is the standard command interpreter for the system. The current version of
is in the process of being changed to conform with the
1003.2 and 1003.2a specifications for the shell. This version has many features which make it appear similar in some respects to the Korn shell, but it is not a Korn shell clone (see
Only features designated by
plus a few Berkeley extensions, are being incorporated into this shell. This man page is not intended to be a tutorial or a complete specification of the shell.
The shell is a command that reads lines from either a file or the terminal, interprets them, and generally executes other commands. It is the program that is running when a user logs into the system (although a user can select a different shell with the
command). The shell implements a language that has flow control constructs, a macro facility that provides a variety of features in addition to data storage, along with built in history and line editing capabilities. It incorporates many features to aid interactive use and has the advantage that the interpretative language is common to both interactive and non-interactive use (shell scripts). That is, commands can be typed directly to the running shell or can be put into a file and the file can be executed directly by the shell.
If no args are present and if the standard input of the shell is connected to a terminal (or if the
flag is set), and the
option is not present, the shell is considered an interactive shell. An interactive shell generally prompts before each command and handles programming and command errors differently (as described below). When first starting, the shell inspects argument 0, and if it begins with a dash
the shell is also considered a login shell. This is normally done automatically by the system when the user first logs in. A login shell first reads commands from the files
and
if they exist. If the environment variable
is set on entry to an interactive shell, or is set in the
of a login shell, the shell next reads commands from the file named in
Therefore, a user should place commands that are to be executed only at login time in the
file, and commands that are executed for every interactive shell inside the
file. To set the
variable to some file, place the following line in your
of your home directory
substituting for
any filename you wish.
If command line arguments besides the options have been specified, then the shell treats the first argument as the name of a file from which to read commands (a shell script), and the remaining arguments are set as the positional parameters of the shell ($1, $2, etc). Otherwise, the shell reads commands from its standard input.
All of the single letter options that have a corresponding name can be used as an argument to the
option. The set
name is provided next to the single letter option in the description below. Specifying a dash
turns the option on, while using a plus
disables the option. The following options can be set from the command line or with the
builtin (described later).
Export all variables assigned to.
Read commands from the
operand instead of from the standard input. Special parameter 0 will be set from the
operand and the positional parameters ($1, $2, etc.) set from the remaining argument operands.
Don't overwrite existing files with
If not interactive, exit immediately if any untested command fails. The exit status of a command is considered to be explicitly tested if the command is used to control an
or
or if the command is the left hand operand of an
or
operator.
Disable pathname expansion.
If not interactive, read commands but do not execute them. This is useful for checking the syntax of shell scripts.
Write a message to standard error when attempting to expand a variable that is not set, and if the shell is not interactive, exit immediately.
The shell writes its input to standard error as it is read. Useful for debugging.
Write each command to standard error (preceded by a
before it is executed. Useful for debugging.
Ignore EOF's from input when interactive.
Force the shell to behave interactively.
Make dash act as if it had been invoked as a login shell.
Turn on job control (set automatically when interactive).
Read commands from standard input (set automatically if no file arguments are present). This option has no effect when set after the shell has already started running (i.e. with
Enable the built-in
command line editor (disables
if it has been set).
Enable the built-in
command line editor (disables
if it has been set).
Enable asynchronous notification of background job completion. (UNIMPLEMENTED for 4.4alpha)
The shell reads input in terms of lines from a file and breaks it up into words at whitespace (blanks and tabs), and at certain sequences of characters that are special to the shell called
There are two types of operators: control operators and redirection operators (their meaning is discussed later). Following is a list of operators:
Quoting is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters or words to the shell, such as operators, whitespace, or keywords. There are three types of quoting: matched single quotes, matched double quotes, and backslash.
A backslash preserves the literal meaning of the following character, with the exception of
A backslash preceding a
is treated as a line continuation.
Enclosing characters in single quotes preserves the literal meaning of all the characters (except single quotes, making it impossible to put single-quotes in a single-quoted string).
Enclosing characters within double quotes preserves the literal meaning of all characters except dollarsign
backquote
and backslash
The backslash inside double quotes is historically weird, and serves to quote only the following characters:
Reserved words are words that have special meaning to the shell and are recognized at the beginning of a line and after a control operator. The following are reserved words:
Their meaning is discussed later.
An alias is a name and corresponding value set using the
builtin command. Whenever a reserved word may occur (see above), and after checking for reserved words, the shell checks the word to see if it matches an alias. If it does, it replaces it in the input stream with its value. For example, if there is an alias called
with the value
then the input:
would become
Aliases provide a convenient way for naive users to create shorthands for commands without having to learn how to create functions with arguments. They can also be used to create lexically obscure code. This use is discouraged.
The shell interprets the words it reads according to a language, the specification of which is outside the scope of this man page (refer to the BNF in the
1003.2 document). Essentially though, a line is read and if the first word of the line (or after a control operator) is not a reserved word, then the shell has recognized a simple command. Otherwise, a complex command or some other special construct may have been recognized.
If a simple command has been recognized, the shell performs the following actions:
Leading words of the form
are stripped off and assigned to the environment of the simple command. Redirection operators and their arguments (as described below) are stripped off and saved for processing.
The remaining words are expanded as described in the section called
and the first remaining word is considered the command name and the command is located. The remaining words are considered the arguments of the command. If no command name resulted, then the
variable assignments recognized in item 1 affect the current shell.
Redirections are performed as described in the next section.
Redirections are used to change where a command reads its input or sends its output. In general, redirections open, close, or duplicate an existing reference to a file. The overall format used for redirection is:
where
is one of the redirection operators mentioned previously. Following is a list of the possible redirections. The
is an optional number, as in
(not
that refers to a file descriptor.
Redirect standard output (or n) to file.
Same, but override the
option.
Append standard output (or n) to file.
Redirect standard input (or n) from file.
Duplicate standard input (or n1) from file descriptor n2.
Close standard input (or n).
Duplicate standard output (or n1) to n2.
Close standard output (or n).
Open file for reading and writing on standard input (or n).
The following redirection is often called a
All the text on successive lines up to the delimiter is saved away and made available to the command on standard input, or file descriptor n if it is specified. If the delimiter as specified on the initial line is quoted, then the here-doc-text is treated literally, otherwise the text is subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion (as described in the section on
If the operator is
instead of
then leading tabs in the here-doc-text are stripped.
There are three types of commands: shell functions, builtin commands, and normal programs -- and the command is searched for (by name) in that order. They each are executed in a different way.
When a shell function is executed, all of the shell positional parameters (except $0, which remains unchanged) are set to the arguments of the shell function. The variables which are explicitly placed in the environment of the command (by placing assignments to them before the function name) are made local to the function and are set to the values given. Then the command given in the function definition is executed. The positional parameters are restored to their original values when the command completes. This all occurs within the current shell.
Shell builtins are executed internally to the shell, without spawning a new process.
Otherwise, if the command name doesn't match a function or builtin, the command is searched for as a normal program in the file system (as described in the next section). When a normal program is executed, the shell runs the program, passing the arguments and the environment to the program. If the program is not a normal executable file (i.e., if it does not begin with the "magic number" whose
representation is "#!", so
returns
then) the shell will interpret the program in a subshell. The child shell will reinitialize itself in this case, so that the effect will be as if a new shell had been invoked to handle the ad-hoc shell script, except that the location of hashed commands located in the parent shell will be remembered by the child.
Note that previous versions of this document and the source code itself misleadingly and sporadically refer to a shell script without a magic number as a "shell procedure".
When locating a command, the shell first looks to see if it has a shell function by that name. Then it looks for a builtin command by that name. If a builtin command is not found, one of two things happen:
Command names containing a slash are simply executed without performing any searches.
The shell searches each entry in
in turn for the command. The value of the
variable should be a series of entries separated by colons. Each entry consists of a directory name. The current directory may be indicated implicitly by an empty directory name, or explicitly by a single period.
Each command has an exit status that can influence the behaviour of other shell commands. The paradigm is that a command exits with zero for normal or success, and non-zero for failure, error, or a false indication. The man page for each command should indicate the various exit codes and what they mean. Additionally, the builtin commands return exit codes, as does an executed shell function.
If a command consists entirely of variable assignments then the exit status of the command is that of the last command substitution if any, otherwise 0.
Complex commands are combinations of simple commands with control operators or reserved words, together creating a larger complex command. More generally, a command is one of the following:
simple command
pipeline
list or compound-list
compound command
function definition
Unless otherwise stated, the exit status of a command is that of the last simple command executed by the command.
A pipeline is a sequence of one or more commands separated by the control operator |. The standard output of all but the last command is connected to the standard input of the next command. The standard output of the last command is inherited from the shell, as usual.
The format for a pipeline is:
The standard output of command1 is connected to the standard input of command2. The standard input, standard output, or both of a command is considered to be assigned by the pipeline before any redirection specified by redirection operators that are part of the command.
If the pipeline is not in the background (discussed later), the shell waits for all commands to complete.
If the reserved word ! does not precede the pipeline, the exit status is the exit status of the last command specified in the pipeline. Otherwise, the exit status is the logical NOT of the exit status of the last command. That is, if the last command returns zero, the exit status is 1; if the last command returns greater than zero, the exit status is zero.
Because pipeline assignment of standard input or standard output or both takes place before redirection, it can be modified by redirection. For example:
sends both the standard output and standard error of command1 to the standard input of command2.
A ; or
terminator causes the preceding AND-OR-list (described next) to be executed sequentially; a & causes asynchronous execution of the preceding AND-OR-list.
Note that unlike some other shells, each process in the pipeline is a child of the invoking shell (unless it is a shell builtin, in which case it executes in the current shell -- but any effect it has on the environment is wiped).
If a command is terminated by the control operator ampersand (&), the shell executes the command asynchronously -- that is, the shell does not wait for the command to finish before executing the next command.
The format for running a command in background is:
If the shell is not interactive, the standard input of an asynchronous command is set to
A list is a sequence of zero or more commands separated by newlines, semicolons, or ampersands, and optionally terminated by one of these three characters. The commands in a list are executed in the order they are written. If command is followed by an ampersand, the shell starts the command and immediately proceed onto the next command; otherwise it waits for the command to terminate before proceeding to the next one.
and
are AND-OR list operators.
executes the first command, and then executes the second command iff the exit status of the first command is zero.
is similar, but executes the second command iff the exit status of the first command is nonzero.
and
The syntax of the if command is
if list then list [ elif list then list ] ... [ else list ] fi
The syntax of the while command is
while list do list done
The two lists are executed repeatedly while the exit status of the first list is zero. The until command is similar, but has the word until in place of while, which causes it to repeat until the exit status of the first list is zero.
The syntax of the for command is
for variable [ in [ word ... ] ] do list done
The words following
are expanded, and then the list is executed repeatedly with the variable set to each word in turn. Omitting in word ... is equivalent to in "$@".
The syntax of the break and continue command is
break [ num ] continue [ num ]
Break terminates the num innermost for or while loops. Continue continues with the next iteration of the innermost loop. These are implemented as builtin commands.
The syntax of the case command is
case word in [(]pattern) list ;; ... esac
The pattern can actually be one or more patterns (see
described later), separated by
characters. The
(
character before the pattern is optional.
Commands may be grouped by writing either
or
The first of these executes the commands in a subshell. Builtin commands grouped into a (list) will not affect the current shell. The second form does not fork another shell so is slightly more efficient. Grouping commands together this way allows you to redirect their output as though they were one program:
{ printf *q hello *q ; printf *q world\n" ; } *[Gt] greeting
Note that
must follow a control operator (here,
so that it is recognized as a reserved word and not as another command argument.
The syntax of a function definition is
A function definition is an executable statement; when executed it installs a function named name and returns an exit status of zero. The command is normally a list enclosed between
and
Variables may be declared to be local to a function by using a local command. This should appear as the first statement of a function, and the syntax is
Local is implemented as a builtin command.
When a variable is made local, it inherits the initial value and exported and readonly flags from the variable with the same name in the surrounding scope, if there is one. Otherwise, the variable is initially unset. The shell uses dynamic scoping, so that if you make the variable x local to function f, which then calls function g, references to the variable x made inside g will refer to the variable x declared inside f, not to the global variable named x.
The only special parameter that can be made local is
Making
local any shell options that are changed via the set command inside the function to be restored to their original values when the function returns.
The syntax of the return command is
It terminates the currently executing function. Return is implemented as a builtin command.
The shell maintains a set of parameters. A parameter denoted by a name is called a variable. When starting up, the shell turns all the environment variables into shell variables. New variables can be set using the form
Variables set by the user must have a name consisting solely of alphabetics, numerics, and underscores - the first of which must not be numeric. A parameter can also be denoted by a number or a special character as explained below.
A positional parameter is a parameter denoted by a number (n *[Gt] 0). The shell sets these initially to the values of its command line arguments that follow the name of the shell script. The
builtin can also be used to set or reset them.
A special parameter is a parameter denoted by one of the following special characters. The value of the parameter is listed next to its character.
Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When the expansion occurs within a double-quoted string it expands to a single field with the value of each parameter separated by the first character of the
variable, or by a
if
is unset.
Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one. When the expansion occurs within double-quotes, each positional parameter expands as a separate argument. If there are no positional parameters, the expansion of @ generates zero arguments, even when @ is double-quoted. What this basically means, for example, is if $1 is
and $2 is
then
expands to the two arguments:
Expands to the number of positional parameters.
Expands to the exit status of the most recent pipeline.
Expands to the current option flags (the single-letter option names concatenated into a string) as specified on invocation, by the set builtin command, or implicitly by the shell.
Expands to the process ID of the invoked shell. A subshell retains the same value of $ as its parent.
Expands to the process ID of the most recent background command executed from the current shell. For a pipeline, the process ID is that of the last command in the pipeline.
Expands to the name of the shell or shell script.
This clause describes the various expansions that are performed on words. Not all expansions are performed on every word, as explained later.
Tilde expansions, parameter expansions, command substitutions, arithmetic expansions, and quote removals that occur within a single word expand to a single field. It is only field splitting or pathname expansion that can create multiple fields from a single word. The single exception to this rule is the expansion of the special parameter @ within double-quotes, as was described above.
The order of word expansion is:
Tilde Expansion, Parameter Expansion, Command Substitution, Arithmetic Expansion (these all occur at the same time).
Field Splitting is performed on fields generated by step (1) unless the
variable is null.
Pathname Expansion (unless set
is in effect).
Quote Removal.
The $ character is used to introduce parameter expansion, command substitution, or arithmetic evaluation.
A word beginning with an unquoted tilde character (~) is subjected to tilde expansion. All the characters up to a slash (/) or the end of the word are treated as a username and are replaced with the user's home directory. If the username is missing (as in
the tilde is replaced with the value of the
variable (the current user's home directory).
The format for parameter expansion is as follows:
where expression consists of all characters until the matching
Any
escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and characters in embedded arithmetic expansions, command substitutions, and variable expansions, are not examined in determining the matching
The simplest form for parameter expansion is:
The value, if any, of parameter is substituted.
The parameter name or symbol can be enclosed in braces, which are optional except for positional parameters with more than one digit or when parameter is followed by a character that could be interpreted as part of the name. If a parameter expansion occurs inside double-quotes:
Pathname expansion is not performed on the results of the expansion.
Field splitting is not performed on the results of the expansion, with the exception of @.
In addition, a parameter expansion can be modified by using one of the following formats.
Use Default Values. If parameter is unset or null, the expansion of word is substituted; otherwise, the value of parameter is substituted.
Assign Default Values. If parameter is unset or null, the expansion of word is assigned to parameter. In all cases, the final value of parameter is substituted. Only variables, not positional parameters or special parameters, can be assigned in this way.
Indicate Error if Null or Unset. If parameter is unset or null, the expansion of word (or a message indicating it is unset if word is omitted) is written to standard error and the shell exits with a nonzero exit status. Otherwise, the value of parameter is substituted. An interactive shell need not exit.
Use Alternative Value. If parameter is unset or null, null is substituted; otherwise, the expansion of word is substituted.
In the parameter expansions shown previously, use of the colon in the format results in a test for a parameter that is unset or null; omission of the colon results in a test for a parameter that is only unset.
String Length. The length in characters of the value of parameter.
The following four varieties of parameter expansion provide for substring processing. In each case, pattern matching notation (see
rather than regular expression notation, is used to evaluate the patterns. If parameter is * or @, the result of the expansion is unspecified. Enclosing the full parameter expansion string in double-quotes does not cause the following four varieties of pattern characters to be quoted, whereas quoting characters within the braces has this effect.
Remove Smallest Suffix Pattern. The word is expanded to produce a pattern. The parameter expansion then results in parameter, with the smallest portion of the suffix matched by the pattern deleted.
Remove Largest Suffix Pattern. The word is expanded to produce a pattern. The parameter expansion then results in parameter, with the largest portion of the suffix matched by the pattern deleted.
Remove Smallest Prefix Pattern. The word is expanded to produce a pattern. The parameter expansion then results in parameter, with the smallest portion of the prefix matched by the pattern deleted.
Remove Largest Prefix Pattern. The word is expanded to produce a pattern. The parameter expansion then results in parameter, with the largest portion of the prefix matched by the pattern deleted.
Command substitution allows the output of a command to be substituted in place of the command name itself. Command substitution occurs when the command is enclosed as follows:
or
version
The shell expands the command substitution by executing command in a subshell environment and replacing the command substitution with the standard output of the command, removing sequences of one or more
at the end of the substitution. (Embedded
before the end of the output are not removed; however, during field splitting, they may be translated into
depending on the value of
and quoting that is in effect.)
Arithmetic expansion provides a mechanism for evaluating an arithmetic expression and substituting its value. The format for arithmetic expansion is as follows:
The expression is treated as if it were in double-quotes, except that a double-quote inside the expression is not treated specially. The shell expands all tokens in the expression for parameter expansion, command substitution, and quote removal.
Next, the shell treats this as an arithmetic expression and substitutes the value of the expression.
After parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion the shell scans the results of expansions and substitutions that did not occur in double-quotes for field splitting and multiple fields can result.
The shell treats each character of the
as a delimiter and uses the delimiters to split the results of parameter expansion and command substitution into fields.
Unless the
flag is set, file name generation is performed after word splitting is complete. Each word is viewed as a series of patterns, separated by slashes. The process of expansion replaces the word with the names of all existing files whose names can be formed by replacing each pattern with a string that matches the specified pattern. There are two restrictions on this: first, a pattern cannot match a string containing a slash, and second, a pattern cannot match a string starting with a period unless the first character of the pattern is a period. The next section describes the patterns used for both Pathname Expansion and the
A pattern consists of normal characters, which match themselves, and meta-characters. The meta-characters are
and
These characters lose their special meanings if they are quoted. When command or variable substitution is performed and the dollar sign or back quotes are not double quoted, the value of the variable or the output of the command is scanned for these characters and they are turned into meta-characters.
An asterisk
matches any string of characters. A question mark matches any single character. A left bracket
introduces a character class. The end of the character class is indicated by a
if the
is missing then the
matches a
rather than introducing a character class. A character class matches any of the characters between the square brackets. A range of characters may be specified using a minus sign. The character class may be complemented by making an exclamation point the first character of the character class.
To include a
in a character class, make it the first character listed (after the
if any). To include a minus sign, make it the first or last character listed.
This section lists the builtin commands which are builtin because they need to perform some operation that can't be performed by a separate process. In addition to these, there are several other commands that may be builtin for efficiency (e.g.
etc).
A null command that returns a 0 (true) exit value.
The commands in the specified file are read and executed by the shell.
If
is specified, the shell defines the alias
with value
If just
is specified, the value of the alias
is printed. With no arguments, the
builtin prints the names and values of all defined aliases (see
Continue the specified jobs (or the current job if no jobs are given) in the background.
Execute the specified command but ignore shell functions when searching for it. (This is useful when you have a shell function with the same name as a builtin command.)
search for command using a
that guarantees to find all the standard utilities.
Do not execute the command but search for the command and print the resolution of the command search. This is the same as the type builtin.
Do not execute the command but search for the command and print the absolute pathname of utilities, the name for builtins or the expansion of aliases.
Switch to the specified directory (default
If an entry for
appears in the environment of the
command or the shell variable
is set and the directory name does not begin with a slash, then the directories listed in
will be searched for the specified directory. The format of
is the same as that of
If a single dash is specified as the argument, it will be replaced by the value of
The
command will print out the name of the directory that it actually switched to if this is different from the name that the user gave. These may be different either because the
mechanism was used or because the argument is a single dash. The
option causes the physical directory structure to be used, that is, all symbolic links are resolved to their respective values. The
option turns off the effect of any preceding
options.
Print the arguments on the standard output, separated by spaces. Unless the
option is present, a newline is output following the arguments.
If any of the following sequences of characters is encountered during output, the sequence is not output. Instead, the specified action is performed:
A backspace character is output.
Subsequent output is suppressed. This is normally used at the end of the last argument to suppress the trailing newline that
would otherwise output.
Output a form feed.
Output a newline character.
Output a carriage return.
Output a (horizontal) tab character.
Output a vertical tab.
Output the character whose value is given by zero to three octal digits. If there are zero digits, a nul character is output.
Output a backslash.
All other backslash sequences elicit undefined behaviour.
Concatenate all the arguments with spaces. Then re-parse and execute the command.
Unless command is omitted, the shell process is replaced with the specified program (which must be a real program, not a shell builtin or function). Any redirections on the
command are marked as permanent, so that they are not undone when the
command finishes.
Terminate the shell process. If
is given it is used as the exit status of the shell; otherwise the exit status of the preceding command is used.
The specified names are exported so that they will appear in the environment of subsequent commands. The only way to un-export a variable is to unset it. The shell allows the value of a variable to be set at the same time it is exported by writing
With no arguments the export command lists the names of all exported variables. With the
option specified the output will be formatted suitably for non-interactive use.
The
builtin lists, or edits and re-executes, commands previously entered to an interactive shell.
Use the editor named by editor to edit the commands. The editor string is a command name, subject to search via the
variable. The value in the
variable is used as a default when
is not specified. If
is null or unset, the value of the
variable is used. If
is null or unset,
is used as the editor.
List the commands rather than invoking an editor on them. The commands are written in the sequence indicated by the first and last operands, as affected by
with each command preceded by the command number.
Suppress command numbers when listing with -l.
Reverse the order of the commands listed (with
or edited (with neither
nor
Re-execute the command without invoking an editor.
Select the commands to list or edit. The number of previous commands that can be accessed are determined by the value of the
variable. The value of first or last or both are one of the following:
A positive number representing a command number; command numbers can be displayed with the
option.
A negative decimal number representing the command that was executed number of commands previously. For example, -1 is the immediately previous command.
A string indicating the most recently entered command that begins with that string. If the old=new operand is not also specified with
the string form of the first operand cannot contain an embedded equal sign.
The following environment variables affect the execution of fc:
Name of the editor to use.
The number of previous commands that are accessible.
Move the specified job or the current job to the foreground.
The
command, not to be confused with the
-derived
The first argument should be a series of letters, each of which may be optionally followed by a colon to indicate that the option requires an argument. The variable specified is set to the parsed option.
The
command deprecates the older
utility due to its handling of arguments containing whitespace.
The
builtin may be used to obtain options and their arguments from a list of parameters. When invoked,
places the value of the next option from the option string in the list in the shell variable specified by
and its index in the shell variable
When the shell is invoked,
is initialized to 1. For each option that requires an argument, the
builtin will place it in the shell variable
If an option is not allowed for in the
then
will be unset.
is a string of recognized option letters (see
If a letter is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an argument which may or may not be separated from it by white space. If an option character is not found where expected,
will set the variable
to a
will then unset
and write output to standard error. By specifying a colon as the first character of
all errors will be ignored.
A nonzero value is returned when the last option is reached. If there are no remaining arguments,
will set
to the special option,
otherwise, it will set
to
The following code fragment shows how one might process the arguments for a command that can take the options
and
and the option
which requires an argument.
while getopts abc: f do case $f in a | b) flag=$f;; c) carg=$OPTARG;; \?) echo $USAGE; exit 1;; esac done shift `expr $OPTIND - 1`
This code will accept any of the following as equivalent:
cmd -acarg file file cmd -a -c arg file file cmd -carg -a file file cmd -a -carg -- file file
The shell maintains a hash table which remembers the locations of commands. With no arguments whatsoever, the
command prints out the contents of this table. Entries which have not been looked at since the last
command are marked with an asterisk; it is possible for these entries to be invalid.
With arguments, the
command removes the specified commands from the hash table (unless they are functions) and then locates them. With the
option, hash prints the locations of the commands as it finds them. The
option causes the hash command to delete all the entries in the hash table except for functions.
builtin command remembers what the current directory is rather than recomputing it each time. This makes it faster. However, if the current directory is renamed, the builtin version of
will continue to print the old name for the directory. The
option causes the physical value of the current working directory to be shown, that is, all symbolic links are resolved to their respective values. The
option turns off the effect of any preceding
options.
The prompt is printed if the
option is specified and the standard input is a terminal. Then a line is read from the standard input. The trailing newline is deleted from the line and the line is split as described in the section on word splitting above, and the pieces are assigned to the variables in order. At least one variable must be specified. If there are more pieces than variables, the remaining pieces (along with the characters in
that separated them) are assigned to the last variable. If there are more variables than pieces, the remaining variables are assigned the null string. The
builtin will indicate success unless EOF is encountered on input, in which case failure is returned.
By default, unless the
option is specified, the backslash
acts as an escape character, causing the following character to be treated literally. If a backslash is followed by a newline, the backslash and the newline will be deleted.
The specified names are marked as read only, so that they cannot be subsequently modified or unset. The shell allows the value of a variable to be set at the same time it is marked read only by writing
With no arguments the readonly command lists the names of all read only variables. With the
option specified the output will be formatted suitably for non-interactive use.
formats and prints its arguments, after the first, under control of the
The
is a character string which contains three types of objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard output, character escape sequences which are converted and copied to the standard output, and format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successive
The
after the first are treated as strings if the corresponding format is either
or
otherwise it is evaluated as a C constant, with the following extensions:
A leading plus or minus sign is allowed.
If the leading character is a single or double quote, the value is the
code of the next character.
The format string is reused as often as necessary to satisfy the
Any extra format specifications are evaluated with zero or the null string.
Character escape sequences are in backslash notation as defined in
The characters and their meanings are as follows:
Write a *[Lt]bell*[Gt] character.
Write a *[Lt]backspace*[Gt] character.
Write a *[Lt]form-feed*[Gt] character.
Write a *[Lt]new-line*[Gt] character.
Write a *[Lt]carriage return*[Gt] character.
Write a *[Lt]tab*[Gt] character.
Write a *[Lt]vertical tab*[Gt] character.
Write a backslash character.
Write an 8-bit character whose
value is the 1-, 2-, or 3-digit octal number
Each format specification is introduced by the percent character (``%''). The remainder of the format specification includes, in the following order:
A `#' character specifying that the value should be printed in an ``alternative form''. For
and
formats, this option has no effect. For the
format the precision of the number is increased to force the first character of the output string to a zero. For the
format, a non-zero result has the string
prepended to it. For
and
formats, the result will always contain a decimal point, even if no digits follow the point (normally, a decimal point only appears in the results of those formats if a digit follows the decimal point). For
and
formats, trailing zeros are not removed from the result as they would otherwise be.
A minus sign `-' which specifies
of the output in the indicated field;
A `+' character specifying that there should always be a sign placed before the number when using signed formats.
A space specifying that a blank should be left before a positive number for a signed format. A `+' overrides a space if both are used;
A zero `0' character indicating that zero-padding should be used rather than blank-padding. A `-' overrides a `0' if both are used;
An optional digit string specifying a
if the output string has fewer characters than the field width it will be blank-padded on the left (or right, if the left-adjustment indicator has been given) to make up the field width (note that a leading zero is a flag, but an embedded zero is part of a field width);
An optional period,
followed by an optional digit string giving a
which specifies the number of digits to appear after the decimal point, for
and
formats, or the maximum number of characters to be printed from a string
and
formats); if the digit string is missing, the precision is treated as zero;
A character which indicates the type of format to use (one of
A field width or precision may be
instead of a digit string. In this case an
supplies the field width or precision.
The format characters and their meanings are:
The
is printed as a signed decimal (d or i), unsigned octal, unsigned decimal, or unsigned hexadecimal (X or x), respectively.
The
is printed in the style
where the number of d's after the decimal point is equal to the precision specification for the argument. If the precision is missing, 6 digits are given; if the precision is explicitly 0, no digits and no decimal point are printed.
The
is printed in the style
where there is one digit before the decimal point and the number after is equal to the precision specification for the argument; when the precision is missing, 6 digits are produced. An upper-case E is used for an `E' format.
The
is printed in style
or in style
whichever gives full precision in minimum space.
Characters from the string
are printed with backslash-escape sequences expanded.
The following additional backslash-escape sequences are supported:
Causes
to ignore any remaining characters in the string operand containing it, any remaining string operands, and any additional characters in the format operand.
Write an 8-bit character whose
value is the 1-, 2-, or 3-digit octal number
The first character of
is printed.
Characters from the string
are printed until the end is reached or until the number of characters indicated by the precision specification is reached; if the precision is omitted, all characters in the string are printed.
Print a `%'; no argument is used.
In no case does a non-existent or small field width cause truncation of a field; padding takes place only if the specified field width exceeds the actual width.
The
command performs three different functions.
With no arguments, it lists the values of all shell variables.
If options are given, it sets the specified option flags, or clears them as described in the section called
As a special case, if the option is -o or +o and no argument is supplied, the shell prints the settings of all its options. If the option is -o, the settings are printed in a human-readable format; if the option is +o, the settings are printed in a format suitable for reinput to the shell to affect the same option settings.
The third use of the set command is to set the values of the shell's positional parameters to the specified args. To change the positional parameters without changing any options, use
as the first argument to set. If no args are present, the set command will clear all the positional parameters (equivalent to executing
Shift the positional parameters n times. A
sets the value of
to the value of
the value of
to the value of
and so on, decreasing the value of
by one. If n is greater than the number of positional parameters,
will issue an error message, and exit with return status 2.
The
utility evaluates the expression and, if it evaluates to true, returns a zero (true) exit status; otherwise it returns 1 (false). If there is no expression, test also returns 1 (false).
All operators and flags are separate arguments to the
utility.
The following primaries are used to construct expression:
True if
exists and is a block special file.
True if
exists and is a character special file.
True if
exists and is a directory.
True if
exists (regardless of type).
True if
exists and is a regular file.
True if
exists and its set group ID flag is set.
True if
exists and is a symbolic link.
True if
exists and its sticky bit is set.
True if the length of
is nonzero.
True if
is a named pipe
True if
exists and is readable.
True if
exists and has a size greater than zero.
True if the file whose file descriptor number is
is open and is associated with a terminal.
True if
exists and its set user ID flag is set.
True if
exists and is writable. True indicates only that the write flag is on. The file is not writable on a read-only file system even if this test indicates true.
True if
exists and is executable. True indicates only that the execute flag is on. If
is a directory, true indicates that
can be searched.
True if the length of
is zero.
True if
exists and is a symbolic link. This operator is retained for compatibility with previous versions of this program. Do not rely on its existence; use
instead.
True if
exists and its owner matches the effective user id of this process.
True if
exists and its group matches the effective group id of this process.
True if
exists and is a socket.
True if
and
exist and
is newer than
True if
and
exist and
is older than
True if
and
exist and refer to the same file.
True if
is not the null string.
True if the strings
and
are identical.
True if the strings
and
are not identical.
True if string
comes before
based on the ASCII value of their characters.
True if string
comes after
based on the ASCII value of their characters.
True if the integers
and
are algebraically equal.
True if the integers
and
are not algebraically equal.
True if the integer
is algebraically greater than the integer
True if the integer
is algebraically greater than or equal to the integer
True if the integer
is algebraically less than the integer
True if the integer
is algebraically less than or equal to the integer
These primaries can be combined with the following operators:
True if
is false.
True if both
and
are true.
True if either
or
are true.
True if expression is true.
The
operator has higher precedence than the
operator.
Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for processes run from the shell. The return status is 0.
Cause the shell to parse and execute action when any of the specified signals are received. The signals are specified by signal number or as the name of the signal. If
is
the action is executed when the shell exits.
may be null, which cause the specified signals to be ignored. With
omitted or set to `-' the specified signals are set to their default action. When the shell forks off a subshell, it resets trapped (but not ignored) signals to the default action. The
command has no effect on signals that were ignored on entry to the shell.
without any arguments cause it to write a list of signals and their associated action to the standard output in a format that is suitable as an input to the shell that achieves the same trapping results.
Examples:
List trapped signals and their corresponding action
Ignore signals INT QUIT TSTP USR1
Print date upon receiving signal INT
Interpret each name as a command and print the resolution of the command search. Possible resolutions are: shell keyword, alias, shell builtin, command, tracked alias and not found. For aliases the alias expansion is printed; for commands and tracked aliases the complete pathname of the command is printed.
Inquire about or set the hard or soft limits on processes or set new limits. The choice between hard limit (which no process is allowed to violate, and which may not be raised once it has been lowered) and soft limit (which causes processes to be signaled but not necessarily killed, and which may be raised) is made with these flags:
set or inquire about hard limits
set or inquire about soft limits. If neither
nor
is specified, the soft limit is displayed or both limits are set. If both are specified, the last one wins.
The limit to be interrogated or set, then, is chosen by specifying any one of these flags:
show all the current limits
show or set the limit on CPU time (in seconds)
show or set the limit on the largest file that can be created (in 512-byte blocks)
show or set the limit on the data segment size of a process (in kilobytes)
show or set the limit on the stack size of a process (in kilobytes)
show or set the limit on the largest core dump size that can be produced (in 512-byte blocks)
show or set the limit on the total physical memory that can be in use by a process (in kilobytes)
show or set the limit on how much memory a process can lock with
(in kilobytes)
show or set the limit on the number of processes this user can have at one time
show or set the limit on the number files a process can have open at once
If none of these is specified, it is the limit on file size that is shown or set. If value is specified, the limit is set to that number; otherwise the current limit is displayed.
Limits of an arbitrary process can be displayed or set using the
utility.
Set the value of umask (see
to the specified octal value. If the argument is omitted, the umask value is printed.
If
is specified, the shell removes that alias. If
is specified, all aliases are removed.
The specified variables and functions are unset and unexported. If
or
is specified, the corresponding function or variable is unset, respectively. If a given name corresponds to both a variable and a function, and no options are given, only the variable is unset.
Wait for the specified job to complete and return the exit status of the last process in the job. If the argument is omitted, wait for all jobs to complete and the return an exit status of zero.
When
is being used interactively from a terminal, the current command and the command history (see
in
can be edited using vi-mode command-line editing. This mode uses commands, described below, similar to a subset of those described in the vi man page. The command
enables vi-mode editing and place sh into vi insert mode. With vi-mode enabled, sh can be switched between insert mode and command mode. The editor is not described in full here, but will be in a later document. It's similar to vi: typing
will throw you into command VI command mode. Hitting
while in command mode will pass the line to the shell.
Errors that are detected by the shell, such as a syntax error, will cause the shell to exit with a non-zero exit status. If the shell is not an interactive shell, the execution of the shell file will be aborted. Otherwise the shell will return the exit status of the last command executed, or if the exit builtin is used with a numeric argument, it will return the argument.
Set automatically by
from the user's login directory in the password file
This environment variable also functions as the default argument for the cd builtin.
The default search path for executables. See the above section
The search path used with the cd builtin.
The name of a mail file, that will be checked for the arrival of new mail. Overridden by
The frequency in seconds that the shell checks for the arrival of mail in the files specified by the
or the
file. If set to 0, the check will occur at each prompt.
A colon
separated list of file names, for the shell to check for incoming mail. This environment setting overrides the
setting. There is a maximum of 10 mailboxes that can be monitored at once.
The primary prompt string, which defaults to
unless you are the superuser, in which case it defaults to
The secondary prompt string, which defaults to
Output before each line when execution trace (set -x) is enabled, defaults to
Input Field Separators. This is normally set to
and
See the
section for more details.
The default terminal setting for the shell. This is inherited by children of the shell, and is used in the history editing modes.
The number of lines in the history buffer for the shell.
The logical value of the current working directory. This is set by the
command.
The previous logical value of the current working directory. This is set by the
command.
The process ID of the parent process of the shell.
is a POSIX-compliant implementation of /bin/sh that aims to be as small as possible.
is a direct descendant of the NetBSD version of ash (the Almquist SHell), ported to Linux in early 1997. It was renamed to
Setuid shell scripts should be avoided at all costs, as they are a significant security risk.
PS1, PS2, and PS4 should be subject to parameter expansion before being displayed.


Oct 8, 2013. Michelle Williams might be one of Hollywood's most-talented actresses, but. her daughter, Matilda Ledger, has yet to realize why her mommy is
Oct 18, 2013 Matilda Ledger spotted wearing a t-shirt bearing a picture of her mum Michelle Williams on it
Oct 17, 2013 From Yahoo omg!: Matilda Ledger has been bewitched. The 7-year-old daughter of actress Michelle Williams and late actor Heath Ledger Michelle Ingrid Williams (born September. 9, 1980) is an American actress In 2005, Williams gave birth to their daughter Matilda Rose Ledger, whom she 2 days ago Michelle Williams is all bundled up while taking a stroll with her Halloween spirited daughter Matilda on Thursday (October 25) in New York
2 days. ago. Michelle Williams: Matilda Channels. a Cute Pumpkin! Michelle Williams. michelle williams bronx zoo jason. segel matilda ledger 01 michelle Oct 18, 2013 Matilda Ledger is proud that her mother. is the only good witch in all of Oz.
Oct 17, 2013. Too cute! While out with mom Michelle Williams in Brooklyn this week, Matilda Ledger sported an a Oct 17, 2013. The seven-year-old was spotted proudly wearing a T-shirt. from her mother's film Oz: The Great And Powerful New York on Wednesday Oct 18, 2013 Get your fix of breaking news and cute photos of celebrity. babies, kids, moms and more with the PEOPLE com Celebrity Baby Blog Oct 19, 2013. So cute! Michelle Williams' daughter Matilda Ledger, 7, wears t-shirt. featuring an image of Williams as Glinda the Good Witch from Oz -- pic On her very special day, there was only one person this mommy wanted to hang with! Michelle Williams was spotted with her adorable little girl Matilda Ledger in
275 Michelle Williams Matilda Ledger pictures Check out the latest pictures, photos and images of Michelle Williams and Matilda Ledger. Updated: September
Matilda Ledger Michelle Williams Celebrates. Her Birthday with Matilda Matilda Ledger Jason Segel and Michelle Williams Take Matilda to the Bronx Zoo A blog about the wonderful daughter of. Michelle Williams and Heath Ledger. Yes, perhaps you do have a point and Heath/Michelle. wanted to protect Matilda Oct 8, 2013 Read about Michelle Williams and Matilda Ledger's trip to the Dawson's Creek Set Matilda Rose Ledger 1467 likes · 20 talking about this 28 October 2005, New York City, New York, USA Daughter of Michelle Williams and Heath Ledger Oct 17, 2013. Matilda Ledger Wears Shirt With Mom Michelle Williams' Face on ItSee the Adorable Pic! Michelle Williams, Matilda Related: Full Story Aug 17, 2012 Michelle Williams, Matilda Ledger And Jason Segal Look Like A Happy Family As They Arrive Home To NYC - Jul 29, 2012 Michelle Williams


pyd.class_wrap
- struct
wrapped_class_object
');
;
- The class object, a subtype of PyObject
- template
wrapped_class_type
(T)
- PyTypeObject
wrapped_class_type
;
- The type object, an instance of PyType_Type
- template
wrapped_methods
(T)
- Various wrapped methods
- PyObject*
wrapped_new
(PyTypeObject* type, PyObject* args, PyObject* kwds);
- The generic "_new__" method
- void
wrapped_dealloc
(PyObject* _self);
- The generic dealloc method.
- PyObject*
wrapped_repr
(PyObject* _self);
- The default repr method calls the class's toString.
- template
wrapped_init
(T)
- int
init
(PyObject* self, PyObject* args, PyObject* kwds);
- The default init method calls the class's zero-argument constructor.
- template
wrapped_get
(T,alias Fn)
- PyObject*
func
(PyObject* self, void* closure);
- A generic wrapper around a "getter" property.
- template
wrapped_set
(T,alias Fn)
- int
func
(PyObject* self, PyObject* value, void* closure);
- A generic wrapper around a "setter" property.
- template
is_wrapped
(T)
- A useful check for whether a given class has been wrapped. Mainly used by
the conversion functions (see make_object.d), but possibly useful elsewhere.
- struct
wrapped_class
');
;
- This struct wraps a D class. Its member functions are the primary way of
wrapping the specific parts of the class.
- template
def
(char[] name,alias fn,uint MIN_ARGS = NumberOfArgs!(typeof(&fn)),fn_t = typeof(&fn))
- Wraps a member function of the class.
Params:
| name |
The name of the function as it will appear in Python. |
| fn |
The member function to wrap. |
| MIN_ARGS |
The minimum number of arguments this function can accept. |
| fn_t |
The type of the function. It is only useful to specify this
if more than one function has the same name as this one. |
- template
prop
(char[] name,alias fn,bool RO = false)
- Wraps a property of the class.
Params:
| name |
The name of the property as it will appear in Python. |
| fn |
The property to wrap. |
| RO |
Whether this is a read-only property. |
- template
init
(alias C1 = undefined,alias C2 = undefined,alias C3 = undefined,alias C4 = undefined,alias C5 = undefined,alias C6 = undefined,alias C7 = undefined,alias C8 = undefined,alias C9 = undefined,alias C10 = undefined)
- Wraps the constructors of the class.
This template takes a series of specializations of the ctor template
(see ctor_wrap.d), each of which describes a different constructor
that the class supports. The default constructor need not be
specified, and will always be available if the class supports it.
BUGS:
This currently does not support having multiple constructors with
the same number of arguments.
|


--- layout: post status: publish published: true title: Samardzija called up to the Cubs and Aramis Ramirez will soon be back. author: display_name: Corey Fineran login: Corey email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>url: '' author_login: Corey author_email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>wordpress_id: 1064 wordpress_url: http://ivyenvy.com/?p=1064 date: '2009-06-30 19:28:36 +0000' date_gmt: '2009-07-01 01:28:36 +0000' categories: - Minor Leagues - Relief Pitching tags: - Aramis Ramirez - Jeff Samardzija - Lou Piniella - Notre Dame comments: [] ---
Former Notre Dame standout wide receiver, Jeff Samardzija, was called up to the big leagues again today. I am a huge ND and Samardzija fan. That said, I hate seeing him called up to the Cubs as a reliever. He's being groomed to be a starter and I'd like to see him get comfortable and successful in that role and I'm not sure these quick little stints in the majors are beneficial to him.
Also, it looks as though it won't be a real long rehab stint for Aramis Ramirez. Lou said he'd like to have him back for the Atlanta series next week. I've never been a huge Ramirez fan, but it will be really good to see him in that lineup. Even if he is tentative in the field and doesn't return to form there, his bat and clutch hitting will be welcome.


The proportion of cancer cells in solid tumor sample, known as the tumor purity, has adverse impact on a variety of data analyses if not properly accounted for. We develop 'InfiniumPurify', which is a comprehensive R package for estimating and accounting for tumor purity based on DNA methylation Infinium 450k array data. 'InfiniumPurify' provides functionalities for tumor purity estimation. In addition, it can perform differential methylation detection and tumor sample clustering with the consideration of tumor purities.
| Version: | 1.3.1 |
| Depends: | matrixStats |
| Published: | 2017-01-14 |
| Author: | Yufang Qin |
| Maintainer: | Yufang Qin <yfqin at shou.edu.cn> |
| License: | GPL-2 |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| CRAN checks: | InfiniumPurify results |
| Reference manual: | InfiniumPurify.pdf |
| Package source: | InfiniumPurify_1.3.1.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: InfiniumPurify_1.3.1.zip, r-release: InfiniumPurify_1.3.1.zip, r-oldrel: InfiniumPurify_1.3.1.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: InfiniumPurify_1.3.1.tgz, r-oldrel: InfiniumPurify_1.3.1.tgz |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=InfiniumPurify to link to this page.


Cryptocurrency exchange Binance unveiled the platform's first look at its upcoming decentralized exchange (DEX) on Thursday.
KMD ded
jl777c10-Aug-18 05:52 PM
because binance has the equivalent of the CC assets contract to do single chain token issuance and swaps that KMD can also do?
the video shows cli commands returning JSON
snowdamn10-Aug-18 05:55 PM
can someone save me some time and tell me what the profit model is?
doesn't make sense a successful exchange would do this
when you first hear about it
jl777c10-Aug-18 05:56 PM
a token based system would need a trusted custodian
and using a single blockchain does allow atomic swaps, but all tx are atomic on a single blockchain so it isnt saying much
this is tech from 4 years ago that NXT had, counterparty has, bitshare has
and also KMD's assets CC contract also does. but binance can divert some percentage of its userbase and jump start trading volumes, but a token based system requires somebody to hold the coins, so it doesnt change so much if binance is holding the coins
snowdamn10-Aug-18 05:59 PM
so the DEX will have fees that go to Binance ?
jl777c10-Aug-18 05:59 PM
likely they will charge withdraw fees
and txfees will exist for the chain doing all this, so who knows what the costs end up being, but it could well be less than now
snowdamn10-Aug-18 06:01 PM
ok, if they're holding the coins, withdrawal fees, tx fees, and who knows what else, they need to stop calling it a DEX lol
jl777c10-Aug-18 06:02 PM
it is the NXT/bitshares level of DEX. one step closer to the atomic DEX
snowdamn10-Aug-18 06:04 PM
i'll read more about it when more info is released, but i do like CZ, regardless
i have done fairly good in crypto, but it does sting a little bit missing out on Binancecoin
@officialmcafee Whatever, “captain crypto”
For the non-idiots, check out the atomic swap DEX #barterdex #hyperdex built on $kmd Komodo. First of its kind.
Don’t let mcafee steer you into paid-endorsement shitcoins.
Like it, retweet it, steal the idea and shitpost on your own
Don’t care(edited)
Time to bury old man drug addict heart attack shitcoin shill(edited)
4
devpro11-Aug-18 02:17 AM
wts 20k vrsc @ 0.1kmd pm me
jspook1611-Aug-18 03:13 AM
are they matured?
tolken11-Aug-18 03:36 AM
checks his bdex to see if any trades happened at all today.
2
Deleted User11-Aug-18 03:39 AM
Damn buy orders stacked up on digitalprice
Someones tryna accumulate
ryman11211-Aug-18 03:56 AM
This is to me like buying fireworks after the 4th and getting that big discount
2
blackjok3r11-Aug-18 04:08 AM
haha were I went on the 1st july, they only sell on that exact day. If you wait until right before close, you save loads... but only get terrible dangerous fireworks.(edited)
we shot so many sideways into peoples houses (edited)
Isn't this a nice way to start the weekend! After almost 6 months of full time syncing: FULL HISTORY on a new rippled node! Started syncing 2018-02-14 and now... Ledger 32570 Filled up a few of those Samsung 1TB enterprise SSD's with 8.4TB https://t...
 Hah. Same spam email?
Hollowman900011-Aug-18 04:25 PM
Twitchy mcblinkerin was snubbed by safu, KMD declared successor


Perfect positioning of skeletal structures $\neq$ Organ immobility
e.g. ventral displacement or geographic miss from moving organs
Anatomic variations during treatment.
Limitations of existing solutions
Frame-based immobilization systems are highly uncomfortable [Lutz, W. et. al, 1988], Takakura, T., et al., 2010]
Involuntary patient movements is not a boon for inspection-based setups [Cervino, L.I. et. al., 2010, Li G. et al, 2015]
Existing real-time correcting proposal employs stepper motors for head motion alignment[Li, X. et al, 2015]
Solution: Soft Position Correcting Systems
Eliminate rigid frames and metallic rings used in immobilization that make patient uncomfortable ✔
Eliminate attenuation of X-Ray beams ✔
Remove need to constantly model nonlinear dynamics of patient's torso region and soft robotic actuators ✔
Ensure control system is robust to (non)-parametric uncertainties ✔
Testbed
Vision-based Pose Estimation Steps
Find edges of 2D planar regions in scene structure [Torr and Zisserman, 2000]
$\rightarrow$ bound resulting plane indices with their 2D convex hull
Extract face and face-height neighbors into a predefined 2D prismatic model [Rusu, R. et. al, 2008]
Cluster extracted points based on a Euclidean Clustering scheme defined in the paper
Face will be the largest cluster
Segmentation Results
Control Design Objectives
Stabilize system states
Optimal closed loop tracking given a desired trajectory
Robustify system to (non-)parametric uncertainties
$\rightarrow$ changing head shapes, size and other anatomic/tumor variations
Model Reference Adaptive System (MRAS) Design
Model head and bladder dynamics as
$\dot{\textbf{y}} = \textbf{A}\textbf{y} + \textbf{B} {\Lambda} \left(\textbf{u} - f(\textbf{x}) \right) + \textbf{w}(k) $ ,
where $f(\textbf{x})$ is a nonlinear function to be adapted for in our controller parameters
and $\textbf{x}$ is the tuple containing past controls and current outputs
Approximate $f(\textbf{x})$ by a neural network with continuous memory states
$\hat{f}\left(\textbf{u}(k-d), \textbf{y}(k),\textbf{w}(k)\right)$
$\rightarrow$ $\hat{f}(\cdot)$ is realized with a Long-Short Term Memory Cell [Horchreiter and Schmidhuber, 1991, 1997]
Purpose: Remember good adaptation gains
Set up control law in terms of parameter estimates from the neural network weights and Lipschitz basis functions, $\Phi(\textbf{y}) = \{\textbf{y}(k-d), \cdots, \textbf{y}(k-d-4), \textbf{u}(k-d) \cdots \textbf{u}(k-d-5)\}$
$i.e.$ network looks back in time by 5 time steps at every instant, and then makes a prediction
Derive Adaptive Adjustment mechanism from Lyapunov analysis [Parks, P., 1966]
Assumptions
a dynamic RNN with $N$ neurons, $\varphi(\textbf{x})$, exists that will map from a compact input space $\textbf{u} \subset \mathbb{U}$ to an output space $\textbf{y} \subset \mathbb{Y}$ on the Lebesgue integrable functions with closed interval $[0, T]$ or open-ended interval $[0,\infty)$;
the nonlinear function $f(\textbf{x})$ is exactly $\Theta^T \Phi(\textbf{x})$ with coefficients $\Theta \in R^{N\times m}$ and a Lipschitz-continuous vector of basis functions $\Phi(\textbf{x}) \in R^N$;
inside a ball $\textbf{Y}_R$ of known, finite radius $R$, the ideal neural network (NN) approximation $f(\textbf{x}): R^n \rightarrow R^m$, is realized to a sufficient degree of accuracy, $\varepsilon_f > 0$;
outside $\textbf{Y}_R$, the NN approximation error can be upper-bounded by a known unbounded, scalar function $\varepsilon_{max}(\textbf{x})$;
$\|\varepsilon(\textbf{x})\| \le \varepsilon_{max}(\textbf{x}), \quad \, \forall \quad \textbf{x} \in \textbf{Y}_R$;
there exists an exponentially stable reference model
$\dot{\textbf{y}}_m = \textbf{A}_my_m + \textbf{B}_m \textbf{r}$
$\hat{\textbf{K}}_y \, \text{ and } \hat{\textbf{K}}_r$ are adaptive gains to be suitably designed
There are model matching conditions such that $\hat{\textbf{K}}_y = \textbf{K}_y , \, \text{ and } \hat{\textbf{K}}_r = \textbf{K}_r$ (ideally)
Mathematically, we can imagine the approximator as $\hat{f}(\textbf{x}) = \hat{{\Theta}}^T {\Phi}(\textbf{x}) + \varepsilon_f(\textbf{x})$
$\hat{\Theta}^T$ denotes the vectorized weights of the neural network and $\Phi(\textbf{x})$ denotes the vector of lagged inputs and output, $\varepsilon_f(\textbf{x})$ is the approximation error.
Recurrent Neural Network Model
Closed Loop Dynamics
State closed loop dynamics is given by
$\dot{\textbf{y}} = \textbf{A} + \textbf{B} \Lambda (\hat{\textbf{K}}_{y}^{T} \textbf{y} + \textbf{B} \Lambda (\hat{\textbf{K}}_r^T \textbf{r} + \varepsilon_f))$
where $\textbf{A}$ and $\Lambda$ are unknown matrices. The sign of $\Lambda$ is known. $\hat{\textbf{K}}_{y}^{T} \text{ and } \hat{\textbf{K}}_r^T$ are adaptation gains to be determined.
The generalized error state vector $\textbf{e}(k) = \textbf{y}(k) -\textbf{y}_m(k)$, has dynamics
$\dot{\textbf{e}}(k)= \textbf{A}_m\textbf{e}(k) + \textbf{B} \Lambda[\tilde{\textbf{K}}_r^T \textbf{r} +\tilde{\textbf{K}}_y^T \textbf{y} - \varepsilon_f] $,
$\textbf{A}_m$ is Hurwitz and known, $\textbf{B}$ is known. $\textbf{y}_m$ is assumed to be a linear model-following model of the form, $\dot{\textbf{y}}_m = \textbf{A}_m \textbf{y}_m + \textbf{B} \, \textbf{r}$.
Lyapunov Redesign
$\textbf{Theorem:}$
Given correct choice of adaptive gains $\hat{\textbf{K}}_y$ and $\hat{\textbf{K}}_r$, the error state vector, $\textbf{e}(k)$ with closed loop time derivative $\dot{\textbf{e}}$, is uniformly ultimately bounded, and the state $\textbf{y}$ will converge to a neighborhood of $\textbf{r}$.
Given the Lyapunov function
$\textbf{V}(\textbf{e}, \tilde{\textbf{K}}_y, \tilde{\textbf{K}}_r) = \textbf{e}^T\textbf{P}\textbf{e}
+ \textbf{tr}(\tilde{\textbf{K}}_y^T \Gamma_y ^{-1} \tilde{\textbf{K}}_y |\Lambda|)
+ \textbf{tr}(\tilde{\textbf{K}}_r^T \Gamma_r^{-1} \tilde{\textbf{K}}_r^T |\Lambda|)$,
where $\tilde{\textbf{K}}_y = \hat{\textbf{K}}_y - {\textbf{K}}_y$ and $\tilde{\textbf{K}}_r = \hat{\textbf{K}}_r - {\textbf{K}}_r$.
$\textbf{P}$ is a unique symmetric, positive definite (SPD) matrix solution of the algebraic Lyapunov equation, $\textbf{P}\textbf{A}_m + \textbf{A}_m^T\textbf{P} = -\textbf{Q}$
We can verify that the adaptation laws are
$\dot{\hat{\textbf{K}}}_y = -\Gamma_y \textbf{y} \textbf{e}^T \textbf{P} \, \textbf{B} \text{sgn}(\Lambda) \text{ and }
\dot{\hat{\textbf{K}}}_r = -\Gamma_r \textbf{r} \textbf{e}^T \textbf{P} \, \textbf{B} \, \text{sgn}(\Lambda)$.
where $\Gamma_y$ and $\Gamma_r$ are fixed SPD matrices of adaptation rates.
$\textbf{tr}(\textbf{A})$ denote the trace of matrix $\textbf{A}$.
We show in the paper that the time-derivative of the Lyapunov function is negative definite outside of the compact set
$\chi =\left(\textbf{e}: \|\textbf{e}\| \le \frac{2\|\textbf{PB}\|\lambda_{high}(\Lambda)\varepsilon_{max}(\textbf{y})}{\lambda_{low}(\textbf{Q})}\right).$
Thus, the error $\textbf{e}$ is uniformly ultimately bounded.
$i.e.$ $\textbf{y}(t) \rightarrow 0$ as $t \rightarrow \infty$ is sufficient for us.
Results
Future/Ongoing Work
Add a differentiable optimization layer before neural network output layer to account for valve saturation in the end-to-end trianing algorithm
Test on varied head shapes, sizes and volunteer trials
Decouple control laws along individual axes of actuation
Stages of Integration
A commercial pillow tested on a mannequin testbed to study controllability along a 1-DoF motion [arXiv:1506.04787, arXiv:1610.01481].
We then developed and integrated a customized adjustable frame with air pillows to dynamically compensate motions [arXiv:1703.03821]
Next phase: A wearable head helmet consisting of compliant soft actuating robots with morphological computational properties to actuate along peripheral axes of motion


Hey, I’m Cyril.
I’m a data engineer, currently at AB Tasty.
CS and NLP engineer by education, I am based in Paris.
My engineering interest lies in streaming systems, data warehousing, data quality, and exploration/exploitation problems. In terms of business, I’m mostly interested in cloud offerings, open-source business models, and engineering tools/platforms.
When I started this blog, I wanted to write about NLP. After a year and a half with exactly zero article, I finally admitted I was not interested (and relevant) anymore in the field. Nowadays, I’m mostly sharing podcasts I find interesting and little news.
Outside of technology, I am a long-distance runner at the Stade Français. This blog will never deal with running but feel free to check me out on Strava.
Any questions or projects, you can contact me through:
Projects
- raplyric.eu ~ AI rap lyrics generation
- learning-lightnr ~ Generate multiple-choice fill-in-the-blank questions from any text
- mockseries ~ Synthetic timeseries generation in python
Presentations
- High-frequency monitoring with ThirdEye
- 🇫🇷 Data quality: monitoring thousands of metrics with ThirdEye
Salon de la Data Nantes - 2021 - 🇫🇷 🎧 Cloud costs - An experiment gone wrong
Post Mortem Podcast - 2021 - ML infrastructure at AB Tasty
Google meetup MarTech - 2020-08-08 - 🇫🇷 Dark patterns: pull-to-refresh
Centrale Nantes - 2018


@(playAuth: com.feth.play.module.pa.PlayAuthenticate, notice : String, remote_ip: String)(implicit request: play.mvc.Http.Request, messages: play.i18n.Messages) @import helper._ @main("DemSchoolTools login (" + Utils.getOrgConfig(request).org.getShortName() + ")", "none") { @if( notice != null ) {
Warning: If you log in with your Facebook or Google account and do not log out of that account (easy to do), future users of this computer will have access to your status, email, and calendars, as well as DemSchoolTools.
If you are using a shared computer, DemSchoolTools recommends that you enable private browsing. Here are instructions for recent versions of Firefox, Safari, and Chrome.
Log in With FacebookYour IP address is: @remote_ip
@Utils.getOrgConfig(request).org.getName()
}


[gecode-users] Help: Howto combine sets and value constraints?
Guido Tack
tack at ps.uni-sb.de
Tue Dec 15 10:25:08 CET 2009
Hi,
Holger Winnemoeller wrote:
> I am trying to create a solver that (as a toy explanation) can create sets with
> certain properties, such as:
>
> 1) The resulting set size is specified
> 2) The resulting set contains a certain number of items that belong to a
> "special" group
> 3) The total "weight" of items is below a certain threshold
>
> I can easily enough create constraints for 1) and 2), but I would love to get
> some help in how I integrate constraint 3) into the mix. Supposedly I would
> create a set of variables for the weights and specify a constraint on the sum of
> these weights. But I have no idea about how to express in Gecode that I want to
> sum up the weights of exactly the ids that are in the currently selected set.
have a look at the weights constraint:
http://www.gecode.org/doc-latest/reference/group__TaskModelSetConnect.html#g7c739a2d3c830174ad5e58b77292f6d1
It should do exactly what you describe.
Cheers,
Guido
More information about the users
mailing list


SANDBOX
Your browser does not support the HTML5 Canvas tag.
Global Controls
GPU device info
Application Output


ahegao
ahegao is the answer to the question,
"What if every picture on the internet
was replaced with anime girls?"
In short, every picture on a website is replaced with anime ~
Platforms:
Chrome extension
Date of birth:
February 9th, 2019
I saw the LEGO Movie 2 and thought it was really fun how the
characters would just build to their heart's content without worrying about whether
or not the project would be useful. After the movie, I wanted to build something for the
sake of my own content.
While coming up with ideas, the question at the top of this page
entered my mind...
The rest is history ????
––– STATUS –––
ahegao Chrome extension 1.0: Live
––– Links –––
Chrome extension
ahegao's source code, on Github
––– KNOWN BUGS –––
Sometimes, the reload feature doesn't work when the website reloads,
but I haven't been able to reproduce this issue.
––– RELEASE NOTES –––
ahegao 1.0, April ??, 2019:
Initial commit, yee haw
Thank you for visiting!
Vivek Bhookya


Information: No valid orders to Ship-with are found. For an order to be valid, it should have
Material
Order type as stock transfer order
Same Ship-To location
Same equipment type
Carrier (either same or blank)
Equip. No. (either same or blank), and
Seal No. (either same or blank)
Information: No valid orders to Ship-with are found. For an order to be valid, it should have
Material
Order type as collections order
Same Ship-To location
Same equipment type
Carrier (either same or blank)
Equip. No. (either same or blank), and
Seal No. (either same or blank)
Information: No valid orders to Ship-with are found. For an order to be valid, it should have
Material
Order type as the regular customer sales order
Same Ship-From location
Same equipment type
Carrier (either same or blank)
Equip. No. (either same or blank), and
Seal No. (either same or blank)
Route Sequence {{element.RouteSequence}} Order No. {{element.OrderNumber}}.{{element.OrderVersionNumber}} Ship To Location {{element.ToLocation}} Order Quantity {{element.OrderQuantity}} Deliver by Date
{{element.RequestedDeliveryDate}}
Linked to Order
{{element.LinkOrders}}
Route Sequence {{element.RouteSequence}} Order No. {{element.OrderNumber}}.{{element.OrderVersionNumber}} Ship To Location {{element.ToLocation}} Order Quantity {{element.OrderQuantity}} Deliver by Date
{{element.RequestedDeliveryDate }}
Linked to Order
{{element.LinkOrders}}


Meetville is mostly a Popular International dating Platform Whereby Singles May well locate a Perfect Go together with
Posted on JUNE 12,2021 BY STOCKIEST91Meetville is mostly a Popular International dating Platform Whereby Singles May well locate a Perfect Go together with
This approach Scoop: Meetville gives singles the opportunity to install across site limits along with borders, thus finding truly love doesn’ big t have to be a neighborhood affair. Ones dating app has a customized match protocol that reacts over thirty-one million affiliate marketer in the Oughout. S., The european union, France, Queensland, Spain, together with other countries. Irrespective of whether you’ re looking for a ground breaking friend, to start a date, or a possibly partner, Meetville can use some sophisticated online dating tools to guide you recommend very much the same value users within just driving long distance and around foreign areas.
The online dating scene will continue to expand crowded by means of swiping application that enhance superficial accommodates based on knee-jerk first feedback. These apps foster a person’s competitive habitat where the a friend or relative with the perfect photo techniques wins unveiled. Meanwhile, singles with more identity and lower selfies tend to be left behind.
Fortunately, not all relationship apps have stuck for a traditional swiping formula. Meetville incorporates a smart internet dating process that can offer much more values-driven will abide by and chitchats.
The Meetville team provides changed an criteria that shows beneath the surface to identify a well known fact compatibility. A good system requires a person’ ersus age, status, religion, in addition to background towards mind when advising viable date for your wedding prospects — and it doesn’ t placed restrictive holiday time requirements.
“ Meetville might be the place as soon as advanced know-how come into manage to help you find your love of his life, ” that Meetville company said.
Meetville fosters a agreeable dating natural world with quite a few active customers.
Today’ ersus dating spot can seem intimidating along with the average effortless person, still Meetville can help ease any risk of strain of interested in a partner through the use of similar opinions and character. And, what’s even better, singles don’ t must leave home in order to reach date potential customers all over the world.
Meetville pairs adults based on standard interests and search filtration to help person’s narrow decrease the relationship pool.
“ The only impression we want to obtain is to establish people happy, ” a person’s Meetville company told you and me. “ Ones own impact is invariably clearly seen in all the posts we acquire from much of our grateful customers. We are triggered to develop most of our product and become the best relationship service with the existing additionally future affiliate marketer. ”
A world Community Using Over thirty-one Million Customers
Anyone over the age of 18 are going to join a Meetville mobile network by getting your dating page, uploading an image, and choosing a quick list of questions. The whole tactic takes fewer than seven units from could finish. When the profile is frequently complete, cost-free members are able to send loves to profiles that can interest the dog and find quality local video game titles.
Meetville’ ohydrates matching benefits depend on individual search solutions, profile advice, and personality questions, therefore it is far from a great one-match-fits-all method.
“ Much of our goal may be to provide suits based on very much the same interests in addition to beliefs, ” the Meetville team talked about. “ Tests show that people with typical values contain a propensity so that you can build a sturdy and pleased relationship. ”
Over the years, the Meetville local has grown to help you out encompass round 31 million singles around the world. The majority of families are involving 20 and additionally 60 years, and are looking for a steady bond. The online dating app will come in all factors of the modern culture, and it has finish up particularly favorite in the Anyone. S., Queensland, Canada, Portugal, Germany, along with Spain.
Copy the 100 % 100 % free dating get to enjoy real-time matching not to mention chatting.
Interacting with a new people on Meetville isn’ watts not left round chance. Mass media announcements dating practical application pairs couples through a mix of curated online dating and user-generated search purification. That way, a lot of people can position their rely upon the key elements to find matches or observe their own custom preferences on the inside online dating state of affairs.
Meetville comes equipped with affordable ongoing plan that can unlocks VIP features, such as unlimited messaging streams also, the ability to find out private photo galleries. Paid back subscribers may additionally see that’s got liked their particular dating balance and stick to more partaking conversations by using interested buddies as a result.
“ We really believe that as soon as users usually are paying, they might be more focused upon the site, which means these people are serious about dating, ” the Meetville team proclaimed.
The Superior Matching Solution Uses AI Technology
Meetville adds materials to international dating by progressing people based on their account information using online process. The protocol gathers info, learns because of user developments, and tells which grown persons will enhance each other the very best.
“ This approach matching protocol is what actually tends to make us energized, ” a Meetville organization said. “ It is affected by artificial learning ability and we can match the general public according to numerous parameters. ”
Singles choosing a new oven long-term adore can profit by Meetville’ ersus quality-driven internet dating and urgent communication resources. The partnership app will save time period and relieve stress by way of delivering corresponding value matches in demand.
Singles can take change of their absolutely adore lives simply by searching for matches on Meetville.
The Meetville app offers streamlined a internets dating program to help users go from matching to chatting to help you out dating with no missing some beat. It’s affirming means put this approach user’ lenses needs key and highlight promising date opportunities around the clock and one week a week.
“ It is essential for us that our people enjoy sticking with us not to mention finding completely new dates using our assist, ” this Meetville group said. “ That is why nearly everybody plan to such as a series of completely unique features solely available for this particular members. ”
Meetville comes with a team along with talented coders, writers, in addition to marketers who? re continually generating the application and writing the enhancing algorithm to aid best fulfill a unique and fast-changing audience.
Dwelling to Countless Online Enjoy Stories
Meetville has loved a lot of successes over the years. That app comes with gotten approximately 22, 000 five-star fundamental reviews, including 100s of testimonials by means of happy adults. A few Meetville employees have got even satisfied their significant others with the dating request.
One Meetville user sent a message with the team to tell a personal adore story. “ You people have to know consumers changed your entire lifestyle, ” which letter talked about. “ A tad over a year ago, Most people felt 100 % lonely, combined with I really needed to find a good man and initiate a family. ”
After searching for Meetville, someone had a few promising affairs and shortly connected with someone special. The couple’ s starting date made it through late in the evening even though they couldn’ l stop unveiling everything one of many in common. Once-a-year later, they are living alongside one another, engaged, in addition to expecting a baby.
A Meetville group works frustrating to ensure owners have a superb and flourishing experience online.
Meetville thoughts and opinions drive property the effect the international dating app might have some on a single person’ s lifestyle. It’ lenses not just concerning finding a self-esteem boost in addition to distraction. Some app’ vertisements value introductions could tier the start of a service new not to mention bring even more love within the world.
“ What I’d prefer about Meetville is it truly is really suitable for true links, not just ideal for hookups, ” said Chad T. with Google Play. “ Actually complimenting is indeed wise, and just about every match which unfortunately get suits my personal taste. ”
Some Meetville supplier takes ego in accepting so many genuine messages using testimonials. “ Every thing in our fun-based activities is being obtained for adore, ” which team’ vertisements spokesperson talked about. “ As soon as you think that that which we do makes a difference and other people happy, you feel that it is all of worth it. ”
Meetville Recieves a Trusted & High-Quality Dating Pool
Quite a few online daters have obtained burned out of swiping about dating account pictures 30 days after thirty day period and daytime after night without results. Swiping can be quick and easy, it also means almost nothing if this doesn’ big foreign brides t give clients the results they desire most. That’ s exactly why would someone Meetville contains stepped in place its swiping game standing more benefits into the wrists and hands of singles everywhere.
Some sort of Meetville program uses a semi-pro algorithm to produce online daters a boost together with help these individuals find versions own perfect pick. The demand does a lot of work affiliated with the sequences to identify compatibility, support world-wide-web correspondence, in addition to inspire amorous relationships that go on.
“ Holding a job at a online business that acquires dating applications is striking because you are hiring electric rock megastars to help many people around the globe satisfy, ” your Meetville organization said. “ We may possibly not know most of the happy aficionados in person, then again thought much of our hard work in addition to ideas possess previously helped — and sustain helping — singles find out their take pleasure in (or in any respect they are browsing for) is normally pretty effective. ”
This entry was posted in blog. Bookmark the permalink.
STOCKIEST91
Leave a Reply
Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked
Comment


Maester Alliance Mods
Ghostwriter
Enhanced bookwork mod. It features:
- Copying and pasting individual pages, groups of pages, and entire books
- Loading from and saving to human-readable files on your hard drive
- Live editing books in an external text editor
- Buttons to insert formatting characters
Ghostwriter Downloads
Quiet Time
Chat suppression mod. Features:
- Toggle on/off the new message popups. Messages will still be added to the history, so you can see them when you press T
- Convert snitch co-ordinates to hovertext
- Snitch message rate limiting, (only see one snitch message per user every X seconds)
Ghostwriter Downloads
World Border Viewer
World/shard border visualizer. Displays a large red wall when you get close to the edge of the shard, and a green wall at the portals.
World Border Viewer Downloads


Billing
Billing Information
NAME
ADDRESS (street,town,state,country,pincode)
E-MAIL
MOBILE
Booking DATE
Booking TIME
Amount


Depei Zhang
Time complexity: O(n + e)
Leetcode runtime & memory (cpp): 4 ms (99.73%) & 10.9 MB
Solution:
Time complexity: O(n ^ 2 + e)
Leetcode runtime & memory (cpp): 44 ms (100.00%) & 27.7 MB
Solution:
Time complexity: O(n)
Leetcode runtime & memory (cpp): 0 ms (100.00%) & 15.2 MB
Solution:
Time complexity: O(n + e)
Leetcode runtime & memory (cpp): 8 ms (99.95%) & 13.6 MB
Solution:
P5: LC862. Shortest Subarray with Sum at Least K
Time complexity: O(n)
Leetcode runtime & memory (cpp): 56 ms (99.68%) & 20.6 MB
Solution:
Time complexity: O(n)
Leetcode runtime & memory (cpp): 12 ms (99.97%) & 9.6 MB
Solution:


A supervisory system aims to provide a high level operator interface with the process, in order to inform it of all the events carried out by the plant. In this context, the SCADA system aims to perform real-time monitoring of a plant as well as to build its operation history in order to reduce any process stops.
In order to explore the concepts of database, this program developed in VBs (Virtual Basic Script) and finalized in HTA registers people and returns information regarding the attributes sent.
The internet has been changing our perception of the world. And the Internet of Things (IoT) has allowed and consolidated such modifications. Whether in corporate environments, industries and even homes, sensor control has become a reality in much of the world. Thus, due to the rapid development of equipment that connects via Internet, it becomes promising the implementation of autonomous remote control systems.
This project was developed with the objective of integrating an industrial network protocol (RS485) with an automation system. The device is capable of counting up to 65365 liters, the system is operated via network or through the physical panel.
This project intent to develop a prototype of a low-cost intelligent greenhouse that allows the producer to monitor and be informed about the situation of his plantation to optimize its development. The serial communication will allow the producer to enter the parameters that the micro controller should run.
This paper proposes the development of a system for the control of the orientation (roll, pitch and yaw angles) of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), of the quadrotor type. This system has six degrees of freedom, being classified as an underactuated mechanical system. For simulation purposes, the mathematical modeling of the quadrotor Crazyflie 2.0 was based on Newton-Euler formalism.
This paper presents the development of experiments to obtain the physical parameters of a mini quadcopter. In addition, the vehicle's regulatory control will be presented through a PID control strategy. In order to validate the parameterization tests, the acquired data will be compared with the results available in the literature. Allied to this, a comparison will be made between the flights in simulated environment with the experimental tests of a real vehicle. The quadcopter used is Crazyflie 2.0, produced by Bitcraze.
This work proposes the development of a system for the control of a flotation column pilot. The control was developed in a Siemens PLC (S7-1200), where the supervisory system also be made.
This work performs the automation of the beverage manufacturing process. The control algorithm was implemented using the SFC and ST language.


Examples Of Different Content
Image fish darkness Man were unto years every firmament
doesn't in night without moveth all have. Made two face and gathering divided
night heaven
. Whales two to you'll morning divide had bring give moved tree our that you'll divide fruitful fly won't second blessed upon dominion signs good
likeness i
Code Example
This is a success callout, There are a few different types of callouts that you can use to get a reader's attention.
xxxxxxxxxx
public function up()
{
Schema::create('books', function (Blueprint $table) {
$table->increments('id');
$table->string('name');
$table->string('slug')->indexed();
$table->text('description');
$table->timestamps();
});
}
| Cats | Dogs | Ferrets | Hamsters | Parrots | Turtles | Other Dogs |
| 88 | 70 | 60 | 20 | 1 | 44 | 68 |
Code Example2
- Oranges
- Apples
- Bannanas
- Grapes
Code Example3
Fruitful set green air isn't. Together Life beginning signs under Also
var a = 'i like toast'
replenish beginning signs. Upon a hath meat, open made night him in. Of
don't. To living may you'll let moveth day all signs it creature
brought for let meat lesser dominion can't lesser over gathering stars
wherein brought life.
Called his god. Our, is saying one. Male their second likeness all morning.
2 Comments


class SecurityContext
A simple security manager, in charge of checking user
Methods
|
__construct(Request $request)
|
||
| UserInterface|null |
getAdminUser()
Gets the currently authenticated user in the admin, or null if none is defined |
|
| true |
hasAdminUser()
Check if an admin user is logged in. |
|
| UserInterface|null |
getCustomerUser()
Gets the currently authenticated customer, or null if none is defined |
|
| true |
hasCustomerUser()
Check if a customer user is logged in. |
|
| boolean |
hasRequiredRole(UserInterface $user, array $roles)
Check if a user has at least one of the required roles |
|
| Boolean |
isGranted(array $roles, array $resources, array $modules, array $accesses)
Checks if the current user is allowed |
|
|
setAdminUser(UserInterface $user)
Sets the authenticated admin user. |
||
|
setCustomerUser(UserInterface $user)
Sets the authenticated customer user. |
||
|
clearCustomerUser()
Clear the customer from the security context |
||
|
clearAdminUser()
Clear the admin from the security context |
Details
at line 39
public
__construct(Request $request)
at line 59
public UserInterface|null
getAdminUser()
Gets the currently authenticated user in the admin, or null if none is defined
at line 69
public true
hasAdminUser()
Check if an admin user is logged in.
at line 79
public UserInterface|null
getCustomerUser()
Gets the currently authenticated customer, or null if none is defined
at line 89
public true
hasCustomerUser()
Check if a customer user is logged in.
at line 101
final public boolean
hasRequiredRole(UserInterface $user, array $roles)
Check if a user has at least one of the required roles
at line 126
final public Boolean
isGranted(array $roles, array $resources, array $modules, array $accesses)
Checks if the current user is allowed
at line 205
public
setAdminUser(UserInterface $user)
Sets the authenticated admin user.
at line 217
public
setCustomerUser(UserInterface $user)
Sets the authenticated customer user.
at line 227
public
clearCustomerUser()
Clear the customer from the security context
at line 235
public
clearAdminUser()
Clear the admin from the security context


I’m a full-stack web developer with a background in Engineering. I focus on creating well-structured, clean, and user-friendly websites and web applications for businesses and individuals who are looking for an effective online presence.
A keen eye for detail and creative thinking, I love a good challenge and enjoy learning new skills, languages, and frameworks to improve myself every day.
I have a diverse professional background like: Engineering, sales, with skills such as problem solving, research and listening.


Creating musical pieces on-the-fly can be very difficult for humans as we need to have adequate experience in using a particular instrument, and accompanying expertise in musical theory. The purpose of this demo is to show how we can use a simple piece of javascript to step in and create music by itself, with this being controlled by human input. We use the popular choral progression from Pachelbel's Canon and model this to change a melody within constraints based on user input.
This demo shows a simple creation of music with each note being created based on a simple random number generator
Allows the user to move the mouse up and down to change the overall pitch of music being created
Chages mouse input for leap motion, allowing user to "conduct" their own piece
Used for open day demonstrations