Women Olympians
Data Viz Project
This graph shows the top 5 countries in the world for the most womens Olympic medals. You will notice that the USA and Canada lead the world for the most womens medals, both countries also lead in overall medals. An interesting fact however is the third country in womens medals, Germany, they are actually eighth in the world for overall medals.
Data Viz Project
Break Down of Type of Medals Won by Women Olypians in Each Country
In breaking down the types of medals won by women in each country we see that Canada dominates the world in most gold medals, the USA on the other hand has primarily won silver. The USSR is slightly high in gold medals also while Germany is tied for equal amounts gold and silver medals and Sweden for silver and bronze.
Data Point 2
Ratio of Medal Winners by Gender in the Top 5 Countries
These graphs show the ratio of mens medalists vs womans medalists in each country. You will notice that Canada and The USA both have about one third of women vs two thirds of men winning medals. In Germany however nearly half of their medal winners are women. Sweden and the USSR are sitting at about a quarter of their medals being won by women athletes.
This graph shows the top 5 countries in the world for the most womens Olympic medals. You will notice that the USA and Canada lead the world for the most womens medals, both countries also lead in overall medals. An interesting fact however is the third country in womens medals, Germany, they are actually eighth in the world for overall medals.
Break Down of Type of Medals Won by Women Olypians in Each Country
In breaking down the types of medals won by women in each country we see that Canada dominates the world in most gold medals, the USA on the other hand has primarily won silver. The USSR is slightly high in gold medals also while Germany is tied for equal amounts gold and silver medals and Sweden for silver and bronze.
Data Point 2
Ratio of Medal Winners by Gender in the Top 5 Countries
These graphs show the ratio of mens medalists vs womans medalists in each country. You will notice that Canada and The USA both have about one third of women vs two thirds of men winning medals. In Germany however nearly half of their medal winners are women. Sweden and the USSR are sitting at about a quarter of their medals being won by women athletes.


Triangle Type Checker
Enter triangle side lengths and we'll tell you what type of triangle it is.
Find out!
A triangle with those side lengths would
be a
triangle.


vignettes/EmpiricalPCalibrationVignette.Rmd
EmpiricalPCalibrationVignette.Rmd
In observational studies, there is always the possibility that an effect size estimate is biased. This can be true even for advanced, well thought out study designs, because of unmeasured or unmodeled confounding. Negative controls (test-hypotheses where the exposure is not believed to cause the outcome) can be used to detect the potential for bias in a study, and with enough negative controls we can start to estimate the systematic error distribution inherent in an observational analysis. We can then use this estimated distribution to compute a calibrated p-value, which reflects the probability of observing an effect size estimate when the null hypothesis (of no effect) is true, taking both systematic and random error into account.
In this document we will use an example study to illustrate how this can be done using the EmpiricalCalibration
R package. In the example, we will try to answer the question whether sertraline (an SSRI) causes GI bleeding. We use a Self-Controlled Case Series (SCCS) design, and have applied this to a large insurance claims database.
The results from this study are available in the package, and can be loaded using the data()
command:
## drugName groundTruth logRr seLogRr
## 6 Sertraline 1 0.7326235 0.07371708
## [1] 2.080532
## [1] 0
Here we see that the effect estimate for sertraline is 2.1, with a p-value that is so small R rounds it to 0.
Negative controls are drug-outcome pairs where we believe the drug does not cause (or prevent) the outcome. In other words, we believe the true effect size to be a relative risk of 1. We would prefer our negative controls to have some resemblance with out hypothesis of interest (in our example sertraline - GI bleed), and we therefore typically pick negative controls where the outcome is the same (exposure controls), or the exposure is the same (outcome controls). In this example, we have opted for exposure controls, and have identified a set of drugs not believed to cause GI bleed. We have executed exactly the same analysis for these exposures, resulting in a set of effect size estimates, one per negative control:
## drugName groundTruth logRr seLogRr
## 1 Thiothixene 0 0.4339021 0.7617538
## 2 Methocarbamol 0 0.6363184 0.1839892
## 4 Phentermine 0 0.9297549 0.2979802
## 5 Disulfiram 0 1.6919273 0.5955222
## 7 Orlistat 0 0.5261691 0.1967199
## 8 Prochlorperazine 0 0.8581890 0.1308460
We can start by creating a forest plot of our negative controls:
## Registered S3 methods overwritten by 'ggplot2':
## method from
## [.quosures rlang
## c.quosures rlang
## print.quosures rlang
Here we see that many negative controls have a confidence interval that does not include a relative risk of 1 (orange lines), certainly more than the expected 5%. This indicates the analysis has systematic error.
We can use the negative controls to estimate the systematic error distribution. We assume the distribution is a Gaussian distribution, which we have found to give good performance in the past.
## Estimated null distribution
##
## Estimate
## Mean 0.7921
## SD 0.2834
We see that the mean of our distribution is greater than 0, indicating the analysis is positively biased. We also see the standard deviation is greater than 0.25, indicating there is considerable variability in the systematic error from one estimate to the next.
To evaluate whether our estimation of the systematic error distribution is a good one, we can test whether the calibrated p-value is truly calibrated, meaning the fraction of negative controls with a p-value below alpha is approximately the same as alpha:
This method uses a leave-one-out design: for every negative control, the null distribution is fitted using all other negative controls, and the calibrated p-value for that negative control is computed.
In the graph we see that the calibrated p-value is much closer to the diagonal than the uncalibrated p-value.
We can create a graphical representation of the null distribution, together with the negative controls used to estimate that distribution:
In this graph, the blue dots represent the negative controls. Any estimates below the gray dashed lines will have a traditional p-value below .05. In contrast, only estimates that fall within the orange areas will have a calibrated p-value below .05.
We can now use the estimated null distribution to compute the calibrated p-value for our drug of interest:
## [1] 0.8390598
In this case, the calibrated p-value is 0.84, meaning we have very little confidence we can reject the null hypothesis.
A visual representation of the calibration makes it clear why we are no longer certain we can reject the null hypothesis:
plotCalibrationEffect(negatives$logRr,
negatives$seLogRr,
drugOfInterest$logRr,
drugOfInterest$seLogRr,
null)
In this plot we see that, even though the drug of interest (the yellow diamond) has a high relative risk, it is indistinguishable from our negative controls.
Depending on how much information we have in terms of number of negative controls, or precision of those negative controls, we will be more or less certain about the parameters of the null distribution and therefore about the calibrated p-value. To estimate our uncertainty we can compute the 95% credible interval using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). We can apply the fitMcmcNull
function for this purpose:
## Estimated null distribution (using MCMC)
##
## Estimate lower .95 upper .95
## Mean 0.78967 0.67195 0.906
## Precision 12.55622 5.92882 22.638
##
## Acceptance rate: 0.327967203279672
We see that there is uncertainty around the estimates of the mean and precision (= 1/SD^2), as expressed in the 95% credible intervals. This uncertainty can be reduced by either increasing the number of negative controls, or by increasing the power for the existing controls (e.g. by waiting for more data to accumulate).
The acceptance rate of the MCMC seems reasonable (ideal values are typically between 0.2 and 0.6), but we can investigate the trace just to be sure:
For both variables the trace should look like ‘random noise’, as is the case above. When we see auto-correlation, meaning that one value of the trace depends on the previous value of the trace, the MCMC might not be reliable and we should not trust the 95% credible interval.
We can use the new null object to compute the calibrated p-value as well as the 95% credible interval:
## p lb95ci ub95ci
## 1 0.8410512 0.5482223 0.9906853
Note that there is uncertainty around the calibrated p-value as expressed in the 95% credible interval.
We can also visualize the uncertainty in the p-value calibration by plotting the 95% credible interval of the boundary where calibrated p = 0.05, here indicated by the red band:
##
## To cite EmpiricalCalibration in publications use:
##
## Schuemie MJ, Ryan PB, DuMouchel W, Suchard MA, Madigan D (2014).
## "Interpreting observational studies: why empirical calibration is
## needed to correct p-values." _Statistics in Medicine_, *33*(2),
## 209-218. <URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sim.5925>.
##
## Schuemie MJ, Hripcsak G, Ryan PB, Madigan D, Suchard MA (2018).
## "Empirical confidence interval calibration for population-level
## effect estimation studies in observational healthcare data."
## _Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A._, *115*(11), 2571-2577. <URL:
## https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1708282114>.
##
## To see these entries in BibTeX format, use 'print(<citation>,
## bibtex=TRUE)', 'toBibtex(.)', or set
## 'options(citation.bibtex.max=999)'.


[gecode-users] random / mod
Torsten Anders
torstenanders at gmx.de
Thu Aug 24 13:42:03 CEST 2006
On 23.08.2006, at 22:01, Guido Tack wrote:
> I'll be very interested in seeing music applications [...]
BTW: the all-interval series defined as an examples for Gecode does not
quite implement the musical concept all-interval series. The Gecode
example constraints absolute distances between series pitches. Instead,
an all-interval series for serial music constraints inversional
equivalent intervals. That is, complementary intervals such a fifth
upwards and a fourth downwards count as the same interval (namely 7). A
typical implementation of inversional equivalent intervals uses the
constraint modulo 12 (instead of simply computing the absolute
distance, i.e. | PC1-PC2 | )
inversionalEquivalentInterval(PC1 , PC2 , Interval) := Interval = (PC2
− PC1) mod 12
This standard all-interval series CSP for length 12 has 3856 solutions
(cf. Morris, R. and D. Starr (1974). The Structure of All-Interval
Series. Journal of Music Theory 18 (2)).
Best,
Torsten
PS: the problem spec at
http://www.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~ianm/CSPLib/prob/prob007/spec.html -- the
source for the Gecode implementation -- shows the same
misinterpretation of the musical concept.
--
Torsten Anders
Sonic Arts Research Centre • Queen's University Belfast
Frankstr. 49 • D-50996 Köln
Tel: +49-221-3980750
http://www.torsten-anders.de
http://strasheela.sourceforge.net
More information about the gecode-users
mailing list


Functional Tests
Build "{{build}}" - By Category
{{category}}
Build "{{build}}" - By Platform
{{platform}}
Build "{{build}}" - By Priority
{{priority}}


| 1 | package com.fasterxml.aalto.util; | |
| 2 | ||
| 3 | import java.lang.reflect.Array; | |
| 4 | ||
| 5 | public final class DataUtil | |
| 6 | { | |
| 7 | final static char[] EMPTY_CHAR_ARRAY = new char[0]; | |
| 8 | ||
| 9 | private DataUtil() { } | |
| 10 | ||
| 11 | public static char[] getEmptyCharArray() { | |
| 12 |
1
1. getEmptyCharArray : mutated return of Object value for com/fasterxml/aalto/util/DataUtil::getEmptyCharArray to ( if (x != null) null else throw new RuntimeException ) → NO_COVERAGE |
return EMPTY_CHAR_ARRAY; |
| 13 | } | |
| 14 | ||
| 15 | /* | |
| 16 | //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// | |
| 17 | // Methods for common operations on std data structs | |
| 18 | //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// | |
| 19 | */ | |
| 20 | ||
| 21 | public static String[] growArrayBy(String[] arr, int more) | |
| 22 | { | |
| 23 |
1
1. growArrayBy : negated conditional → NO_COVERAGE |
if (arr == null) { |
| 24 |
1
1. growArrayBy : mutated return of Object value for com/fasterxml/aalto/util/DataUtil::growArrayBy to ( if (x != null) null else throw new RuntimeException ) → NO_COVERAGE |
return new String[more]; |
| 25 | } | |
| 26 | String[] old = arr; | |
| 27 | int len = arr.length; | |
| 28 |
3
1. growArrayBy : AOD: Replaced integer addition with second operand → NO_COVERAGE 2. growArrayBy : AOR: Replaced integer addition with multiplication → NO_COVERAGE 3. growArrayBy : Replaced integer addition with subtraction → NO_COVERAGE |
arr = new String[len + more]; |
| 29 |
1
1. growArrayBy : removed call to java/lang/System::arraycopy → NO_COVERAGE |
System.arraycopy(old, 0, arr, 0, len); |
| 30 |
1
1. growArrayBy : mutated return of Object value for com/fasterxml/aalto/util/DataUtil::growArrayBy to ( if (x != null) null else throw new RuntimeException ) → NO_COVERAGE |
return arr; |
| 31 | } | |
| 32 | ||
| 33 | public static int[] growArrayBy(int[] arr, int more) | |
| 34 | { | |
| 35 |
1
1. growArrayBy : negated conditional → NO_COVERAGE |
if (arr == null) { |
| 36 |
1
1. growArrayBy : mutated return of Object value for com/fasterxml/aalto/util/DataUtil::growArrayBy to ( if (x != null) null else throw new RuntimeException ) → NO_COVERAGE |
return new int[more]; |
| 37 | } | |
| 38 | int[] old = arr; | |
| 39 | int len = arr.length; | |
| 40 |
3
1. growArrayBy : AOD: Replaced integer addition with second operand → NO_COVERAGE 2. growArrayBy : AOR: Replaced integer addition with multiplication → NO_COVERAGE 3. growArrayBy : Replaced integer addition with subtraction → NO_COVERAGE |
arr = new int[len + more]; |
| 41 |
1
1. growArrayBy : removed call to java/lang/System::arraycopy → NO_COVERAGE |
System.arraycopy(old, 0, arr, 0, len); |
| 42 |
1
1. growArrayBy : mutated return of Object value for com/fasterxml/aalto/util/DataUtil::growArrayBy to ( if (x != null) null else throw new RuntimeException ) → NO_COVERAGE |
return arr; |
| 43 | } | |
| 44 | ||
| 45 | public static char[] growArrayBy(char[] arr, int more) | |
| 46 | { | |
| 47 |
1
1. growArrayBy : negated conditional → NO_COVERAGE |
if (arr == null) { |
| 48 |
1
1. growArrayBy : mutated return of Object value for com/fasterxml/aalto/util/DataUtil::growArrayBy to ( if (x != null) null else throw new RuntimeException ) → NO_COVERAGE |
return new char[more]; |
| 49 | } | |
| 50 | char[] old = arr; | |
| 51 | int len = arr.length; | |
| 52 |
3
1. growArrayBy : AOD: Replaced integer addition with second operand → NO_COVERAGE 2. growArrayBy : AOR: Replaced integer addition with multiplication → NO_COVERAGE 3. growArrayBy : Replaced integer addition with subtraction → NO_COVERAGE |
arr = new char[len + more]; |
| 53 |
1
1. growArrayBy : removed call to java/lang/System::arraycopy → NO_COVERAGE |
System.arraycopy(old, 0, arr, 0, len); |
| 54 |
1
1. growArrayBy : mutated return of Object value for com/fasterxml/aalto/util/DataUtil::growArrayBy to ( if (x != null) null else throw new RuntimeException ) → NO_COVERAGE |
return arr; |
| 55 | } | |
| 56 | ||
| 57 | public static Object growAnyArrayBy(Object arr, int more) | |
| 58 | { | |
| 59 |
1
1. growAnyArrayBy : negated conditional → NO_COVERAGE |
if (arr == null) { |
| 60 | throw new IllegalArgumentException("Null array"); | |
| 61 | } | |
| 62 | Object old = arr; | |
| 63 | int len = Array.getLength(arr); | |
| 64 |
3
1. growAnyArrayBy : AOD: Replaced integer addition with second operand → NO_COVERAGE 2. growAnyArrayBy : AOR: Replaced integer addition with multiplication → NO_COVERAGE 3. growAnyArrayBy : Replaced integer addition with subtraction → NO_COVERAGE |
arr = Array.newInstance(arr.getClass().getComponentType(), len + more); |
| 65 |
1
1. growAnyArrayBy : removed call to java/lang/System::arraycopy → NO_COVERAGE |
System.arraycopy(old, 0, arr, 0, len); |
| 66 |
1
1. growAnyArrayBy : mutated return of Object value for com/fasterxml/aalto/util/DataUtil::growAnyArrayBy to ( if (x != null) null else throw new RuntimeException ) → NO_COVERAGE |
return arr; |
| 67 | } | |
| 68 | } | |
| 69 | | |
Mutations | ||
| 12 |
1.1 |
|
| 23 |
1.1 |
|
| 24 |
1.1 |
|
| 28 |
1.1 2.2 3.3 |
|
| 29 |
1.1 |
|
| 30 |
1.1 |
|
| 35 |
1.1 |
|
| 36 |
1.1 |
|
| 40 |
1.1 2.2 3.3 |
|
| 41 |
1.1 |
|
| 42 |
1.1 |
|
| 47 |
1.1 |
|
| 48 |
1.1 |
|
| 52 |
1.1 2.2 3.3 |
|
| 53 |
1.1 |
|
| 54 |
1.1 |
|
| 59 |
1.1 |
|
| 64 |
1.1 2.2 3.3 |
|
| 65 |
1.1 |
|
| 66 |
1.1 |


Marshal Format¶ ↑
The Marshal format is used to serialize ruby objects. The format can store arbitrary objects through three user-defined extension mechanisms.
For documentation on using Marshal to serialize and deserialize objects, see the Marshal module.
This document calls a serialized set of objects a stream. The Ruby
implementation can load a set of objects from a String, an IO or an object that implements a getc
method.
Stream Format¶ ↑
The first two bytes of the stream contain the major and minor version, each as a single byte encoding a digit. The version implemented in Ruby is 4.8 (stored as “x04x08”) and is supported by ruby 1.8.0 and newer.
Different major versions of the Marshal format are not compatible and cannot be understood by other major versions. Lesser minor versions of the format can be understood by newer minor versions. Format 4.7 can be loaded by a 4.8 implementation but format 4.8 cannot be loaded by a 4.7 implementation.
Following the version bytes is a stream describing the serialized object. The stream contains nested objects (the same as a Ruby object) but objects in the stream do not necessarily have a direct mapping to the Ruby object model.
Each object in the stream is described by a byte indicating its type followed by one or more bytes describing the object. When “object” is mentioned below it means any of the types below that defines a Ruby object.
true, false, nil¶ ↑
These objects are each one byte long. “T” is represents true
,
“F” represents false
and “0” represents nil
.
Fixnum and long¶ ↑
“i” represents a signed 32 bit value using a packed format. One through five bytes follows the type. The value loaded will always be a Fixnum. On 32 bit platforms (where the precision of a Fixnum is less than 32 bits) loading large values will cause overflow on CRuby.
The fixnum type is used to represent both ruby Fixnum objects and the sizes of marshaled arrays, hashes, instance variables and other types. In the following sections “long” will mean the format described below, which supports full 32 bit precision.
The first byte has the following special values:
- “x00”
-
The value of the integer is 0. No bytes follow.
- “x01”
-
The total size of the integer is two bytes. The following byte is a positive integer in the range of 0 through 255. Only values between 123 and 255 should be represented this way to save bytes.
- “xff”
-
The total size of the integer is two bytes. The following byte is a negative integer in the range of -1 through -256.
- “x02”
-
The total size of the integer is three bytes. The following two bytes are a positive little-endian integer.
- “xfe”
-
The total size of the integer is three bytes. The following two bytes are a negative little-endian integer.
- “x03”
-
The total size of the integer is four bytes. The following three bytes are a positive little-endian integer.
- “xfd”
-
The total size of the integer is two bytes. The following three bytes are a negative little-endian integer.
- “x04”
-
The total size of the integer is five bytes. The following four bytes are a positive little-endian integer. For compatibility with 32 bit ruby, only Fixnums less than<PHONE_NUMBER> should be represented this way. For sizes of stream objects full precision may be used.
- “xfc”
-
The total size of the integer is two bytes. The following four bytes are a negative little-endian integer. For compatibility with 32 bit ruby, only Fixnums greater than -10737341824 should be represented this way. For sizes of stream objects full precision may be used.
Otherwise the first byte is a sign-extended eight-bit value with an offset. If the value is positive the value is determined by subtracting 5 from the value. If the value is negative the value is determined by adding 5 to the value.
There are multiple representations for many values. CRuby always outputs the shortest representation possible.
Symbols and Byte Sequence¶ ↑
“:” represents a real symbol. A real symbol contains the data needed to
define the symbol for the rest of the stream as future occurrences in the
stream will instead be references (a symbol link) to this one. The
reference is a zero-indexed 32 bit value (so the first occurrence of
:hello
is 0).
Following the type byte is byte sequence which consists of a long indicating the number of bytes in the sequence followed by that many bytes of data. Byte sequences have no encoding.
For example, the following stream contains the Symbol :hello
:
"\x04\x08:\x0ahello"
“;” represents a Symbol link which references a previously defined Symbol. Following the type byte is a long containing the index in the lookup table for the linked (referenced) Symbol.
For example, the following stream contains [:hello, :hello]
:
"\x04\b[\a:\nhello;\x00"
When a “symbol” is referenced below it may be either a real symbol or a symbol link.
Object References¶ ↑
Separate from but similar to symbol references, the stream contains only one copy of each object (as determined by object_id) for all objects except true, false, nil, Fixnums and Symbols (which are stored separately as described above) a one-indexed 32 bit value will be stored and reused when the object is encountered again. (The first object has an index of 1).
“@” represents an object link. Following the type byte is a long giving the index of the object.
For example, the following stream contains an Array of the same
"hello"
object twice:
"\004\b[\a\"\nhello@\006"
Instance Variables¶ ↑
“I” indicates that instance variables follow the next object. An object
follows the type byte. Following the object is a length indicating the
number of instance variables for the object. Following the length is a set
of name-value pairs. The names are symbols while the values are objects.
The symbols must be instance variable names (:@name
).
An Object (“o” type, described below) uses the same format for its instance variables as described here.
For a String and Regexp (described below) a
special instance variable :E
is used to indicate the Encoding.
Extended¶ ↑
“e” indicates that the next object is extended by a module. An object follows the type byte. Following the object is a symbol that contains the name of the module the object is extended by.
Array¶ ↑
“[” represents an Array. Following the type byte is a long indicating the number of objects in the array. The given number of objects follow the length.
Bignum¶ ↑
“l” represents a Bignum which is composed of three parts:
- sign
-
A single byte containing “+” for a positive value or “-” for a negative value.
- length
-
A long indicating the number of bytes of Bignum data follows, divided by two. Multiply the length by two to determine the number of bytes of data that follow.
- data
-
Bytes of Bignum data representing the number.
The following ruby code will reconstruct the Bignum value from an array of bytes:
result = 0 bytes.each_with_index do |byte, exp| result += (byte * 2 ** (exp * 8)) end
Class and Module¶ ↑
“c” represents a Class object, “m” represents a Module and “M” represents either a class or module (this is an old-style for compatibility). No class or module content is included, this type is only a reference. Following the type byte is a byte sequence which is used to look up an existing class or module, respectively.
Instance variables are not allowed on a class or module.
If no class or module exists an exception should be raised.
For “c” and “m” types, the loaded object must be a class or module, respectively.
Data¶ ↑
“d” represents a Data object. (Data objects are wrapped pointers from ruby extensions.) Following the type byte is a symbol indicating the class for the Data object and an object that contains the state of the Data object.
To dump a Data object Ruby calls _dump_data. To load a Data object Ruby calls _load_data with the state of the object on a newly allocated instance.
Float¶ ↑
“f” represents a Float object. Following the type byte is a byte sequence containing the float value. The following values are special:
- “inf”
-
Positive infinity
- “-inf”
-
Negative infinity
- “nan”
-
Not a Number
Otherwise the byte sequence contains a C double (loadable by strtod(3)). Older minor versions of Marshal also stored extra mantissa bits to ensure portability across platforms but 4.8 does not include these. See
- ruby-talk:69518
-
for some explanation.
Hash and Hash with Default Value¶ ↑
“{” represents a Hash object while “}” represents a
Hash with a default value set (Hash.new
0
). Following the type byte is a long indicating the number of
key-value pairs in the Hash, the size. Double the
given number of objects follow the size.
For a Hash with a default value, the default value follows all the pairs.
Module and Old Module¶ ↑
Object¶ ↑
“o” represents an object that doesn't have any other special form (such as a user-defined or built-in format). Following the type byte is a symbol containing the class name of the object. Following the class name is a long indicating the number of instance variable names and values for the object. Double the given number of pairs of objects follow the size.
The keys in the pairs must be symbols containing instance variable names.
Regular Expression¶ ↑
“/” represents a regular expression. Following the type byte is a byte sequence containing the regular expression source. Following the type byte is a byte containing the regular expression options (case-insensitive, etc.) as a signed 8-bit value.
Regular expressions can have an encoding attached through instance variables (see above). If no encoding is attached escapes for the following regexp specials not present in ruby 1.8 must be removed: g-m, o-q, u, y, E, F, H-L, N-V, X, Y.
String¶ ↑
'“' represents a String. Following the type byte is a byte
sequence containing the string content. When dumped from ruby 1.9 an
encoding instance variable (:E
see above) should be included
unless the encoding is binary.
Struct¶ ↑
“S” represents a Struct. Following the type byte is a symbol containing the name of the struct. Following the name is a long indicating the number of members in the struct. Double the number of objects follow the member count. Each member is a pair containing the member's symbol and an object for the value of that member.
If the struct name does not match a Struct subclass in the running ruby an exception should be raised.
If there is a mismatch between the struct in the currently running ruby and the member count in the marshaled struct an exception should be raised.
User Class¶ ↑
“C” represents a subclass of a String, Regexp, Array or Hash. Following the type byte is a symbol containing the name of the subclass. Following the name is the wrapped object.
User Defined¶ ↑
“u” represents an object with a user-defined serialization format using the
_dump
instance method and _load
class method.
Following the type byte is a symbol containing the class name. Following
the class name is a byte sequence containing the user-defined
representation of the object.
The class method _load
is called on the class with a string
created from the byte-sequence.
User Marshal¶ ↑
“U” represents an object with a user-defined serialization format using the
marshal_dump
and marshal_load
instance methods.
Following the type byte is a symbol containing the class name. Following
the class name is an object containing the data.
Upon loading a new instance must be allocated and marshal_load
must be called on the instance with the data.


[1]
Just About Everything; Nothing Significant
[2]
Memory, interface; Aftercare, firmware
[3]
OK when new; May Explode


1.
Each day the snail climbs up 5 meters on a tree with 10 meters in height. At night it goes down 3 meters.
How many days it will take for the snail to get to the top of the tree ?
1
5
3
7
Dicky Cayank Clalu
Kelas XII-2 IPA
7714
1.
Each day the snail climbs up 5 meters on a tree with 10 meters in height. At night it goes down 3 meters.
How many days it will take for the snail to get to the top of the tree ?
1
5
3
7


The above library is a public library.
Lazarus (2020)
Lazarus, Michael. 2020. “The Legacy of Reification: Gillian Rose and the Value-Form Theory Challenge to Georg Lukács.” Thesis Eleven 157 (1): 80–96.


You need third-party cookies enabled on your browser to use the IDE. To enable third-party cookies, see the support page of the following browsers:
If you use Safari, disable "Prevent cross-site tracking".


{% extends 'layout.html' %} {% block pageTitle %} Start page template - NHS.UK prototype kit {% endblock %} {% block beforeContent %} {{ breadcrumb({ href: "/", text: "Home" }) }} {% endblock %} {% block content %}
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Styleguide
Icons
Tokens
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Label This
universe
totality of planets, stars, galaxies, intergalactic space, or all matter or all energy


This demo goes with the article "Optimising SVG load with Service Worker".
If it works, you should see green dots on all images but the heart one.
Supported browser: latest Chrome (Desktop and Android), Firefox (Desktop enabling flags) and Opera.
The first time the site runs, it will install the Service Worker, so it won't be ready right away: none of the images will have a green dot.
The next reload, the SW should be installed and running, and the images should have the green dot.
This is an <img> tag, and the src is in the master:
This is an <img> tag, and the src is not in the master:
This is an <iframe>, and the src is in the master:
The SVG images processed by the Service Worker show a green dot on the top left corner.
Icons from small-n-flat set.


Auto-launches generation based on command line arguments
generation arguments (same as CLI)
enables logging when true, null allows application to decide
makes generation throw errors when true
Stores whether module was successfully launched
Stores whether TMP directory location was passed
Launches generation of typings
Adds alias for main NPM package file to generated .d.ts source
generated .d.ts declaration source so far
Removes TMP directory
Combines typings into a single declaration source
Generates module name based on file path
path to be converted to module name
disables addition of module name as prefix for module name
Executes generation of single declaration file
Generates per-file typings using TSC
Gathers current value of a particular CLI argument
argument name
Gathers a list of created per-file declaration files
directory to be scanned for files (called during recursion)
discovered array of files (called during recursion)
Gathers entry file address (relative to project root path)
Gathers output path to be used (relative to root)
Loads package.json information of target project
Gathers target project root path
Gathers TMP directory to be used for TSC operations
Loads generated per-file declaration files
Creates TMP directory to be used for TSC operations
amount of times to retry on failure
Verifies if module specified exists among known modules
name of module to be checked
Re-creates empty TMP directory to be used for TSC operations
Alters import sources to avoid relative addresses and default index usage
import source to be resolved
name of module containing import
Dynamically overrides value of stored argument
argument name
argument value
Logs serialized error if it exists
error to be shown
Stores generated .d.ts declaration source into file
generated .d.ts source
Checks if script is forced to attempt generation despite errors
Checks if script is forced to use its built-in TSC
Generated using TypeDoc
Logic for generating aggregated typings for NPM module


{% trans "HC shows the most options, so it's a good comparison tool. Playing around with the filters usually yield better deals." %}
{% trans "Travel Plans" %}
{% trans "Getting to Philly!" %}
{% trans "Travel plans and suggested accomodations!" %}
{% trans "No, really, how do I get there?" %}
{% trans "Two airports work: Philadelphia's is by far the easiest, but you can also get a train from Newark." %}
Philadelphia International Airport
8000 Essington Ave{% trans "Philadelphia" %}, PA
phl.org
{% trans "Search for Flights" %}
Newark Liberty International Airport
3 Brewster RdNewark, NJ
panynj.gov
{% trans "Search for Flights" %}
{% trans " By car, the city is just two hours from New York City, 90 minutes from Baltimore, three hours from Washington D.C. and about an hour from Lancaster County, Atlantic City and the New Jersey shore via major highways." %}
{% trans "Philadelphia is served by the PA Turnpike (I-276), I-76, I-476, I-95, US-1 and the New Jersey Turnpike." %}
{% trans "If that doesn't mean much, head over to Google Maps!" %}
{% trans "Directions in Google Maps" %}
{% trans "Philadelphia is served by the PA Turnpike (I-276), I-76, I-476, I-95, US-1 and the New Jersey Turnpike." %}
{% trans "If that doesn't mean much, head over to Google Maps!" %}
{% trans "Directions in Google Maps" %}
{% trans "And getting around" %}
{% trans "$20 off with code ELANDRAF" %}
{% trans "We like Lyft and use it a lot to get around the city. If you haven't used it before, here's a discount to help you get around during our wedding weekend: $20 in Lyft credit towards your first ride!" %}{% trans "Uber wedding discount" %}: ELANDRAF
{% trans "We use Uber too, but Lyft seems to be cheaper. So here's a discount to try Uber as well! For a free first ride up to $20, sign up with the code ELANDRAF." %}{% trans "Accommodations" %}
{% trans "We have group rates available at the Best Western Independence Park Hotel. And there's always Airbnb." %}
Best Western Independence Park Hotel
{% trans "Reservations" %}
{% trans "By phone:" %} {% trans "(215) 922-4443" %}{% trans "By email" %}<EMAIL_ADDRESS>{% trans "Be sure to mention you're part of the" %}
{% trans "STENGER/CAMPOS Wedding" %} {% trans "group" %}.
{% trans "Book online" %}
235 Chestnut Street
{% trans "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania" %}, 19106, US
Deluxe Queen
$209
- {% trans "1 Queen Bed" %}
Superior King
$229
- {% trans "1 King Bed" %}
- {% trans "Microwave" %}
{% trans "Two-Bedded" %}
{% trans "Ideal to share" %}
$249
- 2 {% trans "Queen Beds" %}
- {% trans "Microwave" %}
{% trans "All rooms include Full Breakfast, TV and Internet and a Refrigerator." %}
{% trans "Other options" %}
{% trans "We like Airbnb, and have used it a few times ourselves. We really think you end up getting better locations at a much lower cost." %}
{% trans "Do you need an invitation letter for a US visa?" %}
{% trans " Let us know when you're RSVP'ing and we'll get you one as soon as possible." %}
{% trans "You'll love Philly as much as we do!" %}
{% include 'pages/travel/thingstodo.html' %}


KISS OF THE DRAGON A film review by Max Messier Copyright 2001 filmcritic.com
Wham, bam, thank you ma'am! Jet Li has finally returned to prime ass-kicking form in his latest kung fu extravaganza Kiss of the Dragon.
Jet Li - one of the most popular stars in Asia rivaling Jackie Chan and Chow Yun-Fat - has had an impressive string of over 25 films under his belt in his two decades of kung fu prowess and strong acting turns. But after two dismal attempts at winning over American audiences with a small villain role in Lethal Weapon 4 and the horrendous Joel Silver monstrosity Romeo Must Die, it was looking pretty grim for this mighty warrior. So, Li read the e-mails from his fans, taking their compliments and complaints via his web site.
This undertaking prompted Li to construct a film that would capture the powerful imagery of his earlier masterpieces -- The Bodyguard from Beijing, High Risk, Fist of Legend, and Once Upon a Time in China I and II. Li wanted to move away from the wire work and computer graphics of such recent films as The Matrix and Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, which seemed to remove the authenticity of the art form. He instead wanted to provide American audiences with an authentic glimpse of a martial artist at work, just like the master Bruce Lee.
To help construct a compelling story, Li brought in action maestro Luc Besson to help write the screenplay from Li's original story as well as aid in the production of the film. This combination provides more hits than misses, culminating in the most successful, straight-action genre film I've seen in a very long time.
Kiss of the Dragon begins with the story of Asian supercop Johnny (Jet Li) who joins forces with nefarious, megalomaniac French cop Richard (Tchéky Karyo) to capture an Asian drug lord hiding out in Paris. When the drug lord get killed in bloody fashion by the Frenchy and his small army of bad-ass mofos, Johnny gets framed for the murder and ends up on the run.  Johnny then joins forces with one of Richard's hookers named Jessica (Bridget Fonda), rescuing Jessica's baby girl from the clutches of Richard and retrieving the evidence that will clear Johnny's name.
Hong Kong cinema has never been known strongly for its original story lines but rather for its character development. Indeed, Li is impressive in his quiet but powerful role, proving himself an authentic action star that actually sheds blood and shows more signs of exhaustion in the face of adversity.
The main flaws of the film are found in Besson's script, whose fingerprints muddy every scene, from incredible action sequences to the weak female characters. Besson has never been able to create a solid, multi-layered woman's role in any of his films. Even La Femme Nikita showed his inability in developing a compelling female character who wasn't in desperate trouble, down on her luck, and needing a strong man to help her get back on top. Bridget Fonda's hooker role who needs Johnny to help rescue her daughter is a classic example of the virgin/whore complex that obsesses Besson. Fonda's melodramatic moments are at times laughable and distracting.
Additionally, Besson draws the character of Richard as a shadow of Gary Oldman's corrupt cop character from Léon. The only saving grace is Karyo's ability to turn a very shallow villain into a multi-layered monster. Li's role also feels like an Asian version of Léon himself, and Besson stages many of the action sequences by echoing his earlier works.
The ho-hum story aside, the action sequences are amazing. Director Chris Nahon (best known for French commercials) handles the action as deft as any Peckinpah or McTiernan production, capturing Li in stunning motion. The violence meter is extremely high and even Li recommends children not see the film on his web site.

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|
Release Date: September 20, 2005 For immediate release
The Federal Open Market Committee decided today to raise its target for the federal funds rate by 25 basis points to 3-3/4 percent. Output appeared poised to continue growing at a good pace before the tragic toll of Hurricane Katrina. The widespread devastation in the Gulf region, the associated dislocation of economic activity, and the boost to energy prices imply that spending, production, and employment will be set back in the near term. In addition to elevating premiums for some energy products, the disruption to the production and refining infrastructure may add to energy price volatility. While these unfortunate developments have increased uncertainty about near-term economic performance, it is the Committee's view that they do not pose a more persistent threat. Rather, monetary policy accommodation, coupled with robust underlying growth in productivity, is providing ongoing support to economic activity. Higher energy and other costs have the potential to add to inflation pressures. However, core inflation has been relatively low in recent months and longer-term inflation expectations remain contained. The Committee perceives that, with appropriate monetary policy action, the upside and downside risks to the attainment of both sustainable growth and price stability should be kept roughly equal. With underlying inflation expected to be contained, the Committee believes that policy accommodation can be removed at a pace that is likely to be measured. Nonetheless, the Committee will respond to changes in economic prospects as needed to fulfill its obligation to maintain price stability. Voting for the FOMC monetary policy action were: Alan Greenspan, Chairman; Timothy F. Geithner, Vice Chairman; Susan S. Bies; Roger W. Ferguson, Jr.; Richard W. Fisher; Donald L. Kohn; Michael H. Moskow; Anthony M. Santomero; and Gary H. Stern. Voting against was Mark W. Olson, who preferred no change in the federal funds rate target at this meeting. In a related action, the Board of Governors unanimously approved a 25-basis-point increase in the discount rate to 4-3/4 percent. In taking this action, the Board approved the requests submitted by the Boards of Directors of the Federal Reserve Banks of Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Richmond, Chicago, Minneapolis, and Kansas City. Home | News and events Accessibility Last update: September 20, 2005 |


The goal of did2s is to estimate TWFE models without running into the problem of staggered treatment adoption.
For details on the methodology, view this vignette
I have created an R package with the help of John Gardner to estimate the two-stage difference-in-differences estimator. To install the package, run the following:
devtools::install_github("kylebutts/did2s")
To view the documentation, type ?did2s
into the console.
The main function is did2s
which estimates the two-stage did procedure. This function requires the following options:
yname
: the outcome variablefirst_stage
: formula for first stage, can include fixed effects and covariates, but do not include treatment variable(s)!second_stage
: This should be the treatment variable or in the case of event studies, treatment variables.treatment
: This has to be the 0/1 treatment variable that marks when treatment turns on for a unit. If you suspect anticipation, see note above for accounting for this.cluster_var
: Which variables to cluster onOptional options:
weights
: Optional variable to run a weighted first- and second-stage regressionsbootstrap
: Should standard errors be bootstrapped instead? Default is False.n_bootstraps
: How many clustered bootstraps to perform for standard errors. Default is 250.did2s returns a list with two objects:
I will load example data from the package and plot the average outcome among the groups.
# Automatically loads fixest
library(did2s)
#> Loading required package: fixest
#> From fixest 0.9.0 onward, BREAKING changes! (Permanently remove this message with fixest_startup_msg(FALSE).)
#> - In i():
#> + the first two arguments have been swapped! Now it's i(factor_var, continuous_var) for interactions.
#> + argument 'drop' has been removed (put everything in 'ref' now).
#> - In feglm():
#> + the default family becomes 'gaussian' to be in line with glm(). Hence, for Poisson estimations, please use fepois() instead.
#> ℹ did2s (v0.4.0). For more information on the methodology, visit <https://www.kylebutts.com/did2s>
#> To cite did2s in publications use:
#>
#> Butts, Kyle (2021). did2s: Two-Stage Difference-in-Differences
#> Following Gardner (2021). R package version 0.4.0.
#>
#> A BibTeX entry for LaTeX users is
#>
#> @Manual{,
#> title = {did2s: Two-Stage Difference-in-Differences Following Gardner (2021)},
#> author = {Kyle Butts},
#> year = {2021},
#> url = {https://www.github.com/kylebutts/did2s/},
#> }
# Load Data from R package
data("df_het", package = "did2s")
Here is a plot of the average outcome variable for each of the groups:
# Mean for treatment group-year
agg <- aggregate(df_het$dep_var, by=list(g = df_het$g, year = df_het$year), FUN = mean)
agg$g <- as.character(agg$g)
agg$g <- ifelse(agg$g == "0", "Never Treated", agg$g)
never <- agg[agg$g == "Never Treated", ]
g1 <- agg[agg$g == "2000", ]
g2 <- agg[agg$g == "2010", ]
plot(0, 0, xlim = c(1990,2020), ylim = c(4,7.2), type = "n",
main = "Data-generating Process", ylab = "Outcome", xlab = "Year")
abline(v = c(1999.5, 2009.5), lty = 2)
lines(never$year, never$x, col = "#8e549f", type = "b", pch = 15)
lines(g1$year, g1$x, col = "#497eb3", type = "b", pch = 17)
lines(g2$year, g2$x, col = "#d2382c", type = "b", pch = 16)
legend(x=1990, y=7.1, col = c("#8e549f", "#497eb3", "#d2382c"),
pch = c(15, 17, 16),
legend = c("Never Treated", "2000", "2010"))
First, lets estimate a static did. There are two things to note here. First, note that I can use fixest::feols
formula including the |
for specifying fixed effects and fixest::i
for improved factor variable support. Second, note that did2s
returns a fixest
estimate object, so fixest::esttable
, fixest::coefplot
, and fixest::iplot
all work as expected.
# Static
static <- did2s(df_het,
yname = "dep_var", first_stage = ~ 0 | state + year,
second_stage = ~i(treat, ref=FALSE), treatment = "treat",
cluster_var = "state")
#>
#> ── Two-stage Difference-in-Differences ─────────────────────────────────────────
#> → Running with first stage formula `~ 0 | state + year` and second stage formula `~ i(treat, ref = FALSE)`
#> → The indicator variable that denotes when treatment is on is `treat`
#> → Standard errors will be clustered by `state`
fixest::esttable(static)
#> static
#> Dependent Var.: dep_var
#>
#> treat = TRUE 2.203*** (0.0559)
#> _______________ _________________
#> S.E. type Custom
#> Observations 31,000
#> R2 0.26097
#> Adj. R2 0.26097
This is very close to the true treatment effect of ~2.23.
Then, let’s estimate an event study did. Note that relative year has a value of Inf
for never treated, so I put this as a reference in the second stage formula.
# Event Study
es <- did2s(df_het,
yname = "dep_var", first_stage = ~ 0 | state + year,
second_stage = ~i(rel_year, ref=c(-1, Inf)), treatment = "treat",
cluster_var = "state")
#>
#> ── Two-stage Difference-in-Differences ─────────────────────────────────────────
#> → Running with first stage formula `~ 0 | state + year` and second stage formula `~ i(rel_year, ref = c(-1, Inf))`
#> → The indicator variable that denotes when treatment is on is `treat`
#> → Standard errors will be clustered by `state`
And plot the results:
fixest::iplot(es, main = "Event study: Staggered treatment", xlab = "Relative time to treatment", col = "steelblue", ref.line = -0.5)
# Add the (mean) true effects
true_effects = head(tapply((df_het$te + df_het$te_dynamic), df_het$rel_year, mean), -1)
points(-20:20, true_effects, pch = 20, col = "black")
# Legend
legend(x=-20, y=3, col = c("steelblue", "black"), pch = c(20, 20),
legend = c("Two-stage estimate", "True effect"))
twfe = feols(dep_var ~ i(rel_year, ref=c(-1, Inf)) | unit + year, data = df_het)
fixest::iplot(list(es, twfe), sep = 0.2, ref.line = -0.5,
col = c("steelblue", "#82b446"), pt.pch = c(20, 18),
xlab = "Relative time to treatment",
main = "Event study: Staggered treatment (comparison)")
# Legend
legend(x=-20, y=3, col = c("steelblue", "#82b446"), pch = c(20, 18),
legend = c("Two-stage estimate", "TWFE"))
If you use this package to produce scientific or commercial publications, please cite according to:
citation(package = "did2s")
#>
#> To cite did2s in publications use:
#>
#> Butts, Kyle (2021). did2s: Two-Stage Difference-in-Differences
#> Following Gardner (2021). R package version 0.4.0.
#>
#> A BibTeX entry for LaTeX users is
#>
#> @Manual{,
#> title = {did2s: Two-Stage Difference-in-Differences Following Gardner (2021)},
#> author = {Kyle Butts},
#> year = {2021},
#> url = {https://www.github.com/kylebutts/did2s/},
#> }


| DOSE: |
30 mg |
rectal |
DPT |
(powder / crystals) |
Well, I had been reading up this crazy chemical and finally came across some. they were only two 30 milligram caps, which we emptied into a shot glass of warm water and administered with a baby syringe, well ... up the bums. It was slightly humiliating at first, but it was so much more pleasant than a sore nose and nasty after drip, and I have no interest in needles.
Actually, the butt thing was very simply, painless, quick, and genereally unobtrusive. We started tripping withing 20 minutes. Beautiful patterns surrounded as a naked snake woman danced around me, enrapturing me with her beaty and grace. Everything was iridescent. Traces of ghost light follwed my hands as I was moved to dance with the woman, and rays of sheer light radiated from my arms and legs as I moved them. Flower patterns on the pillowcase because a dream world of clouds and bubbly swirling purple flowers. My mind set was generally bliss, as I was witnessing sheer beauty and no fear. Going outside for a walk was lovely, it was a gorgeous spring day here in Austin Texas, and we we were awestruck by the simplest beauties. The clouds and sky almost made us cry. They were huge cotton balls, and sky was so vast, and we couldn't tell if the clouds were really moving or it was just the drugs. Either way, I was breathtaking.
I had many valuable insights and epiphanies throughout the trip, as even thought it's quite visual, dpt can get you deep into your psyche and make you learn new things and come up with cool ideas. I understand more now about myself and love, in a way I could never explain.
The trip lasted about 5 hours, and we were able to sleep soundly with no overwhelming cracked out comedown of bodily exhaustion. All in all, it was the best trip of my life.
Keep in mind however, that took this drug at the happiest point in my life, so was in a great mindset, and I was tripping with my beloved fiance, who is my whole world. So I had complete bliss even before the drugs, and we all know that the circumstances surrounding the trip can make the trip. It was so beautiful and worthwhile and easy to recover from. I'd recommend trying this drug with someone you love very much to anyone. it is such a bonding experience.
At least once in my life I will 'go all the way' ( with my loverboy of course) and do 75 to 100 mg anally and really see other worlds and spectrums in full force.
I wanted to share this trip report to ease the mind of people wary of the anal administration, as I would highly reccomend it for its pleasant come up and peak and comedown. no nasal drip, no nausea, no needles. can't beat that shit. also, my advice to avoid bad trips is to simply lower the dosage at first, and just enjoy the trip. then work your way up if you wish. I notice many reports cite that 100 mg were taken the very first trip, and they were a bit terrified or overwhelmed.
Oh, and I wanna thank Erowid for providing this mecca for us experimenters and dreamers to convene about our experiences, since each is so profoundly different in its own way. The info here made me feel safe and well informed in my experimentation, which makes it much safer for everyone. Knowledge is power and comfort.
DPT ... I am sold.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency and worldwide payment system It is the first decentralized digital currency, as the system works without a central bank or single administrator. The network is peer-to-peer and transactions take place between users directly
through the use of cryptography, without an intermediary. These transactions are verified by network nodes and recorded in a public distributed ledger called a blockchain. Bitcoin was invented by an unknown person or group of people
under the name Satoshi Nakamoto and released as open-source software in 2009. Bitcoins are created as a reward for a process known as mining. They can be exchanged for other currencies, products, and services. As of February 2015,
over 100,000 merchants and vendors accepted bitcoin as payment. Research produced by the University of Cambridge estimates that in 2017, there are 2.9 to 5.8 million unique users using a cryptocurrency wallet, most of them using bitcoin.
Source: Wikipedia


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OpenSource-Reimplementation of the zEngine, used by the games "Gothic" and "Gothic II"


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Modify Editor Theme¶
INK allow plugin developers to change INK Editor themes according to their preference. Theme color pallete can be modified dynamically by plugin on the basis of day time or maybe the content scores.
To create a plugin that will modify INK Editor theme, first we will have to register a theme modifier using addThemeModifier
API.
INKAPI.ready(async () => {
const UI = INKAPI.ui;
const themeKey = await UI.addThemeModifier("Greyish");
}
This will basically tell the INK Editor that this plugin wants to make theme modifications. And an option with the given name will be created in the themes dropdown.
Now, it is important that user selects your theme modifier before you make any theme changes. If your plugin theme modifier isn’t selected and you try to make theme changes, it won’t work and will respond with a rejection.
To figure out when our theme modifier is selected, we will have to listent to an event called themeSwitch
.
INKAPI.ready(async () => {
const UI = INKAPI.ui;
const themeKey = await UI.addThemeModifier("Greyish");
UI.on(themeSwitchHandler, "themeSwitch")
function themeSwitchHandler(selectedId){
//empty for now
}
}
Alright, now we have registered a theme modifier and we are listening for when the theme gets switched. In themeSwitch event listener, callback function gets a parameter with the ID of selected theme. We can use this ID to match with our themeKey to check if our theme modifier got selected and if it did gets selected, we can make changes to the theme using changeTheme
API.
INKAPI.ready(async () => {
const UI = INKAPI.ui;
const themeKey = await UI.addThemeModifier("Greyish");
UI.on(themeSwitchHandler, "themeSwitch")
function themeSwitchHandler(selectedId){
if(selectedId !== themeKey) return; // return if selected theme is not our theme modifier
UI.changeTheme({
base: "#424642",
font: "#f3f4ed",
primary: "#c06014",
sidebar: "#536162",
inkBrand: "#e2d5d5"
})
}
}
That’s all folks, we just created a plugin that will create a new theme option called “Greyish” and when user will select it, it will change accordingly.


15 February 2002
Disease Outbreak Reported
As of 2 January 2002, WHO has reported a total of 893 cases, including 104 deaths in Katana, Bukavu and Idjwi health zones, South-Kivu province since the onset of the outbreak in August 2001. Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A has been laboratory confirmed. A vaccination campaign has been undertaken in the affected area targetting those aged 2 to 30. The vaccine has been provided by WHO/United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), Médecins sans Frontières (MSF, Holland), the Ministry of Health Rwanda and the Ministry of Health Burundi.
Activities taken by the crisis committee to contain the outbreak have included case management in Katana, Bukavu and Idjwi health zones, raising awareness in the community and among health personnel, strengthened epidemiological surveillance, mobilization of human resources, funds and materials, and coordination and implementation of the vaccination campaign.
A total of 413 500 people were vaccinated with an overall vaccination coverage of around 70% with regional differences (Katana, 72%, Idjwi, 87.5%, Bukavu 53%). In addition, a total of 6 700 vials of oily chloramphenicol were provided to the crisis committee by various partners (WHO/OCHA, MSF, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC), Ministry of Health Rwanda).
The number of newly reported cases is declining. However, the partners of the crisis committee continue to carry out enhanced surveillance activities, case management, health education and community mobilization.


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lrelease(1) lrelease(1) NAME lrelease - generate Qt message files from Qt Linguist translation files SYNOPSIS lrelease [ options ] project-file lrelease [ options ] ts-files [ -qm qm-file ] DESCRIPTION This page documents the Qt Linguist Release tool for the Qt GUI toolkit. Lrelease reads a qmake/tmake project file (.pro file) and converts the translation files (.ts files) specified in it into Qt message files (.qm files) used by the application to translate. The .qm file format is a compact binary format that provides extremely fast lookups for translations and that is used by Qt. OPTIONS -help Display the usage and exit. -compress Compress the .qm files. -nounfinished Do not include unfinished translations. -removeidentical If the translated text is the same as the source text, do not include the message. -silent Do not explain what is being done. -version Display the version of lrelease and exit. USAGE Here is an example .pro file that can be given to lrelease: HEADERS = funnydialog.h \ wackywidget.h SOURCES = funnydialog.cpp \ main.cpp \ wackywidget.cpp FORMS = fancybox.ui TRANSLATIONS = gnomovision_dk.ts \ gnomovision_fi.ts \ gnomovision_no.ts \ gnomovision_se.ts When running lrelease on this project file, the Qt message files gnomovi‐ sion_dk.qm, gnomovision_fi.qm, gnomovision_no.qm and gnomovision_se.qm will be generated from gnomovision_dk.ts, gnomovision_fi.ts, gnomovi‐ sion_no.ts and gnomovision_se.ts, respectively. Lrelease can also be invoked with a list of .ts files to convert: lrelease gnomovision_*.ts SEE ALSO lupdate(1) and http://doc.trolltech.com/i18n.html Nokia Corporation and/or its subs18iOctobers2001 lrelease(1)


The Hours
The Hours is a movie starring Meryl Streep, Nicole Kidman, and Julianne Moore. The story of how the novel "Mrs. Dalloway" affects three generations of women, all of whom, in one way or another, have had to deal with suicide in their...


--- ---
|
TGUI
0.9-dev
|
Wrapper class to store strings. More...
#include <TGUI/String.hpp>
Public Member Functions | |
| bool | attemptToInt (int &result) const |
| Converts the string to an integer. More... | |
| bool | attemptToUInt (unsigned int &result) const |
| Converts the string to an unsigned int. More... | |
| bool | attemptToFloat (float &result) const |
| Converts the string to a float. More... | |
| int | toInt (int defaultValue=0) const |
| Converts the string to an integer. More... | |
| unsigned int | toUInt (unsigned int defaultValue=0) const |
| Converts the string to an unsigned int. More... | |
| float | toFloat (float defaultValue=0) const |
| Converts the string to a float. More... | |
| String | trim () const |
| Returns a string with the whitespace at the start and end of this string removed. More... | |
| String | toLower () const |
| Converts the ASCII characters in the string to lowercase. More... | |
| String | toUpper () const |
| Converts the ASCII characters in the string to uppercase. More... | |
| bool | equalIgnoreCase (const String &other) const |
| Compares this string to another and checks if they are equal if ASCII letters would have been lowercase. More... | |
| bool | startsWith (const String &substring) const |
| Checks whether the first part of the string matches the given substring. More... | |
| bool | endsWith (const String &substring) const |
| Checks whether the last part of the string matches the given substring. More... | |
| String & | replace (const String &searchFor, const String &replaceWith) |
| Replaces all occurrences of a substring with a replacement string. More... | |
| std::vector< String > | split (char32_t delimiter) const |
| Splits the string into multiple substrings given the delimiter that separates them. More... | |
Static Public Member Functions | |
| static String | join (const std::vector< String > &segments, const String &separator) |
| Joins multiple string segments into a single string. More... | |
| template<typename T > | |
| static String | fromNumber (T value) |
| Construct the string from a number. More... | |
| template<typename T > | |
| static String | fromNumberRounded (T value, int decimals) |
| Construct the string from a floating point number, keeping only a certain amount of decimals behind the comma. More... | |
Wrapper class to store strings.
A constructor and conversion operator are provided for sf::String to easily convert between sf::String and tgui::String.
The interface is similar to std::basic_string, but functions accept char, wchar_t, char8_t, char16_t and char32_t. Some extra helper functions are also provided to e.g. convert the string to an integer or float or to lowercase.
Note that when converting to std::string, an UTF-8 encoded string will be returned. Similarly, when passing an std::string or const char* to this class, the encoding is assumed to be UTF-8.
Data is stored in UTF-32, so any parameter or operator using a different encoding will have to convert the string internally and may be slightly slower than the variants that use UTF-32.
| bool tgui::String::attemptToFloat | ( | float & | result | ) | const |
Converts the string to a float.
| result | Float value if the string contains a float. Unmodified if string is invalid. |
| bool tgui::String::attemptToInt | ( | int & | result | ) | const |
Converts the string to an integer.
| result | Integer value if the string contains a base 10 integer. Unmodified if string is invalid. |
| bool tgui::String::attemptToUInt | ( | unsigned int & | result | ) | const |
Converts the string to an unsigned int.
| result | Unsigned integer value if the string contains a base 10 unsigned int. Unmodified if string is invalid. |
| bool tgui::String::endsWith | ( | const String & | substring | ) | const |
Checks whether the last part of the string matches the given substring.
| substring | Characters to compare against the final part of the string |
| bool tgui::String::equalIgnoreCase | ( | const String & | other | ) | const |
Compares this string to another and checks if they are equal if ASCII letters would have been lowercase.
| other | The other string to compare this one with |
|
inlinestatic |
Construct the string from a number.
| value | Number to convert to string |
|
inlinestatic |
Construct the string from a floating point number, keeping only a certain amount of decimals behind the comma.
| value | Number to convert to string |
| decimals | Digits to keep behind the comma |
|
static |
Joins multiple string segments into a single string.
| segments | Substrings that need to concatenated behind each other (with optional separators inbetween) |
| separator | Character that separates the substrings |
Replaces all occurrences of a substring with a replacement string.
| searchFor | The value being searched for |
| replaceWith | The value that replaces found searchFor values |
| std::vector<String> tgui::String::split | ( | char32_t | delimiter | ) | const |
Splits the string into multiple substrings given the delimiter that separates them.
| delimiter | Character that separates the substrings |
| bool tgui::String::startsWith | ( | const String & | substring | ) | const |
Checks whether the first part of the string matches the given substring.
| substring | Characters to compare against the first part of the string |
| float tgui::String::toFloat | ( | float | defaultValue = 0 | ) | const |
Converts the string to a float.
| defaultValue | Value to return if conversion fails |
| int tgui::String::toInt | ( | int | defaultValue = 0 | ) | const |
Converts the string to an integer.
| defaultValue | Value to return if conversion fails |
| String tgui::String::toLower | ( | ) | const |
Converts the ASCII characters in the string to lowercase.
| unsigned int tgui::String::toUInt | ( | unsigned int | defaultValue = 0 | ) | const |
Converts the string to an unsigned int.
| defaultValue | Value to return if conversion fails |
| String tgui::String::toUpper | ( | ) | const |
Converts the ASCII characters in the string to uppercase.
| String tgui::String::trim | ( | ) | const |
Returns a string with the whitespace at the start and end of this string removed.


External Eventing (XMPP PubSub)
The publish-subscribe eventing functionality added to the SOCIETIES platform provides a framework for a variety of use cases eg news feeds, content syndication, extended presence, geolocation, profile management, and any other service that requires event notifications (see figure below). This technology uses the classic "publish-subscribe" or "observer" design pattern: a person or application publishes information to a node ("topic"), and an event notification (with or without the actual content) is broadcast to all authorized subscribers. If the content is light, it should be included in the event. However, if it is large the event should simply notify that the content is now available and the service should get it when it is ready (using the communication framework). This lowers the load on the PubSubService.
Eventing Nodes are owned by an identity and may take a a hierarchical form, i.e. root and sub-nodes:
- root
- "Comm Framework"
- "Sending messages"
- "Eventing and Pubsub"
- "Android tutorials"
- "Client UI"
- "IPC Services"
- ...
It is possible to create Pubsub event Nodes ("topics") from clients (CSS Nodes) that will allow other CSS Nodes to subscribe to them. Developers can add their own object types as the payload, but only if you have converted them into XSD Schema objects. This is to support multiple development environments/platforms.
Refer to the TestExternalEventing class in the GIT Code Repository for full technical details.
You do need to configure a dependency injection so you should get a reference to the PubsubClientBundle service by registering in the Bundle-context-osgi.xml and Bundle-context.xml files.
Get a reference to the PubsubClientBundle service by registering in the Bundle-context-osgi.xml file:
<osgi:reference id="PubsubClient" interface="org.societies.comm.xmpp.pubsub.PubsubClient"/>
Ensure you set a property to receive a reference to the PubsubClient in the Bundle-context.xml file:
<bean id="ClientTestPubSub" class="org.societies.examples.testclient.ClientTester"
depends-on="PubsubClient">
<property name="pubsubClient" ref="PubsubClient"/>
</bean>
The client methods available are divided into Owner, Publisher and Subscriber related functionality (see Sections <IP_ADDRESS>, <IP_ADDRESS> and <IP_ADDRESS> respectively). To discover the list of available Event Nodes, you can call the discoItems() method. Leaving the node parameter null will return the listing at the root level. On the other hand, setting the node parameter to a specific topic will return the list of sub topics at that level. The Identity is the owner of this CSS Node obtained by invoking the getThisNetworkNode() method:
PubsubClient pubsubClient;//INJECTED DEPENDENCY THROUGH CONSTRUCTOR OR PROPERTY
Identity pubsubID = idManager.getThisNetworkNode();
//GET A LIST OF PUBSUB TOPICS (at root level)
List listTopics = pubsubClient.discoItems(pubsubID, null);
for (String s: listTopics)
System.out.println(s);
To add your own object types as payload of the events your component will fire/subscribe to, you need to make them compliant to Schema objects first (see Section 3.5). Then simply add the XMPP package names like in the following snippet of code:
List packageList = new ArrayList();
packageList.add("org.societies.api.schema.calculator");
packageList.add("org.societies.api.schema.fortunecookie");
pubsubClient.addJaxbPackages(packageList);


You can download TestNG here.
For the Eclipse plug-in, we suggest using the update site:
However, should this method fail, you can also download the TestNG Eclipse plug-in directly and extract it in your eclipse/ directory.
Here are links to older TestNG versions:
TestNG is also hosted on Google Code, where you can download the source through the Subversion repository or subscribe to the various mailing-lists.


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Proactively pursue high-quality cooperative applications.
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Leverage agile frameworks to provide a robust synopsis for high level overviews. Iterative approaches to corporate strategy foster collaborative thinking to further the overall value proposition. Organically grow the holistic world view of disruptive innovation via workplace diversity and empowerment.
Iterative approaches to corporate strategy foster collaborative thinking to further the overall value proposition.
Iterative approaches to corporate strategy foster collaborative thinking to further the overall value proposition.
Iterative approaches to corporate strategy foster collaborative thinking to further the overall value proposition.
Iterative approaches to corporate strategy foster collaborative thinking to further the overall value proposition.
agile frameworks to provide a robust synopsis for high level overviews. Iterative approaches to corporate strategy foster collaborative thinking to further the overall value proposition. Organically grow the holistic world view of disruptive innovation via workplace diversity and empowerment.


Python source code and installers are available for download for all versions!
Latest: {{ latest_python3.name }}


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CV Highlights
- Currently going through CS253 – Web Application Engineering and CS61A – Structure & Interpretation of Computer Programs
- Learnt basic Python, JavaScript, HTML, CSS on Codecademy.com.
- An independent, dedicated, efficient person. These attributes are proved through the series of courses I have taken or I am taking as of now independently through online platforms.
- Good Communication Skills, Presentation Skills, attitude towards leadership, authorisation and delegation, conflict resolution and negotiation and a very good team worker.
Professional Experience
Wingify Software Pvt Ltd
Support Engineer (Technical Support)
Job Responsbilities
- Answer customer queries over email / ticketing system
- Interact with our engineering team to get software issues and bugs resolved
- Occasionally interact with customers over Skype or telephone
- Contribute ideas to the team on how customers can be delighted
Educational Qualifications
| Qualification |
Board |
Grades |
Year |
| S.S.C(Science Stream) |
Dhaka |
5.00 |
2015 |
| H.S.C (Science Stream) |
Dhaka |
4.17 |
2017 |
| B.Sc. (Hons) - Computer Science and Engineering |
National University |
2.90 |
2022 |
Independent Courses
-
HTML & CSS for Beginners – Web Fundamentals – Codecademy.com
-
Python – Fundamentals and Dynamic Programming - Codecademy.com
-
JavaScript – Programming Basics, JS Apps and Build Games - Codecademy.com
-
CS101: Introduction to Computer Science - Building a Web Crawler - Udacity.com
-
CS50x – Introduction to Computer Science I – edX.org & Harvard University
-
Calculus One - Ohio State University & Coursera.org
-
Introduction to Finance - Coursera.org & University of Michigan
Technical Skills
-
Operating Systems: DOS, Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows NT, Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Macintosh Computers (OS X), Linux (Ubuntu, Fedora)
-
Application Software: Office 97-2003; Office XP, Office 2007, Office for Mac 2011, iWork ’09, Sage Accounting Software, Sage 50 (Accounting Software), Excel 2003/2007 for Financial Modelling spreadsheets.
-
Programming Skills:HTML, CSS, Python, JavaScript, learning C and C++
Certifications / Awards:
- Scored highest in ACCA P1 – Governance, Risk & Ethics exam – June 2012 session amongst full time international students at Kaplan Financial, London.
- Interviewed by ACCA for “international ACCA student in UK”, interview published in January 2012 edition of ACCA Student Accountant Magazine.
- Interviewed by ACCA for “international ACCA student in UK”, interview published in January 2012 edition of ACCA Student Accountant Magazine.
Personal Information:
-
A young, determined hard and smart working person. I believe in task based roles and complete ownership of work.
-
Languages Known:English, Hindi, Gujarati and Sindhi
-
Hobbies:I love reading Finance and IT related books / magazines, playing Chess, swimming, listening music, surfing Internet, self-learning through e-courses.
Other Information
-
Expected Salary:As per company standards
-
Area of Interest:Software Development, Programming, Start-ups, Coding, App Development, Technical Support, Support Engineer, Customer Happiness, Client service, Investment Banking, Corporate Finance, Hedge Funds, Mergers & Acquisitions, Analyst, Equity Research, Business Analysis
-
Joining Date:Immediate
Declaration
I hereby declare that the details furnished above are true and correct to the best of my knowledge and belief.


4 dried guajillo chiles, rinsed and stems removed
2 dried ancho chiles, rinsed and stems removed
1 arbol chile, rinsed and stems removed
4 cups hot water
1 1/2 teaspoon coarse kosher salt
1 clove garlic
1/8 tablet Abuelita Mexican chocolate, (about 12 grams)*
In a large bowl, add dried chiles and hot water. (If you're very sensitive to spicy food, you can also remove the seeds from the dried chiles, if desired.) Cover bowl with a large plate or plastic wrap and let the chiles soak on the counter for 20 minutes.
Using a slotted spoon, transfer the softened chiles into a large blender.
Add in 1 cup of the chile-soaked water, 1/2 cup of fresh water, garlic, salt and Mexican chocolate. Puree until completely smooth. Add more water if the sauce is too thick for your liking.
Cover and store in an airtight container in the refrigerator until ready to use, up to two weeks. Use in red chicken enchiladas, easy red chilaquiles or chicken tamale casserole.
Don't have Mexican chocolate? Substitute 1 teaspoon unsweetened cocoa powder and 1 teaspoon turbinado/raw sugar instead.
Storage: Enchilada sauce can also be stored in the freezer for up to 6 months.
Calories from Fat 9
Sodium 699mg
Potassium 5mg
Carbohydrates 6g
Protein 1g
Calcium 10mg
Iron 0.7mg


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| PREV CLASS NEXT CLASS | FRAMES NO FRAMES | |||||||||
| SUMMARY: NESTED | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD | DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD |
java.lang.Object me.edwards.des.block.Block
public class Block
Data Structure containing information for a Block. The Block is the main unit
of storage for the system. Blocks are generated and propagated through Nodes
and store a payload of Ballots
.
These Ballots are tied to the Block via a
Merkle Root
, preventing
any Ballot in the payload from being changed. The Block also contains the
hash of the Block before it in the BlockChain
, which
allows for backwards-linking in the BlockChain. The Block contains a
timestamp and target for mining by a Node
.
Every Block is secured using a Proof of Work
, preventing changes after the Block is generated. Any change
(even a single bit) in a Ballot or Block attribute will change the overall
hash
of the Block, which will be invalid unless the
nonce is changed. The nonce can only be changed to a value which makes the
hash valid by re-mining the Block and regenerating a new Proof of Work.
Created on: Nov 1, 2015 at 3:09:17 PM
| Field Summary | |
|---|---|
private java.util.ArrayList<Ballot> |
ballots
|
private byte[] |
headerBytes
|
static int |
MAXIMUM_TARGET
Maximum Target value for DES |
private java.lang.String |
merkleRootHash
|
private byte[] |
myBytes
|
private java.lang.String |
myHash
|
private int |
nonce
|
private java.lang.String |
prevBlockHash
|
private int |
target
|
private int |
time
|
private boolean |
valid
|
private int |
version
|
private int |
VERSION
|
| Constructor Summary | |
|---|---|
Block(byte[] binary)
Initializes Block from binary data as a byte array. |
|
Block(java.lang.String prevBlockHash,
int target,
java.util.ArrayList<Ballot> ballots)
Creates new Block using the hash from its parent Block, a target (in short-format), and a list of ballots. |
| Method Summary | |
|---|---|
private void |
genBytes()
Populates headerBytes with this Block's data. |
void |
genProof()
Generates a Proof of Work for
this block and validates the Block's contents. |
java.util.ArrayList<Ballot> |
getBallots()
Returns a list of the Ballots contained by this Block. |
byte[] |
getBytes()
Returns the Block in binary format as a byte array. |
static double |
getDifficulty(int target)
Returns the difficulty of the specified target. The difficulty is calculated by DIFFICULTY = MAXIMUM_TARGET / SPECIFIED_TARGET This method uses exponent reduction to more accurately calculate the difficulty of a target. |
java.lang.String |
getHash()
Returns the hash of the header for this Block. |
private java.lang.String |
getMerkleRoot(int depth,
int position)
Generates the Merkle Root of the list of Ballots contained in this Block. |
java.lang.String |
getPrevHash()
Returns the hash for this Block's parent. |
int |
getTarget()
Returns the target (in Short-Format) of this Block. |
static int |
getTarget(java.math.BigInteger target)
Returns the specified target in Short-Format. |
static java.math.BigInteger |
getTarget(int target)
Returns the specified target as a BigInteger. |
int |
getTime()
Returns the time when this Block was mined. |
java.lang.String |
toString()
|
boolean |
validate()
Validates this Block's data and resets the valid
flag. |
| Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object |
|---|
clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, wait |
| Field Detail |
|---|
public static final int MAXIMUM_TARGET
private final int VERSION
private int version
private java.lang.String prevBlockHash
private java.lang.String merkleRootHash
private int time
private int target
private int nonce
private java.util.ArrayList<Ballot> ballots
private byte[] headerBytes
private byte[] myBytes
private java.lang.String myHash
private boolean valid
| Constructor Detail |
|---|
public Block(java.lang.String prevBlockHash, int target, java.util.ArrayList<Ballot> ballots)
prevBlockHash
- 256-bit hash of the previous block in the chaintarget
- Short-Format target for hashesballots
- A list of votes to be included in this blockpublic Block(byte[] binary)
Nodes
and Blocks
to load Blocks.
binary
- Byte array representing this Block| Method Detail |
|---|
public java.lang.String getHash()
public java.lang.String getPrevHash()
getHash()
public void genProof() throws java.lang.InterruptedException
Proof of Work
for
this block and validates the Block's contents. If the block is already
valid, this method will return.
java.lang.InterruptedException
- Thrown if the Thread is interrupted by
Node.stopBlockGeneration().private java.lang.String getMerkleRoot(int depth, int position)
getMerkleRoot(0, 0);
and it will recurse to get the root of the entire list.
depth
- Depth of the Merkle Tree on this recursive stepposition
- Index of the Ballot composing the first child of the Merkle
Tree node returned by this method
private void genBytes()
public byte[] getBytes()
public java.util.ArrayList<Ballot> getBallots()
Ballots
contained by this Block.
public int getTime()
public int getTarget()
public boolean validate()
valid
flag.
HashUtil.validateProof(byte[], int, int)
public java.lang.String toString()
toString
in class java.lang.Object
public static java.math.BigInteger getTarget(int target)
target
- Short-Format target
public static int getTarget(java.math.BigInteger target)
target
- BigInteger target
public static double getDifficulty(int target)
DIFFICULTY = MAXIMUM_TARGET / SPECIFIED_TARGET
target
- Short-Format target
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| SUMMARY: NESTED | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD | DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD |


There are a couple of other Tk commands that we ought to mention:
destroy
and update
.
The destroy
command is used to destroy a widget, i.e. remove it
from the Tk interpreter entirely and so from the display.
Any children that the widget may have are also destroy
-ed.
Anything connected to the destroyed widget, such as bindings,
are also cleaned up automatically.
For example, to create a window containing a button that is destroyed when the button is pressed:
button .b -text "Die!"  Because the widget
.
is the main toplevel widget or window, running that command will
kill the entire application associated with that button.
The command update
is used to process any pending Tk events. An
event is not just such things as moving the mouse but also updating the
display for newly created and displayed widgets. This may be necessary
in that usually Tk draws widgets only when it is idle. Using the
update
command forces Tk to stop and handle any outstanding
events including updating the display to its actually current state,
i.e. flushing out the pending display of any widgets. (This is
analogous to the fflush
command in C that flushes writes on a
stream to disk. In Tk displaying of widgets is “buffered”;
calling the update
command flushes the buffer.)


1
2 XML toolkit from the GNOME project
3
4 Full documentation is available on-line at
5 http://xmlsoft.org/
6
7 This code is released under the MIT Licence see the Copyright file.
8
9 To build on an Unixised setup:
10 ./configure ; make ; make install
11 To build on Windows:
12 see instructions on win32/Readme.txt
13
14 To assert build quality:
15 on an Unixised setup:
16 run make tests
17 otherwise:
18 There is 3 standalone tools runtest.c runsuite.c testapi.c, which
19 should compile as part of the build or as any application would.
20 Launch them from this directory to get results, runtest checks
21 the proper functionning of libxml2 main APIs while testapi does
22 a full coverage check. Report failures to the list.
23
24 To report bugs, follow the instructions at:
25 http://xmlsoft.org/bugs.html
26
27 A mailing-list<EMAIL_ADDRESS>is available, to subscribe:
28 http://mail.gnome.org/mailman/listinfo/xml
29
30 The list archive is at:
|
1
2 XML toolkit from the GNOME project
3
4 Full documentation is available on-line at
5 http://xmlsoft.org/
6
7 This code is released under the MIT Licence see the Copyright file.
8
9 To build on an Unixised setup:
10 ./configure ; make ; make install
11 if the ./configure file does not exist, run ./autogen.sh instead.
12 To build on Windows:
13 see instructions on win32/Readme.txt
14
15 To assert build quality:
16 on an Unixised setup:
17 run make tests
18 otherwise:
19 There is 3 standalone tools runtest.c runsuite.c testapi.c, which
20 should compile as part of the build or as any application would.
21 Launch them from this directory to get results, runtest checks
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24
25 To report bugs, follow the instructions at:
26 http://xmlsoft.org/bugs.html
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28 A mailing-list<EMAIL_ADDRESS>is available, to subscribe:
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The Gods are not happy, the brave people of Chunchucmil suffered a series of cataclysm. All the priest know what to do : let's sacrifice humans to the gods : their blood will calm their anger ! But who's priest will be the first to fullfuil their needs? Let's find out...
How to play: 1) Every villager killed on your autel will give his blodd to the gods. The first player who's stairs are covered with blood will win! 2) Trowing villagers on the ennemy will slow them down...
Clément Bailat, Jérémie Théodoloz, Mandur, Quentin Bailat & François-Xavier Aeberhard


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DARTS Documentation
Dynamic and Responsive Targeting System (DARTS) is a python package for allocating targets from a multiple pools leveraging a multi-arm bandit modified for delayed feedback scenarios. Instead of requiring an online implementation like a typical multi-arm bandit, DARTS allows the user to batch process results, which greatly extends is usefulness in the real world. Check out our case study to see how DARTS was used to help People's Action target conflicted voters in the 2020 U.S. Presidential Election.
Installation
Run the following to install DARTS:
pip install darts-berkeley
Usage
First Round Allocation
In the first round of allocation, all you need to have set up is a pool of targets and the sub-pools they are derived from. The initial allocation should be an even distribution across sub-pools. This can be calculated on the fly, or manually in simple cases.
# minimum necessary imports
import pandas as pd
from darts import Allocator
# load in the data for the target pool
target_pool = pd.read_csv('path/to/target_pool.csv')
# Specify the columns containing the sub-pool ids.
pool_id_column = 'pool_id'
# Specify the column that ranks targets for each pool
score_column = 'probability'
# Specify the column that indicates the id of an individual target
target_column = 'target_id'
# Specify an even distribution across the sub-pools. This can be done
# using an automated method, but here is a manual example
allocations = {
'pool_1' : 0.25,
'pool_2' : 0.25,
'pool_3' : 0.25,
'pool_4' : 0.25
}
# Specify the number of targets to pull form your pool.
n = 100
# set up allocator and allocate targets
allocator = Allocator(allocations, n, target_pool, pool_id_column,
score_column, target_column, strategy='round-robin',
order='best')
targets = allocator.allocate_pool()
Subsequent Rounds
The following example assumes that at least one round has been completed and rewards have been calculated for each arm.
# minimum necessary imports
import pandas as pd
from darts import Bandit, Allocator
# load in the data with rewards applied following your own reward logic
results = pd.read_csv('path/to/results.csv')
arm_column = 'pool_id'
reward_column = 'rewards'
# set up a multi-arm bandit and calculate allocations to each arm.
bandit = Bandit(results, arm_column, reward_column, policy = 'Bayes_UCB')
allocations_df = bandit.make_allocs().set_index('arm_column')
allocations = allocations_df['allocation'].to_dict()
# load in the data for the target pool
target_pool = pd.read_csv('path/to/target_pool.csv')
# Specify the columns containing the pool ids. The values in this column must
# be the same as the arms used for the multi-arm bandit.
pool_id_column = 'pool_id'
# Specify the column that ranks targets for each pool
score_column = 'probability'
# Specify the column that indicates the id of an individual target
target_column = 'target_id'
# Specify the number of targets to pull form your pool.
n = 100
# set up allocator and allocate targets
allocator = Allocator(allocations, n, target_pool, pool_id_column,
score_column, target_column, strategy='round-robin',
order='best')
targets = allocator.allocate_pool()
Modules
DARTS is comprised of two modules,
Bandit
and
Allocator
.
Bandit
module is a configurable
multi-arm bandit modified for delayed feedback scenarios, scenarios
where multiple arm pulls happen before rewards are seen for a given arm.
Several different explore/exploit algorithms can be selected depending
on the domain and use-case. This object provides the relative
allocations for the next set of arm pulls.
Allocator
module can use the
relative allocations defined by the the
Bandit
object or those manually
specified by the user. With the relative allocations, the
Allocator
object will distribute
targets from the specified pools according to strategies defined by the
user.
Bandit
This class defines a multi-arm bandit under a delayed feedback scenario. It applies common explore/exploit policies modified for delayed feedback, and determines arm pull allocations for the next round of the multi-arm bandit.
Parameters
-
df [pandas.DataFrame]
: Pandas DataFrame containing the historical arm pull data. If using a UCB1 policy, only provide data for the most recent round of arm pulls. Else use all arm pulls. -
arm_col [str]
: string defining the column indf
that contains the identifiers for the arms being pulled. -
reward_col [str]
: string defining the column indf
that contains the rewards defined by your use-case. -
policy [str]
: string defining which explore/expolit policy to use. Options include:-
Bayes Upper Confidence Bound (
"Bayes_UCB"
); default - UCB1 (
"UCB1"
) -
Epsilon Greedy (
"epsilon_greedy"
)
-
Bayes Upper Confidence Bound (
-
t [int: 1 <= t <= inf; optional]
: integer defining timestep. Only used when applying the UCB1 policy. If not provided and UCB1 policy is used, will be set to 1 by default. -
ucb_scale [float: 0 < ucb_scale <= inf; optional]
: defines the number of standard deviations to use for the upper confidence bound. Defaults to 1.96 for a 95% confidence interval. Only used for the "BayesUCB" policy. -
epsilon [float: 0.0 <= epsilon <= 1.0; optional]
: Defines how often the Epsilon Greedy policy explores over exploiting the best known arm. A value of 0.0 means the algorithm will always choose the best performing arm. A value of 1.0 means the best performing arm will never be used. The default value is 0.1. -
greed_factor [float: -inf < greed_factor < inf; optional]
: factor for determining how greedy allocations should be. Default value is 1, which allocates arm pulls based on normalizing explore/exploit scores. Negative values favor poorly performing arms. Positive values favor well performing arms. A value of 0 will evenly allocate across all arms regardless of explore/exploit policy.
Allocator
Class that acts as a mechanism to allocate targets from multiple target pools with options for different picking strategies.
Parameters
-
allocation_distribution [dict]
: Dictionary defining the target pool distribution. Keys are strings representing the id of each target pool and values are floats representing the percentage of targets to allocate from a given pool. Sum of values must add up to 1.0. -
num_allocations [int]
: Number of total targets to allocation across all pools. If this number is greater than the number of targets inpool
, all of the targets will be allocated. -
pool [pandas.DataFrame]
: Pandas DataFrame containing the targets in each target pool. At a minimum, this object must have columns that contain target ids, pool ids, and scores for each target/pool combination. -
pool_id_col [str]
: String defining the column inpool
that contains the identifiers for each target pool. The ids in this column must match the keys inallocation_distribution
. -
target_id_col [str]
: String defining the column inpool
that contains the identifiers for each target. -
score_col [str]
: String defining the column inpool
that contains the scores for each target/pool combination. Scores can be on different scales if needed for a given pool (e.g., different modeling techniques) as relative scoring only matters within pool. If not using models to generate target scores, use binary indicators. -
strategy [string; optional]
: String defining how targets are picked from each target pool. Options include:-
round-robin
[default]: In the round-robin strategy, a single target is chosen from each pool sequentially starting with the pool receiving the least allocations and snaking up and down through all pools. A pool will continue to be included in the round-robin until a pool runs out of its allocations (defined by the allocation distribution and number of total allocations). -
greedy
: In the greedy strategy, targets are selected from pools in descending order of the number of allocations for each pool. Instead of selecting one target at a time like in round-robin, each pool will get all of its targets allocated in a batch. -
altruist
: The altruist strategy is the same as the greedy strategy except the pool with the fewest target allocations contributes targets first.
-
-
order [str; optional]
: Order dictating which target should be picked from a given pool. Options:-
random
: picks a random target from a pool. -
best
[default]: picks the target with the highest score from a pool. -
worst
: picks the target with the lowest score from a pool.
-


Currently working in the church we live in. He is now 47 years old turning 48 on January 28 She is born in Guimaras
Currently working in the church we live in. She is now 47 years old turning 48 on October 28 She is born in Guimaras