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Apr 25, 2010 . the best in strong, custom-built, plastic reptile cages & rack systems, snakes, . for your medium to large snakes and reptiles, no matter what type of . Home Reptile Cages Reptile Racks Snakes For Sale Feeder Animals Photos.
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Large Reptile Cages - 69 results like Exo-Terra High Glass Terrarium, . All Sale Items (15) . Shop for Pets -> Reptile -> Reptile Tanks and Cages from !
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Click on the items below for a description and detailed picture.
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Reptile cage habitat - Find the largest selection of reptile cage habitat on sale. Shop by . Zoo Med Large Reptibreeze Open Air Screen Cage (18""... $90. Sale .
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Feb 7, 2010 . Although custom reptile cages look exceptional, some reptile owners . furniture such as armoires, cabinets, dressers, and even large treasure box. . A garage sale should be a good opportunity to find other stuff that you can .
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Librerie e Plugin ([name])
Di seguito sono elencate librerie e plugin, sviluppati esternamente, compatibili con three.js.
Questo elenco e i pacchetti associati sono mantenuti e gestiti dalla community e non è garantito che siano
aggiornati. Se vuoi aggiornare questa lista apri una PR!
Fisica
- [link:https://github.com/lo-th/Oimo.js/ Oimo.js]
- [link:https://enable3d.io/ enable3d]
- [link:https://github.com/kripken/ammo.js/ ammo.js]
- [link:https://github.com/pmndrs/cannon-es cannon-es]
Post-processing
Oltre agli [link:https://github.com/mrdoob/three.js/tree/dev/examples/jsm/postprocessing effetti di post-processing ufficiali di three.js]
è disponibile tramite librerie esterne il supporto per alcuni effetti e framework aggiuntivi.
- [link:https://github.com/vanruesc/postprocessing postprocessing]
Intersezione e Performance Raycast
- [link:https://github.com/gkjohnson/three-mesh-bvh three-mesh-bvh]
Path Tracing
- [link:https://github.com/gkjohnson/three-gpu-pathtracer three-gpu-pathtracer]
File Formats
Oltre [link:https://github.com/mrdoob/three.js/tree/dev/examples/jsm/loaders ai loaders ufficili di three.js],
è disponibile tramite librerie esterne il supporto per alcuni formati aggiuntivi.
- [link:https://github.com/gkjohnson/urdf-loaders/tree/master/javascript urdf-loader]
- [link:https://github.com/NASA-AMMOS/3DTilesRendererJS 3d-tiles-renderer-js]
- [link:https://github.com/kaisalmen/WWOBJLoader WebWorker OBJLoader]
- [link:https://github.com/IFCjs/web-ifc-three IFC.js]
Geometria
- [link:https://github.com/spite/THREE.MeshLine THREE.MeshLine]
Layout e Testo 3D
- [link:https://github.com/protectwise/troika/tree/master/packages/troika-three-text troika-three-text]
- [link:https://github.com/felixmariotto/three-mesh-ui three-mesh-ui]
Sistemi di particelle
- [link:https://github.com/Alchemist0823/three.quarks three.quarks]
- [link:https://github.com/creativelifeform/three-nebula three-nebula]
Cinematica inversa
- [link:https://github.com/jsantell/THREE.IK THREE.IK]
- [link:https://github.com/lo-th/fullik fullik]
- [link:https://github.com/gkjohnson/closed-chain-ik-js closed-chain-ik]
Game AI
- [link:https://mugen87.github.io/yuka/ yuka]
- [link:https://github.com/donmccurdy/three-pathfinding three-pathfinding]
Wrappers e Frameworks
- [link:https://aframe.io/ A-Frame]
- [link:https://github.com/pmndrs/react-three-fiber react-three-fiber]
- [link:https://github.com/ecsyjs/ecsy-three ECSY]
- [link:https://threlte.xyz/ Threlte]


Format: http://www.debian.org/doc/packaging-manuals/copyright-format/1.0/
Upstream-Name: PyJWT
Upstream-Contact: José Padilla
Source: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/PyJWT
Files: *
Copyright: 2015 José Padilla
License: Expat
Files: debian/*
Copyright: 2014-15 Daniele Tricoli
License: Expat
License: Expat
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
.
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
.
 IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.


The Shark Family
I've always been a shark, and not just because of my last name or my love for the mighty salmon. I first discovered my passion for baking at a young age, growing up at sea on my fathers fishing boat as we sailed the world looking for exotic an catch. Spending most of my childhood in the galley kitchen, preparing meals for the crew and my father, I had to often make due with what Poseidon would grant us as we harvested the depths of his watery domain. When a few of the crew members requested fresh baked cookies after venturing through a mighty storm one evening, I quickly had to adapt with limited resources. The results of that has been histroy.
Fast forward 20 years, Salmon Cookies has now become my personal passion and the business of my dreams. With the help of my loving wife and two wonderful children, the Shark family is here for all of your salmon-tasting cookie needs! Pleas click the button below to get in contact with us today with any questions you may have as well as check out our available additonal merchandise for purchase.


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{% extends 'wafer/base.html' %} {% load i18n %} {% block content %} {% trans "Confirm Talk Withdrawal" %} {% blocktrans trimmed with talk_title=object.title talk_url=object.get_absolute_url %} You are about to withdraw the talk "{{ talk_title }}". This cannot be undone without help from the site administrators. {% endblocktrans %} {% csrf_token %} {% endblock %}


Applies To
What to Do
URL-encode data that gets included in HTTP response headers.
Why
Data in HTTP response headers should be URL-encoded to prevent response splitting vulnerabilities.
How
To URL-encode data in HTTP Response headers:
- Identify all data included in HTTP response headers. Search your code for calls to HttpResponse.AddHeader to find all code that adds data to HTTP response headers.
- Validate all data included in HTTP response headers. Use positive validation routines to check all data that gets included in HTTP response headers.
- URL-encode all data included in HTTP response headers. Use the HttpUtility.UrlEncode method to URL-encode data that gets includes in HTTP response headers.


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If you enjoyed the training, please write me a recommendation using the button on www.victorrentea.ro, or (even better) a public one on LinkedIn!


Region: North Bend
Distance: 8 miles
Elevation: 3,150 feet
Parking Pass: Discover Pass
Mount Si is arguably the classic Seattle-area hike. It is the rocky peak looming to your left as you drive Interstate 90 past North Bend. It’s in the opening credits of the original Twin Peaks. Everyone at your office has probably hiked it at least once. All that notoriety also means it’s one of the most popular hikes in the area.
Don’t let the popularity fool you; it’s a hard hike. It gains 3,150 in just four steep, switch-backing miles, but the views make it worthwhile. On a clear day, Mount Rainier will stand large to the south surrounded by dozens of other Cascade peaks.


Allows logged in users to put test that fail every now and then into quarantine. A test that is in quarantine
is still run, but it does not make the job fail if the test does not pass.
You need to have the Publish Quarantinable JUnit test result report present in the list of post-build actions,
and not the Publish JUnit test result report, otherwise you won't be able to put tests in quarantine


Chapter 1 Introduction
It is the mark of a truly intelligent person to be moved by statistics – George Bernard Shaw
1.1 Book overview
Data science is a vague term. While everyone can agree what a vet or a plumber does, an exact description of a data scientist is still elusive. My background is in statistics and I see data science as the logical extension of applying statistical methods to large scale data sets. However my colleague comes from a computer science background, and their take is switching that idea on it’s head - large data sets first, analytics second. Both of us are correct and also wrong. This explains why data scientists are in such demand. The problems they face are complex, challenging (and interesting) and require skills from multiple disciplines.
The goal of this short book is to provide an introduction into the wonderful world of data science from the statistical point of view. In a traditional statistics course1, we would look at small, data sets to illustrate key concepts. In a computing science course, we would start with a database and move on from there. This book straddles both camps. Data sets that are small enough to be informative, but still have real world interest.
1.1.1 The trouble with tibbles data
The trouble with interesting data, is that there are so many potential problems. For example, most real world data sets have missing data. However, there are different types of missing data!
Missing completely at random (MCAR). This is the easiest to deal with. The data are missing independently of both observed and unobserved data. For example, if I ask you your age, and you flip a coin. If heads, you tell me the answer. If tails, you refuse.
Missing at random (MAR): given the observed data, data are missing independently of unobserved data. Example: Scottish participants are more likely to refuse a survey on soccer excellence, but it does not depend on the level of their soccer skills.
Missing not at random (MNAR): missing observations related to values of unobserved data. As a concrete example, a good predictor of whether someone survived the titanic disaster was whether or not they had their age recorded.
The key skills with data science are often being able to spot where potential issues lie. Once we know the problems, we can formulate a strategy for overcoming them. Fortunately, there are a few standard tools available to help us.
When a data scientist confronts a new data set, they have a powerful arsenal of statistical and machine learning algorithms at their disposal. However, before tackling a new data set, we should always explore and try to understand the issues before throwing the machine learning kitchen sink at it.
This book targets people who work with data, but don’t come from a mathematics or statistics background. They know names of standard methods, but are a bit hazy on the details. We aim to fill in some of the blanks.
1.2 Talking about data
The quantities measured in a study are called random variables and a particular outcome is called an observation. A collection of observations is the data (or sample). The collection of all possible outcomes is the population. If we were interested in how long a customer spends on our website, the time spent on a website is our random variable. A particular customer’s time would be an observation and if we recorded the time for every person during the day, those times would be our data, which would form a sample from the population of all customers. As a shorthand we often use a capital letter (say \(X\)) to represent our random variable, and the lower case, with subscripts (e.g. \(x_1\), \(x_2\), \(\ldots\), ), to represent observations in a general sense.
In practice it is difficult to observe whole populations, unless we are interested in a very limited population, e.g. just the customers who came to our website today. In reality we usually observe a subset of the population, and this raises questions about who or what goes into our sample; we will briefly consider various commonly–used sampling techniques soon.
Once we have our data, it is important to understand what type it is – so we can figure out exactly what to do with it. The two main categories are quantitative and qualitative (in other words, numeric and non–numeric, respectively). Quantitative data can be further subdivided into categories referred to as discrete and continuous. Discrete data moves in ‘steps’ – for example, whole numbers, shoe sizes etc. Continuous data can usually take any value, although there may be restrictions to the set of positive numbers (for example height, weight) and there may be issues of accuracy depending on the equipment being used to record the data (and so sometimes continuous data might ‘look’ discrete!). There are other words that are often used within these categories, such as ‘ordinal’, and ‘categorical’.
1.2.1 Sample size
When considering data collection, it is important to ensure that the sample contains a sufficient number of members of the population for adequate analysis to take place. Larger samples will generally give more precise information about the population. Unfortunately, in reality, issues of expense and time tend to limit the size of the sample it is possible to take. For example, national opinion polls often rely on samples in the region of just \(1,000\).
1.3 Designing the experiment
Designing a suitable experimental isn’t as easier you would first think. For example, let’s suppose the two adverts were displayed on facebook. An initial idea would be to display advert 1 followed by advert 2. However, a number of confounding factors now become important. For example
- Is traffic on facebook the same on each day, e.g. is Friday different from Saturday?
- Is the week before Christmas the same as the week after Christmas?
- Was your advert on the same page as a more popular advert?
The easiest way to circumvent these issues is with randomised sampling. Essentially, instead of always display each advert, we display the advert with a probability. The probability could be equal, or if you were trying a new and untested approach, you might have probability \(0.95\) standard advert, \(0.05\) new advert.
1.4 Data sets
During this course, we’ll use a few different data sets to illustrate the key points. The datasets can be found in the GitHub repository for this book.
1.4.1 The relationship between beauty and teaching
This data set is from a study where researchers were interested in whether a lecturers’ attractiveness affected their course evaluation! This is a cleaned version of the data set and contains the following variables:
- evaluation: the questionnaire result
- tenured: does the lecturer have tenure; 1 == Yes. In R, this value is continuous.
- minority: does the lecturer come from an ethnic minority (in the USA)
- age: the lecturers’ age
- gender: a factor: Female or Male
- students: number of students in the class
- beauty: each of the lecturers’ pictures was rated by six undergraduate students: three women and three men.
The raters were told to use a 10 (highest) to 1 rating scale, to concentrate on the physiognomy of the professor in the picture, to make their ratings independent of age, and to keep 5 in mind as an average. The scores were then normalised.
This data set has 463 rows and 7 columns.
1.4.2 Bond, James Bond
This data set contains information about James bond movies. The data set contains 24 movies with the following columns:
Film
: the movie name.Actor
: the actor who played James Bond (to be clear, Sean Connery is clearly the best bond).Kills
: the number of kills by Bond.Relationships
: the number of romantic relationships by Bond.Alcohol_Units
: the number of Units of alcohol consumed by Bond.Alcohol
: a discretised version ofAlcohol_Units
.Nationality
: the nationality of the Bond actor.
Credit Thanks to Jack Prenter for collecting this data.
1.4.3 OKCupid
This data set was created using a python script to pull data from public profiles on okcupid. There are a total of 59946 profiles which includes people within a 25 mile radius of San Francisco, who were online between June 2011 and July 2012 and had at least one profile picture. Each user has 32 variables. The overall data set is around 150MB, while not “big”, it is prohibitive for teaching. So we’ve dropped 11 variables relating to “users essays”. This results in an uncompressed data set of around 12MB.
Credit: Data and code for OkCupid Profile Data for Introductory Statistics and Data Science Courses (Journal of Statistics Education July 2015, Volume 23, Number 2); GitHub page.
1.4.4 Starbucks
The Starbucks data set contains nutritional information on 113 products from Starbucks. The data set has six columns:
Product
Calories
Fat
Carb
(Carbohydrates)Fiber
Protein
Clearly there is some poetic licence here.↩


Class AlchemyNavigationSystem
This class contains main logic of AlchemyNavigation
system.
Inheritance
Namespace: AlchemyBow.Navigation
Assembly: AlchemyBow.Navigation.dll
Syntax
public sealed class AlchemyNavigationSystem : MonoBehaviour
Remarks
This is strongly recommended to use AlchemyNavigation.Current
.
Properties
| Improve this Doc View SourceCurrent
Gets the current initialized instance of AlchemyNavigationSystem
or null
.
Declaration
public static AlchemyNavigationSystem Current { get; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| AlchemyNavigationSystem | The current initialized instance of |
IsSurfaceActive
Determines whether there is the initialized instance of AlchemyNavigationSystem
and its surface is available.
Declaration
public static bool IsSurfaceActive { get; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| System.Boolean |
|
IsSystemInitialized
Determines whether there is the initialized instance of AlchemyNavigationSystem
.
Declaration
public static bool IsSystemInitialized { get; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| System.Boolean |
|
Settings
Gets the settings used by the instance of AlchemyNavigationSystem
.
Declaration
public NavigationSettings Settings { get; }
Property Value
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| NavigationSettings | The settings used by the instance of |
Methods
| Improve this Doc View SourceContainsFace(Int32, IImmutableFace)
Determines whether the system contains the specified face.
Declaration
public bool ContainsFace(int layer, IImmutableFace face)
Parameters
| Type | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| System.Int32 | layer | The index of the layer to check. |
| IImmutableFace | face | The face to locate. |
Returns
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| System.Boolean |
|
Remarks
Use only when the surface is available.
CreatePathfindingRequest(Object, PathfindingRequest)
Schedules a PathfindingRequest
.
Declaration
public void CreatePathfindingRequest(object requestorKey, PathfindingRequest request)
Parameters
| Type | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| System.Object | requestorKey | A unique identifier to distinguish requestors. |
| PathfindingRequest | request | A request to schedule. |
Remarks
If there are multiple requests from one requestor during one calculation circle, only the last request is calculated.
Raycast(Ray, Int32, Int32, out SurfaceImmutableRaycastHit)
Casts a ray against faces in the system and returns information on what was hit.
Declaration
public bool Raycast(Ray ray, int layer, int areaMask, out SurfaceImmutableRaycastHit result)
Parameters
| Type | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| UnityEngine.Ray | ray | The starting point and direction of the ray. |
| System.Int32 | layer | The index of layer to check. |
| System.Int32 | areaMask | An area mask that is used to selectively ignore faces when casting a ray. |
| SurfaceImmutableRaycastHit | result | If |
Returns
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| System.Boolean |
|
Remarks
Use only when the surface is available.
RegisterFace(Vector3, Vector3, Vector3, Int32, Int32)
Registers a face in the system.
Declaration
public NavigationFaceWrapper RegisterFace(Vector3 a, Vector3 b, Vector3 c, int areaIndex, int layerIndex)
Parameters
| Type | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| UnityEngine.Vector3 | a | Point a of the triangle. |
| UnityEngine.Vector3 | b | Point b of the triangle. |
| UnityEngine.Vector3 | c | Point c of the triangle. |
| System.Int32 | areaIndex | Index of the area to which the triangle belongs. |
| System.Int32 | layerIndex | Index of the layer to which the triangle belongs. |
Returns
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| NavigationFaceWrapper | The handle that can by used to unregister the face later. |
Remarks
Does not provide validation. The programmer's job is to ensure the correctness of the added elements.
The face is not added, immediately.
Exceptions
| Type | Condition |
|---|---|
| System.Exception | Thrown when |
UnregisterFace(NavigationFaceWrapper)
Unregisters the face from the system.
Declaration
public void UnregisterFace(NavigationFaceWrapper handle)
Parameters
| Type | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| NavigationFaceWrapper | handle | The unique face handle that was received during registration. |
Remarks
The face is not removed, immediately.
Events
| Improve this Doc View SourceOnPathfindingFinished
Raised whenever the AlchemyNavigationSystem
instance finishes pathfinding calculations.
Declaration
public static event NavigationAct OnPathfindingFinished
Event Type
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| NavigationAct |
OnSurfaceAvailable
Raised whenever the surface of the AlchemyNavigationSystem
instance becomes available.
Declaration
public static event NavigationAct OnSurfaceAvailable
Event Type
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| NavigationAct |
OnSurfaceUnavailable
Raised whenever the surface of the AlchemyNavigationSystem
instance becomes unavailable.
Declaration
public static event NavigationAct OnSurfaceUnavailable
Event Type
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| NavigationAct |
OnSystemDeinitialized
Raised whenever the AlchemyNavigationSystem
instance is deinitialized.
Declaration
public static event NavigationAct OnSystemDeinitialized
Event Type
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| NavigationAct |
OnSystemInitialized
Raised whenever the AlchemyNavigationSystem
instance is initialized.
Declaration
public static event NavigationAct OnSystemInitialized
Event Type
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| NavigationAct |


Researching whether ASP.Net MasterPages will work for us or against us. Later will determine whether to use said power for good or evil.
3/9/2009, 2:39:30 PM
Favs: 0
Retweets: 0
link--- layout: tweet ---
Researching whether ASP.Net MasterPages will work for us or against us. Later will determine whether to use said power for good or evil.
3/9/2009, 2:39:30 PM
Favs: 0
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link


---
layout: post
title: Opserver – Stack Exchange’s open source .NET monitoring system
date: '2013-11-07T13:06:00.001Z'
author: John Smith
tags:
modified_time: '2013-11-07T13:06:15.765Z'
blogger_id: tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31446756.post-8891463987967995651
blogger_orig_url: http://www.solrevdev.com/2013/11/opserver-stack-exchanges-open-source.html
---
A good find from jokecamp - a windows specific set of monitoring tools for the DevOps guys built and open sourced by the stackoverflow team.
"This is a repository to keep your eye on. I can easily see it become the devops dashboard of choice for .NET environments."
Just spotted Opserver – Stack Exchange’s open source .NET monitoring system | Joe's Code:


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{% extends "layout.html" %} {% block content %}
This is an open-source project (MIT licensed). You are free to run it yourself or continue to use it here.
Contributions are welcome. Fork us on git. We use Flask and Mongodb.


Date
struct Date : ReferenceConvertible, Comparable, Equatable
-
This returns date after given years and months
Declaration
Swift
func getDateAfter(years: Int, months: Int) -> Date
Parameters
years
years
months
months
Return Value
Retruns date after the given time
-
Returns month details for date
Declaration
Swift
func getMonth() -> (month: Int, year: Int, name: String)
Return Value
Returns tuple of month count, year and month name
-
This function returns if given date is same as another
Declaration
Swift
func isSame(_ date: Date?) -> Bool
Parameters
date
Date to compare
Return Value
Result in boolean
-
This function checks that selected date is less than today or not
Declaration
Swift
func isMinus() -> Bool
Return Value
Result in boolean


SVG, short for Scalable Vector Graphics, is a XML-based language for describing objects and scenes. SVG elements can fire events and can be scripted with JavaScript. SVG comes with several built-in primitive types such as circles and rectangles as well as being able to display text. While SVG as a technology is not new, HTML5 now enables SVG objects to be embedded in a page directly without the use of a <object> or <embed> tag bringing it in line with what is currently available with the canvas. Raphaël.js is a JavaScript library that allows you to create SVG scenes programmatically. It uses a unified API to create SVG scenes where it is supported or VML(Vector Modeling Language) where it is now, namely Internet Explorer versions before IE9.
Let's begin by drawing a simple scene with Raphaël. We begin drawing the
scene by instantiating a Raphaël object. In this case,
I used the constructor that inserts it into a given HTML element with a given
width and height but you could also have Raphaël append the object to the DOM
(Document Object Model). Next, I created a rectangle by supplying the desired
x and y positions with the width and height. Next, I created a circle by
giving the desired coordinates and radius. Finally, I used the attribute function
(attr) to assign colors to the objects.
Each SVG object can have attributes
assigned to it for things like the the color, rotation, stroke color and size,
etc. You can find a detailed list of assignable attributes
here.
var paper = Raphael("sample-1", 200, 75); var rect = paper.rect(10, 10, 50, 50); var circle = paper.circle(110, 35, 25); rect.attr({fill: "green"}); circle.attr({fill: "blue"});
A path is a series of instructions used by the renderer to create objects.  You can instruct the pen to be lifted from the paper and move to a different position(move to), to draw a line(line to), or to draw a curve(arc to). Paths enable SVG to create objects with the same level of detail regardless of the scale. When you issue an instruction to say, draw a curve, SVG takes into account the original and final desired size of the curve (after scaling), it mathematically computes the intermediary points to render a smooth curve.
The code and figure below show a rectangle and closed curved drawn with paths. The letter M followed by coordinates moves the pen to that position, L followed by coordinate pair draws a line from that the current position to that position. s draws a smooth Bézier curve with a given control point and endpoint with relative coordinates. Z closes a path. Generally, using an uppercase letter issues the command with absolute coordinates, lowercase uses relative coordinates. M/m and Z/z, respectively, issue the same command for uppercase or lowercase. You can view a list of all the path instructions here.
var paper = Raphael("sample-2", 200, 100); var rectPath = paper.path("M10,10L10,90L90,90L90,10Z"); var curvePath = paper.path("M110,10s55,25 40,80Z"); rectPath.attr({fill:"green"}); curvePath.attr({fill:"blue"});
Having illustrations without the ability to draw text would be really boring, luckily, Raphaël provides two methods to draw text. The first method, text, takes a x and y coordinates along with the string to draw. The text method doesn't give you much control over the font or other effects. It draws in the default font with the default size.
The second method, print, draws the text as a collection of paths. As a result, we are able to modify individual letters. In the example below, we colored the numeral 5 with an orange fill, colored "ROCKS" with a bluish fill and made the stroke thicker to simulate bold text. We did this using a custom font with a font size of 40pts.
var paper = Raphael("sample-4", 600, 100); var t = paper.text(50, 10, "HTML5ROCKS"); var letters = paper.print(50, 50, "HTML5ROCKS", paper.getFont("Vegur"), 40); letters[4].attr({fill:"orange"}); for (var i = 5; i < letters.length; i++) { letters[i].attr({fill: "#3D5C9D", "stroke-width": "2", stroke: "#3D5C9D"}); }
The Vegur font isn't in Raphaël, nor is any font for that matter. And besides, most fonts use TrueType(TTF) or OpenType(OTF) format. To get from those formats into something that is usable by Raphaël, we need to convert them using a tool called Cufón. Cufón allows you export the different font styles of a given font (regular, bold, italic, bold italic, etc) for use with Raphaël. It is outside the scope of this tutorial to cover Cufón in detail. Check the aforemention link for more details. A great source of unemcumbered fonts for your applications is the Google Font Directory.
SVG elements can directly subscribe to all the traditional mouse-based events: click, dblclick, mousedown, mousemove, mouseout, mouseover, mouseup, and hover. Raphaël provides the ability to add your own methods to either the canvas or individual elements, so in theory there is nothing preventing you from adding gestures for mobile browsers.
The snippet below binds a function to rotate a given letter in "ROCKS" 45 degrees when it is clicked.
for (var i = 5; i < letters.length; i++) { letters[i].attr({fill: "#3D5C9D", "stroke-width": "2", stroke: "#3D5C9D"}); letters[i].click(function(evt) { this.rotate(45); }); }
Given that they are both methods to draw objects on the screen, it's often not immediately clear why you should use one over the other. The two mediums have vastly different approaches. Canvas is an immediate mode API is much like drawing with crayons. You can clear or destroy part of the drawing but you can't by default revert or alter a previous stroke. Canvas is also a raster bitmap so it is is very much subject to pixelation when images are scaled. SVG on the other hand, as previously mentioned can serve multiple resolutions with the same level of detail and can be scripted.
Whether to use SVG or Canvas for game programming is fairly simple. Besides the normal constraints of whether you plan to deploy to desktop or mobile, it really comes down to sprite count. SVG lends itself to what I'd call low-fidelty games. I describe those as games that have limited concurrent movement of objects and sprite removal and creation. Many board games like Chess, Checkers, or Battleship, as well as card games like BlackJack, Poker, and Hearts fall into this category. Another unifying thread is that in many of these games, a player will need to move an arbitrary object and SVG's scriptability makes object picking easy.
Using SVG doesn't mean at all that you have to create paths by hand. There are several tools, both open source and commercial, that allow you to export to SVG. The two tools I have used extensively and highly recommend are Inkscape and svg-edit.
svg-edit is a browser-based SVG editor written in JavaScript. It provides a limited user interface reminiscent of GIMP or MS Paint. Unless the level of detail was relatively low, I've mostly used svg-edit to tweak SVG drawings rather than create them. svg-edit allows you to create objects graphically or with SVG code.
Inkscape is a cross-platform full-fledged vector graphics editor similar to CorelDraw, Adobe Illustrator, and Xara. Inkscape benefits from a vibrant plugin community and a mature codebase. The predecessor to Inkscape, from which Inkscape forked, was developed in 1999. Inkscape is my go-to application for vector-based and bitmap assets.
SVG is not supported on Windows in Internet Explorer versions before IE9. IE uses a vector graphics format called VML, Vector Markup Language, which provides much of the same functionality as SVG. Raphaël can create scenes that use SVG or VML where it is supported. Using Raphaël is an easy way to provide cross-platform support.


This example shows a responsive grid.
{{
"grid_config: RABGridConfig = {
responsive: true
}"}}
This example shows a striped grid.
{{
"grid_config: RABGridConfig = {
theme: {
striped: true
}
}"}}
This example shows color themes of the grid.
{{
"grid_config: RABGridConfig = {
theme: {
color_theme: RABGridColorThemes.Primary
}
}"}}
Color Theme with Striped Grid Example
This example shows color themes of a striped grid.
{{
"grid_config: RABGridConfig = {
theme: {
striped: true,
color_theme: RABGridColorThemes.Dark
}
}"}}
Grid with Hoverable Rows Example
This example shows color themes of a hoverable grid.
{{
"grid_config: RABGridConfig = {
theme: {
hoverable: true,
color_theme: RABGridColorThemes.Default
}
}"}}
Grid with Borders Example
This example shows how to enable borders in the grid.
{{
"grid_config: RABGridConfig = {
theme: {
border: {
enable: true
}
}
}"}}
Grid with Border Colors Example
This example shows color themes of the borders of the grid.
{{
"grid_config: RABGridConfig = {
theme: {
border: {
enable: true,
color_theme: RABGridBorderColors.Default
}
}
}"}}
Grid with Custom CSS Classes Example
This example shows how to add custom css classes to the grid.
{{
"grid_config: RABGridConfig = {
theme: {
custom_classes: 'table-sm align-middle'
}
}"}}


|
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union { |
|
T x |
| |
|
T u |
| |
|
T s |
| |
| }; | |
| |
|
union { |
|
T y |
| |
|
T v |
| |
|
T t |
| |
| }; | |
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static bool | OCULAR_INTERNAL_Force = false |
| |
This is equivalent to taking the acos of the dot product.
The returned angle is the acute angle, i.e the smallest of the two angles.
- Parameters
-
| [in] | rhs | The second vector to calculate the angle with |
- Returns
- The angle, in radians, between the vectors
- Parameters
-
| [in] | rhs | The second vector to calculate the distance with |
- Returns
- The distance between the two vectors
The dot product is a value equal to the magnitudes of the two vectors multiplied together and then multiplied by the cosine of the angle between them.
- Parameters
-
| [in] | rhs | The second vector dot multiply with |
- Returns
- The dot product of the two vectors (in radians)
- Returns
- The length of the vector.
- Returns
- The magnitude (length) of the vector.
Returns the normalized form of this vector
Normalizes the vector. When normalized, a vector maintains its direction but its magnitude is set to 1.0.
- Note
- This method modifies the internal data stored in the vector. See getNormalized if this is not desired.
The documentation for this class was generated from the following files:
- C:/Projects/OcularEngine/OcularCore/include/Math/Vector2.hpp
- C:/Projects/OcularEngine/OcularCore/src/Math/Vector2.cpp


Beowulf
by Francis Barton Gummere
Chapter 20
Additional Information
- Year Published: 1910
- Language: English
- Country of Origin: England
- Source: Gummere, F.B. (1910) Beowulf New York: P.F. Collier and Son
-
Readability:
- Flesch–Kincaid Level: 11.2
- Word Count: 518
- Genre: Epic
- Keywords: british literature
- ✎ Cite This
Downloads
HROTHGAR spake, helmet-of-Scyldings:—
"Ask not of pleasure! Pain is renewed
to Danish folk. Dead is Aeschere,
of Yrmenlaf the elder brother,
my sage adviser and stay in council,
shoulder-comrade in stress of fight
when warriors clashed and we warded our heads,
hewed the helm-boars; hero famed
should be every earl as Aeschere was!
But here in Heorot a hand hath slain him
of wandering death-sprite. I wot not whither, [footnote 1]
proud of the prey, her path she took,
fain of her fill. The feud she avenged
that yesternight, unyieldingly,
Grendel in grimmest grasp thou killedst, —
seeing how long these liegemen mine
he ruined and ravaged. Reft of life,
in arms he fell. Now another comes,
keen and cruel, her kin to avenge,
faring far in feud of blood:
so that many a thane shall think, who e'er
sorrows in soul for that sharer of rings,
this is hardest of heart-bales. The hand lies low
that once was willing each wish to please.
Land-dwellers here [footnote 2] and liegemen mine,
who house by those parts, I have heard relate
that such a pair they have sometimes seen,
march-stalkers mighty the moorland haunting,
wandering spirits: one of them seemed,
so far as my folk could fairly judge,
of womankind; and one, accursed,
in man's guise trod the misery-track
of exile, though huger than human bulk.
Grendel in days long gone they named him,
folk of the land; his father they knew not,
nor any brood that was born to him
of treacherous spirits. Untrod is their home;
by wolf-cliffs haunt they and windy headlands,
fenways fearful, where flows the stream
from mountains gliding to gloom of the rocks,
underground flood. Not far is it hence
in measure of miles that the mere expands,
and o'er it the frost-bound forest hanging,
sturdily rooted, shadows the wave.
By night is a wonder weird to see,
fire on the waters. So wise lived none
of the sons of men, to search those depths!
Nay, though the heath-rover, harried by dogs,
the horn-proud hart, this holt should seek,
long distance driven, his dear life first
on the brink he yields ere he brave the plunge
to hide his head: 'tis no happy place!
Thence the welter of waters washes up
wan to welkin when winds bestir
evil storms, and air grows dusk,
and the heavens weep. Now is help once more
with thee alone! The land thou knowst not,
place of fear, where thou findest out
that sin-flecked being. Seek if thou dare!
I will reward thee, for waging this fight,
with ancient treasure, as erst I did,
with winding gold, if thou winnest back."
Footnotes
1. He surmises presently where she is.
2. The connection is not difficult. The words of mourning, of acute grief, are said; and according to Germanic sequence of thought, inexorable here, the next and only topic is revenge. But is it possible? Hrothgar leads up to his appeal and promise with a skillful and often effective description of the horrors which surround the monster's home and await the attempt of an avenging foe.


Mulan (1998)
A Film Review by Mark O'Hara
One hears and reads opinions and statistics about Walt Disney Pictures.  THE LION KING (1994) grossed over $300 million. The entries of the last two summers, however, disappointed both critics and Disney's money-counters.
There's no telling yet about MULAN'S box office, but for my money it's the best entry since BEAUTY AND THE BEAST (1991).
The legend on which the story is based is a masterful choice. It avoids familiar, sexist lore; it stresses the strengths and determination of a young heroine; it even goes out of its way to avoid the formulaic treacle typical of Disney.
Though the narrative begins with action – a herd of Huns overrunning the Great Wall – it spends the next several minutes exposing and developing characters. We meet minor figures like Mulan's grandmother, and the family dog "Little Brother," both of whom are used for comic relief. There is also a little cricket: it's no Jiminy, but it does have a mute charm akin to the dog-like carpet's in ALADDIN. But the character that casts his influence upon the rest of the film is Zhou, Mulan's father.
An aging, dignified and prayerful man, Zhou receives a conscription notice send by the Emperor . One male from each family must fight the invading hordes. Observing her father's ineffectual attempt to swing his long-closeted sword, Mulan makes the crucial decision of the film's premise.  Zhou charges out of the house and falls in a rain puddle, horrified, of course, at his daughter's smashing of tradition and honor. Voiced expertly by Soon-Tek Oh, Zhou appears again only briefly, at the far end of the tale; but he proves to be a quick-forgiving father, causing many tears to spill, I am sure, from viewers' eyes.
Another laudable aspect of the film is that its characters are drawn consistently. Way back when Snow White and her Prince moved with the grace of their human models, while the dwarves cavorted like the buffoonish caricatures they were, we witnessed the gap Disney pictures' animation style. Look at Cinderella versus her step-sisters, even at Belle and her eccentric, barrel-like father. No, the plain beauty of Mulan does not contrast strongly with the supporting roles. Captain Li Shang (voice of B. D. Wong), Mulan's would-be love interest, does not differ strikingly from the other males in the story. The Huns are an exception; they are demonized through lack of development and through Neanderthal bulkiness. Miguel Ferrer, in his role of Shan-Yu, creates the most velvety and threatening male voice since Robbie Benson's Beast.
MULAN is strongest in the story of its heroine's quest. Although the film is too short to be considered picaresque in nature, we watch Mulan meet and conquer many obstacles, from training to rejection as a meddlesome female. She is certainly a dynamic character, a strong woman who does not spend her time waiting to be rescued. Instead, she conceives the rescue schemes.
I find it remarkable that MULAN can be criticized as though it were a live-action drama. I was so caught up in the exposition that, when Eddie Murphy's dragon, the strutting sidekick Mushu, appeared, I felt a disturbing change in tone. Then I remembered the audience. This was a kids' picture that adults could enjoy too. Along with Mushu, I admired the portrayal of Mulan's ancestors. George Takei does nicely as Number 1 Ancestor. He leads a cast of ghosts that tells us a great deal about Chinese tradition. A film 88 minutes long cannot do justice to such a culture; however, we spy customs, dress, art and even some musical cues that serve as a thorough short course on that time.
Watching some scenes in MULAN – specifically the ones aided by computer digitalization – I was reminded of the racing introduction of THE RESCUERS DOWN UNDER and the dancing scene of BEAUTY AND THE BEAST. When Shan-Yu appeared atop a snow-covered hill, the horizon high in the shot to show the immense width of the landscape, I experienced the awe induced usually by the cinematography of war epics. And when the Hun leader and his legions of mounted warriors commenced to cascade down the snow-covered mountain, I felt the slight but pleasurable vertigo evoked by carefully-placed cameras. This animation is indeed top-notch.
The music accomplishes the main task of songs that appear in musicals: their lyrics further the plot. That's all. The numbers are not bad, just unremarkable. I doubt even the Stevie Wonder song that accompanies the credits will receive much play on the radio.
In future viewings – my daughter has already asserted that we will purchase the video – I will try to spot the twisted humor of animators, jokes like "SEX" spelled out in the dust and blown leaves of THE LION KING. The silliest gag I noticed is the casting of Harvey Fierstein as a macho soldier who asks, late in the film, if his dress makes him look fat!
Because of Fu Zhou and his loving relationship with his daughter, it was all the more pleasant to catch MULAN on Father's Day weekend, its opening date. My family was thankful for a G-rated film as summer began. I understand other studios have noticed the scarcity of good family entertainment too. But with MULAN, the best of Disney is back.
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


I can articulate exactly where the frustrations with my role are for me. Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree
When I think about my vision I feel motivated. Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree
When I see a complex task I know immediately which parts will engage me. Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree
I need a short term payoff for what I do. Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree
I know how to increase my own motivation. Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree
I can readily identify the benefits of processes that are tedious. Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree
I know what drives me. Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree
I can readily identify the benefits of processes that are confronting for me. Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree
I know my own needs. Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree
For me there are limited ways to be satisfied. Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree
My vision feels authentic for me. Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree
I have an effective process for prioritising where I put my effort. Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree
When I describe my vision it is coherent. Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree
When it's obvious I will not be able to achieve something I can readily substitute it for another ideal. Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree
For me there are a limited range of activities that I find engaging. Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree
There are parts of my job I often cannot motivate myself to do. Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree
I know what does not drive me. Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree
I am genuinely motivated toward achieving my goals. Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree
I can change my priorities midstream if the situation calls for it. Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree
I know which values or priorities I will let go of if necessary. Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree
Most of what I do offers little professional satisfaction for me. Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree
There are some parts of my vision that conflict with other parts. Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree
I know what the 5 most important values are for me. Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree
I know what values or priorities I will fight for. Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree
I can find ways to satisfy myself in most of the tasks that I have to do in my role. Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree
I know how to increase my own satisfaction. Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree
I know what is absolutely essential to me. Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree
I can articulate what motivates me in most decisions I make. Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree
If I get a "No" on a project I have conceived I can let go and find other ways to achieve my outcomes. Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree


Uses a cluster strategy to render points representing clusters of features.
The Cluster strategy lets you display points representing clusters of features within some pixel distance.
Hover over a cluster on the map to see the photos it includes.


Before Change
word = vocabulary.id_to_word[word_id]
else:
word = word_id
logging.debug("Out-of-vocabulary word in lattice: %s", word)
// Find the incoming link that corresponds to the token that was kept
// during recombination.
try:
After Change
self.links.append(link)
// Add recombined tokens.
oov_words = set()
for token, new_history, nn_lm_logprob in reversed(recomb_tokens):
assert new_history[-1] == token.history[-1]
word_id = token.history[-1]
if isinstance(word_id, int):
word = vocabulary.id_to_word[word_id]
else:
word = word_id
oov_words.add(word)
// Find the incoming link that corresponds to the token that was kept
// during recombination.
try:
recomb_from_node = follow_word_ids(new_history[:-1], False)
except NodeNotFoundError:
continue
// Our new lattice doesn"t contain null links, so word_to_link maps
// never skip nodes.
if word not in recomb_from_node.word_to_link:
continue
recomb_link = recomb_from_node.word_to_link[word]
// Add a link from the previous word in the token history to the node
// that was kept during recombination. The difference in LM log
// probability can be computed from the token (path) NNLM log
// probabilities.
from_node = follow_word_ids(token.history[:-1])
lm_logprob_diff = token.nn_lm_logprob - nn_lm_logprob
new_link = self.Link(from_node, recomb_link.end_node, word,
recomb_link.ac_logprob,
recomb_link.lm_logprob + lm_logprob_diff,
recomb_link.transitions)
from_node.out_links.append(new_link)
// Tokens never contain null words, so we can be sure that
// word_to_link maps in our new lattice never skip nodes.
assert word is not None
from_node.word_to_link[word] = new_link
self.links.append(new_link)
if oov_words:
logging.debug("Out-of-vocabulary words in lattice: %s",
", ".join(oov_words))
final_node.id = len(self.nodes)
self.nodes.append(final_node)
def _add_word_maps(self, nodes):


@(providerKey: String) @main("OAuth access denied") {
If you want to use PlayAuthenticate with OAuth, you must accept the connection.
If you rather not like to do this, you can also sign up with a username and password instead.


{% include 'head.html' { page: "index" }%}
Billions in Change is a movement to save the world by developing and implementing solutions to the most pressing global problems in the areas of water, energy and healthcare. Doing so will raise billions of people out of poverty and improve the lives of everyone – rich and poor.
Since the app was piloting in India, where Android has a large market share, I designed the app to be Android-first. The design followed the material design guidelines and incorporated elements from the BIC branding, which had already been designed by another agency.
The iOS app uses many of the same visual elements to maintain consistency, but has some platform specific changes - for example, the Android top tab bars are scrapped in favor of the bottom navigation more commonly used in iOS. This ensures that the apps feel part of a cohesive family across Android, iOS and web, but also feel at home on their respective platforms.


The name Felix is from Romans which means "lucky, successful" in latin. Click here to learn more
Nick name: Jadyvella
I am a web designer from Nairobi, Kenya and currently living at Kibera, i am 20 years old borned in the year 1998. I am also a dancer.
To view my webpage, click on the Entertainment below
EntertainmentThe link above is a project that is called Entertainment.
It simply talks about sports, music, dance and
too many to mention.
Furthermore it indicates some top entertainment companies in Kenya that are most
popular. This webpage uses html language


How to refund a Payment
In this how to we will perform a refund of paypal payment via curl. Refunds can only be applied on refund or capture transaction with the status SUCCESS.
We start with the body of the request:
{
"initialAmount": 100,
"currency": "EUR"
}
PayPal Refund Payment Body - JSON Format
| # |
Parameter |
Mandatory |
Description |
| 1 |
initialAmount |
mandatory |
Amount as smallest currency unit e.g 100€ will be result in amount = 10000 |
| 2 |
currency |
mandatory |
Currency code according to ISO 4217 |
See orders > {orderId} > transactions > {transactionId} > refund for further information on possible body parameters.
With the body ready we can now send the request via curl.
curl --user MerchantID:APIKey -H "Content-Type: application/json" -X POST -d '{"initialAmount": 100,"currency": "EUR"}' https://apitest.payengine.de/v1/orders/{orderId}/transactions/{transactionId}/refund/
We will now touch on every part of this command.
--user MerchantID:APIKey
Curl Option for HTTP basic access authentication.
-H "Content-Type: application/json"
content-type header "application/json" for our API.
-X POST
We want the request to be a HTTP POST.
-d '{"initialAmount": 100,"currency": "EUR"}'
The body for our request in JSON format.
https://apitest.payengine.de/v1/orders/{orderId}/transactions/{transactionId}/refund/
The transactions refund endpoint of our API (Test in this case). Important: Prequisites need to be fullfilled for a successful refund transaction:
- Refunds can only be applied to successful (status: SUCCESS) debit or capture transactions
- We need the orderId, the orderId will be returned upon a successful debit or capture
- We need the transactionId, the orderId will be returned upon a successful debit or capture
If the Request was successful we should get a response that looks like this:
{
"createdAt":<PHONE_NUMBER>617,
"modifiedAt":<PHONE_NUMBER>619,
"type": "REFUND",
"transactionId": "RefundTransaction-xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx",
"description": null,
"initialAmount": 100,
"currency": "EUR",
"status": "SUCCESS",
"order": {
"createdAt":<PHONE_NUMBER>541,
"modifiedAt":<PHONE_NUMBER>611,
"merchantId": "Merchant-xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx",
"terms": null,
"privacy": null,
"orderId": "xxxxxxxxx",
"merchantOrderId": "#0000000001",
"paymentProviderTransactionId": null,
"description": "Order at myshop.com",
"statementDescription": null,
"initialAmount": 100,
"preauthorizedAmount": 0,
"capturedAmount": 0,
"refundedAmount": 0,
"canceledAmount": 0,
"currency": "EUR",
"basket": [],
"customer": {
"createdAt":<PHONE_NUMBER>860,
"modifiedAt":<PHONE_NUMBER>860,
"email"<EMAIL_ADDRESS>"merchantCustomerId": "xyz",
"customerId": "Customer-xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx",
"addresses": [],
"personas": [],
"paymentInstruments": [
{
"paymentInstrumentId": "PaymentInstrument-xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx",
"merchantPaymentInstrumentId": null,
"attributes": null,
"encrypted": false,
"origin": "paypal",
"type": "paypal",
"recurring": false,
"createdAt":<PHONE_NUMBER>535,
"modifiedAt":<PHONE_NUMBER>535
}
]
},
"persona": null,
"billingAddress": null,
"shippingAddress": null,
"ipAddress": null,
"paymentInstrument": {
"paymentInstrumentId": "PaymentInstrument-xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx",
"merchantPaymentInstrumentId": null,
"attributes": null,
"encrypted": false,
"origin": "paypal",
"type": "paypal",
"recurring": false,
"createdAt":<PHONE_NUMBER>535,
"modifiedAt":<PHONE_NUMBER>535
},
"transactions": [
{
"createdAt":<PHONE_NUMBER>555,
"modifiedAt":<PHONE_NUMBER>555,
"type": "DEBIT",
"transactionId": "DebitTransaction-xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx",
"description": "Order at myshop.com",
"initialAmount": 100,
"refundedAmount": 0,
"currency": "EUR",
"status": "SUCCESS",
"order": "xxxxxxxxx",
"parentTransaction": null,
"transactions": [
"RefundTransaction-xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx"
],
"basket": []
}
],
"status": "OPEN",
"channel": "ECOM",
"source": null,
"settled": null,
"settlementDate": null,
"allowedProducts": [],
"product": "paypal",
"transactionType": "DEBIT",
"meta": null,
"async": null,
"redirectUrl": "https://apitest.payengine.de/order/paypal/1.0/redirect/Order-xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx"
},
"parentTransaction": {
"createdAt":<PHONE_NUMBER>555,
"modifiedAt":<PHONE_NUMBER>555,
"type": "DEBIT",
"transactionId": "DebitTransaction-xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx",
"description": "Order at myshop.com",
"initialAmount": 100,
"refundedAmount": 0,
"currency": "EUR",
"status": "SUCCESS",
"order": {
"createdAt":<PHONE_NUMBER>541,
"modifiedAt":<PHONE_NUMBER>611,
"merchantId": "Merchant-xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx",
"terms": null,
"privacy": null,
"orderId": "xxxxxxxxx",
"merchantOrderId": "#0000000001",
"paymentProviderTransactionId": null,
"description": "Order at myshop.com",
"statementDescription": null,
"initialAmount": 100,
"preauthorizedAmount": 0,
"capturedAmount": 0,
"refundedAmount": 0,
"canceledAmount": 0,
"currency": "EUR",
"basket": [],
"customer": {
"createdAt":<PHONE_NUMBER>860,
"modifiedAt":<PHONE_NUMBER>860,
"email"<EMAIL_ADDRESS>"merchantCustomerId": "xyz",
"customerId": "Customer-xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx",
"addresses": [],
"personas": [],
"paymentInstruments": [
{
"paymentInstrumentId": "PaymentInstrument-xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx",
"merchantPaymentInstrumentId": null,
"attributes": null,
"encrypted": false,
"origin": "paypal",
"type": "paypal",
"recurring": false,
"createdAt":<PHONE_NUMBER>535,
"modifiedAt":<PHONE_NUMBER>535
}
]
},
"persona": null,
"billingAddress": null,
"shippingAddress": null,
"ipAddress": null,
"paymentInstrument": {
"paymentInstrumentId": "PaymentInstrument-xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx",
"merchantPaymentInstrumentId": null,
"attributes": null,
"encrypted": false,
"origin": "paypal",
"type": "paypal",
"recurring": false,
"createdAt":<PHONE_NUMBER>535,
"modifiedAt":<PHONE_NUMBER>535
},
"transactions": [
"DebitTransaction-xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx"
],
"status": "OPEN",
"channel": "ECOM",
"source": null,
"settled": null,
"settlementDate": null,
"allowedProducts": [],
"product": "paypal",
"transactionType": "DEBIT",
"meta": null,
"async": null,
"redirectUrl": "https://apitest.payengine.de/order/paypal/1.0/redirect/Order-xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx"
},
"parentTransaction": null,
"transactions": [
"RefundTransaction-xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx"
],
"basket": []
},
"transactions": null,
"basket": []
}
See orders > {orderId} > transactions > {transactionId} > refund for further information on the response parameters.


A realm is a part of Yanel which has its own configuration and repository. This allows you to run several subsites (which are independent of one another) in a single Yanel instance. For example, each department in your company can have its own realm. This allows one department to use its database as a content repository and another to use the filesystem to provide the content to Yanel.
Realms can also be nested, which allows you to have a subsite within a subsite. Continuing with the department example, one department could have its public file-based website within its realm and access its database for internal use in a subrealm.
Realms are registered within the realms.xml configuration file.


In Video: BizAsia talks to ‘GBBO’ contestant Priya O’Shea at AVTA 2019
by Raj BaddhanAs a part of BizAsia’s extensive coverage of the sixth annual Asian Viewers Television Awards (AVTA 2019), we bring readers exclusive interviews with the celebrities that attended.
This year’s ‘Great British Bake Off’ contestant, Priya O’Shea attended AVTA 2019, where she spoke to Nishil Saujani for BizAsiaLive.com about her experience.
AVTA 2019 is the only event to celebrate success on UK Asian television.
As well as sponsoring AVTA 2019, BizAsiaLive.com is also the exclusive digital partner of the event for the sixth year running.
Watch now: BizAsia talks to ‘GBBO’ contestant Priya O’Shea at AVTA 2019


WITNESS LIST International Relations, Trade & Technology Committee (Subcommittee on on Federal Peace Officers' Authority) April 22, 1997-9:15A SB 87 Registering, but not testifying: For: Carrasco, Jesus (MADD), Austin Carrasco, Maria (MADD), Austin DeLord, Ronald (CLEAT), Austin SB 1255 For: Blackburn, Robert (US Dept. of State), Houston Frank, Ira (self), Universal City Registering, but not testifying: For: DeLord, Ronald (CLEAT), Austin


Preparation time
30 mins to 1 hour
Cooking time
over 2 hours
Serves
Serves 12
You need to go to a butcher to get a whole breast joint and you need to ask for it to be butterflied and boned and make sure the skin is left on. I know it might sound a bit of a faff, but take it from me that stuffing a whole double-breast joint is very much easier than stuffing and rolling a single breast joint, as is more commonly found in supermarkets.
Put the cranberries and Marsala into a small saucepan and bring to a boil, then take off the heat and leave to one side.
Put the oil into a large frying pan or similar heavy-based pan, and fry the shallots for a minute or so, then add the spices and shredded sage, turning them in the soft shallots.
Squeeze the sausagemeat out of its skins, add to the pan and break it up – using a wooden fork and spatula for ease – turning it in the hot pan until it loses its pinkness. This will take about five minutes.
Take the frying pan off the heat and turn the contents into a large bowl, mixing in the steeped cranberries and any Marsala clinging to them, and leave to cool. You can cover with cling film and put in the fridge for up to two days at this stage.
When you are ready to stuff the turkey breast, take the bowl of sausagement out of the fridge.
Preheat the oven to 200C/400F/Gas 6.
Uncover the bowl of sausagemeat, add the eggs, parmesan and breadcrumbs and – I use my hands for this – mix well.
 It really does look like a butterfly though admittedly a fleshy one. Spread the stuffing out first in the slight cavity in the centre of the butterfly and then outwards onto the wings though not going right up to the edge (or it will squodge out when cooking) but as evenly as possible over the whole joint.
Carefully, in one swift but steady movement, fold one ‘wing’ over the other to close the joint, and then sit the turkey on a large roasting tin, breast bone (or where the breast bone would be) uppermost as it would look were it the whole bird, with the pointier bit furthest away from you. Thread two skewers through the base – i.e., the widest part that is nearer you – to keep it closed and smear it all over with the duck or goose fat.
Roast the turkey breast for 2-2½ hours, then check it is cooked with a turkey or meat thermometer. When cooked, it should read 75C. (If you’re leaving it to rest, as you should or to cool, you could take it out at 73C – it wil retain heat and continue to cook for a short while once out of the oven.)
Flex your muscles, then lift out onto a carving board, and leave to rest for at least 20 minutes. Or leave to get cold if you are eating it as part of a buffet.
Cut through the whole joint in wide slices right across; they will need to be quite thick, at least 1-2cm/½-1in, to keep the stuffing intact within the slice.
As you place it on table or sideboard, dot around it the condiments of your choice: I revert to Christmas in Italy here by putting a lusciously extravagant pot or two of Italian mostarda di Cremona on the table alongside: this is a hot and sweet preserve of mustardy candied fruits that gleam beautifully and taste both festive and fabulous.


Tic-Tac-Toe
Tutorial
Human vs Human
Human vs Computer
Easy
Human vs AI
NEW GAME
Select!!!
X
O
Play Again!!!!


I recently I had to work with a large legacy codebase. It was especially confusing as there was no documentation available. In order to get myself up to speed as quickly as possible, I invested some time in finding some tools to aid me in understanding the architecture of the codebase.
Here are some tools I found which might be useful to you:
-
A really cool visualisation library that lets you generate a movie of all the commits on a codebase in real-time. It’s not very scientific but I like that it gives you an overall sense of the history of a project. It visualises the the authors as well as the file types committed.
 Allows you to tactically insert a single debug line and get feedback immediately.
-
This tool works with a running process. You point it to the process PID and it can generate flamegraps as well as real-time top visualition. It is especially useful if you do not have access to any source code and you’re trying to figure out what a process is doing.
-
This is tool is an alternative to flamegraphs. It’s an interactive, web-based viewer for performance profiles. It allows to you to drill down into a process to see where its spending its CPU cycles, RAM or time. I used it to profile my Django tests to see if there was an opportunity to speed them up.


A flexible and extensible content container with multiple variants and options. Read the Official Bootstrap Documentation for a full list of instructions and other options.
Below is an example of a basic card with mixed content and a fixed width. Cards have no fixed width to start, so they’ll naturally fill the full width of its parent element.
Some quick example text to build on the card title and make up the bulk of the card's content.
Go somewhere

Card title

Some quick example text...

Go somewhere

Cards support a wide variety of content, including images, text, list groups, links, and more. Below are examples of what’s supported.
The building block of a card is the .card-body. Use it whenever you need a padded section within a card.

This is some text within a card body.

Card titles are used by adding .card-title
to a heading tag. In the same way, links are added and placed next to each other by adding .card-link
to an anchor tag.
Some quick example text to build on the card title and make up the bulk of the card's content.
Card link Another link

Card title

Card subtitle

Some quick example text...

Card link
Another link

Places an image to the top and bottom of the card.
Some quick example text to build on the card title and make up the bulk of the card's content.
Some quick example text to build on the card title and make up the bulk of the card's content.

...

...

Add an optional header and/or footer within a card.
With supporting text below as a natural lead-in to additional content.
With supporting text below as a natural lead-in to additional content.

Featured

...

...

...

Add some navigation to a card’s header (or block) with Bootstrap’s nav components.
With supporting text below as a natural lead-in to additional content.

...

...

Turn an image into a card background and overlay your card’s text.

Card title

...

Use text and background utilities to change the appearance of a card.
Some quick example text to build on the card title and make up the bulk of the card's content.
Some quick example text to build on the card title and make up the bulk of the card's content.
Some quick example text to build on the card title and make up the bulk of the card's content.
Some quick example text to build on the card title and make up the bulk of the card's content.
Some quick example text to build on the card title and make up the bulk of the card's content.
Some quick example text to build on the card title and make up the bulk of the card's content.

...

...

...

...

...

...

Use card groups to render cards as a single, attached element with equal width and height columns. Card groups use flex display to achieve their uniform sizing.
This is a wider card with supporting text below as a natural lead-in to additional content. This content is a little bit longer.
Last updated 3 mins ago
This card has supporting text below as a natural lead-in to additional content.
Last updated 3 mins ago
This is a wider card with supporting text below as a natural lead-in to additional content. This card has even longer content than the first to show that equal height action.
Last updated 3 mins ago

...

...

...

Need a set of equal width and height cards that aren’t attached to one another? Use card decks.
This is a wider card with supporting text below as a natural lead-in to additional content. This content is a little bit longer.
Last updated 3 mins ago
This card has supporting text below as a natural lead-in to additional content.
Last updated 3 mins ago
This is a wider card with supporting text below as a natural lead-in to additional content. This card has even longer content than the first to show that equal height action.
Last updated 3 mins ago

...

...

...

Cards can be organized into Masonry-like columns with just CSS by wrapping them in .card-columns
.
This is a longer card with supporting text below as a natural lead-in to additional content. This content is a little bit longer.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Integer posuere erat a ante.
This card has supporting text below as a natural lead-in to additional content.
Last updated 3 mins ago
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Integer posuere erat.
This card has a regular title and short paragraphy of text below it.
Last updated 3 mins ago
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Integer posuere erat a ante.
This is another card with title and supporting text below. This card has some additional content to make it slightly taller overall.
Last updated 3 mins ago

...

...

...


Mike S.
9/1/14
I had the opportunity to swim two days in early Oct 2008 at the La Jolla Cove. There is a 100 yard wide swimming channel that leads out from the beach towards Scripps Pier (about 2 miles away.) There is a buoy at 1/4 mile out, and 1/2 mile out (there may be one past that spot, but I turned around at the 1/2 mile mark.) On day one, the water was clear (visibility 25+feet), flat, no wind, minimal kelp, lots of small fish near shore, and a perfect experience. On day two, there was some chop and a swell. Visibility was about 12 feet. The water temp both days was near 65 to 68. I wore a wetsuit, but many people did not. There is a lifeguard tower watching you as you swim. If you're a swimmer and enjoy open water, this is mecca on the west coast.
David M.
9/1/14
We had our 10 year old grandson along with us on this trip, so this was the perfect spot for us both to enjoy water and sun. There is a small cave area with tide pools for exploring, and you actually swim along side seals (or were they sea lions?). It was fun for all!


{{n}}
You have earned {{achievementStats.earnedCount}} of {{achievements.length}} achievements
Your achievement score is: {{achievementStats.earnedScore}}
{{a.desc}}
Score: {{a.score}}


{{ project.name }} {{ project.users }}
{{ project.description }}
I was previously a software
development intern at TrackGen, working on microservices for autonomous driving.
Last summer, I worked at Foursquare as a software engineering intern, working on data infrastructure.
Currently, I am one of the lead developers at Penn Labs,
creating software to help Penn students excel. Here the open source projects I've built/contributed to:
{{ project.name }} {{ project.users }}
{{ project.description }}


LeetCode NoteBook
Write down temporary 'wisdom' ..
Home
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To-do list
My wishlist.
on segment tree
on BST inorder traverse
Last updated on 31 Oct 2020
Published on 31 Oct 2020
Edit on GitHub
Prev - Home page
Next - Need to Know
Home
To-do list
Need to Know
Q218. The Skyline Problem
Q47. Permutations II
Q1283. Find the Smallest Divisor Given a Threshold
Q310. Minimum Height Trees
Q673. Number of Longest Increasing Subsequence
Q99. Recover Binary Search Tree
Q316. Remove Duplicate Letters
Q459. Repeated Substring Pattern
Q600: Non-negative Integers without Consecutive Ones
Q847. Shortest Path Visiting All Nodes
Q309: Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock with Cooldown
Q307. Range Sum Query - Mutable
Q94. Binary Tree Inorder Traversal
Small Trick
Q593. Valid Square
Q1363. Largest Multiple of Three
Q189. Rotate Array
Q337: House Robber III
Interesting
Q458. Poor Pigs
Q142. Linked List Cycle II
Q384. Shuffle an Array
Q995: Minimum Number of K Consecutive Bit Flips


| Class | Description |
|---|---|
| AddBookViewModel |
The type Add book view model.
|
| AddBookViewModelFactory |
The type Add book view model factory.
|
| BookInfoViewModel |
The type Book info view model.
|
| BookInfoViewModelFactory |
The type Book info view model factory.
|
| BookPhotosViewModel |
Abstracts operations on a list of photos associated wtih a book retrieved from a Firebase query and
provides a LiveData stream to a View (either an Activity or Fragment).
|
| BookPhotosViewModelFactory |
Factory that instantiates a BookPhotosViewModel with a particular bookID.
|
| BorrowerBooksViewModel |
Abstracts operations on a list of books owned by a user retrieved from a Firebase query and provides a LiveData stream
to a View (either an Activity or Fragment).
|
| BorrowerBooksViewModelFactory |
Factory that instantiates a BorrowerBooksViewModel with a particular userID.
|
| BorrowerRequestsViewModel |
The type Borrower requests view model.
|
| BorrowerRequestsViewModelFactory |
The type Borrower requests view model factory.
|
| FirstBookPhotoViewModel |
Abstracts operations on a the first photo associated wtih a book retrieved from a Firebase query and
provides a LiveData stream to a View (either an Activity or Fragment).
|
| FirstBookPhotoViewModelFactory |
Factory that instantiates a FirstBookPhotoViewModel with a particular bookID.
|
| LocationViewModel |
The type Location view model.
|
| LocationViewModelFactory |
The type Location view model factory.
|
| NotificationsViewModel |
The type Notifications view model.
|
| NotificationsViewModelFactory |
The type Notifications view model factory.
|
| OwnerBooksViewModel |
Abstracts operations on a list of books owned by a user retrieved from a Firebase query and provides a LiveData stream
to a View (either an Activity or Fragment).
|
| OwnerBooksViewModelFactory |
Factory that instantiates a OwnerBooksViewModel with a particular userID.
|
| RecommendedBooksViewModel |
Abstracts operations on a list of recommended books retrieved from a Firebase query and provides
a LiveData stream to a View (either an Activity or Fragment).
|
| RecommendedBooksViewModelFactory |
Factory that instantiates a RecommendedBooksViewModelFactory with a particular borrowerID and isbn.
|
| SearchUsersViewModel |
Abstracts operations on a list of users retrieved from a Firebase query and provides a LiveData stream
to a View (either an Activity or Fragment).
|
| TransactionViewModel |
The type Transaction view model.
|
| TransactionViewModelFactory |
The type Transaction view model factory.
|
| UserViewModel |
Abstracts operations on a user retrieved from a Firebase query and provides a LiveData stream
to a View (either an Activity or Fragment).
|
| UserViewModelFactory |
Factory that instantiates a UserViewModel with a particular userID.
|


Photoblog: Coloring a Brandub Board
It’s been a while since I made a Brandub board and I wanted to experiment with some color. I have used tea and coffee stains in the past, but I wanted to try something different this time. I had a box of Prismacolor Premier (erasable) pencils and I was pleasantly surprised how well they worked. I started with the corner squares using the color “Terra Cotta” and “Light Green” for the Magpie markings (as well the decorations on the border).
I found that gently using the eraser (these are after all erasable colored pencil) helped blend in the colors into the wood. I finished the border with a “Light Brown” and colored the 4 center defender spots with a combination of “Light Green” and “Light Brown”.
The last step was to add a coat of sanding sealant and I was impressed how that toned everything down and really brought everything together.
I had a lot of fun with this board and see more colored boards in my future.


Ton Swap
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Select a token
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Account
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Confirm Swap
0.001
ETH
1161.36
USDT
Output is estimated. You will receive at least
1161.36 USDT or the transaction will revert.
Import Token
0xMR
Block-chain.com token
via CoinGecko
0x2c12xc8e51c21v2485b4n21cg63n2fn
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Anyone can create a token, including creating fake version of exeisting tokens that claim to represent projects.
If your purchase this token, you may not be able to sell it back.
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You will receive
ETH/USDT pool tokens
Output is estimated. If the price changes by more
than 0.5% your transaction will revert.
You are creating a pool


Indian food, with its hodgepodge of ingredients and intoxicating aromas, is coveted around the world. The labor-intensive cuisine and its mix of spices is more often than not a revelation for those who sit down to eat it for the first time. Heavy doses of cardamom, cayenne, tamarind and other flavors can overwhelm an unfamiliar palate. Together, they help form the pillars of what tastes so good to so many people.
Chana masala recipe – Chana masala is a delicious & flavorful Indian curry made by
cooking chickpeas in a spicy onion tomato masala gravy. It can be eaten with basmati rice,
roti, naan, poori, Bhatura and plain parathas or even with flavored rice like jeera rice or ghee
rice.
It was such a great way to sneak in the greens. They wouldn’t touch spinach otherwise but if
there was paneer with it, they would happily gulp down bowls of it.
Palak Paneer is such a staple in north India. It’s one of the most commonly made paneer
dishes in Indian homes.
I would say it was made much more frequently in my home than say paneer butter masala or
shahi paneer.
Maybe because it was considered healthier than the other creamy versions of paneer.
Whatever the reason was, we would always be very happy when mom made it!
Malai Kofta is a very popular Indian vegetarian dish where balls (kofta) made of potato and paneer are deep fried and served with a creamy and spiced tomato based curry. The literal translation of this dish is malai=creamy/buttery and kofta=spiced balls (in this case made of potatoes and paneer).
This Shahi Paneer is deliciously rich and creamy, making it one of the most popular recipes in Mughlai cuisine. Fresh, unmelting cheese is married with a creamy gravy, perfect for serving with naan or roti. “Shahi” means “royalty,” and I can promise this dish is fit for a King!
If you are looking for a warming, comforting vegetarian dish to serve for supper, look no further. Shahi Paneer is one of my very favorite dishes and is sure to become one of yours, too.
The chickpeas are cooked with Indian spices, onion-tomato paste and some coconut milk (substitute given in the recipe below), giving it a fingerpicking .
We can literally have it for lunch/dinner and sometimes even for those 2 am hunger pangs.
It’s also one of my favorite dishes when I’m looking at eating more of plant protein especially vegan/glutenfree – This checks all the boxes of taste, nutrition and ease.
Papdi chaat recipe With step by step photos. Papdi chaat is a popular North Indian street food made with papdi (fried flour crispies), boiled chickpeas, potatoes, pakoris (fried black gram fritters) and curd.
I still remember having Papdi chaat for the first time in a Punjabi restaurant in Delhi (can’t remember the restaurant’s name). It was one of the best papdi chaat I had in Delhi.
Paneer pakora are a quick evening snack that has a lovely crispy texture with a moist, soft paneer from within. Mainly made with Paneer and gram flour this delicious paneer pakoda comes together under 30 minutes and is sure to become your favorite.
Indian cuisine has a variety of pakora that is made with different vegetables or with paneer or cheese.
‘Pakora‘ or ‘pakoda‘ is the Hindi term for fried fritters. In Indian cooking, the flour that we always include to make fritters is gram flour.
Masoor Dal is a popular lentil based dish from the North Indian Cuisine and is often made in Indian homes.
The dish is made with pink lentils which are known as Masoor dal in Hindi. Pink lentils are also known as red lentils and orange lentils. Note that these are not Puy lentils.
The Masoor Dal lentils can be split or whole and both types are used in the Indian cuisine.
The split and husked lentils have an orange-pink color. The Whole Masoor Dal has a dark brown color as the husks have this color.
This Dal Makhani recipe is a restaurant style version with subtle smoky flavors and creaminess of the lentils. If you love authentic Punjabi food then you are going to love this Dal Makhani even more.
Dal Makhani is one of the most popular lentil recipes from the North Indian Punjabi cuisine made with Whole Black Lentils (known as Urad dal or Kaali Dal in Hindi) and Kidney Beans (known as Rajma in Hindi).
While you really can’t beat one-step-one-minute convenience, you CAN make a huge batch for really cheap in just a few hours at home.
Don’t be put off by the time it takes to make this madras lentils recipe. Out of the two hours total, only about 20 minutes is active time.
There’s lots of simmering action, so feel free to go about your day while your house starts to smell completely amazing.
Comming soon ..........
With this project we wanted to create a platform that can help people in cooking what they love to with easy recipies, also this is a platform on which through our blogs and content you all get newby recipies of tasty dishes and you all can share your experience with us.
Our motive is "LET'S COOK SOMETHING TOGETHER" with this moto we created Foodie. Our motivation came from the people who loves to cook newby food and are trying to get some interesting new recipies or knowledge . Cooking is a passion and you foodie people made it so . Let's cook together the food that everyone will gonna love.


A knockout mouse for this gene and filter combination has currently not been phenotyped by the 3i consortium.
To see if ES cells or a knockout mouse exist and whether it has been phenotyped by another member institute of the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC), please click on this button.


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Matcha
Web Development
Matcha is a dating website built on Flask and Postgres by a team of two. I built the backend and optimized the user querying algorithms, user tested the websocket chat client, and also implemented the OAuth and Google Maps/CAPTCHA APIs.


Determines the build result if at least one of the Code Dx project's violated policy rules has its action set to "Break build".
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(Note: policies are supported in Code Dx 2023.1.0 and up. This option will be ignored if using an older Code Dx version.)


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Example 8: Interpreting Test Results
February 10, 2022The central idea of etcetera abduction is that conditional probabilities can be reified as first-order literals with equivalent prior probabilities. We assume conditional independence between these literals, and estimate the joint probability of a set of literals as the product of these priors.
That all sounds well and good, but it can be hard to grasp the nuances and implications of this approach, and how it relates to traditional probability theory. I found that there are some good intuitions to be gained about etcetera abduction by modeling simple textbook examples of probabilistic inference.
Here's an example that I found on the Wikipedia page for "Base Rate Fallacy" (link).
A test for an infectious disease is run on a population of 1000 persons, in which 40% are infected. The test has a false positive rate of 5%, and a 0% false negative rate. The expected outcome of the 1000 tests would be that 400 infected people would receive a true positive result (1000 * 0.4 * 1.0) and 30 healthy people would receive a false positive result (1000 * 0.6 * 0.05). If a person receives a positive test result, what is the probability that they are actually infected?
Bayes' Theorem provides us with the answer:
Pr( infected | positive ) = Pr( positive | infected ) * Pr( infected ) / Pr( positive )
= true_positive_rate * infected_base_rate / positive_rate
= 1.0 * 0.4 / 0.43
= 0.930232558139535
If a person receives a positive result, they can be over 93% confident that the test correctly indicates infection.
The wikipedia article further shows how a positive result from this same test, applied in a different population with a very low infection rate, would indicate infection with much less confidence, e.g. a positive result in a population with 2% infection rate would have a confidence of only 29% of correctly indicating infection.
Let's translate the first example into logic, and see how to apply Etcetera Abduction to compute these same numbers.
First, let's start with the observation: A person (P) receives a positive test result.
(positive P)
Second, we encode the conditional probability P( positive | infected ) as a definite clause. This represents the true positive rate of the test, which in this example is 100%.
(if (and (infected x) (etc_true_positive 1.0 x)) (positive x))
Second, we encode the conditional probability for the false positive case, P( positive | healthy ), which is known to be 5%.
(if (and (healthy x) (etc_false_positive 0.05 x)) (positive x))
Third, we need to include the base rates, encoding them as etcetera literals that are the priors for being healthy (60%) or infected (40%).
(if (etc_healthy 0.6 x) (healthy x)) (if (etc_infected 0.4 x) (infected x))
Finally, we can include the prior probability of getting a positive test result, irrespective of whether you are healthy or infected. In this example, that prior probability is 43% (400 + 30 / 1000).
(if (etc_positive 0.43 x) (positive x))
Now let's ask Etcetera Abduction to interpret the observation (positive P), and see what it comes up with:
> python -m etcabductionpy -i infection1.lisp ((etc_positive 0.43 P)) ((etc_infected 0.4 P) (etc_true_positive 1.0 P)) ((etc_false_positive 0.05 P) (etc_healthy 0.6 P)) 3 solutions.
Interesting! There are actually three ways to interpret the observation. The first, most probable interpretation of a positive test result is to make no assumptions at all as to whether person P is healthy or infected. This reminds us that interpretation is not the same thing as classification. The best, most-probable explanation for why someone would receive a positive test result is that, indeed, that sort of thing happens exactly 43% of the time.
Now let's ask the question: What is the exact probability that this first interpretation is correct? For this, we again turn to Bayes' Theorem:
Pr( interpretation | observations ) = Pr( observations | interpretation ) * Pr( interpretation ) / Pr( observations )
The probability of the interpretation is the product of its etcetera literals, Pr( interpretation ) = 0.43.
The probability of the observations is also known in this example: positive results happen 43% of the time: Pr(observations) = 0.43.
The final term is Pr( observations | interpretation ), and here is the most important concept to grasp when using etcetera abduction: The probability of the observations given the interpretation is always 100%. Why? Because we are using logic as our reasoning mechanism: we accept that our axioms are always true, and the set of assumptions in any solution found by etcetera abduction always fully entails the input observations. If the interpretation is true, then the observations are true, 100% of the time.
Essentially, etcetera abduction moves all of the uncertainty that is represented by the conditional probability term Pr( observations | interpretation ) in Bayes' Theorem over to the Pr( interpretation ) term. To reiterate the central idea, etcetera abduction reifies conditional probabilities as first-order literals with equivalent prior probabilities. The math is the same, but where we factor in the uncertainty is slightly different.
With the conditional probability term always equal to 1 in etcetera abduction, we can write a new version of Bayes' Theorem that applies to etcetera abduction, as well as any other reasoning framework where an interpretation logically entails the observations:
If (interpretaiton => observations), Pr( interpretation | observations ) = 1 * Pr( interpretation ) / Pr( observations )
When we plug in the numbers for the first interpretation, we get 0.43 / 0.43 = 1.0. What does this mean? Basically, it is saying that if we make no assumptions as to whether person P is infected or healthy, then we are guaranteed to be correct. The safest bet is not to bet at all.
Now let's look at the second most probable interpretation:
((etc_infected 0.4 P) (etc_true_positive 1.0 P))
As with all solutions, forward-chaining on these literals fully entails the observation, given our knowledge-base axioms. Importantly, this interpretation entails something else of interest as well: (infected P).
What is the probability of this interpretation? Pr( interpretation ) is the joint probability of these two etcetera literals. In etcetera abduction, we always make the assumption that etcetera literals are conditionally independent, and compute joint probability naively as the product of their priors, so Pr( interpretation ) = 0.4 * 1.0 = 0.4
Plugging in these numbers, we compute the likelihood of this interpretation as 0.4 / 0.43 = 0.930232558139535. This is exactly the result obtained in the Wikipedia example. A positive test result in this population indicates infection over 93% of the time.
What about the third interpretation? This solution describes the other interpretation of a positive test result, namely that it is a false positive. Forward chaining on these two etcetera literals also entails the observation (positive P), as well as another important literal, (healthy P). What is the likelihood that this interpretation is correct?
Pr( interpretation | observations ) = 1 * Pr( interpretation ) / Pr( observations )
= (0.05 * 0.6) / 0.43
= 0.06976744186046512
Great! We could interpret a positive result as a false-positive, but our confidence in this interpretation is under 7%, exactly the result obtained by traditional probabilistic reasoning methods.
Just for completeness, let's change the base rate of infection in our population, and see if we can replicate the second example in the Wikipedia article.
(if (etc_healthy 0.98 x) (healthy x)) (if (etc_infected 0.02 x) (infected x)) (if (etc_positive 0.069 x) (positive x))
> python -m etcabductionpy -i infection2.lisp ((etc_positive 0.069 P)) ((etc_false_positive 0.05 P) (etc_healthy 0.98 P)) ((etc_infected 0.02 P) (etc_true_positive 1.0 P)) 3 solutions.
Here we see that a false positive is much more likely than a true positive if we apply this test in a population with low incidence of infection. It is still the safest bet to assume nothing (interpretation #1), but if you had to make a choice, the likelihood of interpretation #2 is around 71% (0.05 * 0.98 / 0.069), while interpretation #3 is around 29% (0.02 * 1.0 / 0.069).
It is reassuring that etcetera abduction gives the correct probabilities in these two simple textbook examples. Things get a lot more interesting when there are multiple observations, and when the true joint probability of these multiple observations isn't known. For now, though, a couple of important facts about etcetera abduction can be underscored:
- If there is only one observation, the best interpretation should ALWAYS be its prior probability.
- The probability of the best interpretation should NEVER be greater than the true probability of the observations.
When presented with a positive test result in these textbook examples, the safest bet is to make no assumptions whatsoever. The best explanation for positive results is that they do occur some percent of the time, as that is the way the universe works. If somehow we were able to discover some set of antecedents that logically entailed the single observation that were collectively MORE PROBABLE than the prior probability, then we would have to admit that our estimate of this prior probability was too low all along.
In these examples, the probability of best interpretation (assuming nothing) is equal to the probability of the observation. If it were any bigger, than Bayes' Theorem would give us a Pr( interpretation | observations ) that was greater than 1.0. We would have to admit that our estimate of the probability of the observation was too low all along.
This second fact becomes super-important when we have multiple observations, and we don't know their true joint probability - as is routinely the case in real-world probabilistic reasoning problems. We could, of course, naively assume that the joint probability of the observations is the product of their priors, but we would run the risk of under-estimating their true joint probability. This is precisely where etcetera abduction can help: given a knowledge base, we can search for some interpretation(s) of multiple observations that can used to compute a better estimate of their true joint probability, compared to the naive estimate. More on that next.