Dependencies
Note: nmod, neg, and punct appear in two places.
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acl
: clausal modifier of noun
acl
stands for finite and non-finite clauses that modify a nominal.
The head of the acl
relation is the noun that is modified,
and the dependent is the head of the clause that modifies the noun.
Like non-clausal adjectives, most adjectival clauses in Turkish precede the noun they modify. The only exception is the adjectival clauses formed by ki that is similar to English relative pronouns “which” or “who” (not to be confused by suffix -ki).
The primary means of subordination, including forming adjectival clauses, is through the subordinating suffixes attached to the head of the subordinate clause. The adjectival clauses formed by -ki is not as frequent and cover only a limited range uses of adjectival clauses.
Ali'nin okuduğu kitap \n The book that Ali is reading
acl(kitap, okuduğu)
Ali , ki çok kitap okur , henüz son kitabını okumamış. \n Ali, who reads a lot, hasn't read your last book yet
acl(Ali, okur)
mark(okur, ki)
Almost all adjectival clauses in Turkish are relative clauses. There are only a few marginal constructions where a pronoun referring to the modified noun can be present in the subordinate clause.
Ali , ki onu\/kendisini üç gündür görmüyorduk , evde kitap okuyormuş \n Ali, who we haven't been seeing (him\/himself) for three days, has apparently been reading books at home
acl(Ali, görmüyorduk)
mark(görmüyorduk, ki)
We currently do not mark (non-)relative clauses differently.
advcl
: adverbial clause modifier
An adverbial clause modifier is a clause which modifies a verb or other predicate (adjective, etc.), as a modifier not as a core complement. This includes things such as a temporal clause, consequence, conditional clause, purpose clause, etc. The dependent must be clausal (or else it is an advmod) and the dependent is the main predicate of the clause.
Note that we treat the conditional clauses specially and mark then with a subtype: advcl:cond.
Turkish adverbial clauses are mainly formed by a set of converbial suffixes.
Ali gelince sevindi . \n He\/she became happy when Ali arrived
advcl(sevindi, gelince)
Okurken uyuyakalmışım . \n I fell asleep while reading
advcl(uyuyakalmışım, Okurken)
The subordinator ki and a few other subordinating words may also form adverbial clauses.
Bu kitabı sen de okursun diye aldım \n I bought this book so that you would read it too
advcl(aldım, okursun)
mark(okursun, diye)
Bu kitabı aldım ki sen de okuyasın \n I bought this book so that you would read it too
advcl(aldım, okuyasın)
mark(okuyasın, ki)
Bu kitabı okudun mu herşeyi anlayacaksın \n You will understand everything once you have read this book
advcl(anlayacaksın, okudun)
mark(okudun, mu)
A large number of adverbials and adverbial clauses are formed by postpositions attached to nouns or noun clauses.
We do not mark these as adverbial (advmod
or advcl
).
For both cases we use nmod (see discussion of subordination
in tr-overview/specific-syntax).
advcl:cond
: conditional adverbial clause modifier
This relation is a subtype of advcl. It is used for conditional clauses.
Kitabı okusaydın anlardın . \n You would understand if you had read the book
advcl:cond(anlardın, okusaydın)
In Turkish conditional clauses are formed by a verbal inflection on the head of the clause. There are also two redundant words, eğer and şayet that may be included at the beginning or end of the phrase. Use of these words are only for emphasis or an early signal that a conditional clause follows. We use discourse (not mark) for marking the relation between these words and head of the conditional clause.
advmod
: adverbial modifier
An adverbial modifier of a word is a (non-clausal) adverb or adverbial phrase that serves to modify the meaning of the word.
Note that nouns in particular morphological cases, or followed by an adposition are marked using nmod even if they function as adverbial modifiers.
Çok iyi bir kitap \n A very good book
advmod(iyi, Çok)
Sürekli konuşuyorlar \n They are talking continuously
advmod(konuşuyorlar, Sürekli)
We use a special label, tr-dep/advmod:emph for adverbial modifiers that are used for emphasis.
advmod:emph
: emphasizing word, intensifier
This is a subtype of advmod. It used for (non-clausal) modifiers that emphasize or intensify their heads.
Çok da güzel bir kızmış \n She was (apparently) a very (very) beautiful girl.
admod:emph(Çok, da)
admod(güzel, Çok)
Güzel mi güzel bir kız \n A very (very,very) beautiful girl
advmod:emph(Güzel-1, mi)
Kitabı bile okumamış \n He (apparently) hasn't even read the book
admod:emph(okumamış, bile)
İlk kitabı bile okumamış \n He (apparently) hasn't read even the book
admod:emph(kitabı, bile)
amod
: adjectival modifier
An adjectival modifier of a noun is any adjectival phrase that serves to modify the meaning of the noun.
amod
is not used for all modifiers of nouns.
We use det for determiners (tagged tr-pos/DET),
and for so-called “bare noun compounds” we use compound.
Ali kırmızı şarap sever . \n Ali likes red wine
amod(şarap, kırmızı)
Kıza kırmızı bir gül verdi . \n He gave the girl a red rose .
amod(gül, kırmızı)
det(gül, bir)
Büyük tahta kapının önünde bekliyordu . \n He\/she was waiting in front of the big wooden door
amod(kapının, büyük)
compound(kapının, tahta)
appos
: appositional modifier
An appositional modifier of a noun is a nominal immediately following the first noun that serves to define or modify that noun. It includes parenthesized examples, as well as defining abbreviations in one of these structures.
Ali , en iyi arkadaşım , beni partiye davet etmedi . \n Ali, my best friend, did not invite me to the party .
appos(Ali, arkadaşım)
Devlet Tiyatroları ( DT ) \n State Theatre ( DT )
appos(Tiyatroları, DT)
appos is also used to link key-value pairs in addresses, signatures, etc. (see also the list label):
Ali Yılmaz , tel : 555-55-55 , email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>name(Ali, Yılmaz)
list(Ali, tel)
list(Ali, email)
appos(tel, 555-55-55)
appos(email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>aux
: auxiliary
An auxiliary of a clause is a non-main verb of the clause.
In Turkish two verbs, ol- and, in formal registers, bulun, complement the main verb with additional tense/aspect/modality suffixes that cannot be attached to the main verb due to morphological restrictions (or sometimes stylistic reasons).
The auxiliary use of ol- is different than its use as a copula, where the cop relation is used.
We use a subtype of aux
, aux:q, question particle mi.
Yarın çalışıyor olacak . \n He\/she will be working tomorrow
aux(çalışıyor, olacak)
Okumuş olsa bilirdi . \n He would know if he had read (it) .
aux(Okumuş, olsa)
Sorumluluğu almış bulunduk . \n He have taken the responsibility
aux(almış, bulunduk)
We also use aux
in case bound auxiliary -abil
is separated from the main verb.
Göremeye de bilirdin . \n You might have also not seen it
aux(Göremeye, bilirdin)
aux:q
: question particle
This is a subtype of aux, used for question particle -mI (mı/mi/mu/mü).
The question particle, when attached to a predicate, typically carries some of the tense/aspect/modality suffixes as well as person/number agreement suffixes.
Although it does not function as an auxiliary when attached to non-predicate words or phrases,
we use aux:q
for all uses of the question particle.
Annotation of question particles are not well-specified in UD, and currently under discussion.
Okuyacak mısınız ? \n Are you going to read ?
aux:q(Okuyacak, mısınız)
Kitabı Ali'den aldın mı ? \n _Did_ you take the book from Ali ?
aux:q(aldın, mı)
Kitabı Ali'den mi aldın ? \n Did you take the book _from Ali_ ?
aux:q(Ali'den, mi)
Kitabı mı Ali'den aldın ? \n Did you take _the book_ from Ali ?
aux:q(Kitabı, mı)
auxpass
: passive auxiliary
We do not use auxpass
case
: case marking
The case relation is used for any case-marking element which is treated as a separate syntactic word (including prepositions, postpositions, and clitic case markers). Case-marking elements are treated as dependents of the noun or clause they attach to.
In Turkish, case marking is typically done through suffixation,
in which case the case-marked word will carry the appropriate Case feature.
The case
relation marks postpositions,
and some of the case-like suffixes that are tokenized as separate syntactic tokens (inflectional groups).
Ağaçların arasında kayboldular . \n They disappeared _between_ the trees
case(Ağaçların, arasında)
Bu kitabı annem için aldım . \n I bought this book _for_ my mother
case(annem, için)
Öğleden sonra dersim var . \n I have a class _after_ noon (=in the afternoon)
case(Öğleden, sonra)
İkiye kadar bunu bitirmem gerek \n I need to finish this until\/by two
case(İkiye, kadar)
Siyah saç –lı kız \n The girl _with_ black hair
case(saç, –lı)
Currently, we also use case
for some not-so-case-like modifiers.
Arabada –ki kız \n The girl in the car
case(Arabada, –ki)
cc
: coordinating conjunction
A cc
is the relation between the first conjunct and the coordinating conjunction delimiting another conjunct.
Note that we currently diverge from UD specification by marking the last conjunct as the head. See the conj relation, for more information.
Elma ve armut aldık . \n We both apples and oranges .
cc(armut, ve)
conj(armut, Elma)
Geldiler ve film başladı . \n They arrived and the movie started.
cc(başladı, ve)
conj(başladı, Geldiler)
Okudum ama hiçbirşey anlamadım . \n I read it but I did not understand anything
cc(anlamadım, ama)
conj(anlamadım, Okudum)
Ali ile Ayşe'yi gördüm . \n I saw Ali and Ayşe
conj(Ayşe'yi, Ali)
cc(Ayşe'yi, ile)
Note that in instrumental or commutative usage of ile the relation case is used.
Ya Ayşe ya Ali oradadır . \n Either Ayşe or Ali would be there .
cc(Ali, ya-3)
cc(Ali, Ya-1)
conj(Ali, Ayşe)
Ne Ayşe ne Ali geldi . \n Neither Ayşe nor Ali came .
cc(Ali, ne-3)
cc(Ali, Ne-1)
conj(Ali, Ayşe)
Almak isterim de çok pahalı . \n I want to buy but it is too expensive
cc(pahalı, de)
conj(pahalı, isterim)
ccomp
: clausal complement
A clausal complement of a predicate is a dependent clause which is a core argument. That is, it functions like an object of the predicate.
We split the verbal noun suffixes,
and mark them as the head of the subordinate clause.
The unit with the subordinating suffix is tagged as noun.
However, we still use ccomp
for the relation between the higher level clause and the clausal object.
At present, we use ccomp
only for direct objects, i.e., non-finite noun phrases in accusative or nominative Case.
The arguments in other cases are marked using nmod relation or appropriate subtype of it.
Sonunda " artık yeter " dedi . \n Finally, he said " that's enough " .
ccomp(dedi, yeter)
Sevmiyorum demedim . \n I did not say I don't like it .
ccomp(demedim, Sevmiyorum)
Sevme/VERB –diğimi/NOUN söylemedim/VERB . \n I did not that I don't like it .
ccomp(söylemedim, –diğimi)
acl(–diğimi, Sevme)
Yarın gelecek sanıyordum . \n I thought he'd come tomorrow
ccomp(sanıyordum, gelecek)
Sanıyordum ki yarın gelecek . \n I thought he'd come tomorrow
ccomp(Sanıyordum, gelecek)
mark(gelecek, ki)
Yarın gelecek diye biliyordum . \n I knew (as if) she'd come tomorrow .
ccomp(biliyordum, gelecek)
makr(gelecek, diye)
See also xcomp.
ccomp:cau
: clausal complement of a causative verb which refers to the "causee"
This is the clausal counterpart of dobj:cau.
compound
: compound
compound
is one of the relations in UD for compounding.
In Turkish it is used for bare noun compounds, compound verbal forms and numbers.
Anneannem bana bir çift yün çorap örmüş . \n My grandmother knitted pair of woolen socks for me .
compound(çorap, yün)
Yagmurlu havalardan nefret ediyor . \n He\/she hates rainy weather
compound(nefret, ediyor)
Onun fiyatı iki yüz elli lira . \n Price of it is two hundred and fifty liras .
compound(iki, yüz)
conj:num(yüz, elli)
compound:lvc
: compound:lvc
This document is a placeholder for the language-specific documentation
for compound:lvc
.
compound:redup
: reduplicated compounds
This subtype of compound covers a range of reduplicated forms in Turkish. Reduplication is a common process especially for adverbs and adjectives, but it is also used for reduplicated noun and verb forms.
The reduplication typically involves two identical words, but some morpho-phonological alternations (as in m-reduplication in example 3 below) are possible. In some cases one of the words in reduplicated forms may also be modified individually by other words (see example 4 below).
Koca koca adamlar oyun oynuyorlar . \n _Big (+emph)_ men are playing games .
compound:redup(koca-2, Koca-1)
Açık açık söylüyorum . \n I am telling it _clearly_
compound:redup(açık-2, Açık-1)
Araba maraba almışlar . \n They bought (a) car (and things like that)
compound:redup(Araba, maraba)
Güzel mi güzel bir kız . \n A pretty (emphasized) girl .
compound:redup(güzel-3, Güzel)
advmod:emph(Güzel-1, mi)
Herşeyi kendi kendilerine planlamışlar . \n They planed it all by themselves .
compound:redup(kendilerine, kendi)
Ayağını sürükleye sürükleye yürüyordu . \n He\/she was walking by dragging his\/her feet.
compound:redup(sürükleye-3, sürükleye-2)
Bu kadar zamanda okusa okusa birkaç sayfa okumuştur . \n In that time he\/she could have read _at most_ half of it .
compound:redup(okusa-5, okusa-4)
Mektubu aldı alalı odasından çıkmadı . \n He\/she has not left his\/her room since he\/she got the letter
compound:redup(aldı, alalı)
Mektubu alır almaz yanıt verdi . \n He\/she responded as soon as he\/she received the letter .
compound:redup(almaz, alır)
For lexicalized multi-word items with repetition where one or more of the words are not free lexemes, (e.g. paldır küldür, ufak tefek), we use fixed.
conj
: conjunct
A conjunct is the relation between two elements connected by a coordinating conjunction, such as and, or, etc.
We diverge from UD specification by marking the last (instead of the first) conjunct as the head of the relation.
All the other conjuncts depend on the last via the conj
relation.
Bir kız , iki erkek çocukları var . \n They have one girl and two boys.
conj(erkek, kız)
Film siyah beyaz . \n The movie is black and white
conj(beyaz, siyah)
Ayşe'yle Ali kavga ediyoralardı . \n Ayşe and Ali were fighting .
conj(Ali, Ayşe'yle)
Ayşe , Ali ve beni davet etmedi . \n He\/she did not invite Ayşe , Ali and me .
conj(beni, Ali)
conj(beni, Ayşe)
cc(beni, ve)
punct(beni, ,-2)
Ya Ayşe , ya Ali ya da beni davet etmeliydi . \n He\/she should have invited not Ayşe , Ali or me .
conj(beni, Ali)
conj(beni, Ayşe)
cc(beni, ya-6)
cc(beni, ya-4)
cc(beni, Ya-1)
mwe(ya-6, da)
See the relation cc for a few more examples.
cop
: copula
A copula is the relation between a subject complement and a copular verb or copular suffix. We always mark copula as dependent of the subject complement.
In Turkish, the auxiliary verb ol- and in some constructions the negative particle değil act like a free copula. The main means of forming copular constructions, however, is through the bound morpheme -(y), and (infrequently) its clitic form i-. Since the morpheme -(y) consists only of a “buffer” consonant, in some morphological contexts, it is not realized.
Copular morphemes carry features, e.g., Number, Person, that may conflict with the complement they are attached to. Furthermore, the copular suffixes can also attach to verbal nouns, causing conflicting dependency relations besides more feature conflicts. As a result, all copular markers, including the “zero copula” are considered as a separate syntactic tokens.
Güzel olacak . \n (He\/she\/it) will be beautiful
cop(Güzel, olacak)
Güzel idi . (He\/she\/it) was beautiful
cop(Güzel, idi)
Güzel –di . (He\/she\/it) was beautiful
cop(Güzel, –di)
Güzel –im . \n I am beautiful
cop(Güzel, –im)
Güzel –0 . \n He\/she\/it is beautiful (–0 represents the zero morpheme)
cop(Güzel, –0)
When an overt subject is present, it is headed by the subject complement (not the copula).
Kitap güzel –0 . \n The book is nice\/beautiful
cop(güzel, –0)
nsubj(güzel, Kitap)
Kitap güzel olacak . \n The book will be nice\/beautiful
cop(güzel, olacak)
nsubj(güzel, Kitap)
csubj
: clausal subject
A clausal subject is a clausal syntactic subject of a clause, i.e., the subject is itself a clause.
Kitabı oku –manız gerek . \n You need to read the book (You reading the book is necessary)
csubj(gerek, –manız)
Kitabı oku –mak gerek . \n You need to read the book (Reading the book is necessary)
csubj(gerek, –mak)
TODO: link to the explanation of splitting of subordinating suffixes.
The following needs more discussion We also analyze the nominal predicates with clausal subjects formed by subordinating conjunction ki similarly. In the METU-Sabancı treebank they are marked (somewhat inconsistently) as modifiers rather than main predicates.
İyi ki okumuşsun . \n Good that you have read (that you read it is good)
csubj(İyi, okumuşsun)
Tabii ki okudum . \n Of course I read it (that I read it is natural)
csubj(Tabii, okumuşsun)
csubjpass
: clausal passive subject
A clausal passive subject is a clausal syntactic subject of a passive clause.
Düya dönmüyor deniyordu . \n It was said "the earth is not rotating"
csubjpass(deniyordu, dönmüyor)
Dünyanın dön –düğü biliniyor . \n (The fact that) the earth is rotating is known
csubjpass(biliniyor, –düğü)
Biliniyor ki dünya dönüyor . \n It is known that the earth is rotating
csubjpass(Biliniyor, dönüyor)
dep
: unspecified dependency
A dependency is labeled as dep
when a system is unable to determine a more precise dependency relation between two words.
We currently do not use the dep
label.
det
: determiner
The relation determiner (det) holds between a nominal head and its determiner.
Bütün kitapları okudu . \n (He\/she) have read all books
det(kitapları, Bütün)
Güzel bir kitap okudum . \n I read a nice book
det(kitap, bir)
amod(kitap, Güzel)
Bu kitabı okumalısın . \n You should read this book
det(kitabı, Bu)
Bazı kitaplar bombadan tehlikelidir . \n Some books are more dangerous than a bomb
det(kitaplar, Bazı)
discourse
: discourse element
This is used for interjections and other discourse particles and elements (which are not clearly linked to the structure of the sentence, except in an expressive way).
Okudu mu acaba ? \n Did he\/she read (I wonder) ?
discourse(Okudu, acaba)
Çabuk okusa bari . \n I wish he reads quickly 'bari'
discourse(okusa, bari)
Aferin , okumuşsun . \n Well done! You must have read it.
discourse(okumuşsun, Aferin)
Bak , bu kitabı okumalısın . \n look, you need to read this book
discourse(okumalısın, Bak)
Peki , kitabı okudun mu ? \n OK, have you read the book?
discourse(okudun, Peki)
dislocated
: dislocated elements
The dislocated
relation is used for fronted or postposed elements that do not fulfill the usual core grammatical relations of a sentence.
These elements often appear to be in the periphery of the sentence,
and may be separated off with a comma intonation.
Ali ki hızlı okur, o bile kitabı bitiremedi . \n Ali, who is a fast reader, even he could not finish the book .
dislocated(o, Ali)
Bir öğrenci ki yazım kurallarına dikkat etmez, ben onu dersten geçirmem . \n A student who does not pay attention to the spelling, I do not allow him/her to pass the course .
dislocated(onu, öğrenci)
dobj
: direct object
The direct object of a verb is the noun phrase that denotes the entity acted upon.
In Turkish, direct objects take either nominative (unmarked), or accusative cases.
We do not mark arguments of verbs in other cases with obj
.
(NOTE: Kyrgiz treebank marks ablatives as in pastadan aldı ‘he took from the cake’. We may consider doing the same. At least we should try to unify the analyses.)
Note also that we mark objects of intransitive causative verbs using dobj:cau.
Hafta sonları kitap okurum . \n I read (books) during weekends
dobj(okurum, kitap)
Kitabı okudum . \n I read the book.
dobj(okudum, Kitabı)
We also mark the non-case marked or accusative noun phrases as obj
even if they are not the entities that are acted upon.
Dün 10 kilometre koştum . \n I ran 10 kilometers yesterday
dobj(koştum, kilometre)
Dün 10 kilometreyi 35 dakikada koştum . \n Yesterday, I ran 10 kilometers in 35 minutes
dobj(koştum, kilometreyi)
dobj:cau
: direct object of an intransitive causative verb
This is a subtype of obj. We mark direct objects of causative voice intransitive verbs with this subtype, since the interpretation is different in comparison to a direct object of a non-causative verb. In general, if the verb is intransitive, direct object indicates the “causee”, the subject of the content verb, or the entity that performs the action. If the verb is transitive the direct object is the entity that is acted upon as in the non-causative case (see nmod:cau).
Annesi bebeği giydirdi . \n His mother dressed (caused to dress) the baby
dobj:cau(giydirdi, bebeği)
Bebek herkesi sevindirdi . \n The baby causes everyone to be happy
dobj:cau(sevindirdi, herkesi)
Öğretmen dersi kolaylaştırdı . \n The teacher made the course easier
dobj:cau(kolaylaştırdı, dersi)
expl
: expletive
Turkish does not have expletives.
fixed
: multi-word expression
The multi-word expression (modifier) relation is one of the three relations (compound, fixed
, flat) for compounding.
It is used for certain fixed grammaticized expressions that behave like function words or short adverbials.
Note that, we mark most of the expressions that are marked MWE
in METU-Sabancı treebank as compound
.
fixed
is only used for fixed expressions that do not show any morphological variation.
Ali ya da Ahmet \n Ali or Ahmet
mwe(ya, da)
Bir tek Ali okumamış . \n Only Ali did not read
mwe(bir, tek)
Her ne kadar aradıysam da ulaşamadım . \n Despite calling many times, I could not reach (him\/her)
mwe(Her, ne)
mwe(Her, kadar)
flat
: name
flat
is one of the three relations for compounding in UD (together with compound and fixed).
It is used for proper nouns constituted of multiple nominal elements.
For phrasal or clausal names the usual relations are used.
Mustafa Kemal
name(Kemal, Mustafa)
Mustafa Kemal Paşa
name(Kemal, Mustafa)
nmod(Paşa, Kemal)
Necla Hanım
nmod(Hanım, Necla)
Mahmut öğretmen
nmod(öğretmen, Mahmut)
Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi
nmod:poss(Meclisi, Millet)
amod(Meclisi, Büyük)
nmod:poss(Meclisi, Türkiye)
Van Gölü
nmod:poss(Gölü, Van)
foreign
: foreign words
We use foreign to label sequences of foreign words. These are given a linear analysis: the head is the first token in the foreign phrase.
Diplomat ve uzmanlarla off the record görüşmeler yaptım . \n I had off the record interviews with diplomats and experts .
amod(görüşmeler, off)
foreign(off, the)
foreign(off, record)
goeswith
: goes with
This relation links two parts of a word that are separated in text that is not well edited. The head is in some sense the “main” part, often the second part.
Bu kitap hiç bir işe yaramaz . \n This book is worth nothing.
goeswith(bir, hiç)
det(bir)
iobj
: indirect object
We do not use the dependency label iobj
.
TODO: link to argument/adjunct discussion.
list
: list
The list
relation is used for chains of comparable items. In lists with more than two items, all items of the list should modify the first one. Informal and web text often contains passages which are meant to be interpreted as lists but are parsed as single sentences. Email signatures often contain these structures, in the form of contact information: the different contact information items are labeled as list
; the key-value pair relations are labeled as appos.
Ali Yılmaz , tel : 555-55-55 , email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>name(Ali, Yılmaz)
list(Ali, tel)
list(Ali, email)
appos(tel, 555-55-55)
appos(email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>mark
: marker
A marker is the subordinating conjunction introducing a finite clause subordinate to another clause. The mark is a dependent of the subordinate clause head.
Okusun diye kitaplar aldım . \n I bought books for him to read .
mark(Okusun, diye)
Okudum ki öğreneyim . \n I read in order to learn.
mark(öğreneyim, ki)
Göründüğü kadar güzel mi ? \n Is it as good as it looks?
mark(Göründüğü, kadar)
Başladın mı , gerisi gelir. \n Once you start, the rest would follow
mark(Başladın, mı)
Okudum da anladım . \n I understood by reading
mark(Okudum, da)
neg
: negation modifier
The negation modifier is the relation between a negation word and the word it modifies.
In Turkish, negation is typically done through suffixation.
We use neg
only if the non-predicative use of the word değil.
Elma değil , armut al demiştim . \n I asked for pears, not for apples.
neg(Elma, değil)
En büyüğünü al dedim, küçük değil . \n I told you to get the biggest
not small(est)
neg(küçük, değil)
Değil üniversite , orta okulu bile bitirmemiş . \n Let alone the university, he did not even finish the secondary school
neg(üniversite, Değil)
nmod
: nominal modifier
The nmod
relation is used for nominal modifiers.
They depend either on another noun (group “noun dependents”) or on a predicate (group “non-core dependents of clausal predicates”).
nmod
is a noun (or noun phrase) functioning as a non-core (oblique) argument or adjunct.
This means that it functionally corresponds to an adverbial when it attaches to a verb, adjective or other adverb.
But when attaching to a noun, it corresponds to an attribute, or genitive complement (the terms are less standardized here).
The nmod
relation is further specified by the Case feature or case relation.
We also use the following language-specific subtypes for nmod:
- nmod:cau: nominal modifier of a causative predicate that markes the causee.
- nmod:comp: a comparative nominal modifier
- nmod:pass: nominal modifier of a passive predicate that express the actor (subject of the active predicate)
- nmod:tmod: nominal modifier that indicates time
- nmod:own: owner in a possessive existential sentence
- nmod:poss: possessor in in a genitive-possessive construction
- nmod:part: noun modifier specifying the whole-part relation
We do not currently distinguish between core arguments and adjuncts (TODO: link to discussion).
# I read the book on the plane
1 Kitabı kitap NOUN NOUN Case=Acc 3 dobj
2 uçakta uçak NOUN NOUN Case=Loc 3 nmod
3 okudum oku VERB VERB Tense=Past|Person=1|Number=Sing 0 root
# I read the book with the glasses
1 Kitabı kitap NOUN NOUN Case=Acc 3 dobj
2 gözlükle gözlük NOUN NOUN Case=Ins 3 nmod
3 okudum oku VERB VERB Tense=Past|Person=1|Number=Sing 0 root
# I read the book out of curiosity
1 Kitabı kitap NOUN NOUN Case=Acc 3 dobj
2 meraktan merak NOUN NOUN Case=Abl 3 nmod
3 okudum oku VERB VERB Tense=Past|Person=1|Number=Sing 0 root
# I read the book to the children
1 Kitabı kitap NOUN NOUN Case=Acc 3 dobj
2 çocuklara çocuk NOUN NOUN Case=Dat 3 nmod
3 okudum oku VERB VERB Tense=Past|Person=1|Number=Sing 0 root
resim –li kitap \n (the\/a) book with illustrations
nmod(kitap, resim)
case(resim, –li)
nmod:cau
: nominal modifier indicating the causee of a causative predicate
This subtype of nmod is used for marking the performer of the real action, “causee”, in a causative predicate. The subject of the causative predicate is the actor who causes the action to be taken. Occasionally the performer of the action is also included in the phrase/sentence, and it is useful to mark it. The causee is predictable for intransitive verbs, since it is the object of the causative predicate. For transitive verbs, it is often marked with dative Case, but it is ambiguous as a dative nominal modifier also has the function of marking the “beneficiary” (and possibly others).
Annesi bebeği uyuttu . \n Her mother caused the baby to sleep (=put the baby to sleep)
nmod:cau(uyuttu, bebeği)
nsubj(uyuttu, Annesi)
Öğretmen kitabı Ali'ye okuttu . \n The teacher caused (made) Ali to read the book
nmod:cau(okuttu, Ali'ye)
nsubj(okuttu, Öğretmen)
Note that the above is ambiguous. It may also mean “The teacher made someone to read the book to/for Ali”. In that case nmod should be used.
nmod:comp
: comparative modifier of an adjective or adverb
This subtype of nmod is used for marking comparative modifier of an adjective or adverb.
Türkiye'den sıcak bir ülke \n A country warmer than Turkey
nmod:comp(sıcak, Türkiye'den)
Benden çok okudu . \n He\/she read more than me (more than I did)
nmod:comp(çok, Benden)
nmod:own
: owner in a possessive existential sentence
This needs more discussion
This subtype of nmod is used for marking the owner of a possessive existential sentence.
In Turkish possessive sentences (e.g., “I have a book”) resemble existential sentences
where the subject is the entity that “exists”, or “owned”.
nmod:own
relation marks the entity that “owns” the subject.
The head of the relation is the predicate,
as opposed to the subject noun phrase
(this allows a uniform analysis in case the subject is dropped).
It should not be confused with nmod:poss,
which is used in (genitive-)possessive constructions.
Benim bir kitabım var . \n I have a book
nmod:own(var, Benim)
nsubj(var, kitabım)
Benim var , ama Ali'nin yok . \n I have (it\/something), but Ali doesn't
nmod:own(var, Benim)
nmod:own(yok, Ali'nin)
nmod:part
: nominal modifier indicating part-whole relations
This subtype of nmod is used for marking the part-whole relations. The structure is similar to nmod:poss in most cases, but the range structures expressing “part of” is diverse, and distinction is often be useful.
Kitapların üçü \n three of the books
nmod:part(üçü, Kitapların)
Kitapların hepsi \n All of the books
nmod:part(hepsi, Kitapların)
Sevidiğim kitaplardan biri \n One of the books I like
nmod:part(biri, kitaplardan)
Şu elmalardan bir kilo \n A kilo of\/from those apples
nmod:part(kilo, elmalardan)
Öğrencilerden bir kız \n A girl from\/among the students
nmod:part(kız, Öğrencilerden)
Öğrenciler arasından bir kız \n A girl from\/among the students
nmod:part(kız, Öğrenciler)
case(Öğrenciler, arasından)
nmod:pass
: nominal modifier indicating the actor of a passive predicate
This subtype of nmod is used for marking the performer of action (the subject in the corresponding active sentence) in a passive predicate.
Kitap öğrenciler tarafından okundu . \n The book was read by the students
nmod:pass(okundu, öğrenciler)
case(öğrenciler, tarafından)
nsubjpass(okundu, Kitap)
Kitap öğrenciler –ce okundu . \n The book was read by the students
nmod:pass(okundu, öğrenciler)
case(öğrenciler, –ce)
nsubjpass(okundu, Kitap)
Araba aşırı sıcaktan bozulmuş . \n The car was broken by extreme heat
nmod:pass(bozulmuş, sıcaktan)
nmod:poss
: possessive nominal modifier
This subtype of nmod is used in (genitive-)possessive constructions.
Typically, the head of the construction is a possessive noun phrase,
and the dependent is in genitive case.
We also use nmod:poss
in the alternative construction where the modifier is not in genitive case.
So-called “bare noun compounds” are marked using the compound relation.
Ali'nin kitabı \n Ali's book
nmod:poss(kitabı, Ali'nin)
Sabah kahvesi \n Morning coffee
nmod:pos(kahvesi, Sabah)
nmod:tmod
: temporal modifier
A temporal modifier is a subtype of the nmod relation: if the modifier is specifying time, it is labeled as nmod:tmod
.
Geçen hafta bir kitap okudum . \n Las week I read a book
nmod:tmod(okudum, hafta)
Üç ay –dır okumuyorum . \n I haven't been reading for three months
case(ay, –dır)
nmod:tmod(okumuyorum, ay)
Öğleden sonra okuyacağım . \n I will read (it) in the afternoon
case(Öğleden, sonra)
nmod:tmod(okuyacağım, Öğleden)
Her yıl aynı yere gidiyoruz . \n We go to the same place every year
nmod:tmod(gidiyoruz, yıl)
nsubj
: nominal subject
A nominal subject is a noun phrase which is the syntactic subject of a clause.
Ali okuyor . \n Ali is reading
nsubj(okuyor, Ali)
For existential sentences, “the thing that exists” is the subject. This includes possessive existentials.
Üç kitap var . \n There are three books
nsubj(var, kitap)
Benim üç kitabım var . \n I have three books
nsubj(var, kitabım)
Although we currently mark the head of the verbal nouns as nouns, we use csubj when they are in the subject position.
nsubjpass
: passive nominal subject
A passive nominal subject is a noun phrase which is the syntactic subject of a passive clause.
The distinction between nsubj and nsubjpass
is not strictly necessary in Turkish,
since the predicate will always be morphologically marked as passive.
Kitap okundu . \n The book was read
nsubjpass(okundu, Kitap)
nummod
: numeric modifier
A numeric modifier of a noun is any number phrase that serves to modify the meaning of the noun with a quantity.
Üç kitap aldım \n I bought three books
nummod(kitap, Üç)
Üçüncü kitabı da bitirdim . \n I finished third book as well
nummod(kitap, Üçüncü)
Üçer kitap aldık . \n We boot three books each
nummod(kitap, Üçer)
1500 lira harcadı \n He\/she spent 1500 liras
nummod(lira, 1500)
orphan
: remnant in ellipsis
The remnant relation is used to provide a satisfactory treatment of certain instances of ellipsis.
Ali kitabı okudu , Ahmet de . \n Ali read the book, Ahmet too.
nsubj(okudu, Ali)
remnant(Ali, Ahmet)
Ali okudu kitabı , Ahmet değil . \n Ali read the book, not Ahmet.
nsubj(okudu, Ali)
remnant(Ali, Ahmet)
Ali kitap , Ahmet gazete okudu . \n Mehmet read newspapers, Ahmet books.
nsubj(okudu, Ahmet)
dobj(okudu, gazete)
remnant(Ahmet, Ali)
remnant(gazete, kitap)
parataxis
: parataxis
The parataxis relation (from Greek for “place side by side”) is a relation between the main verb of a clause and other sentential elements, such as a sentential parenthetical, a clause after a “:” or a “;”, or two sentences placed side by side without any explicit coordination or subordination.
Kitabı okudum , uyudum . \n I read the book , slept.
parataxis(uyudum, okudum)
Kitabı okudun , değil mi ? \n You read the book , aren't you ?
parataxis(okudun, değil)
Sabah , babam diyor ki , erken kalkacakmışız . \n In the morning, my father says, we have to get up early
parataxis(kalkacakmışız, diyor)
punct
: punctuation
This is used for any piece of punctuation in a clause. See u-dep/punct for details.
Kitabı okudum . \n I read the book
punct(okudum, .)
reparandum
: overridden disfluency
We use reparandum
to indicate disfluencies overridden in a speech repair.
The disfluency is the dependent of the repair.
Sağa– sola dön . \n Turn right- left .
nmod(dön, sola)
reparandum(sola, Sağa–)
root
: root
The root
grammatical relation points to the root of the sentence.
A fake node “ROOT” is used as the governor.
The ROOT node is indexed with “0”, since the indexation of real words in the sentence starts at 1.
vocative
: vocative
The vocative relation is used to mark dialogue participant addressed in text. The relation links the addressee’s name to its host sentence.
Ali , gel . \n Ali, come here!
vocative(gel, Ali)
xcomp
: open clausal complement
An open clausal complement of a predicate is a predicative or clausal complement without its own subject. The reference of the subject is necessarily determined by an argument external to the xcomp (normally by the object of the next higher clause, if there is one, or else by the subject of the next higher clause. These complements are always non-finite, and they are complements (arguments of the higher predicate) rather than adjuncts/modifiers, such as a purpose clause.
In majority of the cases, we use xcomp
for the verbal nouns formed by the suffix -mAk.
Note that we split the nominal part, and mark the noun as the head of the predicate.
(TODO: link to the subordination discussion)
Oku/VERB –mak/NOUN istiyor/VERB . \n He wants to read
xcomp(istiyor, –mak)
acl(–mak, Oku)
In addition, we also use xcomp
for secondary predicates,
or in general, what Göksel & Kerslake (2005) calls “small clauses”.
The decision between a secondary predicate or adverb analysis is often diffcult,
since most adjectives also function as adverbs.
Ali çayını soğuk içer . \n Ali drinks his tea cold
xcomp(içer, soğuk)
Bu kitap bir baş yapıt sayılır . \n This book is considered a master piece
xcomp(sayılır, yapıt)
Onu İstanbul'da sanıyordum . \n I tought he\/she was in Istanbul
xcomp(sanıyordum, İstanbul'da)
References
Aslı Göksel and Celia Kerslake. Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar. London: Routledge, 2005.


{% load static %}
TA: Tim
TA: Tammy
You are viewing the class remotely. Enter a Join Code to get in line.


What learnings did you take from the chapter?
The author described the theme of the chapter as 'from compulsion to choice'. Self Regulation consists of five emotional traits: Self-Control, Trustworthiness, Conscientiousness, Adaptability & Innovation. The ability to be in charge of one's reactions is to display choice. I like how they shared that the rising of a particular emotion in one's mind, including the physiological reaction cannot be stopped, but a trained mind lets go of the emotion, leaving one with a choice to react the way one chooses to.
Feeling bad about feeling bad is a reflection of the ego's image of itself. Meta distress is bad economics, whilst letting (emotional) monsters go hungry is good economics. The attentional focus to cognitive change is also a enlightening way to put things.
How did you find the two minutes of mindfulness
This chapter involved a 10 minute exercise including mindfulness. I will comment on that The mnemonic felt a bit odd, but I was surprised how well the Siberian North Rail Road process works. I had a recent situation I could conveniently think of, I watched the video and read the chapter. The chapter has detailed instructions which I followd and the exercise worked remarkably well.


As usual:
Run "pip install everbug"
Add "everbug" to your INSTALLED_APPS.
Finally, append "everbug.middleware.Tracer" to MIDDLEWARE or MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES in settings.py.
Project home: https://github.com/everhide/everbug


THREE.UVMapping
THREE.CubeReflectionMapping
THREE.CubeRefractionMapping
THREE.EquirectangularReflectionMapping
THREE.EquirectangularRefractionMapping
THREE.CubeUVReflectionMapping
These define the texture's mapping mode.
[page:Constant UVMapping] is the default, and maps the texture using the
mesh's UV coordinates.
The rest define environment mapping types.
[page:Constant CubeReflectionMapping] and [page:Constant CubeRefractionMapping] are for use with a [page:CubeTexture CubeTexture],
which is made up of six textures, one for each face of the cube.
[page:Constant CubeReflectionMapping] is the default for a
[page:CubeTexture CubeTexture].
[page:Constant EquirectangularReflectionMapping] and [page:Constant EquirectangularRefractionMapping] are for use with an equirectangular
environment map. Also called a lat-long map, an equirectangular texture
represents a 360-degree view along the horizontal centerline, and a
180-degree view along the vertical axis, with the top and bottom edges of
the image corresponding to the north and south poles of a mapped
sphere.
See the [example:webgl_materials_envmaps materials / envmaps] example.
THREE.RepeatWrapping
THREE.ClampToEdgeWrapping
THREE.MirroredRepeatWrapping
These define the texture's [page:Texture.wrapS wrapS] and
[page:Texture.wrapT wrapT] properties, which define horizontal and
vertical texture wrapping.
With [page:constant RepeatWrapping] the texture will simply repeat to
infinity.
[page:constant ClampToEdgeWrapping] is the default. The last pixel of the
texture stretches to the edge of the mesh.
With [page:constant MirroredRepeatWrapping] the texture will repeats to
infinity, mirroring on each repeat.
THREE.NearestFilter
THREE.LinearFilter
For use with a texture's [page:Texture.magFilter magFilter] property,
these define the texture magnification function to be used when the pixel
being textured maps to an area less than or equal to one texture element
(texel).
[page:constant NearestFilter] returns the value of the texture element
that is nearest (in Manhattan distance) to the specified texture
coordinates.
[page:constant LinearFilter] is the default and returns the weighted
average of the four texture elements that are closest to the specified
texture coordinates, and can include items wrapped or repeated from other
parts of a texture, depending on the values of [page:Texture.wrapS wrapS]
and [page:Texture.wrapT wrapT], and on the exact mapping.
THREE.NearestFilter
THREE.NearestMipmapNearestFilter
THREE.NearestMipmapLinearFilter
THREE.LinearFilter
THREE.LinearMipmapNearestFilter
THREE.LinearMipmapLinearFilter
For use with a texture's [page:Texture.minFilter minFilter] property,
these define the texture minifying function that is used whenever the
pixel being textured maps to an area greater than one texture element
(texel).
In addition to [page:constant NearestFilter] and [page:constant LinearFilter], the following four functions can be used for
minification:
[page:constant NearestMipmapNearestFilter] chooses the mipmap that most
closely matches the size of the pixel being textured and uses the
[page:constant NearestFilter] criterion (the texel nearest to the center
of the pixel) to produce a texture value.
[page:constant NearestMipmapLinearFilter] chooses the two mipmaps that
most closely match the size of the pixel being textured and uses the
[page:constant NearestFilter] criterion to produce a texture value from
each mipmap. The final texture value is a weighted average of those two
values.
[page:constant LinearMipmapNearestFilter] chooses the mipmap that most
closely matches the size of the pixel being textured and uses the
[page:constant LinearFilter] criterion (a weighted average of the four
texels that are closest to the center of the pixel) to produce a texture
value.
[page:constant LinearMipmapLinearFilter] is the default and chooses the
two mipmaps that most closely match the size of the pixel being textured
and uses the [page:constant LinearFilter] criterion to produce a texture
value from each mipmap. The final texture value is a weighted average of
those two values.
See the [example:webgl_materials_texture_filters materials / texture / filters] example.
THREE.UnsignedByteType
THREE.ByteType
THREE.ShortType
THREE.UnsignedShortType
THREE.IntType
THREE.UnsignedIntType
THREE.FloatType
THREE.HalfFloatType
THREE.UnsignedShort4444Type
THREE.UnsignedShort5551Type
THREE.UnsignedInt248Type
For use with a texture's [page:Texture.type type] property, which must
correspond to the correct format. See below for details.
[page:constant UnsignedByteType] is the default.
THREE.AlphaFormat
THREE.RedFormat
THREE.RedIntegerFormat
THREE.RGFormat
THREE.RGIntegerFormat
THREE.RGBAFormat
THREE.RGBAIntegerFormat
THREE.LuminanceFormat
THREE.LuminanceAlphaFormat
THREE.DepthFormat
THREE.DepthStencilFormat
For use with a texture's [page:Texture.format format] property, these
define how elements of a 2d texture, or `texels`, are read by shaders.
[page:constant AlphaFormat] discards the red, green and blue components
and reads just the alpha component.
[page:constant RedFormat] discards the green and blue components and reads
just the red component. (can only be used with a WebGL 2 rendering
context).
[page:constant RedIntegerFormat] discards the green and blue components
and reads just the red component. The texels are read as integers instead
of floating point. (can only be used with a WebGL 2 rendering context).
[page:constant RGFormat] discards the alpha, and blue components and reads
the red, and green components. (can only be used with a WebGL 2 rendering
context).
[page:constant RGIntegerFormat] discards the alpha, and blue components
and reads the red, and green components. The texels are read as integers
instead of floating point. (can only be used with a WebGL 2 rendering
context).
[page:constant RGBAFormat] is the default and reads the red, green, blue
and alpha components.
[page:constant RGBAIntegerFormat] is the default and reads the red, green,
blue and alpha components. The texels are read as integers instead of
floating point. (can only be used with a WebGL 2 rendering context).
[page:constant LuminanceFormat] reads each element as a single luminance
component. This is then converted to a floating point, clamped to the
range [0,1], and then assembled into an RGBA element by placing the
luminance value in the red, green and blue channels, and attaching 1.0 to
the alpha channel.
[page:constant LuminanceAlphaFormat] reads each element as a
luminance/alpha double. The same process occurs as for the [page:constant LuminanceFormat], except that the alpha channel may have values other than
`1.0`.
[page:constant DepthFormat] reads each element as a single depth value,
converts it to floating point, and clamps to the range [0,1]. This is the
default for [page:DepthTexture DepthTexture].
[page:constant DepthStencilFormat] reads each element is a pair of depth
and stencil values. The depth component of the pair is interpreted as in
[page:constant DepthFormat]. The stencil component is interpreted based on
the depth + stencil internal format.
Note that the texture must have the correct [page:Texture.type type] set,
as described above. See
[link:https://developer.mozilla.org/en/docs/Web/API/WebGLRenderingContext/texImage2D WebGLRenderingContext.texImage2D] for details.
THREE.RGB_S3TC_DXT1_Format
THREE.RGBA_S3TC_DXT1_Format
THREE.RGBA_S3TC_DXT3_Format
THREE.RGBA_S3TC_DXT5_Format
For use with a [page:CompressedTexture CompressedTexture]'s
[page:Texture.format format] property, these require support for the
[link:https://www.khronos.org/registry/webgl/extensions/WEBGL_compressed_texture_s3tc/ WEBGL_compressed_texture_s3tc] extension.
There are four [link:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S3_Texture_Compression S3TC] formats available via this extension. These are:
[page:constant RGB_S3TC_DXT1_Format]: A DXT1-compressed image in an RGB
image format.
[page:constant RGBA_S3TC_DXT1_Format]: A DXT1-compressed image in an RGB
image format with a simple on/off alpha value.
[page:constant RGBA_S3TC_DXT3_Format]: A DXT3-compressed image in an RGBA
image format. Compared to a 32-bit RGBA texture, it offers 4:1
compression.
[page:constant RGBA_S3TC_DXT5_Format]: A DXT5-compressed image in an RGBA
image format. It also provides a 4:1 compression, but differs to the DXT3
compression in how the alpha compression is done.
THREE.RGB_PVRTC_4BPPV1_Format
THREE.RGB_PVRTC_2BPPV1_Format
THREE.RGBA_PVRTC_4BPPV1_Format
THREE.RGBA_PVRTC_2BPPV1_Format
For use with a [page:CompressedTexture CompressedTexture]'s
[page:Texture.format format] property, these require support for the
[link:https://www.khronos.org/registry/webgl/extensions/WEBGL_compressed_texture_pvrtc/ WEBGL_compressed_texture_pvrtc] extension.
PVRTC is typically only available on mobile devices with PowerVR chipsets,
which are mainly Apple devices.
There are four [link:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PVRTC PVRTC] formats
available via this extension. These are:
[page:constant RGB_PVRTC_4BPPV1_Format]: RGB compression in 4-bit mode.
One block for each 4×4 pixels.
[page:constant RGB_PVRTC_2BPPV1_Format]: RGB compression in 2-bit mode.
One block for each 8×4 pixels.
[page:constant RGBA_PVRTC_4BPPV1_Format]: RGBA compression in 4-bit mode.
One block for each 4×4 pixels.
[page:constant RGBA_PVRTC_2BPPV1_Format]: RGBA compression in 2-bit mode.
One block for each 8×4 pixels.
THREE.RGB_ETC1_Format
THREE.RGB_ETC2_Format
THREE.RGBA_ETC2_EAC_Format
For use with a [page:CompressedTexture CompressedTexture]'s
[page:Texture.format format] property, these require support for the
[link:https://www.khronos.org/registry/webgl/extensions/WEBGL_compressed_texture_etc1/ WEBGL_compressed_texture_etc1] (ETC1) or
[link:https://www.khronos.org/registry/webgl/extensions/WEBGL_compressed_texture_etc/ WEBGL_compressed_texture_etc] (ETC2) extensions.
THREE.RGBA_ASTC_4x4_Format
THREE.RGBA_ASTC_5x4_Format
THREE.RGBA_ASTC_5x5_Format
THREE.RGBA_ASTC_6x5_Format
THREE.RGBA_ASTC_6x6_Format
THREE.RGBA_ASTC_8x5_Format
THREE.RGBA_ASTC_8x6_Format
THREE.RGBA_ASTC_8x8_Format
THREE.RGBA_ASTC_10x5_Format
THREE.RGBA_ASTC_10x6_Format
THREE.RGBA_ASTC_10x8_Format
THREE.RGBA_ASTC_10x10_Format
THREE.RGBA_ASTC_12x10_Format
THREE.RGBA_ASTC_12x12_Format
For use with a [page:CompressedTexture CompressedTexture]'s
[page:Texture.format format] property, these require support for the
[link:https://www.khronos.org/registry/webgl/extensions/WEBGL_compressed_texture_astc/ WEBGL_compressed_texture_astc] extension.
THREE.RGBA_BPTC_Format
For use with a [page:CompressedTexture CompressedTexture]'s
[page:Texture.format format] property, these require support for the
[link:https://www.khronos.org/registry/webgl/extensions/EXT_texture_compression_bptc/ EXT_texture_compression_bptc] extension.
THREE.NeverCompare
THREE.LessCompare
THREE.EqualCompare
THREE.LessEqualCompare
THREE.GreaterCompare
THREE.NotEqualCompare
THREE.GreaterEqualCompare
THREE.AlwaysCompare
'ALPHA'
'RGB'
'RGBA'
'LUMINANCE'
'LUMINANCE_ALPHA'
'RED_INTEGER'
'R8'
'R8_SNORM'
'R8I'
'R8UI'
'R16I'
'R16UI'
'R16F'
'R32I'
'R32UI'
'R32F'
'RG8'
'RG8_SNORM'
'RG8I'
'RG8UI'
'RG16I'
'RG16UI'
'RG16F'
'RG32I'
'RG32UI'
'RG32F'
'RGB565'
'RGB8'
'RGB8_SNORM'
'RGB8I'
'RGB8UI'
'RGB16I'
'RGB16UI'
'RGB16F'
'RGB32I'
'RGB32UI'
'RGB32F'
'RGB9_E5'
'SRGB8'
'R11F_G11F_B10F'
'RGBA4'
'RGBA8'
'RGBA8_SNORM'
'RGBA8I'
'RGBA8UI'
'RGBA16I'
'RGBA16UI'
'RGBA16F'
'RGBA32I'
'RGBA32UI'
'RGBA32F'
'RGB5_A1'
'RGB10_A2'
'RGB10_A2UI'
'SRGB8_ALPHA8'
'DEPTH_COMPONENT16'
'DEPTH_COMPONENT24'
'DEPTH_COMPONENT32F'
'DEPTH24_STENCIL8'
'DEPTH32F_STENCIL8'
Heads up: changing the internal format of a texture will only affect the
texture when using a WebGL 2 rendering context.
For use with a texture's [page:Texture.internalFormat internalFormat]
property, these define how elements of a texture, or `texels`, are stored
on the GPU.
[page:constant R8] stores the red component on 8 bits.
[page:constant R8_SNORM] stores the red component on 8 bits. The component
is stored as normalized.
[page:constant R8I] stores the red component on 8 bits. The component is
stored as an integer.
[page:constant R8UI] stores the red component on 8 bits. The component is
stored as an unsigned integer.
[page:constant R16I] stores the red component on 16 bits. The component is
stored as an integer.
[page:constant R16UI] stores the red component on 16 bits. The component
is stored as an unsigned integer.
[page:constant R16F] stores the red component on 16 bits. The component is
stored as floating point.
[page:constant R32I] stores the red component on 32 bits. The component is
stored as an integer.
[page:constant R32UI] stores the red component on 32 bits. The component
is stored as an unsigned integer.
[page:constant R32F] stores the red component on 32 bits. The component is
stored as floating point.
[page:constant RG8] stores the red and green components on 8 bits each.
[page:constant RG8_SNORM] stores the red and green components on 8 bits
each. Every component is stored as normalized.
[page:constant RG8I] stores the red and green components on 8 bits each.
Every component is stored as an integer.
[page:constant RG8UI] stores the red and green components on 8 bits each.
Every component is stored as an unsigned integer.
[page:constant RG16I] stores the red and green components on 16 bits each.
Every component is stored as an integer.
[page:constant RG16UI] stores the red and green components on 16 bits
each. Every component is stored as an unsigned integer.
[page:constant RG16F] stores the red and green components on 16 bits each.
Every component is stored as floating point.
[page:constant RG32I] stores the red and green components on 32 bits each.
Every component is stored as an integer.
[page:constant RG32UI] stores the red and green components on 32 bits.
Every component is stored as an unsigned integer.
[page:constant RG32F] stores the red and green components on 32 bits.
Every component is stored as floating point.
[page:constant RGB8] stores the red, green, and blue components on 8 bits
each. [page:constant RGB8_SNORM] stores the red, green, and blue
components on 8 bits each. Every component is stored as normalized.
[page:constant RGB8I] stores the red, green, and blue components on 8 bits
each. Every component is stored as an integer.
[page:constant RGB8UI] stores the red, green, and blue components on 8
bits each. Every component is stored as an unsigned integer.
[page:constant RGB16I] stores the red, green, and blue components on 16
bits each. Every component is stored as an integer.
[page:constant RGB16UI] stores the red, green, and blue components on 16
bits each. Every component is stored as an unsigned integer.
[page:constant RGB16F] stores the red, green, and blue components on 16
bits each. Every component is stored as floating point
[page:constant RGB32I] stores the red, green, and blue components on 32
bits each. Every component is stored as an integer.
[page:constant RGB32UI] stores the red, green, and blue components on 32
bits each. Every component is stored as an unsigned integer.
[page:constant RGB32F] stores the red, green, and blue components on 32
bits each. Every component is stored as floating point
[page:constant R11F_G11F_B10F] stores the red, green, and blue components
respectively on 11 bits, 11 bits, and 10bits. Every component is stored as
floating point.
[page:constant RGB565] stores the red, green, and blue components
respectively on 5 bits, 6 bits, and 5 bits.
[page:constant RGB9_E5] stores the red, green, and blue components on 9
bits each.
[page:constant RGBA8] stores the red, green, blue, and alpha components on
8 bits each.
[page:constant RGBA8_SNORM] stores the red, green, blue, and alpha
components on 8 bits. Every component is stored as normalized.
[page:constant RGBA8I] stores the red, green, blue, and alpha components
on 8 bits each. Every component is stored as an integer.
[page:constant RGBA8UI] stores the red, green, blue, and alpha components
on 8 bits. Every component is stored as an unsigned integer.
[page:constant RGBA16I] stores the red, green, blue, and alpha components
on 16 bits. Every component is stored as an integer.
[page:constant RGBA16UI] stores the red, green, blue, and alpha components
on 16 bits. Every component is stored as an unsigned integer.
[page:constant RGBA16F] stores the red, green, blue, and alpha components
on 16 bits. Every component is stored as floating point.
[page:constant RGBA32I] stores the red, green, blue, and alpha components
on 32 bits. Every component is stored as an integer.
[page:constant RGBA32UI] stores the red, green, blue, and alpha components
on 32 bits. Every component is stored as an unsigned integer.
[page:constant RGBA32F] stores the red, green, blue, and alpha components
on 32 bits. Every component is stored as floating point.
[page:constant RGB5_A1] stores the red, green, blue, and alpha components
respectively on 5 bits, 5 bits, 5 bits, and 1 bit.
[page:constant RGB10_A2] stores the red, green, blue, and alpha components
respectively on 10 bits, 10 bits, 10 bits and 2 bits.
[page:constant RGB10_A2UI] stores the red, green, blue, and alpha
components respectively on 10 bits, 10 bits, 10 bits and 2 bits. Every
component is stored as an unsigned integer.
[page:constant SRGB8] stores the red, green, and blue components on 8 bits
each.
[page:constant SRGB8_ALPHA8] stores the red, green, blue, and alpha
components on 8 bits each.
[page:constant DEPTH_COMPONENT16] stores the depth component on 16bits.
[page:constant DEPTH_COMPONENT24] stores the depth component on 24bits.
[page:constant DEPTH_COMPONENT32F] stores the depth component on 32bits.
The component is stored as floating point.
[page:constant DEPTH24_STENCIL8] stores the depth, and stencil components
respectively on 24 bits and 8 bits. The stencil component is stored as an
unsigned integer.
[page:constant DEPTH32F_STENCIL8] stores the depth, and stencil components
respectively on 32 bits and 8 bits. The depth component is stored as
floating point, and the stencil component as an unsigned integer.
Note that the texture must have the correct [page:Texture.type type] set,
as well as the correct [page:Texture.format format]. See
[link:https://developer.mozilla.org/en/docs/Web/API/WebGLRenderingContext/texImage2D WebGLRenderingContext.texImage2D], and
[link:https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WebGL2RenderingContext/texImage3D WebGL2RenderingContext.texImage3D], for more details regarding the
possible combination of [page:Texture.format format],
[page:Texture.internalFormat internalFormat], and [page:Texture.type type].
For more in-depth information regarding internal formats, you can also
refer directly to the
[link:https://www.khronos.org/registry/webgl/specs/latest/2.0/ WebGL2 Specification] and to the
[link:https://www.khronos.org/registry/OpenGL/specs/es/3.0/es_spec_3.0.pdf OpenGL ES 3.0 Specification].
THREE.BasicDepthPacking
THREE.RGBADepthPacking
For use with the [page:MeshDepthMaterial.depthPacking depthPacking] property of `MeshDepthMaterial`.
THREE.NoColorSpace = ""
THREE.SRGBColorSpace = "srgb"
THREE.LinearSRGBColorSpace = "srgb-linear"
Used to define the color space of textures (and the output color space of
the renderer).
If the color space type is changed after the texture has already been used
by a material, you will need to set [page:Material.needsUpdate Material.needsUpdate] to `true` to make the material recompile.
[link:https://github.com/mrdoob/three.js/blob/master/src/constants.js src/constants.js]


Subsidy on petrol now N18.68/litre – PPPRA
by Okechukwu NnodimOkechukwu Nnodim, Abuja
The current open market price for Premium Motor Spirit, popularly known as petrol is N163.68 per litre, the Petroleum Products Pricing Regulatory Agency stated on Monday.
PPPRA stated on its website that the price of PMS as of November 15, 2019 was N163.68/litre, in contrast to the regulated pump price of N145/litre for which the commodity is sold at filling stations.
This implies that the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, which currently is the sole importer of petrol into Nigeria, might be subsidising the commodity by N18.68/litre.
In its Petroleum Products Pricing Template released on Monday, the PPPRA explained that the landing cost of petrol was N147.95 per litre.
It put total distribution margins for the product at N19.37 per litre, making the total cost of the open market price of petrol to be N163.68 per litre.


Trump, Saudi crown prince vow to cooperate on Florida base shooting probe
(Reuters) - U.S. President Donald Trump and Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman on Sunday discussed last week’s Florida naval base shooting and vowed to work together on the investigation of the attack, which left three people dead and injured eight others.
“The Crown Prince reiterated Saudi Arabia’s commitment to working with the United States to prevent a horrific attack like the Pensacola shooting from ever happening again,” White House spokesman Judd Deere said in a statement.
Trump thanked “the Crown Prince for Saudi Arabia’s assistance with the investigation and continued partnership,” Deere added in the statement released Sunday night.
Saudi Arabia’s state news agency on Sunday also said the crown prince had called Trump to express his condolences and support for the families of the victims of the shooting and assure the Republican U.S. president that Saudi authorities would offer their absolute cooperation with U.S. investigators.
The FBI has said U.S. investigators believe Saudi Air Force Second Lieutenant Mohammed Saeed Alshamrani, 21, acted alone when he attacked a U.S. Navy base in Pensacola, Florida on Friday, before he was fatally shot by a deputy sheriff.
U.S investigators are facing mounting pressure to discover his motives in the attack.


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Transportation
-
Air Plane Transportation and hotel reservations are provided to Study Tour participants from their country of residence to Mexico. Participants are asked to keep all their boarding passes, as Fundar and PAC need them for accountability purposes. Participants are also responsible for scanning and sending the boarding passes of their trip back home.
-
Transportation between the airport and the Hotel Genève will be provided by the Hotel. Someone will be waiting for you at the airport holding a sign with the Hotel Genève’s logo on it. Please look for this person after you retrieve your luggage and pass customs. In case you may not find this person or if you find yourself in any trouble, please do not hesitate to send anyone of us an email or contact us through What’s App group created for that purpose. The Mexican International Airport has free Wi-Fi, as well as public phones, and you will find our cellphone numbers in the “Emergency Contacts” section.
-
Mini-van transportation will be provided from the hotels to all Study Tour related activities within the cities of Mexico and Puebla. The mini-van will pick participants up at the hotel each morning and will drop all participants off at the end of the day. In order to ensure that all Study Tour activities start on time, participants are asked to be in the Hotel Lobby and ready to leave at least 10 minutes before departure.
Currency and Exchange/Banking Services
- The Peso (MXN) is the currency of Mexico, 1 US dollar = 19 Mexican Pesos.
-
Currency exchange services (Cambio de Divisas in Spanish) are available at Mexico City Airport, in Terminal 1 (first and second floor) and Terminal 2 (first and second floor). We suggest that participants exchange their currencies at the airport, as exchange rates are usually more interesting at the airport. However, there are also currency exchange services near the Hotel Genève, and most banks in Mexico accept foreign Visa cards (debit or credit) for withdrawal transactions with a fee. ATMs can usually be found everywhere.
Costs Covered by ELLA
-
Visa related expenses will be reimbursed upon arrival to Mexico:
- Visa and transit visa fees
- Hotel and Transportation between countries for those who had to travel abroad to get the Mexican Visa
Participants are asked to bring the receipts of the visa and transit visa, as well as the receipts of Hotels and Transportation between countries, in order to receive their reimbursements. Without the receipts, Fundar will not be able to reimburse participants for visa related expenses.
- Lunch at the Hotel Genève on Sunday October 30th and November 6th, for a maximum of $280 Mexican Pesos
- Daily breakfast at the Hotel Genève
- Daily dinner at the Hotel Genève, for a maximum amount of $280 Mexican pesos. In case a participant exceeds this limit, he or she will be asked to pay the difference.
- Lunches from Monday to Saturday will be organized and payed for by Fundar.
- Fundar will provide per diems to participants for their daily expenses during the Study Tour. The per diem will be of 125 Mexican Pesos. The per diems for the whole week will be given to participants on the first day of the Study Tour. Participants are responsible for adequately managing their per diems.
- All study tour related transportation
- Accommodation in Mexico City and Puebla
- Tourist activities arranged in the ELLA study tour itinerary
Costs NOT Covered by ELLA
- Medical insurance
- Vaccinations
- Land transportation in country of origin
- Food costs during airport transit
- Hotel room amenities i.e.: room service, laundry, long-distance phone calls
- Meals taken out of the Hotel and/or out of Study Tour Activities
- Tourist activities not arranged in ELLA study tour itinerary
- Shopping purchases
- Transportation unrelated to study tour activities
- Sim cards - Fundar strongly recommends participants against getting a Mexican sim card. International call fees from Mexican cellphone numbers are incredibly high, and participants should rather communicate through Skype.
- Alcoholic beverages
- Medications


| Plan | Price |
|---|---|
|
{{ plan.Title }} Plan
{{ ctrl.count('MaxSpace') | humanSize }} Storage
{{ ctrl.count('MaxDomains') }} Custom domain
{{ ctrl.count('MaxAddresses') }} Address
|
{{ ctrl.valid.Amount / 100 | currency: plan.Currency }} {{ ctrl.valid.Amount / 100 / 12 | currency: plan.Currency }}/mo |
| Total per month (incl. taxes) Total per year (incl. taxes) | {{ ctrl.valid.Amount / 100 | currency: ctrl.valid.Currency }} |
| Proration | {{ ctrl.valid.Proration / 100 | currency: ctrl.valid.Currency }} |
| Coupon | {{ ctrl.valid.CouponDiscount / 100 | currency: ctrl.valid.Currency }} |
| Credit | {{ ctrl.valid.Credit / 100 | currency: ctrl.valid.Currency }} |
| Amount due | {{ ctrl.valid.AmountDue / 100 | currency: ctrl.valid.Currency }} |
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Most countries' climate targets 'totally insufficient' — study
by Natalie HuetThe vast majority of carbon emission reduction pledges countries made under the 2015 Paris accord aren’t nearly enough to keep global warming in check, a new report has warned.
The study, called "The truth behind the climate pledges" and published by the nonprofit Universal Ecological Fund, ranks nearly three-quarters of national pledges as "insufficient", including those of major polluters such as China, the United States, and India.
A dozen pledges were judged only partially sufficient, and just under 20 percent were deemed ambitious enough — most of them in the European Union.
The US withdrawal from the pact is going to make the deal's targets even more difficult to reach, one of the authors' reports, Sir Robert Watson, told Euronews.
'A terrible signal'
"As one of historically the largest emitters in the world, and currently one of the highest per-capita emitters, it sends a terrible signal to other countries that the US is not committed to addressing the climate issue," said Watson, former chair of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change as well as a former White House Senior adviser.
French President Emmanuel Macron and his Chinese counterpart Xi Jinping signed a joint statement on Wednesday reaffirming their support for the Paris agreement, calling it an "irreversible" process.
To achieve the Paris 2015 climate accord's most ambitious goal of keeping global warming below 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, global greenhouse gas emissions would need to be reduced by 50 percent by 2030.
China, the United States, the European Union and India account for around 60 percent of the world's CO2 emissions, so any action on their part is key to reaching the Paris targets.
China has an ambitious pledge on paper, but it's not enough in practice, according to this new report.
"While the emissions intensity targets of China and India are very good, their economic growth is so strong that their emissions will increase between now and 2030," Watson predicted.
Europe in the lead
The EU has a binding target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 40 percent below their 1990 level by 2030.
European countries are "clearly in the lead," said Watson, calling the bloc's pledge for 2030 "very encouraging".
"Obviously we need even more from the EU, and by 2050 we need the EU to be carbon neutral," he added.
EU member states are currently considering asking the European Investment Bank to stop funding fossil fuel projects, in what could be a breakthrough in the bloc's climate policy.
"Anything that helps move us away from fossil fuels is a step in the right direction," said Watson.
You can watch the full interview on Euronews Now by clicking in the player above.


All About This Cheesecake Boss
Cheesecakes supposedly originated in ancient Greece and were even served to athletes at the first Olympic Games.
Evidence of early cheesecakes can be traced to the Greek island of Samos as far back as 2,000 B.C., though the oldest existing written recipe is credited to Roman politician Marcus Cato around the first century B.C. This version was also called "placenta" because of its resemblance to . . . you know..
"American" cheesecake wasn't invented 'til the late 1800s.
New York dairyman William Lawrence accidentally invented cream cheese in 1872 while trying to recreate a soft French cheese called Neufchatel. New York-style cheesecake, with its signature simple cream cheese and egg yolks make-up, was later created in the 1900s by German immigrant Arnold Reuben, because these guys say so.
There are other styles of cheesecake besides "New York."
There's Pennsylvanian, Philadelphian, Farmer's, country, Chicagoan, Asian, Australian, German, Italian, Dutch, Greek, Brazilian, Colombian, and probably dozens more, and they all sound pretty incredible. (Tried them before? Let us know in the comments!)
You used to be able to buy cheesecake-flavored postage stamps.
Sure they were from the Austrian Postal service, but Haagen-Dazs still once made flavor-infused stamps which included Cookies and Cream, Macadamia Nut Brittle, and Strawberry Cheesecake. Best part? Zero calories.
The price of ordering the whole Cheesecake Factory cheesecake line-up is almost $400.
Again, because these guys say so. That's 33 different cakes and a whole lot of self-loathing.
The "World's Most Expensive" cheesecake isn't even served at a restaurant.
It comes from Saks Fifth Avenue, and it looks like a pile of Christmas presents, literally. Made from a triple blend of mocha-flavored cheeses and encased in a filigreed chocolate shell, the Festive Two Stack runs $300 per cake. Though, considering how expensive shirts there cost, that's actually kind of a steal.
. A "Cheesecake Shot" consists of vanilla schnapps and cranberry juice.
Yassss Cheesecake Factory happy hour.
Cheesecake Kit Kats exist, and you can actually by them on Amazon Prime.
Here's the link. You're welcome.
Blueberry cheesecake lube also exists.
Along with "Natural," "Passionfruit," "Kiwi Strawberry," and "Strawberry Cheesecake," from sex toy company O'My. According to Cracked, the Blueberry Cheesecake flavor tastes like "sucking the life force from the gelatinous eyeball of an Oompa Loompa." Not the look.
. Other questionable cheesecake "inventions" include garlic-flavored and foie gras-flavored cheesecakes.
e're assuming these taste more like cream cheese dips than "cake," which isn't bad. Just, you know, weird. Here's a recipe for the garlic version, if you're so inclined.
The Guy Fieri Cheesecake Challenge in Vegas is a quarter slice of chocolate swirl cheesecake topped with hard pretzels, potato chips, and chocolate syrup.
It costs $12 and honestly, everyone complaining about it in this article is a pansy. There's also no reward for doing it, except maybe demolishing something that kind of looks like Guy Fieri's head.


The present perfect tense can be used to describe an action that began in the past and continues up to the present time. The present perfect is formed by conjugating the present form of the verb have with the past participle of the main verb.
| Subject | Correct form of have | Past participle | Since + specified time |
|---|---|---|---|
| The organization | has | existed | since 1945. |
In the exercise below, put the verb in parentheses in the correct form of the present perfect tense (for the purpose of this exercise, use the present perfect tense only).


Very hand that feed shibe vvv noodle horse super chub dat tungg tho pats, you are doin me a concern wow very biscit clouds heckin good boys and girls. Doge boof vvv heckin good boys and girls doing me a frighten woofer long bois, waggy wags extremely cuuuuuute the neighborhood pupper noodle horse wow very biscit.


|
||||||||||
| PREV CLASS NEXT CLASS | FRAMES NO FRAMES | |||||||||
| SUMMARY: NESTED | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD | DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD |
java.lang.Object org.apache.xalan.xsltc.dom.NodeSortRecord
public abstract class NodeSortRecord
Base class for sort records containing application specific sort keys
| Field Summary | |
|---|---|
static int |
COMPARE_ASCENDING
|
static int |
COMPARE_DESCENDING
|
static int |
COMPARE_NUMERIC
|
static int |
COMPARE_STRING
|
| Constructor Summary | |
|---|---|
NodeSortRecord()
|
|
NodeSortRecord(int node)
This constructor is run by a call to ClassLoader in the makeNodeSortRecord method in the NodeSortRecordFactory class. |
| Method Summary | |
|---|---|
int |
compareDocOrder(NodeSortRecord other)
|
int |
compareTo(NodeSortRecord other)
Compare this sort element to another. |
abstract java.lang.String |
extractValueFromDOM(DOM dom,
int current,
int level,
AbstractTranslet translet,
int last)
Extract the sort value for a level of this key. |
java.text.Collator[] |
getCollator()
Returns the array of Collators used for text comparisons in this object. |
int |
getNode()
Returns the node for this sort object |
void |
initialize(int node,
int last,
DOM dom,
org.apache.xalan.xsltc.dom.SortSettings settings)
This method allows the caller to set the values that could not be passed to the default constructor. |
| Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object |
|---|
equals, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait |
| Field Detail |
|---|
public static final int COMPARE_STRING
public static final int COMPARE_NUMERIC
public static final int COMPARE_ASCENDING
public static final int COMPARE_DESCENDING
| Constructor Detail |
|---|
public NodeSortRecord(int node)
public NodeSortRecord()
| Method Detail |
|---|
public final void initialize(int node, int last, DOM dom, org.apache.xalan.xsltc.dom.SortSettings settings) throws TransletException
TransletException
public final int getNode()
public final int compareDocOrder(NodeSortRecord other)
public int compareTo(NodeSortRecord other)
public java.text.Collator[] getCollator()
public abstract java.lang.String extractValueFromDOM(DOM dom, int current, int level, AbstractTranslet translet, int last)
|
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| PREV CLASS NEXT CLASS | FRAMES NO FRAMES | |||||||||
| SUMMARY: NESTED | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD | DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD |


Tic Tac Toe Game!
If you wanna play, you gotta pay (ethers only)
Challenges You Can Accept
Active Games


{% extends "layout.html" %} {% load static from staticfiles %} {% load markdown_deux_tags %} {% block title %} Mohd Muthanna {% endblock %} {% block content %}
Welcome to my home in this digital world, I'm a freelancer Web Developer mainly work on django/python. I live in Amman and can help you to have your own website, I graduated from AAU. I'm trying to live this life as simple as I can. I'm interested in technology, poetry, politics and sometime photography.  {# I love Arabic food, Cardamom-flavored Tea, BBQ and swimming.#} If you have any questions or just want to say hi feel free to contact me, Also you can follow me on Social Media.


a community
for experimental
scholarship.
What We Do
Experimental & digital scholarship in all fields, informed by humanities and cultural heritage approaches.
Explore With Us
At the Scholars' Lab, our most important digital humanities project is our community of scholars: mentors, learners, researchers, teachers, crafters & makers, collaborators.
Come help us explore what that means—we'd love you to be a part of our community! We're the UVA Library's lab for experimental and digital research, teaching, and other forms of scholarship, open to all disciplines and anyone curious about getting their hands dirty.
Curious? Please get in touch with us—absolutely no prior experience or fully formed ideas needed!
Email us at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>with questions, head right to our consultation request form if you know you want to meet with us, or sign up below to hear about events and opportunities.
- Spaces:
- Space #1: Alderman 419
- Lorem ipsum
- Dolor: sic amet 418
10am-11:30am.
One of our primary missions is to support the work of emerging scholars and digital scholarship practitioners—particularly UVa graduate students.
We offer a variety of fellowships and opportunities to this end, which collectively aim to support graduate students during the full measure of their time at UVA.
From the innovative Praxis Program to professionalization training for students on the DH job market, we're here to help whether you're looking to answer a specific call for applications or simply looking to discuss your research.
Tuesdays:1-9pm
Wednesdays:1-7pm
Thursdays:1-9pm
Fridays:1-5pm
The Scholars’ Lab Makerspace is a place for tinkering and experimentation with technologies like desktop fabrication, physical computing, and augmented reality. Open to everyone, we specialize in applications and research questions in the humanities and arts.
Find things like 3-D printing, wearable technologies, physical computing, & more at our space in the middle of the Scholars' Lab Common Area.
Experts at thinking about space+time.
We've got experts in GIS and other mapping approaches (including our own Neatline project for telling stories that combine timelines+maps), cultural heritage informatics, augmented reality, virtual reality, 3D modeling, photogrammetry and scanning, aerial footage, and more.
- Hours: by appointment
- Office: by appointment (Clemons is closed during Summer 2018)
- Office: 417 Alderman
- Hours: Weekdays 9-5 in general, but email the GIS folks in advance if you need us to be there


{% extends "templates/home.html" %} {% block stylesheet %} {{ super() }} {% endblock %} {% block main %}
Add your public key into ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
in your jupyter notebook. [Doc]
Copy and paste the example below into your ~/.ssh/config
. Then replace ~/.ssh/id_rsa
with your private key location.
HOST {{ default_server.ssh_config['hostname'] }}
User jovyan
Hostname {{ default_server.ssh_config['hostname'] }}
Port 22
ForwardAgent yes
ProxyCommand ssh -W %h:%p -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa limited-user@{{ default_server.ssh_config['host'] }} -p {{ default_server.ssh_config['port'] }}
IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id_rsa
StrictHostKeyChecking no
UserKnownHostsFile=/dev/null
After these steps, you will be able to successfully connect to your notebook.
$ ssh {{ default_server.ssh_config['hostname'] }}


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They can only be seen by people who've seen death.
- Hair colour: Black
- Native range: British Isles, France, Iberian Peninsula, Ireland
- Ministry of Magic Classification: XXXX
- Size: Larger than a wingless horse
A Thestral is a breed of winged horses with a skeletal body, face with reptilian features, and wide, leathery wings that resemble a bat's.


Privacy Statement for Puzz.com, AllIQTests.com, aMillionQuizzes.com, ThoughtForThisDay.com, RockinSurveys.com, IQSocieties.com, AfreeB.com, OnlineGamingZone.com, and FreeDungeons.com
Below is the privacy statement for the St. Louis, Missouri based e-company Puzz.com, LLC, which operates the web sites Puzz.com, AllIQTests.com, aMillionQuizzes.com, ThoughtForThisDay.com, RockinSurveys.com, IQSocieties.com, AfreeB.com, OnlineGamingZone.com and FreeDungeons.com, and the promotional email newsletters Surveys & Quizzes, Surveys & Tests and All IQ Tests. We do not sell, share or transfer our email subscriber lists or any other collected personal information (including but not limited to names, postal addresses, email addresses and phone numbers) to or with third parties. We do not subscribe people to our e-mail newsletters unless they request that this is done. Both of these latter two statements were true when we first went into business in 1998, and have always remained true. We have always been committed
to safeguarding your privacy.
The following policy explains how we gather and use personal information in
detail. This policy may change from time to time and Puzz.com, LLC reserves the right to change or modify this policy at any
time with or without notice. If you have any questions about this policy, please
feel free to contact us.
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Puzz.com, LLC's newsletter subscription forms require individuals to provide basic
contact information. We use or may use your contact information (such as your email
address) from the registration form to send you newsletters and occasional
information about our company, or to investigate in cases of suspected fraud or
abuse. You may opt-out of receiving further communications; see the Opting Out
of Further Communications section below.
To better serve you, we may also store the information you present to us via
email, postal mail, fax or telephone. This information is or may be used in the same manner as
information directly collected using Puzz.com, LLC's forms. We
may also use information you provide us via email, postal mail, fax or telephone to pursue the
matter for which you contacted us.
We use some 3rd party subscription services to generate subscribers for our newsletters. While these companies use a number of filtering and anti-fraud devices, it is possible that someone could submit your e-mail address to us fraudulently. If this occurs, please follow the instructions below under "Opting-Out of Further Communications" and also please
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Advertisers:
Puzz.com, LLC uses outside ad companies to display ads on its sites and in its newsletters.
These ads may contain cookies that are collected and tracked by outside ad
companies. These sites have privacy policies which may be different from ours. You should read the privacy policies on such sites before subscribing to their services.
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Links to Other Sites:
Puzz.com, LLC's sites and newsletters link to external sites. We are not responsible for the
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Puzz.com, LLC uses your IP address to help diagnose problems with our
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Puzz.com, LLC has security measures in place to protect the loss, misuse, and
alteration of the information under control. Puzz.com, LLC regularly
reviews these measures to better protect you. Occasionally, information may be
provided to Puzz.com, LLC fraudulently or by an individual unauthorized to
provide such information. When Puzz.com, LLC is notified of
suspected fraud or abuse, we take steps to resolve the problem immediately. In some instances, it may be necessary for us to share personal information about the individuals and/or companies involved in the fraud or abuse with other parties.
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Opting-Out of Further Communications:
Puzz.com, LLC e-mail subscribers can opt-out of receiving further communications
from Puzz.com, LLC. Our web site gives you the following options for
removing your information from our databases and our mailing lists:
Puzz.com, LLC newsletter subscribers can respond to such e-mails with "unsubscribe" in the subject header of the e-mail sent, or click the unsubscribe or settings URLs given at the bottom of each newsletter, and follow the instructions there.
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Puzz.com, LLC attempts to comply with all legislative and judicial orders.
These orders will take precedence over the details stated in the policy above.
If you have any questions about this privacy policy or your dealings with
Puzz.com, LLC, you may contact us:
By E-mail: Bill At Puzz Dot Com
Or by Postal Mail:
Puzz.com, LLC
P.O. Box 14321
Springfield, Missouri 65814
USA
Puzz.com Main Page


Graham D Rose
PhD educated bioinformatics scientist with over ten year’s experience in high-throughput sequencing from doctoral training, research, and government level positions, including Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute and Public Health England, providing a wide analytical and applied skill set in the genomics space, coupled to a strong molecular biology training.
Current
I am currently based within the GOSH Bioinformatics group at Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, which is the lead centre for the North Thames Genomic Labortory Hub. Initially funded through Genomics England, this now permanent role involves software development, analysis and management skill sets for the high-throughput sequencing data generated as part of routine diagnostic service, and previously the 100,000 genomes project.
Employment
09.2019-present
Great Ormond Street Hospital Permanent bioinformatician within the diagnostic bioinfomatics team, combining the development and maintenance of a suite of bespoke web based applications and analytical pipelines, and to facilitate Clinical Scientists and researchers within interogating genomic datasets.
04.2019-04.2019
Springer Nature Freelance Scientific Editor, taking on the developmental editing of research articles and reports.
04.2019-09.2019
Great Ormond Street Hospital Contract bioinformatician role to help develop and maintain a software management tool for handling clinical data retrieved from Genomics England as part of the 100,000 genomes project. As well as wider integration across the Bioinformatics group software projects.
10.2018-04.2019
Great Ormond Street Hospital Honorary bioinformatician role involving a collaboration to build on a bioinformatics management tool for handling clinical data retrieved from Genomics England as part of the 100,000 genomes project.
05.2018-present
Imperial College London Honorary research fellow within the National Heart Lung Institute, providing bioinformatics support for several rare disease datasets generated as part of the 100,000 genomes project.
01.2018-04.2019
Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust Bioinformatics scientist working on the 100,000 Genomes Project, and part of the West London Genomic Medicine Centre (GMC).
04.2016-04.2018
Faculty of Genomic Medicine, Queen Mary University London Visiting lecturer, responsible for delivering part of the HEE MSc in Genomic Medicine ‘Application of Genomics in Infectious Disease’ module.
07.2014-01.2018
Public Health England Computational Biologist role, responsible for building and delivering genomic and metagenomic research and development projects using a range of NGS platforms.
09.2013-07.2014
The Pirbright Institute Characterising terabase-scale sequence data from the transcriptome of Anopheles gambiae, as part of the Vector Molecular Biology group
02.2008-07.2009
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Finishing and comparative analysis within the Pathogen Genomics group, including Clostridium difficile and Mycobacterium
tuberculosis.
Education
09.2009-06.2013
MRC National Institute of Medical Research Pathogen Genomics PhD (supervisors: Prof. Douglas Young and Prof. Sebastein Gagneux). My thesis was entitled A genomic and transcriptomic study of lineage-specific variation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, available via UCL Senate House
09.2006-08.2007
University of Leeds MRes Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (Distinction)
09.2003-06.2006
University of Leeds BSc Microbiology (Hons) 2.1
Presentations
National
2017
Microbiology Society event: Microbiome session at Porton Down, “Challenges of the Unknown”
2016
Illumina User General Meeting: Invited scientific talk session, “The preterm infant gut microbiome”
Publications
2017
Complete Genome Sequences of BK Polyomavirus Strains from Two Patients with Urinary Tract Infection, Sequenced Using the Ion Torrent Platform.
G. Rose, K. Ranellou, R. Misra, C. Crump, D. Wooldridge, S. Parmar, C. Maddren, S. Gharbia, H. Jalal. Genome Announcements. 2017
The Challenges of Identifying Mycobacterium to the Species Level using MALDI‐TOF MS G. Rose, R. Culak, T. Chambers, S. E. Gharbia, H. N. Shah, Y. Kim, JS. Kim. MALDI‐TOF and Tandem MS for Clinical Microbiology. 2017.
Antibiotic resistance potential of the healthy preterm infant gut microbiome. G. Rose, A. G. Shaw, K. Sim, D. J. Wooldridge, M. Li, S. Gharbia, R. Misra, J. S. Kroll. PeerJ. 2017.
2016
Dosage compensation in the African malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae.
G. Rose, E. Krzywinska, J. Kim, L. Revuelta, L. Ferretti, and J. Krzywinski. Genome Biology and Evolution. 2016.
Development of a candidate reference material for adventitious virus detection in vaccine and biologicals manufacturing by deep sequencing. ET Mee, MD Preston, PD Minor, S Schepelmann; CS533 Study Participants. Vaccine. 2016.
2015
Genomic diversity of BK polyomavirus in East of England–Preliminary data.
K Ranellou, C Crump, R Misra, D Wooldridge, G Rose, S Gharbia, S Parmar, M Curran, N Verlander, H Zhang, H Jalal. Journal of Clinical Virology. 2015.
Challenges of the Unknown: Clinical Application of Microbial Metagenomics. G. Rose, D. J. Wooldridge, C. Anscombe, E. T. Mee, R. V. Misra, and S. Gharbia. International Journal of Genomics. 2015.
Complete genome sequence of the hypervirulent bacterium Clostridium difficile strain G46, ribotype 027. T. Gaulton, R. Misra, G. Rose, P. Baybayan, R. Hall, J. Freeman, J. Turton, S. Picton, J. Korlach, S. Gharbia, and H. Shah. Genome Announcements. 2015.
2013
A genomic and transcriptomic study of lineage-specific variation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
GD. Rose. University College London. 2013.
Mapping of Genotype-Phenotype Diversity among Clinical Isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Sequence-Based Transcriptional Profiling. G. Rose, T. Cortes, I. Comas, M. Coscolla, S. Gagneux, and D. B. Young. Genome Biology and Evolution. 2013.
Genome-wide Mapping of Transcriptional Start Sites Defines an Extensive Leaderless Transcriptome in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. T. Cortes, O. T. Schubert, G. Rose, K. B. Arnvig, I. Comas, R. Aebersold, and D. B. Young Cell Reports. 2013.
A Small RNA Encoded in the Rv2660c Locus of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is Induced during Starvation and Infection. J. Houghton, T. Cortes, O. Schubert, G. Rose, A. Rodgers, M. De Ste Croix, R. Aebersold, D. B. Young, and K. B. Arnvig. PLoS ONE. 2013.
Use of whole genome sequencing to determine the microevolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis during an outbreak. M. Kato-Maeda, C. Ho, B. Passarelli, N. Banaei, J. Grinsdale, L. Flores, J. Anderson, M. Murray, G. Rose, L. M. Kawamura, N. Pourmand, M. a. Tariq, S. Gagneux, and P. C. Hopewell. PLoS One. 2013.
2012
The heterogeneous evolution of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
B. Müller, S. Borrell, G. Rose, and S. Gagneux. Trends Genet. 2012.
2011
Whole-genome sequencing of rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains identifies compensatory mutations in RNA polymerase genes.
I. Comas, S. Borrell, A. Roetzer, G. Rose, B. Malla, M. Kato-Maeda, J. Galagan, S. Niemann, and S. Gagneux. Nature Genetics 2011.
Sequence-based analysis uncovers an abundance of non-coding RNA in the total transcriptome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. K. B. Arnvig, I. Comas, N. R. Thomson, J. Houghton, H. I. Boshoff, N. J. Croucher, G. Rose, T. T. Perkins, J. Parkhill, G. Dougan, and D. B. Young. PLoS Pathogens. 2011.
Genotypic and phenotypic modifications of Neisseria meningitidis after an accidental human passage. H. Omer, G. Rose, K. a. Jolley, E. Frapy, J. R. Zahar, M. C. J. Maiden, S. D. Bentley, C. R. Tinsley, X. Nassif, and E. Bille. PLoS One. 2011.
2010
Evolutionary dynamics of Clostridium difficile over short and long time scales.
M. He, M. Sebaihia, T. D. Lawley, R. A. Stabler, L. F. Dawson, M. J. Martin, K. E. Holt, H. M. B. Seth-Smith, M. a Quail, R. Rance, K. Brooks, C. Churcher, D. Harris, S. D. Bentley, C. Burrows, L. Clark, C. Corton, V. Murray, G. Rose, S. Thurston, A. van Tonder, D. Walker, B. W. Wren, G. Dougan, and J. Parkhill. PNAS. 2010.
2009
Comparative genome and phenotypic analysis of Clostridium difficile 027 strains provides insight into the evolution of a hypervirulent bacterium.
R. A. Stabler, M. He, L. Dawson, M. Martin, E. Valiente, C. Corton, T. D. Lawley, M. Sebaihia, M. A. Quail, G. Rose, D. N. Gerding, M. Gibert, M. R. Popoff, J. Parkhill, G. Dougan, and B. W. Wren. Genome Biology. 2009.
Technical skills
- UNIX - cli
- Shell scripting - bash/awk/sed
- Python - pandas, beautifulsoup, APIs
- Full Stack development - Django, Docker, MySQL, PostgreSQL
- HPC - batching, lustre
- Java/Groovy - pipelining, bpipe workflows
- Perl - general scripting
- VBA - automation within NHS frameworks
- R - bioconductor, DESeq
- Git
Areas of expertise
- Bioinformatics
- Analysis pipeline development
- NGS and variant calling
- Bacterial genomics
Awards
Public Health England Pump Prime Funding (PPF) round 2017 (viral surveillance study)
MRC scholarship (PhD fees + stipend)
BBSRC postgraduate scholarship (MRes fees + stipend)


This service was born of my desire to quit Netflix but without having to lose all that info on what I've watched and what I've rated. To that end, I started investigating the Netflix API. While the API doesn't have exactly what I wanted (e.g. fetch all my rated movies), it was able supply enough functionality for me to fetch ratings for all the movies I had rented/streamed. Good enough, I suppose. Since collecting that information from Netflix takes time, I created a web service which would spawn delayed_jobs
to do the work.
To get started with your own export, click the Authorize button above, fill in your Netflix credential (note: we use Netflix's OAuth API. See the next section for more details), and this service will be begin exporting your Netflix DVD and Instant rental queue data for you. Once all of the records have been exported, you'll be able to download the data as a blob of json
.
Thanks to Christopher Cotton for answering my Netflix OAuth question on Stack Overflow!
If you would like to help keep this service running, please donate!
Our service is never given your Netflix credentials. We are using the Netflix OAuth API, which means you are only authorizing this web app to make requests on your behalf.
We do store a few pieces of Netflix OAuth data in your cookies, including your Netflix user_id
so that you do not have to keep re-authorizing the web app if you want to use it more than once. When you are done using this service, you can click the [sign out] link in the toolbar and we'll flush that information from your cookies.
Your exported rating information is stored in our database for short, indeterminate amount of time, after which it is permanently expunged during recurring, routine maintenance.
This data is available to only you.
The bad news is that this service is only using one web dyno and one worker process. So, it is going to be slow. The good news is, this service is free!
Even more good news, the code for this service is available on Github. Feel free to inspect it to ensure that we're not doing anything untoward with your data.
Update: We've updated the service to use batch requests so now you shouldn't encounter Netflix's request limit. However, there are still circumstances where requests for ratings return no results. If that happens, we detect that there are un-exported ratings and offer you a chance to download those remaining ratings individually by clicking the Continue button. If you would like to skip exporting those ratings, you can lick the Ignore and we'll let you download your data.
Use of this service is at your own risk. The authors of this webservice can not promise that bad things won't happen, up to and including the universe collasping back on itself.
{ "60010377": { "id": "60010377", "title": "Funny Girl", "year": "1968", "url": "http://api-public.netflix.com/catalog/titles/movies/60010377", "rating": "4.0", "type": "streamed", "viewed_date": "2011-12-05T09:03:48Z", "exported":1 }, "70102614": { "id": "70102614", "title": "Dead Like Me: Season 1: \"Reaping Havoc\"", "year": "2003", "url": "http://api-public.netflix.com/catalog/titles/programs/70102614", "rating": "5.0", "type": "streamed", "viewed_date": "2009-04-03T17:20:30Z", "exported":1 }, "60003378": { "id": "60003378", "title": "Billy Elliot", "year": "2000", "url": "http://api-public.netflix.com/catalog/titles/movies/60003378", "rating": null, "type": "streamed", "viewed_date": "2011-08-04T13:06:45-07:00", "exported": 2 } }note: if we were unable to export a rating for a title due to an error, rating will be set to null. If you never set a rating on a particular title, we set the rating to 0.0.


{% assign forums_sm = sitemarkers["Forums"] %} {% editable snippets 'Home/Title' default: 'Contoso' %} {% editable snippets 'Home/Subtitle' default: 'Customer' %} {% include 'Search' %} {% include 'Home - Popular Topics' %} {% editable snippets "Home/SubmitRequestHeading" default: resx["Request_Support"] %} Facilities Service Catalog Do you need facilities to add additional electrical boxes?Would you like to have a conference room setup for a meeting?Are you requesting a paper delivery?Find forms in the Facilities Service Catalog that will assist. IT Service Catalog Do you need to on/offboard an employee?Are you requesting new software or hardware? Would you like help with a printing request or creating a GIS map?Find forms in the IT Service Catalog that will assist. IT Project Request Form Are you looking to upgrade a current software solution?Are you looking to implement a new software solution?Are you looking for guidance for improving department processes?Submit your request here and you will be contacted by the Project Management Office (PMO) to gather additional information.


ABOUT US
Let me start by saying that the sole purpose I made this blog is because I'm a foodie, in fact, I come from a family where our passion is cooking and enjoying food. It's also the reason why I've opened up a food joint so I can share and serve our cuisine along with my sons. I love to experiment with cooking, so whatever you have in mind you can ask and inquire and we can share to the best of our abilities.