People make snap judgements. It takes only 1/10th of a second to form a first impression about a person, and websites are no different. It takes about 50 milliseconds (that’s 0.05 seconds) for users to form an opinion about your website that determines whether they like your site or not, whether they’ll stay or leave.
This number comes from specific studies. In the first study, participants twice rated the visual appeal of web homepages presented for 500 ms each. In a follow-up study they reduced the expsure time to 50 ms. Throughout, visual appeal ratings were highly correlated from one phase to the next as were the correlations between the 50 ms and 500 ms conditions. Thus, visual appeal can be assessed within 50 ms, suggesting that web designers have about 50 ms to make a good first impression
This first impression depends on many factors: structure, colors, spacing, symmetry, amount of text, fonts, and more. All the website screenshots below are for illustrative purposes only.
Users form design opinions even in 17 ms
Recently Google confirmed the 50 ms number in their own research. In fact, according to their study some opinions develop even within 17 ms (though the effect was less pronounced on some design factors).
The key findings from their study were that websites with low visual complexity and high prototypicality (how representative a design looks for a certain category of websites) were perceived as highly appealing.
Key takeaway: Make your web design simple and familiar (follow conventions – e.g. people have a fixed idea what an e-commerce site should be like). If you go for innovative, unconventional layouts – people are less likely to like them.
Eyetracking study identifies key elements
It takes 2.6 seconds for a user’s eyes to land on that area of a website that most influences their first impression.
The researchers monitored students’ eye movements as they scanned the web pages. The researchers then analyzed the eye-tracking data to determine how long it took for the students to focus on specific sections of a page – such as the menu, logo, images and social media icons – before they moved on to another section. They discovered that the better the first impression, the the longer the participants stayed on the page.
The website sections that drew the most interest from viewers were as follows:
- The institution’s logo. Users spent about 6.48 seconds focused on this area before moving on.
- The main navigation menu. Almost as popular as the logo, subjects spent an average of 6.44 seconds viewing the menu.
- The search box, where users focused for just over 6 seconds.
- The site’s main image, where users’ eyes fixated for an average of 5.94 seconds.
- The site’s written content, where users spent about 5.59 seconds.
- The bottom of a website, where users spent about 5.25 seconds.
Key takeaway: Good first impression leads to longer visit duration. Make sure the 6 elements listed here look great.
First impressions are 94% design related
British researchers analyzed how different design and information content factors influence trust of online health sites.
The study showed clearly that the look and feel of the website is the main driver of first impressions.
Of all the feedback the test participants gave, 94% was about design (complex, busy layout, lack of navigation aids, noring web design especially use of color, pop up adverts, slow introductions to site, small print, too much text, corporate look and feel, poor search facilities). Only 6% of the feedback was about the actual content. Visual appeal and website navigation appeared had by far the biggest influence on people’s first impressions of the site.
At the same time, poor interface design was particularly associated with rapid rejection and mistrust of a website. When participants did not like some aspect of the design, the whole website was often not explored further than the homepage and was not considered suitable.
Similar results were found in a study research for Consumer WebWatch, conducted by Stanford University credibility experts. They found that what people *say* about how they evaluate trust of a website and how they *really* do it are different.
The data showed that the average consumer paid far more attention to the superficial aspects of a site, such as visual cues, than to its content. For example, nearly half of all consumers (or 46.1%) in the study assessed the credibility of sites based in part on the appeal of the overall visual design of a site, including layout, typography, font size and color schemes.
Key takeaway: Great design gets people to trust you and to stick around. Poor design creates mistrust and makes people leave.
Inspiration drives better first impression
A study looking into the role of first impressions in tourism websites found that inspiration-related elements had the greatest impact on first-impression formation. This suggests that visually appealing stimuli is a very important tool for getting people to stay longer on the site and thus converting more visitors into buyers.
Key takeaway: If you’re selling a dream (e.g. the idea of going on a holiday to Fiji), inspiring photography is the leading first impression creator.
Positive first impressions lead to higher satisfaction
In an experiment conducted to study the effects of product expectations on subjective usability ratings, participants read a positive or a negative product review for a novel mobile device before a usability test, while the control group read nothing.
The study revealed a surprisingly strong effect of positive expectations on subjective post-experiment ratings: the participants who had read the positive review gave the device significantly better post-experiment ratings than did the negative-prime and no-prime groups. This boosting effect of the positive prime held even in the hard task condition where the users failed in most of the tasks.
 It only makes sense to assume that this kind of priming works also the other way – negative first impression decreases the overall satisfaction with your site.
Visual appeal more important than usability for user perception
A study examined the effects of visual appeal and usability on user performance and satisfaction with a website.
Users completed different tasks on websites which varied in visual appeal (high and low) and usability (high and low). Results show that first impressions are most influenced by the visual appeal of the site. Users gave high usability and interest ratings to sites with high appeal and low usability and interest ratings to sites with low appeal. User perceptions of a low appeal website were not significantly influenced by the site’s usability even after a successful experience with the site.
Key takeaway: Invest in design – it’s what matters the most for pulling users in. Funny enough, great visual design will lead to higher usability ratings even. And actual usability will matter much less if the overall visual appeal is low.
First impressions can last for years
A research by 2 economists – Barry Staw and Ha Hoang (Administrative Science Quarterly, 1995) – looked into the impact of draft order in NBA. They observed players career over 5 years after they were drafted. 5 years is enough to prove yourself in many ways, so draft order shouldn’t play a role, right? Wrong. According to the study the playing time players get is exactly related to their draft order.
Results showed that teams granted more playing time to their most highly drafted players and retained them longer, even after controlling for players’ on-court performance (how well they played matters much less!), injuries, trade status, and position played. Even after controlling for other factors, in a given season every increment in the draft number (e.g., getting drafted ninth instead of eighth) decreased playing time as much as 23 minutes. Incredibly, draft order continued to predict playing time all the way through a player’s fifth year in the NBA, the final year measured in the study. Players drafted in the first round had also longer careers – they played for 3.5 more years than the rest.
Another study looking into the persistence of first impressions discovered that new experiences that contradict a first impression become “bound” to the context in which they were made, whereas first impressions still dominate in other contexts. Our brain stores expectancy-violating experiences as exceptions-to-the-rule, such that the rule is treated as valid except for the specific context in which it has been violated.
Key takeaway: If their first impression is negative, it might cause the user to have prejudice against you for years.
Make sure above the fold area rocks
Over the years “above the fold” issue has been hotly debated. Today’s research indicates that people have no problem scrolling and in fact prefer it to diving the content into many pages. What’s this got to do with first impressions?
Here’s a new dimension of thinking to the “above the fold” issue: it needs to be the best part of your website. First impressions are formed in 0.05 seconds. They’re not going to scroll down in that time. Hence, what they see immediately without scroll is what determines whether they even want to scroll down.
Conclusion
Visual appeal matters a lot. My best advice: don’t try to save money on design, ever. I’ve seen time and again how a “plain design overhaul” resulted in significant conversion boosts.
People form their opinion about your site in milliseconds. The first second on your website might matter more than all other seconds that follow. Make sure that second makes a great first impression.
What do you thing about visually appealing splash screens before the main page pops up? I don’t like it but maybe it can work.
“I don’t like” it is irrelevant. Test it – that’s the only way to find out.
Pay attention to 2 measures: bounce rate and subscription rate.
Hi Peep,
Awesome post! I’ll come back to this when we do our planned site redesign.
I’d love to learn more from you on this topic, specifically about how you’d actually go about getting a highly effective design done and how you’d test site design.
Thanks – material for future posts.
I’ll second that. I’d love to read a post about getting a highly effective design done, and where/how you find people who deliver on this front.
Hi Peep
This is my favourite one of your posts so far – great research and insight. As a copywriter I always knew that words have their place when pitted against the instant impact of design – but to discover people spend less than 6 seconds evaluating content is just mindblowing. Owch!
Obviously, this doesn’t mean we should write gibberish, but I’d love to see some research on what happens after a reader decides they like the look of your site – how does this then feed into the attention they give your content going forward?
It really is a stark fact that there might be some genius level writers out there who could blow our minds with their content – but whose work never really gains any traction because it’s published on a crappy looking site. (This is almost like that ‘beautiful people are more successful’ research: http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/games-primates-play/201203/the-truth-about-why-beautiful-people-are-more-successful)
It seems online as in print – readers always judge a book by its cover. But I’d love to know the correlation between this surface ‘superficiality’ and the connection readers then go on to have with the content published subsequent to these first impressions. For example, do readers think your words are more insightful if you publish them on a stunning blog (even though they aren’t in reality?).
All interesting stuff to feed into the marketing mix.
Good work mate!
Loz
Thanks Loz.
Ultimately it’s about conversions – whatever the desired action might be. It’s easy to measure the impact of great design on sales conversions. In most cases it’s positive.
Thanks – great post
A few months ago we redesigned our site at http://www.PropertyUpdate.com.au, using what we thought was best practice. The more visually appealing site has made a huge difference in conversion of first time visitors to subscribers. You are right. It’s worth spending the time effort and money
Glad to hear!
Hey Peep,
New here. Loved this post to the core. In fact I never spent a penny on design because I know enough CSS and have a good knowledge of designing logos in photoshop. So when I tried my hand, it turned out pretty good and I’m getting positive responses to my blog’s design. The examples you provided here are super super super awesome! Mine is a little blog with a simple design and I’m happy with it. Plus I’m also using a neatly self designed scroll triggered box that I came to know after reading your “ConversionXl is 1 year old” post. It’s converting great!
You’re awesome! Thanks again :)
Aditya
Thanks Aditya
I would also assume this has a lot to do with the visitor’s purpose when arriving on a page. it seems the study results come from having test participants look at websites without any real goal to accomplish, other than completing the test results.
For example, when I recvd your email newsletter with the link to this page, I went to the page to read about this particular topic, thinking “i could have a great website and be rich & handsome if i knew this secret of the importance of great visual design”. LOL. i had a goal to accomplish.
my initial focus was drawn to the large photo of the sports car. i heard the voice in my head saying “ok, nice looking sports car = nice design, this matches the description of the topic, i must be in the right place.” i am here to achieve my goal of reading about this topic. i can continue, rather than close the tab. that could indicate the power of great visual design. my initial impression (17ms) confirmed i was heading toward “accomplishin’ ma goal”. just as the study confirmed, the use of appropriate images is good.
then i quickly scanned the article to see how long it was, to determine if i felt i had the time to read it. i was dismayed at it’s length, and immediately thought, no it’s too long, i don’t have time to read all this. then my next thought was to print it, to read it later. then i thought, no i don’t want to use / waste paper. i better try to read it.
then i skipped to the comments to see if there was social proof. did other readers think this was worth the read, or was it crap? kind of like amazon product ratings. a quick scan told me they thought it was good reading.
next i discovered the section about 17ms, then looking at a logo for 6 seconds. this caused my brain to have a conflict, which i had to stop and re-read again. WAIT! if a site’s importance is determined in 17-50 ms, how and why would a user spend 6 seconds starring at the LOGO? i don’t know if this puzzle was written on purpose to get me to stop and read more of the content and even make a comment, but if it was, then it worked. here i am writing a long comment :)
so the point i’m trying to make is “i came to the site with a goal of reading this content, to find out how to improve a website’s impact by having a great design.” but compared to the article, i did not spend any time looking at the other areas of the website. no logo, no top nav menu, no side areas, etc. i was laser focused on achieving my goal. the only design i cared about was the image at the start of the article, which confirmed i was in the right place. i would probably like this webpage if it was just a plain page with the top article image and a narrow enough body text column to keep my eyes from getting fatigued from too much horizontal scrolling.
now i may be the only one who looks at a website this way. i don’t know. i’m wondering if the additional visual design attributes discussed within the article only apply to people who look at a website without any primary goal to accomplish, as if they are “just looking aka window shopping”, and they decide the website looks trustworthy enough to come in and consume the content offerings? or maybe my brain processed the other design elements subconsciously, and added to the feeling that I was in the right place. it would be neat if we could also measure brainwaves in addition to eye studies.
if you have comments about this i’d like to read them.
btw, i was also annoyed that as i scrolled down, an ad zoomed in trying to get me to signup for the newsletter. “i am already signed up!” i said out loud and clicked the close button. funny and disturbing at the same time. wish the site used a cookie to determine that i was already subscribed.
Hey Steve.
Thanks for the thorough comment. I hear you – definitely user intent matters a lot.
You can’t really make conclusions about the world based on yourself (you are not your customer), but you do make a valid point.
The layout of the page and the content matter a lot. You didn’t pay attention to the logo and stuff since you knew it’s an article – you focused in on the content.
(And long, thorough posts is how I roll).
As for the scroll triggered box – there is a cookie in place. The box is shown 3 times max. Obviously it won’t work if you switch browsers, use incognito mode or delete cookies.
This was a great read. I’ve gone ahead and shared it with our customers at KickoffLabs (who are building their landing pages).
We’ve got some data on our platforms landing pages that may help back this up for you as well if you’re interested.
Thanks,
Josh Ledgard
Founder – http://www.kickofflabs.com (Landing Pages for Everyone!)
Cheers – always interested in good data!
Its really annoying that every time I come here and scroll down, signup form pops up. Im already subscribed.
Sorry to hear that. As I mentioned above, Tthe box is shown 3 times max to a visitor (cookie based tracking). It won’t work if you switch browsers, use incognito mode or delete cookies.
Powerful stuff. I especially like that you backed it up with research from both the industry and the outside the industry. I know from personal experience that visual design and usability are huge for a site. I used to work in the publishing industry and, up until recently, an online literary magazine had a site that looked like it belonged in 1997. They discovered that people who had been in the industry for a long time or were very well connected were the ones submitting to the magazine, but fresh new talent wasn’t interested. That changed once they update their site. For brands that have been around for awhile, only loyal customers will overlook serious design flaws. A great site is essential to gaining and keeping new customers.
I’m currently going through several redesigns for clients and building a few new sites myself. Big thanks for the key takeaways and those important 6 elements.
Thanks!
awesome post peep….
how i do not compltely agree with the idea of sto innovating and follow what is already there and proven..
anyways.. great article with great research.. as always…
Hey
It’s not about stopping innovation – but not taking it too far at the time (e.g. completely changing the idea of how something works)
Hi guys, I loved this. We always struggle with a budget for design. I would love your feedback on my site! Please let me know what you think and how our sites design can be improved. Would love to know.
Naomi
Hey Naomi
Thanks. It looks average – it doesn’t stand out, but also doesn’t hurt the eye.
Great post I’ll apply this to my new blog ..thanks for sharing
Very nice posting. It’s also worth noting the impact between visual design and trust. I tried to explore this in a fun way (Disney references!) in a recent posting too…
http://www.experiencedzine.com/2012/11/16/design-cleanliness-and-trust-dont-leave-pooh-on-main-street/
Great article supported by research studies. Thank you Peep!
Peep, I truly loved this post because of the research you used to support your claim (which I couldn’t agree more with). Thanks for continually pumping out quality content. It doesn’t go unnoticed!
Cheers
I loved this post and I think it’s great information to use when starting a new design or revamp of your website.
One thing that got my attention was the “Above the fold” part. With mobile devices dominating the internet traffic nowadays, how relevant “above the fold” is when the canvas in mobile devices is so limited? Just wondering how this issue can be addressed on mobile devices.
Great job and thank you for this info.
Hi Peep
Awesome article. I think the difficult part, is managing the perceptions of users. ie. how do we know what they are thinking – the brand can be embedded in their mind, but they might not buy until 4 months later.. however the impression is still there and usually won’t be erased from memory.. so imperative to set the benchmark from the outset to manage that perception that best you can.


Guidance
We have developed a set a principles for when we think about rules for aspects of GCSE, AS or A level subject assessments.
Ref: Ofqual/16/6125 PDF , 154KB , 6 pages
If you use assistive technology (such as a screen reader) and need a version of this document in a more accessible format, please email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>. Please tell us what format you need. It will help us if you say what assistive technology you use.
Most of Ofqual’s regulation of GCSEs and A levels is based on the conditions that it publishes. If there was just one exam board for each GCSE or A level, Ofqual’s role would be very different.
Rather than writing multiple conditions about assessment objectives, the proportions of non-exam assessment, or tiering etc, we might just state that the exam board should design its assessment in the way that optimises validity and is the most defensible. In making those design decisions we would expect the exam board to balance what should provide the most valid assessment against threats to that validity and wider concerns.
We might want the rationale underlying the decisions it makes to be set out in an assessment strategy that we could consider and challenge.
Of course we don’t have just one board. It’s the multiplicity of boards that arguably drives us to write many of our regulatory requirements. That is because allowing boards to take different positions on the weighting and nature of assessment aspects may prevent demonstrably comparable standards being set between qualifications with the same title.
That comparability between different boards in a subject is critical to the system –recent commentaries on small variations in the level of demand of some GCSE sample assessment materials illustrates the sensitivity of this issue. The problem we have is that if we simply ask the boards to design assessments so that they optimise validity and are the most defensible, they could reasonably come up with different but plausible solutions. Alternatively they could all come up with a similar solution to an issue but one that does not command our confidence and may not be in the public interest if, for example, it provides less demanding assessments than we judged were required.
In these circumstances, even once the Department for Education has prescribed the content of a subject, we feel obliged to specify:
We do this because we do not believe these aspects of assessment are appropriate for competition between the boards in a system where comparability of standards is a main driver. That does however still leave some scope for the boards when designing their specifications. For example, there is freedom to choose the types of exam questions that are used, whether an exam is on paper or on screen, and the design of marking schemes for non-exam assessment components. In addition, some of the requirements we set down are expressed as minima, maxima or ranges, leaving scope for variation in designs.
So we have a high level principle:
Where applying that principle indicates that we should create a regulatory requirement for an aspect of assessment, our guiding principle should then be that:
In considering threats to validity, we are particularly conscious of the washback effect from assessment design to teaching and learning. We look to put in place assessment arrangements that should help realise the learning outcomes described in the subject content.
Regulations should usually take the form of conditions or requirements, depending on what is being specified. There are occasions though when it might be more appropriate to produce statutory guidance instead.
The attached table describes what requirements we have applied, or could have applied, in recent developments for eight aspects of GCSE assessment. They were written when requirements for the first two phases of reform had been published. The requirements in the table do not therefore purport to be those in place before the current reforms began and are not the basis on which Ofqual took all its decisions. A similar table could be produced for AS and A levels.
The first two rows in the table raise a question about what we do when we have subjects which are offered by only one exam board. Of course, even if only one board initially expresses interest in a subject, we must still regulate in a way that would allow another board subsequently to enter that subject market. So we must always assume there will be competing boards in a subject and seek to mitigate any possible adverse effects of competition between them.
Such subjects should be suitably aligned with others, particularly similar or cognate subjects, to ensure that we are not allowing the creation of what may be perceived as ‘soft options’ through, for example, much higher weightings of non-examination assessment.


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touch
Create files and set access/modification times.
More information: home page
- Create specific files:
touch path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...
- Set the file [a]ccess or [m]odification times to the current one and don't [c]reate file if it doesn't exist:
touch -c -a|m path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...
- Set the file [t]ime to a specific value and don't [c]reate file if it doesn't exist:
touch -c -t YYYYMMDDHHMM.SS path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...
- Set the file time of a specific file to the time of anothe[r] file and don't [c]reate file if it doesn't exist:
touch -c -r ~/.emacs path/to/file1 path/to/file2 ...


Before Change
yearly = df.copy()
monthly = pd.DataFrame()
for m in md.keys():
// Grab just the columns for the month we"re working on.
this_month = yearly.filter(regex=md[m])
// Drop this month"s data from the yearly data frame.
yearly.drop(this_month.columns, axis=1, inplace=True)
// Rename this month"s columns to get rid of the month reference.
this_month.columns = this_month.columns.str.replace(md[m], "")
// Add a numerical month column corresponding to this month.
this_month["month"] = m
// Add this month"s data to the monthly DataFrame we"re building.
monthly = pd.concat([monthly, this_month])
// Merge the monthly data we"ve built up with the remaining fields in the
// data frame we started with -- all of which should be independent of the
// month, and apply across all 12 of the monthly records created from each
// of the // initial annual records.
return(yearly.merge(monthly, left_index=True, right_index=True))
After Change
yearly = df.copy()
all_years = pd.DataFrame()
for y in yearly.year.unique():
this_year = yearly[yearly.year == y].copy()
monthly = pd.DataFrame()
for m in md.keys():
// Grab just the columns for the month we"re working on.
this_month = this_year.filter(regex=md[m])
// Drop this month"s data from the yearly data frame.
this_year.drop(this_month.columns, axis=1, inplace=True)
// Rename this month"s columns to get rid of the month reference.
this_month.columns = this_month.columns.str.replace(md[m], "")
// Add a numerical month column corresponding to this month.
this_month["month"] = m
// Add this month"s data to the monthly DataFrame we"re building.
monthly = pd.concat([monthly, this_month])
// Merge the monthly data we"ve built up with the remaining fields in
// the data frame we started with -- all of which should be independent
// of the month, and apply across all 12 of the monthly records created
// from each of the // initial annual records.
this_year = this_year.merge(monthly, left_index=True, right_index=True)
// Add this new year"s worth of data to the big dataframe we"ll return
all_years = pd.concat([all_years, this_year])
return(all_years)


This is a reference document for the symbols used in the Conversational Architecture Visual Expression (CAVE) language.
The data layer of CAVE is concerned with the origins of raw data which will subsequently be used to create context for applications.
DeviceA device represents a physical device through which the user interacts with the application. Examples are smart phones, tablets, wearable computing devices etc. A device will potentially have to significant attributes: its associated Sensors which collect data, and one or more User Interfaces that the application can employ to communicate with the user. |
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Device FederationDevice Federation refers to two or more devices used simultaneously. Devices are significant for to factors: their sensors and their user interfaces. In a Federation, devices are essentially considered to be one composite device with the sum of their capabilities. A common current example of a Device Federation is a smart watch paired via bluetooth with a smart phone. |
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Device MigrationThe transfer of control from one device to another. Device Migrations can trigger Inferences that modify a user's Environment context. |
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SensorA sensor observes the physical world, makes observations and creates Data that can be used by the application. A sensor generally belongs to a Device. Examples of Sensors include GPS locators, accelerometers, proximity sensors, cameras etc. |
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Data SourceA data source has collected relevant Data in an external system and is making that data available to the application. Examples of Data Sources are Facebook, LinkedIn, Google etc. |
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DataData is relevant but potentially raw information for the application. Examples of data are the user’s location, current motion, friends etc., or non-user associated data such as the weather, stock market etc. All Data will generally either be associated with a Sensor, or with a Data Source. |
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User InputUser Input is explicit direction from a user, entered through a user interface of some sort associated with a device. It is distiguished from data gathered from sensors or data sources which may be used for inferences, in that User Input uniquely implies the express intent of the user. |
Context is derived from data. Unlike raw data, context is inherently meaningful, either in that it expresses the intent or circumstances of the user, or that it represents a meaningful state in the overall application environment.
User Context consists of four elements: Persona, Affinity, Goal and Environment (PAGE).
PersonaA persona is a long-lived behavioral segment that is associated with a user, representing an aspect of their behavior. Personas, once associated, do not change over time. Examples of personas are Value Shopper, Deep Reader, and Social Sharer. |
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AffinityAffinity represents content and metadata that is preferred by the user. In other words, affinity is what the user likes. Generally affinity doesn’t change over time, however fresh affinity could be said to be more important than old affinity. Examples of affinity are favorited movies, products added to a wishlist, or articles that are shared on social networks. |
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GoalA goal is a user-driven objective for the current session of the app. Unlike Personas and Affinity, goals can change at a moment’s notice, and rarely last beyond a single session. (However they can span multiple sessions or devices.) Examples of goals might be get customer service, purchase gift or just find entertaining videos. A goal can be modified by sentiment, an indication of the positive or negative attitude the user has in the pursuit of that goal. |
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EnvironmentThe environment is the circumstances under which the user’s interaction with the app occur. Examples of Environment include the user’s location, technology, microlocation (where are they in the store), work vs home, browser technology etc. Environments are specific to the user in question. |
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SentimentThe inferred emotional state of the user at the time of the interaction. Sentiment is generally categorized as either positive or negative, although more specific emotions can be used if the technical capability to assess them is available. Sentiment is always used in an explicitly labeled format (positive, negative, angry, sad, etc.), however it may be either created in a labeled format in an inference, or simply be captured as a placeholder from processed data. |
In addition to the user context elements (PAGES) there is State, a representation of general conditions that are not specific to the user.
StateA State is a general condition that is of some significane to the application, but not specific to the user. For example, a State might be it is raining in New York City, or it is December 5th. |
Raw data is translated into context through the use of Inferences.
InferenceAn inference sets a conditional, placed in the left side of the box, and from it infers a context element (Persona, Goal, Affinity, Environment). |
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ConditionalA conditional is a requirement that must be met by incoming data in order for the inference to fire. Conditionals may be any test that can be performed on incoming data. |
Some Inference examples:
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An inference showing the association of a user with a Jogger Persona. |
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An inference showing the conditions under with the app considers the user Proximate to the Hardware Store, an aspect of the user’s Environment context. |
A contextual application will have a modal response to user context and framing. For each switch, the application will evaluate a prioritized list of user context and framing, firing the appropriate mode when it gets a match.
SwitchA Switch is a part of an application that changes modes in response to context. A contextual application has at least one switch, and may have more. Switches operate independently from each other. A Switch might represent the behavior of a single user interface, such as the heads-up display in Google Glass, or it might represent a condition that is shared across many devices. Each Switch has a stack of contexts that it attempts to match to individual users, and modal responses for each matching context. A Switch always has a default modal response that fires if the user doesn't match any of the contexts. Switches are a good way to break larger applications up into smaller, modularized components. |
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ContentContent is part of a modal response from a switch representing data meant for presentation to and consumption by the user. It may represent user interface copy, articles, video, audio or any other user consumable data, to be read, viewed etc. |
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Content PolicyA Content Policy is part of a modal response. Whereas a Content element refers to specific content, a Content Policy is a description of how content should be selected within the mode, and does not refer to specific content. Examples of Content Policy might be related content to a main article, or personalized product recommendations. |
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FunctionalityFunctionality refers to features and capabilities included in a modal response (beyond the display of content). Examples of Functionality include displaying the user’s current location on a map, counting down minutes until it starts to rain, or automatically sending a message to a colleague. |
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RuleA Rule element is part of a modal response, and represents a business rule to be followed within the scope of a response. Rules are sometimes better ways to express the behavior of the app than a complicated flow, and can be paired effectively with Functionality elements. Examples of Rules are a warning is always issued when the battery falls below 25%, an alert is sent when there is more than a 5 degree fluctuation in the temperature, and free shipping is offered on purchases over $20. |
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StyleStyle refers to the tone of the app’s interaction with the user. Style is part of a modal response. Specifying Style enables contextual apps to respond in a manner appropriate to the circumstances of the user’s interaction. Example’s of Style are casual, brisk, formal and emergency! |
A special kind of modal response is a switch migration, in which case application control for the user is passed from one switch to another.
Switch MigrationThe transfer of control from one switch to another. Upon transfer the new switch’s context stack will immediately take effect. |


Gabriel Martinelli hails Brazilian-esque Arsenal teammate Joe Willock
by Tom ProcterGabriel Martinelli has heaped praise on Arsenal teammate Joe Willock, who he says has a touch of the Brazilian about him.
The young forward was speaking to the club’s official website for a Q&A session.
He said: “He has personality, he doesn’t keep his head down, he always drives forward. He takes the ball and tries to dribble one player, then another.
“He doesn’t hide away in games. He’s always searching for the best options. I think his style is similar to the Brazilian way.”
Willock has made an impression in 2019/20, making 15 appearances in all competitions so far.
The 20-year-old has become a trusted member of the first-team, with manager Unai Emery often preferring him to Mesut Ozil so far.
TBR’s view – Technician Willock set for big future
Skilful Willock could certainly pass for being Brazilian in the way that he plays.
The England U21 international seems very comfortable with the ball at his feet and likes to glide through the lines.
The ‘Brazilian’ way is typified by showing flair on the ball, and Willock undoubtedly has that in his locker.
Brazilians are also about an eye for the spectacular, something the 20-year-old demonstrated against Arsenal in the Carabao Cup
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Filters are a way to take some action either before, or after a server call, or to prevent the call from happening at all.
Filters are defined using the filter
element in a dwr.xml file, using the @Filter
annotation, or using the dwr:filter
element in a spring namespace configuration.
<filter class="..."> <param name="..." value="..."/> </filter>
It is valid to have a filter either at a global level (when a child of an allow
element) or at a class level (when a child of a create
element).
The class attribute is required, and should contain the fully qualified name of a class that implements the org.directwebremoting.AjaxFilter
interface. This interface contains a single method: doFilter, that will be familiar to anyone that has use Servlet Filters in the past.
For those using Spring namespaces, the entry in a spring beans.xml file is as follows:
<bean id="..." class="..."> <dwr:remote javascript="..."> <dwr:filter class="..."/> </dwr:remote> </bean>
The simplest filter is a no-op filter; one that does nothing, it would look something like this (note: you must implement AjaxFilter):
package com.example; public class NoopFilter implements org.directwebremoting.AjaxFilter { public Object doFilter(Object obj, Method method, Object[] params, AjaxFilterChain chain) throws Exception { return chain.doFilter(obj, method, params); } }
In dwr.xml, you would have something like this, for a global filter:
<allow> <filter class="com.example.NoopFilter"/> ... </allow>
Or for a filter that only filters requests to a single class:
<allow> <create creator="..."> <filter class="com.example.NoopFilter"/> </create> ... </allow>
Filters can be configured with parameters to configure how the filter acts. The optional nested param element in dwr.xml allows us to achieve this. For example, using <param name="foo" value="bar"/>
will cause DWR to call filter.setFoo("bar")
just after the filter has been constructed, and before it is used.
Examples of things that you might wish to do with filters include:
DWR 3.x contains one filter which is available for simulating Internet latency while developing on a local machine. It is configured like this:
<filter class="org.directwebremoting.filter.ExtraLatencyAjaxFilter"> <param name="delay" value="200"/> </filter>
This configures DWR to pretend that there is a 200ms time delay on round trips to DWR. That is to say it insets a 100ms pause before and after each call. The default delay time is 100ms (50ms before and 50ms after).


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Meagan Hall
11.06.17
She’s an Ohio University alumna and a mother of four — and if the votes are in her favor, she might just be the next at-large member of the Athens City Council.
Sarah Grace has recently made her return to the local spotlight following her 2016 run for state representative and hopes to give back to the “vibrant, funky town” she calls home.
“The public health field seems like a good way to combine my interest in health care and commitment to public service.”– Sarah Grace
“I recognize what a privilege it is, and I know that this hasn’t happened by accident,” Grace said in an email. “It has taken the dedication of countless community members and public servants. I am running because I am committed to public service and working in whatever way that I can to not only keep it going, but perhaps to make it even better.”
In 2016, Grace campaigned as the Democratic candidate for Ohio’s 94th House district, losing 58 to 42 percent to Republican Jay Edwards. Unsure of what her next step would be following the loss, Grace returned to OU, where she is now pursuing her master’s degree in public health — a degree she hopes to use to continue serving her community.
“I have always had an interest in health care and have become increasingly aware of gaps and significant health care needs that rural communities face,” Grace said. “The public health field seems like a good way to combine my interest in health care and commitment to public service.”
Since her last campaign, Grace has been studying, recovering from a recent surgery and spending time with loved ones, including her husband, local Athens Municipal Court Judge Todd Grace.
“I focused on spending time with my family and being grateful for the joys of being together in Athens,” Grace said. “My oldest child is a senior in high school, so as a family we took a trip to visit about a dozen different colleges and universities for him to consider.”
Grace’s former campaign manager, Nathan Cotton, who now works with Zack Space’s campaign for Ohio auditor, said Grace is someone who will be “very approachable and open minded” in decisionmaking.
“Sarah is one of the smartest people I've ever met, and that really comes through with how prepared she is to discuss public policy,” Cotton said in an email. “That preparation and knowledge is really valuable, especially when coupled with her more holistic understanding of the Athens community, which has been developed as a parent of kids in local schools, interacting with local businesses, and operating her own.”
Despite her loss during last year’s election, Grace’s focus remains on improving Athens.
“My positions on issues and my hopes for this region of Ohio have not changed,” Grace said. “My personal focus and priorities, are currently more specifically on Athens, family and school though.”
Those priorities include efforts to allow more OU students to remain in Athens after graduation by increasing the availability of affordable housing and supporting more “innovative, good paying jobs.”
“I also want to see the city continue to work towards increased sustainability, e.g. curbside composting, more energy efficiency, and solar,” Grace said. “Part of why I love Athens, is because I appreciate the funky progressive atmosphere of the town. I want more people to be able to contribute to and enjoy it as I have.”
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Call for Papers
The Indiana University Student Organization for Cognitive Science and the Indiana University Cognitive Science Program is pleased to announce the Midwest Undergraduate Cognitive Science Conference on the weekend of April 11-12, 2009 in Bloomington, Indiana.
This conference is organized as to provide the next generation of cognitive scientists an opportunity to present their research to their peers from across the Midwest.
Adina Roskies, Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Dartmouth College, will be delivering the keynote address on topics in neuroethics on Saturday, April 11.
Potential speakers should send a 200-500 word abstract to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>by February 28, 2010. Talks will be up to 15-minutes in length, followed by a short question and answer session.
Abstracts will be peer-reviewed by the program committee and notifications will be sent via e-mail by March 6, 2010.
The conference will have no registration fee. However, transportation and lodging arrangements will be the responsibility of the participants.
Further details will be announced as the conference date grows closer. To be placed on our mailing list, send a message to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>with the body "subscribe cogsconf-l". If there are any questions please contact<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Please forward and distribute this announcement.
Thank you,
Jaimie Murdock
MUCSC Chair