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--- layout: post title: "(In Light of Net Neutrality Changes) Which ISPs Are Investing in Ed-Tech?" date: 2017-05-18 10:30:00 +0000 tags: image: https://s3.amazonaws.com/hackedu/2017-05-18-wires.jpg imagecredits: https://www.flickr.com/photos/mitszo/7056547121 ---
As the FCC moves forward with its efforts to scrap “net neutrality,” I thought it might be worthwhile to list the education technology companies that have raised money from ISPs. After all, if there is “preferential treatment” on the Internet, it’s worth thinking about how this will affect schools’ access to various education technology products and services.
(I should note: this is an incomplete list. It doesn’t include all the funds, for example, that these large companies contribute to. It doesn’t include the investments of their executives past and present – Steve Case’s investment portfolio, for example.)
Comcast also partnered with Khan Academy to promote the latter’s online videos as part of the former’s Internet Essentials program for low-income families.
AT&T:
AT&T runs a startup accelerator program called AT&T Aspire. Among the companies in this year’s cohort:
Edsurge has also received money from the AT&T Aspire program to report on “the state of ed-tech.”
Udacity famously partnered with AT&T to offer a master's degree program at Georgia Tech.
The Future of Privacy Forum, a think tank focused on privacy issues, is also financially supported by AT&T and Comcast (along with Facebook, Google, Microsoft and others).
AT&T is also a sponsor of EDUCAUSE.


Cloudcherry provides its clients the opportunity to reach out to its customers over 17 different channels. Microsurvey is a channel used to reach out to customers to get feedback on the website when they are browsing through a section on the site. Javascript is generated at CloudCherry which can be embedded on website to make the Microsurvey to appear on the website at the right time to the customers. The Microsurvey pop out can be controlled by the client. This document is intended to explain how to deploy Microsurvey and collect feedbacks from customers through website.
Microsurveys are context specific surveys that are asked at very specific instances of an experience on the website. These are generally very short (2 to 3 questions) and uber context specific in nature.
When a customer is browsing a web page, we can configure Microsurvey to appear on the page based on specific scenarios.
The scenarios could be as simple as a customer browsing the product page for more than 120 seconds and browsed scroll page is more than 70%. Then as a brand, its ideal to engage the customer and ask what he/she is looking for or if there are any concerns causing a delay in taking an action. Another example could be a customer on a newly launched product page and exploring the product by clicking on 2 or 3 images. Here it’s ideal for the brand to engage with the customer and understand what the customer feels about the website itself and if there are any specific product requirements delaying a decision.


This is a discriminatively trainable calibration mapping, to convert detection scores to detection log-likelihood-ratios.
This form of calibration is suitable for scores that are already ‘close’ in some sense to log-likelihood-ratios. An example would be a T-normed GMM score. In most cases a simple linear calibration mapping (shifting and scaling) will convert this kind of score to an acceptable log-likelihood-ratio. But for good measure, we include clipping of the log-likelihood-ratio to limit the output between a specified maximum and minimum. (This is always a good idea if the quality of the log-likelihood-ratio will be evaluated via Cllr.) The resulting mapping looks like this:
The name Z-cal is mnemonic for the shape of the mapping. Z-cal can be used on its own, or as the final stage in a chain of calibration stages.
Z-cal can be discriminatively trained on a set of development scores. This means the Z-cal parameters ( xmin , ymin , xmax , ymax ) are optimized so that the development scores mapped to log-likelihood-ratios via Z-cal, minimize the objective Cllr.
The whole procedure can be summarized as follows:
- Select a set of supervised calibration trials (target trials and non-target trials) to be used for this purpose. The selection of these trials is very important:
o The trials must be as similar as possible to the trials for which this calibration will be employed in future.
o The trials must be sufficiently numerous. (You will probably find that as you use fewer trials for this purpose, the magnitudes of the limits ymin and ymax become smaller.)
o These trials must (ideally) not have been used for other system-wide training, such as the training of fusion parameters to combine different detection sub-systems. The higher the capacity (roughly the number of parameters) of such system-wide training, the more is the danger that the scores obtained from these trials will be unsuitable for calibration purposes.
- Run the system under calibration on these trials, to obtain sets of target and non-target scores.
- Use these scores as input to the MATLAB function train_z_cal.m. The output is the parameter set. These parameters can then be used to map new scores:
To map new scores to log-likelihood-ratios, simply call z_cal.m with the trained parameters and the scores to be mapped.
The function train_z_cal.m discriminatively optimizes the parameters to minimize the objective Cllr on the given training scores. For simplicity, we used a numerical optimization routine (see below) which does not require the use of derivatives of the objective function.
Note that we found it necessary to regularize the objective function by adding a penalty . If is zero, the minimization objective may be ill-conditioned. For details, see the code.
- You will need several of the functions in FoCal.zip.
- You will also need the numerical optimization functional fmins.m, which is distributed with MATLAB. (We tested it in MATLAB version 5.2). If you do not have fmins.m available, you can implement it yourself by using, for example, the fairly simple Nelder-Mead downhill simplex method, as described in the Numerical Recipes series of books.
../../../ back to FoCal Toolkit Home.


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45 Flights Were Delayed or Canceled in Moscow
Thirty flights were delayed and 15 were canceled today at the three Moscow airports of Vnukovo, Domodedovo and Sheremetyevo.
According to the information, 12 flights were delayed and 11 were canceled at Vnukovo airport, at Domodedovo - 11 flights were delayed, 4 were canceled, and 7 flights were delayed at Sheremetyevo airport.
Earlier it was reported that cloudy weather with heavy fog, rain and high atmospheric pressure is expected in the Russian capital today.


Our new Beti Padhao Beti Bachao workshop at Kolhapur was felicitated by The Honourable Prime Minister Narendra Modi
Know MoreConducted a training camp in Sangli to promote Human Rights Empowerment amongst women.
Know MoreTo provide 24 hour emergency and non-emergency response to women affected by violence including sexual offences and harassment both in public and private sphere, including in the family, community, workplace, etc.
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Matrox material design multi-purpose html template. It comes with huge content and background variants. Matrox is coming very soon. We are nearly there.
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I Alone Level-up: Chapter 17
As she was shaking her head in disbelief, Jinwoo suddenly came back out and held an umbrella towards her .
“Why an umbrella?”
She took the umbrella and looked up to the sky . It was still dark at dawn, but the sky appeared to be clear .
“I don’t think it’s going to rain today . ”
“Just take it . ”
“It’s going to be a hassle…”
“Just take it still . It’s not that heavy, stop crying . ”
He closed the door and went back inside .
“Sigh- always so stubborn . ”
She tapped the door rebelliously with her foot few times, then put the umbrella in her bag and started walking .
‘Wait…’
She recalled her brother’s figure just now . It was strange . Her brother was distinctly taller than she had remembered .
“Do men still keep growing after 20?”
‘Can’t be…’
She shook her head again and walked towards school .
click
Jinwoo locked the door and opened his inventory .
“Storage . ”
Storage . Inv . Inventory .
After experimenting, he found that the spoken command did not have to be that exact . Same with the messages . Various phrases with the intent and meaning of “opening” worked .
He took the umbrella obtained from today’s Random Box and put it into the digital storage before his eyes .
“Today’s was a bust again . ”
It had been four days since his first trip into an Instant Dungeon . Since then, he had hoped for another key from the Random Boxes but was not so lucky .
‘How disappointing . ’
He went to his room and sat on his bed .
There was something he had to decide today .
“Stat . ”
| Stats. Strength: 48 Constitution: 27 Agility: 27 Intelligence: 27 Sense: 27. (Available stat points: 12) |
Four days’ worth of stat points were piled up in his stat screen . He had not missed a single daily quest, and of course, diligently collected the rewards . But he had not used any of the points yet . He wasn’t sure what to do with them .
“ . This is hard . ”
Indeed it was . It was not an easy decision to make .
Strength . Good stat . No regrets in dumping every point in it so far .
Agility . Also good stat . Not needed against low level enemies, but absolutely critical against stronger foes . Speed was relative, after all .
Constitution and sense . Having higher health was always a good thing, and sense turned out to be surprisingly useful as well .
Intelligence…
. This was the problem . This was the sole attribute that he had no information to go on . Even after his levels rose, he didn’t really feel smarter . His memorization didn’t exactly improve, nor did his mental math become any faster .
‘I’m sure it’s related to magic…’
Perhaps he didn’t need it after all .
That left just strength, agility, constitution and sense .
“ . Still, it’s hard . ”
Even with one less choice, he still was not sure . The synergy between strength and agility was clear; no matter how hard he could hit, it meant nothing if he couldn’t hit his target . On the same hand, no matter how accurate he was, it meant nothing without power behind the attack . With that in mind, strength and agility were a set .
‘Since my strength is at a good place, I should bring up agility to a similar level . ’
At the same time, if he chose to raise the agility stat, he would have to put a lower priority on constitution . The synergy between agility and constitution was bad . With high agility, his ability to evade the enemy’s attack would increase; on the other hand, constitution only shined when he took the enemy’s attack head on .
‘Of course, I’ll always need some minimum amount, just in case…’
Still, raising both agility and constitution at the same time did not seem like the best distribution of his points .
After thinking about it for some time, he came to a conclusion:
First, agility . Second, sense . Third, constitution .
He had already invested quite a bit into strength, so he’ll leave it as is . He’ll focus on bringing agility to a matching level; with the focus on agility, he’ll also put sense ahead of constitution .
Having made his decision, Jinwoo put 2 points into strength[0] .
ring~
| Stats. Strength: 50 Constitution: 27 Agility: 27 Intelligence: 27 Sense: 27. (Available stat points: 10) |
He just wanted to have his strength at an even 50 . Wouldn’t anyone do the same?
He put the next 8 points into agility for the same reason . He wanted the number to end on a nice “5” .
| Stats. Strength: 50 Constitution: 27 Agility: 35 Intelligence: 27 Sense: 27. (Available stat points: 2) |
‘Numbers always look nice when they’re in multiples of 5 . ’
50 strength and 35 agility . The multiples of 5 gave him a pointless sense of satisfaction .
‘And the last 2 points . ’
He put them into sense . And with that, the distribution of his points was over .
. .
| Stats. Strength: 50 Constitution: 27 Agility: 35 Intelligence: 27 Sense: 29. (Available stat points: 0) |
The fact that he couldn’t get sense to 30 felt a little sad .
‘Can’t do much about it with no points left . ’
Other than that, everything looked good to him . Constitution and intelligence would have to be raised through level-ups .
“Is this good enough?”
Of course, he could not be satisfied 100% in everything . Still, having made the decision after much thought, he felt that it was good enough .
ring~ ring~
He heard the phone ring from the living room .
‘Is it a call from the Association?’
In the past, he would hold out picking up as long as he could, afraid to be called to Raids . But now, his body was itching to face magic beasts with his raised attributes . He quickly went and picked up the receiver .
“This is Hunter Sung Jinwoo . ”
-”Ah, there you are . ”
It was not the Association . Jinwoo felt a little disappointed .
-“Student Jinwoo, why haven’t you picked up the phone in a while?”
It was a familiar voice . It had been 4 years since Jinwoo had graduated from high school and left behind the title of student, but the landlord, who had watched over Jinwoo since he was a kid, still called him one .
“Sorry landlord ahjussi . I was hospitalized for a while after an accident . ”
-“Oh no . Is that so? That explains that . So, er Student Jinwoo, I haven’t received this month’s rent yet . How is it, do you want to push it back to next month?”
“Oh no, that’s fine . I’ll send it now . ”
-“Ah, okay . Don’t push yourself too hard . I know you’re working hard to take care of your mom and little sister . Money is money, but don’t neglect your body . ”
“I understand . Thank you very much . ”
He ended the conversation and took out his bankbook[1] from a drawer . His account had 800 thousand won .
“Sigh…”
He could not help but let out a long breath . After 500 thousand won for rent, the amount left over for living expenses this month would be just 300 thousand won[2] . Even the 500 thousand rent was due to the fact that he lived at a worn-down apartment on the edges of the city; on top of that, the landlord, who had a soft heart for Jinwoo’s situation, had not raised the rent in the past few years .
It would be hard to find a place for 500 thousand these days . It would be even harder to live on 300 thousand for the month .
“First, let’s earn some money . ”
He had picked out the priority goal .
He was not the same man who had struggled in taking down a single E-rank magic beast .
How does a Hunter earn money?
The best way was to take down magic beasts .
The A-rank and S-rank Hunters had the luxury of being sponsored, filming commercials and making TV appearances, but they were in the minority . For the rest, the Hunters earned their keep in Dungeons .
Your income was dependent on the quality and quantity of the Dungeon . And your Dungeon was dependent on your capabilities .
Higher the Rank, higher the Dungeon . More experienced you were, more Dungeons you could get into .
As an E-rank Hunter under the Association, Jinwoo had never entered anything above a D-rank Gate . As such, he had neither the rank nor the experience to prove his worth .
Jinwoo furrowed his brows .
‘Forget any conditions, if I could only get into a raiding party[3] . ’
He browsed through the job boards[4] on Hunter websites and even made a few phone calls but made no progress . Nobody wanted an E-rank Hunter . The Hunters who put up listings on the job boards were there for personal raids . As such, they were looking for reliable people to watch their backs and were strict in their criteria for selection .
These people were those that fell in an awkward place in the Hunter world . Too weak for Guilds but too strong to work under the Association .
‘Even those Hunters make several ten million a month . ’
High risk, high return . Putting their lives on the line, the reward was just as great . There was a reason Hunters were the target of envy . To Jinwoo, it was rather frustrating .
‘Should I just go get retested[5] and raise my rank?’
Jinwoo shook his head .  It didn’t matter if his new rank was A-rank, B-rank or even C-rank . A Hunter’s Reawakening would be big news . The people loved gossip, and Hunters made prime gossip material . If he got re-tested now and entered the public’s perception, it would only be a matter of time before his special circumstances would be discovered . After all, he had no plans to stop his growth .
. .
“A Hunter that can raise his abilities?”
“He gets stronger with time?”. “Who is that Hunter?”
“How could he do such a thing?”
“How could I do something like that?”
Surely, many people would become interested . There was never a Hunter like him in history . Amidst their interest, there would definitely be those that would try to use him or antagonize him .
‘And if any of them are stronger than me…’
The thought scared Jinwoo . He still lacked power . Until he was confident in his ability to protect himself, he did not want to reveal himself to the world . So, a ranking retest was out of the question .
‘Still, I need a way to make money somehow…’
He couldn’t get an ordinary job . He did not know when the Association would come calling . If he got called to a Raid, he would be able to earn experience points and money; he didn’t want to throw that chance away for some pocket money .
As Jinwoo pondered on what he could do, he noticed a new listing on the job board .
| We’ll take anyone, regardless of ranking, first come first serve!. |
His eyes shot open . It was a newly created post . Quickly checking the details, he realized the location wasn’t far from his house . Jinwoo quickly picked up the phone . As if waiting, the other side also picked up quickly .
-“Hello?”
Jinwoo gave a brief introduction and inquired about the job posting .
-“Ah, you’re an E-rank?”
The response was better than he had hoped .
-“That’s fine . You just have to come and help us fill the headcount . But since it’s a C-rank Gate, you probably won’t be much help in the fighting . So we’ll have to leave you out of the loot distribution . Instead, we’ll give you a flat amount of 2 million, how’s that sound? Could you make it?”
Flat amount of 2 million!
It was an incredible compensation for just filling the headcount . The conditions were not that bad . Although regrettable that he’d be excluded from the loot, he could not let 2 million slip out of his hands .
‘For now, let’s start with this . ’
An opportunity like this didn’t come every day . 2 million would be more than enough for the month .
Jinwoo accepted the proposition,
“I’ll be there in 15 minutes . ”
.
Translator’s Notes:
[0]: This goddamn troll .
[1]: “bankbook” (통장): In Korea, people often have these physical representations of their bank balance, which also records deposits and withdrawals . A relic from days before online banking, you’d have to take these to banks to get an update on your account status . They look like thin checkbooks .
[2]: Just a reminder, when converting from KRW to USD, just divide it by a thousand (it’ll be off by few %, but good enough for story purposes) . His rent is ~$500 and he would have ~$300 left over for the month .
[3]: “raiding party” (공격대): “attack/attacking” 공격 + “group” 대 . Since the context refers to hunters that would group up and attack a dungeon, I decided to translate it as “raiding party” .
[4]: “job board” (구인란): “wanted” 구인 “board/column” 란 . Normally refers to “wanted” section or “classified” in newspapers . I really wanted to call it the “LFG” board of the Hunter website but thought that’d be going too far .
[5]: “retested” (재심사): “re/again” 재 + “test” 심사 . I used it as a verb for the context but will come up as a noun in the future .


Banking Fraud Detector
Project Information
Banking Fraud occurs in many ways, some use cases are included below -
- Money Laundering
- Tax Evasion
- Credit Card Fraud.
While these are carried out in extraordinarily different ways by criminals, we believe that patterns exist in most of them. These patterns may not be visible when data is stored in a relational rather linear database , but can be captured when data is stored differently.
Thus we want to create a knowledge graph , that focusses on the customers relationships and activities rather than just storing it as another record. This knowledge graph in turn would help match patterns of already existing frauds , thus allowing the bank to take better precautionary measures. We attempt to use various graph analytics methodologies to look for patterns
Technologies Used
Neo4j : Graph Database
Python : Programming Language
CYPHER : Graph Query Language
Flask : Microframework in Python used as a controller in our web application.
MAMP : Server used in order to host our Python application.
Github URL
https://github.com/akashshah59/banking-fraud-detector


Nishikori Confident On Rome Return Three weeks after reaching the Monte-Carlo final, Kei Nishikori is feeling confident on his return to the Foro Italico, having reached the semi-finals at the Internazionali BNL d'Italia in 2016. Video Interview
Facts & Figures: 2018 International BNL d'Italia What you need to know about the #ATPMasters1000 in Rome. ATP Staff
Zverev Targets Rome Title Defence After Madrid Triumph Alexander Zverev has his eyes on more Masters 1000 glory
Djokovic Continues Comeback, Leads Monday Slate Four-time Rome champions will look to get off to a good start at the event Monday against Alexandr Dolgopolov. Marie Gardiner
Mektic/Peya Lift First Masters 1000 Team Title Watch as Nikola Mektic and Alexander Peya secure their first team ATP World Tour Masters 1000 trophy at the Mutua Madrid Open. Photo credit: Denis Doyle/Getty Images. Watch live tennis at tennistv.com. ATP Staff


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Dirk Koch
Senior Lecturer
Room number: IT-414
School of Computer Science
The University of Manchester
Oxford Road
M14 9LP Manchester
email: dirk.koch (#!) manchester.ac.uk
Lab Address
University of Manchester
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School of Computer Science
The University of Manchester
Manchester, M13 9PL


--- title: Download and Upload --- #One minute example: download The example bellow explains how to send a download to the browser. Again, see how simple this code is: ~~~ #!java @Controller public class ProfileController { public File picture(Profile profile) { return new File("/path/to/userpic." + profile.getId()+ ".jpg"); } } ~~~ ##Adding more download info If you want to add more information about download, you can return a `FileDownload`: ~~~ #!java @Controller public class ProfileController { public Download picture(Profile profile) { File file = new File("/path/to/userpic." + profile.getId()+ ".jpg"); String contentType = "image/jpg"; String filename = profile.getName() + ".jpg"; return new FileDownload(file, contentType, filename); } } ~~~ You can also use the `InputStreamDownload` to work with Streams or `ByteArrayDownload` to send a byte array. ##Upload To activate upload support it's necessary to add `commons-upload` and `commons-io` artifacts in your classpath. You can see more info [here](/en/dependencies-and-prerequisites). #One minute example: upload The first example is based on the multipart upload feature. ~~~ #!java @Controller public class ProfileController { @Inject private final ProfileDao dao; public void updatePhoto(Profile profile, UploadedFile photo) { try (InputStream input = photo.getFile()) { dao.assign(input, profile); } } } ~~~ ##More about Upload The `UploadedFile` returns the uploaded file as an `InputStream`. If you want to copy the file to disc easily, you can use the `Files` class from Java 7: ~~~ #!java public void updatePhoto(Profile profile, UploadedFile photo) { try (InputStream input = photo.getFile()) { File savedPhoto = new File(); Files.write(input, savedPhoto); dao.assign(savedPhoto, profile); } } ~~~ ##Overriding upload settings You can also change the default upload settings overriding the class MultipartConfig. In example below, the size limit of upload is changed. ~~~ #!java @Specializes @ApplicationScoped public class CustomMultipartConfig extends DefaultMultipartConfig { public long getSizeLimit() { return 50 * 1024 * 1024; // 50MB } } ~~~ ##Changes in form You need to add the parameter enctype with multipart/form-data value. Without this attribute, the browser cannot upload files: ~~~ #!jsp


{% include 'header.html' %}
{% include 'navbar.html' %}The best way to get more information about your Chrome Devices without having to do it manually.
Enable API Access to your domain
Have Admin rights / credentials to the domain
Click on "I'm ready"
Supports the following useful metrics:
Download all the information about your devices in a convenient CSV!
This includes data normally not readily available on the Chrome Management panel.


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Duminy, Ontong join Paarl Rocks' backroom team
Cape Town - JP Duminy, ruled out of the 2019 Mzansi Super League tournament due to injury, will stay on with the Paarl Rocks team for the duration of the tournament in a mentorship role.
In a further move to strengthen the backroom team, CEO James Fortuin announced that Proteas fielding coach Justin Ontong will join the team as specialist fielding coach.
Ontong recently returned from India where he was the Proteas' fielding coach during their sub-continent tour completed in October.
Duminy said on Wednesday he was disappointed in missing out on the MSL 2.0 tournament.
"This was one tournament I was looking forward to play in this year, particularly after missing out last year due to injury.
"Playing with one of my best mates as well (Faf du Plessis), we've been talking the last month at how excited we were about playing together again,” he said.
"It's great to be still involved as a mentor for the team and there are lots of younger guys I feel I can assist. One of my biggest passions is team and business culture. To operate from that mindset and see how I can add value to the team culture and environment as well is a great opportunity,” he said.
Duminy remains the Proteas leading T20I run-scorer and says the Paarl Rocks had a great start getting an overwhelming win against the Cape Town Blitz.
"There's great mix of experience and youth in the team and some great talent on show. For me it's a great privilege to be involved and share in the experience of the MSL in the next few weeks," he said.
The Mzansi Super League (MSL 2.0) is taking place from November 8 to December 16.
- Cricket SA


Welcome to your Minebox device
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In order to keep your files protected and secure, please provide your access credentials.
Set your user name
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Password strength: Low
Repeat your password
The following words are the seed of your encryption key, write them down on a secure place or memorize them. In case of disaster you will be able to recover all of your data by just providing this twelve words.
You can generate new encryption keys.
We highly recommend you to print your encryption key QR code and store it somewhere safe. A new page will open automatically, you can follow the instructions in there to print your QR code.
Once you have printed your QR code, you will be able to click on Initialize my Minebox button and then you will have to prove the validity of your QR code and also the validity of the twelve words.
Restore your data from your Minebox device
If your device has a camera and you still have your encryption key's QR code, you can scan it. Otherwise you should provide manually your encryption key.
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This inspection highlights too broad exception clauses such as no exception class specified, or specified as 'Exception'.


--- layout: post title: 'Maze Generation: Kruskal''s Algorithm' post_id: 12 categories: - under the hood date: 2011-01-03 05:59:00.000000000 -07:00 author: Jamis permalink: 2011/1/3/maze-generation-kruskal-s-algorithm.html summary: > Using Kruskal's algorithm to generate random spanning trees—or mazes ---
For the third article in my series on maze algorithms, I’m going to take a look at Kruskal’s algorithm. (I’ve previously covered recursive backtracking and Eller’s algorithm.)
Kruskal’s algorithm is a method for producing a minimal spanning tree from a weighted graph. The algorithm I’ll cover here is actually a randomized version of Kruskal’s; the original works something like this:
The randomized algorithm just changes the second step, so that instead of pulling out the edge with the lowest weight, you remove an edge from the bag at random. Making that change, the algorithm now produces a fairly convincing maze.
Let’s walk through an example manually, to see how the process works in practice.
For this example, I’ll use a simple 3×3 grid. I’ve assigned each cell a letter, indicating which set it belongs to.
| A | B | C |
| D | E | F |
| G | H | I |
The algorithm is straightforward: simply select an edge at random, and join the cells it connects if they are not already connected by a path. We can know if the cells are already connected if they are in the same set. So, let’s choose the edge between (2,2) and (2,3). The cells are in different sets, so we join the two into a single set and connect the cells:
| A | B | C |
| D | E | F |
| G | E | I |
Let’s do a few more passes of the algorithm, to get to the interesting part:
|
|
|
|
Here’s where things start to move fast. Note what happens when the edge between (2,1) and (2,2) is pulled from the bag:
| A | A | C |
| D | A | C |
| A | A | A |
The two trees, A and E, were joined into one set, A, implying that any cell in A is reachable from any other cell in A. Let’s try joining (1,2) and (1,3) now:
| A | A | C |
| A | A | C |
| A | A | A |
Now, consider the edges (1,1)–(1,2) and (1,2)–(2,2). Neither of these has been drawn from the bag yet. What would happen if one of them were? Well, in both cases, the cells on either side of the edge belong to the same set. Connecting the cells in either case would result in a cycle, so we discard the edge and try again.
After a one more pass, we’ll have:
| A | A | A |
| A | A | A |
| A | A | A |
The algorithm finishes when there are no more edges to consider (which, in this case, is when there is only a single set left). And the result is a perfect maze!
Implementing Kruskal’s algorithm is straightforward, but for best results you need to find a very efficient way to join sets. If you do it like I illustrated above, assigning a set identifier to each cell, you’ll need to iterate on every merge, which will be expensive. Using trees to represent the sets is much faster, allowing you to merge sets efficiently simply by adding one tree as a subtree of the other. Testing whether two cells share a set is done by comparing the roots of their corresponding trees.
Once you have the tree data structure, the algorithm is extremely straightforward. Begin by initializing the grid (which will represent the maze itself), and the sets (one per cell):
1 2 |
grid = Array.new(height) { Array.new(width, 0) } sets = Array.new(height) { Array.new(width) { Tree.new } } |
Note that it would probably be more efficient to join the two representations, but I’ve split them apart for clarity.
Then, build the list of edges. Here I’m representing each edge as one of its end-points, and a direction:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
edges = [] height.times do |y| width.times do |x| edges << [x, y, N] if y > 0 edges << [x, y, W] if x > 0 end end |
Once you have the list of edges, just sort them randomly:
edges = edges.sort_by{rand} |
The algorithm itself, then, is simply a process of looping until the set of egdes is empty:
1 2 3 |
until edges.empty? # ... end |
Within the loop, we remove the next edge from the list, compute the other end point, and test their two sets:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
x, y, direction = edges.pop nx, ny = x + DX[direction], y + DY[direction] set1, set2 = sets[y][x], sets[ny][nx] unless set1.connected?(set2) # join the sets and connect the cells end |
The joining and connecting bit is pretty straightforward:
1 2 3 |
set1.connect(set2) @grid[y][x] |= direction @grid[ny][nx] |= OPPOSITE[direction] |
And you’re done! For those of you not using IE (which will make a total mess of this), here are two demos you can play with to see the algorithm in action:
My complete implementation (in Ruby) is here:
Kruskal’s is a fun algorithm to implement and watch, but I’m not partial to the style of mazes it generates. It tends to create a lot of short dead-ends, which is (admittedly in my own opinion) not necessarily very esthetically attractive.
One area where Kruskal’s works better than an algorithm like the recursive backtracker, is when you’re dealing with a maze with two or more disjoint areas, like if you were doing a maze that was constrained to the shape of two or more letters. Essentially, this is the same as multiple different mazes, but with Kruskal’s you could do them all at once, since you’re only dealing with edges and not with direct connectivity.
Please give Kruskal’s a try and share your implementation! Look for ways to tweak the algorithm to produce different results. Have fun!


Overflow and persistence use disk stores individually or together to store data.
Disk storage is available for these items:
- Regions. Persist and/or overflow data from regions.
- Server’s client subscription queues. Overflow the messaging queues to control memory use.
- Gateway sender queues. Persist these for high availability. These queues always overflow.
- PDX serialization metadata. Persist metadata about objects you serialize using Geode PDX serialization.
Each member has its own set of disk stores, and they are completely separate from the disk stores of any other member. For each disk store, define where and how the data is stored to disk. You can store data from multiple regions and queues in a single disk store.
This figure shows a member with disk stores D through R defined. The member has two persistent regions using disk store D and an overflow region and an overflow queue using disk store R.
What Geode Writes to the Disk Store
Geode writes the following to the disk store:
- Persisted and overflowed data as specified when the disk store was created and configured
- The members that host the store and information on their status, such as which members are online and which members are offline and time stamps
- A disk store identifier
- Which regions are in the disk store, specified by region name and including selected attributes
- Names of colocated regions on which the regions in the disk store depend
- A record of all operations on the regions
Geode does not write indexes to disk.
Disk Store State
The files for a disk store are used by Geode as a group. Treat them as a single entity. If you copy them, copy them all together. Do not change the file names.
Disk store access and management differs according to whether the member is online or offline. While a member is running, its disk stores are online. When the member exits and is not running, its disk stores are offline.
- Online, a disk store is owned and managed by its member process. To run operations on an online disk store, use API calls in the member process, or use the
gfsh
command-line interface. - Offline, the disk store is just a collection of files in the host file system. The files are accessible based on file system permissions. You can copy the files for backup or to move the member’s disk store location. You can also run some maintenance operations, such as file compaction and validation, by using the
gfsh
command-line interface. When offline, the disk store’s information is unavailable to the distributed system. For partitioned regions, region data is split between multiple members, and therefore the start up of a member is dependent onall members, and must wait for all members to be online. An attempt to access an entry that is stored on disk by an offline member results in aPartitionOfflineException
.


This component is used to model a 1-dim. gearbox with
non-parallel axes (defined by parameters n_a
,
n_b
). A 3-dim. bearing
frame is necessary
to reflect the correct support torque, as the axes of rotation of
flange_a
and flange_b
and the direction
of the support torque vector are different in general.
Note: The name BevelGear1D is kept only for simplicity. Regardless, this component could be used to model any kind of gearbox with non-parallel axes. For a usage example, see Examples.Rotational3DEffects.BevelGear1D.
Reference
Schweiger, Christian ;
Otter, Martin:
Modelling 3D Mechanical Effects of 1-dim. Powertrains. In:
Proceedings of the 3rd International Modelica Conference.
Linköping : The Modelica Association and Linköping University,
November 3-4, 2003, pp. 149-158


This heatmap shows results of an enrichment analysis of up-regulated genes in different tumor types. The analysis has been performed with Gitools. Pathways are represented by the rows and tumor types in the columns.


Leviticus 24:19
And if a man cause a blemish in his neighbor; as he hath done, so shall it be done to him;


The methods of the Client throw JMSExceptions in response to error conditions. Typically the exception's message (#getMessage()) summarises the error condition, with contextual information being provided by the messages of linked exception(s). To understand the problem, it is important to read the messages associated with all the linked exceptions.
The following table describes some of the more common exceptions linked to JMSException thrown by JMS methods whilst using the client:
Table A.1. Exceptions linked to JMSExceptions thrown by JMS methods
| Linked Exception | Message | Explanation/Common Causes |
|---|---|---|
| AMQUnresolvedAddressException | message varies | Indicates that the hostname included in the Connection URL's brokerlist, could not be resolved, . This could mean that the hostname is mispelt, or there is name resolution problem. |
| AMQConnectionFailure | Connection refused | Indicates that the host included in the Connection URL's brokerlist, actively refused the connection. This could mean that the hostname and/or port number is incorrect, or the Broker may not be running. |
| AMQConnectionFailure | connect timed out | Indicates that the host included in the Connection URL's brokerlist, could not be contacted within the connecttimeout. This could mean that the host is shutdown, or a networking routing problem means the host is unreachable. |
| AMQConnectionFailure | General SSL Problem; PKIX path building failed; unable to find valid certification path to requested target | Indicates that the CA that signed the Broker's certificate is not trusted by the JVM of the client. If the Broker is using a private-CA (or a self signed certificate) check that the client has been properly configured with a truststore. See Section 5.3.3, “SSL” |
| AMQConnectionFailure / AMQAuthenticationException | not allowed | Indicates that the user cannot be authenticated by the Broker. Check the username and/or password elements within the Connection URL. |
| AMQConnectionFailure / AMQSecurityException | Permission denied: virtualhost name; access refused | Indicates that the user is not authorised to connect to the given virtualhost. The user is recognised by the Broker and is using the correct password but does not have permission. This exception normally indicates that the user (or group) has not been permissioned within the Broker's Access Control List (ACL). |
| AMQTimeoutException | The server's response was not received within the time-out period of %d ms. |
Indicates that the Broker's response to the request sent by the client was not received
within a timely fashion. The timeout is governed by
This can be a symptom of a heavily loaded Broker, an overloaded network or a client JVM itself which is too overloaded to process incoming responses. Check for unreasonably long garbage collection pauses. |
| AMQSecurityException | Permission denied: message varies | Indicates that the user is not authorised to use the given resource or perform the given operation. This exception normally indicates that the user (or group) has not been permissioned within the Broker's Access Control List (ACL). |
| CertificateException | Unable to find certificate for recipient '<recipient>' |
When using end to end message encryption, this exception indicates the the message recipent's principal cannot be found in the truststore. See Chapter 9, Message Encryption |
The following table describes some of the more common exceptions linked to JMSException sent to ExceptionListener instances.
Table A.2. Exceptions linked to JMSExceptions received by ExceptionListeners
| Linked Exception | Message | Explanation/Common Causes |
|---|---|---|
| AMQNoRouteException | No Route for message [Exchange: exchange name, Routing key: routing key] [error code 312: no route] | Indicate that the named exchange is unable to route a message to at least one queue. This will occur if a queue has been improperly bound to an exchange. Use the Broker's management interface to check the bindings. See Section 5.5.1, “Mandatory Messages” |
| AMQNoConsumersException | Immediate delivery is not possible. [error code 313: no consumers] | Immediate delivery was requested by the MessageProducer, but as there are no consumers on any target queue, the message has been returned to the publisher. See Section 5.5.3, “Immediate Messages” |
| AMQDisconnectedException | Server closed connection and reconnection not permitted | Indicates that the connection was closed by the Broker, and as failover options are not included in the Connection URL, the client has been unable to reestablish connection. The Connection is now closed and any attempt to use either Connection object, or any objects created from the Connection will receive an IllegalStateException. |
| AMQDisconnectedException | Server closed connection and no failover was successful | Indicates that the connection was closed by the Broker. The client has tried failover according to the rules of the failover optionswithin the Connection URL, but these attempts were all unsuccessful. The Connection is now closed and any attempt to use either Connection object, or any objects created from the Connection will receive an IllegalStateException. |
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