This section will cover how to install lean locally for you to use in your own environment.
Refer to the following readme files for a detailed guide regarding using your local IDE with Lean:
To install locally, download the zip file with the latest master and unzip it to your favorite location. Alternatively, install Git and clone the repo:
$ git clone https://github.com/QuantConnect/Lean.git $ cd Lean
QuantConnect.Lean.sln
in Visual StudioVisual Studio will automatically start to restore the Nuget packages. If not, in the menu bar,
Project > Restore NuGet Packages
Run > Start Debugging
Alternatively, run the compiled dll
file:
Build > Build All
$ cd Lean/Launcher/bin/Debug $ dotnet QuantConnect.Lean.Launcher.dll
$ dotnet build QuantConnect.Lean.sln
$ cd Launcher/bin/Debug $ dotnet QuantConnect.Lean.Launcher.dll
To set up Interactive Brokers integration, make sure you fix the ib-tws-dir
and ib-controller-dir
fields in the config.json
file with the actual paths to the TWS and the IBController folders respectively. If after all you still receive connection refuse error, try changing the ib-port
field in the config.json
file from 4002 to 4001 to match the settings in your IBGateway/TWS.
QuantConnect.Lean.sln
in Visual StudioBuild Menu -> Build Solution
F5
to runA full explanation of the Python installation process can be found in the Algorithm.Python project.
Seamlessly develop locally in your favorite development environment, with full autocomplete and debugging support to quickly and easily identify problems with your strategy. For more information please see the CLI documentation.


8 Line left,right,top,bottom;
17 wall(
ILI9481 & LCD,
const int & x_start,
const int & y_start,
const int & x_end,
const int & y_end,
int color , std::array< int, 2> bounce,
const int & name);
Definition: Drawable.hpp:13
Definition: ILI9481.hpp:91
void interact(Drawable &other) override
Checks if the wall interacts with an object.
Definition: wall.cpp:35
void say_name() override
Says the name of the object.
Definition: wall.cpp:20
void update() override
Updates the position of the wall and draws it.
Definition: wall.cpp:31
wall(ILI9481 &LCD, const int &x_start, const int &y_start, const int &x_end, const int &y_end, int color, std::array< int, 2 > bounce, const int &name)
Construct wall.
Definition: wall.cpp:3
void draw()
draw draws all the lines
Definition: wall.cpp:13
void set_color(const int &new_color)
set_color sets the color of the wall
Definition: wall.cpp:24


Join us and we guarantee you will! We promise you the loudest music and an amazing atmosphere! You will be able to see and hear some of the greatest rock bands of all time! Grab a drink, call some friends and have a fun weekend! Wanna join? Buy a ticket now!


{% extends "base_generic.html" %} {% block content %}
Welcome to live action mafia!
Live Action Mafia is like the party game mafia, but played in the literal space-time continuum. A "day" literally is a day - the 23-hour interval starting at midnight and ending with a execution vote at 23:00 each night - but of course some people aren't playing constantly.
Taking an action on a player usually requires going and tapping them on the shoulder. The times and locations of deaths are posted, and people try to deduce who made a kill based on who could’ve been there at that time. Players who live near each other often have smaller in-person meetups. If you find yourself not having enough opportunities for in-person discussion, say so! Talking (and lying) to other players is a fun and important part of the game.
Game discussion also happens on our forums, mafia.mit.edu. where everyone posts introductions, talks about what's going on, and game announcements are posted. Mafia have their own secret forum. People can also communicate privately with each other and moderators electronically.
Of course, to keep it interesting we give everyone special abilities and items, so be sure to read through all the rules.
Code repository and (soon-to-be) documentation for this website is available on Github. {% endblock %}


| Top |
| gboolean | abstract | Read / Write / Construct Only |
| GUnixSocketAddressType | address-type | Read / Write / Construct Only |
| gchar * | path | Read / Write / Construct Only |
| GByteArray * | path-as-array | Read / Write / Construct Only |
Support for UNIX-domain (also known as local) sockets.
UNIX domain sockets are generally visible in the filesystem.
However, some systems support abstract socket names which are not
visible in the filesystem and not affected by the filesystem
permissions, visibility, etc. Currently this is only supported
under Linux. If you attempt to use abstract sockets on other
systems, function calls may return G_IO_ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED
errors. You can use g_unix_socket_address_abstract_names_supported()
to see if abstract names are supported.
Note that <gio/gunixsocketaddress.h>
belongs to the UNIX-specific GIO
interfaces, thus you have to use the gio-unix-2.0.pc
pkg-config file
when using it.
GSocketAddress *
g_unix_socket_address_new (const gchar *path
);
Creates a new GUnixSocketAddress for path
.
To create abstract socket addresses, on systems that support that,
use g_unix_socket_address_new_abstract()
.
Since 2.22
GSocketAddress * g_unix_socket_address_new_abstract (const gchar *path
,gint path_len
);
g_unix_socket_address_new_abstract
is deprecated and should not be used in newly-written code.
Creates a new G_UNIX_SOCKET_ADDRESS_ABSTRACT_PADDED
GUnixSocketAddress for path
.
GSocketAddress * g_unix_socket_address_new_with_type (const gchar *path
,gint path_len
,GUnixSocketAddressType type
);
Creates a new GUnixSocketAddress of type type
with name path
.
If type
is G_UNIX_SOCKET_ADDRESS_PATH
, this is equivalent to
calling g_unix_socket_address_new()
.
If path_type
is G_UNIX_SOCKET_ADDRESS_ABSTRACT
, then path_len
bytes of path
will be copied to the socket's path, and only those
bytes will be considered part of the name. (If path_len
is -1,
then path
is assumed to be NUL-terminated.) For example, if path
was "test", then calling g_socket_address_get_native_size()
on the
returned socket would return 7 (2 bytes of overhead, 1 byte for the
abstract-socket indicator byte, and 4 bytes for the name "test").
If path_type
is G_UNIX_SOCKET_ADDRESS_ABSTRACT_PADDED
, then
path_len
bytes of path
will be copied to the socket's path, the
rest of the path will be padded with 0 bytes, and the entire
zero-padded buffer will be considered the name. (As above, if
path_len
is -1, then path
is assumed to be NUL-terminated.) In
this case, g_socket_address_get_native_size()
will always return
the full size of a struct sockaddr_un
, although
g_unix_socket_address_get_path_len()
will still return just the
length of path
.
G_UNIX_SOCKET_ADDRESS_ABSTRACT
is preferred over
G_UNIX_SOCKET_ADDRESS_ABSTRACT_PADDED
for new programs. Of course,
when connecting to a server created by another process, you must
use the appropriate type corresponding to how that process created
its listening socket.
path |
the name. |
[array length=path_len][element-type gchar] |
path_len |
the length of |
|
type |
Since 2.26
gboolean
g_unix_socket_address_get_is_abstract (GUnixSocketAddress *address
);
g_unix_socket_address_get_is_abstract
is deprecated and should not be used in newly-written code.
Tests if address
is abstract.
Since 2.22
GUnixSocketAddressType
g_unix_socket_address_get_address_type
(GUnixSocketAddress *address
);
Gets address
's type.
Since 2.26
const char *
g_unix_socket_address_get_path (GUnixSocketAddress *address
);
Gets address
's path, or for abstract sockets the "name".
Guaranteed to be zero-terminated, but an abstract socket
may contain embedded zeros, and thus you should use
g_unix_socket_address_get_path_len()
to get the true length
of this string.
Since 2.22
gsize
g_unix_socket_address_get_path_len (GUnixSocketAddress *address
);
Gets the length of address
's path.
For details, see g_unix_socket_address_get_path()
.
Since 2.22
struct GUnixSocketAddress;
A UNIX-domain (local) socket address, corresponding to a struct sockaddr_un.
The type of name used by a GUnixSocketAddress.
G_UNIX_SOCKET_ADDRESS_PATH
indicates a traditional unix domain
socket bound to a filesystem path. G_UNIX_SOCKET_ADDRESS_ANONYMOUS
indicates a socket not bound to any name (eg, a client-side socket,
or a socket created with socketpair()
).
For abstract sockets, there are two incompatible ways of naming
them; the man pages suggest using the entire struct sockaddr_un
as the name, padding the unused parts of the sun_path
field with
zeroes; this corresponds to G_UNIX_SOCKET_ADDRESS_ABSTRACT_PADDED
.
However, many programs instead just use a portion of sun_path
, and
pass an appropriate smaller length to bind()
or connect()
. This is
G_UNIX_SOCKET_ADDRESS_ABSTRACT
.
Since 2.26
“abstract”
property“abstract” gboolean
Whether or not this is an abstract address
GUnixSocketAddress:abstract
is deprecated and should not be used in newly-written code.
Use “address-type”, which distinguishes between zero-padded and non-zero-padded abstract addresses.
Flags: Read / Write / Construct Only
Default value: FALSE
“address-type”
property“address-type” GUnixSocketAddressType
The type of UNIX socket address.
Flags: Read / Write / Construct Only
Default value: G_UNIX_SOCKET_ADDRESS_PATH
“path”
property“path” gchar *
UNIX socket path.
Flags: Read / Write / Construct Only
Default value: NULL
“path-as-array”
property“path-as-array” GByteArray *
UNIX socket path, as byte array.
Flags: Read / Write / Construct Only


--- layout: post title: So what is a good University education? tags: - Education - Personal Opinion status: publish type: post published: true meta: _edit_last: '451289' --- The BBC reports good things about Mickey Mouse degrees. However at the risk of seeming rather curmudgeonly, I have to say that the problem is not that specific undergraduate courses are poor but that the whole academic system seems to have removed the most valuable parts of the tertiary education process. Namely the teaching of research techniques and core concepts. Most of the graduates I recruit or work with are not widely read. The current ethos seems to be to present students with prepared learning material, heaven forbid the little dears should have to visit the library, and make sure that the 'clients' are not unduly challenged by the assessment process so that they remain as 'happy customers' --education delivered with the integrity of McDonald's. Perhaps all degrees should be in Hamburgerology
powered by performancing firefox


_ _ | | | | ___ ___ __ _ _ __ ___ | |__ __ _ ___ ___ __ _ __| | ___ _ __ ___ / __/ __| / _` | '_ ` _ \| '_ \ / _` / __/ __|/ _` |/ _` |/ _ \| '__/ __| | (__\__ \ | (_| | | | | | | |_) | (_| \__ \__ \ (_| | (_| | (_) | | \__ \ \___|___/ \__,_|_| |_| |_|_.__/ \__,_|___/___/\__,_|\__,_|\___/|_| |___/Click Here to Go Back to My Homepage
As Computer Science Ambassadors, our mission is to serve as a platform for a more collaborative, inclusive, and unified computer science community. We achieve this by encouraging and fostering a diverse community of students through peer mentorship, community-building events, and support from the computer science student-led organizations. Ultimately, we want to foster and encourage a diverse community, serving as a social network to qualify the BU CS experience as a whole.
Ambassadors should strive to achieve the following goals to maintain an inclusive and innovative CS environment.
I currently serve on the Engagement Committee for the Computer Science Ambassadors. Ambassadors are required to volunteer for at least one committee per term. Committees are up to the Executive Board to create, delegate, and lead.
As a member of the Engagement Committee, I am responsible for working on attendance, point checking, forms, and overall compliance. This includes tracking the responsibilities of fellow ambassadors, offices, and other committees. Additionally, our goal is to boost internal and external involvement in the CSA program while maintaining close relations with BU faculty.


HID input devices including gamepad controllers, joysticks, and keyboard.
More...
|
| typedef std::vector< std::pair< std::string, std::string > > | DeviceList |
| | Typedef of device <path, name> pairs. More...
|
| |
HID input devices including gamepad controllers, joysticks, and keyboard.
◆ InputDevices
◆ ~InputDevices()
| InputDevices::~InputDevices |
( |
| ) |
|
◆ InputDevices()
| InputDevices::InputDevices |
( |
| ) |
|
|
protected |
◆ Create()
◆ Enumerate()
| static void InputDevices::Enumerate |
( |
DeviceList & |
devices | ) |
|
|
static |
Scan /dev/input for devices.
◆ FindPathByName()
| static std::string InputDevices::FindPathByName |
( |
const char * |
name | ) |
|
|
static |
Find /dev/input path by device name.
◆ GetJoystick()
Retrieve the gamepad device.
◆ GetKeyboard()
Retrieve the keyboard device.
◆ Poll()
| bool InputDevices::Poll |
( |
uint32_t |
timeout = 0 | ) |
|
Poll the devices for updates.
◆ mJoystick
◆ mKeyboard
◆ JoystickDevice
◆ ~JoystickDevice()
| JoystickDevice::~JoystickDevice |
( |
| ) |
|
◆ JoystickDevice()
| JoystickDevice::JoystickDevice |
( |
| ) |
|
|
protected |
◆ Create()
| static JoystickDevice* JoystickDevice::Create |
( |
const char * |
device = "Microntek USB Joystick " | ) |
|
|
static |
◆ Poll()
| bool JoystickDevice::Poll |
( |
uint32_t |
timeout = 0 | ) |
|
Poll the device for updates.
◆ MAX_AXIS
| const int JoystickDevice::MAX_AXIS = 256 |
|
staticprotected |
◆ mAxisNorm
| float JoystickDevice::mAxisNorm[MAX_AXIS] |
|
protected |
◆ mAxisRaw
◆ mFD
◆ mPath
| std::string JoystickDevice::mPath |
|
protected |
◆ KeyboardDevice
◆ ~KeyboardDevice()
| KeyboardDevice::~KeyboardDevice |
( |
| ) |
|
◆ KeyboardDevice()
| KeyboardDevice::KeyboardDevice |
( |
| ) |
|
|
protected |
◆ Create()
| static KeyboardDevice* KeyboardDevice::Create |
( |
const char * |
path = "/dev/input/by-path/platform-i8042-serio-0-event-kbd" | ) |
|
|
static |
◆ KeyDown()
| bool KeyboardDevice::KeyDown |
( |
uint32_t |
code | ) |
const |
Check if a particular key is pressed.
◆ Poll()
| bool KeyboardDevice::Poll |
( |
uint32_t |
timeout = 0 | ) |
|
Poll the device for updates.
◆ MAX_KEYS
| const int KeyboardDevice::MAX_KEYS = 256 |
|
staticprotected |
◆ mFD
◆ mKeyMap
◆ mPath
| std::string KeyboardDevice::mPath |
|
protected |
◆ DeviceList
| typedef std::vector< std::pair<std::string, std::string> > DeviceList |
Typedef of device <path, name> pairs.


|
| FREE patent keyword monitoring and additional FREE benefits. REGISTER now for FREE |
Methods for generating control points for cubic bezier curvesBrief Patent Description - Full Patent Description - Patent Application Claims BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0001] Modern operating systems use cubic Bezier curves extensively to represent many user interface components. For example, the individual glyphs of a font are typically represented as a sequence of cubic Bezier curves. Operating system must therefore contain functionality for generating cubic Bezier curves in order to display textual interfaces and graphical interfaces. [0002] Generally, a cubic Bezier curve is defined by a start point (x.sub.0, y.sub.0), an end point (x.sub.3, y.sub.3), and two control points (x.sub.1, y.sub.1) and (x.sub.2, y.sub.2). The two control points determine the shape of the curve. Two cubic equations define the points on the curve. Both equations are evaluated for an arbitrary number of values of t between 0 and 1. One equation provides values for x, and the other provides values for y. As values for t are supplied to the equations, the points (x(t), y(t)) define the line between the start point and the end point. Exemplary cubic Bezier curve equations are illustrated below. x(t)=a.sub.xt.sup.3+b.sub.xt.sup.2+c.sub.xt+x.sub.0 y(t)=a.sub.yt.sup.3+b.sub.yt.sup.2+c.sub.yt+y.sub.0 The values of the coefficients a.sub.x, b.sub.x, c.sub.x, a.sub.y, b.sub.y, and c.sub.y can be determined using the four known points. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0003] Most existing methods and systems for generating a sequence of cubic Bezier curves use advanced math functions, such as derivatives, integrals, and statistical analysis, to determine precise control points. Some of the advanced math functions used may not be supported within an operating system's application programming interface ("API"). Thus in some instances, it is necessary to add advanced math functions to an operating system's API specifically for the purpose of generating cubic Bezier curves. However, using advanced math functions is generally not ideal. Usually, advance math functions require the use of third-party software, or a significant investment in terms of programming time and effort. Furthermore, advanced math functions typically do not perform as well as the simpler math functionality prepackaged within an operating system's API. [0004] Thus it would be useful to be able to generate control points for a cubic Bezier or smooth curve without the use of advanced math functions. [0005] Some embodiments of the invention provide a method of generating a control point for a cubic Bezier curve between a first point and a second point in a sequence of ordered points using three consecutive points from the sequence of ordered points. The three consecutive points include the first point, the second point, and a third point. The generated control point is based on coordinates of the first, second, and third points. [0006] Additional embodiments provide a method of generating a control point for a cubic Bezier curve between a first point and a second point in a sequence of ordered points. The method includes selecting a third point from the sequence of ordered points and determining a first line segment between the first point and the second point and a second line segment between the second point and the third point. The method further includes determining a first horizontal reference line containing the first point and a second horizontal reference line containing the second point. The method also includes determining a first angle between the first horizontal reference line and the first line segment and a second angle between the second horizontal reference line and the first line segment, and a third angle between the second horizontal reference line and the second line segment. Then generating a fourth angle based on the first angle and the average of the second and third angles, generating a control distance based on the first line segment, and generating the control point based on the fourth angle and the control distance. [0007] Another embodiment provides a method of generating a first control point for a cubic Bezier curve between a first point and a second point in a sequence of ordered points. The method includes selecting a third point from the sequence of ordered points and determining a first line segment between the first point and the second point and a second line segment between the second point and the third point. The method further includes determining a first horizontal reference line containing the first point and determining a first angle between the first horizontal reference line and the first line segment. The method includes determining a second horizontal reference line containing the second point and determining a second angle between the second horizontal reference line and the first line segment, and determining a third angle between the second horizontal reference line and the second line segment. The method also includes generating a fourth angle based on the first angle and the average of the second and third angles, generating a first control distance based on the first line segment, and generating the first control point based on the fourth angle and the control distance. [0008] Yet another embodiment provides a method of generating a cubic Bezier curve between a first point and a second point from a sequence of ordered points. The method includes selecting a third point from the sequence of ordered points; determining a first control point based on the first point, the second point, and the third point; determining a second control point based on the first point, the second point, and the third point; and generating a cubic Bezier curve between the first point and the second point using the first control point and the second control point. [0009] Additional embodiments provide a method of generating a cubic Bezier curve for a sequence of ordered points. The method includes selecting a first set of three consecutive points from the sequence of points. The first set contains a first point, a second point, and a third point. The method further includes determining a first line segment between the first point and the second point; determining a second line segment between the second point and the third point; determining a first horizontal reference line containing the second point; determining a first angle between the first horizontal reference line and the first line segment; determining a second angle between the first horizontal reference line and the second line segment; generating a third angle from the first angle and the second angle; generating a first control distance from the first line segment and the second line segment; and generating a first control point based on the third angle and the first control distance. To generate a second control point, the method includes selecting a second set of three consecutive points from the sequence of points. The second set contains the second point, the third point, and a fourth point. The method further includes determining a third line segment between the third point and the fourth point; determining a second horizontal reference line containing the third point; determining a fourth angle between the second horizontal reference line and the second line segment; determining a fifth angle between the second horizontal reference line and the third line segment; generating a sixth angle from the fourth angle and the fifth angle; generating a second control distance from the second line segment and the third line segment; generating a second control point based on the sixth angle and the second control distance; and generating a cubic Bezier curve between the second point and the third point using the first control point and the second control point. [0010] Another embodiment provides computer-readable medium containing instructions for selecting a first set of three consecutive points from an ordered sequence of points, the first set including a first point, a middle point, and a third point. The computer-readable medium further includes instructions for determining a first control point based on the first set; selecting a second set of three consecutive points from an ordered sequence of points, the second set including at least two points of the first set and a fourth point; and determining a second control point based on the second set. [0011] Yet another embodiment provides an operating system configured to select a first set of three consecutive points from an ordered sequence of points. The first set includes a first point, a middle point, and a third point. The operating system is further configured to determine a first control point based on the first set and to select a second set of three consecutive points from an ordered sequence of points. The second set includes at least two points of the first set and a fourth point, and the operating system is configured to determine a second control point based on the second set. [0012] Other features and aspects of embodiments of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon review of the following detailed description, claims, and drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0013] In the drawings: [0014] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary cubic Bezier curve. [0015] FIG. 2 illustrates another exemplary cubic Bezier curve. [0016] FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of an exemplary system for generating a cubic Bezier curve. [0017] FIG. 4 is another schematic illustration of an exemplary system for generating a cubic Bezier curve. [0018] FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary set of points. [0019] FIGS. 6-21 illustrate exemplary steps of methods for determining control points for cubic Bezier curves associated with the set of points of FIG. 5. [0020] FIG. 22 illustrates a series of cubic Bezier curves connecting the set of points of FIG. 5. [0021] It is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. The use of "including," "comprising," or "having" and variations thereof herein is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items. Unless limited otherwise, the terms "connected," "coupled," and "mounted," and variations thereof herein are used broadly and encompass direct and indirect connections, couplings, and mountings. In addition, the terms "connected" and "coupled" and variations thereof are not restricted to physical or mechanical connections or couplings. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0022] Before embodiments of the invention are described in detail a brief review of the cubic Bezier curves is provided. Nonetheless, it is assumed that the reader is familiar with cubic Bezier curve construction. [0023] As noted above, cubic Bezier curves are defined by two equations and connect a starting point and an ending point under the direction of two control points. A point, as used within this application, refers to a geometric element that has a position but no extension. Coordinates may define a point, and when speaking of creating cubic Bezier curves for display on a monitor or screen, a pixel may represent a point. [0024] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary cubic Bezier curve 30. The cubic Bezier curve 30 has a start point 32, an end point 34, and two control points 36 and 38. The connecting curve or spline 40 connects the start point 32 and the end point 34. The coordinates of the control points 36 and 38 influence the direction and shape of the spline 40. The control points 36 and 38 can be thought of as magnets that attract the spline 40. The shape of the spline 40 is influenced by the attraction of control points. As with magnets, the location of the control points influence the amount of attraction generated on the spline 40. FIG. 2, for example, illustrates another exemplary cubic Bezier curve 42. The cubic Bezier curve 42 illustrated in FIG. 2 has the same start point 32, end point 34, and control point 36 as the cubic Bezier curve 30 illustrated in FIG. 1. The cubic Bezier curve 42, however, has a control point 44 that is different (has different coordinates) than the control point 38 of the cubic Bezier curve 30 illustrated in FIG. 1. As illustrated in FIG. 2, the change of a single control point creates a different shaped spline 46 connecting the same start point 32 and end point 34. [0025] FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary system 50 for generating a cubic Bezier curve. The system 50 includes an operating system 52, an application programming interface ("API") 54, a graphics rendering application 56, and cubic Bezier curve logic 58. In some embodiments, the cubic Bezier curve logic 58 generates control points for cubic Bezier curves. The graphics rendering application 56 may generate the start point, end point, and, using the cubic Bezier curve logic 58, one or more control points for a cubic Bezier curve. The graphics rendering application 56 may use the API 54 of the operating system 52 to pass the points to the operating system 52 and invoke the operating system 52 to instruct a display device such as a computer monitor to display a cubic Bezier curve based on the provided point parameters. For example, a graphical device interface ("GDI") of the Windows.RTM. operating system manufactured by the Microsoft.RTM. Corporation provides method calls such as GraphicsPath::AddBezier(point1, point2, point3, point4) and Graphics::DrawBezier(pen, point1, point2, point3, point4). The parameters of these operating system calls contain the points necessary to generate a cubic Bezier curve, including the control points. The operating system 52 uses the passed parameters to generate the requested cubic Bezier curves using cubic Bezier curve equations, such as those presented earlier. Furthermore, the operating system 52 may instruct a display device, such as a computer monitor, to graphically display the generated cubic Bezier curves. As should be apparent, the graphics rendering application 56 and the Bezier curve logic 58 can be stored on various computer readable media. [0026] In another embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 4, a system 60 is used to generate cubic Bezier curves. The system 60 includes the operating system 52, an API 62, the graphics rendering application 56, and the cubic Bezier curve logic 58. In contrast to the system 50 illustrated in FIG. 3, the cubic Bezier curve logic 58 is contained within the operating system 52. Using the system 60, the operating system 52 may provide control point generation internally, using the cubic Bezier curve logic 58. The graphics rendering application 56 may pass parameters through the API 62 and provide the operating system 52 with the start point and end point for a cubic Bezier curve. The operating system 52 may use the cubic Bezier curve logic 58 to generate the needed control points, and may further instruct a display device to display a cubic Bezier curve based on the start point and end point provided by the graphics rendering application 56 and the one or more generated control points. [0027] FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary set of points 80. The set 80 includes a first end point 82, a second non-end point 84, and a third end point 86. The points 82, 84, and 86 of the set 80 may be ordered, and the order may indicate a sequence for connecting the points. The first end point 82 and the third end point 86 may be termed end points since they at the beginning and end of the set of points 80. The graphics rendering application 56 or operating system 52 may be configured to generate a series of cubic Bezier curves creating a smooth curve that connects the points 82, 84, and 86 of the set 80. The term connecting, as used in the current application, includes generating and displaying a graphical curve that starts at one point (coordinate) and moves or leads to another point (coordinate). The series of cubic Bezier curves may consist of a number of curves equal to one less than the total number of points in the set of points 80. Creating this many curves provides a cubic Bezier curve between every pair of consecutive points starting from the first point of a set of points and ending with the last point of a set of points. The size and ordering of the set 80, for example, may imply that a graphics rendering application should generate two (size of set -1) cubic Bezier curves; one cubic Bezier curve connecting the first end point 82 and the second non-end point 84 and another cubic Bezier curve connecting the second non-end point 84 and the third end point 86. In general, the series of cubic Bezier curves may provide a curve between every pair of points (P.sub.n, P.sub.n+1), where n goes from 0 (where the first point of the set of points is point P.sub.0) to two less than the total number of points in the set of points. [0028] When generating a cubic Bezier curve between consecutive points in a set of points, each non-end point (i.e., every point beside the first and last point of the set) may have two control points associated with it. Each non-end point may have one control point for a cubic Bezier curve connecting itself to a point sequentially before itself in the set of points and one control point for a cubic Bezier curve connecting itself to a point sequentially after itself in the set of points. In contrast, each end point may have only a single control point associated with it since each end point is only included in a single cubic Bezier curve connecting itself to either a point sequentially before or after itself in the set of points. Consequently, two different methods for generating control points may be used by the cubic Bezier curve logic 58. One method may generate two control points for a non-end point, and another method may generate a single control point for an end point. Exemplary techniques for both methods are illustrated in FIGS. 6-21 and will be described in detail below. [0029] To determine a control point associated with an end point, the cubic Bezier curve logic 58 begins by determining a straight line segment between the end point (P.sub.x) and the next consecutive point (P.sub.x+1 or P.sub.x-1) and a straight line segment between the next consecutive point (P.sub.x+1 or P.sub.x-1) and the next consecutive point therefrom (P.sub.x+2 or P.sub.x-2). For the exemplary set of points 80, as illustrated in FIG. 6, the cubic Bezier curve logic 58 determines a first line segment 90 between the second non-end point 84 and the third end point 86 and a second line segment 92 between the second non-end point 84 and the first end point 82. The cubic Bezier curve logic 58 also determines a first horizontal reference line containing the next consecutive point from the end point (P.sub.x+1 or P.sub.x-1) and a second horizontal reference line containing the end point (.sub.x). An exemplary first horizontal line 94 containing the second non-end point 84 and a second horizontal line 96 containing the first end point 82 is illustrated in FIG. 7. [0030] After generating the horizontal reference lines, the cubic Bezier curve logic 58 determines a first displacement angle between the second line segment and the second horizontal reference line, which contains the end point (P.sub.x). The cubic Bezier curve logic 58 also determines a second displacement angle between the first line segment and the first horizontal reference line containing the next consecutive point to the end point (P.sub.x+1 or P.sub.x-1) The cubic Bezier curve logic 58 also determines a third displacement angle between the second line segment and the first horizontal reference line containing the next consecutive point to the end point (P.sub.x+1 or P.sub.x-1). FIG. 8 illustrates a first displacement angle 100 between the second horizontal reference line 96 and the second line segment 92 and a second displacement angle 102 between the first horizontal reference line 94 and the first line segment 90. The figure also illustrates a third displacement angle 101 between the first horizontal reference line 94 and the second line segment 92. [0031] Using the first displacement angle and the average of the second displacement angle and the third displacement angle, the cubic Bezier curve logic 58 derives a first control angle. In some embodiments, the first displacement angle is averaged with the average of the second and third displacement angles. An exemplary first control angle 104 based on the first and second displacement angles 100 and 102 is illustrated in FIG. 9. In some embodiments, if the average of the second and third displacement angles falls between the value of the first displacement angle and the value of the first displacement angle minus 180.degree., then the value of the first control angle is based on the average value of the second and thirds displacement angles minus 180.degree.. Other formulas may also be used to derive an angle value for the first control angle. [0032] After calculating a first control angle, the cubic Bezier curve logic 58 generates a first control ray extending from the end point (P.sub.x) at an angle equal to the first control angle as measured from the horizontal reference line containing the end point (P.sub.x). Again, the value of a first control angle may be measured in a counterclockwise direction from a horizontal reference line. The first control ray generated from the first control angle provides a reference line for a control point for the end point (P.sub.x). An exemplary first control ray 106 starting at the first end point 82 and extending infinitely at an angle equal to the first control value 104 from the horizontal reference line 96 is also illustrated in FIG. 9. [0033] To determine a precise location for a control point along the first control ray, the cubic Bezier curve logic 58 calculates a first derived distance. The first derived distance specifies a distance or length between the end point and a first control point as measured along the first control ray. In some embodiments, when determining a control point for an end point, the derived distance is equal to half the length of the straight line segment containing the end point. The first derived distance may also be set to other values, such as the average of the first and second straight line segments, one-third the length of the first straight line segment, the value of the longer of the first and second straight line segments minus the shorter of the first and second straight line segments, a constant value, or the like. The particular formula for the first derived distance may depend on the characteristics of the graphics rendering application 56 and/or the set of points. As illustrated in FIG. 10, an exemplary first derived distance 107 equal to half the length of the second line segment 92 marks the location of a first control point 108. The first control point 108 is associated with the first end point 82 and will be used for a cubic Bezier curve connecting the first end point 82 and the second non-end point 84. In general, a control point generated or associated with an end point (P.sub.x) is used in a cubic Bezier curve connecting the end point (P.sub.x) and the next consecutive point to the end point (P.sub.x+1 or P.sub.x-1). [0034] It should be noted that intermediary line segments, reference lines, displacement angles, control rays, control angles, and derived distances are used to generate a control point and may be calculated internally by cubic Bezier curve logic 58. These intermediary calculations and geometric shapes are not, in general, rendered or displayed during the process of generating control points or when the final cubic Bezier curve is displayed. FIG. 11 illustrates the set of points 80 and the first control point 108 after removing the intermediary line segments, reference lines, control ray, and like, which were used to determine the first control point 108. [0035] In some embodiments, a similar method as described above is used to determine control points associated with a non-end point. The method for non-end points, however, generates two control points instead of one. As before, to start the method, the cubic Bezier curve logic 58 determines a first straight line segment between the non-end point (P.sub.y) and the next consecutive point (P.sub.y+1) and a second line segment between the non-end point (P.sub.y) and the previous consecutive point (P.sub.y-1). Exemplary line segments 90 and 92 are illustrated in FIG. 12. The cubic Bezier curve logic 58 also determines or uses the horizontal reference line 94 containing the non-end point. [0036] Using the horizontal reference line, which contains the non-end point (P.sub.y), the cubic Bezier curve application determines a fourth displacement angle between the horizontal reference line and the first line segment between the non-end point (P.sub.y) and the next consecutive point (P.sub.y+1). The cubic Bezier curve application also determines a fifth displacement angle between the horizontal reference line containing the non-end point (P.sub.y) and the second line segment connecting the non-end point (P.sub.y) with the previous consecutive point (P.sub.y-1). As previously stated, the displacement angles may be measured in a counterclockwise direction from the horizontal reference line. As illustrated in FIG. 13, an exemplary fourth displacement angle 112 spans from the first horizontal reference line 94 to the first line segment 90 and an exemplary fifth displacement angle 114 spans from the first horizontal reference line 94 to the second line segment 92. [0037] After determining the fourth and fifth displacement angles for the non-end point, the cubic Bezier curve logic 58 calculates a second and third control angle. The values of the second and third control angles may be derived from the values of the fourth and fifth displacement angles. In some embodiments, if the value of the fourth displacement angle is greater than the value of the fifth displacement value, then the value of the second control angle is equal to the average of the values of the fourth and fifth displacement angles plus 90.degree. and the value of the third control angle is equal to the average of the values of the fourth and fifth displacement angles minus 90.degree.. Otherwise, the value of the second control angle is equal to the average of the values of the fourth and fifth displacement angles minus 90.degree. and the value of the third control angle is equal to the average of the fourth and fifth displacement angles plus 90.degree.. Other methods of calculating the second and third control angles may be used, but the second and third control angles must always be 180.degree. apart. Exemplary second and third control angles 116 and 118 are illustrated in FIG. 14. [0038] As described above for the first control angle, using the second and third control angles, the cubic Bezier curve logic 58 generates a second control ray and a third control ray, respectively. In some embodiments, both the second control ray and the third control ray extend infinitely from the non-end point at angles specified by the second and third control angles respectively. As previously described, the second and third control angles may be measured in a counterclockwise direction from the horizontal reference line that contains the non-end point. The second and third control rays each provide an infinite reference line for a control point associated with the non-end point. FIG. 14 also illustrates an exemplary second control ray 120 extending from the second non-end point 84 at an angle equal to the calculated second control angle 116 and an exemplary third control ray 121 extending from the second non-end point 84 at an angle equal to the third control angle 118. Both the second and third control angles are measured from the first horizontal reference line 94. [0039] To determine precise control points for the non-end point (one control point along each of the second and third control rays), the cubic Bezier curve logic 58 may calculate a second and third derived distance. The second derived distance may specify a distance measured along the second control ray between the non-end point and a second control point for the non-end point. The third derived distance may specify a distance measured along the third control ray between the non-end point and a third control point for the non-end point. The second control point associated with the non-end point may be used in a cubic Bezier curve connecting the non-end point with the previous consecutive point, and the third control point associated with the non-end point may be used in a cubic Bezier curve connecting the non-end point with the next consecutive point. [0040] In some embodiments, the second derived distance is equal to the third derived distance, and both the second and third derived distances are equal to half the length of the shorter of the two straight line segments previously determined that contain the non-end point. As previously described, other formulas may be used to calculate derived distances. For the exemplary set of points 80, the lines segments containing the second non-end point 84 are the first line segment 90 and the second line segment 92. Consequently, as illustrated in FIG. 15, the values of a second derived distance 122 and a third derived distance 123 may be set to half the length of the shorter of the first and second line segments 90 and 92. The second and third derived distances 122 and 123 subsequently generate a second control point 124 and a third control point 126. [0041] FIG. 16 illustrates the set of points 80, the first control point 108, the second control point 124, and the third control point 126 with the intermediary reference lines, angles, and rays removed. [0042] The above method for generating control points for non-end points may be repeated for each non-end point contained within a set of points. In some embodiments, in order to complete a series of cubic Bezier curves connecting a set of points, however, a control point must be generated that is associated with a last point, or a final end point, contained in a set of points. The method previously presented for an end point may be repeated for the last end point. To determine a final control point for the exemplary set of points 80, the cubic Bezier curve logic 58 starts the method, as illustrated in FIG. 17, by determining the first line segment 90 between the second non-end point 84 and the third end point 86 and the second line segment 92 between the second non-end point 84 and the first end point 82. The cubic Bezier curve logic 58 also determines the first horizontal line 94 containing the second non-end point 84 and a third horizontal line 130 containing the third end point 86, as illustrated in FIG. 17. [0043] After determining the horizontal reference lines 94 and 130, the cubic Bezier curve logic 58 determines a sixth displacement angle 132 between the third horizontal reference line 130 and the first line segment 90 and a seventh displacement angle 134 between the first horizontal reference line 94 and the second line segment 92 and an eighth displacement angle 135 between the first horizontal reference line 94 and the first line segment 90 (see FIG. 18). [0044] Using the sixth displacement angle 132 and the average of the seventh displacement angle 134 and the eighth displacement angle 135, the cubic Bezier curve logic 58 derives a fourth control angle 136, as illustrated in FIG. 19. In some embodiments, the sixth displacement angle is averaged with the average of the seventh and eighth displacement angles. In some embodiments, if the average of the seventh and eighth displacement angles falls between the value of the sixth displacement angle and the value of the sixth displacement angle minus 180.degree., then the value of the fourth control angle uses the average value of the seventh and eighth displacement angles minus 180.degree.. As previously indicated, other formulas may also be used to derive an angle value for the fourth control angle 136. [0045] After calculating the fourth control angle 136, the cubic Bezier curve logic 58 generates a fourth control ray 138 extending from the third end point 86 at an angle equal to the value of the fourth control angle 136 as measured from third horizontal reference line 130 (see FIG. 19). Again, the value of the fourth control angle 136 may be measured in a counterclockwise direction from the third horizontal reference line 130. The fourth control ray 138 generated from the fourth control angle 136 provides a reference line for a fourth control point 140 associated with the third end point 86. [0046] To determine a precise location for the fourth control point 140 along the fourth control ray 138, the cubic Bezier curve logic 58 calculates a fourth derived distance 141. The fourth derived distance 141 specifies a distance or length between the third end point 86 and the fourth control point 140 as measured along the fourth control ray 138. In some embodiments, the fourth derived distance 141 is equal to half the length of the first line segment 90 that contains the third end point 86. The fourth derived distance 141, illustrated in FIG. 20, is equal to half the length of the first line segment 90 and marks the location of the fourth control point 140. The control point 140, associated with the third end point 86, is used in a cubic Bezier curve connecting the third end point 86 and the second non-end point 84. [0047] FIG. 21 illustrates the set of points 80, the first control point 108, the second control point 124, the third control point 126, and the fourth control point 140 with the intermediary line segments, reference lines, displacement angles, and the like removed. Using the set of points 80; the generated control points 108, 124, 126, and 140; and a set of cubic Bezier curve equations, the cubic Bezier curve logic 58, graphics rendering application 56, or operating system 52 can generate a series of cubic Bezier curves connecting the first end point 82, the second non-end point 84, and the third end point 86. FIG. 22 illustrates the set of points 80 connected by a cubic Bezier curve 148 and a cubic Bezier curve 149. It should be noted that the control points 108, 124, 126, and 140 and the dashed line connecting each control point to its respective point from the set of points 80, are shown for illustrative purposes and may not be displayed with the cubic Bezier curves 148 and 149. The cubic Bezier curve 148 connects the first end point 82 to the second non-end point 84 by a spline 150. The shape of the spline 150 is influenced by the first control point 108 associated with the first end point 82 and the second control point 124 associated with the second non-end point 84. The cubic Bezier curve 149 connects the second non-end point 84 to the third end point 86 by a spline 152. The shape of the spline 152 is influenced by the third control point 126 associated with the second non-end point 84 and the fourth control point 140 associated with the third end point 86. As illustrated in FIG. 22, the generated control points 108, 124, 126, and 140 are used to create a series of cubic Bezier curves 148 and 149 that smoothly connect the set of points 80. [0048] Various features and advantages of the invention are set forth in the following claims. Brief Patent Description - Full Patent Description - Patent Application Claims Click on the above for other options relating to this Methods for generating control points for cubic bezier curves patent application. Related Patent Applications:<PHONE_NUMBER>0 - Determining camera motion - Camera motion is determined in a three-dimensional image capture system using a combination of two-dimensional image data and three-dimensional point cloud data available from a stereoscopic, multi-aperture, or similar camera system. 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Start now! - Receive info on patent apps like Methods for generating control points for cubic bezier curves or other areas of interest. ### Previous Patent Application: Power supply apparatus and method Next Patent Application: Rendering apparatus and method for a real-time 3d ultrasound diagnostic system Industry Class: Computer graphics processing, operator interface processing, and selective visual display systems ### FreshPatents.com Support Thank you for viewing the Methods for generating control points for cubic bezier curves patent info. IP-related news and info Results in 0.25498 seconds Other interesting Feshpatents.com categories: Qualcomm , Schering-Plough , Schlumberger , Seagate , Siemens , Texas Instruments , |


Ahead of SC's hearing, BJP MP Sanjay Kakade meets Sharad Pawar
On the other hand, the Nationalist Congress Party late on Saturday moved 44 MLAs to Renaissance Hotel here on Saturday.
by ANIMumbai: Amidst the ongoing political tussle in Maharashtra, BJP MP Sanjay Kakade met NCP Chief Sharad Pawar's at his residence here on Sunday.
Following the meeting with NCP chief, Kakade said that he "met Pawar for personal reasons".
The meeting between Kakade and NCP chief comes ahead of Supreme Court hearing on a joint plea of Shiv Sena, NCP and Congress against the decision of Maharashtra Governor inviting BJP's Devendra Fadnavis to form the government.
At a time when deliberations among Congress, NCP and Shiv Sena on the formation of a non-BJP government in the state had seemingly reached the final stage, the BJP formed the government in a surprise development on Saturday morning.
In a ceremony held at Raj Bhawan, Devendra Fadnavis took oath for the second consecutive term as the state's Chief Minister, while Ajit Pawar of NCP was sworn-in as deputy chief minister.
On the other hand, the Nationalist Congress Party late on Saturday moved 44 MLAs to Renaissance Hotel here on Saturday.
The BJP won 105 seats in the 288-member assembly followed by Shiv Sena 56, NCP 54 and Congress 44.
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National Statistics
This release reports on pupil absence in primary and secondary schools in the autumn and spring terms of the 2012 to 2013 academic year.
PDF , 419KB , 11 pages
MS Excel Spreadsheet , 175KB
MS Excel Spreadsheet , 104KB
ZIP , 1.91MB
Plain text , 1.01KB
This release reports on pupil absence in maintained primary and secondary schools, city technology colleges and academies across autumn term 2012 and spring term 2013.
It is based on pupil-level absence data collected via the school census for the two terms combined. The release provides information on the levels of absence (overall, authorised and unauthorised) by type of school and absence by reason, with summary statistics on persistent absentees.
Queries should be directed to:
Andrew Clarke
Published: 15 October 2013
From: Department for Education
Part of: Statistics: pupil absence


Crime Mapping and Spatial Analysis
Class 1: Theoretical Framework and Research Design
John Palmer
Plan
Schedule
Weeks 2-5, 7, 9: Tuesdays 12:30-14:30.
Weeks 2-10: Thursdays 12:30-14:30.
Teaching Method
Lectures
Computer Labs
Office Hours
Thursdays, 14:45-15:45, Room 20.100
Online Reservations
Evaluation
Participation (10% of final grade)
Computer lab exercises (40% of final grade)
Final project - mapping component (20% of final grade)
Final project - spatial analysis component (30% of final grade)
Outline
Block I: Introduction, Review, and Theory
Theoretical framework, research design, research ethics
Qualitative and quantitative analysis
Space and time in criminology
Block 2: Geographic Information Systems
GIS data, software, and hardware
Crime mapping I
Crime mapping II
Outline
Block 3: Spatial Analysis
Buffers, distances, aggregation, patterns, and clustering
Correlation, autocorrelation, and inference
New data sources and methods
Block 4: Synthesis
Socio-spatial research in criminology
Philosophy
Ontology
What exists?
What is the nature of what we are studying?
Objectivism vs. Constructionism
Epistemology
What is the nature of knowledge?
What is or should be regarded as acceptable knowledge?
Positivism vs. Interpretivism
Research Logics
Research Strategies and Paradigms
Scientific Practice
Paradigms and revolutions (Kuhn, 1962)
Social science peculiarities
Neo-Positivist Approach
Question
Hypothesis
Prediction
Testing
Analysis
Review
Replication
Falsification
Inference
Descriptive
Causal
Generalization & Simplification
Parsimony
Models
Uncertainty
Key Ideas
Unpredictability
Randomness and deterministic chaos
Stochastic vs. systematic components
Population Dynamics Example
$$N_{i+1} = rN_{i}\left(1-\frac{N_i}{K}\right)$$
Excel Demo
Research Design
Criteria
Reliability
Replicability
Validity
Reliability
Do our measures give stable and consistent values?
Replicability
Can others replicate our findings?
Validity
Internal validity
External validity
Design Types
Experimental
Quasi-Experimental
Cross-Sectional
Longitudinal
Case Study
Comparative
Research Questions
Basic vs. Applied
Broad vs. Narrow
Substantive vs. Methodological
What, Why, How
Feasibility
Connection to literature
Connection to research agenda
Literature Review
Purposes
Foundation
Authority
Dialog
Questions
What is already known?
What concepts and theories are relevant?
What methods and strategies have been employed?
Are there significant controversies?
Are there inconsistencies?
Are there gaps?
Stories
Synthesized, inter-textual coherence
Progressive, inter-textual coherence
Non-coherence
Incomplete literature
Incommensurate literature
Finding Sources
Databases
Librarians
Experts
Snowballs
Evaluating Sources
Content
Credibility
Authority
Relevance
Organizing Information
Reference managers
Mendeley
Zotero
BibTex


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Many JavaScript built-in functions support an arbitrary number of arguments.
For instance:
Math.max(arg1, arg2, ..., argN)
– returns the greatest of the arguments.Object.assign(dest, src1, ..., srcN)
– copies properties from src1..N
into dest
.In this chapter we’ll learn how to do the same. And also, how to pass arrays to such functions as parameters.
...
A function can be called with any number of arguments, no matter how it is defined.
Like here:
```js run function sum(a, b) { return a + b; }
alert(sum(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)); ```
There will be no error because of “excessive” arguments. But of course in the result only the first two will be counted.
The rest of the parameters can be included in the function definition by using three dots ...
followed by the name of the array that will contain them. The dots literally mean “gather the remaining parameters into an array”.
For instance, to gather all arguments into array args
:
```js run function sumAll(…args) { // args is the name for the array let sum = 0;
for (let arg of args) sum += arg;
return sum; }
alert(sumAll(1)); // 1 alert(sumAll(1, 2)); // 3 alert(sumAll(1, 2, 3)); // 6 ```
We can choose to get the first parameters as variables, and gather only the rest.
Here the first two arguments go into variables and the rest go into titles
array:
```js run function showName(firstName, lastName, …titles) { alert(firstName + " " + lastName); // Julius Caesar
// the rest go into titles array // i.e. titles = [“Consul”, “Imperator”] alert(titles[0]); // Consul alert(titles[1]); // Imperator alert(titles.length); // 2 }
showName(“Julius”, “Caesar”, “Consul”, “Imperator”); ```
````warn header=“The rest parameters must be at the end” The rest parameters gather all remaining arguments, so the following does not make sense and causes an error:
The ...rest
must always be last. ````
There is also a special array-like object named arguments
that contains all arguments by their index.
For instance:
```js run function showName() { alert(arguments.length); alert(arguments[0]); alert(arguments[1]);
// it’s iterable // for(let arg of arguments) alert(arg); }
// shows: 2, Julius, Caesar showName(“Julius”, “Caesar”);
// shows: 1, Ilya, undefined (no second argument) showName(“Ilya”); ```
In old times, rest parameters did not exist in the language, and using arguments
was the only way to get all arguments of the function. And it still works, we can find it in the old code.
But the downside is that although arguments
is both array-like and iterable, it’s not an array. It does not support array methods, so we can’t call arguments.map(...)
for example.
Also, it always contains all arguments. We can’t capture them partially, like we did with rest parameters.
So when we need these features, then rest parameters are preferred.
```smart header="Arrow functions do not have
"arguments"" If we access the
arguments` object from an arrow function, it takes them from the outer “normal” function.
Here’s an example:
```js run function f() { let showArg = () => alert(arguments[0]); showArg(); }
f(1); // 1
As we remember, arrow functions don't have their own `this`. Now we know they don't have the special `arguments` object either.
We’ve just seen how to get an array from the list of parameters.
But sometimes we need to do exactly the reverse.
For instance, there’s a built-in function Math.max that returns the greatest number from a list:
js run alert( Math.max(3, 5, 1) ); // 5
Now let’s say we have an array [3, 5, 1]
. How do we call Math.max
with it?
Passing it “as is” won’t work, because Math.max
expects a list of numeric arguments, not a single array:
```js run let arr = [3, 5, 1];
! alert( Math.max(arr) ); // NaN /! ```
And surely we can’t manually list items in the code Math.max(arr[0], arr[1], arr[2])
, because we may be unsure how many there are. As our script executes, there could be a lot, or there could be none. And that would get ugly.
Spread syntax to the rescue! It looks similar to rest parameters, also using ...
, but does quite the opposite.
When ...arr
is used in the function call, it “expands” an iterable object arr
into the list of arguments.
For Math.max
:
```js run let arr = [3, 5, 1];
alert( Math.max(…arr) ); // 5 (spread turns array into a list of arguments) ```
We also can pass multiple iterables this way:
```js run let arr1 = [1, -2, 3, 4]; let arr2 = [8, 3, -8, 1];
alert( Math.max(…arr1, …arr2) ); // 8 ```
We can even combine the spread syntax with normal values:
```js run let arr1 = [1, -2, 3, 4]; let arr2 = [8, 3, -8, 1];
alert( Math.max(1, …arr1, 2, …arr2, 25) ); // 25 ```
Also, the spread syntax can be used to merge arrays:
```js run let arr = [3, 5, 1]; let arr2 = [8, 9, 15];
! let merged = [0, …arr, 2, …arr2]; /!
alert(merged); // 0,3,5,1,2,8,9,15 (0, then arr, then 2, then arr2) ```
In the examples above we used an array to demonstrate the spread syntax, but any iterable will do.
For instance, here we use the spread syntax to turn the string into array of characters:
```js run let str = “Hello”;
alert( […str] ); // H,e,l,l,o ```
The spread syntax internally uses iterators to gather elements, the same way as for..of
does.
So, for a string, for..of
returns characters and ...str
becomes "H","e","l","l","o"
. The list of characters is passed to array initializer [...str]
.
For this particular task we could also use Array.from
, because it converts an iterable (like a string) into an array:
```js run let str = “Hello”;
// Array.from converts an iterable into an array alert( Array.from(str) ); // H,e,l,l,o ```
The result is the same as [...str]
.
But there’s a subtle difference between Array.from(obj)
and [...obj]
:
Array.from
operates on both array-likes and iterables.So, for the task of turning something into an array, Array.from
tends to be more universal.
Remember when we talked about Object.assign()
in the past?
It is possible to do the same thing with the spread syntax.
```js run let arr = [1, 2, 3];
! let arrCopy = […arr]; // spread the array into a list of parameters // then put the result into a new array /!
// do the arrays have the same contents? alert(JSON.stringify(arr) === JSON.stringify(arrCopy)); // true
// are the arrays equal? alert(arr === arrCopy); // false (not same reference)
// modifying our initial array does not modify the copy: arr.push(4); alert(arr); // 1, 2, 3, 4 alert(arrCopy); // 1, 2, 3 ```
Note that it is possible to do the same thing to make a copy of an object:
```js run let obj = { a: 1, b: 2, c: 3 };
! let objCopy = { …obj }; // spread the object into a list of parameters // then return the result in a new object /!
// do the objects have the same contents? alert(JSON.stringify(obj) === JSON.stringify(objCopy)); // true
// are the objects equal? alert(obj === objCopy); // false (not same reference)
// modifying our initial object does not modify the copy: obj.d = 4; alert(JSON.stringify(obj)); // {“a”:1,“b”:2,“c”:3,“d”:4} alert(JSON.stringify(objCopy)); // {“a”:1,“b”:2,“c”:3}
This way of copying an object is much shorter than `let objCopy = Object.assign({}, obj)` or for an array `let arrCopy = Object.assign([], arr)` so we prefer to use it whenever we can.
## Summary
When we see `"..."` in the code, it is either rest parameters or the spread syntax.
There's an easy way to distinguish between them:
- When `...` is at the end of function parameters, it's "rest parameters" and gathers the rest of the list of arguments into an array.
- When `...` occurs in a function call or alike, it's called a "spread syntax" and expands an array into a list.
Use patterns:
- Rest parameters are used to create functions that accept any number of arguments.
- The spread syntax is used to pass an array to functions that normally require a list of many arguments.
Together they help to travel between a list and an array of parameters with ease.
All arguments of a function call are also available in "old-style" `arguments`: array-like iterable object.


Asking Good Questions
While I rely on the Internet for finding the answers to many (perhaps too many) questions these days. I find that I am rarely the primary inquirer on forums. That said, I have always been able to find the information that I need, and when I need a more in depth explanation, I usually find a personal contact. I know I need to get into practice of asking questions online, but this system has worked so well thus far and saved me the scorn of trolls.
Alas, regardless of the forum, the key to a good question (or set of questions) is clarity and brevity. People are eager to tell you what they know but you have to make it easy/fun for them. Also, they will usually come into a situation thinking they know what you want to know, and when that doesn't exactly align with what you're seeking, that's when clear questions can get you back on track.
I think the reality, is that having a larger question (thesis, if you will) is important, but more often than not you can divine the answer that larger question by getting the answers to several smaller simpler questions. Furthermore, often you start off and you think you know what you're trying to find out, but in reality it is not until you ask a lot of questions that you realize what your real question is. Sometimes asking the wrong question is the key to understanding what the right question.


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Refresh this page once it's enabled.
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read_patterns.Rd
Be aware that the files this is designed to work with are large and this function may take a while to execute. This function takes a single .csv.gz
SafeGraph patterns file and reads it in. The output is a data.table
(or a list of them if multiple are specified) including the file filename
collapsed and expanded in different ways.
read_patterns( filename, dir = ".", by = NULL, fun = function(x) sum(x, na.rm = TRUE), na.rm = TRUE, filter = NULL, expand_int = NULL, expand_cat = NULL, expand_name = NULL, multi = NULL, naics_link = NULL, select = NULL, gen_fips = TRUE, start_date = NULL, silent = FALSE, ... )
| filename | The filename of the |
|---|---|
| dir | The directory in which the file sits. |
| by | A character vector giving the variable names of the level to be collapsed to using |
| fun | Function to use to aggregate the expanded variable to the |
| na.rm | Whether to remove any missing values of the expanded variable before aggregating. Does not remove missing values of the |
| filter | A character string describing a logical statement for filtering the data, for example |
| expand_int | A character variable with the name of The first e JSON variable in integer format ([1,2,3,...]) to be expanded into rows. Cannot be specified along with |
| expand_cat | A JSON variable in categorical format (A: 2, B: 3, etc.) to be expanded into rows. Ignored if |
| expand_name | The name of the new variable to be created with the category index for the expanded variable. |
| multi | A list of lists, for the purposes of creating a list of multiple processed files. This will vastly speed up processing over doing each of them one at a time. Each named list has the entry |
| naics_link | A |
| select | Character vector of variables to get from the file. Set to |
| gen_fips | Set to |
| start_date | The first date in the file, as a date object. If omitted, will assume that the filename begins YYYY-MM-DD. |
| silent | Set to TRUE to suppress timecode message. |
| ... | Other arguments to be passed to |
Note that after reading in data, if gen_fips = TRUE
, state and county names can be merged in using data(fips_to_names)
.
if (FALSE) { # 'patterns-part-1.csv.gz' is a weekly patterns file in the main-file folder, which is the working directory patterns <- read_patterns('patterns-part-1.csv.gz', # We only need these variables (and poi_cbg which is auto-added with gen_fips = TRUE) select = c('brands','visits_by_day'), # We want two formatted files to come out. The first aggregates to the state-brand-day level, getting visits by day multi = list(list(name = 'by_brands', by = c('state_fips','brands'), expand_int = 'visits_by_day'), # The second aggregates to the state-county-day level but only for Colorado and COnnecticut (see the filter) list(name = 'co_and_ct', by = c('state_fips','county_fips'), filter = 'state_fips %in% 8:9', expand_int = 'visits_by_day'))) patterns_brands <- patterns[[1]] patterns_co_and_ct <- patterns[[2]] }


@* * Copyright 2019 HM Revenue & Customs * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. *@ @import core.config.AppConfig @import core.views.html.helpers._ @import core.views.html.templates.main_template @import incometax.business.forms.AccountingPeriodDateForm._ @import incometax.business.models.AccountingPeriodModel @import incometax.business.models.enums.{AccountingPeriodViewType, RegistrationAccountingPeriodView, SignUpAccountingPeriodView} @import play.api.data.Form @import uk.gov.hmrc.play.views.html.helpers.form @(accountingPeriodForm: Form[AccountingPeriodModel], postAction: Call, viewType: AccountingPeriodViewType, isEditMode: Boolean, backUrl: String)(implicit request: Request[_], messages: Messages, appConfig: AppConfig) @main_template(title = Messages("accounting_period.title"), form = accountingPeriodForm) { @back_link(backUrl) @summaryErrorHelper(accountingPeriodForm)
@viewType match { case SignUpAccountingPeriodView => {@Messages("accounting_period.line_1.signup")} case RegistrationAccountingPeriodView => {@Messages("accounting_period.line_1.registration")} }


{{ define "main" }}
There's nothing here.Create an interesting post with the command:
$ hugo new post/hello-world.md


This application demonstrates a typical end-user interaction between an OAuth enabled Consumer (this website) and a Service Provider (MySpace)
The profile and friends information is fetched using the MySpaceID REST API and is used only for display purposes and is NOT stored in any way by the demo app


Allow artists to create their FBX Library
Main functions:
Artist can update FBX, create your library assets for many difference projects
Can work as a local - server library


Classes
The following classes are available globally.
-
Undocumented
See moreDeclaration
Swift
open class Hypothesis
-
Undocumented
See moreDeclaration
Swift
open class iRecognizer
-
Undocumented
See moreDeclaration
Swift
open class iRecognizerSetup
-
Undocumented
See moreDeclaration
Swift
open class iSphinxRecorder: NSObject, AVAudioPlayerDelegate
-
Undocumented
See moreDeclaration
Swift
open class NBestIterator
-
Undocumented
See moreDeclaration
Swift
open class NGramModel
-
Undocumented
See moreDeclaration
Swift
open class NGramModelSet
-
Undocumented
See moreDeclaration
Swift
open class NGramModelSetIterator
-
Undocumented
See moreDeclaration
Swift
open class SegmentIterator


Create a Profile
Are you a Designer? Developer? Put yourself out there so that others can find you!
Find a Developer
Looking for a fantastic developer to work with on the next big thing? Look no further.
Find a Designer
Need someone who can make a product intuitive and appealing? Get ready.


class: inverse, middle, left, my-title-slide, title-slide # Model Checking and Selection ### Noam Ross ### August 13, 2020 --- class: inverse middle center big-subsection # Good Morning! --- # Logistics ## Today: - Morning: Model Checking and Variable Selection with Me - Afternoon: Prediction and Variation with Gavin ## Reminder - Links seminar materials in the "Workshops Material" channel - Re-download for latest tweaks and updates - Software problems? Use the online RStudio instance: [bit.ly/gam-rstudio](https://bit.ly/gam-rstudio) - Ask questions as we go, we'll answer in chat and at the end of sections --- # Review .pull-left[ - Basis Functions - Penalization - Smooths with `s()`, `te()`, and `ti()` many distributions! ```r shrimp <- read.csv(here("data/trawl_nl.csv")) shrimp2010 <- subset(shrimp, year==2010) b_shrimp <- gam(shrimp ~ + s(x, y), data=shrimp2010, family=quasipoisson, method="REML") ``` ] .pull-right[ ```r plot(b_shrimp, scheme = 2, asp=1) ``` ![](03-model-checking-and-selection_files/figure-html/plot-effect-1.svg) ] --- class: inverse middle center subsection # Model checking --- # Are predictions or inference any good? Only if model specification matches the data-generating process ![](03-model-checking-and-selection_files/figure-html/misspecify-1.svg) --- background-image: url(figures/mug.jpg) background-size: contain --- # How do we test for misspecification? - Examine residuals and diagostic plots: `gam.check()` part 1 - Test for residual patterns in data: `gam.check()` part 2 - Look for confounding relationships amongst variables: `concurvity()` ??? --- class: inverse middle center subsection # Using `gam.check()` part 1: Visual Checks --- # gam.check() plots The `gam.check()` function runs on your fit model creates 4 plots: 1. **Quantile-quantile plots** of theoretical vs. actual residuals should follow 1-1 line. 2. **Histogram of residuals** should be symmetrical and gaussian. 3. **Residuals vs. linear predictor** should be homogeneous across range of model. (_Usually! Not always so in count models._) 4. **Observed vs. fitted values** ideally follows 1-1 line, the tighter the better! `gam.check()` uses _deviance residuals_ by default --- # Gaussian model on Gaussian data ```r norm_model <- gam(y_norm ~ s(x1, k=12) + s(x2, k=12), method = 'REML') gam.check(norm_model, rep = 500) ``` ![](03-model-checking-and-selection_files/figure-html/gam_check_plots1-1.svg) --- # Negative binomial data, Poisson model ```r pois_model <- gam(y_negbinom ~ s(x1, k=12) + s(x2, k=12), family=poisson, method= 'REML') gam.check(pois_model, rep = 500) ``` ![](03-model-checking-and-selection_files/figure-html/gam_check_plots2-1.svg) --- # NB data, NB model ```r negbin_model <- gam(y_negbinom ~ s(x1, k=12) + s(x2, k=12), family = nb, method = 'REML') gam.check(negbin_model, rep = 500) ``` ![](03-model-checking-and-selection_files/figure-html/gam_check_plots3-1.svg) --- # A (sometimes) helpful addition: DHARMa .pull-left[ The **DHARMa** package generates _quantile residual plots_ that can be more intuitive to read for non-normal data. - Simulated residuals should be uniformly distributed - Includes tests for patterns in residuals - Currently only supports some distributions in mgcv (binomial, poisson) ] .pull-right[ ```r library(DHARMa) sim_resids <- simulateResiduals(pois_model) plotResiduals(sim_resids) ``` ![](03-model-checking-and-selection_files/figure-html/dharma2-1.svg) ] ??? Simulated data --- class: inverse middle center subsection # `gam.check()` part 2: do you have the right functional form? --- # How good is the smooth? - Many choices influence whether a smooth is right for the data, one key one is **k**, the number of basis functions used to construct the smooth. - **k** sets the _maximum_ wiggliness of a smooth. The smoothing penalty `\((\lambda)\)` remove "extra wiggliness" (_up to a point!_) - We want enough **k** to model all our complexity, but larger **k** means larger computation time (sometimes `\(O(n^2)\)`) - Set **k** per term in your model: `s(x, k=10)` or `s(x, y, k=100)`. Default values must be checked! --- # Checking basis size `gam.check()` prints diagnostics for basis size. Significant values indicate non-random residual patterns not captured by smooths. ```r norm_model_1 <- gam(y_norm~s(x1, k = 4) + s(x2, k = 4), method = 'REML') gam.check(norm_model_1) ``` ``` ## ## Method: REML Optimizer: outer newton ## full convergence after 8 iterations. ## Gradient range [-0.0003467788,0.0005154578] ## (score 736.9402 & scale 2.252304). ## Hessian positive definite, eigenvalue range [0.000346021,198.5041]. ## Model rank = 7 / 7 ## ## Basis dimension (k) checking results. Low p-value (k-index<1) may ## indicate that k is too low, especially if edf is close to k'. ## ## k' edf k-index p-value ## s(x1) 3.00 1.00 0.13 <2e-16 *** ## s(x2) 3.00 2.91 1.04 0.83 ## --- ## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1 ``` --- background-image: url(figures/rookie.jpg) background-size: contain --- # Checking basis size Increasing basis size can move issues to another part of the model. ```r norm_model_2 <- gam(y_norm ~ s(x1, k = 12) + s(x2, k = 4), method = 'REML') gam.check(norm_model_2) ``` ``` ## ## Method: REML Optimizer: outer newton ## full convergence after 11 iterations. ## Gradient range [-5.658609e-06,5.392657e-06] ## (score 345.3111 & scale 0.2706205). ## Hessian positive definite, eigenvalue range [0.967727,198.6299]. ## Model rank = 15 / 15 ## ## Basis dimension (k) checking results. Low p-value (k-index<1) may ## indicate that k is too low, especially if edf is close to k'. ## ## k' edf k-index p-value ## s(x1) 11.00 10.84 0.99 0.375 ## s(x2) 3.00 2.98 0.86 0.015 * ## --- ## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1 ``` --- # Checking basis size Successively check issues in all smooths. ```r norm_model_3 <- gam(y_norm ~ s(x1, k = 12) + s(x2, k = 12),method = 'REML') gam.check(norm_model_3) ``` ``` ## ## Method: REML Optimizer: outer newton ## full convergence after 8 iterations. ## Gradient range [-1.136198e-08,6.865619e-13] ## (score 334.2084 & scale 0.2485446). ## Hessian positive definite, eigenvalue range [2.812271,198.6868]. ## Model rank = 23 / 23 ## ## Basis dimension (k) checking results. Low p-value (k-index<1) may ## indicate that k is too low, especially if edf is close to k'. ## ## k' edf k-index p-value ## s(x1) 11.00 10.85 0.98 0.32 ## s(x2) 11.00 7.95 0.95 0.14 ``` --- # Checking basis size ![](03-model-checking-and-selection_files/figure-html/gam_check_norm4-1.svg) --- class: inverse center middle subsection # `concurvity()`: how independent are my variables? --- # What is concurvity? - Nonlinear measure of variable relationships, similar to co-linearity - Generally a property of a _model_ and data, not data alone - In linear models, we may be concerned about co-linear variables, which we can find with `cor(data)`, or `pairs(data)` of the data - When using GAMs, we use `concurvity(model)` ??? Concurvity must be a model property because it depends on the type of curves allowed --- # Effects of concurvity Independent variables yield nice, separable nonlinear GAM terms ![](03-model-checking-and-selection_files/figure-html/concurve1-1.svg) --- # Effects of concurvity Modest dependence between predictor variables increases uncertainty. ![](03-model-checking-and-selection_files/figure-html/concurve2-1.svg) --- # Effects of concurvity Smooth forms and intervals go **buck wild** under strong dependence. ![](03-model-checking-and-selection_files/figure-html/concurve4-1.svg) --- # Use `concurvity()` to diagnose (It's easier to read with `round()`) .pull-left[ ```r round(concurvity(some_model), 2) ``` ``` ## para s(x1_cc) s(x2_cc) ## worst 0 0.84 0.84 ## observed 0 0.22 0.57 ## estimate 0 0.28 0.60 ``` - `full=TRUE` how much each smooth is explained by _all_ others - `full=FALSE` how much each smooth is explained by _each_ other - 3 estimates provided ] .pull-right[ ```r lapply( concurvity(some_model, full= FALSE), round, 2) ``` ``` ## $worst ## para s(x1_cc) s(x2_cc) ## para 1 0.00 0.00 ## s(x1_cc) 0 1.00 0.84 ## s(x2_cc) 0 0.84 1.00 ## ## $observed ## para s(x1_cc) s(x2_cc) ## para 1 0.00 0.00 ## s(x1_cc) 0 1.00 0.57 ## s(x2_cc) 0 0.22 1.00 ## ## $estimate ## para s(x1_cc) s(x2_cc) ## para 1 0.00 0.0 ## s(x1_cc) 0 1.00 0.6 ## s(x2_cc) 0 0.28 1.0 ``` ] --- # Concurvity: Remember - Can make your model unstable to small changes - `cor(data)` not sufficient: use the `concurvity(model)` function - Not always obvious from plots of smooths!! --- class: inverse center middle subsection # To the Console! --- class: inverse center middle subsection # Model selection --- # Model selection Model (or variable) selection — an important area of theoretical and applied interest - In statistics we aim for a balance between *fit* and *parsimony* - In applied research we seek the set of covariates with strongest effects on `\(y\)` We seek a subset of covariates that improves *interpretability* and *prediction accuracy* Other models and software do this via: boosting, ridge/lasso penalization, stepwise variable, etc. Sometimes called _regularization_. --- # The **mgcv** way: additional spline penalties Smoothing parameter estimation allows selection of a wide range of potentially complex functions for smooths. But, cannot remove a term entirely from the model because the penalties used act only on the *range space* of a spline basis. The *null space* of the basis is unpenalised. - **Null space** — the basis functions that are linear - **Range space** — the basis functions that are wiggly Range space penalization shrinks *wiggliness*, null space penalization shrinks *slope*. --- # Null Space and Range Space ![](figures/nullrange.jpg) --- # Additional penalties **mgcv** has two ways to penalize the null space, i.e. to do selection - *double penalty approach* on all model smooths via `select = TRUE` - *shrinkage approach* via special bases for specfied smooths - thin plate spline (default, `s(..., bs = 'ts')`), - cubic splines (`s(..., bs = 'cs')`) **double penalty** tends to works best, but doubles the number of smoothness parameters to estimate --- # Applying selection via penalization .pull-left[ Really, all you need is `select = TRUE`! ```r b <- gam(y ~ s(x0) + s(x1) + s(x2) + s(x3) + s(x4) + s(x5), data = dat, family=poisson, select = TRUE, method = "REML" ) summary(b) ``` ] .pull-right[ ``` ## Family: poisson ## Link function: log ## ## Formula: ## y ~ s(x0) + s(x1) + s(x2) + s(x3) + s(x4) + s(x5) ## ## Parametric coefficients: ## Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|) ## (Intercept) 1.21758 0.04082 29.83 <2e-16 *** ## --- ## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1 ## ## Approximate significance of smooth terms: ## edf Ref.df Chi.sq p-value ## s(x0) 1.7655088 9 5.264 0.0397 * ## s(x1) 1.9271040 9 65.356 <2e-16 *** ## s(x2) 6.1351414 9 156.204 <2e-16 *** ## s(x3) 0.0002849 9 0.000 0.4068 <<< ## s(x4) 0.0003044 9 0.000 1.0000 <<< ## s(x5) 0.1756926 9 0.195 0.2963 <<< ``` ] --- # Applying selection via penalization ![](03-model-checking-and-selection_files/figure-html/plot-penal-model-1.svg) --- class: inverse center middle subsection # A Final Exercise! ---


I read the other day that Clive James (writer, critic, and presenter of odious and patronising TV programmes) states that he is engaged on “a search for the magic sentence in a world all too real”. In his case, the “magic sentence” is probably twenty thousand years in Sing Sing, but let that pass. What makes me gnash my teeth in irritation is that this portentous comment doesn't actually mean anything, it just sounds as if it does.  (I seem to recall one of James' other “talents” has been fawning to the royal family, so that gives us some idea just how “all too real” his world is.) End of minor rant.


Happiness Data: "/api/happiness"
Gini Index Data: "/api/gini"
Demographic Data: "/api/demographic"
Geographic Data: "/api/geographic"
Grouped Data: "/api/grouped_data"
Data by Region: "/api/grouped_data/{Region ID}"
Explaining Happiness: "/api/happiness_explain"
Explaining Happiness by Country: "/api/happiness_explain/{Country Name}"


|
| Value |
Description |
Notes |
|
| 01 |
ONIX audience codes |
Using a code from List 28 |
| 02 |
Proprietary |
As specified in <AudienceCodeTypeName> |
| 03 |
MPAA rating |
Motion Picture Association of America rating applied to movies |
| 04 |
BBFC rating |
British Board of Film Classification rating applied to movies |
| 05 |
FSK rating |
German FSK (Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle der Filmwirtschaft) rating applied to movies |
| 06 |
BTLF audience code |
French Canadian audience code list, used by BTLF for Memento |
| 07 |
Electre audience code |
Audience code used by Electre (France) |
| 08 |
ANELE Tipo |
Spain: educational audience and material type code of the Asociación Nacional de Editores de Libros y Material de Enseñanza |
| 09 |
AVI |
Code list used to specify reading levels for children’s books, used in Flanders, and formerly in the Netherlands – see also
code 18
|
| 10 |
USK rating |
German USK (Unterhaltungssoftware Selbstkontrolle) rating applied to video or computer games |
| 11 |
AWS |
Audience code used in Flanders |
| 12 |
Schulform |
Type of school: codelist maintained by VdS Bildungsmedien eV, the German association of educational media publishers. See
http://www.bildungsmedien.de/service/onixlisten/schulform_onix_codelist29_value12_0408.pdf
|
| 13 |
Bundesland |
School region: codelist maintained by VdS Bildungsmedien eV, the German association of educational media publishers, indicating
where products are licensed to be used in schools. See http://www.bildungsmedien.de/service/onixlisten/bundesland_onix_codelist29_value13_0408.pdf
|
| 14 |
Ausbildungsberuf |
Occupation: codelist for vocational training materials, maintained by VdS Bildungsmedien eV, the German association of educational
media publishers. See http://www.bildungsmedien.de/service/onixlisten/ausbildungsberufe_onix_codelist29_value14_0408.pdf
|
| 15 |
Suomalainen kouluasteluokitus |
Finnish school or college level |
| 16 |
CBG age guidance |
UK Publishers Association, Children’s Book Group, coded indication of intended reader age, carried on book covers |
| 17 |
Nielsen Book audience code |
Audience code used in Nielsen Book Services |
| 18 |
AVI (revised) |
Code list used to specify reading levels for children’s books, used in the Netherlands – see also code 09 |
| 19 |
Lexile measure |
Lexile measure (the Lexile measure in <AudienceCodeValue> may optionally be prefixed by the Lexile code). Examples might be
‘880L’, ‘AD0L’ or ‘HL600L’. Deprecated – use <Complexity> instead
|
| 20 |
Fry Readability score |
Fry readability metric based on number of sentences and syllables per 100 words. Expressed as a number from 1 to 15 in <AudienceCodeValue>.
Deprecated – use <Complexity> instead
|
| 21 |
Japanese Children’s audience code |
Children’s audience code (対象読者), two-digit encoding of intended target readership from 0–2 years up to High School level |
| 22 |
ONIX Adult audience rating |
Publisher’s rating indicating suitability for an particular adult audience, using a code from List 203 |
| 23 |
Common European Framework for Language Learning |
Codes A1 to C2 indicating standardised level of language learning or teaching material, from beginner to advanced, used in
EU
|
| 24 |
Korean Publication Ethics Commission rating |
Rating used in Korea to control selling of books and e-books to minors. Current values are 0 (suitable for all) and 19 (only
for sale to ages 19+). See http://www.kpec.or.kr/english/
|
| 25 |
IoE Book Band |
UK Institute of Education Book Bands for Guided Reading scheme (see http://www.ioe.ac.uk/research/4664.html). <AudienceCodeValue>
is a color, eg ‘Pink A’ or ‘Copper’. Deprecated – use <Complexity> instead
|
| 26 |
FSK Lehr-/Infoprogramm |
Used for German videos/DVDs with educational or informative content; value for <AudienceCodeValue> must be either ‘Infoprogramm
gemäß § 14 JuSchG’ or ‘Lehrprogramm gemäß § 14 JuSchG’
|
| 27 |
Intended audience language |
Where this is different from the language of the text of the book recorded in <Language>. <AudienceCodeValue> should be a
value from List 74
|
| 28 |
PEGI rating |
Pan European Game Information rating used primarily for video games |
| 29 |
Gymnasieprogram |
Code indicating the intended curriculum (eg Naturvetenskapsprogrammet, Estetica programmet) in Swedish higher secondary education |
|


Train Scheduler
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Current Train Schedule
Time now is
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The Notification object can be used to put messages in the notification drawer.
ntf = app.CreateNotification(
options ) →
app object: Notification
The “AutoCancel” option will automatically dismiss the notificatin if the user touches it. “FullScreen” tries to create a larger notification on the screen. And “OnGoing” makes the Notification closeable by your app only.
Use the SetMessage method to tell the object what to display
notify.SetMessage( ticker, title, text );
The Notify method tells it to send the notification:
notify.Notify( id );
When the user touches your notification, your app will come to the front, even if it was not running.
If you use more than one notification, app.GetNotifyId can be used to check which notification was pressed by the user.
Example - Notification
function OnStart()
{
app.ShowPopup( "Sending notification" );
notify = app.CreateNotification();
notify.SetMessage( "Ticker", "Title", "Text" );
notify.Notify( "testID" );
setTimeout( cancel, 5000 );
}
function cancel()
{
notify.Cancel( "testID" );
app.ShowPopup( "Notification cancelled" );
}
The following methods are available on the Notification object:
string: comma “,” separated: “Ongoing”, “AutoCancel”, “FullScreen”
string
Cancel a notification with a specific id.
Returns the control class name.
string: comma “,” separated: “boolean”, “char”, “byte”, “short”, “int”, “long”, “float”, “double”
Allows access to other functions defined on the object in Java via reflection.
Send the notification to the user.
string: path to file or folder ( "/absolute/..." or "relative/..." )
Set an image which will be displayed bigger than usual.
string:
hexadecimal: "#rrggbb", "#aarrggbb"
colourName: "red", "green", ...
number: milliseconds
Activate the device notification LEDs.
Set notification texts.
Set a small image in your notification.


Banterian
Aside from plays and poetry, which aren't very useful, Shakespeare is famous for his insults, which can indeed be useful for alienating people. And so, if Shakespeare lived in our modern age, it is conceivable that he might have built an app designed to disparage further notifications from noisy contacts.
Transcendence
In Sartre's novel, Nausea, the protagonist, Antoine Roquentin, finds himself nauseated by inanimate objects that assualt his freedom. Likewise, bad CSS can arouse disgust and make reading and navigation of a site almost impossible. There might not be a cure of existential angst, but there could be for bad CSS.


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| | ButtonElem (void *_refCon, const std::string &_caption, ButtonStateTy _btnState=BTN_NORMAL, int _left=0, int _top=0, int _right=0, int _bottom=0) |
| | Constructor (rectangle is not needed here, will be filled in SetGeometry()) More...
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| bool | operator== (const ButtonElem &o) const |
| | Equality bases solely on refCon More...
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| bool | operator != (const ButtonElem &o) const |
| | Equality bases solely on refCon More...
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| bool | IsSelected () const |
| | Is this button element selected? More...
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| bool | IsDown () const |
| | Is this button pushed at the moment? More...
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| void | SetSelected (bool _bSel) |
| | Define the buttons current state as selected or not. More...
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| void | SetDown (bool _bDown) |
| | Define the buttons current state as down or up. More...
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| virtual void | SetGeometry (const Rect &_r) |
| | Resizing means we might need to crop the caption. More...
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| virtual void | DoDraw (const Rect &_r, ButtonArrayTy _type, float _col[4], bool _bFocus) |
| | Draw the button element. More...
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| void | Normalize () |
| | Normalizes coordinates, so that bl < tr More...
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| | Rect (int _left=0, int _top=0, int _right=0, int _bottom=0) |
| | Constructor. More...
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| | Rect (const Point &_bl, const Point &_tr) |
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| virtual | ~Rect () |
| | Make sure destructor is virtual. More...
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| int | Left () const |
| | access More...
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| int & | Left () |
| | left coordinate More...
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| int | Bottom () const |
| | bottom coordinate More...
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| int & | Bottom () |
| | bottom coordinate More...
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| int | Right () const |
| | right coordinate More...
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| int & | Right () |
| | right coordinate More...
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| int | Top () const |
| | top coordinate More...
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| int & | Top () |
| | top coordinate More...
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| const Point & | Bl () const |
| | bottom-left point More...
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| const Point & | Tr () const |
| | top-right point More...
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| Point | Tl () const |
| | top-left point More...
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| Point | Br () const |
| | bottom-right point More...
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| Point | Center () const |
| | returns the center point of the rect More...
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| int | Width () const |
| | Width. More...
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| int | Height () const |
| | Height. More...
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| bool | isNormalized () const |
| | Are coordinates normalized? (mainly used in assert s. More...
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| void | SetBl (const Point &_bl) |
| | setting the rectangle's bottom-left corner, then normalizing More...
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| void | SetTr (const Point &_tr) |
| | setting the rectangle's top-right corner, then normalizing More...
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| void | SetTop (int _top) |
| | setting the rectangle's top, then normalizing More...
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| void | SetBottom (int _bottom) |
| | setting the rectangle's bottom, then normalizing More...
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| void | SetLeft (int _left) |
| | setting the rectangle's left, then normalizing More...
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| void | SetRight (int _right) |
| | setting the rectangle's right, then normalizing More...
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| void | SetWidth (int _w) |
| | Sets the width, i.e. the right. More...
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| void | SetHeight (int _h) |
| | Sets the height, i.e. the bottom. More...
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| Rect | operator+ (const Point &ofs) const |
| | compute a rectangle, which is moved by given x/y offset More...
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| Rect & | operator+= (const Point &ofs) |
| | move rectangle by given x/y offset More...
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| Rect | operator - (const Point &ofs) const |
| | compute a rectangle, which is moved by given -x/-y offset More...
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| Rect & | operator -= (const Point &ofs) |
| | move rectangle by given -x/-y offset More...
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| void | Expand (int by) |
| | Expand/Shrink a rectangle, i.e. all edges move outward/inward. More...
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| bool | operator== (const Rect &o) const |
| | compare two rects for equality More...
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| bool | operator != (const Rect &o) const |
| | compare two rects for inequality More...
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| Rect & | operator= (const Rect &_r) |
| | set geometry of widget More...
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| bool | Contains (const Point &p) const |
| | Is a point within this rectangle? More...
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| bool | Contains (const Rect &r) const |
| | Is the entire other rectangle within this rectangle? More...
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| bool | Overlap (const Rect &r) const |
| | Do 2 rectangle overlap anywhere? More...
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Represents an individual Radio button / check box within an ButtonArray.