Quick reference for the openmvcam¶
Below is a quick reference for the OpenMV Cam. If it is your first time working with the OpenMV Cam please consider reading the following sections first:
General board control¶
See pyb
.
import pyb
pyb.repl_uart(pyb.UART(3, 9600, timeout_char=1000)) # duplicate REPL on UART(3)
pyb.wfi() # pause CPU, waiting for interrupt
pyb.stop() # stop CPU, waiting for external interrupt
Delay and timing¶
Use the time
module:
import utime
utime.sleep(1) # sleep for 1 second
utime.sleep_ms(500) # sleep for 500 milliseconds
utime.sleep_us(10) # sleep for 10 microseconds
start = utime.ticks_ms() # get value of millisecond counter
delta = utime.ticks_diff(utime.ticks_ms(), start) # compute time difference
LEDs¶
See pyb.LED.
from pyb import LED
led = LED(1) # red led
led.toggle()
led.on()
led.off()
LED Pinout:
LED(1) -> Red RGB LED Segment
LED(2) -> Green RGB LED Segment
LED(3) -> Blue RGB LED Segment
LED(4) -> IR LEDs
Pins and GPIO¶
See pyb.Pin.
from pyb import Pin
p_out = Pin('P7', Pin.OUT_PP)
p_out.high()
p_out.low()
p_in = Pin('P8', Pin.IN, Pin.PULL_UP)
p_in.value() # get value, 0 or 1
GPIO Pinout:
Pin(‘P0’) -> P0 (PB15)
Pin(‘P1’) -> P1 (PB14)
Pin(‘P2’) -> P2 (PB13)
Pin(‘P3’) -> P3 (PB12)
Pin(‘P4’) -> P4 (PB10)
Pin(‘P5’) -> P5 (PB11)
Pin(‘P6’) -> P6 (PA5)
Pin(‘P7’) -> P7 (PD12)
Pin(‘P8’) -> P8 (PD13)
Pin(‘P9’) -> P9 (PD14) (OpenMV Cam M7/H7 Only)
All pins are 5V tolerant with a 3.3V output (P6 is not 5V tolerant in ADC or DAC mode).
All pins can sink or source up to 25 mA (Up to 120 mA in total between all pins).
Servo control¶
See pyb.Servo.
from pyb import Servo
s1 = Servo(1) # servo on position 1 (P7)
s1.angle(45) # move to 45 degrees
s1.angle(-60, 1500) # move to -60 degrees in 1500ms
s1.speed(50) # for continuous rotation servos
Servo Pinout:
Servo(1) -> P7 (PD12)
Servo(2) -> P8 (PD13)
Servo(3) -> P9 (PD14) (OpenMV Cam M7/H7 Only - Not OpenMV Cam H7 Plus)
External interrupts¶
See pyb.ExtInt.
from pyb import Pin, ExtInt
callback = lambda e: print("intr")
ext = ExtInt(Pin('P7'), ExtInt.IRQ_RISING, Pin.PULL_NONE, callback)
GPIO Pinout:
Pin(‘P0’) -> P0 (PB15)
Pin(‘P1’) -> P1 (PB14)
Pin(‘P2’) -> P2 (PB13)
Pin(‘P3’) -> P3 (PB12)
Pin(‘P4’) -> P4 (PB10)
Pin(‘P5’) -> P5 (PB11)
Pin(‘P6’) -> P6 (PA5)
Pin(‘P7’) -> P7 (PD12)
Pin(‘P8’) -> P8 (PD13)
Pin(‘P9’) -> P9 (PD14) (OpenMV Cam M7/H7 Only)
Timers¶
See pyb.Timer.
from pyb import Timer
tim = Timer(2, freq=1000)
tim.counter() # get counter value
tim.freq(0.5) # 0.5 Hz
tim.callback(lambda t: pyb.LED(1).toggle())
For OpenMV Cam M4: TIM2, TIM3, and TIM4
For OpenMV Cam F7: TIM2, TIM3, TIM4 and TIM7 through TIM14
For OpenMV Cam H7: TIM2, TIM3, TIM4, TIM7, TIM8 and TIM12 through TIM17
Timer Pinout:
Timer 1 Channel 3 Negative -> P0 (PB15)
Timer 1 Channel 2 Negative -> P1 (PB14)
Timer 1 Channel 1 Negative -> P2 (PB13)
Timer 2 Channel 3 Positive -> P4 (PB10)
Timer 2 Channel 4 Positive -> P5 (PB11)
Timer 2 Channel 1 Positive -> P6 (PA5)
Timer 4 Channel 1 Negative -> P7 (PD12)
Timer 4 Channel 2 Negative -> P8 (PD13)
Timer 4 Channel 3 Positive -> P9 (PD14) (OpenMV Cam M7/H7 Only - Not OpenMV Cam H7 Plus)
PWM (pulse width modulation)¶
from pyb import Pin, Timer
p = Pin('P4') # P4 has TIM2, CH3
tim = Timer(2, freq=1000)
ch = tim.channel(3, Timer.PWM, pin=p)
ch.pulse_width_percent(50)
For OpenMV Cam M4: TIM2, TIM3, and TIM4
For OpenMV Cam F7: TIM2, TIM3, TIM4 and TIM7 through TIM14
For OpenMV Cam H7: TIM2, TIM3, TIM4, TIM7, TIM8 and TIM12 through TIM17
Timer Pinout:
Timer 1 Channel 3 Negative -> P0 (PB15)
Timer 1 Channel 2 Negative -> P1 (PB14)
Timer 1 Channel 1 Negative -> P2 (PB13)
Timer 2 Channel 3 Positive -> P4 (PB10)
Timer 2 Channel 4 Positive -> P5 (PB11)
Timer 2 Channel 1 Positive -> P6 (PA5)
Timer 4 Channel 1 Negative -> P7 (PD12)
Timer 4 Channel 2 Negative -> P8 (PD13)
Timer 4 Channel 3 Positive -> P9 (PD14) (OpenMV Cam M7/H7 Only - Not OpenMV Cam H7 Plus)
ADC (analog to digital conversion)¶
from pyb import Pin, ADC
adc = ADC(Pin('P6'))
adc.read() # read value, 0-4095
ADC Pinout:
ADC(Pin(‘P6’)) -> P6 (PA5)
P6 is 3.3V tolerant in ADC mode - NOT 5V TOLERANT!
DAC (digital to analog conversion)¶
from pyb import Pin, DAC
dac = DAC('P6')
dac.write(120) # output between 0 and 255
DAC Pinout:
DAC(Pin(‘P6’)) -> P6 (PA5)
P6 is 3.3V tolerant in DAC mode - NOT 5V TOLERANT!
UART (serial bus)¶
See pyb.UART.
from pyb import UART
uart = UART(3, 9600, timeout_char=1000)
uart.write('hello')
uart.read(5) # read up to 5 bytes
UART Pinout:
UART 3 RX -> P5 (PB11)
UART 3 TX -> P4 (PB10)
UART 1 RX -> P0 (PB15) (OpenMV Cam M7/H7 Only)
UART 1 TX -> P1 (PB14) (OpenMV Cam M7/H7 Only)
SPI bus¶
See pyb.SPI.
from pyb import SPI
spi = SPI(2, SPI.MASTER, baudrate=1000000, polarity=1, phase=0)
spi.send('hello')
spi.recv(5) # receive 5 bytes on the bus
spi.send_recv('hello') # send a receive 5 bytes
SPI Pinout:
SPI 2 MOSI (Master-Out-Slave-In) -> P0 (PB15)
SPI 2 MISO (Master-In-Slave-Out) -> P1 (PB14)
SPI 2 SCLK (Serial Clock) -> P2 (PB13)
SPI 2 SS (Serial Select) -> P3 (PB12)
I2C bus¶
See pyb.I2C.
from pyb import I2C
i2c = I2C(2, I2C.MASTER, baudrate=100000)
i2c.scan() # returns list of slave addresses
i2c.send('hello', 0x42) # send 5 bytes to slave with address 0x42
i2c.recv(5, 0x42) # receive 5 bytes from slave
i2c.mem_read(2, 0x42, 0x10) # read 2 bytes from slave 0x42, slave memory 0x10
i2c.mem_write('xy', 0x42, 0x10) # write 2 bytes to slave 0x42, slave memory 0x10
I2C Pinout:
I2C 2 SCL (Serial Clock) -> P4 (PB10)
I2C 2 SDA (Serial Data) -> P5 (PB11)
I2C 4 SCL (Serial Clock) -> P7 (PD13) (OpenMV Cam M7/H7 Only)
I2C 4 SDA (Serial Data) -> P8 (PD12) (OpenMV Cam M7/H7 Only)


{{operationName}} result
{{operationName}} operation of application succeeded. Application ID:
{{_appIdForOperation}}
Copy this application ID to view your application.
{{operationName}} operation of application failed ({{errCode}}). Application ID:
{{_appIdForOperation}}
Reason: {{errMessage}}


| DOSE: |
0.5 g |
smoked |
Cannabis |
(plant material) |
I was raised as a strict catholic and to believe whatever the government, an adult, the church, or any other superior told me. Naturally drug use was something I would never have considered as a small child.  I learned the importance of gathering information and forming my own opinions, and for a while I still believed much of the anti-drug propaganda I was fed everyday by my 'superiors'. After all, they all did know what was best for me, right? Through middle school I began noticing the benefits of many drugs, especially marijuana, and my curiosity began building on me. I became a freshman in high school, and became completely aware of the lies I had believed all along, I felt extremely betrayed, and I felt that it was time for me to learn for myself.
I bought an eighth of very potent marijuana from one of my friends, and while apprehensive, I was very excited to try it. My best friend, who had tried marijuana prior to this particular experience, was going to smoke part of it with me. My friend and I met in some woods nearby both of our houses. It took about ten minutes on bike to arrive there. He brought a pipe and a lighter with him, and we were just going to take one hit and relax. Note that this was a school night, and I had to be home in a half an hour with my parents. Yes, I was a dumbass, but I didn't know what I was doing.
I drew a very small amount of marijuana from my bag, and sprinkled it into the pipe. I exhaled, and all apprehension was lost, I felt like something I had sought for so long was finally in my grasp. I flicked the lighter on and began inhaling, I watched as the flame was drawn into the pipe, and felt its heat enter my throat. I held it in for a few seconds, passed the pipe and lighter to my friend and began coughing. I stood for a second and concluded 'Being high is a lot like being not high.'
I watched my friend spark the lighter and was for some reason amused at how the flame danced into the pipe. He held the smoke in his lungs for a while and finally exhaled. We both looked at each other to see if either of us was feeling the effects. Neither of us felt a thing.
 Obviously neither of us took the time to consider that it takes a few minutes to get high. We took hit after hit, frequently commenting on the weakness of the marijuana. Finally I took a long hit, inhaling a large amount of ashes. I began coughing uncontrollably and sat down for a second. I kept gasping for air but all I could do was cough. I remember my friend complaining that I spilled the weed, and asking if I was okay. I couldn't answer him; I couldn't open my mouth without coughing. I then went into a sleep-like state.
I opened my eyes and my friend said 'Here, your turn,' offering me the pipe. I began coughing again and said to him 'Get that away from me.' I got control of myself, and everything was bright and it seemed as if the ground, the rocks, and the trees were in constant motion. The forest became enchanted with all sorts of pleasant vegetation and warm air.
My first thought was 'He is so stoned, there is no way I was out for anything short of hours. My parents must have called the police by now.' I began to panic, as it was difficult to even stand up. I shouted for him to check the time, not that it mattered, I had forgotten what time we had left and he didn't have the slightest idea either. I was crouching with my head down in horrible fear of my parents finding out.
'Get up, we better head back,' I heard his voice tell me. It sounded like his voice was reaching me from a thousand directions. It was as if he were speaking to me through headphones. I looked at his face.  'Fuck you, I'm not going anywhere,' I was so afraid. I knew my mom would know if she saw me. I was now terrified of this previously gorgeous, welcoming forest. I thought of my mom's reaction and these terrorizing woods never seemed so appealing. I couldn't even move, I didn't want to go home. I didn't know if it was the afternoon or the evening.
'I'm serious, we're leaving. You don't understand, it's time for you to be home. Get up,' he pleaded.
'I said I'm staying here. I'm not ready,' I wasn't thinking logically. I knew I had to leave, but I couldn't make myself get up.
'Come on, it's time to leave,' he began to panic too. I looked at him and I could see the fear in his bloodshot eyes. I stood up as if standing on rocking ship. Hobbling, I followed him to our bikes. I had no idea which way we were to go, I was completely at the mercy of his sense of direction. I sat on my bike for a few minutes trying to gather my whit as my friend regained his sense of time. He looked at his watch 'I think we have ten minutes to be home.' I breathed a heavy sigh of relief, but I still was very concerned that my mom would find out. I knew I looked just as high as my friend did, and I knew she was going to notice. All of these terrible possibilities raced through my mind.
The bike ride home seemed to last forever. Part of me was convinced I was experiencing a dream, and the other part of me wished I had been. I eventually came to accept that my parents were going to know what I was doing, and I was going to be fucked. I just sat back and enjoyed the experience. As we passed houses, none of them were familiar to me. I recall frequently drifting out into a thought then being brought back into awareness by my friend saying to me 'Are you alright?' or nearly running into something. As I was traveling, everything seemed to be moving frame-by-frame.
  We could have come inside drenched with alcohol while tripping on LSD and she would not have suspected a thing. I kept spacing out in mid conversation with his mom, and she looked at me directly in the eye and didn't notice anything. I finished my glass and left. My friend asked me if I would be alright alone, and I assure him I would be, even though I had not yet assured myself. But after all, it was a two-minute ride.
The first street was a straightaway with a stop sign at the end. Parting from my friend I did feel somewhat lonely, and my fear began to come back. I remember the stop sign appearing to get further and further away. I thought to myself 'Jesus Christ, I'm never going to be home on time if the stop sign won't stay put.' I eventually reached the sign and felt a feeling of achievement. I then reached my house in little time.  My adrenaline was at an insane high. I took a deep breath and reached for the doorknob. Once inside I realised that I once again had no idea what time it was. The bike ride seemed to last forever, but it couldn't have been that long.
My mom stopped me as I hurried to my room. My stomach was wrenching. I turned so I would not face her. 'Did you have a good time?' she asked me. Those words never seemed so sweet. I told her I felt sick and went into my room and meditated while listening to music. The music was more gorgeous and more powerful than anything I had ever heard. Tool's Pushit brought me to tears, all other music seized to exist. I was so relaxed, and the music seemed to channel through me.
I put some contact solution in my eyes to get rid of some of the redness and went downstairs for dinner. I ate greedily, the marijuana made me extremely hungry. The food made my high go down, which probably worked in my favor, since being high in the same house as my family wasn't a good idea. I then went upstairs and called my friend to make sure everything went well at his house. I lied in my bed for hours in awe at what I had just experienced. I was completely breathless; I couldn't wait for the following day at school. I was going to be so relaxed.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


UTIME
Section: Linux Programmer's Manual (2)
Updated: 2014-08-19
Index
Return to Main Contents
NAME
utime, utimes - change file last access and modification times
SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <utime.h>
int utime(const char *filename, const struct utimbuf *times);
#include <sys/time.h>
int utimes(const char *filename, const struct timeval times[2]);
DESCRIPTION
Note:
modern applications may prefer to use the interfaces described in
utimensat(2).
The
utime()
system call
changes the access and modification times of the inode specified by
filename
to the
actime and modtime
fields of
times
respectively.
If
times
is NULL, then the access and modification times of the file are set
to the current time.
Changing timestamps is permitted when: either
the process has appropriate privileges,
or the effective user ID equals the user ID
of the file, or
times
is NULL and the process has write permission for the file.
The
utimbuf
structure is:
struct utimbuf {
time_t actime; /* access time */
time_t modtime; /* modification time */
};
The
utime()
system call
allows specification of timestamps with a resolution of 1 second.
The
utimes()
system call
is similar, but the
times
argument refers to an array rather than a structure.
The elements of this array are
timeval
structures, which allow a precision of 1 microsecond for specifying timestamps.
The
timeval
structure is:
struct timeval {
long tv_sec; /* seconds */
long tv_usec; /* microseconds */
};
times[0]
specifies the new access time, and
times[1]
specifies the new modification time.
If
times
is NULL, then analogously to
utime(),
the access and modification times of the file are
set to the current time.
RETURN VALUE
On success, zero is returned.
On error, -1 is returned, and
errno
is set appropriately.
ERRORS
- EACCES
-
Search permission is denied for one of the directories in
the path prefix of
path
(see also
path_resolution(7)).
- EACCES
-
times
is NULL,
the caller's effective user ID does not match the owner of the file,
the caller does not have write access to the file,
and the caller is not privileged
(Linux: does not have either the
CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE
or the
CAP_FOWNER
capability).
- ENOENT
-
filename
does not exist.
- EPERM
-
times
is not NULL,
the caller's effective UID does not match the owner of the file,
and the caller is not privileged
(Linux: does not have the
CAP_FOWNER
capability).
- EROFS
-
path
resides on a read-only filesystem.
CONFORMING TO
utime():
SVr4, POSIX.1-2001.
POSIX.1-2008 marks
utime()
as obsolete.
utimes():
4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001.
NOTES
Linux does not allow changing the timestamps on an immutable file,
or setting the timestamps to something other than the current time
on an append-only file.
SEE ALSO
chattr(1),
futimesat(2),
stat(2),
utimensat(2),
futimens(3),
futimes(3)
Index
- NAME
-
- SYNOPSIS
-
- DESCRIPTION
-
- RETURN VALUE
-
- ERRORS
-
- CONFORMING TO
-
- NOTES
-
- SEE ALSO
-
This document was created by
man2html,
using the manual pages.
Time: 02:54:46 GMT, September 18, 2014


public interface ITessAPI
| Modifier and Type | Interface and Description |
|---|---|
static interface |
ITessAPI.CANCEL_FUNC
Callback for
cancel_func . |
static class |
ITessAPI.EANYCODE_CHAR
It should be noted that the format for char_code for version 2.0 and
beyond is UTF-8, which means that ASCII characters will come out as one
structure but other characters will be returned in two or more instances
of this structure with a single byte of the UTF-8 code in each, but each
will have the same bounding box.
|
static class |
ITessAPI.ETEXT_DESC
Description of the output of the OCR engine.
|
static class |
ITessAPI.TessBaseAPI
Base class for all tesseract APIs.
|
static class |
ITessAPI.TessChoiceIterator |
static class |
ITessAPI.TessMutableIterator
MutableIterator adds access to internal data structures.
|
static interface |
ITessAPI.TessOcrEngineMode
When Tesseract/Cube is initialized we can choose to instantiate/load/run
only the Tesseract part, only the Cube part or both along with the
combiner.
|
static interface |
ITessAPI.TessOrientation
+------------------+
| 1 Aaaa Aaaa Aaaa |
| Aaa aa aaa aa |
| aaaaaa A aa aaa. |
| 2 |
| ####### c c C |
| ####### c c c |
| < ####### c c c |
| < ####### c c |
| < ####### .
|
static class |
ITessAPI.TessPageIterator
Class to iterate over tesseract page structure, providing access to all
levels of the page hierarchy, without including any tesseract headers or
having to handle any tesseract structures.
|
static interface |
ITessAPI.TessPageIteratorLevel
Enum of the elements of the page hierarchy, used in
ResultIterator to provide functions that operate on each
level without having to have 5x as many functions. |
static interface |
ITessAPI.TessPageSegMode
Possible modes for page layout analysis.
|
static interface |
ITessAPI.TessParagraphJustification
NOTA BENE: Fully justified paragraphs (text aligned to both left and
right margins) are marked by Tesseract with JUSTIFICATION_LEFT if their
text is written with a left-to-right script and with JUSTIFICATION_RIGHT
if their text is written in a right-to-left script.
|
static interface |
ITessAPI.TessPolyBlockType
Possible types for a POLY_BLOCK or ColPartition.
|
static class |
ITessAPI.TessResultIterator
Iterator for tesseract results that is capable of iterating in proper
reading order over Bi Directional (e.g. mixed Hebrew and English) text.
|
static class |
ITessAPI.TessResultRenderer
Interface for rendering tesseract results into a document, such as text,
HOCR or pdf.
|
static interface |
ITessAPI.TessTextlineOrder
The text lines are read in the given sequence.
|
static interface |
ITessAPI.TessWritingDirection
The grapheme clusters within a line of text are laid out logically in
this direction, judged when looking at the text line rotated so that its
Orientation is "page up".
|
static class |
ITessAPI.TimeVal |
static final int TRUE
static final int FALSE


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The world of finance has seen some serious changes in the present decade. The world of cryptocurrency aims to make finance a service available to all without interruption of any middle man. As ambitious it sounds, it has become a reality because of a revolution called Decentralized Finance, or as the young world likes to call it DeFi.
In 2008 a mysterious person called Satoshi Nakamoto came and stormed the world of finance which at the time was an injured lion with a white paper called Bitcoin. As mysterious was Bitcoin’s identity, it was equally difficult for the giants of the finance world in black suits to recognize it. For the wolves of wall street at that time it was just a new ambitious plan which will be forgotten in a few years. Bitcoin somehow laid the foundation for people to realize the potential of Blockchain technology, something which was first introduced to the world in the 90s but was still far from being accepted worldwide.
Another stepping stone came in the form of Ethereum. Developed by a 17 years old Russian teenager named Vitalik Butorin, who started the project with aim of making the world’s biggest supercomputer in form of a blockchain network. Little did the kid knew that his project will one day become stepping stone for 3rd internet revolution or WEB 3.0. For many, it was just a high school project, but today Ethereum has made the giants from Silicon Valley to invest their resources into blockchain technology. Ethereum leads the way for uncountable new innovations and startups in the world of blockchain technology most of which sought to transform some field of finance.
The Decentralized Finance (DeFi) or Open Finance movement takes the promise of cryptocurrency to make an open thing a step further. Imagine a global, open alternative to every financial service you use today — savings, loans, trading, insurance and more — accessible to anyone in the world with a smartphone and internet connection. World of finance for a better part of history was an industry slow to take up new technologies. But after the introduction of Ethereum, the finance industry has become the new bed of innovations.
This is now possible on smart contract blockchains. Ethereum “Smart contracts” are programs running on the blockchain that can execute automatically when certain conditions are met. These smart contracts enable developers to build far more sophisticated functionality than simply sending and receiving cryptocurrency. These programs have become the new method of bringing automation onboard. From automating payments to selling tokens as salary, smart contracts have added new functionality to all domains of finance.
These programs are what we now call decentralized apps or dapps. One can think of a Dapp is an app that is built on decentralized technology, rather than being built and controlled by a single, centralized entity or company. The fundamental principle of Dapps that they are decentralized and not controlled by a single entity has led to its widespread use in the fintech industry. DeFi is now one of the fastest-growing sectors in Blockchain. Industry observers measure traction with a unique new metric — “ETH locked in DeFi” which roughly gives us the amount of money that is currently in use in various DeFi projects. As of writing this article, it is estimated that users have deposited over $942 million worth of cryptocurrency into these smart contracts.
What makes these DeFi businesses so successful is the fact that At their core, the operations of these businesses are not managed by an institution and its employees — instead the rules are written in code (or smart contract, as mentioned above). Once the smart contract is deployed to the blockchain, DeFi dapps can run themselves with little to no human intervention (although in practice developers often do maintain the dapps with upgrades or bug fixes).
DeFi vs. Fintech
Upon first glance, DeFi might sound similar to “Financial technology”, or Fintech for short, which also aims to use technology in order to improve financial services. However, the key difference between DeFi and Fintech is that Fintech merely builds upon traditional financial infrastructure, instead of using something new like blockchain technology. DeFi aims to bring technology into finance in form of distributed blockchain technology.
An example of a popular Fintech service would be Transferwise, an international payments service. Although Transferwise charges lower fees than most banks and currency exchange companies, it still uses bank accounts and other legacy financial infrastructure. The difference with Transferwise is that instead of moving money across borders and via other middlemen (like banks), Transferwise has bank accounts in different countries. So, for example, when you send USD to someone in the European Union, Transferwise takes your dollars and then takes money from its EU bank account to give to your recipient. This allows them to charge lower fees and process transactions faster. However, you still have to trust Transferwise to approve and clear the transaction. Moreover, you still have to get permission to send your money abroad. In most cases, you need to provide identification documents and might not be able to send money to the recipient if they are located in a blacklisted country.
Now counterpart with the DeFi product, Dai, an Ethereum-based project that’s designed to mirror the value of the US dollar in order to protect against the volatile swings that cryptocurrencies can be known for. With Dai, you do not have to trust a Fintech company or bank to approve and settle your transaction. Instead, Ethereum miners validate new Ethereum-based transactions, including those of Dai, and add them to the blockchain. Not to mention you can send Dai to anyone with a wallet that supports Dai, even if they live in countries blocked off from the legacy financial system.
Use of DeFi products are much more convenient to use as anyone with a blockchain wallet can participate in the various transactions of these products.
Humans have always felt comfortable when they do something at their own without the involvement of third party. This combined with the ease with which one can use the DeFi platforms compared to the other fintech counterparts have made DeFi businesses a hit.
Challenges Associated with DeFi
Every high return financial product comes with an attached risk. Thus, it is a given that there will be a list of challenges associated with DeFi as well.
Understanding and securely handling cryptocurrencies tools call for specialized knowledge and attached risk. It becomes a user’s responsibility to take care of their key and holding and follow the process of multi-factor authentication with utmost privacy.
Also, there have been far too many security-related incidents, which have begged the interference of stringent security and privacy algorithms brought in by a sound blockchain development company. While the solution creators have been taking control of the task, as DeFi users you too must keep yourself updated with changed service terms between different wallets, exchanges, and other Blockchain projects.
Lastly, in the case of traditional currencies, investors have benchmarks and historical data to look at before taking any investment decision. The same privilege, however, is not given to the DeFi users. The lack of historical numbers makes it difficult for them to assess the associated risk. This, in turn, makes it necessary for them to perform extensive research on their own.
Even After all these challenges, the DeFi system stands as one of the most promising and revolutionizing market.
The Future of DeFi
DeFi is the latest digital offering of an industry that has been around since the beginning of time. In the time to come, we are poised to see every single financial service we use today under the fiat scheme getting rebuilt in the DeFi and open finance ecosystem.
The first generation of types of DeFi apps rely majorly on using collateral as a safeguard mechanism, meaning, you will have to own cryptocurrency and then offer it up as a collateral for borrowing more cryptocurrency.
We are also already seeing massive innovation happening in the insurance domain as a result of the latest iterations of DeFi apps. A number of today’s DeFi loans are over collateralize — the loans are made inherently safe because of the massive asset cushion kept in the reserve.
In the future, we can also expect cryptocurrency wallets to become the portal of all the digital asset activities. You can imagine it as a dashboard that not just shows the assets that you own but also how much of it is locked up on different open finance protocols like pools, loans, and insurance contracts.
We are also seeing a shift towards decentralized governance and decision-making. Today, despite the focus on the word ‘decentralized’ in DeFi, the projects have master keys for DeFi platform development solutions providers to shut down dapps, for the sake of easy upgrade or to safeguard instances of buggy codes. The DeFi community, however, is looking for ways to enable stakeholders to vote on decisions, introducing a much wider range of DeFi use cases.
The fact that the future of DeFi and the future of money lies in the hand of anyone who can code is nothing less than interesting for us.
Conclusion
Once considered as the sitting duck of technology, finance is someway leading the transition towards web 3.0 Like every change humanity has seen, Blockchain had its healthy part of criticism as well. From handloom workers protesting against power looms to wolves of wall street calling DeFi ambitious high school projects, industrial changes have never been easy. But what no one can deny is the popularity with which DeFi businesses have risen to the top. From being the currency for drug dealers on the dark web to leading the world of finance, blockchain has come a long way.


Tuples let you combine multiple items into a single data type, all you need to make a tuple is surround a group of items with curly braces:
{:radius, 20}
{:foo, :bar, 123}
To access a tuple element use the built-in function elem
. Try it yourself,
elem {1,2,3}, 0
.
In the same way, it's also possible to set the value of the nth element of a tuple by doing,
set_elem {:one, :two, :three}, 0, :four
.
Now try to use the set_elem function to go to the next step of the tutorial.


--- layout: frame title: "Machines" ---
These cards use the same HTML as upstream PatternFly, but a different container. The hybrid cards use an additional class name in the container too. As a result, we should be able to use PatternFly react for the widgets themselves.
The following sets of cards are from PatternFly's examples, for reference.


Beneath the flashy homepages of your favorite sites lurk Hooli™ and other evil corporations out to hoard and sell your most personal data.
What was built to be the ultimate platform for the free sharing of knowledge has turned into a money-hungry monster feasting on our privacy and freedom.
But fear not, for Pied Piper has the answer! And it’s simple: An autonomous peer-to-peer network featuring distributed storage powered by universal compression, accelerated scheduling allocation, and end-to-end encryption.
Put even simpler — it’s the internet, completely decentralized.
Pied Piper's new internet is built for users, by users. You supply the storage, compute, and networking resources that power our entire decentralized web.
Now there's a way to give credit where credit is due. Compute credit, that is!
The more you share your device resources, the more PiedPiperCoin you receive.
Whether you're a developer with an app ready for market, or just an Average Joe with a smartphone you'll love all you can do with PiedPiperCoin.


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Apart - Hotel - Property - Real Estate
Citadines Punnaka Apart Hotel Yogyakarta
Citadines Punaka Yogyakarta will be the first serviced residence and the tallest building in Yogyakarta. The list of things you can experience in Yogya may seem overwhelming, ranging from natural splendors, art and tradition and heritages to culinary adventure. Whether you are a culture aficionado, a culinary lover, a local enthusiast or a wellness believer, Ascott presents carefully selected experiences to satisfy your lifestyle needs during your stay.


Copyright © 2006 W3C® (MIT, ERCIM, Keio), All Rights Reserved. W3C liability, trademark and document use rules apply.
This document outlines the requirements that the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines Working Group (WCAG WG) has set for development of Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0. These requirements are based on feedback from the use of WCAG 1.0 and will be used to determine if the WCAG WG has met its goals as WCAG 2.0 advances through the W3C Recommendation Track Process.
This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C technical reports index at http://www.w3.org/TR/.
Requirements for WCAG 2.0 is being updated at this time to reflect the current assumptions that have driven the development of WCAG 2.0. (Previous version published April 2002).
Please send comments to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The archives for this list are publicly available. Archives of the WCAG WG mailing list discussions are also publicly available.
Publication as a Working Group Note does not imply endorsement by the W3C Membership. This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to cite this document as other than work in progress.
This document was produced by a group operating under the 5 February 2004 W3C Patent Policy. This document is informative only. W3C maintains a public list of any patent disclosures made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains Essential Claim(s) must disclose the information in accordance with section 6 of the W3C Patent Policy.
This document has been produced by the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines Working Group (WCAG WG), part of the W3C Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI). The goals of the WCAG WG are discussed in the WCAG Working Group charter. The WCAG WG is part of the WAI Technical Activity.
Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0 (WCAG 1.0) explains how to make Web content accessible to people with disabilities. It was written for Web content developers (page authors and site designers) and developers of authoring tools. The primary goal of WCAG 1.0 is to promote accessibility. Following the guidelines in WCAG 1.0 will also make Web content more available to all users.
Since the release of WCAG 1.0 as a W3C Recommendation in May 1999, the WCAG WG has received feedback about the usability, understandability, and applicability of the suite of documents. This feedback is driving the development of WCAG 2.0 and is captured as the Requirements for WCAG 2.0 (this document).
The primary goal of WCAG 2.0 is the same as 1.0: to promote accessibility of Web content. Additional goals discussed in this document are:
WCAG 1.0 was written primarily for HTML documents. Authors trying to apply WCAG 1.0 to XML applications have had difficulty. Thus, WCAG 2.0 should be applicable across technologies such as:
WCAG 2.0 requirements should be expressed in generic terms so that they may apply to more than one markup language or content format.
WCAG 2.0 must clearly specify the minimal requirements necessary for conformance. Each requirement must be verifiable. The WCAG WG will provide resources to help readers evaluate conformance, such as success criteria, sufficient techniques, and sample content.
The deliverables must:
The WCAG WG will attempt to make the structure of the deliverables as simple and easy to use as possible. In designing the usability of the deliverables, the WCAG WG will consult the results of the WAI Site Redesign Task Force usability testing and discuss the design with representatives of the EOWG.
WCAG 2.0 deliverables must address the needs of a variety of readers, including people who wish to:
The number, length, and organization of the deliverables should address the different needs of these readers. The language used in the deliverables should be as easy as possible to translate into other languages. As part of ensuring that the diverse needs of readers are met, the WG will work with the Education and Outreach Working Group.
A number of other documents and software, such as specifications, evaluation tools, authoring tools, and government and organizational policies, reference WCAG 1.0. Therefore, WCAG 2.0 should introduce as few changes as possible to the definition of accessible Web content. At the same time, WCAG 2.0 should be designed to work with emerging and future technologies as much as possible.


perc_warning_example.Rmd
While the other vignette shows you how to use perccalc
appropriately, there are instances where there’s just too few categories to estimate percentiles properly. Imagine estimating a distribution of 1:100
percentiles with only three ordered categories, it just sounds too far fetched.
Let’s load our packages.
For example, take the survey
data on smoking habits.
smoking_data <-
MASS::survey %>% # you will need to install the MASS package
as_tibble() %>%
select(Sex, Smoke, Pulse) %>%
rename(
gender = Sex,
smoke = Smoke,
pulse_rate = Pulse
)
The final results is this dataset:
## # A tibble: 237 x 3
## gender smoke pulse_rate
## <fct> <fct> <int>
## 1 Male Never 35
## 2 Female Never 40
## 3 Female Never 48
## 4 Male Never 48
## 5 Female Never 50
## 6 Female Regul 50
## 7 Male Regul 54
## 8 Male Never 55
## 9 Male Never 56
## 10 Male Never 59
## # … with 227 more rows
Note that there’s only four categories in the smoke
variable. Let’s try to estimate the percentile difference.
smoking_data <-
smoking_data %>%
mutate(smoke = factor(smoke,
levels = c("Never", "Occas", "Regul", "Heavy"),
ordered = TRUE))
perc_diff(smoking_data, smoke, pulse_rate)
## Warning in perc_diff(smoking_data, smoke, pulse_rate): Too few categories
## in categorical variable to estimate the variance-covariance matrix and
## standard errors. Proceeding without estimated standard errors but perhaps
## you should increase the numberof categories
## difference se
## 385.1357 NA
perc_diff
returns the estimated coefficient but also warns you that it’s difficult for the function to estimate the standard error. This happens similarly for perc_dist
.
## Warning in perc_dist(smoking_data, smoke, pulse_rate): Too few categories
## in categorical variable to estimate the variance-covariance matrix and
## standard errors. Proceeding without estimated standard errors but perhaps
## you should increase the number of categories
## # A tibble: 6 x 2
## percentile estimate
## <int> <dbl>
## 1 1 24.2
## 2 2 47.8
## 3 3 70.8
## 4 4 93.1
## 5 5 115.
## 6 6 136.


Working together with another intern, we were tasked with creating a Unix based version of the Thread networking protocol from the OpenThread GitHub. We planned tasks jointly but work was split between us depending on our strengths and workload. By the end of the internship 6 Raspberry Pis were able to communicate autonomously with all of the OpenThread specifications met.
Part time evening job whilst I was studying. Responsible for high standards of cleanliness in lecture theatres around the campuses. I had to work in an efficient and timely manner to clean the rooms, move furniture between rooms as required and reposting any faults within the rooms, including on each computer in the rooms.
My group was tasked with creating an improvement for productivity in the workplace. An IoT device was created from scratch to be housed in the workplace to monitor the rooms airflow, Co2 as well as humidity and Light. The device posted to a webpage to alert any users that the rooms conditions were not within the normal recommended bounds.
I created a cheap and easy to use Raspberry Pi based home security device that took audio and picture of an intruder within the monitored room using audio/motion sensing, and send them wirelessly to the users email for evidence as well as to alert the user


Classes | |
| class | AjaxSaveDataHandlerEventArgs |
| Provided during a Grid Ajax save data event and contains the data modified by the user in the grid. More... | |
| class | AjaxGetDataHandlerEventArgs |
| Provided during an Ajax get data request and contains all the information provided by the javascript control about what data is needed. More... | |
| class | AjaxRequestTypes |
| Defines public static int data elements that specifies the type of ajax event taking place. More... | |
| class | BaseEntity |
| The top parent class for all inner elements of the Nitobi ASP.NET controls. This class helps to write very simple XML output of its children, and can also recreate a tree of its child classes from XML. More... | |
| class | Calendar |
| Displays a drop down calendar that allows a user to either type in a date, or pick one from the month style drop down calendar. More... | |
| class | BaseCalendarEvent |
| Defines all of the know properties that can be specified for a calendar event. The data source the calendar is bound to for its events could be a list of these objects, but isnt required. More... | |
| class | CalendarEvents |
| This is the inner element for the calendar control's client side events, allowing the developer to specify javascript to be executed with the various calendar events occur. More... | |
| class | Callout |
| class | ButtonCallout |
| class | YouTubeCallout |
| class | Cmn |
| A collection of static methods to assist in various tasks that are used by the rest of the classes in this library. More... | |
| class | Column |
| The base class of all column types in the library. All ColumnControlBase type controls have a collection of columns that specify the data they will use and if applicable the actual columns for the control. More... | |
| class | BoundColumn |
| Specifies that the column is bound to a specific field from the data source providing the rows of data. When the column is being used to help generate the Nitobi compressed XML for the control, it will use the data with the given DataField name for the value of each row. More... | |
| class | KeyColumn |
| Specifies the row's key value and its mapping into the data source. This column is never displayed in the control, and is used to generate the compressed XML's xk attribute. See the XmlDataHandler class documentation for more details about the format of the Nitobi compressed XML. More... | |
| class | ColumnListColumn |
| Servers as the abstract base class for columns that can have child columns within them such as the ComboColumn and CheckboxColumn. More... | |
| class | ComboColumn |
| Used only by grid control, allows the user to edit the value of the row data by showing a drop down of possible choices for them to use. More... | |
| class | CheckboxColumn |
| Used only by the Grid control, allows the user to edit the value of the row data by changing the checked value of a standard checkbox. More... | |
| class | TextColumn |
| Defines a column that can be edited with either a textbox, multi-line text field or a password field. More... | |
| class | ImageColumn |
| Specifies that the column will be showing an image rather than the actual text data. Data values from the rows should be the URL to the image. More... | |
| class | MaskColumn |
| Abstract base class for columns that have a mask attribute, such as the NumberColumn and DateColumn. More... | |
| class | DateColumn |
| When used in the Grid control, allows the user to edit the date in the column by either typing a properly formatted date in the edit field or by using the drop down calendar button to pick a date. All other ColumnControlBase child classes can use this column for read only formatted dates. More... | |
| class | NumberColumn |
| When used in the Grid control, allows the user to edit the number in the column. All other ColumnControlBase child classes can use this column for read only formatted numbers. More... | |
| class | HyperLinkColumn |
| When used in the Grid control, will show an anchor in the column and the raw value is expected to be a valid URL to the location to navigate to when the user clicks the link. For all other ColumnControlBase child classes the raw URL would be displayed with no anchor. More... | |
| class | TemplateColumn |
| Given an HTML template, will create a value for the XML to the control that can combine several fields from the data source into a custom formatted value. More... | |
| class | ExpandColumn |
| Used only by the Grid, this column indicates that the grid will have child grids that can be shown for each row by open the expandor graphic. More... | |
| class | ColumnControlBase |
| An abstract base class for controls that use rows of data for their displays. Child classes include the Grid, Combo, Tree and Calendar child classes. More... | |
| class | ColumnClientEvents |
| Used for the Grid only, columns can have client events specified for them that can have javascript written for them. Each of the events defined in this class is for javascript code snippents. More... | |
| class | ColumnsEntity |
| This is the root contain for a collection of columns and is used by all ColumnControlBase child classes to manage their columns. More... | |
| class | Combo |
| Represents a control that allows a user to either select a single item from a drop down list or to search for items within a list by keying in a value and the list apearing with matches to choose from. More... | |
| class | ComboClientEvents |
| class | ComboTextBox |
| class | ComboList |
| class | MenuItem |
| class | Fisheye |
| Displays a horizontal list of icons that will grow to a larger size as the mouse gets closer to it, reaching its largest size when the mouse is within the image. This control mimics the desktop toolbar from Apple OS X. More... | |
| class | FisheyeItem |
| class | Grid |
| class | GridClientEvents |
| class | GridToolbar |
| Used by the Grid control to customize the elements used in its toolbar. More... | |
| class | GridToolbarItem |
| This is the abstract base class for all items that are to be shown within the grid toolbar. More... | |
| class | ButtonItem |
| Represents a single button in the Grid's toolbar area. New buttons can be added to the toolbar by defining one of these or its child classes within the grid toolbar's items element. More... | |
| class | SeparatorItem |
| A grid toolbar item that will display a seperator bar between its sibling items in the toolbar. More... | |
| class | LabelItem |
| A grid toolbar item that will display simple html within the grid toolbar. More... | |
| class | RowCountItem |
| A grid toolbar item that will show the number of rows known to be in the grid. More... | |
| class | CurrentPageItem |
| A grid toolbar item that will show the current page being viewed by the user when the grid is being used in a paging mode. As the user navigates through the pages of grid data, this value will change. More... | |
| class | TotalPagesItem |
| A grid toolbar item that will show the total number of pages of data there are for the user to page through when using the grid in one of the paging modes. This number will only be accurate if the Grid's data provider has an implementation of the getTotalDataSize. More... | |
| class | TotalRowsInfoItem |
| A grid toolbar item that will show the total row count available formatted within the context of an html template provided in the Text property. More... | |
| class | PagingInfoItem |
| A grid toolbar item that will show the current page and total pages available formatted within the context of an html template provided in the Text property. More... | |
| class | SaveButtonItem |
| A grid toolbar item that will put the Grid's standard save button in the grid toolbar. More... | |
| class | AddButtonItem |
| A grid toolbar item that will put the Grid's standard add row button in the grid toolbar. More... | |
| class | DeleteButtonItem |
| A grid toolbar item that will put the Grid's standard delete row button in the grid toolbar. More... | |
| class | RefreshButtonItem |
| A grid toolbar item that will put the Grid's standard refresh button in the grid toolbar. More... | |
| class | NextPageButtonItem |
| A grid toolbar item that will put the Grid's standard next page button in the grid toolbar. More... | |
| class | PrevPageButtonItem |
| A grid toolbar item that will put the Grid's standard previous page button in the grid toolbar. More... | |
| interface | IColumnCollection |
| interface | IDataProvider |
| class | GeneralDataProvider |
| class | NitobiControlBase |
| interface | IRow |
| Defines the generic interface for a row of data when a nitobi control is sending back rows of data in an Ajax request. More... | |
| class | LateBindingDataRow |
| Implements the IRow interface by binding to a .NET object and using .NET reflection to get property values based on the fieldName provided. More... | |
| class | RequestDataRow |
| Implements the IRow interface by getting its values from the HTTP Request using the provided fieldName. More... | |
| class | XmlDataRow |
| Implements the IRow interface by gettings values from a System.Xml.XmlElement object using the provided fieldName. More... | |
| class | ScriptOnlyControlBase |
| class | ScriptingBaseEntity |
| class | Spotlight |
| class | ButtonSpotlight |
| class | SpotlightStep |
| class | CalloutStep |
| class | MouseStep |
| class | CodeStep |
| class | FormHelperStep |
| class | TabStrip |
| class | TabAutoSize |
| class | TabItem |
| Maintains the state for each tab in the tab strip and can be created by ASP.NET when embedding the <csf:TabItem> in the tabstrip control in an ASPX/ASCX. More... | |
| class | TabStripClientEvents |
| class | Tree |
| class | BaseTreeNode |
| Defines all of the know properties that can be specified for a tree node. The data source the tree is bound to for its events could be a list of these objects, but isnt required. More... | |
| class | XmlDataHandler |
| This is the main class for providing data for all of the Nitobi controls that bind to rows of data in a data source. More... | |
| class | XmlDataIsland |
| An ASP.NET control to render an xml data island that will contain the Nitobi compressed XML used as a datasource for other Nitobi controls. More... | |
Enumerations | |
| enum | SortOrder { Asc, Desc } |
| The order in which the data should be sorted. More... | |
| enum | CalendarShowHideEffect { None = 0, Shade, Blind } |
| enum | CalendarMode { Standard, TextFieldOnly, CalendarOnly } |
| enum | CalloutAutorunOption { Never, NonPostback, Always } |
| enum | CalloutDirection { None = 0, BottomRight, BottomLeft, TopLeft, TopRight, LeftTop, LeftBottom, RightTop, RightBottom } |
| enum | ComboMode { Classic, Compact, Filter, SmartList, SmartSearch, Unbound } |
| enum | GridMode { Standard, LocalStandard, LiveScrolling, LocalLiveScrolling, NonPaging, LocalNonPaging, PagedLiveScrolling } |
| enum | GridResizeOption { Fixed, WidthOnly, HeightOnly, Both } |
| enum | RowSelect { None = 0, Single, Multi } |
| enum | LiveScrollingModeType { NotSpecified, Peek, Leap } |
| If the paging mode is LiveScrolling, this describes how it performs that operation. More... | |
| enum | GridEnterOption { Up, Down, Left, Right } |
| enum | GridShowHideEffect { None = 0, Shade } |
| enum | UpdateAction { Insert, Update, Delete, None = 0 } |
| If a row in a datasource was modified, this enum is used to indicate what type of action was performed. More... | |
| enum | GridThemeName { None = 0, Vista, Nitobi, Xp, Flex, LightBlue, Plastik, Tiger, Tiny } |
| enum | ComboThemeName { None = 0, BasicGrey, BlueTrim, CMail, ContactSearch, DesktopSearch, EbaCombo, Flex, Ice, Outlook, OutlookMini, RecordSearch, Suggests, Tiger, Vista, VisualStudio, WinOfficeXp, WinXpBlue, WinXpSilver } |
| enum | CalendarThemeName { None = 0, Flex, Gloss, Leopard, Minimal, Minimal_BlueStripes, Minimal_GreenStripes, Minimal_RedStripes, Minimal_Stripes, Outline, Radial, Radial_Blue, Radial_Orange, Vista } |
| enum | TreeThemeName { None = 0, Folders, FineFolders, Documents } |
| enum | CalloutThemeName { None = 0, Blue_Plastic, ChemicalBlue, ChestNut, Clean, Clear_Black, Flex, Hazel, Impact, Malibu, Mint, Oceana, Peanut, Pink_Plastic, RedLine, Steel, Vista, Xp } |
| enum | CalloutIconStyle { None = 0, Exclam, Info, NoAccess, TalkBubble } |
| enum | TabStripThemeName { None = 0, Xp, Tiger, Vista, Pixel_Jump, Plain, Plastik, Nested, Nitobi, Pixel, Clean_Template, Flex, Glass } |
| enum | FisheyeThemeName { None = 0, ClearBack, Flex, Nitobi, OsX, Pixel, Plastik, Tiger, Vista, Xp } |
| enum | SpotlightStartupEffect { None = 0, GreySwipe } |
| enum | SpotlightShape { None = 0, Round, Square, Burst } |
| enum | TabAlignment { Left, Center, Right } |
| enum | TabShowEffect { None = 0, Fade } |
| enum | TreeNodeChildren { NotSpecified, True, False } |
| enum | TreeNodeType { NotSpecified, Leaf, Node } |
| enum | TreeShowHideEffect { None = 0, Shade, Blind } |
Functions | |
| delegate void | SaveDataHandler (HttpRequest request, AjaxSaveDataHandlerEventArgs args) |
| delegate object | GetDataHandler (HttpRequest request, AjaxGetDataHandlerEventArgs args) |
| enum Nitobi::CalendarMode |
| enum Nitobi::ComboMode |
| enum Nitobi::GridMode |
If the paging mode is LiveScrolling, this describes how it performs that operation.
| enum Nitobi::RowSelect |
| enum Nitobi::SortOrder |
| enum Nitobi::TabAlignment |
| enum Nitobi::TreeNodeType |
| enum Nitobi::UpdateAction |
| delegate object Nitobi.GetDataHandler | ( | HttpRequest | request, | |
| AjaxGetDataHandlerEventArgs | args | |||
| ) |
| delegate void Nitobi.SaveDataHandler | ( | HttpRequest | request, | |
| AjaxSaveDataHandlerEventArgs | args | |||
| ) |


Copyright (c) 2003-2005 by The BioBike Team (contact Jeff Shrager for more information)
BioBike is the name given both to a programmable biological knowledge environment and to the biological programming language used in this environment. Usually a particular BioBike server instance is created for one or a few related organisms. The CIW/NASA Multi-Cyano BioBike server, hosted at The Carnegie Inst. of Washington, was established is for use by the cyanobacterial community. It has been publicly accessible since about June of 2003, and is being used by a number of biologists for tasks as broad in range as bacterial genomics, causal model discovery in a variety of domains, and dynamic analysis of social and biological concepts from literature.
BioBike instances have several conceptual layers:
Standing beside the BioBike system are many common BioInformatic tools, which can be called directly through BioBike programs. These include: ClutalW, Blast, Meme, the microarray and statistical tools from the R statistical package (http://www.r-project.org/). We also tabulate the complete "blast" between all the genes in all the available organisms, and provide tools for analyzing the graph implied by this inter-organism blast table. Finally, BioBike includes a set of experimental causal modeling and discovery tools developed in one of our laboratories (Shrager, Langley, and Pohorille, 2002; Bay, et al. 2002).
The Multi-Cyano BioBike server links knowledge about cyanobacteria to the Gene Ontology (GO) and BioCyc knowledge bases through the frame system. The knowledge base currently contains integrated knowledge for Nostoc punctiforme, Anabaena PCC 7120, Anabaena variabilis ATCC29413, Trichodesmium erythraeum, Synechocystis PCC 6803, and as more organisms are sequenced they will curated into the BioBike knowledge base. Concepts and tools in the first three layers above are added by users and developers based on the requirements of specific tasks at The Carnegie, NASA, and elsewhere in the Cyanobacterial community.
Frame-based Biological Knowledge Representation
All permanent knowledge in BioBike is represented in terms of objects called frames. A frame may represent a particular object (e.g., an instance of a gene), or a class of objects, or other sorts of abstract concepts (e.g., a pathway). Indeed, each organism comprises a set of frame objects which represent its genes, proteins, and other components.
Frames have named properties called slots. The values of these slots can be primitive objects (like numbers or strings), other frames, or lists of frames, or any other sort of thing that one wants to associate as a property to a concept. [2] BioBike has a knowledge browser which enables users to conveniently explore the network of frames, select desired objects and execute computations on them.
Knowledge from Gene Ontology, the basic KEGG ontology, and a set of pathway models from BioCyc are transformed into frames, and then these are related to one another together through shared chemistry, and associated with the genes in each organism. Moreover, the "definitions" in the Gene Ontology, which are non-formal descriptions of the reactions, are parsed into actual reaction representations. For example, Glucokinase Activity (GO ID: 4340) has this description: "Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-glucose = ADP + D-glucose 6-phosphate." We parse this into reactants and products, which are individually accessible via slots of the frame representing this reaction. Through these mechanisms BioBike programs can reach across knowledge base boundaries and realize complex analytical computations.
The BioBike Server Interface, Usability, and Collaborative Features
Users interact with BioBike through a web-based "Listener", which accepts either programs or commands, displays results, and keeps a running history of interactions. The Listener provides an array of services intended to support both non-expert users, expert programmers, and communities working collaboratively. These include:
Comparisons with other Work
Direct user-level programmability is rare among biological knowledge bases, which generally provide point-and-click interfaces to some services, and sometimes a programmer-level interface (i.e., an API). Using these APIs requires learning to program in one of several non-biological programming languages, or one of their biologically-oriented analogs, generally called the "Bio*" languages (BioPython, BioJava, etc.) Indeed, this is how many bioinformatics engineers go about their work. How does BioBike differ from these?
Learning to program in a particular language is only a small part of the difficulty in building useful bioanalytical tools. There is a huge amount of additional work that must be done in getting the right data, getting it into the right formats for processing, putting it in accessible places, integrating knowledge from one source with knowledge from another, and many other non-programmatic but very real practical problems. These are the activities that the Bio* languages were designed to facilitate, but these are not the activities that biologists want to spend their time doing! Rather, they would like to have all of that integration already done for them, and just get on with analysis. This is why BioBike operates in an integrated environment; once the integration has been done, most of the Bio* languages lose their utility, and what one wants is a knowledge processing language, not a string processing language. BioBike is just that.
There are a few projects whose goals are closer to ours than the Bio* languages. A similar vision is shared by GeneticXChange, which is based upon the Kleisli language (Davidson, et al. 2001). This commercial product is essentially a cross-integrating web-wide query language. Nonetheless our work differs in a number of ways from GeneticXChange. First, BioBike is a complete programming language, not just a query language; Queries can be done with ease in BioBike, but so can algorithmic computations. Thus, in BioBike, users can run the results of a query through, for example, Clustal, and then compute with the resulting alignments, producing new results that can be fed into yet another analytical step, and so on. Second, the BioBike server is an integrated knowledge base around one or a number of organisms; We do not envision having to ever (or almost never) go out to other knowledge bases; All calculations run fast from the outset because all data is localized in the warehouse, and pre-integrated.
Another class of programmable bio-genomic data analysis tools are those following the dataflow paradigm, such as PipeLine pilot and the GeneSpring scripting environment. This model was popularized by ProGraph (Cox & Pietryzkowsky, 1989) and made most useful by Labview. Although considered by most users very convenient because of their simple graphically representation, such languages are also well known for their lack of flexibility. So long as one's algorithms are naturally represented in a relatively pure dataflow model, they work well, but when one needs to break from the dataflow model, for example, where cycles of iteration interact with one another, such formalism can be quite clumsy. Because BioBike is based upon a mature and well understood programming language, it has no such limitations. However, it also has no strongly motivating graphical interface, and there are some important advantages to be had by this sort of simplicity. Indeed, we are working toward a programming model based upon Behave! (by Mike Travers).
Some other concepts present in BioBike are also not new with our work. The concept of users working in a persistent environment is a very old idea in programming languages, harking back as far as early time-shared BASIC, and most importantly developed in the APL workspace concept (Falkoff and Iverson, 1968). However, none of these had the collaborative facility of the BioBike server architecture. Also, although we did not invent the Wiki concept, as far as we know, the concept of tightly integrating a Wiki with a programming system is novel in BioBike. Whether it is useful is contentious even amongst ourselves. Only time and use will tell whether it is a useful innovation.
References
Notes:
[1] Common Lisp is a modern, fully compiled, interactive programming language with excellent compilers and programming/debugging tools. (Lisp code can run, on average, at nearly the speed of C; ranging from 100x faster, to 7x slower by one well-respected estimate (Norvig, accessed 20040315). A PERL-compatible pattern matcher written entirely in Lisp is as fast as, and in some cases faster than, the actual PERL pattern matcher, http://www.weitz.de/cl-ppcre, when benchmarked on the PERL-standard tests.) Lisp is a naturally interactive language which has, for nearly its whole existence (since the late 1950's), had the "modern" concepts of functional decomposition, automatic memory management (i.e., garbage collection), and incremental compilation that make interactive programming possible. Moreover, Lisp's simple syntax permits true macros, which enables us to flexibly extend the language's syntax; No other programming language has this capability. One of the cyanobacteriologists has used the macro facility extensively to design new syntax for many common Lisp operations. Finally, and most importantly, Lisp is the most natural language in which to write complex 'symbolic reasoning' programs, which is why it has remained popular in the most advanced computing circles, esp. in Artificial Intelligence. Listener-type interfaces are not new; In fact, they are nearly as old as Lisp itself.
[2] Frames are a sort of dynamically-defineable object similar to, yet different from, standard structures, Java class objects, or CLOS Lisp objects. A variety of special forms manage frames, esp. (#^slot #$frame), which access the value of a particular slot in a given frame. So, for example, this form: (#^proteins #$synechocycstis6803) extracts a list of the proteins in this organism.


{% extends "master.html" %} {% block title %}{{ pathway }}{% endblock %} {% block content %}
Home | Export as csv


#include <ck_conf.h>
Public Member Functions | |
| ckConf * | getPrevN () const |
| Returns the previous configuration. | |
| ckConf * | getNextN () const |
| Returns the next configuration. | |
| ckID | getID () const |
| Returns the ID of this configuration. | |
| bool | isValid () const |
| Returns whether this configuration is valid. | |
| u16 | getErrorLineNo () const |
| Returns the line number of this configuration. | |
| u16 | getEntryNum (const char *ent_name) const |
| Returns the number of the entries. | |
| ckEnt * | getEntryFromFirstN (const char *ent_name) const |
| Returns the specified entry. | |
| ckEnt * | getEntryFromLastN (const char *ent_name) const |
| Returns the specified entry. | |
| ckEnt * | getEntryBeforeN (const char *ent_name, ckEnt *ent) const |
| Returns the specified entry. | |
| ckEnt * | getEntryAfterN (const char *ent_name, ckEnt *ent) const |
| Returns the specified entry. | |
| ckEnt * | getFirstEntryN () const |
| Returns the first entry. | |
| ckEnt * | getLastEntryN () const |
| Returns the last entry. | |
Static Public Member Functions | |
| static ckConf * | newPriorConfigBeforeInitialization (const char *filename) |
| Creates an configuration from the specified file before the system initialization. | |
| static void | deletePriorConfig (ckConf *conf) |
| Deletes the specified configuration created before the system initialization. | |
Friends | |
| class | ckConfMgr |
| ckConf* ckConf::getPrevN | ( | ) | const |
Returns the previous configuration.
If the previous configuration doesn't exist, returns NULL.
| ckConf* ckConf::getNextN | ( | ) | const |
Returns the next configuration.
If the next configuration doesn't exist, returns NULL.
| ckID ckConf::getID | ( | ) | const |
Returns the ID of this configuration.
| bool ckConf::isValid | ( | ) | const |
Returns whether this configuration is valid.
| u16 ckConf::getErrorLineNo | ( | ) | const |
Returns the line number of this configuration.
| u16 ckConf::getEntryNum | ( | const char * | ent_name | ) | const |
Returns the number of the entries.
| [in] | ent_name | The name of an entry. |
| ckEnt* ckConf::getEntryFromFirstN | ( | const char * | ent_name | ) | const |
Returns the specified entry.
The entry is searched from the first. If the entry doesn't exist, returns NULL.
| [in] | ent_name | The name of an entry. |
| ckEnt* ckConf::getEntryFromLastN | ( | const char * | ent_name | ) | const |
Returns the specified entry.
The entry is searched from the last. If the entry doesn't exist, returns NULL.
| [in] | ent_name | The name of an entry. |
Returns the specified entry.
The entry is searched from the previous of the some entry. If the entry doesn't exist, returns NULL.
| [in] | ent_name | The name of an entry. |
| [in] | ent | An entry. |
Returns the specified entry.
The entry is searched from the next of the some entry. If the entry doesn't exist, returns NULL.
| [in] | ent_name | The name of an entry. |
| [in] | ent | An entry. |
| ckEnt* ckConf::getFirstEntryN | ( | ) | const |
Returns the first entry.
If the first entry doesn't exist, return NULL.
| ckEnt* ckConf::getLastEntryN | ( | ) | const |
Returns the last entry.
If the last entry doesn't exist, return NULL.
| static ckConf* ckConf::newPriorConfigBeforeInitialization | ( | const char * | filename | ) | [static] |
Creates an configuration from the specified file before the system initialization.
| [in] | filename | The name of a file. |
| static void ckConf::deletePriorConfig | ( | ckConf * | conf | ) | [static] |
Deletes the specified configuration created before the system initialization.
| [in] | conf | A configuration. |


- AllocateViewID
- CloseConnection
- connections
- connectionTesterIP
- connectionTesterPort
- Connect
- DestroyPlayerObjects
- Destroy
- Disconnect
- GetAveragePing
- GetLastPing
- HavePublicAddress
- incomingPassword
- InitializeSecurity
- InitializeServer
- Instantiate
- isClient
- isMessageQueueRunning
- isServer
- logLevel
- maxConnections
- minimumAllocatableViewIDs
- natFacilitatorIP
- natFacilitatorPort
- OnConnectedToServer
- OnDisconnectedFromServer
- OnFailedToConnectToM...
- OnFailedToConnect
- OnNetworkInstantiate
- OnPlayerConnected
- OnPlayerDisconnected
- OnSerializeNetworkView
- OnServerInitialized
- peerType
- player
- proxyIP
- proxyPassword
- proxyPort
- RemoveRPCsInGroup
- RemoveRPCs
- sendRate
- SetLevelPrefix
- SetReceivingEnabled
- SetSendingEnabled
- TestConnectionNAT
- TestConnection
- time
- useProxy
Network.TestConnection 测试连接
static function TestConnection (forceTest : bool = false) : ConnectionTesterStatus
Description描述
Test this machines network connection.
测试这台机器的网络连接。
Two types of tests are performed depending on if the machine has a public IP address present or if it only has a private address (or addresses).
测试执行两种测试，这取决机器是公网IP还是一个私有IP。
The public IP address test is primarily for when running a server as no tests are needed for clients with public addresses. In order for the public IP test to succeed a server instance must be started. A test server will try to connect to the IP and port of the local server and thus it is shown in the server is connectable. If not then a firewall is most likely blocking the server port. A server instance needs to be running so that the test server has something to connect to.
公网IP测试主要用于服务器，不需要测试具有公网IP的客户端。为了公网IP测试成功，必须开启一个服务器实例。一个测试服务器将尝试连接到本地服务器的IP地址和端口，因此它被显示在服务器中是可连接状态。如果不是，那么防火墙是最有可能阻断服务端口的。服务器实例需要运行以便测试服务器已经连接。
The other test is for checking NAT punchthrough capabilities. This is a valid test for both servers and clients and can be performed without any prior setup. If the NAT test fails for a server then it is a bad idea to proceed without setting up port forwarding as no client outside the local LAN network will be able to connect. If the test fails for a client then it cannot connect to servers with NAT addresses, those kinds of servers should then not be be presented to the user as possible game hosts.
另一个测试检测NAT穿透能力。服务器和客户端都可以进行，无需任何事先设定。如果用于服务器NAT测试失败，那么不设置端口转发是一个坏主意。本地LAN网络之外的客户端将不能连接。如果测试失败，客户端就不能使用NAT穿透连接到服务器，这些服务器将不会提供给用户作为主机。
This function is asynchronous and might not return a valid result right away because the tests needs some time to complete (1-2 seconds). After test completion the test result is only returned when the function is called again, a full network test is not redone. That way it is safe to poll the function frequently. If another test is desired, like if the network connection has been altered, then the forceTest parameter should be passed as true.
这个函数是异步的，并可能不会返回有效的结果。因为这个测试需要一些时间来完成（1-2秒）。测试完成之后，测试结果只在函数被再次调用时返回。这样，频繁访问该函数是安全的。如果需要其他的测试，如网络连接已更改，那么forcTest参数应该为true。
The function returns a ConnectionTesterStatus enum.
该函数返回一个ConnectionTesterStatus枚举。
var testStatus = "Testing network connection capabilities.";
var testMessage = "Test in progress";
var shouldEnableNatMessage : String = "";
var doneTesting = false;
var probingPublicIP = false;
var serverPort = 9999;
var connectionTestResult = ConnectionTesterStatus.Undetermined;
// Indicates if the useNat parameter be enabled when starting a server
//表示在服务器启动时，useNat参数是否启用
var useNat = false;
function OnGUI() {
GUILayout.Label("Current Status: " + testStatus);
GUILayout.Label("Test result : " + testMessage);
GUILayout.Label(shouldEnableNatMessage);
if (!doneTesting)
TestConnection();
}
function TestConnection() {
// Start/Poll the connection test, report the results in a label and
// react to the results accordingly
//开始/轮询连接测试，在标签上显示结果并按照结果做出相应的反应
connectionTestResult = Network.TestConnection();
switch (connectionTestResult) {
case ConnectionTesterStatus.Error:
testMessage = "Problem determining NAT capabilities";
doneTesting = true;
break;
case ConnectionTesterStatus.Undetermined:
testMessage = "Undetermined NAT capabilities";
doneTesting = false;
break;
case ConnectionTesterStatus.PublicIPIsConnectable:
testMessage = "Directly connectable public IP address.";
useNat = false;
doneTesting = true;
break;
// This case is a bit special as we now need to check if we can
// circumvent the blocking by using NAT punchthrough
//这是一个比较特殊的情况，现在需要检查，如果我们可以使用NAT穿透规避阻塞
case ConnectionTesterStatus.PublicIPPortBlocked:
testMessage = "Non-connectble public IP address (port " +
serverPort +" blocked), running a server is impossible.";
useNat = false;
// If no NAT punchthrough test has been performed on this public
// IP, force a test
//在这个公网IP，如果没有NAT穿透测试被执行，强制测试
if (!probingPublicIP) {
connectionTestResult = Network.TestConnectionNAT();
probingPublicIP = true;
testStatus = "Testing if blocked public IP can be circumvented";
timer = Time.time + 10;
}
// NAT punchthrough test was performed but we still get blocked
//NAT穿透测试已经执行，但是我们仍然被阻塞
else if (Time.time > timer) {
probingPublicIP = false; // reset 重置
useNat = true;
doneTesting = true;
}
break;
case ConnectionTesterStatus.PublicIPNoServerStarted:
testMessage = "Public IP address but server not initialized, "+
"it must be started to check server accessibility. Restart "+
"connection test when ready.";
break;
case ConnectionTesterStatus.LimitedNATPunchthroughPortRestricted:
testMessage = "Limited NAT punchthrough capabilities. Cannot "+
"connect to all types of NAT servers.";
useNat = true;
doneTesting = true;
break;
case ConnectionTesterStatus.LimitedNATPunchthroughPortRestricted:
testMessage = "Limited NAT punchthrough capabilities. Cannot "+
"connect to all types of NAT servers. Running a server "+
"is ill advised as not everyone can connect.";
useNat = true;
doneTesting = true;
break;
case ConnectionTesterStatus.LimitedNATPunchthroughSymmetric:
testMessage = "Limited NAT punchthrough capabilities. Cannot "+
"connect to all types of NAT servers. Running a server "+
"is ill advised as not everyone can connect.";
useNat = true;
doneTesting = true;
break;
case ConnectionTesterStatus.NATpunchthroughAddressRestrictedCone:
case ConnectionTesterStatus.NATpunchthroughFullCone:
testMessage = "NAT punchthrough capable. Can connect to all "+
"servers and receive connections from all clients. Enabling "+
"NAT punchthrough functionality.";
useNat = true;
doneTesting = true;
break;
default:
testMessage = "Error in test routine, got " + connectionTestResult;
}
if (doneTesting) {
if (useNat)
shouldEnableNatMessage = "When starting a server the NAT "+
"punchthrough feature should be enabled (useNat parameter)";
else
shouldEnableNatMessage = "NAT punchthrough not needed";
testStatus = "Done testing";
}
}


POSIX Message Queues library for PicoLisp
16 Sep 2020You can get it on GitHub.
POSIX Message Queues provide a dependency-free mechanism for processes to exchange data in the form of messages.
This library makes it simple to embed support for POSIX Message Queues in PicoLisp applications running on Linux.
Requirements
- PicoLisp 64-bit
v17.12
tov20.7.16
, orpil21
- Linux with kernel
v3.5+
- Kernel POSIX Message Queues support
- POSIX Realtime Extensions library (librt.so)
Getting Started
The first step is to run the unit tests: make check
If those fail, jump to the TUTORIALS section to perform the initial setup and and system check.
If all works well, then your system is ready to use this library.
Quick Start
The code below illustrates how to use the queue for sending and receiving a message.
Example Code
(load "mqueue.l") # load the library
(let Fd (pmq-open "/myQ" (list O_RDWR O_CREAT)) # create a read/write queue named "/myQ"
(pmq-send Fd "Hello World") # send the message "Hello World"
(pmq-receive Fd) # receive the message
(pmq-close Fd) # close the queue
(pmq-unlink "/myQ") ) # remove the queue
Example Output
Note: Verbose output is enabled by default and can be disabled with (off *PMQ_verbose)
.
[2020-09-17T03:37:15] Opened queue: Name='/myqueue', FD=3
[2020-09-17T03:37:15] Send: String='Hello World', Priority=0, FD=3
[2020-09-17T03:37:15] Get attributes: Flags=0, Maxmsg=10, Msgsize=8192, Curmsgs=1, FD=3
[2020-09-17T03:37:15] Receive: String='Hello World' (12 Bytes), FD=3
[2020-09-17T03:37:15] Closed queue: FD=3
[2020-09-17T03:37:15] Unlinked queue: Name='/myqueue'
-> 0
Documentation
Additional usage and reference documentation can be found in docs/


Answer the questions to find your ideal vacation spot
After selecting all your answers, hit submit
Get Started
Your ideal vaction spot is...


|
P1 - Pakkelevering
Traveling salesman problem
|
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include "held_karp.h"
#include "../libs/dynamic_array.h"
#include "../libs/cleaner.h"
Go to the source code of this file.
Functions | |
| void | setup (int **matrix, int **memo, int start_node, int size) |
| This function finds the optimal route from start_node to every other node, as given in the distance matrix. There is no reason to calculate the optimal route from start to start, so we skip that case. More... | |
| void | solve (int **matrix, int **memo, int start_node, int size) |
| int | calc_min_cost (int **matrix, int **memo, int start_node, int size) |
| Calculates the minimum cost of the total route. More... | |
| void | calc_best_plan (int **matrix, int **memo, int start_node, int size, int plan[]) |
| Finds the optimal route, and outputs it to the plan array. More... | |
| int | in_subset (int i, int subset) |
| checks whether or not bit i in the subset is a 1 and returns a bool More... | |
| int | combinations (int r, int n) |
| void | combinations_subset (int r, int n, dyn_array_int *subsets) |
| Generates all possible subsets of size n with r bits set to 1. More... | |
| void | combinations_subset_helper (int set, int index_pos, int r, int n, dyn_array_int *subsets) |
| Recursively generates all subsets. More... | |
| int | held_karp (int **matrix, int size, int start_node, int plan[]) |
| Main function of held_karp, from which all other functions are called. More... | |
| void calc_best_plan | ( | int ** | matrix, |
| int ** | memo, | ||
| int | start_node, | ||
| int | size, | ||
| int | plan[] | ||
| ) |
Finds the optimal route, and outputs it to the plan array.
| [in] | matrix | is a matrix of distances |
| [in] | memo | is the bitshift table used to store the optimal route as 1's |
| [in] | start_node | is the starting note from which the route begins |
| [in] | size | is the size of the matrix |
| [out] | plan | an array holding the optimal tour, by their index in the matrix array |
Definition at line 172 of file held_karp.c.
| int calc_min_cost | ( | int ** | matrix, |
| int ** | memo, | ||
| int | start_node, | ||
| int | size | ||
| ) |
Calculates the minimum cost of the total route.
| [in] | matrix | is a matrix of distance |
| [in] | memo | is the bitshift table used to store the optimal route as 1's |
| [in] | start_node | is the starting note from which the route begins |
| [in] | size | is the size of the matrix |
Definition at line 148 of file held_karp.c.
| int combinations | ( | int | r, |
| int | n | ||
| ) |
| void combinations_subset | ( | int | r, |
| int | n, | ||
| dyn_array_int * | subsets | ||
| ) |
Generates all possible subsets of size n with r bits set to 1.
| [in] | r | how many bits in each set should be 1 |
| [in] | n | the size of the subset |
| [out] | subsets | array of the generated subsets |
Definition at line 114 of file held_karp.c.
| void combinations_subset_helper | ( | int | set, |
| int | index_pos, | ||
| int | r, | ||
| int | n, | ||
| dyn_array_int * | subsets | ||
| ) |
Recursively generates all subsets.
| [in] | set | current set |
| [in] | index_pos | current index position |
| [in] | r | how many bits should be 1 |
| [in] | n | the size of the subset |
| [out] | subsets | array of the generated subsets |
Definition at line 125 of file held_karp.c.
| int held_karp | ( | int ** | matrix, |
| int | size, | ||
| int | start_node, | ||
| int | plan[] | ||
| ) |
Main function of held_karp, from which all other functions are called.
| [in] | matrix | is the matrix of distances |
| [in] | size | is the size of the memo array |
| [in] | start_node | is the starting node |
| [out] | plan | is an array containing the total route |
Definition at line 28 of file held_karp.c.
| int in_subset | ( | int | i, |
| int | subset | ||
| ) |
checks whether or not bit i in the subset is a 1 and returns a bool
| [in] | i | is counter value in the subset which counts bits |
| [in] | subset | is a set of the matrix containing distances |
Definition at line 103 of file held_karp.c.
| void setup | ( | int ** | matrix, |
| int ** | memo, | ||
| int | start_node, | ||
| int | size | ||
| ) |
This function finds the optimal route from start_node to every other node, as given in the distance matrix. There is no reason to calculate the optimal route from start to start, so we skip that case.
| [in] | matrix | is a distance matrix |
| [out] | memo | is the bitshift table used to store the optimal route as 1's |
| [in] | start_node | is the starting node from which the route begins |
| [in] | size | is the size of the memo array |
Definition at line 53 of file held_karp.c.
| void solve | ( | int ** | matrix, |
| int ** | memo, | ||
| int | start_node, | ||
| int | size | ||
| ) |
| [in] | matrix | is a matrix of distances |
| [out] | memo | is the bitshift table used to store the optimal route as 1's |
| [in] | start_node | is the starting note from which the route begins |
| [in] | size | is the size of the memo array |
Definition at line 67 of file held_karp.c.


This section describes the core components of battle-backbone
battle-backbone is meant to be very flexible and modularized. Thus, it is powered by a very small core that provides nothing more than some configuration, a simple initialization routine and a way to extend the core. The core consists of three components:
Marionette.Application
that represents your application
The application is an instance of Marionette.Application
.
Thus, it is the core part of the application's modularization. When started,
the application loads all services referenced in the configuration.
Usually, the application in src/<%=lang.appfile%>
does not have to be changed. However,
when creating new abstract classes in the src/abstract
folder you might want them to load
before any other module or service so that they can inherit from it.
Take a look at the onStart
function and add your abstract classes there.
The loader configures require.js
, loads the configuration
and starts the application.
If you install any dependencies you want to use in your application you have to add them to the configuration. Please check the official require.js documentation for more information on that.
The loader also requires everything that is meant to be loaded before the application starts.
Usually, that are jQuery plugins or front-end framework ressources.
For this application, CSS and JavaScript files from the bootflat
framework
are loaded right after the application and the configuration.
The configuration is the central point where important features of a
battle-backbone application are steered.
It contains information about modules, special routes, services and languages.
The modules
key contains an object that configures
the available modules and binds them to routes.
The key is the base route and the value is an identifier containing
the Marionette module and filename, the class and a name of an
event.
en-US/users/me/settings
will use the
users
event. More information
The format is:
[route]: '[Module].[Class]@[Event]'
Consider the following example:
docs: 'Docs.Ctrls.Controller@docs'
docs
and sub routes (docs/core
, docs/grunt
and so on)modules/Docs/index.<%- lang.ext %>
file that
will be loaded when the route is requested.
Docs.Ctrls
will be accessed and a new instance of Controller
in that module will be created.
show:docs
will be fired on the instance so that onShowDocs
will be invoked. It will
get the route arguments as an array. If docs/core/config
is requested the function
will get an array with ['core','config']
. Please read more in the section about
Module handler functions.
While routes are generally configured using the module
property there are two special
routes that maps to events:
home
- Home route for requests to the application root (/
). Default value: home
error
- Route for errors. Default value: 404
The keys (e.g. home
) will be fired as route events when they are used.
The configuration file also references all available services. This way, the application can load them before starting modules.
The value of the key is simply an array that matches file names in the src/services
folder.
Example:
services: [ 'title', 'navigation', 'footer', 'layout', 'behaviors', 'navbar', 'scroll' ]
The routerOptions
are given the Backbone.Router
when initializing it. You will notice that a global variable is used here.
routerOptions: window.__ps
Usually, this variable is dynamically generated by the server in the HTML file. That way the application root can be generated using the server so that HTML Push State works correctly.
The abstract classes Module
and Collection
use this key to
build URLs for models and collections. More information.
This key does not have a default value since it depends on your application environment.
The languages
property allows you to configure allowed
languages. This way the navigation
service that provides
multi-language support can check if the given language is valid.
If not, defaultLanguage
will be used.
Tells the navigation
what language by default.
This language will be chosen if the user does not provide a language in the URL
or if the provided language is not supported.
A regular expression that is used to manage the language.
If you change this you also have to change the defaultLanguage
and languages settings.
Since the configuration is important for a lot of components in battle-backbone and your application
it is published using the event bus to all services and modules.
Just request config
:
<%- lang.config_request %>


I'm a psychonaut in my twenties from Europe. I've experimented with a wide range of psychoactive substances within the last 4 years on a semi-regular basis. The most notable drugs I've tried - regarding this report - are MDMA, MDA, BZP/TFMPP and Amphetamines.
[the following part of the report was written a bit less than nine hours after ingesting the substance]
I was coming home from an oldskool jungle party. The night had involved quite a bit of drinking and dancing so I was rather tired when I got off the train. I was initially planning to go straight to bed but for reasons unknown I phoned my neighbor (lets just call him 'M'). He invited me over to a house party near the train station and I chose to accept his invitation.
At the door I was greeted by a happy dude who was bleeding a bit from his forehead but told me he was okay before I had a chance to ask. M told me they had been snorting ecstasy all night and judging by the looks of people I didn't really need to doubt it.
I'm not a great fan of snorting drugs which are also orally active so I decided to ingest the small white pill sublingually. The pill melted and crumbled quite rapidly in my mouth and didn't taste too good either so I ended up crushing it with my teeth and swallowing it fast to get rid of the unpleasant taste.
The rush began within 15 minutes after ingesting the pill. I felt a bit overwhelmed by it and all I wanted to do was to slouch on the sofa with my eyes closed. After another fifteen minutes as it peaked I was feeling a lot more sociable than usual. I asked M if he'd like to come to my place to smoke some salvia. M thought it would be a good idea so we left the party.
As we got to our apartments he decided to go sleep instead. I didn't really mind as at this point I had realized that the pill didn't really contain MDMA but something else instead and I thought it might be a good idea to reflect on the effects without other people around.
At about t+1:00 I was feeling very good although a bit nauseous. The nausea went away as I ate a tiny piece of bread and drank a bottle of energy drink. I decided to smoke a bowl of salvia leaf.
I had smoked this particular batch of salvia before with effects ranging from none to just slightly hallucinogenic but nowhere near as the usual mindfuck resulting of smoking some 10x extract. I managed to smoke half of the bowl on one inhalation but couldn't smoke the rest of it as I was sent to the ninth dimension (+++ on the Shulgin Rating Scale) without ever expecting it happen on a single toke of regular salvia.
The next 10 minutes I felt as the music I was listening 'wanted' me to change it constantly. I got quite nervous at this point being in a very disassociative state. I rolled on my bed and my couch for a while before beginning to realize what was actually going on in the reality we know. Getting some of my sanity back almost immediately calmed me down and I managed to get to my balcony (not necessarily the smartest move while still on salvia, I admit) to smoke a cigarette.
I'm not sure about whether the drastically increased effects of salvia had something to do with the adulterated ecstasy I had ingested but I'm not willing to experiment further without a trip sitter.
I did some research on the internet about the possible ingredients of the pill and became quite certain I had ingested mcPP instead of MDMA.
At about t+5:00 the peak of the mcPP had tapered off quite a bit but I still had the distinct piperazine-specific feeling of being cold and warm at the same time. Rolling in bed while listening to some chilled out music felt very satisfying. I also noticed an increase in tactile sensations.
It's now t+8:30 and I doubt I could sleep yet. I'm quite sure I could eat a light meal if I wanted to which is almost never possible for me while on MDMA. I haven't had the headache mentioned on many online reports regarding mcPP, but I guess I still got a few hours left to wait for it...
[summary written a day after the experience]
Overall I have a positive feeling of my first experience with mCPP. A more appropriate setting (not as tired and not after 3 hours of dancing and drinking) and knowing it was mCPP beforehand would've probably made it more enjoyable though. Compared to MDMA, mCPP was less euphoric and a bit more psychedelic.
I think it's worth mentioning I had hadn't eaten anything but a light lunch during the whole day. I also had discontinued using Citalopram (10g per day) five weeks prior the experience.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


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| Packages that use JCoDestination | |
|---|---|
| com.sap.conn.jco | Contains the major part of the interfaces and factories that an application for JCo is typically dealing with. |
| com.sap.conn.jco.ext | Provides all interfaces that are offered for embedding JCo into an application server. |
| com.sap.conn.jco.server | Contains the interfaces and factories for server functionality. |
| Uses of JCoDestination in com.sap.conn.jco |
|---|
| Subinterfaces of JCoDestination in com.sap.conn.jco | |
|---|---|
interface |
JCoCustomDestination
Customizable destination that allows to set specific user logon data and SNC configuration. |
| Methods in com.sap.conn.jco that return JCoDestination | |
|---|---|
static JCoDestination |
JCoDestinationManager.getDestination(java.lang.String destinationName)
Call this method to get an instance of a destination, on which you would like to execute a function module. |
static JCoDestination |
JCoDestinationManager.getDestination(java.lang.String destinationName,
java.lang.String scopeType)
Call this method to get an instance of a destination, on which you need to execute a function module. |
abstract JCoDestination |
JCoDestinationManager.getDestinationInstance(java.lang.String destinationName,
java.lang.String scopeType)
Deprecated. Reserved for internal use - visibility might be reduced in future versions without further notice. Use JCoDestinationManager.getDestination(String) or JCoDestinationManager.getDestination(String, String) instead. |
| Methods in com.sap.conn.jco with parameters of type JCoDestination | |
|---|---|
static void |
JCoContext.begin(JCoDestination destination)
Begins a stateful call sequence for calls to the specified destination. |
void |
JCoFunctionUnit.commit(JCoDestination destination)
Commits the unit. |
void |
JCoRequestUnit.commit(JCoDestination destination)
Commits the unit. |
static void |
JCoContext.end(JCoDestination destination)
Ends a stateful call sequence for calls to the specified destination. |
void |
JCoFunction.execute(JCoDestination destination)
Executes the function on the given target destination synchronously using the sRfc protocol. |
JCoResponse |
JCoRequest.execute(JCoDestination destination)
Executes the request on the given target destination synchronously using the sRfc protocol. |
void |
JCoFunction.execute(JCoDestination destination,
java.lang.String tid)
Executes the function on the given target destination in transactional mode using the tRfc protocol. |
void |
JCoFunction.execute(JCoDestination destination,
java.lang.String tid,
java.lang.String queueName)
Executes the function on the given target destination in queued transactional mode using the qRfc protocol. |
static boolean |
JCoContext.isStateful(JCoDestination destination)
Returns true if in the current session a stateful call sequence has been started and is not finished yet, i.e. |
void |
JCoCustomRepository.setDestination(JCoDestination destination)
Set the destination for the remote queries. |
void |
JCoCustomDestination.setRepositoryDestination(JCoDestination destination)
Sets the destination, whose repository will be used for meta data queries for this destination. |
| Uses of JCoDestination in com.sap.conn.jco.ext |
|---|
| Methods in com.sap.conn.jco.ext with parameters of type JCoDestination | |
|---|---|
java.lang.String[] |
PasswordChangeHandler.promptPassword(JCoDestination destination,
java.lang.Exception previous)
Will be invoked if a password is recognized as initial and hence needs an update. |
| Uses of JCoDestination in com.sap.conn.jco.server |
|---|
| Methods in com.sap.conn.jco.server with parameters of type JCoDestination | |
|---|---|
void |
JCoServer.setRepository(JCoDestination destination)
Sets the destination instance which is used for obtaining the default repository for querying RFC metadata. |
void |
JCoServer.setRepository(java.lang.String sID,
java.lang.String client,
JCoDestination destination)
Sets the repository destination instance for incoming RFC calls from the system with the system ID sID and - if defined - with the appropriate client. |
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--- layout: post title: This Indian Language Chat App Wants Its Users To Stop Speaking English date: 2016-12-24 13:33:44.000000000 -05:00 type: post published: true status: publish categories: - La langue d'internet tags: - chat - Inde - internet external-url: http://www.forbes.com/sites/abehal/2016/12/22/sharechat-this-indian-chat-app-wants-its-users-to-stop-speaking-english/ meta: _publicize_done_external: a:1:{s:7:"twitter";a:1:{i:51729;s:60:"https://twitter.com/AngryFrenchGuy/status/812727716264996864";}} _publicize_job_id: '53163325' _wpcom_is_markdown: '1' _rest_api_published: '1' _rest_api_client_id: '11' geo_public: '0' _wpas_skip_51729: '1' _wp_old_slug: httpsanglemon-de20161224this-indian-language-chat-app-wants-its-users-to-stop-speaking-english _publicize_done_13019344: '1' _wpas_done_51729: '1' publicize_twitter_user: AngryFrenchGuy _edit_last: '2465174' author: login: angryfrenchguy email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>display_name: angryfrenchguy first_name: '' last_name: '' ---
"Finding no demand for the English language option, it was removed – and today the platform supports eight Indian languages: Hindi, Gujarati, Malayalam, Telugu, Marathi, Punjabi and Oriya – with Bengali and Tamil currently in beta mode."
This Indian Language Chat App Wants Its Users To Stop Speaking English


#include <gim_box_set.h>
Public Member Functions | |
| virtual bool | is_trimesh ()=0 |
| determines if this manager consist on only triangles, which special case will be optimized |
This class is a wrapper for primitive collections. This tells relevant info for the Bounding Box set classes, which take care of space classification. This class can manage Compound shapes and trimeshes, and if it is managing trimesh then the Hierarchy Bounding Box classes will take advantage of primitive Vs Box overlapping tests for getting optimal results and less Per Box compairisons.
Definition at line 90 of file gim_box_set.h.


{% load static %}
{% include 'google-analytics.html' %}Players take turns to select and color a tile. At the end of a turn, each tile will influence its neighbors by imparting some of its color.
If a tile gains enough color to pass the threshold, it can no longer be selected and will have a dark border. Conversely, a tile can lose its dark border and become selectable if it loses enough color.
The game ends when all tiles pass the color threshold. The player with the most colored tiles wins!
You now have enough information to start playing. Or read on for more details about the game.
Threshold: As a tile gains more 'influence', its colored area will grow in size and have a deeper color.
Once the colored area reaches the tile's border, it can no longer be selected by the opponent and will have a dark border.
Growing 'influence' beyond that threshold will create a larger dark region around the border, acting as a buffer against the opponent's influence.
Preview: Hover over a tile before selecting it to preview the end-of-turn 'influence' changes.
Starting tile: To offset Green's first-mover advantage, Green's first tile is at 60% strength.
AI: Change the difficulty or color of the AI player in the settings menu. To play against a friend, simply disable the AI for both colors.
Hint: Pit the AI against itself to pick up some strategies!