|
Imperx Camera Python SDK
<IP_ADDRESS>
|
The PyDeviceInterface class represents a interface module in the GenTL module hierarchy. More...
#include <IpxCameraApiPy.h>
Inherits PythonExtension< PyDeviceInterface >.
Public Member Functions | |
| Py::Object | GetDescription () |
| This method returns the description of the interface. More... | |
| Py::Object | GetFirstDeviceInfo () |
| This method retrieves the DeviceInfo object for the first device available on this Interface. More... | |
| Py::Object | ReEnumerateDevices () |
| This method re-enumerates the devices. More... | |
| Py::Object | GetDeviceInfoList () |
| This method retrieves the list of PyDeviceInfo objects for the camera devices, available on this Interface. More... | |
| Py::Object | GetType () |
| This method gets the type of interface. More... | |
The PyDeviceInterface class represents a interface module in the GenTL module hierarchy.
This class represents an individual physical interface in the System. For example, a network interface card (NIC) for GigE Vision connection, CXP or Camera Link frame grabber board, or USB3 Vision driver in the GenTL system. The PyDeviceInterface class includes methods to enumerate the available devices on the physical interface in the system.
IpxCamPy.PyDeviceInterface Python class is wrapper around C++ class IpxCam::Interface
| Py::Object IpxCamPy::PyDeviceInterface::GetDescription | ( | ) |
This method returns the description of the interface.
The GetDescription method gets the user readable string description of the interface.
| Py::Object IpxCamPy::PyDeviceInterface::GetFirstDeviceInfo | ( | ) |
This method retrieves the DeviceInfo object for the first device available on this Interface.
| Py::Object IpxCamPy::PyDeviceInterface::ReEnumerateDevices | ( | ) |
This method re-enumerates the devices.
The ReEnumerateDevices method allows the user to re-enumerate the devices connected to the Interface and update the list of PyDeviceInfo objects returned by subsequent GetDeviceInfoList() method calls.
| Py::Object IpxCamPy::PyDeviceInterface::GetDeviceInfoList | ( | ) |
This method retrieves the list of PyDeviceInfo objects for the camera devices, available on this Interface.
| Py::Object IpxCamPy::PyDeviceInterface::GetType | ( | ) |
This method gets the type of interface.
The GetType method returns the Interface Type (Transport Layer Technology) of this interface object


When coding, each visual element basically consists of a box. All these little boxes and the content put into them, along with some styling, make up the web pages we view each day. See the example below
Now each of these boxes as seen above are made up of four components.
Clarification is as follows.
The content space contains the text you read, the links you click and the images/videos you see and hear.
The padding is the space between the content and the border, and the margin is the space outside of the border. The padding sets the distance the content will be from the border box. This allows for spacing and styling.
The border is the containing area limit of which styling can be applied to box i.e. actual borders, background colours.
Finally, the margin is the outside area that can be adjusted for formatting spacing of the code element. This area is would not be seen when viewing web pages, it would just appear as blank canvas space.


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Learn how to read and write data into flat files, such as CSV, JSON, text files, and binary files in Python using io and os modules.
As a data scientist, you handle a lot of data daily. And this data could
be from multiple sources like from databases, from Excel to flat files,
from public websites like kaggle. Not just sources it could be in any file
format like .csv
, .txt
, .parquet
,
etc. Before you start making sense of the data, you will need to know the
basic three things: how to open, read and write data into flat files so
that you can then perform analyses on them.
You would also learn about the following topics in this tutorial:
open
a basic flat file like .csv
,
json
, etc. and read
data from a file
NumPy
library and how it can
be used to import Image
datasets
First, let’s understand the difference between flat files and non-flat files.
Flat files are data files that contain records with no structured relationships between the records, and there’s also no structure for indexing like you typically find it in relational databases. These files can contain only basic formatting, have a small fixed number of fields, and can or can not have a file format.
Though in both flat and non-flat files, the data is usually in a tabular row-column fashion.
A non-flat file is a file where an index is assigned to every record. The exact location of the record can be known using the index of that record. You would normally need some applications like a database management system to read this type of file.
XML
is an example of a non-flat
file.
A flat file can be a plain text file having a TSV
,
CSV
format, or a binary file format. In the former case, the
files usually contain one record per line:
Comma Separated Values (CSV) files, which contain data values that are
separated by ,
for example:
NAME,ADDRESS,EMAIL
ABC,CITY<EMAIL_ADDRESS>LMN,CITY<EMAIL_ADDRESS>PQR,CITY<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Delimited files, which contain data values with a user-specified
delimiter. This can be a \t
tab or a symbol
(#
,&
,||
), for example:
NAME||ADDRESS||EMAIL
ABC||CITY<EMAIL_ADDRESS>LMN||CITY<EMAIL_ADDRESS>PQR||CITY<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Let’s now understand how Python creates and reads these types of file formats having specific delimiters.
Python has in-built functions to create, read, write, and manipulate
accessible files. The io
module is the default module for
accessing files that can be used off the shelf without even importing it.
Before you read, write, or manipulate the file, you need to make use of
the module open(filename, access_mode)
that returns a file
object called “handle”. After which you can simply use this handle to read
from or write to a file. Like everything else, files in Python are also
treated as an object, which has its own attributes and methods.
An IOError exception is raised if, while opening the file, the operation fails. It could be due to various reasons like trying to read a file that is opened in write mode or accessing a file that is already closed.
As you already read before, there are two types of flat files, text and binary files:
\n
) is the default EOL
terminator.
.exe
, or .pyc
.
Let’s now understand the Python file objects in detail, along with necessary examples.
The built-in Python function open()
has the following
arguments: open(file, mode=‘r’, buffering=-1, encoding=None, errors=None,
newline=None, closefd=True, opener=None) The open()
function
has almost 8 parameters along with their default values for each argument
as shown above.
You would be focusing on the first and second parameters for now, which are essential for reading and writing files. And go through other parameters one by one as the tutorial progresses.
Let’s understand the first argument, i.e., file
.
file
is a mandatory argument that you have to provide to the
open
function while rest all arguments are optional and use
their default values.
To put it simply, the file
argument represents the path where
your file resides in your system.
If the path is in the current working directory, you can just provide the filename. If not then you have to provide the absolute path of the file, just like in the following examples: my_file_handle=open(“mynewtextfile.txt”) If the file resides in a directory other than the current directory, you have to provide the absolute path with the file name:
my_file_handle=open("D://test.txt")
my_file_handle.read()
"Welcome to DataCamp's Tutorial on Reading and Writing Files in Python!"
Make sure file name and path given is correct, otherwise you’ll get a
FileNotFoundError
:
my_file_handle=open("folder/test.txt")
my_file_handle.read()
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileNotFoundError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-2-a0d1ea891918> in <module>
----> 1 my_file_handle=open("folder/test.txt")
2 my_file_handle.read()
FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'folder/test.txt'
You can catch the exception with a try-finally block:
try:
my_file_handle=open("folder/test.txt")
except IOError:
print("File not found or path is incorrect")
finally:
print("exit")
File not found or path is incorrect
exit
Let’s understand the second argument of the open
function,
i.e., access modes
.
Access modes define in which way you want to open a file, whether you want to open a file in:
Though a lot of access modes exist as shown in the below table, the most commonly used ones are read and write modes. It specifies where you want to start reading or writing in the file.
You use 'r'
, the default mode, to read the file. In other
cases where you want to write or append, you use 'w'
or
'a'
, respectively.
There are, of course, more access modes! Take a look at the following table:
As you have seen in the first section, there are two types of flat files.
This is also why there’s an option to specify which format you want to
open, such as text or binary. Of course, the former is the default. When
you add 'b'
to the access modes, you can read the file in
binary format rather than the default text format. It is used when the
file to be accessed is not in text format.
Let’s try out all the reading methods for reading from a file, and you will also explore the access modes along with it! There are three ways to read from a file.
read([n])
readline([n])
readlines()
Here n
is the number of bytes to be read. If nothing is
passed to n
, then the complete file is considered to be read.
Create a file as below: 1st line 2nd line 3rd line 4th line 5th line Let’s understand what each read method does:
my_file=open("test1.txt","r")
print(my_file.read())
1st line
2nd line
3rd line
4th line
5th line
The read()
method just outputs the entire file if the number
of bytes (n
) is not given in the argument. If you execute
my_file.read(3)
, you will get back the first three characters
of the file, as shown below:
my_file=open("test1.txt","r")
print(my_file.read(3))
1st
readline(n)
outputs at most n
bytes of a single
line of a file. It does not read more than one line.
my_file.close()
my_file=open("test1.txt","r")
print(my_file.readline())
print(my_file.readline(2))
1st line
2n
Use the close()
method with file handle to close the file.
When you use this method, you clear all buffer and close the file.
my_file.close()
You can use a for
loop to read the file line by line:
my_file=open("test1.txt","r")
for line in my_file:
print(line)
my_file.close()
1st line
2nd line
3rd line
4th line
5th line
The readlines()
method maintains a list of each line in the
file which can be iterated using a for loop:
my_file=open("test1.txt","r")
my_file.readlines()
['1st line\n', '2nd line\n', '3rd line\n', '4th line\n', '5th line']
You can use three methods to write to a file in Python:
write(string)
(for text) or
write(byte_string)
(for binary)
writelines(list)
Let’s create a new file. The following will create a new file in the
specified folder because it does not exist. Remember
to give
correct path with correct filename; otherwise, you will get an error:
Create a notepad file and write some text in it. Make sure to save the
file as .txt
and save it to the working directory of Python.
new_file=open("newfile.txt",mode="w",encoding="utf-8")
new_file.write("Writing to a new file\n")
new_file.write("Writing to a new file\n")
new_file.write("Writing to a new file\n")
new_file.close()
Now let’s write a list to this file with a+
mode:
fruits=["Orange\n","Banana\n","Apple\n"]
new_file=open("newfile.txt",mode="a+",encoding="utf-8")
new_file.writelines(fruits)
for line in new_file:
print(line)
new_file.close()
Note that reading from a file does not print anything because the file
cursor is at the end of the file. To set the cursor at the beginning, you
can use the seek()
method of file object:
cars=["Audi\n","Bentley\n","Toyota\n"]
new_file=open("newfile.txt",mode="a+",encoding="utf-8")
for car in cars:
new_file.write(car)
print("Tell the byte at which the file cursor is:",new_file.tell())
new_file.seek(0)
for line in new_file:
print(line)
Tell the byte at which the file cursor is: 115
Writing to a new file
Writing to a new file
Writing to a new file
Orange
Banana
Apple
Audi
Bentley
Toyota
The tell()
method of a file object tells at which byte the
file cursor is located. In seek(offset,reference_point)
, the
reference points are 0
(the beginning of the file and is the
default), 1
(the current position of file), and
2
(the end of the file).
Let’s try out passing another reference point and offset and see the output:
new_file.seek(4,0)
print(new_file.readline())
new_file.close()
ing to a new file
You are only left with the next()
method, so let’s complete
this section of the tutorial! Here you are using the same file created
above with the name test1.txt
.
End-relative seeks such as seek(-2,2)
are not allowed if file
mode does not include 'b'
, which indicates binary format.
Only forward operations such as seek(0,2)
are allowed when
the file object is dealt with as a text file.
file=open("test1.txt","r")
for index in range(5):
line=next(file)
print(line)
file.close()
1st line
2nd line
3rd line
4th line
5th line
Note: write()
method doesn’t write data to a
file, but to a buffer, it does, but only when the
close()
method is called. This latter method flushes the
buffer and writes the content to the file. If you wish not to close the
file using fileObject.flush()
method to clear the buffer and
write back to file.
Moby Dick is an 1851 novel by American writer Herman Melville. You’ll be working with the file moby_dick.txt. It is a text file that contains the opening sentences of Moby Dick, one of the great American novels! Here you’ll get experience opening a text file, printing its contents, and, finally, closing it.
You can download the moby dick text file from here.
You will do the following things:
Check again whether the file is closed
file = open(‘moby_dick.txt’, ‘r’)
print(file.read()) print(‘’)
print(‘Is the file closed?:’, file.closed)
file.close() print(‘’)
print(‘Is the file closed?:’, file.closed)
CHAPTER 1. Loomings.
Call me Ishmael. Some years ago–never mind how long precisely–having little or no money in my purse, and nothing particular to interest me on shore, I thought I would sail about a little and see the watery part of the world. It is a way I have of driving off the spleen and regulating the circulation. Whenever I find myself growing grim about the mouth; whenever it is a damp, drizzly November in my soul; whenever I find myself involuntarily pausing before coffin warehouses, and bringing up the rear of every funeral I meet; and especially whenever my hypos get such an upper hand of me, that it requires a strong moral principle to prevent me from deliberately stepping into the street, and methodically knocking people’s hats off–then, I account it high time to get to sea as soon as I can. This is my substitute for pistol and ball. With a philosophical flourish Cato throws himself upon his sword; I quietly take to the ship. There is nothing surprising in this. If they but knew it, almost all men in their degree, some time or other, cherish very nearly the same feelings towards the ocean with me.
Is the file closed?: False
Is the file closed?: True
You can bind a file object by using a context manager construct, and you don’t need to worry about closing the file. The file can not be accessed outside the context manager and is deemed closed.
 Note that the file is opened by default in
a read
mode.
with open('moby_dick.txt') as file:
print(file.readline())
print(file.readline())
print(file.readline())
CHAPTER 1. Loomings.
Call me Ishmael. Some years ago--never mind how long precisely--having
You can also write your data to .json
files.
Remember: Javascript Object Notation (JSON) has become a popular method
for the exchange of structured information over a network and sharing
information across platforms. It is basically text with some structure and
saving it as .json
tells how to read the structure;
otherwise, it is just a plain text file. It stores data as key: value
pairs. The structure can be simple to complex.
Take a look at the following simple JSON for countries and their capitals:
{
"Algeria":"Algiers",
"Andorra":"Andorra la Vella",
"Nepal":"Kathmandu",
"Netherlands":"Amsterdam",
}
Since JSON consists of an array of key: value
pairs as shown
in below code cell, anything before :
is called key and after
:
is called value. This is very similar to Python
dictionaries, isn’t it! You can see that the data is separated by
,
and that curly braces define objects. Square brackets are
used to define arrays in more complex JSON files, as you can see in the
following excerpt:
{
"colors": [
{
"color": "black",
"category": "hue",
"type": "primary",
"code": {
"rgba": [255,255,255,1],
"hex": "#000"
}
},
{
"color": "white",
"category": "value",
"code": {
"rgba": [0,0,0,1],
"hex": "#FFF"
}
},
{
"color": "red",
"category": "hue",
"type": "primary",
"code": {
"rgba": [255,0,0,1],
"hex": "#FF0"
}
},
{
"color": "blue",
"category": "hue",
"type": "primary",
"code": {
"rgba": [0,0,255,1],
"hex": "#00F"
}
},
{
"color": "yellow",
"category": "hue",
"type": "primary",
"code": {
"rgba": [255,255,0,1],
"hex": "#FF0"
}
},
{
"color": "green",
"category": "hue",
"type": "secondary",
"code": {
"rgba": [0,255,0,1],
"hex": "#0F0"
}
},
]
}
Note that JSON files can hold different data types in one object as well!
When you read the file with read()
, you read strings from a
file. That means that when you read numbers, you would need to convert
them to integers with data type conversion functions like
int()
. For more complex use cases, you can always use the
JSON
module.
If you have an object x
, you can view its JSON string
representation with a simple line of code:
import json
my_data=["Reading and writing files in python",78546]
json.dumps(my_data)
'["Reading and writing files in python", 78546]'
To write the JSON in a file, you can use the .dump()
method:
with open("jsonfile.json","w") as f:
json.dump(my_data,f)
f.close()
Note: It is good practice to use the with-open method to open a file because it closes the file properly if any exception is raised on the way.
Let’s now open the JSON
file you created using the
dump
method. If a JSON
file is opened for
reading, you can decode it with load(file)
as follows:
with open("jsonfile.json","r") as f:
jsondata=json.load(f)
print(jsondata)
f.close()
['Reading and writing files in python', 78546]
Similarly, more complex dictionaries can be stored using the
JSON
module. You can find more information
here.
Now, you will see some other parameters of the open()
method,
which you have already seen in the previous sections. Let’s start with
buffering
.
A buffer holds a chunk of data from the operating system’s file stream until it is used upon which more data comes in, which is similar to video buffering.
Buffering is useful when you don’t know the size of the file you are
working with if the file size is greater than computer memory then the
processing unit will not function properly. The buffer size tells how much
data can be held at a time until it is used.
io.DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE
can tell the default buffer size of
your platform.
Optionally, you can pass an integer to buffering
to set the
buffering policy:
0
to switch off buffering (only allowed in binary mode)
1
to select line buffering (only usable in text mode)
1
to indicate the size in
bytes of a fixed-size chunk buffer
When you don’t specify any policy, the default is:
“Interactive” text files (files for which
isatty()
returns True
) use line buffering.
Other text files use the policy described above for binary files. Note
that isatty()
can be used to see if you’re connected to a
Tele-TYpewriter(-like) device.
import io print(“Default buffer size:”,io.DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE) file=open(“test1.txt”,mode=“r”,buffering=5) print(file.line_buffering) file_contents=file.buffer for line in file_contents: print(line)
Default buffer size: 8192 False b’1st line’ b’2nd line’ b’3rd line’ b’4th line’ b’5th line’
Note that if you are using all arguments in the order
that is specified in
open(file, mode='r', buffering=-1, encoding=None, errors=None,
newline=None, closefd=True, opener=None)
, you don’t need to write argument name! If you skip arguments because
you want to keep the default values, it’s better to write everything out
in full.
An optional string that specifies how encoding and decoding errors are to be handled. This argument cannot be used in binary mode. A variety of standard error handlers are available (listed under Error Handlers).
file=open("test1.txt",mode="r",errors="strict")
print(file.read())
file.close()
1st line
2nd line
3rd line
4th line
5th line
errors="strict"
raises ValueErrorException
if
there is encoding error.
newline
controls how universal newlines mode works (it only
applies to text mode). It can be None, ’‘,’\n’, ‘\r’, and ‘\r\n’. In the
example above, you see that passing None
to
newline
translates '\r\n'
to '\n'
.
Note that universal newlines are a manner of interpreting text streams in which all of the following are recognized as ending a line: the Unix end-of-line convention ‘\n’, the Windows convention ‘\r\n’, and the old Macintosh convention ‘\r’.
Note also that os.linesep
returns the system’s default line
separator:
file=open("test1.txt",mode="r",newline="")
file.read()
'1st line\r\n2nd line\r\n3rd line\r\n4th line\r\n5th line'
file=open("test1.txt",mode="r",newline=None)
file.read()
'1st line\n2nd line\n3rd line\n4th line\n5th line'
file.close()
Encoding
represents the character encoding, which is the
coding system that uses bits and byte to represent a character. This
concept frequently pops up when you’re talking about data storage, data
transmission, and computation.
As default encoding
is operating system dependent for
Microsoft Windows, it is cp1252 but UTF-8 in Linux. So when dealing with
text files, it is a good practice to specify the character encoding. Note
that the binary mode doesn’t take an encoding argument.
Earlier, you read that you can use the errors
parameter to
handle encoding and decoding error and that you use
newline
to deal with line endings. Now, try out the following
code for these:
with open("test1.txt",mode="r") as file:
print("Default encoding:",file.encoding)
file.close()
with open("test1.txt",mode="r",encoding="utf-8") as file:
print("New encoding:",file.encoding)
file.close()
Default encoding: cp1252
New encoding: utf-8
If closefd
is False
and a file descriptor,
rather than a filename was given, the underlying file descriptor will be
kept open when the file is closed. If a filename is given,
closefd
has to be set to True
, which is the
default. Otherwise, you’ll probably get an error. You use this argument to
wrap an existing file descriptor into a real file object.
Note that a file descriptor is simply an integer assigned to a file object
by the operating system so that Python can request I/O operations. The
method .fileno()
returns this integer.
If you have an integer file descriptor already open for an I/O channel you can wrap a file object around it as below:
file=open("test1.txt","r+")
fd=file.fileno()
print("File descriptor assigned:",fd)
filedes_object=open(fd,"w")
filedes_object.write("Data sciences\r\nPython")
filedes_object.close()
File descriptor assigned: 6
To prevent closing the underlying file object, you can use
closefd=False
:
file=open("test1.txt","r+")
fd=file.fileno()
print("File descriptor assigned:",fd)
filedes_object=open(fd,"w",closefd=False)
filedes_object.write("Hello")
filedes_object.close()
file.close()
File descriptor assigned: 6
You have learned a lot about reading text files in Python, but as you have read repeatedly throughout this tutorial, these are not the only files that you can import: there are also binary files.
But what are these binary files exactly?
Binary files store data in 0's
and 1's
that are
machine-readable. A byte is a collection of 8-bits. One character stores
one byte in the memory that is 8-bits. For example, the binary
representation of character ‘H’ is 01001000
and convert this
8-bit binary string into decimal gives you 72
.
binary_file=open("binary_file.bin",mode="wb+")
text="Hello 123"
encoded=text.encode("utf-8")
binary_file.write(encoded)
binary_file.seek(0)
binary_data=binary_file.read()
print("binary:",binary_data)
text=binary_data.decode("utf-8")
print("Decoded data:",text)
binary: b'Hello 123'
Decoded data: Hello 123
When you open a file for reading in binary mode b
, it returns
bytes of data.
If you ever need to read or write text from a binary-mode file, make sure you remember to decode or encode it like above. You can access each byte through iteration like below, and it will return integer byte values (decimal of the 8-bit binary representation of each character) instead of byte strings:
for byte in binary_data:
print(byte)
72
101
108
108
111
32
49
50
51
File attributes give information about the file and file state.
with open("test1.txt") as file:
print("Name of the file:",file.name)
print("Mode of the file:",file.mode)
print("Mode of the file:",file.encoding)
file.close()
print("Closed?",file.closed)
Name of the file: test1.txt
Mode of the file: r
Mode of the file: cp1252
Closed? True
Let’s try out all of these methods:
with open("mynewtextfile.txt","w+") as f:
f.write("We are learning python\nWe are learning python\nWe are learning python")
f.seek(0)
print(f.read())
print("Is readable:",f.readable())
print("Is writeable:",f.writable())
print("File no:",f.fileno())
print("Is connected to tty-like device:",f.isatty())
f.truncate(5)
f.flush()
f.seek(0)
print(f.read())
f.close()
We are learning python
We are learning python
We are learning python
Is readable: True
Is writeable: True
File no: 8
Is connected to tty-like device: False
We ar
os
module
The os
module of Python allows you to perform Operating
System dependent operations such as making a folder, listing contents of a
folder, know about a process, end a process, etc. It has methods to view
environment variables of the Operating System on which Python is working
on and many more.
Here is the Python
documentation for the os
module.
Let’s see some useful os
module methods that can help you to
handle files and folders in your program.
Let’s see some examples of these methods:
import os
os.getcwd()
'C:\\Users\\hda3kor\\Documents\\Reading_and_Writing_Files'
os.makedirs("my_folder")
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileExistsError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-12-f469e8a88f1b> in <module>
----> 1 os.makedirs("my_folder")
C:\Program Files\Anaconda3\lib\os.py in makedirs(name, mode, exist_ok)
219 return
220 try:
--> 221 mkdir(name, mode)
222 except OSError:
223 # Cannot rely on checking for EEXIST, since the operating system
FileExistsError: [WinError 183] Cannot create a file when that file already exists: 'my_folder'
The next code chunk will create a folder named my_folder:
open("my_folder\\newfile.txt","w")
print("Contents of folder my_folder\n",os.listdir("my_folder"))
print("---------------------------------")
print("Size of folder my_folder (in bytes)",os.path.getsize("my_folder"))
print("Is file?",os.path.isfile("test1.txt"))
print("Is folder?",os.path.isdir("my_folder"))
os.chdir("my_folder")
os.rename("newfile.txt","hello.txt")
print("New Contents of folder my_folder\n",os.listdir("my_folder"))
Contents of folder my_folder
['hello.txt', 'newfile.txt']
---------------------------------
Size of folder my_folder (in bytes) 0
Is file? True
Is folder? True
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
FileExistsError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-13-6d2da66512fd> in <module>
6 print("Is folder?",os.path.isdir("my_folder"))
7 os.chdir("my_folder")
----> 8 os.rename("newfile.txt","hello.txt")
9 print("New Contents of folder my_folder\n",os.listdir("my_folder"))
FileExistsError: [WinError 183] Cannot create a file when that file already exists: 'newfile.txt' -> 'hello.txt'
If you create a filename that already exists Python will give
FileExistsError
error. To delete a file use, you can use
os.remove(filename)
:
os.getcwd()
os.remove("hello.txt")
Numerical Python, or more commonly known as NumPy arrays, is the Python standard for storing numerical data. They are efficient, fast, and clean. They are widely used in linear algebra, statistics, machine learning, and deep learning. NumPy arrays act as a backbone for reading image datasets.
It is also useful for packages like Pandas
and
Scikit-learn
. NumPy consists of a lot of built-in functions
which can be leveraged to do data analysis, manipulation: efficiently and
in an easier fashion.
The sample MNIST .csv
dataset can be downloaded from
here.
You can find more information about the MNIST dataset from here on the webpage of Yann LeCun.
You will first import the NumPy module and then use the
loadtxt
method to import the MNIST data, as shown below:
import numpy as np
data = np.loadtxt('mnist.csv', delimiter=',')
print(data)
[[1. 0. 0. ... 0. 0. 0.]
[0. 0. 0. ... 0. 0. 0.]
[1. 0. 0. ... 0. 0. 0.]
...
[2. 0. 0. ... 0. 0. 0.]
[0. 0. 0. ... 0. 0. 0.]
[5. 0. 0. ... 0. 0. 0.]]
If your dataset has a header with string values, you can use the
skiprows
parameter and skip the first row. Similarly, you can
use the usecols
parameter to read only some specific columns.
You can also pass in the dtype
, i.e., datatype in which you
want to import your data either integer, float, string, etc.
Note that NumPy arrays are capable of handling only one type of datatype, meaning it cannot have mixed data types in a single array.
Let’s check the number of rows and columns this dataset has:
data.shape
(100, 785)
If you would like to learn more great ways to handle data in Python then check out this tutorial.
Congratulations on finishing the tutorial.
Now you know how to handle files in Python and their manipulation from creation to operating system level handling.
You might want to try experimenting with various NumPy functionalities that could be leveraged to understand numerical and imagery datasets. You could further analyze the dataset graphically using the Matplotlib plotting library.
If you want to learn more about importing files in Python, check out DataCamp’s Importing Data in Python course.


Grid Math Engine
The su
functions give you direct access to the math layer,
without any syntax-sugar like shorthand parsing, and normalization.
If you prefer named arguments, and stripped-down syntax,
you can use these functions directly in your code –
replacing span
, gutter
, and slice
.
These functions are also useful
for building mixins or other extensions to Susy.
Apply the Susy syntax to new mixins and functions,
using our “Plugin Helpers”,
or write your own syntax and pass the normalized results along
to su
for compilation.
@function su-span()
Calculates and returns a CSS-ready span width,
based on normalized span and context data –
a low-level version of susy-span
,
with all of the logic and none of the syntax sugar.
- Grids defined with unitless numbers will return
%
values. - Grids defined with comparable units will return a value in the units provided.
- Grids defined with a mix of units,
or a combination of untiless numbers and unit-lengths,
will return a
calc()
string.
Parameters & Return
$span: (number | list)
Number or list of grid columns to span
$columns: (list)
List of columns available
$gutters: (number)
Width of a gutter in column-comparable units
$spread: (0 | 1 | -1)
Number of gutters spanned,
relative to span
count
$container-spread: $spread (0 | 1 | -1)
Number of gutters spanned,
relative to columns
count
$location: 1 (integer)
Optional position of sub-span among full set of columns
@return (length)
Relative or static length of a span on the grid
Related
@function susy-span()
Requires
@function su-valid-span()
@function su-valid-columns()
@function su-valid-gutters()
@function su-valid-spread()
@function su-valid-location()
@function su-slice()
@function _su-needs-calc-output() [private]
@function _su-calc-span() [private]
@function _su-sum() [private]
Used By
@function su-call()
@function su-gutter()
Calculates and returns a CSS-ready gutter width,
based on normalized grid data –
a low-level version of susy-gutter
,
with all of the logic and none of the syntax sugar.
- Grids defined with unitless numbers will return
%
values. - Grids defined with comparable units will return a value in the units provided.
- Grids defined with a mix of units,
or a combination of untiless numbers and unit-lengths,
will return a
calc()
string.
Parameters & Return
$columns: (list)
List of columns in the grid
$gutters: (number)
Width of a gutter in column-comparable units
$container-spread: (0 | 1 | -1)
Number of gutters spanned,
relative to columns
count
@return (length)
Relative or static length of one gutter in a grid
Related
@function susy-gutter()
Requires
@function _su-needs-calc-output() [private]
@function _su-calc-span() [private]
@function _su-sum() [private]
Used By
@function su-call()
@function su-slice()
Returns a list of columns
based on a given span/location slice of the grid –
a low-level version of susy-slice
,
with all of the logic and none of the syntax sugar.
Parameters & Return
$span: (number)
Number of grid columns to span
$columns: (list)
List of columns in the grid
$location: 1 (number)
Starting index of a span in the list of columns
$validate: true (bool)
Check that arguments are valid before proceeding
@return (list)
Subset list of grid columns, based on span and location


Preview: Galatasaray vs. Club Brugge - prediction, team news, lineups
Club Brugge make the trip to Turkey to take on Galatasaray knowing that they require three points to maintain their slim hopes of qualifying for the Champions League knockout stages.
by Darren PlantMeanwhile, while they cannot reach the last 16 of this competition, the home side are aware that victory on Tuesday night will put them on the brink of sealing a place in the Europa League after Christmas.
Match preview
Club Brugge require an unlikely set of results in order to progress through to the latter stages of this competition for the first time in their history, but that will not stop Philippe Clement's side from believing that they can achieve their goal.
Victory for the Belgians on Tuesday evening, coupled with a defeat for Real Madrid against Paris Saint-Germain, would leave Brugge needing to beat the Spanish giants in front of their own fans on Matchday Six.
Having already earned a 2-2 draw at the Bernabeu, Clement and his players know that they are capable of causing a monumental surprise, but they will still be wary of ensuring that they do not let slip of third spot in the group.
If Brugge can secure a draw in Istanbul, it would leave Galatasaray needing to defeat PSG in Paris next month, something which appears unlikely given their capitulation against Real on away territory.
On the domestic front, Brugge sit six points clear at the top of the standings, although Friday's 2-0 win over KV Oostende came on the back of a disappointing setback at Antwerp before the international break.
As for Galatasaray, Fatih Terim will be hoping that three points on Tuesday evening can act as a catalyst for an improved run of form in all competitions.
While their failings in Europe have been well documented, losing 1-0 at home to Istanbul Basaksehir has left Gala down in seventh place in Turkey's top flight.
After Fatih was able to put together a strong squad during the summer, their below-par performances have surprised many, but overcoming Brugge could lead to everything getting back on track ahead of the second half of the campaign.
Galatasaray form: LWLWWL
Club Brugge form: DWWLLW
Team News
Tehim will have to make do without Steven N'Zonzi after the midfielder picked up his third yellow card in the defeat at Madrid.
However, Jean Michael Seri could be brought back into the team after remaining as an unused substitute in Galatasaray's last fixture.
Younes Belhanda is also pushing for a starting role, with Tehim potentially switching to a more attack-minded formation.
Having being used as a second-half substitute against Oostende, Emmanuel Dennis should return to the starting XI on Tuesday.
Percy Tau could also be involved after getting on the scoresheet earlier in the campaign.
Galatasaray possible starting lineup: Kocuk; Donk, Calik, Teixeira; Mariano, Feghouli, Lemina, Bayram, Tasdemir; Buyuk, Babel
Club Brugge possible starting lineup: Mignolet; Mata, Mechele, Deli, Sobol; Vormer, Rits, Vanaken; Tau, Dennis, Okereke
We say: Galatasaray 2-1 Club Brugge
Despite failing to score a single goal in 360 minutes of European football, we feel that Galatasaray will produce the goods in front of their own supporters on Tuesday. While Club Brugge will be more than satisfied with a share of the spoils, being prepared to settle for a point may not play into their favour.
body check tags ::


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This name was registered at {{registrationDate}}. Owner offered to pay up to {{highestBid}} ether. {{#if deedValueIsMin}} No other bid was above the minimum of 0.01 ether. {{else}} Second highest bid was {{deedValue}} ether. {{/if}}
{{#if address}}Points to: {{> dapp_identicon identity=address class="dapp-tiny"}} {{address}}
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Grzegorz Rożniecki (@xaerxess)
Java / Perl / JavaScript developer
Software reader / writer
There is more than one way to do it
Tim Toady
"The very fact that it's possible to write messy programs in Perl is also what makes it possible to write programs that are cleaner in Perl than they could ever be in a language that attempts to enforce cleanliness. The potential for greater good goes right along with the potential for greater evil."
"There are only two kinds of languages: the ones people complain about and the ones nobody uses"
"There are only 10
kinds of languages: the ones people complain about and the ones nobody uses"
for (my $i = 0; $i <= 3; ++$i) {
print $i;
}
for my $i (0..3) {
print $i;
}
for (0..3) {
print $_;
}
for (0..3) {
print;
}
print for (0..3);
"«More than one way to do it» lent flavor and expressiveness at a small scale, but made it significantly harder to maintain consistent style across a wider code base."
There should be one
- and preferably only one -
obvious way to do it
vs
Created in 1987 (Perl 5 released in 1994), for system administrators, while Larry Wall was working for NASA
Created in 1991, released in 1995, "for write once, run anywhere" applications, while James Gosling was working for Sun
Created in 1995, while Brendan Eich was working for client-side scripts
Tim Toady?
for (var i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
var element = document.getElementById('element');
element.innerText += '[' + i + ':' + array[i] + ']';
}
There’s more than one way to do it
but sometimes consistency is not a bad thing either
People like rules and guidelines. They like to agree with them, or to argue with them.
Inconsistency
TIMTOWTDI?
finally...
but...
final class Person {
private final String name;
private final Integer age;
public Person(String name, Integer age) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public Integer getAge() {
return age;
}
@Override
public int hashCode() {
final int prime = 31;
int result = 1;
result = prime * result + ((age == null) ? 0 : age.hashCode());
result = prime * result + ((name == null) ? 0 : name.hashCode());
return result;
}
@Override
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if (this == obj)
return true;
if (obj == null)
return false;
if (getClass() != obj.getClass())
return false;
Person other = (Person) obj;
if (age == null) {
if (other.age != null)
return false;
} else if (!age.equals(other.age))
return false;
if (name == null) {
if (other.name != null)
return false;
} else if (!name.equals(other.name))
return false;
return true;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Person [name=" + name + ", age=" + age + "]";
}
}
vs
final case class Person(name: String, age: Int)
Java 7+: Objects
Java < 7 - Guava: Objects
@Override
public int hashCode() {
return Objects.hash(name, age);
}
@Override
public boolean equals(final Object obj) {
if (this == obj)
return true;
if (!(obj instanceof Person))
return false;
final Person other = (Person) obj;
return Objects.equals(this.name, other.name)
&& Objects.equals(this.age, other.age);
}
Better?
Guava 18+: MoreObjects.toStringHelper
Guava < 18: Objects.toStringHelper
@Override
public String toString() {
return MoreObjects.toStringHelper(this)
.add("name", name)
.add("age", age)
.toString();
}
Also better?
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Person [name=" + name + ", age=" + age + "]";
}
Lombok: @Value
@Value public class Person {
String name;
Integer age;
}
Lombok: black magic
You should prefer List<Foo>
over Foo[]
whenever possible.
ArrayStoreException
can result at runtime.List<Class<? extends E>>
or List<Optional<T>>
). With an array you get compilation warnings and confusing runtime exceptions.equals
, hashCode
and toString
methods do what users expect; those methods on an array do anything but what you expect -- a common source of bugs.So, why would you ever use object arrays?
Ex. onsistent Eclipse preferences
To final
or not to final
"Closures feel to me like one of these design Black Holes. (...) So, should we just give in to the force of gravity and go the rest of the way? The debate's afoot. It's going to be an entertaining year."
"Java has closures, it's just called 'anonymous inner classes' (...). [They] are the better and more 'java-way' to do closures. Adding an additional syntax for closures will only make the language more complex without solving even one real problem."
...and in 2014 (finally) instead of this:
List<Album> favs = new ArrayList<>();
for (Album a : albums) {
boolean hasFavorite = false;
for (Track t : a.tracks) {
if (t.rating >= 4) {
hasFavorite = true;
break;
}
}
if (hasFavorite) {
favs.add(a);
}
}
Collections.sort(favs, new Comparator<Album>() {
@Override public int compare(Album a1, Album a2) {
return a1.name.compareTo(a2.name);
}});
...you can do this:
List<Album> sortedFavs =
albums.stream()
.filter(a -> a.tracks.anyMatch(t -> (t.rating >= 4)))
.sorted(Comparator.comparing(a -> a.name))
.collect(Collectors.toList());
There is more than one way to do it, finally!
Please send me a feedback:
@xaerxess or xaerxess at
gmail dot
com


ClusterWaveforms DEPRECATED The mean waveform shape, including standard deviation, of the different clusters. Ideally, the waveform analysis should be performed on data that is only high-pass filtered. This is a separate module because it is expected to require updating. For example, IMEC probes may require different storage requirements to store/display mean waveforms, requiring a new interface or an extension of this one.
|
|
addlistener |
Add listener for event. |
|
|
delete |
Delete a handle object. |
|
|
eq |
== (EQ) Test handle equality. |
|
|
export |
|
|
|
findobj |
Find objects matching specified conditions. |
|
|
findprop |
Find property of MATLAB handle object. |
|
|
ge |
>= (GE) Greater than or equal relation for handles. |
|
|
gt |
> (GT) Greater than relation for handles. |
| Sealed
|
isvalid |
Test handle validity. |
|
|
le |
<= (LE) Less than or equal relation for handles. |
|
|
listener |
Add listener for event without binding the listener to the source object. |
|
|
loadAll |
|
|
|
lt |
< (LT) Less than relation for handles. |
|
|
ne |
~= (NE) Not equal relation for handles. |
|
|
notify |
Notify listeners of event. |
|
|
validate_clustering_interface |
|
|
|
validate_waveform_filtering |
|
|
|
validate_waveform_mean |
|
|
|
validate_waveform_sd |
|


Warling
Resort
®
-Retreat for mind !!
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| 089:015 Khan | : |
As for man, when his Lord tries him by giving him honour and gifts, then he says (puffed up): "My Lord has honoured me." |
| 089:015 Maulana | : |
As for man, when his Lord tries him, then gives him honour and favours him, he says: My Lord honours me. |
| 089:015 Pickthal | : |
As for man, whenever his Lord trieth him by honouring him, and is gracious unto him, he saith: My Lord honoureth me. |
| 089:015 Rashad | : |
When the human being is tested by his Lord, through blessings and joy, he says, "My Lord is generous towards me." |
| 089:015 Sarwar | : |
As for the human being, when his Lord tests him, honors him, and grants him bounty, he says, "God has honored me". |
| 089:015 Shakir | : |
And as for man, when his Lord tries him, then treats him with honor and makes him lead an easy life, he says: My Lord honors me. |
| 089:015 Sherali | : |
As for man, when his Lord tries him and honours him and bestows favours on him, he says, 'My Lord has honoured me.' |
| 089:015 Yusufali | : |
Now, as for man, when his Lord trieth him, giving him honour and gifts, then saith he, (puffed up), "My Lord hath honoured me." |
Concepts/Themes Covered: أركان الإسلام > التوحيد > توحيد الله تعالي > نعمه على عباده والأمر بالتحدث بها Pillars of Islam> Islamic> Oneness of Allah> His Gifts on his Worshippers and His Order to Speak about them الإنسان والعلاقات الاجتماعية > الإنسان > تكريم الله إياه Man and The Social Relations>Man>Allah Honour to him الإنسان والعلاقات الاجتماعية > الإنسان > شرفه ودنوه Man and The Social Relations>Man>When Honourable and When Unhonourable الإنسان والعلاقات الاجتماعية > الإنسان > ضجره فى حال الشدة و نسيانه الشكر حال الرخاء Man and The Social Relations>Man> His Despair during the Distress and his Ingratitude during Welfare الإنسان والعلاقات الاجتماعية > الرجل والمرأة Man and The Social Relations>Man and Woman
This tool uses eight English parallel translations for the Holy Quran imported from Mr. Clay Smith. You can also visit Qurany Concepts for browsing the Quran themes or topics. If you want to search the Holy Quran for keywords, please visit Qurany Keywords.


Former Corrie star Lucy-Jo Hudson says co-parenting with ex-husband Alan Halsall is 'difficult'
She's currently expecting a baby with her new man
by Nancy BrownShe's expecting her first baby with new love Lewis Devine and now former Corrie star Lucy-Jo Hudson has opened up about co-parenting with her ex-husband Alan Halsall.
Alan and Lucy-Jo split in 2018 and share six-year-old daughter Sienna-Rae.
Pregnant Lucy-Jo is due to give birth in February, with little Sienna-Rae seemingly thrilled at the prospect of welcoming a baby brother.
However, it appears that it hasn't all been plain sailing for Alan and Lucy-Jo post-split, with the actress revealing that sharing parenting duties with her ex can be "difficult".
Read more: Roman Kemp breaks down after watching a message from his parents
Opening up to OK!, Lucy-Jo revealed that co-parenting "has its challenges".
She said: "Co-parenting has it’s challenges and it can be difficult with everyone’s schedules but you make it work for the child involved."
Alan is happily loved-up with his former co-star Tisha Merry.
Read more: I'm A Celebrity viewers ask why key part of final was axed
And Tisha's presence in Sienna-Rae's life is something Lucy-Jo approves of.
She said: "I’m happy Sienna has a good male and female role model on my side and with Alan and his girlfriend. She has more people to love her, and as long as Sienna’s happy, that’s all that matters to me."
Lucy-Jo also opened up about the role Lewis plays in Sienna-Rae's life.
She said: "Lew has been amazing and he would never try and take over Alan’s role as her dad."
The pair met when they appeared together in panto in 2017, before their friendship developed into a romance.
Head to our Facebook page @EntertainmentDailyFix and let us know what you think of our story.


{% load static %}
Currently working on Tokyo and focus on Web appication and Marchine Learning. I love Python and JS/TS.


The W3C defines the DOM as:
A platform and language-neutral interface that will allow programs and scripts to documents.
It is an API that can be used to navigation HTML and XML documents.


--- layout: default title: Blog ---
I'm an amateur developer currently living in Helsinki, Finland and studying at LAMK.
The idead of having a website to write stuff, to show off some projects you have been working on is kind of cool, so why don't I give it a try?
This site is built with Jekyll and hosted on Amazon S3. Images are provided randomly by UnSplash, so some of them may not be ... appropriate .