[gecode-users] Problem with he creation of a "branching" class
Mikael 'Zayenz' Lagerkvist
zayenz at gmail.com
Fri Mar 10 08:25:10 CET 2006
On 3/9/06, Javier Andrés Mena Zapata <javimena at gmail.com> wrote:
> I'm creating a Branching class for scheduling. I don't undestand what
> is going wrong.
> Sometimes the Space class throws an exception:
>
> 00271 throw SpaceFailed("Space::commit");
>
> I don't undestand very well what I'm doing wrong... maybe I should use
> Views and not Arrays, but I need the var to impose the constraints on
> the new Spaces. Currently even if I don't impose new constraints, it
> doesn't works.
I saw one trouble with your code that is quite serious. The
branch-function of a Branching may be called multiple times before the
commit-function is called. Therefor, you should make sure that the
branch-function just computes the pair (i,j) once for each new node.
Consider the output that you produce:
SchedulingBranch(Space* home, IntVarArray& liv)
var: 0 and 1
virtual Actor* copy(Space* home, bool share)
start
var: 0 and 2
virtual Actor* copy(Space* home, bool share)
branching in L vars 0 and 2
Here we see that branch() (producing the "var..."-lines) is called
twice before commit(...) (producing the "Branching..."-line).
As for View's and Var's, Guido Tack wrote recently:
> You can create an IntView from an IntVar, without going through the IntVarImp.
> Views provide the modifying operations. The rationale behind this design is
> to separate between modelling and writing propagators. For modelling, you
> only use variables. If you write propagators, you use views.
For posting constraints from a branching, you should use the
propagators directly, by calling their post-functions. See
http://www.gecode.org/gecode-doc-latest/classGecode_1_1Int_1_1Rel_1_1Le.html
for documentation about the less-than propagator. It is important that
you check the return-value from the post-function so that you don't
miss a failure.
> Currently I'm not using recomputation (BranchingDesc).
The code you sent does use recomputation and branching-descriptions,
but as far as I can tell, it looks ok.
Hope this helps
Mikael
--
Mikael 'Zayenz' Lagerkvist, http://www.imit.kth.se/~zayenz/
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Accelerating evolution through forking
Accelerating Evolution Through Forking 通过分叉加速区块链进化
本文翻译自：https://medium.com/@FEhrsam/accelerating-evolution-through-forking-6b0bba85a2ba
翻译时间：2017-10-14
In a prior post I proposed funding protocol development through inflation as a powerful tool to evolve blockchains.
在之前的帖子中， 我提出通过通货膨胀来资助协议开发是一个可以发展区块链的强大工具。
Forking is a second critical evolutionary mechanism for blockchains. Just like mutations to DNA in biological organisms allow for evolution through natural selection, forking lets us run multiple experiments in parallel where the strongest versions survive. Unlike Web 2.0 companies, forking a blockchain is possible because the current code and state of a blockchain can be freely copied. It is the equivalent of any developer being able to make a copy of Facebook’s code and spin up a competing version at any time— something a Web 2.0 company would never allow.
分叉是第二个至关重要的区块链进化机制。正如生物体的基因突变使得通过自然选择的进化得以实现，分叉让我们可以并行运行多个实验，以使最强的版本得以生存。与 Web 2.0 的公司不同，区块链分叉是可行的， 因为当前的代码与区块链状态可以被任意复制。与其相似的是任意一个开发者都可以复制 Facebook 的代码并且随时上线竞争版本，而 Web 2.0 的公司绝不能如此。
However, there is a key issue with the economic incentives with the forks we have seen so far: the groups pushing forward new forks have very little economic incentive to make their fork succeed. This is because forking behavior to date replicates the token ownership of the prior chain instead of modifying it to incentivize its new core community.
然而，我们至今所见的分叉在经济激励上有个关键的问题： 推动新分叉的团体很少有足够的经济激励来使他们的分叉成功。这是由于迄今为止的分叉是直接复制旧链的代币所有权，而非通过修改所有权来达到激励新核心社区的目的。
Let’s take an example. Say there is a group of developers who believe they can create a better version of TokenA. They probably own a modest stake in TokenA pre-fork — say 0.10%. In their new ForkedTokenA they’d also own 0.10%. So their incentives to make ForkedTokenA succeed are very small and about the same as in TokenA.
让我们来举个例子。假设，有一组开发者相信他们可以开发出一个更好的 TokenA 的版本。他们可能拥有 TokenA 分叉前的一小部分代币 – 比如，0.10%。那么，他们也将拥有新分叉的 ForkedTokenA 的 0.10% 代币。所以，他们推动新分叉的 ForkedTokenA 成功的动力将会很小, 与推动 TokenA 成功的动力相仿。
Applying a startup lens, you’d want these “founders” of ForkedTokenA to have a strong economic incentive to make it a success. Ironically, they probably have a stronger economic incentive to improve the original TokenA than their ForkedTokenA since TokenA is likely to be more valuable to start. Let’s say TokenA is worth $10 and ForkedTokenA is worth $1 after the fork. A change which improves TokenA by 20% would net the developers $2 per coin, while a change which improves ForkedToken A by 20% would net the developers $0.20 per coin, and they own the same amount of coins. Their incentives are inverted. The developers would need to own more ForkedTokenA to fix the incentives.
从新兴公司的角度来说，你会想让这些 ForkedTokenA 的“创始人”有强大的经济激励来使 ForkedTokenA 成功。讽刺的是，他们可能有更强的经济动力去改善之前的 TokenA 而非他们自己的 ForkedTokenA , 因为改善 TokenA 可能更有价值。比如说， 分叉后 TokenA 值 $10 而 ForkedTokenA 值 $1。使 TokenA 提高20%的改变会让开发者每个代币得到 $2，使 ForkedTokenA 提高20%的改变会让开发者每个代币得到 $0.20，而开发者拥有的两种代币数量相同。所以，他们的激励是相反的。开发者们需要拥有更多的 ForkedTokenA 才能获得正确的激励。
Things become even more comical when the token holdings of the original chain’s foundation come into play. If TokenA Foundation owns 20% of the coins in TokenA, they will now own 20% of the coins in ForkedTokenA, while the development team driving ForkedTokenA own none. This happened when Ethereum Classic forked from Ethereum and the Ethereum Foundation owned a bunch of Ethereum Classic all of a sudden, despite having no interest in contributing to it.
当我们考虑原始链条的基金会时，事情将变得更加滑稽。如果 TokenA 的基金会拥有 20% 的 TokenA 代币，那么他们也将拥有 20% 的 ForkedTokenA 代币，而 ForkedTokenA 的开发团队却没有拥有代币。同样的事情也发生在以太经典( Ethereum Classic) 从以太币分叉之际，尽管以太基金会没有兴趣对以太经典做出任何贡献，却一下子突然拥有了一堆以太经典。
Finally, consider the governance implications. Forks often arise from differences of opinion in the direction of a project. And tokens are increasingly a mechanism for voting on changes to their protocols. Since the point of a fork is to try a new path, the new fork may not want to port all of the prior holders opposed to trying the new path the fork was created to take.
最后，让我们考虑下治理的影响。分叉一般是由于在项目方向上意见不合造成的。并且，代币日益成为更改协议的一种有效投票机制。而因为分叉本身就是为了尝试一条新路径，新分叉可能并不希望接纳之前反对分叉的代币持有者。
It becomes clear that redistributing tokens in forks is helpful and even necessary for many new forks to have a shot at surviving. So while token redistribution in forks is uncommon now, it feels like it will become the norm in the future.
由此看来，在分叉时重新分配代币对很多新分叉来说是有帮助的，甚至是事关存亡的。所以，尽管分叉时的代币重新分配在现阶段并不常见，它在将来可能会成为常态。
Redistributing tokens is a balancing act. In most cases forks probably want to keep ownership for users constant so users have at least the same incentives to use the new fork as the historical one. The main goal is to incentivize the groups working on the new fork — mainly through switching control of foundation-like tokens and potential dilution of all tokenholders to make grants for the new developers. The latter is similar to creating new shares in a mature company for a new employee.
重新分配代币需要考虑平衡各方利益。在多数情况下，分叉可能希望保持原来的用户所有权比例，以使用户至少有同等的激励来使用新分叉。最主要的目的是要激励新分叉的工作团队，主要通过改变基金会的控制权与稀释所有代币持有者的份额来资助新的开发者。后者类似于在一个成熟的公司为新员工创造新的股份。
It’s also important to keep in mind that forking will not always be about direct competition. Just as DNA mutations produced many different viable organisms that started from the same genetic tree, we may see one protocol grow into 3 which solve different purposes. Protocols will likely go through unbundling and rebundling of their functionality until the right equilibrium is found. And since the ecosystem itself is constantly changing, that equilibrium point will move over time.
同样需要注意的是，分叉并不总是意味着直接竞争关系。正如DNA突变产生了许多从同一遗传树开始的不同生物体，我们可能会看见一个协议成长为 3 个解决不同问题的协议。协议可能会通过拆分和重新绑定其功能，直到达到正确的平衡。而且由于生态系统本身正在不断变化，那么平衡点将随着时间推移而移动。
There are some drawbacks to forking. As with mutations in organisms, forks won’t always be successful. There can also be a loss of network effects — although if the protocols are on the same chain (ex: both built on Ethereum) or connected through future cross-chain systems (ex: Polkadot) there wouldn’t be a complete loss. Finally, there may be some splitting of development resources at the start, although both projects can also pull in new resources over time.
分叉有一些缺点。 与生物中的突变一样，分叉不总是成功的。网络效应也可能会丢失 – 尽管如果协议位于同一个链路上（例如：建立在Ethereum上）或通过未来的跨链系统进行连接（例如：Polkadot），网络效应就不会完全丧失。最后，在分叉最初阶段可能会造成开发资源的分裂，尽管两个项目都可以随着时间推移带来新的资源。
More generally it’s worth noting that decentralized development is more complicated than building something in a centralized organization at the moment. But I suspect that will continue to shift as decentralized development techniques and incentive structures are refined.
普遍来讲，值得注意的是，分散化的发展比目前在集中式组织中建立一些东西更为复杂。但是，我认为随着分散化发展技术的进步和激励机制的改进，这种情况将会发生转变。
 For forking to be effective it needs to provide the right incentives for groups to try new paths, which means redistributing tokens in forks to incentivize fork creators.
总之，分叉是一个非常强大的进化机制。为了使分叉切实有效，分叉需要为团体提供正确的激励措施来尝试新的路径，这意味着重新分配代币来激励分叉创建者。
Without it, I suspect we will see more innovator’s dilemma problems as we have seen with Bitcoin, where projects become slow to change out of fear of destroying existing value.
没有它，我怀疑我们会看到更多创新者的困境问题，正如我们从比特币那里看到的那样，由于担心破坏现有价值，项目变化变得缓慢。
With it, blockchain innovation can occur much faster than it currently does and it ever could in Web 2.0 companies.
有了它，区块链创新将能够以更快的速度发生，远超其现有的速度与Web 2.0公司中的速度。
Thanks to Scott Nolan, Joey Krug, and Dan Romero for conversations which lead to this blog post.
感谢与 Scott Nolan, Joey Krug, 和 Dan Romero 的对话，才有了此篇博文。
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I wanted to bring together some ideas from my posts Because Unanswered Problems Are Always Hard and Respecting The Programmer.
Lisp deserves its place as the first high-level programming language. There were other languages of the time which let programmers work at a higher level than they had before, but they did it by putting higher level concepts into the language. Lisp was the first that made it possible to add higher level concepts. It placed power in the hands of the programmer, instead of leaving it in the hands of the language designer.
So if it was so hot, why aren't we all coding Lisp now? Those were days when resources were much more limited, but that didn't stop Lisp, and it still should have been ready when the computing resources became available. Lisp should have been poised to take over the world (and a lot of people thought it would). There's lots of different theories about why this didn't happen, but I'll offer one more.
Lisp makes good programmers really productive, more than they could be in another language. Paul Graham talks about this in Beating the Averages. He made great software and sold it for a bundle to Yahoo. But now it's been reimplemented in C++_. Why, oh why?
 Metaprogramming is powerful, and was central to Viaweb (20-25% of the code, according to Graham). I think this is an example of Common Lisp's fatal flaw (and since Common Lisp is the standard bearer for all Lisps, it is Lisp's fatal flaw).
Lisp metaprogramming is hard. All metaprogramming is hard. But if you can make due with, say, 75% less code due to metaprogramming, and the code is only 100% harder to understand, the net result is that the code is half as hard to understand in its entirety.
Except Lisp metaprogramming scales wrong. For a really good Lisp programmer, the result may be a lot better than 0.25 x 2.00 (i.e., 25% of the code, 200% as hard to understand, end result is 0.50 times as difficult). But for someone who doesn't know Lisp it's like 0.25 x 10.00 (25% of the code, 1000% as hard to understand = 2.5 times as hard, net; and often it's worse than that), because even after they learn Lisp, they have to learn the macros, and for many (most?) people macros are going to be really really hard.
Quoting from Respecting The Programmer:
We talk about how Python is also easy to learn and maintain, and that's still true, but it doesn't mean that it evens out the differences in productivity between programmers. In fact, quite the opposite, it makes those most productive programmers more productive and more valuable. That Python is easy to learn and maintain means that there's less risk in using a highly skilled, highly productive programmer. In other languages you risk being left with a program that only another highly skilled programmer can maintain, and that's less likely to occur with Python (for an appropriate definition of "highly skilled").
The risk I'm talking about is exactly the trap that the Viaweb code fell into.   And you have to reward every programmer, no matter what experience they bring in; you should reward the experienced programmer most of all, because why else become experienced? But if you punish the beginner, it's hard to make friends. Code made up of 20% macros is a punishing experience even for an experienced programmer.
So I think it's really important that we approach metaprogramming with caution. I think Guido has been right to resist macros. Not because they are necessarily wrong, but because we haven't yet figured out how to do them right. And maybe we never will, maybe source code simply isn't the right level for abstractions. I think it's good that Python doesn't do tail-call elimination; it seems like a nice feature, but in subtle ways it makes the language harder. And I think continuations could lead to bad things. There are wrong paths on the road to higher-level programming. (Though in some ways I also feel the opposite: tell us not to shoot ourselves in the foot, and expect us to listen, don't assume we'll abuse every feature that exists; there's always a tension in these design choices.)
Metaprogramming may be hard but using the results of metaprogramming is supposed to be much easier than doing without them (or else you wouldn't do a macro!). So I can't see the hardness as a justification of not introducing macros to any language. Just let the better programmers do the macros and have less experienced programmers use them. Only few people understand the template metaprogramming magic happening in Boost/Python but many still use it merrily. Newbies don't need to read and understand it's implementation. All they need to know is the interface.
What I do agree with is this: "we haven't yet figured out how to do them right." Indeed, for Python, making powerful macros right is a big problem. The syntax just resists it unlike in Lisp. I don't know how they did macros in Dylan but the language never got popular..
# bob
Dylan's macros were a kludge, sadly. I doubt more than a dozen people ever actually understood how the standard Dylan 'for'-loop macro actually worked.
Basically, I've never seen really good macros in an infix language, and I sincerely doubt good macros can be retrofitted to an existing infix language. (I strongly suspect that a new infix language could have good macros, but you would need to make a few simplifying assumptions when designing the language's grammar.)
Macros are far easier to understand than C++ template metaprogramming, and plenty of popular C++ libraries make extensive use of template metaprogramming. So I don't think the difficulty of writing macros is a barrier to including them in a language.
Using macros, on the other hand, can be extremely easy, even for novice programmers. At work, we have scripters who routinely build complex, nearly-bug-free model-view-controller (MVC) systems using a few tiny macros. MVC and many other high-level architectural patterns are punishingly difficult for novice programmers. But write a few simple macros and a short tutorial, and novice programmers can reliably use tricky design patterns.
I think that programmatic macros are a simpler and more powerful abstraction than C++ template metaprogramming. But I don't expect to see them in a mainstream language for quite a few years, because of the difficulty of implementing them well in an infix language.
# EK
Dylan macros aren't as much of a kludge as it is suggested above. They're in fact quite powerful, not harder to write and read than, say, CL macros, and tremendously useful. What's missing in the standard is a procedural macro facility, but there's a draft available that provides this (google for DEXPRs).
The reason Dylan hasn't become successful is probably that the implementations suffered severe blows just before they were done (Apple downsized the Cambridge Labs, Harlequin went bankrupt). Now that the former Harlequin implementation went Open Source, there's hope Dylan will gain momentum. In fact, we have about 200 users of the pre-alpha snapshot right now.
Hi, Andreas! I worked with you in the early years of the open-source Gwydion Dylan project, and I'm glad to see you're making so much progress. Dylan is still one of my favorite languages.
 They work fine for relatively simple source-to-source transformations--largely thanks to a lot of "do what I mean" magic in the spec--but as soon as you try to do anything complicated, they're at least an order of magnitude harder than creating LALR(1) grammars. Look at how the pattern "var :: type = expr" actually binds; it defaults in helpful ways, but it's incredibly arbitrary and ad-hoc. These individual kludges add up, and by the time you're building a large, novel macro, they become pretty overwhelming.
(I'll have to take a look at the dexpr proposal. It sounds quite promising, but I imagine it still has a few kludgy issues with Dylan's low-level pattern grammar.)
I think the best macro system, to date, is the combination of Scheme R(n)RS high-level macros and the Chez Scheme low-level macro system. It has all the hygiene Common LISP lacks, and it's only slightly harder to write programmatic macros in Chez Scheme than in Common Lisp.
I think the answer for truly good infix macros requires an extensible grammar system. However, every extensible grammar system I've examined to date has been ugly. That's because they all allowed programmers to extend an underlying LALR(1)-style grammar (or something similar). LALR(1)-style grammars, unfortunately, are tricky and--most importantly--completely non-modular. You can't easily combine multiple macros from different modules, you can't produce good error messages, and you can't formally explain why certain things work and other things don't.
Basically, I think the key to good infix macros is to replace LALR(1) with a different, more-modular parsing model, and then adapt as much of the LISP/Scheme approach as possible. LALR(1), quite frankly, is a clever kludge, and you can almost certainly get by with something a lot simpler if you make a couple of assumptions. I'd be delighted to discuss those assumptions with you in e-mail.
# Eric Kidd
Hi Eric!
Didn't hear of your for quite a while... If you have the time, please visit us at IRC channel #dylan, on irc.freenode.net. I'm sure we have much to discuss.
But yes, implementing infix macros by adding rules to the grammar is a thought that has crossed my mind. This would be much more straightforward to implement, and give better error reporting.
In case you haven't seen it yet, take a look at Peter Housel's Monday project (http://monday.sf.net). It contains a nice extensible parser framework.
I think you're lumping a lot of things together that don't have to be. I'm not sure if meta-programming is as intrinsically hard as you think it is. It would take a lot of work to convince me that macros could be done cleanly for Python. The distance between lisp code and the AST is very small, which limits the textual/structural disonance. Python lacks that advantage.
I am sure you're dead wrong on tail-call elimination. It's a compiler/interpreter optimization that removes a penalty for recursive expression. I'm at a loss for why you think it makes the language harder, unless you feel that the forms people use to take advantage of it are obfuscating. Certainly, nobody's code is going to stop working because of it.
 They're certainly not as challenging as complex macros can be. Scheme Call/CC is named & structured to be intuitive for somebody who already understands CPS. Python's implementation could be designed differently.
I disagree with your take on LISP's failure to capture the mainstream. LISP's biggest failure was timing. It's been around too long. Everyone has some opinion about the language's failures that is based in something that was true at one time. The Lisp community is never going to overcome that. In some sense, your analysis is the flip side of the Paul Graham Languages-for-Smart-People position that I hate so much. I do agree that the PERCEPTION created by that has hurt LISP. But it's only perception. I don't think that there is any risk of Python failing because it requires you to be too smart. Or failing because it lets smart people do things that mortals can't understand. Or even failing because of that perception. If Python fails, it will be for completely different reasons that you are blind to now.
I love Lisp. It's quick and easy for a wide variety of things. As far as general purpose languages go, It's my first choice for numerically intense applications (largely due to Guy Steele's amazing effort in making sure that Common Lisp did math right). I'm currently designing a DSL for a project I'm working on. In some ways, it would be easy to use LISP as the basis for it. But I know that adding the "Lisp Stigma" will hurt the commercial prospects of my project. So, the DSL will have a lot of LISPy features but it won't look like LISP.
My point is that Lisp did not fail because of its strengths, which seems to be the core of your argument. It didn't fail because it was hard to learn. It failed because people thought it was slow. It failed because people thought it was just for AI. It failed because people thought it didn't do OO.
# Reilly Hayes
I am sure you're dead wrong on tail-call elimination. It's a compiler/interpreter optimization that removes a penalty for recursive expression. I'm at a loss for why you think it makes the language harder, unless you feel that the forms people use to take advantage of it are obfuscating. Certainly, nobody's code is going to stop working because of it.
There's two problems I see with tail-call elimination:
First, it messes up tracebacks; you lose frames that, for debugging, contain useful information. This was the justification for not adding tail-call elimination to Squeak Smalltalk, which is where I originally became suspicious of it (since I very much respect the opinions and guidance of the Squeak Smalltalk people; e.g., Dan Ingalls and Alan Kay).
Second, it is unpredictable unless you understand it well. Tail-call elimination can be used to create functions that simply won't work in its absence, because of stack limits. Why something will or will not work is somewhat confusing; adding a seemingly-innocuous function call to the end of a recursive function can break the function. For example:
def munge_items(lst, done=[]): if not lst: return done+lst return munge_items(lst[1:], done+[munge(lst[0])])That's okay with tail-call elimination. But this isn't:
def munge_items(lst): if not lst: return lst return [munge(list[0])] + munge_items(lst[1:])Heck, even this isn't:
def munge_items(lst, done=[]): if not lst: return done+lst result = munge_items(lst[1:], done+[munge(lst[0])]) return resultHow could you understand that without understanding the underlying process? In isolation, are you really going to know that tail-call elimination is an essential part of an algorithm someone else wrote? Little things can break tail-call elimination, and that's no good. OK, maybe that's just bad programming to depend on it; it's par for the course in Lisps, but let's agree it wouldn't be in Python. But if it isn't something you depend upon, will the performance gains really be worth it? I used to do a fair amount of Scheme programming, and in a functional style that made a lot of use of recursion. I didn't dislike it at the time, but I don't miss it either. I just don't see a compelling need for something that enables more use of recursion.
I realized that this was your objection after I made my post. It doesn't change my opinion, but does give me something concrete to prepare an argument against. Your example hinged on a few "not quite a tail-call" cases and the idea that you would have to understand the underlying implementation to be able figure out why one runs out of memory and the other doesn't. I doubt it would take long to find several examples like those ALREADY IN THE LANGUAGE. The fact that Python is iteration-friendly and recursion-hostile is something that developers have to understand today.
Every language implementation has correct programs that run so poorly that they fail or effectively fail due to running out of space or time (an "infinite loop" is merely one that exceeds the patience of the developer/user). By your logic, any optimization that would make one of these correct programs run acceptably is suspect.
The funny thing is, I'm opposed to cluttering up Python. I'm not sure it was a good idea to add decorators to the language. It's certainly going to make for more challenging code than tail-call elimination ever will.
BY THE WAY: The stack trace problem is not intractable:
In debugging mode, when the interpreter makes a tail-call, it could push a debugging frame onto the stack. The debugging frame contains a pointer to a circular list in which each entry represents a parameter set for a tail call. Subsequent tail-calls would use the existing frame (as long as it is at the top of the stack) and place their parameter sets on the list. The circular list is of finite size and wraps around when that limit is reached, incrementing a counter of abridged calls.
If a non-tail-call is made, it makes use of the stack as normal. Note that the debugging frame is now no longer at the top of the stack. A subsequent tail-call will push a new debugging frame onto the stack (as above).
The return through the frame "returns" to code which cleans up the circular list and returns to the context calling the context that made the tail-call just liek it should.
The stack trace display function needs to know about the debugging frames and how to read the circular lists. If the circular list was not exhausted, then the trace will be no different than for non-optimized tail-calls. If it was, it will need to say something like " ... 95 Calls abridged ... ". Frankly, I think this will make the stack traces MORE readable for deeply recursive code.
Note1: Due to co-recursion the circular list has to support multiple parameter set signatures (A tcalls B tcalls A tcalls B ...). Note2: I would keep the initial parameter set for the tail-call creating the frame, overwriting tail calls 2 thru N (where N is the maximum size of the circular list). This would have the advantage that the "abridgement" would be bracketed nicely.
# Reilly Hayes
I forgot one major point. I don't really care about tail-recursion from a performance point of view. I care because there is a large set of problems for which the recursive code is MUCH clearer than the iterative version.# Reilly Hayes
why the third definition should not be tail recursive? I don't think that assignment to a local variable would hinder the compiler to not notice the tail recursion..# anonymous
Good point. The third example is eligible for tail-call elimination.# Reilly Hayes
"The distance between lisp code and the AST is very small, which limits the textual/structural disonance."
Very well put, as I like to say in Lisp the syntax is the semantics. This feature of Lisp is profound and it makes Lisp unlike any other language. Lisp and her pretty sister Scheme are essentially sugared lambda calculus. They blur the distinction between program and data. Since a program is itself just data this makes Metaprogramming easy. Using these for DSLs is imho the best approach to higher level programming.
I think Tcl is has a surprisingly unified syntactic model, based on strings and quoting roles, instead of lists and symbols.
Yes, but it's also the source of some of its biggest problems. Parameter passing is a MESS. I used Tcl heavily at one point (starting when it was pretty much the only game in town for embedding into C). We built some neat stuff that was easily extensible.
One measure of a language is what happens when a program/system approaches the complexity limits of the language. In most languages, development gradually gets more difficult. Each feature takes more time to develop. In Tcl, users hit the wall HARD when those limits get near. This is mostly because of the string substitution model and its impact on program structure.
I'd still use Tcl for some things, but only when I KNEW that Tcl would only be used to express very simple programs.
# Reilly Hayes
Personally, I understood how to make proper tail calls long before I understood the underlying mechanism, or at least before I understood it well. In Scheme/Lisp, all you have to know is that to make things efficient, you should put your recursive call not surrounded by any other function. In Python, it's just as simple: make the thing after return be a recursive function call, and don't use anything to operate on the result of that recursive call.#  This to me seems a very low priority. Macros did what mattered, which was to win in the market and get us bought by Yahoo. What the generic corporate programmers who inherited the code after we sold it to them did with it is of minuscule importance by comparison.
Your advice is equivalent to: write novels that Hollywood writers won't need to change to turn into screenplays.
If some Hollywood script doctor tacks a happy ending onto your novel, does that "invalidate" it?
I'm glad you guys are at least talking about macros though. Ten years ago the mainstream programming world wasn't even aware of the concept.
Extending your metaphor, your advice is: write good novels. But that's not a viable plan for working writers, anymore than it is for working programmers. Working writers write things like magazine articles and manuals and brochures, and Steven King doesn't get hired to write even really important brochures. So, you've got a plan to become a Steven King; but we all know that's not a practical goal for the industry.
Yahoo Stores showed that a small group of really good programmers, using powerful tools, could create something good, fast, and innovative all at once. Small groups of really good programmers should pay attention. But that applies to very, very few people -- including very few really good programmers! And so it isn't a very good showcase for Lisp either.
If we talk about creating powerful tools that allow us to extend the state of the art -- the "us" that includes the entire open source community, or the entire IT industry -- then we need to think a little more democratically about these things. We should have a system where programmers with a diversity of skills can all participate usefully in a project, even if at different levels of productivity.
I've made extensive use of Scheme macros on a project with many novice coders. The macros define a domain-specific language, and have been largely responsible for the success of the project to date (i.e., asking our coders to use a general purpose language for domain-specific problems would almost certainly have been a disaster).
We seriously evaluated using Python for this project, and reached two conclusions:
- Python was a far easier language to learn than Scheme.
- There was no good way to represent our problem domain in Python. Users would be forced to add gratuitous levels of class structure and indenting, and they're have to do it right every time. Unfortunately, some of the defining characteristics of novice programmers are that they don't reliably follow style-guides, they don't understand complex coding conventions, and they don't deal well with extra levels of indentation.
So we wrote ten pages of fairly complex macro code which massively reduced the complexity of hundreds of pages of domain code. Management knows how hard it will be to hire someone to maintain the macro code, and they still consider it an acceptable tradeoff--we gain so much elsewhere that a small amount of guru-level code is OK.
I've contributed to largish Python projects (including Zope) and these problems do occur elsewhere. The Zope security system, in particular, requires programmers to add security "declarations", which are actually fiddly little snippets of executable code, each of which needs to be in almost exactly the correct place, and few of which are meaningfully error-checked. If Python had a decent macro system--or even C#-style class and method adjectives--Zope's security system could be made completely declarative, which I think would be a win. Pythonistas may disagree, of course.
I'm not arguing that Python should include macros, not even simple and elegant ones (if such are possible). After all, language design is an art, and Guido needs to balance many competing factors to make a widely accessible language.
I am, however, arguing that on certain real-world projects, Python's lack of macros cripples it so badly that even as esoteric a language as Scheme can ultimately be more usable for novice programmers. Python is a general-purpose notation--perhaps the best I've ever seen--but a general-purpose notation can be significantly harder to apply than a good domain-specific notation.
# EK
I think "cripple" is a little extreme. But I do agree that we need good metaprogramming constructs, and I'm really very interested in that, I'm just not that psyched about some particular techniques.
And there's a lot more opportunities to do metaprogramming now than there were a few years ago -- in part because of changes in the language (mostly Python 2.2), and in part because we're learning better techniques to use those features. There are a lot of avenues for exploration, most of which are probably a bad idea ;) And we have what I'm guessing is the same as method adjectives in Python, I believe at the bequest of Zope people, though it was too late for them to use them -- functions can have arbitrary attributes with arbitrary values (since Python 2.0 or 2.1?) And of course classes have always had this ability. Or maybe you are thinking of something else?

 But not much. A macro is just more Lisp code, so you already know the language of macros. And the output of your macro is also Lisp code, the code you want to see run. And you are already writing code to run at run time, so the only thing new is that you are writing code to write your code for you. And that is just a matter of figuring out the pattern in the boilerplate demanded by some API (including APIs you build yourself).
Yes, macros do more for the master than for the apprentice. If one does not notice the higher order pattern, one never conceives never mind can appreciate the opportunity to improve code. But any good tool benefits the expert more than the novice. I have seen structured programming, relational design, and OO design all misapplied by entusiasts.
No, macros do not make code harder to read. Why do you think we write them? We write macros to make code easier to read and write. That is why we are not dissuaded by the prospect of having to think a little more deeply.
And yes, easier also means shorter. A Macro hides repetitve syntax that obscures meaning, illuminating the semantics of an algorithm. Making code easier to read.
The analogy is that I am in a field of knee-deep mud trying to reach a goal a mile away. I look a hundred yards to my right and see a nice paved sidewalk leading right to the same goal. I'll have to climb a twenty-foot cliff I see between me and the path, but the cliff looks reasonable, I have climbed a lot, I actually like the challenge of climbing...
Look at it another way. You have a mixed bag of talent on a team anyway, some good, some great. The great ones are bored to tears churning out boilerplate. Lisp lets you reward better programmers with more challenging work, and lets you get more out of them, because their efforts will make the other folks insanely more productive (it's in the macro writer's job description). Shucks, you can even pay them more, enough to keep them because no one else can afford to pay them so much to churn out Java line noise.
kenny
If you think Lisp macros are hard you should try writing a system for load-time code-generation in Python, Perl or Ruby. It's not that you can't do it. You certainly can. It's that the result is a horrific mess.
"You certainly can. It's that the result is a horrific mess."
What sort of things are you thinking of?
In Python you shouldn't be doing code generation. You can generally accomplish the same things in other ways in Python. Of course, in some cases people do code generation, most commonly templating languages, but I don't know that Lisp macros really apply there either. But otherwise code generation is used in a limited way, without actually losing the power of code generation.
That isn't to say that macros aren't useful, and that syntactic extensions aren't something that Python programmers could make use of, but that's a somewhat separate issue from code generation as a technique for implementing syntactic extensions.
# Ian Bicking
So you say that metaprogramming is hard? Did you really think through that statement? Have you ever sat down and pondered what generally makes programming hard?
LISP macros are practically equivalent to subroutines, as far as difficulty goes.
What if you were in 3rd grade learning how to do short division? Would you say that we shouldn't learn short division, but only long division, just because it is harder for you?
Everyone has their strengths and weak areas. Am I wrong to assume that programmers have intellect? Learning curves are overcome, so who really cares about learning curves! Its how productive you will be in the end that matters. Come on! Let's think long-term about what language we use.
If you take your arguments into account, I am afraid LISPs advantages outweigh them by far.
# Max


Veuillez patienter...
{{ date | date:'longDate'}}
runsheet_Packways_{{runsheet.ref}} ({{getListColisLength(runsheet.listColis)}} colis)
{{runsheet.status}} - Driver: {{(!!runsheet.driver) ? runsheet.driver.nameDriver+" "+runsheet.driver.surnameDriver : "n'est pas assigné"}} - Type: {{runsheet.type}}
{{ runsheet.createdDate | date:'dd/MM/yyyy'}}
2}" class="mt-2"> {{ calculateDiff(runsheet.createdDate)}} Jours


|
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| PREV PACKAGE NEXT PACKAGE | FRAMES NO FRAMES |
See:
Description
| Class Summary | |
|---|---|
| Compression | This class provides a simplified interface for compressing binary data using the "Deflate" algorithm common to "zip" compression. |
| DataPump | The DataPump class was developed primarily for supporting Runtime.getRuntime().exec(...), where you may need to gather from stdout and stderr simultaneously. |
| EncodingTool | A class for reversible encodings. |
| Encryption | Deprecated. |
| EncryptionTool | This utility provides a simple interface for encrypting and decrypting data using high-quality encryption algorithms such as AES-128 and AES-256. |
| HashingTool | Hashes are numbers, byte arrays or strings that non-uniquely identify data by applying some calculation against a set of data in order to derive a relatively small signature. |
| ProcessTool | This tool runs an external program through your OS, and stuffs the results from stdout and stderr into their own StringBuffers. |
| ReflectionTool | The ReflectionTool class provides static methods for accessing an object's properties. |
| StringTool | A set of methods for performing string manipulation, mostly to support internal needs without requiring external libraries. |
| Enum Summary | |
|---|---|
| HashingAlgorithm | A HashingAlgorithm represents a hashing algorithm supported by HashingTool. |
Util contains pure utility code. In general, when a POJava utility consists of only static methods, it will have the suffix "Tool" at the end. Note that I'm not out to try to duplicate the effort of Apache Commons-- you'll find some excellent utilities there-- rather, I'm seeking to have a small core on which to build some higher level tools without an abundance of dependent packages.
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Please read the below content to hopefully answer any questions you have.
C.A.R.S.:
By clicking the C.A.R.S. logo (Crash Analysis Reporting System), you will be redirected to the home page.
Categories:
If you click on the Categories drop-down menu, you will be given the option to pick one of three categories.
The first option allows you to analyze the the likelihood of a general car accident based on the age of a car.
The second option is for analyzing the likelihood of an accident having multiple fatalities given a certain
car (make and model). The final option allows you to calculate the likelihood of an accident when given
a specific geographic location.
Select Make, Model, and Year:
To calculate the accident data of accidents containing multiple fatalities, enter data into all three drop-down
menus and select the corresponding values that you wish to analyze. You can either press submit from here, or
if you want to analyze and compare accident data from multiple inputs, you can use the green add button to add
more fields and examine multiple inputs. If you add too many fields and do not wish to view all of those, use
the red remove button to get rid of the most recent field that you added.
For any further questions, please refer to our GitHub repository: MSCS-Project


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Super Gang Bros
Live the real life of super mario as he tries to take down the local gang to save his terminally ill son, coming this january.
Flex Tape Galaxy
This project is currently not being worked on. A continuation of my flex tape adventure series from scratch, Phil Swift embarks on an intergalactic memey adventure to stop Billy Mays and Anthony Sullivan from taking the flex seal products forever.
A huge Unity Game (huge for my standards) with custom graphics and stuff that I've been working on all summer
Games made from an online unity course. They don't promise the usual tannerderp seal of idioticness.
A great text adventure made using unity. You gotta start somewhere for a first unity game.
Pick a number between 1 and 1000 and I'll guess it using science. That's right, advanced algorithms mah boi. Beware of blurry text that happened somehow


by Vincent Visconti
Welcome to Friend Finder!
Answer a few basic personality questions.
Then find the friend with the greatest compatibility!
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Rupert Grint and Chris Hemsworth are all smiles as they arrive in Tokyo
Avengers star Chris Hemsworth and Harry Potter star Rupert Grint were spotted jetting in to the same airport.
The duo arrived separately at Narita International Airport in Tokyo, with Chris attending Comic-Con and Rupert being there for a possible film
Rupert, 31, went for an undercover look as he walked through the terminal in an all-black outfit, long black coat, and black sunglasses.
He made the look a little more easy-going by adding a dark brown baseball cap.
Chris, who is Thor in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, opted for a casual ensemble as he walked by throwing peace signs for the cameras.

Chris was followed by his large entourage which includes his personal trainer Luke Zocchi.
Before arriving in Japan, Chris had been pictured multiple times just enjoying the beach in his homeland Australia.
The star was spotted riding some waves and looking very cool about it all.
Advertisement Advertisement
In an Instagram post, he revealed he was at Urban Surf in Melbourne.
Alongside the snaps, he wrote: ‘Straight off the plane and into the pool for more waves than I’ve had all year!’
However, it looks like both Chris’ and Rupert’s holidays are over as they get back to their hectic schedules of travelling around the world.
Got a showbiz story?
If you've got a story, video or pictures get in touch with the Metro.co.uk Entertainment team by emailing us<EMAIL_ADDRESS>calling 020 3615 2145 or by visiting our Submit Stuff page - we'd love to hear from you.


[Gecode] Equality, variable aliasing and AllDistinct
duchier at ps.uni-sb.de
duchier at ps.uni-sb.de
Thu May 27 11:11:54 CEST 2004
"Christian Schulte" <schulte at imit.kth.se> writes:
> Not interesting in the least (currently). In particular for distinct I do
> not know about a single example.
>
> However, there are two things to be distinguished here: one is whether it
> makes sense to consider equality between variables as a basic constraint as
> well. Here the answer is that it can make sense, but only in rare cases (the
> cases known are actually Boolean variables with Boolean propagators).
There are many applications in linguistics where (1) identification of
variables make sense, (2) distinctness constraints play an important
role. For example, when modeling trees, you may want to represent the
"parent" of a node. In a problem instance, you may have a constraint
that require two nodes A and B to have distinct parents. If you now
"identify" the two nodes A and B (because that is one of the
composition operations available), you'd like (at least) to discover
failure early rather than late. In such applications, the benefits
can be quite significant.
Cheers,
PS: on the other hand, if I get to vote, I'd rather see support for
"or"-style combinators first :-)
--
Denys Duchier - Équipe Calligramme - LORIA, Nancy, France
AIM: duchierdenys
More information about the gecode-users
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| Started: | Wed Apr 23 22:05:46 CST 2014 |
| Version: | 2.2.0, 1529768 |
| Compiled: | 2013-10-07T06:28Z by hortonmu from branch-2.2.0 |
| Cluster ID: | CID-2351f9f2-c24f-4a6e-943a-31bead78c8cc |
| Block Pool ID: | BP-1400904096-<IP_ADDRESS>-1394856718523 |
| Configured Capacity | : | 89.65 GB | |||
| DFS Used | : | 1.97 MB | |||
| Non DFS Used | : | 8.56 GB | |||
| DFS Remaining | : | 81.08 GB | |||
| DFS Used% | : | 0.00% | |||
| DFS Remaining% | : | 90.45% | |||
| Block Pool Used | : | 1.97 MB | |||
| Block Pool Used% | : | 0.00% | |||
| DataNodes usages | : | Min % | Median % | Max % | stdev % |
| 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | ||
| Live Nodes | : | 2 (Decommissioned: 0) | |||
| Dead Nodes | : | 0 (Decommissioned: 0) | |||
| Decommissioning Nodes | : | 0 | |||
| Number of Under-Replicated Blocks | : | 86 |
| Journal Manager | State |
| FileJournalManager(root=/home/hadoop/hadoop-2.2.0/name) | EditLogFileOutputStream(/home/hadoop/hadoop-2.2.0/name/current/edits_inprogress_0000000000000005062) |
| Storage Directory | Type | State |
| /home/hadoop/hadoop-2.2.0/name | IMAGE_AND_EDITS | Active |
| Phase | Completion | Elapsed Time |
|---|---|---|
| Loading fsimage /home/hadoop/hadoop-2.2.0/name/current/fsimage_0000000000000003476 (17.62 KB) | 100.00% | 0sec |
| inodes (159/159) | 100.00% | 0sec |
| delegation keys (0/0) | 100.00% | 0sec |
| delegation tokens (0/0) | 100.00% | 0sec |
| Loading edits | 100.00% | 0sec |
| /home/hadoop/hadoop-2.2.0/name/current/edits_0000000000000003477-0000000000000003477 (1 MB) (1/1) | 100.00% | 0sec |
| Saving checkpoint | 100.00% | 0sec |
| Safe mode | 100.00% | 34sec |
| awaiting reported blocks (68/68) | 100.00% | 34sec |


FSA/OWI Negatives
Images
About
Gallery: All Images
Conversion. Toy factory.
Spanish-American women replastering an adobe house. This is done once a year.
Boys looking at penny movies at South Louisiana State Fair
Model airplanes decorate the ceiling of the train concourses at Union Station
Field trips for the "flying nun" pre-flight class, including inspection tours of hangars at the Washington National Airport. Here, Sister Aquinas is explaining engine structure to her students
Tap dancing class in the gymnasium at Iowa State College
Medicine show
General store interior
Migrant Mother
Tractored out
Toward Los Angeles, California
Kitchen of tenant purchase client
Sharecropper Bud Fields and his family at home
Jitterbugging in Negro juke joint, Saturday evening
Washstand in the dog run and kitchen of Floyd Burroughs' cabin
Roadside stand near Birmingham, Alabama
Houses
Fiddlin' Bill Hensley, mountain fiddler
In the waiting room of the Union Station
One of the Wilkins family making biscuits for dinner on cornshucking day at Mrs. Fred Wilkins' home
Cabins imitating the Indian teepee for tourists along highway
Church interior
Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Lyman, Polish tobacco farmers
Negro boys on Easter morning


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If you are interested in obtaining an account please contact us at vat [at] mathematik.uni-marburg.de.
To log in click the button in the top-right, and select the type of account


|
| def | __init__ (self, price_history_interval, initial_price, price_announce_threshold) |
| |
| def | calc_price (self, neighbor_prices=None, loads=None, requested=None, allocated=None) |
| | Calculates this GC's Price as a function of the prices of its power sources, weighted by the fraction of this GC's total power in that device is providing. More...
|
| |
| def | __init__ (self, price_history_interval, initial_price, price_announce_threshold) |
| |
|
def | get_initial_price (self) |
| | Returns the devices initial price level.
|
| |
| def | get_price_announce_threshold (self) |
| | A method to determine the minimum price difference which should cause the grid controller to broadcast its new price to a specified subset of its connected devices. More...
|
| |
|
def | get_forecast_price (self, time) |
| | Gets the predicted price of this grid controller at the specified time (in seconds)
|
| |
|
def | get_price_history_interval (self) |
| | Gets the length of a price intervals.
|
| |
| def | update_interval_prices (self, time) |
| | Given the current time of the device, uses the current price to set the interval prices of the GC accordingly. More...
|
| |
| def | update_average_price (self, time) |
| | Updates the average time of the grid controller. More...
|
| |
| def | get_interval_prices (self) |
| | Returns the interval prices of this grid controller. More...
|
| |
| def | set_current_price (self, price) |
| | Sets the current price to use in the price logic for calculations. More...
|
| |
| def | update_prices (self, time) |
| | Updates the interval and average price calculations stored in this price logic for this GC. More...
|
| |
| def | get_average_price (self) |
| |
| def | calc_price (self, neighbor_prices=None, loads=None, requested=None, allocated=None) |
| | Calculates what this current GC's price is based on some combination of the price of its neighbors, the current request and allocated amounts. More...
|
| |


VCSSL/VNANO PLUGIN INTERFACE SPECIFICATION
ConnectorPermissionName
Specification Document
(org.vcssl.connect.ConnectorPermissionName)
Abstract
ConnectorPermissionName is a class defining names of permission items.
Fields of this class are natural to be defined as elements of an enum,
however, they are defined as "public static final String" fields,
instead of enum elements.
This is to prevent unexpected behaviour when definition order of them are changed,
and plug-ins referencing them have not been re-compiled.
Please note that, it is not recommended to describe values of them directly (as String literals).
Refer fields of this class as possible as.
Status
The status of this class is "EXTENSION ONLY".
Existing fields/methods/constructors will not be deleted in principle,
but new fields/methods/constructors will be able to be added in future.
Also, only when an unavoidable problem has been discovered,
a field/method/constructor might be deleted, after a period of the "deprecated" status.
This class is currently supported by the scripting engine of Vnano.
You can use this interface for development of plug-ins of applications equipped with the Vnano engine.
License
This class is published under CC0, which is almost the same as the so-called "copyright-free" (domain).
List of Fields/Methods
- ALL
-
The name of the meta item representing all permission items.
- NONE
-
The name of the meta item representing no permission item.
- DEFAULT
-
The name of the meta item storing the default permission value.
- PROGRAM_EXIT
-
The permission to exit the currently executed program (script).
- PROGRAM_RESET
-
The permission to reset/restart the currently executed program (script).
- PROGRAM_CHANGE
-
The permission to change the currently executed program (script).
- SYSTEM_PROCESS
-
The permission to execute commands or other programs through the Operating System and so on.
- DIRECTORY_CREATE
-
The permission to create a new directory (folder).
- DIRECTORY_DELETE
-
The permission to delete a directory (folder).
- DIRECTORY_LIST
-
The permission to get the list of files in a directory (folder).
- FILE_CREATE
-
The permission to create a new file.
- FILE_DELETE
-
The permission to delete a file.
- FILE_WRITE
-
The permission to write contents of a file.
- FILE_READ
-
The permission to read contents of a file.
- FILE_OVERWRITE
-
The permission to overwrite contents of a file.
- FILE_INFORMATION_CHANGE
-
The permission to change information (last modified date, and so on) of a file.
Fields
| Name |
ALL |
| Value |
The name of the meta item representing all permission items. |
| Type |
static final String |
| Name |
NONE |
| Value |
The name of the meta item representing no permission item. |
| Type |
static final String |
| Name |
DEFAULT |
| Value |
The name of the meta item storing the default permission value.
For permission items of which values are not specified explicitly,
a default value (e.g. DENY)
will be set automatically.
You can change that default value by setting the value to this meta permission item.
For example, if you set the value ASK
to this permission item "DEFAULT",
the script engine will ask to the user when non-specified permissions are required.
|
| Type |
static final String |
| Name |
PROGRAM_EXIT |
| Value |
The permission to exit the currently executed program (script). |
| Type |
static final String |
| Name |
PROGRAM_RESET |
| Value |
The permission to reset/restart the currently executed program (script). |
| Type |
static final String |
| Name |
PROGRAM_CHANGE |
| Value |
The permission to change the currently executed program (script). |
| Type |
static final String |
| Name |
SYSTEM_PROCESS |
| Value |
The permission to execute commands or other programs through the Operating System and so on. |
| Type |
static final String |
| Name |
DIRECTORY_CREATE |
| Value |
The permission to create a new directory (folder). |
| Type |
static final String |
| Name |
DIRECTORY_DELETE |
| Value |
The permission to delete a directory (folder). |
| Type |
static final String |
| Name |
DIRECTORY_LIST |
| Value |
The permission to get the list of files in a directory (folder). |
| Type |
static final String |
| Name |
FILE_CREATE |
| Value |
The permission to create a new file. |
| Type |
static final String |
| Name |
FILE_DELETE |
| Value |
The permission to delete a file. |
| Type |
static final String |
| Name |
FILE_WRITE |
| Value |
The permission to write contents of a file. |
| Type |
static final String |
| Name |
FILE_READ |
| Value |
The permission to read contents of a file. |
| Type |
static final String |
| Name |
FILE_OVERWRITE |
| Value |
The permission to overwrite contents of a file. |
| Type |
static final String |


| ioslides_presentation {rmarkdown} | R Documentation |
Format for converting from R Markdown to an ioslides presentation.
ioslides_presentation( number_sections = FALSE, logo = NULL, slide_level = 2, incremental = FALSE, fig_width = 7.5, fig_height = 4.5, fig_retina = 2, fig_caption = TRUE, dev = "png", df_print = "default", smart = TRUE, self_contained = TRUE, widescreen = FALSE, smaller = FALSE, transition = "default", mathjax = "default", analytics = NULL, template = NULL, css = NULL, includes = NULL, keep_md = FALSE, lib_dir = NULL, md_extensions = NULL, pandoc_args = NULL, extra_dependencies = NULL, ... )
number_sections |
|
logo |
Path to file that includes a logo for use in the presentation (should be square and at least 128x128). |
slide_level |
Header level to consider as slide separator (Defaults to header 2). |
incremental |
|
fig_width |
Default width (in inches) for figures |
fig_height |
Default height (in inches) for figures |
fig_retina |
Scaling to perform for retina displays (defaults to 2, which
currently works for all widely used retina displays). Set to |
fig_caption |
|
dev |
Graphics device to use for figure output (defaults to png) |
df_print |
Method to be used for printing data frames. Valid values
include "default", "kable", "tibble", and "paged". The "default" method
uses a corresponding S3 method of |
smart |
Produce typographically correct output, converting straight
quotes to curly quotes, |
self_contained |
Produce a standalone HTML file with no external dependencies, using data: URIs to incorporate the contents of linked scripts, stylesheets, images, and videos. Note that even for self contained documents MathJax is still loaded externally (this is necessary because of its size). |
widescreen |
Display presentation with wider dimensions. |
smaller |
Use smaller text on all slides. You can also enable this for
individual slides by adding the |
transition |
Speed of slide transitions. This can be "default", "slower", "faster", or a numeric value with a number of seconds (e.g. 0.5). |
mathjax |
Include mathjax. The "default" option uses an https URL from a
MathJax CDN. The "local" option uses a local version of MathJax (which is
copied into the output directory). You can pass an alternate URL or pass
|
analytics |
A Google analytics property ID. |
template |
Pandoc template to use for rendering. Pass "default" to use
the rmarkdown package default template; pass |
css |
One or more css files to include |
includes |
Named list of additional content to include within the
document (typically created using the |
keep_md |
Keep the markdown file generated by knitting. |
lib_dir |
Directory to copy dependent HTML libraries (e.g. jquery,
bootstrap, etc.) into. By default this will be the name of the document with
|
md_extensions |
Markdown extensions to be added or removed from the
default definition or R Markdown. See the |
pandoc_args |
Additional command line options to pass to pandoc |
extra_dependencies |
Additional function arguments to pass to the
base R Markdown HTML output formatter |
... |
Additional function arguments to pass to the
base R Markdown HTML output formatter |
See the
online documentation for additional details on using the
ioslides_presentation
format.
Note that, if a before_body
include is specified in includes
,
then it will replace the standard title slide entirely.
R Markdown output format to pass to render
.
You can create a slide show broken up into sections by using the # and ##
heading tags (you can also create a new slide without a header using a
horizontal rule (----------
). For example here's a simple slide show:
--- title: "Habits" author: John Doe date: March 22, 2005 output: ioslides_presentation --- # In the morning ## Getting up - Turn off alarm - Get out of bed ## Breakfast - Eat eggs - Drink coffee # In the evening ## Dinner - Eat spaghetti - Drink wine ---------- ![picture of spaghetti](images/spaghetti.jpg) ## Going to sleep - Get in bed - Count sheep
You can add a subtitle to a slide or section by including text after the pipe (|) character. For example:
## Getting up | What I like to do first thing
The following single character keyboard shortcuts enable alternate display modes:
'f'
enable fullscreen mode
'w'
toggle widescreen mode
'o'
enable overview mode
'h'
enable code highlight mode
'p'
show presenter notes
Pressing Esc
exits all of these modes. See the sections below on
Code Highlighting and Presenter Mode for additional
detail on those modes.
You can render bullets incrementally by adding the incremental
option:
--- output: ioslides_presentation: incremental: true ---
If you want to render bullets incrementally for some slides but not others you can use this syntax:
> - Eat eggs > - Drink coffee
You can display the presentation using a wider form factor using the
widescreen
option. You can specify that smaller text be used with
the smaller
option. For example:
--- output: ioslides_presentation: widescreen: true smaller: true ---
You can also enable the smaller
option on a slide-by-slide basis
by adding the .smaller
attibute to the slide header:
## Getting up {.smaller}
You can add a logo to the presentation using the logo
option (the
logo should be square and at least 128x128). For example:
--- output: ioslides_presentation: logo: logo.png ---
A 128x128 version of the logo graphic will be added to the title slide and an icon version of the logo will be included in the bottom-left footer of each slide.
Slides can also have a .build
attribute that indicate that their
content should be displayed incrementally. For example:
## Getting up {.build}
Slide attributes can be combined if you need to specify more than one, for example:
## Getting up {.smaller .build}
It's possible to select subsets of code for additional emphasis by adding a special "highlight" comment around the code. For example:
###  x <- 10 y <- x * 2 ###
The highlighted region will be displayed with a bold font. When you want to
help the audience focus exclusively on the highlighted region press the
'h'
key and the rest of the code will fade away.
The ioslides template has an attractive default style for tables so you shouldn't hesitate to add tables for presenting more complex sets of information. Pandoc markdown supports several syntaxes for defining tables which are described in the pandoc online documentation.
You can center content on a slide by adding the .flexbox
and .vcenter
attributes to the slide title. For example:
## Dinner {.flexbox .vcenter}
You can horizontally center content by enclosing it in a div
tag
with class centered
. For example:

 This text is centered.

You can do a two-column layout using the columns-2
class.
For example:

 ![Image](image.png) - Bullet 1 - Bullet 2 - Bullet 3

Note that content will flow across the columns so if you want to have an image on one side and text on the other you should make sure that the image has sufficient height to force the text to the other side of the slide.
You can color content using base color classes red, blue, green, yellow, and gray (or variations of them e.g. red2, red3, blue2, blue3, etc.). For example:

 This text is red

A separate presenter window can also be opened (ideal for when you are
presenting on one screen but have another screen that's private to you).
The window stays in sync with the main presentation window and also
shows presenter notes and a thumbnail of the next slide. To enable
presenter mode add ?presentme=true
to the URL of the presentation,
for example:
mypresentation.html?presentme=true
The presenter mode window will open and will always re-open with the presentation until it's disabled with:
mypresentation.html?presentme=false
To add presenter notes to a slide you include it within a "notes"
div
. For example:

 This is my *note*. - It can contain markdown - like this list

You can print an ioslides presentation from within browsers that have good support for print CSS (i.e. as of this writing Google Chrome has the best support). Printing maintains most of the visual styles of the HTML version of the presentation.
To create a PDF version of a presentation you can use Print to PDF from Google Chrome.


Use a badge .badge
together with a badge modifier .badge-*
to highlight or categorize something.
Add .badge-close
together with a close button to get a badge that can be dismissed.
Badges can be used for a lot of things, below are just some ideas and examples, please check SEB Design Library for more info.


---
layout: post
status: publish
published: true
title: iLife '07 Delayed?
author: Leask
author_login: leask
author_email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>author_url: https://leaskh.com
wordpress_id: 407
wordpress_url: http://leaskh.wordpress.com/2006/11/21/ilife-07-delayed
date: '2006-11-21 06:48:30 +0800'
date_gmt: '2006-11-21 06:48:30 +0800'
categories:
- Computers and Internet
tags: []
comments: []
---
Steve, listen to a guy who teaches people iLife one on one everyday. Please take this year off and think hard about the iLife suite. I’ll forgo the year in exchange for a free downloaded update for more features/fixes to ‘06.
Here is why:
10.5 presumably is the middle child in a series of fine operating systems. Vista is coming out soon, and it’s a good chance Microsoft is going to push it’s hardware partners to promote it. A product Microsoft has put close to a decade into developing isn’t something they will not pay attention too.
Right now there is an edge into gaining some ground; Boot Camp and Intel help a lot, as well as the attention put into the Mac software up to this point(not just Apple there!). Perhaps but hard to prove, is the few million iPods sold over the last couple of years giving a bit of a boost in sales.
iLife ‘06 is great in many aspects. As Thurrott said, unmatched in the PC world is iLife ‘06. Apple could do us a favor and take this year off to work on just catching up to what this thing can do for us. Honestly, many .Mac members are not using the full capability of the service and I think a year of rest would help them find out just how convienient and fun it is to use.
We expect you to put out ‘07 in six or eight months, and it will have iWeb 2 and more bling bling than Snoop D-O-Dubble-Guhzizzle. So do what is unexpected, give us a break on the upgrades! I would rather see Apple extend things than see iLife ‘07. Where can you go on the web and get free or low cost themes for the iLife apps? People look to Apple for these, and are let down when they find that what the package comes with is all Apple provides. Why not create a portal on apple.com that hosts additional things for iLife such as themes, loops, and graphics?


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Golf Clubs
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climate climatic species response transfer tree populations data model height variables distance genetic provenance sites mean species, Pinus Rehfeldt site Mátyás change responses population temperature Picea growth sylvestris Fagus Table annual best test seed forest species. used Fig. Mátyás, Quercus Sáenz-Romero tests different abies differences sylvatica Forest Leites petraea selected values {border-style based functions source (°C) maximum px;} term #ffffff;} common curves index range Nagy effects mixed effect value variance European additional clines field precipitation results Annual Ecology Norway analysis differentiation linear quadratic random variation ./peerj./supp- Click LINK file. models selection similar spruce adaptation conditions function increment nested regression trees (e.g., Change Climate Shutyaev and/or estimated garden phenotypic trials Frank Global Horváth Kremer Wang beech broadleaved conditions, conifer dryness experiments, extreme fitting fixed individual minimum performed pine pronounced sensitivity variable variables. warmer Újvári-Jármay, AIC Appendix Biology Europe Figure Information aridity comparison degree-days distance, drier drought environmental factors high indicate local means overall probably px; shifts summer using winter {font-family (mm) ./j.-...x Giertych Parfenova Research adaptive age approach changes contributed curve described distribution ecological font-size important kth levels mortality plasticity populations. provided scaled shift sources study time years (Step (a) (for (reaction ./gcb. ./j.foreco... Allen Durango, Giertych, Management Schueler Science Scots Selection Spearman’s analysis, approved change, change. contrast, correlation double; final flat following forests future greater including ith measured natural oak periods petraea, predicted provenances sampled shape shown sites; sylvatica, variables, warmer/drier Újvári-Jármay "overall" (b) Breshears Figs. Hamann However, Kapeller O’Neill Tchebakova Tchebakova, Universidad University [], account analyzed appear authored autumn border-color border-width concerning conditions. contribution corrected decline dependent difference differential displayed draft. drafts estimates evolutionary expected experimental gardens geographic gradients higher ijk impact jth model, negative observed paper, patterns petraea. populations, previous project provenance, reagents/materials/analysis result reviewed role solid; space species-specific spring terms tools, trial unilateral zero {font-style {font-weight <. (). (see ADI Acta Aitken Akaike Antoine Climatic Csaba Cuauhtémoc Ducousso Estado Fitting Genetic Hansen Height Hungarica IUFRO Institute Institute, Lexer Lignaria László Marini Mean National PeerJ Preselected Response S). San Schelhaas Silvatica Summer Tree Yeatman, Zimmermann \begin{document} \documentclass[pt]{minimal} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-pt} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \usepackage{wasysym} abies, abies. accounts and, appears applied average biotic bold case climate, coefficient comparative components conifers consistent contribute cooler courier; covered del designed em; experiments explained explaining fitted flatter flow global highly identifying indicates information international interpreted interval likely lower major maxima model. narrower norms) obtained parameter parameters pattern performance period plasticity, practical presented procedure processes productivity provide pt;} reference relative relevant set seven significance single site, site; sites. snow statistical steeper studied studies study. temperate term. total transfer, trend units use used, variable. variation. vs. words, }{}\begin{eqnarray*}& °C,


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WITNESS LIST Human Services Committee April 7, 1997-10:30A HB 607 For: Johnson, Murlin (Self) Johnson, Shirley (Self) Tyree, Tom (Tx. Assist. Tx. Partner) Registering, but not testifying: For: Cole, Robert (Project MEND) Magruder, Mary Jo (Planning Coun.Dev.Disab) Markland, Barrett (Advocacy, Inc.) Patterson, Dallas (Texans w/ Disabilities) Schwartz, Jonas (Self) On: Brinck, Tom (Dept. of Health) Loucks, Linda (TRC) Ward, Roger (TRC) HB 1061 For: Newman, Dr. Jane (Rehab.Grad.Programs-Tx.) Skinner, Jan (CRC/CVE Task Force) Telge, Judy (CRC/CVE Task Force) Registering, but not testifying: For: Thayer, Ted (Brain Injury Assoc. Tx.) On: Craft, Kathy (Bd.Examiners Prof.Couns) HB 1330 For: Hassell, Jerry (Self) Magruder, Mary Jo (Plan.Counc.Devel.Disabi) Rarus, Tim (Self) White, Ralph (Tx.Assoc. for the Deaf) On: Bosson, Ed (Pub. Utility Commission) Jones, Elizabeth Barton (Pub. Utility Commission) Registering, but not testifying: For: Briesemeister, Janee (Consumers Union) Brown, Laura (Texans w/Disab.PAS Task) Collier, Mike (Advocacy, Inc.) Markland, Barrett (Advocacy, Inc.) On: Collins, Billy (TCDHH) Minette, Rose A. (TCDHH) Myers, David (TCDHH) Susman, Margaret (TCDHH) HB 2084 For: Brown, Laura (Texans w/Disab.PAS Task) Cranston, Ron (Self) Greebon, Karen (ADAPT of Texas) Magruder, Mary Jo (Plan.Counc.Devel.Disabi) Markland, Barrett (Advocacy, Inc.) Tyree, Tom (Self) Against: Speights, Sara (Tx.Assoc. for Home Care) On: McKinney, Mike (HHSC) Steele, Penny (Tx. Dept. of MHMR) Registering, but not testifying: For: Hardy, Alan (AARP) McCarthy, Kathleen (Texas Nurses Assoc.) McPhail, Jennifer (Self) Patterson, Dallas (Coalit.-Texans w/Disab.) Schaffer, Susan (Arc of TX(Retarded Cit)) Schnall, Rona (ADAPT of Texas) Schwartz, Jonas (Self) Telee, Judy (Disab. Groups-Corpus Ch) Wittie, David (ADAPT of Texas) On: Borders, Stephen (D.O.Health-Managed Care) Cohen, Sharon (Texas Dept. of Health) Myers, David (CDHI) HB 2409 For: Brooks, Chet (Chartwell-Healthcare Gr) Chatelle, Melody (Liv.Centers-Amer./THCA) Graves, Tim (Texas Health Care Assoc) On: Venza, Tony (TDHS Social Services) Registering, but not testifying: For: Holtermann, John (Tx. Silver-Haired Legis) Thorpe, Lindsay (Chartwell-Healthcare Gr) HB 2482 For: Gibbs, David (Self) MacClellan, G. Edward (Self) Seale, Elizabeth (Self) Against: Boone, Eugene L. (Self) Daniels, Jack (Self) Redwine, LaVerne (Childcare Providers-Tx.) Robertson, Loretta (Austin Assoc-Ed.Young_C) On: Baldwin, Howard (DPRS) Hobble, Ken (Tx.Lic.Childcare Assoc.) Registering, but not testifying: For: Blaser, David (Self) Cameron, Wiley (Self) Livaudais, John (Self) Matthews, Sylvester (Self) Stowe, Tim (Self) Taylor, Alton (Self) Williams, Nicholas (Self) Against: Powell, Rita (Self) On: Eells, Karen (DPRS(Dir.Childcare Lic)) HB 2777 On: McKinney, Mike (HHSC) HB 3211 For: Redwine, LaVerne (Child Care Providers As) Robertson, Loretta (Austin Assoc-Ed.Young C) On: McIntire, Thomas (Tx.Lic.Childcare Assoc.) Registering, but not testifying: On: Eells, Karen (DPRS (Director, CC Lic)) HCR 136 Registering, but not testifying: For: Hardy, Alan (AARP) Holtermann, John (Tx.Silver-Haired Legisl) On: Sapp, Mary (Tx. Dept. on Aging)


Type
spawn
commentate
delay
Time
Powerup
cleats
helmet
bullhorn
Enemy
weak
regular
boss
fast
lanechange
coach
Lane
Quantity
Commentry
Same Lane?
No Skip?
Add
New Wave
Waves:
Wave 0:
{ "type": "spawn", "enemy": "boss" }
delete
Output:


When Michael Uys and Lexy Lovell decided to make a documentary about teenagers who rode the rails during the Great Depression, they placed an ad in "Modern Maturity", the magazine of the American Association of Retired People (AARP). To their astonishment, they received 3,000 moving and detailed replies. The film focuses on a group of nine men and one woman who reminisce about their experience as hobos. Their interviews are interspersed with archival footage from the 1930s and they add up to a revealing portrait of how young people coped with the ravages of unemployment.
"Riding the Rails" is not just about the hardships of riding in boxcars, panhandling or living in shanty-towns. It is also about the romance of the railroads. For many young people, including some from affluent families, freight trains were an escape from the routines and banality of small-town life. One interviewee says that "We thought it was the magic carpet . . . romance, the click of the rails." This fascination with trains persisted into the 1940s and 50s. Jack Kerouac often hopped on freight trains when he wasn't tooling across Route 66 in his Hudson. He was fascinated with hobo life and saw this as an expression of freedom and individuality. So do the interviewees in "Riding the Rail" who are about as endearing a group of 70 and 80 year olds that I have encountered in a film since Julia Reichert's 1983 documentary "Seeing Red." It is no coincidence that nearly all of the former hobos eventually became involved with radical or trade union politics.
For most of the interviewees, it was poverty that drove them to ride the rails. They often got on a train headed in the direction where they thought work was plentiful. They had the same sort of illusions as the Okies in Steinbeck's "Grapes of Wrath." They soon discovered that there were no jobs. When they got off a boxcar, they would be met at the outskirts of a town by a sheriff who'd tell them, "We don't have work for grown men with families. How do you expect us to find a job for you?" Instead, they would often survive in hobo camps on the outskirts of where they would eat every two or three days. They would make forays into town and panhandle for nickels and dimes. The sight of teen-aged beggars scandalized public opinion and was a primary factor in the creation of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), which put tens of thousands of impoverished adolescents to work. It is a sign of the times that the Clinton administration lacks the political will to push for these sorts of programs.
The documentary includes scenes from William Wellman's "Wild Boys of the Open Road," a 1933 feature that is being shown with "Riding the Rails" in New York City's Cinema Village. "Wild Boys of the Open Road" is a remarkable film. It depicts the hobo life of two teenage boys and one girl in shockingly unsentimental terms.  This is not John Ford's "Grapes of Wrath", with its burnished, sentimental tableaus of life on the open road. It is a film that has more in common with Bunuel's "El Grito" or Hector Babenco's "Pixote", films that depict the suffering of poor kids on the streets of Mexico and Brazil in the most unflinching manner. Perhaps the only explanation for the frankness of "Wild Boys of the Open Road" is that it was made before any of the New Deal major social programs had been implemented, including the CCC. Wellman must have been appalled by the misery of America's children and made a movie without illusions. It is too bad that so few films come out of Hollywood that have the same courage to depict the suffering of our own children today.
Louis Proyect
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
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Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


Up2Dep facilitates the task of keeping your project's library dependency up-to-date. For more information please visit our website.


✢ Add Pages: Ctrl+Enter ✢Add Panels: Shift+Enter⇠Use F1-F4 for quick-pasting anything (names, locations, anything)After all pages and panel slugs have been added, click the Format Text button ➠
Your Text has been formatted. Copy/Paste or download the new text file.


Functions and Recursion in Scratch and Python
Fractals are shapes with some special characteristics:
To make a fractal, start with a basic shape or line
You then repeat the same line in each of the parts of the original
As you continue to repeat, or recurse downward, the shape becomes more intricate
In order to draw fractals with computers we use two things:
To draw a fractal in Scratch, we can use the following:
import turtle # imports the turtle module
t = turtle.Turtle() # creates a turtle
t.forward(100) # draws 100 pixels forward
t.left(60) # turns left 60°
t.forward(100) # draws 100 pixels forward
t.right(120) # turns right 120°
t.forward(100) # draws 100 pixels forward
t.left(60) # turns left 60°
t.forward(100) # draws 100 pixels forward
turtle.done() # keeps the window open


Welcome to RITx: CYBER501x Cybersecurity Fundamentals - Personal study notes!¶
This are my personal notes taken during the course RITx: CYBER501x Cybersecurity Fundamentals at edx.org.
Feel free to use them during your study and if you find it useful you can star this repository. If you find a mistake or you think I have missed something important I am more than happy to accept RP on this repo.
Notes are written in Sphinx documentation format. You can visit source notes at url: https://github.com/ricco386/CYBER501x-Cybersecurity-Fundamentals
My personal notes from other RITx Cybersecurity MicroMasters® Program courses:
My other personal study notes from penetration testing


{ "footer": "Finally, a footer from JSON", "title": "Title from JSON", "template": "alternate" }
Just some HTML.


Contents
namespace Leap
Leap is the global namespace of the Leap API.
Classes Top
| CircleGesture | The CircleGesture classes represents a circular finger movement. A circle movement is recognized when the tip of a finger draws a circle within the Leap field of view. Circle gestures are continuous. The CircleGesture objects for the gesture have three possible states:
|
| Controller | The Controller class is your main interface to the Leap Motion Controller. Create an instance of this Controller class to access frames of tracking data and configuration information. Frame data can be polled at any time using the Controller.frame() function. Call frame() or frame(0) to get the most recent frame. Set the history parameter to a positive integer to access previous frames. A controller stores up to 60 frames in its frame history. Polling is an appropriate strategy for applications which already have an intrinsic update loop, such as a game. |
| Frame | The Frame class represents a set of hand and finger tracking data detected in a single frame. The Leap detects hands, fingers and tools within the tracking area, reporting their positions, orientations and motions in frames at the Leap frame rate. Access Frame objects using the Controller.frame() function. |
| Gesture | The Gesture class represents a recognized movement by the user. The Leap watches the activity within its field of view for certain movement patterns typical of a user gesture or command. For example, a movement from side to side with the hand can indicate a swipe gesture, while a finger poking forward can indicate a screen tap gesture. When the Leap recognizes a gesture, it assigns an ID and adds a Gesture object to the frame gesture list. For continuous gestures, which occur over many frames, the Leap updates the gesture by adding a Gesture object having the same ID and updated properties in each subsequent frame. Important: Recognition for each type of gesture must be enabled; otherwise no gestures are recognized or reported. Subclasses of Gesture define the properties for the specific movement patterns recognized by the Leap. The Gesture subclasses for include:
Circle and swipe gestures are continuous and these objects can have a state of start, update, and stop. The screen tap gesture is a discrete gesture. The Leap only creates a single ScreenTapGesture object appears for each tap and it always has a stop state. Get valid Gesture instances from a Frame object. You can get a list of gestures from the Frame gestures array. You can also use the Frame gesture() method to find a gesture in the current frame using an ID value obtained in a previous frame. Gesture objects can be invalid. For example, when you get a gesture by ID using Frame.gesture(), and there is no gesture with that ID in the current frame, then gesture() returns an Invalid Gesture object (rather than a null value). Always check object validity in situations where a gesture might be invalid. |
| Hand | The Hand class reports the physical characteristics of a detected hand. Hand tracking data includes a palm position and velocity; vectors for the palm normal and direction to the fingers; properties of a sphere fit to the hand; and lists of the attached fingers and tools. Note that Hand objects can be invalid, which means that they do not contain valid tracking data and do not correspond to a physical entity. Invalid Hand objects can be the result of asking for a Hand object using an ID from an earlier frame when no Hand objects with that ID exist in the current frame. A Hand object created from the Hand constructor is also invalid. Test for validity with the Hand.valid property. |
| KeyTapGesture | The KeyTapGesture class represents a tapping gesture by a finger or tool. A key tap gesture is recognized when the tip of a finger rotates down toward the palm and then springs back to approximately the original postion, as if tapping. The tapping finger must pause briefly before beginning the tap. Key tap gestures are discrete. The KeyTapGesture object representing a tap always has the state, STATE_STOP. Only one KeyTapGesture object is created for each key tap gesture recognized. |
| Matrix | The Matrix object represents a transformation matrix. To use this object to transform a Vector, construct a matrix containing the desired transformation and then use the Matrix.transformPoint() or Matrix.transformDirection() functions to apply the transform. Transforms can be combined by multiplying two or more transform matrices using the times function. |
| Pointable | The Pointable class reports the physical characteristics of a detected finger or tool. Both fingers and tools are classified as Pointable objects. Use the Pointable.tool property to determine whether a Pointable object represents a tool or finger. The Leap classifies a detected entity as a tool when it is thinner, straighter, and longer than a typical finger. Note that Pointable objects can be invalid, which means that they do not contain valid tracking data and do not correspond to a physical entity. Invalid Pointable objects can be the result of asking for a Pointable object using an ID from an earlier frame when no Pointable objects with that ID exist in the current frame. A Pointable object created from the Pointable constructor is also invalid. Test for validity with the Pointable.valid property. |
| ScreenTapGesture | The ScreenTapGesture class represents a tapping gesture by a finger or tool. A screen tap gesture is recognized when the tip of a finger pokes forward and then springs back to approximately the original postion, as if tapping a vertical screen. The tapping finger must pause briefly before beginning the tap. ScreenTap gestures are discrete. The ScreenTapGesture object representing a tap always has the state, STATE_STOP. Only one ScreenTapGesture object is created for each screen tap gesture recognized. |
| SwipeGesture | The SwipeGesture class represents a swiping motion of a finger or tool. Swipe gestures are continuous. |
| Vector | The Vector object represents a three-component mathematical vector or point such as a direction or position in three-dimensional space. The Leap software employs a right-handed Cartesian coordinate system. Values given are in units of real-world millimeters. The origin is centered at the center of the Leap device. The x- and z-axes lie in the horizontal plane, with the x-axis running parallel to the long edge of the device. The y-axis is vertical, with positive values increasing upwards (in contrast to the downward orientation of most computer graphics coordinate systems). The z-axis has positive values increasing away from the computer screen. |
Static Methods Top
| void | loop (function callback) |
Static Methods Detail Top
index.js at line 19
static
public
void
loop
(function callback)
The Leap.loop() function passes a frame of Leap data to your callback function and then calls window.requestAnimationFrame() after executing your callback function.
Leap.loop() sets up the Leap controller and WebSocket connection for you. You do not need to create your own controller when using this method.
Your callback function is called on an interval determined by the client browser. Typically, this is on an interval of 60 frames/second. The most recent frame of Leap data is passed to your callback function. If the Leap is producing frames at a slower rate than the browser frame rate, the same frame of Leap data can be passed to your function in successive animation updates.
As an alternative, you can create your own Controller object and use a Controller#onFrame onFrame callback to process the data at the frame rate of the Leap device. See Controller for an example.


Agnes and the Railroad Trestle
One of the often-told stories about Agnes is that when she was a teenager, she and her friends were caught by the police while walking on a railroad trestle, which was against the law. The police took her to the Justice of the Peace–who happened to be her father Jacob.
Like most stories about the Newman aunts, I want to know more, yet my family knows little about the incident, and I’ve been unable to find any documentation–a newspaper article, a police report, or a legal record–that fills in the gaps. It makes sense: after all, if the police had just deposited Agnes with her father–“here’s your daughter, sir, and we’re sure you’ll punish her fairly wink wink”–no documentary trace would have been left.
This is a problem that I have encountered many times in my research, and one that I am sure I will continue to come up against as this project progresses. There are limited sources that documented people’s lives in the early 20th century, and of these sources, even fewer that have been preserved and/or digitized and made publicly available. (Open access, anyone?) As much as I want to know every detail about an event from the past, in some cases, my explorations will take a different path.
In this story, what is compelling is a place–an unknown railroad trestle–so I decided to make that the focus of my investigation. In understanding the place, we can contextualize our understanding of Agnes, painting a richer portrait of a young woman in the world in which she lived.
According to an 1895 railroad map, there were two railroad lines that traveled to the Newmans’ hometown of Waynesboro, Pennsylvania: the Western Maryland and Cumberland Valley Railroads.
The Waynesboro Branch line, operated by the Cumberland Valley Railroad, was a branch off of the Hagerstown, MD, to Harrisburg, PA, line, and appears to have ended just to the north of the town center. And on the Waynesboro Branch line was a promising possibility for the railroad trestle in question: Price’s Trestle, a wooden bridge over Antietam Creek and Price’s Church Road, a little over a mile from the home where Agnes was living at the time, on North Grant Street.
Also known as “the Foltz Meadow railroad trestle,” the bridge was “well known to generations of Waynesboro area residents [and] built shortly after the Baltimore and Cumberland Valley Railroad Extension Company started an extension to Chambersburg in 1880.” (Around Waynesboro, p. 96) RailPictures.net has a photo of the trestle from 1976, depicting an extensive wooden structure traversing a low-lying meadow.
The trestle was also the site of multiple accidents and deaths, which speaks to the sense of danger that would have surrounded it at the time–therefore making it a risky spot for a group of teenagers.
From The Harrisburg Telegraph, September 30, 1898:
It was John Mingle who was killed by a Western Maryland freight train on Price’s trestle, near Waynesboro, Tuesday morning.
And from The Evening News, July 13, 1920:
Kenneth Weagley, 9-year-old son of Mrs. Paul I. Criswell, of this place, was struck by a Western Maryland passenger train yesterday, the accident occurring on the trestle near Price’s, located a short distance from the local station. … The boy was playing skinning the cat on the trestle and did not see the approaching train in time to get under the timbers.
Sadly, the trestle no longer exists, but there remain some wooden posts and what looks like a stone ramp.
The dismantling of the trestle in 1985 “effectively marked the end of Waynesboro’s 100-year era of railroad access.” (Around Waynesboro, p. 96) When the railroad first arrived in Waynesboro in 1879, it brought with it modern industry, including the Landis Tool and Machine Companies. These companies helped build the town and employed many Newman men, including my great-grandfather Samuel (Agnes’s older brother), who went on to be the president of Landis Tool. In many ways, Price’s trestle was a symbol of progress and modernization, a link to the outside world for a small rural town at the turn of the century.
If this was the scene of Agnes’s transgression, it was appropriate. Born in 1895, she was the youngest child in the family, and she grew up in a world that was vastly different than even the world her oldest sister Babbie had experienced growing up only two decades earlier.
“We must see [a character] set to scale in his proper world to know his size,” writes Eudora Welty in her essay, “Place in Fiction.” She was speaking of how place defines characters, guiding our vision of them, and preventing a too wide or a too narrow view. Similarly, setting this story of Agnes in a place guides our vision of her. We see her actions within a context of history and family, and this helps us to understand Agnes in her world–a young woman coming of age in a quickly changing era.
Works Referenced
Thompson, David W. Around Waynesboro. Arcadia Publishing, 2003.
Welty, Eudora. “Place in Fiction.” Collected Essays. New York, 1994.


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BL3 SDK
0.0.1
Borderlands 3 Class Documentation
|
#include <BL3_OakGame_structs.hpp>
Public Attributes | |
| struct FText | WatchCommericalHintText |
| struct FText | ChallengesHeaderText |
| struct FText | ViewChallengeText |
| class UGbxGFxObject * | RootClip |
| class UGbxGFxObject * | ManufacturerLogoClip |
| class UGbxTextField * | ManufacturerNameClip |
| class UGbxGFxHintWidget * | PlayCommercialHintClip |
| class UGbxTextField * | PlayCommercialTextClip |
| class UGbxTextField * | ManufacturerDescriptionTextClip |
| class UGbxGFxSlider * | ManufacturerDescriptionScrollbarClip |
| class UGbxGFxObject * | ManufacturerDescriptionMaskClip |
| class UGbxTextField * | ManufacturerChallengesHeaderTextClip |
| class UGbxTextField * | ChallengeTextClip |
| TArray< class UGFxItemInspectionManufacturerChallengeObject * > | ChallengeClips |
| TArray< struct FGFxItemInspectManufacturerChallengeInfo > | ChallengeInfos |
| unsigned char | UnknownData00 [0x10] |
| Public Attributes inherited from FGFxItemInspectionPageBase | |
| unsigned char | UnknownData00 [0x8] |
| class UGbxGFxObject * | PageWrapper |
| TArray<class UGFxItemInspectionManufacturerChallengeObject*> ChallengeClips |
| TArray<struct FGFxItemInspectManufacturerChallengeInfo> ChallengeInfos |
| struct FText ChallengesHeaderText |
| class UGbxTextField* ChallengeTextClip |
| class UGbxTextField* ManufacturerChallengesHeaderTextClip |
| class UGbxGFxObject* ManufacturerDescriptionMaskClip |
| class UGbxGFxSlider* ManufacturerDescriptionScrollbarClip |
| class UGbxTextField* ManufacturerDescriptionTextClip |
| class UGbxGFxObject* ManufacturerLogoClip |
| class UGbxTextField* ManufacturerNameClip |
| class UGbxGFxHintWidget* PlayCommercialHintClip |
| class UGbxTextField* PlayCommercialTextClip |
| class UGbxGFxObject* RootClip |
| unsigned char UnknownData00[0x10] |
| struct FText ViewChallengeText |
| struct FText WatchCommericalHintText |


Put your files generated in "dist" directory into "./public" directory in server's project!
Obs.: If "dist" directory doesn't exist, you should have run web project to build it!


Gerrymandering is the processby which lawmakers can radically change the vote ofany congressional election