|
gtsam
4.0.0
gtsam
|
Public Member Functions | |
| BatchFixedLagSmoother (double smootherLag=0.0, const LevenbergMarquardtParams ¶meters=LevenbergMarquardtParams(), bool enforceConsistency=true) | |
| default constructor | |
| virtual | ~BatchFixedLagSmoother () |
| destructor | |
| virtual void | print (const std::string &s="BatchFixedLagSmoother:\n", const KeyFormatter &keyFormatter=DefaultKeyFormatter) const |
| Print the factor for debugging and testing (implementing Testable) | |
| virtual bool | equals (const FixedLagSmoother &rhs, double tol=1e-9) const |
| Check if two IncrementalFixedLagSmoother Objects are equal. | |
| Result | update (const NonlinearFactorGraph &newFactors=NonlinearFactorGraph(), const Values &newTheta=Values(), const KeyTimestampMap ×tamps=KeyTimestampMap(), const FastVector< size_t > &factorsToRemove=FastVector< size_t >()) |
| Add new factors, updating the solution and relinearizing as needed. More... | |
| Values | calculateEstimate () const |
| Compute an estimate from the incomplete linear delta computed during the last update. More... | |
| template<class VALUE > | |
| VALUE | calculateEstimate (Key key) const |
| Compute an estimate for a single variable using its incomplete linear delta computed during the last update. More... | |
| const LevenbergMarquardtParams & | params () const |
| read the current set of optimizer parameters | |
| LevenbergMarquardtParams & | params () |
| update the current set of optimizer parameters | |
| const NonlinearFactorGraph & | getFactors () const |
| Access the current set of factors. | |
| const Values & | getLinearizationPoint () const |
| Access the current linearization point. | |
| const Ordering & | getOrdering () const |
| Access the current ordering. | |
| const VectorValues & | getDelta () const |
| Access the current set of deltas to the linearization point. | |
| Matrix | marginalCovariance (Key key) const |
| Calculate marginal covariance on given variable. | |
Static Public Member Functions | |
| static GaussianFactorGraph | CalculateMarginalFactors (const GaussianFactorGraph &graph, const KeyVector &keys, const GaussianFactorGraph::Eliminate &eliminateFunction=EliminatePreferCholesky) |
| Marginalize specific keys from a linear graph. More... | |
| static NonlinearFactorGraph | CalculateMarginalFactors (const NonlinearFactorGraph &graph, const Values &theta, const KeyVector &keys, const GaussianFactorGraph::Eliminate &eliminateFunction=EliminatePreferCholesky) |
| Marginalize specific keys from a nonlinear graph, wrap in LinearContainers. | |
Public Types | |
| typedef boost::shared_ptr< BatchFixedLagSmoother > | shared_ptr |
| Typedef for a shared pointer to an Incremental Fixed-Lag Smoother. | |
Protected Types | |
| typedef std::map< Key, std::set< Key > > | FactorIndex |
| A typedef defining an Key-Factor mapping. | |
Protected Member Functions | |
| void | insertFactors (const NonlinearFactorGraph &newFactors) |
| Augment the list of factors with a set of new factors. | |
| void | removeFactors (const std::set< size_t > &deleteFactors) |
| Remove factors from the list of factors by slot index. | |
| void | eraseKeys (const KeyVector &keys) |
| Erase any keys associated with timestamps before the provided time. | |
| void | reorder (const KeyVector &marginalizeKeys=KeyVector()) |
| Use colamd to update into an efficient ordering. | |
| Result | optimize () |
| Optimize the current graph using a modified version of L-M. | |
| void | marginalize (const KeyVector &marginalizableKeys) |
| Marginalize out selected variables. | |
Protected Attributes | |
| LevenbergMarquardtParams | parameters_ |
| The L-M optimization parameters. | |
| bool | enforceConsistency_ |
| A flag indicating if the optimizer should enforce probabilistic consistency by maintaining the linearization point of all variables involved in linearized/marginal factors at the edge of the smoothing window. More... | |
| NonlinearFactorGraph | factors_ |
| The nonlinear factors. | |
| Values | theta_ |
| The current linearization point. | |
| Values | linearKeys_ |
| The set of keys involved in current linear factors. More... | |
| Ordering | ordering_ |
| The current ordering. | |
| VectorValues | delta_ |
| The current set of linear deltas. | |
| std::queue< size_t > | availableSlots_ |
| The set of available factor graph slots. More... | |
| FactorIndex | factorIndex_ |
| A cross-reference structure to allow efficient factor lookups by key. | |
|
inlinevirtual |
Compute an estimate from the incomplete linear delta computed during the last update.
This delta is incomplete because it was not updated below wildfire_threshold. If only a single variable is needed, it is faster to call calculateEstimate(const KEY&).
Implements gtsam::FixedLagSmoother.
|
inline |
Compute an estimate for a single variable using its incomplete linear delta computed during the last update.
This is faster than calling the no-argument version of calculateEstimate, which operates on all variables.
| key |
|
static |
Marginalize specific keys from a linear graph.
Does not check whether keys actually exist in graph. In that case will fail somewhere deep within elimination
|
virtual |
Add new factors, updating the solution and relinearizing as needed.
Implements gtsam::FixedLagSmoother.
|
protected |
The set of available factor graph slots.
These occur because we are constantly deleting factors, leaving holes.
|
protected |
A flag indicating if the optimizer should enforce probabilistic consistency by maintaining the linearization point of all variables involved in linearized/marginal factors at the edge of the smoothing window.
This idea is from ??? TODO: Look up paper reference
|
protected |
The set of keys involved in current linear factors.
These keys should not be relinearized.


ITS::DOM::Value - thin wrapper around underlying XML engine value objects
use ITS::DOM; use feature 'say'; my $dom = ITS::DOM->new(xml => 'path/to/file'); my @nodes = $dom->get_xpath('"some string"'); for my $node (@nodes){ say $node->value; }
This module is meant for internal use by the ITS::* modules only. It is a thin wrapper around an XML::LibXML::(Literal|Boolean|Number) objects. There are only two methods (besides new
), which are held in common with ITS::DOM::Node.
new
Creates a new value object to wrap the input XML::LibXML object.
type
Returns a string representing the type of the node: LIT
(for literal, or string), NUM
or BOOL
.
value
Returns the underlying Perl value of the type represented by this object: a string, a boolean, or a number.
as_xpath
Returns the value of this object as an XPath expression.
Nathan Glenn<EMAIL_ADDRESS>This software is Copyright (c) 2013 by DFKI.
This is free software, licensed under:
The MIT (X11) License


excellent service..very positive environment.
Just have to say the whole experience was one of the most professional I have ever encountered. From the reception welcome to discharge, no staff could do enough for you. Nurses, doctors,..everyone, in fact it was like being pampered in a health club Honestly I think you could not fault anything at all. 100% recommended "
One of the reputed multi super speciality hospital in entire north east..... with an excellent staff and great team of doctors.....
Because this hospital has really given life to my mother. I can't forget the dedication of the medical team beside this the convenience they have offered me
Doctors are good, but to consult with them you need enough time with you. lack of communication and coordination of employees
Yes,facing same issue
EXCELLENT SERVICE, GOOD CARE WITH PATIENT, VERY CLEAN HOSPITAL.
Proudly I can say that this hospital brings lots of happiness for guwahatians, every member of this hospital is awesome.top level hygiene, discipline and every facility is available here.for Cancer patient this is the best hospital in guwahati ,In shaa ALLAH we should make Dua for success of this hospital
Professional services well balanced..👍
Its a good hospital having advance technology
Advance technology and experienced guidance together it is going to be best treatment. Blessed to have health city near me
Thank you health city specially Oncologist Department who gives second life of my elder brother
Most advanced infrastructure.


 Beware of negative groups with bad advice. I'm a member of the following Facebook groups which focus on positive, accurate knowledge transfer:
I'm here to kick ass and chew bubblegum... and I'm all out of gum
kickas.org is a free online support group which contains helpful AS information:
kickas.org also has a support forum. It is a private site funded by its members. I highly encourage donating to kickas.org!
No one knows my struggle, they only see the trouble
My brother once asked me how AS felt. Upon receiving this request for information, I cried and was unable to formulate a response. Everyday I experience a significant amount of pain and other unseen challenges from the side-effects of this relentless disease. It's beneficial to get support from others who are managing AS in helpful, positive ways. The Spondylitis Association of America coordinates support groups across the U.S.


As part of the TWITA project investigation, we developed a lexicon for Sentiment Analysis called Sentix (Sentiment Italian Lexicon). The lexicon is the result of the alignment of several resources:
An entry in our lexicon consists in an italian lemma, part-of-speech (noun, verb, adjective, adverb), WordNet synset ID, a positive and a negative score from SentiWordNet, a polarity score ranging from -1 to 1, and an intensity score ranging from 0 to 1. Here is an example entry:
| lemma | POS | Wordnet synset ID | positive score | negative score | polarity | intensity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| naturale | A | 00074346 | 0,75 | 0,125 | 0,789 | 0,76 |
In SentiWordNet the positive p and negative n polarity scores are assigned to synsets independently, that is, the sum of positive, negative and neutral score is 1, but no constraint is posed on the relative size of p and n.
Geometrically, a synset in SentiWordNet is a point in the cartesian space where its y coordinate is the positive score and the y coordinate is the negative score. Since x+y≤1, the sentiment plane is restricted to a triangle:
Intuitively, synsets that fall into the P region are "positive", synsets that fall into the N region are "negative", and synsets that fall into the U region are "neutral". However, the three regions are not clearly delimited.
Formally, given a cartesian-to-polar coordinates transformation:
We define Polarity (π) and Intensity (ι) as:
Polarity (π) ranges from -1 (totally negative) to 1 (totally positive). Intensity ranges from 0 (totally neutral) to 1 (totally polarized).
Polarity and Intensity are functions of the positive and negative scores found in SentiWordNet, thus they don't add any informationi to it. However, they are intuitive measures of lexical sentiment.
When it's not possible to perform Word Sense Disambiguation, then all senses of a word must be considered (or one can use heuristics such as taking the most frequent sense). Many words are polysemous, that is, they have multiple meanings. The meanings of a word can convey sentiments with opposite polarities. The polypathy of a lemma is a measure of the spread of its senses on the polarity scale.
One way of compute the polypathy of word is the standard deviation of the polarity of its senses, but this method does not take into account the intensity of the synsets. An alternative method is to take the mean distance of all synsets from their centroid in the sentiment plane. Two lists of Italian and English words with their polypath (computed as standard deviation of polarities) are available for downloads in the downloads page.
| Resource | Part of speech | Lemmas | Synsets |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sentix | noun | 52,257 | 12,228 |
| adjective | 3,359 | 1,805 | |
| verb | 2,775 | 1,260 | |
| adverb | 1,351 | 750 | |
| all | 59,742 | 16,043 | |
| Sentix (only aligned with MultiWordNet) | noun | 10,042 | 4,779 |
| adjective | 3,359 | 1,805 | |
| verb | 2,775 | 1,260 | |
| adverb | 1,351 | 750 | |
| all | 17,527 | 8,594 | Sentix (only aligned with Babelnet) | noun | 45,517 | 11,567 |
| adjective | 0 | 0 | |
| verb | 0 | 0 | |
| adverb | 0 | 0 | |
| all | 45,517 | 11,567 |


12 hrs
24 hrs
48 hrs
72 hrs
5 days
10 days
15 days
12 hrs
24 hrs
48 hrs
72 hrs
5 days
10 days
15 days
12 hrs
24 hrs
48 hrs
72 hrs
5 days
10 days
15 days
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thi
Fri
Yes
Maybe?
NO


Last updated 21-11-2016 v1.05
The test setup is a Haswell-class Xeon (E3-1241) on an Intel motherboard, 16GB ECC ram, running MSVC 2015 update 3 x64 as compiler, but almost identical results are available for a Core2Duo. Build settings are x64 release, "/O2 /Oi /Ot /Oy /GL". Tests are based on a sliding scale of number of runs vs number of elements, so a test with only 10 elements in a container may average 100000 runs, whereas a test with 100000 elements may only average 10 runs. This tends to give adequate results without overly lengthening test times. I have not included results involving 'reserve()' functions as the differences to overall insertion performance were not adequate.
 In order to better facilitate accurate time-keeping for short tests, both container construction and destruction times are included in the tests. The sequence is as follows: construction, push N elements, read (back) + pop all elements, destruction. Because unlike a regular container, a stack must be pushed for every pop, and popped for every read, it makes little sense to analyse these aspects of use separately, as what is most important is the overall time taken. For that reason both separate and combined ("total time") benchmarks are presented below.
Click images or hover over to see results at linear scale instead
Click images or hover over to see results at linear scale instead
Click images or hover over to see results at linear scale instead
Simply put, plf::stack out-performs both std::stack (std::deque) and std::vector under MSVC 2015 once both push and pop time are taken into account, except for char with more than 1000 elements, where vector has a performance advantage. We can also see that the larger the stored type is, the greater the performance advantage is.
Contact:
plf:: library and this site Copyright (c) 2016, Matthew Bentley


Three.js Solar System
Orbit Use left mouse or one-finger move to touch
Zoom Use middle mouse/mousewheel or two-finger spread/squish to touch
Pan Use right mouse/ arrow keys or two-finger move to touch
Motion Use 'S' if you want to stop the animation


Now, let's try a variation; program Echo3 writes Hello!\n to stdout once a second. The user can change this message by typing a line on stdin; after the line is finished with a return, the line typed will be the new message. Here is the program:
module Echo3 where import POSIX root env = class current := "Hello!\n" save str = action current := str tick = action env.stdout.write current after (sec 1) tick result action env.stdin.installR save tick
The scheduled execution time (the baseline) for each instance of tick is one second after the baseline of the previous instance. Thus there is no accumulating drift in the program, even if a particular tick may be delayed in execution.
When running Echo3 one notices a peculiarity of the standard implementation of the POSIX environment: the screen doubles as both the output device stdout and as user feedback part of the input device stdin. Thus, output is intertwined with input characters in a rather unsatisfactory way.


Introduction
This is a C++ header only library for computing \(RO(G)\) (co)homology of \(G\)-spaces. You can find the GitHub repository here.
For a quick demonstration in the case of \(G=C_4\), use one of the available binaries here.
Requirements
- A C++17 compiler such as Clang, GCC or MSVC.
- Eigen, a header-only matrix math-library.
- Optionally, cereal, a header-only serialization library.
Installation
- To install simply clone/download the repository and include the folder called "source" in your path. You will also need to include Eigen and optionally cereal.
- See the page Tutorial for a tutorial on using the library.
- The latest version of the code has been tested with Eigen 3.3.9 and the latest stable versions of Clang, GCC (Linux) and MSVC (Windows).
- You'll need to enable C++17 in your compiler; with Clang and GCC this is done by the option
-std=c++17
.
Documentation
This documentation is organized in pages as follows:
- The pages From Math to Code and Beneath the surface, explain how the program works, starting from the math and moving to slightly more technical territory regarding the actual implementation.
- The page Tutorial is a tutorial on using the library.
- The page Extensions is about extending the library and future goals.
- The pages Namespaces, Classes and Files are automatically generated by doxygen from the source code (and comments in the source code). These offer a much more in-depth look into all classes and functions of this project. Note that only public and protected members and named namespaces are documented.
- I recommend starting with the related pages before moving to the automatically generated ones. If you just want to use this library for computations, you only really have to go over the Tutorial section.


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For the fig-swirl: Melt butter over medium heat in a saucepan. Add brown sugar and stir to dissolve. Halve all of the figs and toss in the saucepan with water and lemon juice. Cook over medium heat, stirring frequently, until you have a chunky-jammy mixture. Add salt with one or two stirs, set aside and let cool completely.
Ice cream:In a small pot over medium heat, combine milk, and granulated sugar until sugar is completely dissolved and the milk is just barely lukewarm. Whisk in the egg yolks. Set mixture in the frige and wait until the fig mixture is cooled.
Using an ice cream machine, pour liquids into the frozen basin and process according to the manufacturer instructions, i.e., let spin and thicken for 20 minutes before adding mascarpone, fig jam mixutre, and the nut. Continue to process for +/- 10 minutes. Pour semi-frozen mixture into a pyrex dish or glass tupperware. Freeze for at least two hours before serving.


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Closures and decorators¶
In this lesson, we will learn what closures are, and see two uses of closures:
replacing trivial do_something classes with closures
decorators
decorators will take the bulk of time in this lesson
Closures¶
Consider the example below, where a function defines an inner function and returns it:
class Printer:
def __init__(self, message):
self.message = message
def do_it(self):
print(self.message)
print_hello = Printer('hello')
print_hello.do_it()
hello
# make_printer() is a function that creates functions!
def make_printer(message):
def nested_printer_func(): # this creates a new function object
# use the message parameter to the make_printer() printer
print(message)
# return the nested function object
return nested_printer_func
# lets create a function that prints 'hello' when called
print_hello = make_printer('hello')
print_hello()
# lets create a function that prints 'world' when called
print_world = make_printer('world')
print_world()
# notice that these are not the same object, they are not the same function
print('are these the same function?', print_world == print_hello)
hello
world
are these the same function? False
print_hello
<function __main__.make_printer.<locals>.nested_printer_func()>
What’s happening here?¶
The make_printer()
function was called with the string “hello” and the returned function was bound to the name print_hello. On calling print_hello(), the message was still remembered although we had already finished executing the make_printer()
function.
This technique by which some data (“hello”) gets attached to the code is called closure in Python.
When do we have a closure?¶
As seen from the above example, we have a closure in Python when a nested function references a value in its enclosing scope.
The criteria that must be met to create closure in Python are summarized in the following points.
We must have a nested function (function inside a function).
The nested function must refer to a value defined in the enclosing function.
The enclosing function must return the nested function.
When are closures useful?¶
There’s two main cases:
trivial do_something classes
If you see an object-oriented solution that creates a class with just one method, or one method and a constructor, it can easily be replaced with functions or functions created as coloures. often with these classes, the function will be called something opaque like update(), do_it(), action() etcdecorators
if we want to take an exising function and add functionality to that function without changing the original function’s code by ‘wrapping’ or ‘decorating’ that function, closures are a good solution
we will take a long look at decorators at the end of this lesson, so for now, lets focus on do_something classes
Your Turn¶
write a function called constant_function_factory()
that creates contant function.
a constant function is a function that takes no parameters and always returns the same value
hint: Use closures
it should work like so
f10 = constant_function_factory(10)
print(f10()) # 10
f2 = constant_function_factory(2)
print(f2()) # 2
### your answer:
# test your code
f10 = constant_function_factory(10)
print(f10()) # 10
f2 = constant_function_factory(2)
print(f2()) # 2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-5-ee9b1afad312> in <module>
1 # test your code
----> 2 f10 = constant_function_factory(10)
3 print(f10()) # 10
4
5 f2 = constant_function_factory(2)
NameError: name 'constant_function_factory' is not defined
replacing do_something classes with closures¶
"""
Here is a classic example of a do_something class interface.
class Event registers event handlers objects that must have an event_handler function
"""
class PrintEventHandler:
def __init__(self, message):
self.__message = message
def handle_event(self, event, *args):
print(self.__message, *args)
class Event :
"""
Event class allows registering event handler objects, which must have a handle_event() function
"""
def __init__(self):
self.__handlers = []
def notify(self, *args):
for handler in self.__handlers:
# notice
handler.handle_event(self, *args)
def add_event_handler(self, handler_object):
self.__handlers.append(handler_object)
e = Event()
e.add_event_handler(PrintEventHandler('well I didnt expect'))
e.add_event_handler(PrintEventHandler('nobody expects'))
e.notify('the spanish inquisition')
well I didnt expect the spanish inquisition
nobody expects the spanish inquisition
"""
Simplified version of above example, where the class PrintEventHandler is not needed
"""
def make_print_handler(message):
def handler(event, *args):
print(message, *args)
return handler
class SimplerEvent :
"""
Event class allows registering event handling *functions*
"""
def __init__(self):
self.__handlers = []
def notify(self, *args):
for handler in self.__handlers:
handler(self, *args) # handler now is simply a callable function
def add_event_handler(self, handler):
self.__handlers.append(handler)
e = SimplerEvent()
e.add_event_handler(make_print_handler('well I didnt expect'))
e.add_event_handler(make_print_handler('nobody expects'))
e.notify('the spanish inquisition')
well I didnt expect the spanish inquisition
nobody expects the spanish inquisition
Decorators¶
Decorators are a simple pattern to add functionality to an existing function, without changing the code for that function.
here is an extremely simplified example:
def my_decorator(func):
def wrapper():
print("Something is happening before the function is called.")
func()
print("Something is happening after the function is called.")
return wrapper
def say_whee():
print("Whee!")
# decorate the say_whee function
say_whee = my_decorator(say_whee)
# use it
say_whee()
Something is happening before the function is called.
Whee!
Something is happening after the function is called.
To understand what’s going on here, look back at the previous examples. We are literally just applying everything you have learned so far.
The so-called decoration happens at the following line:
say_whee = my_decorator(say_whee)
In effect, the name say_whee now points to the wrapper()
inner function.
Remember that you return wrapper as a function when you call my_decorator(say_whee)
:
print(say_whee)
<function my_decorator.<locals>.wrapper at 0x05D4D348>
However, wrapper()
has a reference to the original say_whee()
as func, and calls that function between the two calls to print()
.
Put simply: decorators wrap a function, modifying its behavior.
Before moving on, let’s have a look at a second example. Because wrapper() is a regular Python function, the way a decorator modifies a function can change dynamically. So as not to disturb your neighbors, the following example will only run the decorated code during the day:
from datetime import datetime
override_hour = None
def not_during_the_night(func):
def wrapper():
hour = override_hour or datetime.now().hour
if 7 <= hour < 22:
func()
else:
pass # Hush, the neighbors are asleep
return wrapper
def say_whee():
print("Whee!")
say_whee = not_during_the_night(say_whee)
# If you try to call say_whee() after bedtime, nothing will happen:
override_hour = 23
say_whee()
Syntactic Sugar!¶
The way we decorated say_whee()
above is a little clunky.
First of all, we end up typing the name say_whee three times.
In addition, the decoration gets a bit hidden away below the definition of the function.
Instead, Python allows us to use decorators in a simpler way with the @
symbol, sometimes called the “pie” syntax.
The following example does the exact same thing as the first decorator example:
def my_decorator(func):
def wrapper():
print("Something is happening before the function is called.")
func()
print("Something is happening after the function is called.")
return wrapper
@my_decorator
def say_whee():
print("Whee!")
# So, @my_decorator is just an easier way of saying
# say_whee = my_decorator(say_whee).
# It’s how you apply a decorator to a function.
Reusing Decorators¶
Recall that a decorator is just a regular Python function. All the usual tools for easy reusability are available: such as placing the decorator in a module and importing it.
obviously, There’s a bunch of decorators in the standard library, which we will go through.
lets start with defining a more useful decorator:
# imagine you place this in a file called my_decorators.py
def do_twice(func):
def wrapper_do_twice():
func()
func()
return wrapper_do_twice
# We can now use this new decorator wherever we want in our code by importing it
# from decorators import do_twice
@do_twice
def say_whee():
print("Whee!")
say_whee()
Whee!
Whee!
Decorating Functions With Arguments¶
Say that you have a function that accepts some arguments. Can you still decorate it? Let’s try:
@do_twice
def greet(name):
print(f"Hello {name}")
greet('bob')
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-10-250b00126245> in <module>
5 print(f"Hello {name}")
6
----> 7 greet('bob')
8
9 # The problem is that the inner function wrapper_do_twice() does not take any arguments,
TypeError: wrapper_do_twice() takes 0 positional arguments but 1 was given
The problem is that the inner function wrapper_do_twice() does not take any arguments, but name=”World” was passed to it.
You could fix this by letting wrapper_do_twice() accept one argument, but then it would not work for the say_whee() function you created earlier.
# The solution is to use *args and **kwargs in the inner wrapper function.
# Then it will accept an arbitrary number of positional and keyword arguments.
def do_twice(func):
def wrapper_do_twice(*args, **kwargs):
func(*args, **kwargs)
func(*args, **kwargs)
return wrapper_do_twice
# The wrapper_do_twice() inner function now accepts any number of arguments
# and passes them on to the function it decorates.
# Now both your say_whee() and greet() examples works:
@do_twice
def greet(name):
print(f"Hello {name}")
@do_twice
def say_whee():
print("Whee!")
greet('bob')
say_whee()
Hello bob
Hello bob
Whee!
Whee!
Returning Values From Decorated Functions¶
What happens to the return value of decorated functions? Well, that’s up to the decorator to decide. Let’s say you decorate a simple function as follows:
@do_twice
def return_greeting(name):
print("Creating greeting")
return f"Hi {name}"
hi_bob = return_greeting("bob")
# Creating greeting
# Creating greeting
print(hi_bob)
# None
# Oops, our decorator ate the return value from the function.
# Because the do_twice_wrapper() doesn’t explicitly return a value,
# the call return_greeting("bob") ended up returning None.
Creating greeting
Creating greeting
None
# To fix this, we need to make sure the wrapper function returns the return value of the decorated function.
def do_twice(func):
def wrapper_do_twice(*args, **kwargs):
func(*args, **kwargs)
return func(*args, **kwargs)
return wrapper_do_twice
@do_twice
def return_greeting(name):
print("Creating greeting")
return f"Hi {name}"
# The return value from the last execution of the function is returned:
return_greeting("Adam")
# Creating greeting
# Creating greeting
# 'Hi Adam'
Creating greeting
Creating greeting
'Hi Adam'
Who Are You, Really?¶
A great convenience when working with Python, especially in the interactive shell, is its powerful introspection ability. Introspection is the ability of an object to know about its own attributes at runtime. For instance, a function knows its own name and documentation:
# a function knows its own name and documentation:
import math
print(math.sin)
# <built-in function len>
print(math.sin.__name__)
# 'sin'
help(math.sin)
# Help on built-in function sin in module math:
# sin(x, /)
# Return the sine of x (measured in radians).
#
# The introspection works for functions you define yourself as well:
#
print(say_whee)
# <function do_twice.<locals>.wrapper_do_twice at 0x7f43700e52f0>
print(say_whee.__name__)
# 'wrapper_do_twice'
help(say_whee)
# Help on function wrapper_do_twice in module decorators:
# wrapper_do_twice()
#
# However, after being decorated, say_whee() has gotten very confused about its identity.
# It now reports being the wrapper_do_twice() inner function inside the do_twice() decorator.
# Although technically true, this is not very useful information.
#
<built-in function sin>
sin
Help on built-in function sin in module math:
sin(x, /)
Return the sine of x (measured in radians).
<function do_twice.<locals>.wrapper_do_twice at 0x05D4DFA8>
wrapper_do_twice
Help on function wrapper_do_twice in module __main__:
wrapper_do_twice(*args, **kwargs)
# To fix this, decorators should use the @functools.wraps decorator,
# which will preserve information about the original function.
import functools
def do_twice(func):
@functools.wraps(func)
def wrapper_do_twice(*args, **kwargs):
func(*args, **kwargs)
return func(*args, **kwargs)
return wrapper_do_twice
# We do not need to change anything about the decorated say_whee() function:
@do_twice
def say_whee():
print("Whee!")
print(say_whee)
# <function say_whee at 0x7ff79a60f2f0>
print(say_whee.__name__)
#'say_whee'
help(say_whee)
# Help on function say_whee in module __main__:
say_whee()
#
# Much better! Now say_whee() is still itself after decoration.
#
<function say_whee at 0x05F9BB28>
say_whee
Help on function say_whee in module __main__:
say_whee()
Whee!
Whee!
A Few Real World Examples¶
Let’s look at a few more useful examples of decorators. You’ll notice that they’ll mainly follow the same pattern that you’ve learned so far:
import functools
def decorator(func):
@functools.wraps(func)
def wrapper_decorator(*args, **kwargs):
# Do something before
value = func(*args, **kwargs)
# Do something after
return value
return wrapper_decorator
This formula is a good boilerplate template for building more complex decorators.
Timing Functions¶
Let’s start by creating a @timer
decorator. It will measure the time a function takes to execute and print the duration to the console. Here’s the code:
import functools
import time
def timer(func):
"""Print the runtime of the decorated function"""
@functools.wraps(func)
def wrapper_timer(*args, **kwargs):
start_time = time.perf_counter() # 1
value = func(*args, **kwargs)
end_time = time.perf_counter() # 2
run_time = end_time - start_time # 3
print(f"Finished {func.__name__!r} in {run_time:.4f} secs")
return value
return wrapper_timer
@timer
def waste_some_time(num_times):
for _ in range(num_times):
sum([i**2 for i in range(10000)])
#
# This decorator works by storing the time just before the function starts running (at the line marked # 1)
# and just after the function finishes (at # 2).
# The time the function takes is then the difference between the two (at # 3).
# We use the time.perf_counter() function, which does a good job of measuring time intervals.
#
# Here are some examples of timings:
waste_some_time(1)
waste_some_time(999)
Finished 'waste_some_time' in 0.0031 secs
Finished 'waste_some_time' in 3.0549 secs
Run it yourself. Work through the code line by line. Make sure you understand how it works. Don’t worry if you don’t get it, though. Decorators are advanced beings. Try to sleep on it or make a drawing of the program flow.
Note: The @timer decorator is great if you just want to get an idea about the runtime of your functions. If you want to do more precise measurements of code, you should instead consider the timeit module in the standard library. It temporarily disables garbage collection and runs multiple trials to strip out noise from quick function calls.
Debugging Code¶
The following @debug decorator will print the arguments a function is called with as well as its return value every time the function is called:
import functools
def debug(func):
"""Print the function signature and return value"""
@functools.wraps(func)
def wrapper_debug(*args, **kwargs):
args_repr = [repr(a) for a in args] # 1
kwargs_repr = [f"{k}={v!r}" for k, v in kwargs.items()] # 2
signature = ", ".join(args_repr + kwargs_repr) # 3
print(f"Calling {func.__name__}({signature})")
value = func(*args, **kwargs)
print(f"{func.__name__!r} returned {value!r}") # 4
return value
return wrapper_debug
The signature is created by joining the string representations of all the arguments. The numbers in the following list correspond to the numbered comments in the code:
Create a list of the positional arguments. Use repr() to get a nice string representing each argument.
Create a list of the keyword arguments. The f-string formats each argument as key=value where the !r specifier means that repr() is used to represent the value.
The lists of positional and keyword arguments is joined together to one signature string with each argument separated by a comma.
The return value is printed after the function is executed. Let’s see how the decorator works in practice by applying it to a simple function with one position and one keyword argument:
@debug
def make_greeting(name, age=None):
if age is None:
return f"Howdy {name}!"
else:
return f"Whoa {name}! {age} already, you are growing up!"
make_greeting("Benjamin")
# Calling make_greeting('Benjamin')
# 'make_greeting' returned 'Howdy Benjamin!'
# 'Howdy Benjamin!'
make_greeting("Richard", age=112)
# Calling make_greeting('Richard', age=112)
# 'make_greeting' returned 'Whoa Richard! 112 already, you are growing up!'
# 'Whoa Richard! 112 already, you are growing up!'
make_greeting(name="Dorrisile", age=116)
# Calling make_greeting(name='Dorrisile', age=116)
# 'make_greeting' returned 'Whoa Dorrisile! 116 already, you are growing up!'
# 'Whoa Dorrisile! 116 already, you are growing up!'
Calling make_greeting('Benjamin')
'make_greeting' returned 'Howdy Benjamin!'
Calling make_greeting('Richard', age=112)
'make_greeting' returned 'Whoa Richard! 112 already, you are growing up!'
Calling make_greeting(name='Dorrisile', age=116)
'make_greeting' returned 'Whoa Dorrisile! 116 already, you are growing up!'
'Whoa Dorrisile! 116 already, you are growing up!'
The above example might not seem immediately useful since the @debug decorator just repeats what you just wrote. It’s more powerful when applied to small convenience functions that you don’t call directly yourself.
The following example calculates an approximation to the mathematical constant e:
import math
# Apply a decorator to a standard library function
math.factorial = debug(math.factorial)
def approximate_e(terms=18):
return sum(1 / math.factorial(n) for n in range(terms))
This example also shows how you can apply a decorator to a function that has already been defined. The approximation of e is based on the following series expansion:
$\( {\rm e} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{1}{n!} = \frac{1}{0!} + \frac{1}{1!} + \frac{1}{2!} + \frac{1}{3!} + \ldots \)$
Series for calculating mathematical constant e
When calling the approximate_e() function, you can see the @debug decorator at work:
approximate_e(5)
Calling factorial(0)
'factorial' returned 1
Calling factorial(1)
'factorial' returned 1
Calling factorial(2)
'factorial' returned 2
Calling factorial(3)
'factorial' returned 6
Calling factorial(4)
'factorial' returned 24
2.708333333333333
Registering Plugins¶
Decorators don’t have to wrap the function they’re decorating. They can also simply register that a function exists and return it unwrapped. This can be used, for instance, to create a light-weight plug-in architecture:
import random
PLUGINS = dict()
def register(func):
"""Register a function as a plug-in"""
PLUGINS[func.__name__] = func
return func
@register
def say_hello(name):
return f"Hello {name}"
@register
def be_awesome(name):
return f"Yo {name}, together we are the awesomest!"
def randomly_greet(name):
greeter, greeter_func = random.choice(list(PLUGINS.items()))
print(f"Using {greeter!r}")
return greeter_func(name)
# The @register decorator simply stores a reference to the decorated function in the global PLUGINS dict.
# Note that you do not have to write an inner function or use @functools.wraps in this example
# because you are returning the original function unmodified.
# The randomly_greet() function randomly chooses one of the registered functions to use.
# Note that the PLUGINS dictionary already contains references to each function object that is registered as a plugin:
print(PLUGINS)
# {'say_hello': <function say_hello at 0x7f768eae6730>,
# 'be_awesome': <function be_awesome at 0x7f768eae67b8>}
randomly_greet("Alice")
{'say_hello': <function say_hello at 0x05FADC00>, 'be_awesome': <function be_awesome at 0x05FADBB8>}
Using 'say_hello'
'Hello Alice'
The main benefit of this simple plugin architecture is that you do not need to maintain a list of which plugins exist. That list is created when the plugins register themselves. This makes it trivial to add a new plugin: just define the function and decorate it with @register.
If you are familiar with globals() in Python, you might see some similarities to how the plugin architecture works. globals() gives access to all global variables in the current scope, including your plugins:
>>> globals()
{..., # Lots of variables not shown here.
'say_hello': <function say_hello at 0x7f768eae6730>,
'be_awesome': <function be_awesome at 0x7f768eae67b8>,
'randomly_greet': <function randomly_greet at 0x7f768eae6840>}
Using the @register decorator, you can create your own curated list of interesting variables, effectively hand-picking some functions from globals().
Fancy decorators¶
So far, you’ve seen how to create simple decorators. You already have a pretty good understanding of what decorators are and how they work.
Decorating Classes¶
There are two different ways you can use decorators on classes. The first one is very close to what you have already done with functions: you can decorate the methods of a class. This was one of the motivations for introducing decorators back in the day.
Commonly used decorators: @classmethod
, @staticmethod
, and @property
¶
Some commonly used decorators that are even built-ins in Python are @classmethod
, @staticmethod
, and @property
. The @classmethod and @staticmethod decorators are used to define methods inside a class namespace that are not connected to a particular instance of that class. The @property decorator is used to customize getters and setters for class attributes. Expand the box below for an example using these decorators.
class Circle:
def __init__(self, radius):
self._radius = radius
@property
def radius(self):
"""Get value of radius"""
return self._radius
@radius.setter
def radius(self, value):
"""Set radius, raise error if negative"""
if value >= 0:
self._radius = value
else:
raise ValueError("Radius must be positive")
@property
def area(self):
"""Calculate area inside circle"""
return self.pi() * self.radius**2
def cylinder_volume(self, height):
"""Calculate volume of cylinder with circle as base"""
return self.area * height
@classmethod
def unit_circle(cls):
"""Factory method creating a circle with radius 1"""
return cls(1)
@staticmethod
def pi():
"""Value of π, could use math.pi instead though"""
return 3.1415926535
.cylinder_volume() is a regular method.
.radius is a mutable property: it can be set to a different value. However, by defining a setter method, we can do some error testing to make sure it’s not set to a nonsensical negative number. Properties are accessed as attributes without parentheses.
.area is an immutable property: properties without .setter() methods can’t be changed. Even though it is defined as a method, it can be retrieved as an attribute without parentheses.
.unit_circle() is a class method. It’s not bound to one particular instance of Circle. Class methods are often used as factory methods that can create specific instances of the class.
.pi() is a static method. It’s not really dependent on the Circle class, except that it is part of its namespace. Static methods can be called on either an instance or the class.
c = Circle(5)
print(c.radius)
# 5
print(c.area)
# 78.5398163375
c.radius = 2
print(c.area)
12.566370614
# c.area = 100 # AttributeError: can't set attribute
c.cylinder_volume(height=4)
# 50.265482456
# c.radius = -1 # ValueError: Radius must be positive
c = Circle.unit_circle()
print(c.radius)
1
print(c.pi())
# 3.1415926535
print(Circle.pi())
3.1415926535
5
78.5398163375
12.566370614
1
3.1415926535
3.1415926535
3.1415926535
Decorating functions in a class¶
Let’s define a class where we decorate some of its methods using the @debug and @timer decorators from earlier:
class TimeWaster:
@debug
def __init__(self, max_num):
self.max_num = max_num
@timer
def waste_time(self, num_times):
for _ in range(num_times):
sum([i**2 for i in range(self.max_num)])
# Using this class, you can see the effect of the decorators:
tw = TimeWaster(1000)
# Calling __init__(<time_waster.TimeWaster object at 0x7efccce03908>, 1000)
# '__init__' returned None
tw.waste_time(999)
# Finished 'waste_time' in 0.3376 secs
Calling __init__(<__main__.TimeWaster object at 0x05FA2090>, 1000)
'__init__' returned None
Finished 'waste_time' in 0.2887 secs
Whole class decorators¶
The other way to use decorators on classes is to decorate the whole class. This is, for example, done in the new dataclasses module in Python 3.7:
import sys
if sys.version_info < (3, 7):
print('dataclasses only work with python 3.7 and above')
else:
from dataclasses import dataclass
@dataclass
class PlayingCard:
rank: str
suit: str
PlayingCard('queen', 'hearts')
# The meaning of the syntax is similar to the function decorators.
# In the example above, you could have done the decoration by writing PlayingCard = dataclass(PlayingCard).
# A common use of class decorators is to be a simpler alternative to some use-cases of metaclasses.
# In both cases, you are changing the definition of a class dynamically.
Whole class decorators - Constructor decorator¶
Writing a class decorator is very similar to writing a function decorator. The only difference is that the decorator will receive a class and not a function as an argument. In fact, all the decorators you saw above will work as class decorators. When you are using them on a class instead of a function, their effect might not be what you want. In the following example, the @timer decorator is applied to a class:
@timer # decorates TimeWaster.__init__
class TimeWaster:
def __init__(self, max_num):
self.max_num = max_num
def waste_time(self, num_times):
for _ in range(num_times):
sum([i**2 for i in range(self.max_num)])
# Decorating a class does not decorate its methods.
# Recall that @timer is just shorthand for TimeWaster = timer(TimeWaster).
# Here, @timer only measures the time it takes to instantiate the class:
tw = TimeWaster(1000)
# Finished 'TimeWaster' in 0.0000 secs
tw.waste_time(999) # doesnt use the #timer decorator
Finished 'TimeWaster' in 0.0000 secs
Nesting Decorators¶
You can apply several decorators to a function by stacking them on top of each other:
@debug
@do_twice
def greet(name):
print(f"Hello {name}")
#
# Think about this as the decorators being executed in the order they are listed.
# In other words, @debug calls @do_twice, which calls greet(), or debug(do_twice(greet())):
#
greet("Eva")
# Calling greet('Eva')
# Hello Eva
# Hello Eva
# 'greet' returned None
Calling greet('Eva')
Hello Eva
Hello Eva
'greet' returned None
Decorators With Arguments¶
Sometimes, it’s useful to pass arguments to your decorators. For instance, @do_twice could be extended to a @repeat(num_times) decorator. The number of times to execute the decorated function could then be given as an argument.
This would allow you to do something like this:
@repeat(num_times=4)
def greet(name):
print(f"Hello {name}")
>>> greet("World")
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Think about how you could achieve this.
So far, the name written after the @ has referred to a function object that can be called with another function. To be consistent, you then need repeat(num_times=4) to return a function object that can act as a decorator. Luckily, you already know how to return functions! In general, you want something like the following:
def repeat(num_times):
def decorator_repeat(func):
... # Create and return a wrapper function
return decorator_repeat
Typically, the decorator creates and returns an inner wrapper function, so writing the example out in full will give you an inner function within an inner function. While this might sound like the programming equivalent of the Inception movie, we’ll untangle it all in a moment:
def repeat(num_times):
def decorator_repeat(func):
@functools.wraps(func)
def wrapper_repeat(*args, **kwargs):
for _ in range(num_times):
value = func(*args, **kwargs)
return value
return wrapper_repeat
return decorator_repeat
# It looks a little messy, but we have only put the same decorator pattern you have seen
# many times by now inside one additional def that handles the arguments to the decorator.
@repeat(num_times=4)
def greet(name):
print(f"Hello {name}")
greet("World")
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World


Welcome to the official website of Ricky and the Domsters. Here, you can learn more about Ricky's Life, view photos of the Ricky's life, find out more information about Ricky. You can get in touch with Ricky. Thank you!
Welcome to the official website of Ricky and the Domsters. Here, you can learn more about Ricky's Life, view photos of the Ricky's life, find out more information about Ricky. You can get in touch with Ricky. Thank you!


Змея в кустах
by DitfridThe world's biggest drone photo and video sharing platform | SkyPixel.com
Join the world's biggest drone and aerial photo and video sharing platform. Share your aerial photography and cinematography, find tips and connect with otherswww.skypixel.com
У японских дорог удивительная разметка.
Автор фотографии Pdidii.


This document demonstrates some of the features of filter.py. You can write inline code sections like this:
void src() { int *p; return; }or you can just highlight a variable like int *p. You can also do the usual bold, italic,
Images are with square brackets: and links are with double brackets. If you omit the description, then a default one is provided based on the file name (like here Test2) or the absolute URLs (like http://www.google.com). Note that spaces around the @ sign are not significant.
You should be able to create lists:
A continuation of the first item that is very long so it must span multiple lines, but it's still the same item because it is indented to match the text after the bullet.
Finally, we can make tables:
| a | b | c | d |
| e | f | g | h |
There is some flexibility with the formatting:
| a | b | c | d |
| e | f | g | h |
In fact, by indenting after a cell, there is quite a lot of flexibility:
| a | b | c | d | ||||
|
f | g | h | ||||
| p | q | r | s |


October 8th, 2014
After reading through the enormous list of values presented by DBC the ones that resonated the most with me in terms of the time I have been the happiest were Adventure and Nature. Growing up in Oregon these values were instilled into me at an early age and are a huge part of who I am. This past year my fiance and I went around the world and my favorite place was the coast and countryside of Ireland. Hiking around and exploring the outdoors there was better than our visits to Paris, Shanghai, or any other major city.
I like to think that I get a 5 out of 5 for living up to both of these values. I quit my job to travel the world for a year on the adventure of a lifetime and will continue that with the adventure of DBC. I appreciate nature everywhere I go from camping to hiking to just getting outside and enjoying it.
I probably get asked for advice on traveling once a week since we got back a few months ago so obviously it relates directly to my values. My general advice is to see the world while you have the oppurtunity to and of course a lot of my recommendations are for the more nature oriented places. Ireland, the Turkish desert of Cappadocia, or a riverboat ride down the Mekong river in Laos are all at the top of my list.
Like I went over last week, stereotype threat is not really something that I notice or am ever worried about. I suppose that in cases where I were to be subject to it considering my values could be a good way to alleviate that frustration and fear. Thinking about my values leads me to a felling of contentment knowing that whatever is currently frustrating me is only a temporary setback and I will get through it. Overcoming obstacles is an adventure in itself and I look forward to the one to come at DBC.
(Here I am in the jungle in Northern Thailand)


---
layout: default
title: Anugraha Venugopal
---
Self Published Blogs
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Dr Brian Weiss is a psychiatrist who lives and practices in Miami, Florida. Weiss — a graduate of Yale Medical School — initially distrusted anything that science couldn’t prove. However, his thinking changed after a peculiar case of one of his patients who didn’t recover through traditional therapy. Through this book, he chronicles his understanding of life and death and the mysteries of the mind. He has also written several other international bestsellers. Only Love is Real, Messages from the Masters, Same Soul, Many Bodies, & Through Time into Healing are all groundbreaking.
A strange pull towards a person one just met! Repeated friction or trust issues with someone. Insufferable physical pain or trauma even after getting treated by the best physicians. It makes a good case for wonder, doesn’t it? Many Lives, Many Masters reveals how one’s past life experiences influence the present behavior. What one terms “energy”, “vibe”, or “wavelength” is not an instantaneous response to a person or a surrounding or an event. It is in fact a response triggered by memories of one’s life from as far as the past life. These memories are stored in the subconscious. So then, is past-life/life after death true? The author, himself a skeptic of the idea initially, says that his remarkable learnings from the case prove it to be true. He also notes that science could take a while to decipher the underlying working. But collective experiences from several people point to life after death — there’s no death. But what happens between lives? The book explains this through the concept of “Spirits” and “Master Spirits” surrounding us.
The book makes the reader prod how much more simple life could be if they didn’t fear death. If they knew that life goes on also means, in some way, that life is endless. That what goes around does come around. That balance and harmony are vital to one’s existence. That the soul needs to be nourished with love, empathy and kindness. That getting rid of one’s vices is crucial. Simple reminders that seem more powerful as messages from the beyond. The book offers detailed explanation on what happens just after physical death, in between lives, and why and when the next life starts. Reincarnation is true affirms the author. It’s interesting to read on how Spirits supposedly communicate with human beings. Guardian angels exist, says the book. It’s hard not to wonder if this is a fantasy novel. Yet that this is a true story makes it a compelling read. The regression sessions described offer plenty of scope for the mind to imagine and that is what makes it tug at one’s heart.
The chronicles on the hypnosis sessions seem too many sometimes. Therefore, it leads to thinking whether this is a work of fiction. The explanation on the stages of a soul in between lives is scattered which leads to a lack of clarity on the same. However, these are conveyed through conversations happening at different episodes of hypnosis and so it cannot be expected to be outlined altogether as pointers.
The book is a quick, easy and thought-provoking read for anyone interested in knowing what happens after death (what is death even?). It reflects on how to lead a more harmonious life. Reading this leaves one with a renewed perspective of human connections.
In these modern times, our food habits have changed vastly! But have they changed for the better? At Bhakshana, we don’t think so! That’s why we are here to take you on a journey from the hustle and bustle of Chennai to a more calm and simple Madras! Enjoy the kind of healthy and delicious food our grandmothers prepared for us with abundant love!
Attention Folks!! From beating your Monday Blues & midweek madness to celebrating Freaky Fridays and Wow Weekends, the Knockout Sundaes from Polar Bear can do them all! Try our Chocolate Blush, Caramel Peanut Twist, Fruit Royale, Triple Luv, Chocolate Tremor, & Royal Dark Fantasy! Each one so unique and so knockout! Try it to believe it. Knockout Sundaes from Polar Bear - the ice cream Sundae Zone
Be it weddings, cocktail parties or festivals, women love to dress up and how!!! It’s this spirit of style and confidence that we at Saakshaat pay tribute to! Trust me; with a curated collection of ravishing sarees, lehengas, gowns, we are all about celebrating women – God’s most amazing creation! And if you’re a soon-to-be bride, look no further for your bridal trousseau! Happy Shopping!
It’s said that a pen is mightier than a sword! Then imagine the might of a Rorito pen that has been engineered to perfection with German technology! But don’t just take my word for it! Explore our wide range of pens here at Write Site! You’ll see that our pens have been designed to offer you comfort as you indulge in endless writing! They are nothing short of a work of art! You’re listening to Writ Site Radio!
You can take the Indian out of India, but you simply can’t take India out of the Indian! That’s what drives us at The Banana Leaf Apolo to prepare authentic Indian food, here in Singapore! Enjoy our mouth-watering North Indian and South Indian fare at 3 locations now! Yes, we are open at Race Course Road, Little India Arcade, and Parkway Parade! Bring your family and friends as well and relish sumptuous Indian food! The Banana Leaf Apolo . Since 1974
Good things come to those who sweat! With Zumba, you’ll feel awesome while you sweat it out. After all, it’s a workout that combines all the elements of fitness – cardio, muscle conditioning, balance and flexibility. The adrenaline rush at the end will keep you pumped up, no doubt. Ask our trainers at Cult for more details.
The finish of gold, the sparkle of diamonds, and the auspicious shine of silver...these are all treasures that have captured the imagination of men and women since time immemorial. At NAC Jewellers, we make the experience of buying jewellery even more pleasurable by helping you plan in advance, and enjoy special benefits! Check with our staff now on our Quick Gold Flexi, Think Diamond, and Quick Silver saving schemes! Best part? You can also make the monthly payments online!
Cap 1: Do you know the official color for the weddings this winter? It’s Red! No wonder then that Aishwarya Rai was seen at a family wedding in a gorgeous red ensemble! Cricketer Zaheer Khan’s wife, actor Sagarika Ghatge too looked resplendent in a red saree at their wedding! So whether you’re a bride-to-be, the maid of honor, one of the bridesmaids or simply a guest at a wedding, make sure to add a lot of red to your ensemble, this winter!
Cap 2: Hello folks, at Kingdom of Beer, we care for you very much! That’s why we’d never let you suffer from Cenosillicaphobia! Wondering what that is?? Let me tell you then! It is the fear of an empty beer glass! We would never want to put you through that! So just ask and we’ll refill your glass!
 On average, a pen can write approximately 45,000 words. We’re sure you’d agree that one couldn’t type that many words on a phone without its battery draining out! And that’s why pens can never lose their charm even in the digital era!
Cap 4: Snacking on nuts is good for your heart because it can lower the levels of bad cholesterol! Nuts are also rich in heart-healthy substances such as unsaturated fats, fiber, Vitamin E and Omega-3 Fatty Acids. So we could agree that the heart wants what it wants; we mean nuts!
Ladies, forget about your knight in shining armor bringing you Valentine’s Day gifts! This year, gift yourself something you love! After all, Valentine's Day is also about loving oneself! We say, shop now at Kalaniketan for fabulous ethnicwear …coz there’s Up To 50% off! Offers valid until Feb-14th only so hurry!
SFX:“Hey you, what’s everybody talking about? The Combo Carnival at Royaloak, that’s what! Enjoy 55 % Discount on world-class furniture and additional savings on combo furniture deals! You heard it right! A whopping 55 % off on international furniture and combo furniture at steal-deals! Offers valid for limited period only! Shop now in Royaloak’s Combo Carnival!
Bringing your buddy to workout has many perks at CFS! You get more motivation and you get 20% off on your membership fee! You heard me! Just refer a friend and enjoy your reward! Turn your workouts into fun fitness sessions with friends at Core Fitness Station!
She has helped you grow up strong! This Mother's Day, reciprocate it in the sweetest way! We say, gift her a box of good health! That's right! A box that's loaded with the freshness and goodness of several nuts and Dry fruits! Look through our fabulous dry fruit hampers now. Because there couldn't be a sweeter way to say happy Mother's Day! Brown Tree. Your health food store (tagline)
Enjoy the cakes and sweets first but remember to work out later! Skale Fitness wishes you a merry Christmas and a happy New Year.


THE IMPOSTERS (United States) A review by Mark R. Leeper in bullet-list form from the Toronto Internation Film Festival
CAPSULE: Roughly 60 years after its heyday, the farce returns. Stanley Tucci wrote, directed, and stars in a very funny movie about two out of work actors on a boat. It is not exactly like Laurel and Hardy, not just like the Marx Brothers, but it is in that vein. And I did laugh, which is rare these days. Rating: 7 (0 to 10), 2 (-4 to +4)
- I first noticed Stanley Tucci in PRELUDE TO A KISS where I thought he was very funny. Since then I have been watching for him. But THE IMPOSTERS is like nothing he has made before and like very few films made since the 40s. The only other true farce I remember from recent year is BRAIN DONORS and that was almost entirely taken from the Marx Brothers school. THE IMPOSTERS is a new and very funny comedy team of Platt and Tucci. It is hard to know if comedy will be funny for other people. Currently people are laughing uproariously at THERE'S SOMETHING ABOUT MARY which did not do very much for me. Other films like OSCAR and THE CHEAP DETECTIVE crack me up but are not successful comedies at the boxoffice. So take it from whence it comes. THE IMPOSTERS did make me laugh very hard at times. Not many comedies make me laugh. - Tucci co-produced, wrote, directed, and starred in the film. - Cast includes Oliver Platt, Stanley Tucci, Alfred Molina, Lily Taylor, Steve Buscemi, Tony Shalhoub, Teagle, F. Bougere, Campbell Scott, and Isabella Rossellini. - The language and one or two modestly sexual situations are not in the classical farce tradition. - Out-of-work actors are given tickets to see HAMLET with a particularly hammy actor. When Maurice (Platt) insults the actor they are chased hide in a packing crate and find themselves loaded onto an ocean liner. From there a large number of subplots start working themselves out, GRAND HOTEL style with the help of Maurice and Arthur (Tucci). - Steve Buscemi sings??????? - Bizarre scenes as the two seem to get into a fight at an outdoor restaurant. - An unexpected and uncredited role near the beginning. - Campbell Scott as a German crewmember is very funny. - The shooting title was SHIP OF FOOLS. I saw that it was being filmed and expected a remake of the Catherine Anne Porter. Uh, not quite.
Mark R. Leeper<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Copyright 1998 Mark R. Leeper
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rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
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vue-cli
andreas johan virkus, 2018
vue-cli 1
vue-cli 2
Version 3 in beta; preparing a RC
The missing features currently:
serve
build
Service - Configs (Webpack), access to env variables,
Generator - Templates with api.render()
api.render()


BREAKING Princess Eugenie pictured hours after dad Prince Andrew quit royal duties
We'll be bringing you the very latest updates, pictures and video on this breaking news story.
by Danya Bazaraa, https://www.mirror.co.uk/authors/danya-bazaraa/Princess Eugenie has been pictured hours after her dad Prince Andrew sensationally quit royal duties.
We'll be bringing you the very latest updates, pictures and video on this breaking news story.
Please check back regularly for updates on this developing story here at Mirror.co.uk .
For the latest news and breaking news visit Mirror.co.uk/news .
Get all the big headlines, pictures, analysis, opinion and video on the stories that matter to you.
Follow us on Twitter @DailyMirror - the official Daily Mirror & Mirror Online Twitter account - real news in real time.
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2 November 2004
WHO has received reports from the Ministry of Health of a total number of 128 cases and 2 deaths (case fatality rate, 1.6%) from 5 October - 28 October 2004 in Dakar. Vibrio cholerae 01 EL Tor has been confirmed by the National Reference Laboratory, Senegal.
The number of cases has risen sharply since the beginning of the outbreak and on 22 October the Ministry of Health declared an epidemic of cholera.
A National Outbreak Management Committee has been established to monitor and carry out comprehensive control measures in response to the outbreak. Physicians and health workers in the affected districts of the city have been alerted and provided with technical guidance; health education materials on good hygiene have been distributed; social mobilization activities targeted particularly at children and women have been carried out; and unsanitary areas have been decontaminated.


Functions | |
| void | CSL_intaggrGetCfg (CSL_IntaggrCfg *pCfg) |
| Get INTAGGR module configuration information. More... | |
| uint32_t | CSL_intaggrGetRevision (const CSL_IntaggrCfg *pCfg) |
| Return revision of the INTAGGR module. More... | |
| int32_t | CSL_intaggrMapEventIntr (CSL_IntaggrCfg *pCfg, uint32_t globalEventIdx, uint32_t statusBitNum) |
| Map a global event to a status bit number. More... | |
| int32_t | CSL_intaggrMapEventToLocalEvent (CSL_IntaggrCfg *pCfg, uint32_t globalEventIdx, uint32_t localEventIdx, CSL_IntaggrEventDetectMode localEventDetectMode) |
| Map a local event to a global event. More... | |
| int32_t | CSL_intaggrMapEventRxCntEvent (CSL_IntaggrCfg *pCfg, uint32_t globalEventIdx, uint32_t globalEventOutIdx) |
| Map a global event to a counter up/down event. More... | |
| int32_t | CSL_intaggrRdEventRxCnt (const CSL_IntaggrCfg *pCfg, uint32_t globalEventIdx, uint32_t *pCnt) |
| Read the receive count for the specified global event. More... | |
| int32_t | CSL_intaggrWrEventRxCnt (CSL_IntaggrCfg *pCfg, uint32_t globalEventIdx, uint32_t cnt) |
| Write a value into the counter for the specified global event. More... | |
| int32_t | CSL_intaggrEnableEventMulticast (CSL_IntaggrCfg *pCfg, uint32_t globalEventIdx, uint32_t globalEventOutIdx0, uint32_t globalEventOutIdx1) |
| Multicast an incoming global event to two outgoing events. More... | |
| int32_t | CSL_intaggrMapUnmappedEventToEvent (CSL_IntaggrCfg *pCfg, uint32_t unmappedEventIdx, uint32_t globalEventOutIdx) |
| Map an unmapped event to an outgoing global event. More... | |
| int32_t | CSL_intaggrSetIntrEnable (CSL_IntaggrCfg *pCfg, uint32_t statusBitNum, bool bEnable) |
| Enable or disable a status interrupt. More... | |
| int32_t | CSL_intaggrSetIntrPending (CSL_IntaggrCfg *pCfg, uint32_t statusBitNum) |
| Set the raw pending status of an interrupt. More... | |
| bool | CSL_intaggrIsIntrPending (const CSL_IntaggrCfg *pCfg, uint32_t statusBitNum, bool bMaskedStatus) |
| Determine if a status interrupt is pending. More... | |
| int32_t | CSL_intaggrClrIntr (CSL_IntaggrCfg *pCfg, uint32_t statusBitNum) |
| Clear a pending status interrupt. More... | |
| int32_t CSL_intaggrClrIntr | ( | CSL_IntaggrCfg * | pCfg, |
| uint32_t | statusBitNum | ||
| ) |
Clear a pending status interrupt.
This function is used to clear the specified pending status interrupt.
Note: The CSL_intaggrGetCfg function must be called prior to calling this function.
| pCfg | [IN] Pointer to the CSL_IntaggrCfg structure |
| statusBitNum | [IN] Status bit # (0..(virtIntrCnt*64)-1) |
| int32_t CSL_intaggrEnableEventMulticast | ( | CSL_IntaggrCfg * | pCfg, |
| uint32_t | globalEventIdx, | ||
| uint32_t | globalEventOutIdx0, | ||
| uint32_t | globalEventOutIdx1 | ||
| ) |
Multicast an incoming global event to two outgoing events.
This function is used to map two outgoing global event indexes to the specified incoming global event. Then, whenever this incoming global event is received, it will be multicast and output to the two specified global events.
The globalEventOutIdx0/1 can also specify an interrupt status bit where the statusBitNum can range from 0 to (virtIntrCnt*64)-1 and determines the status register number and bit number in the status register as follows:
status register # = statusBitNum / 64 (valid range: 0..virtIntrCnt-1) bit # in status register = statusBitNum % 64 (valid range: 0..63)
To specify an interrupt status bit in globalEventOutIdx0/1, set it to the value of statusBitNum described above, along with bit 31 as an intr mode flag.
Note: The CSL_intaggrGetCfg function must be called prior to calling this function.
| pCfg | [IN] Pointer to the CSL_IntaggrCfg structure |
| globalEventIdx | [IN] Global event index (0..mcastEventCnt-1) |
| globalEventOutIdx0 | [IN] Index of the 1st outgoing global event |
| globalEventOutIdx1 | [IN] Index of the 2nd outgoing global event |
| void CSL_intaggrGetCfg | ( | CSL_IntaggrCfg * | pCfg | ) |
Get INTAGGR module configuration information.
This function reads configuration-specific information for the INTAGGR and returns the values in the CSL_IntaggrCfg structure.
The following structure fields are populated by this function: srcEventCnt Max # of source events virtIntrCnt Max # of virtual interrupts localEventCnt Max # of local events globalEventCnt Max # of global events mcastEventCnt Max # of multicast events unmapEventCnt Max # of unmapped events (if supported by intaggr in use)
This function must be called before calling any of the other API functions (except for CSL_intaggrGetRevision).
| pCfg | [IN/OUT] Pointer to the CSL_IntaggrCfg structure |
| uint32_t CSL_intaggrGetRevision | ( | const CSL_IntaggrCfg * | pCfg | ) |
Return revision of the INTAGGR module.
This function returns the contents of the INTAGGR revision register. Consult the INTAGGR module documentation for a description of the contents of the revision register.
| pCfg | [IN] Pointer to the CSL_IntaggrCfg structure |
| bool CSL_intaggrIsIntrPending | ( | const CSL_IntaggrCfg * | pCfg, |
| uint32_t | statusBitNum, | ||
| bool | bMaskedStatus | ||
| ) |
Determine if a status interrupt is pending.
This function is used to determine if the specified status interrupt is pending. Either the raw or masked pending status can be queried.
Note: The CSL_intaggrGetCfg function must be called prior to calling this function.
| pCfg | [IN] Pointer to the CSL_IntaggrCfg structure |
| statusBitNum | [IN] Status bit # (0..(virtIntrCnt*64)-1) |
| bMaskedStatus | [IN] If true, the masked pending status is returned. If false, the raw pending status is returned. |
| int32_t CSL_intaggrMapEventIntr | ( | CSL_IntaggrCfg * | pCfg, |
| uint32_t | globalEventIdx, | ||
| uint32_t | statusBitNum | ||
| ) |
Map a global event to a status bit number.
This function is used to map a global event to a bit within the STATUS register.
Note: The CSL_intaggrGetCfg function must be called prior to calling this function.
| pCfg | [IN] Pointer to the CSL_IntaggrCfg structure |
| globalEventIdx | [IN] Global event index (0..srcEventCnt-1) |
| statusBitNum | [IN] Status bit # (0..(virtIntrCnt*64)-1) |
| int32_t CSL_intaggrMapEventRxCntEvent | ( | CSL_IntaggrCfg * | pCfg, |
| uint32_t | globalEventIdx, | ||
| uint32_t | globalEventOutIdx | ||
| ) |
Map a global event to a counter up/down event.
This function is used to map a global event to a counter up/down event.
When the count transitions from zero to a non-zero value(an up event) or transitions from a non-zero value to zero (a down event), the event is sent out of the INTAGGR using the specified global event index.
The globalEventOutIdx can also specify an interrupt status bit where the statusBitNum can range from 0 to (virtIntrCnt*64)-1 and determines the status register number and bit number in the status register as follows:
status register # = statusBitNum / 64 (valid range: 0..virtIntrCnt-1) bit # in status register = statusBitNum % 64 (valid range: 0..63)
To specify an interrupt status bit in globalEventOutIdx, set it to the value of statusBitNum described above, along with bit 31 as an intr mode flag.
| pCfg | [IN] Pointer to the CSL_IntaggrCfg structure |
| globalEventIdx | [IN] Global event index (0..globalEventCnt-1) |
| globalEventOutIdx | [IN] The global event output index (0..65535) |
| int32_t CSL_intaggrMapEventToLocalEvent | ( | CSL_IntaggrCfg * | pCfg, |
| uint32_t | globalEventIdx, | ||
| uint32_t | localEventIdx, | ||
| CSL_IntaggrEventDetectMode | localEventDetectMode | ||
| ) |
Map a local event to a global event.
This function is used to map the specified local event to the specified global event.
A local event is an active-high pulse or clock synchronous rising edge input into the INTAGGR. The global event is output from the INTAGGR and can optionally be fed back into the INTAGGR (via the ETL switch fabric) for further interrupt generation (see CSL_intaggrMapEventIntr), counting (see CSL_intaggrMapEventRxCntEvent), or multicasting (see CSL_intaggrEnableEventMulticast).
Note: The CSL_intaggrGetCfg function must be called prior to calling this function.
| pCfg | [IN] Pointer to the CSL_IntaggrCfg structure |
| globalEventIdx | [IN] Global event index |
| localEventIdx | [IN] Index of the local event (pin #; 0..localEventCnt-1) |
| localEventDetectMode | [IN] Mode used to detect the local event. See CSL_IntaggrEventDetectMode. |
| int32_t CSL_intaggrMapUnmappedEventToEvent | ( | CSL_IntaggrCfg * | pCfg, |
| uint32_t | unmappedEventIdx, | ||
| uint32_t | globalEventOutIdx | ||
| ) |
Map an unmapped event to an outgoing global event.
This function is used to map an unmapped ingress event to an outgoing global event.
The globalEventOutIdx can also specify an interrupt status bit where the statusBitNum can range from 0 to (virtIntrCnt*64)-1 and determines the status register number and bit number in the status register as follows:
status register # = statusBitNum / 64 (valid range: 0..virtIntrCnt-1) bit # in status register = statusBitNum % 64 (valid range: 0..63)
To specify an interrupt status bit in globalEventOutIdx, set it to the value of statusBitNum described above, along with bit 31 as an intr mode flag.
Note: The CSL_intaggrGetCfg function must be called prior to calling this function.
| pCfg | [IN] Pointer to the CSL_IntaggrCfg structure |
| unmappedEventIdx | [IN] Unmapped ingress event index (0..unmapEventCnt-1) |
| globalEventOutIdx | [IN] Outgoing global event index |
| int32_t CSL_intaggrRdEventRxCnt | ( | const CSL_IntaggrCfg * | pCfg, |
| uint32_t | globalEventIdx, | ||
| uint32_t * | pCnt | ||
| ) |
Read the receive count for the specified global event.
This function is used to read the count of how many times the event message associated with the specified global event has been received.
Note: The CSL_intaggrGetCfg function must be called prior to calling this function.
| pCfg | [IN] Pointer to the CSL_IntaggrCfg structure |
| globalEventIdx | [IN] Global event index (0..globalEventCnt-1) |
| pCnt | [OUT] Pointer to the returned count |
| int32_t CSL_intaggrSetIntrEnable | ( | CSL_IntaggrCfg * | pCfg, |
| uint32_t | statusBitNum, | ||
| bool | bEnable | ||
| ) |
Enable or disable a status interrupt.
This function is used to enable or disable the specified status interrupt.
Note: The CSL_intaggrGetCfg function must be called prior to calling this function.
| pCfg | [IN] Pointer to the CSL_IntaggrCfg structure |
| statusBitNum | [IN] Status bit # (0..(virtIntrCnt*64)-1) |
| bEnable | [IN] If true, interrupt is enabled. If false, it is disabled. |
| int32_t CSL_intaggrSetIntrPending | ( | CSL_IntaggrCfg * | pCfg, |
| uint32_t | statusBitNum | ||
| ) |
Set the raw pending status of an interrupt.
This function is used to set the raw pending status of the interrupt corresponding to the specified statusBitNum.
Note: The CSL_intaggrGetCfg function must be called prior to calling this function.
| pCfg | [IN] Pointer to the CSL_IntaggrCfg structure |
| statusBitNum | [IN] Status bit # (0..(virtIntrCnt*64)-1) |
| int32_t CSL_intaggrWrEventRxCnt | ( | CSL_IntaggrCfg * | pCfg, |
| uint32_t | globalEventIdx, | ||
| uint32_t | cnt | ||
| ) |
Write a value into the counter for the specified global event.
This function is used to write a value into the counter for the specified global event. This operation is typically used to acknowledge that the host processor has previously read the event counter by writing the value read back to the event's counter.
Note: The CSL_intaggrGetCfg function must be called prior to calling this function.
| pCfg | [IN] Pointer to the CSL_IntaggrCfg structure |
| globalEventIdx | [IN] Global event index (0..globalEventCnt-1) |
| cnt | [IN] The value to be written |


Minimal List scheduler¶
The Minimal List scheduler is the simplest scheduler available, though it has extremely bad performance in most cases.
It simply keeps a list of all models. As soon as a reschedule happens, the list is checked for the minimal value, which is stored. When the imminent models are requested, the lowest value that was found is used to immediatelly return [], or it iterates the complete list in search of models that qualify.
-
class
schedulers.schedulerML.
SchedulerML
(models, epsilon, total_models)[source]¶ Scheduler class itself
-
__init__
(models, epsilon, total_models)[source]¶ Constructor
Parameters: models – all models in the simulation
-
getImminent
(time)[source]¶ Returns a list of all models that transition at the provided time, with the specified epsilon deviation allowed.
Parameters: time – timestamp to check for models Warning
For efficiency, this method only checks the first elements, so trying to invoke this function with a timestamp higher than the value provided with the readFirst method, will always return an empty set.
-
massReschedule
(reschedule_set)[source]¶ Reschedule all models provided. Equivalent to calling unschedule(model); schedule(model) on every element in the iterable.
Parameters: reschedule_set – iterable containing all models to reschedule
-


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