Saudi Aramco IPO's institutional tranche oversubscribed: source
The institutional tranche of Saudi Aramco's initial public offering (IPO) has received more than 64 billion riyals (US$17.1 billion) in orders, Saudi-owned news channel Al-Arabiya said on Thursday, citing a banking source.
RIYADH/DUBAI: The institutional tranche of Saudi Aramco's initial public offering (IPO) has been oversubscribed while the retail portion has received a little more than 10 billion riyals (US$2.67 billion) in orders so far, a banking source told Reuters.
Earlier on Thursday, Saudi-owned news channel Al-Arabiya, citing a banking source, said the institutional tranche of the deal had received more than 64 billion riyals, while the retail portion received 10 billion riyals.
Aramco, which did not immediately respond to a request for comment, plans to sell 1.5per cent of the company, or about 3 billion shares, at an indicative price range of 30 riyals to 32 riyals, valuing the IPO at as much as 96 billion riyals and giving the company a potential market value of between US$1.6 trillion and US$1.7 trillion.
Representatives of the state-owned oil giant plan meetings with investors in Dubai next week, sources have said, for what is expected to be the world's biggest share sale.
Aramco has said at least one-third of the sale is expected to be covered by retail investors, who have until Nov. 28 to sign up for the IPO.
Institutional investors can subscribe until Dec. 4.
Aramco kicked off the sale process on Nov. 3 after a series of false starts. The deal is crucial for Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman's plans to raise billions of dollars to invest in non-oil industries, create employment and diversify the world's top crude exporter away from oil.
(Reporting by Marwa Rashad and Sylvia Westall; Writing by Davide Barbuscia; Editing by David Goodman and David Evans)


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1905 A-D
Adams, Lilly
Adams
Spirit of Democracy,
Mrs. Lilly Adams, wife of Thomas Adams, died from
hemorrhage Friday night. Her little daughter, with whom she was sleeping, was
aroused
By her mother s struggles and
awakened the family. Death ensued in a few moments. [ d.
A husband and three children are left.
The funeral took place Monday, interment in the Woodsfield
cemetery. Rev. Hawk officiated.
Spirit of Democracy,
Mary King was born in Mason county,
She leaves to mourn her departure, a loving husband, six
children, four brothers, two sisters and a host of relatives and friends. Her
brother, Charles N. King of
The husband has lost a good helpful companion, the
children, a fond loving mother, the family of God on earth a faithful member,
and the community a noble citizen and neighbor. But we sorrow not as those who
have no hope. Weep not dear friends for her as she calmly rests in silent
slumber of the dead, for her pain and sorrows are over, she has fallen asleep
in the arms of Jesus who holds her secure from all harm. Her death was caused
from cancer. The relatives have the sympathy of all the neighbors and friends
and in conclusion will say to you: Look to the hill of Zion from whence cometh
thy strength and consolation.
The funeral was conducted by the writer with S.H. Haudenshield undertaker, at
.
Card of Thanks We desire by this means to thank our neighbors and friends
for their helpful sympathy to us during our sorrowful bereavement.
Jesse Allen and Family
Spirit of Democracy,
Susan Atkinson, and aged and highly respected lady, died at
her home here
Deceased was 79 years of age and resided here all her life.
Funeral Saturday from the home of her brother O. Atkinson,
north of town. Interment in Clarington cemetery.
Spirit of Democracy,
Mrs. Elizabeth Baker, aged 80 years, died at the infirmary
Sunday.
She was the widow of M.Baker
formerly of Sunsbury township.
[d. March 4, 1905]
Spirit of Democracy,
Martin Baker, who resided near Woodsfield, received
injuries Friday night of last week from injuries Friday night of last week he
died Saturday night. [d. July 22, 1905]
Our information is that he had gone to the rooms over Weisend s saloon and was engaged in playing a game of cards
and when the game ended the party with whom he was playing owed him one dollar
in change and left the room presumably to get the money. After the party went
out of the room Forrest Benjamin remarked to Baker that there was no change
coming to him, whereupon a dispute arose and Baker struck Benjamin. The men
then clinched and in the scuffle fell out of the window to the pavement below.
Baker received injuries about the head and body; also, had a bruise on his
ankle. Benjamin was uninjured. Baker was taken to the Woodsfield hospital and
placed under the care of Dr. Huth who gave him all
the relief possible but all in vain. Baker gradually grew worse and died about
Benjamin was arrested on the charge of manslaughter and
taken before Mayor Thompson Monday afternoon. Prosecuting Attorney F.W. Ketterer appeared for the State and W.E. Mallory and
Jennings & Walton for the defendant. After examining thirteen witnesses the
Mayor decided that the evidence was not sufficient to hold the accused and for
want of evidence discharged the prisoner.
The affair is a very unfortunate one. In the first place
Mr. Baker should have been at his home with his family there is no excuse for
his frequenting a room where gambling is done; neither is there any good excuse
for a gambling room being allowed to exist. No where in the Statute can we find
a section of law protecting an institution of that kind and it is certainly time that the authorities put forth every effort to stamp
them out. If there was any law authorizing gambling and the gamblers kept
within the limit of the law, then there would be some reason for a business of
that nature and no one could object; but when there is no law to uphold such
place existed in Woodsfield it is reasonable to believe that Mr. Baker would be
alive and well today.
Mayor Thompson informs us that whenever complaint is made
he assesses a fine against the parties running the place within the
corporation, but says he does not assess it in a sense of licensing the wrong.
Baker, Mary J. Baker nee Fisher
Spirit of Democracy,
Mary J. Baker, wife of Roy E. Baker and oldest child of Mr.
and Mrs. Levi Fisher, was born
She was married to Roy E. Baker
She confessed her faith in Christ and was baptized by Elder
D.W. Harkins in November 1903.
She leaves a kind husband, two children, a loving father
and mother, and five sisters and one brother to mourn her premature death. Dear
Mary has gone. She can not return to you who sorrow because of your
bereavement but you can go to her. You can not see her happy face, you can not
hear her call, for she has gone to a better land than this, there to await your coming.
The funeral services were conducted by Elder D.W. Harkins
at the home of her parents, June 23. Her body was laid to rest in the Baker
cemetery to await the resurrection. A large concourse of neighbors followed her
to her last resting place. The bereaved relatives have the sympathy of the
entire community and church.
Spirit of Democracy,
Mrs. Elizabeth J. Bare, 81 years old, died
After graduating from the Woodsfield seminary, she taught
school at Baresville where she met and married Martin
Bare, son of Jacob Bare for whom that town was named.
She and her husband engaged in farming pursuits at
Woodsfield, later living at Baresville. Several years
later they moved to
She is survived by six children, W.S. Bare of
A. D. Bare of
Her remains were taken to
Barker,
Spirit of Democracy,
The most horrible accident that has happened since the
advent of the oil industry in this community occurred Wednesday night, January 18th , about 11 o clock at the Draper well No.1
about 1 miles west of Lewisville when two men, Sherman Barker of near
Burkhart and Mr. Holden of Sycamore Valley were blown into eternity by the
exploding of the boiler.
The well was being pumped by tower, James Slack working
morning tower and John Holden the afternoon tower. Barker was learning under
Holden. But a short time before the time stated above, Slack who lived but a
few hundred yards from the well, was preparing to go on tower when he heard the
explosion. He hurried to the scene and there found that the boiler had
disappeared, but from the vapor arising in the adjoining field he knew the
boiler had landed there, 136 feet from the original location. On arriving at
the scene of disaster he found Barker first, lying about fifty feet from the
boiler and Holden about 100 feet in the same direction.  Holden was
not disfigured but somewhat scalded and his breast was caved in.
B.F. Butt, justice of the peace, was notified and an
inquest was held. The verdict was that deceased came to their death by the
boiler exploding; cause of explosion unknown.
Barker was removed to his home and Holden to the residence
of S.D. Wise where they were prepared for burial. On Thursday morning Holden
was taken to his home near
Barker,
Spirit of Democracy,
Sherman Barker was born
He joined the M.E. church at
Spirit of Democracy,
Death from Boiler Explosion
The pump-house boiler on the Draper farm near
Just what caused the boiler to explode is unknown but from
examination of the crown sheet and safety plug it is believed that the water
had been low and that when cold water was turned in the explosion followed.

There was scarcely a shred of clothing left on the upper portion of his body.
Holden was scalded to death.
The accident is one of the most horrible in the history of
the oil industry in the county and greatly shocked our people as the news
spread Thursday morning.
Barker s home was at Burkhart. He leaves a wife and two
children. He was a brother-in-law of Mr. W. G. Smith, clerk of the Columbia
Hotel at Woodsfield.
Holden resided at
Spirit of Democracy,
With sorrow we note the death of Edward H. Beard, grandson
of Mr. and Mrs. H. M. Hendershot, of near Woodsfield,
which occurred at his home in
He was married to Miss Rosa Ryan and leaves to mourn a
wife, father and mother, two brothers and one sister and a host of friends.
The funeral services were held at his home Sunday afternoon
after which he was laid to rest at the Mountwood
cemetery to await the resurrection morn.
A precious one from us is gone,
A voice we loved is stilled;
A place is vacant in our home,
Which never can be filled.
May he rest in peace.
Those who attended the funeral from this place were M. C. Hendershot, W. B. Hendershot,
Stanley and Ed Dennis, R. P. Ralston, Ella Hendershot
and Mrs. F. W. Kindleberger.
Grandfather
H.M. Hendershot
Spirit of Democracy,
John Bigler, son of Charles Bigler of
A brother of the deceased died about one year ago from the
same disease, but without an operation.
Spirit of Democracy,
Okey, little son of Mr. and Mrs.
Jacob Bigler of near this place, died
Interment at the St. Jacob cemetery
Tuesday. The bereaved family have the sympathy
of the entire community.
Blatter, Emma Marie Blatter
nee Lude
Spirit of Democracy,
Mrs. Blatter, aged 29 years, wife
of Charles Blatter of Clarington, died February 12.
Deceased was a daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Louis Lude. A husband and two children are left.
The funeral took place the following Wednesday; interment
in Lude family burying ground.
Spirit of Democracy,
William R. Boettner of near this
place died Thursday morning about
He leaves to mourn his death a wife and eight children.
The bereaved family have the
sympathy of the entire community.
Funeral services were conducted by Rev. E. O. Morris. Interment in Chapel Hill cemetery. [d. September 7,
1905]
Card of Thanks I thank our friends and neighbors for the
many acts of kindness shown during the illness and death of my husband, William
Boettner. Elizabeth Boettner
Spirit of Democracy,
An infant child of Mr. and Mrs. John Bonam
died Saturday night. The remains were interred in the Woodsfield cemetery
Sunday. [d.January14, 1905]
Spirit of Democracy,
George M., the ten months old son of Mr. and Mrs. George Bott, died at
Word was sent here Sunday of its death and Undertaker Bauer
of the firm of Bauer & Willison went to Wheeling
and bought the body here Monday noon accompanied by its parents who had been
there anxiously waiting and hoping for the recovery of their child.
The funeral took place Tuesday conducted by Rev. Father
Goebel of the Catholic church. Interment
in the Catholic cemetery.
Boughner, Mrs. Stephen Boughner
Spirit of Democracy,
Mrs. Stephen Boughner died
Friday, November 10th , and was buried in
the new cemetery. Rev. Gregg conducted the funeral.
Bowen,
Spirit of Democracy,
Elam Patterson Bowen, son of Robert and Elizabeth Bowen,
was born three miles southwest of
He had been in the employ of the above named hotel for some
years and was much loved and esteemed by his employers because of his
gentlemanly character and integrity in business, treating others with due deferences, he commanded from them the same. He was
strongly attached to his home possessed by an ingenious love for his mother and
sister who fully shared in his liberal earnings.
Services were held Wednesday evening by Rev. J. K. Grimes,
D. D. of Wesley M.E. church. The remains were taken Thursday to
He leaves to lament his early demise, a father, mother, two
brothers, four sisters and many friends. The family have
the sympathy of the whole community and the proffered comfort, support and
guidance of Christ to their happy eternal home in heaven.
Spirit of Democracy,
L. D. Bracy, son of George and
Elizabeth Bracy, was born
He was married to Miss Kate Hager
About five years prior to his
marriage he lived in Barnesville and remained there twelve years of his married
life. He was engaged while with the Hibbard Furniture company.
Funeral services were held in
He left a wife, an aged
mother, one brother and many other relatives and a host of friends to mourn.
This is a death in which we
all feel that we have been bereft of an excellent citizen and neighbor and the
church has lost an excellent member. He was selected as one of the Elders of
the
Spirit of Democracy,
L. D. Bracy, aged 52 years, died
from typhoid fever Monday evening at his residence in Coats.
The remains were taken to Barnesville for interment and
were buried by the honors of Oddfellowship.
Mr. Bracy was a good Christian
gentleman and leaves a wife and many friends to mourn. [d.
December 11, 1905]
Spirit of Democracy,
Homer, son of Mr. and Mrs. Lewis Bradfield, died
Beckoning hands of a little boy, see,
Little voice calling, Oh parents, for thee;
Rosy cheek darling, the light of our home,
Taken so early, is beckoning come,
Beckoning hands at the gateway tonight,
Faces all shining with radiant light;
Eyes looking down from your heavenly home,
Beautiful hands they are beckoning Come.
Spirit of Democracy,
The remains of Mary Brague
who died in the hospital at Gallapolis, arrived on
the
Rev. Austin Wilson officiated. Interment
at Clarington in the family lot.
Brown,
Spirit of Democracy,
Elam Brown, who died in
Funeral services were held on Friday conducted by Rev. R.
J. Norris.
[ d.
Spirit of Democracy,
Word was received here Wednesday of last week of the death
of John A. Buchanan of Gilbert, Stark county,
Deceased was a well-to-do farmer and had many friends in this
county and in the county in which he died, who very much regret his death.
Spirit of Democracy,
We are sorry to announce the death of our former citizen,
Frank Buckingham of Spencer Station
The remains were brought to the
Spirit of Democracy,
W.C. Buegel of
Mr. Beugel leaves a wife, three
sons and three daughters.
He was a faithful soldier
during the late war, being a member of Company C., Second West Virginia
Calvary.
The funeral will take place Thursday.
Spirit of Democracy,
Near Waynesburg, Greene county,
Coming to Ohio in 1845 he settled in
Monroe county, where he resided until 1895, when his family removed to
the beautiful home in which he died.
Early in life he embraced the
Christian religion, and identified himself with the Methodist Episcopal church; this society going down he connected himself with
the United Brethren church, and continued a member of the same to his departure
home. Only a short time since he paid his dues to the church he loved, and in
which for many years he was a faithful attendant and worker. To the writer at
different times, lately, and to the family just before he went away, he
expressed his triumphant faith and confident victory over death, through
Christ.
In the civil war he served in
Company D, 33d OVI. under General Sherman; was in that
memorable march to the sea. He was a member of the B. D. Fearing Post,
G.A.R.,
He was an obliging neighbor,
a kind father, a good husband, a brother beloved, as was indicated by the very
large company who gathered at his home to pay respect to his memory Sabbath,
November 19, where services
were in the charge of the writer. The G. A. R. Post of
Bellaire attended in a body and had their full service at the cemetery at Rose
Hill. Father Bunfill leaves to sorrow the widow,
three sons, four daughters, two step-daughters, and a host of friends and
acquaintances. The heart stricken family have the
sympathy of the community. He cannot come back. But we all may go to him. R. W. Martin
Spirit of Democracy,
It is with sadness we record the death of Mrs. Dr. Burcher whose illness from consumption has been noted from
time to time. At
Viewing for the last time the pale sweet face of Julia
which was so sad a task, we laid her to rest in the cemetery at Somerton.
She was 32 years of age and
leaves father, sister, a loving (husband) and two innocent children to
mourn Martha, aged 6 years and Joseph, aged 4 years. All that loving hands
could do was done to alleviate her suffering but all to no avail.
Jesus called and she must go. We commend her spirit into the
hands of Him who said: I am the resurrection and the
life. She has gone to her long home and the sorrowing ones can put their trust
in Jesus the truest friend of all mankind. As she lay so still and cold in her
beautiful casket the two little motherless children knelt at their papa s feet
and prayed to Jesus to make mamma well once more. The bereaved family have the sympathy of many friends. May she rest in
peace and the family tie be reunited around the Great White Throne in Heaven.
Please add the following lines of poetry.

If I should die tonight
Even hearts estranged would turn once more to me,
Some kindly deed the icy hands had wrought
Some gentle word the frozen lips had said;
Errands on which the willing feet had sped;
The memory of my selfishness and pride,
My hasty words, would all be put
aside;
And so I should be loved and mourned tonight.
.
If I should die tonight
Even hearts estranged would turn once more to me,
Recalling other days remorsefully;
The eyes that chill me with averted glance
Would look upon me as of yore, per change,
And soften in the old, familiar way.
For who could war with dumb, unconscious clay?
So I might rest, forgiven of all tonight.
.
Oh friends, I pray tonight
Keep not your kisses for my dead, cold brow;
The way is lonely, let me feel
them now,
Think gently of me; I am travel worn;
My faltering feet are pierced with many a thorn.
Forgive, oh hearts estranged, forgive, I plead!
When dreamless rest is mine I shall not need
The tenderness for which I long to-night. A FRIEND
Burgbacher, William Burgbacher
Spirit of Democracy,
The remains of William Burgbacher
who died in
The following were present from a distance: Mr. and Mrs.
R.T. Keyser and sons Richard and Lester of Bellaire, Mrs. W.D. Francis and son
Anthony of Zanesville, Mr. Jacob Burgbacher of
Barnesville, Mr. and Mrs. Charles Burgbacher of
Summerfield, Mr. George Prettyman of Wheeling and
Mrs. F.M. Hamilton of Beallsville.
Spirit of Democracy,
Peter Burkhard, one of the workman engaged in pulling the casing from Bender well No.1
near
As he went up he called to the engineer for help. The
engineer stopped his engine and attempted to climb the derrick, but before he
could reach Burkhard the unfortunate man could hold
on no longer and let go, falling to the ground. His body was terribly mangled
and death ensued at once. Deceased was a son of David Burkhard
of Rinards Mills and was 28 years of age.
He leaves a wife, father and mother and several brothers
and sisters.
The funeral took place Sunday; interment at Bracken Chapel.
The services were conducted by the Oddfellows, of
which Order deceased was a member.
Spirit of Democracy,
Miss Annie Burkhart, aged 12 years, daughter of Mr. and
Mrs. Thomas Burkhart, died Saturday after a brief illness. Her remains were
taken to Burkhart for interment.
Deceased was a member of a class of twenty-seven who were
to receive their first communion Sunday.
[d. June 17, 1905]
Spirit of Democracy,
Mr. S. L. Nauer, Mr. John Nauer, Mr. Philip Nauer and Mrs.
George Nauer of Kuhn returned Tuesday from
Deceased was a member of the Catholic church.
She leaves a husband and five children.
[Source:
Newspaper clipping Issue: 1905]
On Wednesday evening, August 1, 1905, at 7 o=clock, the death angel entered
our home and called our dear beloved son and brother, Francis, to his home of
Eternal rest. Mr. Francis Burkhart was twenty-one years of age and the youngest
son of John and Sophia Burkhart, of near
On Sunday, August 13, he was accidentally shot while out hunting. It was an
awful shock to his parents, sisters and brothers. All that loving hands and
medical aid could do was done for him but without avail. On Monday morning,
August 14, he was remove to the North Wheeling St. Joseph=s hospital, where the best
of care was given him. His father, brother, and sister were there with
him and were at his bedside till the end. It is hard to give him up but we must
be resigned to the will of God. Dear Francis said it was God=s will and he was ready to
die. A few minutes before he died he bade us all good-bye and told us not to
weep for him for he was so happy and was going to God. We know he is
waiting in Heaven to met us again.
He leaves to mourn his loss, a father, mother, three brothers, five sisters,
and a host of sorrowing friends. He was ever a kind, dutiful son, a loving and
affectionate brother, and we cannot express in words how we miss our darling
Francis. He was a devoted Catholic.
The funeral services were conducted by the Reverend Father Smith and dear
Francis was laid to rest in the Catholic cemetery at ten o=clock Saturday morning amid
many beautiful floral offerings.
When we think of his smiling,
cheerful face,
In this world of pain,
Then of Heaven=s abiding place,
In the realms of Gain.
Where no sorrow ever comes,
That=s to be our home,
May we meet our darling Francis,
Nevermore to part.
Angel eyes are watching
For the coming
Of the loved ones who are left
On earth to mourn,
Dear Francis, we hope to met in Heaven
Where sorrows cease
and parting is no more.
Father, Mother, Sisters, and Brothers.
Spirit of Democracy,
Francis Burkhart, aged 21 years, youngest son of John A.
Burkhart of Miltonsburg, who was accidentially shot
Sunday of last week, died in
His remains were brought home
for burial. [d. August 16, 1905]
Spirit of Democracy,
Miss Mary A. Burkhart of Kuhn died
The funeral services were conducted by Rev. Father Smith at
She was 81 years of age and leaves many relatives and
friends to mourn.
Spirit of Democracy,
Mary Ann Burkhart was born in
She leaves to mourn five children, ( two
having preceded her to the grave), 29 grandchildren and 31 great grandchildren.
She was the widow of Thomas Burkhart, who died
She belonged to the Catholic church, and stood by her faith until death overtook her. Her
remains were laid to rest in the cemetery at
When seething waters around me roll,
When friends and kindred part,
The solace of my heart.
O, Gentle Hope, how drear were life
Without thy cheering rays,
For through all turmoil, pain and strife,
I see the Golden Days.
.
And if at times, there comes no rest,
No friend
to give me cheer,
With heart and soul and mind
oppressed,
I ll hope and persevere,
O, precious hope, to thee
I ll cling
Till life s last struggling
breath,
For joy and sunshine thou
wilt bring,
Down
through the vale of death. L.B.
Spirit of Democracy,
Mrs. Henrette Burkhead,
aged 82 years, of
Her remains were brought to Woodsfield Monday and kindly
cared for at the home of Mr. and Mrs. S. W. Egger, from whose residence the
funeral took place Tuesday morning. Owing to the absence of Rev. R. C. Wuestenberg, Dr. E. P. Edmonds conducted the services.
Cariens, Edgar Perbasco Cariens
Source: The Wayne County [Illinois] Press; 16 Mar
1905
Edgar P. Cariens,
one of Wayne's most highly respected citizens, died at his home Thursday
[submitter's note: the next obituary
says Wednesday] of last week after a long illness. For many years he was a faithful member of
the M.E. church at New Salem. He was held
in high esteem by all who knew him and his death leaves a vacancy that will be
hard to fill in the community in which he lived. Funeral services were conducted at the home
Thursday morning conducted by Rev. Michels. Interment at the Cariens cemetery.
Submitter's Note: Below is a second obituary:
Cariens, Edgar Perbasco
Cariens
Source: The Wayne County [Illinois] Press; 23 March
1905
EDGAR PERBASCO CARIENS
was born in Meigs county, Ohio,
Nov. 21, 1850, and departed this life March 8th, 1905, aged 54 years, 3 months
and 17 days. He moved with his parents
to Wayne county, Ill. in the year 1860.* He was married to Rachel Schell, Oct.
10, 1870. To this union were born three
children, two sons and one daughter. He
leaves a wife, two sons, one daughter and a host of relatives and friends to
mourn his untimely death. He was
converted and joined the M.E. church at the age of 15 years while quite a boy
and lived a faithful member of same during this time. He acted as steward of the church and Sunday
school superintendent until his health failed.
Brother Cariens died at his home Wednesday
morning, March 8, 1905. He had for some
months suffered with stomach trouble. On
Friday before his death he was taken worse.
The funeral was preached at his home by the pastor, Rev. Wm. Michels, after which his body was laid to rest in the Cariens grave yard.
*Submitter s Note: The copy was difficult to read in this spot and the
year 1860 may be incorrect.
Carpenter,
Gertrude E. Carpenter
Spirit of Democracy,
Death has again visited our neighborhood and took away the
little one year old daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Oliver H. Carpenter. The illness
was pronounced lung fever by the doctors and was of a very short period.
[ Gertrude E. Carpenter died
Spirit of Democracy,
On the 27th day of January occurred the death of
Miss Laura Carpenter, daughter of Wilson and Maggie Carpenter of near
Spirit of Democracy,
We feel sad to report the death of Miss Laura Carpenter,
one of the most promising young ladies of our community. She died Friday
evening,
She dropped so like a lily fair,
Cut down at hour of
So Jesus took her to his care,
To beautify and bloom
Into a saint divinely bright!
Far to outline the sun;
To sing the songs of glad delight,
Her blameless life has won.
.
Death loves a bright and shining mark,
So took one sweetest flower;
Leaving our home so still and dark
In this--our darkest hour.
She left us- oh, how desolate!
The idol of our home;
And entered in a a
heaven s gate,
Elysian fields to roam.
.
But, ah, a dreary void she left,
None other love can fill;
Oh, God! our hearts are
so bereft,
Tis hard-yet, tis thy
will;
Heaven received a shining light
When she from earth was risen;
But mother s day was turned tonight
When Laura went to Heaven. Icel
Hannahs
Spirit of Democracy,
Mrs. Elizabeth Cecil, aged 69 years, who resided on Moose Ridge,
died Wednesday evening of last week. [d. August 2,
1905]
Card of Thanks-We tender our
thanks to our neighbors and friends who so kindly assisted during the late
illness and death of our mother, Mrs. Elizabeth Cecil. We shall never forget
them. MELISSA A. KOEHLER,
JACOB CECIL. LOUISA ACKERMAN
Spirit of Democracy,
Mr. Forrest Christman and sister Celestia,
arrived Sunday from
Christman, Jacob F. Christman
[Source:
The Spirit of Democracy Issue:
Jacob Friedrich Christman, aged 27 years, of near
Spirit of Democracy,
Jacob F. Christman, aged 27 years,
of near Miltonsburg, died July 25th.
Deceased was a member of the Luthern
church.
He leaves a wife and one child.
The funeral took place Thursday. Interment
at Middle church.
Spirit of Democracy,
Zilva A. Christman
was born
The subject of this sketch was the only daughter of William
G. and Emma Christman of near Monroefield.
All that medical aid and loving hands could do would not save her life, yet,
God in his wisdom doeth all things well. This illustrates to us the uncertainty
of life and the necessity of early preparation for eternity.
She leaves a father and mother and a large circle of
relatives and friends.
 The funeral services were conducted by
Rev. F.A. Meusch of Miltonsburg. R. C.
Card of Thanks-We desire to thank our friends who so kindly
assisted us during the last illness and death of our beloved daughter.
WILLIAM AND EMMA
CHRISTMAN
[The
Spirit of Democracy Issue:
Miss
Zilva C. Christman, was
born February 8, 1902, and died March 30, 1905, being 3 years, 1 month, and 21
days old.
The subject of this sketch was the only daughter of William G. and Emma C. Bauersock Christman of near Monroefield. All that medical aid and loving hands could do
would not save her life, yet, God in his wisdom doeth all things well. This
illustrates to us the uncertainty of life and the necessary of early
preparation for eternity. She leaves a father and mother and a large circle of
relatives and friends. A large concourse followed her to her last resting place
in the
Claus, Mary K. Claus nee Schmidt
Spirit of Democracy,
On Sunday morning, January 15, between 4 and
She was born in
Meusch of Miltonsburg.
Tis hard to break the tender
cord,
When love has bound
the heart;
Tis hard, so hard, to speak the
words,
Must we forever
part?
.
Dearest loved one we
have laid thee,
In the peaceful
grave s embrace
But thy memory will
be cherished
Till we see thy heavenly face.
Claus, Mary K. Claus, (nee Schmidt)
[Source:
Spirit of Democracy Issue:
On Sunday morning, January 15, 1905, between 4 and 5 o=clock, the angel of death
called at the home of Justus Claus, near Monroefield,
Ohio and tore out of the midst of a loving family the beloved wife and mother,
Mrs. Mary K. (Caroline) Claus, nee Schmidt. Having seen ailing for some time,
she welcomed death as the liberator from all evil, and saw in it a means of
being united with her Savior. She was born in
Spirit of Democracy,
Mrs. Justice Clause, aged 56 years, of
The funeral services took place Tuesday, interment at
Miltonsburg. A husband and nine children are left. [d.
January 15, 1905]
Spirit of Democracy,
It is with sympathy and respect we record the death of H.
C. Cline, who died
He was a resident of
He was also a veteran of the civil war serving in the 116th
Regiment,
O.V.I., Company E.
Mr. Cline united with the Christian Union church more than
forty years ago and lived a faithful member until God called him from this
world of sorrow and affliction to the great beyond where all is happiness and
peace.
His remains were interred in Low Gap cemetery October 11th,
in the presence of a large crowd of relatives and sympathizing friends. Even as
our loved ones increase in years we sorrow when they are called by death away,
but we should remember that: The last enemy that shall be destroyed is Death.
So when this corruption shall have put on incorruption, and this mortal shall
be brought to pass the saying that is written, Death is swallowed up in
victory. O death, where is thy sting O grave, where is thy victory?
But thanks be
to God, which giveth us the victory through our Lord
Jesus Christ. H. L. D.
Colvin, Lewis Colvin 2nd obit
Spirit of Democracy,
The dark angel of death has visited our home and taken from
us our beloved husband and father.
Lewis Colvin was born in
He was united in marriage to Isabel Rosenlieb.
To this union were born four children two sons and two daughters, Corey,
Esther, Earl and Clarence.
He leaves to mourn, a wife, four children, an aged father
and mother, four brothers and three sisters besides many relatives and friends.
The bereaved have the sympathy of the entire community and
we hope that they may find comfort and consolation in their sorrowing moments
and hope dear husband and father is at rest, as he is done with toil and
suffering on earth, he has gone to meet his beloved Savior.
In 1903 he united with the U.B. church at the Allen Chapel;
he lived a member until the time of his death.
Saturday afternoon the remains were laid to rest in the
Spirit of Democracy,
Lewis Colvin was born
He was united with the church
He leaves a wife and four children and many friends to
mourn. He was a kind and loving husband and father and will be missed by many.
The wife of the deceased desires to here
thank the kind friends of the vicinity for their kindness during her trouble.
Spirit of Democracy,
Daniel Conger, aged 82 years, died at his home at Crane
Nest June 30th.
The remains were taken to Fletcher Chapel for interment.
Deceased was an honest, upright
citizen and a member of the M.E. church.
He leaves an invalid wife and three children.
Spirit of Democracy,
Mr. David Conger was born in
He united with the M.E. church at the age of 18, of which
church he lived steadfast in the faith until death.
He was united in marriage to
Miss Margaret A. Monahan
Everything that could be done
was done to prolong his life yet a little longer, but his sufferings are over.
Oh, how sad and lonely without grandpa; but we have one consolation that we can
meet him where suffering, sickness and death never come. He died without a
struggle or murmur, simply fell asleep in Jesus, there
to await the resurrection morn.
Funeral services were held at
the home on account of the aged wife and being able to attend after which his
earthly remains were laid to rest in the Otis cemetery. C. F. C.
Card of Thanks Mrs. Conger,
son and family, tender their sincere thanks to their friends and neighbors for
the kindness shown during the sickness, death and burial of her husband and
father.
Conger,
Margaret Conger nee Monahan
Spirit of Democracy,
Margaret Monahan was born
About her 18th year she united with the M.E.
church and remained faithful to the end.
She was married to David Conger in 1842, who
preceded her to heaven nine weeks only. Both are buried at Otts
chapel. Four children were born to this union, of whom one is dead. Hannah,
John and Elijah remain.
When the shadows fall around us,
When life s stormy waves surround us,
And we are bourne upon
their crest;
Then I love to read the story
Of that land so bright and fair,
And to learn that up in glory
There ll be no night there.
.
Then in a nobler, sweeter song
I ll sing thy power to save;
When this poor, lisping stammering tongue
Lies silent in the grave.
By Her Pastor A. D. Holden
Spirit of Democracy,
Our citizens were shocked and sickened Wednesday afternoon
of last week by the announcement that Anna Conley, an orphan girl aged about 17
years, had been shot and instantly killed. The best information we can get
concerning the affair is as follows:
Miss Conley and her lover Charles Seebach,
aged about 35 years, were lying on a bed at the home of Thomas Adams on
Neighbors who were notified called the officers and a
physician, but as death occurred at once the physicians could do nothing.
Prosecuting Attorney Ketterer ordered Seebach and Adams under the care of an officer. They were
both placed in the county jail about
Thursday morning Coroner Muhleman
secured a stenographer and proceeded to examine witnesses and continued his
work until Saturday when he rendered the following verdict: After hearing said
testimony and examining the body, I do find that the deceased came to her death
by a gun shot wound with a gun in the hands of Charles Seebach.
The wherabouts of the revolver
remained a mystery until Thursday morning when it was found in an adjoining
corn field about fifty yards from the house where the shooting was done. It is
claimed that Seebach was seen rush out of the house
immediately after the shooting and go to the side of the lot back of the house
adjoining the cornfield. The revolver contained four cartridges, supposed to be
the property of Seebach, one chamber being empty. The
revolver is believed to be the property of Seebach,
one of the witnesses testifying that he had put a new spring in Seebach s revolver and recognized the spring as the one he
had placed in Seebach s revolver.
It is hardly possible that the shot was fired by any one on
the outside of the house either through the open window or the open door, and
there are very few persons if any who believe in any such theory as the course
of the ball indicates that the revolver was pointing downward and the garment
worn by the girl was somewhat burned by the powder, showing close proximity.
Seebach recently learned of the
fact that Miss Conley was an adopted daughter of
The remains of the unfortunate girl were buried Friday in
the Woodsfield cemetery.
Seebach s statement is that he
had been up in town and went to the
He says Anna took the gun out
of his coat pocket and he saw nothing more of it. He denies throwing the revolver
into the cornfield and says he went to the back part of the lot sometime after
the shooting but was in company with another man. Mr. Seebach
says there was smoke visible in the room when he woke up but claims it was not
immediately over the bed. It was about one hour from the time Seebach had been up in town until the shot was fired. He
also says he called a second time to the occupants of the adjoining room before
they came to the room where the dead girl lay. He denies the statement that
there was any ill feeling on his part toward the girl.
A preliminary examination was held before Mayor Thompson
Tuesday afternoon and in default of $10,000 bail Seebach
was sent to jail to await the action of the next grand jury which will convene
September 26.
[d. August
16, 1905]
Spirit of Democracy,
George M. Cooke, former owner of the Marietta Leader, suicided by drowning himself in the
Deceased was an uncle of Mr. W. H. Cooke of Woodsfield.
Coss,
Spirit of Democracy,
Wash Coss, a highly respected citizen died at his home
southeast of town Wednesday after a short illness. The remains were interred in
the Low Gap cemetery. [d. March 29, 1905]
Spirit of Democracy,
Edward Coulter, an aged and respected citizen of
The funeral took place Saturday, with interment at Ollum cemetery on Opossum Creek. [d.
February 24, 1905]
Spirit of Democracy,
The subject of this sketch was a daughter of Thomas C. and
Jane V. Morris. She was born
She was united in marriage to Abram Craig in the year 1867.
She was the mother of five children, four sons and one daughter. The daughter
died at the age of five years.
She leaves to mourn her departure husband, one brother,
four sons, twenty-two grandchildren and one great-grandchild.
Rev. C.W. Miller, pastor of the Beallsville circuit M.E.
church, delivered one of the best funeral sermons we have listened to for many
years.
Deceased was a member of his church at the
She had been in poor health
for some years and her departure had been expected. She suffered for several
years from heart trouble and when her work was completed here, death released
her from all her sufferings and she has gone from labor to reward.
May all the relatives live such pure lives
that they may be fully prepared when the great messenger Death shall call for
them, that remains for the people of God, is the wish of a writer. S.P. JACKSON
Crow, Cynthia Crow nee Lashley
Spirit of Democracy,
On
She was born
Very early in life she was
baptized by Joseph Riddle.
In the latter part of 1838
she was united in marriage to Joseph Crow, which union was blessed with ten
children--three sons and seven daughters; of these one son and three daughters
have gone to their reward.
The children living are
Barnabas and Samuel A. Crow, Adeline Keyser, Mrs. Mary Monahan, Bell Jane Crow
and Mrs. Osborn Kinzy.
Mr. and Mrs. Crow moved to
their farm near Cameron in 1863 where they resided until taken away by death,
Mr. Crow having crossed the chilly
The funeral services were
conducted by Evangelist Joseph A. Hines at the residence, after which the
remains were tenderly laid at rest to await the final resurrection.
Spirit of Democracy,
Mrs. Henry Crow who resided near Cameron was struck by
lightning and instantly killed during the electrical storm Wednesday of last
week.
[d. July 19, 1905]
Dalrymple, Elizabeth Dalrymple
Spirit of Democracy,
Mrs. W.W. Dalrymple of Way, aged
72 years, died
She leaves a husband, one son and one daughter.
Mrs. D.R. Cooper conducted the funeral services; interment
at Low Gap cemetery.
Deceased was a member of Christian Union church.
Spirit of Democracy,
George Davey of Barnesville was killed by a current of
electricity while at his work in the La Belle mills at
Spirit of Democracy,
Mrs. A. A. Davidson, whose maiden name was Covert, died at
her home at
She was married to A. A. Davidson
Those of the children who have passed away are John S.
Davidson and Mrs. Eva M. Cline.
Spirit of Democracy,
The remains of Miss Emily Davis who
died at
Dearth, Louise
Dearth nee Devoe
Spirit of Democracy,
T.A. Devoe received a telegram
Tuesday saying that his sister, Mrs. Louise Dearth had died very suddenly at
Mr. Devoe attended the funeral
Thursday.
Spirit of Democracy,
Death, that grim monster which is so dreaded by all living,
was again in our midst and once more the funeral solemnity took up its solemn march
to the white sheeted nations of the earth, the grave, the dark and silent tomb.
Therefore death is always
doing its deadly work, by robbing us of the sweetest ties of nature to whom we
were bound by love and attraction. Ties in this world have to be severed for a
time. But Christ, the Redeemer of mankind broke the jaws of death and delivered
us from the grave when we shall be borne to the city of
Oh, death, where is thy sting? Oh, grave, where is thy
victory? The sting of death is sin; but thanks be to
God who giveth us the victory through our Lord Jesus
Christ.
It is with sadness we note the departure of Charles, son of
David A. and Margaret E. Denbow. On Friday night,
Charles was born
Charley was a good moral boy, loved, respected and held in
high esteem by his many friends and associates. During the fall and winter he
had taken such a great interest in his home, always good to his mother, brother
and sister. He was born and raised in
He leaves to mourn, mother, little brother Earl and sister Josie, besides many other relatives and friends who
deeply feel the loss of one so near and dear. It was a very hard shock on his
mother and sister as his death was so sudden but we must yield to God s will and we know our loss is his gain. We hope to meet
our near and dear friends in a home where there is no pain and nor sorrow and
parting in that Heavenly land.
The funeral was conducted by Rev. Neely.
The family of the deceased take
this opportunity of thanking the friends and community for their kindness and
help during the illness and death of their dear son and brother.
Spirit of Democracy,
James Dennis of Trail Run died at the North Wheeling
hospital last week from injuries received in the Panhandle ___(can t read)
line. The fracture of his skull caused his death.
Dennis, Marinda Dennis
Spirit of Democracy,
Mrs. Marinda Dennis, wife of A.W.
Dennis, born
She united with the Baptist church in her early youth, of
which church she lived steadfast in the faith until death.
She was born in
Last January she was stricken with appendicitis, from which
she never fully recovered, but gradually drifted on to those dreaded diseases,
cancer and consumption of the stomach and bowels. Everything that could be was
done to prolong her life, but of no avail, and she finally had to succumb to
them. Her sufferings are o er, but oh, how sad and lonely is home without
mother. But we have one consolation, that we can meet mother where suffering,
sickness and death are no more. She died happy, without a struggle or
murmur simply fell asleep in Jesus to await the resurrection morn.
Funeral services were held at her late home by Rev. King,
of
Spirit of Democracy,
The death angel visited Mrs. Maggie Denoon s
home near Burkhart calling away her son Charles, aged 17 years, 6 months and 27
days. This is the third death in about three years, a father and brother David and Forrest. The bereaved ones have the
sympathy of the entire community
Spirit of Democracy,
Henry Dent, aged 23 years, son of Mr. and Mrs. J. M. Dent
of
The remains were brought to the home of his parents where
the funeral services were held Sunday by Rev. Holden, pastor of the M. E.
Parents, brothers and sisters and many friends are left to
mourn.
[d. December 7, 1905]
Spirit of Democracy,
(
Mother Mary DeSales, 70 years
old, superior of the Sisters of Mercy of the Arch-diocese of
Mother DeSales received her early
education in the Pittsburgh Catholic schools; at the age of 20 she entered the
St. Xavier s academy, Beatty,
Deceased was a cousin of Mr. James O. English of
Woodsfield.
Diehl, H.C. Diehl 2nd obit
Spirit of Democracy,
We copy the following from the Clinton Eye, published in
H.C. Diehl, a well known carpenter of this city, while at
his work suddenly dropped dead from apoplexy, about
Deceased was born in
On December 30, 1880, he was married to Miss Barbara Christman and to this union three boys were born-Vernon who
was laid to rest just six weeks previous the day of his father s death; Harry,
a student at the University at Columbia, and Fred, who is at home, are left to
mourn a good father s counsel and care.
He had been a member of the Cumberland Presbyterian church
since 1883 and was always found at his post of duty when able to be there.
The bereaved wife and sons have the sympathy of all and may
our Father above be near to them, guide and comfort them until the last great
day, when all families shall be re-united to separate no more.
The funeral services will be conducted by Rev. L.C. Kirkes, at the residence on
Spirit of Democracy,
Henry C. Diehl of
Deceased was a son of the late William Diehl.
Upon receipt of the news here his mother, Mrs. William
Diehl and his sister Mrs. Jacob Bertram and brother Forrest Diehl left for
Diehl,
Spirit of Democracy,
Again the angel of death has passed through our midst and
taken from us one of our most beloved young men. Through the heavenly trumphet we heard the soft, sad words, Come up higher; thy
work on earth is ended and a place awaits you around the great white throne.
After intense suffering from a tumor on the right lung for four months, all
strength failed him, and at
Deceased was the second son of H.C. Diehl and wife and was
born at
He was baptized in the Cumberland Presbyterian church and
was always at his post of duty in the Sunday School.
He graduated from High school in 1901, and since then had
been an efficient clerk in Hale s
Too much praise cannot be given him as a young man of
excellent qualifications, good habits, and a gentleman, in every sense of the
word. He used the talents given him, was a bright, intellectual, good natured
boy and loving obedient son. Through tears the parents can look to their Saviour and be thankful for a son whose life has been a
blessing to this old world and yet must say, Thy will be done, as He doeth
all things well.
Words cannot express what he had suffered and no limit was
given to medical aid, while his host of friends stood ready to do anything in
their power to relieve and help him.
He leaves a heart-broken mother, father, two brothers-Harry
and Fred, and many other relatives and friends, who will miss his pleasant
smile and generous help.
The funeral services were conducted at the Cumberland
Presbyterian church, at
Mr. H.C. Diehl is a son of Mr. William Diehl, deceased. His
mother, Mrs. Katherine Diehl, resides in Woodsfield. The bereaved parents have
many friends here who sympathize with them in their sad bereavement.
Diehl,
Spirit of Democracy,
Relatives received word Tuesday of the death of Vernon
Diehl, aged 21 years, son of Mr. and Mrs. Henry C. Diehl of
Deceased was a grandson of Mrs. C. Diehl and Mr. Louis Christman, sr., of Woodsfield.
Spirit of Democracy,
William Digity, aged 8 years, of
Bellaire, was found dead in the B. & O. pond Wednesday of last week.
The testimony before the coroner showed that death was due
to alcoholic poison and that the whiskey had been stolen from a saloon.
Pat Connelly, aged 9 years was in the company with the Digity lad, but escaped death, not having drank so freely. [d. December 20, 1905]
Dillon, David Dillon 2nd obit
Spirit of Democracy,
David Dillon was born
He enlisted in Company I, 194th
Ohio Volunteers
He was married
He had been in poor health
for twenty years from diseases contracted while in the army, yet he bore his
affliction with Christian fortitude and never was known to seriously complain.
While it was evident to all that he could not live many years, yet his death
coming so suddenly and unexpectedly, was a great shock to his family and
friends. On the evening prior to his death his pastor visited him and he seemed
in the best of spirits and said: I am ready to go. His features bore that
calm expression which indicated that death came without a pain or struggle.
The funeral services were
conducted by Rev. Scott at the M.E. church and he was laid to rest in the Ozark
cemetery. Mr. Dillon made many friends in Ozark and the kindness and attention
shown the bereaved widow and children in their hour of affliction was the best
possible evidence of the esteem in which he was held by his many friends. A Friend
Card of Thanks We take this
means of expressing our thanks to the people of Ozark and vicinity for the
kindness shown us during the sickness and death our beloved husband and father,
David Dillon. Elizabeth Dillon, O.O. Dillon, L.S. Dillon, Letty
Winland, Beatha M. Oden,
Mary B. Bucy
Spirit of Democracy,
David Dillon, aged 60 years, of Ozark, died Friday.
His remains were laid to rest in the Ozark cemetery
Saturday.
Deceased was an old soldier and a
member of Gen. W. P. Richardson G. A. R. Post. [ David
died,
Spirit of Democracy,
While examining a revolver won from a cane rack at the
Noble Co. fair at Sarahsville, Wednesday afternoon,
Melvin J. King, an oil operator of Macksburg
carelessly pointed the weapon toward John Dingius,
his friend, and pulled the trigger. King was unaware that the gun was loaded,
until he heard the report and saw his friend prostrated on the ground with the
blood streaming from a wound in his neck. The victim of the accident,
died almost instantly, the jugular vein having been severed. The time worn
explanation, didn t know it was loaded, are the
only words offered in explanations by King. The victim of the accident, John Dingius, was a teamster, aged 56 years, and was a close
friend of Melvin King. [d. September 13, 1905]
Distler,
John G. Distler 2nd obit
Spirit of Democracy,
John G. Distler, aged 63 years, 8 months and 18 days, died
at his home at
Mr. Distler had been in poor health for some time and his
death was not a surprise but caused general regret as he was a man well liked
by his extensive acquaintances, not only in his own town and vicinity but
throughout the county.
Mr. Distler was born in
Deceased served his country, valiantly during the late
rebellion, being a member of
The funeral services were held Monday afternoon under the
auspices of the Independent Order of Oddfellows and
the G.A.R., with Rev. Theo A. Hafele as minister. The
sermon and services were very impressive and the attendance the largest ever
witnessed in that place. The floral tributes were unexcelled.
Several Oddfellows, Grand Army
men and citizens of Woodsfield, were in attendance.
Distler,
John G. Distler 3rd obit
Spirit of Democracy,
Died
He was united in marriage
Religious services were conducted by Rev. Hafele of Woodsfield.
He enlisted Nov.26, 1861, as a private in Co. s G. and D. 7th
Mr. Distler had a surprising accurate memory; he was very
good in the remembrance of all the noted battles that were fought during the
rebellion and on up to the date of his death he still kept those noted days
green in his mind by having the stars and stripes floating in the air from a
pole he had erected for that purpose at his home.
So ends the life of Comrade Distler.
Spirit of Democracy,
Mr. John Distler of
[Distler, John G. Distler d.
[Pearson, A.J. Pearson d.
Donaldson,
Bernice Donaldson nee Huffman
Spirit of Democracy,
Mrs. Bernice Donaldson was born
She was married to Walter Donaldson,
Deceased obeyed the Gospel
Bernice was a pure girl and a woman. The days of her life
though few in number were exemplary. She was loved by all who knew her.
Surely this is a world of sadness and disappointment.
Although the day of the funeral was very stormy and inclement, a large number
of friends and neighbors met to show their sympathy for the bereaved family,
and pay a tribute of respect to the deceased. The floral tribute was very
beautiful.
The services were conducted by Elder D.W. Harkins of
Woodsfield, who is an old friend of Mr. and Mrs. William Huffman and family.
The bereaved friends have the sympathy of the entire community.  While the spirit of our sister in Christ has gone to
the God who gave it, we laid her body to rest in the old cemetery at
Spirit of Democracy,
Charles Dougherty of
Dougherty, Hettie E.
Dougherty nee Shutts
Spirit of Democracy,
After months of ill health of that dread disease,
consumption, Hettie E. Dougherty, wife of Edward
Dougherty, died at her home near Edwina,
The subject of this sketch was born
She was married to Edward Dougherty
She is survived by her husband and two children, two
brothers, John and George Shutts, six sisters,
Elizabeth Powell, Mary Nalley, Rachel Hall, Ella
Smith, Maggie Booth and Jennie Bates, all of whom were present at the funeral
except John Shutts and Mary Nalley.
The remains were taken to the Richfork
Christian church where the funeral services were conducted by the writer.
She was baptized by Brother Nugent some twenty-five years
ago and became a member of the
After the funeral services she was taken to what is known
as the Dougherty cemetery
on little Muskingum where she was laid by the side of her little
son
Dougherty,
Nancy Caroline Dougherty nee Runyon
Spirit of Democracy,
Nancy Caroline Dougherty, aged 59 years, died Wednesday
evening,
Mrs. Dougherty nee Runyon, was the
only child of Samuel and Sarah J. Runyon. She was born
On
Many years ago Mrs. Dougherty was converted to the Catholic
faith and has ever since been a faithful member of that church, leading a good
honest, upright, exemplary Christian life. She was a
kind and devoted wife and a loving mother and all who knew her held her in the
highest esteem.
The remains, followed by many relatives and a large number
of sympathizing friends, were taken Friday morning to the Woodsfield Catholic
church where Mass was held. Father Goebel then spoke words of comfort and
sympathy to the bereaved friends, after which the remains were laid to rest in
the R.C. cemetery.
Spirit of Democracy,
James A. Driggs, aged 65 years,
died Monday morning,
Mr. Driggs was born and lived a
greater part of his life in
He answered to the call of his country and served as First
Lieutenant of Company A., 25th
He was a son of the late Alfred D. Driggs.
He leaves an aged mother, Mrs. Elizabeth Driggs and
two sisters, Mrs. O.O. Snyder of Woodsfield and Mrs. T.A. Sinclair of Bellaire
and a devoted wife, one son and one daughter besides many relatives and friends
in Belmont and Monroe counties.
The funeral services in Bellaire took place Tuesday morning
conducted by Rev. J.P. Allison, pastor of the Christian church Mr. Driggs was a member. The remains were brought to Woodsfield
cemetery by the side of his father.
Deceased was a member of the
Independent Order of Oddfellows and also a member of
the Grand Army Post. The Post with Oddfellows as pall
bearers met the friends at the depot and led the procession to the church to
the cemetery.
Those in attendance at the funeral from out of town were:
Mrs. J.A. Driggs, Mr. and Mrs. Anderson, Mr. Clement Driggs, Mr. LeClair Sinclair, Mr.
George A. Keepers, jr. Mrs. Ayers, Miss Belle Okey ,
and four Oddfellow escorts of Bellaire, Mr. and Mrs.
J.B. Briggs of Bridgeport, Mr. and Mrs. Clara Hines of Ozark and Mr. and Mrs.
Wilson Mann of Malaga.
The Bellaire correspondent to the Wheeling Register in
speaking of Mr. Driggs death said: The deceased was
born in
Card of Thanks We take this method of tendering our sincere thanks to the
choir, to the officers of the Christian church and to the friends who furnished
carriages, and all who so kindly assisted at the funeral of our late husband
and father, James A. Driggs. MRS. LUCETTA DRIGGS AND CHILDREN
Spirit of Democracy,
Mrs. Elizabeth Dunlevy, aged 95 years,
said to be the oldest resident of Belmont county, died September 28th
from falling from a second story window during the night. She was found in the
morning with a broken hip and other injuries.
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In Act III, Scene III of Death's Jest-Book, or The Fool's Tragedy by Thomas Lovell Beddoes (1829), Isbrand asks an important question:
What is the lobster's tune when he is boiled?
Alas, he does not answer it, but goes on to sing a song about an unborn ghost, a Nile crocodile, and a “little, gruntless, fairy hog”. This is all very well, but I still want to know about the lobster's tune. Can any reader point me in the right direction? Are there any contemporary cover versions?


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{% extends 'bussen/bussen_base.html' %} {% load static game %} {% block styles %} {% endblock %} {% block game %}
You are in the bus!
{{ player.room.game.current_player }} is in the bus!


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UN warns Bolivia violence 'could spin out of control'
by Richard GoodProtesters in Bolivia have been showing off empty bullet casings and tear gas canisters — debris from violent clashes with police that left nine people dead and more than a hundred injured.
The demonstrators come from the coca farming region of Sacaba and are supporters of ousted president Evo Morales, himself a former coca farmer, who has now fled to Mexico.
United Nations human rights chief Michelle Bachelet issued a statement calling Friday's deaths “an extremely dangerous development.”
“I am really concerned that the situation in Bolivia could spin out of control if the authorities do not handle it sensitively and in accordance with international norms,” she said.
Meanwhile supporters of Morales have appealed for calm.
"You dear brothers who are mobilized,” said the chairman of the Chamber of Deputies in La Paz, “I ask you with all my heart, do not engage in confrontation, do not expose yourself to being injured by a stray projectile."
Morales quit under pressure from the police and military after evidence of vote rigging tainted his victory in last month’s presidential election.
He has called it a massacre of indigenous and humble people asking for democracy.


| CONTENTS |
Because Unix is a multiuser system, you need some way of protecting users from one another: you don't want other users to look at the wrong files and find out compromising information about you, or raise their salaries, or something equivalently antisocial. Even if you're on a single-user system, file ownership still has value: it can often protect you from making mistakes, like deleting important executables.
In this chapter, we'll describe how file ownership works: who owns files, how to change ownership, how to specify which kinds of file access are allowed, and so on. We'll also discuss some other ways to prevent people from "prying," like clearing your screen.
In my opinion, most security breaches arise from mistakes that could easily have been avoided: someone discovers that anyone can read the boss's email, including the messages to his bookie. Once you've read this chapter, you'll understand how to avoid the common mistakes and protect yourself from most intruders.
— ML
Regardless of how much you think you know about file permissions, there's always something new to learn.
There are three basic attributes for plain file permissions: read, write, and execute. Read and write permission obviously let you read the data from a file or write new data to the file. When you have execute permission, you can use the file as a program or shell script. The characters used to describe these permissions are r, w, and x, for execute.
Directories use these same permissions, but they have a different meaning. If a directory has read permission, you can see what files are in the directory. Write permission means you can add, remove, or rename files in the directory. Execute allows you to use the directory name when accessing files inside that directory. (Section 10.2 has more information about what's in a directory.) Let's examine this more closely.
Suppose you have read access to a directory but don't have execute access to the files contained in it. You can still read the directory, or inode information for that file, as returned by the stat(2) system call. That is, you can see the file's name, permissions, size, access times, owner and group, and number of links. You just cannot read the contents of the file.
Write permission in a directory allows you to change the contents in it. Because the name of the file is stored in the directory and not the file, write permission in a directory allows creation, renaming, or deletion of files. To be specific, if someone has write permission to your home directory, they can rename or delete your .login file and put a new file in its place. The permissions of your .login file do not matter in this regard. Someone can rename a file even if they can't read the contents of a file. (See Section 50.9.)
Execute permission on a directory is sometimes called search permission. If a directory gives you execute but not read permission, you can use any file in that directory; however, you must know the name. You cannot look inside the directory to find out the names of the files. Think of this type of directory as a black box. You can throw filenames at this directory, and sometimes you find a file, sometimes you don't. (See Section 50.10.)
All files have an owner and group associated with them. There are three sets of read/write/execute permissions: one set for the user or owner of the file, one set for the group (Section 49.6) of the file, and one set for everyone else. These permissions are determined by nine bits in the inode information and are represented by the characters rwxrwxrwx in an ls -l listing:[1]
% ls -l drwxr-xr-x 3 jerry books 512 Feb 14 11:31 manpages -rw-r--r-- 1 jerry books 17233 Dec 10 2001 misc.Z -rwxr-xr-x 1 tim books 195 Mar 29 18:55 myhead
The first character in the ls -l listing specifies the type of file (Section 9.13). The first three of the nine permissions characters that follow specify the user; the middle three, the group; and the last three, the world. If the permission is not true, a dash is used to indicate lack of privilege. If you want to have a data file that you can read or write but don't want anyone else to access, the permissions would be rw-------.
An easier way to specify these nine bits is with three octal digits instead of nine characters. (Section 1.17 has diagrams of permission bits and explains how to write permissions as an octal number.) The order is the same, so the above permissions can be described by the octal number 600. The first number specifies the owner's permission. The second number specifies the group's permission. The last number specifies permission to everyone who is not the owner or not in the group of the file [although permissions don't apply to the superuser (Section 1.18), who can do anything to any file or directory. — JP].
This last point is subtle. When testing for permissions, the system looks at the groups in order. If you are denied permission, Unix does not examine the next group. Consider the case of a file that is owned by user jo, is in the group guests, and has the permissions -----xrwx, or 017 in octal. This has the result that user jo cannot use the file, anyone in group guests can execute the program, and everyone else besides jo and guests can read, write, and execute the program. This is not a very common set of permissions, but some people use a similar mechanism (Section 49.7) to deny one group of users from accessing or using a file. In the above case, jo cannot read or write the file she owns. She could use the chmod (Section 50.5) command to grant herself permission to read the file. However, if the file was in a directory owned by someone else, and the directory did not give jo read or search permission, she would not be able to find the file to change its permission.
The above example is an extreme case. Most of the time permissions fall into four cases:
The information is personal. Many people have a directory or two in which they store information they do not wish to be public. Mail should probably be confidential, and all of your mailbox files should be in a directory with permissions of 700, denying everyone but yourself and the superuser read access to your letters. (See Section 7.5.)
The information is not personal, yet no one should be able to modify the information. Most of my directories are set up this way, with the permissions of 755.
The files are managed by a team of people. This means group-write permission, or directories with the mode 775.
In the previous case, for confidential projects, you may want to deny access to people outside the group. In this case, make directories with mode 770.
You could just create a directory with the proper permissions and put the files inside the directory, hoping the permissions of the directory will "protect" the files in the directory. This is not adequate. Suppose you had a directory with permissions 755 and a file with permissions 666 inside the directory. Anyone could change the contents of this file because the world has search access on the directory and write access to the file.
Go to http://examples.oreilly.com/upt3 for more information on: umask.csh, umask.sh
What is needed is a mechanism to prevent any new file from having world-write access. This mechanism exists with the umask command. If you consider that a new directory would get permissions of 777, and that new files would get permissions of 666, the umask command specifies permissions to "take away" from all new files. To "subtract" world-write permission from a file, 666 must have 002 "subtracted" from the default value to get 664. To subtract group and world write, 666 must have 022 removed to leave 644 as the permissions of the file. These two values of umask are so common that it is useful to have some aliases (Section 49.4) defined:
alias open umask 002 alias shut umask 022
With these two values of umask, new directories will have permissions of 775 or 755. Most people have a umask value of one of these two values.
In a friendly work group, people tend to use the umask of 002, which allows others in your group to make changes to your files. Someone who uses the mask of 022 will cause grief to others working on a project. Trying to compile a program is frustrating when someone else owns files that you must delete but can't. You can rename files if this is the case or ask the system administrator for help.
Members of a team who normally use a default umask of 022 should find a means to change the mask value when working on the project (or else risk flames from your fellow workers!). Besides the open alias above, some people have an alias that changes directories and sets the mask to group-write permission:
alias proj "cd /usr/projects/proj;umask 002"
This isn't perfect, because people forget to use aliases. You could have a special cd alias and a private shell file in each project directory that sets the umask when you cd there. Other people could have similar files in the project directory with different names. Section 31.13 shows how.
Still another method is to run find (Section 9.1) three times a day and search for files owned by you in the project directory that have the wrong permission:
$USERSection 35.5, xargsSection 28.17, chmodSection 50.5
% find /usr/projects -user $USER ! -perm -020 -print | \ xargs chmod g+w
You can use the command crontab -e (Section 25.2) to define when to run this command.
Since group-write permission is so important in a team project, you might be wondering how the group of a new file is determined. The answer depends on several factors. Before I cover these, you should note that Berkeley and AT&T-based systems would use different mechanisms to determine the default group.
Originally Unix required you to specify a new group with the newgrp command. If there was a password for this group in the /etc/group file, and you were not listed as one of the members of the group, you had to type the password to change your group.
Berkeley-based versions of Unix would use the current directory to determine the group of the new file. That is, if the current directory has cad as the group of the directory, any file created in that directory would be in the same group. To change the default group, just change to a different directory.
Both mechanisms had their good points and bad points. The Berkeley-based mechanism made it convenient to change groups automatically. However, there is a fixed limit of groups one could belong to. SunOS 4 has a limit of 16 groups. Earlier versions had a limit of 8 groups.
SunOS and System V Release 4 support both mechanisms. The entire disk can be mounted with either the AT&T or the Berkeley mechanism. If it is necessary to control this on a directory-by-directory basis, a special bit in the file permissions is used. If a disk partition is mounted without the Berkeley group mechanism, a directory with this special bit will make new files have the same group as the directory. Without the special bit, the group of all new files depends on the current group of the user.
— BB
If you share files with other users, it's good to be able to tell who will own each file. On many systems, this is even more important because only the superuser can change file ownership (Section 50.14, Section 50.15).
When you create a new file, it belongs to you.
When you append to a file with >>file, the owner doesn't change because Unix doesn't have to create a new file.
When you rename a file with mv, the ownership doesn't change.
Exception: if you use mv to move a file to another filesystem, the moved file will belong to you, because to move across filesystems, mv actually has to copy the file and delete the original.
When you copy a file, the copy belongs to you because you created it (Section 50.9).
When you edit a file:
With an editor like vi (Section 17.2), the file keeps its original owner because a new file is never created.
An editor like Emacs (Section 19.1), which makes a backup copy, can be different. The backup copy could belong to you or to the original owner. If you replace the edited file with its backup, the file's ownership might have changed:
% emacs filea ...Edit a lot, then decide you don't want your changes... % mv filea~ filea
If you aren't sure, use ls -l (Section 50.2).
— JP
Unix directory access permissions specify that a person with write access to the directory can rename or remove files there — even files that don't belong to the person (see Section 50.9). Many newer versions of Unix have a way to stop that. The owner of a directory can set its sticky bit (mode (Section 1.17) 1000). The only people who can rename or remove any file in that directory are the file's owner, the directory's owner, and the superuser.
Here's an example: the user jerry makes a world-writable directory and sets the sticky bit (shown as t here):
jerry% mkdir share jerry% chmod 1777 share jerry% ls -ld share drwxrwxrwt 2 jerry ora 32 Nov 19 10:31 share
Other people create files in it. When jennifer tries to remove a file that belongs to ellie, she can't:
jennifer% ls -l total 2 -rw-r--r-- 1 ellie ora 120 Nov 19 11:32 data.ellie -rw-r--r-- 1 jennifer ora 3421 Nov 19 15:34 data.jennifer -rw-r--r-- 1 peter ora 728 Nov 20 12:29 data.peter jennifer% rm data.ellie data.ellie: override 644 mode ? y rm: data.ellie not removed. Permission denied
— JP
To change a file's permissions, you need to use the chmod command, and you must be the file's owner or root. The command's syntax is pretty simple:
% chmod new-mode file(s)
The new-mode describes the access permissions you want after the change. There are two ways to specify the mode: you can use either a numeric mode or some symbols that describe the changes. I generally prefer the numeric mode (because I'm strange, I suppose). To use a numeric mode, decide what permissions you want to have, express them as an octal number (Section 1.17, Section 50.2), and give a command like this one:
% chmod 644 report.txt
This gives read and write access to the owner of report.txt and read-only access to everyone else.
Many users prefer to use the symbolic mode to specify permissions. A symbolic chmod command looks like this:
% chmod g-w report.txt
This means "take away write access for group members." The symbols used in mode specifications are shown in Table 50-1.
|
Category |
Mode |
Description |
|---|---|---|
|
Who |
u |
User (owner) of the file. |
|
g |
Group members. |
|
|
o |
Others. |
|
|
a |
All (i.e., user, group, and others). |
|
|
What to do |
- |
Take away this permission. |
|
+ |
Add this permission. |
|
|
= |
Set exactly this permission (Section 50.6). |
|
|
Permissions |
r |
Read access. |
|
w |
Write access. |
|
|
x |
Execute access. |
|
|
X |
Give (or deny) execute permission to directories, or to files that have another "execute" bit set. |
|
|
s |
Set user or group ID (only valid with + or -). |
|
|
t |
Set the "sticky bit" (Section 50.4, Section 1.17). |
(Section 50.2 explains the "Who" and "Permissions" categories.) Here are a few example symbolic modes:
Set others access to read-only, regardless of what other bits are set.
Add read access for others.
Take away write access for group members and others.
Give everyone (user, group, and others) read-write (but not execute) access.
Remember that + and - add or delete certain permissions but leave the others untouched. The commands below show how permissions are added and subtracted:
% ls -l foo -rwx-----x 1 mikel 0 Mar 30 11:02 foo % chmod a+x foo % ls -l foo -rwx--x--x 1 mikel 0 Mar 30 11:02 foo % chmod o-x,g+r foo % ls -l foo -rwxr-x--- 1 mikel 0 Mar 30 11:02 foo %
Note the last chmod command. It shows something we haven't mentioned before. With symbolic mode, you're allowed to combine two (or more) specifications, separated by commas. This command says "take away execute permission for others, and add read access for group members."
On occasion, I've wanted to change the permissions of a whole directory tree: all the files in a directory and all of its subdirectories. In this case, you want to use chmod -R (the R stands for recursive) or find -exec (Section 9.9, Section 50.6). You won't need this often, but when you do, it's a real lifesaver.
— ML
Let's say you have a set of files. Some are writable by you; others are read-only. You want to give people in your group the same permissions you have — that is, they can write writable files but can only read the read-only files. It's easy with an underdocumented feature of chmod:
% chmod g=u *
That means "for all files (*), set the group permissions (g) to be the same as the owner permissions (u)." You can also use the letter o for others, which is everyone who's not the owner or in the owner's group. Section 50.2 explains these categories.
If your chmod has a -R (recursive) option, you can make the same change to all files and directories in your current directory and beneath. If you don't have chmod -R, use this find (Section 9.9):
% find . -exec chmod g=u {} \;
— JP
A good way to prevent yourself from making mistakes is to make certain files read-only. If you try to delete a read-only file, you will get a warning. You will also get a warning if you try to move a file onto another file that is write-protected. If you know you want to remove or move a file, even though the file is read-only, you can use the -f option with rm or mv to force the change without warnings.
Manually changing the permissions of files all the time is counterproductive. You could create two aliases to make it easier to type:
Go to http://examples.oreilly.com/upt3 for more information on: chmod.csh, chmod.sh
# change mode to read only alias -w chmod -w # change mode to add write permission alias +w chmod u+w
Go to http://examples.oreilly.com/upt3 for more information on: chmod_edit
[These are really handy! I use a script named c-w and cw, respectively, instead. For shell programming, I also added cx that does chmod +x. Section 50.8 explains the script. — JP] It is a good idea to remove write permission from some files. Occasionally some files contain information difficult to replace. These files might be included with other, easily replaceable files. Or you might want to protect some files that rarely change. Combined with directory permissions and the current value of umask (Section 49.4), you can find some file that might be protected in this manner. You can always create a script that adds write permission, edits the file, and removes write permission:
"$@"Section 35.20, ${..=..}Section 36.7
#!/bin/sh # add write permission to the files chmod u+w "$@" # edit the files; use vi if VISUAL not defined ${VISUAL=vi} "$@" # remove write permission chmod -w "$@"
— BB
Here's a short script that I use a lot. To make a new shell script executable, for example, I type:
% cx scriptfile
Using cw adds write permission; c-w takes it away. This is the single script file for all three commands:
#! /bin/sh case "$0" in *cx) chmod +x "$@" ;; *cw) chmod +w "$@" ;; *c-w) chmod -w "$@" ;; *) echo "$0: Help! Shouldn't get here!" 1>&2; exit 1 ;; esac
The script has three links. Put it in a file named cx. Then type:
% chmod +x cx % ln cx cw % ln cx c-w
The script tests the name it was called with, in $0, to decide which chmod command to run. This trick saves disk space. You can add other commands, too, by adding a line to the case and another link. Or you can use aliases (Section 50.7).
— JP
No one said that Unix is perfect (Section 1.20), and one of its nagging problems has always been security. Here's one glitch that you should be aware of. If you don't have write access to a file, you can't modify it. However, if you have write access to the directory, you can get around this as follows:
% ls -l unwritable -r--r--r-- 1 john 334 Mar 30 14:57 unwritable % cat > unwritable unwritable: permission denied % cat unwritable > temp % vi temp ... % mv temp unwritable override protection 444 for unwritable? y % cat unwritable John wrote this originally, and made the file read-only. But then Mike came along and wrote: I should not have been able to do this!!!
I couldn't write the file unwritable directly. But I was able to copy it, and then use vi to make whatever changes I wanted. After all, I had read access, and to copy a file, you only need to be able to read it. When I had my own copy, I could (of course) edit it to my heart's content. When I was done, I was able to mv the new file on top of unwritable. Why? Renaming a file requires only that you be able to write the file's directory. You don't need to be able to write the file itself. (Note that cp wouldn't work — copying requires unwritable to be writable, if it already exists.) This is one reason to watch directory access fairly closely.
As you can see, allowing directory-write access to others can be dangerous. If this is a problem for you, solve it by setting your umask (Section 49.4) correctly and using chmod (Section 50.5) to fix permissions of existing directories. Or you may be able to leave the directory writable and set the directory's sticky bit (Section 50.4).
— ML
Do you need to let someone use a file of yours, but you don't want everyone on the system to be able to snoop around in the directory? You can give execute permission, but not read permission, to a directory. Then, if a file in the directory is accessible, a person can use the file by typing the exact filename. ls will say the directory is "unreadable." Wildcards won't work.
Here's an example. Let's say that your home directory has rwxr-xr-x permissions (everyone can access and list files in it). Your username is hanna. You have a subdirectory named project; you set its permissions so that everyone else on the system has execute-only permission.
-d Section 8.5
hanna% pwd /home/hanna hanna% chmod 711 project hanna% ls -ld project project/myplan drwx--x--x 2 hanna 512 Jul 26 12:14 project -rw-r--r-- 1 hanna 9284 Jul 27 17:34 project/myplan
Now you tell the other user, toria, the exact name of your file, myplan. Like everyone else on the system, she can access your project directory. She can't list it because she doesn't have read permission. Because she knows the exact filename, she can read the file because the file is readable (anyone else could read the file, too, if they knew its exact name):
toria% cd /home/hanna/project toria% pwd pwd: can't read . toria% ls ls: . unreadable toria% more myplan ...File appears... toria% ln myplan /home/toria/project.hanna/plan
(We're using the "real" pwd command that reads the filesystem to find your current directory. That's why it complains can't read .. If you're using the shell's shortcut pwd, you probably won't get the error shown above. Section 31.4 has details.)
In the example above, toria made a hard link (Section 10.5) to the myplan file, with a different name, in her own project.hanna directory. (She could have copied, printed, or used any other command that reads the file.) Now, if you (hanna) want to, you can deny everyone's permission to your project directory. toria still has her link to the file, though. She can read it any time she wants to, follow the changes you make to it, and so on:
toria% cd toria% ls -ld project.hanna project.hanna/plan drwx------ 2 toria 512 Jul 27 16:43 project.hanna -rw-r--r-- 2 hanna 9284 Jul 27 17:34 project.hanna/plan toria% more project.hanna/plan ...File appears...
toria has protected her project.hanna directory so that other users can't find her link to hanna's file.
|
You might also want to give other users permission to list and access the files in a directory, but not make the directory open to all users. One way to do this is to put a fully accessible directory with an unusual name inside an unreadable directory. Users who know the exact name of the fully accessible directory can cd to it; other users can't find it without its name:
hanna% chmod 711 project hanna% chmod 777 project/pLaN hanna% ls -ld project project/pLaN drwx--x--x 3 hanna 512 Jul 27 17:36 project drwxrwxrwx 2 hanna 512 Jul 27 17:37 project/pLaN
Users who type cd /home/hanna/project/pLaN can list the directory's contents with ls. With the permissions you've set, other users can also create, delete, and rename files inside the pLaN directory — though you could have used more restrictive permissions like drwxr-xr-x instead.
This setup can still be a little confusing. For instance, as Section 31.4 explains, the pwd command won't work for users in the pLaN directory because pwd can't read the project directory. Variables like $cwd and $PWD (Section 35.5) will probably have the absolute pathname. If another user gets lost in a restricted directory like this, the best thing to do is cd to the home directory and start again.
— JP
Like any security feature, Unix permissions occasionally get in your way. When you want to let people use your apartment, you have to make sure you can get them a key; and when you want to let someone into your files, you have to make sure they have read and write access.
In the ideal world, each file would have a list of users who can access it, and the file's owner could just add or delete users from that list at will. Some secure versions of Unix are configured this way, but standard Unix systems don't provide that degree of control. Instead, we have to know how to juggle Unix file permissions to achieve our ends.
For example, suppose I have a file called ch01 that I want edited by another user, joe. I tell him that the file is /books/ptools/ch01, but he reports to me that he can't access it.
joe % cd /books/ptools joe % more ch01 ch01: Permission denied
The reason joe can't read the file is that it is set to be readable only by me. joe can check the permissions on the file using the -l option to the ls command:
joe % ls -l ch01 -rw------- 1 lmui 13727 Sep 21 07:43 ch01
joe asks me (lmui) to give him read and write permission on the file. Only the file owner and root can change permission for a file. Now, what's the best way to give joe access to ch01?
The fastest and most sure-fire way to give another user permission is to extend read and write permission to everyone:
lmui % chmod 666 ch01 lmui % ls -l ch01 -rw-rw-rw- 1 lmui 13727 Sep 21 07:43 ch01
But this is sort of like leaving your front door wide open so your cat can get in and out. It's far better to extend read and write access to a common group instead of to the entire world. I try to give joe access to the file by giving group read and write access:
lmui % chmod 660 ch01 lmui % ls -l ch01 -rw-rw---- 1 lmui 13727 Sep 21 07:43 ch01
But joe reports that it still doesn't work:
joe % more ch01 ch01: Permission denied
What happened? Well, I gave read and write permission to the file's group, but joe doesn't belong to that group. You can find out the group a file belongs to using the -lg option to ls. (This is the default on many systems when you type ls -l. Other systems are different. For instance, the GNU ls command ignores -g and has a -G option for when you don't want to see the group name.)
joe % ls -lg ch01 -rw-rw---- 1 lmui power 13727 Sep 21 07:43 ch01
You can use the groups command (Section 49.6) to find out what groups a user belongs to:
% groups joe joe : authors ora % groups lmui lmui : authors power wheel ora
The ch01 file belongs to group power. joe isn't a member of this group, but both lmui and joe are in the authors group. To give joe access to the file ch01, therefore, I need to put the file in group authors. To do that, I use the chgrp (Section 1.17) command:
lmui % chgrp authors ch01 lmui % ls -lg ch01 -rw-rw---- 1 lmui authors 13727 Sep 21 07:43 ch01
Now joe can read and write the file. (On some systems, he may need to run newgrp (Section 49.4) first.)
— LM
How can you know if a file has been corrupted — by accident or by a malicious user? You can check the number of characters with ls -l (Section 50.2), but the corrupted file could have the same number of characters, just some different ones. You can check the last-modification date (Section 8.2), but that's easy to change, to any time you want, with touch. And, of course, you can read through the file, unless it's a binary (nonprintable) file or it's just too long.
Go to http://examples.oreilly.com/upt3 for more information on: md5sum
The easy way is to compute a checksum — an electronic fingerprint or message digest — that identifies the file at a time you know it's correct. Save that checksum in a secure place (on an unwritable CD-ROM, on a filesystem with write protection disabled in hardware, or just on a piece of paper). Then, when you want to verify the file, recompute the checksum and compare it to the original. That's just what the md5sum utility does.
md5sum is a more secure version of the earlier Unix sum program, and it's also handier to use. By default, you give md5sum a list of pathnames; it will write checksums to its standard output. Later, use the md5sum -c ("check") option to compare the files to their checksums. The first command below calculates checksums for some gzipped tar archives and saves it in a temporary file. (If we were doing this "for real," I'd copy that temporary file someplace more secure!) The second command shows the file. The third command compares the files to their stored checksums:
$ md5sum *.tar.gz > /tmp/sums.out $ cat /tmp/sums.out 018f4aee79e049095a7b16ed1e7ec925 linux-ar-40.tar.gz 52549f8e390db06f9366ee83e59f64de nvi-1.79.tar.gz 856b4af521fdb78c978e5576f269c1c6 palinux.tar.gz 61dcb5614a61bf123e1345e869eb99d4 sp-1.3.4.tar.gz c22bc000bee0f7d6f4845eab72a81395 ssh-1.2.27.tar.gz e5162eb6d4a40e9e90d0523f187e615f vmware-forlinux-103.tar.gz ...sometime later, maybe... $ md5sum -c /tmp/sums.out linux-ar-40.tar.gz: OK nvi-1.79.tar.gz: OK palinux.tar.gz: OK sp-1.3.4.tar.gz: OK ssh-1.2.27.tar.gz: OK vmware-forlinux-103.tar.gz: OK $ echo $?
If all the files match, md5sum returns an exit status of 0. Files that don't match give a FAILED message and a nonzero exit status.
The exit status — as well as the options -- status (no output, only return statuses) and -w (warn if the checksum line is improperly formatted) — can help you set up an automated checking system. Some software downloading and distribution systems, like RPM (Section 40.11), can do this for you (although in automated systems, it's worth thinking about the integrity of the checksum: does it come from a system you can trust?). If you're a system administrator, look into Tripwire, a tool for tracking MD5 checksums of lots of files on your system.
— JP
Almost everyone knows that you need to make a program file executable — otherwise, Unix won't execute it. Well, that's true for directly executable binary files like C and Pascal programs, but it's not quite true for interpreted programs like shell scripts.
The Unix kernel can read an executable binary directly: if there's execute permission, the kernel is happy; it doesn't need read permission. But a shell script has to be read by a user's Unix program (a shell). To read a file, any Unix program has to have read permission. So shell scripts must be readable.
Shell scripts don't need execute permission if you start the shell and give it the script file to read:
% sh scriptfile % sh < scriptfile
The execute permission is a sign for the kernel that it can try to execute the file when you type only the filename:
% scriptfile
So shell scripts don't need to be executable — it's just handy.
— JP
This restriction is not bogus, because the system supports disk quotas (Section 15.11). If you could give away your own files, you could do something like the following:
% mkdir .hide; chmod 700 .hide % cd .hide % create_huge_file >foo % chown prof1 foo % create_huge_file >bar % chown prof2 bar % create_huge_file >baz % chown prof3 baz
All you would need do is find someone with a high quota or no quota (such as a professor) who does not often check his own usage (such as a professor) and probably does not care that the disk is 99 percent full (such as a, er, well, never mind), and then give away files as necessary to keep under your own quota. You could regain ownership of the file by copying it to another disk partition, removing the original, and copying it back.
If you need to change ownership, there is a workaround (Section 50.15) that doesn't require root access.
— CT
Unix systems with disk quotas (Section 15.11) won't let you change the owner (Section 50.14) of a file; only the superuser can use chown. Here's a workaround for those systems.
-d Section 8.5, -f Section 14.10
The file's current owner should make sure that the new owner has write permission on the directory where the file is and read permission on the file itself:
jerry% ls -dl . afile drwxr-xr-x 2 jerry 512 Aug 10 12:20 . -rw-r--r-- 1 jerry 1934 Aug 10 09:34 afile jerry% chmod go+w .
The new owner (logged in as herself) should rename the file, make a copy, and delete the original file. If the new owner is there at the same time, su (Section 49.9) is probably the fastest way to change accounts:
jerry% su laura Password: laura% mv afile afile.tmp laura% cp -p afile.tmp afile laura% ls -l afile -rw-r--r-- 1 laura 1934 Aug 10 09:34 afile laura% rm -f afile.tmp laura% exit jerry% chmod go-w .
The cp -p (Section 10.12) command preserves the file's original permissions and last modification time. After the new owner (laura) is done copying, the old owner (jerry) takes away the directory's write permission again. Now laura can edit afile, change its modes, and so on: she owns it.
— JP
[1] On some Unix systems, ls -l produces an eight-column listing without the group name (here, books). Use ls -lg to get the listing format shown here.
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