1 Introduction
This document shows off our specification styling, and describes the key features of the style sheet.
1.1 Using the Style Sheet
If you are using a spec pre-processor such as ReSpec or Bikeshed, it will import the correct style sheet automatically.
To import the style sheet manually,
<link>
the one corresponding to your document status from
/StyleSheets/TR/2021.
1.1.1 Enabling Dark Mode
Dark Mode is not enabled automatically because many specs have images or custom styling that become unreadable on a dark background.
If you are using a spec pre-processor such as ReSpec or Bikeshed, switch on the appropriate option: they will generate the code automatically.
To import the dark mode style sheet manually,
add the following <link>
element
after the main style sheet:
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/2021/dark.css" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)">
This will import all the colors (as CSS variables)
needed for the markup conventions defined in this document
and also set a default white background on any
elements
(which you can override back to transparent if you want)
to ensure their legibility.
Fixup scripts will also automatically set up a user-preference toggle
for technical reports which include this element.
1.2 Bug Reporting / Fixing / Adjusting the CSS
If you have a problem using the W3C specification style sheet, and it is
- A bug in the style sheet, which should definitely be fixed
- A stylistic preference, on which reasonable people can disagree
- Report this to the style sheet maintainer, and help us fix it site-wide.
- A styling need which is particular to specifications of your technology
(e.g. distinction between certain classes of

elements). - Fix it in a WG-wide style sheet
- A styling need which is local to the current construction (e.g. the particular contents of this table need different alignment)
- Fix it in a document-specific style sheet.
1.3 Requirements for Spec Styling
The following requirements apply to spec styling:
- The document must be accessible to persons with disabilities. (See Web Content Accessibility Guidelines for more info.)
- The document must be readable even if JavaScript is disabled.
- The document must be readable when printed.
- The document must be readable across all browsers, platforms, and operating systems with current widespread usage anywhere in the world, on both desktop and mobile devices. (Note this requirement is more stringent than working across the “latest version” of all browsers/platforms/operating systems.)
1.4 Document conventions
Conformance requirements are expressed with a combination of descriptive assertions and RFC 2119 terminology. The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in the normative parts of this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119. However, for readability, these words do not appear in all uppercase letters in this specification.
All of the text of this specification is normative except sections explicitly marked as non-normative, examples, and notes. [RFC2119]
Examples in this specification are introduced with the words "for example"
or are set apart from the normative text with class="example"
,
like this:
This is an example of an informative example.
Informative notes begin with the word "Note" and are set apart from the
normative text with class="note"
, like this:
Note, this is an informative note.
Advisements are normative sections styled to evoke special attention and are
set apart from other normative text with

or

,
like this:
UAs MUST provide an accessible alternative.
Data tables are formatted with horizontal and vertical rules and text-alignment
based on their markup (using class="data"
).
This requires appropriate use of

for the table header,

for header cells,

for row groups,

for row header cells,
and <colgroup>
for column groups.
2 Features of the W3C Spec Style Sheet
2.1 Indexing
Since specs commonly have navigation aids like a table of contents and indexes,
the stylesheet provides toc
and index
classes for these.
2.1.1 Table of Contents
Each document must include a table of contents
using

and wrapped in a
element.
The markup structure looks like this:

Table of Contents

1. Introduction
…

2.1.2 Index Lists
Special styling is provided for index lists (

,

)
through the index
class (

).
See example.
2.1.3 Index Tables
Special styling is also provided for index tables
(such as for properties, elements, attributes, etc)
through the index
class (

).
See example.
2.1.4 Section Numbers and Anchoring
Section numbers in table headings should be marked up with class="secno"
.
These are not styled currently, but might be in the future.
As aforementioned, however, the table of contents
must have its numbers marked up with class="secno"
.
Insert styling info on section anchors (as in Bikeshed-generated specs).
2.2 Special Boxes
2.2.1 Definition Boxes
The .def
class is used to distinguish definition boxes,
e.g. for WebIDL boxes defining an interface,
for CSS property definition tables,
for HTML element property

s,
etc. It can be applied to

,

, or

.
| Name: | text-align |
|---|---|
| Value: | start | end | left | right | center | justify |
| Initial: | start |
| Applies to: | block containers |
| Inherited: | yes |
| Percentages: | N/A |
| Media: | visual |
| Computed value: | specified value, except for match-parent which computes as defined below |
| Animatable: | no |
| Canonical order: | N/A |
2.2.2 Note Boxes
The .note
class is used to distinguish non-normative notes.
Note:
This is a non-normative note.
The style sheet allows the document to include a rule for auto-generating the "Note" marker
in CSS, but due to bugs in browser implementations,
it's recommended to include that text in the document,
using class=marker
.
This class is currently valid on
,
,

,

, and
.
Note, here is an example of an inline note..
2.2.3 Example Boxes
The .example
class is used to distinguish non-normative examples.
Example 2
This is a non-normative example.
The style sheet allows the document to include a rule for auto-generating the "Example #" marker
in CSS, but due to bugs in browser implementations,
it's recommended to include that text in the document,
using class=marker
.
2.2.4 Issue Boxes
The .issue
class is used to distinguish open issues.
Issue 3
This is an issue.
The style sheet allows the document to include a rule for auto-generating the "Issue #" marker
in CSS, but due to bugs in browser implementations,
it's recommended to include that text in the document,
using class=marker
.
This class is currently valid on

,

, and
.
Issue 4 Here is an example of an inline issue..
2.2.5 Advisement Boxes
The .advisement
class is used to highlight important normative statements,
such as best practices.
Best Practice 4: Use semantic markup.
This class is currently valid on

,

, and
.
This is a
normative statement.
2.2.6 Amendment Boxes
The .correction
and .addition
classes
are valid on

,

,
, and
to annotate
candidate changes
and proposed changes.
Such an amendment annotation
(together with, potentially, its associated
/
markup)
must describe the changes in sufficient detail that the exact wording of
both the original and the altered specification can be known.
Note: Under the W3C Process and Patent Policy, unlike notes, issues, and examples (which are purely informative annotations), amendments are expected to have the same level of group consensus as the rest of the document, and are subject to requirements of the patent policy.
If the amendment is altering existing wording, it is recommended that

/
be used,
either within a blockquote
of the affected text within the box,
or in-place in the document.
(If purely adding sections prose,
it is not necessary to use
so long as it is clear to the reader
what, exactly, is being added.)
Here’s an
deletioninsertion to show how they both look when used inside the box.
Multiple blockquotes and ellipses … can be used to show altered wording from different sections.
And here’s an deletion
insertion to show how they both look
when used outside the box.
Out-of-box revision markup is better at showing edits in context,
but worse at showing the edits together.
Note:
While some changes can be clearly and consisely described
just within the amendment box,
other changes—particularly edits that are complex and context-dependent
or are scattered throughout the document—are
easier to describe by annotating the “live” spec with
/
,
and just having a summary in the amendment box.
Editorial judgement should optimize for making sure changes are
both understandable and noticeable
to readers of the affected sections of the document.
The amendment box must have
an id
value
and each
/
change associated with it
but not contained by it must have a cite
attribute
linking to the ID.
Provided correct
/
markup,
JavaScript support via fixup.js
will allow swapping
between the original and altered wording.
Note:
Omitted

tags can confuse the HTML parser
when using
/
as block-level markup.
Please look over your
/
handiwork
before publishing it. :)
Example markup,
showing amendment described using in-the-box
/
markup.

 Candidate Correction 1: Explanation of the change, maybe link to related discussion.

Here’s an deletion insertion to show how they both look when used inside the box.

Multiple blockquotes and ellipses … can be used to show altered wording from different sections.

Example markup,
showing amendment described using out-of-the-box (in-context)
/
markup.

 Candidate Correction 2: Explanation of the change, maybe link to related discussion.

And here’s an deletion insertion to show how they both look when used outside the box. Out-of-box revision markup is better at showing edits in context, but worse at showing the edits together.
<IP_ADDRESS>
Distinguishing Corrections vs. Additions
Amendments to a W3C Recommendation
are treated differently depending on whether they are
corrections (changes to existing features) or additions (new features).
The .correction
or .addition
are used together with a matching label
to distinguish these different types of changes.
Candidate Correction 3:
Explanation of the correction, maybe link to related discussion.
Here’s an Proposed changes
(those under formal review by the AC / legal)
must have the Here’s an For stability across revisions,
it is recommended that the amendment’s ID be encoded in the document source
rather than auto-generated from the contents of the document.
Preprocessors should annotate each
out-of-box The The class can be used with a block-level element, or,
if you want the notice to appear fixed to the bottom of the viewport,
with an open which renders as (in the closed state):
You can see the open state—which we recommend to make the default
with the the addition of the The The style sheet allows the document to include a rule for auto-generating the "Figure #" marker
in CSS, but due to bugs in browser implementations,
it's recommended to include that text in the document,
using Spec editors may override styling for The Example:
Spec editors are strongly advised to explore the use of strong, accessible table markup
before customizing any table styling,
since that often fixes the styling by giving the style sheet more information to work with.
However, editors are also encouraged to override the default text alignment
when appropriate to the contents of the table,
since appropriate alignment depends greatly on the type of content in the table
(not just on its structural relationships).
For tables with particularly complex spanning relationships,
the Tables have a default maximum size of 50em,
but will grow beyond this to prevent their contents from overflowing.
If a table seems cramped,
and there's no good way to rearrange the data,
you can release this maximum by adding The For example, if you are using a The For example, in order to publish a document using the old publication process, you had to
The style sheet also includes styling for insertions
and It is strongly recommended to use the HTML semantic classes
for their intended purposes, particularly For those less familiar with HTML's inline semantics, the
following elements are commonly used in specifications:
It is expected that spec editors may need to subclass these elements
to make finer distinctions between, e.g. different types of code snippets.
A future revision of the site-wide styles may incorporate some of the more
common distinctions.
The style sheet currently imposes for readability a maximum measure of 50em.
In the case that something is too wide to fit in that space,
the Note that this only gives you more space if there's any to be had:
on narrow windows and when printing, it will not gain any extra space.
Please design your content to render reasonably on smaller canvases;
this class will not magically fix such content except on your widescreen device.
The rest of this document is snippets of various specifications,
to compare styling.
This section is actual spec text from a CSS specification,
to show what the styling would look like on real spec content.
This shorthand property sets the text-align-all and text-align-last properties
and describes how the inline-level content of a block
is aligned along the inline axis
if the content does not completely fill the line box.
Values have the following meanings: All values except justify-all reset text-align-last to auto. A block of text is a stack of line boxes.
This property specifies how the inline-level boxes within each line box
align with respect to the start and end sides of the line box.
Alignment is not with respect to the viewport or containing block. In the case of justify, the UA may stretch or shrink any inline boxes
by adjusting their text. (See text-justify.)
If an element’s white space is not collapsible,
then the UA is not required to adjust its text for the purpose of justification
and may instead treat the text as having no justification opportunities.
If the UA chooses to adjust the text, then it must ensure
that tab stops continue to line up as required by the white space processing rules. If (after justification, if any) the inline contents of a line box are too long to fit within it,
then the contents are start-aligned:
any content that doesn’t fit overflows the line box’s end edge. See Bidirectionality and line boxes for details on how to determine the start and end edges of a line box. This longhand of the text-align shorthand property specifies the inline alignment of all lines of inline content in the block container,
except for last lines overridden by a non-auto value of text-align-last.
See text-align for a full description of values. Authors should use the text-align shorthand instead of this property. This property describes how the last line of a block or a line
right before a forced line break is aligned.
If a line is also the first line of the block
or the first line after a forced line break, text-align-last takes precedence over text-align-all. If auto is specified,
content on the affected line is aligned per text-align unless text-align is set to justify,
in which case it is start-aligned.
All other values have the same meanings as in text-align. This property selects the justification method used when a line’s
alignment is set to justify (see text-align).
The property applies to block containers, but the UA may (but
is not required to) also support it on inline elements.
It takes the following values: The UA determines the justification algorithm to follow, based
on a balance between performance and adequate presentation quality.
Since justification rules vary by writing system and language,
UAs should, where possible, use a justification algorithm appropriate to the text.
For example, the UA could use by default a justification method that is a
simple universal compromise for all writing systems—such as
primarily expanding word separators and between CJK typographic letter units along with secondarily expanding between Southeast Asian typographic letter units.
Then, in cases where the content language of the paragraph is known,
it could choose a more language-tailored justification behavior
e.g. following [JLREQ] for Japanese,
using cursive elongation for Arabic,
using inter-word for German,
etc. This value is intended for use in user stylesheets
to improve readability or for accessibility purposes. Since optimal justification is language-sensitive,
authors should correctly language-tag their content for the best results. The exact justification algorithm is UA-dependent;
however, CSS provides some general guidelines below. When justifying text, the user agent takes the remaining space between
the ends of a line’s contents and the edges of its line box, and
distributes that space throughout its contents so that the contents
exactly fill the line box.
The user agent may alternatively distribute negative space,
putting more content on the line than would otherwise fit under normal spacing conditions. A justification opportunity is
a point where the justification algorithm may alter spacing within the text.
A justification opportunity can be provided by a single typographic character unit (such as a word separator),
or by the juxtaposition of two typographic character units.
Space distributed by justification is in addition to the spacing defined by the letter-spacing or word-spacing properties.
However, when space is distributed to a word separator justification opportunity,
it is applied under the same rules as for word-spacing.
Similarly, when space is distributed to an justification opportunity between
two typographic character units,
it is applied under the same rules as for letter-spacing. A justification algorithm may divide justification opportunities into different priority levels.
All justification opportunities within a given level
are expanded or compressed at the same priority,
regardless of which typographic character units created that opportunity.
For example, if justification opportunities between two Han characters
and between two Latin letters are defined to be at the same level
(as they are in the inter-character justification style),
they are not treated differently because they originate from different typographic character units.
It is not defined in this level
whether or how other factors
(such as font size, letter-spacing, glyph shape, position within the line, etc.)
may influence the distribution of space to justification opportunities within the line. The UA may enable or break optional ligatures or use other font features
such as alternate glyphs or glyph compression
to help justify the text under any method.
This behavior is not controlled by this level of CSS.
However, UAs must not break required ligatures
or otherwise disable features required to correctly shape complex scripts. When determining justification opportunities,
a typographic character unit from the Unicode Symbols (S*) and Punctuation (P*) classes
is generally treated the same as a typographic letter unit of the same script
(or, if the character’s script property is Common,
then as a typographic letter unit of the dominant script). However, by typographic tradition there may be additional rules
controlling the justification of symbols and punctuation.
Therefore, the UA may reassign specific characters
or introduce additional levels of prioritization
to handle justification opportunities involving symbols and punctuation. For example, there are traditionally no justification opportunities between consecutive
U+2014 Em Dash ‘—’,
U+2015 Horizontal Bar ‘―’,
U+2026 Horizontal Ellipsis ‘…’,
or U+2025 Two Dot Leader ‘‥’
characters [JLREQ];
thus a UA might assign these characters to a “never” prioritization level.
As another example, certain fullwidth punctuation characters
(such as U+301A Left White Square Bracket ‘〚’)
are considered to contain a justification opportunity in Japanese.
The UA might therefore assign these characters to a higher prioritization
level than the opportunities between ideographic characters. If the inline contents of a line cannot be stretched to the full width of the line box,
then they must be aligned as specified by the text-align-last property.
(If text-align-last is justify, then
they must be aligned as for center if text-justify is inter-character,
and as start otherwise.) Justification must not introduce gaps between the joined typographic letter units of cursive scripts such as Arabic.
If it is able, the UA may translate space distributed to justification opportunities within a run of such typographic letter units into some form of cursive elongation for that run.
It otherwise must assume that no justification opportunity exists
between any pair of typographic letter units in cursive script (regardless of whether they join). The following are examples of unacceptable justification: Some font designs allow for the use of the tatweel character for justification.
A UA that performs tatweel-based justification must properly handle the rules for its use.
Note that correct insertion of tatweel characters depends on context, including
the letter-combinations involved, location within the word, and location of the word within the line. For auto justification, this specification does not define
what all of the justification opportunities are,
how they are prioritized, or
when and how multiple levels of justification opportunities interact.
However, it does require that The guidelines in this level of CSS do not describe a complete
justification algorithm. They are merely a minimum set of requirements
that a complete algorithm should meet. Limiting the set of requirements
gives UAs some latitude in choosing a justification algorithm that
meets their needs and desired balance of quality, speed, and complexity. For instance, a basic but fast justification algorithm
might use a simple greedy method for determining line breaks,
then distribute leftover space.
This algorithm could follow the guidelines by expanding word spaces first,
expanding between letters only if the spaces between words hit a limit defined by the UA. A more sophisticated but harder-to-implement justification algorithm
might use a Knuth/Plass method
where justification opportunities and limits were assigned weights
and assessed with other line breaking considerations.
This algorithm could follow the guidelines by giving more weight
to word separators than letter spacing. A UA can also tailor its justification rules by language,
to produce results more closely aligned to the typography of that language.
For example, it’s not defined whether expansion or compression is preferred,
so a UA may, for example, bias towards compression for CJK languages
but towards expansion for Western alphabetic languages. As another example,
3.8 Line Adjustment in [JLREQ] gives an example of a set of rules for
how a text formatter can justify Japanese text.
A UA could use this algorithm when the text-justify property is text-justify:auto.
However, since the rules described in the document specifically target Japanese,
they may produce non-optimal results
when used to justify other languages such as English.
The UA could adapt the rules to accommodate other scripts by, for instance,
omitting the rule to compress half-width spaces (rule a. of 3.8.3).
Or it could keep the rule, but only enable it when the content language is known to be Japanese. deletion insertion
improving the specification of an existing feature.
Links inside  are green, so that you can notice them being inserted.
<IP_ADDRESS>
Distinguishing Proposed Changes
.proposed
class in addition to .correction
/.addition
.
Also, any associated
/
markup outside the box
must also be marked .proposed
.
deletion insertion
to show how they both look when used inside the box.
<IP_ADDRESS>
Preprocessor Advice

and
element
associated to a change with a title
attribute
containing that change’s marker text,
to make it easier for readers to figure out its associations.
(This is not required generally, because hand-coding it is obnoxious.)
2.2.7
Annoying Spec Warning Boxes
.annoying-warning
is for spec obsoletion notices,
which are typically placed in the Status or Introduction section of a document.
They're a bit scary, and should only occur once per spec.

element
(which will allow the notice to be dismissed by closing the element).
For example,

Not Ready For Implementation

This specification is not ready for implementation. See issues x, y, z for details.

open
attribute—by
opening the disclosure in the example above.
2.3
Structural Markup
2.3.1
Figures and Captions

and

elements
have special styling.
class=marker
.

and its image as necessary to fit them into the appropriate layout contexts;
however if there are problems with caption styling it is recommended instead
to report them to the style sheet owner for fixing everywhere.
2.3.2
Data Tables
data
class on tables automatically styles data tables
with borders, padding, and alignment
based on the appropriate use of

(table caption)
<colgroup>
(column groups)

(table header group)

(table row groups)

(table header cell, vs. table data cell
)
scope
attribute on
white-space
property
white-space
New Lines
Spaces and Tabs
Text Wrapping
normal
Collapse
Collapse
Wrap
pre
Preserve
Preserve
No wrap
nowrap
Collapse
Collapse
No wrap
pre-wrap
Preserve
Preserve
Wrap
pre-wrap-auto
Preserve
Preserve
Wrap
pre-line
Preserve
Collapse
Wrap
<IP_ADDRESS>
Customizing Table Styling
class="complex data"
class may be used,
which will add additional inter-cell lines.
table.data { max-width: none; }
.
(Note that this won't affect printed pages or narrow screens,
because they don't have any extra space to donate to the cramped table.)
2.3.3
Switch Statements
switch
class on

elements
is used to provide more appropriate styling for

lists
that are used as switch statements.

for:
<dfn>
(defining instance)
around the term (or entity name) in the

element,
and put the definition in the

.
Don't use class=switch
class=switch
on this

to provide extra styling
that highlights this semantic variant of

s,
if that would help the readability of your document.
switch
class on this

,
or <dfn>
on the contents of the

elements.
Do consider, however, whether the

elements would be better off
as headings.
2.3.4
Algorithm Lists
algorithm
class on

elements
is used to provide more appropriate styling for deeply-nested ordered lists
that are used in complex algorithm procedures.
2.4
Inline Markup
2.4.1
Change Marks (

/
)deletions using the standard

and
elements.
2.4.2
Recommended Inline Markup (
dfn
/var
/samp
/code
/em
/strong
)dfn
,
which should always be accompanied by an id
for improved spec cross-linking.
dfn
id
.
var
code
code
snippets.
samp
em
2.4
Miscellaneous
2.4.1
Overlarge Elements
overlarge
class can be assigned to give it the full space of the viewport.
3
Sample Spec Section
3.1 Text Alignment: the text-align shorthand
Name:
text-align
Value:
start | end | left | right | center |
justify | match-parent | justify-all
Initial:
start
Applies to:
block containers
Inherited:
yes
Percentages:
N/A
Media:
visual
Computed value:
specified value, except for match-parent which computes as defined below
Animatable:
no
Canonical order:
N/A
3.2 Default Text Alignment: the text-align-all property
Name:
text-align-all
Value:
start | end | left | right | center |
justify | match-parent
Initial:
start
Applies to:
block containers
Inherited:
yes
Percentages:
N/A
Media:
visual
Computed value:
specified value
Animatable:
no
Canonical order:
N/A
3.3 Last Line Alignment: the text-align-last property
Name:
text-align-last
Value:
auto | start | end | left | right | center | justify
Initial:
auto
Applies to:
block containers
Inherited:
yes
Percentages:
N/A
Media:
visual
Computed value:
specified value
Animatable:
no
Canonical order:
N/A
3.4 Justification Method: the text-justify property
Name:
text-justify
Value:
auto | none | inter-word | inter-character
Initial:
auto
Applies to:
block containers and, optionally, inline elements
Inherited:
yes
Percentages:
N/A
Media:
visual
Computed value:
specified value
Animatable:
no
Canonical order:
N/A
3.4.1 Expanding and Compressing Text
3.4.2 Handling Symbols and Punctuation
3.4.3 Unexpandable Text
3.4.4 Cursive Scripts
3.4.5 Possible Algorithms
Index
Terms defined by this specification
Terms defined by reference
References
Normative References
Informative References
Property Index
Name
Value
Initial
Applies to
Inh.
%ages
Media
Animatable
Canonical order
Computed value
Computed value
text-transform
none | capitalize | uppercase | lowercase | full-width
none
all elements
yes
N/A
visual
no
N/A
as specified
white-space
normal | pre | nowrap | pre-wrap | pre-wrap-auto | pre-line
normal
all elements
yes
N/A
visual
no
N/A
as specified
tab-size
<integer> | <length>
8
block containers
yes
N/A
visual
as length
N/A
the specified integer or length made absolute
word-break
normal | keep-all | break-all
normal
all elements
yes
N/A
visual
no
N/A
specified value
line-break
auto | loose | normal | strict
auto
all elements
yes
N/A
visual
no
N/A
specified value
hyphens
none | manual | auto
manual
all elements
yes
N/A
visual
no
N/A
specified value
overflow-wrap
normal | break-word
normal
all elements
yes
N/A
visual
no
N/A
specified value
word-wrap
normal | break-word
normal
all elements
yes
N/A
visual
no
N/A
specified value
text-align
start | end | left | right | center |
justify | match-parent | justify-all
start
block containers
yes
N/A
visual
no
N/A
specified value, except for match-parent which computes as defined below
text-align-all
start | end | left | right | center |
justify | match-parent
start
block containers
yes
N/A
visual
no
N/A
specified value
text-align-last
auto | start | end | left | right | center | justify
auto
block containers
yes
N/A
visual
no
N/A
specified value
text-justify
auto | none | inter-word | inter-character
auto
block containers and, optionally, inline elements
yes
N/A
visual
no
N/A
specified value
word-spacing
[ normal | <length> | <percentage>]
normal
all elements
yes
refers to width of the affected glyph
visual
as length, percentage, or calc
N/A
an absolute length
letter-spacing
normal | <length>
normal
all elements
yes
N/A
visual
as length
N/A
an absolute length
text-indent
[ <length>
| <percentage>
] && hanging? && each-line?
0
block containers
yes
refers to width of containing block
visual
as length, percentage, or calc, but only if keywords match
per grammar
the percentage as specified or the absolute length,
plus any keywords as specified
hanging-punctuation
none | [ first || [ force-end | allow-end ] || last ]
none
inline elements
yes
N/A
visual
no
per grammar
as specified


The entire community comes together at Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur services to welcome the beginning of a new year and communally and personally reflect on the old. Guided by the rabbi and cantor and with the active participation of the congregation, High Holiday services are a blend of ancient tradition with contemporary interpretation. Music is a cornerstone of the services and is provided by our cantor, Shir Chadash (our member choir), members who are talented musicians, and the voices of the entire community.
High Holiday services are held at Winchester Town Hall to accommodate the large turnout, a short walk from the temple building. There are also smaller, more intimate services available for families in the temple on the morning of Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur should the town hall services feel too overwhelming, as well as an age-appropriate service for very young children. Tickets are free for members and their children; additional tickets and tickets for non-members can be purchased ahead of time through the office.
A month or so before the high holidays, the dates, times and ticket information will be posted by the office. Check the calendar and home page for High Holiday details or call the office for more information.
Holiday Celebrations
We celebrate holidays throughout the year including Sukkot, Simchat Torah, Hanukkah, Tu B'Shevat, Purim, and Passover. Depending on when the holiday falls, we may observe the holiday at our Friday night service, during the week, or on a Sunday afternoon. Many of our holidays celebrations include special activities for families and children and are preceded by a potluck dinner. Please check the calendar for the date and times.
Yizkor, the prayer recited by those who have lost a member of their family, is recited four times a year: on Yom Kippur, the last days of Pesach and Sukkot, and on Shavuot.


Your privacy is important to us. It is Copiefast's policy to respect your privacy regarding any information we may collect from you through our app, Copiefast.
We only ask for personal information when we truly need it to provide a service to you. We collect it by fair and lawful means, with your knowledge and consent. We also let you know why we’re collecting it and how it will be used.
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We don’t share any personally identifying information publicly or with third-parties, except when required to by law.
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   It is made by the leading retailer of affordable luxury shoes in London, England called Dune. Bertie Shoes is a brand of Dune. Bertie Shoes are an amazing pair to buy. You can find them in great styles, designs, various colors and price range. They are comfortable, good looking, popular and perfect for your feet. Visit online www.bertieshoes.com and find the perfect pair shoes for yourself or a significant other. Use our discount coupons to get a great price.
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As new "heroes" you have been trying to find your first job when you recieve a letter from a man named Lord Redspar. He has provided very few details, though you know that if you complete a job for him you will quickly rise in renown. You've heard rumors of some trouble in the Red Swamp and wonder if this is about that. What kinds of foul beasts will you have to deal with?
This is a short GMless adventure intended to be run with 3-4 players and take 3-4 hours. This is mostly a test adventure for me to prepare for the real adventure I would like to make. Have fun!
This adventure is still in progress and currently unplayable but you can play through my progress on The Red Swamp below. Don't click the button if you don't want spoilers.
linkPlay Game


XMLWF
Section: (1)Updated: 24 January 2003
Index Return to Main Contents
NAME
xmlwf - Determines if an XML document is well-formedSYNOPSIS
xmlwf [ -s] [ -n] [ -p] [ -x] [ -e encoding] [ -w] [ -d output-dir] [ -c] [ -m] [ -r] [ -t] [ -v] [ file ...]
DESCRIPTION
xmlwf uses the Expat library to determine if an XML document is well-formed. It is non-validating.
If you do not specify any files on the command-line, and you have a recent version of xmlwf, the input file will be read from standard input.
WELL-FORMED DOCUMENTS
A well-formed document must adhere to the following rules:
- *
- The file begins with an XML declaration. For instance, <?xml version="1.0" standalone="yes"?>. NOTE: xmlwf does not currently check for a valid XML declaration.
- *
- Every start tag is either empty (<tag/>) or has a corresponding end tag.
- *
- There is exactly one root element. This element must contain all other elements in the document. Only comments, white space, and processing instructions may come after the close of the root element.
- *
- All elements nest properly.
- *
- All attribute values are enclosed in quotes (either single or double).
If the document has a DTD, and it strictly complies with that DTD, then the document is also considered valid. xmlwf is a non-validating parser -- it does not check the DTD. However, it does support external entities (see the -x option).
OPTIONS
When an option includes an argument, you may specify the argument either separately ("-d output") or concatenated with the option ("-doutput"). xmlwf supports both.
- -c
- If the input file is well-formed and xmlwf doesn't encounter any errors, the input file is simply copied to the output directory unchanged. This implies no namespaces (turns off -n) and requires -d to specify an output file.
- -d output-dir
-
Specifies a directory to contain transformed
representations of the input files.
By default, -d outputs a canonical representation
(described below).
You can select different output formats using -c
and -m.
The output filenames will be exactly the same as the input filenames or "STDIN" if the input is coming from standard input. Therefore, you must be careful that the output file does not go into the same directory as the input file. Otherwise, xmlwf will delete the input file before it generates the output file (just like running cat < file > file in most shells).
Two structurally equivalent XML documents have a byte-for-byte identical canonical XML representation. Note that ignorable white space is considered significant and is treated equivalently to data. More on canonical XML can be found at http://www.jclark.com/xml/canonxml.html .
- -e encoding
- Specifies the character encoding for the document, overriding any document encoding declaration. xmlwf supports four built-in encodings: US-ASCII, UTF-8, UTF-16, and ISO-8859-1. Also see the -w option.
- -m
- Outputs some strange sort of XML file that completely describes the input file, including character positions. Requires -d to specify an output file.
- -n
- Turns on namespace processing. (describe namespaces) -c disables namespaces.
- -p
-
Tells xmlwf to process external DTDs and parameter
entities.
Normally xmlwf never parses parameter entities. -p tells it to always parse them. -p implies -x.
- -r
-
Normally xmlwf memory-maps the XML file
before parsing; this can result in faster parsing on many
platforms.
-r turns off memory-mapping and uses normal file
IO calls instead.
Of course, memory-mapping is automatically turned off
when reading from standard input.
Use of memory-mapping can cause some platforms to report substantially higher memory usage for xmlwf, but this appears to be a matter of the operating system reporting memory in a strange way; there is not a leak in xmlwf.
- -s
- Prints an error if the document is not standalone. A document is standalone if it has no external subset and no references to parameter entities.
- -t
- Turns on timings. This tells Expat to parse the entire file, but not perform any processing. This gives a fairly accurate idea of the raw speed of Expat itself without client overhead. -t turns off most of the output options (-d, -m, -c, ...).
- -v
- Prints the version of the Expat library being used, including some information on the compile-time configuration of the library, and then exits.
- -w
- Enables support for Windows code pages. Normally, xmlwf will throw an error if it runs across an encoding that it is not equipped to handle itself. With -w, xmlwf will try to use a Windows code page. See also -e.
- -x
-
Turns on parsing external entities.
Non-validating parsers are not required to resolve external entities, or even expand entities at all. Expat always expands internal entities (?), but external entity parsing must be enabled explicitly.
External entities are simply entities that obtain their data from outside the XML file currently being parsed.
This is an example of an internal entity:
<!ENTITY vers '1.0.2'>
And here are some examples of external entities:
<!ENTITY header SYSTEM "header-&vers;.xml"> (parsed) <!ENTITY logo SYSTEM "logo.png" PNG> (unparsed)
- --
-
(Two hyphens.)
Terminates the list of options. This is only needed if a filename
starts with a hyphen. For example:
xmlwf -- -myfile.xml
will run xmlwf on the file -myfile.xml.
Older versions of xmlwf do not support reading from standard input.
OUTPUT
If an input file is not well-formed, xmlwf prints a single line describing the problem to standard output. If a file is well formed, xmlwf outputs nothing. Note that the result code is not set.
BUGS
According to the W3C standard, an XML file without a declaration at the beginning is not considered well-formed. However, xmlwf allows this to pass.
xmlwf returns a 0 - noerr result, even if the file is not well-formed. There is no good way for a program to use xmlwf to quickly check a file -- it must parse xmlwf's standard output.
The errors should go to standard error, not standard output.
There should be a way to get -d to send its output to standard output rather than forcing the user to send it to a file.
I have no idea why anyone would want to use the -d, -c, and -m options. If someone could explain it to me, I'd like to add this information to this manpage.
ALTERNATIVES
Here are some XML validators on the web:
http://www.hcrc.ed.ac.uk/~richard/xml-check.html http://www.stg.brown.edu/service/xmlvalid/ http://www.scripting.com/frontier5/xml/code/xmlValidator.html http://www.xml.com/pub/a/tools/ruwf/check.html
SEE ALSO
The Expat home page: http://www.libexpat.org/ The W3 XML specification: http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml
AUTHOR
This manual page was written by Scott Bronson<EMAIL_ADDRESS>for the Debian GNU/Linux system (but may be used by others). Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1.
Index
This document was created by man2html, using the manual pages.
Time: 05:29:12 GMT, December 24, 2015


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vignettes/usingRDML_with_other_R_packages.Rmd
usingRDML_with_other_R_packages.Rmd
A key benefit of the RMDL package is that it enables further statistical analysis of RDML data. This section describes R packages that link with the RMDL package. It will provide examples on how other packages allow the manipulation of RDML objects.
In this example we will employ the qpcR package (Ritz and Spiess 2008) to calculate Cq values after the selection of an optimal sigmoidal model, as suggested by the Akaike’s An Information Criterion. The Cq values will then be used to calculate the amplification efficiency from a calibration curve, based on the effcalc
function of the chipPCR package (Rödiger, Burdukiewicz, and Schierack 2015).
Note: The data used here serve as example only. Overall, the quality of the measurement is not appropriate for further application in a study. Here, we show that the estimated amplification efficiency from the StepOne system differs from that of the proposed pipeline (RDML \(\rightarrow\) qpcR \(\rightarrow\) chipPCR).
In principle, the following code examples can be combined with report generating toolkits for data analysis pipelines, such as Nozzle (see Gehlenborg et al. (2013)).
In the RDML vignette, it was demonstrated how to read-in RDML data. In this section we will continue with the built-in RDML example file stepone_std.rdml
. This file was obtained during the measurement of human DNA concentration by a LightCycler 96 instrument (Roche) and the XY-Detect kit (Syntol, Russia). The file is opened as described before:
# Load the RDML package and use its functions to `extract` the required data
library(RDML)
filename <- system.file("extdata/stepone_std.rdml", package="RDML")
raw_data <- RDML$new(filename=filename)
At this stage, all data from the stepone_std.rdml
RDML file are available. For example, the amplification efficiency as provided by the StepOne™ Real-Time PCR System software can be fetched from the package via raw_data$target[["RNase P"]]$amplificationEfficiency
. In another example, we extract the information about the target in this experiment.
raw_data$target
#> $`RNase P`
#> id: ~ idType
#> description: NFQ-MGB
#> documentation: []
#> xRef: []
#> type: ~ targetTypeType
#> amplificationEfficiencyMethod:
#> amplificationEfficiency: 93.91181
#> amplificationEfficiencySE:
#> detectionLimit:
#> dyeId: ~ idReferencesType
#> sequences: ~ sequencesType
#> commercialAssay:
To get some information about the run we can use:
raw_data$experiment[["Standard Curve Example"]]$run
#> $Run001
#> id: ~ idType
#> description:
#> documentation: []
#> experimenter: []
#> instrument: Applied Biosystems StepOne™ Instrument
#> dataCollectionSoftware: ~ dataCollectionSoftwareType
#> backgroundDeterminationMethod: Background Subtraction
#> cqDetectionMethod: ~ cqDetectionMethodType
#> thermalCyclingConditions: ~ idReferencesType
#> pcrFormat: ~ pcrFormatType
#> runDate: 2006-11-10T09:24:39.265
#> react: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32]
For convenience, we use the pipe function %>%
from the magrittr package for further analysis. In the following, we fetch the amplification curve data from the RDML file.
raw_data_tab <- raw_data$AsTable(
# Custom name pattern 'position~sample~sample.type~target~run.id'
name.pattern=paste(
react$position,
react$sample$id,
private$.sample[[react$sample$id]]$type$value,
data$tar$id,
run$id$id, # run id added to names
sep="~"))
# Get all fluorescence data and assign them to the object fdata
fdata <- as.data.frame(raw_data$GetFData(raw_data_tab, long.table=FALSE))
The plotting of the raw data is an important step to visually inspect the data. In this example, we use the ggplot2 package (Wickham 2009) instead of the default R graphics functions.
# Load the ggplot2 package for plotting
library(ggplot2)
#> Registered S3 methods overwritten by 'ggplot2':
#> method from
#> [.quosures rlang
#> c.quosures rlang
#> print.quosures rlang
# Load the reshape2 package to rearrange the data
library(reshape2)
# Rearrange and plot the raw data
fdata_gg <- melt(fdata, id.vars="cyc")
ggplot(data=fdata_gg, aes(x=cyc, y=value, color=variable)) +
geom_line() + labs(x="Cycle", y="RFU") + theme_light() +
theme(legend.position="top",
legend.direction="horizontal")
During the next steps we will employ the qpcR package. The function mselect
performs sigmoid model selection by different criteria (e.g., bias-corrected Akaike’s Information Criterion). Note: In most cases a sigmoidal model with seven parameters was selected.
The function efficiency
calculates the qPCR Cq values, amplification efficiency and other important qPCR parameters. In this example, we set the parameter type of the efficiency
function to Cy0
, which will calculate and report the Cy0 value. According to Guescini et al. (2008), the Cy0 value is the intersection of a tangent on the first derivative maximum with the abscissa. However, for all further analyses we will use the second derivative maximum cycle as Cq value. This supplementary material will not focus on the selection of a certain Cq method. For an objective decision, we would like to guide the reader to the study by Ruijter et al. (2013).
# Use the magrittr package to create pipes
library(magrittr)
# Write a custom function that calculates the Cq values and other curve parameters
library(qpcR)
#> Loading required package: MASS
#> Loading required package: minpack.lm
#> Loading required package: rgl
#> Loading required package: robustbase
#> Loading required package: Matrix
res_fit <- do.call(cbind, lapply(2L:ncol(fdata), function(block_column) {
res_model <- try(mselect(pcrfit(data=fdata, cyc=1, fluo=block_column), verbose=FALSE, do.all=TRUE), silent=TRUE)
if(res_model %>% class=="try-error") {
res_model <- NA
}
else{
try(efficiency(res_model, plot=FALSE, type="Cy0"), silent=TRUE)
}
}
)
)
# Assign column names
colnames(res_fit) <- colnames(fdata)[-1]
# Fetch only the Cq values (second derivative maximum) and combine them in a
# data.frame
Cq_SDM <- res_fit[rownames(res_fit)=="cpD2", ] %>% unlist %>% as.data.frame
colnames(Cq_SDM) <- c("Cq")
# Prepare the dilutions and calculated Cq values for further usage in the effcalc
# function from the chipPCR package
dilution <- c(as.factor("ntc"), as.factor("unk"), 10000, 5000, 2500, 1250, 625)
Cq_values <- matrix(Cq_SDM[, "Cq"], nrow=length(dilution), ncol=3, byrow=TRUE)
Below, we arbitarily selected a non-template control (negative) and an unknown sample (positive) (two out of 24 amplification curves) for the presentation of the coefficients that were calculated from the raw amplication curve data.
| A01~NTC_RNase PntcRNase P~Run001 | A05~pop1_RNase PunknRNase P~Run001 | |
|---|---|---|
| eff | NA | 1.01020429599186 |
| resVar | NA | 7.27e-06 |
| AICc | NA | -347.935408836544 |
| AIC | NA | -351.435408836544 |
| Rsq | NA | 0.999986082849537 |
| Rsq.ad | NA | 0.999983552458544 |
| cpD1 | NA | 32.13 |
| cpD2 | NA | 28.3 |
| cpE | NA | NA |
| cpR | NA | NA |
| cpT | NA | NA |
| Cy0 | NA | 24.95 |
| cpCQ | NA | NA |
| cpMR | NA | NA |
| fluo | NA | 0.669107426735924 |
| init1 | NA | 0.641678574633849 |
| init2 | NA | 0.519380971518155 |
| cf | NA | NA |
We now use our calculated Cq values from the dilutions steps (625, 1250, 2500, 5000, 10^{4}) to determine the efficiency from the calibration curve. According to the StepOne software, the amplification efficiency is approx. 93.9%. To confirm these results, the effcalc
function was employed to determine the coefficients of the calibration curve.
The following few lines are needed to calculate the amplication efficiency based on the previously calculated Cq values.
# Load the chipPCR package
library(chipPCR)
# Use the effcalc function from the chipPCR package to calculate the amplification
# efficiency and store the results in the object res_efficiency
res_efficiency <- effcalc(dilution[-c(1:3)], Cq_values[-c(1:3), ], logx=TRUE)
# Use the %>% function from the magrittr package to plot the results (res_efficiency)
# from the effcalc function
res_efficiency %>% plot(., CI=TRUE, ylab="Cq (SDM)",
main="Second Derivative Maximum Method")
The amplification efficiency estimated with the customized function was 94.7%, which is comparable to the value reported in the stepone_std.rdml
file.
# Combine the sample labels and the Cq values as calculate by the Second
# Derivative Maximum Method (cpD2).
sample_Cq <- data.frame(sample=c("ntc", "unk",
10000, 5000, 2500, 1250, 625),
Cq_values)
# Print table of all Cq values
# Use the kable function from the knitr package to print a table
knitr::kable(sample_Cq, caption="Cq values as calculate by the Second Derivative
Maximum Method (cpD2). ntc, non-template control. unk, unknown sample. X1, X2
and X3 are the Cq values from a triplicate measurement.")
| sample | X1 | X2 | X3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| ntc | NA | NA | NA |
| unk | 28.38 | 28.30 | 28.42 |
| 10000 | 27.39 | 27.38 | 27.30 |
| 5000 | 26.21 | 26.20 | 26.24 |
| 2500 | 27.28 | 27.32 | 27.32 |
| 1250 | 28.38 | 28.41 | 28.33 |
| 625 | 29.42 | 29.47 | 29.54 |
knitr::kable(res_efficiency, caption="Analysis of the amplification efficiency.
The table reports the concentration-depentent average Cq values from three
replicates per dilution step. In addition, the standard deviation (SD) and the
Coefficient of Variation (RSD [%]) are presented. The results indicate that the
data basis for the calibration curve is valid.")
| Concentration | Location (Mean) | Deviation (SD) | Coefficient of Variance (RSD [%]) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3.69897 | 26.21667 | 0.0208167 | 0.0007940 |
| 3.39794 | 27.30667 | 0.0230940 | 0.0008457 |
| 3.09691 | 28.37333 | 0.0404145 | 0.0014244 |
| 2.79588 | 29.47667 | 0.0602771 | 0.0020449 |
The Cq values (28.38, 28.3, 28.42) from the unknown sample unk
had an average Cq of 28.37 ± 0.06.
Gehlenborg, Nils, Michael S. Noble, Gad Getz, Lynda Chin, and Peter J. Park. 2013. “Nozzle: A Report Generation Toolkit for Data Analysis Pipelines.” Bioinformatics 29 (8): 1089–91. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btt085.
Guescini, Michele, Davide Sisti, Marco BL Rocchi, Laura Stocchi, and Vilberto Stocchi. 2008. “A New Real-Time PCR Method to Overcome Significant Quantitative Inaccuracy Due to Slight Amplification Inhibition.” BMC Bioinformatics 9 (1): 326. doi:10.1186/1471-2105-9-326.
Ritz, Christian, and Andrej-Nikolai Spiess. 2008. “qpcR: An R Package for Sigmoidal Model Selection in Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis.” Bioinformatics 24 (13): 1549–51. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btn227.
Rödiger, Stefan, Michał Burdukiewicz, and Peter Schierack. 2015. “chipPCR: an R package to pre-process raw data of amplification curves.” Bioinformatics 31 (17): 2900–2902. https://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/content/31/17/2900.abstract.
Ruijter, Jan M., Michael W. Pfaffl, Sheng Zhao, Andrej N. Spiess, Gregory Boggy, Jochen Blom, Robert G. Rutledge, et al. 2013. “Evaluation of qPCR Curve Analysis Methods for Reliable Biomarker Discovery: Bias, Resolution, Precision, and Implications.” Methods 59 (1): 32–46. doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2012.08.011.
Wickham, Hadley. 2009. Ggplot2 - Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. New York, NY: Springer New York. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-0-387-98141-3.


|
||||||||||
| PREV CLASS NEXT CLASS | FRAMES NO FRAMES | |||||||||
| SUMMARY: NESTED | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD | DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD |
java.lang.Object net.parallaxed.bluejam.SequenceParameters
public class SequenceParameters
Currently, custom tree parameters aren't supported, so this default instantiation should cover the basics.
| Field Summary | |
|---|---|
boolean |
Changed
Has this SequenceParameters object been changed recently? |
JamParamters |
Jam
The JamParameters for the current sequence. |
int |
length
The number of whole notes in this Sequence. |
| Constructor Summary | |
|---|---|
SequenceParameters()
Trivial SequenceParameters constructor. |
|
SequenceParameters(JamParamters jam)
Initializes a set of SequenceParameters with the passed JamParameters |
| Method Summary | |
|---|---|
int |
beatCount()
The nominator of the time signature - the number of beat units per bar. |
int |
beatUnit()
The beat unit is the denominator of the time signature. |
java.lang.String |
timeSignature()
|
void |
timeSignature(java.lang.String timeSignature)
Time signature is parsed to set the private variables |
| Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object |
|---|
clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait |
| Field Detail |
|---|
public volatile boolean Changed
public JamParamters Jam
public int length
| Constructor Detail |
|---|
public SequenceParameters(JamParamters jam)
jam
- The JamParameters defining rootPitch, scale, etc.public SequenceParameters()
| Method Detail |
|---|
public int beatUnit()
public int beatCount()
public void timeSignature(java.lang.String timeSignature)
public java.lang.String timeSignature()
|
||||||||||
| PREV CLASS NEXT CLASS | FRAMES NO FRAMES | |||||||||
| SUMMARY: NESTED | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD | DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD |


MulensModel.modelparameters module¶
-
MulensModel.modelparameters.
which_parameters
(*args)¶ Prints information on valid parameter combinations that can be used to define a model or a particular effect. May be called with no arguments (returns information on many types of models) or with one argument referring to a specific model (e.g. PSPL) or effect (e.g. parallax).
- Valid arguments: str
Model types: ‘PSPL’, ‘FSPL’, ‘PSBL’, ‘FSBL’
Effects: ‘point lens’, ‘binary lens’, ‘finite source’, ‘parallax’, ‘lens orbital motion’
-
class
MulensModel.modelparameters.
ModelParameters
(parameters)¶ Bases:
object
A class for the basic microlensing model parameters (t_0, u_0, t_E, rho, s, q, alpha, pi_E). Can handle point lens or binary lens. The pi_E assumes NE coordinates (Parallel, Perpendicular coordinates are not supported).
- Arguments :
- parameters: dictionary
A dictionary of parameters and their values. See
which_parameters()
for valid parameter combinations.
- Attributes :
- parameters: dictionary
A dictionary of parameters and their values. Do not use it to change parameter values, instead use e.g.:
model_parameters.u_0 = 0.1
orsetattr(model_parameters, 'u_0', 0.1)
.
- Example:
- Define a point lens model:
params = ModelParameters({'t_0': 2450000., 'u_0': 0.3, 't_E': 35.})
- Then you can print the parameters:
print(params)
-
property
t_0
¶ float
The time of minimum projected separation between the source and the lens center of mass.
-
property
u_0
¶ float
The minimum projected separation between the source and the lens center of mass.
-
property
t_star
¶ float
t_star = rho * t_E = source radius crossing time
“day” is the default unit. Can be set as float or astropy.Quantity, but always returns float in units of days.
-
property
t_eff
¶ float
t_eff = u_0 * t_E = effective timescale
“day” is the default unit. Can be set as float or astropy.Quantity, but always returns float in units of days.
-
property
t_E
¶ float
The Einstein timescale. “day” is the default unit. Can be set as float or astropy.Quantity, but always returns float in units of days.
-
property
rho
¶ float
source size as a fraction of the Einstein radius
-
property
alpha
¶ astropy.Quantity
The angle of the source trajectory relative to the binary lens axis (or primary-secondary axis). Measured counterclockwise, i.e., according to convention advocated by Skowron et al. 2011 (ApJ, 738, 87), but shifted by 180 deg. May be set as a float –> assumes “deg” is the default unit. Regardless of input value, returns value in degrees.
-
property
q
¶ float
mass ratio of the two lens components. Only 2 bodies allowed.
-
property
s
¶ float
separation of the two lens components relative to Einstein ring size
-
property
pi_E
¶ list of floats
The microlensing parallax vector. Must be set as a vector/list (i.e. [pi_E_N, pi_E_E]). To get the magnitude of pi_E, use pi_E_mag
-
property
pi_E_N
¶ float
The North component of the microlensing parallax vector.
-
property
pi_E_E
¶ float
The East component of the microlensing parallax vector.
-
property
t_0_par
¶ float
The reference time for the calculation of parallax. If not set explicitly, then it is assumed t_0_par = t_0.
Note that this is a reference value and not the fitting parameter. It is best to fix it at the begin of calculations.
-
property
pi_E_mag
¶ float
The magnitude of the microlensing parallax vector.
-
property
x_caustic_in
¶ float
Curvelinear coordinate (in Cassan (2008) parameterization) of caustic entrance for a static binary lens model. See
UniformCausticSampling
.
-
property
x_caustic_out
¶ float
Curvelinear coordinate (in Cassan (2008) parameterization) of caustic exit for a static binary lens model. See
UniformCausticSampling
.
-
property
t_caustic_in
¶ float
Epoch of caustic entrance for a static binary lens model in Cassan (2008) parameterization) See
UniformCausticSampling
.
-
property
t_caustic_out
¶ float
Epoch of caustic exit for a static binary lens model in Cassan (2008) parameterization) See
UniformCausticSampling
.
-
property
ds_dt
¶ astropy.Quantity
Change rate of separation
s
in 1/year. Can be set as AstroPy.Quantity or as float (1/year is assumed default unit). Regardless of input value, returns value in 1/year.
-
property
dalpha_dt
¶ astropy.Quantity
Change rate of angle
alpha
in deg/year. Can be set as AstroPy.Quantity or as float (deg/year is assumed default unit). Regardless of input value, returns value in deg/year.
-
property
t_0_kep
¶ float
The reference time for the calculation of lens orbital motion. If not set explicitly, then it is assumed t_0_kep = t_0.
Note that this is a reference value and not the fitting parameter. It is best to fix it at the begin of calculations.
-
property
t_0_1
¶ float
The time of minimum projected separation between the source no. 1 and the lens center of mass.
-
property
t_0_2
¶ float
The time of minimum projected separation between the source no. 2 and the lens center of mass.
-
property
u_0_1
¶ float
The minimum projected separation between the source no. 1 and the lens center of mass.
-
property
u_0_2
¶ float
The minimum projected separation between the source no. 2 and the lens center of mass.
-
property
t_star_1
¶ float
t_star_1 = rho_1 * t_E_1 = source no. 1 radius crossing time
“day” is the default unit. Can be set as float or astropy.Quantity, but always returns float in units of days.
-
property
t_star_2
¶ float
t_star_2 = rho_2 * t_E_2 = source no. 2 radius crossing time
“day” is the default unit. Can be set as float or astropy.Quantity, but always returns float in units of days.
-
property
rho_1
¶ float
source no. 1 size as a fraction of the Einstein radius
-
property
rho_2
¶ float
source no. 2 size as a fraction of the Einstein radius
-
get_s
(epoch)¶ Returns the value of separation
s
at a given epoch or epochs (if orbital motion parameters are set).- Arguments :
- epoch: float, list, np.ndarray
The time(s) at which to calculate
s
.
- Returns :
- separation: float or np.ndarray
Value(s) of separation for given epochs.
-
get_alpha
(epoch)¶ Returns the value of angle
alpha
at a given epoch or epochs (if orbital motion parameters are set).- Arguments :
- epoch: float, list, np.ndarray
The time(s) at which to calculate
alpha
.
- Returns :
- separation: astropy.Quantity
Value(s) of angle for given epochs in degrees
-
property
gamma_parallel
¶ astropy.Quantity
Parallel component of instantaneous velocity of the secondary relative to the primary in 1/year. It is parallel to the primary-secondary axis. Equals
ds_dt
/s
. Cannot be set.
-
property
gamma_perp
¶ astropy.Quantity
Perpendicular component of instantaneous velocity of the secondary relative to the primary. It is perpendicular to the primary-secondary axis. It has sign opposite to
dalpha_dt
and is in rad/yr, not deg/yr. Cannot be set.
-
property
gamma
¶ astropy.Quantity
Instantaneous velocity of the secondary relative to the primary in 1/year. Cannot be set.
-
is_finite_source
()¶ Checks if model has finite source. For binary source models it checks if either of the sources is finite.
- Returns:
- is_finite_source: boolean
True if at least one source has finite size.
-
is_static
()¶ Checks if model is static, i.e., orbital motion parameters are not set.
- Returns :
- is_static: boolean
True if dalpha_dt or ds_dt are set.
-
property
n_lenses
¶ int
number of objects in the lens system
-
property
n_sources
¶ int
number of luminous sources; it’s possible to be 1 for xallarap model
-
property
source_1_parameters
¶ -
Parameters of source 1 in multi-source model.
Do not change returned values. To change parameters of the source 1, simply change the parameters of double source instance.
-
property
source_2_parameters
¶ -
Parameters of source 2 in multi-source model.
Do not change returned values. To change parameters of the source 1, simply change the parameters of double source instance.
-
property
uniform_caustic_sampling
¶ -
An instance of the class
UniformCausticSampling
that is used to calculate standard parameters based on the curvelinear coordinates. The main usage is access to the jacobian() function. In most cases, you do not need to access this property directly.
-
as_dict
()¶ Give parameters as a dict.
- Returns :
- dictionary: dict
The dictionary of model parameters.


{% extends "base.html" %} {% load assets %} {% block title %}Uploaded plugins{% endblock %} {% load breadcrumbs %} {% block breadcrumbs %} {% breadcrumb 'Plugins' %} {% breadcrumb 'Uploaded' %} {% endblock %} {% block content %}
Here you can view and manage plugins which you have uploaded.
To prevent the miss-use of the versioning system and breaking plugin URLs, you are only allowed to change a small subset of fields.


Welcome to Cloudtopus
Begin by selecting a module
Dashboard
Overview of students and teams. Provides statistics of students' progression.
Student Management
View different sections from different courses. Contains students' invidual data.
{% if course_section_count == 1 %}
{% for course_title,course_sectionDetails in request.session.courseList_updated.items %}
{% endfor %}
{% else %}
{% endif %}
Course Management
To setup courses based on enrolled student list, student teams and cloud learning tools.
IT Operations Lab
Monitoring of students' IT infrastructure and applications, sending of events.
{% if ITOpsLab_count == 1 %}
{% for course_title,course_sectionDetails in request.session.courseList_ITOpsLab.items %}
{% endfor %}
{% else %}
{% endif %}
Telegram Management
Create Telegram groups, broadcast channels and interact with students.
{% if course_section_count == 1 %}
{% for course_title,course_sectionDetails in request.session.courseList_updated.items %}
{% endfor %}
{% else %}
{% endif %}


The initiative in the Under-17 league match between Aurora Desio and Sovicese was in response to a 10-year-old Desio player allegedly being racially abused by the mother of an opponent in a junior match between the two teams.
The players also had the message "the only race I know is the human one" on their shirts during Saturday's match, while there were special armbands for the captains and the slogan "VAR -- Vietato ai Razzisti" (forbidden to racists).
The match was played in Desio, about 15 kilometres (nine miles) north of Milan.
The black youngster continued playing after hearing the alleged slur last Saturday but reported the incident to his coach and parents after the match.


The Ghanaian culture cannot be considered a uniform one. Rather, it consists of hundreds of different ethnic influences and tribes who speak their own dialects and their own languages, having different cultural backgrounds. However, the different Ghanaian ethnic groups largely share one common belief: the naming of their children.
Akan names are derived from Ghanian culture. Frequently in Ghana, children are given their first name as a 'day name' which corresponds to the day in the week they were born.For females, matching is as follows; Akosua,Monday: Adwoa,Tuesday: Abenaa, Wednesday: Akua Thursday: Yaa,Friday: Afua,Saturday: Ama, while for males, matching is as follows:Sunday: Kwasi,Monday: Kwadwo,Tuesday: Kwabena,Wednesday: Kwaku,Thursday: Yaw,Friday: Kofi,Saturday: Kwame.


Hi. My name is Mengdie Lin and I go by Ivy. I am a first-year master student from the School of Information, University of Michigan specialized in Human-computer Interaction (HCI). Before that, I studied computer science at the University of Nottingham (two wonderful years in Ningbo, China and another two in Nottingham, UK).
I am a tech advancer and a user experience designer. Besides developing software to serve people's needs, I care about how people think of and interact with technologies. I am excited about exploring emerging technologies such as AR/VR, automobiles, smart homes but also dedicated to improving experience around websites, mobile applications and online services used on daily basis. I believe that technologies could better facilitate human activities and bring real convenience and joy. I wish more people enjoy technologies, and enjoy it more.
Besides the professional side of me, I am a person born with curiosity. You may find me always trying and learning new things. I fill my stomach with delicious food from different areas and feed my brain with articles, books, music, movies and stories from strangers. I love travelling and has been to nine countries. I love jogging and have completed a half marathon last year. I am also a cat owner :p


| CONTENTS |
Unix users are given unique usernames and also added to one or more Unix groups (Section 49.7). Both a user and a group own all content within a system. If you list information about a file, you'll see both user and group ownership:
> ls -l -rw-r--r-- 1 root weblog.burningbi 32230 May 22 13:58 access_log -rw-r----- 1 shelleyp weblog.burningbi 3995 May 12 11:08 analog.cfg -rw-r--r-- 1 root weblog.burningbi 0 May 22 12:01 error_log
In this listing, the users are root and shelleyp, and the group (truncated) is weblog.burningbird.net.
You're assigned a primary group when you're added to a system. In addition, you can also be assigned to one or more secondary groups. Depending on the type of Unix system, you can either work with files that are owned by any one of the groups you belong to or you can work with files of your primary group only.
BSD-based Unix systems allow you to work with files from primary and secondary groups; this includes Darwin as well as the popular PC-based BSD systems, FreeBSD, and OpenBSD. System V systems restrict you to working with a primary group only.
For the majority of Unix systems, user and group membership is controlled through a couple of files, passwd and group, stored in the /etc directory. This directory has root write access only, but read and execute access by all users.
SP
A user is added to the system when they're given an entry in the passwd file, as in the following entry:
mike:*:1007:1007:Mike User:/usr/home/mike:/usr/local/bin/bash
The elements, delimited by colons that make up this record, are:
Name used to login to system
Encrypted password, asterisk symbolizing bad password or use of shadow file, or exclamation point (!) to signify that the password is in /etc/security/passwd or in /etc/master.passwd in FreeBSD systems
Unique user identifier
ID of group that will be primary group for user
General text holding name, address, and so on
In the example, "mike" has a UID of 1007, belongs to group 1007, has a home directory in /usr/home/mike, and logs into a bash shell. In this FreeBSD system, the password is stored in a separate shadow file.
Usernames are usually no more than 8 characters, though this differs based on type of system. Usernames consist of alphanumeric characters and are case-sensitive. Case sensitivity also applies with passwords, which can be longer and use other characters.
The UID must be unique, as would be expected. When a new user is added, the next available UID is usually used, but there's no restriction on having gaps or using order with UIDs. However, if the Unix box is part of a network, it is essential that the person's UID be unique across the network. The same constraints apply to the group ID: in most cases a new group ID equal to the UID is assigned the person. Addition to other groups occurs after the person is added to the system.
The UID of 0 (zero) is the superuser, root. The GID of 0 (zero) is wheel, the superuser group.
The user's name, address, office location, etc. can be included in the comment field, and the default home directory (created before adding the user) and person's startup shell is added to the record.
Adding users varies widely between systems. Apple's Darwin uses a separate system called NetInfo, an open source application (available at http://sourceforge.net/projects/netinfo4unix/) to manage users, groups, directories, and so on. A daemon uses information from NetInfo to control user access; the user "flat files," as passwd and group are known in this system, are used only in single-user environments.
In Linux, Solaris, and other systems, the process of adding a user is simplified with a utility, adduser (or useradd). The simple form of the utility is:
# adduser username
The utility is called with the username of the new user. Based on the system, the user is then added with defaults or you're interactively asked for more information. Or you can specify information on the command line that's used to create the user.
In Red Hat Linux, adduser is an alias for useradd. Default values are used for each user, such as a home location of /home/username and a default shell (bash), unless specified otherwise on the command line. In the following example, a new user, testuser, is added. Command-line options are used to override the default information:
# useradd -c "Test User" -d /home/local/testuser -G 501, 502 -p changepassword -s /bin/bash -e 2002-05-24
In this example, -c is used to add a username comment (the user's full name), -G specifies what groups to add the person to, -p adds a password, -s sets the person's default shell, and -e specifies that the username expires on a certain date. The person is added to their own group 503 in this example. To override this I would use the -g command-line parameter the -G only adds the person to additional groups, it doesn't override default behavior.
Within Mac OS X, user and group management is handled through Netinfo. Find out more about Netinfo at http://www.opensource.apple.com/projects/documentation/howto/html/netinfo.html. The command-line utility to add a user via Netinfo is niutil. An example of its use is:
shelleyp% niutil-create//users/newbie
Use the system's manpages to see if useradd or adduser is installed and the command line parameters supported.
SP
If a person forgets their password, it's easy for root to reset it using passwd, but what happens if you forget root's password?
Depending on the security implemented for a system, you can log in to single user mode and then use passwd to reset the root password. Or you can manually edit the password file to remove the password for root. Once you reboot and login to the system as root, you can then use passwd to change the password to something more restrictive.
In Redhat Linux, access single-user mode by typing linux single at the boot prompt. In Solaris, enter single-user mode by pressing STOP-a and then typing boot-s at the prompt. FreeBSD boots in this mode by booting with the -s option and then mounting the file system in read/write mode. Check your system documentation to see how to do this for your particular flavor of Unix.
This approach works only if the system doesn't password-protect single-user mode. However, if you have access to the physical machine and the installation disks, booting with the install disk will usually allow you access to the partitions. Once you have this access, edit the password file and remove the root password.
As an example, Debian requires a password in single-user mode. To reset the root password with Debian, put the installation disk into the machine and boot. Mount the /root partition and manually edit the shadow file, setting the password to a blank password. After rebooting into the system, reset the password using passwd.
SP
You can use the umask command to set the default mode for newly created files. Its argument is a three-digit numeric mode that represents the access to be inhibited masked out when a file is created. Thus, the value it wants is the octal complement of the numeric file mode you want. To determine this, you simply figure out the numeric equivalent for the file mode you want and then subtract it from 777. For example, to get the mode 751 by default, compute 777-751 = 026; this is the value you give to umask.
% umask 026
Once this command is executed, all future files created will be given this protection automatically. System administrators can put a umask command in the system initialization file to set a default for all users.
You can set your own umask in your shell setup files to override defaults.
AF
If you work on a Unix system with lots of users, you may be taking advantage of Unix group permissions to let users in one group write to files in a directory, but not let people in other groups write there.
How does Unix determine what group should own the files you create? There are (at least!) two ways:
The effective group ID of the process determines the ownership of the files you create. (Your effective GID is your primary group membership unless you're running a SGID program.)
The group that owns the directory in which you create the file owns files.
The system administrator decides which of the methods a filesystem will use for group ownership. There are other wrinkles, too. A good place to look for the gory details is your system's open manpage help, but it's probably easier to just create an empty new file and then check the group ownership with ls -l or -lg.
You may be able to use the directory's set group ID (setgid) bit to control group ownership. In those cases, if the bit is set, the rule in point 2 applies. If the bit is not set, the rule in point 1 applies. To set and remove the setgid bit, use the commands chmod g+s and chmod g-s, respectively.
> chmod g+s mt.pl > ls -l mt.pl -rwxr-sr-x 1 shelleyp shelleyp 1939 Apr 28 22:55 mt.pl
You can use the chgrp command to change a file's group.
> chgrp wheel mt.pl > ls -l mt.pl -rwxr-xr-x 1 shelleyp wheel 1939 Apr 28 22:55 mt.pl
However, you must own the file, and you must also be a member of the file's new group. If you've reset directory mode bits, it's possible to wind up with ls -l permissions that have an uppercase S, like drwxr-S. What's that? (It's often a mistake.) The directory's setgid bit is set, but the execute bit isn't set. If you want the directory to be group-accessible, add execute permission with chmod g+x. Otherwise, you may want to clear the setgid bit with chmod g-s.
JP, SP
Group membership is an important part of Unix security. All users are members of one or more groups, as determined by their entries in /etc/passwd and the /etc/group files.
To find the GID number of your primary group, grep your entry in /etc/passwd:
> grep shelleyp /etc/passwd shelleyp:*:1000:1000:Shelley Powers:/usr/home/shelleyp:/bin/tcsh</screen>
The fourth field (the second number) is your primary group ID. Look up this number in the /etc/group file:
> grep 1000 /etc/group > shelleyp:*:1000:
On my FreeBSD system, my primary group is a group of which I'm the only member, shelleyp. Therefore, when I log in, my group ID is set to 1000.
To see what other groups you belong to, use the groups command if your Unix version has it. If not, you can get groups from the Free Software Directory at http://www.gnu.org/directory/index.html. Otherwise, look for your name in /etc/group:
> grep shelleyp /etc/group wheel:*:0:root,shelleyp webadmin:*:900:shelleyp,burningbird ftpadmin:*:901:shelleyp,burningbird mailadmin:*:903:shelleyp,burningbird sysadmin:*:905:shelleyp,burningbird pkgadmin:*:906:shelleyp,burningbird shelleyp:*:1000:
In the output, you can see that I'm a member of several groups, including wheel, webadmin, and so on. These are my secondary groups. The output also shows that the user "burningbird" is also a member of several of the same groups as myself.
On BSD-derived Unix systems (OpenBSD, FreeBSD, Darwin, and so on), you're always a member of all your groups. This means that I can access files that are owned by webadmin, wheel, and so on, without doing anything in particular. Under System V Unix, you can only be "in" one group at a time, even though you can be a member of several.
Within System V and Linux, if you need to access files that are owned by another group, use the newgrp command to change your primary group:
> newgrp groupname
The newgrp command starts a subshell. When you're done, type exit to leave the subshell. newgrp can be important for another reason: your primary group may own any new files you create. So newgrp is useful on any system where you want to set your group (for creating files, for example, when you aren't using a directory that sets its own group). If you can't use newgrp, the chgrp command will change a file's group owner.
The ls -l command shows a file's owner (and, in many versions, the filefs group too; if yours doesn't, add the -g option). The GNU ls -nl option shows a file's numeric UID and GID instead of the username and group name:
$ ls -l total 38 -rw-r--r-- 1 root weblog.burningbi 33922 May 23 13:52 access_log -rw-r----- 1 shelleyp weblog.burningbi 3995 May 12 11:08 analog.cfg -rw-r--r-- 1 root weblog.burningbi 0 May 23 12:01 error_log $ ls -ln total 37 -rw-r--r-- 1 0 501 32890 May 23 13:50 access_log -rw-r----- 1 1000 501 3995 May 12 11:08 analog.cfg -rw-r--r-- 1 0 501 0 May 23 12:01 error_log
(System V-based Unixes even let you change to groups that you don't belong to. In this case, you have to give a group password. Group passwords are rarely used: usually the password field is filled with a *, which effectively says that there are no valid passwords for this group.)
On most systems, there are groups for major projects or departments, groups for system administration, and maybe one or two groups for visitors. BSD-based systems often have a wheel group; to become root, you must belong to wheel. Many systems make terminals writable only by the owner and a special group named tty; this prevents other users from sending characters to your terminal without using an approved setgid program like write.
JP, SP
Usually, Unix group access allows a group of users to access a directory or file that they couldn't otherwise access. You can turn this around, though, with groups that deny permission.
This trick works only on Unix systems, like BSD (FreeBSD, Darwin, OpenBSD, and so on), that let a user belong to more than one group at the same time.
For example, you might work on a computer that has some proprietary files and software that "guest" accounts shouldn't be able to use. Everyone else on the computer should have access. To do this, put the software in a directory owned by a group named something like deny. Then use chmod to deny permission to that group:
# chmod 705 /usr/local/somedir # ls -lgd /usr/local/somedir drwx---r-x 2 root deny 512 Mar 26 12:14 /usr/local/somedir
Finally, add the guest accounts to the deny group.
Unix checks permissions in the order user-group-other. The first applicable permission is the one used, even if it denies permission rather than grant it. In this case, none of the guest accounts are root (we hope!).
They're members of the group called deny, however; that permission (---) is checked and the group members are shut out. Other users who aren't members of deny are checked for "other" access (r-x); they can get into the directory.
The same setup works for individual files (like programs). Just be careful about changing system programs that are SUID or SGID.
JIK
Scripts may need to run within a root environment but be executed by system users other than root. To allow a nonroot user or group of users executable access of the script, its SUID or SGID bit can be set.
The SUID bit is set using the following command:
chmod u+s somefile
Running ls -l on the file afterwards displays the following (within FreeBSD):
-rwSr--r-- 1 root somegroup 7219 Oct 29 2001 somefile
Now, any user can execute the file, and the file runs with root permissions.
A more restricted version of SUID is SGID, set as follows:
-rwx-r-Sr-- 1 root somegroup 7219 Oct 29 2001 somefile
Users belong to the specified group, somegroup, can execute the file now, and it runs with root permissions.
As handy as SUID and SGID scripts are, they are also dangerous. For instance, SUID scripts are considered so dangerous that the Linux kernel won't even honor them. This is because environmental variables are easily manipulated within scripts, particularly C shell scripts, as discussed in Section 50.9. And since the scripts can be run by anybody, and run as root, they represent extreme points of vulnerability.
To see where you have SUID and SGID scripts, use the following command (pulled from the Linux Security HOWTO document at http://www.cpmc.columbia.edu/misc/docs/linux/security-howto.html):
find / -type f \( -perm -04000 -o -perm -02000 \)
To do a thorough scan, you need to have root permissions.
You'll be surprised at the number of applications returned from the search. Among those in my FreeBSD system were:
/usr/virtual/share/usr/sbin/pstat /usr/virtual/share/usr/sbin/swapinfo /usr/virtual/share/usr/sbin/sliplogin /usr/virtual/share/usr/sbin/timedc /usr/virtual/share/usr/sbin/traceroute
However, a quick check shows that the files sharable across different FreeBSD installations are all SGID: not as dangerous as SUID files long as the group is restricted.
SP
You don't have to login as a specific user you can login as yourself and then issue a su command to login as another person.
Invoke su with a username and you'll be prompted for that person's password. If you invoke su without a username, the system logs you in as root and asks you for root's password. Without passing in any other flags, you'll be logged in with your environment variables, except for HOME, SHELL, and USER. If you want to emulate the full environment of the user for debugging purposes or whatever use the -l flag with su:
bash-2.04$ su -l Password:
Using su to emulate another person's account is an effective debugging solution if you're trying to determine why a person is having problems accessing an application. In addition, it's also an effective way of logging into root without logging in from a console or remotely from another machine or terminal.
You exit the su shell by typing exit or hitting CTRL-d.
SP, JP
The easiest way to allow a cracker into your system is to provide external root login access. In particular, if you allow root access through an unprotected and open protocol such as telnet, you're almost guaranteeing that your Unix box is going to be violated at some point.
To prevent this, most Unix systems don't allow remote login into the system as root. Instead, you log in under another username and then su to root once you're within the system.
Disabling root access differs between systems. If your box has an /etc/securetty file, this lists ttys that allow root access. Removing this file or removing its contents will disable root access.
In Solaris, a line within /etc/default/login file is commented out if remote root login is allowed:
#CONSOLE=/dev/console
Uncomment the line to allow root access through the system console. To completely disable console access, remove the /dev/console from the line:
CONSOLE=
SP
You may not want to give people access to the root password just to give them access to specific superuser powers. In cases such as this, you should consider using sudo an application that enables specified users to execute applications that normally require root privileges.
The sudo application isn't installed by default on all systems, but it is available for most. You can find out if it's installed on your system by typing sudo at the command line. If it isn't installed, check online for versions that run on your machine. The application's home is at http://www.courtesan.com/sudo/index.html.
The sudo configuration file is called sudoers and is installed in the /etc subdirectory. In Darwin, the default sudoers file has the following settings:
root ALL=(ALL) ALL %admin ALL=(ALL) ALL
In the file, root has open access to all applications. In addition, all members of the admin group (equivalent to wheel within Darwin) can also run all commands.
Without getting into too much detail (an online sudoers manual is at http://www.courtesan.com/sudo/man/sudoers.html), the sudoers file can consist of a set of aliases, used to define groups of people, commands, hosts, or run as options. It then defines rules by which specific users or group of users can run specific commands. There are four types of aliases:
List of specific users
List of users to emulate
List of servers
Command list
Examples of aliases are:
User_Alias SYSADMINS = shelleyp, mike, tomd Runas_Alias OP = root Host_Alias BB = burningbird Cmnd_Alias SU = /usr/bin/su
Following the aliases are override rules in reference to system defaults. For instance, warnings and "lectures" can be attached to certain commands to ensure that people are aware of the repercussions of their actions. However, people who are sysadmins shouldn't be subjected to these rules; the lectures can be turned off for them:
Defaults:SYSADMINS !lecture
Neither aliases nor default overriding rules are required in the sudoers file. The only statements that are required are the command rules. In the Darwin file, the rules allowed root and admin access of all commands. Other rules that can be created are:
# sysadmins can run all commands, without password SYSADMINS ALL = NOPASSWD: ALL # chris can run anything on the burningbird machine as OP (root) chris BB = (OP) ALL # joe can run SU on burningbird as root joe BB = (root) SU
To edit the sudoers file, you use a specialized editing tool, visudo (see manual at http://www.courtesan.com/sudo/man/visudo.html), while logged in as root. The editor prevents collision between multiple authors and also verifies the correctness of the edits.
To work with sudo (manual at http://www.courtesan.com/sudo/man/sudo.html), type sudo and the command you want to exit:
% sudo vi test
Depending on your setup, you'll get a warning or a password prompt, or the command will fail or execute.
One interesting side effect of sudo is that if you allow root access to an application that has shell escape, such as vi, you are indirectly giving that person access to a root shell. Use sudo with caution.
SP
The majority of Mac OS X users are never going to access the built-in Unix Terminal and never directly access the Darwin core of the operating system. Instead, they'll work within the GUI. However, Mac OS X developers and superusers will operate directly with Darwin quite extensively, and at times, they'll need to have root access.
By default, root access in Darwin is disabled. Trying to use su to change to root within the Terminal will fail. You have to enable root first using NetInfo.
To enable root within Mac OS X, access the Go menu option of Finder, and double-click on Applications. When the Applications window opens, double-click on the Utilities folder. In this folder, select and open NetInfo.
When NetInfo opens, select the Domain menu item and then Security. You'll need to authenticate yourself to the system first by selecting the Authenticate submenu option. Once you provide a password (and the system determines you have the authority to enable or disable root), accessing the Security menu again will show a newly enabled option: Enable Root User. Clicking on this enables root. However, you'll need to reauthenticate one more time to ensure the change goes through.
Once root is enabled for the system, it stays enabled until you disable it again. With root enabled, you'll be able to use su to login as root.
SP
You can temporarily disable logins by creating an entry in /etc/nologin (Section 3.1) and copying a message to this location. When a user attempts to log in, he will get this message and the system will prevent entry.
SP
| CONTENTS |


| 021:074 Khan | : |
And (remember) Lout (Lot), We gave him Hukman (right judgement of the affairs and Prophethood) and (religious) knowledge, and We saved him from the town (folk) who practised Al-Khaba'ith (evil, wicked and filthy deeds, etc.). Verily, they were a people given to evil, and were Fasiqun (rebellious, disobedient, to Allah). |
| 021:074 Maulana | : |
And to Lot We gave wisdom and knowledge, and We delivered him from the town which wrought abomination. Surely they were an evil people, transgressors; |
| 021:074 Pickthal | : |
And unto Lot we gave judgment and knowledge, and We delivered him from the community that did abominations. Lo! they were folk of evil, lewd. |
| 021:074 Rashad | : |
As for Lot, we granted him wisdom and knowledge, and we saved him from the community that practiced abominations; they were wicked and evil people. |
| 021:074 Sarwar | : |
To Lot We gave knowledge and wisdom and saved him from the people of the town who were committing indecent acts. They were certainly a bad and sinful people. |
| 021:074 Shakir | : |
And (as for) Lut, We gave him wisdom and knowledge, and We delivered him from the town which wrought abominations; surely they were an evil people, transgressors; |
| 021:074 Sherali | : |
And to Lot WE gave wisdom and knowledge. And WE saved him from the city which practised abominations. They were indeed a wicked and rebellious people. |
| 021:074 Yusufali | : |
And to Lut, too, We gave Judgment and Knowledge, and We saved him from the town which practised abominations: truly they were a people given to Evil, a rebellious people. |
Concepts/Themes Covered:
This tool uses eight English parallel translations for the Holy Quran imported from Mr. Clay Smith. You can also visit Qurany Concepts for browsing the Quran themes or topics. If you want to search the Holy Quran for keywords, please visit Qurany Keywords.


2.0 - Buttons
Clickable buttons used throughout the site.
2.1 - Default Buttons
The standard site button. This should generally be used either in navigational components, or non-action oriented buttons (ex. Cancel).
Default styling
Active
.active
Disabled
.disabled
<button class="btn btn-default {$modifiers}">Click Me!</button>
2.2 - Primary Buttons
The primary buttons should be used for action oriented buttons which do not result in direct data manipulation (ex. Login).
Default styling
Active
.active
Disabled
.disabled
<button class="btn btn-primary {$modifiers}">Click Me!</button>
2.3 - Success Buttons
Success buttons should be used for positive actions which directly manipulate data and/or conclude a process (ex. Save Updates).
Default styling
Active
.active
Disabled
.disabled
<button class="btn btn-success {$modifiers}">Click Me!</button>
2.4 - Info Buttons
Info buttons should be used in actions which don't directly manipulate data or perform actions, but rather provide context (ex. Review Record Sources).
Default styling
Active
.active
Disabled
.disabled
<button class="btn btn-info {$modifiers}">Click Me!</button>
2.5 - Warning Buttons
Warning buttons should be used when a data-manipulating action may produce results not anticipated by the user (ex. Change Username).
Default styling
Active
.active
Disabled
.disabled
<button class="btn btn-warning {$modifiers}">Click Me!</button>
2.6 - Danger Buttons
Danger buttons should be used when an irrevocable data-manipulating action will be taken (ex. Delete Account).
Default styling
Active
.active
Disabled
.disabled
<button class="btn btn-danger {$modifiers}">Click Me!</button>
2.7 - Link Buttons
Link buttons make a button look and behave like a link. They should be generally unused, and are included for completeness in this style guide.
Default styling
Active
.active
Disabled
.disabled
<button class="btn btn-link {$modifiers}">Click Me!</button>


Smart Offers is an app powered by barclays that provides real time offers based on your location and actions. You can also see special offers for yourself on a wide range of merchants and can also apply for a barclaycard if dont have one. The app is in its initial stage and will soon integrate features like Augmented Reality to further enhance customer experience.


'Pergola' Verandahs
Create an inviting open-air setting that lets light in and improves the appearance of your home. Add a functional outdoor space to shade and protect recreation areas and delicate plants.
Contact Shane on<PHONE_NUMBER>
Stratco Outback Pergola Shade Blade
The versatile Pergola provides adjustable sun-shade and protection wherever you need it. Combine it with other styles from the Stratco Outback range, or use the Sunroof on its own as an awning, pergola, verandah or patio.
Natural filtered light can be created with our innovative Pergola Shade Blade system.
Designed to attach to your pergola as an angled, fixed blade arrangement, Stratco's Pergola Shade Blade lets the light and breeze in while providing shelter from the sun. The unique blade design has a small gutter to provide protection from light rain.
For added privacy, Pergola Shade Blade can be installed as a side screen. When used as a side screen, the support post centres should be a maximum of 1.2 metres apart.
Pergola | Showcase
View some of the stunning Melbourne 'Outback Sunroof'
Verandahs, Carpots and Patios below.


CHALAMALASETTI VENKATESH
CE13B084
DUAL DEGREE,CIVIL ENGINEERING,IIT MADRAS
HomeTown
Machilipatnam
10-Class
Jawahar Public School
Intermediate
Sri Chaitanya