Note
This guide was originally included with the release of PyFITS 3.1, and still references PyFITS in many places, though the examples have been updated for astropy.io.fits. It is still useful here for informational purposes, though Astropy has always used the PyFITS 3.1 Header interface.
PyFITS v3.1 included an almost complete rewrite of the Header interface. Although the new interface is largely compatible with the old interface (whether due to similarities in the design, or backwards-compatibility support), there are enough differences that a full explanation of the new interface is merited.
The Trac ticket discussing the initial motivation and changes to be made to the Header class is #64. It may be worth reading for some of the background to this work, though this document contains a more complete description of the “final” product (which will continue to evolve).
Prior to 3.1, PyFITS users interacted with FITS headers by way of three different classes: Card, CardList, and Header.
The Card class represents a single header card with a keyword, value, and comment. It also contains all the machinery for parsing FITS header cards, given the 80 character string, or “card image” read from the header.
The CardList class is actually a subclass of Python’s list built-in. It was meant to represent the actual list of cards that make up a header. That is, it represents an ordered list of cards in the physical order that they appear in the header. It supports the usual list methods for inserting and appending new cards into the list. It also supports dict-like keyword access, where cardlist['KEYWORD'] would return the first card in the list with the given keyword.
A lot of the functionality for manipulating headers was actually buried in the CardList class. The Header class was more of a wrapper around CardList that added a little bit of abstraction. It also implemented a partial dict-like interface, though for Headers a keyword lookup returned the header value associated with that keyword, and not the Card object. Though almost every method on the Header class was just performing some operations on the underlying CardList.
The problem is that there were certain things one could only do by directly accessing the CardList, such as look up the comments on a card, or access cards that have duplicate keywords, such as HISTORY. Another long-standing misfeature that slicing a Header object actually returned a CardList object, rather than a new Header. For all but the most simple use cases, working with CardList objects was largely unavoidable.
But it was realized that CardList is really an implementation detail not representing any element of a FITS file distinct from the header itself. Users familiar with the FITS format know what a header is, but it’s not clear how a “card list” is distinct from that, or why operations go through the Header object, while some have to be performed through the CardList.
So the primary goal of this redesign was eliminate the CardList class altogether, and make it possible for users to perform all header manipulations directly through Header objects. It also tries to present headers as similar as possible to more a more familiar data structure–an ordered mapping (or OrderedDict in Python) for ease of use by new users less familiar with the FITS format. Though there are still many added complexities for dealing with the idiosyncrasies of the FITS format.
A few old methods on the Header class have been marked as deprecated, either because they have been renamed to a more PEP 8-compliant name, or because have become redundant due to new features. To check if your code is using any deprecated methods or features, run your code with python -Wd. This will output any deprecation warnings to the console.
Two of the most common deprecation warnings related to Headers are for:
The new Header class is designed to work as a drop-in replacement for a dict via duck typing. That is, although it is not a subclass of dict, it implements all the same methods and interfaces. In particular, it is similar to an OrderedDict in that the order of insertions is preserved. However, Header also supports many additional features and behaviors specific to the FITS format. It should also be noted that while the old Header implementation also had a dict-like interface, it did not implement the entire dict interface as the new Header does.
Although the new Header is used like a dict/mapping in most cases, it also supports a list interface. The list-like interface is a bit idiosyncratic in that in some contexts the Header acts like a list of values, in some like a list of keywords, and in a few contexts like a list of Card objects. This may be the most difficult aspect of the new design, but there is logic to it.
As with the old Header implementation, integer index access is supported: header[0] returns the value of the first keyword. However, the Header.index() method treats the header as though it’s a list of keywords, and returns the index of a given keyword. For example:
>>> header.index('BITPIX')
2
Header.count() is similar to list.count, and also takes a keyword as its argument:
>>> header.count('HISTORY')
20
A good rule of thumb is that any item access using square brackets [] returns value in the header, whether using keyword or index lookup. Methods like index() and count() that deal with the order and quantity of items in the Header generally work on keywords. Finally, methods like insert() and append() that add new items to the header work on cards.
Aside from the list-like methods, the new Header class works very similarly to the old implementation for most basic use cases and should not present too many surprises. There are differences, however:
As before, the Header() initializer can take a list of Card objects with which to fill the header. However, now any iterable may be used. It is also important to note that any Header method that accepts Card objects can also accept 2-tuples or 3-tuples in place of Cards. That is, either a (keyword, value, comment) tuple or a (keyword, value) tuple (comment is assumed blank) may be used anywhere in place of a Card object. This is even preferred, as it simply involves less typing. For example:
>>> from astropy.io import fits
>>> header = fits.Header([('A', 1), ('B', 2), ('C', 3, 'A comment')])
>>> header
A = 1
B = 2
C = 3 / A comment
As demonstrated in the previous example, the repr() for a Header, that is the text that is displayed when entering a Header object in the Python console as an expression, shows the header as it would appear in a FITS file. This inserts newlines after each card so that it is easily readable regardless of terminal width. It is not necessary to use print header to view this. Simply entering header displays the header contents as it would appear in the file (sans the END card).
len(header) is now supported (previously it was necessary to do len(header.ascard). This returns the total number of cards in the header, including blank cards, but excluding the END card.
FITS supports having duplicate keywords, although they are generally in error except for commentary keywords like COMMENT and HISTORY. PyFITS now supports reading, updating, and deleting duplicate keywords: Instead of using the keyword by itself, use a (keyword, index) tuple. For example ('HISTORY', 0) represents the first HISTORY card, ('HISTORY', 1) represents the second HISTORY card, and so on. In fact, when a keyword is used by itself, it’s really just shorthand for (keyword, 0). Its is now possible to delete an accidental duplicate like so:
>>> del header[('NAXIS', 1)]
This will remove an accidental duplicate NAXIS card from the header.
Even if there are duplicate keywords, keyword lookups like header['NAXIS'] will always return the value associated with the first copy of that keyword, with one exception: Commentary keywords like COMMENT and HISTORY are expected to have duplicates. So header['HISTORY'], for example, returns the whole sequence of HISTORY values in the correct order. This list of values can be sliced arbitrarily. For example, to view the last 3 history entries in a header:
>>> hdulist[0].header['HISTORY'][-3:]
reference table oref$laf13367o_pct.fits
reference table oref$laf13369o_apt.fits
Heliocentric correction = 16.225 km/s
Subscript assignment can now be used to add new keywords to the header. Just as with a normal dict, header['NAXIS'] = 1 will either update the NAXIS keyword if it already exists, or add a new NAXIS keyword with a value of 1 if it does not exist. In the old interface this would return a KeyError if NAXIS did not exist, and the only way to add a new keyword was through the update() method.
By default, new keywords added in this manner are added to the end of the header, with a few FITS-specific exceptions:
If the header contains extra blank cards at the end, new keywords are added before the blanks.
If the header ends with a list of commentary cards–for example a sequence of HISTORY cards–those are kept at the end, and new keywords are inserted before the commentary cards.
If the keyword is a commentary keyword like COMMENT or HISTORY (or an empty string for blank keywords), a new commentary keyword is always added, and appended to the last commentary keyword of the same type. For example, HISTORY keywords are always placed after the last history keyword:
>>> header = fits.Header()
>>> header['COMMENT'] = 'Comment 1'
>>> header['HISTORY'] = 'History 1'
>>> header['COMMENT'] = 'Comment 2'
>>> header['HISTORY'] = 'History 2'
>>> header
COMMENT Comment 1
COMMENT Comment 2
HISTORY History 1
HISTORY History 2
These behaviors represent a sensible default behavior for keyword assignment, and represents the same behavior as update() in the old Header implementation. The default behaviors may still be bypassed through the use of other assignment methods like Header.set() and Header.append() described later.
It is now also possible to assign a value and a comment to a keyword simultaneously using a tuple:
>>> header['NAXIS'] = (2, 'Number of axis')
This will update the value and comment of an existing keyword, or add a new keyword with the given value and comment.
There is a new Header.comments attribute which lists all the comments associated with keywords in the header (not to be confused with COMMENT cards). This allows viewing and updating the comments on specific cards:
>>> header.comments['NAXIS']
Number of axis
>>> header.comments['NAXIS'] = 'Number of axes'
>>> header.comments['NAXIS']
Number of axes
When deleting a keyword from a header, don’t assume that the keyword already exists. In the old Header implementation this would just silently do nothing. For backwards-compatibility it is still okay to delete a non-existent keyword, but a warning will be raised. In the future this will be changed so that trying to delete a non-existent keyword raises a KeyError. This is for consistency with the behavior of Python dicts. So unless you know for certain that a keyword exists before deleting it, it’s best to do something like:
>>> try:
... del header['BITPIX']
... except KeyError:
... pass
Or if you prefer to look before you leap:
>>> if 'BITPIX' in header:
... del header['BITPIX']
del header now supports slices. For example, to delete the last three keywords from a header:
>>> del header[-3:]
Two headers can now be compared for equality–previously no two Header objects were the same. Now they compare as equal if they contain the exact same content. That is, this requires strict equality.
Two headers can now be added with the ‘+’ operator, which returns a copy of the left header extended by the right header with extend(). Assignment addition is also possible.
The Header.update() method used commonly with the old Header API has been renamed to Header.set(). The primary reason for this change is very simple: Header implements the dict interface, which already has a method called update(), but that behaves differently from the old Header.update().
The details of the new update() can be read in the API docs, but it is very similar to dict.update. It also supports backwards compatibility with the old update() by analysis of the arguments passed to it, so existing code will not break immediately. However, this will cause a deprecation warning to be output if they’re enabled. It is best, for starters, to replace all update() calls with set(). Recall, also, that direct assignment is now possible for adding new keywords to a header. So by and large the only reason to prefer using Header.set() is its capability of inserting or moving a keyword to a specific location using the before or after arguments.
Slicing a Header with a slice index returns a new Header containing only those cards contained in the slice. As mentioned earlier, it used to be that slicing a Header returned a card list–something of a misfeature. In general, objects that support slicing ought to return an object of the same type when you slice them.
Likewise, wildcard keywords used to return a CardList object. Now they return a new Header–similarly to a slice. For example:
>>> header['NAXIS*']
returns a new header containing only the NAXIS and NAXISn cards from the original header.
The above may seem like a lot, but the majority of existing code using PyFITS to manipulate headers should not need to be updated, at least not immediately. The most common operations still work the same.
As mentioned above, it would be helpful to run your code with python -Wd to enable deprecation warnings–that should be a good idea of where to look to update your code.
If your code needs to be able to support older versions of PyFITS simultaneously with PyFITS 3.1, things are slightly trickier, but not by much–the deprecated interfaces will not be removed for several more versions because of this.
The first change worth making, which is supported by any PyFITS version in the last several years, is remove any use of :meth:Header.has_key and replace it with keyword in header syntax. It’s worth making this change for any dict as well, since dict.has_key is deprecated. Running the following regular expression over your code may help with most (but not all) cases:
s/([^ ]+)\.has_key\(([^)]+)\)/\2 in \1/
If possible, replace any calls to Header.update() with Header.set() (though don’t bother with this if you need to support older PyFITS versions). Also, if you have any calls to Header.update() that can be replaced with simple subscript assignments (eg. header['NAXIS'] = (2, 'Number of axes')) do that too, if possible.
Find any code that uses header.ascard or header.ascardlist(). First ascertain whether that code really needs to work directly on Card objects. If that is definitely the case, go ahead and replace those with header.cards–that should work without too much fuss. If you do need to support older versions, you may keep using header.ascard for now.
In the off chance that you have any code that slices a header, it’s best to take the result of that and create a new Header object from it. For example:
>>> new_header = fits.Header(old_header[2:])
This avoids the problem that in PyFITS <= 3.0 slicing a Header returns a CardList by using the result to initialize a new Header object. This will work in both cases (in PyFITS 3.1, initializing a Header with an existing Header just copies it, a la list).
As mentioned earlier, locate any code that deletes keywords with del, and make sure they either look before they leap (if keyword in header:) or ask forgiveness (try/except KeyError:).
As mentioned above it is not necessary to enter print header to display a header in an interactive Python prompt. Simply entering >>> header by itself is sufficient. Using print usually will not display the header readably, because it does not include line-breaks between the header cards. The reason is that Python has two types of string representations: One is returned when one calls str(header) which happens automatically when you print a variable. In the case of the Header class this actually returns the string value of the header as it is written literally in the FITS file, which includes no line breaks.
The other type of string representation happens when one calls repr(header). The repr of an object is just meant to be a useful string “representation” of the object; in this case the contents of the header but with linebreaks between the cards and with the END card and padding trailing padding stripped off. This happens automatically when one enters a variable at the Python prompt by itself without a print call.
The current version of the FITS Standard (3.0) states in section 4.2.1 that trailing spaces in string values in headers are not significant and should be ignored. PyFITS < 3.1 did treat treat trailing spaces as significant. For example if a header contained:
KEYWORD1= ‘Value ‘
then header['KEYWORD1'] would return the string 'Value ' exactly, with the trailing spaces intact. The new Header interface fixes this by automatically stripping trailing spaces, so that header['KEYWORD1'] would return just 'Value'.
There is, however, one convention used by the IRAF ccdmosaic task for representing its TNX World Coordinate System and ZPX World Coordinate System non-standard WCS’ that uses a series of keywords in the form WATj_nnn which store a text description of coefficients for a non-linear distortion projection. It uses its own microformat for listing the coefficients as a string, but the string is long, and thus broken up into several of these WATj_nnn keywords. Correct recombination of these keywords requires treating all whitespace literally. This convention either overlooked or predated the prescribed treatment of whitespace in the FITS standard.
To get around this issue a global variable fits.STRIP_HEADER_WHITESPACE was introduced. Temporarily setting fits.STRIP_HEADER_WHITESPACE.set(False) before reading keywords affected by this issue will return their values with all trailing whitespace intact.
A future version of PyFITS may be able to detect use of conventions like this contextually and behave according to the convention, but in most cases the default behavior of PyFITS is to behave according to the FITS Standard.


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10 Jan 2016
Ruby on Rails
First released in 2004 with permanent changes in 2005, Rails or Ruby on Rails is an open sourced web framework that uses the ruby programming language. It is used to provide general structures for database, web service, and web pages. The main selling point of using Rails over other coding languages is its use of convention over configuration. This means Rails focuses on using implicit behaviors defined by the rails framework. This decreases the number of decisions that developers need to make, gaining simplicity and speed. Rails also provides pieces of code that you use will just work due to the rules of the framework and language. This reduces lines of code, as well as increases the speed of deployment which is another highlight of Rails.
Since Ruby on Rails emphasizes not repeating yourself, developers are able to rapidly deploy prototypes and minimum viable products compared to other languages. Ruby gems or 3rd party libraries also speed up the coding process by providing pre built tools that a developer can use.
There are many companies from startups to large corporations that use Rails on Ruby to develop their web applications. Some companies that have used Rails on Ruby include, Hulu, twitter, GitHub, and Groupon.


If you're running Linux, macOS or FreeBSD, definitely; we actively support those platforms.
Installing Please on either Linux or macOS is as easy as curl https://get.please.build | bash
.
Further dependencies shouldn't be necessary after that, assuming you have what you need for
the languages you want to work on (e.g. you'll need a JDK to use Please for Java).
To compile it, one needs Go installed, plus a few other things for various other
builtin tools. On Linux we primarily support Ubuntu; it should work pretty readily on
most distros though.
See tools/images/ubuntu
for information and a Dockerfile for setting up a recommended environment.
To build on macOS, you will similarly need to add some extra packages; we recommend using
Homebrew to add at least go
and python3
.
For building on FreeBSD, you will need to install Bash as well as (obviously) Go and Git.
Currently binary downloads aren't available, we hope to make them available in future.
Windows is unfortunately not supported natively, since it's just too different from the Unix environment Please is designed for. It might well be possible to make it work using Cygwin or MinGW / MSYS, or the recent Ubuntu on Windows development though. We aren't doing this work ourselves because we don't have any Windows machines, but we're happy to accept PRs in that direction.
Check out the code on GitHub, chat on Gitter or ask in the discussion group.
Cross-language support is a big advantage; we have four main languages in use at Thought Machine (Javascript, Python, Java and Go) plus several smaller pieces (some C++ and Thrax grammars) and having to invoke different compilers and/or test tools for each one would be extremely tiresome.
Please can also integrate many different kinds of build steps; for example a code generation
step using go generate
or protoc
can be invoked dynamically without
having to check the resulting code into the repository.
We've tried other tools (notably Gradle and Buck) internally and ultimately decided that we could build something that would either better fit our needs, be considerably faster, or both.
All four of these systems are quite closely related in the scheme of things, being inspired by (or in Bazel's case, a direct open sourcing of) Google's Blaze.
Several of us had worked at Google and used Blaze extensively there; we were excited about it being open sourced as Bazel but by then we were already using Please internally. It's a great system but we have slightly different goals, specifically we're aiming Please at being lighter weight and pushing the boundaries of what can be done within the BUILD language. Since Please is written in Go there's no runtime dependency on the JVM.
We actually used Buck for some months internally before deciding to write Please and before it was capable of building our repo. We preferred it to other options available, but again we're focused on different goals; Please is easier to extend to new languages, has a bunch of features that we specifically wanted (e.g. test sandboxing) and has a stronger focus on BUILD language correctness. Conversely we have much less support for mobile development.
We're least familiar with Pants; one of our developers briefly tried it and while we liked many aspects we didn't think it was the ideal fit for us at the time.
Originally Blaze, since a number of us had used it at Google. More recently we'd used Buck
internally so many things superficially resemble that for compatibility reasons
(e.g. python_binary
instead of py_binary
etc).
Some of the advanced features are based on things we would have liked to do with Blaze, for example being able to defer creation of some build rules until they actually need to be built. This is only really of interest for spectacularly large trees of targets or especially esoteric use cases though.
Mostly, of course, it was inspired by our fearless leader Paul, specifically the point when he told us "you absolutely cannot write your own build system". After that it was really inevitable...
Firstly, all the rules explicitly declare their dependencies, so Please can aggressively parallelise build rules wherever possible. It can also cache & reuse previous outputs when they haven't changed, and it hashes all input files to make sure it's correct.
Also BUILD files encourage you to break projects into smaller components, which can then be compiled in parallel. It's still possible to define a project with a single BUILD file in the traditional Java way that one would use in Gradle etc, and this works fine for smaller projects, but for larger ones parallelising the compilation can be a big advantage.
There are no separate steps inside Please; parsing BUILD files, building targets and running tests can all happen simultaneously, so there's no down time waiting for the last thing to compile before the tests begin. The parsing process is also very fast due to having an in-process Python interpreter.
It being written in Go and being an entirely native binary means great performance and fast startup times; internally it's also highly parallelised and can take full advantage of the underlying hardware.
Finally, the rules themselves are optimised in various ways; for example, the construction of
the final .jar from a java_binary
is an efficient concatenation of other .jar
files without any recompression. Similarly the output .pex from a python_binary
is built up piecemeal throughout the python_library
rules and assembled at the end
so we don't have to recompress an entire zip file every time you change one .py file.
The currently-unnamed BUILD language is a restricted subset of Python; see here for more details, documentation and a formal grammar.
This provides a nice balance between an elegant and powerful language, but also one that can be interpreted more easily than Python itself, and that is reasonably familiar to many developers.
One downside to this is that the BUILD files are a little hard to automatically edit or
update compared to a data format like XML, Yaml or JSON. We think this is worth the tradeoff
for giving the developer more power and (in our opinion) a significantly nicer format.
A couple of Please features can help with updating BUILD files; see plz gc
and plz hash --update for more info.
We suggest investigating buildifier if you'd like a pretty-printer / autoformatter for them.
The built-in parser is an internal pure Go implementation. It's evolved through several implementations over time; ultimately this provides maximum control and performance (because we are not subject to Python's GIL, or cgo calling overhead).
Please bootstraps itself using go build
to build a temporary version of itself,
which is then used to rebuild itself using its own BUILD rules. This requires disabling some
features for that bootstrap step (mostly codegen steps), but is definitely worth it since
obviously we can't rely on anyone building it already having a version of it installed.
Fortunately the process is pretty fast since Go is fast to compile.
We excluded most other languages that any of us were familiar with through a process of elimination; JVM languages were ruled out from a concern about startup overhead, we were concerned about Python's threading performance for an inherently parallel system and felt C++ was too fiddly and lacked a strong standard library. Rust was still pre-1.0 at the time (although that didn't take long, as it turned out) so we felt it was a bit early to leap into that.
It also turned out to be a really useful way of learning the language; the project is about the right size to explore it properly and sufficiently self-contained not to affect other parts of our repo until we were sure Go was a language we wanted to do more of.
We're very happy with the results; the performance of native binaries is excellent, the language was easy to become productive with and has great support for all the things we needed to do with it. Our early concerns (e.g. the classic "no generics!") turned out to be a lot less problematic than we expected.
An alternative explanation is that the original high-level design meeting for Please was an impromptu discussion in a pub one Friday evening, where we thought it would be a neat language to try despite none of us having any real experience with it.
This is the only repository; all development is done here. Initially we had an internally hosted repo but transferred the project to Github in preparation for open sourcing it.
We've got some build rules in our internal repo that aren't built into Please yet. We intend to open source as we can, but the ones left aren't easy to genericise for various reasons.
There are some additional rules available at https://github.com/thought-machine/pleasings, which we either do not want to guarantee compatibility for, are still experimental, or are sufficiently esoteric that we don't want the build process for Please to require them.
We are using semantic versioning so essentially:
These rules apply to the "public parts" of the project; specifically the command-line interface and flags,
the config file format and the BUILD file format and builtins are essentially the API
and so we take significantly more care about compatibility around those.
The interface to the various sub-tools invoked by Please we consider an implementation
detail and those might change more aggressively (although in practice they rarely do).
Things whose behaviour is not explicitly specified might change with less notice, because of course you shouldn't have been relying on it anyway. This includes the exact hash generation method - if it becomes necessary to change that for a bugfix it may force apparently unnecessary rebuilds after an update. We try to avoid that as much as possible since it's aggravating (for us too!) but since it doesn't affect eventual correctness it can change in minor releases.
The versions don't apply to the code interfaces themselves, since we don't expect this to see wide use as a library. If some part of it becomes popular in that way we'll likely split it out to a separate repository and version it separately.
Like this:
The appearance is somewhat inspired by Buck, although we have put some of our own spin on it as well.
They change based on the type of rule that's being built:
Libraries are normal weight, binaries (including tests) are bold.
There is absolutely no significance to the choice of colours beyond arbitrary choice when that code was originally written.
Because we liked the idea of sounding polite when typing "plz build", "plz test", etc.
Also we chose the domain name before almost anything else (priorities!).


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Loops the source continuously
Combines the functionality of MP3SoundPlayer, Looper and MultiTrackLooper.
AS3 Model Name = Looper (MultiTrackLooper, MP3SoundPlayer)
maxSources = 8
playSpeed - [-10.0f, 0.0f, 10.0f]
riseTime - [0.05f,1.0f,10.0f]
decayTime - [0.05f,1.0f,10.0f]
maxLoops - [-1*,-1,1]
startPoint - [0.0f,0.0f, 0.99f]
* = -1
implies infinite loops.
Extends an ambient sound inifinitely without making it feel repeated.
AS3 Model Name = Extender
maxSources = 1
pitchShift - [-60.0f, 0.0f, 60.0f]
eventPeriod - [0.1f,2.0f,10.0f]
xFadeDur - [0.1f, 0.5f, 0.99f]
Triggers a single playback of the source on the play()
function call.
AS3 Model Name = Trigger
maxSources = 8
pitchShift - [-60.0f, 0.0f, 60.0f]
pitchRand - [0.0f,0.0f,24.0f]
eventRand - [true, false, false]
Triggers a repeated playback of the source.
AS3 Model Name = TriggerRepeat
maxSources = 8
pitchShift - [-60.0f, 0.0f, 60.0f]
pitchRand - [0.0f,0.0f,24.0f]
eventRand - [true, false, false]
eventRate - [0.0f, 1.0f, 60.0f]
eventJitter - [0.0f, 0.0f, 0.99f]
Loops the source audio repeatedly. The speed the playback is based on the rate of change of action
parameter.
AS3 Model Name = Scrubber
maxSources = 1
action - [0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f]
sensitivity - [0.00f,0.5f, 1.0f]
riseTime - [0.05f,1.0f,10.0f]
decayTime - [0.05f,1.0f,10.0f]
startPoint - [0.0f,0.0f, 0.99f]
maxRate - [0.0f, 1.0f, 8.0f]
Allows for 'scrubbing' of the audio source by setting the playPos
to various continuous values.
AS3 Model Name = ScrubberPitchLock
maxSources = 1
playPos - [0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f]
noMotionFade - [true, true, false]
muteOnReverse - [true, true, false]
Allows the stretching of the source audio independently in time (speed) and pitch (frequency).
This is yet to be implemented
AS3 Model Name = AudioStretch
maxSources = 1
playSpeed - [0.0f, 1.0f, 2.0f]
pitch - [-12.0f,0.0f, 12.0f]
origPhase - [true, false, false]
peakLock - [true, true, false]


Tone.Sampler makes it easy to create an instrument from audio samples. Pass in an object which maps the note's pitch or midi value to the url, then you can trigger the attack and release of that note like other instruments. By automatically repitching the samples, it is possible to play pitches which were not explicitly included which can save loading time.


Visualization
Word Clouds
Sentiment Analysis
Word Clouds
Word Clouds based on top 100 words
Top Positive Words
Top Negative Words
Top Neutral Words


02 Nov 2012
When I am developing an application, I used to maintain different copies of the project because in one copy I store all the files which is working fine as we expected, then I thought to improve a feature to my application so I created another copy of that project and wrote that feature and that works fine and I merged both.
(Read more...)
03 Sep 2012
On August 11th and 12th, I have attended Yahoo Open Hack. It was my First Hackathon, really excited . I walked into Sheraton Bangalore for Yahoo Open Hack, with a loads of imagination . The Sheraton hotel and Yahoo hospitality totally swept me off. Yahoo tech crew was really cool.
(Read more...)
20 Jul 2012
After a long time , I believe that this is the time to post a new one in my blog , because I made my first contribution to firebug , which is famous addon for firefox and has the highest downloads in Mozilla Addon Website . The only person which made it possible is Jan Honza Odvarko . I am very thankful to Honza to help me out to made it . Actually my contribution is to solve the bug , which is enhancement bug , I actually made two context menus which when selected will copy the URL/POST parameters to users clipboard. But in the test case Honza wrote the test drive for me . Once again I am graceful to Honza who clarified my doubts patiently(silly though :P)
(Read more...)
08 Jun 2012
After 10 days of review the Mozilla Addons team reviewed by first addon and declared that my addon was rejected . They mention the reason of rejection as “The addon Search for it was rejected because this feature is already present in latest versions of Firefox” . So I decided to make another addon as early as possible because they are a lot of time to review ,so I made a little changes to my previous addon and presented to Mozilla addon team for review this time I claimed for GPL license and after 10 days, today morning I received a mail from Mozilla saying that
(Read more...)
13 May 2012
As I am a big fan of Mozilla firefox because of its addons, I want to develop an addon for firefox( though a simple one ). I started learning how to create an addon for firefox from the great mozilla developer site, I then found three ways for creating an addon for firefox.
(Read more...)


This post provides the basics concerning
stacked area chart with R and
ggplot2
. It takes into account several input format
types and show how to customize the output.
The data frame used as input to build a stacked area chart requires 3 columns:
x
: numeric variable used for the X axis, often it is
a time.
y
: numeric variable used for the Y axis. What are we
looking at?
group
: one shape will be done per group.The chart is built using the geom_area()
function.
# Packages
library(ggplot2)
library(dplyr)
# create data
time <- as.numeric(rep(seq(1,7),each=7)) # x Axis
value <- runif(49, 10, 100) # y Axis
group <- rep(LETTERS[1:7],times=7) # group, one shape per group
data <- data.frame(time, value, group)
# stacked area chart
ggplot(data, aes(x=time, y=value, fill=group)) +
geom_area()
ggplot2
The gallery offers a post dedicated to reordering with ggplot2. This step can be tricky but the code below shows how to:
factor()
function.
sort()
# Give a specific order:
data$group <- factor(data$group , levels=c("B", "A", "D", "E", "G", "F", "C") )
# Plot again
ggplot(data, aes(x=time, y=value, fill=group)) +
geom_area()
# Note: you can also sort levels alphabetically:
myLevels <- levels(data$group)
data$group <- factor(data$group , levels=sort(myLevels) )
# Note: sort followinig values at time = 5
myLevels <- data %>%
filter(time==6) %>%
arrange(value)
data$group <- factor(data$group , levels=myLevels$group )
In a proportional stacked area graph, the sum of each year is always equal to hundred and value of each group is represented through percentages.
To make it, you have to calculate these percentages first. This can
be done using dplyr
of with base R
.
# Compute percentages with dplyr
library(dplyr)
data <- data %>%
group_by(time, group) %>%
summarise(n = sum(value)) %>%
mutate(percentage = n / sum(n))
# Plot
ggplot(data, aes(x=time, y=percentage, fill=group)) +
geom_area(alpha=0.6 , size=1, colour="black")
# Note: compute percentages without dplyr:
my_fun <- function(vec){
as.numeric(vec[2]) / sum(data$value[data$time==vec[1]]) *100
}
data$percentage <- apply(data , 1 , my_fun)
Let’s improve the chart general appearance:
viridis
color scaletheme_ipsum
of the hrbrthemes
package
ggtitle


This is a site that I am using to experiment with as I learn more about HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. I plan to update it and modify it as I study and learn. It my look ugly, it may not. In the end I really hope to understand more fully and in significant depth how to be an effective web developer and use elements and attributes effectively and appropriately.
| Family | Location | Address | Phone |
|---|---|---|---|
| JM1 | Paradise, UT | ||
| JM2 | Wellsville, UT | ||
| JM3 | Mountain Green, UT | ||
| JM4 | North Carolina | ||
| JM5 | Green River, WY |
Home


 His mother is from a tiny village in Vermont and his father is from south of the Mason-Dixon line in Alabama, and both parents dragged him to and fro everywhere east of the Mississippi River before moving westbound to Washington State, where both his parents worked in nuclear at the Hanford Nuclear Site. Sean has been to 49 states, all but Alaska, and he can assure everyone New England is filthy and the south is poverty-stricken and super depressing. He has only been through the Midwest a couple times, while travelling from Washington State back to Ohio or vice versa, and each Midwestern state rightfully has earned the title 'flyover states'. His paternal lineage links back to the Champagne-region of northern France, and his great-grandfather emigrated to Louisiana during the Spanish-American war (in which more French soldiers fought than Spanish soliders). So yes, Champagne is his birth name.
Sean has lived in Seattle, Washington, since 2010 and has lived on Queen Anne Hill since 2011 with his two dachshunds, Hansel and Wimbledon. In addition to his dachshunds, Sean is also married to a wonderful German-American named Bode. Sean and Bode have been together since January 2010, adopted their dachshunds in March 2010, moved to Seattle together in October 2010, bought their condo on Queen Anne Hill in October 2011, and eloped in Stockholm, Sweden, in January 2014. They spend as much time as possible outdoors and love coffee, chocolate, and travelling. Currently, Sean is on his way to becoming a master coder and is laser-focused on curating the appropriate skills necessary to land a job as a software developer in an establishted technology company in Seattle.
"For time and the world do not stand still. Change is the law of life. And those who look only to the past or the present are certain to miss the future."John F. Kennedy
While the future is unknown, Sean is developing the appropriate skills to always have job security and tremendous success wherever he and Bode go in the world. With the ability to work remotely or for many different employers, Sean and Bode will eventually leave their wonderful home in Seattle and move to Maui (Sean's dream) or San Francisco (Bode's career opportunities at his employer). Eventually, further down the line, if they think about settling down and procreating, they would most likely move to Germany to be close to Bode's German family. Bode has one cousin in Europe (in Germany), and he is really really really really smart and speaks 5 languages. My future offspring need to be that smart, and it appears completely possible in Europe. Until they are both ready to settle down and procreate, Sean will continue closing his eyes and smelling the Hawaiian air and feeling the sand between his toes.  Seriously, how great would that be?!


Moderator Panel
Reason:
Password:
Players
Enable auto-refreshing
Name
ID
Caps
K / D
Score
Idle
Ping
History
Date
Who
Action
Victim
Reason
Server Response:
-


ClassGrp.LongDesc explains what the user can expect to find on this page and its sub-pages
Select "Next-Day-Delivery" during check-out and recieve your delivery on the next business day between 08:00h and 14:00h. Limited time offer March 28 — April 19


WIFI @ Jakarta International airport.
Usually the green Starbucks sign at an airport signals a nice cup of tea and Internet access. So Jakarta international airport looked promising. The Thinkvantage access manager picked up the BizNet hotspot of a local provider. A quick check: payable access. Hhm not as nice as the free access in KL but at least the possibility to offload emails written on the Taxi ride.
Unfortunately BizNet provides no option to pay online, but at least claimed to have iPASS access. If it would work it would be fine, but I just got "Access denied" without further explanation. So over to the counter smiling at the cute Barista: "I'd like to buy a Biznet prepaid card". "We don't do Biznet at the airport anymore". So I'm out of luck. So I decided to let customer service of BizNet know about it, so they can fix it:
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Hi there,
I tried to log on to your network at the international Airport in Jakarta. Neither the login using IPASS worked nor the Starbucks staff would know about your prepaid cards. Also I didn't find any possibility to pay online.  I would love to use your service and pay, but you need to give me an opportunity to do so.
Best regards
stw
The answer came promptly, both from sales & customer service:
From: "Customer Care"<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Dear Mr. Wissel,
Thank you for your information.
We accept your suggestion for further improving our services to our customers. We apologize for any inconveniences it may cause you.
Should you have any questions and/or require further information, please don’t hesitate to contact us.
Thank you for your kind attention and understanding
Regards,
Didn't really answer my question. Didn't get me online. Didn't make me rave.
Unfortunately BizNet provides no option to pay online, but at least claimed to have iPASS access. If it would work it would be fine, but I just got "Access denied" without further explanation. So over to the counter smiling at the cute Barista: "I'd like to buy a Biznet prepaid card". "We don't do Biznet at the airport anymore". So I'm out of luck. So I decided to let customer service of BizNet know about it, so they can fix it:
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Hi there,
I tried to log on to your network at the international Airport in Jakarta. Neither the login using IPASS worked nor the Starbucks staff would know about your prepaid cards. Also I didn't find any possibility to pay online.  I would love to use your service and pay, but you need to give me an opportunity to do so.
Best regards
stw
The answer came promptly, both from sales & customer service:
From: "Customer Care"<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Dear Mr. Wissel,
Thank you for your information.
We accept your suggestion for further improving our services to our customers. We apologize for any inconveniences it may cause you.
Should you have any questions and/or require further information, please don’t hesitate to contact us.
Thank you for your kind attention and understanding
Regards,
Didn't really answer my question. Didn't get me online. Didn't make me rave.
Posted by Stephan H Wissel on 14 November 2006 | Comments (1) | categories: Travel


How to Check If a String is Integer
There are a few ways to check if a string is integer or not.Here I will try to implement some of these methods.
First one is using regular expressions and this is the one I use mostly.This matches as
-? –> negative sign, could have none or one
\d+ –> one or more digits
Using parseInt is possible as well.In this way you should try to parse a String to integer and catch if any exceptions occur. If your code creats an NumberFormatException then you should return false.We don’t care about other exceptions here.If there is no exception that means it went okey and your string is indeed an integer. Also please be aware that we used parseInt() and not the Integer.valueOf() method.You can check the differences here.
Another way is more complex but much faster than Integer.parseInt() or regex method.It’s better to check which works best for you. Here some of you may ask why not use java.lang.Character.isDigit() and check the char values itself.isDigit returns true for things like Devanagari digits. While Integer.parseInt() handles these as digits, it may not be what’s expected for most use cases
The last one is using StringUtils or NumberUtils which is not a good idea but it works.You can check the detailed page here.
Which one is the best to use?If you need performance you should use the Jonas one.It may look unnecessary but it is really fast. Here some test results with these methods.Running many times these methods shows that it may differ a lot.


--- layout: page title: About header-img: "img/about-bg.png" ---
A 5th generation New Yorker & Hospitality Executive, trying to make her way into the Tech World!


After downloading the appropriate app for your Android device or iOS device, watch our walk through video or follow these written instructions to use SafeSlinger.
|
|
|
| 1. Enter the name you would like your friends to see, as well as a passphrase you would like to use to protect your private key. First-time users will need to enter a passphrase twice for confirmation. | Android mobile device screen shots |
|
|
|
| 2. Selecting the Sling Keys tab will allow you to exchange public keys and other contact data. See the exchange instructions page for details. |
|
| 3. Selecting the Compose tab will allow you to select any recipient you have performed the above exchange with, and send a file and/or text message. |
|
| 4. Selecting the Messages tab will allow you to review any messages sent or received. Long press on the message to download any attachments or remove the message. |
|


Amistad
Directed by Steven Spielberg Starring Morgan Freeman (Theodore Joadson), Anthony Hopkins (John Quincy Adams), Matthew McConaughey (Baldwin), Djimon Hounsou (Cinque), Nigel Hawthorne (Martin Van Buren), David Paymer (Secretary Forsyth), Pete Postlethwaite (Holabird), and Stellan Skarsgard (Tappan)
A film review by Chris Loar Copyright 1998 Chris Loar
I went to see _Amistad_ expecting, from the reviews I'd read, to find a film that was morally uncomplex, self-satisfied and self-congratulatory, but nonetheless a well-told tale in the Spieldbergian tradition -- polished, well-acted, shining like a new penny. What I found surprised me on all counts. For while the film certainly has a self-satisfied tone, all aglitter with pride in the traditions of the American legal system, there is more at work -- a happy depiction of cross-cultural respect and understanding, certainly idealized and unrealistic but optimistic in a way a really self-satisfied tale can never be. At the same time, the storytelling here is often severely disappointing; just enough of really fine filmmaking comes through to make us wish for more. The film is, ironically, neither ill-intentioned nor especially well-crafted.
The film, as most everyone probably knows by now, deals with an unjustly obscure event in our nation's history -- a slave revolt aboard a ship (the _Amistad_) carrying recently-captured African slaves to the new world. The film opens just as the revolt is about to begin; we watch as the leader of the revolt, Cinque (portrayed with astonishing charisma by West African actor Djimon Hounsou) pries free from his chains and frees his fellow captives. The prisoners take control of the ship, slaying most of their captors in the process, and attempt to take the ship back to Africa. But their captors succeed in tricking them, and the ship winds up off the coast of New England, where the Africans are captured and put on trial for the murder of their captors -- and, more importantly, for their status. For it's not clear whether the Africans are legally property or free citizens, a legal question first seized on by their lawyer, Baldwin (Matthew McConaughey). Working with a free black abolitionist (Morgan Freeman), Baldwin works to establish a rapport with Cinque, while trying to secure the expert legal support of the once-brilliant attorney and former President John Quincy Adams (Anthony Hopkins).
What follows is several hours of, essentially, a courtroom drama, which culminates when John Quincy Adams argues the African's case before the Supreme Court. The courtroom sequences are, for the most part, overlong and a little tedious, in my opinion. Much better are what breaks those sequences up -- the flashbacks which show us Cinque's capture and some of the horrors of the Middle Passage, as well as some fine scenes demonstrating Cinque's growing understanding of the American legal system, and his defenders' growing ability to see him as a real human being, rather than a mere cause.
It's really not terribly hard to nitpick about the film's failings, which are numerous. Neither Hopkins nor McConaughey is especially convincing as a quirky attorney; both actors' excessive reliance on gimmicky tics and obvious eccentricities looks flaccid when placed side by side with Freeman's easy solemnity and Hounsou's volatile intensity. And the story doesn't really give any single character his or her due; instead, it lights on its characters like butterflies, departing after an instant, leaving a tickle rather than a real impression. The plot also does at best a poor job of explaining why this case mattered as much as it did to abolitionists or Southerners or anyone else; after all, the final verdict seems to have little enough bearing on the fate of slaves born into slavery. And the John Williams score, while fine in itself, feels intrusive and manipulative, bursting in to cue our emotions in spots where the plot and characters can't quite carry the moment.
These failings, though, don't ruin the movie, they simply turn what could have been a compelling, fascinating film into one that is merely watchable and engaging. For _Amistad_ is clearly worth seeing for its many virtues: Djimon Hounsou's powerful performance, its moving images of racial injustice and revolt, and its well- intentioned (if flawed) depiction of cross-cultural communication and understanding.
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


Marriage
The processional begins with the grandparents, flows through the parents, groom, officiant, wedding party, flower girl, and ring bearer, and ends with the bride making her entrance.
{% extends 'home/base.html' %} {% block head %} {% load static %} {% endblock %} {% block content %}
Our wedding day event order as follows with different cultures and religions will incorporate other elements or swap things around.
The processional begins with the grandparents, flows through the parents, groom, officiant, wedding party, flower girl, and ring bearer, and ends with the bride making her entrance.
Once everyone is in place, the officiant will say a few words of welcome. He or she may thank guests for bearing witness to your union, as well as welcome everyone to our venue for celebration.
The officiant will offer an introduction and some thoughts on marriage. This could be a brief recounting of your love story, words on what marriage means to you, or a statement about the ceremony to come and represents.
A wedding cake is the traditional cake served at wedding receptions following dinner.The wedding cake is served at a wedding breakfast; the 'wedding breakfast' does not mean the meal will be held in the morning before the wedding.
At the wedding party the officiant introduces the married couple for the first time. Then, the bride and groom lead the recessional back up the aisle as guests shower you with the rice!.
Your place is at table number {{ guest.table_number }}
Thank you for your answer and we are glad to have you around in this special moment.
A good snapshot at your wedding can stops a moment from running away.
A good snapshot at your wedding can stops a moment from running away.
Our bridesmaid and groomsmen participates in planning wedding-related events, such as a bridal shower or bachelorette party.
For Oliviu
For Cristina
For Oliviu
For Cristina
Our bridesmaid and groomsmen participates in planning wedding-related events, such as a bridal shower or bachelorette party.
For Cristina
For Cristina
For Oliviu
For Oliviu


Cards
for
Humanity
"If you don't give back, no one will like you™" - crowdrise.com
We're quite sure you feel the same way, so we've integrated donation widgets (via crowdrise.com), along with some not-so-subtle reminders throughout the game to give you the opportunity to donate. If you're signed in when you donate, we'll even upgrade your account and place a crown on your avatar's head (to remind other players how much better you are than them).
All donations go to the Make-a-Wish Foundation and benefit children in need.
This project was done as our first project for Team Mifune. We encourage you to play and do not forget to give to charity to save the people in desperate situations. Please have fun while playing!.


New Nokia smartphone to be launched on December 5
by NayanNokia Mobile Twitter account has teased a new smartphone launch on December 5. The tweet has a short video that talks about the newest addition to the Nokia family coming on December 5.
Since the teaser talks about just one addition to the Nokia smartphone family we can safely place our bets on Nokia 2.3.
We have been reporting about HMD’s plans to launch Nokia 2.3 with improved specs and features over Nokia 2.2. The leaked screenshot from distributor databse has also revealed Nokia 2.3 color variants.
All these sightings hint at a sooner launch for the smartphones. Surprisingly there are no signs of any other Nokia smartphone including Nokia 5.2 and Nokia 9.1 anywhere.
Nokia 2.3 may come with a display size of greater than 6.1-inch with HD resolution. It features a bigger battery of 3920 mAH capacity as compared to Nokia 2.2. Nokia 2.3 also comes with Bluetooth 5.0 as compared to Bluetooth 4.2 on Nokia 2.2.
You can check out leaked specifications, features, images and other detailss related to Nokia 2.3 on this page. Read our complete Nokia 2.3 coverage by clicking here.


Hosea 5:7
They have dealt treacherously against the LORD: for they have begotten strange children: now shall a month devour them with their portions.


CTET 2019: Gang involved in impersonating aspirants busted
by Careers DeskBy: Careers Desk | Lucknow | Published: December 9, 2019 4:58:31 pm
The UP Special Task Force has busted a gang involved in impersonating aspirants of the CTET 2019 exam. (Representational Image)
The Special Task Force of Uttar Pradesh Police on Sunday busted a gang involved in impersonating aspirants of the Central Teacher Eligibility Test-2019 examination and arrested 10 people in Moradabad, officials said.
Two of the gang members belong to Moradabad and Amroha, while the rest are from Bihar, the STF said. It has seized Rs 61,630, a car, a motorcycle, one mobile phone, four Aadhaar cards, six PAN cards, two voter IDs, eight ATM cards, two cheque books, four school IDs and two driving licences from the accused, the STF said in a statement.
The accused told the STF that an illegal PAN card is arranged for the fake candidate with the photograph of the original aspirant. A case has been registered against them in Moradabad, the STF said.
For all latest Govt Jobs 2019, Railway Jobs, Bank Jobs and SSC Jobs log on to IndianExpress.com.  Stay Connected.
For all the latest Jobs News, download Indian Express App


Validation
.ui-fluid style class provides fluid width to components for efficient use of space in screen.
This example demonstrates ui-fluid in combination with Grid CSS and the components having built-in responsive modes like datatable. Note that Grid CSS is not mandatory, any grid system
can be used with ui-fluid.


[t]Banners[/t]
{$customer_menu}
[t]Here, you can choose banners and upload images for them. Please click "Create New Banner" to add a new banner to the system. You can select a number of views to limit the use of the banner.[/t]
[t]Add new[/t]
{if $allow_buy_banner && 1==0} {*will be disabled - I dont think that payment was used! special payment form banners didnt work*}
|
[t]Buy a Banner[/t]
{/if}
[t]Banner[/t]
[t]Name[/t]
[t]Type[/t]
[t]Size[/t]
[t]Action[/t]
{foreach key=bn_key item=bn from=$BannersList}
{if $bn.uploaded_photo}
{else}
{/if}
{$bn.banner_display_name} ({$bn.banner_name})
{$bn.banner_type}
{$bn.banner_width} x {$bn.banner_height} px
{if $bn.uploaded_photo}
{/if}
{foreachelse}
[t]There are no available banners![/t]
{/foreach}


You may also choose from small and large custom selects to match our similarly sized text inputs.
The multiple
attribute is also supported:
As is the html size
property:
Add the disabled
boolean attribute on a select to give it a grayed out
appearance and remove pointer events.


One male (age not specified) was found to weigh 4.04 kg (8.9 lb). The Philippine eagle has a wingspan of 184 to 220 cm (6 ft 0 in to 7 ft 3 in) and a wing chord length of 57.4–61.4 cm (22.6–24.2 in). Its Scientific name is Pithecophaga jefferyi. Philippine Eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi) is Carnivorous.
With a wing span of nearly seven feet and a top speed at 80 kilometers per hour, it can carry unsuspecting monkey and carry it off without breaking flight. Unlike most animals and humans, Philippine eagles are monogamous and bond for life.
The eagle has a dark face and a creamy-brown nape and crown. The back of the Philippine eagle is dark brown, while the underside and underwings are white. The heavy legs are yellow, with large, powerful, dark claws, and the prominent, large, high-arched, deep beak is a bluish-gray. The eagle's eyes are blue-gray.
The noises heard from a Philippine eagle are described as loud and high-pitched, suggesting its fierce and territorial characteristics.
It can be found in Northern Sierra Madre National Park on Luzon and Mount Apo, Mount Malindang, and Mount Kitanglad National Parks on Mindanao. This eagle is found in dipterocarp and midmontane forests, particularly in steep areas. Its elevation ranges from the lowlands to mountains of over 1,800 m (5,900 ft).
Philippine eagles are generally solitary and spend time singly on in breeding pairs. They are active during the day and at night they rest. Philippine eagles primarily use two hunting techniques. One is still-hunting, in which they watch for prey activity while sitting almost motionlessly on a branch near the canopy.
Philippine Eagles do eat monkeys, but they also prey on a whole host of animals, both large and small. They have been known to hunt bats, civets, flying squirrels, and macaques. They also eat birds, including other birds of prey, snakes and lizards.
THANK YOU


---
notes: Make sure to include all accessible markup when including icons in the tables.
---
July 4th—Aug 26th
Mon—Fri
10am—6pm
Full
Sept 18t—Nov 26th
Mon—Fri
10am—12pm
$7,995
Jan 9th—Mar 3rd
Mon—Fri
10am—6pm
$5,995Early bird price
{{> tables.table-footnote}}


US to raise age limit for vaping to 21, Trump says ahead of action next week
The United States plans to raise the age limit for vaping to 21, U.S. President Donald Trump said on Friday, adding that his administration would issue its final report on such products next week.
WASHINGTON: The United States plans to raise the age limit for vaping to 21, U.S. President Donald Trump said on Friday, adding that his administration would issue its final report on such products next week.
Trump, speaking to reporters at the White House, did not give further details about the administration's regulatory plans or give a specific date for any announcements.
U.S. health officials have been sounding the alarm amid a nationwide outbreak of serous lung illnesses linked to vaping, and have raised concerns about the use of electronic smoking devices, particularly among youth.
Trump called on the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and the Food and Drug Administration to study the issue in September, and said regulators planned to ban all flavored e-cigarettes.
Congress is also investigating the industry. Additionally, various U.S. states and localities have cracked down on the products, which have also faced numerous lawsuits.
"We have to take care of our kids most importantly so we're going to have an age limit of 21 or so," Trump said.
Still, he acknowledged the interests of the vaping industry and said the administration was also weighing the impact of any action on jobs.
"We're talking about the age, were talking about flavors we're also talking about keeping people working," he told reporters.
The use of flavors such as mint and fruit to make vaping more appealing has also faced criticism from public health advocates and others. On Thursday, e-cigarette maker Juul Labs Inc said it would immediately halt U.S. sales of its mint-flavored nicotine cartridges.
(Reporting by Alexandra Alper and Susan Heavey; Editing by Alison Williams and Jonathan Oatis)


@import uk.gov.hmrc.hmrcfrontend.views.html.components._ @import uk.gov.hmrc.govukfrontend.views.html.components._ @this(hmrcPageHeading : HmrcPageHeading, govukInput : GovukInput, govukButton : GovukButton) @() @hmrcPageHeading(PageHeading( text = "What is the postcode of your business?" ))
This is the postcode attached to your registered address, it is where you receive correspondence from HMRC.
@govukInput(Input( id = "postcode", name = "postcode", label = Label( classes = "govuk-visually-hidden", content = Text("What is the postcode of your business?") ), hint = Some(Hint( content = Text("For example, AB1 1DH") )), classes = "govuk-input--width-10" )) @govukButton(Button( content = Text("Continue") ))


CMQCC
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Polygon¶
-
class
Polygon.
Polygon
(l1=<class 'Line.Line'>)¶ In class example.
-
add_line
(l1)¶ Description: Add a line to a dictionary of lines to create a polygon. Checks for duplicate values and for values being inserted backwards ie the line 2,4 - 3,6 is the same as 3,6 - 2,4 don’t add it twice. Could add more logic if needed for better insertions. Parameters: l1 (line) – is a line input by the user Returns: none
-
is_complete
(path=[])¶ Description: Tests if a path from the first line put into polygon exists or not. Is_somthing should return a boolean value but im lazy so broke with convention. Goes over whole dictionary to find values that link together by searching for p2 of the key ie key 2,4 has p1 = 2,4 and p2 = 3,6 then we test if 3,6 is a key then later test if there is a key with a p2 value of startlines p1 shoing that the pionts all connect. Parameters: path – empty list to hold values Returns: path Return type: list
-


Numerical Limits
f(x) =
x approaches:
Set Left Limit: x =
Set Right Limit: x =
Insert Asymptote: x =


--- title: Emacs Byte Compilation layout: post tags: [emacs, lisp] uuid: 0c22fcdf-5f7b-315f-5a59-54ce3d7804c3 ---
A feature unique to some Lisps is the ability to compile functions individually at any time. This could be to a bytecode or native code, depending on the dialect and implementation. In a Lisp implementations where compilation matters (such as CLISP), there are typically two forms in which code can be evaluated: a slower, unoptimized uncompiled form and a fast, efficient compiled form. The uncompiled form would have some sort of advantage, even if it's merely not having to spend time on compilation.
In Emacs Lisp, the uncompiled form of a function is just a lambda
s-expression. The only thing that gives it a name is the symbol it's
stored in. The compiled form is a (special) vector, with the actual
byte codes stored in a string as the second element. Constants, the
docstring, and other things are stored in this function vector as
well. The Elisp function to compile functions
is byte-compile
. It can be given a lambda function or a
symbol. In the case of a symbol, the compiled function is installed
over top of the s-expression form.
(byte-compile (lambda (x) (* 2 x))) => #[(x) "^H\301_\207" [x 2] 2]
The compiler will not only convert the function to bytecode and expand macros, but also perform optimizations such as removing dead code, evaluating safe constant forms, and inline functions. This provides a nice performance boost (testing using my measure-time macro),
{% highlight cl %} (defun fib (n) "Fibonacci sequence." (if (<= n 2) 1 (+ (fib (- n 1)) (fib (- n 2))))) {% endhighlight %}(measure-time (fib 30)) => 1.0508708953857422 (byte-compile 'fib) (measure-time (fib 30)) => 0.4302399158477783
Most of the installed functions in a typical Emacs instance are already compiled, since they are loaded already compiled. But a number of them aren't compiled. So, I thought, why not spend a few seconds to do this?
In Common Lisp, there is a predicate for testing whether a function
has been compiled or not: compiled-function-p
. For
whatever reason, there is no equivalent predefined in Elisp, so I
wrote one,
My idea was to iterate over every interned symbol and, if the function
slot contains an uncompiled function, using the test above, I would
call byte-compile
on it. Well, it turns out
that byte-compile
is very flexible and will ignore
symbols with no function and symbols with already compiled functions.
So next, how do we iterate over every interned symbol? There is
a mapatoms
function for this. Provide it a function and
it calls it on every interned symbol. Well, that's simple and
anticlimactic.
That's it! It will take only a few seconds and spew a lot of warnings. I haven't found a way to disable those warnings, so this isn't something you'd want to have run automatically, unless you like having an extra window thrown in your face. I've only discovered this recently, so I'm not sure what sort of bad things this may do to your Emacs session. Not every function was written with compilation in mind. There are interactions with macros to consider.
I doubt there will be a noticeable performance difference. Like I said before, most everything is already compiled, and those are the functions that get used the most. There's just something nice about knowing all your functions are compiled and optimized.


This course will explore interactive design through web technologies (HTML, CSS, JavaScript). While applying your design skills to this medium, you will develop a basic an understanding of the technology behind the web, understand how to navigate the constraints and opportunities of the medium, and become comfortable executing your ideas in code.
Submitting Assignments
Students will be required to sign up for a free GitHub account to version control and submit their work. Students will submit a link to their project repo and a link to a live webpage for review. Students are free to choose between submitting URLs to self-hosted websites or using GitHub pages.
Communication
Group communication will happen in our Slack chat room, which students are encouraged to join.
Recommended Text
-
HTML and CSS: Design and Build Websites
by Jon Duckett -
JavaScript and jQuery: Interactive Front-End Web Development
by Jon Duckett -
Responsive Web Design
by Ethan Marcotte -
Git for Humans
by David Demaree


winning_numbers <- read.csv("winning_numbers.csv")
winning_numbers$Draw.Date <- mdy(winning_numbers$Draw.Date)
names(winning_numbers)[1] <- "drawdate"
url <- "http://www.lottofactor.com/script/jackpot_history/draw_date/101"
jackpot_vals <- readHTMLTable(url)[[18]] %>%
mutate_all(funs(str_replace(., pattern = "Â", replacement = ""))) %>%
mutate_all(funs(str_trim(., "left")))
names(jackpot_vals)[1] <- "draw_date"
names(jackpot_vals)[2] <- "jackpot_value"
jackpot_vals <- jackpot_vals %>%
separate(draw_date, c("day", "date"), sep = " ")
jackpot_vals$date <- mdy(jackpot_vals$date)
inflation_adj <- inflation_adjust(2019)
inflation_adj <- inflation_adj %>%
filter(year >= 2010)
inflation_adj$year <- as.numeric(inflation_adj$year)
powerball <- winning_numbers %>%
separate(Winning.Numbers, c("white1", "white2", "white3", "white4", "white5", "powerball"))
powerball$Multiplier <- NULL
powerball <- left_join(powerball, jackpot_vals, by = c("drawdate" = "date"))
powerball$`Â Change` <- NULL
powerball$jackpot_value <- str_replace_all(powerball$jackpot_value, fixed("$"), "")
powerball <- powerball %>%
separate(jackpot_value, c('jackpot_value', 'Million'), sep = " ")
names(powerball)[8] <- "drawday"
powerball <- powerball[c("drawdate", "drawday", "white1", "white2", "white3", "white4", "white5", "powerball", "jackpot_value", "Million")]
powerball <- mutate_at(powerball, vars(white1:jackpot_value), funs(as.numeric))
powerball$jackpot_value <- ifelse(powerball$Million == 'Million', powerball$jackpot_value, powerball$jackpot_value * 1000)
powerball$Million <- NULL
powerball$year <- year(powerball$drawdate)
powerball <- left_join(powerball, inflation_adj, by = c("year" = "year"))
powerball$year <- NULL
powerball$pct_increase <- NULL
powerball$base_year <- NULL
powerball$avg_cpi <- NULL
powerball <- powerball %>%
add_row(drawdate = "2010-01-30", drawday = "SAT", white1 = 6, white2 = 26, white3 = 35, white4 = 47, white5 = 48, powerball = 21, jackpot_value = 92.5, adj_value = 0.86) %>%
add_row(drawdate = "2010-01-27", drawday = "WED", white1 = 6, white2 = 15, white3 = 20, white4 = 26, white5 = 31, powerball = 9, jackpot_value = 77.5, adj_value = 0.86) %>%
add_row(drawdate = "2010-01-23", drawday = "SAT", white1 = 15, white2 = 16, white3 = 20, white4 = 42, white5 = 53, powerball = 17, jackpot_value = 65, adj_value = 0.86) %>%
add_row(drawdate = "2010-01-20", drawday = "WED", white1 = 15, white2 = 32, white3 = 43, white4 = 44, white5 = 46, powerball = 19, jackpot_value = 53.4, adj_value = 0.86) %>%
add_row(drawdate = "2010-01-16", drawday = "SAT", white1 = 7, white2 = 8, white3 = 23, white4 = 41, white5 = 55, powerball = 23, jackpot_value = 41.9, adj_value = 0.86) %>%
add_row(drawdate = "2010-01-13", drawday = "WED", white1 = 8, white2 = 11, white3 = 15, white4 = 32, white5 = 50, powerball = 27, jackpot_value = 30.4, adj_value = 0.86) %>%
add_row(drawdate = "2010-01-09", drawday = "SAT", white1 = 20, white2 = 41, white3 = 44, white4 = 50, white5 = 54, powerball = 22, jackpot_value = 25, adj_value = 0.86) %>%
add_row(drawdate = "2010-01-06", drawday = "WED", white1 = 20, white2 = 27, white3 = 29, white4 = 56, white5 = 58, powerball = 31, jackpot_value = 20, adj_value = 0.86) %>%
add_row(drawdate = "2010-01-02", drawday = "SAT", white1 = 3, white2 = 7, white3 = 23, white4 = 27, white5 = 42, powerball = 37, jackpot_value = 25, adj_value = 0.86)
powerball$jackpot_value_adj <- powerball$jackpot_value * powerball$adj_value
powerball$adj_value <- NULL
Jackpot Values Over Time
cols <- c("With Inflation" = "#f04546", "Without Inflation" = "#FFFFFF")
ggplot() +
geom_line(data = powerball, aes(x = drawdate, y = jackpot_value, color = "Without Inflation")) +
geom_line(data = powerball, aes(x = drawdate, y = jackpot_value_adj, color = "With Inflation")) +
geom_vline(xintercept = as.Date("2012-01-15"), ymax = 350) +
annotate("text", x = as.Date("2011-10-07"), y = 800,
label = "Minimum Jackpot Increase", color = "white", angle = 90) +
geom_vline(xintercept = as.Date("2015-04-10")) +
annotate("text", x = as.Date("2015-01-10"), y = 800,
label = "Pool Increase", color = "white", angle = 90) +
coord_cartesian(ylim = c(20, 1500)) +
ggtitle("Powerball Winnings") +
labs(x = "Date of Drawing", y = "Jackpot Value (Millions)") +
scale_x_date(date_breaks = "1 year", date_labels = "%Y", limits = c(as.Date("2010-01-02"), as.Date("2019-04-13"))) +
scale_colour_manual(name = "",values = cols) +
scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(0, 1500, 100)) +
theme(panel.background = element_rect("royalblue3"),
plot.background = element_rect("royalblue3"),
plot.title = element_text("white"),
panel.grid = element_line("royalblue2"),
axis.title = element_text(color = "white"),
axis.text = element_text(colour = "white"),
axis.ticks = element_line("royalblue2"),
legend.background = element_rect("royalblue3"),
legend.key = element_rect("royalblue3"),
legend.position = "bottom",
legend.box.just = "right")


DirectStatePersistable |
Marker interface to denote a persistable Corda state entity that exposes the transaction id and index as composite key called stateRef. interface DirectStatePersistable : StatePersistable |
IndirectStatePersistable |
Marker interface to denote a persistable Corda state entity that exposes the transaction id and index as a nested composite key called compositeKey that is itself a DirectStatePersistable. i.e. exposes a stateRef. interface IndirectStatePersistable<T : DirectStatePersistable> : StatePersistable |
PersistentState |
A super class for all mapped states exported to a schema that ensures the StateRef appears on the database row. The StateRef will be set to the correct value by the framework (there's no need to set during mapping generation by the state itself). open class PersistentState : DirectStatePersistable |
PersistentStateRef |
Embedded StateRef representation used in state mapping. data class PersistentStateRef : Serializable |
QueryableState |
A contract state that may be mapped to database schemas configured for this node to support querying for, or filtering of, states. interface QueryableState : ContractState |
StatePersistable |
Marker interface to denote a persistable Corda state entity that will always have a transaction id and index interface StatePersistable |


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Let's take a look at Machine Learning in Ruby
Machine learning is branch of Artificial Intelligence (AI) concerned with design and development of algorithms that allow computers to learn. It’s a very broad subject so we will just focus on a simple example that uses statistical classification.
Let’s build…
In this tutorial we are going to build a simple news classification application that will parse and classify RSS/HTML articles from the Times Live newspaper.
For the job, we will use nokogiri gem and 2 ruby standard libraries: open-uri and rss/2.0.
RSS Parser
To find sources of articles for processing, we could build a complex search engine or we can simply use the RSS feeds the newspaper provides us with to look for and discover links. RssParser class does exactly that, you initialize it with a feed url and it gives you back the links to all the articles discovered in that feed.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 |
|
HTML Parser
Having article links, we need to parse page content and extract meaningful parts from these pages. HtmlParser class can be initialized with a page url and DOM selector. In this example we will be using a CSS selector to extract the content from articles – Firebug and jQuery were used to find the selector for the text we are extracting from the article. In this class you will also notice clean_whitespace method which cleans the whitespace characters from the extracted text.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 |
|
Statistical Classifier
We introduce a class that is responsible for classification of articles. It is initialized with a hash that consists of categories (keys) and training data (values).
Training data is used to discoverpotential relationships between articles and categories. This data should be carefully selected in order to give better classification results. It is created by determining the value for each word in the context of all words for that category (see the train_data()method).
In this example we are usingcontent ofWikipedia articles for economy, sport and health as training data for ourcategories.
When classifying articles we want to compare only meaningful words and ignore other wordsthat do not add any value for a certain category. We (partially) solve this problem using stop words.
Finally, the scores() method creates the scores for each category (per text) that we are testing.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 |
|
Lets have a go
Here is the script that runs the program:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 |
|
Although our statistical classification algorithm is very simple, it can give remarkably good results provided the training data is good. For even better results you can try other classification algorithms like Bayesian probability and Latent Semantic Analysis.
If you are interested in amore indepth exampleof a news aggregator application – you can check newsagg at Github. It’s a simple Sinatra application with a Redis datastore that we put together. It crawls, classifies and creates ‘clusters’ of articles using statistical algorithms.
If you want to learn more about Machine Learning, checkout Programming Collective Intelligence book – code examples written in Python and Scripting Intelligence – code examples written in Ruby.


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Keyword: C++(Visual Studio), Robot Manipulation, MFC design
Humans are able to interact with and move about their environment using their arms and legs. If similar mechanisms can be modeled and applied in humanoid robots, it can bring significant benefits. For example, autonomous or human navigated robots can take the place of those who may be required to work in dangerous situations.
This project is my final year project of my undergraduate program. The project aims to design a system which can automatically capture a person’s movements and to translate them into C++ to customize the behavior of a robot. In this system, I used X-Box to capture the coordinates of the joints and it transfered the data to my computer. Then I created geometry model to calculate the raw pitch yaw angles for each joint. The computer would tell the robot the angles so that the joints of the robot can follow the gestures
Credit: This website is based on a theme created by Start Bootstrap


I'm learning to code, write, and totally love the idea of twitter; I'll talk about tea, coffee, wine, and beer as long as you like; I have poetry in real life publications; I hike and backpack for vacations; I studied French at Sarah Lawrence College; I love every kind of cooking and can just barely bake bread.
Talk to me.


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Dynamic and detail-oriented Full-Stack Web Developer with a knack of conceptualizing and delivering elegant, user- friendly solutions effectively and efficiently. Possesses a track record of developing an e-commerce website for a college based start-up, armed with an extensive understanding of end-to-end SDLC(Software Development Life Cycle) and cloud computing.
GPA: 7.00
Apart from being a web developer, I enjoy most of my time in sports. I love to play football, swimming etc.
I also love to play games. Watching movies, TV series. i have a keen love to comedy and sitcoms. and the list ain't end yet. Oh yeah im a HEAVY METAL fan! but all kinda music whether it is hiphop, pop, classical, country music, all get appreciated by me.


Lite version of Process Control Charts App contains most of the features required to do process control. You can create Process Control Reports and Control Charts with some restrictions and advertisements. For richer user experience, please download our Pro app. Lite version is available on play store.
App users may submit suggestions and feedback using the app. Our team regularly follows up on your feedback. We encourage app users to kindly submit positive and negative feedback through app for direct link with us. You may suggest new features also.
You can create any number of Process Control Reports*, edit Author Name, Title Name. You can delete report and all of its component Control Charts and Samples with a single press. * Subject to device restrictions.
You can add any number of Control Charts* in a report, edit Author Name, Title Name. A typical Process Control Report may have 100 XBar Charts (with different samples), 100 R Charts, 100 n Charts etc. You can delete Control and all of its component Samples with a single press. * Subject to device restrictions.
You can change many of settings according to your color preferences and size preferences. E.g.You can add any number of Samples in a Control Charts*, edit and delete a Sample. You can enter samples data by Speech(Speaking to mobile device), or by Typing (Future Feature - Load samples by scanning pictures taken from Camera).* Subject to device restrictions.
You can easily change display settings of Control Chart plotted. E.g. Increase DOT size, Hide Grid lines, Remove Labels, Increase Text Size
You can save a Control Chart as Image in Gallery, generate and save a CSV (Spreadsheet) report of Chart including calculations table in Documents and save Samples data as CSV(Spreadsheet) file in Downloads.
Pro version has been launched on Play Store open for public after beta testing.
Please contact us if any bug or malfunction occurs. Always listening to precious user feedback.
You may send feature requetss also from app and website contact form.
A control chart consists of:
Steps for calculating control limits


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---
layout: post
title: Checking in
date: '2013-07-23T15:56:00.000+01:00'
author: Amidst Science
tags:
- blogkeeping
modified_time: '2016-02-27T21:15:39.881Z'
blogger_id: tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7745412915677497145.post-615698182948154251
blogger_orig_url: http://amidstscience.blogspot.com/2013/07/checking-in.html
---
I will update the blog shortly. I have been building my own PC and trying to get it up and running, but most importantly - organise it. This together with my research has been keeping me busy. I'm trying out Bloglovin' to see if I can keep track of some interesting blogs this way and I'm rewriting a couple of project report drafts today.


From the newsletter ... |
|
The new CrosstalkWelcome to the new Crosstalk newsletter. Much of our attention here in St Mary's over the past year has focussed on developing links into the Parish of Cogges. The new Crosstalk magazine is one small further attempt at connecting with our community. We aim to review all the positive activities of the previous months in the Parish and look forward to the many events that we hope will interest you. Our aim is to produce the magazine three times a year, before Christmas, at Easter and at the beginning of the Autumn term. I hope you like the picture gallery in this edition capturing such events as the retirement of Blake School' s head teacher, Tim Massey; Infant Sports Day at Blake School and the Scouts first meeting in the Church Centre. This year we really want to be part of your Christmas celebrations and have geared many of our church activities around what we hope will help you have the most meaningful and complete Christmas yet. Let me leave you with a few words for reflection as we come close to the Christmas season. I believe God comes as a companion this Christmas to join us on the road, to listen to our story and to help us realize that life can be more than walking in circles but moving towards the house of peace and love. In the great mystery of Christmas, the one thing that God wants us to know is that in the birth of his son, Jesus Christ, there is no need to walk alone through life. The God of love who gave us life, sent his Son to be with us in all our struggles - in all the good things that life brings. Here is another Christmas that brings joyful stress or maybe just stress often accompanied by anxiety. Christmas is another opportunity to accept the renewed invitation not to be afraid, not to be anxious and to let Him - whose love is greater than our hearts and minds can comprehend - be our companion. I want to invite you personally to come and celebrate the full meaning of Christmas with us in St Mary's. Cogges Parish | Other articles | Feedback © 2003; Published in Cogges Parish monthly newsletter, December 2003 |


|
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| PREV CLASS NEXT CLASS | FRAMES NO FRAMES | ||||||||||
| SUMMARY: NESTED | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD | DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD |
java.lang.Object java.lang.Thread edu.uci.isr.yancees.server.rmi.RemoteYanceesImplementation.NotificationBuffer
This buffer schedules events to be notified. The aim is to cope with scalability and high throughput, in order to publish a bunch of events at onnce, instead of one at a time. This strategy better utilizes the RMI serialization mechanisms and icreases the throughput of the server. A big buffer will allow the server to handle more publish commands per second. However, it will reduce the latency (the time between production and delivery of an event). A low SLEEP_TIME will not permit the buffer to get full, and will reduce the throughput.
| Field Summary |
| Fields inherited from class java.lang.Thread |
MAX_PRIORITY, MIN_PRIORITY, NORM_PRIORITY |
| Constructor Summary | |
RemoteYanceesImplementation.NotificationBuffer(RemoteSubscriberInterface remInt,
RemoteYanceesImplementation.SubscriberMediator med)
|
| Method Summary | |
void |
addEventToBuffer(EventInterface event)
Method used by the clients of this class to enqueue events in the buffer |
EventInterface |
getEventFromBuffer()
This method should be called when there is some event on the buffer, otherwise, it returns null |
void |
run()
Main logic of this thread |
| Methods inherited from class java.lang.Thread |
activeCount, checkAccess, countStackFrames, currentThread, destroy, dumpStack, enumerate, getContextClassLoader, getName, getPriority, getThreadGroup, holdsLock, interrupt, interrupted, isAlive, isDaemon, isInterrupted, join, join, join, resume, setContextClassLoader, setDaemon, setName, setPriority, sleep, sleep, start, stop, stop, suspend, toString, yield |
| Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object |
clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, wait |
| Constructor Detail |
public RemoteYanceesImplementation.NotificationBuffer(RemoteSubscriberInterface remInt, RemoteYanceesImplementation.SubscriberMediator med)
| Method Detail |
public void run()
public void addEventToBuffer(EventInterface event)
event
- public EventInterface getEventFromBuffer()
|
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| PREV CLASS NEXT CLASS | FRAMES NO FRAMES | ||||||||||
| SUMMARY: NESTED | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD | DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD |


KUnit - Unit Testing for the Linux Kernel¶
What is KUnit?¶
KUnit is a lightweight unit testing and mocking framework for the Linux kernel. These tests are able to be run locally on a developer’s workstation without a VM or special hardware.
KUnit is heavily inspired by JUnit, Python’s unittest.mock
, and
Googletest/Googlemock for C++; it provides many of the same features in a
similar manner (mocking, spying, assertions, etc) in a way that makes sense
with the Linux kernel’s flavor of C.
Get started now: Getting Started
Why KUnit?¶
Aside from KUnit there is no true unit testing framework for the Linux kernel. Autotest and kselftest are sometimes cited as unit testing frameworks; however, they are not by most reasonable definitions of unit tests.
A unit test is supposed to test a single unit of code in isolation, hence the name. A unit test should be the finest granularity of testing and as such should allow all possible code paths to be tested in the code under test; this is only possible if the code under test is very small and does not have any external dependencies outside of the test’s control like hardware.
Outside of KUnit, there are no testing frameworks currently available for the kernel that do not require installing the kernel on a test machine or in a VM and all require tests to be written in userspace running on the kernel; this is true for Autotest, and kselftest, disqualifying any of them from being considered unit testing frameworks.
KUnit addresses the problem of being able to run tests without needing a virtual machine or actual hardware with User Mode Linux. User Mode Linux is a Linux architecture, like ARM or x86; however, unlike other architectures it compiles to a standalone program that can be run like any other program directly inside of a host operating system; to be clear, it does not require any virtualization support; it is just a regular program.
KUnit is fast. Excluding build time, from invocation to completion KUnit can run several dozen tests in only 10 to 20 seconds; this might not sound like a big deal to some people, but having such fast and easy to run tests fundamentally changes the way you go about testing and even writing code in the first place. Linus himself said in his git talk at Google:
“… a lot of people seem to think that performance is about doing the same thing, just doing it faster, and that is not true. That is not what performance is all about. If you can do something really fast, really well, people will start using it differently.”
In this context Linus was talking about branching and merging, but this point also applies to testing. If your tests are slow, unreliable, are difficult to write, and require a special setup or special hardware to run, then you wait a lot longer to write tests, and you wait a lot longer to run tests; this means that tests are likely to break, unlikely to test a lot of things, and are unlikely to be rerun once they pass.  Why trust that someone ran all their tests correctly on every change when you can just run them yourself in less time than it takes to read his / her test log?
How do I use it?¶
Getting Started - for new users of KUnit
Using KUnit - for a more detailed explanation of KUnit features
API Reference - for the list of KUnit APIs used for testing