CAT Diagnostic Test
A. Ingénue : apprentice B. Plaudit : praise C. Grotesque : strong D. Surrogate : inferior
A. Gull : deceive B. Moment : quickness C. Protégé : mentor D. Bibulous : garrulous
IMPRECATION : BENEDICTION
A. Dowager : widower B. Excessive : inordinate C. Ignorance : knowledge D. Blether : gossip
EBULLIENCE : EXUBERANCE
A. Grace : radiance B. Antiquated : antediluvian C. Obsequious: aggressive D. Jaded : unsullied
EDENTATE : TOOTHLESS
A. Frangible : resistant B. Parlous : dangerous C. Supernal : superlative D. Talion : claw
DEMOTIC : POPULAR
A. Sexagesima : sixth B. Eremite : recluse C. Diaphanous : polygamous D. Barter : bargain
A. Royalty : bourgeoisie B. Malediction : curse C. Alloy : metal D. Candour : simplicity
A. In which case they should not have approached the World Bank in the first place for a loan. B. Some circles feel that the old suspicion of the World Bank being a Trojan horse of imperialism still persists with the Marxist veterans. C. Others, however, are of the view that a much stronger reason for rejecting the independent financial survey is the fear that it may reveal many irregularities in the state’s finances. D.Industry circles point out that at least the State finance minister should be aware of the fact that the World Bank-after losing billions on dud loans based on debtor’s evaluation-has now been forced to be much more careful in sanctioning future loans.
A. BADC B. DBAC C. ABCD D. ADCB
A. Did the sub-continent’s visual arts mysteriously vanish thereafter? B. Rarely do you see anything from later than the 18th century. C. When major museums in Europe and America exhibit Indian art, one expects yet another display of survivors from the distant past: ancient or medieval religious sculpture, Mughal or Rajasthani miniatures or decorative arts. D. Of course not, and this summer two complementary American exhibitions celebrate very different aspects of India’s modern Arts.
A. ADBC B. CBAD C. BCDA D. CBDA
A. Given this perspective, it is no wonder that companies are grappling with the task of enhancing customer satisfaction. B. The rise of customer power in particular, is triggered by extensive deregulation and general across-the board import duty reduction effected by various countries, leading to greater competition C. The introduction of various customer protection laws is also making customers more powerful at the expense of suppliers. D. Companies across the world are being forced to acknowledge two new developments across the world; the rising power of customers and, the emergence of a new generation of competitors?
A. DBCA B. BCAD C. BCDA D. DCBA
. A A. Take the instance of e-commerce which has changed the conventional system of purchasing and services in a number of counties as it has enabled bypassing the retail process in many cases. B. Undoubtedly advances in technology will have a far-reaching impact on advertising not merely on its technical dimension, but in changing the manner in which consumers are exposed to communication, it will change consumer buying behavior. C. Notwithstanding present hiccups, there is nothing that can stop the present changes from happening in India too. D. Clearly this is a fundamental change, given that advertising I essence is concerned with consumer purchasing decisions and the manner in which these are executed.
A. ABCD B. BDAC C. BACD D. CABD
A. While women tend to be stronger ins competencies based on empathy and social skills, with men doing better on those based on self-regulation, a study of MBA students discovered that men and women can improved to the same extent, no matter where they start out on a given competence B. No matter how insensitive, shy, short-tempered or awkward people may be, with motivation and the right effort they can cultivate emotional competence. C. This improvement put emotional intelligence in sharp contrast to IQ, which remains largely unchanged throughout life. D. While purely cognitive capacities remain relatively fixed, emotional competence can be learned at any point in life.
A. BCDA B. ABDC C. ACDB D. DCBA
A. His irrelevance in Gujarat clearly shows that his candidature is a Congress ploy to get the BJP giant L.K.Advani B. Ater unsuccessfully knocking at almost all doors for a nomination in the Presidential election, he turned to the Shiv Sena. C. Seshan’s desperate hankering after power only proves that the once self-proclaimed ‘Alsatian’ is now reduced to a self serving ‘billi’ D. Seshan now says that the Congress is the best platform for him to serve the country.
A. CADB B. CDBA C. BCAD D. BDAC
A. The ‘brother’ was at a loss for words and fled the place, but not till the ‘sister’ had extracted Rs.50 from him. B. Suddenly one of the girls took out a rakhi from her bag and tied it on his arm. C. He was all the more pleased when they started talking to him. D. To his surprise they stopped, turned, and with a smile on their faces, started walking towards him
A. ADCB B. ABCD C. DCBA D. DCAB
A. Ahmed smelt a rat in the release of the monkeys since almost all the toxicity tests had been done, and the research was nearing completion. B. Biotechnics now has to seek permission all over again to conduct the toxicity tests. C. It’s only source of consolation was the Andhra Pradesh High Court, which ordered the animal rights activists and the Union health ministry to stop interfering with the tests. D. Multinationals were the only beneficiaries of the release, apart from the monkeys.
A. ABDC B. ADBC C. ADCB D. DABC
A. The young boy’s grit and sheer brilliance carried him through, and with the help of many benefactors and government scholarships he went on to acquire a medical degree. B. Born to a physician in the village, times were hard for the little boy. C. Fighting disease and hunger at every step of the way, he struggled to get an education. D. Three of young Bahuleyan’s siblings died in their childhood, and he was one of the two survivors among five.
A. BDCA B. DBCA C. BCDA D. DBAC
A. That’s a sizable number. B. The ISPAI, comprising about 20 ISPs, took up the issue with the TRAI, which subsequently directed MTNL to offer the same facility to subscribers of private ISPs. C. Little wonder then that MTNL has started offering free telephone registration to subscribers to its Internet services. D. But MTNL still charges Rs.1000 for phone registration to subscribers of other private ISPs.
A. BDAC B. BACD C. BCAD D. ACBD
A. After notching up $1 million in revenue, the company decided to analyse its businesses. B. But what is the business strategy? C. It discovered that most clients were dot.com start-ups that have to build value in the first nine months. D. When they began, their stated strategy was to work one e commerce projects in vertical segments in emerging technologies
A. BDAC B. DBAC C. DACB D. BDCA
A. Between you and me, if it wasn’t for the revenues from your department, I wonder what we would have done. B. The rest of us have done as badly or as well last year. C. But we have to look at the business as a whole. D.
A. DBCA B. DABC C. ADBC D. ABCD
A. The Tetley deal could flounder on the price to be paid. B. In theory at least, the due diligence exercise could conclude that the asking price is too high C. Still, a possibility between slip between the cup and the lip can’t entirely be dismissed. D. And even if it buys the British company, the Indian company could face the danger of a flight of top talent at Tetley
A. ABDC B. BCAD C. DBCA D. BCDA
A. Slacker is not a word in Kapil’s dictionary B. What will he do? C. First things first. D. A team which resembles a battered truck that’s seen too many accidents, whose battery is on the blink, whose ego inflates often in tandem with its weight, better watch out.
A. DABC B. BCAD C. DBCA D. BCDA
A. Pakistan and the so-called mujahideen, many of them Afghan mercenaries, are still smarting under the humiliating retreat. B. The revenge for the Kargil debacle is believed to be another major reason. C. Post Kargil, the ISI has already upgraded its proxy war in J&K. D. The militants coming in are better trained, equipped with deadlier arms and strike in much larger group than even before.
A. CADB B. CBDA C. BCAD D. BACD
A. Our way of life is likely to be more fundamentally transformed in the next several decades than in the previous one thousand years. B. Until now public attention was focussed on the other great revolution-computers and tele-communications. C. Animal and human cloning could become commonplace with replication replacing reproduction. D. It is the simple down to earth individual who will benefit from the new research.
A. Which is why the news from Asia is so discouraging, even as its economies perk up. B. But growth will depend less on deploying more people and capital, and more on something rather harder-raising productivity. C. If Asia’s governments fail to deliver on their promised reforms, they will have failed to lay the ground work for the more efficient use of capital and faster growth in productivity. D. But it does mean that the region’s leaders should distinguish the impact of the business cycle from Asia’s imposing collection of structural challenges.
A. During the eighties there was a series of tax reforms, decreasing marginal tax rates and limiting the scope for various forms of deductions. B. Several motivations have been given for implementing the tax reforms. C. Tax reform has been a continuous and gradual process for a long period of time. D. Marginal tax rates reached a historical high in 1980 and a low in 1991
A. Many Serbs like to see themselves as leading the fight ever since to end Turkish, and Muslim, influence. B. Relations between Serbs and ethnic Albanians in Kosovo have been tense for decades; whichever group was in charge oppressed the other. C. Tensions ran high, and Albanians were frequently arrested or harassed, but a relative peace continued through most of this decade. D. They fear, probably correctly, that if Albanians are given control of Kosovo, there will be no place for Serbs.
A. Additionally this year’s international acquisitions added 303 units and 25 million square feet of retail space. B. The company already had 1,821 superstores, 650 super centers, and 453 Sam’s clubs in the USA and the world over. C. In what it termed the largest distribution centre expansion history, it plans to open four new regional general food centers, four food distribution centers and two fresh food distribution centers. D. Wal-Mart Stores Inc, the world’s largest retailer plans to open about 40 new discount stores and 160-165 new super-centers under an aggressive growth plan for the next fiscal year.
DIRECTIONS for the questions28-35: Each question has two sets of statements. Each set can be rearranged in such a manner that the third statement logically follows from the first two. In the following questions,
Mark A if only the first set of statements can be rearranged. Mark B if only the second set of statements can be rearranged Mark C if both the set of statements can be rearranged. Mark D if neither set of statement can be rearranged.
A.Veneta Cucine kitchens are the best. B.Veneta Cucine kitchens are modular. C.Only modular kitchens are the best.
A.All that glitters is gold. B.My tooth glitters. C.My tooth is gold.
A. B. C. D.
1 A. Superman and Robin Hood are still alive in Hollywood. B. There is evidence that Superman and Robin Hood are alive in Hollywood. C.  It’s been a long time since I rocked and rolled. B. A month is a long time for me, especially when it comes to rock and roll C. I haven’t rocked and rolled for nearly a month , maan! 2 A. Dear Prudence, You should come out to play. B. When the Sun is up, the sky s blue, it’s beautiful, it’s over you, it’s a grand new day. C. Dear Prudence, You should come out to play when it’s a grand new day.
1 A. Wide chairs are for foreigners. B. I have wide chairs C. My chairs are foreigners’
2 A. I once had a girl, and she was the only girl I ever had. B. I once had a girl, and she was the only girl I ever had. C. The girl I had was named Dizzy Miss Lizzy.
1 A. We don’t need another hero. B. All those who are young and are cyber junkies don’t need anything or anybody. C. We are young cyber junkies. 2 A. If you be my bodyguard, I can be your long lost pal. B. Only my long lost pals can be my body guards, and can call me A. C. You can call me A
A. B. C. D. E.
1 A. The Planner must analyse all available data to define the target from a business perspective. B. Only analysis of all available data can enable anyone to define the target from a business perspective. C. The Planner wants to define the target from a business perspective
2 A. Everybody once said that some body should do all the good things that nobody could do. B. Somebody said that everybody spoke about doing all the good things that nobody could do , but just once. C. Whatever good things nobody could do, according to somebody, were the things that Everybody should do.
PASSAGE-1
Depression is explained as the deepest crest of sadness. It usually occurs during drastic times of people’s lives-after a loss (death, for example), relationship problems, school, grades, stress, etc. Anything can trigger depression-big or small. It depends on the person, the situation and the events that are happening within the person’s life.
A. Depression is caused by events that disturb the sufferer mentally. B. Depression can hit anyone, anytime. C. "Drastic time" are events that have the potential to shake you up. D. During depression, people become sad and quiet.
PASSAGE-2
You didn’t see that sweet that came with every dawn. You didn’t see the bullying American kids kicking Lee’s shoes across the locker room before his Junior Wimbledon semi-final, and Lee calmly picking them up and slaughtering his opponent. You didn’t see Hesh, wondering about their early losses as a pair, but telling Lee the only thing is to practice harder. "There is no backing off", he says. You didn’t see this, but they remember everything.
A. Lee is now a famous sportsperson. B. Lee is a fiercely determined individual. C. Lee’s is success has come with a partner in tow D. Lee beat his opponent at the Junior Wimbledon final.
PASSAGE-3
Nevertheless, the urban market is getting tired of the Maruti 800 as it is raising questions about quality, safety and comfort levels of cars. Is the air-conditioner ‘better’ than Maruti’s? Or does it have multipoint fuel injection (MPFI) instead of the carburetor? In the past, the air-conditioner was an avoidable luxury. Now, almost every new car is fitted with air-conditioners and directional fans. MPFI, which works with sensors that scan engine emission and constantly adjust the fuel to air ratio, is another key feature that buyers clamor for. Another buzzword is safety, and every new entrant is flaunting side protection bars.
a. In the rural markets, Maruti 800 sales remain high b. The urban market is dissatisfied with the quality, safety and comfort levels of cars. c. Maruti 800 does not have MPFI d. Most new cars are safer than the Maruti 800 A.b&d B.cb,c&d C.a,b,&d D.None of the above
PASSAGE-4
The debate it, was it a fatherly kiss? Or a grandfatherly peck? Or was it a lascivious smooch? The most popular kiss; which the Sardar attempted, is the cocktail kiss, which is practiced after 7 PM in the drawing rooms of any sub-continental city. The man bends his neck like a Siberian crane over the shoulders of the woman he holds in an uneasy embrace, and pouting his lips, makes funny noises on both sides of her cheek. Hearing which, on cue, the woman giggles and makes similar noises in the air. Others have been seen to seize the lady by the shoulders in a vice like grip, usually employed by policemen, look longingly and intensely at a rouged cheek and bring their lips down on the landing pads with the attempted sensuality of a giraffe. There are those who hold their cheeks to each other, and kiss themselves, others who leave damp imprints on blushes hastily daubed at, while some barely brush at proffered cheeks and pass on to the next. Ah well, there are kisses and kisses.
A. There re many kinds of kisses. B. Women like being kissed in the "Siberian Crane" fashion C. Some people have made kissing an art. D. The Sardar’s kiss falls in between a peck and a smooch.
PASSAGE-5 So in the fine arts, fashion design and architecture, there is a concerted effort to make works of are from waste. While Nek Chand’s famous rock garden in Chandigarh-in which everything from discarded cans to concrete blocks have been used-has been around for year, the idea of using waste on a more individual basis is still catching on.
A. Definitely B. Definitely not C. Probably D. Probably not
PASSAGE-6
In the end, it’s only one thing. You may have the charm of an oily Italian count, and the face of David. You could be the product of some genius sperm stolen from a blank and own the transparent heart of Joe Lewis. You could move with the speed of a Porsche, and possess the predatory instinct of a Jaguar. Counts for nothing, zer, zilch, nada, if you don’t win.
A. An oily Italian count charms, but may not always win B. Winning is never the main idea for most people C. Winning is everything D. What matters in life is more than winning
A. fedora B. fez C. bowler D. felt
A. republican B. democrat C. labour D. parliament
A. mercury B. silver C. gold D. copper
A. comrade B. companion C. associate D. accomplice
A. ice B. stream C. cloud D. dew
A. horse B. fox C. elephant D. donkey
A. school B. pack C. herd D. warren
A. crab B. lobster C. oyster D. prawn
A. anna B. kroner C. lira D. shekel
SECTION II
A. 86 B. 100 C. 12 D. Cannot be determined
A. 10:47:40 B. 40:48:10 C. 10:49:00 D. 10:50:22
A. 4 B. 8 C. 16 D. 32
A. 2:5 B. 2:3 C. 2:7 D. 5:7
A. 3 B. 7 C. 9 D. 1
A. c(xc+y)/b B. a(xc+y)/c2 C. b(x+yc)/c D. a(x+yc)c2
If the side of a cube is twice the radius of a sphere, which of the following is true? I. the cube completely fits into the sphere II. the sphere completely its into the cube
A. I only B. II only C. both I and II D. Neither I nor II
A. 1:1 B. 1:2 C. 1:4 D. 4:1
DIRECTIONS for questions 59 to 64: Refer to the following data.
In 3 comprehensive tests taken by IMS students for part B, eight good students A,B,C,D,E,F,G and H were identified and ranked . For each of the tests, the following observations were made I. no.2 students share the same rank II. A has a better rank compared to H III. C is exactly one rank better than G IV. There is only one student ranked between B and F. this student has a lower rank than A V. D and G have a better rank than A VI. E tops the ranking
Which of the following cannot have the lowest rank A. B B. F C. H D. I and II
A. G B. D C. A D. Insufficient Data
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6
A. 2 B. 3 C. 5 D. Insufficient data
A. E D G C H A B F B. E C G D A F H B C. E D C G B A F H D. E D B C G A F H
A. 15° B. 30° C. 45° D. 60°
A. RAMY B. YMAR C. ARMY D. Both 2 and 3
A. 8.5 B. 34 C. 51 D. Can’t be determined
A. 999999 B. 999992 C. 999891 D. None of these
A. 64 B. 128 C. 144 D. 196
A. 50% B. 66 2/3 % C. 75% D. Can’t be determined
DIRECTIONS for questions 71 to 75: Refer to the following data
A,B,C,D, and E belong to multinational companies in 5 different countries. They attend an international conference in New York, however, communication between them becomes a problem on account of the following restrictions. I. A speaks only German and English II. B speaks only Spanish, Italian and French III. C speaks only German IV. D speaks English and Italian V. E speaks French and German
A. A,D,E B. B,D,E C. A,C,E D. A,B,E
A. A B. D C. E D. No Interpreter required
A. English B. French C. Italian D. Either A, B,or C
A. 3 B. 6 C. 8 D. 0
A. 1:Ö3 B. 2:Ö3 C. 2Ö3:1 D. Ö3:Ö2
A. -4 B. 4 C. 8 D. Can't be determined
A. 8064000 B. 6428500 C. 9826520 D. 1246400
A. 110 B. 120 C. 125 D. 160
A. 1/30 B. 1/60 C. 1/120 D. 1/80
A. log a + log c > log b-logd B. log a+ logd> logb +logc C. log a+ log c = log b+ logd D. None of these
A. i and ii only B. ii and iii only C. iii only D. None of them is true
A. 80 B. 100 C. 125 D. 156.25
A. 12,15 B. 15,18 C. 24,27 D. 36,48
A. 100 B. 300 C. 81 D. None of these
A. 1500 B. 1587 C. 1460 D. 1650
A. -3/2<x<3/2 B. 2<x<3 C. x<2 or x>3 D. Statement is self-contradictory
What is 13 x (30 Å 17) ? A. 169 B. 510 C. 1620 D. None of these
A. 543 B. -543 C. 196 D. -196
A. a Å b is always even B. a Å b is always odd C. a Å b could be either even or odd D. a Å b is odd if a>b
A. always even B. either even or odd C. always odd D. none of these
A. 10 sec B. 18 sec C. 16 sec D. 24 sec
A. 25,000 B. 26,250 C. 25,750 D. 28,000
A. 7 B. 18 C. 19 D. 20
SECTION III
Both media officials and newswriters or reporters thus have a primary economic function in relation to their respective parent corporation, and secondarily a social function presumed to be based on society’s need for accurate and complete information. These roles are balanced through the choice of stories that, when published or broadcast, determine what information will be presented (and, as importantly, how it will be presented) to the public. Not suprisingly, the yardstick by which stories are measured for inclusion in a news program or page is denied, at least in part, by a story’s adherence to general social values that reflect those of the bourgeois owner, advertiser, and news executive. To the extent that any journalist or news organization attempts to fulfill its instrumental goal of ‘unbiased’ or ‘objective’ reportage, it must do so within the context of a process through which events are daily excluded from the page or broadcast period while others are included. No media organization despite the ‘New York Times’ hoary masthead boast-can print, publish, or broadcast “all the news that’s fit to print”. As Time magazine writer William Henry III put it : “Journalism at best only approximates reality, because writers must inevitably select and compress.” While fulfilling their assumed social role as providers of information to the public sphere, news professionals constantly, consistently, and of necessity must exclude some events while following and emphasizing others. Thus editors, newswriters, and broadcast producers function by definition as information gatekeepers channeling specific types of information into publication or broadcast presentation while excluding others. The concept of the news professional as gatekeeper was introduced in 1950 by David White and since then has been applied by various researchers to a wide range of news studies. What is included and what is excluded is not haphazard, however. These decisions obey a consistent set of social and political values that are generally acknowledged to reflect the view of publishers, politicians, and the status quo.
Other mechanisms have been described that assign positions of relative importance tp each story accepted for publication and thus deemed suitable by the gatekeepers for the public sphere. These can be thought of as the channels through which the gatekeeper acts and are usually defined as the “agenda-setting’ function of news. Socially, ‘agenda-setting theory maintains that gatekeeping serves a valuable societal function. It reduces the array of issues before the public, presents a manageable agenda and helps bring about a society consensus. Practically, the assumption is that audiences respond to cues presented by news editors and broadcasters-frequency of story repetition over time, length of time(or column inches0 given to a story, use of visuals with a story-as keys to the relative importance of any topic covered. These and other factors thus define the specific medium’s, the general media’s and, by extension, society’s agenda of important issues. The accepted assumption is that, these decisions are made by those who report the news, assign journalists to cover events, and edit those discrete stories into a newspaper page or broadcast package. As Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw said their frequently cited 1972 study: “In choosing and displaying news, editors, newsroom staff, and broadcasters play an important part in shaping political reality”.
Proponents maintain that it is through this active shaping of the public vision that “the press serves a valuable societal function. “Further, there is typically in any news market a high degree of unanimity among news professionals on the importance of any single story and, usually, on the way it will be covered. This unanimity is due in part, as we will see, to the degree to which news value is primarily defined by public or corporate officials through personal statements or press releases. Supporters of the agenda-setting theory, which has gained wide currency among academic journalists and communication theorists, argue its efficacy whatever the specific subject. It has been applied to political issues, environmental issues, and the general composition of a television news hour’s story lineup.
But none of the hundreds of newsroom decisions, each of which defines the way a specific event will be treated, are value-free. The news is not objective but rather a continuous series of decisions that reflect general social and cultural principles. As Gaye Tuchman has written: News is a window on the world…. But like any frame that delineates the world, the news frame may be considered problematic. The view through the window depends on whether the window is large or small, has many panes or few, whether the glass is opaque or clear.”
Discussions of gate keeping and agenda setting are ways to define the size of the window and the angle at which it either reflects or refracts specific events. The theory assumes that the decision on what to let in or through the gate, and the placement of a story or stories in society’s agenda, frame, writers of most persuasions agree, is a consistent ideology whose values reflect those of advertisers, media owners, and the ruling elite. This perspective has been summarized by Herb Gans as “ the hidden values of moderation as opposed to extremism, individualism as opposed to collectivism, reform as opposed to tearing down the system, independence, the dignity of work, enlightened democracy, responsible capitalisms.” Not surprisingly, these values, which define what will be the news, are also those held by the ruling. “equestrian class”’ which owns the media and sets the nation’s political tone.
A. information gatekeepers B. editors, newswriter & broadcast producers C. advertisers, media owners & broadcast producers D. all of the above
A. choosing stories that serve a valuable societal function B. sifting through the day’s news and choosing unbiased and objective reports only C. keep tabs on what most news journalists cover D. choosing stories which suit reigning ideologies and help shape society’ s agenda of important issues
A. The story lineups go a long way in shaping/gearing social opinion towards the dominant elitist political view B. The story lineups reflect the news of the ruling political party C. The story line ups go a long way in deciding the dominant view D. None of the above
A. The ruling political party splits B. A naxalite is found dead in police custody C. A famous actress has been declared bankrupt D. A bank in the capital is robbed in broad daylight
A. Under the guise of “unbiased” and “objective” news the press actually fools the public B. The press sets up a politically correct issues agenda in the minds of the public. C. The press is a window on the world but is opinionated D. Can’t say
A. the depth of study according to the agenda set by the information gatekeepers B. the stand taken on any particular issue C. the sorting out of events that need to be highlighted and those brushed under the table D. all of the above
A. Journalism imposes a self regulated discipline when it comes to sorting information. B. Every press story essentially has a hidden agenda. C. All kinds of journalism is actually sifting through material and making it presentable. D. Media officials, news writers and reporters are like company executives whose first loyalty is to their respective bosses.
PASSAGE -2 A third of a century has passed since the first U.S Surgeon General’s report on smoking persuasively assembled the scientific case on the lethal effects of the habit. Yet the rest of the Federal Government deftly manipulated by the powerful tobacco industry and fearful of antagonizing the industry’s tens of millions of addicted customers, has allowed the cigarette to remain our most deadly but least regulated consumer product. Its manufacturers, meanwhile, doggedly denied that the ever mounting medical evidence against them constituted conclusive proof, yet insisted, with ultimate brass, that smokers had been amply warned of the health risks they might be running- and got the Supreme Court essentially to agree with them. As a result , Americans have prematurely lost 4 million collective years of life annually in our worst, if routinely accepted, public-health scandal. Last week’s proposed settlement between the industry and the public’s representatives, if its often murky words can be satisfactorily translated into federal statutory language, gives real hope of at last reining in the cigarette makers’ unconscionable conduct, in which the nation as a whole has too long been complicitous. Some key points to bear in mind about the deal: It is tantamount to a rogue industry’s confession of decades of malfeasance, misfeasance and nonfeasance,. True, most smokers have grasped that they were flirting with grave health consequence, but their awareness owed no thanks to the industry. Its Council for Tobacco Research and in-house scientists failed to undertake serious, sustained inquiry into the casual links between smoking and disease formation (no doubt out of fear that what they might find would put them out of business). Its Tobacco Institute picked apart every new Surgeon General’s report and trivialized the damning findings of dedicated independent public-health investigators. And its executives, in what amounted to a premeditated conspiracy to dis-inform the American people, continued to deny what they and their scientists, according to a critical mass of internal documents unearthed during the past decade, knew to be true about the addictive claims by victimized smokers, the industry is at least sparing the nation years of litigation that the companies where doomed to lose sooner or later and that might delay indefinitely the onset of vitally needed tobacco-control measures. The punishment money is the least important part of the package. It cannot resurrect all those millions of dead smokers or cure those now terminally afflicted. Besides, current high cigarette excise taxes already cover much of the states’ public health outlay to care sick smokers. The settlement price is really meant to put a dent in the American tobacco industry’s bottom line. But by gradually jacking up the retail price of the 24 billion packs they sell in the U.S annually and saving much of their present multibillion-dollar-a-year advertising, promotion and merchandising budget (thanks to restrictions on those outlays in the settlement package), the companies will be able to meet the $15 billion-a-year punishment cost without remotely jeopardizing their solvency. Teenage smoking will not go away-the industry’s survival depends on it. However, by making cigarettes less accessible and more costly to youngsters, by de-glamorizing the habit through less seductive ads and a b ban on brand name promotions, and by stigmatizing it will a broad antismoking ad campaign paid for by the industry, the settlement materially strengthens the Clinton Administration initiative to discourage teen smoking. It is, in effect, a vigorous exercise in preventive medicine that is both sound public policy and shrewd politics. Remember, though, that kids smoke in part because it’s dangerous, not in spite of it, and forbidden fruit, no matter how badly spotted, rarely loses its allure. The crucial element is the extent of the Food and Drug Administration’s regulatory control over the way cigarettes are manufactured and packaged. All the marketing restrictions in the deal will amount to little if the product remains as deadly as ever. And since the entire scientific case against smoking is premised on dose-related data (e.g., the stronger the yields of the armful ingredients in each cigarette and the greater the smoker’s total intake of them, the higher the risk of dying prematurely), all medical logic suggests that forcing the manufacturers to reduce the toxic potency of their product could significantly reduce the horrific toll t now exacts. Under the proposed settlement, the FDA is reportedly to be granted the power to modify cigarettes in this fashion over time-without the industry’s fighting it tooth and claw or the need for congressional blessing of each new round of mandated yield reductions. Of vital importance as well, the FDA would be similarly empowered to require far more conspicuous and dire health warnings on every cigarette pack and full disclosure of its harmful ingredients. Unless this empowerment-to control not only the nicotine content of cigarettes, already approved by a federal court, but their tar, carbon monoxide, carcinogenic flavorings, and other additives as well is a basic part of the deal and not conditioned on the FDA’s have to meet evidentiary standards of the industry’s devising, the whole settlement package is a toothless wonder and should be tabled. Even granted essential regulatory muscle, the FDA needs both the resolve to carry forward its regimen and the funding to do it properly; perhaps revenues from a higher federal cigarette tax should be earmarked for this purpose. Arguments the government-certified weaker cigarettes might only encourage youngsters to take up the habit, would-be quitters not to, and addicted smokers to consume more cigarettes to compensate for their reduced fix per puff cannot be airily dismissed. But failure to outlaw the present high-yielding brands is a far more perilous course. Unless the legal fine print unduly favors the industry , there is no political downside for either party in embracing the deal. Bill Clinton has deservedly won wide public support by becoming the first avowedly antismoking President; it is Congress, so long under his party’s control, that deserves public scorn for letting a dirty business get away with mass mayhem all these years. The lawmakers will now have the chance to redeem themselves, ideally without resort to the usual anti-regulatory rhetoric from the present Republican majority. If government will not act effectively to protect the public health how can its very existence be justified? Death, after all, is relentlessly nonpartisan.
A. The Federal Government allowed the cigarette to remain the most deadly and yet the least regulated consumer product B. Manufactures denied the ever mounting medical evidence against cigarettes and got the Supreme Court to agree with them. C. The Federal government, fearful of antagonizing millions of addicted customers ignored all medical evidence D. All of the above
A. By turning the settlement into a Federal Statutory law B. By making an otherwise complicitous nation realise the dangers of smoking C. A & B D. None of the above
A. By capitulating now, the industry has cut short the delay of vitally needed tobacco control measures B. The $15 billion a year punishment cost will go a long way in creating a dent in the tobacco industry’s bottomline C. The settlement will jack up the retail price of cigarettes D. The settlement will discourage the teenage smoking
A. their advertising budget has been cut down so they will also save from their advertising, promotion and merchandising budgets B. over the years, they have to raise their prices in a retail market C. A and B D. current high cigarettes excise taxes cover much of the states’ public health outlay to care for sick smokers
A. kids smoke because it is forbidden rather than just fun B. no amount of propaganda will change a teenage smokers mind C. A & B D. none of the above
A. the FDA did not have any control over the toxic potency of the cigarette B. the cigarette was the least regulated consume product C. they did not have the funding or the resolve to do so D. less nicotine would any way just increase a smokers’ per day consumption
A. for bill Clinton this was another feather in his cap B. the tobacco industry has relented and paid for its sins, in the eyes of the public C. the law makers who had been misinformed had their chance to clear their conscience D. all of the above
A. the FDA is known to be corrupt and lacks funds B. the FDA should also have control over the entire ingredient list of cigarettes and does not need to table evidence before taking any measure C. the FDA should also get to control elements other than nicotine which are hazardous in cigarette D. the FDA cannot control the high yielding brands
A. A rogue industry has been brought to book B. Teenagers will now be aware of the hazards of smoking C. The empowerment of the FDA in control of manufacturing and packaging of cigarettes D. The settlement is made into federal statutory law
A. they can now change the profile of cigarettes without the industry or the politicians interference. B. now it does not have to face the industry’s antagonism C. they can now decide promotion budgets D. none of the above
A. Death does not belong to any party B. If the Government does not act effectively then that government will die C. The author is warning the government that smoking as a public health hazard will have its effects on them as well D. None of the above
Obtaining solutions to the problem of waste disposal has become a priority of extreme importance in every nation of the world. Increased ecological awareness, combined with the desire to safeguard natural resources and the environment, have brought about a need to improve the cycle of obtaining raw materials, their disposal and reutilization.
Two operating philosophies have gained acceptance in this sphere: saving on consumption, i.e. avoiding the squandering of resources, and the recovery of materials contained in waste, which can be reused in the productive process.
In Italy, which has a dense population concentrated in a territory of particular environmental value, the need to find a solution to the waste problem has given impetus to scientific and technological research in this sector, resulting in the application of valuable technical innovations.
The production of solid waste in Italy has increased by over 50% in past decade, from 0.7 kg per inhabitant per day in 1984 to more than1.1 kg per inhabitant per day in 1994. As regards the content of the waste, there has been an increase in the lightest portion (paper, cardboard, textiles) resulting from the increased use of throwaway containers and packaging in general.
The presence of organic substances has diminished, now accounting for around 20 to 25% of waste material, while there has been a growth in the use of plastic (8 to 12%) and glass (8 to 10%) . The average heating value of these materials is 1,500 to 2,000 kcal per kg.
Upto now, sanitary landfill has been the most widely used method of waste disposal, for reasons of cost-effectiveness as compared to other technologies. The artificial waterproofing of the ground beneath the landfill with geomembrane(polyvinylchloride or polyethylene) is common. The waste is compacted with special mobile machines and covered with a layer of earth every two or three metres each day to avoid the spreading of odours and the scattering of waste.
The gathering and employment of the biogas which forms during the anaerobic fermentation of the waste mass is of particular interest. This gas, chiefly constituted of methane (over 55% of the total volume is an excellent fuel (5,500 kcal/Nm3) and can be used for the production of thermic energy and electricity as well as (after some additional treatment) to fuel motor vehicles.
The results of the technical solutions adopted in the waste disposal centres of large Italian cities such as Turin, Milan, Bologna and Brescia are notable. In Turin, the collected gas partly feeds a co-generation power station, and partly a purification plant for the elimination of carbon dioxides: after compression into cylinders, the fuel allows for the waste-collection trucks to be powered.
Another technology, thermodestruction and energy recovery, has been adopted primarily in big cities or large regions. The heating value of the waste is generally high because of the presence of plastic materials, packaging and composites, which makes other solutions such as recycling the materials or the production of compost (organic fertilizer) inefficient by comparison. The process requires combustion in furnaces.
In the normal thermodestruction process, after the drying phase, there arises, ‘competition’ between two extremely diverse phenomena: combustion, or thermodestruction via oxidization, and pyrolysis, or themodestruction in the absence of oxygen. In between these two processes lies gasification, for while combustion prevails close to the walls of the high-temperature combustion chamber, inside the combustible mass where poorly aerated zones exist, pyrolysis, which ‘distils;’ the most volatile components and recombines them into simpler organic compounds, takes place.
The thermodestruction process applied, using plants available on the market, are:
- incineration via direct combustion, which destroys the potential polluting capacity of the waste by oxidizing the organic substances at high temperatures and mineralizing the inorganic substances present. As a result, there is weight reduction of 30% and 10% respectively of the incoming materials, which allows for the daily disposal of waste rather than its accumulation;
- gasification(oxidization-‘distillation’) which transforms the largest portion of the potential energy contained in the initial amount of waste into a gas current and generates a low calorific value gas, unsuitable for transport but usable in internal combustion engines for the generation of electric and thermal energy;
- pyrolysis, which causes the physical and chemical decomposition of waste by the destructive distillation of the organic matter and the chemical bonds, obtained by reheating them at atmospheric pressure in the absence of air, creating solids and gas with high calorific value.
The choice of any of these forms of energy recovery depends, apart from their reliability , cost and technological maturity, on the appropriateness of each.
It is worth pointing out that, to be truly effective, thermodestruction must be applied on purified waste, for if the waste has been only partially purified, a portion, consisting of inert metals weighing about 10% of the entire mass, could block the process.
The experience of those working in the sector continues to confirm the appropriateness of mechanical treatment of urban and other comparable waste before its thermodestruction. In this kind of thermodestruction plant, particular importance is attached to the reduction of environmental impact; in fact, it is generally supplied with adequate plants to deal with polluting emissions and improve the quality of air in areas near the industrial installation.
In waste treatment plants, the most commonly used process is composting, i.e. separating of the organic position of waste, to be subsequently transformed into organic fertilizer for agricultural use. This microbiological process has obvious economic and environmental advantages: it restores nutritive elements(nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, microelements) present in the waste to the ground and permits savings on costly mineral fertilisers, besides utilising relatively less complex technology and therefore allowing for lower managing costs. In addition, certain raw products such as sewage sludge and the residue from agro-industrial activity can be utilised.
The process is undertaken in spaces protected from the weather, or else in bioreactors. The waste previously selected and homogenised, is treated to microbe action for a period of at least two months.
The end-product obtained, perfectly sanitised, is primarily used to fertilize specialist cultivation such as horticulture, orchards, nurseries and gardens.
For some years now, the philosophy of guarding against squandering resources, and according value to materials contained in waste, has been gaining strength in Italy. Greater efforts are being applied to the technique of separated collection of waste, divided by category: paper, glass, plastic, aluminium etc. The materials thus obtained are collected and sent to treatment centres.
In some Italian regions, the transformation to new raw materials allows for the recovery of over 10% of the waste, especially glass, plastic containers, paper and cardboard. Many regional administrations plan to recycle over 30% of the waste produced in the short term (three to five years).
This new situation has caused interesting research to develop in most sectors, among which the most notable is that of reutilizing plastic material obtained from the collection of waste which has been divided into separate categories.
A. Italy has a dense population concentrated in a territory of particular environmental value B. Increased ecological awareness, combined with the desire to safeguard natural resources and the environment in Italy C. the philosophy of guarding against resources and according value to materials contained in waste has been gaining strength in Italy D. All of the above
A. In every 0.7 kg around 25% is organic and about the same percentage is plastic and glass B. In every 1.1 kg around 25% is organic and about the same percentage is plastic and glass C. There has been a 25% increase in the lightest portion D. Solid has increased by over 50% in the past decade
A. Bio-gas fuels waste-collection trucks in Turin B. The proportion of organic substances was much more than 25% earlier C. The sanitary land fills are the best and thus are widely used in Italy even today D. The average heating value of organic materials, plastic and glass is 1,500 to 2,500 kcal per kg
A. in the normal thermodestructions process combustion follows gasification and pyrolysis B. thermodestruction via oxidisation is pyrolysis C. thermodestruction in the absence of oxygen is gasification D. in the normal thermodestruction process combustion is followed by gasification and pyrolysis
A. incineration via combustion allows for daily disposal of waste B. pyrolysis creates solids and gas with high calorific value C. gassification can be easily used to generate electric and thermal energy D. the waste can be partially purified in thermodestruction processes
A. planting adequate number of trees near the industrial installation B. using composting to enhance the nutritive elements of waste C. purifying the waste first and then using it in thermo-destruction plants D. none of the above
A. it has economic and environmental advantages which cannot be ignored B. it transforms the organic portion of waste into organic fertilizer for agricultural use. C. these plants use less complex technology and require smaller budgetary allocations D. all of the above
A. The local administrations now have chalked out viable plans for recycling waste B. New research for reusing waste is being developed in various sectors C. Separation of various categories of waste at the first stage of collection D. All of the above
A. Economic and Environmental friendly B. Reliability, cost and technological maturity C. Making optimum use of waste D. All of the above
A. Waste and the Environment B. Disposing Waste C. Productive Waste D. Waste Disposal
PASSAGE-4 In the pioneering days aviation, birds served as a model for the design of planes. And the wings of today’s modern jets still bear a resemblance to those of our feathered friends.
In order to fulfill their most important function, that is, to generate as much lift as possible while reducing drag to a minimum, aircraft wings require a specific form. The contour of the wing, or profile, as they say in airline jargon, plays a key role. The wing is more curved on the top than on the bottom. This curvature force the air to flow faster above the wing than beneath it.
The fast-moving air produces low pressure, while the slow – moving air produces high pressure. It’s this difference in pressure that creates lift. Since approximately two thirds of the lift is generated by suction on the upper side of the wing, aircraft designers make the surface of the wings as smooth as possible to prevent any disruption of the airflow.
At takeoff , a large aircraft has to accelerate to between 250 and 300 km/h. But even such speeds would not enable a jet with a full payload to take off. Additional aids are therefore built into the wings to create sufficient lift. These include the large flaps, known as trailing edge flaps, which are located at the back of the wing and span three quarters of its length. When extended and lowered. They increased the are of the wing and the curvature. Special flaps at the front of the wing, called leading edge flaps, also help to increase lift.
The trailing edge flaps also have an important function during landing, when they are extended much further than at take off. On the one hand., they create drag, which contributes to the overall braking effect; on the other, they develop the necessary lift to compensate for the decrease in airflow as the plane decelerates before landing
At cruising speed, drag should be as low as possible,. And here aerodynamicists have several options, Computer simulations and wind tunnel experiments are conducted to optimize the profile and the geometric contours of the wing surfaces for different aircraft types. The angle at which the wings sweep back determines the drag at cruising speed. And the more slender the wing, the fewer possibilities the air has to flow upwards at the wingtips and so generate undesirable currents or “ wingtip vortices”.
The wingtips of many modern airliners are also fitted with miniature wings pointing upwards almost vertically. These winglets are designed to minimize the decelerating effects of the air exchange.
Although their main task is to produce as much lift and as little drag as possible, wings also perform a number of other functions which enable the aircraft to fly. For example, when a plane is banking on the wings: the traditional ailerons on the outer wing, the smaller back trailing edge areas between the landing flap segments, and the spoilers.
Spoilers are flaps built into the upper surface of the wing, which the pilot can raise on either side, as required. The spoilers decrease the lift slightly, thus forcing the wings downwards and enabling the aircraft to bank. When activated on both wings simultaneously, they serve as a highly efficient air brake – not just in flight but also after touchdown.
But the wings are not only an important aerodynamic feature of an aircraft; they also have to be able to carry the engines and the large-capacity fuel tanks. This burden, however, is actually beneficial. Although the combined weight of the large engines and the fuel (thousands of liters of kerosene) weighs by force of the lift. Mounting the engines on the wings has another significant effect: the wings can be built considerably lighter than if the engines were installed at the rear of the aircraft or the tanks placed in the fuselage.
Wing design and optimization are the aircraft manufacture’s most important-and most costly-undertakings. Tailored to each specific aircraft type, the wings help determine how safely, how fast and how economically an aircraft can fly.
A. Like the wings of a bird B. It is more curved at the top than at the bottom and has a smooth surface C. The curvature of the wings, with the fuel tanks, engines and various flaps constitutes the profile D. The contour of the wing
A. The curvature of the top part of the wing allows air to move fast producing low pressure and the opposite works for the lower part of the wing, to create a lift. B. The curvature of the wing allows fast moving air to increase speed and angle of the wings helps create the lift. C. Leading edge flaps at the front of the aircraft help increase lift D. The smooth surfaces of the wing allow for air to move fast
A. Trailing edge flaps at the back, leading edge flaps at the front of the aircraft B. Trailing edge flaps at the front, leading edge flaps at the back of the wing C. Trailing edge flaps at the back, leading edge flaps at the front of the wing D. Trailing edge flaps at the front, leading edge flaps at the back of the aircraft
A. Wing design goes a long way in determining the speed, the distance and he safety of an aircraft B. The more slender a wing, the more the risk the aircraft faces of getting caught in a whirlwind of air currents flowing in opposite directions C. Spoilers are used when a pilot needs to brake after he has landed D. Aircraft inventors even today swear by the flight of birds and are inspired by them
A. CDAB B. BADC C. CADB D. CBAD
A. The Spoilers are put to work B. The trailing edge flaps are extended to their utmost/limits C. The trailing edge flaps are used to help the plane while decelerating D. The winglets minimize the declaration
A. Each is tailored for specific aircraft type B. Optimization of wing design goes a long way in ensuring a safe flight C. Wings determine how safely, how fast and how economically an aircraft can fly D. All of the above
A. an aviation journalist B. an aeronautic engineer C. a pilot D. not clear from the passage
PASSAGE-5 If imitation is indeed the greatest form of flattery, choreographer Pina Bausch regularly receives more compliments than she can count. Not only has she revolutionized modern dance. The eccentric style she has evolved with her Tanzeater Wuppertal over more than two decades has woven itself into the very fabric of contemporary aesthetics. Fans find traces of her influence not just in the dance world but in theater, film, video clips and even fashion shows. Guest appearances have made her familiar to audiences throughout the world, and have often led to collaborations with host cities- with Palermo, Madrid and Los Angeles, for example, and most recently with Hong Kong.
Yet despite her international celebrity status, the 56-year-old choreographer can still provoke both yawns and boos from those who attend a performance expecting an evening of “entertainment”. The Tanztheater Wuppertal seldom dances, and its theater has neither plot not protagonist. Nor does the ensemble perform the kinds of expressive contortions often associated with “modern dance”. In rejecting conventional choreography, Bausch attempts to come closer to its roots in ritual and celebration. The ritual explored are typically banal: bodybuilders flexing their muscles, a diva applying lipstick, a dandy smoothing his lapels.
Such vignettes are fused into a vast collage of human foibles, angst and aggression, seasoned with burlesque humor and a surrealist whimsy often regarded as typically German. The brisk crossover patterns the dancers create when entering and leaving the stage have long since become a Bausch trademark. Though their paths may intersect, individuals rarely meet: each is locked in his own invariable track. Thus, rare occasions when the entire company moves in unison create a feeling of exhilaration scarcely possible in conventional choreography.
“I’m not so much interested in how people move as in what moves them”’ Bausch stresses. Even as a child, she had danced in the pub her parents owned in the town of Solingen, as “an expression of emotions that couldn’t be put into words”. The choreographer remains distrustful of attempts to verbalize her themes. Shy of interviews,. The prefers to speak through the interactions on the stage. And though she should be accustomed to standing ovations, when she takes her bows at the end of a performance, she resembles nothing so much as a startled fawn seeking shelter .
1n 1972, Bausch was invited to choreograph the bacchanal for the Wuppertal production of Wagner’s Tannhauser; the erotic urgency of her staging led to a contract as Wuppertal’s ballet director. In the opera house tat nestles against the slate –covered mansion where the radical political theorist Friedrich Engles was born, Bausch launched her own revolution. In 1974, for Gluck’s Iphigenie on Tauris, the singers were banished to boxes in the audience, while dancers took over the stage. The following year, the director scandalized traditionalists with a production of Stravinsky’s The Rite of Spring for which she used taped music so that the sage could be extended over the orchestra pit and entirely covered with damp soil, thus stressing the work’s primeval quality.
Unconventional settings quickly become another Bausch trademark. The choreographer has filled the stage with dried leaves, with peat and with fake carnations, flooded it with water and planted it thickly with giant sequoia trees. Performers carry their own props in and out of these settings, trample the carnations, roll in the dirt, splash in the water and climb the trees. For Bausch’s elemental dramas, nothing less than total immersion will surface. Yet for the choreographer, such behavior is no more remarkable than pedestrians crossing a busy street. “Compared with reality” she insists this is nothing.” In her vision of the stage as a crossroads, there is room for every imaginable idiosyncrasy, skill and physical type. Indeed, the 27 regular members of the ensemble, look less like a dance company than a random sampling of passengers on a crosstown bus.
The eclectic mix is an integral part of the gesamtkunstwerk Pina Bausch strives to create. Rather than being pressed into a anonymous chorus-line image, each player projects a personal style and often speaks in his or her own mother tongue during a performance. The linguistic melange is a reinforcement of the collage-like staging and the prerecorded mix of music, which can range from baroque to blues.
Far from presenting her performers with preconceived scenarios and movements in creating new work, Bausch draws on their own fantasies and experiences. She poses questions, asks the dancers to show her things: six ways of expressing tenderness, the curl of a wave, saying hello or goodbye, the sound of silence, the scars on their bodies. In the dilapidated former cinema the Tanzheater Wuppertal uses as a rehearsal hall, dancers respond with words and gestures that the choreographer videotapes, reviews and shapes into a final composition. Bausch’s chain-smoking concentration on each nuance creates an atmosphere charged with dramatic energy and creative tension. Yet she radiates, all the while, that remote, ethereal air which can still mesmerize those who are fortunate enough to see her dance.
A. Guest appearances have made her familiar to audiences throughout the world B. Fans find traces of her influence not just in the dance world but in theater, film, video clips and even fashion shows C. The eccentric style she has evolved… has woven itself into the very fabric of contemporary aesthetics D. None of the above
A. The ensemble performs the kinds of expressive contortions often associated with ‘modern dance’ B. Her ballet is a string of vignettes C. Bausch rejects conventional Choreography to come close to ritual and celebration D. None of the above
A. The performers carried their own props in and out of these settings B. She launched her own radical political theory like Frederick Engels C. Using taped music for a Stravinsky production, unconventional setting and looking upon the stage as crossroads D. None of the above
A. Elements in her choreography that are original and repeated often B. A copyright of her work C. Unconventional settings D. All of the above
A. Spain B. Germany C. America D. Hongkong
A. The dance company the people from across 15 nationalities B. Banal ritualistic vignettes C. Performers roll in the dirt and splash the water and climb the trees on stage D. Pina Bausch draws on the performers’ own fantasies and experiences to shape a final composition
PASSAGE-6 Sharp eyes, sharp ears, a keen nose and rhythm in their blood-that’s what papermakers have to bring to their workshop. In Mino district, not far from Nagoya in central Japan, artisans have perfected a centuries-old method of making paper. The end result is unique, more versatile than almost any other, as costly as silk, and indispensable for restorers the world over.
“After a day or two, almost anyone can manage to coax a few sheets of paper from the vat, but the risk of accepting an order for 50 sheets of identical weight and identical quality should only be taken on after a decade’s experience”, warns 76 year old Sayoko Furuta, the “Mother Queen” of the paper maker’s art in Mino. Her delicate paper has saved the life of many beautiful but crumbling scroll, document and ancient map, both at home and abroad. It pH-neutral, guaranteed for centuries against chemical change, and , even when soaked in glue, doesn’t tear. Whereas paper produced industrially from wood shavings turns yellow an crumbly with age, the paper made here by hand grows whiter and matures, like a good wine.
Known as washi, this paper long fulfilled important functions in Japanese life. It was used for lanterns, umbrellas, fans and scrolls, articles which were in use day in, day out, for years, and stood the test of time. Jackets and raincoats of treated washi fitted their wearers snugly, while sliding paper windows diffused the sunlight, bathing interiors in a soft and even light.
Hardly any of these articles can be found in Japanese household today, and as often as not they are limitations made of industrially produced paper which is cheaper. In its heyday at the turn of the century, Mino was home to 4,700 workshops. Now there are just 30, employing 69 craftsmen each specializing in a particular kind of paper . Mino has developed into one of three “large” papermaking centers in Japan, renowned for its tear-proof paper with a very smooth surface.
In 1971 the Ministry of Education aware of the high quality of Mino paper and eager to protect the craft, declared washi part of Japan’s national heritage. In view of the dwindling number of workshops and the wide range of different grades of paper they produce, the rivalries of yesteryear have disappeared. Today all of Mino’s master papermakers are happy to sit down at one table and drink a cup of sake together.
A stroll through Warabi, a small riverside village in Mino district, is balm to the eyes. The houses are regularly distributed at the foot of the hill like scales on a fish, all with their front doors facing south, and with large forecourts. Not just some murky back room, but the best room in the house is given over to work: the lightest room, immediately to the right as your come in, mostly four by four meters in size, houses all the tools needed for papermaking,
Now and again scent of sweetish vapor wafts out of the vat; pieces of mulberry bark the raw material for washi, are soaked and then simmered for a few hours in a week lye. This dissolves the natural resins, leaving the fibers lying loosely next to each other. After a final meticulous inspection, the bark is mashed into a pulp. Here and there the visitor will come across a long building echoing t merry chatter. Kneeling at a trough, their legs folded like pocket-knives, elderly ladies inspect the tip of every fiber under cold running water. They notice soft black impurities at once by sight, light woody growth by tough, and both by experience. Now it is up to the master-who may well be a woman-to scoop out regular sheets from the vat in which the fibers are immersed. To do this a screen made of fine bamboo or silk is used. The next day, the pile is pressed, and the damp paper is drawn over wooden panels with soft brushes and dried out in the sun.
To explain the intricacies of making washi, master papermaker Danjaku Ichihara draws a simple comparison: “A cake will always work: 500 grams of flour a pound of butter, 125 grams of sugar- the proportion don’t change, no matter whether its raining, snowing or there’s a thunderstorm raging outside. For our paper, though, we have no such fixed recipe”. The masters change their proportions almost intuitively according to the air pressure, temperature and humidity. The ingredients are organic, and their behavior varies with the weather.
“We also have to plan production so that we have good drying weather when we’re finishing with the scooping process”, work in a very short time. “My parents were better weather forecasters than the experts on the radio”. He laughs.
The quality of the paper can also suffer as a result of another kind of “atmospheric” disturbance. “When I’m making these large sheets with my husband, we declare a marital truce”, says Mrs. Asako Ohta, as she dips the long frame into the vat in unison with him “A number of orders have come in during some domestic crisis. The result was akin to scrambled eggs on the bamboo screen”
Married couples form the cores of the team in a workshop. Outsiders are rarely employed. Although it’s mostly the women who stand at the vat the whole day, while their husbands boil the bark and dry the paper, it’s the latter whose names appear on the certificates, and who do the taking in negotiations. But the lady masters are content to leave these formalities to the menfolk while they get on with more important matters, such as refining techniques.
But the papermakers are only one section of the orchestra. Without the crafts men who make the screens, the precisely trimmed framed and boiling utensils, and without the farmers who grow the mulberry trees, no master would ever be able to produce a single sheet of paper. But the number of such workshops and plantations has sunk to a dangerous level: there are only five screen weavers and three frame-makers left in the whole of Japan.
Restorers of ancient documents and calligraphic scrolls are the only people still absolutely dependent on handmade paper, Sotaro Yamaguchi in Yaizu city needs three different kinds of paper to restore the suppleness to scrolls which have grown brittle with age. “We are very worried about the short age of apprentice papermakers”, says Yamaguchi. “Papermaking is like an oral tradition, passed on from generation to generation like the baton in a relay race. If it’s once dropped, the whole rhythm si lost, a rhythm which has been handed on from person to person for over a thousand years”.
A. It can stand the test of time B. The ingredients used to make washi are sensitive to weather C. It is more expensive and therefore collector’s material D. It is waterproof and tearproof
A. A&C B. only A C. B & D D. only B
A. only A B. A & C C. B & C D. only C
What are the external factors that can affect washi making?} A] Fewer number of screen weavers and frame makers. B] Erratic weather conditions. C] No written treatise on wash making D] A depreciation of the yen.
A. only C B. A & B C. only D D. A & C
A. CABD B. ABCD C. BCAD D. CBAD
A. All of the above B. A,B & C C. A & C D. Only D
SECTION IV
COMMODITY PRICE INDEX
Commodity
1996
1997
1998
Rice
Wheat
Groundnut oil
Sugar
Jute
Cotton
897.2
517.5
827.8
565.3
940
506
519.8
867.4
56.4
928.7
510
898.6
503.2
949.9
560
962
512.2
Base index 1969-70=100 Price in a year=Price in 1969-70 X Index in the year/100 For any commodity, Price in year A/Price in year B=Index in year A/Index in year B
A. Rs.25.65 B. Rs.25.04 C. Rs.25.12 D. Rs.26.14
A. Cotton B. Groundnut oil C. Wheat D. Jute
A. 2.29 B. 2.41 C. 2.34 D. 2.31
A. 1.91 B. 1.85 C. 2.14 D. None of these
A. 1.97 B. 1.85 C. 2.14 D. Indeterminate
Company
Revenues
Profits
Assets
GM
Ford
Mitsubishi
Exxon
WalMart
178,174
153,627
142,688
128,922
119,299
6,698
6,920
268
388
3,3526
228,888
279,097
55,070
71,407
45.525
A. WalMart B. Food C. GM D. Exxon
A. GM B. Mitsubishi C. WalMart D. Exxon
A. 2.75 B. 2.52 C. 2.95 D. 2.63
A. 0.8492 B. 0.9879 C. 0.6539 D. 0.7879
A. 0.6319 B. 0.8427 C. 0.7128 D. 0.9893
A. 15,000 B. 20,000 C. 5,000 D. 10,000
A. -8.8 B. -9.09 C. 9.09 D. 8.5
A. 10,000 B. 15,000 C. 5,000 D. 20,000
A. -0.5 B. 1.5 C. -1.25 D. 0.55
A. Q4 1998 B. Q1 1998 C. Q3 1998 D. Q2 1998
DIRECTIONS for questions 161 to 16 5: Refer to the pie-charts below LUXURY CAR MARKET SHARE
A. 1,864 B. 1,834 C. 1,814 D. 1,886
A. 925 B. 965 C. 985 D. 915
A. 13.09% B. 15.93% C. 16.75% D. 14.58%
A. 586 B. 443 C. 493 D. 612
A. 564 B. 644 C. 424 D. 384
Year Total Cost as % of revenue Total revenue (Rs.crore) 1996-97 85 12,562 1997-98 94 15,872
A. 984.6 B. 1126.8 C. 868.5 D. 795.8
A. 39.72 B. 48.16 C. 45.6 D. 30.4
A. 280.5 B. 312.68 C. 372.45 D. 421.8
If depreciation, financial charges, lease rentals, insurance, and office and administration are fixed costs, what was the total variable costs in 1997-98? A. 9,871 B. 11,221 C. 13,241 D. 15,461
A. 996.5 B. 912.6 C. 872.4 D. 952.3
DIRECTIONS FOR QUESTIONS 171 TO 175: Refer to the venn diagram below
Total number of Shikakai users = 85 Total number of shampoo users = 105. Total number of soap users = 125. Number of respondents who use both shampoo and Shikakai but no soap =10 Number of respondents who use both Shikakai and soap but no shampoo =20 Number of respondents who do not use shampoo or soap =75 Number of respondents who don’t use any or use all three= 30
A. 240 B. 185 C. 215 D. 195
A. 100 B. 110 C. 90 D. 80
A. 175 B. 185 C. 225 D. 150
A. 25 B. 30 C. 15 D. 40
A. 90 B. 120 C. 120 D. 110
Four dogs of breeds A,B,C, and D win the top four prizes at a kennel show. Their owners are Edwin, Funky, Godot, and Harry not necessarily in that order. The dogs names are Jack, Kozy, Lucky, and Manny again not necessarily in that order. 1] Godot’s dog wins neither first nor second prize. 2] The dog of breed C wins first prize. 3] Manny wins second prize 4] Jack is of breed A 5] Funky’s dog is of breed D wins fourth prize 6] Harry’s dog is Kozy
A. Manny B. Kozy C. Jack D. Lucky
A. Jack B. Kozy C. Lucky D. Manny
Lucky is owned by A. Edwin B. Harry C. Godot D. Funky
A. A B. C C. B D. D
DIRECTIONS for questions 181 to 185: Each question is followed by two statements. Mark A if statement I alone, but not statement II alone, is sufficient to answer the question Mark B if statement II alone, but not statement I alone, is sufficient to answer the question. Mark C if the question can be answered with the help of both statements together, but not with the help of either statement alone. Mark D if the question cannot be answered unless more information is provided.
134. What is the area of the equilateral triangle ABC? I. It's perimeter is 30 cm. II. Each of its angle measures 60.
What are the values of the numbers ‘x’ and ‘y’?
What is the product of two numbers ‘x’ and ‘y’?
What is the cost price of the toy? I. If the shopkeeper gives a discount of 10% over the selling price, his profit reduces by Rs.20. II. If he marks the price at 15% above the cost price, his profit would be the same as in the above statement.
5 friends A,B,C,D, and E ran a 100 metre race. Who won? I. D finished after C and E but before A and B II. There were two people between E and A A. B. C. D.


About storage drivers
Estimated reading time: 15 minutesTo use storage drivers effectively, it’s important to know how Docker builds and stores images, and how these images are used by containers. You can use this information to make informed choices about the best way to persist data from your applications and avoid performance problems along the way.
Storage drivers allow you to create data in the writable layer of your container. The files won’t be persisted after the container is deleted, and both read and write speeds are lower than native file system performance.
Note: Operations that are known to be problematic include write-intensive database storage, particularly when pre-existing data exists in the write-only layer. More details are provided in this document.
Learn how to use volumes to persist data and improve performance.
Images and layers
A Docker image is built up from a series of layers. Each layer represents an instruction in the image’s Dockerfile. Each layer except the very last one is read-only. Consider the following Dockerfile:
FROM ubuntu:18.04
COPY . /app
RUN make /app
CMD python /app/app.py
This Dockerfile contains four commands, each of which creates a layer. The
FROM
statement starts out by creating a layer from the ubuntu:18.04
image.
The COPY
command adds some files from your Docker client’s current directory.
The RUN
command builds your application using the make
command. Finally,
the last layer specifies what command to run within the container.
Each layer is only a set of differences from the layer before it. The layers are stacked on top of each other. When you create a new container, you add a new writable layer on top of the underlying layers. This layer is often called the “container layer”. All changes made to the running container, such as writing new files, modifying existing files, and deleting files, are written to this thin writable container layer. The diagram below shows a container based on the Ubuntu 18.04 image.
A storage driver handles the details about the way these layers interact with each other. Different storage drivers are available, which have advantages and disadvantages in different situations.
Container and layers
The major difference between a container and an image is the top writable layer. All writes to the container that add new or modify existing data are stored in this writable layer. When the container is deleted, the writable layer is also deleted. The underlying image remains unchanged.
Because each container has its own writable container layer, and all changes are stored in this container layer, multiple containers can share access to the same underlying image and yet have their own data state. The diagram below shows multiple containers sharing the same Ubuntu 18.04 image.
Note: If you need multiple images to have shared access to the exact same data, store this data in a Docker volume and mount it into your containers.
Docker uses storage drivers to manage the contents of the image layers and the writable container layer. Each storage driver handles the implementation differently, but all drivers use stackable image layers and the copy-on-write (CoW) strategy.
Container size on disk
To view the approximate size of a running container, you can use the docker ps -s
command. Two different columns relate to size.
-
size
: the amount of data (on disk) that is used for the writable layer of each container. -
virtual size
: the amount of data used for the read-only image data used by the container plus the container’s writable layersize
. Multiple containers may share some or all read-only image data. Two containers started from the same image share 100% of the read-only data, while two containers with different images which have layers in common share those common layers. Therefore, you can’t just total the virtual sizes. This over-estimates the total disk usage by a potentially non-trivial amount.
The total disk space used by all of the running containers on disk is some
combination of each container’s size
and the virtual size
values. If
multiple containers started from the same exact image, the total size on disk for
these containers would be SUM (size
of containers) plus one image size
(virtual size
- size
).
This also does not count the following additional ways a container can take up disk space:
- Disk space used for log files if you use the
json-file
logging driver. This can be non-trivial if your container generates a large amount of logging data and log rotation is not configured. - Volumes and bind mounts used by the container.
- Disk space used for the container’s configuration files, which are typically small.
- Memory written to disk (if swapping is enabled).
- Checkpoints, if you’re using the experimental checkpoint/restore feature.
The copy-on-write (CoW) strategy
Copy-on-write is a strategy of sharing and copying files for maximum efficiency. If a file or directory exists in a lower layer within the image, and another layer (including the writable layer) needs read access to it, it just uses the existing file. The first time another layer needs to modify the file (when building the image or running the container), the file is copied into that layer and modified. This minimizes I/O and the size of each of the subsequent layers. These advantages are explained in more depth below.
Sharing promotes smaller images
When you use docker pull
to pull down an image from a repository, or when you
create a container from an image that does not yet exist locally, each layer is
pulled down separately, and stored in Docker’s local storage area, which is
usually /var/lib/docker/
on Linux hosts. You can see these layers being pulled
in this example:
$ docker pull ubuntu:18.04
18.04: Pulling from library/ubuntu
f476d66f5408: Pull complete
8882c27f669e: Pull complete
d9af21273955: Pull complete
f5029279ec12: Pull complete
Digest: sha256:ab6cb8de3ad7bb33e2534677f865008535427390b117d7939193f8d1a6613e34
Status: Downloaded newer image for ubuntu:18.04
Each of these layers is stored in its own directory inside the Docker host’s
local storage area. To examine the layers on the filesystem, list the contents
of /var/lib/docker/<storage-driver>
. This example uses the overlay2
storage driver:
$ ls /var/lib/docker/overlay2
16802227a96c24dcbeab5b37821e2b67a9f921749cd9a2e386d5a6d5bc6fc6d3
377d73dbb466e0bc7c9ee23166771b35ebdbe02ef17753d79fd3571d4ce659d7
3f02d96212b03e3383160d31d7c6aeca750d2d8a1879965b89fe8146594c453d
ec1ec45792908e90484f7e629330666e7eee599f08729c93890a7205a6ba35f5
l
The directory names do not correspond to the layer IDs (this has been true since Docker 1.10).
Now imagine that you have two different Dockerfiles. You use the first one to
create an image called acme/my-base-image:1.0
.
FROM ubuntu:18.04
COPY . /app
The second one is based on acme/my-base-image:1.0
, but has some additional
layers:
FROM acme/my-base-image:1.0
CMD /app/hello.sh
The second image contains all the layers from the first image, plus a new layer
with the CMD
instruction, and a read-write container layer. Docker already
has all the layers from the first image, so it does not need to pull them again.
The two images share any layers they have in common.
If you build images from the two Dockerfiles, you can use docker image ls
and
docker history
commands to verify that the cryptographic IDs of the shared
layers are the same.
-
Make a new directory
cow-test/
and change into it. -
Within
cow-test/
, create a new file calledhello.sh
with the following contents:#!/bin/sh echo "Hello world"
Save the file, and make it executable:
chmod +x hello.sh
-
Copy the contents of the first Dockerfile above into a new file called
Dockerfile.base
. -
Copy the contents of the second Dockerfile above into a new file called
Dockerfile
. -
Within the
cow-test/
directory, build the first image. Don’t forget to include the final.
in the command. That sets thePATH
, which tells Docker where to look for any files that need to be added to the image.$ docker build -t acme/my-base-image:1.0 -f Dockerfile.base . Sending build context to Docker daemon 812.4MB Step 1/2 : FROM ubuntu:18.04 ---> d131e0fa2585 Step 2/2 : COPY . /app ---> Using cache ---> bd09118bcef6 Successfully built bd09118bcef6 Successfully tagged acme/my-base-image:1.0
-
Build the second image.
$ docker build -t acme/my-final-image:1.0 -f Dockerfile . Sending build context to Docker daemon 4.096kB Step 1/2 : FROM acme/my-base-image:1.0 ---> bd09118bcef6 Step 2/2 : CMD /app/hello.sh ---> Running in a07b694759ba ---> dbf995fc07ff Removing intermediate container a07b694759ba Successfully built dbf995fc07ff Successfully tagged acme/my-final-image:1.0
-
Check out the sizes of the images:
$ docker image ls REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE acme/my-final-image 1.0 dbf995fc07ff 58 seconds ago 103MB acme/my-base-image 1.0 bd09118bcef6 3 minutes ago 103MB
-
Check out the layers that comprise each image:
$ docker history bd09118bcef6 IMAGE CREATED CREATED BY SIZE COMMENT bd09118bcef6 4 minutes ago /bin/sh -c #(nop) COPY dir:35a7eb158c1504e... 100B d131e0fa2585 3 months ago /bin/sh -c #(nop) CMD ["/bin/bash"] 0B <missing> 3 months ago /bin/sh -c mkdir -p /run/systemd && echo '... 7B <missing> 3 months ago /bin/sh -c sed -i 's/^#\s*\(deb.*universe\... 2.78kB <missing> 3 months ago /bin/sh -c rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* 0B <missing> 3 months ago /bin/sh -c set -xe && echo '#!/bin/sh' >... 745B <missing> 3 months ago /bin/sh -c #(nop) ADD file:eef57983bd66e3a... 103MB
$ docker history dbf995fc07ff IMAGE CREATED CREATED BY SIZE COMMENT dbf995fc07ff 3 minutes ago /bin/sh -c #(nop) CMD ["/bin/sh" "-c" "/a... 0B bd09118bcef6 5 minutes ago /bin/sh -c #(nop) COPY dir:35a7eb158c1504e... 100B d131e0fa2585 3 months ago /bin/sh -c #(nop) CMD ["/bin/bash"] 0B <missing> 3 months ago /bin/sh -c mkdir -p /run/systemd && echo '... 7B <missing> 3 months ago /bin/sh -c sed -i 's/^#\s*\(deb.*universe\... 2.78kB <missing> 3 months ago /bin/sh -c rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* 0B <missing> 3 months ago /bin/sh -c set -xe && echo '#!/bin/sh' >... 745B <missing> 3 months ago /bin/sh -c #(nop) ADD file:eef57983bd66e3a... 103MB
Notice that all the layers are identical except the top layer of the second image. All the other layers are shared between the two images, and are only stored once in
/var/lib/docker/
. The new layer actually doesn’t take any room at all, because it is not changing any files, but only running a command.Note: The
<missing>
lines in thedocker history
output indicate that those layers were built on another system and are not available locally. This can be ignored.
Copying makes containers efficient
When you start a container, a thin writable container layer is added on top of the other layers. Any changes the container makes to the filesystem are stored here. Any files the container does not change do not get copied to this writable layer. This means that the writable layer is as small as possible.
When an existing file in a container is modified, the storage driver performs a
copy-on-write operation. The specifics steps involved depend on the specific
storage driver. For the aufs
, overlay
, and overlay2
drivers, the
copy-on-write operation follows this rough sequence:
-
Search through the image layers for the file to update. The process starts at the newest layer and works down to the base layer one layer at a time. When results are found, they are added to a cache to speed future operations.
-
Perform a
copy_up
operation on the first copy of the file that is found, to copy the file to the container’s writable layer. -
Any modifications are made to this copy of the file, and the container cannot see the read-only copy of the file that exists in the lower layer.
Btrfs, ZFS, and other drivers handle the copy-on-write differently. You can read more about the methods of these drivers later in their detailed descriptions.
Containers that write a lot of data consume more space than containers that do not. This is because most write operations consume new space in the container’s thin writable top layer.
Note: for write-heavy applications, you should not store the data in the container. Instead, use Docker volumes, which are independent of the running container and are designed to be efficient for I/O. In addition, volumes can be shared among containers and do not increase the size of your container’s writable layer.
A copy_up
operation can incur a noticeable performance overhead. This overhead
is different depending on which storage driver is in use. Large files,
lots of layers, and deep directory trees can make the impact more noticeable.
This is mitigated by the fact that each copy_up
operation only occurs the first
time a given file is modified.
To verify the way that copy-on-write works, the following procedures spins up 5
containers based on the acme/my-final-image:1.0
image we built earlier and
examines how much room they take up.
Note: This procedure doesn’t work on Docker Desktop for Mac or Docker Desktop for Windows.
-
From a terminal on your Docker host, run the following
docker run
commands. The strings at the end are the IDs of each container.$ docker run -dit --name my_container_1 acme/my-final-image:1.0 bash \ && docker run -dit --name my_container_2 acme/my-final-image:1.0 bash \ && docker run -dit --name my_container_3 acme/my-final-image:1.0 bash \ && docker run -dit --name my_container_4 acme/my-final-image:1.0 bash \ && docker run -dit --name my_container_5 acme/my-final-image:1.0 bash c36785c423ec7e0422b2af7364a7ba4da6146cbba7981a0951fcc3fa0430c409 dcad7101795e4206e637d9358a818e5c32e13b349e62b00bf05cd5a4343ea513 1e7264576d78a3134fbaf7829bc24b1d96017cf2bc046b7cd8b08b5775c33d0c 38fa94212a419a082e6a6b87a8e2ec4a44dd327d7069b85892a707e3fc818544 1a174fc216cccf18ec7d4fe14e008e30130b11ede0f0f94a87982e310cf2e765
-
Run the
docker ps
command to verify the 5 containers are running.CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES 1a174fc216cc acme/my-final-image:1.0 "bash" About a minute ago Up About a minute my_container_5 38fa94212a41 acme/my-final-image:1.0 "bash" About a minute ago Up About a minute my_container_4 1e7264576d78 acme/my-final-image:1.0 "bash" About a minute ago Up About a minute my_container_3 dcad7101795e acme/my-final-image:1.0 "bash" About a minute ago Up About a minute my_container_2 c36785c423ec acme/my-final-image:1.0 "bash" About a minute ago Up About a minute my_container_1
-
List the contents of the local storage area.
$ sudo ls /var/lib/docker/containers 1a174fc216cccf18ec7d4fe14e008e30130b11ede0f0f94a87982e310cf2e765 1e7264576d78a3134fbaf7829bc24b1d96017cf2bc046b7cd8b08b5775c33d0c 38fa94212a419a082e6a6b87a8e2ec4a44dd327d7069b85892a707e3fc818544 c36785c423ec7e0422b2af7364a7ba4da6146cbba7981a0951fcc3fa0430c409 dcad7101795e4206e637d9358a818e5c32e13b349e62b00bf05cd5a4343ea513
-
Now check out their sizes:
$ sudo du -sh /var/lib/docker/containers/* 32K /var/lib/docker/containers/1a174fc216cccf18ec7d4fe14e008e30130b11ede0f0f94a87982e310cf2e765 32K /var/lib/docker/containers/1e7264576d78a3134fbaf7829bc24b1d96017cf2bc046b7cd8b08b5775c33d0c 32K /var/lib/docker/containers/38fa94212a419a082e6a6b87a8e2ec4a44dd327d7069b85892a707e3fc818544 32K /var/lib/docker/containers/c36785c423ec7e0422b2af7364a7ba4da6146cbba7981a0951fcc3fa0430c409 32K /var/lib/docker/containers/dcad7101795e4206e637d9358a818e5c32e13b349e62b00bf05cd5a4343ea513
Each of these containers only takes up 32k of space on the filesystem.
Not only does copy-on-write save space, but it also reduces start-up time. When you start a container (or multiple containers from the same image), Docker only needs to create the thin writable container layer.
If Docker had to make an entire copy of the underlying image stack each time it started a new container, container start times and disk space used would be significantly increased. This would be similar to the way that virtual machines work, with one or more virtual disks per virtual machine.


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We're still refining this HIT, so we'd appreciate your feedback: are the instructions clear? How long did it actually take you? Is the payment fair? Any technical difficulties? Anything else?


I will give you my full name later. I am in a hide out now in BENIN REPUBLIC, a Country in West African. I have Large sum of money for INVESTMENT. The money is in Millions of U.S. dollars. I cannot move about freely now for reasons i will explain to you later. I need Your help urgently for both SAFE KEEPING and INVESTING this money in your country. You are one of the three email contacts given to me by a Cyber Cafe' operator on my request for a foreign contact.  Though I did not tell her why I needed the contact of any foreigner. Because of the urgent and confidential nature of this business, you are advised to keep everything secret for now. if you are interested in doing this business with me, kindly reply immediately on my email Address. After that, i will send you all the verifiable details about the business, my family, my name and telephone number. You may if you so wish call on my satellite phone: +88216-52002447 Thanks while waiting for your immediate reply. MR NOSA(For the Family).


Now that we have moved our apps to UWP, we can start taking advantage of some new APIs to light up our app on Windows 10. Time to build on top of what you've already built and differentiate your app.
This task assumes you have completed at least one of the Tasks in 2.2
Chose one or more from the below APIs to integrate in your app in a meaningful way. You are not limited to the below features - if you find an API or feature is not listed below, ask your proctors if it will satisfy the requirements for this task
Composition, Animations, and Effects
UWP Community Toolkit
Dial
Project Rome
Inking
Devices/Sensors
Maps
...
Make sure to visit the Getting Started portal for documentation, and check out the UWP samples for ideas.


By Dan Rosen
The Explorers Club was founded in 1904 at the urging of journalist and explorer Henry Collins Walsh. Born in Italy and educated in the U.S., Walsh had an appreciation for adventure. In the 1890s, he joined an expedition to reach the North Pole and wrote a book about the trip, The Last Cruise of Miranda. He started the club, with a host of like-minded souls, to celebrate such scientific exploration.
Its first home, on West 67 Street, was described at the time as far from luxurious: fitting for “men of energy,” The New York Times wrote in 1905, “to whom indolent luxuries are unknown.” Its first guests heard an ornithologist speak on his studies of flamingos and an avid climber talk about the Canadian Alps. “Doubtless the membership privilege of inviting guests at these impromptu meetings will be eagerly sought,” The Times predicted, “for the genuine explorer is a timid lion, difficult to corral.”
Among the club’s first honorees were two men closely linked—Roald Amundsen, a Norwegian explorer, and Robert Falcon Scott, a British Royal Navy officer. Between 1910 and 1912, they famously raced each other to be the first to the South Pole.
Amundsen won. In mid-January 1912, Scott and his team trudged toward the pole only to discover the Norwegian’s flags already planted in the ice. The shock hit them hard and they still faced the trip back. “I wonder if we can do it,” Scott wrote. They weren’t able. Driving snows, frigid temperatures and failing health forced their progress to a halt in late March. Their bodies were found in the spring, a dozen miles from supplies they had stashed in the snow on the way out. For his accomplishments, Amundsen was honored worldwide upon his return, including at a dinner at the Explorers Club in January 1913.
The club has continued to expand its rolls. Women, like the legendary zoologist Dian Fossey, famous for her studies of gorillas in Africa, were welcomed in the early 1980s. After a number of moves, the club itself settled in 1965 into its current home on the East Side. There, relics of members’ triumphs abound, producing, as the author George Plimpton described it, an “atmosphere conducive to throat-clearing and the start of a tale of adventure.”
Connecting to Device
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Who is Stephen Belichick? Get to know the son of the Patriots' head coach
by James Crabtree-HanniganMuch like his quarterback, Patriots coach Bill Belichick keeps his sons close to him.
One look at Stephen and Brian Belichickand you can see how the apples never fell far from the tree. Both are members of the Patriots' 2019 coaching staff — Stephen as a safeties coach and Brian as a coaching assistant. Stephen has been with New England since 2012, when he joined the franchise as an assistant.
"Steve's a guy that's been here and just been a sponge learning everything," Patriots safety Devin McCourtysaid in 2016, via NBC Sports Boston. "It's been cool for me, being here when he got here, just to see how much he's developed and worked hard. And it seems like he's always here."
So who is Stephen Belichick? We take a closer look at the safeties coach.
Who are Bill Belichick's kids?
Bill Belichick has three children: Amanda Belichick is the head women's lacrosse coach at Holy Cross, and Stephen and Brian Belichick are on the Patriots' coaching staff.
Amanda is the oldest, born in 1984. Stephen is the middle child and Brian is the youngest.
All three played some college lacrosse; Amanda had by far the best playing career at Wesleyan, while Stephen (Rutgers) and Brian (Trinity) barely played.
Brian made headlines early in the 2019 season when Bills head coach Sean McDermott (a former Patriots assistant) ushered him off the field prior to New England facing Buffalo.
Fast facts about Stephen Belichick
- Stephen Belichick (who goes by Steve) spent four years playing lacrosse at Rutgers. He also played a year of football as a walk-on long snapper under Greg Schiano.
- He joined the Patriots as a coaching in 2012, became the safeties coach in 2016, added the secondary to his duties in 2019 and has three Super Bowl rings.
- He sounds just like his dad in interviews. It's uncanny, really.
- His daughter was on the field for the Patriots' Super Bowl LIII celebration.
- In 2019, he reportedly took over defensive playcalling duties from linebackers coach Jerod Mayo after Brian Flores left to coach the Dolphins.
Stephen Belichick's age: How old is the Patriots coach?
Stephen Belichick is 32 years old. He was born March 25, 1987.
Stephen Belichick's wife, kids
Stephen Belichick is married to Jennifer Schmitt, with whom he had a daughter, Blakely, on Oct. 18, 2016.
Belichick and Schmitt were married June 2017. If, for whatever reason, you are looking for more details about the ceremony, you can view some photos from it here.


These are the people and businesses that make Seattle Friends of Iceland possible!
Icelandic Language Teacher
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>8414 Greenwood Avenue North
Seattle, Washington 98103
206-725-2625 |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>1300 N. Northlake Way
Seattle, WA 98103
206-402-4704 | asgardtavern@outlook.com


Got questions, concerns, ideas to share, or just want someone to talk to? Reach out to us and we'll respond as soon as we can!
always open
First floor lounge of West Wing


§321-38 Hawaii children's trust fund advisory committee. There is established the Hawaii children's trust fund advisory committee as provided in section 350B-6. The advisory committee shall have the functions as provided in section 350B-6(b). [L 1984, c 212, pt of §2; am L 1993, c 336, §3]


- 09.07.2008
- OiL's rock is available through LuaRocks.
- 20.01.2008
- Build using NMAKE is no longer supported.
- 10.04.2006
- Check out some publications about OiL here.
- 07.04.2006
- OiL Win32 Binaries are now avaliable for download.
- 05.04.2006
- OiL 0.3.3 alpha package now suports Lua 5.1 and LuaSocket 2.0.
- 21.11.2005
- Important bug fix in OiL version 0.3.2 alpha.
- 06.10.2005
- An implementation of a Naming Service in OiL version 0.3.1 alpha.
- 12.09.2005
- Concurrency and many other features supported by OiL version 0.3 alpha.
- 01.07.2005
- corbaloc URLs and _non_existent operation are now supported by the OiL version 0.2 alpha.
- 18.06.2005
- OiL is now providing lightweight CORBA support for the InteGrade project (0.1 alpha).
- 02.06.2005
- First public avaliable version of OiL released (0.1 alpha).