
host: foo.bar.com
trafficPolicy:
tls:
mode: SIMPLE # initiates HTTPS
With HTTP_PROXY=http://localhost:443, calls from the application to http://foo.bar.com will be upgraded to HTTPS and load balanced across the three domains specified above. In other words, a call to http://foo.bar.com/baz would be translated to https://uk.foo.bar.com/baz.
ServiceEntry.Endpoint
Endpoint defines a network address (IP or hostname) associated with the mesh service.
ServiceEntry.Location
Location specifies whether the service is part of Istio mesh or outside the mesh. Location determines the behavior of several features, such as service-to-service mTLS authentication, policy enforcement, etc. When communicating with services outside the mesh, Istio’s mTLS authentication is disabled, and policy enforcement is performed on the client-side as opposed to server-side.
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
MESH_EXTERNAL |
Signifies that the service is external to the mesh. Typically used to indicate external services consumed through APIs. |
MESH_INTERNAL |
Signifies that the service is part of the mesh. Typically used to indicate services added explicitly as part of expanding the service mesh to include unmanaged infrastructure (e.g., VMs added to a Kubernetes based service mesh). |
ServiceEntry.Resolution
Resolution determines how the proxy will resolve the IP addresses of the network endpoints associated with the service, so that it can route to one of them. The resolution mode specified here has no impact on how the application resolves the IP address associated with the service. The application may still have to use DNS to resolve the service to an IP so that the outbound traffic can be captured by the Proxy. Alternatively, for HTTP services, the application could directly communicate with the proxy (e.g., by setting HTTP_PROXY) to talk to these services.
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
NONE |
Assume that incoming connections have already been resolved (to a specific destination IP address). Such connections are typically routed via the proxy using mechanisms such as IP table REDIRECT/ eBPF. After performing any routing related transformations, the proxy will forward the connection to the IP address to which the connection was bound. |
STATIC |
Use the static IP addresses specified in endpoints (see below) as the backing instances associated with the service. |
DNS |
Attempt to resolve the IP address by querying the ambient DNS, during request processing. If no endpoints are specified, the proxy will resolve the DNS address specified in the hosts field, if wildcards are not used. If endpoints are specified, the DNS addresses specified in the endpoints will be resolved to determine the destination IP address. DNS resolution cannot be used with unix domain socket endpoints. |
StringMatch
Describes how to match a given string in HTTP headers. Match is case-sensitive.
Subset
A subset of endpoints of a service. Subsets can be used for scenarios like A/B testing, or routing to a specific version of a service. Refer to VirtualService documentation for examples of using subsets in these scenarios. In addition, traffic policies defined at the service-level can be overridden at a subset-level. The following rule uses a round robin load balancing policy for all traffic going to a subset named testversion that is composed of endpoints (e.g., pods) with labels (version:v3).
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
name: bookinfo-ratings
spec:
host: ratings.prod.svc.cluster.local
trafficPolicy:
loadBalancer:
simple: LEAST_CONN
subsets:
- name: testversion
labels:
version: v3
trafficPolicy:
loadBalancer:
simple: ROUND_ROBIN
Note: Policies specified for subsets will not take effect until a route rule explicitly sends traffic to this subset.
TCPRoute
Describes match conditions and actions for routing TCP traffic. The following routing rule forwards traffic arriving at port 27017 for mongo.prod.svc.cluster.local from 172.17.16.* subnet to another Mongo server on port 5555.
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
name: bookinfo-Mongo
spec:
hosts:
- mongo.prod.svc.cluster.local
tcp:
- match:
- port: 27017
sourceSubnet: "<IP_ADDRESS>/24"
route:
- destination:
host: mongo.backup.svc.cluster.local
port:
number: 5555
TLSSettings
SSL/TLS related settings for upstream connections. See Envoy’s TLS context for more details. These settings are common to both HTTP and TCP upstreams.
For example, the following rule configures a client to use mutual TLS for connections to upstream database cluster.
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
name: db-mtls
spec:
host: mydbserver.prod.svc.cluster.local
trafficPolicy:
tls:
mode: MUTUAL
clientCertificate: /etc/certs/myclientcert.pem
privateKey: /etc/certs/client_private_key.pem
caCertificates: /etc/certs/rootcacerts.pem
The following rule configures a client to use TLS when talking to a foreign service whose domain matches *.foo.com.
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
name: tls-foo
spec:
host: "*.foo.com"
trafficPolicy:
tls:
mode: SIMPLE
The following rule configures a client to use Istio mutual TLS when talking to rating services.
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
name: ratings-istio-mtls
spec:
host: ratings.prod.svc.cluster.local
trafficPolicy:
tls:
mode: ISTIO_MUTUAL
TLSSettings.TLSmode
TLS connection mode
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
DISABLE |
Do not setup a TLS connection to the upstream endpoint. |
SIMPLE |
Originate a TLS connection to the upstream endpoint. |
MUTUAL |
Secure connections to the upstream using mutual TLS by presenting client certificates for authentication. |
ISTIO_MUTUAL |
Secure connections to the upstream using mutual TLS by presenting
client certificates for authentication.
Compared to Mutual mode, this mode uses certificates generated
automatically by Istio for mTLS authentication. When this mode is
used, all other fields in |
TrafficPolicy
Traffic policies to apply for a specific destination, across all destination ports. See DestinationRule for examples.
TrafficPolicy.PortTrafficPolicy
Traffic policies that apply to specific ports of the service
VirtualService
A VirtualService
defines a set of traffic routing rules to apply when a host is
addressed. Each routing rule defines matching criteria for traffic of a specific
protocol. If the traffic is matched, then it is sent to a named destination service
(or subset/version of it) defined in the registry.
The source of traffic can also be matched in a routing rule. This allows routing to be customized for specific client contexts.
The following example on Kubernetes, routes all HTTP traffic by default to pods of the reviews service with label “version: v1”. In addition, HTTP requests containing /wpcatalog/, /consumercatalog/ url prefixes will be rewritten to /newcatalog and sent to pods with label “version: v2”.
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
name: reviews-route
spec:
hosts:
- reviews.prod.svc.cluster.local
http:
- match:
- uri:
prefix: "/wpcatalog"
- uri:
prefix: "/consumercatalog"
rewrite:
uri: "/newcatalog"
route:
- destination:
host: reviews.prod.svc.cluster.local
subset: v2
- route:
- destination:
host: reviews.prod.svc.cluster.local
subset: v1
A subset/version of a route destination is identified with a reference
to a named service subset which must be declared in a corresponding
DestinationRule
.
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
name: reviews-destination
spec:
host: reviews.prod.svc.cluster.local
subsets:
- name: v1
labels:
version: v1
- name: v2
labels:
version: v2


"Namaste everyone". REST API is the common web service mechanism that we can find on any system. Using a web service, applications can talk with each other without directly asking for data from database. So in this article we are trying to make an attempt to build a basic RESTful API with Golang and MySQL. I here use an HTTP framework called Gin for creating an API server. Gin is faster because it is built on top of httprouter.
Note: Since you are here, you like building REST API with Go, I wrote a cool book on this topic that could help you!
Building RESTFul web services with Go - Amazon
By the end of this article, you will be comfortable in exploring various things in the process of developing a REST API.
We need Go compiler for running and building our API. So we hope Go, MySQL server are installed in your system. If not on Ubuntu14.04 machine you can do this.
$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:gophers/go
$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get install golang-stable
$ sudo apt-get install mysql-server
Now set the $GOPATH variable creating a new folder in your home. $GOPATH is where your external packages and libraries are stored. My ~/.bashrc looks like this.
export GOPATH=/home/naren/mygo
export PATH=$PATH::/usr/local/go/bin
export PATH=$PATH:$GOPATH/bin
Now we are ready with setup. Let us install dependencies.
$ go get "github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql"
$ go get "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
Now we have everything to proceed. For development chose your favorite text editor. My favorites are both Atom and Sublime Text 3. Both have very good tooling for Go.
source code & build for this API is available at Source code
A basic REST API has these four important methods.
In the below section, we are going to create an API for Person details.
Imports on line no's 3, 5, 7, 8 are functional requirements. Remaining imports are utilities which are helpful in course of time. sql-driver and martini are essential for our API.
First create a database called "gotest" in your MySQL shell.
CREATE DATABASE gotest
Now let us write a migration file in Go to create Person table in gotest.
Here only line no's 10, 21 and 25 are interesting. Others are just error handling statements. One notable point here is we are actually pinging server using db.Ping() to find out whether DB is reachable. "sql.Open" do not give any error if the machine is not accessible. So we should ping and confirm it.
Now person table looks like this
Gin is a very simple HTTP framework for writing application servers.
Now we can jump into the actual development of API server. We can first create a bare structure of our main program.
In every gin app, we should create a Default or New gin router
router := gin.Default()
We can specify :port on which our Gin applications run using
router.Run(":3000") // server runs on 3000 port
We are creating a struct called Person to map with Person table in DB. We actually use these structs to receive data at the time of fetching records from DB.
In Gin, we can attach handler functions to a particular URL. It is called URL routing. So let me add a simple GET handler to the main function.
Every Gin handler takes two arguments
This gin.Context object consists of information about headers, passed parameters, data posted, cookies, etc. It is also responsible in sending a response back to the client. In the above example, we are querying MySQL DB to get a person detail. We are using QueryRow which only returns one record if exists. Since id is a primary key, it only returns one record.
gin.H is a map which actually has methods to serialize custom data we supply to it. It should be passed to c.JSON response instead of marshalling data. Gin will take care of that.
Now in the similar way add one more GET for fetching all persons.
Here we are applying Query method to fetch a cursor and iterating over it. Then we are storing them in a slice and returning back to the client in JSON form.
Now let us defined the POST handler which is intersting.
This code draws two points.
For the actions like writing to DB where result is not cared, using Prepare and Execute is considered as the best practise. Using buffer instead of cancatenation operation gives performance boost. Now let us defined the other two handlers to complete our REST API.
The code is self explanatory here. These two are same as POST handler with few changes in DB queries. Sprintf is commonly used to interpolate values into strings.
The complete API server source looks like this.
Now build the program and run it.
$ go build gitter.go
$ ./gitter
API server will be running on http://localhost:3000
You can actually observe the terminal where API server is running to get time taken by requests, type of request etc.
There are more things we need to implement to make it usable.
Gin provides out of box solutions for all these scenarios.
This is a result of my understanding about Gin and SQL driver. I know the way here mentioned is pretty naive. Hope it will help you. Send your comments to [email protected] . If you really like this article, please share it and spread the word.
Thank You :)
Note: Since you are here, you like building REST API with Go, I wrote a cool book on this topic that could help you!


Compare to other similar apps Message Automation is really simple to use.
It has six modes which you can choce from. It easy and get the wrok done for
you.
Extreme Security
We are hightly concern about our customer's Security
This app only contains the data which is requried for this application to
perform at its best.All the data is stored in your device.Check
Details on the
App itself or just click here to know more details on
application
permissions
Light Weight
Compare to other apps its only 2 MB is size and its does
not required much resources
Simple Design
The Design is simple and eligent, got a professonal look and feel to it.
You are in a meeting and an important call just arrive, Can't attend it also can't
reply. Sent will take care of it. Just select Meeting mode. It will send an
auto-generated message to the caller.
Detect Incoming calls and send automatic response based on selected mode.
No need to worry about incoming calls when you are in a event.
Sent takes care all of it.
Sent App Screenshots
About Privacy
Your privacy is important to us. It is S&R fun labs' policy to respect your privacy regarding any information we may collect from you through our app, Sent.
We only ask for personal information when we truly need it to provide a service to you. We collect it by fair and lawful means, with your knowledge and consent. We also let you know why we’re collecting it and how it will be used.
We only retain collected information for as long as necessary to provide you with your requested service. What data we store, we’ll protect within commercially acceptable means to prevent loss and theft, as well as unauthorised access, disclosure, copying, use or modification.
We don’t share any personally identifying information publicly or with third-parties, except when required to by law.
Our app may link to external sites that are not operated by us. Please be aware that we have no control over the content and practices of these sites, and cannot accept responsibility or liability for their respective privacy policies.
You are free to refuse our request for your personal information, with the understanding that we may be unable to provide you with some of your desired services.
Your continued use of our app will be regarded as acceptance of our practices around privacy and personal information. If you have any questions about how we handle user data and personal information, feel free to contact us @ s.and.r.funlabs@gmail.com.


Actually, there’s some bugs in the query version as you’ve written it above:
\set
\SET
index_tuple_hdr
:
Thanks!


Wissam Charafeddine
"People rarely succeed unless they have fun in what they are doing". Dale Carnegie
ABOUT
CONTACT
LinkedIN


Aldi Kevin the Carrot fans outraged as toys sell out after huge website queue
Aldi shoppers told how they woke up early to pre-order Kevin the Carrot toys which sold out quickly while they were in a queue of 20,000 customers at one point
by Chris Kitching, https://www.mirror.co.uk/authors/chris-kitching/Aldi shoppers were left disappointed as Kevin the Carrot plush toys sold out quickly while thousands were stuck in a massive online queue.
Customers told how they woke up in the early hours of Sunday morning for a chance to pre-order the collection of characters, but they were all gone within just a few hours.
A woman told Mirror Online: "I was in the queue from midnight till 6am and a majority of the plush toys were sold out and only a few mugs were left."
By 11.30am, almost 220,000 users had visited Aldi's website for a chance to purchase Kevin and Katie the Carrot, the Carrot Kids - Chantenay, Jasper and Baby - and their friends Russell Sprout and Tiny Tom.
Frustrated customers told how 20,000 people were ahead of them in the queue at one point.
Did the toys sell out while you were in the queue? Email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>One shopper told the Mirror he was given a 10 minute slot to buy the characters, but he fell asleep and missed his turn to purchase them at 3.30am.
It was a repeat of last year when the Kevin the Carrot toys sold out quickly.
A Twitter user wrote after they went on sale on Sunday: "Just waited 20 mins to get on Aldi website for Kevin the carrot and they are completely sold out #scandalous."
Another wrote: "I didn't wake up early enough, so went on the Aldi website at 9:30. I had to queue 15 minutes to view the site & then unsurprisingly the Kevin the Carrot stuff I wanted was sold out.
"I wonder what time I should have tried? I'll have to take my chances in store on Thursday."
And one tweeted: "Trying to get onto the Aldi website to find I’m in a queue of 10,000 people all because THEY want a Kevin the carrot. Mental. What’s happening to the world."
The characters cost £3.99 each and will go on sale in stores on Thursday.
Only character bundles were available during Sunday's online pre-order.
Aldi wrote to customers on Twitter: "Due to popular demand, Kevin and the rest of the range do tend to sell out quickly.
"But please don't worry! These characters will also be available to purchase individually in store on Thursday 28th November."
Just before 11am, the supermarket wrote on the page where customers were queuing: "Oops! It looks like we’re all sold out of Kevin and friend’s plush toys.
"Give your local Aldi store a try from Thursday 28th November to see what’s on offer."
A spokesman told Mirror Online: “We’re sorry that some shoppers were unable to get their hands on these toys online this morning, however, demand has been extremely high.
“The range will be stocked in-store from 28 November but, as with all of our Specialbuy products, these will also only be available while stocks last.”
Aldi is also selling giant Kevin and Katie the Carrot plush toys - standing a metre tall for £19,99 each - and other merchandise including books and tree decorations in the run-up to Christmas.


Data Structures |
| struct | NV_I2C_INFO_V1 |
| | Used in NvAPI_I2CRead() and NvAPI_I2CWrite() More...
|
| struct | NV_I2C_INFO_V2 |
| | Used in NvAPI_I2CRead() and NvAPI_I2CWrite() More...
|
| struct | NV_I2C_INFO_V3 |
| | Used in NvAPI_I2CRead() and NvAPI_I2CWrite() More...
|
Defines |
| #define | NVAPI_MAX_SIZEOF_I2C_DATA_BUFFER 4096 |
| #define | NVAPI_MAX_SIZEOF_I2C_REG_ADDRESS 4 |
| #define | NVAPI_DISPLAY_DEVICE_MASK_MAX 24 |
| #define | NVAPI_I2C_SPEED_DEPRECATED 0xFFFF |
| #define | NV_I2C_INFO_VER3 MAKE_NVAPI_VERSION(NV_I2C_INFO_V3,3) |
| #define | NV_I2C_INFO_VER2 MAKE_NVAPI_VERSION(NV_I2C_INFO_V2,2) |
| #define | NV_I2C_INFO_VER1 MAKE_NVAPI_VERSION(NV_I2C_INFO_V1,1) |
| #define | NV_I2C_INFO_VER NV_I2C_INFO_VER3 |
Typedefs |
| typedef NV_I2C_INFO_V3 | NV_I2C_INFO |
Enumerations |
| enum | NV_I2C_SPEED {
NVAPI_I2C_SPEED_DEFAULT,
NVAPI_I2C_SPEED_3KHZ,
NVAPI_I2C_SPEED_10KHZ,
NVAPI_I2C_SPEED_33KHZ,
NVAPI_I2C_SPEED_100KHZ,
NVAPI_I2C_SPEED_200KHZ,
NVAPI_I2C_SPEED_400KHZ
} |
Functions |
| NVAPI_INTERFACE | NvAPI_I2CRead (NvPhysicalGpuHandle hPhysicalGpu, NV_I2C_INFO *pI2cInfo) |
| NVAPI_INTERFACE | NvAPI_I2CWrite (NvPhysicalGpuHandle hPhysicalGpu, NV_I2C_INFO *pI2cInfo) |
Detailed Description
The I2C APIs are used to read or write data to DDC monitors using the I2C protocol.
Define Documentation
Typedef Documentation
Enumeration Type Documentation
- Enumerator:
| NVAPI_I2C_SPEED_DEFAULT |
Set i2cSpeedKhz to I2C_SPEED_DEFAULT if default I2C speed is to be chosen, ie.use the current frequency setting.
|
| NVAPI_I2C_SPEED_3KHZ |
|
| NVAPI_I2C_SPEED_10KHZ |
|
| NVAPI_I2C_SPEED_33KHZ |
|
| NVAPI_I2C_SPEED_100KHZ |
|
| NVAPI_I2C_SPEED_200KHZ |
|
| NVAPI_I2C_SPEED_400KHZ |
|
Function Documentation
This function reads the data buffer from the I2C port. The I2C request must be for a DDC port: pI2cInfo->bIsDDCPort = 1.
A data buffer size larger than 16 bytes may be rejected if a register address is specified. In such a case, NVAPI_ARGUMENT_EXCEED_MAX_SIZE would be returned.
If a register address is specified (i.e. regAddrSize is positive), then the transaction will be performed in the combined format described in the I2C specification. The register address will be written, followed by reading into the data buffer.
SUPPORTED OS: Windows XP and higher
- Since:
- Release: 85
- Parameters:
-
| [in] | hPhysicalGpu | GPU selection. |
| [out] | *pI2cInfo | The I2C data input structure |
- Return values:
-
| NVAPI_OK | Completed request |
| NVAPI_ERROR | Miscellaneous error occurred. |
| NVAPI_HANDLE_INVALIDATED | Handle passed has been invalidated (see user guide). |
| NVAPI_EXPECTED_PHYSICAL_GPU_HANDLE | Handle passed is not a physical GPU handle. |
| NVAPI_INCOMPATIBLE_STRUCT_VERSION | Structure version is not supported. |
| NVAPI_INVALID_ARGUMENT | - argument does not meet specified requirements |
| NVAPI_ARGUMENT_EXCEED_MAX_SIZE | - an argument exceeds the maximum |
This function writes the data buffer to the I2C port.
The I2C request must be for a DDC port: pI2cInfo->bIsDDCPort = 1.
A data buffer size larger than 16 bytes may be rejected if a register address is specified. In such a case, NVAPI_ARGUMENT_EXCEED_MAX_SIZE would be returned.
If a register address is specified (i.e. regAddrSize is positive), then the register address will be written and the data buffer will immediately follow without a restart.
SUPPORTED OS: Windows XP and higher
- Since:
- Release: 85
- Parameters:
-
| [in] | hPhysicalGpu | GPU selection. |
| [in] | pI2cInfo | The I2C data input structure |
- Return values:
-
| NVAPI_OK | Completed request |
| NVAPI_ERROR | Miscellaneous error occurred. |
| NVAPI_HANDLE_INVALIDATED | Handle passed has been invalidated (see user guide). |
| NVAPI_EXPECTED_PHYSICAL_GPU_HANDLE | Handle passed is not a physical GPU handle. |
| NVAPI_INCOMPATIBLE_STRUCT_VERSION | Structure version is not supported. |
| NVAPI_INVALID_ARGUMENT | Argument does not meet specified requirements |
| NVAPI_ARGUMENT_EXCEED_MAX_SIZE | Argument exceeds the maximum |


Each organisation has different needs, and different ways to help. One of the most valuable things that you can do is to ask an organisation what they actually need. Some organisations are in desperate need of volunteers, some need donations. Often charities will need specific things like toiletries or blankets.
Contact a charity. Charities have a wealth of experience helping those in need, and know what's really important. Their advice can ensure that someone in need gets the support that really matters.
Charities and Organisations need money all year round, not just at Christmas. Often the most effective way of donating to a charity is to set up a direct debit. It might sound boring, but a predictable cashflow will help ensure that an organisation can provide support throughout the year.


HEAD
Home
Add New Foster Child
Delete Foster Child
Add Existing Foster Child
Message Foster Child
Change Password
=======
Home
Add New Foster Child
Delete Foster Child
Add Existing Foster Child
Message Foster Child
Change Password
>>>>>>> 4c431311a99bb7faca2068c6ec765f5f99122361
Register New Child
Enter a New Child Into the Database
First Name
Last Name
Child's Case File Number
Choose a Temporary Password For This Child
Now Retype His/Her Password Again
Click Me to Submit!


{% extends "layout.html" %} {% block body %}
The purpose of this project is to explore the cancer gene variants dataset with an interactive dashboard and develop REST APIs to serve gene data which has been retrieved from COSMIC (Catalogue of Somatic mutations in cancer).
Additionally, text-based algorithm has been developed to classify genetic mutation based on clinical evidence.


Artist in a Van
It took me a really long time to find my very own artist’s voice. It’s possible you get a voice the first time you make art, when you’re 5 years old and exploring the world of colours and mediums for the first time, and then it gets refined from there. If that’s the case, it took me about 19 years of making art to figure out what my voice is saying, like learning how to speak all over again. My big brother used to say of my art, “yeah its nice, but what does it mean?” I was never quite sure.
Almost exactly a year ago, I finally felt like I had something to say in the form of a cohesive body of work, resulting in the style of art that I now almost exclusively make. Around that same time my partner and I made an exciting life choice to move into a camperized van and dwell in that little home on wheels full time. We were living in Squamish at the time and living the dirtbag rock climber life anyway, so it seemed like an extremely natural step. Thus started several months of blissful van living, and immense creativity.
Sometimes I was startled by how much I enjoyed living in the van. I read more books for pleasure in the first six months than I did my entire four years at university. We didn’t hook into internet except on rare occasions and we even had the luxury of picking our own little chunk of roadside down the forest service road to lay our heads each night, with the towering local monolith of granite right in our backyard. When the adventure began, I was worried that I would never make a large painting ever again due to space issues. But these worries were quickly put to rest as I began spending my days off in the Chief Parking lot, doors open and watercolours out, or taking my paper, which I stored under the bed, out into parks to work in my very own plein air studio. I ran into my fair share of artistic roadblocks along the way, but I always found my way around them, and managed to get back to my distraction-free open air studio with ample time to dedicate to finding my artistic voice.
Our off-white Ford Econoline fuelled many artistic trips, such as the time we drove to Calgary and back for an artist symposium over a long weekend, solidifying even further the need, and even a responsibility to keep making. Our van even took us all the way from Vancouver Island down the coast into the US and Mexico. We came prepared with art supplies, cameras, and surfboards and quickly learned that not everywhere is as care-free about van living as what we were used to. But we worked hard to keep our spirits up in order to keep up with our creativity. We even saw an old friend in San Diego, and my heart lifted when I saw one of my paintings on his wall. How art can travel! Now when I look at photos and little paintings from our time spent on the road, I look with so much fondness. Any negativity just falls away.
Being a travelling artist was nothing short of a dream come true, albeit a brief one. Full disclosure: we don’t own the van anymore, and it breaks my heart a little bit because it facilitated so much freedom, from sleeping on the side of the road in order to surf for seven days straight, to painting in a rainstorm somewhere in Oregon on our way to promised sunnier weather. But always moving and always working odd dead-end jobs can be tiring. After all that travelling, we eventually realized we wanted jobs that would require bathing more than once a week—maybe even jobs that we could be really proud of. As for my art practice, in this new stationary lifestyle I work on a big desk with soft light filtering in from big bay windows.  We can finally stay in one area, build relationships with people and place, and I can push my art forward in a different way.
I’m happy with where we are, but I so needed that time of grubby living and art making to think about the world and decide what I am here to say about it, to commit myself to living up to the task of being a maker. It’s a time that I can measure all other periods of creativity against, a time when I made art in a vehicle and made it work. I like to say that I was short on space, but not on inspiration. And that mindset has stayed with me as I use my new found voice and continue to create a portfolio that I can be proud of.


Hello! Click the Button Below to Run Code on SAS Viya!
American League East
American League West
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National League West


This is a blog entry. Click here, or on the image to read more.
This is a blog entry. Click here, or on the image to read more.
This is a blog entry. Click here, or on the image to read more.
This is a blog entry. Click here, or on the image to read more.


{% extends "bootstrap/base.html" %} {% import "bootstrap/fixes.html" as fixes %} {% import "bootstrap/google.html" as google %} {% block content %}
Welcome {{ user.first_name }}!
imgfab is a weekend project by Sylvain Zimmer to experiment with the Sketchfab API and the dynamic generation of 3D models with Blender.
Full source is available on GitHub, feel free to fork it and create your own crazy 3D models!
We have a rough TODO list but we'd love to hear your ideas! Contact us at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>imgfab doesn't store your photos. You can safely disconnect after creating your gallery.
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Enter the filepaths of the files to upload for scanning, represented as a comma-separated list of ant-style include patterns relative to the job's workspace root directory.
Patterns are case-sensitive. Patterns that include commas because they denote filepaths that contain commas need to have the commas replaced with a wildcard character.
All files in the job's workspace root directory are included when omitted.
See http://ant.apache.org/manual/dirtasks.html for more info.


The Caesar cipher is a simple and widely known encryption technique. It is a substitution cipher in which each letter of the secret message is replaced by a letter a certain number of iterations further on in the alphabet.
The shift value is the secret key which is used to 'lock' the message. Both you and the recipient would know this value, and hopefully your enemy would not!


The dashboard in this website shows the frequency of Armed Conflict Events worldwide. The source of all data presented below is the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) obtained at Acled Data on November 8th, 2018
Top 10 Perpetrators
By Frequency reset
Showing - of


Average house square footage and average household size in the United States, 1973 - 2014
Year
Average square footage
Average household size
I think this is an interesting trend in American society. Even though family sizes are getting smaller, houses have been getting larger. It's a sign of the prosperity of the country in today's age (Look! I can buy a huge house!). However, the minimalist in me is cringing at the inefficiency of it all, because people no only buy all that extra house, pay taxes and insurance on it, heat it and cool it, clean it (or pay someone to do so), and buy stuff to fill it.


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Great shot, Kid! That was one in a million.
Let's get you back.


Registration
Register
Roll Number
First Name
Last Name
Contact Number
Date Of Birth
Branch Code
Year
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Mtech
PHD
Hostel
Day Scholar
Hostel A
Hostel B
Hostel C
Hostel D
Hostel E
Hostel G
Hostel H
Hostel I
Hostel J
Hostel K
Hostel L
Hostel M
Hostel N
Hostel PG
Blood Group
A+
A-
B+
A-
AB+
AB-
O+
O-
Gender
Male
Female
Others
Go


TimeseriesGenerator
keras.preprocessing.sequence.TimeseriesGenerator(data, targets, length, sampling_rate=1, stride=1, start_index=0, end_index=None, shuffle=False, reverse=False, batch_size=128)
Utility class for generating batches of temporal data.
This class takes in a sequence of data-points gathered at equal intervals, along with time series parameters such as stride, length of history, etc., to produce batches for training/validation.
Arguments
- data: Indexable generator (such as list or Numpy array) containing consecutive data points (timesteps). The data should be at 2D, and axis 0 is expected to be the time dimension.
- targets: Targets corresponding to timesteps in
data
. It should have same length asdata
. - length: Length of the output sequences (in number of timesteps).
- sampling_rate: Period between successive individual timesteps
within sequences. For rate
r
, timestepsdata[i]
,data[i-r]
, ...data[i - length]
are used for create a sample sequence. - stride: Period between successive output sequences.
For stride
s
, consecutive output samples would be centered arounddata[i]
,data[i+s]
,data[i+2*s]
, etc. - start_index: Data points earlier than
start_index
will not be used in the output sequences. This is useful to reserve part of the data for test or validation. - end_index: Data points later than
end_index
will not be used in the output sequences. This is useful to reserve part of the data for test or validation. - shuffle: Whether to shuffle output samples, or instead draw them in chronological order.
- reverse: Boolean: if
true
, timesteps in each output sample will be in reverse chronological order. - batch_size: Number of timeseries samples in each batch (except maybe the last one).
Returns
A Sequence instance.
Examples
from keras.preprocessing.sequence import TimeseriesGenerator
import numpy as np
data = np.array([[i] for i in range(50)])
targets = np.array([[i] for i in range(50)])
data_gen = TimeseriesGenerator(data, targets,
length=10, sampling_rate=2,
batch_size=2)
assert len(data_gen) == 20
batch_0 = data_gen[0]
x, y = batch_0
assert np.array_equal(x,
np.array([[[0], [2], [4], [6], [8]],
[[1], [3], [5], [7], [9]]]))
assert np.array_equal(y,
np.array([[10], [11]]))
pad_sequences
keras.preprocessing.sequence.pad_sequences(sequences, maxlen=None, dtype='int32', padding='pre', truncating='pre', value=0.0)
Pads sequences to the same length.
This function transforms a list of
num_samples
sequences (lists of integers)
into a 2D Numpy array of shape (num_samples, num_timesteps)
.
num_timesteps
is either the maxlen
argument if provided,
or the length of the longest sequence otherwise.
Sequences that are shorter than num_timesteps
are padded with value
at the end.
Sequences longer than num_timesteps
are truncated
so that they fit the desired length.
The position where padding or truncation happens is determined by
the arguments padding
and truncating
, respectively.
Pre-padding is the default.
Arguments
- sequences: List of lists, where each element is a sequence.
- maxlen: Int, maximum length of all sequences.
- dtype: Type of the output sequences.
To pad sequences with variable length strings, you can use
object
. - padding: String, 'pre' or 'post': pad either before or after each sequence.
- truncating: String, 'pre' or 'post':
remove values from sequences larger than
maxlen
, either at the beginning or at the end of the sequences. - value: Float or String, padding value.
Returns
- x: Numpy array with shape
(len(sequences), maxlen)
Raises
- ValueError: In case of invalid values for
truncating
orpadding
, or in case of invalid shape for asequences
entry.
skipgrams
keras.preprocessing.sequence.skipgrams(sequence, vocabulary_size, window_size=4, negative_samples=1.0, shuffle=True, categorical=False, sampling_table=None, seed=None)
Generates skipgram word pairs.
This function transforms a sequence of word indexes (list of integers) into tuples of words of the form:
- (word, word in the same window), with label 1 (positive samples).
- (word, random word from the vocabulary), with label 0 (negative samples).
Read more about Skipgram in this gnomic paper by Mikolov et al.: Efficient Estimation of Word Representations in Vector Space
Arguments
- sequence: A word sequence (sentence), encoded as a list
of word indices (integers). If using a
sampling_table
, word indices are expected to match the rank of the words in a reference dataset (e.g. 10 would encode the 10-th most frequently occurring token). Note that index 0 is expected to be a non-word and will be skipped. - vocabulary_size: Int, maximum possible word index + 1
- window_size: Int, size of sampling windows (technically half-window).
The window of a word
w_i
will be[i - window_size, i + window_size+1]
. - negative_samples: Float >= 0. 0 for no negative (i.e. random) samples. 1 for same number as positive samples.
- shuffle: Whether to shuffle the word couples before returning them.
- categorical: bool. if False, labels will be
integers (eg.
[0, 1, 1 .. ]
), ifTrue
, labels will be categorical, e.g.[[1,0],[0,1],[0,1] .. ]
. - sampling_table: 1D array of size
vocabulary_size
where the entry i encodes the probability to sample a word of rank i. - seed: Random seed.
Returns
couples, labels: where couples
are int pairs and
labels
are either 0 or 1.
Note
By convention, index 0 in the vocabulary is a non-word and will be skipped.
make_sampling_table
keras.preprocessing.sequence.make_sampling_table(size, sampling_factor=1e-05)
Generates a word rank-based probabilistic sampling table.
Used for generating the sampling_table
argument for skipgrams
.
sampling_table[i]
is the probability of sampling
the word i-th most common word in a dataset
(more common words should be sampled less frequently, for balance).
The sampling probabilities are generated according to the sampling distribution used in word2vec:
p(word) = (min(1, sqrt(word_frequency / sampling_factor) /
(word_frequency / sampling_factor)))
We assume that the word frequencies follow Zipf's law (s=1) to derive a numerical approximation of frequency(rank):
frequency(rank) ~ 1/(rank * (log(rank) + gamma) + 1/2 - 1/(12*rank))
where gamma
is the Euler-Mascheroni constant.
Arguments
- size: Int, number of possible words to sample.
- sampling_factor: The sampling factor in the word2vec formula.
Returns
A 1D Numpy array of length size
where the ith entry
is the probability that a word of rank i should be sampled.


* Performed spatial and time series analysis for over 15 year dataset of reported incidents from SFPD.
* Built data preprocessing pipeline based on Spark SQL, DataFrame, and RDD for big data OLAP.
* Trained and fine-tuned an ARIMA model to forecast the number of theft incidents per month.
* Explored and visualized the variation of the SF crime spatial distribution in incidents.
* Built data ETL pipeline to analyze movie rating dataset and conducted online analytical processing (OLAP) with Spark SQL.
* Implemented Alternative Least Square model to provide personalized movie recommendation and developed user-based approaches to handle system cold-start problem.
* Conducted model hyper-parameter tuning with Spark ML corss-validation toolbox and monitored data processing performance via Spark UI on AWS.
I major in Computer Engineering, and will graduate in March 2020. I took the CS ralated course including Algorithm and Analysis, Operatinng System, Computer Architecture, Recommender System & Web Mining, Machine Learning, Statistics, etc. I'm interested in Data Science and EDA, I used spark to implement some side projects.
I majored in Measurement and Control of Precision Instrument and Technology. Long name~~~ It's actuallt under Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, and I focus on Instrument Automatic Control, Sensor Theory, and Mechanical Measurement Technology. I had an impressive exprerience in Tianjin University, we use STM-32 for Intelligence Auto-car hands-on design, and won the Second Prize in Chinese ofWeek Competition.
I went to UF for my graduation thesis project instructed by Prof.Huikai Xie, who is an expert in electro-optics, MEMS and CMOS desig. My graduate thesis is PMUT design for micor-speaker and fingerprint sensor. I applied PZT-5 and sandwiched structure, relying on the ultrasonic effect to collect information and detect fingerprint pattern. Thanks to every one in the lab, they all offered me lots of help and support during my half year research experience.
We Applied Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process, combined with Grey Relation Grade Analysis to determine the weight values of three Es, and made new plans for Atlanta in USA and Nottingham in UK, and predicted the future population trend.
I got overall GPA as 3.8 during undergrad and participated many social volunteer activities, thus be granted top three outstanding student at Tianjin University.
During summer break, we collected the user feedback on Smart Sharable bikes in my hometown and distributed online questionnaire, made some statistics and analysis and communicate with local government.


What you wanted to know about the shoes...
A shoe is an item of footwear intended to protect and comfort the human foot. Shoes are also used as an item of decoration and fashion.
The design of shoes has varied enormously through time and from culture to culture, with appearance originally being tied to function. Additionally, fashion has often dictated many design elements, such as whether shoes have very high heels or flat ones.
Contemporary footwear varies widely in style, complexity and cost.


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ALL BLOCKS WILL BE HELD THROUGH September 27th, 2017
The Raphael
325 Ward Parkway, Kansas City, MO 64112
Located on the Country Club Plaza
Suite Style (living room with queen hide-away and separate bedroom)
Free internet and parking
Centrally located (approximately halfway between the church and reception)
Wedding party will be staying here
Nightly Rate is $189
To book, contact Christina Wince<PHONE_NUMBER>) concerning the Munda/DiGiacinto wedding
Embassy Suites Olathe
10401 S. Ridgeview Road, Olathe, KS 66061
Suite Style (living room with queen hide-away and separate bed room)
Free internet and parking
Free breakfast
Indoor pool
Nightly Rate is $139
When booking please use the three-letter code
DMW
to make reservations online at
embassysuites.com;
through Hilton Reservations at<PHONE_NUMBER>; or the hotel directly at<PHONE_NUMBER>