Under the looming Spine of the World, Rand guided Jeade’en up the stony slope from the foothills that began the foot of Jangai Pass. The Dragonwall pierced the sky, dwarfing all other mountains, its snowcapped peaks defying the baking afternoon sun. The tallest thrust well above clouds that mocked the Waste with promises of rain that had never come. Rand could not imagine why a man would want to climb a mountain, but it was said that men who had tried to scale these heights turned back, overcome with fear and unable to breathe. He could well believe that a man might grow too afraid to breathe, attempting to climb so high.
“ . . . yet though the Cairhienin are consumed with the Game of Houses,” Moiraine was saying at his shoulder, “they will follow you so long as they know that you are strong. Be firm with them, but I would ask you to be fair also. A ruler who gives true justice . . . ”
He tried to ignore her, as he did the other riders, and the creak and rumble of Kadere’s wagons, making heavy going further back. The broken gorges and gullies of the Waste were behind them, but these rugged rising hills, nearly as barren, were little better for wagons. No one had traveled this path in over twenty years.
Moiraine talked at him that way from daybreak to sunset whenever he let her. Her lectures could be on small things—details of court behavior, say, in Cairhien or Saldaea or somewhere else—or on large: the political influence of the Whitecloaks, or perhaps the effects of trade on rulers’ decisions to go to war. It was as if she meant to see him educated, as a noble would be, or should be, before he reached the other side of the mountains. It was surprising how often what she said reflected what anyone back in Emond’s Field would have called simple common sense. And also how often it did not.
Occasionally she came out with something startling; for instance, that he should trust no woman of the Tower except herself, Egwene, Elayne and Nynaeve, or the news that Elaida was now the Amyrlin Seat. Oath to obey or no, she would not tell him how she knew that. She said it was someone else’s place to tell if she chose, someone else’s secret, and she could not usurp it. He suspected the Wise One dreamwalkers, though they had stared him right in the eye and refused to say aye or nay. He wished he could make them swear Moiraine’s oath; they interfered between him and the chiefs continually, as if they wanted him to go through them to reach the chiefs.
Right that minute he did not want to think about Elaida or the Wise Ones, or listen to Moiraine. Now he wanted to study the pass ahead, a deep gap in the mountains that twisted as though a blunt axe had tried to chop through again and again, never quite succeeding. A few minutes hard ride, and he could be in it.
On one side of the pass mouth a sheer cliff had been smoothed over a hundred-pace width and carved, a wind-weathered snake entwining a staff a good three hundred spans high; monument or marker or ruler’s sigil, it surely dated from some lost nation before Artur Hawkwing, perhaps even before the Trolloc Wars. He had seen remnants before from nations long vanished; often even Moiraine did not know their source.
High on the other side, so far up that he was not sure he was seeing what he thought, just below the snow line, stood something even stranger. Something that made the first monument of a few thousand years a commonplace. He could have sworn it was the remnants of shattered buildings, shining gray against the darker mountain, and stranger still, what appeared to be a dock of the same material, as for ships, slanting drunkenly down the mountain. If he was not imagining it, that had to date from before the Breaking. The face of the world had been changed utterly in those years. This could well have been an ocean’s floor, before. He would have to ask Asmodean. Even if he had had the time, he did not think he would want to try reaching that altitude to find out for himself.
At the foot of the huge snake lay Taien, a high-walled town of moderate size, a remnant itself, of the time when Cairhien had been allowed to send caravans across the Three-fold Land, and wealth had flowed from Shara along the Silk Path. There appeared to be birds above the town, and dark blotches at regular intervals along the gray stone walls. Mat stood in Pips’ stirrups, shading his eyes with that broad-brimmed hat to peer up the pass, frowning. Lan’s hard face wore no expression at all, yet he appeared just as intent; a gust of wind, a little cooler here, whipped his color-shifting cloak around him, and for a moment all of him from shoulders to boots seemed to blend into the rocky hills and sparse thornbushes.
“Are you listening to me?” Moiraine said suddenly, reining her white mare closer. “You must—!” She took a deep breath. “Please, Rand. There is so much that I must tell you, so much that you need to know.”
The hint of pleading in her tone made him glance at her. He could remember when he had been overawed by her presence. Now she seemed quite small, for all her regal manner. A fool thing, that he should feel protective of her. “There is plenty of time ahead of us, Moiraine,” he said gently. “I don’t pretend to think I know as much of the world as you. I mean to keep you close from now on.” He barely realized how great a change that was from when she was keeping him close. “But I have something else on my mind right now.”
“Of course.” She sighed. “As you wish. We have plenty of time yet.”
Rand heeled the dappled gray stallion to a trot, and the others followed. The wagons quickened, too, though they could not keep up on the slope. Asmodean’s—Jasin Natael’s—patch-covered gleeman’s cloak rippled behind him like the banner he carried at his stirrup, brilliant red with the white-and-black symbol of the ancient Aes Sedai at its center. His face wore a sullen glower; he had not been best pleased at having to be the bannerman. Under that sign he would conquer, the Prophecy of Rhuidean said, and perhaps it would not frighten the world so much as the Dragon Banner, Lews Therin’s banner, that he had left flying over the Stone of Tear. Few would know this sign.
The blotches on the walls of Taien were bodies, contorted in their final agonies, bloated in the sun and hanging by their necks in a row that seemed to encircle the town. The birds were glossy black ravens, and vultures with their heads and necks befouled. Some ravens perched on corpses, gorging, unconcerned for the new arrivals. The sickly sweet stench of corruption hung in the dry air, and the acrid smell of char. Iron-strapped gates stood gaping open on an expanse of ruin, soot-streaked stone houses and collapsed roofs. Nothing moved except the birds.
Like Mar Ruois. He tried to shake the thought away, but in his head he could see that great city after it was retaken, immense towers blackened and collapsing, the remains of great bonfires at every street crossing, where those who had refused to swear to the Shadow had been bound and thrown alive to the flames. He knew whose memory it had to be, though he had not discussed it with Moiraine. I am Rand al’Thor. Lews Therin Telamon is dead three thousand years. I am myself! That was one battle he meant to win.  He made himself think of something else.
Half a month since he had left Rhuidean. Half a month, though the Aiel had set a pace afoot from sunup to sundown that wearied the horses. But Couladin had been moving this way a week before he learned of it. If they had not managed to close any ground, he would have that long to ravage Cairhien before Rand could reach it. Longer, before the Shaido could be brought to bay. Not a much happier thought.
“There’s someone watching us from those rocks to the left,” Lan said quietly. He seemed to be completely engrossed in studying what remained of Taien. “Not Aiel, or I doubt I would have seen a glimmer.”
Rand was glad that he had made Egwene and Aviendha stay with the Wise Ones. The town gave him a new reason, but the watcher fit in with his original plan, when he had hoped that Taien had escaped. Egwene still wore the same Aiel clothes as Aviendha, and Aiel would not have been very welcome in Taien. They were even less likely to be welcome among the survivors.
He looked back at the wagons drawing to a halt a short distance down-slope. Mutters drifted up from the drivers now that they could see the town clearly, and the wall’s decorations.
Rand expected that Moiraine would have to find new drivers once they were through the pass. Kadere and his crew would likely flee as soon as they had the chance. And he would have to let them go. It was not right—it was not justice—but it was necessary to protect Asmodean. How long now had he been doing what was necessary instead of what was right? In a fair world, they would be one and the same. That made him laugh, a hoarse wheeze. He was far from the village boy he had been, but sometimes that boy sneaked up on him. The others looked at him, and he fought the urge to tell them that he was not mad yet.
Long minutes passed before two coatless men and a woman emerged from the rocks, all three ragged and dirty and barefoot. They approached hesitantly, heads tilted uneasily, eyes darting from rider to rider, to the wagons and back, as though they might take flight at a shout. Gaunt cheeks and wavering steps spoke of hunger.
“Thank the Light,” one of the men said finally. He was gray-haired—none of the three was young—his face deeply creased. His eyes lingered a moment on Asmodean, with falls of lace at collar and cuffs, but the leader of this train would not be riding a mule and carrying a banner. It was Rand’s stirrup that he clutched anxiously. “The Light be praised that you came out of those terrible lands alive, my Lord.” That might have been Rand’s blue silk coat, embroidered in gold on the shoulders, or the banner, or simple flattery. The man certainly had no reason to think them other than merchants, if well dressed for it. “Those murdering savages have risen again. It is another Aiel War. They were over the wall in the night before anybody knew, killing everyone who raised a hand, stealing everything not mortared in place.”
“In the night?” Mat said sharply. Hat pulled low, he was still studying the ruined town. “Were your sentries asleep? You did have sentries this close to your enemies? Even Aiel would have a hard time coming at you if you kept a good watch.” Lan gave him an appraising look.
“No, my Lord.” The gray-haired man blinked at Mat, then gave his answer to Rand. Mat’s green coat was fine enough for a lord, but it hung open and looked slept in. “We . . . We had only a watchman at each gate. It has been long since any have even seen one of the savages. But this time . . . Whatever they did not steal, they burned, and drove us out to starve. Filthy animals! Thank the Light you have come to save us, my Lord, or we would all have died here. I am Tal Nethin. I am—I was—a saddlemaker. A good one, my Lord. This is my sister Aril, and her husband, Ander Corl. He makes fine boots.”
“They stole people too, my Lord,” the woman said, her voice raw. Somewhat younger than her brother, she might have been handsome once, but haggard worry had etched lines in her face that Rand suspected would never entirely go away. Her husband had a lost look in his eyes, as if not exactly sure where he was. “My daughter, my Lord, and my son. They took all the young ones, everyone above sixteen, and some twice that or more. Said they were guy-something, and stripped them naked right in the street and herded them off. My Lord, can you . . . ?”  Small odds that she would ever see her children again.
Moiraine was out of her saddle in an instant and by Aril’s side. The haggard woman gave a loud gasp as soon as the Aes Sedai’s hands touched her, shivering to her toetips. Her wondering look turned to Moiraine questioningly, but Moiraine only held her as if supporting her.
The woman’s husband suddenly gaped, staring at Rand’s gilded belt buckle, the gift from Aviendha. “His arms were marked like that. Like that. All twined around, like the cliff snake.”
Tal looked up at Rand uncertainly. “The savages’ leader, my Lord. He—had markings like that on his arms. He wore those strange clothes they all do, but he had his coatsleeves cut off, and he made sure everybody saw.”
“A gift I received in the Waste,” Rand said. He made sure to keep his hands still on his pommel; his coatsleeves hid his own Dragons, except for the heads; they would be visible on the backs of his hands to anyone who looked closely. He had forgotten about wondering what Moiraine had actually done, and all three looked on the point of running. “How long since they left?”
“Six days, my Lord,” Tal said uneasily. “They did what they did in a night and a day and were gone the next. We would have gone, too, but what if we met them coming back? Surely they were turned back at Selean?” That was the town at the other end of the pass. Rand doubted that Selean was in any better condition than Taien by this time.
“How many survivors are there besides you three?”
“Maybe a hundred, my Lord. Maybe more. Nobody has counted.”
Abruptly anger flared in him, though he tried to hold it down. “A hundred of you?” His voice was icy iron. “And six days? Then why are your dead left for the ravens? Why do corpses still decorate your town walls?  Huddling together, the three backed away from his horse.
“We were afraid, my Lord,” Tal said hoarsely. “They went, but they could come back. And he told us . . . The one with the markings on his arms told us not to touch anything.”
“A message,” Ander said in a dull voice. “He chose them out to hang, just pulling them out until he had enough to line the wall. Men, women, he did not care.” His eyes were fixed on Rand’s buckle. “He said they were a message for some man who would be following him. He said he wanted this man to know . . . know what they were going to do on the other side of the Spine. He said . . . He said he would do worse to this man.”
Aril’s eyes widened suddenly, and the three stared beyond Rand for a moment, gaping. Then, screaming, they turned and ran. Black-veiled Aiel rose from the rocks they had come from, and they darted off in another direction. Veiled Aiel appeared there, too, and they collapsed to the ground, sobbing and holding each other as they were surrounded. Moiraine’s face was cool and composed, but her eyes were not serene.
Rand twisted in his saddle. Rhuarc and Dhearic were coming up the slope, unveiling themselves and unwrapping the shoufa from around their heads. Dhearic was thicker than Rhuarc, with a prominent nose and paler streaks through his golden hair. He had brought the Reyn Aiel as Rhuarc had said he would.
Timolan and his Miagoma had been paralleling them to the north for three days, exchanging occasional messengers but giving no clue to his intentions. The Codarra and the Shiande and the Daryne were still somewhere to the east; following, so Amys and the others said from dream-talking to their Wise Ones, but slowly. Those Wise Ones had no more idea of their clan chiefs’ aims than Rand did of Timolan’s.
“Was that necessary?” he said as the two chiefs came up to him. He had frightened the people first, but for cause, and had not made them think that they were going to die.
Rhuarc simply shrugged, and Dhearic said, “We put spears in place around this hold unseen, as you wished, and there seemed no reason to wait since no one remained here to dance spears. Besides, they are only treekillers.”
Rand drew a deep breath. He had known this might be as large a problem as Couladin, in its own way. Nearly five hundred years ago the Aiel had presented Cairhien with a sapling, a cutting from Avendesora, and with it a right granted to no other nation, to trade across the Three-fold Land to Shara. They had given no reason—they did not like wetlanders very much at the best—but to the Aiel it had been required by ji’e’toh. During the long years of journey that had brought them to the Waste, only one people had not attacked them, only one had allowed them water uncontested when the world grew parched. And finally they had found the descendants of those people. The Cairhienin.
For five hundred years riches had flowed into Cairhien with the silk and the ivory. Five hundred years, and Avendoraldera grew in Cairhien. And then King Laman had the tree cut down to make a throne. The nations knew why the Aiel had crossed the Spine of the World twenty years ago—Laman’s Sin, they called it, and Laman’s Pride—but few knew that to the Aiel it had not been a war. Four clans had come to find an oathbreaker, and when they had killed him, they returned to the Three-fold Land. But their contempt for the treekillers, the oathbreakers, had never died. Moiraine being Aes Sedai offset her being Cairhienin, but Rand was never sure how much.
“These folk broke no oaths,” he told them. “Find the others; the saddlemaker says there are about a hundred. And be gentle with them. If any of them were watching, they’re probably running away into the mountains by now.” The two Aiel started to turn away, and he added, “Did you hear what they told me? What do you think of what Couladin did here?”
“They killed more than they had to,” Dhearic said with a disgusted shake of his head. “Like black ferrets falling on rockhens’ nests in a gully.” Killing was as easy as dying, so the Aiel said; any fool could do either.
“And the other thing? Taking prisoners. Gai’shain.”
Rhuarc and Dhearic exchanged looks, and Dhearic’s mouth tightened. Clearly they had heard, and it made them uncomfortable. It took a great deal to make an Aiel uncomfortable.
“It cannot be so,” Rhuarc said at last. “If it is . . . Gai’shain is a thing of ji’e’toh. No one can be made gai’shain who does not follow ji’e’toh, else they are only human animals, such as the Sharans keep.”
“Couladin has abandoned ji’e’toh.” Dhearic sounded as though he were saying stones had grown wings.
Mat guided Pips closer, using his knees. He had never been more than an indifferent rider, but sometimes, when he was thinking of something else, he rode as though born on a horse’s back. “That surprises you?” he said. “After everything he has done already? The man would cheat at dice with his mother.”
They gave him flat-eyed stares, like blue stones. In many ways, Aiel were ji’e’toh. And whatever else Couladin was, he was still Aiel in their eyes. Sept before clan, clan before outsiders, but Aiel before wetlanders.
Some of the Maidens joined them, Enaila and Jolien and Adelin, and wiry, white-haired Sulin, who had been chosen roofmistress of the Roof of the Maidens in Rhuidean. She had told the Maidens who stayed to choose another, and now she led the Maidens here. They sensed the mood, and said nothing, only grounded their spearpoints patiently. An Aiel who wanted to could make the rocks look hasty.
Lan broke the silence. “If Couladin expects you to be following him, he may have left a surprise somewhere in the pass. A hundred men could hold some of those narrows against an army. A thousand . . . ”
“We will camp here, then,” Rand said, “and send scouts ahead to make sure the way is clear. Duadhe Mahdi’in?”
“Water Seekers,” Dhearic agreed, sounding pleased. That had been his society before he became clan chief.
Sulin and the other Maidens gave Rand flat stares as the Reyn chief walked away downslope. He had chosen scouts from other societies for the last three days, when he had begun to fear what he might find here, and he had the feeling they knew he was not just giving the others their turns. He tried to ignore their looks. Sulin’s was especially difficult; the woman could have driven nails with those pale blue eyes.
“Rhuarc, once the survivors are found, see that they’re fed. And well treated. We will take them with us.” His gaze was drawn to the town wall. Some Aiel were already using their curved horn bows to kill ravens. Sometimes Shadowspawn used ravens and other animals that fed on death as spies; Shadoweyes, the Aiel called them. These barely paused in the frenzied feeding until they fell transfixed with an arrow, but a wise man did not take chances with ravens or rats. “And see that the dead are buried.” At least in that, right and necessity were the same.


| DataType | Represents the type of elements in a Tensor as an enum. |
| Graph | A data flow graph representing a TensorFlow computation. |
| Input<T> | Interface implemented by operands of a TensorFlow operation. |
| Operand<T> | Interface implemented by operands of a TensorFlow operation. |
| Operation | A Graph node that performs computation on Tensors. |
| OperationBuilder | A builder for Operation s in a Graph . |
| Output<T> | A symbolic handle to a tensor produced by an Operation . |
| SavedModelBundle | SavedModelBundle represents a model loaded from storage. |
| SavedModelBundle.Loader | Options for loading a SavedModel. |
| Session | Driver for Graph execution. |
| Session.Run | Output tensors and metadata obtained when executing a session. |
| Session.Runner | Run Operation s and evaluate Tensor s. |
| Shape | The possibly partially known shape of a tensor produced by an operation. |
| Tensor<T> | A statically typed multi-dimensional array whose elements are of a type described by T. |
| TensorFlow | Static utility methods describing the TensorFlow runtime. |
| TensorFlowException | Unchecked exception thrown when executing TensorFlow Graphs. |
| Tensors | Type-safe factory methods for creating Tensor objects. |


Observation¶
-
class
Data_Reduction.OldGAVRT.
Observation
(name=None, dss=28, date=None, project='SolarPatrol')¶ Bases:
Data_Reduction.Observation
DSS-28 observations from before the
tlog
database table became available.Methods Summary
extended_init
([channels_names])get_channel_names
(datapath)get the channels for which there is tlog data
get_obs_times
(datapath)returns: (datetime.datetime, datetime.datetime)
Methods Documentation
-
extended_init
(channels_names=None)¶
-
get_channel_names
(datapath)¶ get the channels for which there is tlog data
gets the extents of all the “tYYDDD.*” files
-
get_obs_times
(datapath)¶ returns: (datetime.datetime, datetime.datetime)
-


WITNESS LIST Business & Commerce Committee (Subcommittee on Subcommittee on Interim Charge #3) June 6, 2002 -10:00A Workforce Development ON: Fuller, Cheryl Director (Texas Council on Workforce and Economic Competitiveness), Austin, TX Lehman, Ron Commissioner Representing Employers (Texas Workforce Commission), Austin, TX Martin, Daniel Director Business Incentives (Texas Economic Development), Austin, TX Moseley, Jeff (Texas Economic Development), Austin, TX O'Mahoney, T. P. Commissioner Representing Labor (Texas Workforce Commission), Austin, TX Perryman, Ray Economist - The Perryman Group (Self), Waco, TX Rath, Diane Chair and Commissioner Rep. the Public (Texas Workforce Commission), Austin, TX Villarreal, Massey Chair Governing Board (Texas Economic Development), Houston, TX


import pandas as pd # dataframes for python
import plotnine as pn # ggplot2 clone
= (5, 5) # set a default figure size for plotnine plots
pn.options.figure_size = pn.theme_bw() # set simple theme
pn.options.current_theme import seaborn as sns # statistical plotting in python land
="whitegrid") # plot theme
sns.set_theme(style# frequentist modeling
import scipy.stats as stats # classic freq stats for python
import pingouin as pg # alt to scipy.stats
# bayesian modeling
import pymc as pm # write your models explicitly
import bambi as bmb # formula like interface
import arviz as az # plots for MCMC objects
Introduction
This is the second of three posts that will carry out data loading, exploration, filtering and statistical testing (frequentist & Bayesian). In the first post of the series we used R. In this post we’ll use python. Like the previous post there won’t be much exposition - we’ll just move through the process.
If you want to follow along the data are here.
Preliminaries
Python, like R, has a host of extra packages to help with data import, wrangling, plotting & building various kinds of models. The first step is to load the packages we will need. I use the Anaconda python distribution and packages that are not installed by default can be installed with the conda
tool. In this post we use the pymc
package for Bayesian modeling. The installation notes for pymc
recommend installing it into its own python conda
environment so this is what I did! To run the code in VSCode I set the relevant python
interpreter by using Ctrl+Shift+P to bring up the Command Palette and selecting the relevant python environment. The other packages had to be installed into the same enviroment using conda install
.
Ok, let’s get on with loading the packages we’ll need!
Loading the data
We can use the read_csv()
function of the pandas
(Reback et al. 2020) package to read in the data. These data are from body composition practicals run as part of the Sport & Exercise Science degree at the University of Stirling. They were collected over a numbers of years by the students who carried out various measures on themselves.
# get the data
= pd.read_csv('data/BODY_COMPOSITION_DATA.csv', sep=',', na_values = "NA") data_in
Exploration & tidying
The pandas
package also provides some tools for exploring the data.
data_in.head()# examine summary of types etc
# there are missing values in bia & HW data_in.info()
<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 203 entries, 0 to 202
Data columns (total 10 columns):
# Column Non-Null Count Dtype
--- ------ -------------- -----
0 sex 203 non-null object
1 girths 203 non-null float64
2 bia 202 non-null float64
3 DW 203 non-null float64
4 jackson 203 non-null float64
5 HW 202 non-null float64
6 skinfolds 203 non-null float64
7 BMI 203 non-null float64
8 WHR 203 non-null float64
9 Waist 203 non-null float64
dtypes: float64(9), object(1)
memory usage: 16.0+ KB
We can see that there are some missing values in the BIA and HW variables (these variables have 202 non-null values). There are many ways to deal with missing values but here we will just drop rows with missing values. The dropna()
method for pandas
dataframes allows us to drop rows (axis 0) or columns (axis 1) with missing values. We also specify the inplace = True
argument so that the data we are working on is altered.
# drop the rows (index 0) with missing values; alter dataframe (inplace = True)
= 0, inplace = True)
data_in.dropna(axis # all non-null values
data_in.info()
# summary stats
data_in.describe()
<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
Int64Index: 201 entries, 0 to 201
Data columns (total 10 columns):
# Column Non-Null Count Dtype
--- ------ -------------- -----
0 sex 201 non-null object
1 girths 201 non-null float64
2 bia 201 non-null float64
3 DW 201 non-null float64
4 jackson 201 non-null float64
5 HW 201 non-null float64
6 skinfolds 201 non-null float64
7 BMI 201 non-null float64
8 WHR 201 non-null float64
9 Waist 201 non-null float64
dtypes: float64(9), object(1)
memory usage: 17.3+ KB
| girths | bia | DW | jackson | HW | skinfolds | BMI | WHR | Waist | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| count | 201.000000 | 201.000000 | 201.000000 | 201.000000 | 201.000000 | 201.000000 | 201.000000 | 201.000000 | 201.000000 |
| mean | 20.734552 | 16.980100 | 21.614647 | 14.212189 | 21.426408 | 82.684751 | 23.223000 | 0.781529 | 76.756716 |
| std | 8.382091 | 6.792665 | 7.307617 | 7.479344 | 8.006785 | 33.108192 | 3.168286 | 0.057142 | 7.352106 |
| min | 7.150000 | 5.700000 | 4.100000 | 3.000000 | 4.100000 | 27.750000 | 2.900000 | 0.670000 | 61.000000 |
| 25% | 15.080000 | 11.900000 | 16.300000 | 8.000000 | 15.000000 | 59.250000 | 21.170000 | 0.740000 | 72.000000 |
| 50% | 20.120000 | 15.900000 | 21.400000 | 12.600000 | 21.000000 | 76.230000 | 23.000000 | 0.780000 | 76.000000 |
| 75% | 24.400000 | 21.200000 | 28.000000 | 19.000000 | 27.000000 | 100.350000 | 24.800000 | 0.815000 | 81.000000 |
| max | 87.900000 | 39.300000 | 45.900000 | 35.000000 | 43.000000 | 181.000000 | 33.030000 | 0.990000 | 100.800000 |
Next we will convert our data from wide format to long format (Wickham 2014) with the pandas.melt()
function. Long data makes plotting and statistical analyses easier. In long format data the values for each individual and each measurement technique are identified by rows rather than spread across row & column combinations.
# long data
= pd.melt(data_in, id_vars = "sex", var_name = "method", value_name = "value")
dataL dataL.head()
| sex | method | value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | M | girths | 10.85 |
| 1 | M | girths | 14.12 |
| 2 | M | girths | 12.30 |
| 3 | M | girths | 8.50 |
| 4 | M | girths | 11.66 |
Exploration with plots is an essential step for checking values and the distribution of data. There is an extensive plotting ecosystem in python.
The seaborn
(Waskom 2021) package provides a high level interface for plotting data & statistical summaries. If you’re used to e.g. ggplot2
in R then the plotnine
package provides very similar functionality.The tabs below demonstrate the same plot using each of these packages.
= sns.FacetGrid(dataL, col = 'method', hue = 'sex', col_wrap = 3, sharey = False); # create grid
fg
map(sns.stripplot, 'sex', 'value', jitter = 0.05, size = 10, palette=["firebrick", "cornflowerblue"], alpha = 0.5, order = ["F", "M"]); # map stripplot onto grid fg.
= pn.ggplot(dataL, pn.aes('sex', 'value', colour = 'sex')) + pn.geom_jitter(width = 0.1, alpha = 0.5) + pn.facet_wrap("method", scales = "free_y") + pn.scale_colour_manual(values=['firebrick', 'cornflowerblue'])
pt pt
/home/iain/anaconda3/envs/pymc_env/lib/python3.11/site-packages/plotnine/facets/facet.py:440: PlotnineWarning: If you need more space for the x-axis tick text use ... + theme(subplots_adjust={'wspace': 0.25}). Choose an appropriate value for 'wspace'.
There are a couple of mad values in the BMI
and girths
variables. For the rest of the analysis we’ll concentrate on the BMI
variable. First we’ll filter the data to just BMI.
# filter to just bmi data
= dataL[dataL.method == "BMI"]
bmi_data bmi_data.info()
<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
Int64Index: 201 entries, 1206 to 1406
Data columns (total 3 columns):
# Column Non-Null Count Dtype
--- ------ -------------- -----
0 sex 201 non-null object
1 method 201 non-null object
2 value 201 non-null float64
dtypes: float64(1), object(2)
memory usage: 6.3+ KB
# first few values
bmi_data.head()
| sex | method | value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1206 | M | BMI | 20.70 |
| 1207 | M | BMI | 21.90 |
| 1208 | M | BMI | 21.39 |
| 1209 | M | BMI | 19.26 |
| 1210 | M | BMI | 22.30 |
We’ll re-plot these data.
= sns.stripplot(x = "sex", y = "value", data = bmi_data, jitter = 0.05, palette=["firebrick", "cornflowerblue"], alpha = 0.8, order = ["F", "M"]);
bmi_pt1 bmi_pt1
<Axes: xlabel='sex', ylabel='value'>
= pn.ggplot(bmi_data, pn.aes("sex", "value", colour = "sex")) + pn.geom_jitter(width = 0.1, alpha = 0.5) + pn.scale_colour_manual(values = ["firebrick", "cornflowerblue"])
bmi_pt2 bmi_pt2
We can clearly see the outlier in the male data. Removing outliers is a contentious subject but a BMI of 2 is unrealistic so we’ll remove this value.
# note very low bmi point in M; let's drop that
= bmi_data[bmi_data.value > 15]
bmi_data # summary
bmi_data.describe()
| value | |
|---|---|
| count | 200.000000 |
| mean | 23.324615 |
| std | 2.828887 |
| min | 18.080000 |
| 25% | 21.177500 |
| 50% | 23.000000 |
| 75% | 24.802500 |
| max | 33.030000 |
# seaborn plot
= sns.stripplot(x = "sex", y = "value", data = bmi_data, jitter = 0.05, palette=["firebrick", "cornflowerblue"], alpha = 0.8, order = ["F", "M"]);
bmi_pt3 bmi_pt3
<Axes: xlabel='sex', ylabel='value'>
# plotnine plot
= pn.ggplot(bmi_data, pn.aes("sex", "value", colour = "sex")) + pn.geom_jitter(width = 0.1, alpha = 0.5) + pn.scale_colour_manual(values = ["firebrick", "cornflowerblue"])
bmi_pt4 bmi_pt4
Much better!
Frequentist testing
We’re now in a position to undertake some statistical analysis. We’ll start with a simple t-test to examine the mean difference in BMI between males and females. The scipy.stats
(Virtanen et al. 2020) library provides functions for one sample, paired & independent t-tests (and other tests). We first extract the data we want to test into separate series and then pass these series to the appropriate function. The stats.ttest_ind()
function returns a tuple containing the t-statistic and the p-value for the test and we can extract these and print those. The equal_var = False
argument means we get Welch’s t-test which doesn’t assume equal variances in each group.
# test diff between men & women; get data
= bmi_data[bmi_data.sex == "M"]
male_data = bmi_data[bmi_data.sex == "F"]
female_data
# do the test
= stats.ttest_ind(male_data.value, female_data.value, equal_var = False) # tuple out, t-stat and p-value
t_res
t_res# print informative result
print("The t-statistic is %.2f with a p-value of %.3f." % (t_res[0], t_res[1]))
The t-statistic is 2.11 with a p-value of 0.036.
The pingouin
(Vallat 2018) package also provides functions for statistical testing.
Using the ttest()
function with correction = 'auto'
means pingouin
automatically uses Welch’s T-test when the sample sizes are unequal as they are here.
# pingouin example; correction =‘auto’
= False, correction = 'auto') pg.ttest(male_data.value, female_data.value, paired
| T | dof | alternative | p-val | CI95% | cohen-d | BF10 | power | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T-test | 2.11342 | 192.047574 | two-sided | 0.035856 | [0.05, 1.59] | 0.293662 | 1.242 | 0.529014 |
The pingouin
package provides us with much more information - which may or may not be useful to you. The difference between male & female BMI is significant. This means that in a hypothetical long series of repeats of this study with different samples from the same population we would expect to see a difference as big or bigger between the sexes in more than 95% of those repeats. The pingouin
package also reports the power of the test here. This is post-hoc power though & post-hoc power is witchcraft e.g. (Gelman 2019).
Bayesian testing
In the previous post with R we used the Stan probabilistic programming language to create a Bayesian model for the BMI data. We could also use Stan here via the pystan interface but instead we’ll use a native python library called [pymc
] (Salvatier, Wiecki, and Fonnesbeck 2016). The pymc
package allows us to write data generating models and then use Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling with those model definitions to generate posterior distributions. pymc
supports a range of MCMC algorithms. In the code below we use the same priors we defined in the post using R.
# bayesian test with pymc
# create dummy variables; F = 0, M = 1
= pd.get_dummies(bmi_data, columns = ["sex"], drop_first = True)
bmi_data_dummy
# set up priors & likelihood
# https://docs.pymc.io/en/latest/api/generated/pymc.sample.html
with pm.Model() as model: # model specifications in PyMC3 are wrapped in a `with` statement
# Define priors
= pm.HalfNormal("sigma", sigma = 100)
sigma = pm.Normal("Intercept", mu = 25, sigma=10)
intercept = pm.Normal("male_diff", mu = 0, sigma = 5)
x_coeff
# Define likelihood
= pm.Normal("value", mu = intercept + x_coeff * bmi_data_dummy.sex_M, sigma=sigma, observed=bmi_data_dummy.value) likelihood
Next we run the MCMC sampling on the model we defined above; by default the NUTS algorithm is used. This is the same MCMC algorithm as the Stan
probabilistic progamming language uses by default. Using return_inferencedata = True
means we can easily plot the results (see below).
# MCMC sampling
# 3 MCMC chains
# draw 3000 posterior samples using NUTS sampling; 1000 iter burn-in
with model:
= pm.sample(3000, tune = 1000, return_inferencedata = True, chains = 3) bayes_bmi
Auto-assigning NUTS sampler...
Initializing NUTS using jitter+adapt_diag...
Multiprocess sampling (3 chains in 4 jobs)
NUTS: [sigma, Intercept, male_diff]
Sampling 3 chains for 1_000 tune and 3_000 draw iterations (3_000 + 9_000 draws total) took 2 seconds.
The arviz
library (Kumar et al. 2019) provides tools for summarising & plotting data from MCMC chains & posterior distributions.
; az.plot_trace(bayes_bmi)
We want the traceplots (on the right) to look like ‘hairy caterpillars’ & they all look fine here. The posterior distributions for each parameter also look healthy. We can plot the posteriors using arviz
as well.
= (2,2), hdi_prob = 0.95); az.plot_posterior(bayes_bmi, grid
The posterior distributions all look good. We can extract the intercept posterior and the posterior for the effect of ‘male’ and add these together to get the posterior for male BMI.
# add Intercept & male diff posteriors; keep this new posterior in existing InferenceData object
"male_bmi"] = bayes_bmi.posterior["Intercept"] + bayes_bmi.posterior["male_diff"]
bayes_bmi.posterior[
# replot with only intercept (female BMI), male BMI and sigma
= ["Intercept", "male_bmi", "sigma"] , grid = (2,2), hdi_prob = 0.95); az.plot_posterior(bayes_bmi, var_names
# summary
= ["Intercept", "male_bmi", "sigma"] , kind = "stats", hdi_prob = 0.9) az.summary(bayes_bmi, var_names
| mean | sd | hdi_5% | hdi_95% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | 22.835 | 0.316 | 22.292 | 23.317 |
| male_bmi | 23.661 | 0.258 | 23.247 | 24.099 |
| sigma | 2.826 | 0.143 | 2.588 | 3.051 |
The output tells us that the estimated mean for female BMI is 22.8 (females were dummy coded as 0). Given the priors we used we can say that there is a 90% probability that the value for female BMI lies between 22.3 and 23.4. The estimated male BMI is 23.6 with 90% probability of being between 23.2 & 24. Note that the actual values might vary in the decimal point because the MCMC chains are random.
The bambi
library (Capretto et al. 2022) can be used to create Bayesian models with a more intuitive formula interface like brms
or rstanarm
in R.
# model with bambi
# define priors
= {
prior_spec "Intercept": bmb.Prior("Normal", mu = 25, sigma = 10),
"sex_M": bmb.Prior("Normal", mu = 0, sigma = 5),
"value_sigma": bmb.Prior("HalfNormal", sigma = 100)
}
# define the model; formula syntax
= bmb.Model("value ~ sex", priors = prior_spec, data = bmi_data)
bmb_bayes_model # MCMC sampling; returns InferenceData obj
= bmb_bayes_model.fit(draws = 3000, tune = 1000, chains = 3) bmb_bayes_bmi
Auto-assigning NUTS sampler...
Initializing NUTS using jitter+adapt_diag...
Multiprocess sampling (3 chains in 4 jobs)
NUTS: [value_sigma, Intercept, sex]
Sampling 3 chains for 1_000 tune and 3_000 draw iterations (3_000 + 9_000 draws total) took 2 seconds.
The bmb_bayes_bmi
object is of type InferenceData
like that returned from pymc
(bambi
uses pymc
under the hood). We can use the bambi
result in the same way we used the pymc
result with arviz
.
First we’ll plot the posterior distributions and plots for each MCMC chain.
# plots and dists
; az.plot_trace(bmb_bayes_bmi)
Next we’ll plot the posterior distributions and get summaries of those posteriors.
# plot posteriors
= (2,2), hdi_prob = 0.95);
az.plot_posterior(bmb_bayes_bmi, grid
# Key summary and diagnostic info on the model parameters
az.summary(bmb_bayes_bmi)
| mean | sd | hdi_3% | hdi_97% | mcse_mean | mcse_sd | ess_bulk | ess_tail | r_hat | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | 22.840 | 0.309 | 22.255 | 23.417 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 15248.0 | 7273.0 | 1.0 |
| sex[M] | 0.828 | 0.406 | 0.027 | 1.549 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 15087.0 | 7029.0 | 1.0 |
| value_sigma | 2.816 | 0.144 | 2.545 | 3.086 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 12954.0 | 6515.0 | 1.0 |
We get some extra information using the bambi
summary.
As we did in the pymc3
example we can add the Intercept
and sex
chains together to get a posterior distribution for the male BMI and add this data to our existing `` object.
"male_bmi"] = bmb_bayes_bmi.posterior["Intercept"] + bmb_bayes_bmi.posterior["sex"] bmb_bayes_bmi.posterior[
We can easily summarise & plot the parameters we are interested in.
# plot selected posteriors
= ["Intercept", "male_bmi", "value_sigma"], grid = (2,2), hdi_prob = 0.95);
az.plot_posterior(bmb_bayes_bmi, var_names
# posterior summary
= ["Intercept", "male_bmi", "value_sigma"], kind = "stats", hdi_prob = 0.9) az.summary(bmb_bayes_bmi, var_names
| mean | sd | hdi_5% | hdi_95% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | 22.840 | 0.309 | 22.322 | 23.335 |
| male_bmi[M] | 23.668 | 0.259 | 23.249 | 24.091 |
| value_sigma | 2.816 | 0.144 | 2.570 | 3.043 |
Summary
This post has been a quick skip through some data loading, exploration, filtering and both frequentist & Bayesian modelling with python.


I threw up in my mouth a little bit when I saw this code.
{"name":"descriptive_name", "abilities":[
{"type":"led","pin":16, "interface":"gpio","color":"red"},
{"type":"led","pin":15,"interface":"gpio","color":"green"},
{"type":"led","pin":18,"interface":"gpio","color":"blue"},
{"type":"temperature","pin":"28-000004acb882", "interface":"w1"}]}
pete@kitchon.com


Hi !
Welcome to our code generator for binding EGL and OpenGL-ES. This tool aims help create bridges between a Java/C++ application and EGL/GLES API. In usual way, this kind of work is a boring, slow and prone error task.
For example, to use a function from an EGL extension, like eglQueryDevicesEXT from EGL_EXT_device_enumeration, you must :
Declare function pointer for new function eglQueryDevicesEXT: PFNEGLQUERYDEVICESEXTPROC eglQueryDevicesEXT
Query function using eglGetProcAddress: eglQueryDevicesEXT = (PFNEGLQUERYDEVICESEXTPROC)eglGetProcAddress(“eglQueryDevicesEXT”);
Replace all this work with 3 line of code to produce a C++ class to handle it, like below:
GLmain gl = new GLmain(GL_API.EGL);
String cClass = gl.asCclassExt("EGL_EXT_device_enumeration");
System.out.println("//cClass: \n" + cClass);
It will produce this code:
//cClass:
#define EGL_EGLEXT_PROTOTYPES
#include <EGL/egl.h>
#include <EGL/eglext.h>
using namespace std;
class EGLExt{
public:
PFNEGLQUERYDEVICESEXTPROC eglQueryDevicesEXT;
public:
// function loader
#define myFuncLoader(x) eglGetProcAddress(x)
int loadExtFuncEGL_EXT_device_enumeration(){
eglQueryDevicesEXT = (PFNEGLQUERYDEVICESEXTPROC) myFuncLoader("eglQueryDevicesEXT");
return 1;
}
public:
int loadALL(){
loadExtFuncEGL_EXT_device_enumeration();
return 1;
} // loadALL()
} // end of class
To generate a Java binding, do this:
GLmain gl = new GLmain(GL_API.EGL);
String javaClass = gl.asJavaClassExt();
System.out.println(javaClass);
To produce this code:
package gles.generated;
import android.opengl.*;
/**
*
* Extension: EGL_EXT_device_enumeration API: EGL, Enumerations: 0, Functions: 1
*
*/
public class EGLEGLEXTDeviceEnumerationExt{
// Function(s) for extension EGL_EXT_device_enumeration, API: egl
// TODO add some jnigen code here
/**
* Extension: EGL_EXT_device_enumeration
*
* C Prototype:
* EGLBoolean eglQueryDevicesEXT (
* EGLint max_devices,
* EGLDeviceEXT * devices,
* EGLint * num_devices
* );
*
*/
public final native static
boolean eglQueryDevicesEXT( int max_devices,
long[] devices, int devicesOffset,
int [] num_devices, int num_devicesOffset);/*
// jnigen - native goes here
return (jboolean) eglQueryDevicesEXT( (EGLint) max_devices,
(EGLDeviceEXT *) (devices + devicesOffset),
(EGLint *) (num_devices + num_devicesOffset));
*/
/**
* Extension: EGL_EXT_device_enumeration
*
* C Prototype:
* EGLBoolean eglQueryDevicesEXT (
* EGLint max_devices,
* EGLDeviceEXT * devices,
* EGLint * num_devices
* );
*
*/
public final native static
boolean eglQueryDevicesEXT( int max_devices,
java.nio.LongBuffer devices, int devicesOffset,
java.nio.IntBuffer num_devices, int num_devicesOffset); /*
// jnigen - native goes here
return (jboolean) eglQueryDevicesEXT( (EGLint) max_devices,
(EGLDeviceEXT *) (devices + devicesOffset),
(EGLint *) (num_devices + num_devicesOffset));
*/
}// end of class EGLEGLEXTDeviceEnumerationExt
Today there are several tools to bind C/C++/Java to OpenGL, as GLEW and GLAD and even some more complete solutions as GLFW, SDL, JOGL and LWJGL. They are great, with years of experience added, but none of them are mainly focused to EGL and GL-ES. Their main task is supporting the complex and heavy weight desktop OpenGL.
My proposal is supporting EGL and GL-ES, with focus on Java native bindings through C++ and jnigen.
This tool loads a local copy of egl.xml and gl.xml, the official XML API registry of reserved Enumerants and Functions, maintained by Khonus ( http://www.khronos.org ), and extract enumerations and functions from core and extensions of the following APIS:
With this collection of information, we can output Java and C++ source code to access the following:
Native binding for Java is provided with source code following jnigen pattern. This is a simple, widely adopted way to create JNI code without pain.
Nevertheless, our generator is also capable to output C++ classes for each API, with core functions and/or extensions, to be used by your jnigen code.
@See more about jnigen here: https://github.com/libgdx/libgdx/wiki/jnigen
This is not:
This will use Apache 2.0 license, the same one used by Android OS. I try to keep it as a widely open source project, but still with reserves about responsibility.


Bitoque - Portuguese Steak with Beer Sauce
Bitoque (pronounced bee-tok) is a traditional quintessential Portuguese dish, its name comes from being cooked in wood burning ovens in the oil mills. Good in combination with red wine, beer sauce that I am going to also provide the ingredients and directions on how to do, rice, french fries and a salad.
Ingredients
- sirloin steaks
- garlic
- olive oil q.b. (quanto basta – ‘enough’)
- medium fat milk
- beer
- mustard
- flour
- eggs
Directions
- Season the steaks with sliced garlic and salt.
- In a frying pan, bring the steaks to the boil in abundant olive oil (to make the sauce later) and let it fry. Season with salt only when you are frying them. Remove and set aside in a dish covered with aluminum foil to keep them warm.
- In a low heat add to the sauce of the steaks, a little more butter or margarine and let it melt. Then add the milk and let it boil a little.
- Then add the beer, the mustard and the flour dissolved in a little water or milk and stir it well. Add to this sauce the sauce that was formed in the dish of the steaks. Add a little pepper, and stir until it always thickens over a low heat. Rectify the seasonings.
- When the sauce is ready, place the reserved steaks again in the skillet for a few more minutes.
- Fry the eggs (use a non-stick frying pan that doesn’t require any fat) and season the egg white with salt and the yolk with black pepper.
- Place the steaks with the sauce and the egg on top in clay bowls and serve with french fries, white rice and salad.
Contribution
Recipe tags:
portuguese
beef


This dialog allows you to specify the name and location of a file you’re about to save. This dialog is used in the File Save As command and the File Save command for new files, and also the Write Selection to File command.
The folders and files in the current location are displayed. Double-clicking a folder opens it – that is, your current location moves to that folder. To open the folder one level higher (the “parent” of the current folder) click the “Up One Level” button.
Only files of the type selected in the “Save as type” list box are displayed. Double-clicking a file will attempt to replace that file – you are prompted if you want to replace it.
You can view the files sorted by name, date & time, size etc by clicking the detailed list button and clicking the appropriate column heading to sort by that column. The dialog also allows you to delete, rename, view properties etc by clicking the file with the right mouse button and selecting from the context menu that appears.
Save In
To see how the current folder fits in the hierarchy on your computer, click the down arrow. To see what's inside a folder, click it.
File Name
Type the filename you want to save to. If you type the name of an existing file you are prompted if you want to replace it. If you type the name of a folder that folder is opened and the contents are displayed. Normally you see all files matching the specification currently selected in the “Save as type” box – but if you type a filename with wild-cards here, such as *.DOC, you will only see matching files.
Save As Type
Select the type of file you want to save:
All files (*.*) All existing files are displayed.


A portfolio of sorts.
Long story short, I needed a place to showcase my own projects that I've worked on in my own time. I figured a basic website would work, as it's nothing too complex to create and I already had some experience from University in Web Development.
As you can probably tell, this is a fairly basic website. No databases, no crazy UI/UX, Bootstrap is the only framework (aside from it's JavaScript dependencies) used. Not only is it easy to use but I learnt more than the basics in the Web Development class at Uni, so why not put those skills to good use? As I only need static content served, I had no reason to not choose GitHub Pages for hosting. It's free, and with a check of a box, a GitHub repository is being used to serve a website.
As with many of my projects, this website is fully open source and available at GitHub. Not that it matters as you can inspect the source from your browser, but it's the thought that counts, right?


Sir Aaron Tanford
Nice to meet you, young Warrior. I am Aaron Tanford, watchdog of the Wastelands. My mission is to stop the brutes that are terrorizing the villagers...
Show him the letter from Hamil


Sing along with Jan. Do you think you can" I can tap. I can rap. I can bop. I can hop. I can sit, for a bit, but not, for a lot. Can you sing Jan's rap and bop in time" I can tap. I can rap. I can bop. I can hop. I can sit, for a bit, but not, for a lot
in-context


Classes
The following classes are available globally.
-
Defines a set of convenience properties and functions when working on Apple devices, such as checking the device model name (
iPhone10,3
), getting the device type (iPhoneX
), getting the OS version, the current device orientation and internet connection state.Examples:
See moreif HardwareInformation.deviceType == .iPhoneX { // The app is running on an iPhone X ... } if HardwareInformation.isConnectedToNetwork { // The device has an internet connection ... }
Declaration
Swift
open class HardwareInformation
-
Undocumented
See moreDeclaration
Swift
open class HTMLEntity
-
Class used to monitor network connection and return the status.
There are two main properties that the user should be interested in:
1)
isReachable
- Iftrue
, the device can reach the network. 2)isExpensiveConnection
- Iftrue
, the device is connected to a network that can be expensive for the user to use (such as cellular data). Therefore, the app should be careful with its data usage.Example:
// Can connect to network? if Reachability.shared.isReachable { ... }
See moreRemark
The staticisConnectedToNetwork
property has been deprecated and is provided as backward compatibility with older versions of the library. Please useReachability.shared.isReachable
going forward.Declaration
Swift
public class Reachability : ObservableObject


Step2 ends
Explanation of STEP1 - Co-ideation
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Mushrooms (P. cubensis)
In 1996, I decided to start cultivating P. cubensis. I had no idea what I was in for. My first trip was several months earlier. These first experiences were just a feeling of well-being and happiness. Just as I heard, we laughed a lot.
My experiences with my home-grown mushrooms were radically different. It was amazing to watch these fungi grow. At harvest time, I was over-joyed, and eager to sample my 'tree of knowledge'. Most of my experiences occured by myself, in the natural setting of a Hemlock ravine.
I started off with low dosages, and gradually worked up to about 4 grams, dry weight. The onset of the trip was unpleasant. I felt totally drained of energy, and my balance suffered. After this came the peak. During this time, I became aware of a presence all around me. I heard a gutteral-type sound, somewhat simular to a deedridoo, which I had never heard before this trip. It was a resonant type sound in the background. I was being watched. Watched by these entities all around me which I could not see.
After these experiences, I talked to some campus-heads that I met. I told them about the presence I felt, and they said they experienced the same thing. The only thing I could equate this 'presence' with was aliens. My friends agreed with this perception. It was just such a weird feeling. After this part of the trip passed, I started to see things that were wrong with my life, and the world. After the peak (which was really scarey sometimes), the afterglow of the trip was awesome! During this time, I tried to find ways to change my life through what I had learned.
During the next several experiences, I came to the realization that the 'presence' I felt was not alien. More and more I was convinced that the presence of the entities was demonic/angelic. During one trip (not exclusive, I know now), I heard the most beautiful music I ever heard before in my life. There were no 'words'. At least not in a human language. I felt the blessing of God sweep through my mind and soul. I felt like I had touched the hand of God.
To say this was a life-changing experience would be an understatment. My whole way of looking at the world changed. I was learning how to love people. I start to cry just thinking about it. I was shown some things that most people never see. It's hard to convey to people who have never used entheogens. What I experienced was not a hallucination. A small fraction of it was. I was opened up to another realm.
I started on a religious pilgrimage. That journey still continues. I haven't grown or used mushrooms since '97. Perhaps it is time again. The human soul is so forgetful. Maybe I need to relearn some of those revelations I received. So....here I go again.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


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Weekly Report Users users who have signed up for a weekly email report
| User | Active | Registered | |
|---|---|---|---|
| {{UserIdStr}} | {{Email}} | {{Active}} | {{Discovered}} |
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ConnexReadIP
| Syntax | ||
| int ConnexReadIP(int fildes,unsigned char **buffer); | ||
| Header | ||
| base/connex.h | ||
| Library | ||
| cnx | ||
| Description | ||
The The file descriptor of the socket is given by the argument fildes. Memory is allocated to store the decoded data and the pointer to the buffer is stored at the location pointed to by the argument buffer. The memory allocated for the data should be freed when it is no longer required. | ||
| Returns | ||
| Returns the size of the decoded data on success. On error, (-1) is returned. | ||
| Errors | ||
| On error, (-1) is returned. | ||
| Example | ||
|


Git repository with all code of this example.
To check the operation of the video chat, go to this page from two or more browsers.
Do not forget that for a video chat you need a webcam or at least a microphone.
If you have opened a video chat from two browsers, but from one computer it can happen that only one browser will access the video stream from the camera, and the second browser will either give an error (If it's FireFox) or broadcast a black box (If it's a chrome)
If the conference is more than 2 people, then the speaker will be shown, and not all at once. But it is also possible for all conference participants to immediately display tiles on a common image.
This functionality in the beta testing phase, about errors, report at this page or to the email support@comet-server.ru


--- layout: default title: ICNEI'16 - Scientific Committee ---
The Scientific Committee list is currently being updated. We appreciate your patience!


crotal.models.base.
Model
(**attributes)[source]¶This is the model of the data in crotal site. It is a simple ORM in which the database layer is replaced with static file reader. The pattern is designed to go with Django.
Example usage:
We have defined the max length of the title as 8, so the result is:
create
()[source]¶This function is called after the model has successfully load the documents from the folder indicated, it should be overridden if you want to do some extra operation on the data.
For example, if you want to convert the post content into markdown
format, then you should define it in the method create
under
Post
class.
to_db
(absolute_path)[source]¶Convert the data from object into crotal database format for data persistence and serialization.
load
(database, config)[source]¶This method loads the static files indicated by cls.PATH
of each
model, then parse them into objects.
None
classify_files
()[source]¶This method classifies the static files into 3 types: unmodified
,
modified
and removed
by comparing the last modified time of
the file read from file system with the last modified time stored in
database.
single_file_on_change
(file_path, event_type, config)[source]¶This method is called by the crotal server. If there is a file change when the server is running, the server will call this method to let the model responding to the change of file.
created
, modified
or deleted
.load_main_items
(config)[source]¶This method handles 3 types of source file differently, loads the fields of each source file, build objects and add them into the object manager.
If the file is unmodified
, then load it from crotal database;
If the field is modified
, then load it from the file system;
If the field is removed
, then remove it from the crotal database;
As unmodified
file is stored in crotal database which can be
accessed from memory, loading an unmodified
file can be much faster
than loading a modified
file from the file system(hard drive).
This is also known as incremental build, which makes Crotal fast.
load_extra_items
(config)[source]¶This method is called after all static files are load. If you want to load some other fields from the files in addition to the main fields, please override this function.
For more information please refer to the implementation of models.Post
load_single_file
(file_path, config)[source]¶This method is used to load a single file from the file_path
.
An object of the loaded file.
remove_single_file
(file_path)[source]¶This method is used to remove a single file from the object manager and the database.
from_db
(path, config, row)[source]¶This method is used to load a single object directly from the database.
An object of the designated file.
from_file
(file_path, config)[source]¶This method is used to load a single object from the file system.
An object of the loaded file.
from_text
(file_path, text, config)[source]¶This method is used to load a single object from a string.
The object of the loaded file.
parse_content
(file_path, content, config)[source]¶Parse the content from a string and return an model object.
parse_attributes
(file_path, config, attributes)[source]¶For each attributes read from the static file, find the corresponding
field and parse the attribute by the parse
method under the field.
None
get_file_list
(base_dir, path_list)[source]¶This method returns the list of all the source files in the directory indicated. Notice that there be multiple paths passed as a list and files started with '.' will be ignored.
None


Caliper
- Version:  Fabric v1.0.0
- Size:  4 Peers, 1 Orderer(solo)
- Distribution:  Single Host
 System Under Test
- Name:  Simple Benchmark
- Description:  This is an example benchmark for caliper, to test the backend DLT's performance with simple account opening & querying transactions
- report
 Benchmark
- Introduction
- Architecture
- Source code
 More Information
Performance
- Transactions
Submitted: 0, Succeeded: 0, Failed: 0
- Throughput
- Latency
Log
waiting for benchmark to start


You can use this field to select an existing topic to deal with. Either use the cursor up and down keys to step through the list or type in the first letters of the topic name. If you type in a prefix common to more than one topic, you can step through those topics using the space bar.
If you are creating a new topic (after clicking the New Topic button), type in the name of your new topic here. When you have typed in the topic description and set the file list and read only flags, click on the Add button to register the topic for creation.
Topic names on CIX can be up to 14 characters long and can contain lower case letters, digits, plus and minus signs, underscores and full stops. Certain names are not permitted by CIX, news and mail for example. The name you type in will be checked against these as soon as you move to another field in the dialog.


The seq/elem.h
header defines a macro that extracts an element from a sequence.
#include <chaos/preprocessor/seq/elem.h>
The CHAOS_PP_SEQ_ELEM
macro extracts an element from a sequence.
CHAOS_PP_SEQ_ELEM
(i, seq)
The zero-based index of the element to be extracted.
Valid values range from 0
to
- 1.
CHAOS_PP_SEQ_SIZE
(seq)
The sequence from which an element is to be extracted.

CHAOS_PP_SEQ_ELEM_ID
()
This macro effectively allows CHAOS_PP_SEQ_ELEM
to pass through itself without becoming disabled.
The CHAOS_PP_SEQ_ELEM_
macro expands to a λ expression representing CHAOS_PP_SEQ_ELEM
.
CHAOS_PP_SEQ_ELEM_
This macro is a shorthand form of the following λ binding:


Type Definitions
CallbackQueryAnswerOptions
Options provided when answering a CallbackQuery.
Type:
- Object
Properties:
| Name | Type | Attributes | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
cacheTime |
number |
<optional> |
The maximum amount of time in seconds that the result of the callback query may be cached client-side. |
url |
string |
<optional> |
URL that will be opened by the user's client. |
- Source:
ContactObject
A contact object
Type:
- Object
Properties:
| Name | Type | Attributes | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
phoneNumber |
float |
<optional> |
Contact's phone number |
firstName |
float |
<optional> |
Contact's first name |
- Source:
LocationObject
A location object
Type:
- Object
Properties:
| Name | Type | Attributes | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
latitude |
float |
<optional> |
Latitude of location |
longitude |
float |
<optional> |
Longitude of location |
- Source:
MessageEditOptions
Options provided when editing a message.
Type:
- Object
Properties:
| Name | Type | Attributes | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
disableWebPagePreview |
boolean |
<optional> |
Whether or not to disable link previews for links in this message |
parseMode |
string |
<optional> |
The formatting option for this message (see [here](https://core.telegram.org/bots/api#formatting-options) |
replyMarkup |
object |
<optional> |
The keyboard to send with the message, can be generated with a KeyboardBuilder. |
- Source:
MessageOptions
Options provided when sending a message.
Type:
- Object
Properties:
| Name | Type | Attributes | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
replyTo |
Message | number |
<optional> |
The message to refer to when sending the message |
disableWebPagePreview |
boolean |
<optional> |
Whether or not to disable link previews for links in this message |
parseMode |
string |
<optional> |
The formatting option for this message (see https://core.telegram.org/bots/api#formatting-options) |
replyMarkup |
object |
<optional> |
The keyboard to send with the message, can be generated with a KeyboardBuilder. |
- Source:
VenueObject
A venue object
Type:
- Object
Properties:
| Name | Type | Attributes | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
latitude |
float |
<optional> |
Latitude of location |
longitude |
float |
<optional> |
Longitude of location |
name |
string |
<optional> |
The name of the venue |
address |
string |
<optional> |
The address of the venue |
- Source:


DAS BOOT (THE BOAT) A film review by Ben Hoffman Copyright 1997 Ben Hoffman
Ever wondered what it is like to be in a submarine during wartime? This film brings it home like none other.
During World War II, only one out of 10 of the 40,000 German submariners survived. The film shows the terror, the claustrophobia of those in the submarines as the depth charges drop all around them. It also shows the sailors as young human beings, not as Nazis Storm Troopers; young kids in a most miserable situation.
A tense, magnificent film, ranking with some of the best movies ever made.
Available in dubbed English but try to get the German version with English subtitles.
4 Big Bytes
4 bytes = Superb 3 bytes = Too good to miss 2 bytes = Average 1 byte = Save your money
Ben Hoffman
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


Hello, my name is Kelvin and welcome to my profile! I'm a Kenyan freelancer with over 4 years of experience with vector illustrations and designs! I specialize in minimalist, elegant and memorable logos and labels/packages designs!
My goal is to help my clients achieve their dreamed designs and help them develop their businesses by giving them arts that represent well their beliefs and ideas!
If you're interested in any vector art for any job, don't hesitate to contact me and let's have a more thorough chat about your project! I'll be glad to help!
Its a combine effort webpage written using HTML and css code only that is meant to bridge a gap on the public health care See Our Website
It's a web written using HTML and CSS language only for a Curative MakerSpace hub. See Our Website
It's a web written using HTML and CSS language only for a my personal website.See Our Website


IS445 Homework and Project
Michelle Varnas
Home
(current)
About
Bootstrap
Future
Homework 3
Homework 4
Something else here
Project
Search
MichelleVarnas-Homework1
Chelly belly...head full of jelly
About Myself
Education
Bachelor of IS, CSULB (Expected Graduation 2019)
Skills
Programming Languages: Python, HTML, CSS


Refreshable braille displays
Refreshable braille displays have
existed in the market for some time. In some cases, philanthropic organizations fund their R&D
costs and purchase them on behalf of blind individuals. Unfortunately, many of the (cheaper) ones
can only support one or two lines of braille text, while options that provide an entire page are
often very expensive. The one below costs a whopping $3832 (as of July 2020)
So why do these cost so much? Well, lets take a look inside to see how these usually implemented.
These displays refresh electronically based on some computer-generated input, so there must be a
PCB board attached to a system of actuators which deflect the braille dots. Below is a typical
set-up.
Here, a Piezoelectric bimorph is loaded as a cantilever beam, attaching on the fixed end to the PCB
and on the deflecting end to a pin. When the beam is loaded with current, it deflects. According
to classic solid mechanics, one side of the bimorph will be under tension and the other will be
under compression, leading to a vertical displacement on the free side of the beam. As you can
see from the image, there are moving components in close proximity which must be manufactured
rather precisely. Now the price tag is starting to make sense!
Now, how would one design a full page of braille using this approach? The answer is to use a
stair-stepped design consisting of multiple vertical layers of such assemblies, each operating on
its own row of braille cells. Leaving aside the expensive R&D and manufacturing cost of such a
system, it must be prohibitively expensive to service. You'd need the precision of a Swiss
watchmaker to fix a faulty beam!
You may be wondering, if piezoelectrics can change shape with a current, why not simply place a
piezo block under each dot and deflect it? The reason this is not possible is that the changes in
size are tiny, and it is due to the length of the beam here that makes the overall effect on the
braille stud relevant.
Linear actuator
A better approach would a purely linear actuator, where each braille stud would be actuated by a
subassembly entirely beneath it. This would make it simpler to manufacture, service, and also
would mean that a braille page would be roughly a multiple in cost of a braille line. Of course,
I am not the first to imagine this. There is a
research project conducted by the University of
Michigan to build a microfluidic braille tablet with linear actuators. In their design, the
linear actuators are pneumatic, controlled by pressure and the ideal gas law.
Bosch diesel fuel injectors
This may seem like an obtuse change in subject, but please bear with me. I discovered that Robert
Bosch Gmbh manufactures diesel fuel injectors with a novel linear actuator based on both
piezoelectrics and fluid pressure. This got my attention as I was thinking about the braille
reader because the nature of the problem is so similar. Here's a nice
video showing how it works.
Essentially, a stack of piezo materials is loaded and deflects by a tiny amount. This tiny
amount decreases the volume in a chamber of air. The key innovation here is that the area of the
chamber is much larger at the interface with the piezo stack than it is at the interface with the
pin. The pin deflection will then be equal to the inverse of this ratio multiplied by the
deflection of the piezo stack. Barring the uncooperate behavior of fluids like air in tiny spaces,
this means that the deflection of the pin can be as large as needed. What's more, because the
assembly is entirely linear, it can be manufactured cheaply on a plane.
Refreshable braille display
Going back to the topic at hand, I am sure you already guessed what I am about to propose.
These cells can be arranged onto a PCB and easily scales to a two-dimension braille reader. I
suspect that the manufacturing cost would be low due to the layered design. The global blind
population isn't incredibly high so there aren't economics of scale. Fortunately, the price bar is
rather low, since products on the market are very expensive.
Going a step further, having a microprocessor on-board with network chips and the ability to load
standard ebook formats would turn this into a nifty little device. Perhaps voice commands could be
used to tell the book to list the contents of the library, purchase a book, or delete a book can be
integrated. I see this as being a potential accessibility platform where the ecosystem of
developers, perhaps some of them blind, can contribute to the quality of the end-user product.


GODZILLA VS. MOTHRA (GOJIRA VS. MOSURA) A film review by David Milner Copyright 1993 David Milner
I almost didn't make it. The worst storm to hit the area in over a decade had arrived the night before, there was only a fifty-fifty chance that my flight would actually take off, and my cab was half an hour late in picking me up to go to the airport. Nevertheless, with more than just a little luck, my flight to Tokyo did leave only about forty minutes behind schedule, and I was on it.
Flying to Japan was perhaps one of the most masochistic things that I have ever done. After the tenth or eleventh hour in the air, I decided that only people who possess a certain inner peace that even Ghandi would have envied should do this sort of thing.
After counting the number of seats in the coach section of the aircraft about a hundred times, I finally got to meet a Japanese customs inspector who very politely asked if I, by any chance, happened to be carrying any illegal drugs that he should know about. I felt almost sorry to disappoint him, especially after what I'd just been through.
Next was the shuttle bus from Narita Airport to Shinjuku Station. This two-hour ride was the last thing on Earth I wanted to do after having just spent close to fourteen hours doing the 'gee, I hope we don't hit a windshear' shuffle, but, unfortunately, it was just about the only way to get from here to there. I could have taken the bus directly to my hotel, but I knew that if I didn't bother to check in first, I just might be able to catch the last showing of the evening.
Right after the bus pulled into Shinjuku Station, I quickly stashed my bag in a locker, and made a mad dash to the theatre in which I knew GODZILLA VS. MOTHRA would be playing. When I reached the theatre, I found that I had a whole twenty minutes to spare.
I plunked down my Y1,800 ($15) for a ticket and headed for the concession stand inside the theatre. I purchased a program, two books on the film, a can of soda, and some Godzilla gummies.
The film started right on time, or should I say, the commercials and previews did. Advertisements for beer, toys, cars and upcoming films ran for almost twenty minutes, but then, finally, the film began.
The prologue featured some great special effects. The scenes showing a meteor crashing into the ocean and a violent storm washing away the soil covering Mothra's egg were just spectacular. I remember thinking at the time that Toho's special effects department had finally shown that it could give Hollywood a run for its money.
The prologue also included a scene with a few Americans portraying NASA officials in it. To my great surprise, unlike the Americans in GODZILLA VS. GHIDRAH, the previous Godzilla film, these people weren't bad! Yes, their appearance was brief, but they almost made me believe that they really were who they were pretending to be.
Next I noticed that the music ended very abruptly in one or two spots.
In the following few scenes, Takuya Fujita (Tetsuya Bessho), who just happened to wear a Fedora, got caught while trying to steal a priceless artifact from a religious shrine, and ran into a small problem while trying to cross a wooden footbridge. I'd heard that there was going to be a film featuring Godzilla produced in Hollywood, but I never imagined that he would get to meet Indiana Jones. Seeing this immediately convinced me that the Toho Company Ltd. definitely was not taking GODZILLA VS. MOTHRA as seriously as it had films such as GODZILLA 1985 or GODZILLA VS. BIOLLANTE. It also convinced me that screenwriter Kazuki Omori, whose much more subtle references to films produced in Hollywood in both GODZILLA VS. BIOLLANTE and GODZILLA VS. GHIDRAH were bad enough, should never again be allowed to work on a Godzilla film.
I was a little disappointed by some of the effects work seen during this part of the film. When the walls collapsed in on Fujita as he tried to escape from the shrine, for example, it seemed like there were a few people standing behind the walls simply pushing them over.
Environmental Planning Board head Joji Minamino made his first appearance in the film while Fujita was still in jail. It was nice to again see the very familiar face of Akira Takarada, who starred in numerous genre films such as GODZILLA VS. THE SEA MONSTER, GODZILLA VS. MONSTER ZERO, KING KONG ESCAPES, GODZILLA VS. THE THING and GODZILLA, KING OF THE MONSTERS.
When the cosmos (Keiko Imamura and Sayaka Osawa) appeared, I could tell that Toho's matting techniques had really improved. Gone were the obvious seams that made some of the shots featuring the tiny twins in films such as GHIDRAH, THE THREE-HEADED MONSTER and GODZILLA VS. THE SEA MONSTER so unconvincing.
I found the idea that the cosmos belonged to a race of beings from outer space disagreeable, to say the least, simply because it reminded me so much of the inferior Godzilla films of the 1970s, such as GODZILLA VS. GIGAN and GODZILLA VS. MECHAGODZILLA, featuring invading aliens from outer space trying to take over the Earth.
The idea that Battra appeared and attacked the civilization of the cosmos when it became harmful to the Earth, on the other hand, I thought was a really good one. This, to me, seemed to be the whole point of the film.
I was reminded of a scene in GODZILLA VS. GHIDRAH featuring Ghidrah battling some F-15s when I saw Battra being attacked by a number of the planes while he was swimming toward Japan. Yes, it was again obvious that model aircraft were being used, but these at least were somewhat convincing, simply because they were larger, and more detailed. Seeing Battra doing what appeared to be his own unique version of the breaststroke, too, was more convincing than seeing Ghidrah flying through the air while hardly moving his wings.
For some strange reason, Battra's cry reminded me very much of a giant pteranodon that I remembered seeing in films such as GODZILLA VS.
At about this point in the film, there was a closeup shot of Shoji Kobayashi, who was reprising his GODZILLA VS. GHIDRAH role as Security Chief Ruzo Dobashi, making an exaggerated face which was intended to both express worry and be funny. I suppose that to Japanese audiences who had seen Kobayashi do this very same thing in both the ULTRAMAN and KAMEN RIDER television series, this may actually have been funny. To me, however, it just seemed ridiculous.
I was very pleasantly surprised when I heard Battra's theme. Unlike much of the rest of the score, it was an entirely new piece of music, instead of a simple rearrangement of themes first written for films such as GODZILLA, KING OF THE MONSTERS and GODZILLA VS. THE THING. I also thought that the theme was good because it expressed the character of the monster so well.
When Battra appeared in Nagoya, and his entire body was finally shown, I was frankly a little disappointed simply because he seemed more like a monster that you would expect to see in an ULTRAMAN episode than in a Godzilla film. I was also a little disappointed by the fact that it was so apparent in a few shots of the monster moving forward that he was actually just a person in a suit simply walking along.
I was not at all disappointed, however, with the optical work seen during Battra's attack on the city. The animation used to show the monster emitting electrical rays from his horn and eyes was just fantastic.
The matte work, too, was very good. Never before had Toho so convincingly joined together footage of a monster with actual shots of a city.
Godzilla made his first appearance in the film while Mothra's egg was being transported to Japan. He looked pretty much the same as he had in GODZILLA VS. GHIDRAH, except he was now a little thinner, and his eyes were yellow and red instead of brown. The slimmer features did make Godzilla seem a little less powerful than before, but they also made him a bit more believable simply because his musculature no longer seemed quite as exaggerated.
I was surprised to hear the Godzilla roars created for films such as KING KONG VS. GODZILLA and GODZILLA VS. THE SEA MONSTER being used instead of the lower ones heard in the more recent Godzilla films. This, too, showed me that Toho definitely was not taking GODZILLA VS. MOTHRA as seriously as it had the three previous Godzilla films.
I was also surprised to hear that a better job had not been done with the sound mixing of Godzilla's roars. Some of them just were too quiet.
When Godzilla showed a distinct interest in Mothra's egg, Fujita attempted to separate the ship he and his companions were on from the floating platform on which the egg was resting by releasing the tow cables connecting the two vessels. Mr. Ando (Takehiro Murata), the Marutomo Corp. executive who was interested only in protecting the investment of the company for which he worked, tried to prevent Fujita from doing this. The extended struggle between the two seemed contrived to me simply because I thought Mr. Ando's devotion to his job was a bit extreme, to say the least.
The battle between Godzilla and Mothra, which took place immediately afterward, also seemed contrived to me, although not as much so.
A new, higher-pitched sound was heard whenever Godzilla used his breath. This frankly was much too artificial sounding to be believable.
The noises made by Mothra, on the other hand, were all exactly the same as before.
Some of the most unconvincing special effects in the film were shown during Godzilla's clash with Battra at the bottom of the ocean. For example, there were what were supposed to be lots of tiny air bubbles superimposed over the shots of the two monsters fighting, but these did little to help create the illusion that the battle really was taking place underwater. Instead, they simply made it difficult to see what the monsters were doing. The fact that both Godzilla's breath and Battra's rays did not seem to be at all affected by the water through which they were supposedly traveling also made some of the underwater footage unconvincing.
The sound effects heard during this part of the film, on the other hand, actually were pretty good. The roars of both monsters, in particular, really did sound like they were being produced underwater.
When Fujita discreetly avoided having to face his daughter at Narita Airport, which for some strange reason looked very familiar to me, he finally began to develop a distinct identity, and I finally began to feel that I was looking at a Japanese treasure hunter, instead of an Indiana Jones clone.
Soon afterward, Mothra was shown swimming toward Japan with the sun in the background and sunlight being reflected on the water. This very atmospheric shot was just fantastic.
Hearing the cosmos perform THE SONG OF MOTHRA, as well as a few of the other songs from films such as MOTHRA and GODZILLA VS. THE THING, really brought back some memories for me. Akira Ifukube's new arrangements were all good, and served to keep the songs from sounding dated, but, unfortunately, the singing was a little flat in a few spots.
Mothra's attack on Tokyo featured some great shots of buildings being destroyed, but was still a little unconvincing simply because Mothra looked too much like a model, and not enough like a living creature. Also, it was obvious in some shots that Mothra was just being rolled along on wheels.
Seeing the cosmos talk to Mothra through an open window, to me, was yet another sign that Toho was not taking GODZILLA VS. MOTHRA as seriously as it had the last few Godzilla films. It frankly seemed like Mothra was being portrayed simply as the cosmos' pet.
There were some not quite convincing, but interesting, front-screen projection shots included in the footage of the military's bombardment of Mothra.
There was Shoji Kobayashi making that face again!
Up to the point in the film in which Mothra began to construct his cocoon, Makoto Otake had been doing a fine job portraying Marutomo CEO Takeshi Tomokane as the sort of unscrupulous businessman that you just love to hate. However, seeing the character get down on his hands and knees in guilt and frustration while Mothra was constructing his cocoon made me feel that perhaps Otake was beginning to get a little too carried away with his role.
The psychic Miki Saegusa, also seen in both GODZILLA VS. BIOLLANTE and GODZILLA VS. GHIDRAH, finally was given an opportunity to use her abilities when Godzilla emerged from Mt. Fujiyama. I frankly have never much liked the idea of having a psychic in a Godzilla film, but I must admit that Megumi Odaka does always give a surprisingly credible performance.
After Godzilla emerged from the mountain, there appeared on the screen absolutely the best computer graphics ever seen in a genre film. Toho definitely should use the same type of animation again if it decides to again show how the Japanese military tracks giant monsters in the upcoming GODZILLA VS. MECHAGODZILLA.
Mothra's emergence from his cocoon could have been a little more convincing, but the singing of the cosmos heard during the scene actually was pretty good.
The adult Mothra looked a little stiff in some shots, but I was really surprised by just how animated he seemed in a few others.
Battra's transformation from larva to adult was just incredible. The optical work seen during the sequence really showed what special effects director Koichi Kawakita could do.
The adult Battra was a little disappointing because he was much too small in comparison with the larval stage of the monster, and because he was at times just so obviously a model.
Like the shot of Mothra swimming toward Japan, the footage showing the military's attack on Godzilla was very atmospheric. It frankly was nice to see this touch added to a very familiar scene.
The final battle between the monsters I thought was very well choreographed. Having Battra save Mothra's life by preventing a Ferris wheel from falling on him, however, was just a bit too much for me to take. Yes, it had already been clearly established that GODZILLA VS. MOTHRA was not meant to be taken very seriously, but this was just too much.
For the most part, the special effects seen during the battle were excellent. The matte work showing the monsters in Yokohama was impressive, and the opticals, too, were very good, although when I saw Mothra emitting rays from his antennae, I did begin to feel that perhaps Koichi Kawakita had gotten a little too carried away. About the only shots that could have been improved upon were a few of the ones showing Battra and Mothra flying, but even these were much better than most of the shots in GODZILLA VS. GHIDRAH of Ghidrah flying.
Seeing Mothra flying in outer space at the end of the film stretched credibility, which had already taken quite a beating, a bit beyond even the liberal limits that most genre fans would allow. However, it did make for a nice shot, and provided for a smooth segue into the closing credits.
When the film ended, and I got up to leave the theatre, it occurred to me that Takao Okawara, who directed only one other film, REIKO, must have been given a considerable amount of autonomy simply because GODZILLA VS. MOTHRA was so much more lighthearted than any of the three previous Godzilla films.
Next it occurred to me that perhaps the best acting performance in the film had been given by Satomi Kobayashi, who played Fujita's ex-wife Masako Tezuka. I felt this way simply because Masako came across as being the most credible of all of the characters in the film.
Finally, it occurred to me that I was feeling utterly exhausted not only because I hadn't slept in over thirty hours, although that probably was the main reason, but also because I'd just spent the past one hundred and three minutes trying to keep up with what was unquestionably the fastest paced of all of the Godzilla films.
A few days later, I went to see GODZILLA VS. MOTHRA once again, this time in a theatre located inside the Yurakucho Mullion building, the circular glass building located only a few blocks away from the Ginza which genre fans may remember as the one that Godzilla crashed into in GODZILLA 1985.
After noticing how much more coherent the film seemed, I vowed to never again go see a film in a foreign language immediately after having spent almost an entire day traveling.
Aside from that, the only thing I noticed which I hadn't before was that in seeing Godzilla appear not only in a film featuring a revamped version of a famous American movie character, but also in one with such good special effects, I was perhaps seeing a little preview of things to come. If so, I just hope that TriStar Pictures doesn't make the model for the revamped character in its Godzilla film quite as obvious.
David Milner Columbia University inet<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Usenet: ...rutgers!columbia!blackbox!dave ...rutgers!columbia!blackbox.cc.columbia.edu!dave
.
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


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As Coronavirus Deaths Spike in Prisons, Americans Want Offenders Moved Out
At least 766 people have died in federal and state prison custody.
At least 766 people have died in federal and state prison custody.
The former president has in the past been reserved in his comments about President Donald Trump, despite harsh criticism thrown his way. In the run-up to November, however, Barack Obama is hitting back.
The lack of mandates relating to face mask use is at odds with much of Europe.
The explosive fertilizer had been stored at the Beirut port since 2013, despite multiple warnings from officials it presented a grave danger to the city.
The South China Sea has emerged as a flashpoint between China and the U.S., amid Beijing's efforts to fully control the disputed region.
The president speculated that mail-in votes would potentially take "months" or "years" to be tallied after filing a lawsuit against Nevada.
Seventy-eight percent of respondents said they think the U.S. should temporarily close the U.S. border except for essential travel.
Results of a new national survey, which collected antibody tests from thousands of people across Afghanistan, suggested as many as 10 million could have contracted COVID-19 at some point during the outbreak.
The explosive fertilizer had been stored at the Beirut port since 2013, despite multiple warnings from officials it presented a grave danger to the city.
The former president has in the past been reserved in his comments about President Donald Trump, despite harsh criticism thrown his way. In the run-up to November, however, Barack Obama is hitting back.
Iowa Governor Kim Reynolds signed an executive order restoring felons' right to vote.
The lack of mandates relating to face mask use is at odds with much of Europe.
The South China Sea has emerged as a flashpoint between China and the U.S., amid Beijing's efforts to fully control the disputed region.
The remains likely belong to the Karankawa Kadla people, who are native to southeastern Texas.
"We know how it feels to be scared and hungry with no place to go," a Palestinian refugee told Newsweek.
"Well, I don't—is that even legal?" Senate Majority Whip John Thune (R-S.D.) said to reporters Wednesday.
The explosion tore through Beirut on Tuesday, killing at least 100 people and injuring more than 4,000.
5.4 million unemployed Americans could run out of money to pay for things like rent, auto payments, credit cards, health insurance, food, and clothing by the end of this month.
By KELLY SHACKELFORD
By MELISSA ROGERS
By RICHARD PAINTER
By PAULA AVILA-GUILLEN
By JASON RANTZ
By MICHAEL-SEAN SPENCE
By SHOSHANA BRYEN
By ROBERT REICH
The U.S. currently has the most confirmed cases and deaths in the world.
The New York Police Department reported 777 shootings in 2020 through August 1, totaling more victims and incidents than 2019 in its entirety.
Congressman Adam Schiff said agents from the Department of Homeland Security had carried out "aggressive operations" during demonstrations.
In the second quarter of 2020 alone, 286 organizations lobbied on the topic of liability protections, according to Open Secrets, more than twice the number of groups that did so in the entirety of 2019.
Nearly 75 percent of the women who Democrats have tapped to turn red House seats blue have outraised their GOP opponents and are within striking distance of winning, a Newsweek analysis showed.
Chaos over mail-in ballots and distrust of the results could trigger an existential crisis for American democracy.
President Donald Trump on Monday called Dr. Deborah Brix, a member of the White House Coronavirus Task Force, "pathetic" shortly House Speaker Nancy Pelosi criticized her.
The fossilized excrement could help to shed light on what the extinct animal once ate.
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Dear CSI Chapter,
I hope this finds everyone safe and healthy! As we all prepare for the start of the fall semester with much uncertainty, let me take this time to thank each of you for all you do for CSI and our students. As chapter chair and EC member of the PSC, I've never been so busy during the summer. But this applies to most of you as well! There are so many people who have dedicated so much of their time to assuring we return to a safe campus, that people have jobs, and that students will receive quality education. A we are less than a week away from the start of the fall semester, we still have much work to do to assure everyone's health and safety. For now, I want to share two things with you for your information.
First, next Wednesday the PSC will hold its third major action with a day of action we are calling "PSC Demands Justice." This will consist of a 24-hour online event where we will be on Zoom for 24 hours beginning Wednesday, August 26 at 8 am and continuing non-stop until 8 am Thursday, August 27. The focus of the day will be to address the 10 demands the PSC is currently negotiating with CUNY and the Chancellor Matos. A schedule of the day's events and contributions from all our members, and students (!), will be distributed prior to the event. But in order to participate in the days' event, everyone must register for the event. Please see the info and link below and make sure to register!
https://www.psc-cuny.org/8.26
Secondly, I am also attaching a link to an article written by two CUNY professors, one of which is the former Vice-President of the PSC Michael Fabricant, and Steven Brier. The article addresses the disinvestment in CUNY funding and public education. Please read below.
https://www.gothamgazette.com/opinion/9691-racialized-austerity-case-of-cuny-funding-new-york-public-college
Please register for the August 26 event "PSC Demands Justice" and please take extra good care of yourselves!
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Manchester City man has four-year contract offer from MLS club – Is ‘tempted’ by the idea of the move
by Sean LuntManchester City goalkeeper Claudio Bravo could move to the MLS when his deal at the Etihad expires this summer.
The 36-year-old has recently found himself back in the Manchester City first-team as an injury to number one Ederson forced Pep Guardiola to turn to his number two.
There is little to no chance of him replacing the Brazilian when he is fully fit, though, with the Chilean very-much the backup at the club these days.
The suggestion has been he will be moving on when his contract expires next summer, and it seems a move to America may be on the cards.
According to El Mercurio, Bravo is ‘tempted’ by the move across the Atlantic Ocean to see out his career and already has three offers to move there.
The most tempting is from New York City, who just so happen to be owned by the City Group, who have proposed a four-year deal that would see him extend his career beyond his 40th birthday.
That’s presumably much better than staying at Manchester City, which doesn’t seem to be an option anyway, or becoming a free agent and looking for a move elsewhere.