a side-by-side reference sheet
grammar and execution | variables and expression | arithmetic and logic | strings | regexes | dates and time | resizable arrays | functions | execution control | exceptions | streams | files | directories | processes and environment | libraries and namespaces | reflection | debugging and profiling
| posix shell | cmd.exe | powershell | |
|---|---|---|---|
| version used |
dash; POSIX 2008 | 6.3 | 4.0 |
| show version |
displayed at startup | $host.version | |
| grammar and execution | |||
| posix shell | cmd.exe | powershell | |
| interpreter |
$ dash foo.sh | when foo.bat is in the search path: > foo |
PS> .\foo.ps1 DOS> powershell -file foo.ps1 |
| repl |
$ dash | > cmd | > powershell |
| execute command and exit | $ dash -c 'echo hi' | > cmd /c "echo hi" | > powershell -command 'write-output "hi"' |
| statement separator | pipelines separated by ; & && || lists of pipelines separated by newlines unless newline is preceded by a backslash or inside these characters: "" '' `` () |
pipelines separated by & && || lists of pipelines separated by newline unless preceded by caret ^ which is not inside double quote " |
; or newline; a newline can be escaped with a backtick: ` newlines are permitted in double quotes and after a pipe: | |
| word separators | | & ; ( ) < > space tab | | & < > space tab | |
| escape special character | # write "foo" to foo.txt: echo foo > foo.txt # write "foo > foo.txt" to stdout: echo foo \> foo.txt |
rem write "foo" to foo.txt echo foo > foo.txt rem write "foo > foo.txt" to stdout: echo foo ^> foo.txt |
|
| block delimiters | {…} (…) do … done |
( … ) | { … } |
| are expressions statements | no | no relational expressions can only be used in the conditional of an if statement arithmetic expressions can only be assigned to a variable using set /a |
yes |
| end-of-line comment |
# comment | rem comment :: comment |
# comment |
| comment out multiple lines | <<EOF comment another comment EOF |
goto comment comment another comment :comment |
<# comment another comment #> |
| variables and expressions | |||
| posix shell | cmd.exe | powershell | |
| assignment | a=1 whitespace next to = not permitted |
set a=1 | $a = 1 |
| parallel assignment |
none | none | $a, $b = 1, 2 |
| swap | tmp=$a a=$b b=$tmp |
set tmp=%a% set a=%b% set b=%tmp% |
$a, $b = $b, $a |
| compound assignment operators: arithmetic, string, bit | none | += -= *= /= %= none «= »= &= |= ^= |
+= -= *= /= %= += *= none |
| increment and decrement | none | none | $x = 1 $x++ $x-- |
| variable declaration |
assignment, export, readonly | assignment | assignment |
| are identifiers case sensitive? | yes | no | no |
| null |
'' | Variables must contain a non-empty string. This deletes the variable x: set x= |
$null |
| null test |
if [ -z $v ] then echo not defined fi |
if not defined v echo not defined | $v -eq $null |
| arithmetic and logic | |||
| posix shell | cmd.exe | powershell | |
| true and false |
status codes: true false inside [ ]: 1 '' |
no booleans; conditional of if statement must contain a relational expression | $true $false |
| falsehoods | status codes: nonzero integers inside [ ]: '' |
relational expressions which evaluate to false | 0 0.0 "" '' |
| logical operators |
status codes: && || ! inside [ ]: -a -o ! |
short-circuit operators: && || inside conditional of if: not |
-and -or -not |
| conditional expression |
$(( x>0 ? x : -x )) | none | none |
| relational expression |
[ $a -gt 3 ] | %a% gtr 3 | $a -gt 3 |
| relational operators |
integers: -eq -ne -gt -lt -ge -le strings: = != > < none none |
equ neq gtr lss geq leq | -eq -ne -gt -lt -ge -le |
| arithmetic expression |
$(( 1 + 3 )) | arithmetic expression must be stored in a variable: set /a "foo=1+3" |
1 + 3 |
| arithmetic operators |
+ - * none / % ** operators are integer-only in most shells; use bc for float arithmetic |
+ - * none / % none operators only work on integers |
+ - * / ?? % ?? |
| integer division |
$(( $a / $b )) | set /a "result=7/3" | $rem = $null $quot = [Math]::DivRem($a, $b, [ref] $rem) |
| integer division by zero | writes "division by 0" error message; statement terminates with a 1 status | Writes "Divide by zero error." and sets %errorlevel% to nonzero value. | error: Attempted to divide by zero |
| float division |
`echo " scale=5; $a / $b " | bc` | none | $a / $b |
| float division by zero | writes "division by 0" error message; statement terminates with a 1 status | none | evaluates to Infinity which is not a float literal |
| power |
none | [Math]::pow(2, 32) | |
| sqrt |
none | [Math]::sqrt(2) | |
| sqrt -2 |
no sqrt | none | evaluates to NaN which is not a float literal |
| transcendental functions | e l s c none none none a none how to use: `echo 'e(2)' | bc -l` |
none | [Math]::exp [Math]::log [Math]::sin [Math]::cos [Math]::tan [Math]::asin [Math]::acos [Math]::atan [Math]::atan2 |
| float truncation round towards zero, round to nearest integer, round down, round up |
none and no floats | none | [Math]::truncate(3.14) [Math]::round(3.14) [Math]::floor(3.14) [Math]::ceiling(3.14) |
| absolute value and signum |
none | [Math]::abs(-7) [Math]::sign(-7) |
|
| integer overflow |
modular arithmetic | sometimes modular arithmetic; sometimes writes error message and sets %errorlevel% to nonzero value. | converts to float |
| float overflow |
no floats | none | evaluates to Infinity which is not a float literal |
| random integer, uniform float | echo $RANDOM 15 bit integer | rem integer in range 0 to 32767: echo %random% |
random 100 random 1.0 |
| seed random numbers | RANDOM=17 r=$RANDOM |
none | $r = random -setseed 17 |
| bit operators |
<< >> & | ^ ~ | use with set /a: << >> & | ^ ~ |
none none -band -bor -bxor -bnot # powershell 3.0: -lsl -lsr |
| strings | |||
| posix shell | cmd.exe | powershell | |
| string literal | 'don'\''t say "no"' "don't say \"no\"" $'don\'t say "no"' |
None; barewords are used for strings. Double quotes are used for file names which contain spaces and other special characters. However, the double quotes are stored in the variables and passed to commands. |
'don''t say "no"' "don't say `"no`"" |
| newline in literal | yes | No; a bareword string can be continued on the following line by ending a line with ^; the CRLF is not part of the value of the string; it is not possible to store a CRLF in a variable. | yes |
| barewords | yes | yes | yes |
| bareword escape character | backslash: \; | caret: ^< Characters special to the interpreter can be stored in a variable by preceding them by a caret: ^; the interpreter will attempt to interpret them when the variable is dereferenced, however. |
backquote:: `$ |
| escapes | gray|in double quotes## \\ \" in $' ' quotes: \a \b \e \f \n \r \t \v \\ \' \cc \xhh \ooo |
`' `" `` `0 `a `b `f `n `r `t `v in other backtick sequences the backtick is ignored |
|
| variable interpolation | count=3 item=ball "$count ${item}s" |
$count = 3 $item = "ball" "$count $($item)s" |
|
| length | s="hello" ${#s} |
see footnote | $s = "hello" $s.length |
| string comparison | [ $USER = foo ] [ $USER != foo ] |
# case insensitive: -eq -ne -gt -lt -ge -le # case sensitive: -ceq -cne -cgt -clt -cge -cle |
|
| index of substring | none | returns -1 if not found: "foo bar".indexof("bar") |
|
| extract substring | s="foo bar" ${s:4:3} |
set s=foo bar echo %s:~4:3% |
"foo bar".substring(4, 3) |
| string concatenation | c="hello, ""world" | rem trailing whitespace is stored: set part1=hello, set part2=world echo %part1%%part2% |
$c = "hello, " + "world" |
| string replication | $hbar = "-" * 80 | ||
| split | none | "foo,bar,baz" -split "," | |
| join | none | @("foo","bar","baz") -join "," | |
| sprintf | `printf "tie: %s %d %f" "Spain" 13 3.7` | $a = "Spain", 13, 3.7 "tie: {0} {1} {2}" -f $a |
|
| case manipulation | echo "hello" | tr [a-z] [A-Z] echo "HELLO" | tr [A-Z] [a-z] A=hello echo -n ${A:0:1} | tr [a-z] [A-Z]; echo -n ${A:1} |
"hello".toupper() "HELLO".tolower() |
|
| strip | none | " hello ".trim() | |
| pad on right, pad on left | `printf "%-10s" "hello"` `printf "%10s" "hello"` |
$s = "hello" $s + " " * (10 - $s.length) " " * (10 - $s.length) + $s |
|
| string to number | A="12" $(( 7 + $A )) B=".037" `echo 73.9 + $B | bc` |
set x="12" set /a "result=7+%x%" |
7 + "12" 73.9 + ".037" |
| number to string |
all values are strings | all values are strings | [convert]::tostring(7) + " items" # or use variable interpolation |
| regular expressions | |||
| posix shell | cmd.exe | powershell | |
| regex match | s=hello rx='[a-z][a-z]*' if expr $s : $rx > /dev/null then … fi |
set s=hello echo %s%|findstr /r "[a-z][a-z]*" && (echo match ) ^ || (echo does not match) |
if ("hello" -match "^[a-z][a-z]*$") { … } |
| single substitution | s='do re mi mi mi' s=$(echo $s | sed s/mi/ma/) |
||
| global substitution | s='do re mi mi mi' s=$(echo $s | sed s/mi/ma/g) |
set "s=do re mi mi mi" echo %s:mi=ma% |
$s = "do re mi mi mi" $s = $s -replace "mi", "ma" |
| dates and time | |||
| posix shell | cmd.exe | powershell | |
| current datetime | date +'%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S' | date /t && time /t | get-date -format 'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss' get-date -uformat '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S' |
| current unix epoch | date +'%s' | get-date -uformat %s | |
| format datetime | date -d '1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC' +'%s' | get-date -date '1970-01-01 00:00:00' -uformat %s | |
| resizable arrays | |||
| posix shell | cmd.exe | powershell | |
| literal | nums=(1 2 3 4) | set nums=(1 2 3 4) | $nums = 1 ,2 ,3, 4 $nums = @(1 ,2, 3, 4) |
| size | ${#nums[@]} | set numsc=0 for %i in %nums% do set /a numsc+=1 echo %numsc% |
$nums.Length |
| lookup |
${nums[0]} | $nums[0] | |
| update |
nums[1]=5 | $nums[0] = 5 | |
| slice |
${nums[@]:1:2} | $nums[1..2] | |
| concatenate | a=(1 2 3) b=(4 5 6) c=(${a[@]} ${b[@]}) |
@(1, 2, 3) + @(4, 5, 6) | |
| iterate over elements | for i in ${nums[@]} do echo $i done |
foreach ($i in $nums) { write-output $i } |
|
| sort | $a = 3, 2, 4, 1 $b = $a | Sort-Object |
||
| reverse | $a = 1, 2, 3 [array]::reverse($a) |
||
| functions | |||
| posix shell | cmd.exe | powershell | |
| define | add() { echo $(( $1 + $2 )); } or function add { echo $(( $1 + $2 )); } |
goto:eof :add set /a sum=%~1+%~2 echo %sum% goto:eof |
function add { param ($a, $b) $a + $b } |
| call |
add 1 2 | call:add 1 2 | add 1 2 |
| missing argument behavior | '' | parameter treated as undefined variable or as containing the empty string | $null |
| extra argument behavior | ignored | none | ignored |
| default argument | none | none | function add { param ($a=0, $b=0) $a + $b } |
| named parameters | none | none | add -a 1 -b 2 |
| return value | return arg available in $? variable if a positive integer smaller than 256 | ||
| anonymous function literal | none | none | $f = { write-output "foo" } |
| call anonymous function | none | none | & $f or $x.invoke() |
| default scope |
global | global | local |
| nest | Nested function visible outside containing function. | none | function add { param ($a, $b) function add2 { param ($a2, $b2) $a2 + $b2 } add2 $a $b } # Nested function not visible outside of containing # function; nested function can see local variables # of containing function. |
| execution control | |||
| posix shell | cmd.exe | powershell | |
| if | if [ $n -eq 0 ] then echo "no hits" elif [ $n -eq 1 ] then echo "1 hit" else echo $n " hits" fi |
if %n% equ 0 ( echo no hits ) else ( if %n% equ 1 ( echo one hit ) else ( echo %n% hits ) ) |
if ($n -eq 0) { write-output "no hits" } elseif ($n -eq 1) { write-output "one hit" } else { write-output "$n hits" } |
| while | i=0 while [ $i -lt 10 ] do i=$(($i + 1)) echo $i done |
set i=0 :loop set /a i+=1 echo %i% if %i% lss 10 goto :loop |
$i = 0 while ($i -lt 10) { write-output (++$i) } |
| for | for i in 1 2 3 do echo $i done |
set nums=(1 2 3 4) for %%n in %nums% do echo %%n |
for ($i=1; $i -le 3; $i++) { write-output $i } |
| break |
break | break | |
| continue |
continue | continue | |
| exceptions | |||
| posix shell | cmd.exe | powershell | |
| raise | Commands which fail return nonzero exit status. Exit status of last command stored in $? |
Commands which fail return nonzero exit status. Exit status of last command stored in %errorlevel% |
throw "bam!" |
| handle | trap 'echo "risky failed"' ERR risky |
risky if errorlevel 1 ( echo risky failed ) |
try { throw "bam!" } catch { write-output "caught!" } |
| uncaught exception behavior | stderr and continue | stderr and continue | script exits |
| concurrency | |||
| posix shell | cmd.exe | powershell | |
| sleep | sleep 10 | vista and later: timeout 10 |
timeout 10 |
| streams | |||
| posix shell | cmd.exe | powershell | |
| read line from stdin | # stored in $ine: read line # with prompt: read -p 'line: ' line |
rem stored in %line%: set /p line= rem with prompt: set /p line="line: " |
$line = read-host # with prompt: $line = read-host 'line' |
| write line to stdout | echo "hi world" | echo hi world | write-output "hi world" |
| write formatted string to stdout | printf '%.2f\n' 3.1415 | ||
| write file to stdout | cat foo.txt | ||
| write to standard error | echo "hi world" >&2 | echo hi world >&2 | |
| iterate over file by line | awk 'length($0) > 70 {print $0}' /etc/passwd | ||
| write to process | echo "hi world" | wc | echo hi world | find /c hi | |
| write to file | echo "hello" > /tmp/a | echo hello > \tmp\a | |
| append to file | echo "hello" >> /tmp/a | echo hello >> \tmp\a | |
| files | |||
| posix shell | cmd.exe | powershell | |
| create empty file | # does not overwrite existing file, but updates # last mod. time: touch foo.txt |
rem overwrites existing file: type nul > foo.txt |
# error if file exists: new-item -type file foo.txt |
| file exists test, file regular test | if [ -e foo.txt ]; then echo "exists"; fi if [ -f foo.txt ]; then echo "regular"; fi |
if exist foo.txt ( echo exists ) ?? |
if (test-path foo.txt) { write-output "exists" } if (test-path -pathtype leaf) { write-output "regular" } |
| file size | ls -l foo.txt | dir foo.txt | get-childitem foo.txt |
| is readable, is writeable, is executable | if [ -r /etc/passwd ]; then echo readable; fi if [ -w /tmp ]; then echo writeable; fi if [ -x /bin/ls ]; then echo executable; fi |
||
| set file permisions | chmod 0600 foo.txt | ||
| last modification time | ls -l foo.txt | dir foo.txt | get-childitem foo.txt |
| copy file, remove file, rename file | cp /tmp/foo.txt /tmp/bar.txt rm /tmp/foo.txt mv /tmp/bar.txt /tmp/foo.txt |
copy foo.txt bar.txt del foo.txt move bar.txt foo.txt |
copy-item foo.txt bar.txt remove-item foo.txt move-item bar.txt foo.txt |
| create symlink, symlink test, readlink | ln -s /etc/passwd /tmp/passwd if [ -h /tmp/passwd ]; then echo "symlink"; fi readlink /tmp/passwd |
||
| generate unused file name | mktemp /tmp/fooXXXXX | [System.IO.Path]::GetTempFileName() | |
| directories | |||
| posix shell | cmd.exe | powershell | |
| working directory get and set |
echo $(pwd) echo $PWD cd /tmp |
echo %cd% chdir \windows |
$loc = get-location echo $loc set-location \windows |
| program directory | bash only: "$( cd "$( dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}" )" && pwd )" |
echo %~dp0 | |
| dirname and basename | dirname /etc/hosts basename /etc/hosts |
||
| iterate over directory by file | for f in /etc/* do echo $f done |
||
| make directory | mkdir /tmp/foo.d | mkdir foo | new-item -type directory foo |
| recursive copy | cp -R /tmp/foo.d /tmp/bar.d | ||
| remove empty directory | rmdir /tmp/foo.d | rmdir foo | |
| remove directory and contents | rm -rf /tmp/foo.d | rmdir /s /q foo | |
| directory test | if [ -d /tmp ]; then echo directory; fi | ||
| processes and environment | |||
| posix shell | cmd.exe | powershell | |
| command line args | $1 $2 … # number of args: $# # pass args as $# words to twiddle twiddle "$@" # pass args as one word to twiddle twiddle "$*" |
%1 %2 … rem number of args: set #=0 for %%i in %* do set /a #+=1 echo %#% rem no way to pass argument with space twiddle %* |
|
| program name | $0 | %0 | |
| environment variable get, set, clear |
shell variables are environment variables $HOME |
$env:home | |
| user id and name | id # user name only; most systems: whoami |
||
| exit | exit 0 | rem batch script exits: exit /b 0 rem also closes cmd.exe window: exit 0 |
exit |
| external command | ls | dir | dir |
| command substitution | s=$(ls) | none | $s=dir |
| speech | mac only: say "I'm a Mac" |
$sp = new-object -comobject "SAPI.SpVoice" $sp.speak("I'm a PC") |
|
| command path | which ping | get-command ping | |
| set signal handler | function int_handler { echo "exiting…"; exit } trap int_handler INT |
||
| send signal | kill -INT 1234 kill -KILL 1234 |
||
| start job in background | sleep 1000 & | ||
| suspend current job | ^Z | ||
| terminate job | kill %1 | ||
| list jobs | jobs | ||
| background suspended job | bg %1 | ||
| bring background job into foreground | fg %1 | ||
| disown job | disown %1 | ||
| libraries and namespaces | |||
| posix shell | cmd.exe | powershell | |
| library | $ cat foo.sh function add() { echo $(($1 + $2)); } |
from directory in search path: > type Modules\Foo\Foo.psm1 function add { param ($a, $b) $a + $b } |
|
| import library | source foo.sh add 3 7 |
import-module foo add 1 2 |
|
| library path environment variable | none | $env:psmodulepath | |
| reflection | |||
| posix shell | cmd.exe | powershell | |
| command line documentation | man ls | help dir | get-help get-childitem |
| list defined variables | printenv | set | get-variable |
| list available libraries | get-module -listavailable | ||
| debugging and profiling | |||
| check syntax | $ apt-get install shellcheck $ shellcheck foo.sh |
||
| flags for stronger errors | bash only: bash -eu -o pipefail -e: exit with nonzero status if command fails -u: exit with nonzero status if undefined variable accessed -o pipefail: exit with nonzero status if command in pipeline fails |
||
| cpu usage | time ls | ||
| posix shell | cmd.exe | powershell | |
| __________________________________________________________ | __________________________________________________________ | __________________________________________________________ |
General
version used
The version of the language used for verifying the examples in the reference sheet.
show version
How to get the version.
cmd.exe
The version number displayed at start up is the Windows kernel version. 6.3 is the Windows 8.1 kernel version number.
Grammar and Execution
interpreter
The customary name of the interpreter and how to invoke it.
posix shell:
On Unix, scripts are executing by passing the file containing the script to the interpreter as an argument:
$ dash ~/configure.sh
If the executable bit is set, the file can be run directly:
$ ~/configure.sh
To determine the name of the interpreter that will process the script, Unix will look for the presence of a shebang (#!) at the start of the file. If the pathname to a command follows the shebang, it will be used to interpret the script. If no shebang is present, the script will be interpreted with /bin/sh which is bash on Mac OS X and Cygwin and dash on Ubuntu.
Command line arguments which set the positional parameters $1, $2, and so on can be set upon invocation as follows:
$ dash ~/configure.sh arg1 arg2
$ ~/configure.sh arg1 arg2
Arguments can also be put on the shebang line, but this is only useful for passing options to the shell. If the file foo.sh contains
#!/bin/sh -x
then invoking it as
./foo.sh
is equivalent to
/bin/sh -x foo.sh
Hardcoding a full path in a shebang is a common cause of portability problems because different systems may install the interpreter in different locations. The env command avoids the problem by searching the PATH directories for the command:
#!/usr/bin/env lua
powershell:
On Windows, a file is a PowerShell script if it has a .ps1 suffix. There is no need to mark the script as executable. However, PowerShell is not configured to run scripts by default. To change the configuration, start a PowerShell as an Administrator and run the following command:
set-executionpolicy remotesigned
It is possible to invoke a PowerShell script by specifying the PowerShell interpreter as the command and the script as an argument, but the suffix of the file must still be ps1:
powershell -file .\test.ps1
repl
How to invoke the REPL.
execute command and exit
How to pass a single command to be executed as a command line argument.
statement separator
How the parser determines the end of a statement.
posix shell:
A posix shell simple command consists of optional variable assignments, followed by a command and zero or more arguments and redirections. The command can be an external command, user defined function, or built-in.
A posix shell pipeline is a sequence of one or more simple commands joined by pipes |. The shell executes the commands in parallel and redirects the stdout of each command to the stdin of the following command. The exit status is the status of the last command.
The control operators ; & && || are pipeline separators. The semicolon ; enforces sequential execution. The ampersand & executes in parallel. The && executes to the first pipeline that returns a nonzero status. The || executes to the first pipeline that returns a zero status.
A list is one or more pipelines joined by control operators. A list can have a semicolon ; or ampersand & at the end. A list is terminated by a newline.
A newline does not terminate a list when:
- inside single quotes '', double quotes "", backticks ``, or parens ()
- inside a block started by the keywords: for, select, case, if, while, until
A newline that would normally terminate a statement can be escaped with a backslash.
Multiple lists can be grouped inside parens ( ) or curly brackets { }. When grouped inside parens, the lists are executed inside a subshell. The curly brackets, but not the parens, must be separated from their contents by white space. Also, within curly brackets, but not within parens, the last list must be terminated by a semicolon or newline.
word separators
escape special character
How to escape a special character.
block delimiters
How blocks are delimited.
posix shell:
Blocks can be delimited with {}, (), or the do,done keywords.
If a block is started with an open curly bracket {, then the block must be terminated with a line containing a close curly bracket by itself }.
If a block is delimited by (), then the commands in the block are executed in a subshell.
A block is delimited by do and done when using the execution control keywords for, select, while, and until.
The then and else keywords of an if statement start blocks which are terminated by a following elif, else, or fi.
The function and if keywords open blocks which are terminated by end keywords. The repeat keyword opens a block which is terminated by until.
to end-of-line comment
How to make the remainder of the line a comment.
multiline comment
How to comment out multiple lines.
posix shell:
The method described is the syntax for a here document, which is a multiline string literal.
Variables and Expressions
assignment
How to assign a value to a variable.
parallel assignment
How to assign values to variables in parallel.
swap
How to exchange the values held by two variables.
compound assignment operators: arithmetic, string, bit
The compound assignment operators for arithmetic, string, and bit operations
powershell:
Note that /= performs float division, even when both operands are integers.
When the left operand is a string, += concatenates the right operand to the left operand.
When the left operand is a string and the right operand an integer, *= concatenates the left operand with itself right operand times.
increment and decrement
The C-style increment and decrement operators which can be used in expressions.
variable declaration
How to declare a variable.
posix shell:
The following three lines have identical behavior:
A="hello, world"
declare A="hello, world"
typeset A="hello, world"
It is possible to make a read only variable. Again there are three ways:
readonly A="can't change"
declare -r A="can't change"
typeset -r A="can't change"
Variables are not exported to subprocesses unless declared to be exported:
export A="exported to subprocess"
declare -x A="exported to subprocess"
typeset -x A="exported to subprocess"
Variables assigned on the same line as a command are not created, only exported to the subprocess that instantiates the command:
EDITOR=emacs svn commit
By default variables defined inside functions are global. They can be declared to be local:
function foo () {
local b=17
# echoes 17:
echo $b
}
# echoes nothing:
echo $b
are identifiers case sensitive?
powershell:
PowerShell identifiers are case insensitive.
null
The null literal.
null test
How to test if a value is null.
Arithmetic and Logic
posix shell:
The POSIX shell provides at least three different environments for logical expressions, each with their own operators and values for true and false.
Logical expressions are usually encountered in the conditionals of if, elif, while, and until. A command is expected as the conditional expression. The command is executed, and a return value of zero is treated as true and nonzero as false.
| status codes | [ ] | $(( )) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| where used | command | command | argument |
| true | true | no canonical true value | 1 |
| false | false | '' | 0 |
| falsehoods | nonzero exit status | '' | 0 |
| logical operators | && || ! | -a -o ! | && || ! |
| grouping | { } | \( \) | ( ) |
| string relational operators | none | = != \< \> | none |
| arithmetic relational operators | none | -eq -ne -lt -gt -le -ge | == != < > <= >= |
| arithmetic operators | none | none | + - * / % ** |
| bit operators | none | none | << >> & | ^ ~ |
posix shell: status codes:
Logical expressions can be formed using status codes returned by commands. The commands can be external, built-in, or user defined functions. A status code of zero is used to indicate success, and for the purpose of logic zero is treated as true and all other status codes as false.
The && and || operators are short circuit operators. An exclamation point ! can be used to negate the status code of a command. It is not necessary to separate && and || from their operands with whitespace, but it is necessary to mark off a ! used as negation with whitespace.
posix shell: test command:
posix shell: arithmetic expansion:
true and false
The literals for true and false.
falsehoods
Values which are false in conditional expressions.
logical operators
Logical and, or, and not.
posix shell:
&& || and ! are available inside [[ ]], (( )), and $(( )) expressions. Inside [ ] expressions use -a, -o, and !.
conditional expression
The syntax for a conditional expression.
are expressions statements
Whether an expression can be used where a statement is expected.
relational expressions
posix shell:
Bash has three types of relational expressions: [[ ]], [ ], and (( )). For a description of [ ], read the man page for test.
(( )) evaluates its contents in the same manner as the arithmetic expansion $(( )). If the result is zero, it returns 1 (false). Otherwise it returns 0 (true).
[[ $a == pattern ]] and [[ $a != pattern ]] interpret * and ? on the right side as patterns. Thus "hello" == "hell*" is true. For numeric comparison, use [ $a -eq num ] or [ $a -ne num ].
Bash expressions discusses the different types of bash expressions in more detail.
relational operators
posix shell:
If == and =! have an unquoted string on the right, then * and ? within the string will be treated as wild cards for matching.
convert from string
posix shell:
All values are strings. The $(( )) operator will interpolate any variables and then evaluate the resulting string as an arithmetic expression composed of integers. The variables are not limited to containing integers. The following script outputs 10:
A=7+3
echo $(($A))
To perform floating point arithmetic, bash must shell out to a floating point utility such as bc.
convert to string
arithmetic expressions
How to evaluate an arithmetic expression.
posix shell:
Bash arithmetic is available within $(( )) and (( )). The latter form evaluates the arithmetic expression and returns status 1 if the result zero, and 0 otherwise.
Bash only has integer arithmetic. For floating point arithmetic, use the external commands bc or dc.
arithmetic operators
The operators for addition, subtraction, multiplication, float division, integer division, modulus, and exponentiation. Some languages provide a function pow instead of an operator for exponentiation.
posix shell:
arithmetic operators are available in $(( )) and (( )).
integer division
How to perform integer division.
float division
How to perform floating point division, even if the operands might be integers.
posix shell:
The bash shell lacks built-in floating point arithmetic. bc is an arbitrary precision calculator, and scale is the number of digits to the right of the decimal point. If scale is not specified, it defaults to zero, which results in integer division.
It is also possible to use dc, which is a reverse polish notation arbitrary precision calculator:
`echo " 5 k $a $b / p " | dc`
arithmetic functions
Functions for computing square root, natural exponent, natural logarithm, sine, cosine, tangent, arcsine, arccosine, arctangent, and atan2.
The trigonometric functions are all in radians. atan2 takes two arguments which are the x and y co-ordinates of a vector in the Cartesian plane. It returns
the angle to the positive x-axis made by the vector.
arithmetic truncation
division by zero
integer overflow
float overflow
sqrt -2
The result of taking the square root of -2.
random integer, uniform float
The examples show how to generate a uniform random integer in the range from 0 to 99, inclusive; how to generate a uniform float in the range 0.0 to 1.0; how to generate a float from a standard normal distribution
posix shell:
$RANDOM evaluates to a random integer between 0 and 32767 inclusive.
seed random numbers
posix shell:
Bash 3.2.48 seeds the random number at start up using the current time and the PID:
/* Seed the random number generator. */
sbrand (dollar_dollar_pid + shell_start_time);
Here is the random number generation code:
/* A linear congruential random number generator based on the example
one in the ANSI C standard. This one isn't very good, but a more
complicated one is overkill. */
/* Returns a pseudo-random number between 0 and 32767. */
static int
brand ()
{
rseed = rseed *<PHONE_NUMBER> + 12345;
return ((unsigned int)((rseed >> 16) & 32767)); /* was % 32768 */
}
powershell:
The initial seed is set to a value that varies each time PowerShell is started up.
If a repeatable sequence of random numbers is desired, the seed can be set to a specific value using the -setseed option on the first call to random.
bit operators
posix shell:
The bit operators are available in $(( )) and (( )).
Strings
string literal
The syntax for a string literal and how to escape the delimiter.
newline in literal
Whether a newline character sequence can be included in a string.
For all the languages described in this reference sheet a string literal is permitted to encompass multiple lines in the source code and the resulting string will contain the same number of lines.
escapes
Character escape sequences which can be used in string literals.
variable interpolation
How to interpolate variables in a string.
posix shell:
A dollar sign $ can be backslash escaped to prevent variable interpolation:
echo "the value of \$a is $a"
powershell:
A dollar sign $ can be backtick escaped to prevent variable interpolation:
write-output "the value of @@`@@$a is $a"
length
How to get the length of a string.
cmd.exe:
:strLen string len -- returns the length of a string
:: -- string [in] - variable name containing the string being measured for length
:: -- len [out] - variable to be used to return the string length
( SETLOCAL ENABLEDELAYEDEXPANSION
set "str=A!%~1!"&
set "len=0"
for /L %%A in (12,-1,0) do (
set /a "len|=1<<%%A"
for %%B in (!len!) do if "!str:~%%B,1!"=="" set /a "len&=~1<<%%A"
)
)
( ENDLOCAL
IF "%~2" NEQ "" SET /a %~2=%len%
)
EXIT /b
string comparison
How to determine if two strings are equal or unequal.
index substring
How to find the index of the start of a substring in a string.
extract substring
string concatenation
The string concatenation operator.
split
How to split a string into an array of strings.
powershell:
When splitting a string into words, no delimiter need be specified and the string to be split can follow the -split operator:
-split "foo bar baz"
join
How to concatenate the elements of an array into a string with a separator.
scan
sprintf
How to create a string using a printf style format.
case manipulation
strip
pad on right, pad on left
Regular Expressions
regex match
How to test whether a regular expression matches a string.
posix shell:
The double square bracket operator [[ ]] is not part of the POSIX standard but it is a feature of bash, ksh, and zsh. It supports a match test operator:
if [[ "hello" =~ ^[a-z][a-z]*$ ]]; then
single substitution
How to replace the first occurrence of a pattern in a string.
posix shell:
The following parameter expansion is not part of the POSIX standard but provided by bash, ksh, and zsh:
str='do re mi mi mi'
echo ${str/mi/ma}
global substitution
How to replace all occurrences of a pattern in a string.
posix shell:
The following parameter expansion is not part of the POSIX standard but provided by bash, ksh, and zsh:
str='do re mi mi mi'
echo ${str//mi/ma}
Dates and Time
Resizable Arrays
array literal
Array literal syntax.
array size
How to get the number of elements in an array.
array lookup
How to access a value in an array by index.
array slice
How to slice a subarray from an array.
array iteration
membership
How to test for membership in an array.
intersection
How to compute an intersection.
union
map
filter
reduce
universal predicate
How to test whether a condition holds for all members of an array. Always true for an empty array.
existential predicate
How to test whether an item in an array exists for which a condition holds. Always false for an empty array.
dictionary literal
dictionary size
dictionary lookup
dictionary iteration
out of bounds behavior
Functions
Python has both functions and methods. Ruby only has methods: functions defined at the top level are in fact methods on a special main object. Perl subroutines can be invoked with a function syntax or a method syntax.
function definition
posix shell:
A bash function definition can alternately be preceded by the keyword function, and when used, the parens following the function name are prohibited.
function invocation
posix shell:
The syntax for invoking a function is the same as the syntax for invoking a command. If a function is defined with the same name as a command in the search path, the function will be executed.
missing argument value
Value of an argument variable if a function is invoked with fewer arguments than are declared.
extra arguments
If a function is invoked with more arguments than are declared, how the function can access them.
default argument value
How to declare a default value for an argument.
variable number of arguments
How to write a function which accepts a variable number of argument.
named parameters
How to write a function which uses named parameters.
return value
posix shell:
Bash functions can only return small integers via return. However, a function can echo to stdout and the caller can invoke it with backticks to get a string value.
lambda declaration
How to define a lambda function.
lambda invocation
default scope
posix shell:
By default, bash and variables inside functions have global scope.
Execution Control
if
Some optional branching constructs:
posix shell:
case $a in (0) echo "no";; (1) echo "yes";; (2) echo "maybe";; (*) echo "error";; esac
while
posix shell:
Also has an until loop.
break/continue/redo
break exits a for or while loop immediately. continue goes to the next iteration of the loop. redo goes back to the beginning of the current iteration.
for
posix shell:
A C-style for loop:
for ((i=0; i<10; i++ )); do echo $i; done
Exceptions
raise exception
How to raise an exception.
catch exception
How to handle an exception.
uncaught exception behavior
System behavior if an exception goes uncaught. Most interpreters print the exception message to stderr and exit with a nonzero status.
posix shell:
The bash interpreter writes a message to stderr whenever a command returns a nonzero status. By default, the interpreter does not exit, but if this behavior is desired, then the following should be put at the top of the script:
trap exit ERR
wait on thread
Streams
write to standard out
posix shell:
To prevent echo from appending a newline to the output, use
echo -n "hello"
standard filehandles
read line
read file
write to file
append to file
Files
Directories
Processes and Environment
external command
posix shell:
The syntax for calling an external command is the same as the syntax for invoking a function. If a function is defined with the same name as an external command in the search path, the function is invoked.
backticks
command line args
speech
How to make the computer talk.
posix shell:
On Mac OSX the command say can also be executed from the bash or zsh prompt:
say "I'm a Mac"
On Ubuntu Linux this command can be used:
espeak "I'm Unix"
environment variable
command path
The directory containing a command. Also indicates if the command is a built-in, alias, or function. Shows the definition of aliases and functions.
exit
posix shell:
The exit status of a bash script is the return status of the last command executed, or the argument of exit.
set signal handler
Libraries and Namespaces
library
What a library looks like.


Lorem Ip printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book. It has survived not only five centuries, but also the leap into electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged. It was popularised in the 1960 s with the release of Letraset sheets containing Lorem Ipsum passages, a nd more recently with desktop publishing software like Aldus PageMaker including versions of Lorem Ipsum
Serjão Berranteiro, mais conhecido com "matador de onça" né.


CThe Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) is the national governing body for cricket in India. The board was formed in December 1928 as a society, registered under the Tamil Nadu Societies Registration Act. It is a consortium of state cricket associations and the state associations select their representatives who in turn elect the BCCI officials.
More InfoCricket Australia (CA), formerly known as the Australian Cricket Board (ACB), is the governing body for professional and amateur cricket in Australia. It was originally formed in 1905 as the "Australian Board of Control for International Cricket". It is incorporated as an Australian Public Company, limited by guarantee
More InfoCricket South Africa (CSA) is the governing body for professional and amateur cricket in South Africa. The board was originally created as the United Cricket Board of South Africa in 1991.South Africa first played international cricket in 1889, though the players participating at the time were not aware of the fact.
More InfoThe England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) is the governing body of cricket in England and Wales.[1] It was created on 1 January 1997 combining the roles of the Test and County Cricket Board, the National Cricket Association and the Cricket Council. Like many sports governing bodies in the United Kingdom.
More InfoNew Zealand Cricket, formerly the New Zealand Cricket Council, is the governing body for professional cricket in New Zealand. Cricket is the most popular and highest profile summer sport in New Zealand. New Zealand Cricket operates the New Zealand cricket team , organising Test tours and One Day Internationals.
More InfoSri Lanka Cricket (SLC), formerly the Board of Control for Cricket in Sri Lanka (BCCSL), is the controlling body for cricket in Sri Lanka. It operates the Sri Lankan Cricket Team and first-class cricket within Sri Lanka.Sri Lanka's cricket board has been run by government appointed interim committees & board.
More InfoThe Pakistan Cricket Board is a sporting organization that is responsible for governing all professional cricket, including Test cricket and One Day International matches played in Pakistan. It controls and organises all tours and matches undertaken by the Pakistan national cricket team between october and december1952 .
More InfoThe West Indies Cricket Board (WICB) is the governing body for professional and amateur cricket in the West Indies (a sporting confederation of over a dozen mainly English-speaking Caribbean countries and dependencies that formed the British West Indies) which manages WI team and organises tours and matches.
More InfoSri Lanka Cricket (SLC), formerly the Board of Control for Cricket in Sri Lanka (BCCSL), is the controlling body for cricket in Sri Lanka. It operates the Sri Lankan Cricket Team and first-class cricket within Sri Lanka.Sri Lanka's cricket board has been run by government appointed interim committees & board.
More Info


This example demonstrates how theming works. To see the example theme code open examples/theme.css
examples/theme.css


Create a Proposal
GitHub Issue Link
Title of this Proposal
The body of your proposal
Optional Actions
Add Token Transfer
Add On-chain execution
Looks good?
Submit


More Information
About Our Companions
Dear Friends,
Our Companions is committed to doing the right thing for animals, regardless of the cost or challenge. What this means is that we go to extraordinary lengths to help animals in need today, while also working to prevent animals from becoming homeless tomorrow by addressing the root causes of pet homelessness.
With our Program Center in Manchester, and now three rescue cottages at the Ashford Sanctuary, the possibilities of what we can accomplish to help animals in need today, while also addressing the root causes of pet homelessness, are limitless.
One hundred percent of our capital campaign (construction at the Ashford sanctuary) and 99% of our operating costs (vet bills, pet food, various sanctuary and Program Center operational expenses, etc.) are made possible by the generosity of the community. There are few non-profit organizations, animal-related or otherwise, whose ability to serve its constituents is so closely tied to the voluntary philanthropic support of the public.
It is powerful to know that over the past 12 years, so many have invested in our mission to always do the right thing for animals. While the last decade has been extraordinary, it’s what lies ahead that truly invigorates us. And we look forward to continuing on this journey with you.
Thank you for placing your trust in us. Thank you for helping to make Our Companions Animal Rescue possible.
Susan Linker
Chief Executive Officer


| public nothrow | AddRelationshipOperation(Diagram* diagram, RelationshipElement* relationshipElement_) |
| public override void | AdvanceTo(MouseArgs& args) |
| public override void | Cancel() |
| public override void | Commit(MouseArgs& args) |
| public override void | Draw(Graphics& graphics, Layout& layout) |
| public nothrow RelationshipElement& | GetRelationshipElement() |
| public override nothrow bool | IsEmpty() const |
| private UniquePtr<RelationshipElement> | relationshipElement |


Click on one of the letters below to jump immediately to that section of the index.
A | B | C | D | E |
F | G | H | I | J |
K | L | M | N | O |
P | Q | R | S | T |
U | V | W | X


IIMBU - Imported Items Must Be Used
It is not legal to import a class or an interface and never use it. This rule checks classes and interfaces that are explicitly imported with their names - that is not with import of a complete package, using an asterisk. If unused class and interface imports are omitted, the amount of meaningless source code is reduced - thus the amount of code to be understood by a reader is minimized.
Wrong
import java.util.Dictionary;
import java.util.Hashtable;
import java.util.Stack;
import java.util.Vector;
class IIMBU {
Dictionary dict;
void func (Vector vec) {
Hashtable ht;
// do something
}
}
Tip: Delete unnecessary imports.


THE JUNGLE BOOK A film review by Steve Rhodes Copyright 1996 Steve Rhodes
RATING (0 TO ****): ** 1/2
THE JUNGLE BOOK (1994) is a Disney live action version of the famous Rudyard Kipling story. Disney made a cartoon version of the story in 1967, and famous director Zoltan Korda made a live action film of it during the war (1942). In this 1984 Disney version, Stephen Sommers is the director and the screenwriter.
In the confusion of a wild animal attack and subsequent fire, five year old Mowgli (Sean Naegeli) gets separated from his girlfriend Kitty Brydon (Joanna Wolff) and his family. He becomes lost in the dense Indian forest. He grows up there among the animals of the jungle with no other human contact. He says of it the jungle, "The jungle speaks to me because I know how to listen."
Soon time advances, and we have Jason Scott Lee (from MAP OF THE HUMAN HEART) as the seventeen year old Mowgli. Lee's acting is a bit too serious for my taste, but he tries hard. Mowgli eventually finds his way back to "civilization." Once there, he is reunited with Kitty (Lena Headey) and the leader of the soldiers, Colonel Brydon (Sam Neill), who was with the family during the incident when he was originally lost. He finds civilization wilder and scarier than any jungle.
Part of the show is devoted to the love interest between Mowgli and Kitty. Whereas the frightening scenes may scare off the youngest kids, the love part may lose the slightly older ones as well. At least their interest may wane. By the end, Colonel Brydon begins to really appreciate Mowgli and says to him, "I think a man lucky who could count you as a friend."
This movie version of the story is true to the book which means that it will scare younger kids. The only question is what is the cutoff age. We have scenes of tigers attacking and killing people. People die realistic deaths in quicksand. Other people are about to be crushed by large rocks, and still others meet their deaths by falling from high cliffs. The death scenes, while not overdone, are nevertheless realistic. I thought the show would be fine for kids 7 and over since my son Jeffrey (recently turned 7) did not visibly appear to be that scared. He informed me after the show that he thought the movie would be fine for kids 7 1/2 and over, thus cutting himself out of the appropriate age group for the show. Apparently it troubled him more than I realized.
The technical aspects of the film are impressive. The cinematography is lovely. The surreal sets (Allan Cameron) of an abandoned temple in the jungle is filmed in a nostalgic sepia tone. The forest and most of the picture is filmed in bright colors with a predominate jungle green complimented by earth tones of brown. In one of the most impressive pieces of cinematography we have a scene of an Indian town at night. The deep blue is punctuated with the lights of the town in a Christmas tree look. The music (Basil Poledouris) is stirring and dramatic.
The best acting is by all of the animals. Of these, I thought the monkeys were the best. Certainly Shere Khan, the tiger, is the most frightening.
THE JUNGLE BOOK runs too long for a kids' movie at 1:51. The film is rated PG. Do not let any child under 5 see it. As far as older kids, I still think those 7 and above generally will be able to handle it. Certainly by age 9, there will be no problems.  I give it a thumbs up and award it ** 1/2.
**** = One of the top few films of this or any year. A must see film. *** = Excellent show. Look for it. ** = Average movie. Kind of enjoyable. * = Poor show.  Totally unbearable.
REVIEW WRITTEN ON: May 25, 1996
Opinions expressed are mine and not meant to reflect my employer's.
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


import numpy as np
d_data = np.ones(12,3)
The result dimensions have to be less than the data dimensions divided by 2. A tuple less than (6,1)
import numpy as np
d_data = np.ones(12,3)
The result dimensions have to be less than the data dimensions divided by 2. A tuple less than (6,1)
import numpy as np
d_data = np.ones(12,3)
The result dimensions have to be less than the data dimensions divided by 2. A tuple less than (6,1)


ICE STATION ZEBRA (1968) - Info-Station On Ice - A film review by Gerard Martin Copyright 1996 Gerard Martin
Directed by : John Sturges Cinematography by : Daniel L. Fapp Produced by : Martin Ransohoff Written by : J. W. R. Burnett, Harry Julian Fink, Douglas Heyes Based on the book by : Alistair MacLean Edited by : Robert Dalva Music by : Michel Legrand Starring : Rock Hudson, Patrick McGoohan, Ernest Borgnine, Jim Brown, Tony Bill --------------
By placing a high premium on the value of information, ICE STATION ZEBRA remains a movie that nearly holds its own almost thirty years later. Indeed I would speculate that simply to have revealed this basic "information" tenet of the story would surely have been viewed as a serious "spoiler" in 1968 when the movie was released and 1963 when Alistair MacLean's book by the same name was published. You see, ICE STATION ZEBRA is really about the retrieval of "information about"; this along with a never-ending routine of attention paid to the always frequent exchange of logistical "information for" in the movement of people and things across the earth's geography.
Director John Sturges' production of ICE STATION ZEBRA opens with critically acclaimed special effects shots of a satellite in orbit far above the earth; this immediately followed by scenes of the instrument-lit technical subculture world of satellite geo-orbital tracking. Then, almost as soon as the space-age starts, the scenes of vast antenna arrays are replaced when high-tech meets low-tech in the scene-change to a more down-to-earth yet oddly formal underworld of a bar, a telephone, and a proverbial private chamber where only secrets about secrets are ever revealed. Here is where the constant need for much more information quickens the pace. Questions abound and answers are few and far between. Even the questions quickly lead to more questions! Who are the good guys, the bad guys ... and what do they know about this story?
Beyond the search for Ice Station Zebra - and much sooner rather than much later, there is cause for wonder of the more eclectic kind. Why are there no women in this film? When did actor Rock Hudson, who plays submarine captain James Ferraday, decide that he preferred the company of men? Was not the character "David Jones," played by Patrick McGoohan, the opportune warm-up exercise for the acting role of No. 6 in THE PRISONER which aired on television the same year? "There's somebody who doesn't want us to get to Ice Station Zebra" speaks Jones mid-way through the film when a deadly sabotage effort threatens the mission of this state-of-the-art nuclear-powered submarine. Can chewing gum really be that deadly? Not, implies Jones, unless one knows what one is doing.
In the end, perhaps "doing" is what the story is all about. The enigma that is the Arctic "Ice Station Zebra" is a place, a moment in time, and an action packed final=E9 to elaborate opportunities to show a nuclear submarine as intricate, powerful, vulnerable, monumental and awe inspiring no matter how one chooses to use this "chess-piece" in the ancient cold-war game of sizing-up the enemy.
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


Q1) What is the general perception of India in your home country? Are those perceptions correct? In your opinion, what are India's greatest strengths?
Q2) Has your experience here helped you gain an appreciation of how the world is interconnected on all levels (environmental, socio-cultural and geopolitical)? If so, can you cite specific examples?
When I studied my UG courses at Korea, I had lesser opportunities to meet foreign students, and talk with them. Although I have an outgoing personality, I couldn’t hide my embarrassment when I was talking with foreigners. But, in India, I could live with a foreigner from Germany, France, Canada and other nations, eat meals together, and discuss about one problem with different perspectives. Finally, I got many opportunities to interact with them (even travelling with them), and I could feel that I live in the global world.
Q3) What are the biggest differences you see between the college experience here and in your home country?
Housing is the most different thing w.r.t. my university.


Flowers In Different Countries
Explore the Indian Flowers
Explore the Chinese Flowers
Explore the American Flowers
Explore the Russian Flowers


A storage component to store with persistence the visibility between keypoints and 3D points, and respectively, based on a bimap from boost.
More...
|
| FrameworkReturnCode | increaseEdge (const uint32_t node1_id, const uint32_t node2_id, const float weight) override |
| | This method allow to increase edge between 2 nodes. More...
|
| |
| FrameworkReturnCode | decreaseEdge (const uint32_t node1_id, const uint32_t node2_id, const float weight) override |
| | This method allow to decrease edge between 2 nodes. More...
|
| |
| FrameworkReturnCode | removeEdge (const uint32_t node1_id, const uint32_t node2_id) override |
| | This method allow to remove an edge between 2 nodes. More...
|
| |
| FrameworkReturnCode | getEdge (const uint32_t node1_id, const uint32_t node2_id, float &weight) const override |
| | This method allow to get edge between 2 nodes. More...
|
| |
| bool | isEdge (const uint32_t node1_id, const uint32_t node2_id) const override |
| | This method allow to verify that exist an edge between 2 nodes. More...
|
| |
| FrameworkReturnCode | getAllNodes (std::set< uint32_t > &nodes_id) const override |
| | This method allow to get all nodes of the graph. More...
|
| |
| FrameworkReturnCode | suppressNode (const uint32_t node_id) override |
| | This method allow to suppress a node of the graph. More...
|
| |
| FrameworkReturnCode | getNeighbors (const uint32_t node_id, const float minWeight, std::vector< uint32_t > &neighbors, const uint32_t maxNbNeighbors=0) const override |
| | This method allow to get neighbors of a node in the graph. More...
|
| |
| FrameworkReturnCode | minimalSpanningTree (std::vector< std::tuple< uint32_t, uint32_t, float > > &edges_weights, float &minTotalWeights) override |
| | This method allow to get minimal spanning tree of the graph. More...
|
| |
| FrameworkReturnCode | maximalSpanningTree (std::vector< std::tuple< uint32_t, uint32_t, float > > &edges_weights, float &maxTotalWeights) override |
| | This method allow to get maximal spanning tree of the graph. More...
|
| |
| FrameworkReturnCode | getShortestPath (uint32_t node1_id, uint32_t node2_id, std::vector< uint32_t > &path) override |
| | This method allow to get the shortest (by number of vertices) path between 2 nodes. More...
|
| |
|
FrameworkReturnCode | display () const override |
| | This method allow to display all vertices and weighted edges of the covisibility graph.
|
| |
| FrameworkReturnCode | saveToFile (const std::string &file) const override |
| | This method allows to save the graph to the external file. More...
|
| |
| FrameworkReturnCode | loadFromFile (const std::string &file) override |
| | This method allows to load the graph from the external file. More...
|
| |
| const SRef< datastructure::CovisibilityGraph > & | getConstCovisibilityGraph () const override |
| | This method returns the covisibility graph. More...
|
| |
| std::unique_lock< std::mutex > | getCovisibilityGraph (SRef< datastructure::CovisibilityGraph > &covisibilityGraph) override |
| | This method returns the covisibility graph. More...
|
| |
| void | setCovisibilityGraph (const SRef< datastructure::CovisibilityGraph > covisibilityGraph) override |
| | This method is to set the covisibility graph. More...
|
| |
|
FrameworkReturnCode | clear () |
| | This method clears the covisibility graph (deletes all nodes and edges).
|
| |
| bool | isNode (const uint32_t node_id) const |
| | This method tests if node_id exists in the covisibility graph. More...
|
| |
| FrameworkReturnCode | addNode (const uint32_t node_id) |
| | This method allows to suppress a node of the graph. More...
|
| |
| FrameworkReturnCode | addEdge (const uint32_t node_id_1, const uint32_t node_id_2, const float weight) |
| | This method adds an edge to the covisibility graph. More...
|
| |
|
void | unloadComponent () override final |
| |
A storage component to store with persistence the visibility between keypoints and 3D points, and respectively, based on a bimap from boost.


A subway entrance was flooded because New York is preparing for climate change
by WPIX StaffNew Yorkers are used to strange subway sites, but this one had one person demanding an explanation from the Metropolitan Transportation Authority.
 There are three entrances at the station and only one was tested, a spokesperson for MTA said.
The agency plans on re-opening the entrance Thursday.
And no, the MTA is not " pivoting to submarines," despite their first response to the tweet.
The MTA was testing a new flex gate. It’s a flood barrier that would allow the agency to seal off a subway entrance. The test lasted four hours so the MTA could make sure the flex gate was installed correctly (it was.)
“We’re doing this because climate change is real,” NYCT subway tweeted. “We’re investing in capital projects around the system to prepare for the impacts of a changing climate.”
This story was originally published on WPIX.


Polsonics offers a wide array of highly customized audio solutions for live shows, concerts and corporate events. Our services include live sound mixing and reinforcement, audio recording, and PA systems. We combine the best quality brand equipment, fine-tuned live sound mixing techniques, and the latest technology, in order to create the best experience for any live audience.
Interested in hiring us for your next event? You can email us at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>visit our Facebook page, or fill out the contact form below.
We are a team of passionate, music-lovers who came together to bring the best audio quality to a live audience.
We have seen great artists perform with mediocre audio systems, or mega shows with tons of equipment that produce high volume with poor sound quality. Having seen this, we made it our mission to bring the best audio quality possible to live shows.


--- layout: post title: Table of Contents date: 2009-03-31 16:18:38.000000000 -06:00 type: post published: true status: publish categories: [] tags: [] meta: _gcid: '63' _edit_last: '1' _wp_page_template: default _bitly_trim: http://dddcommunity.org/?p=54 author: login: Vladimir Gitlevich email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>display_name: Vladimir Gitlevich first_name: Vladimir Gitlevich last_name: '' ---
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Why It Worked
Knowledge Crunching
Continuous Learning
Knowledge-Rich Design
Deep Models
UBIQUITOUS LANGUAGE
Modeling Out Loud
One Team, One Language
Documents and Diagrams
Written Design Documents
Executable Bedrock
Explanatory Models
Model-Driven
Design
Modeling Paradigms and Tool Support
Letting the Bones Show: Why Models Matter to Users
Hands-On Modelers
Layered Architecture
Relating the Layers
Architectural Frameworks
The Domain Layer Is Where the Model Lives
The Smart UI Anti-Pattern
Advantages
Disadvantages
Other Kinds of Isolation
Associations
Entities (aka Reference Objects)
Modeling Entities
Designing the Identity Operation
Value
Objects
Designing Value Objects
Designing Associations That Involve Value Objects
Services
Services and the Isolated Domain Layer
Granularity
Access to Services
Modules (aka Packages)
Agile Modules
The Pitfalls of Infrastructure-Driven Packaging
Modeling Paradigms
Why the Object Paradigm Predominates
Nonobjects in an Object World
Sticking with Model-Driven Design When Mixing Paradigms
Aggregates
Factories
Choosing Factories
When a Constructor Is All You Need
Designing the Interface
Where Does the Invariant Logic Go?
ENTITY Factories
Reconstituting Stored Objects
Repositories
Querying a RepositorY
Client Code Ignores RepositorY
Implementing a RepositorY
Working Within Your Frameworks
The Relationship with Factories
Designing Objects for Relational Databases
Digging Out Concepts
Listen to Language
Scrutinize Awkwardness
Contemplate Contradictions
Read the Book
Try, Try Again
How to Model Less Obvious Kinds of Concepts
Explicit Constraints
Processes As Domain Objects
Specification
Applying and Implementing Specification
Validation
Intention-Revealing Interfaces
Side-Effect-Free
Functions
Assertions
Conceptual
Contours
Standalone
Classes
Closure Of
Operations
Declarative Design
Domain-Specific Languages
A Declarative Style of Design
Extending Specifications in a Declarative Style
Angles of Attack
Carve Off Subdomains
Draw on Established Formalisms, When You Can
Strategy (aka Policy)
Composite
Why Not Flyweight?
Initiation
Exploration Teams
Prior Art
A Design for Developers
Timing
Crisis As Opportunity
Bounded Context
Recognizing Splinters Within a Bounded Context
Continuous
Integration
Context Map
Testing at the Context Boundaries
Organizing and Documenting Context MapS
Relationships Between Bounded ContextS
SHARED KERNEL
Customer/Supplier
Development Teams
Conformist
Anticorruption
Layer
Designing the Interface of the Anticorruption Layer
Implementing the Anticorruption Layer
A Cautionary Tale
Separate Ways
Open Host
Service
Published
Language
Unifying an Elephant
Choosing Your Model Context Strategy
Team Decision or Higher
Putting Ourselves in Context
Transforming Boundaries
Accepting That Which We Cannot Change: Delineating the External Systems
Relationships with the External Systems
The System Under Design
Catering to Special Needs with Distinct Models
Deployment
The Trade-off
When Your Project Is Already Under Way
Transformations
Merging Contexts (Separate Ways Shared Kernel)
Merging Contexts (Shared Kernel Continuous Integration)
Phasing Out a Legacy System
Open Host Service Published Language
Core Domain
Choosing the Core
Who Does the Work?
An Escalation of Distillations
Generic
Subdomains
Generic Doesnt Mean Reusable
Project Risk Management
Domain
Vision Statement
Highlighted Core
The Distillation Document
The Flagged Core
The Distillation Document As Process Tool
Cohesive
Mechanisms
Generic Subdomain Versus Cohesive Mechanism
When a Mechanism Is Part of the Core Domain
Distilling to a Declarative Style
Segregated Core
The Costs of Creating a Segregated Core
Evolving Team Decision
Abstract Core
Deep Models Distill
Choosing Refactoring Targets
Evolving Order
System
Metaphor
The Naive Metaphor and Why We Dont Need It
Responsibility
Layers
Choosing Appropriate Layers
Knowledge
Level
Pluggable
Component Framework
How Restrictive Should a Structure Be?
Refactoring Toward a Fitting Structure
Minimalism
Communication and Self-Discipline
Restructuring Yields Supple Design
Distillation Lightens the Load
Combining Large-Scale Structures and Bounded Contexts
Combining Large-Scale Structures and Distillation
Assessment First
Who Sets the Strategy?
Emergent Structure from Application Development
A Customer-Focused Architecture Team
Six Essentials for Strategic Design Decision Making
The Same Goes for the Technical Frameworks
Beware the Master Plan
Appendix. The Use of Patterns in This Book
Glossary
References
Index


CouchbaseConnection it is couchbase connection using plain couchbase driver. This is the most basic persistence component that is only able to store data items of any type. Specific CRUD operations over the data items must be implemented in child classes by accessing c.Connection properties.
Configuration parameters:
- bucket: (optional) Couchbase bucket name - connection(s): - discovery_key: (optional) a key to retrieve the connection from connect.idiscovery.html IDiscovery]] - host: host name or IP address - port: port number (default: 27017) - uri: resource URI or connection string with all parameters in it - credential(s): - store_key: (optional) a key to retrieve the credentials from auth.icredentialstore.html ICredentialStore]] - username: (optional) user name - password: (optional) user password - options: - auto_create: (optional) automatically create missing bucket (default: false) - auto_index: (optional) automatically create primary index (default: false) - flush_enabled: (optional) bucket flush enabled (default: false) - bucket_type: (optional) bucket type (default: couchbase) - ram_quota: (optional) RAM quota in MB (default: 100) References:
- *:logger:*:*:1.0 (optional) ILogger components to pass log messages - *:discovery:*:*:1.0 (optional) IDiscovery services - *:credential-store:\*:\*:1.0 (optional) Credential stores to resolve credentials
type CouchbaseConnection struct { //The logger. Logger *clog.CompositeLogger //The connection resolver. ConnectionResolver *CouchbaseConnectionResolver //The configuration options. Options *cconf.ConfigParams //The Couchbase cluster connection object. Connection *gocb.Cluster //The Couchbase bucket name. BucketName string //The Couchbase bucket object. Bucket *gocb.Bucket Authenticator gocb.PasswordAuthenticator // contains filtered or unexported fields }
func NewCouchbaseConnection(bucketName string) *CouchbaseConnection
NewCouchbaseConnection are creates a new instance of the connection component. Parameters:
- bucketName the name of couchbase bucket
func (c *CouchbaseConnection) Close(correlationId string) (err error)
Closes component and frees used resources. Parameters:
- correlationId (optional) transaction id to trace execution through call chain.
Returns: error error or null no errors occured.
func (c *CouchbaseConnection) Configure(config *cconf.ConfigParams)
Configure are configures component by passing configuration parameters. Parameters:
- config configuration parameters to be set.
func (c *CouchbaseConnection) GetBucket() *gocb.Bucket
GetBucket method are returned opened bucket
func (c *CouchbaseConnection) GetBucketName() string
GetBucketName method are returned bucket name
func (c *CouchbaseConnection) GetConnection() *gocb.Cluster
GetConnection method are return opened connection
func (c *CouchbaseConnection) IsOpen() bool
IsOpen method are checks if the component is opened. Retrun true if the component has been opened and false otherwise.
func (c *CouchbaseConnection) Open(correlationId string) (err error)
Open method are opens the component. Parameters:
- correlationId (optional) transaction id to trace execution through call chain.
Returns: error error or nil no errors occured.
func (c *CouchbaseConnection) SetReferences(references cref.IReferences)
SetReferences are sets references to dependent components. Parameters:
- references references to locate the component dependencies.
CouchbaseConnectionParams struct for save connection params
type CouchbaseConnectionParams struct { Uri string `json: "uri"` Username string `json "username"` Password string `json: "password"` }
CouchbaseConnectionResolver helper class that resolves Couchbase connection and credential parameters, validates them and generates a connection URI.
It is able to process multiple connections to Couchbase cluster nodes.
Configuration parameters:
- connection(s): - discovery_key: (optional) a key to retrieve the connection from IDiscovery - host: host name or IP address - port: port number (default: 27017) - database: database (bucket) name - uri: resource URI or connection string with all parameters in it - credential(s): - store_key: (optional) a key to retrieve the credentials from auth.icredentialstore.html ICredentialStore - username: user name - password: user password
References:
- *:discovery:*:*:1.0 (optional) IDiscovery services - *:credential-store:*:*:1.0 (optional) Credential stores to resolve credentials
type CouchbaseConnectionResolver struct { //The connections resolver. ConnectionResolver *ccon.ConnectionResolver //The credentials resolver. CredentialResolver *cauth.CredentialResolver }
func NewCouchbaseConnectionResolver() *CouchbaseConnectionResolver
NewCouchbaseConnectionResolver method creates new instance of CouchbaseConnectionResolver Retruns *CouchbaseConnectionResolver
func (c *CouchbaseConnectionResolver) Configure(config *cconf.ConfigParams)
Configures component by passing configuration parameters. Parameters:
- config configuration parameters to be set.
func (c *CouchbaseConnectionResolver) Resolve(correlationId string) (connection *CouchbaseConnectionParams, err error)
Resolves Couchbase connection URI from connection and credential parameters. Parameters:
- correlationId (optional) transaction id to trace execution through call chain.
Returns: connection *CouchbaseConnectionParams, err error resolved connection params or error.
func (c *CouchbaseConnectionResolver) SetReferences(references cref.IReferences)
Sets references to dependent components.
- references references to locate the component dependencies.


femtoJS is less than 20 lines of code (0.4 Kb compressed and gziped) JavaScript library for basic DOM manipulation. It has jQuery like syntax and supports chaining.
Because is so small and simple you can add or remove methods directly in the library, meaning is very customizable. All methods are unrelated so removing one will not affect the library in any way.
Use this library as starting point and personalise it so it can meet your needs.
Here are some code examples:
$(".someClass").css("background-color:green;").html("Hello World");
$("#a").on("click", function(){
$("#someDiv").css("background-color:green;color:#fff;");
})
It works in ES6 supported browsers.


Change "No" to "Yes" as you complete the tasks:
Task
Complete?
Amad Ali
No
--------------- ADMINISTRATION -----------------
Created ZIP file, sent to D2L
No
Downloaded your D2L submission to verify not corrupt
No
Submitted all files except checklist, and input files concatenated together, to D2L TII link
No
All files correctly named, in single directory
No
Did you consider simplifying the assignment
No
Extensive comments in your code showing you know how the program works
[required in your own words—no plagiarism!]
No
"javac *.java" (twice, with appropriate flags) in one directory compiles all code from console window.
No
System will run with supplied batch files
No
Process 2 startup triggers the running of the whole system
No
Provided clear console log file for your running processes
No
Provided sample JSON output of your blockchain in BlockchainLedgerSample.json
No
Three processes run from single program with arg 0,1,2
No
Runs from the master grading script and sub-scripts?
No
Writes final version of the ledger to BlockchainLedger.json from process 0
No
Correct headers for source files?
No
<>
I ran and understand the Blockchain utilities program
Yes I ran BlockJ.java
I ran and understand the Blockchain input utilities program with JSON
Yes I ran BlockInputG.java
I ran and understand the Blockchain Work program
Yes, I ran WorkB.java
I ran and understand the Blockchain Process Coordination program
Yes, I ran bc.java
--------------- THE PROGRAM -----------------
Processes produce a basic blockchain ledger
No
All three processes contribute blocks to the ledger
No
Blocks are verified by SHA256 hash of 3 items: previous hash, random seed, data
No
Reads prescribed data files for initial data
No
Three processes cooperate
No
Processes each serve multiple ports
No
<>
Updated blockchain ledger is distributed to three nodes
No
Process 0 writes the ledger to disk after each update to it
No
Ledger is marshaled to other nodes as JSON
No
Un-verified blocks are sent to all other processes
No
Un-verified blocks are marshaled to other processes as JSON
No
<>
Digital Signatures used
No
Digital Signatures are verified
No
Public Keys are kept with process IDs for all nodes
No
A verifying block checks the signature on the data hash before verification
No
Work has been implemented.
No
Work method periodically checks to see if the block has already been verified
No
<>
Nodes compete to verify blocks
No
A priority queue was implemented
No
Blocks are fully listed after console command to do so
No
Records are listed one to a line
No
Blockchain is validated after console command
No
Credit is given to nodes for validating blocks
No
Blocks are fully verified with SHA256 and signatures
No
No
------------------- CREATE YOUR OWN MINI-PROJECT ENTRIES HERE: --------------
<>
Standalone program creates a blockchain and writes a JSON
version to disk.
No
Standalone three-process coordination running
No
Add the rest of your mini-projects here, line by line...
No
No
<>
Multiple blockchains are queued for processing
No
Blockchain forks are all handled...
No
Same length / same blockID / different timestamp handled
No
Same length / different blockID handled
No
You have code to verify an entire blockchain
No
Different length blockchain handled
No
Did you use args 2-N for extra functionality?
No
TBD
No
------------------- BRAGGING RIGHTS BELOW THIS LINE--------------
<>
Real work has been implemented based on hash value
No
Use the dataHash field to verify local records against cache
No
Extra command line functionality documented in three places? (Console prelude,
in program, bottom checklist.)
No
For fun ran system on three different computers
No
Clear written analysis of this program's security weaknesses
No
You've written up technological updates to the tools used
No
Reconstruct entire blockchain when error detected in early block
No
Very hard! Any number of peers supported by DHT multicast group with
persistent public/private keys
No
[Fill in custom extra feature] add
multiple entries as needed
Yes
Comment two, etc.


Patients
Medical Professionals
Patients
Patients
Patients
Patients
Joint Replacement Solutions for Active Patients
SHOULDER
SHOULDER
SHOULDER
SHOULDER
SHOULDER
Button


|
MAGE is a software development kit for the creation of 3D graphics applications and user interfaces on Android. ngin3D is the user-facing part of MAGE. It provides the integration between the user applications, Android infrastructure including threading, interpreting JSON animations generated by Adobe AfterEffects, and MediaTek's A3M 3D Graphics engine. This diagram illustrates where ngin3D fits into MAGE. MAGE also includes MediaTek's A3M graphics engine and support for both Adobe AfterEffects for animation, and Autodesk 3DSMax for animated 3D models and scenes. A3M (Advanced 3D Middleware) is a compact and highly flexible 3D graphics engine specifically designed for embedded environments. A3M is not specfic to Android and may be deployed on other OS's and platforms (for example, it is used in the Windows tool "Gloviewer").
Note The ngin3D API code uses American spellings. |
|


--- layout: pattern summary: "Scrollable allows HTML content that does not wrap well to be scrolled horiztonally using build-in browser scrolling. Typically used to make HTML `
| Table Header | Table Header | Table Header | Table Header | Table Header | Table Header | Table Header |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Content Goes Here | This is longer content Donec id elit non mi porta gravida at eget metus. | Content Goes Here | Content Goes Here | Content Goes Here | Content Goes Here | Content Goes Here |
| Content Goes Here | This is longer Content Goes Here Donec id elit non mi porta gravida at eget metus. | Content Goes Here | Content Goes Here | Content Goes Here | Content Goes Here | Content Goes Here |
| Content Goes Here | This is longer Content Goes Here Donec id elit non mi porta gravida at eget metus. | Content Goes Here | Content Goes Here | Content Goes Here | Content Goes Here | Content Goes Here |


{include file="sidebar.html"}
{/if} {/if} {/if}{sprintf("[`You are currently authorized as %s. Please verify or update your contact information using the form below. Your existing contact info will be automatically updated.`]", $wa->user('name'))}
[`If you want to place an order on behalf of another customer, log out from your current profile and proceed to checkout again.`]


A static site generator is a build tool. The Static page generators are convenient when developing simple websites/pages. The static page generator takes content, applies it to the template and generates a static HTML file to serve to the browser.
Having to dynamically pull information from a database every time a visitor hits a page on a content-heavy site can result in delays that cause frustration and bounces.
SSGs serve already compiled files to the browser, cutting load times by a large margin.
One of the biggest threats of developing with a dynamic CMS is the lack of security. Their need for bigger server-side infrastructures opens the way for potential breaches.
With static setups, there's little to no server-side functionality.
Opinionated and cumbersome traditional CMSs are constraining. The only way to scale is with existing plugins and customization is limited to available theming platforms. That's cool if you're a non-technical user, but developers quickly find themselves hands tied.
SSGs might ask for more technical skills but will reward developers with freedom. Most of them also have plugin ecosystems, theming and easy to plug third-party services. Plus, extendability using their core programming language is limitless.


Regions
Regions are at the center of the visual composition of the application. A region is a logical grouping of a view and a view model. All regions are implicitly created during compositions, Bifrost manages creation and lifecycle of them.
Hierarchy
A region can have child regions. The region will be aware of any of the child regions properties and respond to their changes recursively. This allows for checking things like validation without having knowledge about the concrete different regions. The region will aggregate information about what is going on in the region or any of sub regions. Later in this article you'll see an overview of properties you can use from the region.
Inheritance
Regions are hierarchical by nature since a view can basically choose to include one or more other views. Each of these views being referred to gets a region associated with it. A view model is optional, but will by convention automatically be loaded and instantiated and associated into the region.
Each region has a relationship to the parent region, not only through the parent property, but also through inheritance. Regions inherit the parent region, making it possible to access properties one wants to share at a higher level.
Region Descriptors
Expanding a region with properties or functionality is done through what is known as a region descriptor. This makes it possible to separate out this into its own concept.
Bifrost.namespace("BoundedContext.Feature", {
RegionDescriptor: Bifrost.views.RegionDescriptor.extend(function() {
this.describe = function(region) {
region.aCommonProperty = "Something";
}
})
});
Operations
Bifrost has the concept of operations. Basically an encapsulation of work that the user wants performed. The operations are aggregated into the region they belong to and when not executed represents a possible change.
Properties
| Property | Type | Observable | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| view | View | X | Holds the actual view for the region |
| children | Region[] | X | Array of child regions |
| parent | Region | X | Parent region |
| isValid | Boolean | X | Returns validation related to any commands in the hierarchy |
| validationMessages | String[] | X | Array of any validation messages |
| canCommandsExwecute | Boolean | X | Returns wether or not all the commands in the region or any sub region are capable of executing |
| areCommandsAuthorized | Boolean | X | Returns wether or not all the commands in the region or any sub region are authorized |
| commandsHaveChanges | Boolean | X | Returns wether or not any of the commands in the region or any sub region are authorized |
| areCommandsReadyToExecute | Boolean | X | Returns wether or not all the commands in the region or any sub region are ready to execute |
| hasChanges | Boolean | X | Returns wether or not there are any commands with changes or any operations scheduled in the region or any sub region |
| isExecuting | Boolean | X | Returns wether or not there are any commands in the region or any sub region executing |
| isComposing | Boolean | X | Returns wether or not composition tasks in the region or any sub region is being performed |
| isLoading | Boolean | X | Returns wether or not there is a loading task running, for instance queries loading data in the region or any sub region |
| isBusy | Boolean | X | An aggregate of isLoading, isComposing and isExecuting |


CtrlPattern → Tone
Generate patterns from an array of values. Has a number of arpeggiation and randomized selection patterns.
- "up" - cycles upward
- "down" - cycles downward
- "upDown" - up then and down
- "downUp" - cycles down then and up
- "alternateUp" - jump up two and down one
- "alternateDown" - jump down two and up one
- "random" - randomly select an index
- "randomWalk" - randomly moves one index away from the current position
- "randomOnce" - randomly select an index without repeating until all values have been chosen.
new
Tone.CtrlPattern
(values[, type])
values
{Array}
type
{Tone.CtrlPattern.Type}
An array of options to choose from.
The name of the pattern.
default values
type:Tone.CtrlPattern.Type.Up
values:"[]"
members
.values
{Array}
The array of values to arpeggiate over
.index
{Number}
The current position in the values array
.value
{*}
READ ONLY
The value at the current index of the pattern.
methods
.next
()
returns
{*}
The next value
Return the next value given the current position and pattern.


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Armageddon A movie review by "Average Joe" Barlow (c) Copyright 1998
STARRING: Bruce Willis, Liv Tyler, Ben Affleck, Billy Bob Thornton, Steve Buscemi, Michael Duncan DIRECTOR: Michael Bay WRITERS: Tony Gilroy and Shane Salerno RATED/YEAR: PG-13/1998
"Armageddon" is the latest in a recent flood of films about big rocks striking the Earth, a subject Hollywood can't seem to get enough of. Roger Corman, known primarily for his many low-budget horror films of the '50s, began the trend with last year's TV mini-series, "Asteroid." This summer has already seen the release of "Deep Impact," and while "Armageddon" is a better film than either of its predecessers, it may nonetheless be too little too late to satisfy movie-goers. The story is straightforward enough. Several small meteorites have struck New York City, causing extensive damage to life and property. NASA discovers that these small rocks are but a prelude: an asteroid the size of Texas is on a collision course with Earth. The rock's size means that it's a "planet killer," with the potential to destroy all life on Earth, right down to the bacteria. Realising that no amount of weapons fired from the Earth's surface will stop the asteroid, NASA chairman Dan Truman (an excellent Billy Bob Thornton) sends a team to intercept it. Their mission: drill 8OO feet into the surface of the rock, plant a nuclear bomb inside, then detonate it once they are safely away. The resulting explosion should split the asteroid in two, causing it to miss the Earth. Bruce Willis (Die Hard) plays oil-driller Harry Stamper, recruited to head the mission because of his expertise drilling into unusual types of rock. Also along for the ride are A.J. (Ben Affleck), Rockhound (Steve Buscemi), Bear (Michael Duncan) and several other professional drillers. Although the team doesn't particularly like each other, they are forced to work together against a common obstacle. Since this is a Hollywood film, the act naturally brings them closer together. This should be a compelling story in its own right, but director Michael Bay and screenwriters Gilroy and Salerno don't seem sure of their ability to make it interesting; as such, they throw tons of ridiculous subplots into the mix. This is the sort of film where if there's even the slightest chance for something to go wrong, it will. So naturally the drill gets stuck, the timer on the nuclear bomb doesn't work, levers break off in our heroes' hands at critical times for no particular reason... well, you get the idea. This film turns "suspension of disbelief" into an art form. After a while, these misfortunes cease to be suspenseful and become laughable. Like "Deep Impact," "Armageddon" has the obligatory disfunctional family. Tea Leoni does not get along with her father in "Deep Impact"; Bruce Willis does not get along with his daughter in "Armageddon." Leoni hates her father's new girlfriend in "Impact"; Willis hates his daughter's boyfriend (played by Affleck's character) in "Armageddon." Leoni and father reconcile in "Impact"; Willis and daughter reconcile in "Armageddon." How sweet. It might be remotely interesting if I hadn't just seen it. "Armageddon" won't go down as a sci-fi classic, but it's probably worth a peek. What sets it apart from the other rock flicks is not its intelligence (which is only average), nor its special effects (which are fine, though not extraordinary). The acting is the key here, and the cast does not disappoint. Tyler and Affleck are a great screen couple, the epitome of young lovers who are uncertain of the future and what it may bring. Thornton is also excellent as the NASA official helping out the team from the ground. Surprisingly, humor is a big part of the film's charm; witness Steve Buscemi (Reservoir Dogs, The Wedding Singer), who's played primarily for laughs here and comes through in spades. His observations about the space shuttle's construction are particularly entertaining. Other moments to look for: an amusing cameo by Godzilla in the film's opening scene, a Russian cosmonaut afflicted with a serious case of space madness, and the wonderful scenes in which the crew members undergo NASA psychological testing. Although Aerosmith is not credited with the film's musical score, they do perform the lion's share of the tunes. No doubt this is because Liv Tyler (daughter of Stephen, Aerosmith's lead singer) stars. If you like Aerosmith, you're in for a treat. If you don't... well, sorry. I hope this film does well at the box office. Not because it's a great artistic achievment, mind you; I simply want director Michael Bay to make enough money to buy a tripod. I've never seen a movie so afraid of static shots. Some scenes vibrate as though the cameraman was bouncing around the set on a pogo stick; others make me wonder if the photographer mistook the camera for an etch-a-sketch and was trying to erase the picture he'd drawn. The visual style of the film is often quite effective, though, particularly in the outer space sequences. My recommendation?
RATING: 2.5 stars (out of a possible five)
This review was originally written: July 5, 1998
Copyright (c) 1998 by Joe Barlow. This review may be freely distributed as long as ABSOLUTELY NO CHANGES are made and this disclaimer remains attached. It may not reproduced for profit without the written consent of the author. If you have comments or questions, please send them to: jbarlow at earthling dot net (substituting the appropriate symbols, to discourage spam).
----- "Average Joe" Barlow MiSTie #73097<EMAIL_ADDRESS>http://www.ipass.net/~jbarlow {Remove YOUR PANTS to e-mail me.}
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