Traits are a a structural construct of the language which allow:
-
composition of behaviors
-
runtime implementation of interfaces
-
behavior overriding
-
compatibility with static type checking/compilation
They can be seen as interfaces carrying both default implementations and state. A trait is defined using the
trait
keyword:
trait FlyingAbility { (1)
String fly() { "I'm flying!" } (2)
}
| 1 | declaration of a trait |
| 2 | declaration of a method inside a trait |
Then it can be used like a normal interface using the implements
keyword:
class Bird implements FlyingAbility {} (1)
def b = new Bird() (2)
assert b.fly() == "I'm flying!" (3)
| 1 | Adds the trait FlyingAbility to the Bird class capabilities |
| 2 | instantiate a new Bird |
| 3 | the Bird class automatically gets the behavior of the FlyingAbility trait |
Traits allow a wide range of capabilities, from simple composition to testing, which are described thoroughly in this section.
1. Methods
1.1. Public methods
Declaring a method in a trait can be done like any regular method in a class:
trait FlyingAbility { (1)
String fly() { "I'm flying!" } (2)
}
| 1 | declaration of a trait |
| 2 | declaration of a method inside a trait |
1.2. Abstract methods
In addition, traits may declare abstract methods too, which therefore need to be implemented in the class implementing the trait:
trait Greetable {
abstract String name() (1)
String greeting() { "Hello, ${name()}!" } (2)
}
| 1 | implementing class will have to declare the name method |
| 2 | can be mixed with a concrete method |
Then the trait can be used like this:
class Person implements Greetable { (1)
String name() { 'Bob' } (2)
}
def p = new Person()
assert p.greeting() == 'Hello, Bob!' (3)
| 1 | implement the trait Greetable |
| 2 | since name was abstract, it is required to implement it |
| 3 | then greeting can be called |
1.3. Private methods
Traits may also define private methods. Those methods will not appear in the trait contract interface:
trait Greeter {
private String greetingMessage() { (1)
'Hello from a private method!'
}
String greet() {
def m = greetingMessage() (2)
println m
m
}
}
class GreetingMachine implements Greeter {} (3)
def g = new GreetingMachine()
assert g.greet() == "Hello from a private method!" (4)
try {
assert g.greetingMessage() (5)
} catch (MissingMethodException e) {
println "greetingMessage is private in trait"
}
| 1 | define a private method greetingMessage in the trait |
| 2 | the public greet message calls greetingMessage by default |
| 3 | create a class implementing the trait |
| 4 | greet can be called |
| 5 | but not greetingMessage |
Traits only support public and private methods. Neither protected nor package private scopes are
supported.
|
2. The meaning of this
this
represents the implementing instance. Think of a trait as a superclass. This means that when you write:
trait Introspector {
def whoAmI() { this }
}
class Foo implements Introspector {}
def foo = new Foo()
then calling:
foo.whoAmI()
will return the same instance:
assert foo.whoAmI().is(foo)
3. Interfaces
Traits may implement interfaces, in which case the interfaces are declared using the implements
keyword:
interface Named { (1)
String name()
}
trait Greetable implements Named { (2)
String greeting() { "Hello, ${name()}!" }
}
class Person implements Greetable { (3)
String name() { 'Bob' } (4)
}
def p = new Person()
assert p.greeting() == 'Hello, Bob!' (5)
assert p instanceof Named (6)
assert p instanceof Greetable (7)
| 1 | declaration of a normal interface |
| 2 | add Named to the list of implemented interfaces |
| 3 | declare a class that implements the Greetable trait |
| 4 | implement the missing greet method |
| 5 | the greeting implementation comes from the trait |
| 6 | make sure Person implements the Named interface |
| 7 | make sure Person implements the Greetable trait |
4. Properties
A trait may define properties, like in the following example:
trait Named {
String name (1)
}
class Person implements Named {} (2)
def p = new Person(name: 'Bob') (3)
assert p.name == 'Bob' (4)
assert p.getName() == 'Bob' (5)
| 1 | declare a property name inside a trait |
| 2 | declare a class which implements the trait |
| 3 | the property is automatically made visible |
| 4 | it can be accessed using the regular property accessor |
| 5 | or using the regular getter syntax |
5. Fields
5.1. Private fields
Since traits allow the use of private methods, it can also be interesting to use private fields to store state. Traits will let you do that:
trait Counter {
private int count = 0 (1)
int count() { count += 1; count } (2)
}
class Foo implements Counter {} (3)
def f = new Foo()
assert f.count() == 1 (4)
assert f.count() == 2
| 1 | declare a private field count inside a trait |
| 2 | declare a public method count that increments the counter and returns it |
| 3 | declare a class that implements the Counter trait |
| 4 | the count method can use the private field to keep state |
| This is a major difference with Java 8 virtual extension methods. While virtual extension methods do not carry state, traits can. Moreover, traits in Groovy are supported starting with Java 6, because their implementation does not rely on virtual extension methods. This means that even if a trait can be seen from a Java class as a regular interface, that interface will not have default methods, only abstract ones. |
5.2. Public fields
Public fields work the same way as private fields, but in order to avoid the diamond problem, field names are remapped in the implementing class:
trait Named {
public String name (1)
}
class Person implements Named {} (2)
def p = new Person() (3)
p.Named__name = 'Bob' (4)
| 1 | declare a public field inside the trait |
| 2 | declare a class implementing the trait |
| 3 | create an instance of that class |
| 4 | the public field is available, but renamed |
The name of the field depends on the fully qualified name of the trait. All dots (.
) in package are replaced with an underscore (_
), and the final name includes a double underscore.
So if the type of the field is String
, the name of the package is my.package
, the name of the trait is Foo
and the name of the field is bar
,
in the implementing class, the public field will appear as:
String my_package_Foo__bar
| While traits support public fields, it is not recommended to use them and considered as a bad practice. |
6. Composition of behaviors
Traits can be used to implement multiple inheritance in a controlled way, avoiding the diamond issue. For example, we can have the following traits:
trait FlyingAbility { (1)
String fly() { "I'm flying!" } (2)
}
trait SpeakingAbility {
String speak() { "I'm speaking!" }
}
And a class implementing both traits:
class Duck implements FlyingAbility, SpeakingAbility {} (1)
def d = new Duck() (2)
assert d.fly() == "I'm flying!" (3)
assert d.speak() == "I'm speaking!" (4)
| 1 | the Duck class implements both FlyingAbility and SpeakingAbility |
| 2 | creates a new instance of Duck |
| 3 | we can call the method fly from FlyingAbility |
| 4 | but also the method speak from SpeakingAbility |
Traits encourage the reuse of capabilities among objects, and the creation of new classes by the composition of existing behavior.
7. Overriding default methods
Traits provide default implementations for methods, but it is possible to override them in the implementing class. For example, we can slightly change the example above, by having a duck which quacks:
class Duck implements FlyingAbility, SpeakingAbility {
String quack() { "Quack!" } (1)
String speak() { quack() } (2)
}
def d = new Duck()
assert d.fly() == "I'm flying!" (3)
assert d.quack() == "Quack!" (4)
assert d.speak() == "Quack!" (5)
| 1 | define a method specific to Duck , named quack |
| 2 | override the default implementation of speak so that we use quack instead |
| 3 | the duck is still flying, from the default implementation |
| 4 | quack comes from the Duck class |
| 5 | speak no longer uses the default implementation from SpeakingAbility |
8. Extending traits
8.1. Simple inheritance
Traits may extend another trait, in which case you must use the extends
keyword:
trait Named {
String name (1)
}
trait Polite extends Named { (2)
String introduce() { "Hello, I am $name" } (3)
}
class Person implements Polite {}
def p = new Person(name: 'Alice') (4)
assert p.introduce() == 'Hello, I am Alice' (5)
| 1 | the Named trait defines a single name property |
| 2 | the Polite trait extends the Named trait |
| 3 | Polite adds a new method which has access to the name property of the super-trait |
| 4 | the name property is visible from the Person class implementing Polite |
| 5 | as is the introduce method |
8.2. Multiple inheritance
Alternatively, a trait may extend multiple traits. In that case, all super traits must be declared in the implements
clause:
trait WithId { (1)
Long id
}
trait WithName { (2)
String name
}
trait Identified implements WithId, WithName {} (3)
| 1 | WithId trait defines the id property |
| 2 | WithName trait defines the name property |
| 3 | Identified is a trait which inherits both WithId and WithName |
9. Duck typing and traits
9.1. Dynamic code
Traits can call any dynamic code, like a normal Groovy class. This means that you can, in the body of a method, call methods which are supposed to exist in an implementing class, without having to explicitly declare them in an interface. This means that traits are fully compatible with duck typing:
trait SpeakingDuck {
String speak() { quack() } (1)
}
class Duck implements SpeakingDuck {
String methodMissing(String name, args) {
"${name.capitalize()}!" (2)
}
}
def d = new Duck()
assert d.speak() == 'Quack!' (3)
| 1 | the SpeakingDuck expects the quack method to be defined |
| 2 | the Duck class does implement the method using methodMissing |
| 3 | calling the speak method triggers a call to quack which is handled by methodMissing |
9.2. Dynamic methods in a trait
It is also possible for a trait to implement MOP methods like methodMissing
or propertyMissing
, in which case implementing classes
will inherit the behavior from the trait, like in this example:
trait DynamicObject { (1)
private Map props = [:]
def methodMissing(String name, args) {
name.toUpperCase()
}
def propertyMissing(String prop) {
props[prop]
}
void setProperty(String prop, Object value) {
props[prop] = value
}
}
class Dynamic implements DynamicObject {
String existingProperty = 'ok' (2)
String existingMethod() { 'ok' } (3)
}
def d = new Dynamic()
assert d.existingProperty == 'ok' (4)
assert d.foo == null (5)
d.foo = 'bar' (6)
assert d.foo == 'bar' (7)
assert d.existingMethod() == 'ok' (8)
assert d.someMethod() == 'SOMEMETHOD' (9)
| 1 | create a trait implementing several MOP methods |
| 2 | the Dynamic class defines a property |
| 3 | the Dynamic class defines a method |
| 4 | calling an existing property will call the method from Dynamic |
| 5 | calling an non-existing property will call the method from the trait |
| 6 | will call setProperty defined on the trait |
| 7 | will call getProperty defined on the trait |
| 8 | calling an existing method on Dynamic |
| 9 | but calling a non existing method thanks to the trait methodMissing |
10. Multiple inheritance conflicts
10.1. Default conflict resolution
It is possible for a class to implement multiple traits. If some trait defines a method with the same signature as a method in another trait, we have a conflict:
trait A {
String exec() { 'A' } (1)
}
trait B {
String exec() { 'B' } (2)
}
class C implements A,B {} (3)
| 1 | trait A defines a method named exec returning a String |
| 2 | trait B defines the very same method |
| 3 | class C implements both traits |
In this case, the default behavior is that methods from the last declared trait wins. Here, B
is declared after A
so the method from B
will be picked up:
def c = new C()
assert c.exec() == 'B'
10.2. User conflict resolution
In case this behavior is not the one you want, you can explicitly choose which method to call using the Trait.super.foo
syntax.
In the example above, we can force to choose the method from trait A, by writing this:
class C implements A,B {
String exec() { A.super.exec() } (1)
}
def c = new C()
assert c.exec() == 'A' (2)
| 1 | explicit call of exec from the trait A |
| 2 | calls the version from A instead of using the default resolution, which would be the one from B |
11. Runtime implementation of traits
11.1. Implementing a trait at runtime
Groovy also supports implementing traits dynamically at runtime. It allows you to "decorate" an existing object using a trait. As an example, let’s start with this trait and the following class:
trait Extra {
String extra() { "I'm an extra method" } (1)
}
class Something { (2)
String doSomething() { 'Something' } (3)
}
| 1 | the Extra trait defines an extra method |
| 2 | the Something class does not implement the Extra trait |
| 3 | Something only defines a method doSomething |
Then if we do:
def s = new Something()
s.extra()
the call to extra would fail because Something
is not implementing Extra
. It is possible to do it at runtime with
the following syntax:
def s = new Something() as Extra (1)
s.extra() (2)
s.doSomething() (3)
| 1 | use of the as keyword to coerce an object to a trait at runtime |
| 2 | then extra can be called on the object |
| 3 | and doSomething is still callable |
| When coercing an object to a trait, the result of the operation is not the same instance. It is guaranteed that the coerced object will implement both the trait and the interfaces that the original object implements, but the result will not be an instance of the original class. |
11.2. Implementing multiple traits at once
Should you need to implement several traits at once, you can use the withTraits
method instead of the as
keyword:
trait A { void methodFromA() {} }
trait B { void methodFromB() {} }
class C {}
def c = new C()
c.methodFromA() (1)
c.methodFromB() (2)
def d = c.withTraits A, B (3)
d.methodFromA() (4)
d.methodFromB() (5)
| 1 | call to methodFromA will fail because C doesn’t implement A |
| 2 | call to methodFromB will fail because C doesn’t implement B |
| 3 | withTrait will wrap c into something which implements A and B |
| 4 | methodFromA will now pass because d implements A |
| 5 | methodFromB will now pass because d also implements B |
| When coercing an object to multiple traits, the result of the operation is not the same instance. It is guaranteed that the coerced object will implement both the traits and the interfaces that the original object implements, but the result will not be an instance of the original class. |
12. Chaining behavior
Groovy supports the concept of stackable traits. The idea is to delegate from one trait to the other if the current trait is not capable of handling a message. To illustrate this, let’s imagine a message handler interface like this:
interface MessageHandler {
void on(String message, Map payload)
}
Then you can compose a message handler by applying small behaviors. For example, let’s define a default handler in the form of a trait:
trait DefaultHandler implements MessageHandler {
void on(String message, Map payload) {
println "Received $message with payload $payload"
}
}
Then any class can inherit the behavior of the default handler by implementing the trait:
class SimpleHandler implements DefaultHandler {}
Now what if you want to log all messages, in addition to the default handler? One option is to write this:
class SimpleHandlerWithLogging implements DefaultHandler {
void on(String message, Map payload) { (1)
println "Seeing $message with payload $payload" (2)
DefaultHandler.super.on(message, payload) (3)
}
}
| 1 | explicitly implement the on method |
| 2 | perform logging |
| 3 | continue by delegating to the DefaultHandler trait |
This works but this approach has drawbacks:
-
the logging logic is bound to a "concrete" handler
-
we have an explicit reference to
DefaultHandler
in theon
method, meaning that if we happen to change the trait that our class implements, code will be broken
As an alternative, we can write another trait which responsibility is limited to logging:
trait LoggingHandler implements MessageHandler { (1)
void on(String message, Map payload) {
println "Seeing $message with payload $payload" (2)
super.on(message, payload) (3)
}
}
| 1 | the logging handler is itself a handler |
| 2 | prints the message it receives |
| 3 | then super makes it delegate the call to the next trait in the chain |
Then our class can be rewritten as this:
class HandlerWithLogger implements DefaultHandler, LoggingHandler {}
def loggingHandler = new HandlerWithLogger()
loggingHandler.on('test logging', [:])
which will print:
Seeing test logging with payload [:] Received test logging with payload [:]
As the priority rules imply that LoggerHandler
wins because it is declared last, then a call to on
will use
the implementation from LoggingHandler
. But the latter has a call to super
, which means the next trait in the
chain. Here, the next trait is DefaultHandler
so both will be called:
The interest of this approach becomes more evident if we add a third handler, which is responsible for handling messages
that start with say
:
trait SayHandler implements MessageHandler {
void on(String message, Map payload) {
if (message.startsWith("say")) { (1)
println "I say ${message - 'say'}!"
} else {
super.on(message, payload) (2)
}
}
}
| 1 | a handler specific precondition |
| 2 | if the precondition is not met, pass the message to the next handler in the chain |
Then our final handler looks like this:
class Handler implements DefaultHandler, SayHandler, LoggingHandler {}
def h = new Handler()
h.on('foo', [:])
h.on('sayHello', [:])
Which means:
-
messages will first go through the logging handler
-
the logging handler calls
super
which will delegate to the next handler, which is theSayHandler
-
if the message starts with
say
, then the handler consumes the message -
if not, the
say
handler delegates to the next handler in the chain
This approach is very powerful because it allows you to write handlers that do not know each other and yet let you combine them in the order you want. For example, if we execute the code, it will print:
Seeing foo with payload [:] Received foo with payload [:] Seeing sayHello with payload [:] I say Hello!
but if we move the logging handler to be the second one in the chain, the output is different:
class AlternateHandler implements DefaultHandler, LoggingHandler, SayHandler {}
h = new AlternateHandler()
h.on('foo', [:])
h.on('sayHello', [:])
prints:
Seeing foo with payload [:] Received foo with payload [:] I say Hello!
The reason is that now, since the SayHandler
consumes the message without calling super
, the logging handler is
not called anymore.
12.1. Semantics of super inside a trait
If a class implements multiple traits and a call to an unqualified super
is found, then:
-
if the class implements another trait, the call delegates to the next trait in the chain
-
if there isn’t any trait left in the chain,
super
refers to the super class of the implementing class (this)
For example, it is possible to decorate final classes thanks to this behavior:
trait Filtering { (1)
StringBuilder append(String str) { (2)
def subst = str.replace('o','') (3)
super.append(subst) (4)
}
String toString() { super.toString() } (5)
}
def sb = new StringBuilder().withTraits Filtering (6)
sb.append('Groovy')
assert sb.toString() == 'Grvy' (7)
| 1 | define a trait named Filtering , supposed to be applied on a StringBuilder at runtime |
| 2 | redefine the append method |
| 3 | remove all 'o’s from the string |
| 4 | then delegate to super |
| 5 | in case toString is called, delegate to super.toString |
| 6 | runtime implementation of the Filtering trait on a StringBuilder instance |
| 7 | the string which has been appended no longer contains the letter o |
In this example, when super.append
is encountered, there is no other trait implemented by the target object, so the
method which is called is the original append
method, that is to say the one from StringBuilder
. The same trick
is used for toString
, so that the string representation of the proxy object which is generated delegates to the
toString
of the StringBuilder
instance.
13. Advanced features
13.1. SAM type coercion
If a trait defines a single abstract method, it is candidate for SAM (Single Abstract Method) type coercion. For example, imagine the following trait:
trait Greeter {
String greet() { "Hello $name" } (1)
abstract String getName() (2)
}
| 1 | the greet method is not abstract and calls the abstract method getName |
| 2 | getName is an abstract method |
Since getName
is the single abstract method in the Greeter
trait, you can write:
Greeter greeter = { 'Alice' } (1)
| 1 | the closure "becomes" the implementation of the getName single abstract method |
or even:
void greet(Greeter g) { println g.greet() } (1)
greet { 'Alice' } (2)
| 1 | the greet method accepts the SAM type Greeter as parameter |
| 2 | we can call it directly with a closure |
13.2. Differences with Java 8 default methods
In Java 8, interfaces can have default implementations of methods. If a class implements an interface and does not provide an implementation for a default method, then the implementation from the interface is chosen. Traits behave the same but with a major difference: the implementation from the trait is always used if the class declares the trait in its interface list and that it doesn’t provide an implementation.
This feature can be used to compose behaviors in an very precise way, in case you want to override the behavior of an already implemented method.
To illustrate the concept, let’s start with this simple example:
import groovy.transform.CompileStatic
import org.codehaus.groovy.control.CompilerConfiguration
import org.codehaus.groovy.control.customizers.ASTTransformationCustomizer
import org.codehaus.groovy.control.customizers.ImportCustomizer
class SomeTest extends GroovyTestCase {
def config
def shell
void setup() {
config = new CompilerConfiguration()
shell = new GroovyShell(config)
}
void testSomething() {
assert shell.evaluate('1+1') == 2
}
void otherTest() { /* ... */ }
}
In this example, we create a simple test case which uses two properties (config and shell) and uses those in
multiple test methods. Now imagine that you want to test the same, but with another distinct compiler configuration.
One option is to create a subclass of SomeTest
:
class AnotherTest extends SomeTest {
void setup() {
config = new CompilerConfiguration()
config.addCompilationCustomizers( ... )
shell = new GroovyShell(config)
}
}
It works, but what if you have actually multiple test classes, and that you want to test the new configuration for all those test classes? Then you would have to create a distinct subclass for each test class:
class YetAnotherTest extends SomeTest {
void setup() {
config = new CompilerConfiguration()
config.addCompilationCustomizers( ... )
shell = new GroovyShell(config)
}
}
Then what you see is that the setup
method of both tests is the same. The idea, then, is to create a trait:
trait MyTestSupport {
void setup() {
config = new CompilerConfiguration()
config.addCompilationCustomizers( new ASTTransformationCustomizer(CompileStatic) )
shell = new GroovyShell(config)
}
}
Then use it in the subclasses:
class AnotherTest extends SomeTest implements MyTestSupport {}
class YetAnotherTest extends SomeTest2 implements MyTestSupport {}
...
It would allow us to dramatically reduce the boilerplate code, and reduces the risk of forgetting to change the setup
code in case we decide to change it. Even if setup
is already implemented in the super class, since the test class declares
the trait in its interface list, the behavior will be borrowed from the trait implementation!
This feature is in particular useful when you don’t have access to the super class source code. It can be used to mock methods or force a particular implementation of a method in a subclass. It lets you refactor your code to keep the overridden logic in a single trait and inherit a new behavior just by implementing it. The alternative, of course, is to override the method in every place you would have used the new code.
| It’s worth noting that if you use runtime traits, the methods from the trait are always preferred to those of the proxied object: |
class Person {
String name (1)
}
trait Bob {
String getName() { 'Bob' } (2)
}
def p = new Person(name: 'Alice')
assert p.name == 'Alice' (3)
def p2 = p as Bob (4)
assert p2.name == 'Bob' (5)
| 1 | the Person class defines a name property which results in a getName method |
| 2 | Bob is a trait which defines getName as returning Bob |
| 3 | the default object will return Alice |
| 4 | p2 coerces p into Bob at runtime |
| 5 | getName returns Bob because getName is taken from the trait |
| Again, don’t forget that dynamic trait coercion returns a distinct object which only implements the original interfaces, as well as the traits. |
14. Differences with mixins
There are several conceptual differences with mixins, as they are available in Groovy. Note that we are talking about runtime mixins, not the @Mixin annotation which is deprecated in favour of traits.
First of all, methods defined in a trait are visible in bytecode:
-
internally, the trait is represented as an interface (without default methods) and several helper classes
-
this means that an object implementing a trait effectively implements an interface
-
those methods are visible from Java
-
they are compatible with type checking and static compilation
Methods added through a mixin are, on the contrary, only visible at runtime:
class A { String methodFromA() { 'A' } } (1)
class B { String methodFromB() { 'B' } } (2)
A.metaClass.mixin B (3)
def o = new A()
assert o.methodFromA() == 'A' (4)
assert o.methodFromB() == 'B' (5)
assert o instanceof A (6)
assert !(o instanceof B) (7)
| 1 | class A defines methodFromA |
| 2 | class B defines methodFromB |
| 3 | mixin B into A |
| 4 | we can call methodFromA |
| 5 | we can also call methodFromB |
| 6 | the object is an instance of A |
| 7 | but it’s not an instanceof B |
The last point is actually a very important and illustrates a place where mixins have an advantage over traits: the instances are not modified, so if you mixin some class into another, there isn’t a third class generated, and methods which respond to A will continue responding to A even if mixed in.
15. Static methods, properties and fields
| The following instructions are subject to caution. Static member support is work in progress and still experimental. The information below is valid for 2.4.4 only. |
It is possible to define static methods in a trait, but it comes with numerous limitations:
-
traits with static methods cannot be compiled statically or type checked. All static methods/properties/field are accessed dynamically (it’s a limitation from the JVM).
-
the trait is interpreted as a template for the implementing class, which means that each implementing class will get its own static methods/properties/methods. So a static member declared on a trait doesn’t belong to the
Trait
, but to it’s implementing class.
Let’s start with a simple example:
trait TestHelper {
public static boolean CALLED = false (1)
static void init() { (2)
CALLED = true (3)
}
}
class Foo implements TestHelper {}
Foo.init() (4)
assert Foo.TestHelper__CALLED (5)
| 1 | the static field is declared in the trait |
| 2 | a static method is also declared in the trait |
| 3 | the static field is updated within the trait |
| 4 | a static method init is made available to the implementing class |
| 5 | the static field is remapped to avoid the diamond issue |
As usual, it is not recommended to use public fields. Anyway, should you want this, you must understand that the following code would fail:
Foo.CALLED = true
because there is no static field CALLED defined on the trait itself. Likewise, if you have two distinct implementing classes, each one gets a distinct static field:
class Bar implements TestHelper {} (1)
class Baz implements TestHelper {} (2)
Bar.init() (3)
assert Bar.TestHelper__CALLED (4)
assert !Baz.TestHelper__CALLED (5)
| 1 | class Bar implements the trait |
| 2 | class Baz also implements the trait |
| 3 | init is only called on Bar |
| 4 | the static field CALLED on Bar is updated |
| 5 | but the static field CALLED on Baz is not, because it is distinct |
16. Inheritance of state gotchas
We have seen that traits are stateful. It is possible for a trait to define fields or properties, but when a class implements a trait, it gets those fields/properties on a per-trait basis. So consider the following example:
trait IntCouple {
int x = 1
int y = 2
int sum() { x+y }
}
The trait defines two properties, x
and y
, as well as a sum
method. Now let’s create a class which implements the trait:
class BaseElem implements IntCouple {
int f() { sum() }
}
def base = new BaseElem()
assert base.f() == 3
The result of calling f
is 3
, because f
delegates to sum
in the trait, which has state. But what if we write this instead?
class Elem implements IntCouple {
int x = 3 (1)
int y = 4 (2)
int f() { sum() } (3)
}
def elem = new Elem()
| 1 | Override property x |
| 2 | Override property y |
| 3 | Call sum from trait |
If you call elem.f()
, what is the expected output? Actually it is:
assert elem.f() == 3
The reason is that the sum
method accesses the fields of the trait. So it is using the x
and y
values defined
in the trait. If you want to use the values from the implementing class, then you need to dereference fields by using
getters and setters, like in this last example:
trait IntCouple {
int x = 1
int y = 2
int sum() { getX()+getY() }
}
class Elem implements IntCouple {
int x = 3
int y = 4
int f() { sum() }
}
def elem = new Elem()
assert elem.f() == 7
17. Self types
17.1. Type constraints on traits
Sometimes you will want to write a trait that can only be applied to some type. For example, you may want to apply a trait on a class that extends another class which is beyond your control, and still be able to call those methods. To illustrate this, let’s start with this example:
class CommunicationService {
static void sendMessage(String from, String to, String message) { (1)
println "$from sent [$message] to $to"
}
}
class Device { String id } (2)
trait Communicating {
void sendMessage(Device to, String message) {
CommunicationService.sendMessage(id, to.id, message) (3)
}
}
class MyDevice extends Device implements Communicating {} (4)
def bob = new MyDevice(id:'Bob')
def alice = new MyDevice(id:'Alice')
bob.sendMessage(alice,'secret') (5)
| 1 | A Service class, beyond your control (in a library, …) defines a sendMessage method |
| 2 | A Device class, beyond your control (in a library, …) |
| 3 | Defines a communicating trait for devices that can call the service |
| 4 | Defines MyDevice as a communicating device |
| 5 | The method from the trait is called, and id is resolved |
It is clear, here, that the Communicating
trait can only apply to Device
. However, there’s no explicit
contract to tell that, because traits cannot extend classes. However, the code compiles and runs perfectly
fine, because id
in the trait method will be resolved dynamically. The problem is that there is nothing that
prevents the trait from being applied to any class which is not a Device
. Any class which has an id
would
work, while any class that does not have an id
property would cause a runtime error.
The problem is even more complex if you want to enable type checking or apply @CompileStatic
on the trait: because
the trait knows nothing about itself being a Device
, the type checker will complain saying that it does not find
the id
property.
One possibility is to explicitly add a getId
method in the trait, but it would not solve all issues. What if a method
requires this
as a parameter, and actually requires it to be a Device
?
class SecurityService {
static void check(Device d) { if (d.id==null) throw new SecurityException() }
}
If you want to be able to call this in the trait, then you will explicitly need to cast this
into a Device
. This can
quickly become unreadable with explicit casts to this everywhere.
17.2. The @SelfType annotation
In order to make this contract explicit, and to make the type checker aware of the type of itself, Groovy provides
a @SelfType
annotation that will:
-
let you declare the types that a class that implements this trait must inherit or implement
-
throw a compile time error if those type constraints are not satisfied
So in our previous example, we can fix the trait using the @groovy.transform.SelfType
annotation:
@SelfType(Device)
@CompileStatic
trait Communicating {
void sendMessage(Device to, String message) {
SecurityService.check(this)
CommunicationService.sendMessage(id, to.id, message)
}
}
Now if you try to implement this trait on a class that is not a device, a compile-time error will occur:
class MyDevice implements Communicating {} // forgot to extend Device
The error will be:
class 'MyDevice' implements trait 'Communicating' but does not extend self type class 'Device'
In conclusion, self types are a powerful way of declaring constraints on traits without having to declare the contract directly in the trait or having to use casts everywhere, maintaining separation of concerns as tight as it should be.
18. Limitations
18.1. Compatibility with AST transformations
Traits are not officially compatible with AST transformations. Some of them, like @CompileStatic will be applied
on the trait itself (not on implementing classes), while others will apply on both the implementing class and the trait.
There is absolutely no guarantee that an AST transformation will run on a trait as it does on a regular class, so use it
at your own risk!
|
18.2. Prefix and postfix operations
Within traits, prefix and postfix operations are not allowed if they update a field of the trait:
trait Counting {
int x
void inc() {
x++ (1)
}
void dec() {
--x (2)
}
}
class Counter implements Counting {}
def c = new Counter()
c.inc()
| 1 | x is defined within the trait, postfix increment is not allowed |
| 2 | x is defined within the trait, prefix decrement is not allowed |
A workaround is to use the +=
operator instead.


Adding a theme
Adding a theme
Hugo allows us to create our own themes, but that requires a knowledge of HTML and CSS and quite a bit of time. We’ll go over how to tweak the theme a bit later on, but let’s just use a premade one for now.
We’re going to be using the Anubis theme for our basic site today. This is a premade theme by Dmitry Kolosov - we’ll be editing it and configuring it throughout the rest of this tutorial.
Inside your Hugo site folder, run git init
to initiate a new repository, and git submodule add https://github.com/mitrichius/hugo-theme-anubis.git themes/anubis
to add the theme as a submodule in your themes/anubis directory. The themes directory is where Hugo reads all themes from, so don’t edit that quite yet.
If you run hugo server
, you still won’t have any cool theming. This is because we haven’t added it in our config file yet. Rename your config.toml
file to a config.yaml
, and delete its contents.
Copy:
languageCode: "en-us"
baseUrl: ""
title: "Anubis"
theme: "anubis"
paginate: 10
menu:
main:
- identifier: archive
name: Archive
title: Archive
url: /posts/
weight: 0
params:
dateFormat: "2006-01-02"
style: light-without-switcher
readMore: true
into that file.


HTML FORGE
Back to Home Page
Download as Zip
Upload
only JEPG / PNG Files accepted
Upload
Convert Image
_


I am a UI developer learning how to Git
Honestly? I reallllly just want the tshirt.
My github bio is @cweave


Manager
Bernoulli, Jakob
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Office: undefined
Employee Id: 3
Engineer
Lovelace, Ada
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Github account: raquelacevedo
Employee Id: 1
Intern
Babbage, Charles
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>School: Darmouth
Employee Id: 2


Core Neo v5
Documentation
Github
Project
Download
Vendor
Get Started
Grid System
Theme
Author
Donation


Checkout the MoSDeF Ecosystem
Collaborators
MoSDeF is supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 18358741, 1047828 and 1535150.
Get Involved
question_answer
Chat
Chat
announcement
Check out our recent news
Announcements
code
Contribute
Contribute


d2r-query
: Running SPARQL queries against a databaseThe d2r-query
tool allows executing SPARQL queries against
a D2RQ-mapped relational database from the command line.
This can be done with or without a
D2RQ mapping file. If a mapping file is specified, then the tool will query
the virtual RDF graph defined by the mapping. If no mapping file is specified,
then the tool will use the default mapping of
generate-mapping
for the translation.
To query a D2RQ-mapped database using a web-based interface, use D2R Server.
d2r-query [-f format] [-b baseURI] [-t timeout] [--verbose] [--debug] mapping-file.ttl query
The filename of a D2RQ mapping file that contains a database mapping.
If no mapping file is provided, then the database connection must be
specified on the command line using the same connection
parameters as for the generate-mapping
tool,
and a default mapping will be used.
query
@filename
.-f format
text
(the default), xml
, json
, csv
,
tsv
, srb
, and ttl
.-b baseURI
-t timeout
--verbose
--debug
d2r-query mapping-iswc.ttl "SELECT * { ?s ?p ?o } LIMIT 10"
d2r-query -f csv mapping-iswc.ttl "SELECT * { ?paper dc:title ?title }" > papers.csv
d2r-query -u root jdbc:mysql:///iswc "SELECT * { ?s ?p ?o } LIMIT 10"
dump-rdf -l db_dump.sql -o output.nt "SELECT * { ?s ?p ?o } LIMIT 10"
dump-rdf mapping.ttl @my-query.sparql


Checkbox
Checkboxes allow the user to select one or more items from a set. Checkboxes can be used to turn an option on or off.
References
Import
Design & API Documentation
Selector:
mdc-checkbox
| Properties |
Description |
| id: string |
Unique Id of the checkbox (auto generated if not supplied). |
| name: string |
Name of the checkbox. |
| value: string |
Value of the checkbox. |
| tabIndex: number |
Set the underlying tab index of the checkbox. (Default: 0) |
| ariaLabel: string |
Used to set the 'aria-label' attribute on the underlying input element. |
| ariaLabelledby: string |
The 'aria-labelledby' attribute takes precedence as the element's text alternative. |
| checked: boolean |
Sets the checkbox input to checked or not. |
| indeterminate: boolean |
Represent a checkbox with three states (e.g. a nested list of checkable items). |
| disabled: boolean |
Disables the component. |
| indeterminateToChecked: boolean |
Whether the checkbox should go to checked state or unchecked when toggled from indeterminate state. |
| Methods |
Description |
| focus() |
Use to set focus to the checkbox. |
| toggle() |
Toggles checkbox via user action. When it is indeterminate, toggle can go to checked or unchecked, depending on state. |
| Events |
Description |
| change(source: MdcCheckBox, value: boolean) |
Event dispatched on value change. |
| indeterminateChange(source: MdcCheckbox, indeterminate: boolean) |
Emit when checkbox goes in and out of indeterminate state, but not when set to checked. |
Theming
To customize the colors of any part of the checkbox, use the following mixins.
Sass Mixins
Examples
EDIT IN STACKBLITZ
Checkbox


The BEYOND is more than a luxury hotel in Munich: it is your home right on Marienplatz. Sophisticated design, modern comfort, exclusive company and a feeling like being with friends.
If you are after privacy, retire to your bedroom. If you are in the mood for company, three public areas of the BEYOND invite you for a stimulating exchange with like-minded people. While you get inspired.
Hardly any of the luxury restaurants in Munich serve better food, because nothing is as good as your own favorite dish - and our private chef prepares that outside of our culinary package for you.
At BEYOND you are both a guest and a host. Here you have your room, but you can also rent the entire residence. You will receive your friends in an exclusive location - have Old Town and Viktualienmarkt in the immediate vicinity.
Always at your service: Our concierge has gained experience in the best hotels, knows every restaurant and every hot spot. It makes life easier for you in Munich, by day and by night.
Welcome to the center of Munich, in a place where gourmet cuisine becomes a meeting place, the hotel lobby becomes a living room and the suites become bedrooms. Welcome to the BEYOND!
More Info
Two reataurants, a unique treat: eat under stars, sleep above the rooftops of the city.
Live like the people of thiland. Your personal tour of the Viktualienmarkt with subsequent wish court.
City Tour with star kitchen. Your private city guide guides you to exactly the places you want to see.
Write an E-mail or Call us. I am here for You
Anubhav Gupta
9140380201         anubhavthrilling24@gmail.com


This is an online store. The project is divided into three inner and one external zone:
-
Zone for admin:
- management by dealers
- management by clients
- management by orders
-
Zone for customer:
- view and search for products
- goods management in the shopping cart
- make order
-
Zone for dealer:
- management by companies
- management by categories
- management by products
- management by orders
-
External zone:
- dealers and customers registration
- user authentication
- possibility to change password
- project information
Users for zone:
- admin login: "Admin", password "Admin"
- customer login: "Dealer", password "Dealer"
- dealer login: "Customer", password "Customer"
Code for reset password is "123".


Modular like in 'really modular'. That is, OSGi.
skysail is a collection of OSGi bundles, depending on other bundles, and defining an API for domains like authentication, security, persistence and so on. If some API implementation does not fulfill your needs, it is easy to replace it with your own implementation.
DDD is "in". .
skysail lets you concentrate on your business (or domain) logic. Http Server, database, configuration setup and the like are already there. Just use them.
Backend as a Service
skysail concentrates on the backend and tries to stick to RESTful principles.
Right now, skysail is a prototype itself. There are ideas, plans, sketches of documentation and all kinds of well-meant efforts. But it is not yet ready for any end-user to try. If you are a developer and like the ideas meantioned before, check out the sources and give it a spin.


Takes in microscopy images of embryogenesis process, segment cell bodies and can calculate the centroids and area of each of the cell.


My gifted predecessor has warned you against the "social
evil--adultery." In his able paper he exhausted that subject; he
left absolutely nothing more to be said on it. But I will
continue his good work in the cause of morality by cautioning you
against that species of recreation called self-abuse to which I
perceive you are much addicted. All great writers on health and
morals, both ancient and modern, have struggled with this stately
subject; this shows its dignity and importance. Some of these
writers have taken one side, some the other.
Homer, in the second book of the Iliad says with fine
enthusiasm, "Give me masturbation or give me death."  They that are penniless are yet rich, in that they
still have this majestic diversion." In another place this
experienced observer has said, "There are times when I prefer it
to sodomy."
Robinson Crusoe says, "I cannot describe what I owe to this
gentle art." Queen Elizabeth said, "It is the bulwark of
virginity."  The immortal Franklin has said, "Masturbation is the best policy."
Michelangelo and all of the other old masters--"old masters,"
I will remark, is an abbreviation, a contraction--have used
similar language. Michelangelo said to Pope Julius II, "Self-
negation is noble, self-culture beneficent, self-possession is
manly, but to the truly great and inspiring soul they are poor and
tame compared with self-abuse." Mr. Brown, here, in one of his
latest and most graceful poems, refers to it in an eloquent line
which is destined to live to the end of time--"None knows it but
to love it; none name it but to praise."
Such are the utterances of the most illustrious of the
masters of this renowned science, and apologists for it. The
name of those who decry it and oppose it is legion; they have made
strong arguments and uttered bitter speeches against it--but there
is not room to repeat them here in much detail. Brigham Young, an
expert of incontestable authority, said, "As compared with the
other thing, it is the difference between the lightning bug and the
lightning." Solomon said, "There is nothing to recommend it but
its cheapness." Galen said, "It is shameful to degrade to such
bestial uses that grand limb, that formidable member, which we
votaries of Science dub the Major Maxillary--when they dub it at
all--which is seldom, It would be better to amputate the os
frontis than to put it to such use."
The great statistician Smith, in his report to Parliament,
says, "In my opinion, more children have been wasted in this way
than any other." It cannot be denied that the high antiquity of
this art entitles it to our respect; but at the same time, I think
its harmfulness demands our condemnation. Mr. Darwin was grieved
to feel obliged to give up his theory that the monkey was the
connecting link between man and the lower animals. I think he was
too hasty. The monkey is the only animal, except man, that
practices this science; hence, he is our brother; there is a bond
of sympathy and relationship between us. Give this ingenuous
animal an audience of the proper kind and he will straightway put
aside his other affairs and take a whet; and you will see by his
contortions and his ecstatic expression that he takes an
intelligent and human interest in his performance.
The signs of excessive indulgence in this destructive pastime
are easily detectable. They are these: a disposition to eat, to
drink, to smoke, to meet together convivially, to laugh, to joke
and tell indelicate stories--and mainly, a yearning to paint
pictures. The results of the habit are: loss of memory, loss of
virility, loss of cheerfulness and loss of progeny.
Of all the various kinds of sexual intercourse, this has the
least to recommend it. As an amusement, it is too fleeting; as an
occupation, it is too wearing; as a public exhibition, there is no
money in it. It is unsuited to the drawing room, and in the most
cultured society it has long been banished from the social board.
It has at last, in our day of progress and improvement, been
degraded to brotherhood with flatulence. Among the best bred,
these two arts are now indulged in only private--though by consent
of the whole company, when only males are present, it is still
permissible, in good society, to remove the embargo on the
fundamental sigh.
My illustrious predecessor has taught you that all forms of
the "social evil" are bad. I would teach you that some of these
forms are more to be avoided than others. So, in concluding, I
say, "If you must gamble your lives sexually, don't play a lone
hand too much."


For games, the built-in timers are not suitable, mainly because of the following two reasons:
This timer does not maintain it's own clock, so you need to call `update()` in your render loop.
Include the timer.js file via script tag or pull it in using an AMD loader like require.js.
var timer = new Timer();
// setting an interval works like window.setInterval:
var intervalId = timer.setInterval(someFunc, 100);
// to set the execution context, pass a context object:
var intervalId = timer.setInterval(someFunc, 100, someObj);
// or bind your function:
var intervalId = timer.setInterval(someFunc.bind(somObj), 100);
// then, in your render loop:
function render(){
//...
timer.update(delta); // delta needs to be in ms!
}
// clearing also works as expected:
timer.clearInterval(intervalId);
You can see how it works here.
You can run the tests here.
Ping me on Twitter: @jensarps


Former referee claims Premier League explanation of Trent Alexander-Arnold handball was wrong
Manchester City were furious with the officials for not awarding them a penalty before Liverpool's opening goal
by Liam Prenderville, http://www.facebook.com/mirrorfootballFormer referee Mark Clattenburg has blasted the Premier League over their explanation for not awarding a penalty to Manchester City at Anfield.
City were furious when Trent Alexander-Arnold appeared to handle the ball in the area.
Liverpool went down the other end and opened the scoring through a stunning drive from Fabinho.
The Premier League insisted the penalty was not given because Alexander-Arnold's arm was not in an unnatural position.
It was also stated that the Liverpool defender did not have time to get out of the way.
But former official Mark Clattenburg insists that is not why the penalty shouldn't have been given.
"It is the arm of Manchester City forward Bernardo Silva that deflects the ball onto Alexander-Arnold and that is why, for me, play should not be brought back," he told the Mail.
"If Silva's arm does not divert the ball, then yes, I believe a penalty should have been awarded as Alexander-Arnold's arm is in an unnatural position and he is using it to make himself bigger.
"That is why I do not understand the Premier League explanation that it was not a deliberate handball."
Despite angrily confronting referee Michael Oliver at full-time, Pep Guardiola refused to discuss the handball before the opening goal.
Sky Sports' Geoff Shreeves asked him for his thoughts on the penalty, and the City boss insisted: "Ask the referees, don't ask me.
Pushed for an answer, he said: "Ask Mike Riley and the guys in VAR. I would like to talk about our performance, it was so good."


(left - right)
Charles and Mary Jane Fulton Parks,
George Parks (baby), Rolande Parks, Sally Parks
Photo taken: about 1949


Camila Cabello releases new song 'Living Proof'
by Wade SheridanNov. 15 (UPI) -- Camila Cabello released on Friday a new song from her upcoming second studio album Romance titled "Living Proof."
The singer released the track onto YouTube and music streaming services such as Spotify, Apple Music, Amazon Music, Deezer, Pandora, Soundcloud and Tidal.

Romance, Cabello's first album since 2018's Camila, is set for release on Dec. 6.
The 22-year-old is set to embark on a North American tour that will begin on July 29 at the Rogers Arena in Vancouver and end on Sept. 26 at the American Airlines Arena in Miami.
Cabello is also scheduled to perform at the 2019 American Music Awards on Nov. 24.
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You might have some command you repeatedly type to check its output. I occasionally check for new package updates using tagurit and urlwatch which I mentioned in a previous post. The problem is that it can get tedious running those commands over the terminal every day or week. Let’s automate this.
Setting up cron to run a scheduled command is the perfect solution. So let’s do it.
I will be doing this on archlinux but it should be the same on any computer with the same software installed.
First of all, you have to have the crond daemon running for this to work. It is turned on by default on archlinux so we already have that working.
Next, we need to edit our crontab file by running:
1
|
|
Then for my example, I want to run urlwatch and tagurit every day at 6am and 6pm. After I check crontab(5) to check the format of the file, I type the following in:
1 2 |
|
This will run every day, every time our computer is turned on. Cron will also send us a message to our local mail account if there is any output from the commands it ran.
Since I want it to deliver it to my gmail account, we first need to set up a postfix daemon to use gmail as a smtp relay host. I covered that in a previous blog post. I also covered how to set up a ~/.forward file in the previous blog post in the bonus section. The ~/.forward file will route all our local messages to the specified email. If you haven’t done so already, please set that up.
You should now be automatically running and receiving commands via cron!


Create a new authentication guard.
- Parameters
-
| \Illuminate\Contracts\Auth\UserProvider | $provider | |
| \Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Session\SessionInterface | $session | |
| \Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Request | $request | |
- Returns
- void
Definition at line 93 of file Guard.php.
| attempt |
( |
array |
$credentials = [] , |
|
|
|
$remember = false , |
|
|
|
$login = true |
|
) |
| |
Attempt to authenticate a user using the given credentials.
- Parameters
-
| array | $credentials | |
| bool | $remember | |
| bool | $login | |
- Returns
- bool
Implements Guard.
Definition at line 355 of file Guard.php.
| attempt |
( |
array |
$credentials = array() , |
|
|
|
$remember = false , |
|
|
|
$login = true |
|
) |
| |
| attemptBasic |
( |
Request |
$request, |
|
|
|
$field |
|
) |
| |
|
protected |
Attempt to authenticate using basic authentication.
- Parameters
-
| \Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Request | $request | |
| string | $field | |
- Returns
- bool
Definition at line 316 of file Guard.php.
| attemptBasic |
( |
Request |
$request, |
|
|
|
$field |
|
) |
| |
|
protected |
Register an authentication attempt event listener.
- Parameters
-
- Returns
- void
Definition at line 410 of file Guard.php.
| basic |
( |
|
$field = 'email' | ) |
|
Attempt to authenticate using HTTP Basic Auth.
- Parameters
-
- Returns
- |null
Implements Guard.
Definition at line 283 of file Guard.php.
| basic |
( |
|
$field = 'email' | ) |
|
Determine if the current user is authenticated.
- Returns
- bool
Implements Guard.
Definition at line 107 of file Guard.php.
| clearUserDataFromStorage |
( |
| ) |
|
|
protected |
Remove the user data from the session and cookies.
- Returns
- void
Definition at line 565 of file Guard.php.
| clearUserDataFromStorage |
( |
| ) |
|
|
protected |
Create a remember me cookie for a given ID.
- Parameters
-
- Returns
Definition at line 523 of file Guard.php.
| createRememberTokenIfDoesntExist |
( |
UserContract |
$user | ) |
|
|
protected |
Create a new remember token for the user if one doesn't already exist.
- Parameters
-
| \Illuminate\Contracts\Auth\Authenticatable | $user | |
- Returns
- void
Definition at line 593 of file Guard.php.
| createRememberTokenIfDoesntExist |
( |
UserContract |
$user | ) |
|
|
protected |
| fireAttemptEvent |
( |
array |
$credentials, |
|
|
|
$remember, |
|
|
|
$login |
|
) |
| |
|
protected |
Fire the attempt event with the arguments.
- Parameters
-
| array | $credentials | |
| bool | $remember | |
| bool | $login | |
- Returns
- void
Definition at line 394 of file Guard.php.
| fireAttemptEvent |
( |
array |
$credentials, |
|
|
|
$remember, |
|
|
|
$login |
|
) |
| |
|
protected |
| fireLoginEvent |
( |
|
$user, |
|
|
|
$remember = false |
|
) |
| |
|
protected |
Fire the login event if the dispatcher is set.
- Parameters
-
| \Illuminate\Contracts\Auth\Authenticatable | $user | |
| bool | $remember | |
- Returns
- void
Definition at line 454 of file Guard.php.
| fireLoginEvent |
( |
|
$user, |
|
|
|
$remember = false |
|
) |
| |
|
protected |
| getBasicCredentials |
( |
Request |
$request, |
|
|
|
$field |
|
) |
| |
|
protected |
Get the credential array for a HTTP Basic request.
- Parameters
-
| \Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Request | $request | |
| string | $field | |
- Returns
- array
Definition at line 330 of file Guard.php.
| getBasicCredentials |
( |
Request |
$request, |
|
|
|
$field |
|
) |
| |
|
protected |
Get the response for basic authentication.
- Returns
Definition at line 340 of file Guard.php.
Get the cookie creator instance used by the guard.
- Returns
- Exceptions
-
Definition at line 610 of file Guard.php.
Get the event dispatcher instance.
- Returns
Definition at line 636 of file Guard.php.
Get the last user we attempted to authenticate.
- Returns
Definition at line 734 of file Guard.php.
Get a unique identifier for the auth session value.
- Returns
- string
Definition at line 744 of file Guard.php.
Get the user provider used by the guard.
- Returns
Definition at line 667 of file Guard.php.
Get the decrypted recaller cookie for the request.
- Returns
- string|null
Definition at line 215 of file Guard.php.
Get the user ID from the recaller cookie.
- Returns
- string
Definition at line 225 of file Guard.php.
Get the name of the cookie used to store the "recaller".
- Returns
- string
Definition at line 754 of file Guard.php.
Get the current request instance.
- Returns
Definition at line 711 of file Guard.php.
Get the session store used by the guard.
- Returns
Definition at line 657 of file Guard.php.
Return the currently cached user of the application.
- Returns
- |null
Definition at line 688 of file Guard.php.
| getUserByRecaller |
( |
|
$recaller | ) |
|
|
protected |
Pull a user from the repository by its recaller ID.
- Parameters
-
- Returns
- mixed
Definition at line 196 of file Guard.php.
| getUserByRecaller |
( |
|
$recaller | ) |
|
|
protected |
Determine if the current user is a guest.
- Returns
- bool
Implements Guard.
Definition at line 117 of file Guard.php.
| hasValidCredentials |
( |
|
$user, |
|
|
|
$credentials |
|
) |
| |
|
protected |
Determine if the user matches the credentials.
- Parameters
-
| mixed | $user | |
| array | $credentials | |
- Returns
- bool
Definition at line 381 of file Guard.php.
| hasValidCredentials |
( |
|
$user, |
|
|
|
$credentials |
|
) |
| |
|
protected |
Get the ID for the currently authenticated user.
- Returns
- int|null
Definition at line 176 of file Guard.php.
| login |
( |
UserContract |
$user, |
|
|
|
$remember = false |
|
) |
| |
Log a user into the application.
- Parameters
-
| \Illuminate\Contracts\Auth\Authenticatable | $user | |
| bool | $remember | |
- Returns
- void
Definition at line 425 of file Guard.php.
| login |
( |
UserContract |
$user, |
|
|
|
$remember = false |
|
) |
| |
| loginUsingId |
( |
|
$id, |
|
|
|
$remember = false |
|
) |
| |
Log the given user ID into the application.
- Parameters
-
- Returns
Implements Guard.
Definition at line 482 of file Guard.php.
| loginUsingId |
( |
|
$id, |
|
|
|
$remember = false |
|
) |
| |
Log the user out of the application.
- Returns
- void
Implements Guard.
Definition at line 533 of file Guard.php.
| once |
( |
array |
$credentials = [] | ) |
|
Log a user into the application without sessions or cookies.
- Parameters
-
- Returns
- bool
Implements Guard.
Definition at line 254 of file Guard.php.
| once |
( |
array |
$credentials = array() | ) |
|
| onceBasic |
( |
|
$field = 'email' | ) |
|
Perform a stateless HTTP Basic login attempt.
- Parameters
-
- Returns
- |null
Implements Guard.
Definition at line 301 of file Guard.php.
| onceBasic |
( |
|
$field = 'email' | ) |
|
Log the given user ID into the application without sessions or cookies.
- Parameters
-
- Returns
- bool
Definition at line 497 of file Guard.php.
| queueRecallerCookie |
( |
UserContract |
$user | ) |
|
|
protected |
Queue the recaller cookie into the cookie jar.
- Parameters
-
| \Illuminate\Contracts\Auth\Authenticatable | $user | |
- Returns
- void
Definition at line 510 of file Guard.php.
| queueRecallerCookie |
( |
UserContract |
$user | ) |
|
|
protected |
| refreshRememberToken |
( |
UserContract |
$user | ) |
|
|
protected |
Refresh the remember token for the user.
- Parameters
-
| \Illuminate\Contracts\Auth\Authenticatable | $user | |
- Returns
- void
Definition at line 580 of file Guard.php.
| refreshRememberToken |
( |
UserContract |
$user | ) |
|
|
protected |
| setCookieJar |
( |
CookieJar |
$cookie | ) |
|
| setCookieJar |
( |
CookieJar |
$cookie | ) |
|
Set the cookie creator instance used by the guard.
- Parameters
-
| \Illuminate\Contracts\Cookie\QueueingFactory | $cookie | |
- Returns
- void
Definition at line 626 of file Guard.php.
Set the event dispatcher instance.
- Parameters
-
Definition at line 647 of file Guard.php.
Set the user provider used by the guard.
- Parameters
-
| \Illuminate\Contracts\Auth\UserProvider | $provider | |
- Returns
- void
Definition at line 678 of file Guard.php.
Set the current request instance.
- Parameters
-
Definition at line 722 of file Guard.php.
| setUser |
( |
UserContract |
$user | ) |
|
| setUser |
( |
UserContract |
$user | ) |
|
Set the current user of the application.
- Parameters
-
| \Illuminate\Contracts\Auth\Authenticatable | $user | |
- Returns
- void
Definition at line 699 of file Guard.php.
Update the session with the given ID.
- Parameters
-
- Returns
- void
Definition at line 468 of file Guard.php.
Get the currently authenticated user.
- Returns
- |null
Implements Guard.
Definition at line 127 of file Guard.php.
| validate |
( |
array |
$credentials = [] | ) |
|
Validate a user's credentials.
- Parameters
-
- Returns
- bool
Implements Guard.
Definition at line 272 of file Guard.php.
| validate |
( |
array |
$credentials = array() | ) |
|
| validRecaller |
( |
|
$recaller | ) |
|
|
protected |
Determine if the recaller cookie is in a valid format.
- Parameters
-
- Returns
- bool
Definition at line 239 of file Guard.php.
| validRecaller |
( |
|
$recaller | ) |
|
|
protected |
Determine if the user was authenticated via "remember me" cookie.
- Returns
- bool
Implements Guard.
Definition at line 764 of file Guard.php.
| $tokenRetrievalAttempted = false |
|
protected |
The documentation for this class was generated from the following files:


building a solid architecture for your stylesheets is similar to building a solid class model for a large scale app


The first Climb Time opened in Blue Ash back in 1993! In 2019, a second Climb Time location was opened in Oakley.
Climb Time Oakley is a 45ft tall facility with lead climbing, top roping, speed climbing, and of course bouldering. We are open to beginner, intermediate, and advanced climbers. Our pro shop provides climbing gear, clothing, books, and accessories.


Namespaces | |
| Dune | |
| Dune::XT | |
| Dune::XT::Common | |
Functions | |
| std::string | Dune::XT::Common::directory_only (std::string _path) |
| strip filename from if present, return empty string if only filename present More... | |
| std::string | Dune::XT::Common::filename_only (const std::string &_path) |
| return everything after the last slash More... | |
| void | Dune::XT::Common::test_create_directory (const std::string _path) |
| may include filename, will be stripped More... | |
| bool | Dune::XT::Common::touch (const std::string &_path) |
| pure c++ emulation of system's touch binary More... | |
| std::unique_ptr < boost::filesystem::ofstream > | Dune::XT::Common::make_ofstream (const boost::filesystem::path &path, const std::ios_base::openmode mode) |
| std::unique_ptr < boost::filesystem::ifstream > | Dune::XT::Common::make_ifstream (const boost::filesystem::path &path, const std::ios_base::openmode mode) |
| void | Dune::XT::Common::file_to_stream_filtered (std::ostream &stream, std::string filename, std::string filter) |
| read a file and output all lines containing filter string to a stream More... | |
| void | Dune::XT::Common::meminfo (LogStream &stream) |
| output programs mem usage stats by reading from /proc More... | |


MKElementAccentView Class Reference
| Inherits from | MKView : UIView |
| Declared in | MKElementAccentView.h |
Overview
Description
Draws the accent background for a MKTableCell instance. The accent is designed to cover the left side of a table cell. To cover the entire cell use the MKTableCellAccentView class.
Usage
Accent elements can be added to any cell. When adding to a MKTableCell or subclass instance use the MKTableCell method accentPrimaryViewForCellPosition:graphics: method. This method will automatically add an accent to the left side of the cell.
It is important to give the postion of the cell. This will effect the way an accent is drawn. Positions corispond to location of the cell within its section. There are for position options:
-
MKTableCellPositionTop
: The top cell of the section when in a grouped style. -
MKTableCellPositionMiddle
: The middle cells of the section when in a grouped style. -
MKTableCellPositionBottom
: The bottom cell of the section when in a grouped style. -
MKTableCellPositionSingleCell
: The only cell in a section when in a grouped style.
Note When using a plain style table view only use the MKTableCellPositionMiddle to accent cells.
Graphics
MKElementAccentView supports the use of MKGraphicStructures. Default graphics are set to the following:
- topColor :
default HSB(345.0, 2.0, 99.0, 1.0)
- bottomColor :
default HSB(345.0, 2.0, 86.0, 1.0)
- useLinerShine :
YES
MKElementAccentView supports ARC
Tasks
Creation
-
- initWithFrame:position:
Returns an instance of MKElementAccentView. -
- initWithFrame:position:graphics:
Returns an instance of MKElementAccentView.
Position
Instance Methods
initWithFrame:position:
Returns an instance of MKElementAccentView.
- (id)initWithFrame:(CGRect)frame position:(MKTableCellPosition)position
Return Value
MKElementAccentView instance.
Declared In
MKElementAccentView.h
initWithFrame:position:graphics:
Returns an instance of MKElementAccentView.
- (id)initWithFrame:(CGRect)frame position:(MKTableCellPosition)position graphics:(MKGraphicsStructures *)graphics
Parameters
- frame
- the frame of the view.
- graphics
- the MKGraphicsStructures instance to use when drawing
- postition
- the position of the table cell.
Return Value
MKElementAccentView instance.
Declared In
MKElementAccentView.h
Properties
position
Reference to the position of the table cell when the Table is a grouped type.
@property (nonatomic, readonly) MKTableCellPosition position
Declared In
MKElementAccentView.h


public class SpotifyAPI
Represents an instance of the Spotify API client, with common
functionality and information between the class SpotifyClientAPI
and class SpotifyAppAPI
implementations of the API
class SpotifyClientAPI
,
class SpotifyAppAPI
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
void |
clearCache()
If the cache is enabled, clear all stored queries in the cache
|
AlbumAPI |
getAlbums()
Provides access to Spotify album endpoints
|
SpotifyApiBuilder |
getApiBuilder()
Return a new
class SpotifyApiBuilder with the parameters provided to this api instance |
SpotifyApiBuilderDsl |
getApiBuilderDsl()
Return a new
class SpotifyApiBuilderDsl with the parameters provided to this api instance |
ArtistsAPI |
getArtists()
Provides access to Spotify artist endpoints
|
java.lang.String |
getAuthorizationUrl(SpotifyScope[] scopes,
java.lang.String redirectUri)
Create a Spotify authorization URL from which client access can be obtained
|
boolean |
getAutomaticRefresh() |
BrowseAPI |
getBrowse()
Provides access to Spotify browse endpoints
|
java.util.Map<com.adamratzman.spotify.http.SpotifyRequest,com.adamratzman.spotify.http.CacheState> |
getCache()
Obtain a map of all currently-cached requests
|
java.lang.Integer |
getCacheLimit()
The maximum amount of cached requests allowed at one time.
|
java.lang.String |
getClientId()
The application client id found on the application
|
java.lang.String |
getClientSecret()
The application client secret found on the application
|
java.util.List<com.adamratzman.spotify.http.SpotifyEndpoint> |
getEndpoints()
A list of all endpoints included in this api type
|
java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService |
getExecutor() |
long |
getExpireTime() |
FollowingAPI |
getFollowing() |
SpotifyLogger |
getLogger()
The Spotify event logger
|
PlaylistAPI |
getPlaylists() |
boolean |
getRetryWhenRateLimited() |
SearchAPI |
getSearch()
Provides access to the Spotify search endpoint
|
Token |
getToken()
The access token associated with this API instance
|
TracksAPI |
getTracks()
Provides access to Spotify track endpoints
|
boolean |
getUseCache()
Whether to use the built-in cache to avoid making unnecessary calls to
the Spotify API
|
UserAPI |
getUsers() |
TokenValidityResponse |
isTokenValid(boolean makeTestRequest)
Tests whether the current token is actually valid. By default, an endpoint is called once to verify
validity.
|
Token |
refreshToken()
If the method used to create the token supports token refresh and
the information in token is accurate, attempt to refresh the token
|
void |
setAutomaticRefresh(boolean p) |
void |
setCacheLimit(java.lang.Integer p)
The maximum amount of cached requests allowed at one time.
|
void |
setRetryWhenRateLimited(boolean p) |
void |
setToken(Token p)
The access token associated with this API instance
|
void |
setUseCache(boolean value)
Whether to use the built-in cache to avoid making unnecessary calls to
the Spotify API
|
void |
useLogger(boolean enable)
Allows enabling and disabling the logger
|
public boolean getUseCache()
Whether to use the built-in cache to avoid making unnecessary calls to the Spotify API
public void setUseCache(boolean value)
Whether to use the built-in cache to avoid making unnecessary calls to the Spotify API
public SpotifyLogger getLogger()
The Spotify event logger
public long getExpireTime()
public java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService getExecutor()
public SearchAPI getSearch()
Provides access to the Spotify search endpoint
public AlbumAPI getAlbums()
Provides access to Spotify album endpoints
public BrowseAPI getBrowse()
Provides access to Spotify browse endpoints
public ArtistsAPI getArtists()
Provides access to Spotify artist endpoints
public PlaylistAPI getPlaylists()
public UserAPI getUsers()
public TracksAPI getTracks()
Provides access to Spotify track endpoints
public FollowingAPI getFollowing()
public java.util.Map<com.adamratzman.spotify.http.SpotifyRequest,com.adamratzman.spotify.http.CacheState> getCache()
Obtain a map of all currently-cached requests
public Token refreshToken()
If the method used to create the token supports token refresh and the information in token is accurate, attempt to refresh the token
public java.util.List<com.adamratzman.spotify.http.SpotifyEndpoint> getEndpoints()
A list of all endpoints included in this api type
public void clearCache()
If the cache is enabled, clear all stored queries in the cache
public SpotifyApiBuilder getApiBuilder()
Return a new class SpotifyApiBuilder
with the parameters provided to this api instance
class SpotifyApiBuilder
public SpotifyApiBuilderDsl getApiBuilderDsl()
Return a new class SpotifyApiBuilderDsl
with the parameters provided to this api instance
class SpotifyApiBuilderDsl
public void useLogger(boolean enable)
Allows enabling and disabling the logger
enable
- Whether to enable the loggerpublic java.lang.String getAuthorizationUrl(SpotifyScope[] scopes, java.lang.String redirectUri)
Create a Spotify authorization URL from which client access can be obtained
scopes
- The scopes that the application should have access toredirectUri
- The redirect uri specified on the Spotify developer dashboard; where to
redirect the browser after authenticationpublic TokenValidityResponse isTokenValid(boolean makeTestRequest)
Tests whether the current token is actually valid. By default, an endpoint is called once to verify validity.
makeTestRequest
- Whether to also make an endpoint request to verify authentication.class TokenValidityResponse
containing whether this token is valid, and if not, an Exception explaining whypublic java.lang.String getClientId()
The application client id found on the application
public java.lang.String getClientSecret()
The application client secret found on the application
public Token getToken()
The access token associated with this API instance
public void setToken(Token p)
The access token associated with this API instance
p
- The access token associated with this API instancepublic java.lang.Integer getCacheLimit()
The maximum amount of cached requests allowed at one time.
Null means no limit
public void setCacheLimit(java.lang.Integer p)
The maximum amount of cached requests allowed at one time.
Null means no limit
p
- The maximum amount of cached requests allowed at one time. Null means no limitpublic boolean getAutomaticRefresh()
public void setAutomaticRefresh(boolean p)
public boolean getRetryWhenRateLimited()
public void setRetryWhenRateLimited(boolean p)


The error handling approach in C for Cairo has multiple elements:
When a method on an object fails, the object is put into
an error state. Subsequent operations on the object do
nothing. The status of the object can be queried with
a function like status()
.
Constructors, rather than
returning NULL
on out-of-memory failure,
return a special singleton object on which all
operations do nothing. Retrieving the status of the
singleton object returns CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY
Is this going to apply to cairo_surface_t as well?
What about cairo_copy_path_data()? It's probably going to
have to return NULL
.
Errors propagate from object to object. Setting a pattern in an out-of-memory state as the source of a cairo_t puts the type into an error state.
Much of the above is not yet implemented at the time of this writing
A language binding could copy the C approach, and for a language without exceptions, this is likely the right thing to do. However, for a language with exceptions, exposing a completely different style of error handling for cairo would be strange. So, instead, status should be checked after every call to cairo, and exceptions thrown as necessary.
One problem that can arise with this, in languages where handling exceptions is mandatory (like Java), is that almost every cairo function can result in a status being set, usually because of an out-of-memory condition. This could make cairo hard to use. To resolve this problem, let's classify then cairo status codes:
/* Memory */ CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY, /* Programmer error */ CAIRO_STATUS_INVALID_RESTORE CAIRO_STATUS_INVALID_POP_GROUP CAIRO_STATUS_NO_CURRENT_POINT CAIRO_STATUS_INVALID_MATRIX CAIRO_STATUS_NO_TARGET_SURFACE CAIRO_STATUS_INVALID_STRING CAIRO_STATUS_SURFACE_FINISHED CAIRO_STATUS_BAD_NESTING /* Language binding implementation */ CAIRO_STATUS_NULL_POINTER CAIRO_STATUS_INVALID_PATH_DATA CAIRO_STATUS_SURFACE_TYPE_MISMATCH /* Other */ CAIRO_STATUS_READ_ERROR CAIRO_STATUS_WRITE_ERROR
If we look at these, the
CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY
should map to the native out-of-memory exception, which could
happen at any point in any case. Most of the others indicate
programmer error, and handling them in user code would be
silly. These should be mapped into whatever the language uses
for assertion failures, rather than errors that are normally
handled. (In Java, a subclass of Error rather than Exception,
perhaps.) And CAIRO_STATUS_READ_ERROR
,
and CAIRO_STATUS_WRITE_ERROR
can occur
only in very specific places. (In fact, as described
in the section called “Streams and File I/O”, these errors may be
mapped into the language's native I/O error types.)
So, there really aren't exceptions that the programmer must
handle at most points in the Cairo API.


Northern Lights in Norway
Northern Lights in Norway
Northern Lights in Norway
Northern Lights in Norway
Northern Lights in Norway
Northern Lights in Norway
Northern Lights in Norway
Lewis Hamilton has spoken out against the current format
So when he arrived for the Bahrain Grand Prix in a traditional local dress, it was perhaps no surprise that he managed to pull it off. But he's not the first. Oh no - Lewis follows a rich tradition. Formula 1 and style statements go together just fabulously, as we can demonstrate in this stunning parade of racers.
Haas driver Romain Grosjean feels he has answered his critics
Alonso experienced a peak force of 46G during the 180mph crash at Albert Park
Haas driver Romain Grosjean feels he has answered his critics
Can Lewis Hamilton win the Bahrain Grand Prix for a third year in a row, after victories in 2014 and 2015?
AKarl Lagerfeld, Stella McCartney, Anna Wintour... Lewis Hamilton has met all the fashionistas who matter.


Description: Bind an event handler to the "click" JavaScript event, or trigger that event on an element.
handler(eventObject): Function() A function to execute each time the event is triggered.
eventData: Object A map of data that will be passed to the event handler.
handler(eventObject): Function() A function to execute each time the event is triggered.
In the first two variations, this method is a shortcut for .bind("click", handler)
, as well as for .on("click", handler)
as of jQuery 1.7. In the third variation, when .click()
is called without arguments, it is a shortcut for .trigger("click")
.
The click
event is sent to an element when the mouse pointer is over the element, and the mouse button is pressed and released. Any HTML element can receive this event.
For example, consider the HTML:

Click here

Trigger the handler

The event handler can be bound to any

:
$("#target").click(function() {
alert("Handler for .click() called.");
});
Now if we click on this element, the alert is displayed:
Handler for .click() called.
We can also trigger the event when a different element is clicked:
$("#other").click(function() {
$("#target").click();
});
After this code executes, clicks on Trigger the handler will also alert the message.
The click
event is only triggered after this exact series of events:
This is usually the desired sequence before taking an action. If this is not required, the mousedown
or mouseup
event may be more suitable.
<!DOCTYPE html>

First Paragraph

Second Paragraph

Yet one more Paragraph

$("p").click();


Hi there!
Please don't use this API.
It's slow, unreliable, stressful on my servers, and will likely be removed in the future.
I'm hoping to get this site whitelisted for CORs so that the website will be 100% client side. Probably just wishful thinking but hopefully it can happen in 2.2. In the meantime, check out gddocs to learn how to send requests directly to Rob's servers!
- Colon :


Pat's Salmon Cookies : Sales Data
Home Page
Add New Location Form
Location
Minimum Number of Customers Per Hour
Maximum Number of Customers Per Hour.
Average Number cookies purchased per customer.


Homer Jay Simpson
Résumé
— Hello! I am working as a low level safety inspector at the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant, in Sector 7G, it means that i am supervising technician! D'oh! Technical supervisor!
* Mostly sleep on duty and eat the donuts provided.
Personal life
-
1950s
I was born as the third child of Abraham Simpson, and the first child of Mona Simpson on May 12, 1956. I was raised on the Simpson farm by my parents until they were forced to move out due to me spooking the cows by jumping out of a bale of hay and scaring them into giving sour milk. At some point during my childhood, Abe(my father) seemed to feed beer to me, but I quit drinking beer until I was older upon Barney's suggestion after I caused a multi-car pileup in my playschool car at school.
-
1960s
In 1960, I experimented to see if I can push fifteen crayons into my nose, which resulted in one being lodged into brain and being responsible for my current below-average intelligence. In the early 1960s, when I was between nine and twelve years of age, Mona went into hiding following a run-in with the law. However, before she started protesting, she took me and her husband to the Woodstock Music Festival, where I ended up briefly adopting the hippie lifestyle. In 1966, I , along with Lenny, Carl, and Moe, went over to a deep gorge for a nice swim, but the water was drained. When investigating why the lake was reduced to a muddy pit, I stumbled upon a decomposing corpse inside the pipe, greatly traumatizing me and leading to my occasional overeating and fear of corpses.
-
1970s
I attended Springfield High School and fell in love with Marge Bouvier in 1974. After high school, we bought an apartment at Springfield Place. During this time, Marge received a letter accepting her into college. To pay for her tuition, Abe gave me a job at Simpson Lazer Tag. Along with Lou, Lenny, and Carl, I was also part of a barbershop quartet. When Marge became infatuated with her professor, we changed the band's name to Sadgasm, and they invented grunge music. Marge realized she really loves me, and she went back to me.
-
1980s
In 1979, Marge became pregnant with Bart. (After discovering this, I tore out half my hair.) At this time, I was working at Sir Putts-A-Lot, turning the crank spinning the windmill. We married in Shotgun Pete's 24 Hour Wedding Chapel, a small wedding chapel across the state line. And spent our wedding reception alone at a truck stop, before ending up at the Bouvier House,where we lived at the time. After failing to get a job at the newly built Nuclear Power Plant,I left Marge to find a job where I can support my family. I went to work at a taco restaurant called the Gulp 'n' Blow, until Marge found me and convinced to return home with her. As a result, I confronted Mr. Burns and secured a job at the Plant.Two years after Bart was born, Marge became pregnant with Lisa in 1981 (after discovering this, I tore out all but three strands of his hair), shortly before the couple brought their first house.
My second leap to stardom was success as the lead singer and songwriter for the barbershop quartet, the Be-Sharps. After the group broke up due to creative differences, I went back to Springfield to continue my old life. Some time in the late 1980s, I drew up a budget so I can work at my dream job, a pin monkey at Barney's Bowlarama. The budget included buying regular toilet paper and only one of the kids can go to college. Unfortunately for Homer, Marge became pregnant with Maggie in 1988,shortly after I started my new job, and, not being able to support my family,I went back to the Nuclear Plant. Since then I started many jobs,but ended up back where I began at the Nuclear Plant.
Experience (Jobs)
- Artist
- Astronaut
- Bartender
- Beer Baron
- Body Guard
- Professional Boxer
- Celebrity Assistant
- Butler
- Chief of Police
- Farmer
- Hippie
- Hairdresser
- Krusty impersonator
- Mall Santa
- Mayor
- Mascot
- Pin Monkey
- Opera singer
- Sailor
- Safety Inspector
- Song Writer
- Trucker


functional: Curry, Compose, and other higher-order functions
Curry, Compose, and other higher-order functions
| Version: |
0.6 |
| Published: |
2014-07-16 |
| Author: |
Peter Danenberg |
| Maintainer: |
Peter Danenberg <pcd at roxygen.org> |
| License: |
GPL-2 | GPL-3 [expanded from: GPL (≥ 2)] |
| NeedsCompilation: |
no |
| CRAN checks: |
functional results |
Downloads:
Reverse dependencies:
| Reverse depends: |
AnDE, bmk, surveybootstrap |
| Reverse imports: |
ciuupi, D3partitionR, DeLorean, discSurv, gRain, hpoPlot, manifestoR, networkreporting, RcppEigenAD, saeSim, smartdata, sqliter, translate |
| Reverse suggests: |
DOBAD |
Linking:
Please use the canonical form
https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=functional
to link to this page.


Christina Aguilera ft A Great Big World: il nuovo singolo Fall On Me è un capolavoro
by Fabiano MinacciNonostante adori Christina Aguilera non sono un grande fan di Liberation, la direzione presa con il suo ultimo album mi aveva lasciato con l’amaro in bocca. Oggi però la cantante americana è tornata con una collaborazione con A Great Big World (con cui aveva sfornato Say Something) ed ha fatto breccia nel mio cuore. Fall On Me è stupenda e con il supporto delle radio e una giusta promozione sono certo che poterà avere il successo che merita.
Non vedo l’ora di godermi la performance di Fall On Me agli American Music Awards.
Christina Aguilera ft A Great Big World – il testo
Sooner or later the lights up above
Will come down in circles and guide me to love
I don’t know what’s right for me
I cannot see straight
I’ve been here too long and I don’t wanna wait for it
Fly like a cannonball straight to my soul
Tear me to pieces and make me feel whole
I’m willing to fight for it
To feel something new
To know what it’s like to be sharing a space with you
Fall on me
With open arms
Fall on me
From where you are
Fall on me
With all your light
With all your light
With all your light
Sooner or later it all comes apart
The walls are all shattered, I’m back at the start
And I’m willing to follow this
Wherever it goes
The heart has its reasons that nobody knows
And I wanna believe in a world we can’t see
Millions of particles passing through me
And I know there’s a meaning
I feel it I swear
I can’t see the future
But I know that it’s there
Fall on me
With open arms
Fall on me
From where you are
Fall on me
With all your light
With all your light
With all your light
With all your light…
I close my eyes
And I’m seeing you everywhere
I step outside
It’s like I’m breathing you in the air
I can feel you’re there
Fall on me
With open arms
Fall on me
From where you are
Fall on me
With all your light
With all your light
With all your light
With all your light


|
RTMHA Library
2020a
The Master Hearing Aid Algorithms for the OSP System.
|
The Ten Band Filter bank is a 10 Band Multirate Filter Bank with its center frequencies located at 250Hz, 500Hz, 750Hz, 1kHz, 1.5kHz, 2kHz, 3kHz, 4kHz, 6kHz, 8kHz. More...
#include <tenband_filterbank.h>
Public Member Functions | |
| tenband_filterbank (size_t max_frame_size, bool aligned) | |
| The consturctor for the Ten Band Filter bank. More... | |
| ~tenband_filterbank () | |
| The desturctor for the Ten Band Filter bank. | |
| void | process (float *in, float **out, size_t frame_size) |
| This function decomposes the incoming frame of data into the 10 subbands. More... | |
| void | set (bool aligned) |
| The compensation for the various group delay can be toggled on and off live. More... | |
| void | get (bool &aligned) |
| Used to read the current status of the aligned variable. More... | |
The Ten Band Filter bank is a 10 Band Multirate Filter Bank with its center frequencies located at 250Hz, 500Hz, 750Hz, 1kHz, 1.5kHz, 2kHz, 3kHz, 4kHz, 6kHz, 8kHz.
Definition at line 44 of file tenband_filterbank.h.
| tenband_filterbank::tenband_filterbank | ( | size_t | max_frame_size, |
| bool | aligned | ||
| ) |
The consturctor for the Ten Band Filter bank.
| max_frame_size | [in] - The maximum size of buffer that would need to be processed at any time step. |
| aligned | [in] - Enabling the delay blocks to compensate for the various group delays. |
Definition at line 31 of file tenband_filterbank.cpp.
| void tenband_filterbank::get | ( | bool & | aligned | ) |
Used to read the current status of the aligned variable.
| [out] | aligned | Grabbing the current status of the aligned variable. |
Definition at line 200 of file tenband_filterbank.cpp.
| void tenband_filterbank::process | ( | float * | in, |
| float ** | out, | ||
| size_t | frame_size | ||
| ) |
This function decomposes the incoming frame of data into the 10 subbands.
| [in] | in | An array of data the size of frame_size. |
| [out] | out | A 2D 10 by frame_size array of data for the 10 subbands |
| [in] | frame_size | The amount of data contained in the incoming array. |
Definition at line 150 of file tenband_filterbank.cpp.
| void tenband_filterbank::set | ( | bool | aligned | ) |
The compensation for the various group delay can be toggled on and off live.
| [in] | aligned | Enabling the delay blocks to compensate for the various group delays. |
Definition at line 197 of file tenband_filterbank.cpp.


Maurizio Sarri wants reunion with Chelsea star at Juventus in January
by Ron CarneJuventus boss Maurizio Sarri has reportedly asked the club hierarchy to try and secure a reunion for him with Chelsea defender Emerson Palmieri in January.
Things have started well for the Italian tactician since his switch to Turin this past summer, as he has guided them to the top of the Serie A table after 12 games and they’ve secured their place in the knockout stage of the Champions League.
SEE MORE: Chelsea ready to approve €5m sale of bit-part ace but contract demands could scupper exit
It hasn’t always been entirely convincing though as they haven’t dominated games at all times on their way to victories, with the wins over AC Milan and Lokomotiv Moscow prior to the international break perfect examples of that.
Nevertheless, Sarri has kept Juventus on track to achieve their objectives for the season thus far, but it appears as though he’s keen on a key signing in January to strengthen his squad.
As reported by Calciomercato, via the paper edition of La Repubblica, the Juve boss wants to secure a reunion with Chelsea left-back Emerson, and it’s suggested that he has made that specific request to the club’s hierarchy.
The 25-year-old made 27 appearances under Sarri at Stamford Bridge last season as he began to fend off Marcos Alonso for a starting berth.
He’s gone on to make eight appearances under Frank Lampard so far this season as he appears to be a key part of his plans, and so it remains to be seen whether or not that’s an exit that Chelsea are willing to consider.
Given the lack of quality depth in that department, Juventus have once again heavily leaned on Alex Sandro as he has been an almost ever-present for the reigning Serie A champions with Blaise Matuidi and Mattia De Sciglio filling in for the two games that he’s missed.
After picking up a knock over the international break, De Sciglio is expected to step in again for the clash with Atalanta on Saturday, but with Juve looking to compete at the highest level across multiple fronts, perhaps Sarri believes he needs a little more.


Moosic
0:14
1:76
Liked songs
All songs
Create new collection +
Import songs
Appearance
Cloud saving
Manage storage
Export / Save your data to json
Info
Change storage location
Enable Discord RPC
Advanced
Version:
Saved Songs:
Downloaded Songs:
Downloaded Songs storage size:
Songs Location:
set youtube API key
Repair save/files
Download all saved songs
Add youtube data to lost songs
Delete lost songs
Delete all data
Save to cloud
Load from cloud
Change songTile size
Import Moosic Save
Import Youtube Playlist
Import headset save
Import from Spotify
Import from mp3 folder
Import spotify playlists (It might not be able to find all the songs):
Cut song:
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2020 Skoda Octavia revealed, Australian launch over a year away
Skoda's new sedan and wagon has finally been revealed, but we're going to be waiting a while to see it in Australia.
by Scott Collie- shares
Skoda has finally ended the tease and unveiled what the Australian market will welcome as the 2021 Octavia, with its local debut set for the first quarter of that year.
The new Octavia has grown significantly beyond the dimensions of its predecessor: the liftback is 19mm longer than before and the wagon has been stretched by 22mm, while both models are 15mm wider than those they replace. The wheelbase of the previous model (2686mm) carries over.
A bigger exterior means more space inside. The boot of the wagon has grown by 30L to 640L, while the liftback has 10 litres more space in its 600L boot.
Skoda also says rear knee room has improved by 78mm, while the wider body should liberate more shoulder room in both rows. Up front, the driver and passenger sit in new 'ergo' seats designed to better support achey backs.
There's a raft of 'Simply Clever' touches scattered around the cabin, including smartphone-sized pockets in the seat backs, sun shades on the rear windows and, of course, in-door umbrellas.
The biggest changes to the cabin come on the dashboard, home to an 8.25-inch or 10-inch touchscreen infotainment system, below which sits a small row of shortcut buttons.
The driver is faced with Skoda's latest 10.25-inch digital cockpit – although it's an option in Europe. Depending on the model, Skoda has outfitted the cabin with up to five USB-C ports, and can be had with a head-up display.
Wireless phone charging is on hand, too. Behind the wireless phone charger is a compact, electronic shifter for the dual-clutch transmission.
Skoda is also keen to highlight the car's new two-spoke steering wheel, although a three-spoke sports wheel is also available.
Power in the Octavia line-up will come from a range of petrol, diesel, compressed natural gas, plug-in and mild hybrid powertrains. Petrol engines ranging from 1.0- to 2.0-litres, and with outputs ranging from 81kW/200Nm to 140kW/320Nm.
Diesel power is provided by 2.0-litre turbocharged engines with outputs ranging from 85kW/250Nm to 147kW/400Nm, while mild hybrid tech has been applied to a 1.0-litre and 1.5-litre petrol engine.
The plug-in hybrid is based on a 1.4-litre petrol engine, and outputs a combined 150kW and 350Nm. Four chassis options are offered, from front-wheel drive to all-wheel drive with an active suspension setup.
When will the new Skoda Octavia launch in Australia?
Skoda Australia has indicated the 2020 Octavia will be arriving Down Under during the first quarter of 2021.
A spokesperson told CarAdvice in March that production for the next-gen liftback and wagon starts for our market late next year.
Given the Volkswagen Group has previously claimed to be unable to introduce PPF-equipped petrol models due to Australia's sulphur-rich petrol, it's a strong possibility the new 48V mild-hybrid and plug-in hybrid variants will not be offered Down Under, at least from launch.
It's also unlikely we'll see any of the diesels introduced to our market, given Skoda and parent Volkswagen have pulled numerous oiler versions of various model lines of late from sale.
With that in mind, it's likely the Octavia range in Australia will launch with the current model's 1.4-litre turbo petrol engine making 110kW, followed by the more powerful RS models.
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2020 Skoda Octavia revealed, Australian launch over a year away


Created by Jack Weaver / @teh_jack
Hosted at http://captheorem-jweaver.rhcloud.com
Presented by Eric Brewer in 2000, essentially states for a distributed system, Consistency, Availability and Partition-tolerance cannot be "achieved" all at the same time.
Across all nodes in the system, the data is consistent (they see the same state of the data).
All operations on the data store eventually return something. It's "available" for writes, etc, for non-failing nodes.
Despite some communication failures, or node crashes, service still performs as expected.
Networks fail sometimes, we still want systems that can withstand those failures. Same applies to individual nodes (from the system's view, a node failure is no different than a network failure)
In an asynchronous network, with a distributed system, it is impossible to implement a "read/write" data object that guarantees the following properties:
Specifies whether a write operation has succeeded. Write concern allows your application to detect insertion errors or unavailable mongod instances. For replica sets, you can configure write concern to confirm replication to a specified number of members. See Write Concern.~ http://docs.mongodb.org/manual/reference/glossary/#term-write-concern
var Db = require('mongodb').Db,
MongoClient = require('mongodb').MongoClient,
Server = require('mongodb').Server,
ReplSetServers = require('mongodb').ReplSetServers,
ObjectID = require('mongodb').ObjectID,
Binary = require('mongodb').Binary,
GridStore = require('mongodb').GridStore,
Grid = require('mongodb').Grid,
Code = require('mongodb').Code,
BSON = require('mongodb').pure().BSON,
assert = require('assert');
var db = new Db('test', new Server('locahost', 27017));
db.open(function(err, db) {
// Fetch a collection to insert document into
var collection = db.collection("simple_document_insert_with_function_safe");
// Insert a single document
collection.insert({hello:'world'
, func:function() {}}, {w:1, serializeFunctions:true}, function(err, result) {
assert.equal(null, err);
// Fetch the document
collection.findOne({hello:'world'}, function(err, item) {
assert.equal(null, err);
assert.ok("function() {}", item.code);
db.close();
})
});
});
w, {Number/String, > -1 || ‘majority’ || tag name} the write concern for the operation where < 1 is no acknowlegement of write and w >= 1, w = ‘majority’ or tag acknowledges the write~ http://mongodb.github.io/node-mongodb-native/api-generated/collection.html
| Level | Description |
|---|---|
| ANY | A write must be written to at least one node. If all replica nodes for the given row key are down, the write can still succeed once a hinted handoff has been written. Note that if all replica nodes are down at write time, an ANY write will not be readable until the replica nodes for that row key have recovered. |
| ONE | A write must be written to the commit log and memory table of at least one replica node. |
| ... | ... |
| ALL | A write must be written to the commit log and memory table on all replica nodes in the cluster for that row key. |
On writes, attempt is made to write the row for all replicas responsible for that row.
If those replica nodes are not available (partitions, etc), then a "hint" is stored on one node that instructs it to update the replicas when they come back up.
SELECT purchases FROM SALES
USING CONSISTENCY QUORUM
WHERE customer_id = 7
Consistency is decided on each read and write, it's not a system/global setting. You decide the level of consistency per action.
As engineers, we must decide the level of consistency and availability we need.
Not all "NoSQL" systems are the same, each must be evaluated for each requirement/need.
There is no free lunch, but you can minimize the symptoms with careful decisions and configurations.