Experimental fine-mapping of QTLs from scRNA-seq data
Table of Contents
Introduction
One of the fundamental problems in translating genetic associations with disease into actionable insights is identifying the molecular mechanism by which they operate. What do we mean by “identifying a molecular mechanism”? Ideally, we would identify a cell type of action, a collection of regulatory elements, a target gene, and collection of upstream regulators (e.g., Smemo et al. 2013, Claussnitzer et al. 2015, Sekar et al. 2016).
Considerable progress has been made on identifying genomic annotations enriched for associations, which can potentially be used to identify putative cell types of action (e.g., Maurano et al. 2012, Gusev et al. 2015, Finucane et al. 2015, Finucane et al. 2016). Progress has also been made on statistically identifying putative causal variants directly from genotype and phenotype, possibly using enrichments as prior information (e.g., Hormozdiari et al. 2014, Pickrell 2014, Kichaev et al. 2014, Hormozdiari et al. 2014, Chung et al. 2014, Li and Kellis 2016). Recent attention has focused on the statistical problem of identifying the target gene from genotype, phenotype, and gene expression data (e.g., Gamazon et al. 2015, Gusev et al. 2016, Mancuso et al. 2017, Zhu et al. 2018).
Together, these statistical approaches can potentially be combined to identify a putative mechanism by which a disease-associated locus causes disease risk/onset. However, they are fundamentally limited by the availability of cell type–specific molecular data at the transcriptomic and epigenomic levels, which are required to derive relevant genomic annotations. These limitations have, in part, motivated recent efforts to generate relevant single cell genomic data (e.g., Regev et al. 2017).
In parallel, experimental approaches have been developed to identify functional regulatory elements using transfected reporter constructs (e.g., Melkinov et al. 2012, Arnold et al. 2013, Tewhey et al. 2016, Ernst et al. 2016, Wang et al. 2018), or more recently, combining CRISPR-perturbation with scRNA-seq phenotyping (e.g., Adamson et al. 2016, Dixit et al. 2016, Jaitin et al. 2016, Xie et al. 2017, Datlinger et al. 2017). These approaches have been limited by the cell type in which experiments are performed.
Here, we outline an alternative approach, which exploits the fact that naturally occuring stochastic variation in protein abundances of upstream regulators will lead to downstream variation in mRNA levels of target genes. This fact suggests that it could possible to identify upstream regulators, functional regulatory elements, and target genes directly from scRNA-seq data. Such an approach could avoid problems of collecting large numbers of donor individuals, and of picking the correct cell type/developmental time point a priori. Further, it could more directly answer the relevant questions for interpreting disease-associated loci. Longer term, this methodology could be extended to spatial transcriptomic measurements, allowing us to account for microenvironments and cell-cell interactions.
Setup
import anndata import numpy as np import pandas as pd import rpy2.robjects.packages import rpy2.robjects.pandas2ri import txpred.models.susie import torch import torch.utils.data as td rpy2.robjects.pandas2ri.activate() mrash = rpy2.robjects.packages.importr('mr.ash.alpha') susie = rpy2.robjects.packages.importr('susieR')
%matplotlib inline %config InlineBackend.figure_formats = set(['retina'])
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt plt.rcParams['figure.facecolor'] = 'w' plt.rcParams['font.family'] = 'Nimbus Sans'
Method
Regulatory network inference from scRNA-seq data
We assume (Sarkar and Stephens 2020) \( \DeclareMathOperator\Pois{Poisson} \DeclareMathOperator\N{\mathcal{N}} \newcommand\xiplus{x_{i+}} \newcommand\mh{\mathbf{H}} \newcommand\vb{\mathbf{b}} \newcommand\mi{\mathbf{I}} \)
\begin{equation} x_{ij} \mid \xiplus, \eta_{ij} \sim \Pois(\xiplus \exp(\eta_{ij})), \end{equation}where \(x_{ij}\) denotes the number of molecules of gene \(j\) observed in cell \(i\) and \(\xiplus \triangleq \sum_j x_{ij}\). We further assume
\begin{align} \eta_{\cdot j} &\sim \N([\mh]_{\cdot j} \vb_j, \sigma^2 \mi)\\ b_{j j^{\prime}} &\sim \pi \N(0, \sigma^2 \sigma_b^2) + (1 - \pi) \delta_0(\cdot), \end{align}
where \(\mh = [\eta_{ij}]\) and \([\mh]_{ij}\) denotes the submatrix of
\(\mh\) obtained by deleting the \(i\)th row and \(j\)th column. Then, the
vectors \(\vb_j\) give the off-diagonal elements of the adjacency matrix of
the gene-gene-interaction network. We can estimate \(\eta_{ij}\) from the
data using e.g., mpebpm (Sarkar et al. 2019), and
estimate \(\vb_j\) from the data using e.g., susie
(Wang et al. 2018).
Results
Proof of concept
Read the iPSC data (Sarkar et al. 2019).
dat = anndata.read_h5ad('/project2/mstephens/aksarkar/projects/singlecell-ideas/data/ipsc/ipsc.h5ad')
Read the estimated expression models.
log_mu = np.load('/scratch/midway2/aksarkar/ideas/mpebpm-ipsc-design-log-mu.npy') neg_log_phi = np.load('/scratch/midway2/aksarkar/ideas/mpebpm-ipsc-design-neg-log-phi.npy') logodds = np.load('/scratch/midway2/aksarkar/ideas/mpebpm-ipsc-design-logodds.npy')
Compute \(E[\ln\lambda_{ij}]\) to zeroth order. (This is needed because the expectation is not finite when \(\pi_j > 0\).)
onehot = pd.get_dummies(dat.obs['chip_id'], sparse=True) del onehot['NA18498'] onehot = onehot.sparse.to_coo().tocsr() # Important: this is cells by genes, not donors by genes log_mean = (onehot @ -np.log1p(-logodds)) + np.log1p(dat.X + onehot @ np.exp(neg_log_phi)) - np.log(dat.X.sum(axis=1) + onehot @ np.exp(-log_mu + neg_log_phi))
Download a curated database of TF genes (Lambert et al. 2018)
curl -OL "http://humantfs.ccbr.utoronto.ca/download/v_1.01/DatabaseExtract_v_1.01.csv"
tfs = pd.read_csv('/scratch/midway2/aksarkar/singlecell/DatabaseExtract_v_1.01.csv', index_col=0) query = dat.var.merge(tfs.loc[tfs['Is TF?'] == 'Yes'], left_index=True, right_on='Ensembl ID', how='inner').index design = log_mean[:,query]
Focus on SKP1, an eQTL found in the previous study. First, fit sgvbvs
,
and report genes with non-trivial PIP.
gene = 'SKP1' batch_size = 128 seed = 3 torch.manual_seed(seed) j = np.where(dat.var['name'] == gene)[0][0] data = td.DataLoader( td.TensorDataset( torch.tensor(design), torch.tensor(log_mean[:,j])), batch_size=batch_size, shuffle=True) fit0 = (txpred.models.susie.GaussianRegression(txpred.models.susie.SpikeSlab(design.shape[1])) .fit(data, n_epochs=100, log_dir=f'runs/txpred/{gene}-{batch_size}-{seed}')) dat[:,query].var.loc[(torch.sigmoid(fit0.prior.logits) > 0.1).numpy()]
chr start end name strand source index ENSG00000087086 hs19 49468558 49470135 FTL + H. sapiens
Fit susie
to get credible sets.
fit = susie.susie(design, log_mean[:,j], L=5) fit.rx2('V')
array([0.04996618, 0.0089835 , 0.00727507, 0.00513533, 0.00376015])
Get the credible sets.
cs = [susie.susie_get_cs(fit, coverage=0.95).rx2('cs').rx2(i + 1) for i in range(5)]
dat[:,query].var.iloc[np.array(cs).ravel()]
chr start end name strand source index ENSG00000060656 hs1 29563028 29653325 PTPRU + H. sapiens ENSG00000103145 hs16 3072621 3074287 HCFC1R1 - H. sapiens ENSG00000054116 hs1 36602173 36615098 TRAPPC3 - H. sapiens ENSG00000059122 hs16 2961938 3001209 FLYWCH1 + H. sapiens ENSG00000083544 hs13 60970591 61148012 TDRD3 + H. sapiens
Get all predicted TF binding motifs within 1MB of SKP1.
module load htslib curl -OL "http://compbio.mit.edu/encode-motifs/enrichments.txt.gz" curl -OL "http://compbio.mit.edu/encode-motifs/matches.txt.gz" zcat matches.txt.gz | sort -k2,2 -k3,3n -k4,4n | bgzip >motif-matches.txt.gz tabix -s 2 -b 3 -e 4 motif-matches.txt.gz


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You most likely ended up here because one of the following reasons:
Because all of the curiousity we decided to reset the clock every time someone comes to the page...
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Fonts (Developer Information) | print-friendly |
Goals
- refactor existing font logic for better clarity and to reduce duplication
- parse registered font metric information on-the-fly (to make sure most up-to-date parsing is used??)
- resolve whether the FontBBox, StemV, and ItalicAngle font metric information is important or not -- if so, parse the .pfb file to extract it when building the FOP xml metric file
- handle fonts registered at the operating system (through AWT)
- add support for parsing OpenType fonts
Issues
- Why are we using our own font metric parsing and registration system, instead of the AWT system provided as part of Java?
- Answer 1: Many of our customers use FOP in a so-called "headless" server environment -- that is, the operating system is operating in character mode, with no concept of a graphical environment. We need some mechanism of allowing these environments to get font information. Java 1.4 has a mechanism for dealing with headless environments, and this issue may be resolved when we require that as a minimum platform. However, there may be an issue then of how to get fonts registered at the operating system in these environments. That will probably at least require some documentation for users.
- Answer 2: At some level, we don't yet fully trust AWT to handle fonts correctly. There are still unresolved discrepancies between the two systems.
- Answer 3: In the AWT mechanism, there does not appear to be a way to find the physical font file associated with an AWT font, or to otherwise get access to its contents so that it can be embedded in FOP output.
- Answer 4: The Java 1.4 javadocs state (in java.awt.Font): "All implementations of the Java 2 platform must support TrueType fonts; support for other font technologies is implementation dependent." We wish to provide a greater base of font technologies for our users.
Implementation
There are two main font functions needed within FOP:
- provision of a font object to be used in layout
- embedding of a font file in output (such as PDF)
For the first of these, we will implement something along the lines of a "Facade" Structural Pattern to hide the differences between the various font types and font sources from the rest of the system. Public classes will consist of TypeFaceFamily, TypeFace, and Font. (TypeFace roughly corresponds to the contents of a normal font file, while Font is a general typeface implemented at a specific point size, and perhaps with other specific parameters). When another part of FOP requests a font object, existing font objects will be checked first, and an appropriate one returned if possible. If not, the Font logic should resolve the TypeFace and TypeFaceFamily if possible, create a Font object, and return it.
Resources
Type 1 Fonts
- Adobe Type 1 Font Format
- According to the Adobe web site, the documentation for the font metrics files (.pfm = printer font metrics) is written and controlled by Microsoft, since it is actually a workaround to allow Type 1 fonts to be used on a GUI screen in Windows. However, the document does not appear to be on the Microsoft web site. The best resource for this information is Adobe Technical Note #5178: Building PFM Files for Postscript-Language CJK Fonts
- FOP does not currently use the Adobe Font Metrics file, but the specification can be found in Adobe Technical Note #5004: Adobe Font Metrics File Format Specification
- Adobe Technical Note #5040: Supporting Downloadable Postscript Language Fonts may also include some useful information.
TrueType Fonts
OpenType Fonts
- The OpenType specification
- The Adobe Introduction to OpenType fonts page has some useful general information and links.


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+++ title = "JETZON" linkTitle = "JETZON" +++ {{% blocks/cover title="A joint research effort!" image_anchor="top" height="full" color="primary" %}}
Joint Exploration of the Twilight Zone Ocean Network
The ocean's Twilight Zone, the dimly led region extending from a few hundred meters depth to 1000 m, is still poorly understood from almost any perspective, whether physics, biochemistry or ecology. However, it contains possibly the world's largest and least exploited fish stock and is responsible for recycling roughly 80% of the organic material that enters the ocean's interior from productive surface waters. The former has drawn attention due to increasing demand for resources from a growing world population.There is therefore a pressing need to understand the consequences of perturbing this ecosystem.
JETZON was set up to address the question: how can we as an international scientific community obtain the greatest insight into the Twilight Zone from ongoing work and how can we maintain focus on this potentially threatened environment?
{{% /blocks/lead %}} {{< blocks/section color="dark" >}} {{% blocks/feature icon="fa-lightbulb" title="Method sharing!" %}} To allow intercomparison of data, you can here share your methods. Please follow this space for updates! {{% /blocks/feature %}} {{% blocks/feature icon="fa-hands-helping" title="Contributions welcome!" url="/docs/about/#how-you-can-get-involved" %}} Find out how you can get involved. {{% /blocks/feature %}} {{% blocks/feature icon="fab fa-twitter" title="Follow us on Twitter!" url="https://twitter.com/jetzon" %}} For announcement of latest features etc. {{% /blocks/feature %}} {{< /blocks/section >}}


---
title: Align Text
layout: posts
author: mrmrs
awslink: https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/vimgifs/alignment.gif
---
{{page.title}}
:le, :ce, and :ri will left align, center align, and right align text.
You can pass a range or selection i.e
:%le
:15,55le
:'<,'>le
:le


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Two random functions, testing my ability to make a package.
There are two functions.
The first one adds one to anything you feed it, if it can:
library("thingyyy")
add_one(3)
#> [1] 4
add_one(c(2,4))
#> [1] 3 5
add_one("x")
#> Error in x + 1: non-numeric argument to binary operator
The second one takes a data frame with a quantitative column x
, a categorical column g
, and something else that will say what goes in which row, and spreads it into wide format:
dd = tibble::tribble(
~r, ~x, ~g,
1, 10, "a",
2, 12, "a",
3, 14, "a",
1, 15, "b",
2, 17, "b",
3, 19, "b"
)
dd
#> # A tibble: 6 x 3
#> r x g
#> <dbl> <dbl> <chr>
#> 1 1 10 a
#> 2 2 12 a
#> 3 3 14 a
#> 4 1 15 b
#> 5 2 17 b
#> 6 3 19 b
my_spread(dd)
#> # A tibble: 3 x 3
#> r a b
#> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 1 10 15
#> 2 2 12 17
#> 3 3 14 19


| Job | Files | Zip |
| {{.}} | Link | Link |
There are currently no jobs to display
{{end}}'/jobs/{job}/{filepath}' to view a file or directory
'/zip?id={job}' to stream a zipped copy of a job's contents
'/jobs/{job}/{filepath}' to upload a file{{if .Deletion}}
'/jobs/{job}/' to delete a job
'/jobs/{job}/{filepath}' to delete a file{{end}}


Delivery riders, supported by ELSU, Migrants Rights Centre of Ireland, the Irish Network Against Racism and SIPTU (the largest trade union in Ireland) have an important meeting with the Tánaiste (Deputy Prime Minister) and Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment Leo Varadkar on Tuesday the 9th of March. This meeting is about trying to improve the safety, pay and working conditions of delivery riders during the pandemic and afterwards. We have achieved so much in less than a year with basically zero resources. We are very fortunate to now have the support of SIPTU, that is massive. If you are a delivery rider, cleaner, carer or doing any type of work then it is very important to join a Union, especially during a pandemic. SIPTU is supporting ELSU’s calls for visa extensions until the end of the pandemic as well as removing the requirement of having to attend classes for Stamp 2s and granting them the right to legally work 40 hours, not just 20 hours for Stamp 2s. While also calling for optional publicly-funded flexible online English language classes until then, a period of at least a year. We really need to support eachother to make sure that we get justice for English Language students and workers here during and after the pandemic. You can join SIPTU and remain completely anonymous, yet still benefit from access to their lawyers, legal support, Workers Rights Centre, SIPTU college and other important supports/trainings. It is especially important to join if you are a delivery rider without your own account, if your visa is expired/about to expire or you are currently without documents. They will fight for you at the heart of government and you can remain an anonymous “confidential member”. It is the largest trade union in Ireland and central to how all decisions about work, safety and pay have been made in Ireland since even before our independence from the UK. When SIPTU speaks the government listens with both ears. As we weather this current storm, it is vital to join a Trade Union, not just ELSU, which is just a Students’ Union for mostly just educational matters, but to join an actual Trade Union like SIPTU that has a negotiating license with the government. SIPTU is much more powerful and much more important than ELSU, and they are now supporting what we want to achieve, which is a massive help. It’s really important to actually join and become a member though, not just talk about it. It’s about taking individual and collective action, actually joining them in order to have their full support. You can join SIPTU now from as little as €1 a week. Please do so now, so then it’s done and we can move to next steps together.
Most recent video update from ELSU, following on from meeting with Tánaiste Leo Varadkar and SIPTU
The iReport system was launched in July 2013. It allows the people, communities, and organisations of Ireland to confidentially report racism nationwide
Report racist incident!“A union representing thousands of English language students in Ireland has been formed. The aim is to fight for better living conditions and fundamental rights of foreign language students in Ireland.”
““What I learned the hard way was that the fact I said I was taking the food with me, Deliveroo didn’t pay me,” says Albuquerque. To him, he says, it seemed like the food was considered his payment.”
“A recent large-scale survey conducted by Fiachra Ó Luain, a language specialist and teacher, revealed that international students coming to Ireland frequently find it difficult to deal with the bureaucracy required by Irish immigration.”
“Fiachra Ó Luain, an English language teacher based in Dublin, has carried out two surveys to find out how the Covid-19 crisis has impacted English language students in Ireland”


This reference is created by Abyssalheaven. The two images below are downloaded from his imgur post.
Written & published @Peking University, 11:45 AM (UTC+08:00)


@@include('../partials/head/head.html', { "title": "bootstrap-alerts", "path": "../.." })
Aww yeah, you successfully read this important alert message. This example text is going to run a bit longer so that you can see how spacing within an alert works with this kind of content.
Whenever you need to, be sure to use margin utilities to keep things nice and tidy.


ui-leaflet
Getting started
Examples
How to extend
Github repository
Simple to use directive for easy embedding and interacting with a map managed with the
leaflet map library
on an
AngularJS
application.


SEVERAL SAINTS (option 4)
ENTRANCE ANTIPHON
Blessed is the man who trusts in the Lord, whose hope is the Lord. He is like a tree planted beside the waters that stretches out its roots to the stream: It fears not the heat when it comes (E.T. alleluia).
COLLECT
Grant, we pray, almighty God, that the example of your Saints may spur us on to a better life, so that we, who celebrate the memory of blessed N. and N., may also imitate without ceasing their deeds. Through our Lord Jesus Christ, your Son, who lives and reigns with you in the unity of the Holy Spirit, one God, for ever and ever.
PRAYER OVER THE OFFERINGS
As we make our offerings at this sacred altar, O Lord, on the feast day of your Saints, we ask your mercy, that this oblation may render you supreme glory and win for us and abundance of your grace. Through Christ our Lord.
PREFACE of Holy Men and Women or
Others
COMMUNION ANTIPHON
As the Father loves me, so I also love you; remain in my love, says the Lord (E.T. alleluia).
PRAYER AFTER COMMUNION
We pray, O
Lord our God, that the divine mysteries, which we celebrate in commemoration of
your Saints, may bring about in us salvation and eternal peace. Through Christ
our Lord.


Vital Vialas portfolio
such a smart young man! - my grandma
life enjoyer in Valencia, Spain
You make a great impression even though you’re not flooding the Internet with social media updates :)
Some guy from a job I once applied to
I'm originally from Badajoz, Spain, close to Portugal in the south-west, where I studied Biology at the University. Those were some sweet years including very nice memories from the year I spent as an Erasmus student in Montpellier, France, and one more year in Tenerife (Canary Islands).
But then I grew an interest in computers and programming and not just Biology so I moved to Madrid to study a Master's program in Bioinformatics combining these two passions I had (and still have). In Madrid I started working in several research projects at UCM (Universidad Complutense Madrid) and the National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC). After a few years I had published some results and decided to compile everything into a thesis and got my PhD degree in January 2016.
Madrid is lovely and lively but after over 10 years living there I decided to experience a new stage in my life as a post-doc abroad. Stockholm is my 3rd hometown, after Badajoz and Madrid, and I love it too. It's not as lively as Madrid, but fresher and prettier in my opinion.
In 2019, after my post-doc, I realized I didn't want to pursue the academic career. So I then started working as a data scientist for a tech-logistics startup company. The work was related to optimizing routing (vehicle routing problem) and involved using maps, gps data and more... very interesting! Few more years went on and my next move is to come back to Spain.
Update 2023: I live now in Valencia, Spain. Back to the homeland, I work as a Data Scientist. This time it's related to cargo/container ships and terminal operations: cool stuff
In my spare time I'm an avid reader, traveller, scuba diver and trumpet player.
latest vital updates
| Jan 21, 2023 | 2023 January. I live now in Valencia, Spain |
|---|---|
| Dec 21, 2022 | 2022-Nov-Dec. working remotely from Las Palmas! |


uri_create_str — parse a URI or IRI
URI parsing library (liburi, -luri)
#include <liburi.h>
URI *uri_create_str(
const char *restrict uristr,
const URI *restrict base)
;
The uri_create_str
function parses a string in order
to produce a URI instance. If the URI to be parsed in
uristr
is not absolute, and an absolute base URI
is supplied as base
, the parsed URI will be
resolved relative to the base URI and the result will be an absolute
URI. If no base URI is supplied, the resulting URI instance may be
either absolute or relative, depending upon the contents of
uristr
.
The resulting instance must be freed later using uri_destroy(3).
URIs are normalised as they are parsed. Normalisation is performed
according to section 6.2.2 of RFC3986, and includes adjusting the case of any
scheme, hostname and percent-encoded characters so as to be consistent,
as well as removing redundant components from the path (for example, a
path of /a/b/c/../d/../../e
will be normalised to
/a/e
).
Once parsed, a URI can be resolved against a base URI if it is relative using uri_create_uri(3), and can be recomposed into a string representation using uri_str(3).
uristr
A string to parse as a URI or IRI.
base
An optional absolute base URI. If base
is supplied but is not an absolute URI, the results are undefined.
If the URI was parsed successfully, uri_create_str
will return a new URI instance. If the URI could not be
parsed, or some other error occurs, NULL
will
be returned and errno
set accordingly.
In the event of an error ocurring, errno
may be
set to one of the following values:
EINVAL
The URI was not well-formed and could not be parsed.
ENOMEM
A memory allocation operation failed.
Parsing an absolute URI:
URI *uri; uri = uri_create_str("http://example.com/sample", NULL);
Parsing a relative URI, and resolving it against an absolute base URI:
URI *base, *uri; base = uri_create_str("http://example.com/sample", NULL); /* The result would be as though the string being parsed had been: * http://example.com/switch?toggle=1 */ uri = uri_create_str("switch?toggle=1", base);
liburi(3), uri_create_uri(3), uri_destroy(3), uri_absolute(3), uri_str(3).


SceneJS
- optimization - node instancing
material, texture and geometry are shared by two objects
for memory and execution efficiency


Someone has purchased a trip.
Name:{{ pay.name}} {{ pay.last_name}}
Country:{{ pay.country }}
Email:{{ pay.email }}
You can check all records of payments here, only click the next link.


During this week, we were tasked with exploring ruby-docs in order to learn/try methods in order to solve problems. Although I didn't end up using #map this week for any of my problems, I was able to figure out that it was a very important ruby method that Rubyists seem to prefer using in their code. As a result, it behooves us to explore this method and figure out why it is so damn preferable.
Ruby-docs says “the map method can be used to create a new array based on the original array, but with the values modified by the supplied block.” Okay.
Well, I guess it would be best to compare it to a much more familiar process which is the each method we are accustomed to. Recall that when we call #each, we are iterating over each element in an array or a hash. Well, #map essentially does the same thing as well.
arr.map { |a| 2*a }
arr.each {|a| 2*a}
However, there is a big difference between #each and #map. Remember that each is not producing a new object or even affecting the original object. As a result, you could tell it to print the result of the code as it runs through it, but it ultimately returns the original array or hash that it started out with. Of course, you could create a new object by setting a variable to this method, but programmers prefer the easier, simpler functionality. Why do extra steps when you could get a very similar method that could also create an object?
#map will iterate over your items like #each, but it also returns a new object albeit an array or a hash that reflects the code block applied Instead of returning the original item it worked off, it will return a new product/form. This is useful for cutting down on pseudocode obviously and making more efficient code that is supposedly easier to read and debug. So consider our example from earlier.
arr= [1,3,5]
arr.map { |a| 2*a } ==> [2,6,10]
arr.each {|a| 2*a} ==> [1,3,5]
As you can see, one returns the original while the other returns the result of the code block. Remember , we can incorporate arr. each in a way so that it can return the same results. For example:
def twice_ply(number)
new = Array.new
number.each do | element |
new << 2*element
end
return new
end
However, the map version would probably be simpler than this.
def twice_ply (number)
number.map{| element | 2 *element |
end
As you can see, one is way easier to read simply due to cutting down some steps.
Thanks for reading!


Chapter 14. The Help System
Emacs has the most comprehensive help facility of any text
editor—and one of the best such facilities of any program at
all. In fact, the Emacs help facilities probably cut down the time it
took for us to write this book by an order of magnitude, and they can
help you immeasurably in your ongoing quest to learn more about
Emacs.
In this chapter, we describe Emacs help in the following areas:
The tutorial. The help key (C-h) and Help menu,
which allow you to get help on a wide variety of topics. The help facilities of complex commands like query-replace and dired. Navigating Emacs manuals and using the info documentation
reader. Completion, in which Emacs helps you finish
typing names of functions, variables, filenames, and more. Completion
not only saves you time and helps you complete names of functions you
know about but can help you discover new commands and variables.
|


Financial Risk Prediction
This is a simple Web Application that Predicts your Financial Risk Using a Machine Learning Model.
{% block body %} {% endblock%}


cloudmesh.common3 package¶
Submodules¶
cloudmesh.common3.Benchmark module¶
-
class
cloudmesh.common3.Benchmark.
Benchmark
[source]¶ Bases:
object
-
static
file
(path, n)[source]¶ create a file of given size in MB, the MB here is in binary not SI units. e.g. 1,048,576 Bytes
- Example: s = BenchmarkFiles.size(“./sise.txt”, 2)
print(s)
- Parameters
path (string) – the filename and path
n (integer) – the size in binary MB
- Returns
size in MB
- Return type
-
static
cloudmesh.common3.DateTime module¶
-
class
cloudmesh.common3.DateTime.
DateTime
[source]¶ Bases:
object
This class provides some simple date time functions so we can use all the same format. Here is a simple example
start = DateTime.now() stop = DateTime.now() + DateTime.delta(1)
print (“START”, start) print (“STOP”, stop) print(“HUMANIZE STOP”, DateTime.humanize(stop - start)) print (“LOCAL”, DateTime.local(start)) print(“UTC”, DateTime.utc(start)) print(“NATURAL”, DateTime.natural(start)) print(“WORDS”, DateTime.words(start)) print(“TIMEZONE”, DateTime.timezone)
This will result in
START 2019-08-03 21:34:14.019147 STOP 2019-08-03 21:34:15.019150 HUMANIZE STOP a second ago LOCAL 2019-08-03 17:34:14 EST UTC 2019-08-03 21:34:14.019147 UTC NATURAL 2019-08-03 21:34:14.019147 UTC WORDS Sat 6 Aug 2019, 21:34:14 UTC TIMEZONE EST
-
timezone
= 'EST'¶
-
cloudmesh.common3.DictList module¶
-
class
cloudmesh.common3.DictList.
DictList
(entries=None, key='name', position='x')[source]¶ Bases:
dict
A class to convert lists of dicts to dicts.
Example:
data = [ {“name”: “vm1”, “status”: “on”}, {“name”: “vm2”, “status”: “on”}, {“name”: “vm3”, “status”: “on”}, {“name”: “vm4”, “status”: “on”}, ]
d = DictList(data) pprint (d)
# {‘vm1’: {‘name’: ‘vm1’, ‘status’: ‘on’, ‘x’: 0}, # ‘vm2’: {‘name’: ‘vm2’, ‘status’: ‘on’, ‘x’: 1}, # ‘vm3’: {‘name’: ‘vm3’, ‘status’: ‘on’, ‘x’: 2}, # ‘vm4’: {‘name’: ‘vm4’, ‘status’: ‘on’, ‘x’: 3}}
print (d[‘vm1’]) # {‘name’: ‘vm1’, ‘status’: ‘on’, ‘x’: 0} # print (d.list()) # [{‘name’: ‘vm1’, ‘status’: ‘on’, ‘x’: 0}, # {‘name’: ‘vm2’, ‘status’: ‘on’, ‘x’: 1}, # {‘name’: ‘vm3’, ‘status’: ‘on’, ‘x’: 2}, # {‘name’: ‘vm4’, ‘status’: ‘on’, ‘x’: 3}]
cloudmesh.common3.Shell module¶
A convenient method to execute shell commands and return their output. Note: that this method requires that the command be completely execute before the output is returned. For many activities in cloudmesh this is sufficient.
-
class
cloudmesh.common3.Shell.
Shell
[source]¶ Bases:
cloudmesh.common.Shell.Shell
-
classmethod
check_python
()[source]¶ checks if the python version is supported :return: True if it is supported
-
static
cms
(command, encoding='utf-8')[source]¶ executes cm with the given arguments :param args: :return:
-
static
run
(command, encoding='utf-8')[source]¶ executes the command and returns the output as string :param command: :param encoding: :return:
-
classmethod
cloudmesh.common3.host module¶
-
class
cloudmesh.common3.host.
Host
[source]¶ Bases:
object
-
static
check
(hosts=None, username=None, key='~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub', processors=3)[source]¶ - Parameters
hosts – a list of hosts to be checked
username – the usernames for the hosts
key – the key for logging in
processors – the number of parallel checks
- Returns
list of dicts representing the ping result
-
static
ping
(hosts=None, count=1, processors=3)[source]¶ ping a list of given ip addresses
- Parameters
hosts – a list of ip addresses
count – number of pings to run per ip
processors – number of processors to Pool
- Returns
list of dicts representing the ping result
-
static
ssh
(hosts=None, command=None, username=None, key='~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub', processors=3)[source]¶ - Parameters
command – the command to be executed
hosts – a list of hosts to be checked
username – the usernames for the hosts
key – the key for logging in
processors – the number of parallel checks
- Returns
list of dicts representing the ping result
-
static


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being recursive


--- layout: archive title: Zulip Chat Archive permalink: /stream/113488-general/topic/fix.20LEAN_PATH.html ---
I've tried to get lean to work on Xubuntu, macOS, and nixos; all three are having the same issue where importing anything (including standard), yields an error: "file standard not found in the LEAN_PATH". I've done a lot of looking around and can't find any relevant information on LEAN_PATH. I have lean in my system PATH. I'm not sure what it wants from me.
Do you use leanpkg
?
I've tried creating a new project and doing configure/messing with the leankpkg.path, but it doesn't seem to do anything.
Setting LEAN_PATH
by hand leads to nothing but trouble so I suggest you unset it (if you set it yourself), create a Lean project with leanpkg init
and using leanpkg add
for your dependencies
Thank you for the advice so far, but I'm still getting the same error after trying both leanpkg add https://github.com/leanprover/mathlib and https://github.com/leanprover/stdlib.git. They're both in the _build directory within the project, and they were both added to the leanpkg.path file and leanpkg.toml files.
can you show me your leanpkg.toml
file and tell me where you put your source file?
@Sebastian Ullrich and @Gabriel Ebner This is one more motivating example for you. We really need to make it simpler for people to start using Lean
I concur
I mean: I know you are working hard, I only want to point out further encouragement.
Doesn't this all depend on how you are running Lean?
For example, I _think_ that if you use VS Code and open a folder
and there's e.g. some leanpkg.path
file in the root of that folder
then I think VS Code will look at that file before it looks at the LEAN_PATH
environment variable [NB but apparently I am wrong]
What is this _build
directory you're talking about @garySebastian ?
Neither vscode nor emacs touches the LEAN_PATH environment variable. If it is set, it takes precedence over any leanpkg.path
file. Please don't set the LEAN_PATH
environment variable.
If you just follow the step by step instructions for making a new project and adding mathlib, I think it will add mathlib into a directory called _target
(I am talking about using leanpkg
)
and everything should magically work because leanpkg
will get your leanpkg.path
right and you won't need to set LEAN_PATH
at all by the looks of things
Last updated: Apr 24 2020 at 19:02 UTC


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Facets¶
Table of contents
Xapian provides functionality which allows you to dynamically generate complete lists of values which feature in matching documents. For example, colour, manufacturer, size values are good candidates for faceting.
There are numerous potential uses this can be put to, but a common one is to offer the user the ability to narrow down their search by filtering it to only include documents with a particular value of a particular category. This is often referred to as faceted search.
Todo
string and numeric facets
Todo
grouping
Todo
selecting which facets to show
Implementation¶
Faceting works against information stored in document value slots and, when executed, provides a list of the unique values for that slot together with a count of the number of times each value occurs.
Indexing¶
No additional work is needed to implement faceted searching, except to ensure that the values you wish to use in facets are stored as document values.
void index(const string & datapath, const string & dbpath)
{
// Hardcode field offsets for simplicity.
const size_t FIELD_ID_NUMBER = 0;
const size_t FIELD_TITLE = 2;
const size_t FIELD_MAKER = 3;
const size_t FIELD_DESCRIPTION = 8;
const size_t FIELD_COLLECTION = 10;
// Create or open the database we're going to be writing to.
Xapian::WritableDatabase db(dbpath, Xapian::DB_CREATE_OR_OPEN);
// Set up a TermGenerator that we'll use in indexing.
Xapian::TermGenerator termgenerator;
termgenerator.set_stemmer(Xapian::Stem("en"));
ifstream csv(datapath.c_str());
vector<string> fields;
csv_parse_line(csv, fields);
// Check the CSV header line matches our hard-code offsets.
if (fields.at(FIELD_ID_NUMBER) != "id_NUMBER" ||
fields.at(FIELD_TITLE) != "TITLE" ||
fields.at(FIELD_DESCRIPTION) != "DESCRIPTION" ||
fields.at(FIELD_COLLECTION) != "COLLECTION" ||
fields.at(FIELD_MAKER) != "MAKER") {
// The CSV format doesn't match what we expect.
cerr << "CSV format has changed!" << endl;
exit(1);
}
while (csv_parse_line(csv, fields)) {
// 'fields' is a vector mapping from field number to value.
// We look up fields with the 'at' method so we get an exception
// if that field isn't set.
const string & description = fields.at(FIELD_DESCRIPTION);
const string & title = fields.at(FIELD_TITLE);
const string & identifier = fields.at(FIELD_ID_NUMBER);
const string & collection = fields.at(FIELD_COLLECTION);
const string & maker = fields.at(FIELD_MAKER);
// We make a document and tell the term generator to use this.
Xapian::Document doc;
termgenerator.set_document(doc);
// Index each field with a suitable prefix.
termgenerator.index_text(title, 1, "S");
termgenerator.index_text(description, 1, "XD");
// Index fields without prefixes for general search.
termgenerator.index_text(title);
termgenerator.increase_termpos();
termgenerator.index_text(description);
// Add the collection as a value in slot 0.
doc.add_value(0, collection);
// Add the maker as a value in slot 1.
doc.add_value(1, maker);
// Store all the fields for display purposes.
doc.set_data(identifier + "\n" + title + "\n" + description);
// We use the identifier to ensure each object ends up in the
// database only once no matter how many times we run the
// indexer.
string idterm = "Q" + identifier;
doc.add_boolean_term(idterm);
db.replace_document(idterm, doc);
}
}
Here we’re using two value slots: 0 contains the collection, and 1 contains the name of whoever made the object. We know from the documentation of the dataset that both from fixed and curated lists, so we don’t have to worry about normalising the values before using them as facets. Let’s run that to build a dataset with document values suitable for faceting:
$ g++ `xapian-config --cxxflags` code/c++/index_facets.cc code/c++/support.cc -o index_facets `xapian-config --libs`
$ ./index_facets data/100-objects-v1.csv db
Querying¶
To query, Xapian uses the concept of spies to observe slots of matched documents during a search.
The procedure works in three steps: first, you create a spy
(instance of Xapian::ValueCountMatchSpy
)
for each slot you want the facets; second, you bind each spy to the
Xapian::Enquire
using add_matchspy(spy)
;
third, after the search was performed, you retrieve the results that
each spy observed. This is an example of how this is done:
// Set up a spy to inspect the MAKER value at slot 1
Xapian::ValueCountMatchSpy spy(1);
enquire.add_matchspy(&spy);
// And print out something about each match.
Xapian::MSet mset = enquire.get_mset(offset, pagesize, 100);
clog << "'" << querystring << "'[" << offset << ":" << offset + pagesize
<< "] =";
for (Xapian::MSetIterator m = mset.begin(); m != mset.end(); ++m) {
Xapian::docid did = *m;
cout << m.get_rank() + 1 << ": #" << setfill('0') << setw(3) << did
<< ' ';
const size_t DOC_FIELD_TITLE = 1;
const string & data = m.get_document().get_data();
cout << get_field(data, DOC_FIELD_TITLE) << endl;
// Log the document id.
clog << ' ' << did;
}
clog << endl;
// Fetch and display the spy values
for (Xapian::TermIterator facet = spy.values_begin();
facet != spy.values_end();
++facet) {
cout << "Facet: " << *facet << "; count: " << facet.get_termfreq() << endl;
}
}
Here we’re faceting on value slot 1, which is the object maker. After
you get the MSet, you can ask the spy for the facets it found,
including the frequency. Note that although we’re generally only
showing ten matches, we use a parameter to get_mset()
called checkatleast, so that the entire dataset is considered and the facet
frequencies are correct. See Limitations for some discussion of the
implications of this. Here’s the output:
$ g++ `xapian-config --cxxflags` code/c++/search_facets.cc code/c++/support.cc -o search_facets `xapian-config --libs`
$ ./search_facets db clock
1: #044 Two-dial clock by the Self-Winding Clock Co; as used on the
2: #096 Clock with Hipp pendulum (an electric driven clock with Hipp
3: #012 Assembled and unassembled EXA electric clock kit
4: #098 'Pond' electric clock movement (no dial)
5: #083 Harrison's eight-day wooden clock movement, 1715.
6: #005 "Ever Ready" ceiling clock
7: #039 Electric clock of the Bain type
8: #061 Van der Plancke master clock
9: #064 Morse electrical clock, dial mechanism
10: #052 Reconstruction of Dondi's Astronomical Clock, 1974
Facet: Bain, Alexander; count: 3
Facet: Bloxam, J. M.; count: 1
Facet: Braun (maker); count: 1
Facet: British Horo-Electric Ltd. (maker); count: 1
Facet: British Vacuum Cleaner and Engineering Co. Ltd., Magneto Time division (maker); count: 1
Facet: EXA; count: 1
Facet: Ever Ready Co. (maker); count: 2
Facet: Ferranti Ltd.; count: 1
Facet: Galilei, Galileo, 1564-1642; Galilei, Vincenzio, 1606-1649; count: 1
Facet: Harrison, John (maker); count: 1
Facet: Hipp, M.; count: 1
Facet: La Précision Cie; count: 1
Facet: Lund, J.; count: 1
Facet: Morse, J. S.; count: 1
Facet: Self Winding Clock Company; count: 1
Facet: Self-Winding Clock Co. (maker); count: 1
Facet: Synchronome Co. Ltd. (maker); count: 2
Facet: Thwaites and Reed Ltd.; count: 1
Facet: Thwaites and Reed Ltd. (maker); count: 1
Facet: Viviani, Vincenzo; count: 1
Facet: Vulliamy, Benjamin, 1747-1811; count: 1
Facet: Whitefriars Glass Ltd. (maker); count: 1
'clock'[0:10] = 44 96 12 98 83 5 39 61 64 52
Note that the spy will give you facets in alphabetical order, not in
order of frequency; if you want to show the most frequent first you
should use the top_values iterator (begin_top_values()
in C++ and some other languages).
If you want to work with multiple facets, you can register multiple
Xapian::ValueCountMatchSpy
objects before running
get_mset()
, although each additional one will have some
performance impact.
Restricting by Facets¶
If you’re using the facets to offer the user choices for narrowing down their search results, you then need to be able to apply a suitable filter.
For a single value, you could use Xapian::Query::OP_VALUE_RANGE
with
the same start and end, or Xapian::MatchDecider
, but it’s probably most
efficient to also index the categories as suitably prefixed boolean terms
and use those for filtering.
Limitations¶
The accuracy of Xapian’s faceting capability is determined by the number
of records that are examined by Xapian whilst it is searching. You can
control this number by specifying the checkatleast parameter to
get_mset()
; however it is important to be aware that
increasing this number may have an effect on overall query performance,
although a typical sized database is unlikely to see adverse effects.
In Development¶
Some additional features currently in development may benefit users of facets. These are:
- Multiple values in slots: this will allow you to have a single value slot (e.g. colour) which contains multiple values (e.g. red, blue). This will also allow you to create a facet by colour which is aware of these multiple values, giving counts for both red and blue.
Todo
This is misleading - it’s already possibly to dead with a facet with multiple values like this. We should document how rather than seeming to imply you can’t currently.
- Bucketing: this provides a means to group together numeric facets, so that a single facet can contain a range of values (e.g. price ranges).


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window, and then copy the URL from your browser's address box.)
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Event bind demo with the vue js
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kVp:
mA:
DLP:
Screening visit: Baseline Year 1 Year 2
Lung cancer screening.
None.
Diagnostic quality: Satisfactory Limited, but interpretable Non-diagnostic
Comments:
None. Present, detailed below:
-- Right lung Left lung mm -- solid semi-solid ground-glass -- unchanged increased decreased new image #
COPD: None Mild Moderate Severe
Fibrosis: None Mild Moderate Severe
Lymph nodes:
Other findings:
Effusion: None Small Moderate Large
Calcification: None Mild Moderate Extensive
Thickening: None Mild Moderate Extensive
Pneumothorax: None Small Moderate Large
Heart size: Normal Mildly enlarged Moderately enlarged Severely enlarged
Coronary calcification: None Mild Moderate Severe
Pericardial effusion: None Mild Moderate Severe
Upper abdomen:
Thorax
Base of neck
Need comparison:
Repeat CT: 12 months from screening exam 3 months from screening exam 6 months from screening exam 3 to 6 months from screening exam 24 months from screening exam
See physician: No YES. Suspect cancer. YES, non-malignant finding.


* This number reflects cases that were tested and returned positive, including the NC State Laboratory of Public Health and reporting hospital and commercial labs. All data is preliminary. Not all cases of COVID-19 are tested, so this does not represent the total number of people in North Carolina who have or had COVID-19. * This number reflects cases that were tested and returned positive, including the NC State Laboratory of Public Health and reporting hospital and commercial labs. All data is preliminary. Not all cases of COVID-19 are tested, so this does not represent the total number of people in North Carolina who have or had COVID-19.
For COVID-19 U.S. case information
NC Cases Map and Data NC Cases Map and Data
*County case numbers may change once residence is verified. Therefore, the total number on the county map may differ from the number of NC Cases. *County case numbers may change once residence is verified. Therefore, the total number on the county map may differ from the number of NC Cases.
NC Counties with Cases NC Counties with Cases
*All data is preliminary and may change as cases are investigated. *All data is preliminary and may change as cases are investigated.
*All data is preliminary and may change as cases are investigated. Percentages may not sum to 100% due to rounding. *All data is preliminary and may change as cases are investigated. Percentages may not sum to 100% due to rounding.
*All data is preliminary and may change as cases are investigated. Percentages may not sum to 100% due to rounding. *All data is preliminary and may change as cases are investigated. Percentages may not sum to 100% due to rounding.
NC Cases Additional Data NC Cases Additional Data
All data is preliminary and may change as cases are investigated. All data is preliminary and may change as cases are investigated.
Individual Case Counting Individual Case Counting
Recognizing the threat posed by COVID-19, North Carolina acted in early February to add COVID-19 to the lists of conditions that physicians and laboratories are required to report to the state. This means that all positive tests results must be reported to the state. The number of laboratory-confirmed cases has been tracked since that time. Recognizing the threat posed by COVID-19, North Carolina acted in early February to add COVID-19 to the lists of conditions that physicians and laboratories are required to report to the state. This means that all positive tests results must be reported to the state. The number of laboratory-confirmed cases has been tracked since that time.
North Carolina will continue to track and post the number of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases. However, it is important to recognize that there are many people with COVID-19 who will not be included in daily counts of laboratory-confirmed cases, including: North Carolina will continue to track and post the number of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases. However, it is important to recognize that there are many people with COVID-19 who will not be included in daily counts of laboratory-confirmed cases, including:
Therefore, the number of laboratory-confirmed cases through testing will increasingly provide a limited picture of the spread of infections in the state as COVID-19 becomes more widespread and the number of people in the first three groups above increases.


#!chuck_extends "project/base.html" #!chuck_renders header lets start #!end #!chuck_renders content The big MOOOOOH has pwned you! #!end #!chuck_renders footer go home #!end


{% extends "base.html" %} {% block meta_title %} 500 Server Error | Overflow {% endblock %} {% block page_content %}
Woops. Our server hamster managed to throw your request into /dev/null without telling us why.


This application demonstrates a fast, simple color tracking algorithm that
can be used to track faces, hands etc described in camshift.pdf.
The CAMSHIFT algorithm is a modification of the Meanshift algorithm which
is a robust statistical method of finding the mode (top) of a probability
distribution. Both CAMSHIFT and Meanshift algorithms exist in the library.
While it is a very fast and simple method of tracking, because CAMSHIFT
tracks the center and size of the probability distribution of an object,
it is only as good as the probability distribution that you produce for
the object. Typically the probability distribution is derived from
color via a histogram, although it could be produced from correlation,
recognition scores or bolstered by frame differencing or motion detection
schemes, or joint probabilities of different colors/motions etc.
In this application, we use only the most simplistic approach:
A 1-D Hue histogram is sampled from the object in an HSV color space version
of the image. To produce the probability image to track, histogram
"back projection" (we replace image pixels by their histogram hue value)
is used. The raw video image and backprojection is shown in the following
image:
Figure 1
Since we use such a simple method in this application, you must tune
the parameters for your camera and the lighting in the image as described
below.
Note that this filter requires that you have DirectShow 6.0 or greater installed.
DirectShow 6.0 for NT4.0, DirectShow 7.0 for Win 98 or Win2000).
You will also need a video camera source filter which should
be supplied by your USB camera vendor.
Microsoft* Windows* 2000 may be the most suitable operating system
for development since many vendors do not supply filters for
Windows NT 4.0. However, Windows 98 will be adequate for just
running the filter graph.
Controls
Figure 2
[1] Select input from USB video camera.
[2] Select input from "bouncing ball" simulation.
[3] Select input from an AVI movie file.
[4] Stop and start AVI movie file if [3]
is selected.
[5] Threshold the histogram bins to clean
noise.
[6] Select the number of histogram bins
to use in the 1-D Hue histogram.
[7] Minimum color saturation to accept
threshold on Hue pixels.
[8] Minimum brightness to accept threshold
on Hue pixels.
[9] Maximum brightness to accept threshold
on Hue pixels.
[10] View (top) Raw video; (middle) Histogram
backprojection; (bottom) Histogram bins.
[11] Select display window size -- on slower
machines, a smaller display window will run faster.
How to
Track a colored object (face, ball etc):
(a) Reset thresholds: Set Threshold [5] to zero; Saturation
[7] far left; Minimum brightness [8] far left; Maximum brightness [9] far
right.
(b) Click video [1], bouncing ball [2] or AVI [3] to select
your input source.
(c) Check the raw video display [10] button.
(d) Set the number of bins [6] you want in your histogram (32-100
is a good number).
(e) Use your mouse to draw a sample box over the colored object
that you want to track.
...Tuning...
(f) Check the histogram "Back Project" [10] button. You
want the object to be well segmented as in figure 1 above. To get
things well segmented, adjust things in the order described below:
(g) Increase (move the slider to the right) the mimimum acceptable
saturation threshold [7]. Make sure you allow a little time to see
how your adjustment is working. Often moving it about 25% of the way to
the right is sufficient.
(h) If (g) doesn't do the whole job, then increase the minimum
acceptable brightness threshold [8] to the right allowing enough time to
see the effect at each position. Usually 20-50% of the way to the right
works.
...not working...
(i) If (g) & (h) do not give you a well segmented object,
you probably need to change your camera settings and/or lighting.
Histogram threshold [5] can have a marginal effect on edge regions.
Decreasing (move to the left) high brightness threshold [9] can diminish
edges and glaring white regions in the video image, usually moving it no
more than 10% of the way to the left. Setting more histogram bins
[6] sometimes helps.


- Accessibility
Accessibility
Multiple studies suggest that around 15-20% of the population are living with a disability of some kind. In comparison, that number is higher than any single browser demographic currently, other than Chrome2. Not considering those users when developing an application means excluding a large number of people from being able to use it comfortable or at all.
Some people are unable to use the mouse, view a screen, see low contrast text, Hear dialogue or music and some people having difficulty to understanding the complex language.This kind of people needed the support like Keyboard support, screen reader support, high contrast text, captions and transcripts and Plain language support. This disability may change the from permanent to the situation.
Key Concerns of Accessible Web Applications
-
Semantic Markup - Allows the application to be understood on a more general level rather than just details of whats being rendered
-
Keyboard Accessibility - Applications must still be usable when using only a keyboard
-
Visual Assistance - color contrast, focus of elements and text representations of audio and events
Semantic Markup
If you’re creating custom element directives, Web Components or HTML in general, use native elements wherever possible to utilize built-in events and properties. Alternatively, use ARIA to communicate semantic meaning.
HTML tags have attributes that providers extra context on what’s being displayed on the browser. For example, the img tag’s alt attribute lets the reader know what is being shown using a short description.However, native tags don’t cover all cases. This is where ARIA fits in. ARIA attributes can provide context on what roles specific elements have in the application or on how elements within the document relate to each other.
A modal component can be given the role of dialog or alertdialog to let the browser know that that component is acting as a modal. The modal component template can use the ARIA attributes aria-labelledby and aria-described to describe to readers what the title and purpose of the modal is.
@Component({
selector: 'ngc2-app',
template: `
<ngc2-notification-button
message="Hello!"
label="Greeting"
role="button">
</ngc2-notification-button>
<ngc2-modal
[title]="modal.title"
[description]="modal.description"
[visible]="modal.visible"
(close)="modal.close()">
</ngc2-modal>
`
})
export class AppComponent {
constructor(private modal: ModalService) { }
}
notification-button.component.ts
@Component({
selector: 'ngc2-modal',
template: `

{{title}}

{{description}}

<button (click)="close.emit()">OK</button>

`
})
export class ModalComponent {
...
}
Keyboard Accessibility
Keyboard accessibility is the ability of your application to be interacted with using just a keyboard. The more streamlined the site can be used this way, the more keyboard accessible it is. Keyboard accessibility is one of the largest aspects of web accessibility since it targets:
-
those with motor disabilities who can’t use a mouse
-
users who rely on screen readers and other assistive technology, which require keyboard navigation
-
those who prefer not to use a mouse
Focus
Keyboard interaction is driven by something called focus. In web applications, only one element on a document has focus at a time, and keypresses will activate whatever function is bound to that element. Focus element border can be styled with CSS using the outline property, but it should not be removed. Elements can also be styled using the :focus psuedo-selector.
Tabbing
The most common way of moving focus along the page is through the tab key. Elements will be traversed in the order they appear in the document outline - so that order must be carefully considered during development. There is way change the default behaviour or tab order. This can be done through the tabindex attribute. The tabindex can be given the values: * less than zero - to let readers know that an element should be focusable but not keyboard accessible * 0 - to let readers know that that element should be accessible by keyboard * greater than zero - to let readers know the order in which the focusable element should be reached using the keyboard. Order is calculated from lowest to highest.
Transitions
The majority of transitions that happen in an Angular application will not involve a page reload. This means that developers will need to carefully manage what happens to focus in these cases.
For example:
@Component({
selector: 'ngc2-modal',
template: `

{{title}}

{{description}}

<button (click)="close.emit()">OK</button>

`,
})
export class ModalComponent {
constructor(private modal: ModalService, private element: ElementRef) { }
ngOnInit() {
this.modal.visible$.subscribe(visible => {
if(visible) {
setTimeout(() => {
this.element.nativeElement.querySelector('button').focus();
}, 0);
}
})
}
}
Visual Assistance
One large category of disability is visual impairment. This includes not just the blind, but those who are color blind or partially sighted, and require some additional consideration.
Color Contrast
When choosing colors for text or elements on a website, the contrast between them needs to be considered. For WCAG 2.0 AA, this means that the contrast ratio for text or visual representations of text needs to be at least 4.5:1. There are tools online to measure the contrast ratio such as this color contrast checker from WebAIM or be checked with using automation tests.
Visual Information
Color can help a user’s understanding of information, but it should never be the only way to convey information to a user. For example, a user with red/green color-blindness may have trouble discerning at a glance if an alert is informing them of success or failure.
Audiovisual Media
Audiovisual elements in the application such as video, sound effects or audio (ie. podcasts) need related textual representations such as transcripts, captions or descriptions. They also should never auto-play and playback controls should be provided to the user.
Accessibility with Angular Material
The a11y
package provides a number of tools to improve accessibility. Import
import { A11yModule } from '@angular/cdk/a11y';
ListKeyManager
ListKeyManager
manages the active option in a list of items based on keyboard interaction. Intended to be used with components that correspond to a role="menu"
or role="listbox"
pattern . Any component that uses a ListKeyManager will generally do three things:
-
Create a
@ViewChildren
query for the options being managed. -
Initialize the
ListKeyManager
, passing in the options. -
Forward keyboard events from the managed component to the
ListKeyManager
.
Each option should implement the ListKeyManagerOption
interface:
interface ListKeyManagerOption {
disabled?: boolean;
getLabel?(): string;
}
Types of ListKeyManager
There are two varieties of ListKeyManager
, FocusKeyManager
and ActiveDescendantKeyManager
.
FocusKeyManager
Used when options will directly receive browser focus. Each item managed must implement the FocusableOption interface:
interface FocusableOption extends ListKeyManagerOption {
focus(): void;
}
ActiveDescendantKeyManager
Used when options will be marked as active via aria-activedescendant. Each item managed must implement the Highlightable interface:
interface Highlightable extends ListKeyManagerOption {
setActiveStyles(): void;
setInactiveStyles(): void;
}
Each item must also have an ID bound to the listbox’s or menu’s aria-activedescendant.
FocusTrap
The cdkTrapFocus
directive traps Tab key focus within an element. This is intended to be used to create accessible experience for components like modal dialogs, where focus must be constrained. This directive is declared in A11yModule
.
This directive will not prevent focus from moving out of the trapped region due to mouse interaction.
For example:

Regions
Regions can be declared explicitly with an initial focus element by using the cdkFocusRegionStart
, cdkFocusRegionEnd
and cdkFocusInitial
DOM attributes. When using the tab key, focus will move through this region and wrap around on either end.
For example:
Focus region start
Link
Initially focused
Focus region end
InteractivityChecker
InteractivityChecker
is used to check the interactivity of an element, capturing disabled, visible, tabbable, and focusable states for accessibility purposes.
LiveAnnouncer
LiveAnnouncer
is used to announce messages for screen-reader users using an aria-live region.
For example:
@Component({...})
export class MyComponent {
constructor(liveAnnouncer: LiveAnnouncer) {
liveAnnouncer.announce("Hey Google");
}
}


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Big Data / NoSQL Reference
24 Aug 2014Challenges
Processing Compression Statistics Storage Search Analysis Visualization Transport
Highlights
Auto-sharding – A NoSQL database automatically spreads data across servers, without requiring applications to participate. Servers can be added or removed from the data layer without application downtime, with data (and I/O) automatically spread across the servers. Most NoSQL databases also support data replication, storing multiple copies of data across the cluster, and even across data centers, to ensure high availability and support disaster recovery. A properly managed NoSQL database system should never need to be taken offline, for any reason, supporting 24x365 continuous operation of applications.
Distributed query support – “Sharding” a relational database can reduce, or eliminate in certain cases, the ability to perform complex data queries. NoSQL database systems retain their full query expressive power even when distributed across hundreds of servers.
Integrated caching – To reduce latency and increase sustained data throughput, advanced NoSQL database technologies transparently cache data in system memory. This behavior is transparent to the application developer and the operations team, compared to relational technology where a caching tier is usually a separate infrastructure tier that must be developed to, deployed on separate servers, and explicitly managed by the ops team.


so make it start with the right komodod
or make it start with nolongerkomodod
blackjok3r23-Nov-18 12:48 PM
staked is 100% backeards compatible with every KMD AC nad KMD
Cryptoon23-Nov-18 12:48 PM
Let's have an example to how it will work, so there is no confusion on my end.
jl777 wants a bug tested: Who puts up a bounty? JL or NN? Who pays for the bounty?
Bountysize is communicated by the NN.
Developers see the list of current bounties and then decide which one has the best work/reward ratio.
NN decide whether or not the devwork/testing was enough and grant the bounty to dev.
Dev receives the bounty in LABS (?)
Dev wants to buy ramen noodles for family -> who will give kmd/btc/usd for his LABS so he can pay bills?
My original thought was: In step 1 jl first buys LABS with btc/kmd/usd and gives the LABS to NN which tie it up in a smart contract only to be released when enough notaries sign it. This way because someone always needs to buy LABS to have testing done and it gets value from demand.
blackjok3r23-Nov-18 12:48 PM
soyou can use it instead if you like
Cryptoon23-Nov-18 12:48 PM
sorry to break the tech discussion with offtopic questions
1
Alright23-Nov-18 12:49 PM
not a problem, Cryptoon
is good feedback
your understanding is still messed up though(edited)
blackjok3r23-Nov-18 12:49 PM
itsfine ... genie aleays managed to complain about somthing ehen 24 other people had nothign to compain about
Cryptoon23-Nov-18 12:50 PM
Yeah I think I'm missing something
probably confusion from your remark that the bounties are created from thin air :p
Alright23-Nov-18 12:50 PM
let me just walk you through the process of dev creating a chain and tester finding bug in the contract the dev wanted tested
ComputerGenie 👴👴👴23-Nov-18 12:52 PM
blackjok3rToday at 6:49 AM
itsfine ... genie aleays managed to complain about somthing ehen 24 other people had nothign to compain about
Yeah, fek that asshole who's already spending $4k USD a year on servers and doesn't want to spend more.
blackjok3r23-Nov-18 12:53 PM
my costs are about the same I have no problem spending anther $20 a month if need be
ComputerGenie 👴👴👴23-Nov-18 12:53 PM
I have no problem spending anther $20 a month if need be
good, let me know the details after you pay for it and set it up...
blackjok3r23-Nov-18 12:53 PM
ok
Alright23-Nov-18 12:54 PM
So dev has a new contract they need tested
they create a chain
burn the premine about of this chain on main LABS chain
fund the notaries on their new chain with premine amount(notaries can choose what they want to be paid),
testers transfer some amount of LABS to the new chain to use in testing
Tester finds a bug.
Tester posts a bounty claim via oracles on main chain.
Notaries discuss whether this claim is fair. If it is, they sign off on it. New coins are created and given to tester. The amount of coins that can be created in this process is limited on a weekly basis.
please take note of notaries can choose what they want to be paid part
ComputerGenie 👴👴👴23-Nov-18 12:54 PM
goes back to coding his stratum
Alright23-Nov-18 12:55 PM
If you can think of a better mechanism, please suggest it
just criticizing the idea without presenting a possible solution is not helpful
you're tripping out about the "coins created from thin air" comment, but they are created based on WORK and limited to objective rules
if you haven't noticed, all coins are "created from thin air"
Think of it like this. If there isn't a bounty claim for a specific week, the emissions are lower.
the bounty payouts are rolled into the emissions of the coin
Cryptoon23-Nov-18 01:05 PM
I would say this: My original thought was: In step 1 jl first buys LABS with btc/kmd/usd and gives the LABS to NN which tie it up in a smart contract only to be released when enough notaries sign it. This way because someone always needs to buy LABS to have testing done and it gets value from demand.
Alright23-Nov-18 01:07 PM
if we do that, they may as well just give btc/kmd/usd directly to the tester
just hire testers at that point
Cryptoon23-Nov-18 01:07 PM
why not?
Alright23-Nov-18 01:07 PM
the way we're going gives a very low barrier of entry for both contract devs and testers
Cryptoon23-Nov-18 01:08 PM
hmm also true
But having the option to have it paid in kmd will increase demand for kmd as well
Anyway, going to let it rest for a while, these were just my first thoughts and I'm sure others will think the same. So it is important to have clear communication of how everything will work to avoid confusion
Alright23-Nov-18 01:09 PM
Website sometime soon
before launch at least
If it costs a dev an exuberant amount of money to get their contract tested, we failed entirely
1
blackjok3r23-Nov-18 01:12 PM
The idea is to get people to test for cheap, while also having testers tech other keen and new testers, createing a team of skilled testers you cant get anywhere else.(edited)
1
gcharang23-Nov-18 01:33 PM
So are the new pubkeys not live yet?
Alright23-Nov-18 01:33 PM
They are
the chain to determine who gets a mainnet spot is not


Before Change
if frequency == 0:
frequencies_held[n + 1] = frequencies_held[n]
// Compute new timebase. Rounding/linspace is to avoid float problems.
times = np.round(times*1e10)*1e-10
times_new = np.linspace(0, hop*int(np.floor(times[-1]/hop)), int(np.floor(times[-1]/hop)) + 1)
times_new = np.round(times_new*1e10)*1e-10
// Linearly interpolate frequencies
frequencies_resampled = scipy.interpolate.interp1d(times, frequencies_held)(times_new)
// Retain zeros
frequency_mask = scipy.interpolate.interp1d(times, frequencies, "zero")(times_new)
After Change
if frequency == 0:
frequencies_held[n + 1] = frequencies_held[n]
// Round to avoid floating point problems
times = np.round(times, 10)
// Linearly interpolate frequencies
frequencies_resampled = scipy.interpolate.interp1d(times, frequencies_held)(times_new)
// Retain zeros
frequency_mask = scipy.interpolate.interp1d(times, frequencies, "zero")(times_new)


Click for more information
Using the Dark Sky Weather API
Finding an appropriate bootstrap template was a good starting point for me. This would allow me to focus primarily on the
implementation of features and offer me more time to find a fitting API. I wanted a template that didn’t go overboard on the design aspects
and would show the information first and foremost.
Speaking of the API, I began by looking over how to use the one suggested in the project documentation, openweathermap.org, but found myself
not liking it, so I began in search of another API and I landed upon using https://darksky.net/ which is another widely used weather API.
I began to look at the documentation and online resources on how to use Dark Sky and how to begin implementation. I began coding and after a couple
hours realized that I would need to streamline the process of making the API calls as Dark Sky requires, for each call a set of latitude and longitude
coordinates corresponding to the city you want shown. So, I created a function with several parameters named “createCall” that would be used in my main
HTML file to pass in the required info that I wanted displayed. (this can be found in js/app.js)
For the extended forecasts section that was to be created, I put together another JavaScript function for displaying the extended forecast for the cities
by displaying hourly and daily data for the city selected. For the design of these I knew I had to figure out a way to nicely display the data as there would
be a lot of data coming in and I would need to parse through it. My solution for this was to place the information into HTML tables, giving them a simple readable
format. But I also wanted to not make it look like a basic HTML table as I’ve taken design classes in college and have learned about the importance of design so I
designed it to look aesthetically pleasing to the eye as well as providing readable data.
Some problems I ran into revolved around JQuery. To dynamically show the extended forecast, I used the JQuery function replaceWith() and replacing the div
containing the cities and display the selected city's extended forecast, but ultimately decided to implement a back button and use multiple pages to display
the extended forecast. Another issue that presented itself was the fact that the API presented dates/times as a Unix timestamp and not a standard date/time number.
I’ve never run into Unix time stamps before so I had to find a way to convert to a readable time. After some research, I was able to find some references on how to
convert the Unix time into a 24-hour format to have it at least somewhat readable to the end user. I also attempted to implement some icons that would go along with
the current conditions to illustrate more but unfortunately the API does not come with imbeded icons that correspond with the weather conditions given. After trying for
some time to implement some recommended icons I ultimately left them out. I then found that Dark Sky provides widgets that show the current temperature with a animated icon. In
the end I did not include this either as it lead to another page that was not one I created and I fealt as if that would not be good to include in this dev test that is supposed to show
my abilitity to implement items.
In conclusion I found this project good to do as it further increased my skills in using an API and parsing the data into a readable format for a end user, and had me solve many issues
along the way that had me think about what to do next. Some things I would have done differently is find some way of using JQuery to dynamically show data without having to go
to another page or reload the page. Also would have started with php files as to be able to do include files for all the redundant HTML lines that exist between all of my pages.
Thank you for giving me this opportunity to showcase my skills!


Search for a concept in VIVO. As you type, the list of concepts matching your search will change. Use the "Sort By" selector to sort by the number of UF authors who have published on the concept, alphabetically, or by the count of the number of papers tagged with the concept in VIVO.
{{ 'Current version is v%VERSION%.' | interpolate }}
Search: Sort by:


The easiest way to deploy Next.js to production is to use the Vercel platform from the creators of Next.js. Vercel is a cloud platform for static sites, hybrid apps, and Serverless Functions.
If you haven’t already done so, push your Next.js app to a Git provider of your choice: GitHub, GitLab, or BitBucket. Your repository can be private or public.
Then, follow these steps:
Congratulations! You’ve deployed your Next.js app! If you have questions, take a look at the Vercel documentation.
If you’re using a custom server, we strongly recommend migrating away from it (for example, by using dynamic routing). If you cannot migrate, consider other hosting options.
Let’s talk about the workflow we recommend using. Vercel supports what we call the DPS workflow: Develop, Preview, and Ship:
main
). Vercel will
automatically create a production deployment.
By using the DPS workflow, in addition to doing code reviews, you can do deployment previews. Each deployment creates a unique URL that can be shared or used for integration tests.
Vercel is made by the creators of Next.js and has first-class support for Next.js.
For example, the hybrid pages approach is fully supported out of the box.
When you deploy your Next.js application, you want to see the latest version without needing to reload.
Next.js will automatically load the latest version of your application in
the background when routing. For client-side navigation,
next/link
will temporarily function as a normal
<a>
tag.
If a new page (with an old version) has already been prefetched by
next/link
, Next.js will use the old version. Then, after
either a full page refresh or multiple client-side transitions, Next.js
will show the latest version.
Next.js can be deployed to any hosting provider that supports Node.js. This is the approach you should take if you’re using a custom server.
Make sure your package.json
has the "build"
and
"start"
scripts:
next build
builds the production application in the
.next
folder. After building, next start
starts
a Node.js server that supports
hybrid pages, serving both
statically generated and server-side rendered pages.
Next.js can be deployed to any hosting provider that supports Docker containers. You can use this approach when deploying to container orchestrators such as Kubernetes or HashiCorp Nomad, or when running inside a single node in any cloud provider.
Here is a multi-stage Dockerfile
using
node:alpine
that you can use:
# Install dependencies only when needed
FROM node:alpine AS deps
# Check https://github.com/nodejs/docker-node/tree/b4117f9333da4138b03a546ec926ef50a31506c3#nodealpine to understand why libc6-compat might be needed.
RUN apk add --no-cache libc6-compat
WORKDIR /app
COPY package.json yarn.lock ./
RUN yarn install --frozen-lockfile
# Rebuild the source code only when needed
FROM node:alpine AS builder
WORKDIR /app
COPY . .
COPY --from=deps /app/node_modules ./node_modules
RUN yarn build && yarn install --production --ignore-scripts --prefer-offline
# Production image, copy all the files and run next
FROM node:alpine AS runner
WORKDIR /app
ENV NODE_ENV production
RUN addgroup -g 1001 -S nodejs
RUN adduser -S nextjs -u 1001
# You only need to copy next.config.js if you are NOT using the default configuration
# COPY --from=builder /app/next.config.js ./
COPY --from=builder /app/public ./public
COPY --from=builder --chown=nextjs:nodejs /app/.next ./.next
COPY --from=builder /app/node_modules ./node_modules
COPY --from=builder /app/package.json ./package.json
USER nextjs
EXPOSE 3000
# Next.js collects completely anonymous telemetry data about general usage.
# Learn more here: https://nextjs.org/telemetry
# Uncomment the following line in case you want to disable telemetry.
# ENV NEXT_TELEMETRY_DISABLED 1
CMD ["yarn", "start"]
Make sure to place this Dockerfile in the root folder of your project.
You can build your container with
docker build . -t my-next-js-app
and run it with
docker run -p 3000:3000 my-next-js-app
.
If you’d like to do a static HTML export of your Next.js app, follow the directions on our documentation.


Web developer
At the very beggining of my professional carreer in 2009 I started as a web developer in a local company, since I started in the Automotive industry I took the web development as freelance and hobby, in 2020 I have a personal goal to become a Fullstack developer.
Frontend
- HTML
- CSS
- Javascript
- Bootstrap
Backend
- Python
- Golang
- PHP
- MySQL
- MongoDB
- PostgreSQL
Other skills and tools
- Linux
- Django
- WordPress
- jQuery
- Martini
- Docker
- Git
- VS Code


--- section: Glossary position: 1 exclude: true exclude_nav: true ---
Understanding the common terms used by the Steem blockchain is an important part of being able to build applications and tools that use it.
This section outlines several of the common terms.
More terms and information can be found on the steemit.com FAQ.


Programmatically select a range of cells on the grid. The options.selectable
parameter must be enabled for this to work.
If you don't pass it any parameters, all current selections will be deselected.
startRow
(integer)
- Index of the row on which to start the selection.
startCell
(integer)
- Index of the cell on which to start the selection.
endRow
(integer)
- Index of the row on which to end the selection.
endCell
(integer)
- Index of the cell on which to end the selection.
(object)
- A Doby Grid class instance
// Select cells (0,0) to (5,5)
new DobyGrid(...).selectCells(0, 0, 5, 5);
// Deselect everything
new DobyGrid(...).selectCells();


The Golf Think Tank is a golf blog that is designed to create more discussion around the mental side of the game.
Aswell as blogs about golf psychology, there are tips & tricks, equipment reviews and news about the world of golf.
We want to provide value to the reader, so that they can take this value and use it to improve there own game
The Golf Think Tank is made for golfers of all abilities From the 28 handicapper to the aspiring tour players.
 As Jack Nicklaus: arguably the greatest golfer of all time once said; "Golf is 80% mental, 10% ablity and 10% luck". So with such an big of the game being in the head, the psychological aspect should not be overlooked when learning the game.
The aim of this blog is to educate golfers on the mental side of golf, and how they can use this to improve their own game and ultimately shoots better scores.
Also this blog aims to keep the golfer updated on the world of golf, with tournement results, latest news and equipment reviews.


Dynamic Simulation Project
—Written in C++ using Qt
Page under construction
This page contains the code snippets for few unit operations. There are many mathematical models yet to be written(or rewritten) for variety of unit operations. This program is written in C++.
Currently, few mathematical models such as
I’m working on Flash sub-routines (Boston-Britt/ Russell’s inside-out algorithms) as well.
This project is still a work in progress and needs massive amount of work.
Updates to the this project will be very slow and intermittent. I’m experimenting with a lot of stuff and I’m not able to devote my entire free time to this project.
Thank you for your patience and understanding. Please follow this page for more updates!


{% load i18n %}
{{ _("Use the link below to set up a new password for your account.") }}
{{ _("If you did not request to reset your password, ignore this email and the link will expire on its own.") }}
{{ _("Your username, in case you’ve forgotten:") }} {{ user.get_username }}
{{ _("Thanks for using our site!") }}
{% blocktrans %}The {{ site_name }} team{% endblocktrans %}


Supercar maker Vector has the world's best website
by Rob BeschizzaVector made bizarre high-performance supercars that still command six-figure price tags decades after manufacture. Check out its amazing website. Note:
1. The wonder. The design. The impeccable taste.
2. The whole website is a single unclickable image, including the menu buttons. I just uploaded Vector's whole actual website as this post's "Featured Image."
In other words, Vector's website is exactly what it should be: a technically impractical concept design that looks cool but turns out to be an incomplete prototype.
Check out the Vector V8's dashboard/cockpit, replete with amber electroluminescent display.


Choose a student to manage conferences for that student:
{{#each root.FamilyPage}}
{{! It would take longer to figure out how to force the trailing slash to be
consistent so we can use a relative URL reliably... ~ Matt 2015-11-05 }}
Parent-teacher conferences for student: {{studentName}}
{{#each EnrollmentBlock}}
Class with {{teacherName}}:
{{#if ExistingMeetingBlock}}
{{#each ExistingMeetingBlock}}
meeting currently scheduled for {{formatDate time.[0]}}.
{{/each}}
{{else}}
available meeting times:


| Category: iterators | Component type: function |
inline output_iterator_tag iterator_category(const output_iterator&); template <class T, class Distance> inline input_iterator_tag iterator_category(const input_iterator<T, Distance>&); template <class T, class Distance> inline forward_iterator_tag iterator_category(const forward_iterator<T, Distance>&); template <class T, class Distance> inline bidirectional_iterator_tag iterator_category(const bidirectional_iterator<T, Distance>&); template <class T, class Distance> inline random_access_iterator_tag iterator_category(const random_access_iterator<T, Distance>&); template <class T> inline random_access_iterator_tag iterator_category(const T*);
Although iterator_category looks like a single function whose return type depends on its argument type, in reality it is a set of functions; the name iterator_category is overloaded. The function iterator_category must be overloaded for every iterator type.
In practice, ensuring that iterator_category is defined requires essentially no work at all. It is already defined for pointers, and for the base classes input_iterator, output_iterator, forward_iterator, bidirectional_iterator, and random_access_iterator. If you are implementing a new type of forward iterator, for example, you can simply derive it from the base class forward_iterator; this means that iterator_category (along with distance_type and value_type) will automatically be defined for your iterator. These base classes are empty: they contain no member functions or member variables, but only type information. Using them should therefore incur no overhead.
Note that, while the function iterator_category was present in the original STL, it is no longer present in the most recent draft C++ standard: it has been replaced by the iterator_traits class. At present both mechanisms are supported [3], but eventually iterator_category will be removed.
template <class BidirectionalIterator> void __reverse(BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator last, bidirectional_iterator_tag) { while (true) if (first == last || first == --last) return; else iter_swap(first++, last); } template <class RandomAccessIterator> void __reverse(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last, random_access_iterator_tag) { while (first < last) iter_swap(first++, --last); } template <class BidirectionalIterator> inline void reverse(BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator last) { __reverse(first, last, iterator_category(first)); }
[1] The STL also defines one other concept, Trivial Iterator. This concept is introduced only for conceptual clarity, however, in order to separate the axioms related to an object that refers to another object from those related to iteration over a range. In fact, the STL does not define any types that are Trivial Iterators. Although built-in C pointers may be Trivial Iterators, the C type system does not allow a distinction between pointers that are Trivial Iterators and pointers that are Random Access Iterators into C arrays. Consequently, there is no Trivial Iterator category tag.
[2] Any type that is a model of Forward Iterator is also a model of Input Iterator, any type that is a model of Bidirectional Iterator is also a model of Forward Iterator, and any type that is a model of Random Access Iterator is also a model of Bidirectional Iterator. Iterator_category must return a tag representing the most specific concept that its argument is a model of. If its argument is a vector::iterator, for example, then it must return random_access_iterator_tag.
[3] The iterator_traits class relies on a C++ feature known as partial specialization. Many of today's compilers don't implement the complete standard; in particular, many compilers do not support partial specialization. If your compiler does not support partial specialization, then you will not be able to use iterator_traits, and you will have to continue using the functions iterator_category, distance_type, and value_type. This is one reason that those functions have not yet been removed.


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