--- layout: post title: "Unit Testing methods with the same implementation" description: "How do you comprehensibly unit test two methods that are supposed to have the same behaviour?" date: 2014-10-9 18:45 UTC tags: [Unit Testing, xUnit.net] --- {% include JB/setup %}
{{ page.description }}
Occasionally, you may find yourself in situations where you need to have two (or more) public methods with the same behaviour. How do you properly cover them with unit tests?
The obvious answer is to copy and paste all the tests, but that leads to test duplication. People with a superficial knowledge of DAMP (Descriptive And Meaningful Phrases) would argue that test duplication isn't a problem, but it is, simply because it's more code that you need to maintain.
Another approach may be to simply ignore one of those methods, effectively not testing it, but if you're writing Wildlife Software, you have to have mechanisms in place that can protect you from introducing breaking changes.
This article outlines one approach you can use if your unit testing framework supports Parameterized Tests.
Recently, I was working on a class with a complex AppendAsync method:
public Task AppendAsync(T @event) { // Lots of stuff going on here... }
To incrementally define the behaviour of that AppendAsync method, I had used Test-Driven Development to implement it, ending with 13 test methods. None of those test methods were simple one-liners; they ranged from 3 to 18 statements, and averaged 8 statements per test.
After having fully implemented the AppendAsync method, I wanted to make the containing class implement IObserver<T>, with the OnNext method implemented like this:
public void OnNext(T value) { this.AppendAsync(value).Wait(); }
That was my plan, but how could I provide appropriate coverage with unit tests of that OnNext implementation, given that I didn't want to copy and paste those 13 test methods?
In this code base, I was already using xUnit.net with its nice support for Parameterized Tests; in fact, I was using AutoFixture.Xunit with attribute-based test input, so my tests looked like this:
[Theory, AutoAtomData] public void AppendAsyncFirstEventWritesPageBeforeIndex( [Frozen(As = typeof(ITypeResolver))]TestEventTypeResolver dummyResolver, [Frozen(As = typeof(IContentSerializer))]XmlContentSerializer dummySerializer, [Frozen(As = typeof(IAtomEventStorage))]SpyAtomEventStore spyStore, AtomEventObserver<XmlAttributedTestEventX> sut, XmlAttributedTestEventX @event) { sut.AppendAsync(@event).Wait(); var feed = Assert.IsAssignableFrom<AtomFeed>( spyStore.ObservedArguments.Last()); Assert.Equal(sut.Id, feed.Id); }
This is the sort of test I needed to duplicate, but instead of calling sut.AppendAsync(@event).Wait();
I needed to call sut.OnNext(@event);
. The only variation in the test should be in the exercise SUT phase of the test. How can you do that, while maintaining the terseness of using attributes for defining test cases? The problem with using attributes is that you can only supply primitive values as input.
First, I briefly experimented with applying the Template Method pattern, and while I got it working, I didn't like having to rely on inheritance. Instead, I devised this little, test-specific type hierarchy:
public interface IAtomEventWriter<T> { void WriteTo(AtomEventObserver<T> observer, T @event); } public enum AtomEventWriteUsage { AppendAsync = 0, OnNext } public class AppendAsyncAtomEventWriter<T> : IAtomEventWriter<T> { public void WriteTo(AtomEventObserver<T> observer, T @event) { observer.AppendAsync(@event).Wait(); } } public class OnNextAtomEventWriter<T> : IAtomEventWriter<T> { public void WriteTo(AtomEventObserver<T> observer, T @event) { observer.OnNext(@event); } } public class AtomEventWriterFactory<T> { public IAtomEventWriter<T> Create(AtomEventWriteUsage use) { switch (use) { case AtomEventWriteUsage.AppendAsync: return new AppendAsyncAtomEventWriter<T>(); case AtomEventWriteUsage.OnNext: return new OnNextAtomEventWriter<T>(); default: throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("Unexpected value."); } } }
This is test-specific code that I added to my unit tests, so there's no test-induced damage here. These types are defined in the unit test library, and are not available in the SUT library at all.
Notice that I defined an interface to abstract how to use the SUT for this particular test purpose. There are two small classes implementing that interface: one using AppendAsync, and one using OnNext. However, this small polymorphic type hierarchy can't be supplied from attributes, so I also added an enum, and a concrete factory to translate from the enum to the writer interface.
This test-specific type system enabled me to refactor my unit tests to something like this:
[Theory] [InlineAutoAtomData(AtomEventWriteUsage.AppendAsync)] [InlineAutoAtomData(AtomEventWriteUsage.OnNext)] public void WriteFirstEventWritesPageBeforeIndex( AtomEventWriteUsage usage, [Frozen(As = typeof(ITypeResolver))]TestEventTypeResolver dummyResolver, [Frozen(As = typeof(IContentSerializer))]XmlContentSerializer dummySerializer, [Frozen(As = typeof(IAtomEventStorage))]SpyAtomEventStore spyStore, AtomEventWriterFactory<XmlAttributedTestEventX> writerFactory, AtomEventObserver<XmlAttributedTestEventX> sut, XmlAttributedTestEventX @event) { writerFactory.Create(usage).WriteTo(sut, @event); var feed = Assert.IsAssignableFrom<AtomFeed>( spyStore.ObservedArguments.Last()); Assert.Equal(sut.Id, feed.Id); }
Notice that this is the same test case as before, but because of the two occurrences of the [InlineAutoAtomData] attribute, each test method is being executed twice: once with AppendAsync, and once with OnNext.
This gave me coverage, and protection against breaking changes of both methods, without making any test-induced damage.
The entire source code in this article is available here. The commit just before the refactoring is this one, and the commit with the completed refactoring is this one.
Comments
Ricardo, thank you for writing. xUnit.net's equivalent to [TestCaseSource] is to combine the [Theory] attribute with one of the built-in [PropertyData], [ClassData], etc. attributes. However, in this particular case, there's a couple of reasons that I didn't find those attractive:
-
When supplying test data in this way, you can write any code you'd like, but you have to supply values for all the parameters for all the test cases. In the above example, I wanted to vary the System Under Test (SUT), while I didn't care about varying any of the other parameters. The above approach enabled my to do so in a fairly DRY manner.
-
In general, I don't like using [PropertyData], [ClassData] (or NUnit's [TestCaseSource]) unless I truly have a set of reusable test cases. Having a member or type encapsulating a set of test cases implies that these test cases are reusable - but they rarely are.
Perhaps a better approach would be to use something like Exude, but while I wish such semantics were built into xUnit.net or NUnit directly, I didn't want to take a dependency on Exude only for a couple of tests.That's an interesting take on test reuse. Exude also reminds me of F#'s Expecto. I'd be curious what you think of a few other reuse approaches.
First, I've found expecto's composable tests lists make reuse quite intuitive.
Second, some dev friends of mine have been contemplating test reuse.
The root idea sourced from a friend thinking about the fragile test problem. He concluded that tests should be decoupled from the system. Effectively, the test creates it's own anti-corruption layer which allows tests to stay clean even if the system is messy. This pushes tests to reflect requirements over implementations, which are much more stable. Initially skeptical, I've found significant value in the approach. Systems with role-based interfaces (e.g. ports and adapters) can write one core test suite verifying behaviors for all implementations of that interface.
I've been using this paradigm to map test reuse back to C#. The test list is a class with facts/theories and a constructor that takes the test list's anti-corruption abstraction as a constructor argument. Then I can make implementation-specific tests by inheriting the list and passing an implementation. The same could be done against a role interface instead of a test-specific abstraction if desired.
Taking it even further, I've been wondering if such tests could practically act as acceptance tests between teams as a lower cost alternative to gherkin.
That ended up long. Any depth of feedback would be appreciated.
Spencer, thank you for writing. Tests as first-class values are certainly much to be preferred. That's how I write parametrised tests in Haskell, because HUnit models tests as values. I'm aware that Expecto does the same.
I also agree with you that decoupling tests from implementation details is beneficial. People tend to think of this as only possible with Acceptance Tests or BDD-style tests, but I find that it's also possible in the small. In general, I've found property-based testing to be useful as a technique to add some distance between the test and the system under test.
The idea about using Acceptance Tests between teams sounds like a technique that Ian Robinson calls Consumer-Driven Contracts.
Thank you for your feedback. I'm glad you've also found value in tests as values and decoupling tests from implementations.
Consumer-Driven Contracts does seem to share a lot in common with my idea for using implementation-decoupled tests as acceptance tests. Ian's idea starts from thinking about the provider and how it can manage message compatibility with consumers. Mine started from the consumer and testing multiple implementations of a port abstraction. Then, realizing those tests could also be reused by external consumers (extension contributors, upstream teams).
I think the test-focused approach is able to partially mitigate a few of his concerns. First, the overall added work may be less because the tests already need to be defined for the consumer whether or not there is a complex externally-owned provider. Second, package systems have reached general adoption since his post and greatly improve coordination of shared code. Unit tests [can already be shared with a package manager](https://spencerfarley.com/2021/11/05/acceptance-test-logisitcs/), though there is definitely room for improvement.
I'm a smidge sad because I thought I'd had an original idea, but I'm very glad to discover another author to follow. Thanks for connecting me!


public class XMLParserConfiguration
extends java.lang.Object
| Modifier and Type | Field and Description |
|---|---|
static XMLParserConfiguration |
KEEP_STRINGS
Original configuration of the XML Parser except that values are kept as strings.
|
static XMLParserConfiguration |
ORIGINAL
Original Configuration of the XML Parser.
|
| Constructor and Description |
|---|
XMLParserConfiguration()
Default parser configuration.
|
XMLParserConfiguration(boolean keepStrings)
Deprecated.
This constructor has been deprecated in favor of using the new builder
pattern for the configuration.
This constructor may be removed in a future release.
|
XMLParserConfiguration(boolean keepStrings,
java.lang.String cDataTagName)
Deprecated.
This constructor has been deprecated in favor of using the new builder
pattern for the configuration.
This constructor may be removed in a future release.
|
XMLParserConfiguration(boolean keepStrings,
java.lang.String cDataTagName,
boolean convertNilAttributeToNull)
Deprecated.
This constructor has been deprecated in favor of using the new builder
pattern for the configuration.
This constructor may be removed or marked private in a future release.
|
XMLParserConfiguration(java.lang.String cDataTagName)
Deprecated.
This constructor has been deprecated in favor of using the new builder
pattern for the configuration.
This constructor may be removed in a future release.
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
protected XMLParserConfiguration |
clone()
Provides a new instance of the same configuration.
|
java.lang.String |
getcDataTagName()
The name of the key in a JSON Object that indicates a CDATA section.
|
java.util.Map<java.lang.String,XMLXsiTypeConverter<?>> |
getXsiTypeMap()
When parsing the XML into JSON, specifies that the values with attribute xsi:type
will be converted to target type defined to client in this configuration
Map<String, XMLXsiTypeConverter<?>> to parse values with attribute
xsi:type="integer" as integer, xsi:type="string" as string |
boolean |
isConvertNilAttributeToNull()
When parsing the XML into JSON, specifies if values with attribute xsi:nil="true"
should be kept as attribute(
false ), or they should be converted to
null (true ) |
boolean |
isKeepStrings()
When parsing the XML into JSON, specifies if values should be kept as strings (
true ), or if
they should try to be guessed into JSON values (numeric, boolean, string) |
XMLParserConfiguration |
withcDataTagName(java.lang.String newVal)
The name of the key in a JSON Object that indicates a CDATA section.
|
XMLParserConfiguration |
withConvertNilAttributeToNull(boolean newVal)
When parsing the XML into JSON, specifies if values with attribute xsi:nil="true"
should be kept as attribute(
false ), or they should be converted to
null (true ) |
XMLParserConfiguration |
withKeepStrings(boolean newVal)
When parsing the XML into JSON, specifies if values should be kept as strings (
true ), or if
they should try to be guessed into JSON values (numeric, boolean, string) |
XMLParserConfiguration |
withXsiTypeMap(java.util.Map<java.lang.String,XMLXsiTypeConverter<?>> xsiTypeMap)
When parsing the XML into JSON, specifies that the values with attribute xsi:type
will be converted to target type defined to client in this configuration
Map<String, XMLXsiTypeConverter<?>> to parse values with attribute
xsi:type="integer" as integer, xsi:type="string" as string |
public static final XMLParserConfiguration ORIGINAL
public static final XMLParserConfiguration KEEP_STRINGS
public XMLParserConfiguration()
@Deprecated public XMLParserConfiguration(boolean keepStrings)
keepStrings
- true
to parse all values as string.
false
to try and convert XML string values into a JSON value.@Deprecated public XMLParserConfiguration(java.lang.String cDataTagName)
null
to
disable CDATA processingcDataTagNamenull
- to disable CDATA processing. Any other value
to use that value as the JSONObject key name to process as CDATA.@Deprecated public XMLParserConfiguration(boolean keepStrings, java.lang.String cDataTagName)
keepStrings
- true
to parse all values as string.
false
to try and convert XML string values into a JSON value.cDataTagNamenull
- to disable CDATA processing. Any other value
to use that value as the JSONObject key name to process as CDATA.@Deprecated public XMLParserConfiguration(boolean keepStrings, java.lang.String cDataTagName, boolean convertNilAttributeToNull)
keepStrings
- true
to parse all values as string.
false
to try and convert XML string values into a JSON value.cDataTagName
- null
to disable CDATA processing. Any other value
to use that value as the JSONObject key name to process as CDATA.convertNilAttributeToNull
- true
to parse values with attribute xsi:nil="true" as null.
false
to parse values with attribute xsi:nil="true" as {"xsi:nil":true}.protected XMLParserConfiguration clone()
clone
in class java.lang.Object
public boolean isKeepStrings()
true
), or if
they should try to be guessed into JSON values (numeric, boolean, string)keepStrings
configuration value.public XMLParserConfiguration withKeepStrings(boolean newVal)
true
), or if
they should try to be guessed into JSON values (numeric, boolean, string)newVal
- new value to use for the keepStrings
configuration option.public java.lang.String getcDataTagName()
null
to indicate no CDATA
processing.cDataTagName
configuration value.public XMLParserConfiguration withcDataTagName(java.lang.String newVal)
null
to indicate no CDATA
processing.newVal
- new value to use for the cDataTagName
configuration option.public boolean isConvertNilAttributeToNull()
false
), or they should be converted to
null
(true
)convertNilAttributeToNull
configuration value.public XMLParserConfiguration withConvertNilAttributeToNull(boolean newVal)
false
), or they should be converted to
null
(true
)newVal
- new value to use for the convertNilAttributeToNull
configuration option.public java.util.Map<java.lang.String,XMLXsiTypeConverter<?>> getXsiTypeMap()
Map<String, XMLXsiTypeConverter<?>>
to parse values with attribute
xsi:type="integer" as integer, xsi:type="string" as stringxsiTypeMap
unmodifiable configuration map.public XMLParserConfiguration withXsiTypeMap(java.util.Map<java.lang.String,XMLXsiTypeConverter<?>> xsiTypeMap)
Map<String, XMLXsiTypeConverter<?>>
to parse values with attribute
xsi:type="integer" as integer, xsi:type="string" as stringxsiTypeMap
- new HashMap<String, XMLXsiTypeConverter<?>>()
to parse values with attribute
xsi:type="integer" as integer, xsi:type="string" as stringCopyright © 2021. All Rights Reserved.


Currently this just tests getViewport(). Change the size of your browser window and then reload, and see if it reports the browser window size correctly.
All the text below is just filler text...


Tooth filling, reconstructions, endodontics.
Full, partials with resin, skeletal.
Prevention, hygiene.
Extractions, third molars, phrenectomy, gingivectomy.
Crowns, bridges, incrustations.
Surgery and cosmetic dentistry
General practicioner
Recepcionist
Finance
Hygienist and assistant
Assistant


| The Left Hand of God |
1955 |
Edward Dmytryk |
US |
The Left Hand of God |
William E. Barrett |
1951[1] |
Novel
|
| Yangtse Incident: The Story of H.M.S. Amethyst |
1957 |
Michael Anderson |
UK |
Yangtse Incident: The Story of H.M.S. Amethyst, April 20, 1949, to July 31, 1949 |
Lawrence Earl |
1950[2] |
Non-fiction
|
| Satan Never Sleeps |
1962 |
Leo McCarey |
US |
Satan Never Sleeps |
Pearl S. Buck |
1962 |
Novel
|
| Farewell My Concubine |
1993 |
Chen Kaige |
China |
Farewell My Concubine |
Lilian Lee |
1993 |
Novel
|
| Assembly |
2007 |
Feng Xiaogang |
China |
Guan Si 官司 |
Yang Jingyuan[3] |
199? |
Novel
|
Greek Civil War[edit]
1946–1949
First Indochina War[edit]
1946–1954
1947–1989
This section deals with the confrontational elements of the Cold War, including mutual suspicion and espionage.
Actual combat operations, such as proxy wars supported by the two sides, are handled in their own sections.
Confrontation[edit]
| Film |
Date |
Director |
Country |
Source work |
Author |
Date |
Type
|
| The Third Man |
1949 |
Carol Reed |
UK |
The Third Man |
Graham Greene |
1950 |
Novella
|
| The Red Danube |
1949 |
George Sidney |
US |
Vespers in Vienna |
Bruce Marshall |
1947 |
Novel
|
| Assignment – Paris! |
1952 |
Robert Parrish & Phil Karlson (uncredited) |
US |
"Trial of Terror" |
Paul Gallico & Pauline Gallico |
195? |
Story
|
| Seven Days in May |
1964 |
John Frankenheimer |
US |
Seven Days in May |
Fletcher Knebel & Charles W. Bailey II |
1962 |
Novel
|
| The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming |
1966 |
Norman Jewison |
US |
The Off-Islanders |
Nathaniel Benchley |
1961 |
Novel
|
| The Shoes of the Fisherman |
1968 |
Michael Anderson |
US |
The Shoes of the Fisherman |
Morris West |
1963 |
Novel
|
| Ice Station Zebra |
1968 |
John Sturges |
US |
Ice Station Zebra |
Alistair MacLean |
1963 |
Novel
|
| Gorky Park |
1983 |
Michael Apted |
US |
Gorky Park |
Martin Cruz Smith |
1981 |
Novel
|
Atomic Station Atómstöðin |
1984 |
Þorsteinn Jónsson |
Iceland |
The Atom Station Atómstöðin |
Halldór Laxness[5] |
1948 |
Novel
|
Orion's Belt Orions belte |
1985 |
Ola Solum & Tristan Cole (English version) |
Norway & UK |
Orion's Belt |
Jon Michelet |
1977 |
Novel
|
| Buffalo Soldiers |
2001 |
Gregor Jordan |
US |
Buffalo Soldiers |
Robert O'Connor |
1993 |
Novel
|
| Karol: A Man Who Became Pope * |
2005 |
Giacomo Battiato |
Poland, Italy, France, Germany, Canada |
Stories of Karol: The Unknown Life of Pope John Paul II |
Gian Franco Svidercoschi |
2001 |
Non-fiction
|
| Karol: The Pope, The Man * |
2006 |
Giacomo Battiato |
Poland, Italy, France, Germany, Canada |
Stories of Karol: The Unknown Life of Pope John Paul II |
Gian Franco Svidercoschi |
2001 |
Non-fiction
|
| The Good German |
2006 |
Steven Soderbergh |
US |
The Good German |
Joseph Kanon |
2001 |
Novel
|
- ♠ The film is set in Vienna during the Allied occupation of Austria.
- * television film.
Secret missions[edit]


Hi, my name is Matthew, and welcome! I’ve always had a love and passion for superheroes. Years ago, I was inspired by a friend of mine who told me how much he wanted to be just like his favorite superhero. He didn’t necessarily want heroic powers, but he was inspired by this heroes’ actions and wanted to live like just him.
This website is dedicated to the concept that within all of us lies a hero. I was so inspired by my friend and realized that I too, looked up to heroes like Superman and Captain America. I wanted to live a fuller, inspiring and heroic life just like them.
I came up with my own superhero initiative: My Heroic Life. A podcast dedicated to helping others discover their inner hero.  Read more about my story:
PODCAST
Latest Podcast
The Strength of All Might
This week My Heroic Life soars into its very first interview with Livingston Denegre-Vaught. Matt and Livingston discuss their favorite superhero show My Hero Academia and how it inspired them both to take action and improve their lives.
Personal Growth
|59min
Recent Podcast
Listen Now
Listen With Your Favorite Podcast App Or Service


Entities
Contains examples of 5 different HTML entities, such as & and <
Interobang: ‽
Ampersand: &
Less than: <
Number: №
Paragraph: ℙ
Eth: ð
Thorn: þ
Therefore: ∴


Twins minor leaguer Ryan Costello dies in New Zealand
by James Crabtree-HanniganTwins minor league infielder Ryan Costello was found dead in his New Zealand hotel room Monday, two days before he was scheduled to start his season in the Australian Baseball League, according to reports.
Costello, 23, had been in New Zealand for less than a week. Preliminary findings indicate he died of natural causes, according to a statement from Costello's ABL team, the Auckland Tuatara.
MORE: Life as a minor league player
A Wethersfield, Conn., native, Costello played three years at Central Connecticut State before being selected No. 31 overall by the Mariners in the 2017 draft. He was traded to the Twins organization in 2018, and split his time between High-A Fort Myers and Double-A Pensacola last season.
"On behalf of the entire organization, the Twins send their most sincere condolences to Ryan's family, friends, coaches and teammates," the Twins said in a statement.


DISSER TATION
HABITAT EXPLOITATION BY AN AVIAN GROUND-FORAGING GUILD
Submitted by
Phillip D. Creighton
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado
March, 1974
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.


Protesters
Three weeks after the massacre, United States congress voted to enact an economic sanctions against China. Furthermore Mikhail Gorbachev, who was the Premiere of the U.S.S.R. publicly spoke out against the Chinese government, said “I hope that the government would adopt my own domestic reform program and begin to democratize the Chinese political system.”
Government
The Chinese government successfully put down the protest, kept people and the media quiet, and further enforced unconstitutional laws. The event resulted in the strengthening of the government and those who held authority in China. Throughout the years, China has manipulated as well as censored many information regarding the government system. They block all of the social media such as Facebook, twitter, and snapchat. They use propaganda and effectively make the general public have little value for democracy than 20 years ago because there is no need to call for a change. Moreover, younger generations have little interest on or no idea about the bloodshed event.
Economy
A few decades later the economy became less regulated and more Capitalistic, as a result it has grown exponentially, but is still a majority communist.
Learning from the event, China improved its policies and put People’s Armed Police on action. With the rise of internet, China has effectively strengthen the Internet Police. Deng Xiaoping’s “trip to the South” economic reform policies in 1992 sparked high level economic growth which had an important aspect of maintaining support from people. As time goes by, with the success of China’s economy, China in modern days is an important market for US companies, and there are many private companies in China.


Let's search for some awesome pictures !
Pictures from the world
Search for a place to see
refresh pictures


Hamilton apologises to Albon after rare error
SAO PAULO: Six-times world champion Lewis Hamilton apologised to Alexander Albon on Sunday for a collision that cost the Red Bull rookie a first Formula One podium.
The Mercedes driver, who clinched his latest title in Texas two weeks ago and had nothing at stake in the race at Interlagos, was handed a five second penalty for the penultimate lap incident.
"I fully accept the responsibility. I fully accept I was coming from behind so I'm the one that touched him, not the other way round," said the 34-year-old Briton.
"I massively apologise to Albon. I went for a move... the gap was kind of there, but obviously it closed right at the end and completely my fault.
"It's probably the first time I've come together with someone for a long, long time... I went straight to him after the race to apologise."
Hamilton was demoted to seventh, his 32nd consecutive finish in the points and one short of his own record, while Albon ended up 14th.
"His time will come," said Red Bull team boss Christian Horner.
Albon said Hamilton, on fresher tyres, would probably have got past anyway further down the road but third would have been his.
"It wasn't meant to be, next race," he said.
The race was won by Red Bull's Max Verstappen, the 22-year-old Dutch driver's third victory of the season and first from pole, with French 23-year-old Pierre Gasly the runner-up for Toro Rosso.
Albon, also 23, had been second when the collision occurred.
"I think it was a great race and it's great again to see the youngsters coming and driving so well," said Hamilton. "I'm battling as hard as I can to stay in the mix."
Hamilton has still won 10 of the season's 20 races so far but he recognised that Red Bull and their Honda engine partners were too quick.
"Max did a fantastic job today. They (Red Bull) just outclassed us in terms of overall performance. We couldn’t keep up with them on the straights," said the Briton.
"Honestly, I raced my heart out. I gave it everything. I left nothing on the table and I took a lot of risks today, as you saw.
"We threw everything and the sink at it. Honestly, we could keep up with them in the corners but they were outshining us on the straights, therefore I don't think there was anything we could do."
(Writing by Alan Baldwin in London, editing by Christian Radnedge)


This package Mos contains functions and records with data of the MOSFET models level 1, 2, 3 and 6.
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| MosModelLineParams | Record for Mosfet model line parameters (for level 1, 2, 3 and 6) |
| MosModelLineVariables | Record for Mosfet model line variables (for level 1) |
| MosCalc | Further MOSFET variables (for level 1, 2, 3 and 6) |
| DEVqmeyer | Meyer capacities and charge |
| CurrrentsCapacitances | Currents and Capacities |
| mosCalcInitEquations | Mosfet initial precalculations (level 1) |
| mosCalcCalcTempDependencies | Precalculation relating to temperature |
| mosCalcNoBypassCode | Calculation of currents and capacities (level 1) |
| mosCalcDEVqmeyer | Calculation of Meyer capacities |
| mos2CalcInitEquationsRevised | Mosfet initial precalculations (level 2) |
| mos2CalcInitEquations | Mosfet initial precalculations (level 1) obsolete, use mos2CalcInitEquationsRevised |
| mos2CalcCalcTempDependenciesRevised | Precalculation relating to temperature |
| mos2CalcCalcTempDependencies | Precalculation relating to temperature obsolete, use mos2CalcCalcTempDependenciesRevised |
| mos2CalcNoBypassCodeRevised | Calculation of currents and capacities (level 2) |
| mos2CalcNoBypassCode | Calculation of currents and capacities (level 2) obsolete, use mos2CalcNoBypassCodeRevised |


fetchById($_GET['id'],"user_multiple_questions","id"); //$que12=$obj->fetchById($que['exam_type_id'],"gove_exam","id"); $que102=$obj->fetchById($que['subject'],"add_subject_exam","id"); ?>


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Jack Morey
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{% extends "page.html" %} {% block htmltitle %} Not found {% endblock %} {% block content %} 404: Not found This is a dead end.  Go home, you're drunk.


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SECTION 511. “Where in any return, report, certificate, balance sheet or other document, required by or for the purposes of this Act, any person wilfully makes a statement which is false in any material particular knowing it to be false, shall be guilty of an offence and be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding one million rupees or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years or to both such fine and imprisonment”
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A page Turned into a big communtiy- We help students to achieve excellence in Technical and Non-technical skills- We loves to code :)
we are helping to increase students to know about present trends in tech like ML,AI
We are programmerthoughts


RMagick is an interface between the Ruby programming language and the ImageMagick image processing library.
O/S Linux, *BSD, OS X, Windows 2000, XP, Vista, other *nix-like systems.
Ruby Version 1.8.2 or later. You can get Ruby from www.ruby-lang.org. The use of versions of Ruby older than 1.8.4 with RMagick is deprecated. Support will be removed in a future release.
ImageMagick Version 6.3.0 or later. You can get ImageMagick from www.imagemagick.org.
First install ImageMagick. Complete and up-to-date instructions for installing ImageMagick on Linux, *BSD, and other *nix-type O/S’s are available here. Use steps 0, 1, and 2. Similarly, instructions for installing ImageMagick using MacPorts on OS X are available here. Use steps 1 and 2.
This release of RMagick uses Minero Aoki’s setup.rb script for installation. See the next section for configuration options. Usually you do not need to specify any of these options. You can get more information about setup.rb from his web site.
I assume you’ve already decompressed the tarball, or you wouldn’t be reading this. If you have not decompressed the tarball, do so with one of these commands, depending on which tarball you have:
tar xvzf RMagick-2.9.1-tar.gz (gzipped tarball) tar xvjf RMagick-2.9.1-tar.bz2 (bzipped tarball) 7z e RMagick-x.y.z.tar.lzma -so | tar xv (7zipped tarball)
Change to the RMagick-2.9.1 directory. If you are not using any configuration options (usually you don’t need to) enter the command
ruby setup.rb
Note that setup.rb executes all the example programs, so this can take some time. This process both builds the example images used in the documentation and validates your RMagick installation.
After this command completes, make sure you have root privileges (that is, login as root or use su or sudo) and enter the command
ruby setup.rb install
Type ruby setup.rb --help
to see a list of configuration options. In
addition to the regular options, there are a few RMagick-specific options:
Specify the directory to install the RMagick documentation. By default this is $prefix/share/RMagick, where $prefix is the prefix specified by—prefix. For example, to install the documentation in /Users/me/RMagick, specify:
ruby setup.rb --doc-dir=/Users/me/RMagick
Normally the documentation installation terminates if 5 examples fail. If you use this option, the installation does not check for failing examples and will always complete. This option is useful if you’re having trouble installing RMagick and you want to see all the failing examples.
By default the install process runs all the RMagick example programs and generates HTML versions of all the examples. This option causes the install process to skip this step. No install verification will take place and no documentation will be installed.
The RMagick installation FAQ has answers to the most commonly reported problems.
Typically this message means that one or more of the libraries that ImageMagick depends on hasn’t been installed. Examine the mkmf.log file in the ext/RMagick subdirectory of the installation directory for any error messages. These messages typically contain enough additional information for you to be able to diagnose the problem. Also see this FAQ.
If you get a message like this:
$DIR/RMagick.rb:11:in `require': libMagick.so.0: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory - $DIR/RMagick2.so (LoadError)
you probably do not have the directory in which the ImageMagick library is installed in your load path. An easy way to fix this is to define the directory in the LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variable. For example, suppose you installed the ImageMagick library libMagick.so in /usr/local/lib. (By default this is where it is installed.) Create the LD_LIBRARY_PATH variable like this:
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/lib
On Linux, see ld(1)
and ld.so(8)
for more information. On other operating
systems, see the documentation for the dynamic loading facility.
When setup.rb is running the examples, if you get a message like this:
hook /home/me/src/RMagick-2.9.1/./post-setup.rb failed: No such file or directory - "/tmp/rmagick6872.6"
you probably do not have a temporary directory environment variable set. Set the TMPDIR environment variable to your temporary directory. For example:
export TMPDIR=/home/me/tmp
If you upgrade to a newer release of ImageMagick, make sure you’re using a release of RMagick that supports that release. It’s safe to install a new release of RMagick over an earlier release.
The uninstall.rb script will uninstall RMagick completely. Make sure you have administrator priviledges. Then run this command:
ruby uninstall.rb
You can find more sample RMagick programs in the /example directory. These programs are not installed in the RMagick documentation tree.
Please report bugs in RMagick, its documentation, or its installation programs to me via the bug tracker on the RMagick project page. However, I can’t help with Ruby installation and configuration or ImageMagick installation and configuration. Information about reporting problems and getting help for ImageMagick is available at the ImageMagick web site or the ImageMagick Forum.
Author: Tim Hunter
Email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Web site: http://rmagick.rubyforge.org
Thanks to ImageMagick Studio LLC for ImageMagick and for hosting the RMagick documentation.
Copyright © 2002-2008 by Timothy P. Hunter Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.


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civil air patrol airplanes
Civil Air Patrol Cessna crashes in Puyallup; pilots unhurt | Boeing ...
Mar 20, 2011 . The two pilots were unhurt, but the plane was destroyed, according to the Washington Wing of the Civil Air Patrol. The plane crashed on a .
http://blog.seattlepi.com/aerospace/2011/03/20/civil-air-patrol-cessna-crashes-in-puyallup-pilots-unhurt/
Midnight air defense scramble in skies over DC | Fox News
Dec 5, 2012 . Oct. 30, 2012: An F-16 Fighting Falcon aircraft takes off for a night mission at Nellis Air Force Base, Nev. Air Force F-16 fighters, Civil Air Patrol .
http://www.foxnews.com/tech/2012/12/05/midnight-air-defense-scramble-in-skies-over-dc/
Deadly Civil Air Patrol (C.A.P) Plane Crash - YouTube
Nov 21, 2009 . LAX95FA088 Fatal 2 - LU 1032 HISTORY OF FLIGHT On January 28, 1995, at 1035 Pacific standard time, a Piper PA- 28-180, N9602J, owned .
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9F90wrQB2s4
Things You'll Need
- Certified copies of public records evidence in your case
Instructions
-
-
1
Pilots - Civil Air Patrol - United States Air Force Auxiliary
The Civil Air Patrol's aircraft are located at strategic locations throughout the nation to be readily available when missions arise. CAP members maintain these .
http://www.gocivilairpatrol.com/cap_home/pilots/A National Bargain: The US Civil Air Patrol
Feb 13, 2007 . The Civil Air Patrol's 550 or so single-engine piston aircraft are hangared at strategic locations throughout the nation to be available when .
http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/a-national-bargain-the-us-civil-air-patrol-02016/ -
2
Civil Air Patrol: Not Just for Kids | Flying Magazine
Jan 5, 2003 . The Civil Air Patrol offers all this and more. . While CAP aircraft no longer hunt for submarines, there are actually a number of exciting missions .
http://www.flyingmag.com/civil-air-patrol-not-just-kidsCivil Air Patrol - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In particular, the CAP fleet is used in training exercises to prepare USAF pilots to intercept enemy aircraft over the Continental United States. Civil Air Patrol .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Air_Patrol -
-
3
Civil Air Patrol - United States Air Force Auxiliary
Civil Air Patrol enjoys a proud legacy of selfless sacrifice and service to . love for aviation argued for an organization to put their planes and flying skills to use in .
http://www.gocivilairpatrol.com/Aircraft Operations & Standardization/Evaluations - Civil Air Patrol
Civil Air Patrol Aircraft Operations. Providing safe, effective, and efficient, standardized guidance to those who fly in the Civil Air Patrol.
http://www.capmembers.com/cap_pilots/ -
4
The Airplanes - The National Museum of the Civil Air Patrol
The WWII Coastal Patrol fleet included planes of all descriptions, since they were furnished by the CAP volunteers themselves, The Fairchild 24 was a mainstay .
http://www.caphistory.org/the_airplanes.htmlUtah Wing Civil Air Patrol Home
Welcome to the Utah Wing Civil Air Patrol Home page. . Utah Wing has a New Aircraft - N259CP G1000 C182T; UTWG G1000 Pilots,; Utah Wing now has .
http://cap.utah.gov/
-
1
References
Resources
- Photo Credit Justice image by MVit from 1967 phoenix aerial photos


Version 0.87, 2004-06-23
- Included in Modelica standard library 2.0 Beta 1 with the new
block connectors. Changed all the references to the block
connectors and the Logical library correspondingly.
Version 0.86, 2004-06-20
- New components "Alternative" and "Parallel" for alternative and
parallel execution paths.
- A step has now a vector of input and output connectors in order
that multiple connections to and from a step are possible
- Removed components "AlternativeSplit", "AlternativeJoin",
"ParallelSplit" and "ParallelJoin" since the newly introduced
components ("Alternative", "Parallel", vector connectors of steps)
have the same modeling power but are safer and more
convenient.
- Removed the timer in a step (attach instead Logical.Timer to
the "active" port of a "StepWithSignal" component). Note, that in
most cases it is more convenient and more efficient to use the
built-in timer of a transition.
- Component "StepInitial" renamed to "InitialStep".
- New component "Timer" within sublibrary Logical.
- Updated and improved documentation of the library.
Version 0.85, 2004-06-17
- Renamed "MacroStep" to "CompositeStep" and the ports of the
MacroStep from "abort" to "suspend" and "history" to "resume".
- Nested "CompositeStep" components are supported, based on the
experimental feature of nested inner/outer components introduced by
Dymola. This means that CompositeSteps can be suspended and resumed
at every level.
- New example "Examples.ShowExceptions" to demonstrate the new
feature of nested CompositeSteps.
- New package "Logical". It contains all components of
ModelicaAdditions.Blocks.Logical, but with new block connectors and
nicer icons. Additionally, logical blocks are also added.
- Improved icons for several components of the StateGraph
library.
Version 0.83, 2004-05-21
- The "abort" and "history" connectors are no longer visible in
the diagram layer of a CompositeStep since it is not allowed to
connect to them in a CompositeStep.
- Made the diagram/icon size of a CompositeStep smaller (from
200/-200 to 150/-150).
- Improved icons for "SetBoolean/SetInteger/SetReal"
components.
- Renamed "ParameterReal" to "SetRealParameter".
Version 0.82, 2004-05-18
Implemented a first version that is provided to other
people.
Generated at 2019-01-25T16:44:03Z by OpenModelica 1.14.0~dev-130-gefa44fb


now this s what i get
Posted: Thu Nov 20, 2008 9:35 am
\volucrisclient.cpp(58): [INFO] Executing state "Startup"
.\statestartup.cpp(24): [INFO] win32-cwd: C:\Users\admin\Documents\Desktop
.\statestartup.cpp(26): [INFO] subsys-cwd: C:\Users\admin\Documents\Desktop
.\statestartup.cpp(30): [INFO] Config file not found
.\acquiregraphics.cpp(108): [INFO] Using "Mobile Intel(R) 965 Express Chipset Family"
.\acquiregraphics.cpp(187): [WARNING] This computer's hardware doesn't support indexed blended animation; using software device to compensate
.\acquireresources.cpp(88): [ERROR] Couldn't open media file evidyon.gme
.\statestartup.cpp(38): [FATAL] The game couldn't load its resource file
.\volucrisclient.cpp(58): [INFO] Executing state "Shutdown"
this is whats i get when i try to run the game
the debug file pops up with this. i havent been able to play in a
long time and i need my evidyon fix any suggestions.
.\statestartup.cpp(24): [INFO] win32-cwd: C:\Users\admin\Documents\Desktop
.\statestartup.cpp(26): [INFO] subsys-cwd: C:\Users\admin\Documents\Desktop
.\statestartup.cpp(30): [INFO] Config file not found
.\acquiregraphics.cpp(108): [INFO] Using "Mobile Intel(R) 965 Express Chipset Family"
.\acquiregraphics.cpp(187): [WARNING] This computer's hardware doesn't support indexed blended animation; using software device to compensate
.\acquireresources.cpp(88): [ERROR] Couldn't open media file evidyon.gme
.\statestartup.cpp(38): [FATAL] The game couldn't load its resource file
.\volucrisclient.cpp(58): [INFO] Executing state "Shutdown"
this is whats i get when i try to run the game
the debug file pops up with this. i havent been able to play in a
long time and i need my evidyon fix any suggestions.


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--- layout: post title: The beginning date: '2013-03-21T05:26:00+05:30' permalink: /post/45904009462/the-beginning tags: [] tumblr_url: http://arjunsreedharan.org/post/45904009462/the-beginning permalink: /post/45904009462/the-beginning ---
"The loftiest towers rise from the ground."
Technorati: BB9YHT8JDR6A


18 Oct 2019 Jark Wu (@JarkWu)
The Apache Flink community released the first bugfix version of the Apache Flink 1.9 series.
This release includes 96 fixes and minor improvements for Flink 1.9.0. The list below includes a detailed list of all fixes and improvements.
We highly recommend all users to upgrade to Flink 1.9.1.
Updated Maven dependencies:
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.flink</groupId>
<artifactId>flink-java</artifactId>
<version>1.9.1</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.flink</groupId>
<artifactId>flink-streaming-java_2.11</artifactId>
<version>1.9.1</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.flink</groupId>
<artifactId>flink-clients_2.11</artifactId>
<version>1.9.1</version>
</dependency>
You can find the binaries on the updated Downloads page.
List of resolved issues:
Bug
- [FLINK-11630] - TaskExecutor does not wait for Task termination when terminating itself
- [FLINK-13490] - Fix if one column value is null when reading JDBC, the following values are all null
- [FLINK-13941] - Prevent data-loss by not cleaning up small part files from S3.
- [FLINK-12501] - AvroTypeSerializer does not work with types generated by avrohugger
- [FLINK-13386] - Fix some frictions in the new default Web UI
- [FLINK-13526] - Switching to a non existing catalog or database crashes sql-client
- [FLINK-13568] - DDL create table doesn't allow STRING data type
- [FLINK-13805] - Bad Error Message when TaskManager is lost
- [FLINK-13806] - Metric Fetcher floods the JM log with errors when TM is lost
- [FLINK-14010] - Dispatcher & JobManagers don't give up leadership when AM is shut down
- [FLINK-14145] - CompletedCheckpointStore#getLatestCheckpoint(true) returns wrong checkpoint
- [FLINK-13059] - Cassandra Connector leaks Semaphore on Exception and hangs on close
- [FLINK-13534] - Unable to query Hive table with decimal column
- [FLINK-13562] - Throws exception when FlinkRelMdColumnInterval meets two stage stream group aggregate
- [FLINK-13563] - TumblingGroupWindow should implement toString method
- [FLINK-13564] - Throw exception if constant with YEAR TO MONTH resolution was used for group windows
- [FLINK-13588] - StreamTask.handleAsyncException throws away the exception cause
- [FLINK-13653] - ResultStore should avoid using RowTypeInfo when creating a result
- [FLINK-13711] - Hive array values not properly displayed in SQL CLI
- [FLINK-13737] - flink-dist should add provided dependency on flink-examples-table
- [FLINK-13738] - Fix NegativeArraySizeException in LongHybridHashTable
- [FLINK-13742] - Fix code generation when aggregation contains both distinct aggregate with and without filter
- [FLINK-13760] - Fix hardcode Scala version dependency in hive connector
- [FLINK-13761] - `SplitStream` should be deprecated because `SplitJavaStream` is deprecated
- [FLINK-13789] - Transactional Id Generation fails due to user code impacting formatting string
- [FLINK-13823] - Incorrect debug log in CompileUtils
- [FLINK-13825] - The original plugins dir is not restored after e2e test run
- [FLINK-13831] - Free Slots / All Slots display error
- [FLINK-13887] - Ensure defaultInputDependencyConstraint to be non-null when setting it in ExecutionConfig
- [FLINK-13897] - OSS FS NOTICE file is placed in wrong directory
- [FLINK-13933] - Hive Generic UDTF can not be used in table API both stream and batch mode
- [FLINK-13936] - NOTICE-binary is outdated
- [FLINK-13966] - Jar sorting in collect_license_files.sh is locale dependent
- [FLINK-14009] - Cron jobs broken due to verifying incorrect NOTICE-binary file
- [FLINK-14049] - Update error message for failed partition updates to include task name
- [FLINK-14076] - 'ClassNotFoundException: KafkaException' on Flink v1.9 w/ checkpointing
- [FLINK-14107] - Kinesis consumer record emitter deadlock under event time alignment
- [FLINK-14119] - Clean idle state for RetractableTopNFunction
- [FLINK-14139] - Fix potential memory leak of rest server when using session/standalone cluster
- [FLINK-14140] - The Flink Logo Displayed in Flink Python Shell is Broken
- [FLINK-14150] - Unnecessary __pycache__ directories appears in pyflink.zip
- [FLINK-14288] - Add Py4j NOTICE for source release
- [FLINK-13892] - HistoryServerTest failed on Travis
- [FLINK-14043] - SavepointMigrationTestBase is super slow
- [FLINK-12164] - JobMasterTest.testJobFailureWhenTaskExecutorHeartbeatTimeout is unstable
- [FLINK-9900] - Fix unstable test ZooKeeperHighAvailabilityITCase#testRestoreBehaviourWithFaultyStateHandles
- [FLINK-13484] - ConnectedComponents end-to-end test instable with NoResourceAvailableException
- [FLINK-13489] - Heavy deployment end-to-end test fails on Travis with TM heartbeat timeout
- [FLINK-13514] - StreamTaskTest.testAsyncCheckpointingConcurrentCloseAfterAcknowledge unstable
- [FLINK-13530] - AbstractServerTest failed on Travis
- [FLINK-13585] - Fix sporadical deallock in TaskAsyncCallTest#testSetsUserCodeClassLoader()
- [FLINK-13599] - Kinesis end-to-end test failed on Travis
- [FLINK-13663] - SQL Client end-to-end test for modern Kafka failed on Travis
- [FLINK-13688] - HiveCatalogUseBlinkITCase.testBlinkUdf constantly failed
- [FLINK-13739] - BinaryRowTest.testWriteString() fails in some environments
- [FLINK-13746] - Elasticsearch (v2.3.5) sink end-to-end test fails on Travis
- [FLINK-13769] - BatchFineGrainedRecoveryITCase.testProgram failed on Travis
- [FLINK-13807] - Flink-avro unit tests fails if the character encoding in the environment is not default to UTF-8
Improvement
- [FLINK-13965] - Keep hasDeprecatedKeys and deprecatedKeys methods in ConfigOption and mark it with @Deprecated annotation
- [FLINK-9941] - Flush in ScalaCsvOutputFormat before close method
- [FLINK-13336] - Remove the legacy batch fault tolerance page and redirect it to the new task failure recovery page
- [FLINK-13380] - Improve the usability of Flink session cluster on Kubernetes
- [FLINK-13819] - Introduce RpcEndpoint State
- [FLINK-13845] - Drop all the content of removed "Checkpointed" interface
- [FLINK-13957] - Log dynamic properties on job submission
- [FLINK-13967] - Generate full binary licensing via collect_license_files.sh
- [FLINK-13968] - Add travis check for the correctness of the binary licensing
- [FLINK-13449] - Add ARM architecture to MemoryArchitecture
Documentation
- [FLINK-13105] - Add documentation for blink planner's built-in functions
- [FLINK-13277] - add documentation of Hive source/sink
- [FLINK-13354] - Add documentation for how to use blink planner
- [FLINK-13355] - Add documentation for Temporal Table Join in blink planner
- [FLINK-13356] - Add documentation for TopN and Deduplication in blink planner
- [FLINK-13359] - Add documentation for DDL introduction
- [FLINK-13362] - Add documentation for Kafka & ES & FileSystem DDL
- [FLINK-13363] - Add documentation for streaming aggregate performance tunning.
- [FLINK-13706] - add documentation of how to use Hive functions in Flink
- [FLINK-13942] - Add Overview page for Getting Started section
- [FLINK-13863] - Update Operations Playground to Flink 1.9.0
- [FLINK-13937] - Fix wrong hive dependency version in documentation
- [FLINK-13830] - The Document about Cluster on yarn have some problems
- [FLINK-14160] - Extend Operations Playground with --backpressure option
- [FLINK-13388] - Update UI screenshots in the documentation to the new default Web Frontend
- [FLINK-13415] - Document how to use hive connector in scala shell
- [FLINK-13517] - Restructure Hive Catalog documentation
- [FLINK-13643] - Document the workaround for users with a different minor Hive version
- [FLINK-13757] - Fix wrong description of "IS NOT TRUE" function documentation


I am an experienced Digital Marketing Manager with extensive experience building, maintaining, and running successful digital & social media marketing campaigns. Bringing forth my broad marketing knowledge, coupled with focused, niche campaign experience. Adept at creating and implementing client-centered, successful campaigns, aimed at improving brand awareness and presence for endemic & non-endemic brands. Collaborative and creative manager accomplished at managing digital marketing presence content.
Digital marketing coordinator with six years of experience in a remote based environment. Successfully created and executed marketing plans that resulted in 12 million monthly social impressions organically. Impeccable interpersonal & problem solving skills.


--- layout: jsdoc title: "Class: NavigationRoute" jsdocNav: - Modules: - workbox-background-sync - workbox-broadcast-cache-update - workbox-build - workbox-cache-expiration - workbox-cacheable-response - workbox-google-analytics - workbox-precaching - workbox-routing - workbox-runtime-caching - workbox-sw ---
NavigationRoute is a helper class to create a Route
that matches browser navigation requests, i.e. requests for a page.
It will only match incoming requests whose mode
is set to navigate
.
You can optionally only apply this route to a subset of navigation requests
by using one or both of the blacklist
and whitelist
parameters. If
both lists are provided, and there's a navigation to a URL which matches
both, then the blacklist will take precedence and the request will not be
matched by this route. The regular expressions in whitelist
and blacklist
are matched against the pathname
portion of the requested URL.
To match all navigations, use a whitelist
array containing a RegExp that
matches everything, i.e. [/./]
.
// Any navigation requests that match the whitelist (i.e. URLs whose path
// starts with /article/) will be handled with the cache entry for
// app-shell.html.
const route = new workbox.routing.NavigationRoute({
whitelist: [new RegExp('^/article/')],
handler: {handle: () => caches.match('app-shell.html')},
});
const router = new workbox.routing.Router();
router.registerRoute({route});
Constructor for NavigationRoute.
| Parameters |
|
|---|


Overtaking
Head On
Lost Control / Off Road
Cornering
Rear End
Turning Versus Same Direction
Crossing (No Turns)
Merging
Right Turn Against
Maneuvering
Pedestrians Crossing Road / Other
Miscellaneous
Crash Watch allows New Zealanders to view past car accident data with the aim to increase awareness of dangerous driving areas. More aware drivers means a safer New Zealand. The data includes the cause of crash for each entry and conditions at the time. Data can be played through from a set time to show the trends of accidents by location over time. The system is expandable with potential for more features such as comprehensive filters and more statistics. Proper process of statistics could allow applications such as GPS to display severity of risk in real-time. Drivers would know where to be careful on the road. The system could also have application with the NZTA, their awareness of crash trends could enable them to build safer road systems.
Glen Peek
Software Developer
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Alex Dent
Software Developer
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Marina Voronova
Front End Designer
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Jack Purvis
Software Developer
emperorpurvis@gmail.com


Variations On A Theme
Home
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Reflection
Time and Habits
Emotional Intelligence
HTML Pt1
HTML Pt2
Design To Web
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Javascript Language
Control
Motivation
Scope
Connecting


| 1 | /* | |
| 2 | * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more | |
| 3 | * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with | |
| 4 | * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership. | |
| 5 | * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0 | |
| 6 | * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with | |
| 7 | * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at | |
| 8 | * | |
| 9 | * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 | |
| 10 | * | |
| 11 | * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software | |
| 12 | * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, | |
| 13 | * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. | |
| 14 | * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and | |
| 15 | * limitations under the License. | |
| 16 | */ | |
| 17 | ||
| 18 | package org.apache.commons.imaging.formats.jpeg.xmp; | |
| 19 | ||
| 20 | import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException; | |
| 21 | ||
| 22 | import org.apache.commons.imaging.ImageReadException; | |
| 23 | import org.apache.commons.imaging.common.BinaryFileParser; | |
| 24 | import org.apache.commons.imaging.common.ByteOrder; | |
| 25 | import org.apache.commons.imaging.formats.jpeg.JpegConstants; | |
| 26 | ||
| 27 | public class JpegXmpParser extends BinaryFileParser { | |
| 28 | ||
| 29 | public JpegXmpParser() { | |
| 30 |
1
1. |
setByteOrder(ByteOrder.NETWORK); |
| 31 | } | |
| 32 | ||
| 33 | public boolean isXmpJpegSegment(final byte segmentData[]) { | |
| 34 |
1
1. isXmpJpegSegment : replaced return of integer sized value with (x == 0 ? 1 : 0) → KILLED |
return BinaryFileParser.startsWith(segmentData, JpegConstants.XMP_IDENTIFIER); |
| 35 | } | |
| 36 | ||
| 37 | public String parseXmpJpegSegment(final byte segmentData[]) | |
| 38 | throws ImageReadException { | |
| 39 |
1
1. parseXmpJpegSegment : negated conditional → KILLED |
if (!isXmpJpegSegment(segmentData)) { |
| 40 | throw new ImageReadException("Invalid JPEG XMP Segment."); | |
| 41 | } | |
| 42 | final int index = JpegConstants.XMP_IDENTIFIER.size(); | |
| 43 | ||
| 44 | try { | |
| 45 | // segment data is UTF-8 encoded xml. | |
| 46 |
1
1. parseXmpJpegSegment : Replaced integer subtraction with addition → KILLED |
final String xml = new String(segmentData, index, segmentData.length |
| 47 | - index, "utf-8"); | |
| 48 |
1
1. parseXmpJpegSegment : mutated return of Object value for org/apache/commons/imaging/formats/jpeg/xmp/JpegXmpParser::parseXmpJpegSegment to ( if (x != null) null else throw new RuntimeException ) → KILLED |
return xml; |
| 49 | } catch (final UnsupportedEncodingException e) { | |
| 50 | throw new ImageReadException("Invalid JPEG XMP Segment.", e); | |
| 51 | } | |
| 52 | } | |
| 53 | ||
| 54 | } | |
Mutations | ||
| 30 |
1.1 |
|
| 34 |
1.1 |
|
| 39 |
1.1 |
|
| 46 |
1.1 |
|
| 48 |
1.1 |


--- title: Community layout: page pageOrder: 2 section: 'Where' subsection: true sitemap: priority: 0.6 changefreq: 'monthly' lastmod: 2016-10-19T22:40:27+01:00 ---
is used for the MockServer community to send messages and ask questions.
has only recently been added, previously was used.
Anyone can view and join the community by submitting there email.


Programs • Useful for the theatre.
In this chapter I've prepared a quick overview of the basic features of C. There are very few features in C, and the syntax is relatively simple. But this doesn't mean it is easy. All the depth hides below the surface. Because of this we're going to cover the features and syntax fairly quickly now, and see them in greater depth as we continue.
The goal of this chapter is to get everyone on the same page. People totally new to C should therefore take some time over it, while those with some existing experience may find it easier to skim and return to later as required.
A program in C consists of only function definitions and structure definitions.
Therefore a source file is simply a list of functions and types. These functions can call each other or themselves, and can use any data types that have been declared or are built into the language.
It is possible to call functions in other libraries, or to use their data types. This is how layers of complexity are accumulated in C programming.
As we saw in the previous chapter, the execution of a C program always starts in the function called main
. From here it calls more and more functions, to perform all the actions it requires.
Functions in C consist of manipulating variables. These are items of data which we give a name to.
Every variable in C has an explicit type. These types are declared by ourselves or built into the language. We can declare a new variable by writing the name of its type, followed by its name, and optionally setting it to some value using =
. This declaration is a statement, and we terminate all statements in C with a semicolon ;
.
To create a new int
called count
we could write the following...
int count;
Or to declare it and set the value...
int count = 10;
Here are some descriptions and examples of some of the built in types.
void | Empty Type | |
char | Single Character/Byte | char last_initial = 'H'; |
int | Integer | int age = 23; |
long | Integer that can hold larger values | long age_of_universe =<PHONE_NUMBER>0; |
float | Decimal Number | float liters_per_pint = 0.568f; |
double | Decimal Number with more precision | double speed_of_swallow = 0.01072896; |
A function is a computation that manipulates variables, and optionally changes the state of the program. It takes as input some variables and returns some single variable as output.
To declare a function we write the type of the variable it returns, the name of the function, and then in parenthesis a list of the variables it takes as input, separated by commas. The contents of the function are put inside curly brackets {}
, and lists all of the statements the function executes, terminated by semicolons ;
. A return
statement is used to let the function finish and output a variable.
For example a function that takes two int
variables called x
and y
and adds them together could look like this.
int add_together(int x, int y) {
int result = x + y;
return result;
}
We call functions by writing their name and putting the arguments to the function in parentheses, separated by commas. For example to call the above function and store the result in a variable added
we would write the following.
int added = add_together(10, 18);
Structures are used to declare new types. Structures are several variables bundled together into a single package.
We can use structure to represent more complex data types. For example to represent a point in 2D space we could create a structure called point
that packs together two float
(decimal) values called x
and y
. To declare structures we can use the struct
keyword in conjunction with the typedef
keyword. Our declaration would look like this.
typedef struct {
float x;
float y;
} point;
We should place this definition above any functions that wish to use it. This type is no different to the built in types, and we can use it in all the same ways. To access an individual field we use a dot .
, followed by the name of the field, such as x
.
point p;
p.x = 0.1;
p.y = 10.0;
float length = sqrt(p.x * p.x + p.y * p.y);
Pointer • A short haired one
A pointer is a variation on a normal type where the type name is suffixed with an asterisk. For example we could declare a pointer to an integer by writing int*
. We already saw a pointer type char** argv
. This is a pointer to pointers to characters, and is used as input to main
function.
Pointers are used for a whole number of different things such as for strings or lists. These are a difficult part of C and will be explained in much greater detail in later chapters. We won't make use of them for a while, so for now it is good to simply know they exist, and how to spot them. Don't let them scare you off!
In C strings are represented by the pointer type char*
. Under the hood they are stored as a list of characters, where the final character is a special character called the null terminator. Strings are a complicated and important part of C, which we'll learn to use effectively in the next few chapters.
Strings can also be declared literally by putting text between quotation marks. We used this in the previous chapter with our string "Hello, World!"
. For now, remember that if you see char*
, you can read it as a string.
Conditional statements let the program perform some code only if certain conditions are met.
To perform code under some condition we use the if
statement. This is written as if
followed by some condition in parentheses, followed by the code to execute in curly brackets. An if
statement can be followed by an optional else
statement, followed by other statements in curly brackets. The code in these brackets will be performed in the case the conditional is false.
We can test for multiple conditions using the logical operators ||
for or, and &&
for and.
Inside a conditional statement's parentheses any value that is not 0
will evaluate to true. This is important to remember as many conditions use this to check things implicitly.
If we wished to check if an int
called x
was greater than 10
and less than 100
, we would write the following.
if (x > 10 && x < 100) {
puts("x is greater than 10 and less than 100!");
} else {
puts("x is less than 11 or greater than 99!");
}
Loops allow for some code to be repeated until some condition becomes false, or some counter elapses.
There are two main loops in C. The first is a while
loop. This loop repeatedly executes a block of code until some condition becomes false. It is written as while
followed by some condition in parentheses, followed by the code to execute in curly brackets. For example a loop that counts downward from 10
to 1
could be written as follows.
int i = 10;
while (i > 0) {
puts("Loop Iteration");
i = i - 1;
}
The second kind of loop is a for
loop. Rather than a condition, this loop requires three expressions separated by semicolons ;
.  The initialiser is performed before the loop starts. The condition is checked before each iteration of the loop. If it is false, the loop is exited. The incrementer is performed at the end of each iteration of the loop. These loops are often used for counting as they are more compact than the while
loop.
For example to write a loop that counts up from 0
to 9
we might write the following. In this case the ++
operator increments the variable i
.
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
puts("Loop Iteration");
}


Aether Features
Posted
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Hugo combined with the Aether theme turns easy to write markdown into powerful web pages. KaTeX, Highlight.js, and Hugo provides the ability to create mathmatical symobols, equations, highlighted code, tables, lists, and much more.
For each feature below, the first line is the markdown and the second line is the result after Hugo, KaTeX, and Highlight.js process the markdown. You can find many more features in the Hugo documentation.
LaTeX style math typsetting with KaTeX
{{< raw >}}
\[u(t) = K_p e(t) + K_i \int_{0}^{t} e(\tau) d\tau + K_d \frac{de(t)}{dt} \]
{{< /raw >}}
\[u(t) = K_p e(t) + K_i \int_{0}^{t} e(\tau) d\tau + K_d \frac{de(t)}{dt} \]
Code (Supports many programming languages and formats)
```javascript
var s = "JavaScript syntax highlighting";
alert(s);
```
var s = "JavaScript syntax highlighting";
alert(s);
Inline code
Here is `var s = "Hello World"` inline code
Here is var s = "Hello World"
inline code
Tables
| Tables | Are | Cool |
| ------------- |:-------------:| -----:|
| col 3 is | right-aligned | $1600 |
| col 2 is | centered | $12 |
| zebra stripes | are neat | $1 |
| Tables | Are | Cool |
|---|---|---|
| col 3 is | right-aligned | $1600 |
| col 2 is | centered | $12 |
| zebra stripes | are neat | $1 |
Ordered List
1. Number one
2. Number Two
1. Indented Number 1
2. Indented Number 2
- Number one
- Number Two
- Indented Number 1
- Indented Number 2
Unordered List
* Get groceries at Harris Teeter before the party
* Get a Spider Man cake
* Chocolate or marble
* Whipped cream frosting
* Don't forget to walk the dog before you leave
* Bring lots of plates and silverware so that we don't run out
* Plastic Dixie brand is fine
- Get groceries at Harris Teeter before the party
- Get a Spider Man cake
- Chocolate or marble
- Whipped cream frosting
- Don’t forget to walk the dog before you leave
- Bring lots of plates and silverware so that we don’t run out
- Plastic Dixie brand is fine
Comments
> This is some text that should show up as a comment. Someone may have made this comment but i'm not sure.
This is some text that should show up as a comment. Someone may have made this comment but i’m not sure.
Images
![NYC Skyline](/img/nyc.jpg)
Small Images
{{< smallimg src="/img/nyc.jpg" alt="NYC Skyline" smartfloat="left" width="250px" >}}
This image floats to the left of this paragraph and is 250px wide. Its aspect ratio is maintained so it will not stretch. The picture shows the New York skyline. You can see how the design is responsive and how the cards intelligently fit to the display. With flexbox and css grid, heavy frameworks such as bootstrap aren’t necessary to create beautiful responsive designs. The cards in aether use flexbox to change the image from the right side on desktops to the top on mobile.
Links
[Aether's Github page](https://github.com/josephhutch/aether)


Onedimensional Normal Mixture Models Classes, for, e.g., density estimation or clustering algorithms research and teaching; providing the widely used Marron-Wand densities. Efficient random number generation and graphics; now fitting to data by ML (Maximum Likelihood) or EM estimation.
| Version: | 1.2-3 |
| Imports: | stats, graphics |
| Suggests: | cluster |
| Published: | 2017-08-30 |
| Author: | Martin Mächler |
| Maintainer: | Martin Maechler <maechler at stat.math.ethz.ch> |
| License: | GPL-2 | GPL-3 [expanded from: GPL (≥ 2)] |
| NeedsCompilation: | no |
| Materials: | README ChangeLog |
| In views: | Cluster, Distributions |
| CRAN checks: | nor1mix results |
| Reference manual: | nor1mix.pdf |
| Package source: | nor1mix_1.2-3.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: nor1mix_1.2-3.zip, r-release: nor1mix_1.2-3.zip, r-oldrel: nor1mix_1.2-3.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: nor1mix_1.2-3.tgz, r-oldrel: nor1mix_1.2-3.tgz |
| Old sources: | nor1mix archive |
| Reverse depends: | SQN |
| Reverse imports: | binnednp, psychmeta |
| Reverse suggests: | multimode, quantreg |
| Reverse enhances: | copula, sfsmisc |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=nor1mix to link to this page.


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--- layout: main title: About ---
Silver Eagle Games will be closing its retail location in Canton at the end of December 2018. It has been a fun and wild ride these past few years but it is time to move on to other endeavors. Our other business, Silver Eagle Wargame Supplies will continue to operate as a convention, mail order, and Internet based business and will be glad to provide you with all your gaming needs. We may even host events there from time to time. The number there is<PHONE_NUMBER>. Leave a message at the beep!
Thank you to everyone who patronized Silver Eagle Games. Many of you became regulars and lifelong friends. Our website and Facebook page will remain active for a while so check in from time to time. We hope to reopen someday and look forward to seeing you again.


Vim documentation: usr_05
main help file*usr_05.txt* For Vim version 7.2. Last change: 2007 May 11 VIM USER MANUAL - by Bram Moolenaar Set your settings Vim can be tuned to work like you want it to. This chapter shows you how to make Vim start with options set to different values. Add plugins to extend Vim's capabilities. Or define your own macros. |05.1| The vimrc file |05.2| The example vimrc file explained |05.3| Simple mappings |05.4| Adding a plugin |05.5| Adding a help file |05.6| The option window |05.7| Often used options Next chapter: |usr_06.txt| Using syntax highlighting Previous chapter: |usr_04.txt| Making small changes Table of contents: |usr_toc.txt|
*05.1* The vimrc file *vimrc-intro* You probably got tired of typing commands that you use very often. To start Vim with all your favorite option settings and mappings, you write them in what is called the vimrc file. Vim executes the commands in this file when it starts up. If you already have a vimrc file (e.g., when your sysadmin has one setup for you), you can edit it this way: :edit $MYVIMRC If you don't have a vimrc file yet, see |vimrc| to find out where you can create a vimrc file. Also, the ":version" command mentions the name of the "user vimrc file" Vim looks for. For Unix and Macintosh this file is always used and is recommended: ~/.vimrc For MS-DOS and MS-Windows you can use one of these: $HOME/_vimrc $VIM/_vimrc The vimrc file can contain all the commands that you type after a colon. The most simple ones are for setting options. For example, if you want Vim to always start with the 'incsearch' option on, add this line you your vimrc file: set incsearch For this new line to take effect you need to exit Vim and start it again. Later you will learn how to do this without exiting Vim. This chapter only explains the most basic items. For more information on how to write a Vim script file: |usr_41.txt|.
*05.2* The example vimrc file explained *vimrc_example.vim* In the first chapter was explained how the example vimrc (included in the Vim distribution) file can be used to make Vim startup in not-compatible mode (see |not-compatible|). The file can be found here: $VIMRUNTIME/vimrc_example.vim In this section we will explain the various commands used in this file. This will give you hints about how to set up your own preferences. Not everything will be explained though. Use the ":help" command to find out more. set nocompatible As mentioned in the first chapter, these manuals explain Vim working in an improved way, thus not completely Vi compatible. Setting the 'compatible' option off, thus 'nocompatible' takes care of this. set backspace=indent,eol,start This specifies where in Insert mode the <BS> is allowed to delete the character in front of the cursor. The three items, separated by commas, tell Vim to delete the white space at the start of the line, a line break and the character before where Insert mode started. set autoindent This makes Vim use the indent of the previous line for a newly created line. Thus there is the same amount of white space before the new line. For example when pressing <Enter> in Insert mode, and when using the "o" command to open a new line. if has("vms") set nobackup else set backup endif This tells Vim to keep a backup copy of a file when overwriting it. But not on the VMS system, since it keeps old versions of files already. The backup file will have the same name as the original file with "~" added. See |07.4| set history=50 Keep 50 commands and 50 search patterns in the history. Use another number if you want to remember fewer or more lines. set ruler Always display the current cursor position in the lower right corner of the Vim window. set showcmd Display an incomplete command in the lower right corner of the Vim window, left of the ruler. For example, when you type "2f", Vim is waiting for you to type the character to find and "2f" is displayed. When you press "w" next, the "2fw" command is executed and the displayed "2f" is removed. +-------------------------------------------------+ |text in the Vim window | |~ | |~ | |-- VISUAL -- 2f 43,8 17% | +-------------------------------------------------+ ^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^ 'showmode' 'showcmd' 'ruler' set incsearch Display the match for a search pattern when halfway typing it. map Q gq This defines a key mapping. More about that in the next section. This defines the "Q" command to do formatting with the "gq" operator. This is how it worked before Vim 5.0. Otherwise the "Q" command starts Ex mode, but you will not need it. vnoremap _g y:exe "grep /" . escape(@", '\\/') . "/ *.c *.h"<CR> This mapping yanks the visually selected text and searches for it in C files. This is a complicated mapping. You can see that mappings can be used to do quite complicated things. Still, it is just a sequence of commands that are executed like you typed them. if &t_Co > 2 || has("gui_running") syntax on set hlsearch endif This switches on syntax highlighting, but only if colors are available. And the 'hlsearch' option tells Vim to highlight matches with the last used search pattern. The "if" command is very useful to set options only when some condition is met. More about that in |usr_41.txt|. *vimrc-filetype* filetype plugin indent on This switches on three very clever mechanisms: 1. Filetype detection. Whenever you start editing a file, Vim will try to figure out what kind of file this is. When you edit "main.c", Vim will see the ".c" extension and recognize this as a "c" filetype. When you edit a file that starts with "#!/bin/sh", Vim will recognize it as a "sh" filetype. The filetype detection is used for syntax highlighting and the other two items below. See |filetypes|. 2. Using filetype plugin files Many different filetypes are edited with different options. For example, when you edit a "c" file, it's very useful to set the 'cindent' option to automatically indent the lines. These commonly useful option settings are included with Vim in filetype plugins. You can also add your own, see |write-filetype-plugin|. 3. Using indent files When editing programs, the indent of a line can often be computed automatically. Vim comes with these indent rules for a number of filetypes. See |:filetype-indent-on| and 'indentexpr'. autocmd FileType text setlocal textwidth=78 This makes Vim break text to avoid lines getting longer than 78 characters. But only for files that have been detected to be plain text. There are actually two parts here. "autocmd FileType text" is an autocommand. This defines that when the file type is set to "text" the following command is automatically executed. "setlocal textwidth=78" sets the 'textwidth' option to 78, but only locally in one file. *restore-cursor* autocmd BufReadPost * \ if line("'\"") > 0 && line("'\"") <= line("$") | \ exe "normal g`\"" | \ endif Another autocommand. This time it is used after reading any file. The complicated stuff after it checks if the '"' mark is defined, and jumps to it if so. The backslash at the start of a line is used to continue the command from the previous line. That avoids a line getting very long. See |line-continuation|. This only works in a Vim script file, not when typing commands at the command-line.
*05.3* Simple mappings A mapping enables you to bind a set of Vim commands to a single key. Suppose, for example, that you need to surround certain words with curly braces. In other words, you need to change a word such as "amount" into "{amount}". With the :map command, you can tell Vim that the F5 key does this job. The command is as follows: :map <F5> i{<Esc>ea}<Esc> Note: When entering this command, you must enter <F5> by typing four characters. Similarly, <Esc> is not entered by pressing the <Esc> key, but by typing five characters. Watch out for this difference when reading the manual! Let's break this down: <F5> The F5 function key. This is the trigger key that causes the command to be executed as the key is pressed. i{<Esc> Insert the { character. The <Esc> key ends Insert mode. e Move to the end of the word. a}<Esc> Append the } to the word. After you execute the ":map" command, all you have to do to put {} around a word is to put the cursor on the first character and press F5. In this example, the trigger is a single key; it can be any string. But when you use an existing Vim command, that command will no longer be available. You better avoid that. One key that can be used with mappings is the backslash. Since you probably want to define more than one mapping, add another character. You could map "\p" to add parentheses around a word, and "\c" to add curly braces, for example: :map \p i(<Esc>ea)<Esc> :map \c i{<Esc>ea}<Esc> You need to type the \ and the p quickly after another, so that Vim knows they belong together. The ":map" command (with no arguments) lists your current mappings. At least the ones for Normal mode. More about mappings in section |40.1|.
*05.4* Adding a plugin *add-plugin* *plugin* Vim's functionality can be extended by adding plugins. A plugin is nothing more than a Vim script file that is loaded automatically when Vim starts. You can add a plugin very easily by dropping it in your plugin directory. {not available when Vim was compiled without the |+eval| feature} There are two types of plugins: global plugin: Used for all kinds of files filetype plugin: Only used for a specific type of file The global plugins will be discussed first, then the filetype ones |add-filetype-plugin|. GLOBAL PLUGINS *standard-plugin* When you start Vim, it will automatically load a number of global plugins. You don't have to do anything for this. They add functionality that most people will want to use, but which was implemented as a Vim script instead of being compiled into Vim. You can find them listed in the help index |standard-plugin-list|. Also see |load-plugins|. *add-global-plugin* You can add a global plugin to add functionality that will always be present when you use Vim. There are only two steps for adding a global plugin: 1. Get a copy of the plugin. 2. Drop it in the right directory. GETTING A GLOBAL PLUGIN Where can you find plugins? - Some come with Vim. You can find them in the directory $VIMRUNTIME/macros and its sub-directories. - Download from the net. There is a large collection on http://www.vim.org. - They are sometimes posted in a Vim |maillist|. - You could write one yourself, see |write-plugin|. Some plugins come as a vimball archive, see |vimball|. Some plugins can be updated automatically, see |getscript|. USING A GLOBAL PLUGIN First read the text in the plugin itself to check for any special conditions. Then copy the file to your plugin directory: system plugin directory Unix ~/.vim/plugin/ PC and OS/2 $HOME/vimfiles/plugin or $VIM/vimfiles/plugin Amiga s:vimfiles/plugin Macintosh $VIM:vimfiles:plugin Mac OS X ~/.vim/plugin/ RISC-OS Choices:vimfiles.plugin Example for Unix (assuming you didn't have a plugin directory yet): mkdir ~/.vim mkdir ~/.vim/plugin cp /usr/local/share/vim/vim60/macros/justify.vim ~/.vim/plugin That's all! Now you can use the commands defined in this plugin to justify text. Instead of putting plugins directly into the plugin/ directory, you may better organize them by putting them into subdirectories under plugin/. As an example, consider using "~/.vim/plugin/perl/*.vim" for all your Perl plugins. FILETYPE PLUGINS *add-filetype-plugin* *ftplugins* The Vim distribution comes with a set of plugins for different filetypes that you can start using with this command: :filetype plugin on That's all! See |vimrc-filetype|. If you are missing a plugin for a filetype you are using, or you found a better one, you can add it. There are two steps for adding a filetype plugin: 1. Get a copy of the plugin. 2. Drop it in the right directory. GETTING A FILETYPE PLUGIN You can find them in the same places as the global plugins. Watch out if the type of file is mentioned, then you know if the plugin is a global or a filetype one. The scripts in $VIMRUNTIME/macros are global ones, the filetype plugins are in $VIMRUNTIME/ftplugin. USING A FILETYPE PLUGIN *ftplugin-name* You can add a filetype plugin by dropping it in the right directory. The name of this directory is in the same directory mentioned above for global plugins, but the last part is "ftplugin". Suppose you have found a plugin for the "stuff" filetype, and you are on Unix. Then you can move this file to the ftplugin directory: mv thefile ~/.vim/ftplugin/stuff.vim If that file already exists you already have a plugin for "stuff". You might want to check if the existing plugin doesn't conflict with the one you are adding. If it's OK, you can give the new one another name: mv thefile ~/.vim/ftplugin/stuff_too.vim The underscore is used to separate the name of the filetype from the rest, which can be anything. If you use "otherstuff.vim" it wouldn't work, it would be loaded for the "otherstuff" filetype. On MS-DOS you cannot use long filenames. You would run into trouble if you add a second plugin and the filetype has more than six characters. You can use an extra directory to get around this: mkdir $VIM/vimfiles/ftplugin/fortran copy thefile $VIM/vimfiles/ftplugin/fortran/too.vim The generic names for the filetype plugins are: ftplugin/<filetype>.vim ftplugin/<filetype>_<name>.vim ftplugin/<filetype>/<name>.vim Here "<name>" can be any name that you prefer. Examples for the "stuff" filetype on Unix: ~/.vim/ftplugin/stuff.vim ~/.vim/ftplugin/stuff_def.vim ~/.vim/ftplugin/stuff/header.vim The <filetype> part is the name of the filetype the plugin is to be used for. Only files of this filetype will use the settings from the plugin. The <name> part of the plugin file doesn't matter, you can use it to have several plugins for the same filetype. Note that it must end in ".vim". Further reading: |filetype-plugins| Documentation for the filetype plugins and information about how to avoid that mappings cause problems. |load-plugins| When the global plugins are loaded during startup. |ftplugin-overrule| Overruling the settings from a global plugin. |write-plugin| How to write a plugin script. |plugin-details| For more information about using plugins or when your plugin doesn't work. |new-filetype| How to detect a new file type.
*05.5* Adding a help file *add-local-help* *matchit-install* If you are lucky, the plugin you installed also comes with a help file. We will explain how to install the help file, so that you can easily find help for your new plugin. Let us use the "matchit.vim" plugin as an example (it is included with Vim). This plugin makes the "%" command jump to matching HTML tags, if/else/endif in Vim scripts, etc. Very useful, although it's not backwards compatible (that's why it is not enabled by default). This plugin comes with documentation: "matchit.txt". Let's first copy the plugin to the right directory. This time we will do it from inside Vim, so that we can use $VIMRUNTIME. (You may skip some of the "mkdir" commands if you already have the directory.) :!mkdir ~/.vim :!mkdir ~/.vim/plugin :!cp $VIMRUNTIME/macros/matchit.vim ~/.vim/plugin The "cp" command is for Unix, on MS-DOS you can use "copy". Now create a "doc" directory in one of the directories in 'runtimepath'. :!mkdir ~/.vim/doc Copy the help file to the "doc" directory. :!cp $VIMRUNTIME/macros/matchit.txt ~/.vim/doc Now comes the trick, which allows you to jump to the subjects in the new help file: Generate the local tags file with the |:helptags| command. :helptags ~/.vim/doc Now you can use the :help g% command to find help for "g%" in the help file you just added. You can see an entry for the local help file when you do: :help local-additions The title lines from the local help files are automagically added to this section. There you can see which local help files have been added and jump to them through the tag. For writing a local help file, see |write-local-help|.
*05.6* The option window If you are looking for an option that does what you want, you can search in the help files here: |options|. Another way is by using this command: :options This opens a new window, with a list of options with a one-line explanation. The options are grouped by subject. Move the cursor to a subject and press <Enter> to jump there. Press <Enter> again to jump back. Or use CTRL-O. You can change the value of an option. For example, move to the "displaying text" subject. Then move the cursor down to this line: set wrap nowrap When you hit <Enter>, the line will change to: set nowrap wrap The option has now been switched off. Just above this line is a short description of the 'wrap' option. Move the cursor one line up to place it in this line. Now hit <Enter> and you jump to the full help on the 'wrap' option. For options that take a number or string argument you can edit the value. Then press <Enter> to apply the new value. For example, move the cursor a few lines up to this line: set so=0 Position the cursor on the zero with "$". Change it into a five with "r5". Then press <Enter> to apply the new value. When you now move the cursor around you will notice that the text starts scrolling before you reach the border. This is what the 'scrolloff' option does, it specifies an offset from the window border where scrolling starts.
*05.7* Often used options There are an awful lot of options. Most of them you will hardly ever use. Some of the more useful ones will be mentioned here. Don't forget you can find more help on these options with the ":help" command, with single quotes before and after the option name. For example: :help 'wrap' In case you have messed up an option value, you can set it back to the default by putting an ampersand (&) after the option name. Example: :set iskeyword& NOT WRAPPING LINES Vim normally wraps long lines, so that you can see all of the text. Sometimes it's better to let the text continue right of the window. Then you need to scroll the text left-right to see all of a long line. Switch wrapping off with this command: :set nowrap Vim will automatically scroll the text when you move to text that is not displayed. To see a context of ten characters, do this: :set sidescroll=10 This doesn't change the text in the file, only the way it is displayed. WRAPPING MOVEMENT COMMANDS Most commands for moving around will stop moving at the start and end of a line. You can change that with the 'whichwrap' option. This sets it to the default value: :set whichwrap=b,s This allows the <BS> key, when used in the first position of a line, to move the cursor to the end of the previous line. And the <Space> key moves from the end of a line to the start of the next one. To allow the cursor keys <Left> and <Right> to also wrap, use this command: :set whichwrap=b,s,<,> This is still only for Normal mode. To let <Left> and <Right> do this in Insert mode as well: :set whichwrap=b,s,<,>,[,] There are a few other flags that can be added, see 'whichwrap'. VIEWING TABS When there are tabs in a file, you cannot see where they are. To make them visible: :set list Now every tab is displayed as ^I. And a $ is displayed at the end of each line, so that you can spot trailing spaces that would otherwise go unnoticed. A disadvantage is that this looks ugly when there are many Tabs in a file. If you have a color terminal, or are using the GUI, Vim can show the spaces and tabs as highlighted characters. Use the 'listchars' option: :set listchars=tab:>-,trail:- Now every tab will be displayed as ">---" (with more or less "-") and trailing white space as "-". Looks a lot better, doesn't it? KEYWORDS The 'iskeyword' option specifies which characters can appear in a word: :set iskeyword iskeyword=@,48-57,_,192-255 The "@" stands for all alphabetic letters. "48-57" stands for ASCII characters 48 to 57, which are the numbers 0 to 9. "192-255" are the printable latin characters. Sometimes you will want to include a dash in keywords, so that commands like "w" consider "upper-case" to be one word. You can do it like this: :set iskeyword+=- :set iskeyword iskeyword=@,48-57,_,192-255,- If you look at the new value, you will see that Vim has added a comma for you. To remove a character use "-=". For example, to remove the underscore: :set iskeyword-=_ :set iskeyword iskeyword=@,48-57,192-255,- This time a comma is automatically deleted. ROOM FOR MESSAGES When Vim starts there is one line at the bottom that is used for messages. When a message is long, it is either truncated, thus you can only see part of it, or the text scrolls and you have to press <Enter> to continue. You can set the 'cmdheight' option to the number of lines used for messages. Example: :set cmdheight=3 This does mean there is less room to edit text, thus it's a compromise.
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