| DOSE: |
repeated |
oral |
Kava |
(tea) |
After learning about Kava through a report I had to give in an Anthropology class, I decided to give it a try.
I ordered ground Kava root powder imported from Vanuatu. After receiving it in the mail, I made up a batch for myself and my friend using a blender/strainer method as recommended on the bag (with 1 rounded tablespoon kava per cup of cool water). The resulting liquid made my mouth slightly numb within a few sips. I became unable to fully enjoy the taste of other foods, especially sweet ones.
Physically, the Kava didn't really have any dramatic effects on my vision or sense of balance. At this dose, I was able to easily walk straight and keep my balance. My friend seemed to stumble for a bit, but he had chugged all of his beverage in two big gulps rather than drinking it slowly as I had. Mentally, I didn't feel the kind of perceptual blur that comes with imbibing any significant quantity of alcohol. Rather, I felt clear minded and rather normal. Emotionally, I didn't feel ecstatic or overly happy, but rather calm and collected. The fact that my girlfriend had asked for a split earlier that day no longer irked me. I felt like it was something I could handle. The only extraordinary emotional response I found was when my friend and I broke out laughing for a good five minutes due to the fact that I was holding one of the cookies we were eating upside-down.
After the fact, I found some minor gastrointestinal discomfort, but this had relieved itself by morning.
On the second night, I had a similar dosage except this time I prepared it by the traditional straining method. This batch seemed somewhat weaker than that prepared in the blender, but had a lighter taste. Its effects were much the same, although on this night I found myself a bit dizzy later in the night. However, this method of preparation seemed to spare me the discomfort afterward.
All in all, I found Kava's effects enjoyable without being inhibiting. As long as it is taken responsibly, I feel it has great antistress and enjoyment potential.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


The Cold War between the United States and former Soviet Union gave birth to the space race and an unprecedented program of scientific exploration.
The Soviet Union was ahead of the United States in the race to space, with Yuri Gagarin, on April 12, 1961 single orbit around the Earth, although uneventful, as the cables joining his Vostok 1 spacecraft descent module and service module failed to separate properly, causing massive shaking as the spacecraft reentered Earth’s atmosphere. Gagarin ejected before landing, parachuting down safely near the Volga River.
Gagarin became an international celebrity, toured the world and was showered with honors by his country. But Gagarin’s triumph was a painful blow to the United States, which had scheduled its first space flight for May, 1961.
Project Mercury
Project Mercury, the first United States program to put humans in space, made 25 flights, six of which carried astronauts between 1961 and 1963. The objectives of the program were: to orbit a human spacecraft around Earth, to investigate a person’s ability to function in space, and to recover both the astronaut and spacecraft safely.
The Mercury astronauts were also referred to as the “Original Seven”. On April 9, 1959, NASA introduced its first class astronauts:
- Wally Schirra
- Deke Slayton
- John Glenn
- Scott Carpenter
- Alan Shepard
- Gus Grissom
- Gordon Cooper
Freedom 7 Mission
On May 5, 1961. Alan Sherpard became the first American in space on the Freedom 7 mission, powered by a Redstone rocket, a flight that lasted 15 minutes, 28 seconds. He later made it to the moon on Apollo 14.
Image credit: NASA
NASA research mathematician Katherine Johnson did the trajectory analysis for Alan Shepard’s mission. She worked at NASA from 1953 to 1986.
Image credit: NASA
Liftoff of astronaut Alan Shepard Jr.’s Freedom 7 mission, powered by a Redstone rocket, May 5, 1961. Shepard became the first American in space. He later made it to the Moon on Apollo 14.
The Gemini Program
The Gemini Program primarily tested equipment and mission procedures and trained astronauts and ground crews for future Apollo missions to the Moon. The program’s main goals were: to test an astronaut’s ability to fly long duration flights (14 days); to understand how a spacecraft could rendezvous and dock with another vehicle in Earth orbit; to perfect re-entry landing methods; and to further understand the effects of longer spaceflights on astronauts. NASA selected “Gemini” because the word is Latin for “twins”, and the Gemini was a capsule built for two.
The Apollo Program
On May 25, 1961, President John F. Kennedy challenged Americans to reach for the Moon, and exactly eight years, one month and 26 days after this challenge, Project Apollo landed the first humans on the lunar surface and returned them safely to Earth. The program has conducted scientific exploration of the Moon, and developed man’s capability to work in the lunar environment.
But all did not go flawlessly as the Apollo program was hit by tragedy as the first crew prepared to fly on January 27, 1967, fire swept through the Apollo 1 command module during a preflight test on the Cape Kennedy launch pad. Three astronauts, Gus Grissom, Ed White, and Roger Chaffee sadly lost their lives. NASA was not discouraged but moved forward to ensure the safety and success of future missions.
Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that first landed humans on the Moon. Commander Niel Armstrong and lunar module pilot Buzz Aldrin formed the American crew that landed the Apollo Lunar Module on July 20, 1969. Armstrong became the first person onto the lunar surface six hours and 39 minutes later on July 21; Aldrin joined him 19 minutes later. They spent about two and a quarter hours together outside the spacecraft, and collected 21.5 kg of lunar material to bring back to Earth.
Image credit: QUARTZ
A photo of Niel Armstrong on the Moon, during the Apollo 11 Moon mission
Apollo 11 was launched by a Saturn V rocket from Kennedy Space Center on Merritt Island, Florida, on July 16 and it was the fifth crewed mission of NASA’s Apollo program. After being sent to the Moon by the Saturn V’s third stage, the astronauts separated the spacecraft from it and traveled for three days until they entered lunar orbit. Armstrong and Aldrin then moved into Eagle and landed in the Sea of Tranquility on July 20. Fifty years ago, Apollo 7 transmitted the first live broadcast from a human United States spacecraft.
Walking in Space
NASA astronaut Ed White became the first American to walk in space on the Gemini IV mission on June 3, 1965.
Gemini X
The Gemini X spacecraft, launched July 18, 1966. Astronauts John Young and Mike Collins carried out a three – day mission to rendezvous and dock in space with an Agena spacecraft that had lifted off 101 minutes earlier.
Gemini III
Gemini III astronauts Gus Grissom and John Young, crewed the first human Gemini flight, March 23, 1965. This mission tested the new maneuverable spacecraft that let the astronauts control more of the flight.
The International Space Station
The International Space Station is a model for global cooperation and scientific advancements that is enabling growth of private industry in low-Earth orbit and development of new technologies to advance human space exploration. Built between 1998 and 2011, the space station has housed humans continuously since Nov. 2, 2000. Because molecules and cells behave differently in space, research in microgravity helps advance scientific knowledge. The space station is a U.S. National Laboratory, which the Center for the Advancement of Science in Space (CASIS) manages for research investigations that improve life on Earth. NASA has contracted with commercial companies SpaceX, Orbital ATK, and Sierra Nevada Corporation to deliver science investigations, cargo, and supplies to the crews living in space, and soon Boeing and SpaceX will transport astronauts to and from the station.
Image credit: NASA
A photo of the International Space Station
Image credit: space.com
A Space X rocket during launch
Space castastrophes
A total of 18 people have sadly lost their lives either while in space or in preparation for a space mission, in four separate incidents.
The two worst disasters both involved NASA’s space shuttle. On 28 January 1986 the Challenger space shuttle blew up 73 seconds after take-off, owing to a failure on a sealant ring that allowed hot gas from the boosters used to lift the craft in the first two minutes of flight to hit the huge main external tanks containing hydrogen-oxygen fuel. All seven crew members died, including Christa McAuliffe, a teacher from New Hampshire selected on a special NASA programme to bring civilians into space. The Challenger disaster remains perhaps the most notorious in the history of spaceflight, owing to the number of people, many of them schoolchildren, who saw it live on TV.
In 2003 a further seven astronauts died when the shuttle Columbia broke up on re-entry into Earth’s atmosphere. A piece of foam insulation had broken away during launch, damaging a wing and sealing the mission’s fate almost before it had started. A subsequent report sharply criticized NASA for allowing the incident to happen and failing to intervene during the mission.
The remaining four fatalities during spaceflight were all cosmonauts from the Soviet Union. The first was Vladimir Komarov on 24 April 1967, when the parachute on the landing capsule of his Soyuz 1 mission failed to open. This was the first crewed flight of the Soyuz spacecraft that is still used to send people to the International Space Station. In 1971 all three of the Soyuz 11 mission crew died when their capsule depressurized before re-entry on their way back from humanity’s first ever stay on a space station, Salyut 1.
A further 13 astronauts and cosmonauts have died during training and testing for spaceflight. Perhaps the most notorious incident was a fire on the launch pad of the Apollo 1 mission in January 1967. The three victims were Roger Chaffee, Gus Grissom, who had been the second American ever in space, and Ed White, who in 1965 had become the first American to walk in space. The Apollo programme to reach the moon was almost cancelled in the wake of the disaster. As it was, crewed flights were suspended for 20 months.


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I had a cuppa with Tilly Losch
Just tea, the caff was out of nosh
It cost an awful lot of dosh
Then we went to a pit to moshOh Tilly!  Tilly will abideAbide with me
Abide with Ned
Young Edward James
Shared Tilly's bedSoon enough the pair did part
Ned collected surrealist art
Some influenced by old H. Bosch
But he never forgot Tilly—Tilly Losch!


java.io
.
File
Objects
A File
object
holds information about
a disk file
or a disk directory.
Note: a File
object
is NOT the actual file.
It is an object that holds
methods that affect a particular file or directory.
It works as an interface between a program and
the functions of the operating system that
do the actual file manipulation.
Different operating systems
organize their file system in different ways.
By using File
objects,
Java programs
can handle files in a uniform manner
on all operating systems.


Flask Mega Tutorial
A must read tutorial, for any aspiring Flask developer.
Learn more
Open-Source app, designed by HTML5 Up, coded in Flask Microframework.
Features: Login, Registration, SQLite database, SQLAlchemy ORM, Static export
Flask is a Python web framework built with a small core and easy-to-extend philosophy. Flask is also easy to get started with as a beginner because there is little boilerplate code for getting a simple app up and running.
Flask MicroframeworkGet more Flask, JAMstack, React, Vue apps. Most of them are free and open-source.
Learn moreFlask is considered more Pythonic than the Django web framework because in common situations the equivalent Flask web application is more explicit. Flask is also easy to get started with as a beginner because there is little boilerplate code for getting a simple app up and running.
from flask import Flask
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route('/')
def hello_world():
return 'Hello, World!'
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
The above code shows "Hello, World!" on localhost port 5000 in a web browser when run with the
python app.py
command and the Flask library installed.
A must read tutorial, for any aspiring Flask developer.
Learn moreGet More Flask Apps - Index provided by AppSeed
Get Flask Apps


GoogleTokenProfile
public struct GoogleTokenProfile : TypeSafeGoogleToken
A pre-constructed TypeSafeGoogleToken which contains the default fields that can be requested from Google.
Note that the Optional fields will only be initialized if the subject grants access to the data.
Usage Example:
router.get("/googleProfile") { (user: GoogleTokenProfile, respondWith: (GoogleTokenProfile?, RequestError?) -> Void) in
respondWith(user, nil)
}
-
The subject’s unique Google identifier.
Declaration
Swift
public let id: String
-
The subject’s display name.
Declaration
Swift
public let name: String
-
The subject’s family name (last name).
Declaration
Swift
public let family_name: String
-
The subject’s given name (first name).
Declaration
Swift
public let given_name: String
-
A URL providing access to the subject’s profile picture.
Declaration
Swift
public let picture: String
-
The subject’s locale, for example:
en
.Declaration
Swift
public let locale: String
-
The subject’s gender. The subject may not have provided this information in their Google profile.
Declaration
Swift
public let gender: String?
-
The subject’s e-mail address. The subject may choose not to share this information.
Declaration
Swift
public let email: String?
-
Indicates whether the subject’s e-mail address has been verified. Note that this field is only present if
email
has been granted.Declaration
Swift
public let verified_email: Bool?


--- layout: archive title: Zulip Chat Archive permalink: /stream/113488-general/topic/path.20issues.3F.html ---
I'm getting the following error whenever I run lean from the console instead of vscode:
/usr/local/lib/lean/library/init/data/default.lean:1:0: error: ambiguous import, it can be '/usr/local/lib/lean/library/init/data/ordering/default.lean' or '/usr/local/lib/lean/library/init/data/ordering.lean'
Any ideas?
Hm, okay, removing /usr/local/lib/lean
and re-installing helped
Yeah, this is a known general issue with make install
. I don't recommend using it.
Because it just doesn't clear the directories?
Yes
And I don't recommend using it because adjusting PATH is so much easier :)
{% endraw %}Last updated: Apr 24 2020 at 19:02 UTC


---
layout: default
title: Quotes
---
Some inspiring quotes...
- “Life is too short to be little.” — Benjamin Disraeli
- “When one tugs at a single thing in nature, he finds it attached to the rest of the world.” — John Muir
- “By attempting the impossible one can attain the highest level of the possible.” — August Strindberg
- “Not failure, but low aim, is crime.” — James Russell Lowell
- “Out of difficulties grow miracles.” — Jean de La Bruyère
- “The defect of equality is that we desire it only with our superiors.” — Henry Becque
- “We carry within us the wonders we seek without us.” — Thomas Browne
- “Nature does not hurry, yet everything is accomplished.” — Lao Tzu
- “No snowflake in an avalanche ever feels responsible.” — Voltaire
- “A friend made is a road paved; an enemy created is a wall built.” — Chinese proverb
- “The real voyage of discovery consists not in seeking new landscapes, but in having new eyes.” — Marcel Proust
- “Only when it is dark enough, can you see the stars.” — Martin Luther King
- “There are no such things as bad plants or bad men. There are only bad cultivators.” — Victor Hugo
- “Man discovers himself when he measures himself against the obstacle.” — Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
- “They did not know it was impossible, so they did it.” — Mark Twain
- “The pleasure is the happiness madmen. Happiness is the pleasure of the wise.” — Jules Amédée Barbey d’Aurevilly


| Class: | PorExtenso.Program |
|---|---|
| Assembly: | PorExtenso |
| File(s): | E:\Projetos\GitHub\CSharp\PorExtenso\src\PorExtenso\Program.cs |
| Covered lines: | 0 |
|---|---|
| Uncovered lines: | 5 |
| Coverable lines: | 5 |
| Total lines: | 24 |
| Line coverage: | 0% |
| Covered branches: | 0 |
|---|---|
| Total branches: | 0 |
| Branch coverage: | N/A |
Feature is only available for sponsors
Upgrade to PRO version| Method | Branch coverage | Cyclomatic complexity | Line coverage |
|---|---|---|---|
| Main(...) | 100% | 1 | 0% |
| CreateWebHostBuilder(...) | 100% | 1 | 0% |


Russian Investigative Committee Says 2 People Killed, 1 Missing in Tanker Blast in Nakhodka Bay
MOSCOW (Sputnik) - Two people were killed and another person is missing as gas and air mixture exploded on board a tanker in Russia's Far Eastern Nakhodka Bay, the regional branch of the Investigative Committee said in a statement on Saturday.
"In the morning, in the Nakhodka Bay near Mys Astafyeva, a gas and air mixture blasted. No blaze was observed. According to the preliminary data, two people were killed while the whereabouts of another person is unknown", the statement read.
The investigators have launched a criminal case over the incident.
A spokesperson of the Nakhodka port authority said earlier on Saturday that the blast took place on board the Zaliv Amerika oil tanker.
In 2016, another accident happened in the Russian port when the oil spill took place over an area of 1,500 square meters.


The random walker algorithm [1] determines the segmentation of an image from a set of markers labeling several phases (2 or more). An anisotropic diffusion equation is solved with tracers initiated at the markers’ position. The local diffusivity coefficient is greater if neighboring pixels have similar values, so that diffusion is difficult across high gradients. The label of each unknown pixel is attributed to the label of the known marker that has the highest probability to be reached first during this diffusion process.
In this example, two phases are clearly visible, but the data are too noisy to perform the segmentation from the histogram only. We determine markers of the two phases from the extreme tails of the histogram of gray values, and use the random walker for the segmentation.
| [1] | Random walks for image segmentation, Leo Grady, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 2006 Nov; 28(11):1768-83 |
import numpy as np
from scipy import ndimage
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from skimage.segmentation import random_walker
def microstructure(l=256):
"""
Synthetic binary data: binary microstructure with blobs.
Parameters
----------
l: int, optional
linear size of the returned image
"""
n = 5
x, y = np.ogrid[0:l, 0:l]
mask = np.zeros((l, l))
generator = np.random.RandomState(1)
points = l * generator.rand(2, n ** 2)
mask[(points[0]).astype(np.int), (points[1]).astype(np.int)] = 1
mask = ndimage.gaussian_filter(mask, sigma=l / (4. * n))
return (mask > mask.mean()).astype(np.float)
# Generate noisy synthetic data
data = microstructure(l=128)
data += 0.35 * np.random.randn(*data.shape)
markers = np.zeros(data.shape, dtype=np.uint)
markers[data < -0.3] = 1
markers[data > 1.3] = 2
# Run random walker algorithm
labels = random_walker(data, markers, beta=10, mode='bf')
# Plot results
plt.figure(figsize=(8, 3.2))
plt.subplot(131)
plt.imshow(data, cmap='gray', interpolation='nearest')
plt.axis('off')
plt.title('Noisy data')
plt.subplot(132)
plt.imshow(markers, cmap='hot', interpolation='nearest')
plt.axis('off')
plt.title('Markers')
plt.subplot(133)
plt.imshow(labels, cmap='gray', interpolation='nearest')
plt.axis('off')
plt.title('Segmentation')
plt.subplots_adjust(hspace=0.01, wspace=0.01, top=1, bottom=0, left=0,
right=1)
plt.show()
Python source code: download (generated using skimage 0.9.0)


Sphinx cheat sheet¶
Here is a quick and dirty cheat sheet for some common stuff you want to do in sphinx and ReST. You can see the literal source for this file at This file.
Formatting text¶
You use inline markup to make text italics, bold, or monotype
.
You can represent code blocks fairly easily:
import numpy as np
x = np.random.rand(12)
Or literally include code:
Making a list¶
It is easy to make lists in rest
Making a table¶
This shows you how to make a table – if you only want to make a list see Making a list.
| Name | Age |
|---|---|
| John D Hunter | 40 |
| Cast of Thousands | 41 |
| And Still More | 42 |
Making links¶
It is easy to make a link to yahoo or to some section inside this document (see Making a table) or another document.
You can also reference classes, modules, functions, etc that are
documented using the sphinx autodoc facilites. For example,
see the module matplotlib.backend_bases
documentation, or the
class LocationEvent
, or the method
mpl_connect()
.


This sample uses the standard jQuery draggable and droppable.
|
This tree allows dragging. |
This tree allows dropping. |
|---|---|
|
|
|
|
Active node: -
|
Active node: -
|
jquery.dynatree.js project home Link to this page Example Browser View source code


Back
Home
Reservation
My Reservations
About
Settings
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Reservations:
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My name is Maciek. Some people call me Magic - it spells the same.
I'm a software engineer associated mainly with Apple development. I'm passionate about building beautiful, robust, useful, and user-friendly apps, but more and more, I find myself thinking, deciding, and caring about more important parts of the whole.
I believe in structure, collaboration, and tight feedback loops.


Fecha_Creacion: 2017-11-30T14:18:16.869Z
Dimension: unknown
Id_Locacion: 27
Nombre: Hideout Planet
Residentes: ['https://rickandmortyapi.com/api/character/79', 'https://rickandmortyapi.com/api/character/84']
Tipo: Planet
URL: https://rickandmortyapi.com/api/location/27


About Me
Questions and Answers
- Do I live in Seattle?
- Yes
- Have I met Elon Musk?
- No
- Have I ridden a horse?
- Yes
- Do I like cilantro?
- No
- Do I bring lunch to Code Fellows?
- Yes
My top 10 Favorite Activites
- Coding!
- Video games
- Martial arts
- Dancing
- Going on walks
- Watching anime
- Eating healthy food
- Eating unhealthy food
- Philosophical conversations
- Singing
My Work Experience
- Administrative Assistant at Abossein Engineering
- Fullfillment Center Associate at Amazon
- Contractor - Quality Assurance Progression Tester at Bungie
- Cryptologic Language Analyst at United States Air Force


You and your friends are making a virtual pet shelter game!
It's been pretty successful so far, but there's always work to do. Your job as a Data Scientist is to make sure the team is making the right decisions to keep your users happy.
On Monday morning one of the programmers for the app comes over to your desk.
Take a guess at what data you want to look at before you answer her question. Choose carefully, you can only pick one!
One of your friends has some free time today and is offering to draw a new type of pet for your app! What should they add?
Take a guess at what data you want to look at before you decide. Choose carefully, you can only pick one!
| Coworker Name | Favorite Animal |
|---|---|
| Evie | Cockatoo |
| Jacob | Crow |
| Connor | Snake |
| Kassandra | Hare |
| Alexi | Alligator |
| Desmond | Goldfinch |
The project manager stops by your desk and shows you a problem she has with the app on her iPad.
None of the animal pictures show up!
She says that it's been like this for a really long time, and she wants to know how important it is to fix this.
You meet the social media expert in the hall and he looks worried. You ask him what's going on and he says:
You agree to help him out by taking a look at the data yourself.
| Country | App Users | Poll Responders |
|---|---|---|
| United States | 231 | 216 |
| UK | 422 | 410 |
| Antarctica | 1 | 832 |
| Canada | 168 | 83 |
The community manager is trying to figure out how to include more users.
They say that the events they run in the game don't seem to attract many people. They're wondering if they're just running events on the wrong days!
Can you help?
The project manager says that one of the investors called and it would mean a lot to them if the team adds her dogs to the app.
The team is excited and ready to do this, but it's Friday! They can only get one of the dogs done in time for the weekend.
The investor has a golden retriever and a french bulldog. Which should be added?
| Country | Most Popular Dog | App Users |
|---|---|---|
| United States | Golden Retriever | 231 |
| UK | French Bulldog | 422 |
| Antarctica | Penguin | 1 |
| Canada | Mixed-breed | 168 |
A data scientist is an important member of the team! Without someone who knows what data to look for (and how to read it), the team would only be guessing at what their users want. It's your job to make sure the best decisions are made using the information you have!
Refresh the page to play again!


In the next month, I'll be updating this page in React.js and adding many new features. Until then, please feel free to contact me by using this google form, or by emailing me dirrectly at devon.p702@gmail.com.


Overview
Bits of information are stored on and retrieved from computer disk drives using a magnetic read/write head. This information is arranged on concentric tracks, nominally circular in shape. Positioning the read/write head over the appropriate track is a control problem, which has a significant impact on the performance of the drive.
Servowriting is a manufacturing process where the data tracks and servo sectors are defined on the disk platters by creating the servo patterns so that the HDD servo system can later use them to identify the tracks and servo sectors, and to measure the relative position of the read head to the track centerline, i.e., the Position Error Signal (PES). The HDD servomechanism generates the position feedback signal by using the servo patterns as reference, which are written on the disks when no reference is present on the disks or inside the HDD. There are several conventional mechanisms used to provide the reference while the servo writing is performed. The common one is to externally write the position (servo burst) and timing (synchronization mark) information onto the disk surface by means of a costly laser-guided push-pin mechanism which can accurately move the HDD actuator arm so that the write head is positioned on the desired tracks.
Normal operation of a disk drive will require access to many different tracks. The faster the read/write head can be moved between tracks, the faster information can be stored or retrieved. There are economic and physical constraints on this task. The fast transition between data tracks is usually called "seeking."
The sensitivity of the position of the read/write head to external disturbances is also an important consideration in the design of controllers for disk drive servos. As computer disk drives become more mobile in laptop or handheld applications, new bumps and vibrations become common disturbances which must not affect the positioning control of the read/write head. Maintaining the read/write head over a particular data track is usually called "following."
The designed controller needs to address the concerns of servo writing, seeking and following for the final disk drive performance to be both fast and reliable. Work in this lab deals with the analysis of and design of controllers for disk drives.
Research Topics
Adaptive Vibration Rejection
Spiral Servowriting
Self Servowriting
Related Publications
Please refer to the publication list and Xu Chen's personal webpage for related publications.
Researchers
Chen, Xu |


Use markdown notation:
For more [click here](http://example.com) now.
Or HTML notation:
For more click here now.
For cross linking to other parts of docs use the ID:
[see Foo](package.Class.method)
Use the # + id to link to a method/property on the same page (traditional anchor linking):
[see setWidth](#setWidth)
Documon generates a unique ID for each entity. The ID represents a "dot.path" to the entity based on it's relationship to the package and class structure.
Example:
package.class.entity
... where "entity" is a reference to a method, property or event (MPE) within a class or module.
NOTE: Documon treats modules and classes the same, so for brevity we'll only refer to "class".
The Documon website intercepts links and interprets dot.path ID's.
Each MPE has a standard HTML anchors within the page, therefore to link to an internal MPE within a class, use a normal anchor URL's (#example):
[See foo](#foo)
This makes writing an internal link (within a class file) pretty easy.
You can use the full dot.path, or for simplicity, if you're cross linking within the same class, you can just refernce the MPE. Either or will work because the template should incorporate both #entity adn #package.class.entity
[See foo](#foo) -- or -- [See foo](#package.class.foo)
To link to an external class or a MPE in some other class, use the full ID:
[Link to My Class](package.MyClass) [Link to the foo property](package.MyClass.foo)
... in the example above we're targeting the location of the "foo" property in the "MyClass" HTML file. Again, the Documon website intercepts and interprets the ID's for you automatically.
And to link to external websites, just use a full URL:
[External Website Link](http://www.example.com)
Each "more" page is provided a unique ID that is prefixed with "more". So you can link to these pages using the ID:
[See the About Page](more.about)
Review the "More Docs" page for details on how the ID's are derived.
170906


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--- layout: page title: "Readings" drawn-title: "Readings" description: "I have read & I will read." header-img: "img/sa-teaching.jpg" ---


|
Carlsberg Lager Can - Case
24 x 323 ml
$56.50
unit Price
|
|
|
$56.00
|
|
Carlsberg Lager Can - Case
24 x 323 ml
$56.50
unit Price
|
|
|
$56.00
|
|
Carlsberg Lager Can - Case
24 x 323 ml
$56.50
unit Price
|
|
|
$56.00
|


Katenar:
Unfortunately, I do not know everything -- and I cannot tell you everything that I do know.
Knowledge can be a burden as well as a key!
Know this, then: you and I are both Kamael, but in truth we are different in nature.
Confused? Dark Elves may be Elves, but they are not called Elves, are they? This is not dissimilar.
Asks why he wanted to see you.


--- date: 2010-03-04T00:00:00Z published: true title: Everything Is Terrible! - CAN''T STOP PUNCHING! - 1:40 is my favorite scene. url: /2010/03/04/everything-is-terrible-can-t-stop-punching-1-40-is-my-favorite-scene-/ ---
I HIGHLY recommend seeing this whole film: 'Deadly Prey.' It's quite well known in the VHS fetish community, and for damn good reason! It's like Battle Royale meets Rambo meets Delta Force but somehow with more punching. It's the most fun I've had with my VCR since Andy and the Airwave Rangers... maybe.


PEP
Links:
PEP - Personal Excellence Pathway
Can Artificial Intelligence replace doctors?
What is “artificial intelligence”?
- What is an “algorithm”?
- What is “machine learning”?
- What is AI a very broad area?
What can AI be used for in medicine?
- Automate well-defined tasks (e.g. detecting lesions in a mammogram)
- Supporting clinical decision making (e.g. risk prediction)
- Providing treatment recommendation (e.g. recommender systems)
- Direct human assistance (e.g. robotic surgery)
- Direct human interaction (e.g. digital mental health, GP apps)
Can AI replace doctors? Issues to consider:
- In what areas could AI achieve this? What tasks could it perform?
- How would we implement this in clinical practice? i.e. integration in the care pathway.
- How can we provide evidence that AI solutions are effective? e.g. do clinical trials work for AI?
Is it safe?
- How do we make sure patient data is secured?
- How do we ensure that decisions are sensible?
- How do we monitor systems for performance?
Can AI systems make ethical decisions?
- Will they make bias or exacerbate bias? e.g. socioeconomic, gender, racial.
- How do we know if AI is biased?
- How do we build “ethical algorithms”
References


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PERLIOL
Section: Perl Programmers Reference Guide (1)Updated: 2009-02-12
Index Return to Main Contents
NAME
perliol - C API for Perl's implementation of IO in Layers.SYNOPSIS
/* Defining a layer ... */ #include <perliol.h>
DESCRIPTION
This document describes the behavior and implementation of the PerlIO abstraction described in perlapio when "USE_PERLIO" is defined (and "USE_SFIO" is not).History and Background
The PerlIO abstraction was introduced in perl5.003_02 but languished as just an abstraction until perl5.7.0. However during that time a number of perl extensions switched to using it, so the API is mostly fixed to maintain (source) compatibility.The aim of the implementation is to provide the PerlIO API in a flexible and platform neutral manner. It is also a trial of an ``Object Oriented C, with vtables'' approach which may be applied to Perl 6.
Basic Structure
PerlIO is a stack of layers.The low levels of the stack work with the low-level operating system calls (file descriptors in C) getting bytes in and out, the higher layers of the stack buffer, filter, and otherwise manipulate the I/O, and return characters (or bytes) to Perl. Terms above and below are used to refer to the relative positioning of the stack layers.
A layer contains a ``vtable'', the table of I/O operations (at C level a table of function pointers), and status flags. The functions in the vtable implement operations like ``open'', ``read'', and ``write''.
When I/O, for example ``read'', is requested, the request goes from Perl first down the stack using ``read'' functions of each layer, then at the bottom the input is requested from the operating system services, then the result is returned up the stack, finally being interpreted as Perl data.
The requests do not necessarily go always all the way down to the operating system: that's where PerlIO buffering comes into play.
When you do an open() and specify extra PerlIO layers to be deployed, the layers you specify are ``pushed'' on top of the already existing default stack. One way to see it is that ``operating system is on the left'' and ``Perl is on the right''.
What exact layers are in this default stack depends on a lot of things: your operating system, Perl version, Perl compile time configuration, and Perl runtime configuration. See PerlIO, ``PERLIO'' in perlrun, and open for more information.
binmode() operates similarly to open(): by default the specified layers are pushed on top of the existing stack.
However, note that even as the specified layers are ``pushed on top'' for open() and binmode(), this doesn't mean that the effects are limited to the ``top'': PerlIO layers can be very 'active' and inspect and affect layers also deeper in the stack. As an example there is a layer called ``raw'' which repeatedly ``pops'' layers until it reaches the first layer that has declared itself capable of handling binary data. The ``pushed'' layers are processed in left-to-right order.
sysopen() operates (unsurprisingly) at a lower level in the stack than open(). For example in UNIX or UNIX-like systems sysopen() operates directly at the level of file descriptors: in the terms of PerlIO layers, it uses only the ``unix'' layer, which is a rather thin wrapper on top of the UNIX file descriptors.
Layers vs Disciplines
Initial discussion of the ability to modify IO streams behaviour used the term ``discipline'' for the entities which were added. This came (I believe) from the use of the term in ``sfio'', which in turn borrowed it from ``line disciplines'' on Unix terminals. However, this document (and the C code) uses the term ``layer''.This is, I hope, a natural term given the implementation, and should avoid connotations that are inherent in earlier uses of ``discipline'' for things which are rather different.
Data Structures
The basic data structure is a PerlIOl:
typedef struct _PerlIO PerlIOl; typedef struct _PerlIO_funcs PerlIO_funcs; typedef PerlIOl *PerlIO; struct _PerlIO { PerlIOl * next; /* Lower layer */ PerlIO_funcs * tab; /* Functions for this layer */ IV flags; /* Various flags for state */ };
A "PerlIOl *" is a pointer to the struct, and the application level "PerlIO *" is a pointer to a "PerlIOl *" - i.e. a pointer to a pointer to the struct. This allows the application level "PerlIO *" to remain constant while the actual "PerlIOl *" underneath changes. (Compare perl's "SV *" which remains constant while its "sv_any" field changes as the scalar's type changes.) An IO stream is then in general represented as a pointer to this linked-list of ``layers''.
It should be noted that because of the double indirection in a "PerlIO *", a "&(perlio->next)" ``is'' a "PerlIO *", and so to some degree at least one layer can use the ``standard'' API on the next layer down.
A ``layer'' is composed of two parts:
- 1.
- The functions and attributes of the ``layer class''.
- 2.
- The per-instance data for a particular handle.
Functions and Attributes
The functions and attributes are accessed via the ``tab'' (for table) member of "PerlIOl". The functions (methods of the layer ``class'') are fixed, and are defined by the "PerlIO_funcs" type. They are broadly the same as the public "PerlIO_xxxxx" functions:
struct _PerlIO_funcs { Size_t fsize; char * name; Size_t size; IV kind; IV (*Pushed)(pTHX_ PerlIO *f,const char *mode,SV *arg, PerlIO_funcs *tab); IV (*Popped)(pTHX_ PerlIO *f); PerlIO * (*Open)(pTHX_ PerlIO_funcs *tab, PerlIO_list_t *layers, IV n, const char *mode, int fd, int imode, int perm, PerlIO *old, int narg, SV **args); IV (*Binmode)(pTHX_ PerlIO *f); SV * (*Getarg)(pTHX_ PerlIO *f, CLONE_PARAMS *param, int flags) IV (*Fileno)(pTHX_ PerlIO *f); PerlIO * (*Dup)(pTHX_ PerlIO *f, PerlIO *o, CLONE_PARAMS *param, int flags) /* Unix-like functions - cf sfio line disciplines */ SSize_t (*Read)(pTHX_ PerlIO *f, void *vbuf, Size_t count); SSize_t (*Unread)(pTHX_ PerlIO *f, const void *vbuf, Size_t count); SSize_t (*Write)(pTHX_ PerlIO *f, const void *vbuf, Size_t count); IV (*Seek)(pTHX_ PerlIO *f, Off_t offset, int whence); Off_t (*Tell)(pTHX_ PerlIO *f); IV (*Close)(pTHX_ PerlIO *f); /* Stdio-like buffered IO functions */ IV (*Flush)(pTHX_ PerlIO *f); IV (*Fill)(pTHX_ PerlIO *f); IV (*Eof)(pTHX_ PerlIO *f); IV (*Error)(pTHX_ PerlIO *f); void (*Clearerr)(pTHX_ PerlIO *f); void (*Setlinebuf)(pTHX_ PerlIO *f); /* Perl's snooping functions */ STDCHAR * (*Get_base)(pTHX_ PerlIO *f); Size_t (*Get_bufsiz)(pTHX_ PerlIO *f); STDCHAR * (*Get_ptr)(pTHX_ PerlIO *f); SSize_t (*Get_cnt)(pTHX_ PerlIO *f); void (*Set_ptrcnt)(pTHX_ PerlIO *f,STDCHAR *ptr,SSize_t cnt); };
The first few members of the struct give a function table size for compatibility check ``name'' for the layer, the size to "malloc" for the per-instance data, and some flags which are attributes of the class as whole (such as whether it is a buffering layer), then follow the functions which fall into four basic groups:
- 1.
- Opening and setup functions
- 2.
- Basic IO operations
- 3.
- Stdio class buffering options.
- 4.
- Functions to support Perl's traditional ``fast'' access to the buffer.
A layer does not have to implement all the functions, but the whole table has to be present. Unimplemented slots can be NULL (which will result in an error when called) or can be filled in with stubs to ``inherit'' behaviour from a ``base class''. This ``inheritance'' is fixed for all instances of the layer, but as the layer chooses which stubs to populate the table, limited ``multiple inheritance'' is possible.
Per-instance Data
The per-instance data are held in memory beyond the basic PerlIOl struct, by making a PerlIOl the first member of the layer's struct thus:
typedef struct { struct _PerlIO base; /* Base "class" info */ STDCHAR * buf; /* Start of buffer */ STDCHAR * end; /* End of valid part of buffer */ STDCHAR * ptr; /* Current position in buffer */ Off_t posn; /* Offset of buf into the file */ Size_t bufsiz; /* Real size of buffer */ IV oneword; /* Emergency buffer */ } PerlIOBuf;
In this way (as for perl's scalars) a pointer to a PerlIOBuf can be treated as a pointer to a PerlIOl.
Layers in action.
table perlio unix | | +-----------+ +----------+ +--------+ PerlIO ->| |--->| next |--->| NULL | +-----------+ +----------+ +--------+ | | | buffer | | fd | +-----------+ | | +--------+ | | +----------+
The above attempts to show how the layer scheme works in a simple case. The application's "PerlIO *" points to an entry in the table(s) representing open (allocated) handles. For example the first three slots in the table correspond to "stdin","stdout" and "stderr". The table in turn points to the current ``top'' layer for the handle - in this case an instance of the generic buffering layer ``perlio''. That layer in turn points to the next layer down - in this case the low-level ``unix'' layer.
The above is roughly equivalent to a ``stdio'' buffered stream, but with much more flexibility:
- *
- If Unix level "read"/"write"/"lseek" is not appropriate for (say) sockets then the ``unix'' layer can be replaced (at open time or even dynamically) with a ``socket'' layer.
- *
- Different handles can have different buffering schemes. The ``top'' layer could be the ``mmap'' layer if reading disk files was quicker using "mmap" than "read". An ``unbuffered'' stream can be implemented simply by not having a buffer layer.
- *
- Extra layers can be inserted to process the data as it flows through. This was the driving need for including the scheme in perl 5.7.0+ - we needed a mechanism to allow data to be translated between perl's internal encoding (conceptually at least Unicode as UTF-8), and the ``native'' format used by the system. This is provided by the ``:encoding(xxxx)'' layer which typically sits above the buffering layer.
- *
- A layer can be added that does ``\n'' to CRLF translation. This layer can be used on any platform, not just those that normally do such things.
Per-instance flag bits
The generic flag bits are a hybrid of "O_XXXXX" style flags deduced from the mode string passed to "PerlIO_open()", and state bits for typical buffer layers.- PERLIO_F_EOF
- End of file.
- PERLIO_F_CANWRITE
- Writes are permitted, i.e. opened as ``w'' or ``r+'' or ``a'', etc.
- PERLIO_F_CANREAD
- Reads are permitted i.e. opened ``r'' or ``w+'' (or even ``a+'' - ick).
- PERLIO_F_ERROR
- An error has occurred (for "PerlIO_error()").
- PERLIO_F_TRUNCATE
- Truncate file suggested by open mode.
- PERLIO_F_APPEND
- All writes should be appends.
- PERLIO_F_CRLF
- Layer is performing Win32-like ``\n'' mapped to CR,LF for output and CR,LF mapped to ``\n'' for input. Normally the provided ``crlf'' layer is the only layer that need bother about this. "PerlIO_binmode()" will mess with this flag rather than add/remove layers if the "PERLIO_K_CANCRLF" bit is set for the layers class.
- PERLIO_F_UTF8
- Data written to this layer should be UTF-8 encoded; data provided by this layer should be considered UTF-8 encoded. Can be set on any layer by ``:utf8'' dummy layer. Also set on ``:encoding'' layer.
- PERLIO_F_UNBUF
- Layer is unbuffered - i.e. write to next layer down should occur for each write to this layer.
- PERLIO_F_WRBUF
- The buffer for this layer currently holds data written to it but not sent to next layer.
- PERLIO_F_RDBUF
- The buffer for this layer currently holds unconsumed data read from layer below.
- PERLIO_F_LINEBUF
- Layer is line buffered. Write data should be passed to next layer down whenever a ``\n'' is seen. Any data beyond the ``\n'' should then be processed.
- PERLIO_F_TEMP
- File has been "unlink()"ed, or should be deleted on "close()".
- PERLIO_F_OPEN
- Handle is open.
- PERLIO_F_FASTGETS
- This instance of this layer supports the "fast "gets"" interface. Normally set based on "PERLIO_K_FASTGETS" for the class and by the existence of the function(s) in the table. However a class that normally provides that interface may need to avoid it on a particular instance. The ``pending'' layer needs to do this when it is pushed above a layer which does not support the interface. (Perl's "sv_gets()" does not expect the streams fast "gets" behaviour to change during one ``get''.)
Methods in Detail
- fsize
-
Size_t fsize;
Size of the function table. This is compared against the value PerlIO code ``knows'' as a compatibility check. Future versions may be able to tolerate layers compiled against an old version of the headers.
- name
-
char * name;
The name of the layer whose open() method Perl should invoke on open(). For example if the layer is called APR, you will call:
open $fh, ">:APR", ...
and Perl knows that it has to invoke the PerlIOAPR_open() method implemented by the APR layer.
- size
-
Size_t size;
The size of the per-instance data structure, e.g.:
sizeof(PerlIOAPR)
If this field is zero then "PerlIO_pushed" does not malloc anything and assumes layer's Pushed function will do any required layer stack manipulation - used to avoid malloc/free overhead for dummy layers. If the field is non-zero it must be at least the size of "PerlIOl", "PerlIO_pushed" will allocate memory for the layer's data structures and link new layer onto the stream's stack. (If the layer's Pushed method returns an error indication the layer is popped again.)
- kind
-
IV kind;
-
- *
-
PERLIO_K_BUFFERED
The layer is buffered.
- *
-
PERLIO_K_RAW
The layer is acceptable to have in a binmode(FH) stack - i.e. it does not (or will configure itself not to) transform bytes passing through it.
- *
-
PERLIO_K_CANCRLF
Layer can translate between ``\n'' and CRLF line ends.
- *
-
PERLIO_K_FASTGETS
Layer allows buffer snooping.
- *
-
PERLIO_K_MULTIARG
Used when the layer's open() accepts more arguments than usual. The extra arguments should come not before the "MODE" argument. When this flag is used it's up to the layer to validate the args.
-
- Pushed
-
IV (*Pushed)(pTHX_ PerlIO *f,const char *mode, SV *arg);
The only absolutely mandatory method. Called when the layer is pushed onto the stack. The "mode" argument may be NULL if this occurs post-open. The "arg" will be non-"NULL" if an argument string was passed. In most cases this should call "PerlIOBase_pushed()" to convert "mode" into the appropriate "PERLIO_F_XXXXX" flags in addition to any actions the layer itself takes. If a layer is not expecting an argument it need neither save the one passed to it, nor provide "Getarg()" (it could perhaps "Perl_warn" that the argument was un-expected).
Returns 0 on success. On failure returns -1 and should set errno.
- Popped
-
IV (*Popped)(pTHX_ PerlIO *f);
Called when the layer is popped from the stack. A layer will normally be popped after "Close()" is called. But a layer can be popped without being closed if the program is dynamically managing layers on the stream. In such cases "Popped()" should free any resources (buffers, translation tables, ...) not held directly in the layer's struct. It should also "Unread()" any unconsumed data that has been read and buffered from the layer below back to that layer, so that it can be re-provided to what ever is now above.
Returns 0 on success and failure. If "Popped()" returns true then perlio.c assumes that either the layer has popped itself, or the layer is super special and needs to be retained for other reasons. In most cases it should return false.
- Open
-
PerlIO * (*Open)(...);
The "Open()" method has lots of arguments because it combines the functions of perl's "open", "PerlIO_open", perl's "sysopen", "PerlIO_fdopen" and "PerlIO_reopen". The full prototype is as follows:
PerlIO * (*Open)(pTHX_ PerlIO_funcs *tab, PerlIO_list_t *layers, IV n, const char *mode, int fd, int imode, int perm, PerlIO *old, int narg, SV **args);
Open should (perhaps indirectly) call "PerlIO_allocate()" to allocate a slot in the table and associate it with the layers information for the opened file, by calling "PerlIO_push". The layers is an array of all the layers destined for the "PerlIO *", and any arguments passed to them, n is the index into that array of the layer being called. The macro "PerlIOArg" will return a (possibly "NULL") SV * for the argument passed to the layer.
The mode string is an ""fopen()"-like" string which would match the regular expression "/^[I#]?[rwa]\+?[bt]?$/".
The 'I' prefix is used during creation of "stdin".."stderr" via special "PerlIO_fdopen" calls; the '#' prefix means that this is "sysopen" and that imode and perm should be passed to "PerlLIO_open3"; 'r' means read, 'w' means write and 'a' means append. The '+' suffix means that both reading and writing/appending are permitted. The 'b' suffix means file should be binary, and 't' means it is text. (Almost all layers should do the IO in binary mode, and ignore the b/t bits. The ":crlf" layer should be pushed to handle the distinction.)
If old is not "NULL" then this is a "PerlIO_reopen". Perl itself does not use this (yet?) and semantics are a little vague.
If fd not negative then it is the numeric file descriptor fd, which will be open in a manner compatible with the supplied mode string, the call is thus equivalent to "PerlIO_fdopen". In this case nargs will be zero.
If nargs is greater than zero then it gives the number of arguments passed to "open", otherwise it will be 1 if for example "PerlIO_open" was called. In simple cases SvPV_nolen(*args) is the pathname to open.
Having said all that translation-only layers do not need to provide "Open()" at all, but rather leave the opening to a lower level layer and wait to be ``pushed''. If a layer does provide "Open()" it should normally call the "Open()" method of next layer down (if any) and then push itself on top if that succeeds.
If "PerlIO_push" was performed and open has failed, it must "PerlIO_pop" itself, since if it's not, the layer won't be removed and may cause bad problems.
Returns "NULL" on failure.
- Binmode
-
IV (*Binmode)(pTHX_ PerlIO *f);
Optional. Used when ":raw" layer is pushed (explicitly or as a result of binmode(FH)). If not present layer will be popped. If present should configure layer as binary (or pop itself) and return 0. If it returns -1 for error "binmode" will fail with layer still on the stack.
- Getarg
-
SV * (*Getarg)(pTHX_ PerlIO *f, CLONE_PARAMS *param, int flags);
Optional. If present should return an SV * representing the string argument passed to the layer when it was pushed. e.g. ``:encoding(ascii)'' would return an SvPV with value ``ascii''. (param and flags arguments can be ignored in most cases)
"Dup" uses "Getarg" to retrieve the argument originally passed to "Pushed", so you must implement this function if your layer has an extra argument to "Pushed" and will ever be "Dup"ed.
- Fileno
-
IV (*Fileno)(pTHX_ PerlIO *f);
Returns the Unix/Posix numeric file descriptor for the handle. Normally "PerlIOBase_fileno()" (which just asks next layer down) will suffice for this.
Returns -1 on error, which is considered to include the case where the layer cannot provide such a file descriptor.
- Dup
-
PerlIO * (*Dup)(pTHX_ PerlIO *f, PerlIO *o, CLONE_PARAMS *param, int flags);
XXX: Needs more docs.
Used as part of the ``clone'' process when a thread is spawned (in which case param will be non-NULL) and when a stream is being duplicated via '&' in the "open".
Similar to "Open", returns PerlIO* on success, "NULL" on failure.
- Read
-
SSize_t (*Read)(pTHX_ PerlIO *f, void *vbuf, Size_t count);
Basic read operation.
Typically will call "Fill" and manipulate pointers (possibly via the API). "PerlIOBuf_read()" may be suitable for derived classes which provide ``fast gets'' methods.
Returns actual bytes read, or -1 on an error.
- Unread
-
SSize_t (*Unread)(pTHX_ PerlIO *f, const void *vbuf, Size_t count);
A superset of stdio's "ungetc()". Should arrange for future reads to see the bytes in "vbuf". If there is no obviously better implementation then "PerlIOBase_unread()" provides the function by pushing a ``fake'' ``pending'' layer above the calling layer.
Returns the number of unread chars.
- Write
-
SSize_t (*Write)(PerlIO *f, const void *vbuf, Size_t count);
Basic write operation.
Returns bytes written or -1 on an error.
- Seek
-
IV (*Seek)(pTHX_ PerlIO *f, Off_t offset, int whence);
Position the file pointer. Should normally call its own "Flush" method and then the "Seek" method of next layer down.
Returns 0 on success, -1 on failure.
- Tell
-
Off_t (*Tell)(pTHX_ PerlIO *f);
Return the file pointer. May be based on layers cached concept of position to avoid overhead.
Returns -1 on failure to get the file pointer.
- Close
-
IV (*Close)(pTHX_ PerlIO *f);
Close the stream. Should normally call "PerlIOBase_close()" to flush itself and close layers below, and then deallocate any data structures (buffers, translation tables, ...) not held directly in the data structure.
Returns 0 on success, -1 on failure.
- Flush
-
IV (*Flush)(pTHX_ PerlIO *f);
Should make stream's state consistent with layers below. That is, any buffered write data should be written, and file position of lower layers adjusted for data read from below but not actually consumed. (Should perhaps "Unread()" such data to the lower layer.)
Returns 0 on success, -1 on failure.
- Fill
-
IV (*Fill)(pTHX_ PerlIO *f);
The buffer for this layer should be filled (for read) from layer below. When you ``subclass'' PerlIOBuf layer, you want to use its _read method and to supply your own fill method, which fills the PerlIOBuf's buffer.
Returns 0 on success, -1 on failure.
- Eof
-
IV (*Eof)(pTHX_ PerlIO *f);
Return end-of-file indicator. "PerlIOBase_eof()" is normally sufficient.
Returns 0 on end-of-file, 1 if not end-of-file, -1 on error.
- Error
-
IV (*Error)(pTHX_ PerlIO *f);
Return error indicator. "PerlIOBase_error()" is normally sufficient.
Returns 1 if there is an error (usually when "PERLIO_F_ERROR" is set, 0 otherwise.
- Clearerr
-
void (*Clearerr)(pTHX_ PerlIO *f);
Clear end-of-file and error indicators. Should call "PerlIOBase_clearerr()" to set the "PERLIO_F_XXXXX" flags, which may suffice.
- Setlinebuf
-
void (*Setlinebuf)(pTHX_ PerlIO *f);
Mark the stream as line buffered. "PerlIOBase_setlinebuf()" sets the PERLIO_F_LINEBUF flag and is normally sufficient.
- Get_base
-
STDCHAR * (*Get_base)(pTHX_ PerlIO *f);
Allocate (if not already done so) the read buffer for this layer and return pointer to it. Return NULL on failure.
- Get_bufsiz
-
Size_t (*Get_bufsiz)(pTHX_ PerlIO *f);
Return the number of bytes that last "Fill()" put in the buffer.
- Get_ptr
-
STDCHAR * (*Get_ptr)(pTHX_ PerlIO *f);
Return the current read pointer relative to this layer's buffer.
- Get_cnt
-
SSize_t (*Get_cnt)(pTHX_ PerlIO *f);
Return the number of bytes left to be read in the current buffer.
- Set_ptrcnt
-
void (*Set_ptrcnt)(pTHX_ PerlIO *f, STDCHAR *ptr, SSize_t cnt);
Adjust the read pointer and count of bytes to match "ptr" and/or "cnt". The application (or layer above) must ensure they are consistent. (Checking is allowed by the paranoid.)
Utilities
To ask for the next layer down use PerlIONext(PerlIO *f).To check that a PerlIO* is valid use PerlIOValid(PerlIO *f). (All this does is really just to check that the pointer is non-NULL and that the pointer behind that is non-NULL.)
PerlIOBase(PerlIO *f) returns the ``Base'' pointer, or in other words, the "PerlIOl*" pointer.
PerlIOSelf(PerlIO* f, type) return the PerlIOBase cast to a type.
Perl_PerlIO_or_Base(PerlIO* f, callback, base, failure, args) either calls the callback from the functions of the layer f (just by the name of the IO function, like ``Read'') with the args, or if there is no such callback, calls the base version of the callback with the same args, or if the f is invalid, set errno to EBADF and return failure.
Perl_PerlIO_or_fail(PerlIO* f, callback, failure, args) either calls the callback of the functions of the layer f with the args, or if there is no such callback, set errno to EINVAL. Or if the f is invalid, set errno to EBADF and return failure.
Perl_PerlIO_or_Base_void(PerlIO* f, callback, base, args) either calls the callback of the functions of the layer f with the args, or if there is no such callback, calls the base version of the callback with the same args, or if the f is invalid, set errno to EBADF.
Perl_PerlIO_or_fail_void(PerlIO* f, callback, args) either calls the callback of the functions of the layer f with the args, or if there is no such callback, set errno to EINVAL. Or if the f is invalid, set errno to EBADF.
Implementing PerlIO Layers
If you find the implementation document unclear or not sufficient, look at the existing PerlIO layer implementations, which include:- *
-
C implementations
The perlio.c and perliol.h in the Perl core implement the ``unix'', ``perlio'', ``stdio'', ``crlf'', ``utf8'', ``byte'', ``raw'', ``pending'' layers, and also the ``mmap'' and ``win32'' layers if applicable. (The ``win32'' is currently unfinished and unused, to see what is used instead in Win32, see ``Querying the layers of filehandles'' in PerlIO .)
PerlIO::encoding, PerlIO::scalar, PerlIO::via in the Perl core.
PerlIO::gzip and APR::PerlIO (mod_perl 2.0) on CPAN.
- *
-
Perl implementations
PerlIO::via::QuotedPrint in the Perl core and PerlIO::via::* on CPAN.
If you are creating a PerlIO layer, you may want to be lazy, in other words, implement only the methods that interest you. The other methods you can either replace with the ``blank'' methods
PerlIOBase_noop_ok PerlIOBase_noop_fail
(which do nothing, and return zero and -1, respectively) or for certain methods you may assume a default behaviour by using a NULL method. The Open method looks for help in the 'parent' layer. The following table summarizes the behaviour:
method behaviour with NULL Clearerr PerlIOBase_clearerr Close PerlIOBase_close Dup PerlIOBase_dup Eof PerlIOBase_eof Error PerlIOBase_error Fileno PerlIOBase_fileno Fill FAILURE Flush SUCCESS Getarg SUCCESS Get_base FAILURE Get_bufsiz FAILURE Get_cnt FAILURE Get_ptr FAILURE Open INHERITED Popped SUCCESS Pushed SUCCESS Read PerlIOBase_read Seek FAILURE Set_cnt FAILURE Set_ptrcnt FAILURE Setlinebuf PerlIOBase_setlinebuf Tell FAILURE Unread PerlIOBase_unread Write FAILURE FAILURE Set errno (to EINVAL in UNIXish, to LIB$_INVARG in VMS) and return -1 (for numeric return values) or NULL (for pointers) INHERITED Inherited from the layer below SUCCESS Return 0 (for numeric return values) or a pointer
Core Layers
The file "perlio.c" provides the following layers:- unix
- A basic non-buffered layer which calls Unix/POSIX "read()", "write()", "lseek()", "close()". No buffering. Even on platforms that distinguish between O_TEXT and O_BINARY this layer is always O_BINARY.
- perlio
-
A very complete generic buffering layer which provides the whole of
PerlIO API. It is also intended to be used as a ``base class'' for other
layers. (For example its "Read()" method is implemented in terms of
the "Get_cnt()"/"Get_ptr()"/"Set_ptrcnt()" methods).
``perlio'' over ``unix'' provides a complete replacement for stdio as seen via PerlIO API. This is the default for USE_PERLIO when system's stdio does not permit perl's ``fast gets'' access, and which do not distinguish between "O_TEXT" and "O_BINARY".
- stdio
- A layer which provides the PerlIO API via the layer scheme, but implements it by calling system's stdio. This is (currently) the default if system's stdio provides sufficient access to allow perl's ``fast gets'' access and which do not distinguish between "O_TEXT" and "O_BINARY".
- crlf
- A layer derived using ``perlio'' as a base class. It provides Win32-like ``\n'' to CR,LF translation. Can either be applied above ``perlio'' or serve as the buffer layer itself. ``crlf'' over ``unix'' is the default if system distinguishes between "O_TEXT" and "O_BINARY" opens. (At some point ``unix'' will be replaced by a ``native'' Win32 IO layer on that platform, as Win32's read/write layer has various drawbacks.) The ``crlf'' layer is a reasonable model for a layer which transforms data in some way.
- mmap
- If Configure detects "mmap()" functions this layer is provided (with ``perlio'' as a ``base'') which does ``read'' operations by mmap()ing the file. Performance improvement is marginal on modern systems, so it is mainly there as a proof of concept. It is likely to be unbundled from the core at some point. The ``mmap'' layer is a reasonable model for a minimalist ``derived'' layer.
- pending
- An ``internal'' derivative of ``perlio'' which can be used to provide Unread() function for layers which have no buffer or cannot be bothered. (Basically this layer's "Fill()" pops itself off the stack and so resumes reading from layer below.)
- raw
- A dummy layer which never exists on the layer stack. Instead when ``pushed'' it actually pops the stack removing itself, it then calls Binmode function table entry on all the layers in the stack - normally this (via PerlIOBase_binmode) removes any layers which do not have "PERLIO_K_RAW" bit set. Layers can modify that behaviour by defining their own Binmode entry.
- utf8
- Another dummy layer. When pushed it pops itself and sets the "PERLIO_F_UTF8" flag on the layer which was (and now is once more) the top of the stack.
In addition perlio.c also provides a number of "PerlIOBase_xxxx()" functions which are intended to be used in the table slots of classes which do not need to do anything special for a particular method.
Extension Layers
Layers can made available by extension modules. When an unknown layer is encountered the PerlIO code will perform the equivalent of :
use PerlIO 'layer';
Where layer is the unknown layer. PerlIO.pm will then attempt to:
require PerlIO::layer;
If after that process the layer is still not defined then the "open" will fail.
The following extension layers are bundled with perl:
- :encoding
-
use Encoding;
makes this layer available, although PerlIO.pm ``knows'' where to find it. It is an example of a layer which takes an argument as it is called thus:
open( $fh, "<:encoding(iso-8859-7)", $pathname );
- :scalar
-
Provides support for reading data from and writing data to a scalar.
open( $fh, "+<:scalar", \$scalar );
When a handle is so opened, then reads get bytes from the string value of $scalar, and writes change the value. In both cases the position in $scalar starts as zero but can be altered via "seek", and determined via "tell".
Please note that this layer is implied when calling open() thus:
open( $fh, "+<", \$scalar );
- :via
-
Provided to allow layers to be implemented as Perl code. For instance:
use PerlIO::via::StripHTML; open( my $fh, "<:via(StripHTML)", "index.html" );
See PerlIO::via for details.
TODO
Things that need to be done to improve this document.- *
-
Explain how to make a valid fh without going through open()(i.e. apply
a layer). For example if the file is not opened through perl, but we
want to get back a fh, like it was opened by Perl.
How PerlIO_apply_layera fits in, where its docs, was it made public?
Currently the example could be something like this:
PerlIO *foo_to_PerlIO(pTHX_ char *mode, ...) { char *mode; /* "w", "r", etc */ const char *layers = ":APR"; /* the layer name */ PerlIO *f = PerlIO_allocate(aTHX); if (!f) { return NULL; } PerlIO_apply_layers(aTHX_ f, mode, layers); if (f) { PerlIOAPR *st = PerlIOSelf(f, PerlIOAPR); /* fill in the st struct, as in _open() */ st->file = file; PerlIOBase(f)->flags |= PERLIO_F_OPEN; return f; } return NULL; }
- *
- fix/add the documentation in places marked as XXX.
- *
-
The handling of errors by the layer is not specified. e.g. when $!
should be set explicitly, when the error handling should be just
delegated to the top layer.
Probably give some hints on using SETERRNO() or pointers to where they can be found.
- *
-
I think it would help to give some concrete examples to make it easier
to understand the API. Of course I agree that the API has to be
concise, but since there is no second document that is more of a
guide, I think that it'd make it easier to start with the doc which is
an API, but has examples in it in places where things are unclear, to
a person who is not a PerlIO guru (yet).
Index
This document was created by man2html, using the manual pages.
Time: 05:29:08 GMT, December 24, 2015


Web2018
Getting Started
Get started with Web2018 for building responsive, mobile-first sites. Be sure to have your pages set up with the latest design and development standards. That means using an HTML5 doctype and including a viewport meta tag for proper responsive behaviors. Put it all together and your pages should look like this:
<!doctype html>

<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no">
<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" href="https://web2018.epfl.ch/{{VERSION}}/icons/favicon.ico">
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="https://web2018.epfl.ch/{{VERSION}}/icons/favicon-16.png">
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="https://web2018.epfl.ch/{{VERSION}}/icons/favicon-32.png">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://web2018.epfl.ch/{{VERSION}}/icons/apple-touch-icon.png">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://web2018.epfl.ch/{{VERSION}}/css/elements.min.css">
<title>Hello, world!</title>

Hello, world!

That's all you need for overall page requirements.
Web2018 CDN
The domain web2018.epfl.ch deliver cached version of compiled CSS, JS and icons to your project.
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://web2018.epfl.ch/{{VERSION}}/css/elements.min.css">

Make sure to include the auto-updating html parts (includes) into your project available at https://web2018.epfl.ch/download-me.html.
As most templating languages does not support including content from a remote server, you can retrieve all the includes via:
wget -P /var/www/mywebsite/header -N -nd -r -l 1 https://web2018.epfl.ch/download-me.html
An example page with all the includes is available here.
Compiled CSS and JS
Download ready-to-use compiled code for Web2018 v{{VERSION}} to easily drop into your project, which includes:
- Compiled and minified CSS
- Compiled and minified JavaScript plugins
- Icons and logo
This doesn't include documentation, source files, or includes.
Downloadnpm
Install Web2018 in your Node.js powered apps with the npm package:
npm install epfl-theme-elements


mondrian.spi
package.See: Description
| Class | Description |
|---|---|
| AccessDialect |
Implementation of
Dialect for the Microsoft Access
database (also called the JET Engine). |
| CatalogLocatorImpl |
CatalogLocator which returns the catalog URI unchanged.
|
| DataSourceChangeListenerImpl |
Default implementation of a data source change listener
that always returns that the datasource is unchanged.
|
| DataSourceChangeListenerImpl2 |
Default implementation of a data source change listener
that always returns that the datasource is changed.
|
| DataSourceChangeListenerImpl3 |
Default implementation of a data source change listener
that always returns that the datasource is changed.
|
| DataSourceChangeListenerImpl4 |
Default implementation of a data source change listener
that always returns that the datasource is changed.
|
| Db2Dialect |
Implementation of
Dialect for the IBM DB2 database. |
| Db2OldAs400Dialect |
Implementation of
Dialect for old versions of the IBM
DB2/AS400 database. |
| DerbyDialect |
Implementation of
Dialect for the Apache Derby database. |
| FilterDynamicSchemaProcessor |
Implementation of
DynamicSchemaProcessor which allows a derived class
to easily process a schema file. |
| FirebirdDialect |
Implementation of
Dialect for the Firebird database. |
| GreenplumDialect |
Implementation of
Dialect for the GreenplumSQL database. |
| HiveDialect |
Implementation of
Dialect for the Hive database. |
| HsqldbDialect |
Implementation of
Dialect for the Hsqldb database. |
| IdentityCatalogLocator |
Implementation of
CatalogLocator that returns
the path unchanged. |
| ImpalaDialect |
Dialect for Cloudera's Impala DB.
|
| ImpalaDialectTest | |
| InfobrightDialect |
Implementation of
Dialect for the Infobright database. |
| InformixDialect |
Implementation of
Dialect for the Informix database. |
| IngresDialect |
Implementation of
Dialect for the Ingres database. |
| InterbaseDialect |
Implementation of
Dialect for the Interbase database. |
| JdbcDialectFactory |
Implementation of
DialectFactory for subclasses
of JdbcDialectImpl . |
| JdbcDialectImpl |
Implementation of
Dialect based on a JDBC connection and metadata. |
| JdbcStatisticsProvider |
Implementation of
StatisticsProvider that uses JDBC
metadata calls to count rows and distinct values. |
| JndiDataSourceResolver |
Implementation of
DataSourceResolver that looks up
a data source using JNDI. |
| LucidDbDialect |
Implementation of
Dialect for the LucidDB database. |
| MicrosoftSqlServerDialect |
Implementation of
Dialect for the Microsoft SQL Server
database. |
| MonetDbDialect |
Implementation of
Dialect for the MonetDB database. |
| MySqlDialect |
Implementation of
Dialect for the MySQL database. |
| NeoviewDialect |
Implementation of
Dialect for the Neoview database. |
| NetezzaDialect |
Implementation of
Dialect for the Netezza database. |
| NuoDbDialect |
Implementation of
Dialect for the NuoDB database. |
| OracleDialect |
Implementation of
Dialect for the Oracle database. |
| PostgreSqlDialect |
Implementation of
Dialect for the PostgreSQL database. |
| RedshiftDialect |
User: cboyden
Date: 2/8/13
|
| Scripts |
Provides implementations of a variety of SPIs using scripting.
|
| Scripts.ScriptDefinition | |
| ServletContextCatalogLocator |
Locates a catalog based upon a
ServletContext .
If the catalog URI is an absolute path, it refers to a resource inside our
WAR file, so replace the URL. |
| SqlStatisticsProvider |
Implementation of
StatisticsProvider that generates
SQL queries to count rows and distinct values. |
| SqlStreamDialect |
Implementation of
Dialect for the SQLstream streaming
SQL system. |
| SybaseDialect |
Implementation of
Dialect for the Sybase database. |
| SybaseDialectTest |
Tests for SybaseDialect
|
| TeradataDialect |
Implementation of
Dialect for the Teradata database. |
| VectorwiseDialect |
Implementation of
Dialect for the Vertica database. |
| VerticaDialect |
Implementation of
Dialect for the Vertica database. |
| Enum | Description |
|---|---|
| Scripts.ScriptLanguage |
mondrian.spi
package.


--- layout: post status: publish published: true title: PipelineTesting <IP_ADDRESS> Released author: display_name: Tomas Restrepo login: tomasr email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>url: http://winterdom.com/ author_login: tomasr author_email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>author_url: http://winterdom.com/ wordpress_id: 6 wordpress_url: http://winterdom.com/2008/06/pipelinetesting1130released date: '2008-06-08 08:19:45 +0000' date_gmt: '2008-06-08 08:19:45 +0000' categories: - BizTalk tags: [] comments: [] ---
I just uploaded a new update to my PipelineTesting library. This one comes courtesy of Gregory Van de Wiele, who kindly made me aware of a nasty bug: The library wasn't handling schemas with no targetNamespace correctly when adding them to the pipeline context.
Because of this, you needed to specify the documentSpec name as "#root" instead of simply "root". This has now been fixed in this version and I added a new unit test to make sure it doesn't come up again. Thanks a lot Gregory!
As usual you can download the updated code/binaries from here.


Instructions
Click
the
blue polygon
graphic.
Rotate, scale, move or reshape the graphic.
Update operation can only be completed if the graphic does not intersect school buffers and is inside the boundary polygon.


Prefect Vokian:
Please tell Hamil that I wish to see him again on the battlefield. I cannot repay my debt to him this way.


Home
Trainer
per Course
Course
Assignment
per Course
per Student
Student
per Course
Contact
Coding Bootcamp
Assignment
Title
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Choose...
Edit
Update


'Last of the few' Four humble Scots World War Two heroes captured on camera
Photographer Wattie Cheung travelled the country to meet some of the veterans and was deeply moved by their stories.
by Jenny Morrison, https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/authors/jenny-morrison/Two bravely fought for their country, one worked as a codebreaker and another played a vital role in stopping the advance of German battleships.
These courageous men and women were among a number of veterans who allowed their photographs to be taken as part of a project marking the everyday heroes of World War Two.
Photographer Wattie Cheung, left, travelled the country capturing images that he hopes portray the humble bravery of Scots who were called upon to serve their country. And he was deeply moved by each of their stories.
Wattie, 52, from Oban, said: “As a Press photographer, I have covered Remembrance Sunday services on many occasions and always wanted to find out more about the veterans I met.
“I got in touch with organisations including Poppy Scotland and the Women’s Royal Naval Service and put out an appeal on social media looking for any former servicemen and women who would be willing to be part of my project.”
Wattie has taken the images of 10 veterans and hopes to work with many more before the 75th anniversary of VE Day is marked next May.
He said: “To meet and photograph these men and women has been an honour. They did so much for their country, yet don’t in any way see themselves as heroes.”
Ailsa Stewart, 104, Campbeltown, Kintyre
Ailsa rose to the rank of second officer in the Wrens, serving at a number of Royal Naval air stations across the country including in Crail, Fife, and Machrihanish, Kintyre.
Her war effort included working as an analyst during training missions.
It involved the dropping of torpedoes by naval aircraft, before the planes headed on dangerous missions to attack German battleships, including the Tirpitz. It was part of the Baltic fleet, which was sunk by Royal Air Force bombers in November 1944.
Her daughter-in-law, Mary Ann Stewart, said: “Ailsa will be 105 next month. She often talks about her time in the war but it’s mainly the people she met that she talks about.
“When she was stationed at Machrihanish she met her husband, Ian. She has frequently travelled to Glasgow to take part in Wren reunions.”
William Glen, 97, Glasgow
D-Day veteran Bill was seriously injured days after landing on the beaches of France in June 1944.
He said: “The Normandy landings were pretty rough. We were in action and fighting for two days when both of my legs were badly wounded by a mortar bomb.
“I lost four of my platoon at the same time. I’d have been 23 then, but the chap next to me who died was 18.”
Bill has written a book about his war memories, in which he reveals he woke up in hospital to find the man lying injured next to him was his own brother.
Jimmy Sinclair, 107, Kirkcaldy
Britain’s oldest-surviving Desert Rat refuses to wear the campaign medals he was awarded out of respect for his fallen comrades.
Jimmy, who is Scotland’s oldest man, served as a gunner with the elite Chestnut Troop of the 7th Armoured Division – the Desert Rats.
He fought “Desert Fox” Erwin Rommel’s Nazi troops in Egypt, took part in the Siege of Tobruk and the battles of El Alamein and Monte Cassino.
He also served with the Allied Control Commission in Berlin. Jimmy struck up an unlikely friendship with Rommel’s family after meeting them at a concert in Aachen, Germany, years later.
He also receives regular letters from Camilla, Duchess of Rothesay, whose father was a Desert Rat.
He said: “We didn’t treat the Germans as enemies.
“They were combatants in battle. Most of them didn’t want to be there either.”
Marjorie Corbett Lamb, 99, Glasgow
Marjorie was just 19 years old at the outbreak of World War Two and quickly signed up to join the Women’s Royal Naval Service – fondly known as the Wrens.
She became a cipher officer and was stationed at ports ranging from Invergordon in the Highlands to Alexandria in Egypt.
Her wartime role involved decoding messages from Allied ships concerning the location of German U-boats.
Earlier this year, she published a book about her life during the war.
Marjorie, who met her husband while stationed in Invergordon, said: “You never stop being in the Wrens. You never stop being in the Navy.”


A computer-loving human who undergoes age++;
on the 9th of Jan every year (since '96).
About | Blogs | Projects | Work Experience | Technologies
I am a Second Year Computer Science Major who has developed an appreciation for Chemistry Puns.
I graduated from Pathways World School in 2014 and enrolled in UPES, Dehradun. I love Programming & Problem Solving, reading Sci-Fi and the Startup Ecosystem.
I am actively looking for opportunities in Web Development (MEAN Stack), Back End Development (API, Database) and Machine Learning.
Blogs
Lion Identification Lossless Yield
A Digital Image Processing based Software Project developed for the purpose of conducting Lion Census for the Wildlife Institute of India.
SwarmOpt
A C++ Library for Particle Swarm Optimization Technique for optimizing Single-Objective Functions
DabbleChat
A Real-Time Chat Application for my College friends using Ajax & PHP+MySQL
Creep
A simple Port Scanner built in C/C++ for *nix Platform
Autoconfig
A visual C++ based GUI Application to automate the manual process of IP and DNS Configuration, which is required at some places whose network can only be accessed via static IP address. Primarily built for my hostel mates and more generally, students of my College.
SegmentTree.js
A Node.js Module for the Segment Tree Data Structure
Algorithm & Mobile Engineer @
AmicusAs a Summer Intern, I programmed modules of Amicus's Complaints App (Android), wrote web scrapers for Consumer Complaint & E-Commerce Platforms (Python), wrote Data Mining Modules and developed the App's Back End (Python+Mongo)
Research Assistant
Currently working with Dr. Anuj Kumar and Dr. Sangeeta Pant (Dept. of Mathematics, UPES) on Particle Swarm Optimization Techniques.
Freelancer
Started freelancing when I was in Middle School. Some of my clients include my School Teachers & Administration, M.Tech Students and Software Profssionals from Bangalore.
Android Development Team,
UPES ACMConsultancy
I advise Organizations (mostly Startups) on Back End Technologies and have been a problem setter for Programming Competitions for various Schools and Colleges.
Thanks for visiting!
Feel free to get in touch if you'd like to talk to me about Programming, AI, Greek Mythology, Human Emotion (I consider this to be a strange land) or anything else!


- Just Java
-
Regular house blend, decaffeinated coffee, or flavour of the day.
Endless Cup $2.00 - Cafe au lait
-
House blended coffee infused into a smooth, steamed milk.
Single $2.00 Double $4.00 - Iced cappuccino
-
Sweetened espresso blended with icy-cold milk served in chilled glass.
$4.75


{% extends 'database/base.html' %} {% block title %}Thunder Games - {{ game.name }}{% endblock %} {% block game_active %}active{% endblock %} {% block body %}
Name: {{ game.name }}.
Game ID: {{ game.pk }}.
Main genre: {{ game.main_genre }}..
{% if game.subgenres %}Subgenres:
No subgenres found. You can add some here.
{% endif %}


FieldHelper()
Various helper methods for functionality shared between formFor field directives.
- Source:
Methods
-
(static) this.getLabel($attributes, valueToHumanize) → {String}
-
Determines the field's label based on its current attributes and the FormForConfiguration configuration settings.
Parameters:
Name Type Description $attributes
Hash Directive link $attributes
valueToHumanize
Object Default value (if no override specified on $attributes)
- Source:
Returns:
Label to display (or null if no label)
- Type
- String


losses emissions ozone production yield response crop tropical changes climate wheat impacts methane countries large temperate temperature global maize {border-style change px;} #ffffff;} United Climate based effects gains rice impact relative responses results carbon (Figure China Figure crops fertilization net (%), Global India States aerosol aerosols greater historical mean Crop largely meta‐analysis modeling share total Shindell, effect emissions, individual model sensitivity use yields Change emission precursors px; regions studies {font-family driven example, font-size forcing gasses including methane, models non‐CO precipitation present‐day prior tonnage (e.g., GHG Impacts National New Pakistan Research attributable case double; driving greenhouse however, impacts, included increase larger largest lead level offset pollutant pollutants role short‐lived warming wheat, (Challinor Egypt Intergovernmental NASA PIC Panel Rice Shindell University Van aerosol‐induced affect available border-color border-width composition cycle damages data experienced high influenced land products rice, shown small solid; substantially times used using values worldwide year years {font-style {font-weight (Myhre (as Agricultural Assessment Atmospheric Bangladesh Change: Changes China, Collins, Earth's Faluvegi, Fifth France F‐gasses IPCC Lobell, Mexico Northern Note Relative Report South U.S. aerosols, area areas. assume bold calculated concentrations contrast, cooling courier; dioxide direct em; examining experience factors generally given incomplete increases indicates indirect influence kt/year) leads location losses, losses. maize, major nations patterns pollution portion precipitation, primarily primary processes pt;} regional represent sensitive sources statistical substantial suggest surface temperature, tons work


Before Change
def main(width=32, vector_length=8):
train_data, check_data, nr_tag = ancora_pos_tags()
model = FeedForward((
layerize(flatten_sequences),
BatchNorm(Embed(width, vector_length)),
ExtractWindow(nW=2),
BatchNorm(ReLu(width)),
BatchNorm(ReLu(width)),
Softmax(nr_tag)))
train_X, train_y = zip(*train_data)
dev_X, dev_y = zip(*check_data)
dev_y = model.ops.flatten(dev_y)
with model.begin_training(train_X, train_y) as (trainer, optimizer):
trainer.batch_size = 8
trainer.nb_epoch = 10
trainer.dropout = 0.2
After Change
train_X, train_y = zip(*train_data)
dev_X, dev_y = zip(*check_data)
nb_class = max(max(y) for y in train_y)+1
train_y = [to_categorical(y, nb_classes=nb_class) for y in train_y]
dev_y = [to_categorical(y, nb_classes=nb_class) for y in dev_y]
with model.begin_training(train_X, train_y) as (trainer, optimizer):
trainer.each_epoch.append(
lambda: print(model.evaluate(dev_X, dev_y)))


Functions and data are provided that support a course that emphasizes statistical issues of inference and generalizability. Attention is restricted to a relatively small number of methods, often (misleadingly, in my view) referred to as algorithms.
| Version: | 0.58 |
| Depends: | R (≥ 3.0.0) |
| Imports: | car, mgcv, DAAG, MASS, rpart, randomForest, lattice, latticeExtra, ape, KernSmooth, methods |
| Suggests: | leaps, quantreg, sp, diagram, oz, forecast, kernlab, Ecdat, mlbench, DAAGbio, knitr |
| Published: | 2018-06-18 |
| Author: | John Maindonald |
| Maintainer: | John Maindonald <jhmaindonald at gmail.com> |
| License: | GPL-2 | GPL-3 [expanded from: GPL (≥ 2)] |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| Materials: | NEWS |
| CRAN checks: | gamclass results |
| Reference manual: | gamclass.pdf |
| Vignettes: |
Key Ideas and Issues (Set 1 Figures) Model Output Can Deceive (Set 10) Ordination (Set 11) Limits of Statistical Learning (Set 2) Data-Based Generalization (Set 3) Linear Models (Set 4) Generalized Linear Models (Set 5) Generalized Additive Models (Set 6) Time Series (Set 7) Tree-based regression (Set 8) Discrimination and Classification (Set 9) |
| Package source: | gamclass_0.58.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: gamclass_0.58.zip, r-release: gamclass_0.58.zip, r-oldrel: gamclass_0.58.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: gamclass_0.58.tgz, r-oldrel: gamclass_0.58.tgz |
| Old sources: | gamclass archive |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=gamclass to link to this page.


RebatesMe
The logo is key to understanding the purpose of this site. Unfortunately, the supporting elements are not very noticeable.
The home page appears busy but simple and minimal.
 The layout feels crowded and suffocating.
Inconsistencies in typography, imagery and layout. Titles are too big and not consistent. Lowercase titles appear messy. It feels something went wrong while loading. Psychology studies suggest that upper case titles are more comfortable to scan and remembered by users.
The logo is too big, looks pixelated on some screen sizes, the colors are washed out.
Outdated imagery, the text is cut off on some screens. Text is also pixelated on a busy background, making the text hard to read. The important convincing point is put as a subtext too pixelated. Smart people shop with us is as a tagline is outdated and overused as well. Confusing punctuation between cash back.
The menu is visible only while scrolling 2/3 of the page down. Not sure what the purpose is.
Lowercase does not read well, titles are too big and overpower the layout, with little room to breath. Sub-Titles are set too wide has way more than 6 words hard to scan and does not provide any clarification.
Gets lost in the sea of visual clutter. Appears only one time.
Too simplified repeats information
The color palette looks bright with inconsistent gradient. I would like to introduce a neutral to offset the vibrant colors.
Inconsistent in shape and color
Pixelated and inappropriate, shadows are heavy and not natural. Images of cash are considered dated because of the overuse in early 2000.
Very well organize footer, with social media links present. Repeated BBB information.
RebatesMe vs. Rakuten


Converts URLs and emails in code to clickable links. Parses Markdown links in comments.
URLs and emails will be linked automatically, you don’t need to do anything. To link some text inside a comment to a certain URL, you may use the Markdown syntax:
[Text you want to see](http://url-goes-here.com)
/**
* Prism: Lightweight, robust, elegant syntax highlighting
* MIT license http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php/
* @author Lea Verou http://lea.verou.me
* Reach Lea at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>(no, not really)
* And this is [a Markdown link](http://prismjs.com). Sweet, huh?
*/
var foo = 5;
// And a single line comment http://google.com
@font-face {
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--- title: "It's not a race, but: India vs. USA" author: "Drew Tyre" date: '2021-04-30' output: html_document: code_folding: hide word_document: default og_image: /post/covid19-india-vs-usa/figure-html/featured_image-1.png draft: yes slug: covid19-india-vs-usa tags_include: - R - OPD - COVID19 categories: Research ---
The first post in this series was on March 13, 2020, in case you’re just joining and want to see the progression.
DISCLAIMER: These unofficial results are not peer reviewed, and should not be treated as such. My goal is to learn about forecasting in real time, how simple models compare with more complex models, and even how to compare different models.1
The figures below are complex, so I’ll highlight some features first. The y axis is now Active and Recovered cases / 100,000 population to make it easier to compare locales. The SOLID LINES are exponential growth models that assume the rate of increase is constant. The dashed lines are predictions from that model. The red rectangle shows the range of ICU bed capacity per 100,000 population. The lower limit assumes all reported cases need ICU care (unlikely, but worst case). The top of the rectangle assumes only 5% of cases need ICU support. That best case assumes that the confirmed cases are a good representation of the size of the outbreak (also unlikely, unfortunately). Note that the y axis is logarithmic. The x axis is days since the 20th case in each state.
If the figure is blank there is insufficient data to build the model.
The main drawback to this approach is that I can’t keep up with individual interpretations. Please post questions in the comments below!


Ruby gives us two ways to deal with organizing data structures; arrays and hashes. Both are very similar and easily confused. What you can do with arrays, you can also often do with hashes, and visa versa. They share many of the same methods, and are even born in the same fashion...
new_empty_hash = {}
vs.
new_empty_array = []
To start, lets consider the relationship between the two functions. An array is basically a hash with predefined integers as the key for each value. In arrays, we call them the "index". Let's inspect a basic array.
animal_array = ["cat", "dog", "snake", "pig", "bird"]
This array of animals only has one source of input. All we can see is the name of the elements, but our array is secretly counting them for us. Let's access our array.
animal_array[3] => pig
But wait, snake is the third element. Why did ruby return pig? This is evidence of how computers count. Unlike humans, computers consider 0 to be an integer, despite that it represents nothing (it is also even, which will be important to know later). Because of this, our array is indexed from 0 to 4, rather than 1 to 5.  An array takes two forms of input.
animal_hash = {0 => "cat", 1 => "dog", 2 => "snake", 3 => "pig", 4 => "bird"}
animal_hash[1] => dog
But what if we call the whole range of elements like we did with the array?
animal_hash[0..4] => nil
Why do we get nil (which means "nothing")? Because the key in a hash can be anything we want, there is no designated "order" as there is with the array. The computer doesn't know what our logic is, and it will never assume anything. Even if our key integers are in order from least to greatest, we cannot call a range on it any more than we could say "show me everything between cat and pig". It makes no sense. Here is where the differences begin to show. Lets look at a more useful example of a hash.
translation_hash = {"lunes" => "monday", "martes" => "tuesday", "miercoles" => "wednesday", "jueves" => "thursday", "viernes" => "friday", "sabado" => "saturday", "domingo" => "sunday"}
Here we have a translation of weekdays from Spanish to English. We can iterate through either key or value, depending on our needs. This will be very useful when you begin to write programs. Now lets go back to arrays.
translation_array = [["lunes", "monday"], ["martes", "tuesday"], ["miercoles", "wednesday"], ["jueves", "thursday"], ["viernes", "friday"], ["sabado", "saturday"], ["domingo", "sunday"]]
Which can also be written
translation_array = [["lunes", "martes", "miercoles", "jueves", "viernes", "sabado", "domingo"] ["monday", "tuesday", "wednesday", "thursday", "friday", "saturday", "sunday"]]
The above was achieved with nested arrays (arrays within arrays). We can also put arrays within hashes. All of this can be useful depending on the goal. Note that there is a method, transpose, which actually allows us to manipulate the array and jump between these two different arrangements, which are considered to be "columns" and "rows".


-
Joe Smith
Age: 22
Rating: 4/5 -
Joe is a graduate student at HKS. He loves traveling to Europe and loves cooking Italian food. He enjoys meeting new people and takes time to help at the homeless shelter in his spare time.


Art History Quiz
What invention helped bring on the Impressionist movement?
Which is a form of dry media?
Select One
Oil paint
Graphite
Watercolor
Accrylic
What is NOT a visual element of art?
Line
Texture
Prints
Shape
Check the 3 primary colors.
Red
Yellow
Blue
Green
What image is the "Persistence of Memory" by Salvador Dali?
Submit


Traditional recipe with a twist
We got the finest selection of UNIQUE pie fillings and toppings, and for Christmas tarts. Heat and spoon over ice cream or cheesecake to liven even the most boring of desserts. Mix into your favorite dessert bread recipes for a unique twist on old classics.