| < Day Day Up > |
Sets are as fundamental to computer science as they are to mathematics. Whereas mathematical sets are unchanging, the sets manipulated by algorithms can grow, shrink, or otherwise change over time. We call such sets dynamic. The next five chapters present some basic techniques for representing finite dynamic sets and manipulating them on a computer.
Algorithms may require several different types of operations to be performed on sets. For example, many algorithms need only the ability to insert elements into, delete elements from, and test membership in a set. A dynamic set that supports these operations is called a dictionary. Other algorithms require more complicated operations. For example, min-priority queues, which were introduced in Chapter 6 in the context of the heap data structure, support the operations of inserting an element into and extracting the smallest element from a set. The best way to implement a dynamic set depends upon the operations that must be supported.
In a typical implementation of a dynamic set, each element is represented by an object whose fields can be examined and manipulated if we have a pointer to the object. (Section 10.3 discusses the implementation of objects and pointers in programming environments that do not contain them as basic data types.) Some kinds of dynamic sets assume that one of the object's fields is an identifying key field. If the keys are all different, we can think of the dynamic set as being a set of key values. The object may contain satellite data, which are carried around in other object fields but are otherwise unused by the set implementation. It may also have fields that are manipulated by the set operations; these fields may contain data or pointers to other objects in the set.
Some dynamic sets presuppose that the keys are drawn from a totally ordered set, such as the real numbers, or the set of all words under the usual alphabetic ordering. (A totally ordered set satisfies the trichotomy property, defined on page 49.) A total ordering allows us to define the minimum element of the set, for example, or speak of the next element larger than a given element in a set.
Operations on a dynamic set can be grouped into two categories: queries, which simply return information about the set, and modifying operations, which change the set. Here is a list of typical operations. Any specific application will usually require only a few of these to be implemented.
SEARCH(S, k)
A query that, given a set S and a key value k, returns a pointer x to an element in S such that key[x] = k, or NIL if no such element belongs to S.
INSERT(S, x)
A modifying operation that augments the set S with the element pointed to by x. We usually assume that any fields in element x needed by the set implementation have already been initialized.
DELETE(S, x)
A modifying operation that, given a pointer x to an element in the set S, removes x from S. (Note that this operation uses a pointer to an element x, not a key value.)
MINIMUM(S)
A query on a totally ordered set S that returns a pointer to the element of S with the smallest key.
MAXIMUM(S)
A query on a totally ordered set S that returns a pointer to the element of S with the largest key.
SUCCESSOR(S, x)
A query that, given an element x whose key is from a totally ordered set S, returns a pointer to the next larger element in S, or NIL if x is the maximum element.
PREDECESSOR(S, x)
A query that, given an element x whose key is from a totally ordered set S, returns a pointer to the next smaller element in S, or NIL if x is the minimum element.
The queries SUCCESSOR and PREDECESSOR are often extended to sets with non-distinct keys. For a set on n keys, the normal presumption is that a call to MINIMUM followed by n - 1 calls to SUCCESSOR enumerates the elements in the set in sorted order.
The time taken to execute a set operation is usually measured in terms of the size of the set given as one of its arguments. For example, Chapter 13 describes a data structure that can support any of the operations listed above on a set of size n in time O(lg n).
Chapters 10-14 describe several data structures that can be used to implement dynamic sets; many of these will be used later to construct efficient algorithms for a variety of problems. Another important data structure-the heap-has already been introduced in Chapter 6.
Chapter 10 presents the essentials of working with simple data structures such as stacks, queues, linked lists, and rooted trees. It also shows how objects and pointers can be implemented in programming environments that do not support them as primitives. Much of this material should be familiar to anyone who has taken an introductory programming course.
Chapter 11 introduces hash tables, which support the dictionary operations INSERT, DELETE, and SEARCH. In the worst case, hashing requires Θ(n) time to perform a SEARCH operation, but the expected time for hash-table operations is O(1). The analysis of hashing relies on probability, but most of the chapter requires no background in the subject.
Binary search trees, which are covered in Chapter 12, support all the dynamic-set operations listed above. In the worst case, each operation takes Θ(n) time on a tree with n elements, but on a randomly built binary search tree, the expected time for each operation is O(lg n). Binary search trees serve as the basis for many other data structures.
Red-black trees, a variant of binary search trees, are introduced in Chapter 13.  A red-black tree is a balanced search tree; Chapter 18 presents another kind of balanced search tree, called a B-tree. Although the mechanics of red-black trees are somewhat intricate, you can glean most of their properties from the chapter without studying the mechanics in detail. Nevertheless, walking through the code can be quite instructive.
In Chapter 14, we show how to augment red-black trees to support operations other than the basic ones listed above. First, we augment them so that we can dynamically maintain order statistics for a set of keys. Then, we augment them in a different way to maintain intervals of real numbers.
| < Day Day Up > |


CAFE AU LAIT A film review by James Berardinelli Copyright 1994 James Berardinelli
CAFE AU LAIT (aka METISSE)
Rating (0 to 10): 7.2
Date Released: varies Running Length: 1:34 Rated: No MPAA Rating (Language, mature themes, nudity)
Starring: Julie Mauduech, Hubert Kounde, Mathieu Kassovitz, Brigitte Bemol, Eloise Rauth Director: Mathieu Kassovitz Producer: Christophe Rossignon Screenplay: Mathieu Kassovitz Cinematography: Pierre Aim Music: Marie Daulne and Jean-Louis Daulne Released by New Yorker Films In French with subtitles
"Some people say [CAFE AU LAIT] is racist because they don"t like to hear people saying 'dirty Jew' or 'dirty black' or 'dirty Arab,' but that's the way it is. That's the way people talk. I'm not going to moralize. I'm not going to say, 'Don't be a racist.' Anyway, I don't think people are racist. But we all have racist reactions. Little things set off a clash and then everyone takes a position." - Mathieu Kassovitz, writer/director of CAFE AU LAIT
The original title of CAFE AU LAIT, a droll, occasionally innovative comedy from first-time French director Mathieu Kassovitz, was METISSE. Literally translated, "metisse" means a female half-breed. While CAFE AU LAIT is perhaps more poetic, METISSE is more to the point. In either case, the title refers to the film's main character, a light-brown-skinned woman by the name of Lola (Julie Mauduech).
Lola has two lovers: Jamal (Hubert Kounde) and Felix (Matthew Kassovitz), neither of whom knows about the other and both of whom Lola claims to love. The pair of men are diametric opposites. In a flip-flop of traditional racial stereotypes, Jamal, a black Muslim, is urbane, wealthy, and intelligent; while Felix, a white Jew, is unkempt, poor, and uncultured. It's shoes versus sneakers, suits and ties versus sweatsuits, and Wagner versus rap.
Complications arise when Lola invites both Jamal and Felix to her apartment at the same time on the same evening. Not only do they meet each other, but they learn that Lola has a little surprise: she's pregnant, and she doesn't know which of them has fathered the child. Needless to say, neither has a moderated initial response.
After careful consideration, however, both Jamal and Felix realize that they want to be part of Lola's life and, to accommodate her wishes, they attempt to put aside their own differences and unite in a rather atypical family situation. The result is not unlike THREE MEN AND A CRADLE, except in this case, the baby hasn't arrived yet, and there are only two "fathers."
Part of the reason for CAFE AU LAIT's success is that Kassovitz keeps the tone light. Despite an occasional depiction of racist circumstances, the director avoids creating a "message" movie. There are moments when CAFE AU LAIT turns your attention to the issue (such as when a pair of cops think Jamal stole a car because of his skin color), but most of the time the film devotes itself to showing harmony between races rather than discord. When Jamal and Felix toss around racial epithets, the closeness of their relationship dissolves the sting.
The unforced quality of the humor is refreshing. Kassovitz has imbued his script with wit, and sometimes the funniest lines come in the least expected places. On one occasion, Jamal, in an attempt to prove to Lola how much more similar he and she are than she and Felix, makes the impassioned declaration: "*Our* grandparents were slaves." With her characteristic breezy air, Lola counters, "*Your* grandparents were diplomats."
In Lola, Jamal, and Felix, Kassovitz has sculpted a trio of believable characters who are effectively realized through the strength of three solid performances. The players interact well, not only with each other, but with the small group of supporting cast members (the scenes between Felix and his sister Sarah, played by Eloise Rauth, are priceless). And, while Lola's relationships with her two lovers form the basis of the film, it's the bonding between the men that lies at its core.
Although CAFE AU LAIT contains elements of Spike Lee's films (most notably SHE'S GOTTA HAVE IT), the movie is by no means derivative. While most of Lee's pictures have an undercurrent of anger and intensity, Kassovitz tries for nothing more imposing than a good-natured serio- comedy. By his own admission, he finds French films boring, and looks for inspiration from the likes of Monty Python and Woody Allen. The fruits of this philosophy are visible here: Kassovitz has something to say, but he uses laughter, rather than something more ponderous, as the medium, and it turns the substance of CAFE AU LAIT into something palatable to digest.
- James Berardinelli<EMAIL_ADDRESS>.
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


Coal can compile your project into a fully-constructed HTML folder, and copies your assets too.
By using the default build mode, Coal will expect a folder called ./src
, compile to
./dist
, and use a version build number current coal version + ISO-8601 date
coal build
To set the source folder of the project, provide it to build
as an argument.
coal build --source my_source/ coal build -s my_source/
To set the destination folder of the build, provide it to build
as an argument.
coal build --dest docs coal build -d docs
To set the version of the build, provide it to build
as an argument.
coal build --version v1.1.1 coal build -v v1.1.1
To set the root of the assets path, provide it to build
as an argument. Learn more
about Assets here.
This is useful when deploying to GitHub Pages when not using a custom domain, as the default location is:
[GitHub username].github.io/[GitHub repository name]/
Example:
https://camsjams.github.io/rust-coal/
coal build --root "/rust-coal" coal build -r "/rust-coal"
For more detailed information, see CLI documentation.


| DOSE: |
12 mg |
insufflated |
5-MeO-AMT |
(powder / crystals) |
One of my friends, we'll call him A, recently decided to try some 5meo-amt for the first time. He came to me asking if I knew anything about amt, and I showed him some trip reports on the web.  After showing him many reports, he decided that he wanted to try it, so one Monday evening he insufflates 12mg of 5meo-amt.
Time +:50 - Vomiting begins. A complains of stomach pains, but says he is fine otherwise, reports of strong visual patterns, extreme disembodyment, and small reoccuring seizures.
 I ask A what he is feeling, and he simply asked, 'Is this what tripping feels like?'
T +15:00 - A is now finally out of the bathroom. A complains he is not able to stand on his own, complains of being too cold and too hot at the same time. A then says ' There are too many gods today, we need to just decide on one god and keep it simple... everything has to be kept simple' This is the last thing I hear him say that makes any kind of sense.
T +30:00 - A begins to snap out of his trance like state, and is now able to stand on his own, he runs wildly around the apartment, yelling obscenities, punching the walls and trying to hit people who get in his way.
T +45:00 - A is no longer with us anymore.. he is in and out of consciousness, a few of my friends notice that his convulsions are becoming much worse.
T +90:00 - Unresponsive for about 30 minutes. We call his parents and rush him to the nearest hospital. On the way he is convulsing more and more.
Next day...
Doctors tell his family that hes so sedated he probably wont wake up for a few days. They also say that he has suffered so much brain damage he will probably NOT be the same after he wakes up... if he does wake up. This incident happened on 8.12.02, and I'm submitting this on 8.15.02... and as of now hes in the same condition, still asleep and waiting for everything to leave his system.... To those psychonauts out there... be careful with this stuff.
Experience Reports are the writings and opinions of the individual authors who submit them.
Some of the activities described are dangerous and/or illegal and none are recommended by Erowid.


+++ title = "Hats from Taquile" slug = "hats-from-taquile" date = 2007-06-06T12:00:00+10:00 tags = ["islands", "for-sale", "clothing"] locations = ["peru/puno"] draft = false summary = """
While in Taquile this morning, I went shopping in the handicraft centre there, and picked myself up some beautiful local hats. Taquile is very famous for its woollen hats, which are hand-knitted exclusively by the men of the island, and which are of excellent design and quality. I liked them so much, I decided to buy three! The other two will have to become presents for some people. Quite stylish, and quite protective when it comes to that harsh altiplano sunlight.
""" +++While in Taquile this morning, I went shopping in the handicraft centre there, and picked myself up some beautiful local hats. Taquile is very famous for its woollen hats, which are hand-knitted exclusively by the men of the island, and which are of excellent design and quality. I liked them so much, I decided to buy three! The other two will have to become presents for some people. Quite stylish, and quite protective when it comes to that harsh altiplano sunlight.
{{< galleryphoto "2007-06-06-12-00-00--on-the-descent-down-out-of-taquile-proudly-garbed-in.jpg" >}}


Facial coverings are now optional in our stores for our fully vaccinated customers, following CDC guidance, except where local regulations require it by law.
Learn more
FREE COFFEE IS A TAP AWAY
Join now to start earning Rewards.*
Join now
DELIGHTFULLY CHILL
Refresh your day with the bright, tropical flavors of our Star Drink and Kiwi Starfruit Starbucks Refreshers® beverage.
Order iced beverage
Order and pick up. Easy as that.
Just open the app, order your favorites, and enjoy contactless pay. From there, choose whichever pickup method is best for you.
Floating into summer like…
Keep the laid-back vibes going. Order Starbucks drinks on Uber Eats.**


Back Pay fee - step 3 of 4
Confirm your payment
| Card number: | ************1111 |
| Expiry date: | 02/20 |
| Name on card: | Mr Test Tester |
| Billing address: | 1 Test Street, Teston, TE57 1NG |
| Payment for: | Submit appeal application TC/2016/00019 |
| Total amount: | £20 |
| Confirmation email: |<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|


Show
Hide
Left
Right
Lower thirds list
Aaron Lee Taggert
Professional Registered Parliamentarian
Chad Funk
Actor
Dorris Baumbach
Air traffic controller
Mateo Gleason
Physician's assistant
Edwin Lang
Carpet designer
Jude Stoltenberg
Butcher
Caroline McKenzie PhD
Veterinarian
Stephon Zieme
Surgeon
Maverick Nicolas DDS
CEO
Cortez Heller
Air traffic controller
Libbie Effertz
Doctor
Zoie Keeling
Therapist
Rigoberto Macejkovic
Dental hygienist
Magdalena Stehr
Businesswoman


Tasks
Events
Vendors
Budget
When? Who? Where? Days left?
Vendors
Tabs with types of Vendors (Florist, dj, hall, photo, etc..)
Find a Hall
Florist
Hi
hskjdhasjdhsakjhd


REX Virtual Machine Documentation
REX Calling Convention
The REX Calling convention is the standard convention by which REX programs are supposed to communicate
to external / internal methods.
For arguments the convention uses the data stack of a domain, the arguments are to be push in ascending order,
that is, the first argument is pushed first, the second is pushed second, and so on.
For this mechanism to work properly, the caller MUST know the total number of arguments to be given to the method.
Next, the caller must increment the stack pointer by 4, by pushing 4 registers to the data stack. They can be any 4 out of the 20 registers provided
This is used to preserve registers during the call.
The return value from the function is stored in R7.
An example is given below (in assembly):
push 1
push 2
push 3
; Push 4 items to stack.
; They can be regs as well, if you want to save their values
push 0
push 0
push 0
push 0
call add3numbers
popn 4
; Pop out the number of args on stack
popn 3
...
function add3numbers
; load first argument from stack
loadr R8, 4+3
loadsr R8
loadr R7, R8
; Load second argument from stack
loadr R8, 4+2
loadsr R8
addrr R7, R8
; Load third argument from stack
loadr R8, 4+1
loadsr R8
addr R7, R8
; Return
ret
...


Base classes used in the Sensors package (only of interest to build new component models)
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| PartialAbsoluteSensor | Partial component to model a sensor that measures a potential variable |
| PartialRelativeSensor | Partial component to model a sensor that measures the difference between two potential variables |
| PartialFlowSensor | Partial component to model sensors that measure flow properties |


You can attach a geofence (which can be a polygon or a bounds) to a marker with:
polygon = map.drawPolygon({ paths: path, strokeColor: '#BBD8E9', strokeOpacity: 1, strokeWeight: 3, fillColor: '#BBD8E9', fillOpacity: 0.6 }); map.addMarker({ lat: -12.043333, lng: -77.028333, draggable: true, fences: [polygon], outside: function(marker, fence) { alert('This marker has been moved outside of its fence'); } });
You must define an outside callback, which will use this marker
and its fence
.
NoteYou also can use checkMarkerGeofence
or checkGeofence
methods.


Git to Blog: Blog engine for web developers
Welcome to BlogOnSaurus.com, the main waterhole for Saurus, a blog engine for web developer from web developer! All latest informations, updates, response and rants will be put up here for reference and also to be mocked by others. Just chill and keep writing.


Son of former German president stabbed to death while giving lecture in Berlin
by By Press AssociationThe son of a former German president has been stabbed to death while he was giving a lecture at a hospital in Berlin where he worked as a head doctor.
Police said they have arrested a 57-year-old man over the death of Fritz von Weizsaecker at the Schlosspark-Klinik after a man jumped up from the audience and attacked him.
Another man who tried to stop the attack on Tuesday evening was seriously wounded.
Mr von Weizsaecker died at the scene despite immediate attention from colleagues.
Fritz von Weizsaecker, 59, was the son of one of Germany’s most beloved presidents, Richard von Weizsaecker, who headed the country from 1984 to 1994.
He died in 2015.
READ MORE
Australian universities distance themselves from Prince Andrew


Reports fully qualified imports that can be relative to base package (Settings | Languages | Scala | Base Packages).
Only applicable when "Except for base package" is enabled in Settings | Editor | Code Style | Scala | Imports.
Before:
package org.example.application
package ui
import org.example.application.model.Data
After:
package org.example.application
package ui
import model.Data


Dear Friend. As you read this, I don't want you to feel sorry for me, because, I believe everyone will die someday. My name is MR.HARRY HAKEEM, a merchant in Dubai, in the U.A.E.I have been diagnosed with Esophageal cancer . It has defiled all forms of medical treatment, and right now I have only about a few months to live, according to medical experts. I have not particularly lived my life so well, as I never really cared for anyone(not even myself)but my business. Though I am very rich, I was never generous, I was always hostile to people and only focused on my business as that was the only thing I cared for. But now I regret all this as I now know that there is more to life than just wanting to have or make all the money in the world. I believe when God gives me a second chance to come to this world I would live my life a different way from how I have lived it. Now that God has called me, I have willed and given most of my property and assets to my immediate and extended family members as well as a few close friends.  So far, I have distributed money to some charity organizations in the U.A.E, Algeria and Malaysia. Now that my health has deteriorated so badly, I cannot do this myself anymore. I once asked members of my family to close one of my accounts and distribute the money which I have there to charity organization in Bulgaria and Pakistan, they refused and kept the money to themselves. Hence, I do not trust them anymore, as they seem not to be contended with what I have left for them. The last of my money which no one knows of is the huge cash deposit of TWELVE MILLION DOLLARS $12,000,000,that I have with a finance/Security Company abroad. I will want you to help me collect this deposit and dispatched it to charity organizations. I have set aside 25% for you and for your time if you want to help me to collect this Funds and also invest this money.  NAME: BARRISTER.RICHARD GORDON Tel:<PHONE_NUMBER>043 Email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Remain blessed in the name of the Lord. Yours in Christ, Mr.Harry Hakeem.


Gitsift is a visualization of over 119K GitHub repositories using D3, Crossfilter and Fuse. We admit it, code and design is blatantly copied from Mike Bostock's excellent Crossfilter's example. We were interested in leveraging this visualization on GitHub's repositories dataset, and to provide few additional features that help "to go through (something) very carefully in order to find something useful or valuable" (definition of "sift" from Merriam-Webster). You can also look at it as a showoff of how GitHub's Explore page could look like.
Click and drag on any of the charts to select a subset of repositories satisfying certain criteria. List on the bottom shows 40 of these selected repositories that were created most recently, but you can also sort by other criteria by clicking on one of the categories in the header. Also, you can search the url's of these selected repositories to obtain 14 best matches (although bear in mind that it can be quite slow if performed on the whole dataset). The whole dataset is around 3.5 MB so it can take some time for the page to load.
Feel free to play and explore! For example, you can try to find a time period when Javascript surprassed Ruby as the most popular language for new repositories. Or you can wonder why were so many of the repositories back in the 2008 created between 6 and 7 PM?
Creation date
Repository name
forks
size
issues
watchers
language


{% extends "layout.html" %} {% set menu_active = "About" %} {% block htmltitle %}UWHT: About{% endblock %} {% block headertitle %}About UWH Tourist{% endblock %} {% block content %}
Please help us help people find your hockey club. There are three ways to provide information, pick whichever is best for you.  It is easy and free. See the editor guide on GitHub for more details.
All the source code for this website is available for free at https://github.com/TomGoBravo/tourist-with-flask. Please clone, play, ask questions, check out the issues, improve and send pull requests.
Thanks for visiting the Underwater Hockey Tourist website. Did you know that this site has been up and running since '96? Lisa de Speville in South Africa founded it and in 2002 the Houston Underwater Hockey Trust started maintaining it at pucku.org. In 2006 Tom started contributing technical help, moving the data to an XML file, adding a map and effort to cull stale data. Chris has continued applying updates sent by email and in 2019 Tom changed the server to a more modern open source Python-Flask system.


Summary
The code included in this project creates a data structure that associates pairs of objects and stores the pairs in a "hash-like" collection.
Either object can then be used as the "index" (with the getAssociatedObject method) to return the other object.
The clear all method removes all object pairs from the internal collection.
- objectHashKey.js: contains the code for creating new instances of the data structure
- usage.js: contains example code using an instance of the data structure
View my blog post about this code here for a more detailed explanation.


get-articles-by-name.html
include.selected: {{ include.selected.size }}
{%- assign publications = site.publications | sort: "year" | reverse -%}
{%- assign include.selected_items = "" -%}
{%- for selected-name in include.selected -%}
{{selected-name}}
{%- for item in publications -%}
{%- assign name = item.path | split:"/" | last | split:"." | first -%}
{{name}}
{%- if name == selected-name -%}
{%- assign selected_items = selected_items | append: item -%}
{%- break -%}
{%- endif -%}
{%- endfor -%}
{%- endfor -%}


Module usermanager
This module provides a constructor for an ftp server
user manager operating on top of an object containing the user accounts.
Functions
Instance Methods
Instance Properties
Static Methods
Returns a new UserManager instance
Parameters
| Object |
users |
An object with properties for each user containing
at least the name, password and homeDirectory. |
Returns
| UserManager |
A newly constructed user manager |
UserManager.create
(obj)
Convenience method for creating a UserManager instance suitable for
use with ftpserver module.
Parameters
| Object |
obj |
An object containing the user accounts |
Returns
| org.apache.ftpserver.ftplet.UserManager |
The user manager instance |
UserManager.prototype.authenticate
(authentication)
Authenticates against the user accounts of this manager
Parameters
| UsernamePasswordAuthentication|AnonymousAuthentication |
authentication |
The
authentication request to verify. |
Returns
| BaseUser |
If authentication was successful, this method returns the
user object, otherwise it throws an AuthenticationFailedException |
UserManager.prototype.doesExist
(username)
Returns true if this manager has a user with the given username
Parameters
| String |
username |
The username to check if existing |
Returns
| Boolean |
True if the user exists, false otherwise |
UserManager.prototype.encryptor
The encryptor used by this user manager
UserManager.prototype.getAdminName
()
Returns the name of the admin account (default: admin
)
Returns
| String |
The name of the admin account |
Returns an array containing all user names known to this manager
Returns
| Array |
An array containing all user names |
UserManager.prototype.getUserByName
(username)
Returns the user with the given name
Parameters
| String |
username |
The user name |
Returns
| User |
The user object, or null if the user doesn't exist |
UserManager.prototype.isAdmin
(username)
Returns true if the user name passed as argument equals the admin account name.
Parameters
| String |
username |
The user name |
Returns
| Boolean |
True if the user name equals the admin name, false otherwise |
UserManager.prototype.loadUsers
(obj)
Loads the users from the JSON file. This method triggers a "reloaded"
event on this usermanager instance.
Parameters
| Object |
obj |
An object containing the user accounts |
UserManager.prototype.save
(user)
Adds the user to the list of accounts, possibly replacing an already
existing account with the same name.
Parameters
| Object |
user |
The user account data |
UserManager.prototype.setAdminName
(name)
Sets the admin name to the one passed as argument
Parameters
| String |
name |
The name of the admin account |
UserManager.prototype.users
An object containing the user accounts
Encrypts the password passed as argument.
Parameters
| String |
password |
The password to encrypt |
Returns
| String |
The encrypted password |


--- title: 'Intrinsic Validation: Pearson and Spearman Correlation Coefficient' author: Alex Wold date: '2021-06-13' slug: intrinsic-validation-pearson-and-spearman-correlation-coefficient categories: - Intrinsic Validation tags: - Pearson Correlation Coefficient - Spearman Correlation Coefficient subtitle: '' summary: '' authors: [] lastmod: '2021-06-13T02:24:15-05:00' featured: no image: caption: '' focal_point: '' preview_only: no projects: [] ---
A ‘good’ embedding refers to a set of word representations that captures the syntactic and semantic relationships set forth by humans, and comparing similarity scores provides an approachable method for measuring these qualities.
We can supply our model with two words and ask it to calculate the (cosine) similarity between them. Then, we can analyze the relationship between the machine’s estimates and a set of tax professional’s (human) judgments to evaluate the performance of our embedding. If the tensors accurately embody the meaning behind the text, we should observe a strong positive correlation between the two scores. No correlation would imply that our word vectors fail at representing anything usable - negative correlation would suggest that the model stores inverted semantic and syntactic relationships.
Independent from the direction of proportionality, the type of correlation requires different sets of prior assumptions and defines the output’s overall utility. Pearsons’s correlation coefficient requires the data to follow a bivariate, normal distribution, and it assumes a linear relationship between the two sets of similarity scores. This definition enforces a strict series of standards on the variable embedding, which may not describe actuality; Therefore, this computation serves better to supplement the Spearman correlation coefficient than to stand on its own.
The Spearman correlation coefficient takes a non-parametric approach to the same problem, so it makes no assumptions about the distribution of the similarity data. Instead, this metric only posits a monotonic relationship between the model and human responses. This allows us to forgo the restrictions imposed by the Pearson coefficient.
The Gensim module supplies the evaluate_word_pairs()
function, an operation that uses cosine similarity to calculate the word vector distance and reports both the Pearson and Spearman values. In addition, it provides the percentage of OOV (out of vocabulary) terms, as in the following example:
| pearson | pearson.pval | spearman | spearman.pval | unknown |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.38 | 0.003 | 0.37 | 0.004 | 0 |
Notice, evaluate_word_pairs()
also reports a p-value for each coefficient. This determines whether or not the estimate maintains any statistical significance, depending on the \(\alpha\) threshold.


Toggles the element’s display CSS property based on the truthy-ness of the expression value. This directive triggers transitions when its condition changes.
display
Elements
{{message}}


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