Instructions for you to follow in this document will be highlighted in blue.
Don't forget to cite your sources!
We call code that gets executed on the GPU shaders. In this class, we will concern ourselves with the two most common types of shaders: vertex and fragment shaders.
The GPU is designed to execute simple commands in massive parallel, so shaders aren't allowed to talk to each other, because they might be being executed simultaneously.
All of the materials within THREE.js (and in all modern 3d applications) are created with shaders. THREE.js has a material called THREE.ShaderMaterial
which allows you to create your own shaders.
We start by populating the scene with lots of geometry so we can see how our shaders affect them.
Create a new .html file with a THREE.js scene with:Build your own or use the code below:
- orbit controls
- perspective camera
- at least five meshes that have been translated and/or rotated, at least one smooth and at least one with sharp corners
- all meshes should have the same material (called
shader_material
)- render loop
<!doctype html>
<html>
<script src="https://trkern.github.io/3d/three118.js"></script>
<script src="https://trkern.github.io/OrbitControls.js"></script>
<script>
var scene,camera,renderer, controls;
function create_scene() {
scene = new THREE.Scene();
camera = new THREE.PerspectiveCamera(75,1,.1,1000);
renderer = new THREE.WebGLRenderer({canvas:document.getElementById("canvas"),antialias:true});
controls = new THREE.OrbitControls(camera, document.getElementById("canvas"));
camera.position.z = 5;
var shader_material = new THREE.MeshNormalMaterial();
var knot_geometry = new THREE.TorusKnotGeometry(1,0.4,100,16);
var knot = new THREE.Mesh(knot_geometry,shader_material);
knot.position.set(1,2,-3);
scene.add(knot);
var sphere_geometry = new THREE.SphereGeometry(1,30,30);
var sphere = new THREE.Mesh(sphere_geometry,shader_material);
sphere.position.set(2,-1,-2);
scene.add(sphere);
var cube_geometry = new THREE.BoxGeometry();
var cube = new THREE.Mesh(cube_geometry,shader_material);
cube.position.set(-1,-2,-1);
scene.add(cube);
var cone_geometry = new THREE.ConeGeometry();
var cone = new THREE.Mesh(cone_geometry,shader_material);
cone.position.set(4,-3,-4);
scene.add(cone);
var icosa_geometry = new THREE.IcosahedronGeometry();
var icosa = new THREE.Mesh(icosa_geometry,shader_material);
icosa.position.set(-4,1,-3);
scene.add(icosa);
var torus_geometry = new THREE.TorusGeometry();
var torus = new THREE.Mesh(torus_geometry,shader_material);
torus.position.set(-2,-1,-5);
scene.add(torus);
var tetra_geometry = new THREE.TetrahedronGeometry();
var tetra = new THREE.Mesh(tetra_geometry,shader_material);
tetra.position.set(-2,4,-4);
scene.add(tetra);
}
function animate() {
requestAnimationFrame(animate);
renderer.render(scene,camera);
controls.update();
}
</script>
<head>
</head>
<body onload="create_scene(); animate();">
<canvas id="canvas" width=500 height=500 style="border: 1px solid"></canvas>
</body>
</html>
THREE.ShaderMaterial
has two key options: vertexShader
and fragmentShader
. These should be set to strings containing the GLSL code for our shaders. We could include the code directly as a string in our javascript, but this is an awkward solution.
Complete the Following:
<script id="vertexShader" type="x-shader/x-vertex">
element to your page. The id is so we can getElementById
the element. The type is not important, it just specifies that the code is not javascript (type = "text/javascript"
, or no type specified), so the browser shouldn't try to execute it. Within this script tag, include the code:
varying vec2 uvpass;
GLSL is a very strictly typed language: every variable has a type and we need to explicitly perform most conversions between them. GLSL has 2x2, 3x3, and 4x4 matrices of floating point numbers as built-in types, called mat2, mat3, and mat4 (similar to how we might specify a variable as a float or an int). It also provides 2, 3, and 4 element vectors of floating point numbers, called vec2, vec3, and vec4. Read about other types here.
void main() {
This will be the function called for each vertex by our shader. Shaders allow you to define your own functions with C-like syntax, but recursion is strictly prohibited.
gl_Position = projectionMatrix * viewMatrix * modelMatrix * vec4(position,1.0);
The position is a vec3 passed by THREE.js containing the model coordinates of our vertex. As in our spaces assignment, we first need to convert it from a vec3 to a vec4 by adding a 1 in the w-coodinate. The vec4 constructor is very flexible: feed it four components worth of vectors and numbers and it will create a vec4 out of them.
Then we need to multiply it by our model, view, and projection matrices in that order. gl_position is a special (vec4) variable which is the output of the vertex shader: the position in clip space of the vertex. This position gets perspective divided to produce normalized device coordinates, then convert_a_to_b'ed to produce pixel coordinates on the canvas.
uvpass = uv;
uv is a vec2 representing the uv coordinates of our vertex, set by THREE.js, but since it's a vertex attribute, it's only available in the vertex shader. We want to access it in the fragment shader, so let's copy its value to the varying uvpass so it can get passed to the fragment shader.
}
Close the void main function definition. Don't forget a closing </script>
tag as well.
<script id="fragmentShader" type="x-shader/x-fragment">
tag to your html. Within this tag, include the code:
varying vec2 uvpass;
This specifies that we will be receiving uvpass from the vertex shader. Each vertex of our triangle has its own uv coordinates, and the value we get is interpolated between them.
void main() {
This is the function that gets called for all the pixels of every triangle.
gl_FragColor = vec4(uvpass,0.0,1.0);
gl_FragColor is the special output variable for our fragment shader: it specifies the rgba color of this pixel. In this case, we set the first two values (R and G) to the u and v values of uvpass, then set B and A to 0 and 1. You can see a list of other special variables here.
}
Close the void main function definition. Don't forget a closing </script>
tag as well.
var shader_material = new THREE.ShaderMaterial({
vertexShader: document.getElementById("vertexShader").textContent,
fragmentShader: document.getElementById("fragmentShader").textContent
});
Explore your scene to see how the uv coordinates of each model are set up. uv coordinates are texture coordinates, so this is what our objects would look like if we applied the following texture to them:
You can set your own uv coordinates using geo.setAttribute('uv', new Float32BufferAttribute(uvs, 2));
, and have lots of choice and flexibility in how you do so. Here's a glimpse into how THREE.js sets position, normals, and uv coordinates for spheres:
var vertices = [];
var normals = [];
var uvs = [];
for ( var iy = 0; iy <= heightSegments; iy ++ ) {
var v = iy / heightSegments;
// special case for the poles
var uOffset = 0;
if ( iy == 0 && thetaStart == 0 ) {
uOffset = 0.5 / widthSegments;
}
else if ( iy == heightSegments && thetaEnd == Math.PI ) {
uOffset = - 0.5 / widthSegments;
}
for ( var ix = 0; ix <= widthSegments; ix ++ ) {
var u = ix / widthSegments;
// vertex
vertex.x = - radius * Math.cos( phiStart + u * phiLength ) * Math.sin( thetaStart + v * thetaLength );
vertex.y = radius * Math.cos( thetaStart + v * thetaLength );
vertex.z = radius * Math.sin( phiStart + u * phiLength ) * Math.sin( thetaStart + v * thetaLength );
vertices.push( vertex.x, vertex.y, vertex.z );
// normal
normal.copy( vertex ).normalize();
normals.push( normal.x, normal.y, normal.z );
// uv
uvs.push( u + uOffset, 1 - v );
}
}
this.setAttribute( 'position', new Float32BufferAttribute( vertices, 3 ) );
this.setAttribute( 'normal', new Float32BufferAttribute( normals, 3 ) );
this.setAttribute( 'uv', new Float32BufferAttribute( uvs, 2 ) );
THREE.js takes your shader code, adds some helpful boilerplate on top (using string concatenation), then sends it off to WebGL to be compiled. If there are errors in your code, you'll see the full contents of what was sent to WebGL in your developer console; you'll need to scroll down to see the code you entered.
If you don't want this extra boilerplate, you can use THREE.RawShaderMaterial, but you'll need to be careful about which version of GLSL you're using, since many important names have been changed in the newer version. For reference, the full code sent to WebGL is below:
1: #version 300 es //specify the version of GLSL.
2: //In this newer version, some names have been changed, so use define macros for compatibility
3: #define attribute in
4: #define varying out
5: #define texture2D texture
6: precision highp float; //specify the default level of precision of floats
7: precision highp int;
8: #define HIGH_PRECISION
9: #define SHADER_NAME ShaderMaterial
10: #define VERTEX_TEXTURES
11: #define GAMMA_FACTOR 2
12: #define MAX_BONES 0
13: #define BONE_TEXTURE
14: #define DOUBLE_SIDED
15: uniform mat4 modelMatrix; //get some useful global data from THREE.js
16: uniform mat4 modelViewMatrix;
17: uniform mat4 projectionMatrix;
18: uniform mat4 viewMatrix;
19: uniform mat3 normalMatrix;
20: uniform vec3 cameraPosition;
21: uniform bool isOrthographic;
22: #ifdef USE_INSTANCING
23: attribute mat4 instanceMatrix;
24: #endif
25: attribute vec3 position; //these are the attributes specified for each vertex
26: attribute vec3 normal;
27: attribute vec2 uv;
28: #ifdef USE_TANGENT
29: attribute vec4 tangent;
30: #endif
31: #ifdef USE_COLOR
32: attribute vec3 color;
33: #endif
34: #ifdef USE_MORPHTARGETS
35: attribute vec3 morphTarget0;
36: attribute vec3 morphTarget1;
37: attribute vec3 morphTarget2;
38: attribute vec3 morphTarget3;
39: #ifdef USE_MORPHNORMALS
40: attribute vec3 morphNormal0;
41: attribute vec3 morphNormal1;
42: attribute vec3 morphNormal2;
43: attribute vec3 morphNormal3;
44: #else
45: attribute vec3 morphTarget4;
46: attribute vec3 morphTarget5;
47: attribute vec3 morphTarget6;
48: attribute vec3 morphTarget7;
49: #endif
50: #endif
51: #ifdef USE_SKINNING
52: attribute vec4 skinIndex;
53: attribute vec4 skinWeight;
54: #endif
55:
56: //our code below:
57: varying vec2 uvpass;
58: void main() {
59: gl_Position = projectionMatrix * viewMatrix * modelMatrix * vec4(position,1.0);
60: uvpass = uv;
61: }
62:
1: #version 300 es //specify the version of GLSL.
2: //In this newer version, some names have been changed, so use define macros for compatibility
3: #define varying in
4: out highp vec4 pc_fragColor;
5: #define gl_FragColor pc_fragColor
6: #define gl_FragDepthEXT gl_FragDepth
7: #define texture2D texture
8: #define textureCube texture
9: #define texture2DProj textureProj
10: #define texture2DLodEXT textureLod
11: #define texture2DProjLodEXT textureProjLod
12: #define textureCubeLodEXT textureLod
13: #define texture2DGradEXT textureGrad
14: #define texture2DProjGradEXT textureProjGrad
15: #define textureCubeGradEXT textureGrad
16: precision highp float; //specify the default level of precision of floats
17: precision highp int;
18: #define HIGH_PRECISION
19: #define SHADER_NAME ShaderMaterial
20: #define GAMMA_FACTOR 2
21: #define DOUBLE_SIDED
22: uniform mat4 viewMatrix; //get some useful data from THREE.js
23: uniform vec3 cameraPosition;
24: uniform bool isOrthographic;
25:
26: vec4 LinearToLinear( in vec4 value ) { //potentially useful functions for working with color
27: return value;
28: }
29: vec4 GammaToLinear( in vec4 value, in float gammaFactor ) {
30: return vec4( pow( value.rgb, vec3( gammaFactor ) ), value.a );
31: }
32: vec4 LinearToGamma( in vec4 value, in float gammaFactor ) {
33: return vec4( pow( value.rgb, vec3( 1.0 / gammaFactor ) ), value.a );
34: }
35: vec4 sRGBToLinear( in vec4 value ) {
36: return vec4( mix( pow( value.rgb * 0.9478672986 + vec3( 0.0521327014 ), vec3( 2.4 ) ), value.rgb * 0.0773993808, vec3( lessThanEqual( value.rgb, vec3( 0.04045 ) ) ) ), value.a );
37: }
38: vec4 LinearTosRGB( in vec4 value ) {
39: return vec4( mix( pow( value.rgb, vec3( 0.41666 ) ) * 1.055 - vec3( 0.055 ), value.rgb * 12.92, vec3( lessThanEqual( value.rgb, vec3( 0.0031308 ) ) ) ), value.a );
40: }
41: vec4 RGBEToLinear( in vec4 value ) {
42: return vec4( value.rgb * exp2( value.a * 255.0 - 128.0 ), 1.0 );
43: }
44: vec4 LinearToRGBE( in vec4 value ) {
45: float maxComponent = max( max( value.r, value.g ), value.b );
46: float fExp = clamp( ceil( log2( maxComponent ) ), -128.0, 127.0 );
47: return vec4( value.rgb / exp2( fExp ), ( fExp + 128.0 ) / 255.0 );
48: }
49: vec4 RGBMToLinear( in vec4 value, in float maxRange ) {
50: return vec4( value.rgb * value.a * maxRange, 1.0 );
51: }
52: vec4 LinearToRGBM( in vec4 value, in float maxRange ) {
53: float maxRGB = max( value.r, max( value.g, value.b ) );
54: float M = clamp( maxRGB / maxRange, 0.0, 1.0 );
55: M = ceil( M * 255.0 ) / 255.0;
56: return vec4( value.rgb / ( M * maxRange ), M );
57: }
58: vec4 RGBDToLinear( in vec4 value, in float maxRange ) {
59: return vec4( value.rgb * ( ( maxRange / 255.0 ) / value.a ), 1.0 );
60: }
61: vec4 LinearToRGBD( in vec4 value, in float maxRange ) {
62: float maxRGB = max( value.r, max( value.g, value.b ) );
63: float D = max( maxRange / maxRGB, 1.0 );
64: D = clamp( floor( D ) / 255.0, 0.0, 1.0 );
65: return vec4( value.rgb * ( D * ( 255.0 / maxRange ) ), D );
66: }
67: const mat3 cLogLuvM = mat3( 0.2209, 0.3390, 0.4184, 0.1138, 0.6780, 0.7319, 0.0102, 0.1130, 0.2969 );
68: vec4 LinearToLogLuv( in vec4 value ) {
69: vec3 Xp_Y_XYZp = cLogLuvM * value.rgb;
70: Xp_Y_XYZp = max( Xp_Y_XYZp, vec3( 1e-6, 1e-6, 1e-6 ) );
71: vec4 vResult;
72: vResult.xy = Xp_Y_XYZp.xy / Xp_Y_XYZp.z;
73: float Le = 2.0 * log2(Xp_Y_XYZp.y) + 127.0;
74: vResult.w = fract( Le );
75: vResult.z = ( Le - ( floor( vResult.w * 255.0 ) ) / 255.0 ) / 255.0;
76: return vResult;
77: }
78: const mat3 cLogLuvInverseM = mat3( 6.0014, -2.7008, -1.7996, -1.3320, 3.1029, -5.7721, 0.3008, -1.0882, 5.6268 );
79: vec4 LogLuvToLinear( in vec4 value ) {
80: float Le = value.z * 255.0 + value.w;
81: vec3 Xp_Y_XYZp;
82: Xp_Y_XYZp.y = exp2( ( Le - 127.0 ) / 2.0 );
83: Xp_Y_XYZp.z = Xp_Y_XYZp.y / value.y;
84: Xp_Y_XYZp.x = value.x * Xp_Y_XYZp.z;
85: vec3 vRGB = cLogLuvInverseM * Xp_Y_XYZp.rgb;
86: return vec4( max( vRGB, 0.0 ), 1.0 );
87: }
88: vec4 linearToOutputTexel( vec4 value ) { return LinearToLinear( value ); }
89:
90:
91: varying vec2 uvpass;
92: void main() {
93: gl_FragColor = vec4(uvpass,0.0,1.0);
94: }
If v
is a vec4, then we can access its elements in GLSL with any of the following accessors (each row is four equivalent selectors):
v[0], v.r, v.x, v.s
v[1], v.g, v.y, v.t
v[2], v.b, v.z, v.p
v[3], v.a, v.w, v.q
v.yzzx
is the same as vec4(v.y,v.z,v.z,v.x)
.
Replace gl_FragColor = vec4(uvpass,0.0,1.0);
in your shader with the following to see what happens:
gl_FragColor = vec4(uvpass.yx,0.0,1.0);
gl_FragColor = vec4(uvpass,1.0,1.0);
gl_FragColor = vec4(0.5,uvpass.yx,1.0);
gl_FragColor = vec4(uvpass.yxx,1.0);
gl_FragColor = vec4(uvpass.xxx,1.0);
transparent:true
to your THREE.ShaderMaterial. This is a separate option so GLSL knows if it can make optimizations assuming the object is fully opaque.
Let's try to replicate the shading of MeshNormalMaterial.
Complete the Following:
varying vec3 normpass;
to both shaders, and setting normpass = normal
in the main()
of your vertex shader.
main()
of your fragment shader, set gl_FragColor = vec4(normpass,1.0)
.
This doesn't look right! Note that points with a normal in the positive x direction have red, points with a normal in the positive y direction have green, and points with a normal in the positive z direction have blue. But, points with a normal in the negative x direction are getting their r value set to a negative number. GLSL is perfectly happy to output vectors with negative components, it's only when we finally go to draw our pixels to the screen that rgb values less than 0 get set to 0 and rgb values larger than 1 get set to 1.
convert_a_to_b
, using exactly the same code as in javascript, but with some additional type information in the declaration: float convert_a_to_b(float x, float a_min, float a_max, float b_min, float b_max) {
. If not, use the code below:
float convert_a_to_b(float x, float a_min, float a_max, float b_min, float b_max) {
return(((x-a_min)/(a_max-a_min))*(b_max-b_min) + b_min);
}
convert_a_to_b
to each of the components of normpass
in your creation of gl_FragColor
.
GLSL can be very particular about types: the arguments ofThe result should look like:convert_a_to_b
were specified to be floats, and GLSL interprets "-1", "0" and "1" as ints and will not automatically convert them to floats. You need your calls toconvert_a_to_b
to look likeconvert_a_to_b(normpass.x,-1.0,1.0,0.0,1.0)
.
gl_FragColor = vec4((normpass+1.0)/2.0,1.0);
. These operations get applied to each component of normpass. This is standard linear algebra for multiplication and division and not standard at all for addition and subtraction.
gl_FragColor = vec4((normpass+1.0)/2.0,1.0);
with ints (1 and 2, instead of 1.0 and 2.0) and see what errors you get in the developer console.
Complete the Following:
main()
function of your fragment shader, comment out your old assignments for gl_FragColor
. Comments work the same way as in javascript.
float surfx = convert_a_to_b(uvpass.x,0.0,1.0,-5.0,5.0);
and similarly define surfy
based on uvpass.y
.
abs(sin(surfx)-surfy) < 0.1
, set the pixel color to green, and otherwise set the pixel color to blue. You can see a list of built-in math functions on the last page of the WebGL Reference Card.
sin(uvpass)
is the same as vec2(sin(uvpass.x),sin(uvpass.y))
.
Comment out your old assignment for gl_FragColor
and have it set red to sin(30u) and green to sin(30v). Use the insight above to make only one call to the sin function.
The result should look like:
GLSL provides a built-in variable called vec4 gl_FragCoord
, whose x and y coordinates are the pixel coordinates on the canvas. It also provides a z-coordinate which is used in z-buffering and is highly sensitive close to the camera, and a w-coordinate which is a better reflection of the depth from the camera.
Comment out your old assignment for gl_FragColor
and have it set red to sin(gl_FragCoord.x) and green to sin(gl_FragCoord.y). Use the insight above to make only one call to the sin function.
The result should look like:
Comment out your old assignment for gl_FragColor
and have it set red, green, and blue to gl_FragCoord.w. Use swizzling to make only one mention of gl_FragColor.
The result should look like (when zoomed in):
Fragment Shaders (and fragment shaders only) support the discard;
operation which discards the pixel, not writing to the z-buffer or the screen.
Complete the Following:
gl_FragColor
and restore the original red = u and green = v "mango" coloring fragment shader.
uvpass.x
is between 0.4 and 0.6. && (AND) and || (OR) are the same as in javascript.
side: THREE.DoubleSide
as an option to your THREE.ShaderMaterial
in your javascript.


Neuroplasticity is the brains ability to develop neural networks throughout our many stages of life. It was once thought by scientists that the brain was only "plastic" during childhood. While a childs brain can display the greatest plasticity, as adults our brain can also continue to develop neural networks that allow us to learn and grow. Learning new skills, and applyling practice and commitment, can stimulate our brains and encourage neuroplasticity.
I have actively engaged with neuroplasticity throughout my life, namely through learning music and learning how to play a handful of musical instruments. Music can be practiced throughout your entire life, and there are many topics within music that you can explore and improve in. Practice (study) needs to be structured, with an expected outcome. You should ideally practice within a "timebox". This is similar to our EDA learning competencies and the timebox suggestions. Something that is equally as important as practice when it comes to neuroplasticity is sleep! While we sleep our are brains are strengthening the neural pathways we were developing through our day/practice.
"Neuroscience of Music"
Adopting a growth mindset will better facilitate neuroplasticity. It is a state of mind where we are willing to accept our failures or shortcomings and have them as a reference for which we can improve on. You cannot grow and continue to learn if you quit after failing once, or if you don't understand something straight away. After experiencing a "fail", we are then able to go back to revise and apply a new, and improved approach to what ever the obstacle was. With a growth mindset, we see ourselves as continuosly improving.


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The JPEGMetaData
class parses meta data from JPG files. The primary use case is to quickly extract embedded thumbnails from a large JPG image.
The simplest invocation to retrieve the largest thumbnail is:
BufferedImage bi = JPEGMetaData.getThumbnail(myFile);
But if you want more granular control you can create your own JPEGMetaDataListener
to receive each incoming key/value property, thumbnail and comment:
JPEGMetaDataListener listener = createListener(); try (InputStream in = url.openStream()) { JPEGMetaData.read(in, listener); }
The JPEGMetaData
object skims chunks of the JPG input stream for supported meta data. If you're interested in properties, comments, or more than one thumbnail, then you can implement your own JPEGMetaDataListener
:
public interface JPEGMetaDataListener { boolean isThumbnailAccepted(String markerName, int width, int height); void addProperty(String markerName, String propertyName, Object value); void addThumbnail(String markerName, BufferedImage bi); void addComment(String markerName, String comment); void startFile(); void endFile(); void imageDescription(int bitsPerPixel, int width, int height, int numberOfComponents); void processException(Exception e, String markerCode); }
This class was originally developed to help the user browse a folder of megapixel images.
This is not intended to be a fully functional JPEG parser. (I have no intention of recreating that wheel!) But it's pretty light weight solution to the problem.
When I say this is a "light weight solution": I'm implicitly comparing this approach to an ImageIO
-based solution. The documentation for ImageIO
says:
3.3.4 Reading "Thumbnail" Images
Some image formats allow a small preview image (or multiple previews) to be stored alongside the main image. These "thumbnail" images are useful for identifying image files quickly, without the need to decode the entire image.
Applications can determine how many thumbnail images associated with a particular image are available by calling:
reader.getNumThumbnails(imageIndex);
If a thumbnail image is present, it can be retrieved by calling:
int thumbailIndex = 0; BufferedImage bi; bi = reader.readThumbnail(imageIndex, thumbnailIndex);
That sounds great, but the catch is: it doesn't actually work. No built-in readers actually produced a thumbnail using the approach above.
I found a discussion online where a developer wrote:
I should have remarked that the JAI Image I/O Tools JPEG reader supports via the thumbnail method calls all thumbnails embedded in the JFIF APP0, JFXX APP0, and EXIF APP1 marker segments. Please see this javadoc for more information:
http://download.java.net/media/jai-imageio/javadoc/1.1/overview-summary.html#JPEG
I think that the only thumbnails supported by the Java SE Image I/O JPEG reader via the thumbnail method calls are those in the JFIF and JFXX marker segments. If you are unable to use JAI Image I/O Tools for some reason you could however derive the EXIF thumbnail by parsing the contents of the "unknown" node in the image metadata corresponding to the EXIF APP1 marker segment.
To paraphase: we would need to install a separate library/extension (JAI - Java Advanced Imaging) for the ImageIO
calls to "just work". If I run the following code (without JAI installed), I get an exception:
Iterator iterator = ImageIO.getImageReadersBySuffix("jpeg"); while(iterator.hasNext()) { ImageReader reader = (ImageReader)iterator.next(); try { reader.setInput( ImageIO.createImageInputStream(jpeg) ); BufferedImage thumbnail = reader.readThumbnail(0, 0); } catch(Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } }
I have nothing against JAI, and honestly I forget why we ruled that out as the solution to our problem. (This project is over a decade old at this point.) But for whatever reason: we tried our hand at parsing the thumbnails ourselves.
It isn't too hard to tease out the blocks used for thumbnails. Like the developer suggested above: APP0 and APP1 blocks were easily identifiable. (They contained mini stand-alone JPEGs. ImageIO is perfectly capable of reading them, you just have to present the data as its own ByteArrayInputStream.)
A little more detective work also revealed a 3rd block: APP13. This is apparently Adobe's invention; it's also known as an Image Resource Block (IRB). I iterated over thousands of images (from various sources) and found that about 1/3 of them only used an IRB block for a thumbnail. Like the Netscape block for GIFs: this may have started with Adobe, but it looks like other folks are using it just because it's popular. But this is still easy to parse with the same basic approach: it's a mini-JPG embedded inside a JPG.
Adding properties and comments to the reader was more of an afterthought. So far I haven't used that information; I've been exclusively interested in thumbnails.
So overall: this meets the original goals/needs we set out to satisfy, but it is hackish in nature. There's probably a lot of metadata -- and maybe even some thumbnails -- we don't support yet.
See the ThumbnailGenerator Demo for details about performance. As of this writing: retrieving the thumbnail from a large megapixel JPG via the JPEGMetaData
is about 50x faster than reading and scaling the image.


Your file is encrypted. Please enter the password:
Your single HD mnemonic phrase can access a number of wallets / addresses. Please select the address you would like to interact with at this time.


Linear and Angular Size
This program has a very simple goal: calculate the linear distance of an astronomical object given a redshift and angular view.
To do this, I simply utilized the following set of equations to calculate the quantity of interest. Note that we have to
correct for the acceleration and expansion of the universe.
LS_calc.py takes projected size and redshift as arguments
and returns the angular size in arcminutes as an output.
AS_calc.py takes the angular size and redshift as arguments
and returns the projected size in kiloparsecs as an output.
Our set of equations are as follows:
$$l = d_A(z)*\theta$$
$$d_A(z) = \frac{d_M(z)}{1+z}$$
$$d_M(z) = \left\{ \begin{array}{ll}
\frac{d_H}{\sqrt{\Omega_k}}\sinh\Big({\sqrt{\Omega_k}\frac{d_C(z)}{d_H}}\Big) & \Omega_k > 0 \\
d_C(z) & \Omega_k = 0 \\
\frac{d_H}{\sqrt{|\Omega_k|}}\sin\Big({\sqrt{|\Omega_k|}\frac{d_C(z)}{d_H}}\Big) & \Omega_k < 0 \\
\end{array} \right. $$
$$
d_C(z) = d_H\int_{0}^{z} \frac{dz'}{E(z')}
$$
$$
E(z) = \sqrt{\Omega_{rel}(1+z)^4+\Omega_{mass}(1+z)^3+\Omega_k(1+z)^2+\Omega_{\Lambda}}
$$
$$
\Omega_k = 1-\Omega_{mass}-\Omega_{\Lambda}
$$
$$
d_H = \frac{c}{H_0}
$$
\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
Parameter & Brief \ Description \\
\hline
l & Linear \ Distance \ in \ Kiloparsecs \\
\hline
z & Redshift \\
\hline
d_A(z) & Angular \ Distance \\
\hline
\theta & Angular \ Seperation \ in \ arcseconds \\
\hline
d_H & Hubble \ Distance \\
\hline
c & Speed \ of \ Light \\
\hline
H_0 & Hubble \ Constant \\
\hline
d_C & Comoving \ Distance \\
\hline
E(z) & Energy \ Function \\
\hline
d_M(z) & Moving \ Distance \\
\hline
\Omega_{rel} & Mass \ Density \ of \ Relativistic \ Particles \\
\hline
\Omega_{mass} & Mass \ Density \ of \ Baryonic \ and \ NonBaryonic \ Particles \\
\hline
\Omega_{\Lambda} & Mass \ Density \ of \ Dark \ Energy \\
\hline
\end{array}
Correction
Correction.py calculates the astrometric correction given a list of the same galaxies' coordinates in the target and reference image.
We simply use astropy to calculate the mean translational change between two images. The code is setup to use ds9 region files of the following format:
circle(22:59:43.985, +58:45:26.92,320", 160")


About Me
My name in Daria. I was born in Siberia (yes it is very cold in there, it is about -25-30F in winter). I lived in the north of China for awhile, and then went to college in Russian Far East( !Fun fact! my school's campus is on an island, and there is nothing else besides the campus on this island). I lived in Shanghai for about year and a half, and was an exchange student at Fudan university. I have a degree in Internation Relations and Diplomacy. I moved to US at the end of 2015, and studied Business and Accounting in UCLA Extension. Right now I work for an accounting firm in Westwood. We do business management, accounting, bokkeeping, and taxes. I have amazing co-workers but accounting was never my passion so hopefully after the Bootcamp I will be able to find a job thta I will be more passionate about.


Class TestvfsStreamWrapper
Helper class for the test.
- org\bovigo\vfs\vfsStreamWrapper
- org\bovigo\vfs\TestvfsStreamWrapper
Namespace: org\bovigo\vfs
Located at vendor/mikey179/vfsStream/src/test/php/org/bovigo/vfs/vfsStreamWrapperAlreadyRegisteredTestCase.php
Located at vendor/mikey179/vfsStream/src/test/php/org/bovigo/vfs/vfsStreamWrapperAlreadyRegisteredTestCase.php
public static
|
ALL,
APPEND,
READ,
READONLY,
TRUNCATE,
WRITE,
WRITEONLY,
WRITE_NEW
|
$content,
$dir,
$dirIterator,
$mode,
$registered,
$root
|


--- layout: post title: pancake friday! date: 2010-10-21 20:22:54.000000000 -04:00 type: post published: true status: publish categories: - breakfast & brunch - pancakes tags: - breakfast & brunch - easy - food coloring - pancakes - rainbow pancakes meta: email_notification: '1287706975' _wp_old_slug: '' jabber_published: '1287706974' _oembed_3c43f84e1da5a19e3ec6a6861f9a096b: author: login: sophie email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>display_name: Pika first_name: '' last_name: '' ---


Voting in Tanjung Piai ends
ONTIAN, Nov 16 — All the 27 polling centres with 125 streams for the Tanjung Piai parliamentary by-election were closed at 5.30pm today, marking the end of voting which began at 8am.
Soon after the centres were closed, all the ballot boxes from the 125 streams were taken to the vote-tallying centre at Dewan Jubli Intan Sultan Ibrahim here. The results are expected to be announced at about 10pm.
The Election Commission (EC) said voter turnout had reached its target of 70 per cent by 4pm.
The by-election is a six-cornered contest involving Pakatan Harapan’s (PH) Karmaine Sardini, Barisan Nasional’s Datuk Seri Dr Wee Jeck Seng, Gerakan’s Wendy Subramaniam, Berjasa’s Datuk Dr Badhrulhisham Abdul Aziz and two independent candidates, Dr Ang Chuan Lock and Faridah Aryani Abd Ghaffar.
Tanjung Piai has 52,471 regular voters.
Last Tuesday, 91 per cent of the 280 early voters comprising police personnel had cast their votes at Bangunan Perkep at the Pontian district police headquarters.
The Tanjung Piai by-election, the ninth to be held after the general election in May last year, was triggered by the death of Datuk Dr Md Farid Md Rafik of PH on Sept 21. — Bernama


--- # AUTOGENERATED FILE. DO NOT EDIT BY HAND! layout: default title: Standard Library ---
This page describes the functions available in Jsonnet's standard library, i.e. the object
implicitly bound to the std
variable. Some of the standard library functions
can be implemented in Jsonnet. Their code can be found in the std.jsonnet file.
The behavior of some of the other functions, i.e. the ones that expose extra functionality
not otherwise available to programmers, is described formally in the specification.
The standard library is implicitly added to all Jsonnet programs by enclosing them in a
local construct. For example, if the program given by the user is {x: "foo"}
,
then the actual code executed would be local std = { ... }; {x: "foo"}
. The
functions in the standard library are all hidden fields of the std
object.
Note: Some of these functions marked available since v0.10.0 were actually available earlier.
Available since version 0.10.0.
If an external variable with the given name was defined, return its string value. Otherwise, raise an error.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Note that this is a field. It contains the current Jsonnet filename as a string.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Return a string that indicates the type of the value. The possible return values are: "array", "boolean", "function", "null", "number", "object", and "string".
The following functions are also available and return a boolean:
std.isArray(v)
, std.isBoolean(v)
, std.isFunction(v)
,
std.isNumber(v)
, std.isObject(v)
, and
std.isString(v)
.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Depending on the type of the value given, either returns the number of elements in the
array, the number of codepoints in the string, the number of parameters in the function, or
the number of fields in the object. Raises an error if given a primitive value, i.e.
null
, true
or false
.
Available since version 0.18.0.
Returns the object's field if it exists or default value otherwise.
inc_hidden
controls whether to include hidden fields.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Returns true
if the given object has the field (given as a string), otherwise
false
. Raises an error if the arguments are not object and string
respectively. Returns false if the field is hidden.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Returns an array of strings, each element being a field from the given object. Does not include hidden fields.
Available since version 0.17.0.
Returns an array of the values in the given object. Does not include hidden fields.
Available since version 0.20.0.
Returns an array of objects from the given object, each object having two fields:
key
(string) and value
(object). Does not include hidden fields.
Available since version 0.10.0.
As std.objectHas
but also includes hidden fields.
Available since version 0.10.0.
As std.objectFields
but also includes hidden fields.
Available since version 0.17.0.
As std.objectValues
but also includes hidden fields.
Available since version 0.20.0.
As std.objectKeysValues
but also includes hidden fields.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Recursively remove all "empty" members of a
. "Empty" is defined as zero
length `arrays`, zero length `objects`, or `null` values.
The argument a
may have any type.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Apply the given function to all fields of the given object, also passing
the field name. The function func
is expected to take the
field name as the first parameter and the field value as the second.
The following mathematical functions are available:
std.abs(n)
std.sign(n)
std.max(a, b)
std.min(a, b)
std.pow(x, n)
std.exp(x)
std.log(x)
std.exponent(x)
std.mantissa(x)
std.floor(x)
std.ceil(x)
std.sqrt(x)
std.sin(x)
std.cos(x)
std.tan(x)
std.asin(x)
std.acos(x)
std.atan(x)
std.round(x)
The function std.mod(a, b)
is what the % operator is desugared to. It performs
modulo arithmetic if the left hand side is a number, or if the left hand side is a string,
it does Python-style string formatting with std.format()
.
Available since version 0.15.0.
Clamp a value to fit within the range [minVal
, maxVal
].
Equivalent to std.max(minVal, std.min(x, maxVal))
.
Example: std.clamp(-3, 0, 5)
yields 0
.
Example: std.clamp(4, 0, 5)
yields 4
.
Example: std.clamp(7, 0, 5)
yields 5
.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Ensure that a == b
. Returns true
or throws an error message.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Convert the given argument to a string.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Returns the positive integer representing the unicode codepoint of the character in the
given single-character string. This function is the inverse of std.char(n)
.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Returns a string of length one whose only unicode codepoint has integer id n
.
This function is the inverse of std.codepoint(str)
.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Returns a string that is the part of s
that starts at offset from
and is len
codepoints long. If the string s
is shorter than
from+len
, the suffix starting at position from
will be returned.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Returns an array that contains the indexes of all occurrences of pat
in
str
.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Returns whether the string a is prefixed by the string b.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Returns whether the string a is suffixed by the string b.
Available since version 0.15.0.
Removes characters chars
from the beginning and from the end of str
.
Example: std.stripChars(" test test test ", " ")
yields "test test test"
.
Example: std.stripChars("aaabbbbcccc", "ac")
yields "bbbb"
.
Example: std.stripChars("cacabbbbaacc", "ac")
yields "bbbb"
.
Available since version 0.15.0.
Removes characters chars
from the beginning of str
.
Example: std.lstripChars(" test test test ", " ")
yields "test test test "
.
Example: std.lstripChars("aaabbbbcccc", "ac")
yields "bbbbcccc"
.
Example: std.lstripChars("cacabbbbaacc", "ac")
yields "bbbbaacc"
.
Available since version 0.15.0.
Removes characters chars
from the end of str
.
Example: std.rstripChars(" test test test ", " ")
yields " test test test"
.
Example: std.rstripChars("aaabbbbcccc", "ac")
yields "aaabbbb"
.
Example: std.rstripChars("cacabbbbaacc", "ac")
yields "cacabbbb"
.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Split the string str
into an array of strings, divided by the string
c
.
Note: Versions up to and including 0.18.0 require c
to be a single character.
Example: std.split("foo/_bar", "/_")
yields [ "foo", "bar" ]
.
Example: std.split("/_foo/_bar", "/_")
yields [ "", "foo", "bar" ]
.
Available since version 0.10.0.
As std.split(str, c)
but will stop after maxsplits
splits, thereby the largest
array it will return has length maxsplits + 1
. A limit of -1
means unlimited.
Note: Versions up to and including 0.18.0 require c
to be a single character.
Example: std.splitLimit("foo/_bar", "/_", 1)
yields [ "foo", "bar" ]
.
Example: std.splitLimit("/_foo/_bar", "/_", 1)
yields [ "", "foo/_bar" ]
.
Available since version 0.19.0.
As std.splitLimit(str, c, maxsplits)
but will split from right to left.
Example: std.splitLimitR("/_foo/_bar", "/_", 1)
yields [ "/_foo", "bar" ]
.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Returns a copy of the string in which all occurrences of string from
have been
replaced with string to
.
Example: std.strReplace('I like to skate with my skateboard', 'skate', 'surf')
yields "I like to surf with my surfboard"
.
Available since version 0.20.0.
Returns true if the the given string is of zero length.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Returns a copy of the string in which all ASCII letters are capitalized.
Example: std.asciiUpper('100 Cats!')
yields "100 CATS!"
.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Returns a copy of the string in which all ASCII letters are lower cased.
Example: std.asciiLower('100 Cats!')
yields "100 cats!"
.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Split the string str
into an array of strings, each containing a single
codepoint.
Example: std.stringChars("foo")
yields [ "f", "o", "o" ]
.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Format the string str
using the values in vals
. The values can be
an array, an object, or in other cases are treated as if they were provided in a singleton
array. The string formatting follows the same rules as
Python. The %
operator can be used as a shorthand for this function.
Example: std.format("Hello %03d", 12)
yields "Hello 012"
.
Example: "Hello %03d" % 12
yields "Hello 012"
.
Example: "Hello %s, age %d" % ["Foo", 25]
yields "Hello Foo, age 25"
.
Example: "Hello %(name)s, age %(age)d" % {age: 25, name: "Foo"}
yields "Hello Foo, age 25"
.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Wrap str
in single quotes, and escape any single quotes within str
by changing them to a sequence '"'"'. This allows injection of arbitrary strings
as arguments of commands in bash scripts.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Convert $ to $$ in str
. This allows injection of arbitrary strings into
systems that use $ for string interpolation (like Terraform).
Available since version 0.10.0.
Convert str
to allow it to be embedded in a JSON representation, within a
string. This adds quotes, escapes backslashes, and escapes unprintable characters.
Example: local description = "Multiline\nc:\\path";
"{name: %s}" % std.escapeStringJson(description)
yields "{name: \"Multiline\\nc:\\\\path\"}"
.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Convert str
to allow it to be embedded in Python. This is an alias for
std.escapeStringJson
.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Convert str
to allow it to be embedded in XML (or HTML). The following replacements are made:
{ "<": "<", ">": ">", "&": "&", "\"": """, "'": "'", }
Available since version 0.10.0.
Parses a signed decimal integer from the input string.
Example: std.parseInt("123")
yields 123
.
Example: std.parseInt("-123")
yields -123
.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Parses an unsigned octal integer from the input string. Initial zeroes are tolerated.
Example: std.parseOctal("755")
yields 493
.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Parses an unsigned hexadecimal integer, from the input string. Case insensitive.
Example: std.parseHex("ff")
yields 255
.
Available since version 0.13.0.
Parses a JSON string.
Example: std.parseJson('{"foo": "bar"}')
yields { "foo": "bar" }
.
Available since version 0.18.0.
Parses a YAML string. This is provided as a "best-effort" mechanism and should not be relied on to provide a fully standards compliant YAML parser. YAML is a superset of JSON, consequently "downcasting" or manifestation of YAML into JSON or Jsonnet values will only succeed when using the subset of YAML that is compatible with JSON. The parser does not support YAML documents with scalar values at the root. The root node of a YAML document must start with either a YAML sequence or map to be successfully parsed.
Example: std.parseYaml('foo: bar')
yields { "foo": "bar" }
.
Available since version 0.13.0.
Encode a string using UTF8. Returns an array of numbers representing bytes.
Available since version 0.13.0.
Decode an array of numbers representing bytes using UTF8. Returns a string.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Convert the given structure to a string in INI format. This allows using Jsonnet's object model to build a configuration to be consumed by an application expecting an INI file. The data is in the form of a set of sections, each containing a key/value mapping. These examples should make it clear:
{ main: { a: "1", b: "2" }, sections: { s1: {x: "11", y: "22", z: "33"}, s2: {p: "yes", q: ""}, empty: {}, } }
Yields a string containing this INI file:
a = 1 b = 2 [empty] [s1] x = 11 y = 22 z = 33 [s2] p = yes q =
Available since version 0.10.0.
Convert the given value to a JSON-like form that is compatible with Python. The chief differences are True / False / None instead of true / false / null.
{ b: ["foo", "bar"], c: true, d: null, e: { f1: false, f2: 42 }, }
Yields a string containing Python code like:
{ "b": ["foo", "bar"], "c": True, "d": None, "e": {"f1": False, "f2": 42} }
Available since version 0.10.0.
Convert the given object to a JSON-like form that is compatible with Python. The key
difference to std.manifestPython
is that the top level is represented as a list
of Python global variables.
{ b: ["foo", "bar"], c: true, d: null, e: { f1: false, f2: 42 }, }
Yields a string containing this Python code:
b = ["foo", "bar"] c = True d = None e = {"f1": False, "f2": 42}
Available since version 0.10.0.
Convert the given object to a JSON form. indent
is a string containing
one or more whitespaces that are used for indentation. newline
is
by default \n
and is inserted where a newline would normally be used
to break long lines. key_val_sep
is used to separate the key and value
of an object field:
Example: std.manifestJsonEx(
{
x: [1, 2, 3, true, false, null,
"string\nstring"],
y: { a: 1, b: 2, c: [1, 2] },
}, " ")
yields "{\n \"x\": [\n 1,\n 2,\n 3,\n true,\n false,\n null,\n \"string\\nstring\"\n ],\n \"y\": {\n \"a\": 1,\n \"b\": 2,\n \"c\": [\n 1,\n 2\n ]\n }\n}"
.
Example: std.manifestJsonEx(
{
x: [1, 2, "string\nstring"],
y: { a: 1, b: [1, 2] },
}, "", " ", " : ")
yields "{ \"x\" : [ 1, 2, \"string\\nstring\" ], \"y\" : { \"a\" : 1, \"b\" : [ 1, 2 ] } }"
.
Available since version 0.18.0.
Convert the given object to a minified JSON form. Under the covers,
it calls std.manifestJsonEx:')
:
Example: std.manifestJsonMinified(
{
x: [1, 2, 3, true, false, null,
"string\nstring"],
y: { a: 1, b: 2, c: [1, 2] },
})
yields "{\"x\":[1,2,3,true,false,null,\"string\\nstring\"],\"y\":{\"a\":1,\"b\":2,\"c\":[1,2]}}"
.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Convert the given value to a YAML form. Note that std.manifestJson
could also
be used for this purpose, because any JSON is also valid YAML. But this function will
produce more canonical-looking YAML.
std.manifestYamlDoc( { x: [1, 2, 3, true, false, null, "string\nstring\n"], y: { a: 1, b: 2, c: [1, 2] }, }, indent_array_in_object=false)
Yields a string containing this YAML:
"x": - 1 - 2 - 3 - true - false - null - | string string "y": "a": 1 "b": 2 "c": - 1 - 2
The indent_array_in_object
param adds additional indentation which some people
may find easier to read.
The quote_keys
parameter controls whether YAML identifiers are always quoted
or only when necessary.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Given an array of values, emit a YAML "stream", which is a sequence of documents separated
by ---
and ending with ...
.
std.manifestYamlStream( ['a', 1, []], indent_array_in_object=false, c_document_end=true)
Yields this string:
--- "a" --- 1 --- [] ...
The indent_array_in_object
and quote_keys
params are the
same as in manifestYamlDoc
.
The c_document_end
param adds the optional terminating ...
.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Convert the given JsonML-encoded value to a string containing the XML.
std.manifestXmlJsonml([ 'svg', { height: 100, width: 100 }, [ 'circle', { cx: 50, cy: 50, r: 40, stroke: 'black', 'stroke-width': 3, fill: 'red', } ], ])
Yields a string containing this XML (all on one line):
<svg height="100" width="100"> <circle cx="50" cy="50" fill="red" r="40" stroke="black" stroke-width="3"></circle>; </svg>;
Which represents the following image:
JsonML is designed to preserve "mixed-mode content" (i.e., textual data outside of or next to elements). This includes the whitespace needed to avoid having all the XML on one line, which is meaningful in XML. In order to have whitespace in the XML output, it must be present in the JsonML input:
std.manifestXmlJsonml([ 'svg', { height: 100, width: 100 }, '\n ', [ 'circle', { cx: 50, cy: 50, r: 40, stroke: 'black', 'stroke-width': 3, fill: 'red', } ], '\n', ])
Available since version 0.18.0.
Convert the given object to a TOML form. indent
is a string containing
one or more whitespaces that are used for indentation:
Example: std.manifestTomlEx({
key1: "value",
key2: 1,
section: {
a: 1,
b: "str",
c: false,
d: [1, "s", [2, 3]],
subsection: {
k: "v",
},
},
sectionArray: [
{ k: "v1", v: 123 },
{ k: "v2", c: "value2" },
],
}, " ")
yields "key1 = \"value\"\nkey2 = 1\n\n[section]\n a = 1\n b = \"str\"\n c = false\n d = [\n 1,\n \"s\",\n [ 2, 3 ]\n ]\n\n [section.subsection]\n k = \"v\"\n\n[[sectionArray]]\n k = \"v1\"\n v = 123\n\n[[sectionArray]]\n c = \"value2\"\n k = \"v2\""
.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Create a new array of sz
elements by calling func(i)
to initialize
each element. Func is expected to be a function that takes a single parameter, the index of
the element it should initialize.
Example: std.makeArray(3,function(x) x * x)
yields [ 0, 1, 4 ]
.
Available since version 0.15.0.
Returns whether x
occurs in arr
.
Argument arr
may be an array or a string.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Return the number of times that x
occurs in arr
.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Returns an array that contains the indexes of all occurrences of value
in
arr
.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Apply the given function to every element of the array to form a new array.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Similar to map above, but it also passes to the function the element's
index in the array. The function func
is expected to take the index as the
first parameter and the element as the second.
Available since version 0.10.0.
It first filters, then maps the given array, using the two functions provided.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Apply the given function to every element of arr
to form a new array then flatten the result.
The argument arr
must be an array or a string. If arr
is an array, function func
must return an array.
If arr
is a string, function func
must return an string.
The std.flatMap
function can be thought of as a generalized std.map
,
with each element mapped to 0, 1 or more elements.
Example: std.flatMap(function(x) [x, x], [1, 2, 3])
yields [ 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3 ]
.
Example: std.flatMap(function(x) if x == 2 then [] else [x], [1, 2, 3])
yields [ 1, 3 ]
.
Example: std.flatMap(function(x) if x == 2 then [] else [x * 3, x * 2], [1, 2, 3])
yields [ 3, 2, 9, 6 ]
.
Example: std.flatMap(function(x) x+x, "foo")
yields "ffoooo"
.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Return a new array containing all the elements of arr
for which the
func
function returns true.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Classic foldl function. Calls the function on the result of the previous function call and
each array element, or init
in the case of the initial element. Traverses the
array from left to right.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Classic foldr function. Calls the function on the result of the previous function call and
each array element, or init
in the case of the initial element. Traverses the
array from right to left.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Return an array of ascending numbers between the two limits, inclusively.
Available since version 0.15.0.
Repeats an array or a string what
a number of times specified by an integer count
.
Example: std.repeat([1, 2, 3], 3)
yields [ 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3 ]
.
Example: std.repeat("blah", 2)
yields "blahblah"
.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Selects the elements of an array or a string from index
to end
with step
and returns an array or a string respectively.
Note that it's recommended to use dedicated slicing syntax both for arrays and strings (e.g. arr[0:4:1]
instead of std.slice(arr, 0, 4, 1)
).
Example: std.slice([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], 0, 4, 1)
yields [ 1, 2, 3, 4 ]
.
Example: std.slice([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], 1, 6, 2)
yields [ 2, 4, 6 ]
.
Example: std.slice("jsonnet", 0, 4, 1)
yields "json"
.
Available since version 0.10.0.
If sep
is a string, then arr
must be an array of strings, in which
case they are concatenated with sep
used as a delimiter. If sep
is an array, then arr
must be an array of arrays, in which case the arrays are
concatenated in the same way, to produce a single array.
Example: std.join(".", ["www", "google", "com"])
yields "www.google.com"
.
Example: std.join([9, 9], [[1], [2, 3]])
yields [ 1, 9, 9, 2, 3 ]
.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Concatenate an array of strings into a text file with newline characters after each string. This is suitable for constructing bash scripts and the like.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Concatenate an array of arrays into a single array.
Example: std.flattenArrays([[1, 2], [3, 4], [[5, 6], [7, 8]]])
yields [ 1, 2, 3, 4, [ 5, 6 ], [ 7, 8 ] ]
.
Available since version 0.13.0.
Reverses an array.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Sorts the array using the <= operator.
Optional argument keyF
is a single argument function used to extract comparison key from each array element.
Default value is identity function keyF=function(x) x
.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Removes successive duplicates. When given a sorted array, removes all duplicates.
Optional argument keyF
is a single argument function used to extract comparison key from each array element.
Default value is identity function keyF=function(x) x
.
Available since version 0.19.0.
Return true if all elements of arr
is true, false otherwise. all([])
evaluates to true.
It's an error if 1) arr
is not an array, or 2) arr
contains non-boolean values.
Available since version 0.19.0.
Return true if any element of arr
is true, false otherwise. any([])
evaluates to false.
It's an error if 1) arr
is not an array, or 2) arr
contains non-boolean values.
Available since version 0.20.0.
Return sum of all element in arr
.
Sets are represented as ordered arrays without duplicates.
Note that the std.set*
functions rely on the uniqueness and ordering
on arrays passed to them to work. This can be guaranteed by using std.set(arr)
.
If that is not the case, the functions will quietly return non-meaningful results.
All set.set*
functions accept keyF
function of one argument, which can be
used to extract key to use from each element. All Set operations then use extracted key for the purpose
of identifying uniqueness. Default value is identity function local id = function(x) x
.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Shortcut for std.uniq(std.sort(arr)).
Available since version 0.10.0.
Set intersection operation (values in both a and b).
Available since version 0.10.0.
Set union operation (values in any of a
or b
). Note that + on sets will simply
concatenate
the arrays, possibly forming an array that is not a set (due to not being ordered without
duplicates).
Example: std.setUnion([1, 2], [2, 3])
yields [ 1, 2, 3 ]
.
Example: std.setUnion([{n:"A", v:1}, {n:"B"}], [{n:"A", v: 9999}, {n:"C"}], keyF=function(x) x.n)
yields [ { "n": "A", "v": 1 }, { "n": "B" }, { "n": "C" } ]
.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Set difference operation (values in a but not b).
Available since version 0.10.0.
Returns true
if x is a member of array, otherwise false
.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Encodes the given value into a base64 string. The encoding sequence is A-Za-z0-9+/
with
=
to pad the output to a multiple of 4 characters. The value can be a string or an array of
numbers, but the codepoints / numbers must be in the 0 to 255 range. The resulting string
has no line breaks.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Decodes the given base64 string into an array of bytes (number values). Currently assumes the input string has no linebreaks and is padded to a multiple of 4 (with the = character). In other words, it consumes the output of std.base64().
Available since version 0.10.0.
Deprecated, use std.base64DecodeBytes
and decode the string explicitly (e.g. with std.decodeUTF8
) instead.
Behaves like std.base64DecodeBytes() except returns a naively encoded string instead of an array of bytes.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Encodes the given value into an MD5 string.
Available since version 0.20.0.
Returns the xor of the two given booleans.
Available since version 0.20.0.
Returns the xnor of the two given booleans.
Available since version 0.10.0.
Applies patch
to target
according to RFC7396
Available since version 0.11.0.
Outputs the given string str
to stderr and
returns rest
as the result.
Example:
local conditionalReturn(cond, in1, in2) = if (cond) then std.trace('cond is true returning ' + std.toString(in1), in1) else std.trace('cond is false returning ' + std.toString(in2), in2); { a: conditionalReturn(true, { b: true }, { c: false }), }
Prints:
TRACE: test.jsonnet:3 cond is true returning {"b": true} { "a": { "b": true } }


B. Verkin Institute for Low
Temperature Physics & Engineering of Ukrainian Academy of Sciences,
47, Nauky Ave.,
61103 Kharkov, Ukraine
Postgraduated from Kharkov State University in 1962.
PhD Phys & Math , ILTPE, 1964.
DSc Phys & Math, ILTPE, 1984.
Has been teaching at the state universities of Uzhgorod and Vladivostok. In 1969 - 1975 was a chief of the theoretical physics staff of the Far East University, Vladivostok (USSR). Is the author more than 117 articles and two inventions. Participated in Ukrainian and international conferences in Russia, Poland, Switzerland, Germany, Portugal, etc. Was an organizer of the V International Conference on Magneto-Electric Interaction in Crystals (MEIPIC -5) held in Sudak, Ukraine, in 2003. Became the Laureate of the Ukraine State prize in science and technics in 2004.
Interests: poetry. Has ten books published with five plays and translation of the sonnets by Shakespeare among them. Is a member of the Union of writers of Russia.
Magneto-electric phenomena (the appearance of electric polarization in magnetic field and the induction of magnetic moment by electric field) have a large fundamental and practical scientific significance. These phenomena open the possibilities to change the magnetic (electric) properties by electric (magnetic) field and may be used for the creation of a multifunctional elements in a wide frequency region from SH frequency to optical one.
Different manifestations of magneto-electric (ME) interactions in thermodynamic and high frequency properties of the crystals with spontaneous magnetic and ferro (antiferro) electric ordering were investigated. Some ME experimental phenomena (the jump of electric polarization by spin-flop, temperature anomalies of ME susceptibility in the boracites, etc.) were explained and new possible ME effects were predicted. These results are the subjects of more than 80 manuscripts and of 7 monographs:
The influence of dynamic ME interactions on phonon polariton spectrum of an insulator at the boundary with a metal in the presence of constant electric and magnetic fields of definite directions was investigated. It was shown that the field of electromagnetic wave is pushed out from the volume to the surface of an insulator by toroidal excitations. Strong nonreciprocity of phonon polaritons appears in the presence of a constant magnetic field: polariton of a given frequency of IR or optical regions propagates only in one direction (Chupis I.E. and Mamaluy D.A.).
Last time thermodynamic and high-frequency properties of the ferroelectromagnet TbMnO3 were investigated. The excitations of electromagnons by alternating electric field, polaritons in the TbMnO3 at the boundary with a metal in magnetic field, domain nonreciprocity of electromagnetic waves were analyzed. Magnetic phase diagrams and the reason of so called electric polarization flop” were revealed.


Losing one's voice is what happens when someone's vocal cords are affected so that their throat feels sore and they either cannot talk or have difficulty talking. note
In fiction, sometimes whole plots (often episodes of TV shows and short stories, since you can't generally fit this into a whole movie), focus on someone losing their voice.
This could be a subtrope of Sick Episode if their reason for losing the voice is due to a disease, but sometimes, they're not sick, they just lost their voice due to straining it (often due to singing or shouting).
The plot might resolve on trying to get the voice back in time for an occasion that requires talking (like if they have to sing or do a speech, or if their powers require voice activation), and if they fail, they might end up with another character lip-synching them. Other times, the plot might revolve around trying to find ways to communicate with the lost voice.
Often the character will find out they've lost their voice when they try to speak and the sore throat comes on later.
Examples:
- One McDonaldland story arc was entitled "Search For the Runaway Voice". Grimace's voice leaves his body after Grimace says it sounds silly. Ronald, Birdie, and Grimace chase the voice down, and the voice makes other people sound like Grimace when it goes inside their bodies. Ronald, Birdie, and Grimace eventually find the voice in a cave in Scary Mountain, where a dragon has trapped it to make his voice sound deeper. He lets Grimace have his voice back when Birdie compliments his original voice.
- In an episode of Macross 7, Basara Nekki loses his voice, making him unable to sing. Since his singing is his weapon against the Protodevlin, he has a hard time dealing with them and Mylene has to sing "Holy Lonely Light" on her own. In the climax, Basara gets his voice back and aids Mylene in singing "Holy Lonely Light" together.
- In an episode of Cardcaptor Sakura, Tomoyo gets her voice stolen by the Voice card, making her unable to speak. Sakura then uses the Song card to lure the Voice card out and get it back.
- In the first chapter of Return to the Past, NOW! Finale, OC Cassidy loses her voice as her body tries to regain control before the Vortex arrives.
- In The Truth about Mork, a fanfiction about Mork & Mindy, Mork finds himself unable to speak for a while after being in stasis.
- Another Mork and Mindy fanfiction, entitled Together, has a chapter entitled "Finding Lily's Voice", in which Lily (the neighbour) loses her voice and so Mork and Mindy have to sing her songs for her.
- The Phineas and Ferb fanfic Vocal Blues features Phineas having mysteriously lost his voice right before a big Christmas concert that the band he and Ferb are part of and in which Phineas is the lead singer is playing at. Ultimately it turns out Phineas' fiddling with one of Ferb's inventions just rendered his voice too high to be heard and a specially built and set mike fixes the problem though Ferb does give poor Phin a heart attack by forcing him onstage to sing without explaining.
- A scrapped episode of The Pokémon Squad featured a inversion where Red accidentally swallows a voice chip, making him perfectly capable of speech (before, he was only able to talk using signs).
- The Little Mermaid: Ariel actually has her voice stolen as part of a bargain with Ursula the Sea Witch to become human.
- In The Dinosaur Who Lost His Roar, a dinosaur named Sid who likes to jump behind his friends and roar at them loses his voice and can't roar, only croak. This gets him teased until he gets his roar back and scares away a T. Rex.
- Dirty Bertie:
- In "Elf!", Bertie's dad has to fill in for the Mall Santa because the old one lost his voice.
- In "Dare!", Miss Boot loses her voice so Mr Weakly has to substitute.
- Fudge: An interesting case in "Double Fudge". Uncle Feather, the myna bird, inexplicably stops talking for a few chapters and then, just as inexplicably, gets it back.
- In a Katie Morag book, Katie's uncle Sven loses his voice so Katie has to sing his song.
- The children's book Lacie Walker, Non-Stop Talker focuses on an anthropomorphic bird girl named Lacie Walker, who talks all the time and doesn't listen learning to listen when she loses her voice.
- The Faraway Tree. Happens to Connie in the third book after she is caught eavesdropping in the Land of Secrets. When the Land of Enchantments comes to the top of the Faraway Tree, the children and their friends go there in search of a means of curing her. However, the cure comes with one condition; Connie must never divulge the secret she overheard or she will lose her voice for good.
- In The Magicians, the fourth-year Training from Hell officially begins with the students being magically muted so they can't communicate with each other, or speak for any reason other than spellcasting. For good measure, any attempts at writing will become unintelligible. As a result, it's not uncommon for the students to go a little crazy from all the silence before the year's up.
- The Addams Family has the episode "Lurch the Teenage Idol", in which Lurch loses his voice and gets it back when Grandmama sticks his throat with a pin.
- In the Adventures in Wonderland episode "Lip-Sunk," the Queen of Hearts loses her voice just before she's supposed to give a speech. The other Wonderland characters try to find her missing voice, but in the end Alice cures her with lemon-and-honey tea.
- In the Season 1 Christmas Episode of The Brady Bunch, "The Voice of Christmas," Carol comes down with laryngitis just days before she's supposed to sing in the Christmas Day church service. Cindy asks a department store Santa to bring back her mother's voice, and whether by coincidence or by a miracle, Carol does recover just in time for Christmas.
- In an episode of Bumble, Bumble the bee loses his voice and Boo the mouse wants to "find it".
- On arc of Mission Top Secret involves Big Bad Neville Savage trying to steal a singer's voice with one of the devices he stole from Sir Joshua at the start of the season.
- Mission: Impossible: In one episode, the team uses a drug to induce temporary voice loss in a circus MC, so Jim can step up and replace him.
- In one episode of Worzel Gummidge, Mr Peters loses his voice and he thinks it's laryngitis. He seems fine otherwise, and appears to have gotten it back when they sing in the choir, though.
- In Buffy the Vampire Slayer episode "Hush", one morning the whole town of Sunnydale wakes up voiceless. Chaos erupts with the rest of the country claiming it's a case of laryngitis. However, when Giles' friends see creepy men floating around the streets at night and people are turning up murdered with their hearts removed, Giles makes a connection between these "Gentleman" and a fairy tale called "The Gentleman". The gang soon figures out what needs to be done to save the town before more people are killed.
- In the The Book of Pooh episode, "The Words are Out", Piglet loses his voice. Pooh believes that Piglet literally lost his voice and tries to find it. Pooh and his friends later find other ways to get Piglet to communicate with them, and Piglet uses signs that they made to tell his friends that he needs bed rest. The next day, when Piglet recovers, he reveals to Pooh that he had a case of laryngitis.
- In the The Lone Ranger radio show, they used it to explain a voice actor change. Snopes has the story here.
- In the Moshi Monsters mission "Pop Goes the Boo Boo", Baby Rox has a lost voice minus the sore throat. It turns out that it got stolen by a robot duck, so that the bad guys could mutilate its frequency into one high enough to break Rox down so they could be melted and power an evil machine they were making to destroy the sun. Thankfully, she gets the voice back.
- The Nostalgia Critic: His review of The Good Son is done silently because he threw out his voice ranting about the movie. His only line comes at the end, when he manages to whisper "Ass".
- In the Arthur episode "For Whom the Bell Tolls", D.W. gets laryngitis that leaves her unable to talk. When she gets better, she pretends to still have it because she enjoys being fussed over.
- In one episode of Bunnicula, Chester, Bunnicula, and Harold unwittingly hatch a bird that steals their voices and uses them to make a catchy beat. The bird doesn't stop there though. It steals any sound that it hears, including the voices of Mina and her father. The pet trio are forced to chase the bird and get everybody's voices back before it can silence the whole city.
- In one episode of Buzzy Bee, the mother duck loses her voice.
- In the Caillou episode "A Frog in Caillou's Throat", Caillou loses his voice and gets a sore throat for a few days.
- In an episode of Chuggington, Dunbar loses his voice. It turns out he just needed oiling.
- In an episode of Ed, Edd n Eddy, Eddy loses his voice due to a fly getting stuck in his throat. He is frustrated when other people do not know what he's saying and is thrown into a number of unpleasant situations and misfortunes as a result.
- Happens towards the end of The Flintstones episode "Hollyrock, Here I Come". When Fred, who is the lead of a television program, becomes such an overbearing actor, the producer decides to get rid of him by casually mentioning how many people will be watching him, giving Fred such a bad case of Performance Anxiety that he loses his voice. Wilma manages to snap him out of it by showing him an expensive fur coat that she had charged, resulting in Fred's voice exploding back as he yells for Wilma to send the coat back before he sues the store for selling it to her.
- In the Little Princess episode "I Want My Voice Back", the Princess loses her voice and learns to communicate with a bell.
- The Loud House: In "Spell it Out", Lucy casts a spell from a book of her grandmother's she found in the attic. When the first ones don't get her the results she wanted, she takes one that casts her siblings' voices away. Having no voice causes the other kids trouble and to undo it, Lucy confesses what she did and tries to use it on herself to reverse its effect on her siblings. They tell her that the spell didn't take their voices, they lost them screaming for their grandfather, but then the grandmother's illustration smiles so what really took their voices is a mystery.
- Martha Speaks:
- In "Martha in Charge", Helen gets laryngitis and also goes all sleepy.
- While she doesn't have a sore throat, Martha the talking dog effectively loses her voice if she goes too long without alphabet soup, which happens in the first episode.
- Downplayed in "Martha Blah Blah". Martha can still talk but, due to half the letters being subtracted from the alphabet soup, she can only say 13 letters, which makes her indecipherable.
- Meg And Mog: In "Owl's Voice", Owl loses his voice and gets a cough as well. His owner, a witch named Meg, manages to get rid of his cough but cannot return his voice, instead making him say animal noises. Eventually, the vet gives Owl some medicine which brings his voice back.
- Mickey and the Roadster Racers: In "Mickey's Perfecto Day", Donald loses his voice after eating spicy Mexican food, a dilemma complicated by the fact that he has to sing with Panchito and Jose later that day.
- In the Milly, Molly episode "Class Concert", Molly loses her voice and Milly tries to make a jollop to get it back so she can sing in the concert.
- In the Miraculous Ladybug episode "Silencer", Ladybug gets her voice stolen by the title villain, which causes the problem of her not being able to use her Lucky Charm power because, as it turns out, Miraculous powers are voice-activated. Luckily, she finds a way around it.
- In the Muppet Babies (1984) episode, "Once Upon an Egg Timer", Baby Rowlf loses his voice after a ride on Baby Bunsen's latest invention, so Nanny suggests the babies take turns telling a story with an egg timer until it comes back.
- In the Muppet Babies (2018) episode, "Don't Over Duet", Piggy strains her voice while practicing a duet with Rowlf, so the babies travel through her body in Bunsen and Beaker's miniature submarine to find her missing voice box. Piggy has to learn the importance of taking a break while the other babies search her body, as talking, moving around, and making loud noises all compromise the mission.
- The My Friend Rabbit episode "Hazel's Voice" has Hazel the squirrel lose her voice (for reasons unknown) and try to communicate.
- My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic:
- In the episode "Bridle Gossip", an exposure to Poison Joke causes Pinkie Pie's tongue to swell up to the point that she can't speak.
- In the episode "Magic Duel", Trixie, using the power of the Alicorn Amulet, makes Pinkie Pie's mouth disappear. She remains that way for the remainder of the episode, with her even breaking the fourth wall during the Iris Out to gesture that she still couldn't talk, with Twilight coming up and restoring her mouth.
- In the episode "Filli Vanilli", Big Mac loses his voice and Fluttershy has to lip-synch him with a deep voice that she gets from the poison joke flower.
- PAW Patrol did this with Rocky in "Parroting Pups". Rocky has lost his voice and can't use his voice-activated Pup-Pack, therefore Carlos has to get Matea, a parrot, to repeat Rocky's lines to get the Pup-Pack to work.
- PJ Masks had Speak UP, Gekko!, in which Romeo's latest invention steals Gekko's voice. Catboy and Owlette eventually lose their voices too.
- The first Rose Petal Place special has Nastina scheme to make Rose Petal lose her voice, ensuring she can't tend to the garden with her magical singing.
- In the Rugrats episode "Cat Got Your Tongue?", Phil and Lil's father Howard has lost his voice and cannot speak despite not having anything else wrong with him, and Angelica tells the babies that her cat Fluffy literally stole his tongue.
- She-Ra: Princess of Power had an episode where Shadow Weaver steals people's voices, including that of Adora, which causes trouble when she can't use her transformation spell.
- In an episode of The Smurfs, Poet magically loses his voice due to a spell cast upon him by Gargamel and thus cannot recite his annual spring poem, so to help out, Papa Smurf brings the Cute Mute woodelf Laconia to teach him how to use sign language. Poet does get his voice again when Papa Smurf finds the spell in Gargamel's books to restore one's voice (though due to Azrael's interference, Papa Smurf was unable to do the same for Laconia), so Poet recites the spring poem both by speaking and by using sign language.
- In the Squirrel Boy episode "Speechless", Mr. Johnson loses his voice as a result of laughing too hard at a comedy film, with Rodney having to back him up at his upcoming speech ceremony.
- In the Thomas the Tank Engine episode, "Too Loud, Thomas!", Thomas loses his voice as a result of trying to practice singing opera like Lorenzo and Beppe. This causes problems when Mia tells him to tell Stefano to wait for Gina so that she can give him her cargo. Thomas ends up having to use his whistle to communicate with Stefano.
- The Vampirina episode "Bat Got Your Tongue" has Vee's voice becomes hoarse on the day of a Ghoul Girls concert when she sang too much the previous day. Gregoria uses a potion that can restore it if she admits some kind of truth. Larry Moss, the music manager, says that she can lip sync while Poppy sings backstage. Vee accepts at first, but she feels guilty, confesses, and then gets her voice back.


Miami Heat
I love the new team colors for city edition, and we are looking pretty good this year
Baltimore Ravens
My NFL team is the Baltimore Ravens. Ray Lewis fan.
New York Yankees
27 championships, nuff said
FC Barcelona
Messi. Best player ever
Detroit Red Wings
Just needed an NHL team
Recreational
Pretty good shooter and dribbler
Any type of weight
Favs are leg related exercises
Xbox one
FIFA, NBA 2K, Madden
Bible or Jurassic Park
Both very good options
Her name is Rory
She is VERY energetic.
K-6
I was there for 7 years
7-8th grade
Went to Scan for a year and then KIPP.
9-12th grade
Clovis schools are sometimes different to Fresno schools.
College
AA in liberal studies (soon Web dev.)
Great diner
I love the moons over my hammy.
Burgers=good
Simple menu + Animal style fries
Local pizza parlor
This may be controversial, but best pizza place.
Mexican food
Burritos, tortas, quesadillas


Class of objects that create a wrapper around an object using an efficient delegation model that allows execution of delegated methods with the state of the delegated object, i.e. by replacing the self
parameter.
This class is useful to implement wrappers that overwrites some of the operations of a object.
Each wrapper may provide specific methods that are executed with the wrapper object as the self
reference.
However, when a method is called that is not provided by the wrapper and but is provided by the wrapped object then a special method is used that replaces the self
reference by the wrapped object.
Only one single special method is used to perform the self
replacement for all delegated methods of all wrappers without creating temporary closures or any other kind of structure.
However, this mechanisms only work for method calls done with the :
operator.
__object
__
is used to avoid name colisions.
__index
__object
.
Wrapper
instance.
Therefore all indexed methods that are not provided by the Wrapper
instance itself are the same function no matter if they are actually delegations of different methods.:
operator guarantees that the method index and execution is an atomic operation thus it is guaranteed that the setup performed by meta-method __index
on the delegation function is preserved until the delegation method execution.
If the method index and execution are not performed atomically the results are unpredictable because the delegation function settings may change by another method invocation.local Wrapper = require "loop.object.Wrapper" file = Wrapper{ __object = assert(io.open("desc.txt", "w")) } function file:write(text) return self.__object:write(text, "\n") end file:write("This text is being written into a file with a method") file:write("redefined by a wrapper that adds line breaks to the ") file:write("strings written. However this file will be closed by") file:write("a method delegated to the original 'userdata' object") file:write("that represents the file handler. Since the 'close' ") file:write("method of Lua file handlers do not expect to receive") file:write("the wrapper object as the 'self' parameter, it must ") file:write("be replaced by the original 'userdata' object.") file:close()


s6-dns
Software
skarnet.org
The s6-dnstxt program
s6-dnstxt finds the TXT information associated to a domain name.
Interface
s6-dnstxt [ -q ] [ -r ] [ -t timeout ] domain
- s6-dnstxt makes a TXT query for the name domain. It
waits for the result and prints the obtained strings, one by line,
in a quoted form similar to
s6-quote's
output. You can pipe s6-dnstxt's output through
s6-unquote-filter
to get unquoted TXT fields.
- If the domain exists but no relevant field has been found, it exits 1.
- If the DNS answered but no answer is available, it prints a relevant
error message and exits 2.
- By default, s6-dnstxt looks for DNS cache addresses in the
/etc/resolv.conf file. If the DNSCACHEIP environment variable is set
and contains a list of IP (v4 or v6) addresses, separated by commas,
semicolons, spaces, tabs, newlines or carriage returns, then this list
is used instead.
Options
- -q : qualify. Qualifies domain before resolution,
according to suffixes found in /etc/resolv.conf. If the DNSQUALIFY
environment variable is set and contains a list of suffixes separated by spaces,
tabs, newlines or carriage returns, then this list is used instead. By
default, no qualification is used: if domain is not a FQDN, a dot
is just appended to it.
- -r : random. By default, the program does not sort the
result, but prints them in the order received from the DNS. With this
option, it performs a random permutation on the results before printing
them.
- -t timeout : if the resolution takes more
than timeout milliseconds, then it exits 99 right away with an error
message. By default, timeout is 0, which means no timeout.
Notes
There can be more than one character-string in a TXT RR, and there can be
more than one TXT RR per domain. DNS clients usually concatenate all this
and only give one string. s6-dnstxt concatenates all the character-strings
in one TXT record, but separates different TXT records, printing each one
on a separate line.


VIPER
Text and Code editor for use with screen readers
Version 2.0.0
Releas : cleo
Abstract
This is a simple editor in Ruby that works with screen readers, esp. like VoiceOver in Mac OS, or with Orca in Linux with Gnome desktops. Viper only attempts an audible interface. Sighted users of the program will only see confusing gibberish on the screen.
Source
Dockerfile
github.com/edhowland/viper/blob/feature/2.0.0/docker/Dockerfile
System requirements
Viper requires Ruby versions: 2.2 and above
Note on keyboard and Terminal emulators
Viper makes liberal use of the Meta or Alt key for many of its functions. Some terminal emulators need to be reconfigured to output the correct sequence of bytes for a Alt modifier plus key combination.
Before trying to use Viper, check for your terminal emulator's keyboard profile or shortcut settings. Below find help for terminal emulators that can be used with Viper:
Gnome Terminal when using the Orca screen reader
Gnome terminal should work out of the box with the Alt key as the meta key. You may want to change the function key setup, though. As an alternative to changing the function keys, you may substitute Alt plus 1, 2, 3 … 0 for F 1, F 2, F 3 … F ten.
In addition, the Orca screenreader does not always echo the output from Viper when certain keys are pressed. This affects the cursor movement keys, the back tab (Shift Tab) and the backspace (Delete back). As an alternative to these keys, you can alias unbound meta (Alt+) to these keys. The file in the Viper package orca_alias.vsh maps these for you. Add the following line to your ~/.vishrc
source ":{vhome}/etc/keymaps/orca_alias.vsh"
Orca help
To see a list of what these keys are mapped to: Invoke command mode by pressing Alt pluss semicolon and entering the following commmand and then pressing Enter.
help orca
Mac Terminal app using Voice Over
Many of the default Option plus key combinations in the Mac OS Terminal application, output extended characters like the Euro symbol, elipsis, etc. Voice over will output the names of these keys. To get the meta key behaviour, open the Terminal app preferences dialog by pressing the Command key (the Apple key) plus comma while in the Terminal app. Select the keyboard tab. Move down until you hear: Use Option as Meta key checked Make sure the option is checked. Exit the dialog by pressing the Escape key.
In addition, you should also add the Page Up and Page Down keys to the keys table. Set them to output the following text when pressed.
-
PageUp : Esc [5~
-
PageDown : Esc [6~
Alternatively, you can press Shift plus PageUp or Shift plus PageDown to get the same effect temporarily.
Contributing
Please see the file CONTRIBUTING.md for information on contributing to the Viper project. I am looking forward to your support and welcome any help. Together, we can make Viper a great project for all visually impaired or blind programmers. I am especially requesting help from programmers in other programming languages like Python, Golang, Javascript, etc.


Establish and demonstrate novel strategies for collaborative robotic systems performing post-processing operations (trimming and sanding), on large scale fiber-reinforced polymer parts without part re-positioning.
September 2020 - August 2023
The project has started!
We discussed the project with Varun Chandra as part of the The WhiteOwl Talk Series. These videos are intedend for high school students to get familiarized with different aspects of research. Check our video on youtube
Education component: Team 50 from the Capstone Design Course at LSU has joined the team and is going to learn how to design and manufacture a wind blade.


We are a team of four young developers, curious whatever you want to call.
But the most important is that we are concerned about the problems that envolve our society,
Mother nature, and every person in general.
And to fight mis and disinformation, we created this platform, to alarm every one using one of
the worlds most easily understandable language, music, so every one can be conscious of the world that
surrounds them and how to behave.


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Little Nicky * * (out of * * * * )
Directed by Steven Brill. Cast: Adam Sandler, Harvey Keitel, Rhys Ifans, Patricia Arquette, Tommy "Tiny" Lister Jr., Rodney Dangerfield, Reese Witherspoon, Allen Covert, Kevin Nealon, John Lovitz, Quentin Tarantino, Michael McKean, Clint Howard, Ellen Cleghorne, Dana Carvey, Ozzy Osbourne. 2000 - 84 minutes Rated PG-13 (for violence, nudity, sexual situations, and profanity). Reviewed by Dustin Putman, November 11, 2000.
Adam Sandler movies are easily an acquired taste--aside from almost all young teenage boys, who eat them up--and with every film he makes where he plays a normal guy whose ability to make audiences laugh comes from his charisma and talent, there are at least two movies that rely on him to be quirky and intellectually deficient, complete with a speech impediment. "Little Nicky," directed by Steven Brill, falls into the latter, lesser category, as his title character walks with a hunched-over back, has a crooked mouth, and, yes, a speech impediment. Sandler can be a great comic, but only with the right material, and when he doesn't try so hard. Here, he is afforded no help by the lame, forgettable screenplay that he cowrote with Tim Herlihy and director Brill. Is "Little Nicky" funny? Sometimes. But in the annals of the wildly popular Sandler flicks, this one falls into the same league as 1998's "The Waterboy"--better than 1995's stupefying "Billy Madison," but not as good as 1996's "Happy Gilmore" or 1999's "Big Daddy," and worlds below his one great picture, 1998's "The Wedding Singer."
Although he has a wonderful relationship with his father, the Devil (Harvey Keitel), Little Nicky (Adam Sandler) is a sweet, good-natured soul who doesn't seem to have much of the dark side in him, despite living in hell. With his father's 10,000-year reign to the purgatorial throne drawing to a close, it is up to him to choose one of his sons to succeed him. The only problem is, the Devil doesn't feel like his oldest boys, Adrian (Rhys Ifans) and Cassius (Tommy "Tiny" Lister Jr.), are mature enough to handle it, and Nicky is far too "heavenly." Adrian and Cassius, outraged at their father's decision, escape to New York City and plan to derail all laws, creating a Hell on Earth.
 Partnered up with a wise bulldog named Mr. Beefy (voice by Robert Smigel), Nicky rents an apartment with an in-the-closet Broadway show fanatic (Allen Covert) and begins to search for his brothers. He even meets a cute fashion design major named Valerie (Patricia Arquette), all the while starting to feel strong emotions he's never felt before.
Aside from the whole Heaven and Hell angle, "Little Nicky" is nearly a carbon copy, in terms of plot developments and stock characters, of all of Sandler's starring-role filmography. There is always a sidekick or two, with at least one of them gay, and there is a token love interest that he has a falling-out with due to a misunderstanding, but whom get back together before the end credits. There even is a person or two who stand in the way of the main character's wants and dreams. While the tried-and-true formula isn't solely relegated to movies with Adam Sandler, it is finally beginning to wear out its welcome. We've seen all of this before, and done much better and with far more charm ("The Wedding Singer"). Here, even the romance between Sandler and Patricia Arquette comes off as a slight, unfeeling subplot that isn't given hardly any screen time to develop.
With Sandler doing his usual schtick, there is some admitted fun in the large supporting players. Arquette, as the mousy Valerie, is winning, but given very little to do, while Harvey Keitel and Rodney Dangerfield, as the Devil and Lucifer, are very funny. Dangerfield, especially, gets a few zinger lines, including a clever placement for his getting "no respect" motto. Jon Lovitz, as a peeping tom who dies in the opening scene, left to be sexually violated by a giant black crow for all of eternity, is priceless, and his brief subplot in the opening is comically superior to anything else in the movie. Kevin Nealon, as a demon who grows a pair of buxom breasts on the top of his head, is eccentrically repulsive.
Saving the best for last, the effervescently gifted and beautiful Reese Witherspoon shows up near the end as Sandler's loving and ageless mother, a heavenly angel who hangs out with her Valley Girl-style friends, and steals the show. Why Witherspoon agreed to be a part of such a waste of a movie is unknown, but for her ten minutes of screen time, she steals your heart and manages to tickle your funny bone in a fresh and innocent way. Aside from her, the film leaves you feeling oddly unclean with its repugnant premise and settings.
 "Little Nicky" is marginally enjoyable, and not exactly a downright failure, but it is uninspired. A divergence for the eyes and little else, the movie has the ability to stay with you for about as long as its slim 84-minute running time, and then exits from your memory. Not exactly a sign of comedic brilliance, or a sign of being that good at all.
- Copyright 2000 by Dustin Putman Reviews by Dustin Putman - http://us.imdb.com/ReviewsBy?Dustin+Putman
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