A character, on a city street, is trying to hail a cab. No matter how many times they yell, "Hey, taxi!", nothing stops for them.
This can be played for comedy, such as trying to show a country-bumpkin just how tough the big city can be. Or it can be played for a drama. One simple and frequent plot is when the lack of a taxi will slow the hero down in their quest. Another is if there's a sinister reason no taxi will stop for the protagonist in particular, often demonstrated by showing one that just ignored them stop for somebody more "suitable;" for instance, the inability of a black man to catch a taxi is a too-frequent Real Life occurrence that fiction often comments on.
Examples:
- In Spirou and Fantasio à Moscou, Fantasio is trying to get a cab in the middle of Moscow, with no success. Meanwhile Spirou is digging through the material they got from the KGB (which they work for at the moment) and shows Fantasio the spiffy new KGB badges they've been given. Six cabs immediately stop for them... driven by some very nervous-looking cab drivers.
- Happens in the "Rhapsody in Blue" segment of Fantasia 2000. Naturally, the character in question is black.
- Happens in Cats Don't Dance when Danny makes it to the taxi first before poor Sawyer whose day he's been inadvertently ruining.
- In The Adjustment Bureau, the Bureau limits David Norris' options by altering reality so no taxis will stop for him, even though they clearly have no passengers. When one finally does stop, it gets hit by a truck.
- The first scene of Batman (1989) has a tourist family failing to get a taxi. This one's especially bad because they were getting ready to board a cab when someone else butted in and boarded, even though they were there first. This would eventually lead the father to try to take a shortcut through an alleyway, leading to them being victimized by two muggers at the end of the scene.
- In Down to Earth, after being brought back to life for the second time, Chris Rock's character tries to hail a taxi to test if he was reincarnated as a black man. He fails to attract a single cab, much to his delight.
- In The Great Muppet Caper, taxis don't stop for Kermit and company until Gonzo jumps in front of one.
- In the Jim Carrey live-action version of How the Grinch Stole Christmas!, the race-card version of this trope is used. The Grinch tries to hail a taxi, but it speeds on by, and the Grinch screams to the air that it's just because he's green.
- In Just My Luck, when Lindsay Lohan's character gets bad luck, the taxis won't stop for her. As soon as she gets good luck, she can get three taxis to stop with a wave of her arm.
- In Meet Dave Number 2 eventually has the robot grab a car in mid-drive.
- In Night on Earth Mookie has a hard time getting a cab to take him to Brooklyn late at night.
- North By Northwest begins in New York City — a man hails a cab, and Roger cuts in with his secretary, claiming she's pregnant, and takes it. She chides Roger, who assures her his lie let the guy think he was doing them a favor.
- In The Pelican Brief Grantham has this problem. Somewhat justified in that he was dressed for street surveillance and looked somewhat suspicious, made worse by the fact that he is black.
- Planes, Trains and Automobiles begins in New York City rush hour with Neal trying hail a cab to the airport. He competes with Kevin Bacon for a cab and lost. He pays another person to take the ride, but was stiffed paying him $75 before Del took the ride.
- In Quick Change, the heroes have robbed a bank and are futilely trying to flag down a cab to get to the airport:
Loomis: Ten thousand dollars for a taxi!
Phyllis: And a blow job! - This is the subject of a joke in Tootsie. Tootsie is trying to hail a cab, and calls twice for a cab in his woman voice. Finally he bellows for one in his man voice and one stops immediately.
- Defied and parodied in Top Five. Chris Rock tries to invoke this by saying "Black man trying to catch a cab in New York City!" As soon as he holds out his arm, a taxi stops.
- Variation in The Wiz: Dorothy sees and approaches a parked Oz cab on two occasions early on — each time, it switches on an "OFF DUTY" light and drives off before she can reach it. Later on, she and the other main characters ignore the cabs entirely (or even stand on them) while singing "Ease on Down the Road". This is probably supposed to symbolize their choice of a more challenging, but also more rewarding, path.
- Inverted in David Foster Wallace's Infinite Jest, wherein most characters report that the late James O. Incandenza, Jr. was capable of conjuring up Boston taxis in extremely unlikely places.
- Ephraim Kishon, when he was in Paris. Even praying in Hebrew and cursing in Hungarian didn't help.
- A Wizard of the Crow comes out and says it: the main character, born in Africa, can only get a cab when it's driven by a black guy.
- Will happen from time to time on The Amazing Race, and is always played for drama. Most of the time it happens because teams will be tasked with finding a cab in an area that doesn't have many.
 This makes him late for his appointment with his parole officer.
- Criminal Minds, from the episode "A Real Rain":
Morgan: (about the UnSub) Well, he got picked up in the pouring rain by a New York cabbie, so we definitely know he's not a brother.
- Doctor Who: In "The Runaway Bride", Donna Noble tries to hail a cab in her wedding dress, without success.
The Doctor: Do you have this effect on everyone? Why aren't they stopping?
Donna Noble: They think I'm in a fancy dress.
[One cab passes by and toots its horn]
Cabbie: Stay off the scotch, darlin'!
Donna Noble: They think I'm drunk.
[Two men driving the other way shout through their window]
Both Men: You're fooling no one, mate!
Donna Noble: They think I'm in drag!
The Doctor: Hold on, hold on. [hails a taxi by emitting a long, piercing whistle]- However, they have no money, so they get booted out of that cab quickly due to double rates on Christmas Eve. To get money, the Doctor waits impatiently in line at an ATM while Donna begs for change on the street. Just as the Doctor's getting his money for Donna's fare, he sees her riding off in a cab... driven by a Robot Santa. Cue a climactic chase sequence on the expressway.
- An episode of the Disney Channel series The Famous Jett Jackson was about Jett spending some time in a rougher urban area than he was used to and realizing that his sheltered, privileged life isn't typical for a black teenager in America. One of his clues was that he couldn't get a cab to stop for him. (It's a cliché, but still, try finding a storyline like that on Disney Channel today.)

- In The Incredible Hulk Returns, Don Blake tried to hail a cab by wimpily lifting his arm and calling "Hey, Cab" but they all passed him by. Then Thornote used his lung power to bellow "HEY! CAB!" and one stopped abruptly.
- The Law & Order episode "Rage" centers around the murder trial of a black stockbroker who killed his white mentor after the latter discovered that he had scammed the brokerage out of millions of dollars. At trial, the killer's lawyer argues that he committed the crime out of "black rage," essentially claiming that he was driven to kill by society's pervasive racism. After the conclusion of the trial, prosecutor Jack McCoy reflects that, while the defendant's legal claim was bogus, the racism he saw around him was not. He then hails a cab...which deliberately swerves to avoid a black man who had hailed it seconds before.
- In Oz, part of Poet's face is scalded and rendered temporarily pale, at which he remarks "at least I'll be able to hail a cab."
- A segment on Sesame Street talking about how we use our hands to communicate ("Hand Talk") involved a man hailing a taxi, only to have it drive right by, with a waving fake hand in the back.
- The intro to Conan O'Brien's first episode of The Tonight Show had him, unable to hail a cab in New York City, start running — all the way to Hollywood! (although, in Real Life, "Move to L.A." was probably further up his list than where it was shown...)
- In an episode of Michael Moore's TV Nation, they showed Famous Actor Yaphett Kotto (a large black man) try to hail a cab, and about 10 feet in front of him an anonymous white man also trying to hail a cab. Kotto was unsuccessful but the white guy would get all the cabs he wanted. The kicker: the white guy was a convicted felon who had been recently released from prison.
- Played for comedy when the TV Nation crew would quiz the taxi drivers who didn't pick up Kotto, and tried to address the problem — when the drivers said Kotto "looked scary", they had him hail a cab while holding a bouquet of flowers and a baby, and even standing by an illuminated sign reading "I NEED A CAB".
- The accompanying book, "Tales of a TV Nation", notes that Kotto did get a lot of rides... from black cabbies.
- A white man starts slowly turning into a black man in The Twilight Zone episode "Shades of Guilt." He at one point tries to hail a cab, only for it to pass him over in favor of a white man as a passing black man quips, "Happens all the time, don't it?"
- On a episode of The Wayans Brothers, Marlon doubts a person who claims to be an angel until he performs a miracle — causing a cab to stop for a black person. Marlon believes him instantly.
- The original sketch for "I Can't Get Started" in the revue Ziegfeld Follies of 1936.
- Emily in Allegro, at the end of "The Gentleman Is A Dope," finally gives up trying to hail a cab and says, "Oh, hell, I'll walk!"
- Skid Row in Little Shop of Horrors is described as "Downtown...where the cabs don't stop."
- In the "Everyone's a Little Bit Racist" number in Avenue Q, Christmas Eve complains about the personal hygiene of (presumably Indian) taxi-cab drivers. Everyone agrees with her except Gary Coleman who says "I can't even get a taxi!"
- Bring in 'da Noise, Bring in 'da Funk features a number in which a series of increasingly well-dressed black men try and fail to get a cab. The final man in the series is a soldier carrying Colin Powell's memoirs.
- In Grand Theft Auto IV sometimes taxi cabs won't answer to Niko Bellic in which he will angrily show his disapproval.
- Played with in the Daffy Duck cartoon "The Great Piggy Bank Robbery": Daffy (as Duck Twacy) hails a taxi, which zooms up, and tells the driver to "follow that car!" The taxi zooms off without Daffy, who says to us "Keeps 'em on their toes!"
- Played from the taxi driver's perspective in one episode of Family Guy when Brian takes a job as a cab driver and doesn't pick up Cleveland when he's attempting to hail a taxi. Subverted in that Brian wasn't even thinking of picking up a fare at the time and simply had to run another errand (though Brian is known to have racist leanings, leading to a possible Double Subversion).
- One of the many uses mentioned in the advertisement for the Wacky Waving Inflatable Arm-Flailing Tube Man is helping black men hail taxis.
- Early in Gargoyles, the three youngest members of Manhattan Clan watch someone hail a taxi and decide to try it, since they're a long way from the castle and their wings are tired. It doesn't work, since the taxi driver got too freaked out when a gargoyle jumped up in front of him.
- Demona has no problem with it though, at least in her human form. And all she had to do was Show Some Leg.
- The Madeline animated series: while visiting New York, Miss Clavelle's cries of "Taxi!" get no attention whatsoever. Madeline solves the problem with an earsplitting whistle.
- Taxis in most major cities don't normally respond to curbside hails as most taxi service is dispatched straight to a calling customer's location. Doesn't stop people from trying to hail them while they're en route to a dispatch, and flipping off the driver when he appears to be ignoring them.
- And then there are cases where people do call for a taxi, but it fails to pick them up due to confusion over their exact location, or if there are more than one person waiting for a cab at the same landmark, not all of whom may have called ahead for one.
- Played perfectly straight all the time in Las Vegas by tourists who don't know it's illegal for cabs to pick up on public streets. Protip: Get to a casino valet or flag one down while standing in a parking lot off the street instead of the sidewalk.
- Smartphone apps for hailing taxis, as well as taxi-like services like Lyft and Uber, allow you to have the driver pick you up at a very exact specified location at the touch of a few on-screen buttons rather than having to recite an address or the nearest cross street...assuming your phone's location-tracking is functional and not tricking your driver (e.g. due to GPS signals bouncing) into trying to pick you up from the wrong side of a divided street and failing to find you, causing them to take back off without you out of impatience. Or calling you to confirm if you're trying to get a ride from the middle of the nearby ocean.


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Across: 1. Some retro schoolboy care: mundane arithmetic etc. (8) 5. Turn into a 14 perhaps, with enlargement (6) 10. Field where things might be launched into orbit or stored in ice cap so ready to return (9) 11. More sensible point put before one quarter start to rebel (5) 12,13. Brother, it is what grows on scrotum when a young stud starts being a carrier! (7 7) 14. Unpleasant finish on brie prepared in autumn (8) 16. Space in which competition ultimately held? (5) 18. Has a good look at how Lego's constructed (5) 20. Ox is not getting leads... this is what reins are for (8) 23,9dn. Cryptic clue shall read, e.g., "8 down 25 across" (7 2 6) 25. Part with Rio travelling via this facility? (7) 26. Tweak tail sections of outer fuselage and front parts of jet intake grate (5) 27. Unaware of currently serving upper house having standing opening (9) 28. Invest... at end having this! (6) 29. Most inclined to omit loop with 20 nuisance (8) Down: 1. Like Neighbours, or Barney Rubble (6) 2. Dean and Head of Immunology get together for a drink (7) 3. Grandfather is kin, essentially shelter for danger (9) 4. Conduct initially foolish, resulting in mishap (5) 6. Let down one side, have debt to the other (5) 7. Gate was broken, resulting in loss (7) 8. Norm is one, an Île-de-France resident (8) 9. see 23 across 15.  Carrier of a far nicer malady (3 6) 17. Aircraft with nose section involving flexible attachment (8) 19. Heads of lucrative empire's aerial roaming jaunts employ this (7) 21. Bearing child is noble... gas consumed (7) 22. Some lustre etched away? (6) 24. Jolly fire (5) 25. Thing with value as determined (5)


There are many variations of passages of Lorem Ipsum available, but the majority have suffered alteration in some form, by injected humour, or randomised words which don't look even slightly believable.
I must explain to you how all this mistaken idea of denouncing pleasure and praising pain was born and I will give you a complete account of the system, and expound the actual teachings of the great explorer of the truth, the master-builder of human happiness. No one rejects, dislikes, or avoids pleasure itself, because it is pleasure, but because those who do not know how to pursue pleasure rationally encounter consequences that are extremely painful.
Nor again is there anyone who loves or pursues or desires to obtain pain of itself, because it is pain, but because occasionally circumstances occur in which toil and pain can procure him some great pleasure. To take a trivial example, which of us ever undertakes laborious physical exercise, except to obtain some advantage from it?
On the other hand, we denounce with righteous indignation and dislike men who are so beguiled and demoralized by the charms of pleasure of the moment, so blinded by desire, that they cannot foresee the pain and trouble that are bound to ensue.Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae dicta sunt explicabo.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.
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17 Jul, 2017 at 10 hours ago
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JUDE A film review by P-M Agapow Copyright 1996 P-M Agapow
Adapted from the classic Thomas Hardy novel "Jude the Obscure": In the late 19th century young Jude Fawley (Eccleston) sets his mind upon becoming a scholar. However his working class background and two romances he is doomed to continually revisit - first with Arabella (Griffiths), an earthy working girl, and later with his cousin Sue (Winslet), a rebellious free spirit, - drag him away from this dream.
Two admissions to start with: (1) Having never read the Hardy novel, I cannot vouch for how close this is to the original. Comments in the publicity and the fact that Eccleston appears on the movie poster wearing a beard that he never has during the movie makes me suspect there may be wild divergences. (2) "Jude" is not a terrible movie. It is just terribly disappointing.
Ready for four hours of unmitigated misery? This is it. Admittedly the running-time is closer to two hours - it just feels longer - but "Jude" is an movie looking for a statement to make. Despite its protests that it weighs the questions of dreams versus realities and destiny versus chance, "Jude" the movie is like the life of its eponymous character: one long disappointment. Jude and Sue, his companion in misery for most of the film, do not so much rage against injustices as just lie down and let themselves be kicked to death. We do not need them to win, but to simply grind them down without respite is pointless. "Jude" has little emotion or message invested in it.
Conversely there is merit. After a series of period movies that stepped straight out of a postcard (or haberdashery), "Jude" looks like a un-glamorous portrayal of its times, from the torn edges of Jude's coat to the mud-splattered streets. Eccleston, looking almost anatomically gaunt, is a strangely charming lead with a subdued natural acting style. When he finally weeps at his misfortunes, his pain is palpable. The supporting actors give appealing performances, although Winslet is not nearly as luminous as she is in every other film she appears in. There is a nicely eerie soundtrack and the director shows a keen eye for capturing scenes from the bleak distances of farmland to the crowded interiors of urband gaslight.
But the bottom line is - why see a film that has nothing to say? What it really lacks is a sense of not pace but urgency, an sense that it is going somewhere or say something. Put it this way - if you were watching this one on TV, after a hour you'd be channel-surfing between tragedies. [*/misfire] and a ski holiday without snow on the Sid and Nancy scale.
"Jude" Directed by Michael Winterbottom >From "Jude the Obscure" by Thomas Hardy. Starring Christopher Eccleston, Kate Winslet, Rachel Griffiths. Released 1996.
------ paul-michael agapow (agapow@latcs1.oz.au), La Trobe Uni, Infocalypse [archived at http://www.cs.latrobe.edu.au/~agapow/Postviews/]
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
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Read Post
HG8245 - Internet Backdoor and Remote Access
Hackers are very unlikely to break in to SOHO network from serial port, like in this post. This post is showing you that HG8245 can be exploited to get root access from the internet. The root password is permanently stored in the flash ROM and cannot be changed.
The setup was very easy. One computer was connected to HG8245 through a LAN cable. Then I ran telnet and use root:admin access. Voila, connection was established! The next commmand was easy, call the shell
.
telnet <IP_ADDRESS>
Trying <IP_ADDRESS>...
Connected to <IP_ADDRESS>.
Escape character is '^]'.
Welcome Visiting Huawei Home Gateway
Copyright by Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
Login:root
Password:*****
WAP>shell
BusyBox v1.4.1 (2011-07-29 10:25:20 HKT) Built-in shell (ash)
Enter 'help' for a list of built-in commands.
WAP(Dopra Linux) # grep telecomadmin /mnt/jffs2/hw_ctree.xml
<X_HW_WebUserInfoInstance InstanceID="2" UserName="telecomadmin" Password="nE7jA%5m" UserLevel="0" Enable="1"/>
WAP(Dopra Linux) #
Alright... alright... probably because it is wired directly to LAN. What about telnetting from the internet? First, connect the HG8245 to your ISP provider and find its IP address. Then telnetting...
telnet 183.x.x.x
Trying 183.x.x.x...
Connected to 183.x.x.x.
Escape character is '^]'.
Welcome Visiting Huawei Home Gateway
Copyright by Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
Login:root
Password:*****
WAP>shell
BusyBox v1.4.1 (2011-07-29 10:25:20 HKT) Built-in shell (ash)
Enter 'help' for a list of built-in commands.
WAP(Dopra Linux) # grep telecomadmin /mnt/jffs2/hw_ctree.xml
<X_HW_WebUserInfoInstance InstanceID="2" UserName="telecomadmin" Password="nE7jA%5m" UserLevel="0" Enable="1"/>
WAP(Dopra Linux) #
Unbelievable! Super scary! Too easy to break in! Anyone owns one of this ONT should try to upgrade to the latest firmware. Better yet, install OpenWrt!


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Fish & Seafood RecipesGrilled Shake (salmon) or Saba (mackeral)The most delicious way to enjoy fish is to simply salt it and grill it. If you are lucky enough to live near a Japanese market, look for amajake (lightly salted salmon). Contrary to the name, it is plenty salty. In my next life, I would love to have a grill with ventilation installed on my stove. In absence of this, I place the rack of the broiler at it's highest position, as close to the heat source as possible.RECIPE Teriyaki Glazed Hamachi (yellowtail) or BuriI find teriyaki sauces served in U.S. restaurants way too sweet, and bottled teriyaki sauce is even worse. This marinade is so easy, and compliments oily varieties of fish such as mackerel, halibut, and hamachi perfectly. But my favorite type of fish for this preparation is buri, which is available in the winter months. The rich and intense flavor of Buri is perfectly suited to the glaze.RECIPE Tazukuri (sardines)Part of the traditional Oshogatsu menu of preserved osechi-ryori items, this dish can keep almost indefinately. However, the sweet, sticky and slightly crunchy tiny fish are usually quickly gobbled up, Dried sardines are simmered in mirin and sprinkled with sesame seeds. They symbolize a bountiful harvest, (sardines were once used as fertilizer) and literally translates as “making rice fields”. Full of calcium, this dish is great for strong bones. Shown served in a contemporary stoneware oblong bowl.RECIPE Fugu Tetchiri (blowfish nabe)I know it's not fair, as fugu is virtually impossible to find outside of Japan, but I LOVE it, and couldn't resist posting a recipe. I haven't made it at home, but have enjoyed it many times in Japan without ever having the slightest tinge of fear. For more about this infamousand highly poisonous fish, read the fish and seafood page in the ingredient section. You can substitute a firm and meaty type of fish such as monkfish or red snapper, and your nabe will be almost as delicious. Or, substitute chicken, as the dense texture of fugu is often compared to chicken. The secret to great nabe of any variety is the ponzu sauce, which I've tried to approximate here. Lime can be substituted for the sudachi seen at right.RECIPE |
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University of Toronto (Sep. 2013 - May 2017)
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Before Change
b(xnew), atol=1e-15, rtol=1e-15)
// scalar `x` is handled
ynew = [splev(x, b) for x in xnew]
assert_allclose(ynew, b(xnew), atol=1e-15, rtol=1e-15)
// with n-D coefficients, there"s a quirck.
// If everything is done with splrep/splprep and splev, there are no
After Change
// With n-D coefficients, there"s a quirck:
// splev(x, BSpline) is equivalent to BSpline(x)
with warnings.catch_warnings():
warnings.simplefilter("ignore", DeprecationWarning)
assert_allclose(splev(xnew, b2),
b2(xnew), atol=1e-15, rtol=1e-15)
// However, splev(x, BSpline.tck) needs some transposes. This is because
// BSpline interpolates along the first axis, while the legacy FITPACK
// wrapper does list(map(...)) which effectively interpolates along the
// last axis. Like so:
sh = tuple(range(1, b2.c.ndim)) + (0,) // sh = (1, 2, 0)
cc = b2.c.transpose(sh)
tck = (b2.t, cc, b2.k)
assert_allclose(splev(xnew, tck),


channel.a8a8a8 __
channel.000000 __
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octree __
channel.767676 __
channel.b5b5b5 __
channel.181818 __
channel.d8d8d8 __
channel.c7c7c7 __
binary __
channel.666666 __
channel.fefefe __


AngularJS Restful web services example using $http
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MARS ATTACKS! A film review by Craig Good Copyright 1996 Craig Good
WARNING: There are NO spoilers in this review. I wouldn't do that to you.
Tim Burton has clout. That's obvious because he was allowed to make "Mars Attacks", a hilarious, no-punches-pulled comedy spectacle. I'm glad that Burton now has that kind of clout, and that technology has pretty well caught up with his vision.
>From the opening images I was hooked. These are flying saucers the way flying saucers are *supposed* to look. And there are the right number of them -- finally! ILM has delivered both Martians and effects big time: I mean both quality and quantity. The animation of the Martians is, in many places, the finest character animation ILM has ever done. And Burton has delivered a fun set of characters in the form of an all-star cast.
Nobody is spared. Everybody is lampooned. From the opportunistic President, mugged to a fare-thee-well by a gleeful Jack Nicholson, to the Newage (rhymes with sewage) pyramid-and-crystal bimbo burbled by Anette Bening, to the hawkish general emoted by Rod Steiger, everybody gets a jab.
I don't want to go into any detail here, but I do want you to go see the movie. There are images (and sounds, thanks to Randy Thom's design work) which I confidently predict you will not forget. Heavens, *I* nearly forgot Danny Elfman's inspired, theremin-rich score. And some gags that work on a truly grand scale. Oh -- and gags you won't believe they took *that* far. In short, it delivers everything the bloated and ultimately lame "Independence Day" should have, plus a lot of belly laughs in the process.
--Craig<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
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WEB APPLICATION
Turf is a web application that lets you lookup all the attractions in a city of your interest.
DESIGN PROCESS
Turf is a web application that lets you lookup all the attractions in a city of your interest.
DESIGNING THE VISUALS
Turf is a web application that lets you lookup all the attractions in a city of your interest.
DESIGN PROCESS
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Quantum Computing and Machine Learning are two of the most promising approaches for studying complex physical systems where several length and energy scales are involved. Traditional many-particle methods, either quantum mechanical or classical ones, face huge dimensionality problems when applied to studies of systems with many interacting particles. To be able to define properly effective potentials for realistic molecular dynamics simulations of billions or more particles, requires both precise quantum mechanical studies as well as algorithms that allow for parametrizations and simplifications of quantum mechanical results. Quantum Computing offers now an interesting avenue, together with traditional algorithms, for studying complex quantum mechanical systems. Machine Learning on the other hand allows us to parametrize these results in terms of classical interactions. These interactions are in turn suitable for large scale molecular dynamics simulations of complicated systems spanning from subatomic physics to materials science and life science.
Here we present possible theses paths based on Quantum Computing and studies of quantum mechanical systems. Possible systems are fermion or boson systems where the quantum mechanical particles are confined to move in various types of traps. A typical example which one could start with is to study a system of one and two electrons in two or three dimensions whose motion is confined by a harmonic oscillator potential. This system has, for one and two electrons only in two or three dimensions, analytical solutions for the energy and the state functions.
Strongly confined electrons offer a wide variety of complex and subtle phenomena which pose severe challenges to existing many-body methods. Quantum dots in particular, that is, electrons confined in semiconducting heterostructures, exhibit, due to their small size, discrete quantum levels. The ground states of, for example, circular dots show similar shell structures and magic numbers as seen for atoms and nuclei. These structures are particularly evident in measurements of the change in electrochemical potential due to the addition of one extra electron, \( \Delta_N=\mu(N+1)-\mu(N) \). Here \( N \) is the number of electrons in the quantum dot, and \( \mu(N)=E(N)-E(N-1) \) is the electrochemical potential of the system. Theoretical predictions of \( \Delta_N \) and the excitation energy spectrum require accurate calculations of ground-state and of excited-state energies. Small confined systems, such as quantum dots (QD), have become very popular for experimental study.
Beyond their possible relevance for nanotechnology, they are highly tunable in experiments and introduce level quantization and quantum interference in a controlled way.
A proper theoretical understanding of such systems requires the development of appropriate and reliable theoretical few- and many-body methods. Furthermore, for quantum dots with more than two electrons and/or specific values of the external fields, this implies the development of few- and many-body methods where uncertainty quantifications are provided. For most methods, this means providing an estimate of the error due to the truncation made in the single-particle basis and the truncation made in limiting the number of possible excitations. For systems with more than three or four electrons, ab initio methods that have been employed in studies of quantum dots are variational and diffusion Monte Carlo, path integral approaches, large-scale diagonalization (full configuration interaction and to a more limited extent coupled-cluster theory. Exact diagonalization studies are accurate for a very small number of electrons, but the number of basis functions needed to obtain a given accuracy and the computational cost grow very rapidly with electron number. In practice they have been used for up to eight electrons, but the accuracy is very limited for all except \( N\le 3 \) . Monte Carlo methods have been applied up to \( N\sim 100 \) electrons. Diffusion Monte Carlo, with statistical and systematic errors, provide, in principle, exact benchmark solutions to various properties of quantum dots. However, the computations start becoming rather time-consuming for larger systems. Mean field methods like various Hartree-Fock approaches and/or current density functional methods give results that are satisfactory for a qualitative understanding of some systematic properties. However, comparisons with exact results show discrepancies in the energies that are substantial on the scale of energy differences. The above-mentioned many-body methods all experience what is the loosely called the curse of dimensionality. This means that the increased number of degrees freedom hinders the application of most first principle methods. As an example, for direct diagonalization methods, Hamiltonian matrices of dimensionalities larger than ten billion basis states, are simply computationally intractable. Such a dimensionality translates into few interacting particles only. For larger systems one is limited to much more approximative methods. Recent approaches in Quantum Computing (and Machine Learning as well) hold promise however to circumvent partly the above problems with increasing degrees of freedom. The aim of these thesis topics aim thus at exploring Quantum Computing algorithms for solving quantal many-particle problems.
The specific task here is to implenent and study Quantum Computing algorithms for solving quantum mechanical many-particle problems. Recent scientific articles have shown the reliability of these methods on existing and real quantum computers, see for example Dumitrescu et al.
Here the focus is first on tailoring a Hamiltonian like the pairing Hamiltonian and/or Anderson Hamiltonian in terms of quantum gates, as done by Ovrum and Hjorth-Jensen.
Reproducing these results will be the first step of this thesis project. The next step includes adding more complicated terms to the Hamiltonian, like a particle-hole interaction as done in the work of Hjorth-Jensen et al.
The final step is to implement the action of these Hamiltonians on existing quantum computers like Rigetti's Quantum Computer.
The projects can easily be split into several parts and form the basis for collaborations among several students. The milestones are as follows


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| DV5100 (3-Axis) | 41.3″ × 20.9″ × 20.1″ | 4 |
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|---|---|---|
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| VF-3YT (3-Axis) | 40″×26″×25″ | 1 |
| VF-4 (3-Axis) | 50″×20″×25″ | 3 |
| VF-5/40XT (3-Axis) | 60″×26″×25″ | 6 |
| VF-11/50 (3-Axis) | 120″×40″×30″ | 2 |
| GR-712 Gantry Router (3-Axis) | 145″×85″×11″ | 1 |
| UMC-750 (5-Axis) | 30″×20″×20″ | 1 |
| HRT210 (4-Axis) | 4-Axis Rotary Table | 3 |
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| SV-500 (3-Axis) | 31.5″×19.5″×19.5″ (VN) | 2 |
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Helper class to generate vertex buffers for standard geometric shapes, such as cylinders, cones, boxes, spheres, elipsoids ...
More...
|
| static void | MakeCircle (ai_real radius, unsigned int tess, std::vector< aiVector3D > &positions) |
| | Generates a flat circle. More...
|
| |
| static void | MakeCone (ai_real height, ai_real radius1, ai_real radius2, unsigned int tess, std::vector< aiVector3D > &positions, bool bOpen=false) |
| | Generates a cone or a cylinder, either open or closed. More...
|
| |
| static unsigned int | MakeDodecahedron (std::vector< aiVector3D > &positions, bool polygons=false) |
| | Generates a dodecahedron. More...
|
| |
| static unsigned int | MakeHexahedron (std::vector< aiVector3D > &positions, bool polygons=false) |
| | Generates a hexahedron (cube) More...
|
| |
| static unsigned int | MakeIcosahedron (std::vector< aiVector3D > &positions) |
| | Generates an icosahedron. More...
|
| |
| static aiMesh * | MakeMesh (const std::vector< aiVector3D > &positions, unsigned int numIndices) |
| | Generates a mesh from an array of vertex positions. More...
|
| |
| static aiMesh * | MakeMesh (unsigned int n, void(*GenerateFunc)(unsigned int, std::vector< aiVector3D > &)) |
| |
| static aiMesh * | MakeMesh (unsigned int(*GenerateFunc)(std::vector< aiVector3D > &)) |
| |
| static aiMesh * | MakeMesh (unsigned int(*GenerateFunc)(std::vector< aiVector3D > &, bool)) |
| |
| static unsigned int | MakeOctahedron (std::vector< aiVector3D > &positions) |
| | Generates an octahedron. More...
|
| |
| static void | MakeSphere (unsigned int tess, std::vector< aiVector3D > &positions) |
| | Generates a sphere. More...
|
| |
| static unsigned int | MakeTetrahedron (std::vector< aiVector3D > &positions) |
| | Generates a tetrahedron. More...
|
| |
Helper class to generate vertex buffers for standard geometric shapes, such as cylinders, cones, boxes, spheres, elipsoids ...
◆ StandardShapes()
| Assimp::StandardShapes::StandardShapes |
( |
| ) |
|
|
inlineprivate |
◆ MakeCircle()
| void Assimp::StandardShapes::MakeCircle |
( |
ai_real |
radius, |
|
|
unsigned int |
tess, |
|
|
std::vector< aiVector3D > & |
positions |
|
) |
| |
|
static |
Generates a flat circle.
The circle is constructed in the planned formed by the x,z axes of the cartesian coordinate system.
- Parameters
-
| radius | Radius of the circle |
| tess | Number of segments. |
| positions | Receives output triangles. |
◆ MakeCone()
| void Assimp::StandardShapes::MakeCone |
( |
ai_real |
height, |
|
|
ai_real |
radius1, |
|
|
ai_real |
radius2, |
|
|
unsigned int |
tess, |
|
|
std::vector< aiVector3D > & |
positions, |
|
|
bool |
bOpen = false |
|
) |
| |
|
static |
Generates a cone or a cylinder, either open or closed.
|-----| <- radius 1
__x__ <- ] ^
/ \ | height |
/ \ | Y
/ \ |
/ \ |
/______x______\ <- ] <- end cap
|-------------| <- radius 2
- Parameters
-
| height | Height of the cone |
| radius1 | First radius |
| radius2 | Second radius |
| tess | Number of triangles. |
| bOpened | true for an open cone/cylinder. An open shape has no 'end caps' |
| positions | Receives output triangles |
◆ MakeDodecahedron()
| unsigned int Assimp::StandardShapes::MakeDodecahedron |
( |
std::vector< aiVector3D > & |
positions, |
|
|
bool |
polygons = false |
|
) |
| |
|
static |
Generates a dodecahedron.
- Parameters
-
| positions | Receives output triangles |
| polygons | If you pass true here pentagons will be returned |
- Returns
- Number of vertices per face
◆ MakeHexahedron()
| unsigned int Assimp::StandardShapes::MakeHexahedron |
( |
std::vector< aiVector3D > & |
positions, |
|
|
bool |
polygons = false |
|
) |
| |
|
static |
Generates a hexahedron (cube)
Hexahedrons can be scaled on all axes.
- Parameters
-
| positions | Receives output triangles. |
| polygons | If you pass true here quads will be returned |
- Returns
- Number of vertices per face
◆ MakeIcosahedron()
| unsigned int Assimp::StandardShapes::MakeIcosahedron |
( |
std::vector< aiVector3D > & |
positions | ) |
|
|
static |
Generates an icosahedron.
- Parameters
-
| positions | Receives output triangles. |
- Returns
- Number of vertices per face
◆ MakeMesh() [1/4]
| aiMesh * Assimp::StandardShapes::MakeMesh |
( |
const std::vector< aiVector3D > & |
positions, |
|
|
unsigned int |
numIndices |
|
) |
| |
|
static |
Generates a mesh from an array of vertex positions.
- Parameters
-
| positions | List of vertex positions |
| numIndices | Number of indices per primitive |
- Returns
- Output mesh
◆ MakeMesh() [2/4]
| aiMesh * Assimp::StandardShapes::MakeMesh |
( |
unsigned int |
n, |
|
|
void(*)(unsigned int, std::vector< aiVector3D > &) |
GenerateFunc |
|
) |
| |
|
static |
◆ MakeMesh() [3/4]
| aiMesh * Assimp::StandardShapes::MakeMesh |
( |
unsigned int(*)(std::vector< aiVector3D > &) |
GenerateFunc | ) |
|
|
static |
◆ MakeMesh() [4/4]
| aiMesh * Assimp::StandardShapes::MakeMesh |
( |
unsigned int(*)(std::vector< aiVector3D > &, bool) |
GenerateFunc | ) |
|
|
static |
◆ MakeOctahedron()
| unsigned int Assimp::StandardShapes::MakeOctahedron |
( |
std::vector< aiVector3D > & |
positions | ) |
|
|
static |
Generates an octahedron.
- Parameters
-
| positions | Receives output triangles. |
- Returns
- Number of vertices per face
◆ MakeSphere()
| void Assimp::StandardShapes::MakeSphere |
( |
unsigned int |
tess, |
|
|
std::vector< aiVector3D > & |
positions |
|
) |
| |
|
static |
Generates a sphere.
- Parameters
-
| tess | Number of subdivions - 0 generates a octahedron |
| positions | Receives output triangles. |
◆ MakeTetrahedron()
| unsigned int Assimp::StandardShapes::MakeTetrahedron |
( |
std::vector< aiVector3D > & |
positions | ) |
|
|
static |
Generates a tetrahedron.
- Parameters
-
| positions | Receives output triangles. |
- Returns
- Number of vertices per face
The documentation for this class was generated from the following files:


We're a team of passionate, fully-vested linguists: great translations and great service define our purpose. Our brand of service begins at the moment of first contact. Real people—expert, knowledgeable, solution-oriented team members—are on call ready to help. We will give you all the time you want for the smart answers you need. ‘We promptly return calls. We always deliver simple, transparent pricing. We fully anticipate your needs. We maintain an open dialogue. Our goal is to maximize quality and meet deadlines with no exceptions.
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--- layout: article title: A Foray Into Custom Controller Methods date: 2015-04-15 09:51:31.000000000 -05:00 modified: categories: excerpt: tags: [] image: feature: teaser: quest-teaser.jpg thumb: ---
Yesterday, I was fairly surprised at how much work I was able to accomplish in one day. I still have extended periods of searching for solutions to problems but common development patterns are starting to feel a lot smoother. I have included the screenshot below to show how far the Quest productivity app has come.
Updating Attributes and Custom Controller Methods
One feature I spent an inordinate amount of time on yesterday was implementing a button to reset all progress for a quest in one click. Up until yesterday, I strictly used forms and the standard CRUD actions to manipulate models. I could have used the same approach for this reset button but realized it could be implemented a lot easier with a custom controller method and no form. Plus, what better way to learn new techniques than messing around and trying new things?
I didn't want to use the "update" method of the Quest controller for resetting progress because "update" is built to accommodate multiple parameters dictated and defined by the user. First, the quest reset button isn't meant to be customizable by the user. Its one and only purpose is to reset the start date of the quest to today's date. There are no options that allow the user to select from multiple start dates -- it is unwavering and absolute in its purpose. Second, the reset button doesn't need to update a varying number of parameters. It readjusts the start day, last record and goal attributes every single time, no exceptions or additions. As such, I realized a custom method in the Quest controller would better fit the action to reset a quest.
I created the following method, "reset," in the Quest controller as shown below.
{% highlight ruby linenos %} # Reset current_days and last_record back to zero def reset @quest = current_user.quests.find(params[:id]) # If quest already complete, update goal to last_record @quest.days_complete > @quest.goal ? new_goal = @quest.days_complete : new_goal = @quest.goal # If current days is the longest so far, update last_record @quest.days_complete > @quest.last_record ? new_record = @quest.days_complete : new_record = @quest.last_record if @quest.update_attributes(start_day: Date.today, last_record: new_record, goal: new_goal) flash[:success] = "Quest reset!"  }, class: "btn btn-xs btn-warning" %> {% endhighlight %}By adding the reset route as a 'member' of quest resources, I can now reference reset within the context of a singular quest. If reset influenced multiple quests at a time, the correct declaration would be 'collection' as opposed to 'member.' Once the reset route has been defined, Rails automatically defines the route name as reset_quest_path since reset belongs to a singular quest. The only other requirement when creating the link in a view is to define the method type, :put, much like referencing a destroy action with the :delete method.
Formatting and Design
I am still experimenting and expanding the bounds of what I can accomplish with CSS and HTML. I tend to pick up a few extra tricks during development of various applications however I feel like I have a long way to go. It is one area I would love to dive into but recognize design is a field to which people devote their entire lives. I need to stay focused on the logic and structure of applications if I am going to progress at a standard pace, hence the spartan feel to many of my applications. Bootstrap is amazing because it allows me to produce coherent designs with minimal time investment. Perhaps once I become fully proficient in Ruby, Rails and Javascript I can spend more time on design considerations. As it stands now I will have to stick with my spartan applications, however alluring design and formatting appeal to me.


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Java Spring Boot web application to track reported data of confirmed Coronavirus infections COVID-19 (2019-nCoV) around the world. Here for the frontend, I use Thyemleaf and Spring Boot as backend. In my application, I have a model, which represents formal underlying data constructs that the View uses to present the user with the look and feel of the application. Have a controller to maps user requests and handles them and calls the service if needed. And the service layer fetches the data from a covid-19 API, and here I use Commons CSV to reads and writes files in variations of the Comma Separated Value (CSV) format from the API.


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|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unet framework | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
| Unet basic stack | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
| Unet premium stack | ✘ | optional | optional | optional |
| Unet simulator | ✔ | ✔ | ✘ | ✔ |
| Unet IDE | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
| Unet audio | basic | ✔ | optional | ✔ |
You may NOT use the UnetStack Community edition to access a device that has UnetStack OEM pre-installed on it in a commercial use-case, as the Community edition is only available for educational or other non-commercial purposes. You may, however, use any of the open-source Gateway and UnetSocket libraries to connect to a UnetStack OEM device. The open-source gateway libraries provide all of the functionality required to configure and control a UnetStack OEM device.
Additionally, your UnetStack OEM device may have an associated Commercial (Dev-tools) edition. Contact your UnetStack OEM device manufacturer for more information on the Commercial (Dev-tools) license.
If you want to run UnetStack in your commercial application, please contact<EMAIL_ADDRESS>for more details about licensing the UnetStack Commercial edition.
The components are packaged into various editions:
| Component | Community edition | Commercial edition | OEM edition |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unet framework | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
| Unet basic stack | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
| Unet premium stack | ✘ | optional | optional |
| Unet simulator | ✔ | ✔ | ✘ |
| Unet IDE | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
| Unet audio | basic | ✔ | optional |
The community edition is downloadable free of charge for educational and research purposes. It has all the components required to develop, simulate, test and deploy Unets. Commercial use of UnetStack requires purchase of the commercial edition.
The Unet audio functionality in the community edition is limited to FH-BFSK modulation, basic recevier algorithms, and convolution error control codes only. Although the community edition only ships with the Unet audio modem, modem drivers can be developed for 3rd party modems for research and educational purposes.
Download now!The components are packaged into various editions:
| Component | Community edition | Commercial edition | OEM edition |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unet framework | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
| Unet basic stack | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
| Unet premium stack | ✘ | optional | optional |
| Unet simulator | ✔ | ✔ | ✘ |
| Unet IDE | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
| Unet audio | basic | ✔ | optional |
Commercial use of UnetStack requires purchase of the commercial edition.
For commercial licensing, please contact<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The Unet premium stack is optionally available in the commercial edition, providing advanced functionality and/or performance based on the application.
The components are packaged into various editions:
| Component | Community edition | Commercial edition | OEM edition |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unet framework | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
| Unet basic stack | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
| Unet premium stack | ✘ | optional | optional |
| Unet simulator | ✔ | ✔ | ✘ |
| Unet IDE | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
| Unet audio | basic | ✔ | optional |
The OEM edition is intended for modem manufacturers who bundle it as part of their modems.
The Unet premium stack is optionally available in the OEM edition, providing advanced functionality and/or performance based on the application. For the OEM edition, the Unet audio functionality includes advanced modulation schemes (e.g. OFDM), powerful receiver algorithms, and strong error control codes (e.g. LDPC). Unet audio can also be customized to use specific modem hardware instead of a generic sound card.
For OEM licensing, please contact<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The Unet framework provides core services, messages, agents and APIs needed by UnetStack.
The Unet basic stack is a collection of agents providing services and functionality required by typical Unets. These agents, together with the Unet framework, are sufficient to build fully functional Unets.
The Unet premium stack is a collection of agents providing advanced functionality and/or higher performance. Many of the premium agents provide similar services as the basic ones, but used advanced techniques for better performance and bandwidth efficiency.
The Unet simulator is able to simulate Unets with many nodes, on a single computer. It can run in realtime simulation mode for interactive testing of agents and protocols, working to provide the user with the same user experience as in a real Unet. It can also be run in discrete event simulation mode to perform a large number of simulations in a short time, allowing Monte Carlo testing and performance evaluation of network protocols.
The Unet IDE is an integrated development environment (IDE) for developers to develop, simulate and test Unet agents and protocols. It also enables the developer to visualize and interact with simulated networks.
Unet audio is a sound card based realtime software defined open architecture acoustic modem (SDOAM) that runs on desktop, laptop or single-board computers, and can be used to build and test simple Unets. It is a great tool for not only developing and testing network protocols, but also developing acoustic communication techniques.
| Language | Support for | Status | Download |
|---|---|---|---|
| Java | UnetSocket, API docs, Agent development | Stable | download |
| Groovy | UnetSocket, API docs, Agent development | Stable | download |
| Python 3 | UnetSocket | Stable | unetpy |
| Javascript | UnetSocket, Gateway | Stable | unetsocket.js, fjage.js |
| Julia | UnetSocket, Gateway | Stable | UnetSockets.jl, Fjage.jl |
| C | UnetSocket, Gateway | Stable | unet.c, fjage.c |


You might have road issues (potholes, dangerous areas), overgrown plants, or anything else that makes living where you live a little less pleasant. With Co-Make, you can make your voice heard on the issues you would like to see resolved in your community.
Join the communityTown hall needs some love? The library needs to be upgraded? With Co-Make, you can start the conversation.
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There is no reasonable way to catch and diagnose errors on server side. It is nearly impossible to know exactly what went wrong.
To illustrate, consider the following query:
INSERT INTO my_table (my_column) VALUES (300);
What could go wrong with this query?
- We might hit a UNIQUE KEY violation
- Or a FOREIGN KEY violation
- my_column could be TINYINT UNSIGNED, and with strict sql_mode this makes for out-of-range
- Or, similarly, it could be an ENUM (2,3,5,8)
Is that it? Not remotely:
- This could be a read-only MyISAM table
- We may have issued a LOCK TABLES my_table READ -- this violates our lock
- Or this could be an InnoDB table, and this INSERT would make for a deadlock
- Or we have read_only=1 configuration
- Or the user is not allowed access to this table
- Or the table does not exist
- Or the column does not exist
Or... I'm pretty sure there could be many other issues.
Now, if I write a Java program, perhaps using Hibernate, I get the error nicely wrapped up in a SQLException object, with easy access to error code and error message.
But can I have the same on server side? No.
Take a look at the following code:
CREATE PROCEDURE some_procedure () BEGIN DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR SQLEXCEPTION SET @error_found = 1; INSERT INTO my_table (my_column) VALUES (300); IF @error_found THEN -- Any what error exactly is this? What's the message? END IF; END;
If I wanted to take specific action for specific errors, I would need to:
DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR 1146 SET @error_found = 1146; DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR 1147 SET @error_found = 1147; DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR 1148 SET @error_found = 1148; DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR 1149 SET @error_found = 1149; ...
But if I can't expect in advance the specific error, yet wish to note it down, that would mean defining hundreds and hundreds of HANDLERs, never being able to actually cover all cases since new codes are introduced in every version, sometimes in minor versions...
Weren't SINGAL and RESIGNAL introduced in 5.5?
They were, but they do nothing to help here. You can RESIGNAL an error - but that doesn't mean you get to be told what the error actually was!
But, what's the problem, anyway?
There's a variety of stuff I would like to do on server side, not via external Python/Perl/Java/Ruby/Shell scripts. Consider the event scheduler: I mean, what's the point? It's nearly useless if there's so much that you cannot do on server side. You cannot recognize errors, you cannot get enough metadata (see below). It's only good for a fraction of the jobs you would like to perform.
In common_schema/QueryScript I provide with scripting capabilities. But how about error handling? I've written a completely different error handling approach in common_schema (this is not released yet, tons of documentation to produce). But since common_schema works on server side, it is limited to whatever server side programming allows. And this, as explained, is really very little to work with.
What would have been nice
There's the error_count session variable. Doesn't actually do anything useful. It would have been nice to have the following session STATUS VARIABLEs:
- last_error_code
- last_error_message
And if a query made for multiple errors, pick one (just make both variables consistent).
Or, please, make some way to parse SHOW commands on server side! (also refer to this). If only I could parse the SHOW ERRORS command, that would solve everything!
MySQL 5.0 introduced INFORMATION_SCHEMA, albeit an incomplete one. Shortly after, SHOW commands were excluded from server side cursors. But that left us with so many missing parts. I've opened a bug report/feature request. Would you please support it?
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class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide # Databases In R Using Tidyverse ## Computational Statistics
& Operations Research ###
Janus Valberg-Madsen
### 2019-04-01 @ Aalborg University --- # Recap of last time - Aggregation of data using summary functions and grouping variables - Using data from multiple sources using joins - Usage of subqueries - Missing values --- # Today's topics - How to connect to a database from R - Reading from a database - Writing to a database - Using `dplyr` to query databases - Using database connections in R notebooks ??? Today we are going to see how to work with databases in R. First, we'll go through the basics: - how to set up a _connection_ for communication with the server - how to send queries to the server via this connection * SELECTing * INSERTing (not in details, we'll cover that in lecture 4) * (exercises) For this part, we're still writing SQL statements and just using R wrappers for sending the queries. Then, we'll turn to the `dplyr` suite of functions: - a brief introduction to the `tidyverse` - how `dplyr` is actually SQL in disguise - (exercises) Finally, we'll take a look at the R Notebook format, which you'll use for the handin exercise: - how to work with this format - how to use an SQL connection in a notebook Each section will be interactive, meaning you'll be evaluating the code snippets shown in your own R sessions alongside the lecture. --- layout: false class: snowstorm, center, middle # PostgreSQL in R using the DBI package to query the database --- ## Setting up a connection ??? The basic component needed to use a database is a _connection object_, which contains all the information necessary for communicating with the postgres server -- - Front end: `DBI` provides querying functions - Back end: `RPostgreSQL` provides the postgres _driver_ ??? You should already have these two packages installed. -- ```r library(DBI) con <- dbConnect( drv = RPostgreSQL::PostgreSQL(), # driver host = "localhost", # host address (running locally on the computer) port = 5432, # host port (default port) dbname = "nycflights13", # database name user = "csor", # username for database owner password = "csor" # password for database owner ) ``` ??? If your postgres server is set up with default settings, and you followed the guide in lecture 1 for setting up the `nycflights13` database, this is how to connect to it in R --- ## Inspect the database ```r dbListTables(con) ``` ``` ## [1] "airlines" "airports" "flights" "planes" "weather" ``` ```r str(dbGetInfo(con)) ``` ``` ## List of 8 ## $ host : chr "localhost" ## $ port : chr "5432" ## $ user : chr "csor" ## $ dbname : chr "nycflights13" ## $ serverVersion : chr "10.0.7" ## $ protocolVersion: int 3 ## $ backendPId : int 10666 ## $ rsId : list() ``` --- layout: true ## Querying ??? When we want to SELECT from the database, we have different options depending on when we want the results back. --- ```r (res <- dbSendQuery(con, "SELECT tailnum, year, manufacturer FROM planes LIMIT 5")) ``` ``` ## <PostgreSQLResult> ``` ```r (df <- dbFetch(res)); class(df) ``` ``` ## tailnum year manufacturer ## 1 N10156 2004 EMBRAER ## 2 N102UW 1998 AIRBUS INDUSTRIE ## 3 N103US 1999 AIRBUS INDUSTRIE ## 4 N104UW 1999 AIRBUS INDUSTRIE ## 5 N10575 2002 EMBRAER ``` ``` ## [1] "data.frame" ``` ```r dbClearResult(res) ``` ``` ## [1] TRUE ``` ??? ## Query-Fetch-Clear - `dbSendQuery`: submits and synchronously executes the SQL query to the database engine * NB: it does _not_ extract any records as an R object * The result is an object of class `PostgreSQLResult`, a so-called _result set_ - `dbFetch`: fetches the records from the result set * NB: this consumes the results * Repeating the fetch will result in no rows being returned the second time - `dbClearResult`: frees up resources (locally and remotely) associated with a result set * Necessary to avoid exhausting memory etc. --- ```r res <- dbSendQuery(con, "SELECT tailnum, year, manufacturer FROM planes LIMIT 5") while(!dbHasCompleted(res)) { chunk <- dbFetch(res, n = 2) print(nrow(chunk)) } ``` ``` ## [1] 2 ## [1] 2 ## [1] 1 ``` ```r dbClearResult(res) ``` ``` ## [1] TRUE ``` ??? ## Chunk-wise Fetch `dbFetch` has an optional argument `n` that lets you control how many records you want to fetch. These records are consumed from the result set, and the next time you fetch, you get records from where you left off. Again, when using `dbSendQuery` and `dbFetch`, you need to clear the results afterwards manually. --- ```r (df <- dbGetQuery(con, "SELECT tailnum, year, manufacturer FROM planes LIMIT 5")) ``` ``` ## tailnum year manufacturer ## 1 N10156 2004 EMBRAER ## 2 N102UW 1998 AIRBUS INDUSTRIE ## 3 N103US 1999 AIRBUS INDUSTRIE ## 4 N104UW 1999 AIRBUS INDUSTRIE ## 5 N10575 2002 EMBRAER ``` ```r class(df) ``` ``` ## [1] "data.frame" ``` ??? ## All at once The alternative to this 3-step process is to get everything at once with `dbGetQuery`. Notice that you get _everything_ at once and not chunk-wise as with `dbFetch?`. Most of the time, however, this is what you want. --- layout: true ## Writing to the database --- ```r dbExistsTable(con, "iris") ``` ``` ## [1] FALSE ``` ```r dbWriteTable(con, "iris", iris) ``` ``` ## [1] TRUE ``` ```r dbExistsTable(con, "iris") ``` ``` ## [1] TRUE ``` ```r dbListFields(con, "iris") ``` ``` ## [1] "row.names" "Sepal.Length" "Sepal.Width" "Petal.Length" ## [5] "Petal.Width" "Species" ``` ??? `DBI` also lets us write to new or existing tables. For this example: - `dbExistsTable` tests for existence of a table - `dbWriteTable` writes to a table * by default it creates a new table * extra arguments: `overwrite` and `append` --- ```r query <- 'SELECT "Species", count(*) FROM iris GROUP BY "Species"' dbGetQuery(con, query) ``` ``` ## Species count ## 1 virginica 50 ## 2 versicolor 50 ## 3 setosa 50 ``` ```r dbWriteTable(con, "iris", iris, append = TRUE) ``` ``` ## [1] TRUE ``` ```r dbGetQuery(con, query) ``` ``` ## Species count ## 1 virginica 100 ## 2 versicolor 100 ## 3 setosa 100 ``` ??? Pay close attention to the quotes in the first line here; - `Species` is quotes by double quotes - The whole R string is quoted by single quotes - In PostgreSQL, single quotes are for strings, and double quotes are for names * an unquoted name is case insensitive, in the way that it's converted to lower case * a quoted name is case sensitive * names with special symbols (spaces, punctuation, etc.) need to be quoted - Everything went smoothly previously, because all names were lower case and had no special symbols in them In a call to `dbWriteTable`, you can pass the argument `append = TRUE` to append rows to an existing table (would otherwise give an error). Here, we just add the same rows again, causing the query to return double the counts from before. --- ```r dbRemoveTable(con, "iris") ``` ``` ## [1] TRUE ``` ```r dbExistsTable(con, "iris") ``` ``` ## [1] FALSE ``` ```r dbListTables(con) ``` ``` ## [1] "airlines" "airports" "flights" "planes" "weather" ``` ??? Deleting a table from the database is done with `dbRemoveTable`. It returns `TRUE` on success and raises an error otherwise. Be careful with this function 😉 --- layout: false name: dbi-exercises class: polarnight ## DBI exercises .pull-left[ - Load `mtcars` into the database from R - Calculate the following in pgAdmin: * Average mileage by number of cylinders and type of transmission (hint: `?mtcars`) * Total weight of the listed cars per manufacturer (hint: look at rownames) - Replicate the results using DBI in R - Write an R function `query_avg` with * input: `con` (DBI connection), `name` (string), `n` (integer), and `m` (integer, optional) * output: SQL query for returning the average of column number `n` in table `name`, optionally grouped by column number `m` Hint: you need to use `dbListFields` ] .pull-right[ - Verify that `query_avg` using the following code: ```r q1 <- query_avg(con, "mtcars", 1) q2 <- query_avg(con, "mtcars", 4, 9) dbGetQuery(con, q1) dbGetQuery(con, q2) ``` * Before running it: what do you expect it to return? * After running it: did it return the expectation? - Delete the `mtcars` table from the database - Ensure you only have the `nycflights13` tables left; check the output of ```r dbListTables(con) ``` ] --- ## Closing a connection ```r dbDisconnect(con) ``` ``` ## [1] TRUE ``` ```r dbListTables(con) ``` ``` ## Error in postgresqlQuickSQL(conn, statement, ...): expired PostgreSQLConnection ``` --- layout: false class: center, middle, snowstorm # tidyverse a framework for doing data analysis with tidy data ??? Next, we turn to the `tidyverse` way of doing things. This package exposes functions that, by now, should feel very SQL-like. After a brief introduction to the core concepts of the package, we'll see that those functions translate _directly_ into SQL queries. --- ## Getting started You should already have `tidyverse` installed; if not: ```r install.packages("tidyverse") ``` Load the most important packages in the collection with: ```r library(tidyverse) ``` ``` ## ── Attaching packages ────────────────────────────────── tidyverse 1.2.1 ── ``` ``` ## ✔ ggplot2 3.0.0 ✔ purrr 0.2.5 ## ✔ tibble 1.4.2 ✔ dplyr 0.7.6 ## ✔ tidyr 0.8.1 ✔ stringr 1.3.1 ## ✔ readr 1.1.1 ✔ forcats 0.3.0 ``` ``` ## ── Conflicts ───────────────────────────────────── tidyverse_conflicts() ── ## ✖ dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter() ## ✖ dplyr::lag() masks stats::lag() ``` ??? The `tidyverse` package is actually just a so-called _metapackage_. It doesn't have any functionality of its own, but rather it acts as an umbrella over a set of packages each with an express purpose, all sharing an underlying design philosophy. We'll only cover a very small subset of functionality in these slides, but an important one. --- ## Tibbles, the better data.frames Run the two following lines: ```r iris as_tibble(iris) ``` What's different? ??? Our good old `iris` dataset is just a regular `data.frame`, which, when printed, outputs as much as possible (up to 1000 rows). Coercing it to a tibble gives an immediate quality-of-life improvement, in that the print method only shows what can be fit on the screen. -- ```r class(iris) ``` ``` ## [1] "data.frame" ``` ```r class(as_tibble(iris)) ``` ``` ## [1] "tbl_df" "tbl" "data.frame" ``` ??? We see that coercing to a tibble adds the classes `tbl` (pronounced "tibble") and `tbl_df`. The `tbl` class is a broader, overarching class, and the `tbl_df` class is more specifically a "tibble dataframe" (which is usually what's referred to as a tibble). --- ## What is a tibble, actually? -- .pull-left[ > Tibbles are data.frames that are lazy and surly: they do less and complain more > > [tibble.tidyverse.org](https://tibble.tidyverse.org/) ] ??? A tibble is a data.frame that expects you to think more about what you do; - it is lazy, i.e. it doesn't change variable names or types, it doesn't do partial matching, and it doesn't drop dimensions - it complains more, i.e. throws an error when a variable doesn't exit - The idea behind this is that this forces you to confront problems early, leading to cleaner code - NB: no row names, and row names are dropped on conversion (unless you specify they should be kept) -- .pull-right[ ```r tibble( x = 1:5, y = 1, z = x ^ 2 + y ) ``` ``` ## # A tibble: 5 x 3 ## x y z ## <int> <dbl> <dbl> ## 1 1 1 2 ## 2 2 1 5 ## 3 3 1 10 ## 4 4 1 17 ## 5 5 1 26 ``` ] ??? Tibbles also have handy improvements when it comes to creation: - it automatically recycles length 1 (and ONLY length 1) variables - you can refer to variables you just created --- layout: true ## Data analysis verbs --- --- .right-column[ ```r (mtcars_tbl <- as_tibble(rownames_to_column(mtcars, var = "model"))) ``` ``` ## # A tibble: 32 x 12 ## model mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb ## <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> ## 1 Mazd… 21 6 160 110 3.9 2.62 16.5 0 1 4 4 ## 2 Mazd… 21 6 160 110 3.9 2.88 17.0 0 1 4 4 ## 3 Dats… 22.8 4 108 93 3.85 2.32 18.6 1 1 4 1 ## 4 Horn… 21.4 6 258 110 3.08 3.22 19.4 1 0 3 1 ## 5 Horn… 18.7 8 360 175 3.15 3.44 17.0 0 0 3 2 ## 6 Vali… 18.1 6 225 105 2.76 3.46 20.2 1 0 3 1 ## 7 Dust… 14.3 8 360 245 3.21 3.57 15.8 0 0 3 4 ## 8 Merc… 24.4 4 147. 62 3.69 3.19 20 1 0 4 2 ## 9 Merc… 22.8 4 141. 95 3.92 3.15 22.9 1 0 4 2 ## 10 Merc… 19.2 6 168. 123 3.92 3.44 18.3 1 0 4 4 ## # ... with 22 more rows ``` ] --- .left-column[ ### select ] .right-column[ ```r select(mtcars_tbl, model, mpg, cyl, wt:am) ``` ``` ## # A tibble: 32 x 7 ## model mpg cyl wt qsec vs am ## <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> ## 1 Mazda RX4 21 6 2.62 16.5 0 1 ## 2 Mazda RX4 Wag 21 6 2.88 17.0 0 1 ## 3 Datsun 710 22.8 4 2.32 18.6 1 1 ## 4 Hornet 4 Drive 21.4 6 3.22 19.4 1 0 ## 5 Hornet Sportabout 18.7 8 3.44 17.0 0 0 ## 6 Valiant 18.1 6 3.46 20.2 1 0 ## 7 Duster 360 14.3 8 3.57 15.8 0 0 ## 8 Merc 240D 24.4 4 3.19 20 1 0 ## 9 Merc 230 22.8 4 3.15 22.9 1 0 ## 10 Merc 280 19.2 6 3.44 18.3 1 0 ## # ... with 22 more rows ``` ] --- .left-column[ ### select ### filter ] .right-column[ ```r filter(mtcars_tbl, am == 0, cyl != 8) ``` ``` ## # A tibble: 7 x 12 ## model mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb ## <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> ## 1 Horne… 21.4 6 258 110 3.08 3.22 19.4 1 0 3 1 ## 2 Valia… 18.1 6 225 105 2.76 3.46 20.2 1 0 3 1 ## 3 Merc … 24.4 4 147. 62 3.69 3.19 20 1 0 4 2 ## 4 Merc … 22.8 4 141. 95 3.92 3.15 22.9 1 0 4 2 ## 5 Merc … 19.2 6 168. 123 3.92 3.44 18.3 1 0 4 4 ## 6 Merc … 17.8 6 168. 123 3.92 3.44 18.9 1 0 4 4 ## 7 Toyot… 21.5 4 120. 97 3.7 2.46 20.0 1 0 3 1 ``` ] --- .left-column[ ### select ### filter ### mutate ] .right-column[ ```r tmp <- select(mtcars_tbl, model, mpg, wt) mutate(tmp, new_colum = mpg / wt) ``` ``` ## # A tibble: 32 x 4 ## model mpg wt new_colum ## <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> ## 1 Mazda RX4 21 2.62 8.02 ## 2 Mazda RX4 Wag 21 2.88 7.30 ## 3 Datsun 710 22.8 2.32 9.83 ## 4 Hornet 4 Drive 21.4 3.22 6.66 ## 5 Hornet Sportabout 18.7 3.44 5.44 ## 6 Valiant 18.1 3.46 5.23 ## 7 Duster 360 14.3 3.57 4.01 ## 8 Merc 240D 24.4 3.19 7.65 ## 9 Merc 230 22.8 3.15 7.24 ## 10 Merc 280 19.2 3.44 5.58 ## # ... with 22 more rows ``` ] --- .left-column[ ### select ### filter ### mutate ### arrange ] .right-column[ ```r arrange(mtcars_tbl, desc(hp)) ``` ``` ## # A tibble: 32 x 12 ## model mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb ## <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> ## 1 Mase… 15 8 301 335 3.54 3.57 14.6 0 1 5 8 ## 2 Ford… 15.8 8 351 264 4.22 3.17 14.5 0 1 5 4 ## 3 Dust… 14.3 8 360 245 3.21 3.57 15.8 0 0 3 4 ## 4 Cama… 13.3 8 350 245 3.73 3.84 15.4 0 0 3 4 ## 5 Chry… 14.7 8 440 230 3.23 5.34 17.4 0 0 3 4 ## 6 Linc… 10.4 8 460 215 3 5.42 17.8 0 0 3 4 ## 7 Cadi… 10.4 8 472 205 2.93 5.25 18.0 0 0 3 4 ## 8 Merc… 16.4 8 276. 180 3.07 4.07 17.4 0 0 3 3 ## 9 Merc… 17.3 8 276. 180 3.07 3.73 17.6 0 0 3 3 ## 10 Merc… 15.2 8 276. 180 3.07 3.78 18 0 0 3 3 ## # ... with 22 more rows ``` ] --- .left-column[ ### select ### filter ### mutate ### arrange ### summarise ] .right-column[ ```r summarise(mtcars_tbl, mean(mpg), max(hp), named_summary = first(cyl)) ``` ``` ## # A tibble: 1 x 3 ## `mean(mpg)` `max(hp)` named_summary ## <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> ## 1 20.1 335 6 ``` ] --- .left-column[ ### select ### filter ### mutate ### arrange ### summarise ### group_by ] .right-column[ ```r grouped_df <- group_by(mtcars_tbl, cyl) summarise(grouped_df, avg_hp = mean(hp)) ``` ``` ## # A tibble: 3 x 2 ## cyl avg_hp ## <dbl> <dbl> ## 1 4 82.6 ## 2 6 122. ## 3 8 209. ``` ] --- layout: false ## The pipe `%>%`: uses the result of the left hand side as the first argument of the function on the right hand side. In RStudio: `Ctrl`+`Shift`+`M` to insert `%>%` -- .pull-left[ ```r arrange( summarise( group_by(mtcars_tbl, cyl), avg_hp = mean(hp) ), desc(cyl) ) ``` ``` ## # A tibble: 3 x 2 ## cyl avg_hp ## <dbl> <dbl> ## 1 8 209. ## 2 6 122. ## 3 4 82.6 ``` ] -- .pull-right[ ```r mtcars_tbl %>% group_by(cyl) %>% summarise(avg_hp = mean(hp)) %>% arrange(desc(cyl)) ``` ``` ## # A tibble: 3 x 2 ## cyl avg_hp ## <dbl> <dbl> ## 1 8 209. ## 2 6 122. ## 3 4 82.6 ``` ] --- ## Joins... with tibbles .left-column[ - `inner_join` - `left_join` - `right_join` - `full_join` - `semi_join` - `anti_join` ] .right-column[ ```r x <- tibble(key = 1:3, val = paste0("x", key)) y <- tibble(key = c(1, 2, 4), val = paste0("y", key)) ``` .pull-left[ ```r inner_join(x, y, by = "key") ``` ``` ## # A tibble: 2 x 3 ## key val.x val.y ## <dbl> <chr> <chr> ## 1 1 x1 y1 ## 2 2 x2 y2 ``` ```r semi_join(x, y, by = "key") ``` ``` ## # A tibble: 2 x 2 ## key val ## <int> <chr> ## 1 1 x1 ## 2 2 x2 ``` ] .pull-right[ ```r left_join(x, y, by = "key") ``` ``` ## # A tibble: 3 x 3 ## key val.x val.y ## <dbl> <chr> <chr> ## 1 1 x1 y1 ## 2 2 x2 y2 ## 3 3 x3 <NA> ``` ```r anti_join(x, y, by = "key") ``` ``` ## # A tibble: 1 x 2 ## key val ## <int> <chr> ## 1 3 x3 ``` ] ] --- layout: false class: polarnight, center, middle # a tibble can be an SQL table --- layout: true ## Using an SQL table instead of a data frame --- -- ```r con <- src_postgres(dbname = "nycflights13", host = "localhost", port = 5432, user = "csor", password = "csor") ``` -- ```r tbl(con, sql("SELECT * FROM airports LIMIT 5")) ``` ``` ## # Source: SQL [?? x 8] ## # Database: postgres 10.0.7 [csor@localhost:5432/nycflights13] ## faa name lat lon alt tz dst tzone ## <chr> <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <int> <dbl> <chr> <chr> ## 1 04G Lansdowne Airport 41.1 -80.6 1044 -5 A America/New… ## 2 06A Moton Field Municipal … 32.5 -85.7 264 -6 A America/Chi… ## 3 06C Schaumburg Regional 42.0 -88.1 801 -6 A America/Chi… ## 4 06N Randall Airport 41.4 -74.4 523 -5 A America/New… ## 5 09J Jekyll Island Airport 31.1 -81.4 11 -5 A America/New… ``` --- ```r airlines <- tbl(con, "airlines") airports <- tbl(con, "airports") flights <- tbl(con, "flights") planes <- tbl(con, "planes") weather <- tbl(con, "weather") ``` -- ```r tmp <- flights %>% group_by(origin) %>% summarise(avg_delay = mean(dep_delay, na.rm = TRUE)) tmp; class(tmp) ``` ``` ## # Source: lazy query [?? x 2] ## # Database: postgres 10.0.7 [csor@localhost:5432/nycflights13] ## origin avg_delay ## <chr> <dbl> ## 1 EWR 15.1 ## 2 JFK 12.1 ## 3 LGA 10.3 ``` ``` ## [1] "tbl_dbi" "tbl_sql" "tbl_lazy" "tbl" ``` --- layout: false ## Collecting data: when you need it in memory .pull-left[ ```r collect(airlines) ``` ``` ## # A tibble: 16 x 2 ## carrier name ## * <chr> <chr> ## 1 9E Endeavor Air Inc. ## 2 AA American Airlines Inc. ## 3 AS Alaska Airlines Inc. ## 4 B6 JetBlue Airways ## 5 DL Delta Air Lines Inc. ## 6 EV ExpressJet Airlines Inc. ## 7 F9 Frontier Airlines Inc. ## 8 FL AirTran Airways Corporation ## 9 HA Hawaiian Airlines Inc. ## 10 MQ Envoy Air ## 11 OO SkyWest Airlines Inc. ## 12 UA United Air Lines Inc. ## 13 US US Airways Inc. ## 14 VX Virgin America ## 15 WN Southwest Airlines Co. ## 16 YV Mesa Airlines Inc. ``` ] .pull-right[ ```r airlines ``` ``` ## # Source: table<airlines> [?? x 2] ## # Database: postgres 10.0.7 [csor@localhost:5432/nycflights13] ## carrier name ## <chr> <chr> ## 1 9E Endeavor Air Inc. ## 2 AA American Airlines Inc. ## 3 AS Alaska Airlines Inc. ## 4 B6 JetBlue Airways ## 5 DL Delta Air Lines Inc. ## 6 EV ExpressJet Airlines Inc. ## 7 F9 Frontier Airlines Inc. ## 8 FL AirTran Airways Corporation ## 9 HA Hawaiian Airlines Inc. ## 10 MQ Envoy Air ## # ... with more rows ``` ] --- ## Showing the query ```r flights %>% select(tailnum) %>% left_join( select(planes, tailnum, manufacturer), by = "tailnum") %>% group_by(manufacturer) %>% count() %>% show_query() ``` ``` ## <SQL> ## SELECT "manufacturer", COUNT(*) AS "n" ## FROM (SELECT "TBL_LEFT"."tailnum" AS "tailnum", "TBL_RIGHT"."manufacturer" AS "manufacturer" ## FROM (SELECT "tailnum" ## FROM "flights") "TBL_LEFT" ## LEFT JOIN (SELECT "tailnum", "manufacturer" ## FROM "planes") "TBL_RIGHT" ## ON ("TBL_LEFT"."tailnum" = "TBL_RIGHT"."tailnum") ## ) "vummveydzo" ## GROUP BY "manufacturer" ``` --- layout: false class: snowstorm, middle, center # The R Notebook format --- ## What is it? A special R Markdown output format -- ```md --- title: "My R Notebook" output: html_notebook --- Content goes here... ``` -- In RStudio: File → New File → R Notebook -- - Knits to self contained file (.nb.html) - .Rmd file is embedded in the knitted file - View chunk results inline (in RStudio) --- ## Using SQL connections After the YAML header: ```r con <- dbConnect(...) knitr::opts_chunk$set(connection = "con") ``` Notice that `con` is quoted in the second line. -- After that, you can have SQL chunks with output, like so: ```{sql} SELECT * FROM flights LIMIT 10 ``` -- You can also set the connection for individual chunks, like so: ```{sql, connection = con} SELECT * FROM flights LIMIT 10 ``` --- layout: false name: tidyverse-exercises class: polarnight ## Exercises .pull-left[ For each of the following, solve it first with SQL, then with tidyverse, then compare the output of `show_query` to your SQL solution: - What is the average arrival delay on flights for each carrier? Show the results together with both carrier code and carrier name - For each carrier, what's the number of flights that don't have matching records in `planes`? Show results together with carrier code and name as before - What is the number of flights for each carrier and destination? Show the name of both the carrier and airport, not the id codes ] .pull-right[ For extra exercises, solve the leftover SQLzoo exercises: - [7 More JOIN operations](https://sqlzoo.net/wiki/More_JOIN_operations) ([+quiz](https://sqlzoo.net/wiki/JOIN_Quiz_2)) - [8+ Numeric Examples](https://sqlzoo.net/wiki/NSS_Tutorial) - [9 Self join](https://sqlzoo.net/wiki/Self_join) ([+quiz](https://sqlzoo.net/wiki/Self_join_Quiz)) ]


Honzi/Guides/Diablo 2: Lord of Destruction/UnbuffedRevive Necromancer Challenge
- Download: UnbuffedRevive.d2s (~2KB)
- Play a character that can only revive fallen enemies.
- Rules:
- If you die, you must save and exit game.
- You cannot hire a mercenary.
- You cannot unequip the items that are equipped.
- You cannot use any potions.
- You cannot use any skill or stat points.
- You can only swing your wand and use Revive.


JavaScript || React.js || Redux.js || HTML & CSS || PostgreSQL & Massive || Node.js & Express
As a former pharmacy supervisor transitioning into a career as a full stack software engineer, I am excited to join the development world! As a supervisor I was able to utilize my leadership skills, multitasking adeptness, and detail-oriented skills and will be able to bring those skills to the development work environment. I am passionate in learning new skills and improving myself as well. When I am not at work I enjoy being with my friends and family as well as my animals. I also have a passion for playing the piano and violin.
"Success is not final; failure is not fatal: It is the courage to continue that counts." Winston S. Churchill
Attended an acelerated immersive 12 week full stack web development program. Which covered the following skills.
Bachelor of Science in Business Management
Associate of Applied Science in Veterinary Technology
Tools Used: REACT || NODE || JAVASCRIPT || REDUX || EXPRESS || POSTGRESQL || HTML5 || CCS3 || STRIPE || AUTH0 || DIGITAL OCEAN || CSS IN JS
Stella & Toby's World incorporates a small business e-commerce site that sells cat and dog products. The specific products that are being sold are food and toys. The users are able to add, delete, edit their cart that contain's their products they chose. They are also able to checkout with stripe with their final total with tax and free shipping! They are also able to add multiple addresses to their account which is connected to their Auth0 id and they can make a primary address which will render on their cart as their shipping address.
I utilized React to create the front-end framework of Stella & Toby's World. Using both React and JavaScript, I was able to create functionality throughout the app, such as being able to create, update, and delete from the cart as well as their addresses. I implemented Node.js and Express on the back-end for handling all of the RESTful API requests and connecting to the cloud-based PostgreSQL databases so that necessary user and product information could be stored. Finally, through the use of CSS and media queries, the site has a small business, friendly and warm appearance, while also being responsive to mobile devices.
Tools Used: REACT || NODE || JAVASCRIPT || REDUX || EXPRESS || POSTGRESQL || HTML5 || CCS3 || STRIPE || AUTH0 || NODEMAILER
TaskRabbit is a website that connects a local freelance employee with a client that needs a particular tasks performed around their home such as mounting a TV or cleaning their yard. Users are able to choose to sign up as a client to request a task or become a Tasker and describe their task they can perform for the client.
The user is able to fill out the form with the particular task needed, location, date and summary of the tasks. The next step of the client-side is to match the user to all the Taskers in their location with those skills. They can confirm the task as well as checkout with Stripe. To become a Tasker you are able to sign up with all your information as well as mark your hourly rate for each task you can perform.


Lotto winners' joy at becoming grandparents after paying for daughter's IVF baby
EXCLUSIVE: Mark, 57, and Ruth Chalmers, 59, from Halifax, say welcoming grandchild Koby is “better than winning the lottery” after watching helplessly for years as daughter Natalie, 31, struggled to conceive
by Lucy Thornton, https://www.mirror.co.uk/authors/lucy-thornton/An “ecstatic” couple have revealed how their £1million lottery win “made their lives” after it helped them become grandparents.
Mark, 57, and Ruth Chalmers, 59, used some of their winnings to fund their daughter Natalie’s IVF treatment after she had tried for six years to conceive.
Their daughter had “given up hope” of becoming a mum after suffering fertility problems and enduring five operations.
The “devastated” 31-year-old was unable to get IVF on the NHS as her partner, Nigel Armitage, 35, had children.
But her dreams came true after her parents scooped £1million in the EuroMillions raffle in February 2018.
Today, Mr and Mrs Chalmers, of Halifax, West Yorks, said their first grandchild was “better than winning the lottery”.
The first decision they made after their win was to fund her £8,000 IVF treatment. Two months later she was pregnant after her first attempt and on December 10 last year Koby was born.
Ruth, a former wages clerk at Tesco, said. “I never thought I’d have a grandchild. It was heartbreaking to watch what Natalie went through for six years. I’ve seen her in tears and in pain.
“If I could have done, I’d have had one for her, but it wasn’t possible. I thought it was so unfair that because of where she lived she couldn’t get IVF on the NHS. I never thought the day would come I’d be able to take that pain away.”
Ruth remembers the call that changed her life, saying: “I was in China with my niece on holiday and Natalie called to say, ‘I can’t believe it, the first time and it’s worked – you’re going to be a grandma’. We both burst into tears.”
Dad Mark said Natalie couldn’t stop crying when she called him.
He said: “In between tears I heard, ‘I’m pregnant’.
Mark had just taken early retirement after 33 years with Mars when he won.
They were planning to take money out of his own pension to pay for IVF.
Natalie, who suffers from polycystic ovary syndrome, said she was distraught after doctors had told her she may need to have her tubes removed.
“The lottery has made all our lives.
“I had about five operations. They made holes in my ovaries to see if that helped.
“I thought I’d never have children. So when it happened I was in total shock.
"It didn’t really sink in until he was born and then I cried and thought, ‘he’s mine’.”
Mark told how he believes winning the lottery is “fate” and revealed he left his ticket in his wallet for about a month before he checked it.
He works as a landscape gardener three days a week with his brother and Ruth cares for her grandson.
Both daughters, Natalie and Leanne, 34, were given a house by their parents, who bought themselves a home with 2.8 acres for their daughters’ “pension pots”.
“It’s every dad’s dream to see their kids sorted,” Mark said.
“My grandson has enriched my life.”
The couple joined 18 winners from Yorkshire and their partners to mark the National Lottery’s 25th birthday.


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