About jTab
Guitar tab is all over the internet, but it is usually in either a fixed/non-interactive form, or painstaking ASCII format. jTab is an open source, javascript-based library that lets you change that. It automatically converts a simple text notation to a web-friendly graphical presentation on the fly.
You can use it to post snippets on your blog, host user contributions on a web site, or just for personal transcription purposes. It is also scriptable with javascript for more sophisticated applications.
Technically, jTab is a javascript-based library that renders notation using CSS and scalable vector graphics (SVG). It works in most modern browsers that support javascript, CSS and scalable vector graphics (SVG) - for example: Firefox, Google Chrome and Internet Explorer (see browser support).
Live Examples
Show don't tell! So before going further, here are some examples of jTab in action. More examples are available here.
Interactive/Explicit Rendering using Javascript
jTab can be used to render notation in real-time using Javascript. This could be based on user input (like here), or with the notation feed being generated or retrieved from some system or web service.
Try it out. Enter a phrase here (see notation for help):Implicit Rendering using CSS
jTab implicitly renders tab notation on a web page that is contained in blocks marked with the special class name 'jtab'. This can be used for posting transcriptions to your blog for example - just include jTab in your blog template then when posting you don't need to reApplicationUser anything else except to set the class name on your notation.
Here, a chord phrase is written directly into the web page..
Here's an example combining chords and tab notation..
Or just tab notation..
Notation Reference
If you find this a little dry to read, see the examples page which demostrate all these features and more.
Chord Notation
Chord notation is quite conventional e.g. C Gm F#7 Db.
- The root note (A..G) must be uppercase
- Seperate every item with spaces
- # indicates sharp
- b (lowercase B) indicates flat
- m (lowercase) indicates minor
- maj (lowercase) indicates major
- sus (lowercase) indicates suspended
- dim (lowercase) indicates diminished
- aug (lowercase) indicates augmented
- add (lowercase) indicates extensions
- Variations on the root chord: m, 6, m6, 69, 7, m7, maj7, 7b5, 7#5, m7b5, 7b9, 9, m9, maj9, add9, 13, sus2, sus4, dim, dim7, aug
- / indicates repeat of the previous chord
- | is a standard bar line
- || is an ending bar line
jTab also supports CAGED major chord notation. This is a convenient method for indicating major chords at various positions on the fretboard.
- May be applied to all chords
- Position is indicated by following the chord with a colon and the position number 1,2,3...
- e.g. C:1, Cm7:5, Eaug:2, Dsus2:3
A full chart of chords supported by jTab as available here.
Custom Chord Notation
jTab also supports custom chord notation, where the frets and fingers for any arbitrary chord can be explicitly defined.
%Fret/Finger.Fret/Finger.Fret/Finger.Fret/Finger.Fret/Finger.Fret/Finger[Name]
- Frets: Numeric position on the fretboard
- Fingers: 1,2,3,4,T (uppercase)
- For open strings, enter: 0/0
- Muted or not played strings: X/X or x/x (case-insensitive)
- Name: enclose the name of the chord in square brackets (name is optional, to leave it out just exclude the brackets)
Here's an example:
%7/2.X/X.7/3.7/4.6/1.X/X[Bm7b5]
Tab Notation
Representing tab notation is little special to jTab, but aims to be as simple as possible.
Basic entry of notes on a single string is done by setting the string and then following with the notation (separated by spaces).
- Indicating the string is done with the dollar sign ("$") followed by the string number (1-6, high to low). e.g. $2 is the B string in standard tuning
- Alternatively, you can use the string tuning instead of string number, EADGBe low to high in standard tuning. e.g. $B is the 2nd string in standard tuning.
- Then you can in fact follow with anything you like - fret position, slides ( / \ ) hammerons (h), pulloffs (p) etc (just avoid uppercase characters to avoid confusion with chords)
- Examples:
- $2 0 1 3 (a simple three note sequence on the B string)
- $2 0 1 3 $1 0 1 3/5 (a sequence of notes starting on the B string, continuing on the high E string, finishing with a slide to A)
- $B 0 1 3 $e 0 1 3/5 (same, but using string notes instead of numbers)
What about more than one note at the same time? To handle multiple notes played on different strings, join all the individual string notation together with periods (".")
Examples:
- $3.6.$2.5h7 $1 5 $2 7 (start with two notes on G and B strings followed by a hammeron and two individual notes)
- $4.7/9.$3.6/8.$2.5/7 9p7 $2.9.$3.9.$4.9 (three notes across D,G,B strings with a slide up two steps and a twist)
Tab for a whole or partial chord can be easier to enter as a full six-string block. A shorthand is possible if you want to enter notes across all 6 strings:
- Below the 10th fret, just concatenate the six string fret positions (from low string to high) e.g. 022100 is E chord at the nut.
- Periods are required to separate each string e.g. <IP_ADDRESS>.8.8 is C chord at the 8th fret (which can also be written as C:4 in CAGED notation)
- substitute an X or x for mute strings e.g. X02220 is an A chord
Mixing Chord & Tab Notation
You can mix chord and tab notation without restriction in the one phrase. This will result in a tab line being drawn, with chord charts above where relevant.
Rendering Options: Color
jTab will render using the color and background-color styles of the enclosing HTML element.
Rendering Options: Size
jTab currently only renders in a single size. Having the ability to control the size of the rendered tab is something we'd like to get into a future update.
Downloading/obtaining jTab
jTab is open source and free to use. You are welcome to use and reuse it however you like.
The project home page is at http://jtab.tardate.com
The master source code repository is on github (http://github.com/tardate/jtab/tree/master). You will always find the latest version here and be able to contribute to the project yourself.
There is also a version located at jtab.tardate.com that you can point to directly (although performance may suffer a little).
How To Install jTab on your Web Page or Site
1. Include jTab Javascript files
jTab is provided as a single javascript source file (jtab.js) that needs to be included on your page. It depends on two additional libraries that must also be included: jQuery, and Raphaël (raphael.js). Compatible versions of these libraries located along with jtab.js, or if you are already using a version of these libraries you probably do not need to include them again.
You can download these files and use them locally on your own site. There is also a version located at http://jtab.tardate.com that you can point to directly (although performance may suffer a little). The example below shows how to pull the files direct from tardate.com.
 ... (other stuff) ...  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=EmulateIE7" />  <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="http://jtab.tardate.com/css/jtab-helper.css"/>       ...
Note the optional jtab-helper.css file. It is used to preset jtab region heights to avoid screen layout resizing during rendering. More information about that here.
2. Performing Implicit Rendering
Seriously, how easy is this? Just put your notation text inside any block tag (e.g. DIV) and give it the class name "jtab"..
 E / / / | Am / B / ||

The HTML code above produces the following (view the source of this page to prove it yourself!):
3. Explicit Rendering with Scripting
You can script the rendering of a guitar tab phrase into any HTML block using a line of javascript to call the jtab.render() function. jtab.render() takes two parameters. The first is the ID or name of the HTML element to render the tab into, and the second is the actual line of tab notation (a string). Obviously, you can bring all your javascripting expertise to bear: the tab notation may be preset in the page, pulled from a database, the result of a web services call, entered by the user, or ...

Actual result is this:
Troubleshooting and Tips
Page layout jitters while rendering jTab
jTab automatically resize HTML DOM objects to fit the notation it is rendering. Because of this, page layout main jitter around as the page elements are changing size. To avoid this, you can pre-size your jtab elements to avoid the resizing.
At the moment, the standard height of jTab renderings is as follows:
- Chord and tab diagram: 218px
- Chord-only diagram: 118px
- Tab-only diagram: 100px
An optional stylesheet is included in the jTab kit (css/jtab-helper.css)and can be included in you pages:
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="http://jtab.tardate.com/css/jtab-helper.css"/>
The stylesheet presets the jtab class to the maximum possible height, and provides class modifiers if you know you will only have tab or chord elements present.

(pre-sized for chord and tab)

(pre-sized for chord only)

(pre-sized for tab only)

Inline blocks and IE
Implicit rendering with normally inline blocks (like a SPAN tag) can be an issue in IE. Rendering a series of SPAN tags may result in the guitar tabs being written over each other (it seems IE does not automatically adjust the size of the block to fit the rendered guitar tab, whereas Firefox does for example).
Solution: just avoid inline blocks. Hold your guitar tab in a DIV tag for instance.
Implicit rendering isn't happening?
jTab hooks the window.onload function in order to "automagically" do its implicit, CSS-based rendering. It plays well with other onload handlers installed before jTab, however if anything on your page installs an onload handler after jTab, it may overwrite the jTab hook and prevent it running.
Solution 1: restructure your page so that jtab.js is included after anything else that may interfere with it.
Solution 2: include an explicit call to the rendering function at the end of your page:

Feedback & Contribute
jTab was created and is maintained by Paul Gallagher and released as open source for all to exploit. Main contributors: @tardate, @jasonong, bborn, binarybitlan, balpha.
Feedback and contributions are eagerly sought, particularly for things like:
- Spotted any incorrect fingerings?
- Browser incompatibility or rendering issues?
- Features you'd really like to see included
- Or just let me know how you are using jTab and what you think!
Source: The master jTab source is hosted on github. All are welcome to fork and update.
Issues: A formal isues list (with prioritisation) is maintained in the github issues list.
Discuss: We have established a mailing list to discuss internal development issues, usage, and ideas for enhancement. All are welcomed to join: visit the mailing list group on Google.
Kudos: Aside from just scratching a personal itch, jTab was greatly inspired by Dmitry Baranovskiy's fantastic work on the Raphaël SVG library, and Alex Gorbatchev's syntaxhighlighter (for opening the door to what is possible!).
Limitations
jTab is a new project, so there are definitely some things it can't do at the moment. See the issues list on github for all currently open issues. Some of the main things to note:
- Chord diagrams don't render a barre symbol or other common annotations.
- No explicit support for alternate tunings
- Currently only six-string beasts. No bass, lutes, mandolins, banjoes etc etc.. sorry ;-)
Browser Support
jTab works in most modern browsers that support javascript, CSS and scalable vector graphics (SVG) - for example, Firefox 3+, Google Chrome and Internet Explorer.
Internet Explorer is a little problemmatic however. IE7 is the most reliable, IE6 has some imperfect rendering, and as of writing IE8 is exhibiting very poor performance rendering SVG (in the order of 10x slower than Firefox/Chome, and much slower than IE7).
jTab in the Wild
Here are some places where you can see jTab in action:
- ChordMaster 2000 - a tool to help you learn chord fingerings for guitar
- Guitar Tab Shortcode - jTab as a WordPress plugin by Matthew Marichiba
- Musical Practice and Performance - a StackExchange site dedicated to musical Q&A
Let us know if you find more to be listed here.


Creates a new instance of the map and assigns its value.
Appends new elements to this map.
a map with elements to be added.
Assigns (copies over) properties from the specified value to this map.
value whose properties shall be copied over.
Clears this map by removing all its elements.
Creates a binary clone of this object.
a clone of this object.
Checks if this map contains an element with specified key.
The key can be defined using dot notation and allows to recursively access elements of elements.
a key to be checked
true if this map contains the key or false otherwise.
Gets a map element specified by its key.
The key can be defined using dot notation and allows to recursively access elements of elements.
a key of the element to get.
the value of the map element.
Converts map element into an AnyValueArray or returns empty AnyValueArray if conversion is not possible.
a key of element to get.
AnyValueArray value of the element or empty AnyValueArray if conversion is not supported.
Converts map element into an AnyValueArray or returns default value if conversion is not possible.
a key of element to get.
the default value
AnyValueArray value of the element or default value if conversion is not supported.
Converts map element into a boolean or returns false if conversion is not possible.
a key of element to get.
boolean value of the element or false if conversion is not supported.
Converts map element into a boolean or returns default value if conversion is not possible.
a key of element to get.
the default value
boolean value of the element or default value if conversion is not supported.
Converts map element into a Date or returns the current date if conversion is not possible.
a key of element to get.
Date value of the element or the current date if conversion is not supported.
Converts map element into a Date or returns default value if conversion is not possible.
a key of element to get.
the default value
Date value of the element or default value if conversion is not supported.
Converts map element into a double or returns 0 if conversion is not possible.
a key of element to get.
double value of the element or 0 if conversion is not supported.
Converts map element into a double or returns default value if conversion is not possible.
a key of element to get.
the default value
double value of the element or default value if conversion is not supported.
Converts map element into a float or returns 0 if conversion is not possible.
a key of element to get.
float value of the element or 0 if conversion is not supported.
Converts map element into a flot or returns default value if conversion is not possible.
a key of element to get.
the default value
flot value of the element or default value if conversion is not supported.
Converts map element into an integer or returns 0 if conversion is not possible.
a key of element to get.
integer value of the element or 0 if conversion is not supported.
Converts map element into an integer or returns default value if conversion is not possible.
a key of element to get.
the default value
integer value of the element or default value if conversion is not supported.
Converts map element into a long or returns 0 if conversion is not possible.
a key of element to get.
long value of the element or 0 if conversion is not supported.
Converts map element into a long or returns default value if conversion is not possible.
a key of element to get.
the default value
long value of the element or default value if conversion is not supported.
Converts map element into an AnyValueMap or returns empty AnyValueMap if conversion is not possible.
a key of element to get.
AnyValueMap value of the element or empty AnyValueMap if conversion is not supported.
Converts map element into an AnyValueMap or returns default value if conversion is not possible.
a key of element to get.
the default value
AnyValueMap value of the element or default value if conversion is not supported.
Converts map element into an AnyValueArray or returns null if conversion is not possible.
a key of element to get.
AnyValueArray value of the element or null if conversion is not supported.
Converts map element into a boolean or returns null if conversion is not possible.
a key of element to get.
boolean value of the element or null if conversion is not supported.
Converts map element into a Date or returns null if conversion is not possible.
a key of element to get.
Date value of the element or null if conversion is not supported.
Converts map element into a double or returns null if conversion is not possible.
a key of element to get.
double value of the element or null if conversion is not supported.
Converts map element into a float or returns null if conversion is not possible.
a key of element to get.
float value of the element or null if conversion is not supported.
Converts map element into an integer or returns null if conversion is not possible.
a key of element to get.
integer value of the element or null if conversion is not supported.
Converts map element into a long or returns null if conversion is not possible.
a key of element to get.
long value of the element or null if conversion is not supported.
Converts map element into an AnyValueMap or returns null if conversion is not possible.
a key of element to get.
AnyValueMap value of the element or null if conversion is not supported.
Converts map element into an Parameters or returns null if conversion is not possible.
a key of element to get.
Parameters value of the element or null if conversion is not supported.
Converts map element into a string or returns null if conversion is not possible.
a key of element to get.
string value of the element or null if conversion is not supported.
Converts map element into a value defined by specied typecode. If conversion is not possible it returns null.
the TypeCode that defined the type of the result
a key of element to get.
element value defined by the typecode or null if conversion is not supported.
Gets the value stored in map element without any conversions. When element key is not defined it returns the entire map value.
(optional) a key of the element to get
the element value or value of the map when index is not defined.
Converts map element into an Parameters or returns empty Parameters if conversion is not possible.
a key of element to get.
Parameters value of the element or empty Parameters if conversion is not supported.
Converts map element into an Parameters or returns default value if conversion is not possible.
a key of element to get.
the default value
Parameters value of the element or default value if conversion is not supported.
Converts map element into a string or returns "" if conversion is not possible.
a key of element to get.
string value of the element or "" if conversion is not supported.
Converts map element into a string or returns default value if conversion is not possible.
a key of element to get.
the default value
string value of the element or default value if conversion is not supported.
Converts map element into a value defined by specied typecode. If conversion is not possible it returns default value for the specified type.
the TypeCode that defined the type of the result
a key of element to get.
element value defined by the typecode or default if conversion is not supported.
Converts map element into a value defined by specied typecode. If conversion is not possible it returns default value.
the TypeCode that defined the type of the result
a key of element to get.
the default value
element value defined by the typecode or default value if conversion is not supported.
Converts map element into an AnyValue or returns an empty AnyValue if conversion is not possible.
a key of element to get.
AnyValue value of the element or empty AnyValue if conversion is not supported.
Gets keys of all elements stored in this map.
a list with all map keys.
Gets a number of elements stored in this map.
the number of elements in this map.
Omits selected parameters from this Parameters and returns the rest as a new Parameters object.
keys to be omitted from copying over to new Parameters.
a new Parameters object.
Overrides parameters with new values from specified Parameters and returns a new Parameters object.
Parameters with parameters to override the current values.
(optional) true to perform deep copy, and false for shallow copy. Default: false
a new Parameters object.
Picks select parameters from this Parameters and returns them as a new Parameters object.
keys to be picked and copied over to new Parameters.
a new Parameters object.
Puts a new value into map element specified by its key.
The key can be defined using dot notation and allows to recursively access elements of elements.
a key of the element to put.
a new value for map element.
Removes a map element specified by its key
a key of the element to remove.
Sets a new value to map element specified by its index. When the index is not defined, it resets the entire map value. This method has double purpose because method overrides are not supported in JavaScript.
(optional) a key of the element to set
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Set default values from specified Parameters and returns a new Parameters object.
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(optional) true to perform deep copy, and false for shallow copy. Default: false
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Converts this map to JSON object.
a JSON representation of this map.
Gets a string representation of the object. The result is a semicolon-separated list of key-value pairs as "key1=value1;key2=value2;key=value3"
a string representation of the object.
Creates new Parameters from ConfigMap object.
a ConfigParams that contain parameters.
a new Parameters object.
Creates new Parameters from JSON object.
a JSON string containing parameters.
a new Parameters object.
Creates a new AnyValueMap by merging two or more maps. Maps defined later in the list override values from previously defined maps.
an array of maps to be merged
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Creates a new Parameters object filled with provided key-value pairs called tuples. Tuples parameters contain a sequence of key1, value1, key2, value2, ... pairs.
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a new Parameters object.
Creates a new AnyValueMap from a list of key-value pairs called tuples. The method is similar to fromTuples but tuples are passed as array instead of parameters.
a list of values where odd elements are keys and the following even elements are values
a newly created AnyValueArray.
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an object with key-value pairs used to initialize a new Parameters.
a new Parameters object.
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Generated using TypeDoc
Contains map with execution parameters.
In general, this map may contain non-serializable values. And in contrast with other maps, its getters and setters support dot notation and able to access properties in the entire object graph.
This class is often use to pass execution and notification arguments, and parameterize classes before execution.
IParameterized
AnyValueMap


Software Engineer at
AWS;
B.E.E from
Cooper Union. I
am a problem solver and a fast learner with a focus on building resilient and highly scalable solutions. My
approach begins with gaining a deep understanding of the product requirements and client needs before
designing solutions within a clear time frame. Testing is at the core of this process.
I enjoy and feel grateful to be able to work in
open source.
Outside of work I enjoy climbing, kayaking, and gardening.


About Me
I live in Cary with my family, moved here 2 years back from Bay Area California. My favourite colors are White and Blue. I like cooking, learning new receipes, listening good music, travelling, surfing internet and reading. I joined UNC Bootcamp in November 2017 and trying to learn how to code. It's hard and need more time to learn and practice more than what I thought earlier. Good things is "I am enjoying", it's not boring.
I also love to play with my kids, watch movies once in a week; I like commedy, suspense and cartoons on Netflix.


About Yongfeng Zhang
I'm currently a full-stack software developer at BloomSky Inc.Particularly, I'm experienced at Python and Javascript. My stack includes Django, Celery, React.js, Node.js and Nginx. I'm also a rider!
--- layout: default title: About Yongfeng Zhang ---
I'm currently a full-stack software developer at BloomSky Inc.Particularly, I'm experienced at Python and Javascript. My stack includes Django, Celery, React.js, Node.js and Nginx. I'm also a rider!


Notebooks
Story: Baboons and quagga are people
Baboons and quagga are people
Title
Baboons and quagga are people
Collection
Summary
About the Baboons and the Quagga, who were formerly people when those who are now people were not alive. Even though they are animals their organs still smell like they did when they were people.
Comments
1) p.5880v: this story was told to Dia!kwain by his mother (≠kamme-an), 2) Date on p.5881v: 29 January 1876, 3) pp.5881v & 5882v: the quagga and the baboon feel they are people and not game and thus their organs smell of people, 4) This story is found in Book V-23
Contributors
Date
January 1876
Categories
History (Early Race), Plants and animals
Keywords
Early Race (the First Bushmen) , Early Race (a time when Baboons and Quagga were formerly people) , Early Race (accounting for the nature and habits of quaggas and baboons) , Early Race (when animals were people) , quagga (the Quagga and Baboons were formerly people) , quagga (and the baboons are people) , quagga (smells like a person) , quagga (its parts resemble a person's) , quagga (acts like a person) , quagga (its organs are like baboon's) , quagga (its appearance, nature and habits) , quagga (thinks it is a person) , baboon (Baboons and Quagga are people) , baboon (smell like people) , baboon (their parts resemble a person's) , baboon (their organs are like the quagga's) , baboon (their appearance, nature and habits) , baboon (they and the quagga were formerly people) , baboon (think they are people) , baboon (act like people) , animals (when they were people) , animals (Baboons and Quagga are people) , animals (who think they are people) , animals (accounting for the nature and habits of quaggas and baboons)
Story Pages
5881-5884


This intention is
JUnit
specific.
It replaces an
assertTrue()
or
assertFalse()
method call with it's converse.


Manages the player bids for a trick taking card game such as spades. Changes to bids are sent
to the server and the data structure is only modified once the reply is received, at which time
a BidEvent is dispatched.
protected var _bids:NetArray
complete:Boolean
[read-only]
Access whether or not all bids have been placed.
Implementation
public function get complete():Boolean
protected var _gameCtrl:GameControl
protected var _hasSelected:Boolean
hasSelected:Boolean
[read-only]
Access whether or not a bid has been selected since the call to request a bid. This is
necessary for the auto-play feature to prevent a second bid from occurring while the first
one is propagating.
Implementation
public function get hasSelected():Boolean
length:int
[read-only]
Access the number of bids placed so far.
Implementation
public function get length():int
protected var _maximum:int
maximum:int
[read-only]
Access the maximum bid value.
Implementation
public function get maximum():int
players:Array
[read-only]Implementation
protected function get players():Array
public function Bids(gameCtrl:GameControl, maximum:int)
Create a new set of player bids.
Parameters
| gameCtrl:GameControl — the game control object used to set up the storage and communicate with
the server.
|
| |
| maximum:int — the maximum bid that the game rules will allow (the turn maximum is
typically lower and set in the request method) |
public function getBid(seat:int):int
Get the bid for an absolute seating position.
Parameters
Returns
protected function handleElementChanged(event:ElementChangedEvent):void
Parameters
| event:ElementChangedEvent |
protected function handlePropertyChanged(event:PropertyChangedEvent):void
Parameters
| event:PropertyChangedEvent |
public function hasBid(seat:int):Boolean
Check if the player in an absolute seating position has placed a bid yet.
Parameters
Returns
public function placeBid(value:int):void
Send a bid request to the server on behalf of the local player. When the reply is received,
a BidEvent.PLACED event will be dispatched. If all bids are in, a BidEvent.COMPLETED event
will be sent.
Parameters
Throws
| — if the player has already bid. |
public function request(max:int):void
Request a bid from the local player up to a specified maximum amount. This is not a network
event and immediately dispatches a BidEvent.REQUESTED event.
Parameters
public function reset():void
Send a message to the server to clear all bids in preparation for the next round. When the
reply is received, a BidEvent.RESET event will be dispatched.
public function select(value:int):void
Select the given bid on behalf of the local player. This is not a network event and
immediately sends a BidEvent.SELECTED event.
Parameters
protected static const ARRAYNAME:String = "bids"
protected static const NO_BID:int = -1


An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication.
A protocol is a well known set of rules and standards, that if all parties agree to use it, will allow them to communicate without trouble.
All the different devices on the internet have unique addresses. An address on the internet is just a number, similar to a phone number or a sort of street address, that's unique to each computer or device at the edge of the network.
The addressing system for computers on the internet is similar and the most important protocols used in internet communication simply called the internet protocol or IP.
 These numbers are organized in a hierarchy.Each of these numbers is represented in bits. Traditional IP addresses are 32 bits long, with 8 bits for each part of the address.
IPv4, 32 bits long, designed in 1973 and was widely adopted in the early 80s, and provides for more than 4 billion unique addresses for devices connecting to the Internet.
IPv6, a longer IP address format which uses 128 bits per address and provides over 340 undecillion unique addresses.
Information on the internet goes from one computer to another in what we call a packet of information and a packet travels from one place to another on the Internet a lot like how you might get from one place to another in a car.
If we have a very large image to send to a friend or upload to a website, that image might be made up of 10s of millions of bits of 1s and 0s, too many to send along in one packet. Since it's data on a computer, the computer sending the image can quickly
break it into hundreds or even thousands of smaller parts called packets.
Each packet has the internet address of where it came from and where it's going.
Special computers on the internet called routers act like traffic managers to keep the packets moving through the networks smoothly.
If one route is congested, individual packets may travel different routes through the internet
and they may arrive at the destination at slightly different times or even out of order.
As part of the internet protocol, every router keeps track of multiple paths for sending packets, and it chooses the cheapest
available path for each piece of data based on destination IP address for the packet.
Cheapest in this case doesn't mean cost, but time and non-technical factors such as politics and relationships between companies.
Routing is the process of selecting a path for traffic in a network or between or across multiple networks.
Routing is the higher-level decision making that directs network packets from their source toward their destination through intermediate network nodes by specific packet forwarding mechanisms.
Routers act like traffic managers. Path selection involves applying a routing metric to multiple routes to select (or predict) the best route.
Most routing algorithms use only one network path at a time.


1. Output of code is as follows
2. this inside the function will be binded to the object calling the function. In "use strict" mode, if there no current object, this will be undefined, not global object window.
3. this is not working with Arrow Function because Arrow Function lexically binds the this value. Arrow function saves the binding of this in the closure that's created when the function is created. So it doesn't set this to the context of the call to the function


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*Note: Prices are negotiable and depend on the size of your business, the current pricing is to give you a general idea of how much each service will cost.
-
World Class Penetration Testing
Our security team carries decades of knowledge and is prepared to analyze and help secure your business's network.
Pricing: $1,000 - $3,000
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We will develop a disaster recovery plan for your business's IT infrastructure.
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?6
7
8
9
10
The
New
York
copyright
reserved
Botanical
Garden
Yo^
botanical
GARDEN
New
York
Botanical
Garden
itaMsa?
PLANTS
OF
JAMAICA
COLLECTED
FOR
THE
HERBARIUM
OF
DUKE
UNIVERSITY
Centaurium
St.
Andrew
Parish:
Gap,
c.
3400
feet.
Just
south
of
Content
Very
common.
Sepals
green;
corolla
tube
green,
lobes
pink
to
white
at
base;
filaments
white,
anthers
yellow;
style
white;
stigma
yellow,
ovary
green.
M.
R.
CROSBY
H.
A.
HESPENHEIDE
W.
R.
ANDERSON
NO.
418
July
1963
1624527
Legend -
Level of confidence that token is an accurately-transcribed word
extremely low
very low
low
undetermined
medium
high
very high


Name: {% firstof object.get_full_name object %}
PSF Basic Member? {{ object.has_membership|yesno|capfirst }}
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For more information see Article IV
of the PSF Bylaws.
All other membership classes are recorded on psfmember.org.
Please log in there and review your user profile
to see your membership status.
If you believe you are a member but do not have an account on psfmember.org, please
create an account and verify your
email, then email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>to get your account linked to your membership.
Location: {{ object|user_location|default:"Not Specified" }}
Bio:
{{ object.bio|escape }}- {% firstof object.get_full_name object %} on Twitter
- {% firstof object.get_full_name object %} on Freenode
- {% firstof object.membership.preferred_name object.membership.legal_name object %} on Github
- {% firstof object.membership.preferred_name object.membership.legal_name object %} on StackOverflow
- {% firstof object.membership.preferred_name object.membership.legal_name object %}'s personal blog


[Gecode] DllExport not yet okay on Windows...
Christian Schulte
schulte at imit.kth.se
Sun May 9 23:01:39 CEST 2004
Dear all,
the DllExport swamp has not yet driep up... While it works like a charm for
MSVC, the solution is not yet good enough for gcc.
When declaring an entire class to be exported, for MSVC it means that even
if a _inline_ member function is exported, MSVC will use the inline version.
This is not the case for gcc, it chooses to always do a call.
Impact for performance is desastrous: The runtime increases by a factor of
six (clear, no inlining!).
Easy to fix (but tedious): instrument all class members individously and
spare inline functions...
I'll try and come back to you whether this works.
Christian
--
Christian Schulte, http://www.imit.kth.se/~schulte/
More information about the gecode-users
mailing list


Paragraph
Fade paragraph in
Fade paragraph out
Click on me to activate the counter
You have now arrived to this paragraph
Scroll to the test_scrollTo paragraph
Scroll down to the test_scrollToDown paragraph


|
Bomberman
1.0
|
The Bomberman game. More...
Go to the source code of this file.
Data Structures | |
| struct | lobby_args_t |
| A structure representing differents args for lobby and game scenes. More... | |
Macros | |
| #define | WIN_WIDTH 1280 |
| #define | WIN_HEIGHT 720 |
| #define | GAME_VERSION "1.0.0" |
| #define | MAX_PLAYERS 4 |
| #define | MIN_PLAYERS 2 |
| #define | MAP_START_PIX_X 368 |
| #define | MAP_START_PIX_Y 159 |
| #define | MAP_WIDTH 17 |
| #define | MAP_HEIGHT 15 |
| #define | MAP_BLOCK_SIZE 32 |
| #define | BLOCK_INFO_WIDTH 290 |
| #define | BLOCK_INFO_HEIGHT 95 |
| #define | CHANCE_BREAKABLE_WALL 40 |
| #define | CHANCE_EXTRA 90 |
| #define | PLAYER_MAX_LIFE 100 |
| #define | IS_DEBUG 0 |
| #define | RES_PATH "images/" |
| #define | FONT_PATH "fonts/" |
| #define | SOUND_PATH "sounds/" |
| #define | CHAR_PATH RES_PATH "character/" |
| #define | MINION_PATH RES_PATH "minion/" |
| #define | MAP_PATH RES_PATH "map/" |
| #define | BOMB_PATH RES_PATH "bomb/" |
Typedefs | |
| typedef struct lobby_args_t | lobby_args_t |
| A structure representing differents args for lobby and game scenes. More... | |
The Bomberman game.
This file define some Game et Ui constants.
| #define BLOCK_INFO_HEIGHT 95 |
The height in pixels of a information player block.
| #define BLOCK_INFO_WIDTH 290 |
The width in pixels of a information player block.
| #define BOMB_PATH RES_PATH "bomb/" |
The path for the bomb specific resources.
| #define CHANCE_BREAKABLE_WALL 40 |
Percentage chance of breakable walls appearing.
| #define CHANCE_EXTRA 90 |
Percentage chance of extras appearing (bonus / malus).
| #define CHAR_PATH RES_PATH "character/" |
The path for the character specific resources.
| #define FONT_PATH "fonts/" |
The path for the font resources.
| #define GAME_VERSION "1.0.0" |
The game version.
| #define IS_DEBUG 0 |
Define if the game is in debug mode or not.
| #define MAP_BLOCK_SIZE 32 |
The size in pixels of a block.
| #define MAP_HEIGHT 15 |
The map height.
| #define MAP_PATH RES_PATH "map/" |
The path for the map specific resources.
| #define MAP_START_PIX_X 368 |
The x-axis coordinate in pixels of the top-left coin of the map.
| #define MAP_START_PIX_Y 159 |
The y-axis coordinate in pixels of the top-left coin of the map.
| #define MAP_WIDTH 17 |
The map width.
| #define MAX_PLAYERS 4 |
The maximum number of players allowed in a game.
| #define MIN_PLAYERS 2 |
The minimum number of players to start a game.
| #define MINION_PATH RES_PATH "minion/" |
The path for the minion specific resources.
| #define PLAYER_MAX_LIFE 100 |
The maximum life value for a player.
| #define RES_PATH "images/" |
The path for the sprite resources.
| #define SOUND_PATH "sounds/" |
The path for the sound resources.
| #define WIN_HEIGHT 720 |
The height of the window.
| #define WIN_WIDTH 1280 |
The width of the window.
| typedef struct lobby_args_t lobby_args_t |
A structure representing differents args for lobby and game scenes.
lobby_args_t is structure representing differents args for lobby and game scenes.


---
layout: about
title: About Me
---
Hi, my name is Do.
I have work experience in data analytics for e-commerce logistics.
I like to use python to solve practical business problems. In my free time, I take online courses about applied machine learning. I wrote this blog to document my learning, side projects and personal interests.
If you have any suggestions or found any errors, please let me know at voduydo@gmail.com


Eat-Da-Burger
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DEVOUR IT!
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Add a Burger!
Devoured Burgers!
1. Cheese


Viki Vaurora talks about using Marijuana as the ultimate disease defeating drug.
Hugh Hempel is a technology industry veteran turned health care entrepreneur. In this moving talk he discusses how medicinal cannabis has enriched the lives of his ailing 11 year-old daughters. This talk will challenge your views of medical marijuana.
Zachary Walsh explores human beings' dynamic relationship with the cannabis plant and what recent developments might mean for our health and well-being.
Josh sifts through the propaganda, fear and greed encompassing medical marijuana. Recently featured on CNN, Josh and his brothers developed a non-psychotropic strain of marijuana which is drastically reducing seizures for many pediatric epilepsy patients in Colorado.


---
title: "SOC224 4.1 Instructions for final report + presentation (Required)"
lastmod: 2018-12-30T00:00:00
draft: false
type: docs
maths: true
output:
blogdown::html_page:
toc: true
linktitle: "4.1 Report: Instructions"
menu:
docs:
parent: SOC224
weight: 410
---
Introduction
On Monday and Tuesday and Thursday of Week 13 OR Week 14 (for those who want to submit later) each group will book a one-hour slot to present and discuss their research final reports with Nick. You can book this here: bit.ly/week13_marking_consult. This presentation and the written final report will be graded on the spot, and feedback given at the same time.
The format will be (1) a 12-minute presentation by your group, with all group members presenting for equal periods of time. This will be followed by (2) questions and discussion, (3) Nick taking time to review your written document, and end with (4) feedback and grading.
All internal groups will present in their normal class (Wed or Friday) of Week 13.
External groups can nominate to present to the internal class, either via video conference, or pre-recorded video.
On Wednesday/Friday, when internal groups will present to the whole class, there will be 12 minutes for presentation and ~8 minutes for comments and questions from the class. All students will provide written feedback and grades on each other’s presentations via an online Google form.
If internal groups choose to submit in Week 14, then they won’t be expected to present in class in Week 13.
Presentation
The presentation (on Monday/Tuesday and Thursday) should follow a similar format to the written final report (outlined below). Please check that during your presentation you answer the following questions:
- INTRODUCTION: What is your topic? Why is it important?
- LITERATURE REVIEW: What does the existing literature say about your topic? What gap in the literature is it seeking to address?
- What is your proposed explanation/theory?
- What are your hypotheses/research questions?
- METHODS: What method/s did you use?
- Study 1: Quantitative
- Study 2: Qualitative
- RESULTS: What did you find:
- Study 1: Quantitative results in 1-3 tables or figures (max 5)
- Study 2: Qualitative results in 3-10 themes (ideally around 5)
- DISCUSSION: What are the implications of your findings, for knowledge and for society at large.
Please use the example of the presentation and slides of a past project (The Hairrifying Truth) - posted on iLearn - as a model for the style of your presentation.
Written Final Report
The following is a guide to structuring your final report. It is not definitive, and you are free to change or add to it as appropriate, but you must be able to give adequate reasons (in person) for not following this structure if you choose to do so.
Please use the example of final reports, provided on iLearn, as an example of how to structure your final report.
- Title (<20 words)
- Abstract (<200 words)
- Introduction (~700 - 1000 words)
- Opening paragraph/s that explain
- What is the topic?
- Why is it interesting and important?
- What is the puzzle you are seeking to answer? What is the gap in the literature you intend to fill or debate you are seeking to answer?
- Summary of how you are going to find the answer (the method in one or two sentences).
- Outline of the structure of the rest of the final report.
- Literature review and background
- Provide any background necessary for the reader to understand and engage with the topic.
- Summarize the existing literature, with a focus on the different theoretical approaches, or causal explanations for the puzzle you are seeking to answer.
- Finish with an explanation of the gap you seek to fill, your proposed explanation/theory, and your hypotheses and/or research questions.
- Method (300-1500 words)
- What is your method? How will your method help to answer your question? (i.e. justify your method). Explain your method in detail, including:
- Study 1 (quantitative):
- How did you measure your main variables?
- What analysis did you do (correlation? Regression? Cronbach Alpha)?
- Study 2 (qualitative)
- What question/s did you ask to get your data?
- How did you analyse the data (describe your thematic analysis)
- Results
- Study 1: Quantitative Analysis
- Present around three (max five) tables or figures
- Definitely present:
- Descriptive statistics table for all major variables (Min, Max, Mean, SD, number valid cases (N))
- Correlation matrix between major variables, particularly the dependent variable, and the main independent variables
- Optional:
- A comparison of mean - t-test - to see if your IV impacts on your DV
- A regression model
- A figure, such as a scattergram with a fitted line to show the relationship between the IV and DV
- Study 2: Qualitative analysis
- Present your 3 - 10 themes (ideally around 5 themes), with each theme having a:
- Subheading
- Short explanation
- Illustrative quote
- Discussion
- What is the meaning of your results?
- Do they agree with your proposed explanation? Do they agree with the existing literature?
- What are the implication for generalised knowledge, and also for wider society.
- Reference list (for anything you cite).
- Appendix: Scan/screenshot of the first page of every reference in your reference list (to prevent plagiarism of references)


Class: Aws::SecurityHub::Types::Vulnerability
| Relationships & Source Files | |
| Super Chains via Extension / Inclusion / Inheritance | |
|
Class Chain:
self,
Struct
|
|
|
Instance Chain:
self,
::Aws::Structure ,
Struct
|
|
| Inherits: |
Struct
|
| Defined in: | gems/aws-sdk-securityhub/lib/aws-sdk-securityhub/types.rb |
Overview
A vulnerability associated with a finding.
Constant Summary
Instance Attribute Summary
-
#cvss ⇒ Array<Types::Cvss>
rw
CVSS scores from the advisory related to the vulnerability.
-
#fix_available ⇒ String
rw
Specifies if all vulnerable packages in a finding have a value for
FixedInVersion
andRemediation
. -
#id ⇒ String
rw
The identifier of the vulnerability.
-
#reference_urls ⇒ Array<String>
rw
A list of URLs that provide additional information about the vulnerability.
-
#related_vulnerabilities ⇒ Array<String>
rw
List of vulnerabilities that are related to this vulnerability.
-
#vendor ⇒ Types::VulnerabilityVendor
rw
Information about the vendor that generates the vulnerability report.
-
#vulnerable_packages ⇒ Array<Types::SoftwarePackage>
rw
List of software packages that have the vulnerability.
Instance Method Summary
::Aws::Structure
- Included
| #to_hash | Alias for Aws::Structure#to_h. |
Instance Attribute Details
#cvss ⇒ Array
<Types::Cvss> (rw)
CVSS scores from the advisory related to the vulnerability.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-securityhub/lib/aws-sdk-securityhub/types.rb', line 27198
class Vulnerability < Struct.new( :id, :vulnerable_packages, :cvss, :, :vendor, :reference_urls, :fix_available) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#fix_available ⇒ String
(rw)
Specifies if all vulnerable packages in a finding have a value for
FixedInVersion
and Remediation
. This field is evaluated for each
vulnerability Id
based on the number of vulnerable packages that
have a value for both FixedInVersion
and Remediation
. Valid
values are as follows:
YES
if all vulnerable packages have a value for bothFixedInVersion
andRemediation
NO
if no vulnerable packages have a value forFixedInVersion
andRemediation
PARTIAL
otherwise
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-securityhub/lib/aws-sdk-securityhub/types.rb', line 27198
class Vulnerability < Struct.new( :id, :vulnerable_packages, :cvss, :, :vendor, :reference_urls, :fix_available) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#id ⇒ String
(rw)
The identifier of the vulnerability.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-securityhub/lib/aws-sdk-securityhub/types.rb', line 27198
class Vulnerability < Struct.new( :id, :vulnerable_packages, :cvss, :, :vendor, :reference_urls, :fix_available) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#reference_urls ⇒ Array
<String
> (rw)
A list of URLs that provide additional information about the vulnerability.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-securityhub/lib/aws-sdk-securityhub/types.rb', line 27198
class Vulnerability < Struct.new( :id, :vulnerable_packages, :cvss, :, :vendor, :reference_urls, :fix_available) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#vendor ⇒ Types::VulnerabilityVendor (rw)
Information about the vendor that generates the vulnerability report.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-securityhub/lib/aws-sdk-securityhub/types.rb', line 27198
class Vulnerability < Struct.new( :id, :vulnerable_packages, :cvss, :, :vendor, :reference_urls, :fix_available) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end
#vulnerable_packages ⇒ Array
<Types::SoftwarePackage> (rw)
List of software packages that have the vulnerability.
# File 'gems/aws-sdk-securityhub/lib/aws-sdk-securityhub/types.rb', line 27198
class Vulnerability < Struct.new( :id, :vulnerable_packages, :cvss, :, :vendor, :reference_urls, :fix_available) SENSITIVE = [] include Aws::Structure end


--- layout: default ---
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November 1, 2012
Erlang was created to run on a variety of systems. Riak (written in Erlang) was created as a fault-tolerant distributed datastore, able to run on commodity hardware. Raspberry Pi is the culmination of these two points, brought to an absurd level: an embedded(ish), very inexpensive ($35) commodity computer. I thought it might be fun to create a Riak cluster on a set of Pis I had lying around.
Here’s what you’ll need to build your own RiakPi cluster:
- N Raspberry Pis
- N SD card, 4+ GB
- N CAT5 cables
- N 5V, 700-1200 mA micro USB powersource (the kind used by many cellphones)
- 1 really cheap, non-fancy USB keyboard
- 1 monitor/tv with HDMI input
- 1 HDMI cable
- 1 Hub, Switch, or Router
- 1 Laptop/Desktop with an SD card slot
If you only have 1 Pi, you can still install Riak, but clearly not create a cluster. For the rest of this post, I’ll assume N=3.
It may seem like a lot of parts. However, except for the RPis, you can find most of this stuff lying around RadioShack, or your local reclaimed electronics equipment store, fairly inexpensively.
Installing Riak on Raspberry Pi
Step 1: Install Raspbi
Get your laptop (or desktop) and insert your SD card, after you download the Raspbian image (the current release is “wheezy”).
Unzip the download, and you should have an img
file.
You’ll need to unmount the (probably) default partition your SD card started with, then write the image to the device. There are several detailed instructions for many operating systems on elinux.
I have a Mac running OSX, so I did the following. Be extra careful with the device names, or else you might just flash your hard drive if you get it wrong. Warning: be very, very careful here.
-
Find the device name of the SD’s partition
bash df -h
-
unmount that partition
bash sudo diskutil unmount /dev/disk1s1
- Get the actual device name (which is just the disk number, minus the s1, prefixed with
r
. In my case it was/dev/rdisk1
. -
The flag
if
is the input file, andof
is the output device (the SD card)bash sudo dd bs=1m if=~/Downloads/2012-08-16-wheezy-raspbian.img of=/dev/rdisk1
-
Eject the card
bash sudo diskutil eject /dev/rdisk1
Step 2: Plug everything in so it looks like this
Plug your shiny new SD card into your RPi. In fact, why not just plug everything in? Plug the power in last, or you’ll be racing against the boot up process trying to connect devices.
Simply plugging in the Pi will turn it on.
It should look something like this super hip Instagram photo.
Step 3: Boot up and setup
If everything booted up, you should see a Blue Screen of Life.
The first task I recommend is configuring your keyboard. Since Raspberry Pi is from the UK, Raspbian is set up with UK defaults (which, as an American, this came as quite a shock since everything is usually set up for me all the time).
The next thing you’ll want to do is expand the root partition to take up the full SD space. If you really wanted to make a production ready server you’d probably want to make a separate partition to store the Riak data… but if you wanted a production system you wouldn’t be installing on a Raspberry Pi anyway.
If you like, try upgrading raspi-config
. This isn’t necessary, but I like to keep current. You’ll certainly need an internet connection to do so.
Then reboot. You can just unplug it. At this point I wouldn’t worry about file corruption. If the thought bothers you, you can run sudo shutdown now
, then unplug.
When the server restarts, just select “finish” if the config screen launches again.
Step 4: Install esl-erlang
(R15B02, Raspian)
At this point, get ready to start waiting. RPi isn’t exactly a big iron machine, and SD cards are not fast storage, so the combination can be maddeningly sluggish. You might want to have a book handy.
Now that all of that housekeeping is out of the way, it’s time to get cracking on some Riak. The first thing you’ll need, however, is Erlang. Thankfully, the awesome Erlang Solutions folks created a Raspbi distro, which was way easier than the first two weeks when I tried to create my own build. So unless you’re masochistic, I suggest using theirs.
First, add the following line to your /etc/apt/sources.list
file. Luckily, vi is installed.
sudo vi /etc/apt/sources.list
deb http://binaries.erlang-solutions.com/debian wheezy contrib
Then add the Erlang Solutions public key for apt-secure
.
wget -O - http://binaries.erlang-solutions.com/debian/erlang_solutions.asc | sudo apt-key add -
Update your apt-get
package list, and then install esl-erlang
.
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install esl-erlang
Once erlang is installed, type erl
to test. I found that I received a segfault unless I restarted once after install.
If you are prompted for a password, the login/password is pi
/raspberry
.
Step 5: Install Riak from Source
With Erlang installed, now we move onto Riak proper. First thing is to download and extract Riak 1.2.1.
curl -O http://downloads.basho.com.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com/riak/CURRENT/riak-1.2.1.tar.gz
tar zxvf riak-1.2.1.tar.gz
cd riak-1.2.1
Before we can actually install Riak using Rebar, we’ll first need to install git
. Rebar uses git to download Riak’s dependencies.
sudo apt-get install git
With git in place, run make a release version and let Rebar do its stuff.
make rel
Once your Riak release is installed, start up riak:
./rel/riak/bin/riak start
You can test that it’s started and receiving requests by curling /ping
.
$ curl http://localhost:8098/ping
OK
$ curl -XPUT http://localhost:8098/riak/hello/fr -d 'Allo'
$ curl http://localhost:8098/riak/hello/fr
Allo
It’s worth nothing that the Raspberry Pi only has 256M of RAM. So feel free to tweak some of the default settings in etc/app.config
.
Step 6: Rinse and Repeat
At this point you should have Riak installed on a Raspberry Pi. To install on the remaining two, you can either clone the SD card image to SD cards, or you can install Riak from scratch onto those cards following the instructions above. Copying SD images can be slow, so I couldn’t quite recommend one over the other.
Build a Cluster
Once you have three working cards, let’s network the Pis into a Riak cluster.
Step 6: A Little Network
Before tackling this part, I’d stop Riak. We’ll fire it up when our network is functional.
You can plug your Pis into a router. They’re set up for DHCP by default so you should be good to go. You can largely skip this section.
However, if you’re cheap like me, you can plug them into a switch or hub, and do a bit of configuration.

If for some reason that didn’t work, try.
sudo ifconfig eth0 down
sudo ifconfig eth0 up
Then plug your keyboard and monitor into your other Pis, and repeat for the remaining two. But this time, give each card its own successive IP address (<IP_ADDRESS>, <IP_ADDRESS>).
You should now be able to ping the other cards.
ping <IP_ADDRESS>
The LNK lights on your cards should blink for each ping
.
There are more creative ways to configure a network, obviously, but this was fine for my three little cards.
Step 7: Make Riak Nodes
Although each RPi has Riak installed, they are not configured with the new network settings which allow the Erlang VMs to communicate with each other.
Change to your riak install directory ($RIAK_HOME/rel/riak
).
vi etc/vm.args
Replace all <IP_ADDRESS> with <IP_ADDRESS>, or whichever your Pi’s IP.
vi etc/app.config
Replace all <IP_ADDRESS> with <IP_ADDRESS>/11/12.
Start riak with bin/riak start
and check that it’s running with /bin/riak pong
. If you have trouble getting Riak to start, you may have better luck by deleting your data directory.
Step 8: Cluster Time
Now each of your RPis is an official Riak node. It’s time to build a cluster!
Whatever RPi node you happen to be connected to, choose the two other nodes to join. Since I’m connected to <IP_ADDRESS>
, I typed the following:
./bin/riak-admin cluster join<EMAIL_ADDRESS>./bin/riak-admin cluster join<EMAIL_ADDRESS>./bin/riak-admin plan
./bin/riak-admin commit
./bin/riak-admin
You can see what percentage of the ring each node has by typing, which will give you a (not exactly evenly) divided 33% for each.
./bin/riak-admin member-status
That’s it. Now you can throw some commands at one of the nodes, and the value should be available from any other node. Go ahead and try it.
I posted a value to the druplets buckets (a druplet is the little nodule on a raspberry), then listed the keys from a different IP.
curl -XPOST http://<IP_ADDRESS>:8098/riak/druplets -d 'YUM'
curl http://<IP_ADDRESS>:8098/riak/druplets?keys=true | json_pp
You should expect the new key to be added. If you’d like to see my results in bad home-movie form, the video is below.
Note that cluster isn’t fit for any purpose in its current form. If I were serious about a production Pi cluster, I’d connect a better drive than an SD card (which could be anything), I’d certainly alter the app.config
setting, and probably some other customer hacks, like removing JavaScript entirely.
I’d love to hear what you do with this.
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Entity Controller
Controller is the Entity definition for a "player" AI in the mission.
Subclass of Entity.
Functions
| GetControllerDir () | GetControllerDir returns the direction of the controller - unknown. |
| GetStartWaypoint () | GetStartWaypoint returns the Waypoint object to start for this AI. |
| GetFollowTarget () | GetFollowTarget returns the Entity object this AI is following. |
| GetControllerType () | GetControllerType returns the type of AI controller for this AI player. |
| GetMoveTargetTag () | GetMoveTargetTag returns the tag name of the AI's move target. |
| GetWorkingZone () | GetWorkingZone returns the name of the AI's working zone. |
| GetRetreatZone () | GetRetreatZone returns the name of the AI's retreat zone. |
| GetMoveTypePriority () | GetMoveTypePriority returns the move type priority. |
| GetAggression () | GetAggression returns the aggression of the AI player. |
| GetMobility () | GetMobility returns the mobility of the AI player. |
| GetCommunicate () | GetCommunicate returns the communicate value of the AI player. |
| IsGroupMove () | IsGroupMove returns true if group mode is selected for this AI player. |
| IsRandMove () | IsRandMove returns true if random move mode is selected for this AI player. |
| IsNeverLeaveZone () | IsNeverLeaveZone returns true if the never leave zone flag is selected for this AI player. |
Functions
- GetControllerDir ()
-
GetControllerDir returns the direction of the controller - unknown.
Returns:
-
A table with "x", "y", and "z" of a direction.
- GetStartWaypoint ()
-
GetStartWaypoint returns the Waypoint object to start for this AI.
Returns:
-
A Waypoint entity indicating the start of the waypoint path.
- GetFollowTarget ()
-
GetFollowTarget returns the Entity object this AI is following.
Returns:
-
An Entity indicating the follow target.
- GetControllerType ()
-
GetControllerType returns the type of AI controller for this AI player.
Returns:
-
A string indicating the controller type.
- GetMoveTargetTag ()
-
GetMoveTargetTag returns the tag name of the AI's move target.
Returns:
-
A string indicating the target tag name.
- GetWorkingZone ()
-
GetWorkingZone returns the name of the AI's working zone.
Returns:
-
A string indicating the working zone name.
- GetRetreatZone ()
-
GetRetreatZone returns the name of the AI's retreat zone.
Returns:
-
A string indicating the retreat zone name.
- GetMoveTypePriority ()
-
GetMoveTypePriority returns the move type priority. (Unknown)
Returns:
-
An integer indicating the priority.
- GetAggression ()
-
GetAggression returns the aggression of the AI player.
Returns:
-
An integer indicating the aggression.
- GetMobility ()
-
GetMobility returns the mobility of the AI player.
Returns:
-
An integer indicating the mobility.
- GetCommunicate ()
-
GetCommunicate returns the communicate value of the AI player.
Returns:
-
An integer indicating the communicate value.
- IsGroupMove ()
-
IsGroupMove returns true if group mode is selected for this AI player.
Returns:
-
A boolean indicating the group move flag.
- IsRandMove ()
-
IsRandMove returns true if random move mode is selected for this AI player.
Returns:
-
A boolean indicating the random move flag.
- IsNeverLeaveZone ()
-
IsNeverLeaveZone returns true if the never leave zone flag is selected for this AI player.
Returns:
-
A boolean indicating the never leave zone flag.


Airline Booking Form
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AirBangladesh
SpaceJet
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Economy Class
Business Class
First Class
Select Your Fare
One Way
Round Trip
Personal Details


| Total net profit | -27.3 | Gross profit | 63.73 | Gross loss | -91.03 |
| Profit factor | 0.7 | Expected payoff | -0.29 | ||
| Absolute drawdown | -40.65 | Maximal drawdown (%) | 43.7 (1432.79%) | ||
| Total trades | 93 | Profit trades (% of total) | 47 (50.54%) | Loss trades (% of total) | 46 (49.46%) |
| Long positions (won %) | 43 (55.81%) | Short positions (won %) | 50 (46.0%) | ||
| Largest | profit trade | 3.5 | loss trade | -4.38 | |
| Average | profit trade | 1.36 | loss trade | -1.98 | |
| Minimum | profit trade | 0.15 | loss trade | -0.64 | |
| Maximum | take profit in pips | 28.2 | stop loss in pips | -33.3 | |
| Average | take profit in pips | 11.7 | stop loss in pips | -17.3 | |
| Minimum | take profit in pips | 0.9 | stop loss in pips | -4.9 | |
| Maximum | Reward-Risk | 4.0 | Duration in minutes | 3809 | |
| Average | Reward-Risk | 0.9 | Duration in minutes | 253.8 | |
| Minimum | Reward-Risk | 0.0 | Duration in minutes | 1 | |
| Maximum | consecutive wins (profit in money) | 8.0 (13.56) | consecutive losses (loss in money) | 4.0 (-6.34) | |
| Average | consecutive wins | 1.0 | consecutive losses | 1.0 |
| Total net profit | -12.21 | Gross profit | 30.81 | Gross loss | -43.02 |
| Profit factor | 0.72 | Expected payoff | -0.28 | ||
| Absolute drawdown | -19.89 | Maximal drawdown (%) | 20.47 (3529.31%) | ||
| Total trades | 43 | Profit trades (% of total) | 24 (55.81%) | Loss trades (% of total) | 19 (44.19%) |
| Largest | profit trade | 3.5 | loss trade | -4.38 | |
| Average | profit trade | 1.28 | loss trade | -2.26 | |
| Minimum | profit trade | 0.15 | loss trade | -1.13 | |
| Maximum | take profit in pips | 28.2 | stop loss in pips | -33.3 | |
| Average | take profit in pips | 10.9 | stop loss in pips | -17.9 | |
| Minimum | take profit in pips | 1.2 | stop loss in pips | -8.5 | |
| Maximum | Reward-Risk | 2.5 | Duration in minutes | 3809.0 | |
| Average | Reward-Risk | 0.7 | Duration in minutes | 320.0 | |
| Minimum | Reward-Risk | 0.1 | Duration in minutes | 3.0 | |
| Maximum | consecutive wins (profit in money) | 4.0 (3.48) | consecutive losses (loss in money) | 4.0 (-10.4) | |
| Average | consecutive wins | 1.0 | consecutive losses | 1.0 |
| Total net profit | -15.09 | Gross profit | 32.92 | Gross loss | -48.01 |
| Profit factor | 0.69 | Expected payoff | -0.3 | ||
| Absolute drawdown | -20.87 | Maximal drawdown (%) | 26.4 (477.4%) | ||
| Total trades | 50 | Profit trades (% of total) | 23 (46.0%) | Loss trades (% of total) | 27 (54.0%) |
| Largest | profit trade | 2.92 | loss trade | -3.87 | |
| Average | profit trade | 1.43 | loss trade | -1.78 | |
| Minimum | profit trade | 0.19 | loss trade | -0.64 | |
| Maximum | take profit in pips | 24.2 | stop loss in pips | -32.5 | |
| Average | take profit in pips | 12.3 | stop loss in pips | -16.8 | |
| Minimum | take profit in pips | 0.9 | stop loss in pips | -4.9 | |
| Maximum | Reward-Risk | 4.0 | Duration in minutes | 1053.0 | |
| Average | Reward-Risk | 1.0 | Duration in minutes | 196.7 | |
| Minimum | Reward-Risk | Duration in minutes | 1.0 | ||
| Maximum | consecutive wins (profit in money) | 5.0 (7.16) | consecutive losses (loss in money) | 4.0 (-9.8) | |
| Average | consecutive wins | 2.0 | consecutive losses | 2.0 |


CM
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Implemented non-color attributes:
1: This is bold.
3: This is italic.
4: This is underlined.
5: This is slowly blinking.
6: This is rapidly blinking.
7: This is inverse.
8: This is hidden.
9: This is struck out.
21: This is double underlined.
53: This is overlined.
Unimplemented non-color attributes:
2: weight:feint
20: style:fraktur
51: frame:box
52: frame:circle


Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book.
placeStatistic Two
Graphs, text, etc. If overflow then use scrollify.
whatshotState Info
Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book.
Google Map
Card to hold Map and associated data
filter_dramaStatistic One
Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book.
placeStatistic Two
Graphs, text, etc. If overflow then use scrollify.
whatshotState Info
Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book.


What to Watch Next
Save a list of movies you want to watch later. Enter the name of your movie below.
Poster
Title
Year
IMDB Rating
Watched


WITNESS LIST
Finance-S/C on Public Education Funding
March 9, 2011 9:00 AM
Panel 1: Facilities
FOR:
Killian, Douglas Superintendent (Hutto I.S.D.)
ON:
Casey, Daniel T. Partner, Moak, Casey & Associates (Fast Growth School Coalition),
Austin, TX
Gumbert, William Investment Banker (also providing written testimony) (BOSC, Inc and
FGSC)
Panel 2: Formulas
ON:
Dawn-Fisher, Lisa Deputy Associate Commissioner (Texas Education Agency)
McGeady, John Budget Analyst (also providing written testimony) (LBB)
1


--- title: (BFRecord) link keywords: documentation theme, jekyll, technical writers, help authoring tools, hat replacements last_updated: July 3, 2016 tags: [getting_started] sidebar: matlab_docs_sidebar permalink: bfrecord_link.html folder: mydoc ---
link create relationships between records OBJ = link(OBJ, TARGETS, 'relationship') creates a relationship between the current object and the TARGETS objects. TARGETS can be a single record, or an array of records of the same model. RELATIONSHIP is string indicating the relationship-type. You will need to first create a relationship between the models of the record using the BFMODEL.CREATERELATIONSHIP before you can assign this relationship to records. For example: m1 = ds.models(1) m2 = ds.models(2) m1.createRelationship(m2, 'contains') records1 = m1.getRecords() records2 = m2.getRecords() record1(1).link(record2(1), 'contains)
| Access | public |
| Sealed | false |
| Static | false |


|
The repository contains a single datastructure, the Repository, and a number of modules called Knowledge Sources, that modify this datastructure. These are the only characteristics of a repository architecture. If all these Knowledge Sources start modifying at the same time, all hell breaks loose. Therefore the order in which they have access needs to be regulated.
Examples
- Database.
- Compiler. Modern compilers use the same datastructure in successive stages of the compilation process.
When should you use it?
Use it when the data of your application is a goal in itself, or when its too costly to transfer the data all the time.
How does it work?
All knowledge sources can read/write to the repository. The way all these interactions are synchronized is up to the repository and the way the repository is used.
Repository architecture
Compilers use a repository. The stages of the compiler are performed successively. This way the repository is used orderly.
Databased are repositories. Since all clients of the database may be active at the same time, the database needs to implement locking mechanisms to ensure the integrity of the repository is kept intact.
Problems
- Synchronisation. Requires special attention if the Repository is approached in parallel by several Knowledge Sources.
|


--- layout: data_model title: PEHeadersType this_version: 1.0 ---
PEHeaderType specifies the headers found in PE and COFF files.
| Field Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| DOS_Header0..1 | DOSHeaderType |
The DOS_Header property refers to the MS-DOS PE header and its associated characteristics. |
| Signature0..1 | HexBinaryObjectPropertyType |
The Signature property specifies the 4-bytes sugnature that identifies the file as a PE file. |
| File_Header0..1 | PEFileHeaderType |
The File_Header property refers to the PE file header (somtimes referred to as the COFF header) and its associated characteristics. |
| Optional_Header0..1 | PEOptionalHeaderType |
The Optional_Header field refers to the PE optional header and its associated characteristics. The Optional Header is required for executable (PE) files, but optional for object (COFF) files. |
| Entropy0..1 | EntropyType |
The Entropy field specifies the calculated entropy of the PE file header. |
| Hashes0..1 | HashListType |
The Hashes field is used to include any hash values computed using the specified PE binary file header as input. |


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Hey there!
Thanks for checking out leaveorstay! It’s both sides of the argument in one place- like doing hundreds of Google searches simultaneously and getting accurate, balanced answers all in a matter of seconds, without all the link clicking.
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Up the top you’ll see the topics and your progress so bar. Clicking on a topic emoji will take you to that topic. Don’t feel you have to read and react to all topics, although we do recommend having a browse of all topics if you get a chance.
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Extension method — Download and return report data in CSV format.
Warning: this method is blocking for the calling thread.
Args:
- wrapper: the service wrapper object for any API methods that need to be called
- job_id: the job id for the report to be downloaded
- xml: optional parameter used for testing and debugging
Returns: The CSV data for the report (as a string)
Source: show
# File lib/adwords4r/apiextensions.rb, line 124 def self.downloadCsvReport(wrapper, job_id, report_xml=nil) # Get XML report data. report_xml = downloadXmlReport(wrapper, job_id) if report_xml.nil? begin # Construct DOM object. doc = REXML::Document.new(report_xml) # Get data columns. columns = [] doc.elements.each('report/table/columns/column') do |column_elem| name = column_elem.attributes['name'] columns << name unless name.nil? end # Get data rows. rows = [] doc.elements.each('report/table/rows/row') do |row_elem| rows << row_elem.attributes unless row_elem.attributes.nil? end # Build CSV csv = '' CSV::Writer.generate(csv) do |writer| writer << columns rows.each do |row| row_values = [] columns.each { |column| row_values << row[column] } writer << row_values end end return csv rescue REXML::ParseException => e # Error parsing XML raise AdWords::Error::Error, "Error parsing report XML: %s\nSource: %s" % [e, e.backtrace.first] end end
Extension method — Download and return a v20xx report.
Warning: this method is blocking for the calling thread.
Args:
- wrapper: the service wrapper object for any API methods that need to be called
- report_definition_id: the id for the report definition
Returns: The data for the report (as a string)
Source: show
# File lib/adwords4r/apiextensions.rb, line 200 def self.downloadReport(wrapper, report_definition_id) # Set URL parameters. parameters = {'__rd' => report_definition_id.to_s} # Set HTTP headers. headers = {} headers['Authorization'] = 'GoogleLogin auth=%s' % wrapper.api.credentials.auth_token creds = wrapper.api.credentials.credentials if creds['clientEmail'] headers['clientEmail'] = creds['clientEmail'] elsif creds['clientCustomerId'] headers['clientCustomerId'] = creds['clientCustomerId'] end # Get download URL. url = AdWords::Service.report_download_url( wrapper.api.credentials.environment, 201003) # Download report data. client = HTTPClient.new report_data = client.get_content(url, parameters, headers) return report_data end
Extension method — Download and return a v20xx report into a file.
Warning: this method is blocking for the calling thread.
Args:
- wrapper: the service wrapper object for any API methods that need to be called
- report_definition_id: the id for the report definition
- path: the file where the data should be saved
Returns: nil
Source: show
# File lib/adwords4r/apiextensions.rb, line 177 def self.downloadReportAsFile(wrapper, report_definition_id, path) report_data = downloadReport(wrapper, report_definition_id) # Write to file (if provided) if path open(path, 'w') { |file| file.puts(report_data) } end return nil end
Extension method — Download and return report data in XML format.
Warning: this method is blocking for the calling thread.
Args:
- wrapper: the service wrapper object for any API methods that need to be called
- job_id: the job id for the report to be downloaded
Returns: The xml for the report (as a string)
Source: show
# File lib/adwords4r/apiextensions.rb, line 77 def self.downloadXmlReport(wrapper, job_id) sleep_interval = 30 # Repeatedly check the report status until it is finished. # 'Pending' and 'InProgress' statuses indicate the job is still being run. status = wrapper.getReportJobStatus(job_id).getReportJobStatusReturn while status != 'Completed' && status != 'Failed' sleep(sleep_interval) status = wrapper.getReportJobStatus(job_id).getReportJobStatusReturn end if status == 'Completed' report_url = wrapper.getReportDownloadUrl(job_id).getReportDownloadUrlReturn # Download the report via the HTTPClient library and return its # contents. The report is an XML document; the actual element names vary # depending on the type of report run and columns requested. begin client = HTTPClient.new return client.get_content(report_url) rescue Errno::ECONNRESET, SOAP::HTTPStreamError, SocketError => e # This exception indicates a connection-level error. # In general, it is likely to be transitory. raise AdWords::Error::Error, "Connection Error: %s\nSource: %s" % [e, e.backtrace.first] end else # Reports that pass validation will normally not fail, but if there is # an error in the report generation service it can sometimes happen. raise AdWords::Error::Error, 'Report generation failed.' end end
Return list of all extension methods, indexed by version and service.
Source: show
# File lib/adwords4r/apiextensions.rb, line 49 def self.extensions return @@extensions end
Return the parameter list for every extension method.
Source: show
# File lib/adwords4r/apiextensions.rb, line 54 def self.methods return @@methods end


Introduction
Welcome to the Moovby API. This API documentation is created to ease and breeze the communication and process of development team.
This API documentation should be used internally within Moovby development team only. So it is restricted to expose this API documentation to public.
The API can be access via:
https://api.moovby.com/v1
Authorization: Bearer YOUR_API_TOKEN
Users
Register
curl
-H "Content-Type: application/json"
-X POST
-d '{"email"<EMAIL_ADDRESS>"password": "12345678", "device_identifier": "uuid1234", "device_information": "example of user agent", "device_type", "ios|android|web"}'
ENDPOINT
The above command returns JSON structured like this:
{
"status": "verified",
"message": "You have successfully registered.",
"user": {
"id": 1,
"name": "John Doe",
"email"<EMAIL_ADDRESS>"state": "active"
}
}
This endpoint to sign up new user.
HTTP Request
POST /signup
Query Parameters
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| User email. | |
| password | User password. Minimum length is 8 characters. |
| device_identifier | UUID from the device user used to register. |
| device_information | Device agent info (OS info / hardware info) |
| device_type | Device type (Android, iOS, web) |
Login
curl
-H "Content-Type: application/json"
-X POST
-d '{"email"<EMAIL_ADDRESS>"password": "12345678"'
ENDPOINT
The above command returns JSON structured like this:
{
"id": 1,
"name": "John Doe",
"email"<EMAIL_ADDRESS>"token": "c333345d4b6918c36a3df11782b7bfbf",
"state": "active"
}
This endpoint to sign in existing user.
HTTP Request
POST /signin
Query Parameters
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| User email. | |
| password | User password. Minimum length is 8 characters. |
Logout
curl
-H "Authorization: Bearer <token>"
-H "Content-Type: application/json"
ENDPOINT
The above command returns JSON structured like this:
{
"status": "200|401",
"message": "You have been signed out"
}
This endpoint to sign out user.
HTTP Request
DELETE /account
Responses
The Moovby API uses the following error codes:
| Code | Meaning |
|---|---|
| 200 | Everything is okay |
| 400 | Bad Request – Your request sucks |
| 401 | Unauthorized – Your API key is wrong |
| 403 | Forbidden – The kitten requested is hidden for administrators only |
| 404 | Not Found – The specified kitten could not be found |
| 405 | Method Not Allowed – You tried to access a kitten with an invalid method |
| 406 | Not Acceptable – You requested a format that isn’t json |
| 410 | Gone – The kitten requested has been removed from our servers |
| 418 | I’m a teapot |
| 429 | Too Many Requests – You’re requesting too many kittens! Slow down! |
| 500 | Internal Server Error – We had a problem with our server. Try again later. |
| 503 | Service Unavailable – We’re temporarially offline for maintanance. Please try again later. |


Module 43 Formatting, structure & style
Learning goals
- Understand the principles of good research writing
- Gain practical skills in formatting the elements of a research report
There are thousands of resources available in print and online to support students who are trying to improve their scientific writing. The recommendations offered below are by no means exhaustive, and by no means are they the only way. Our aim here is to get students started on the right track. Our underlying premise is that good writing in research is the same as good writing anywhere else. The same basic standards apply.
The best single resource we know of is a 1990 article in the American Scientist, “The Science of Science Writing”, by George Opan and Judith Swan. Most of the concepts and examples below are distillations from that article.
Core principles
Opan and Swan (1990) offer many fundamental principles for strong scientific writing, but they all stem from the same core idea: Write with the reader in mind. It is not enough to have all the correct information on the page; that information must organized and presented in ways that helps the reader understand.
To illustrate this point in a brief example, they show three different ways to present the same information:
Option 1:
“Our results were t(time)=15’, T(temperature)=32º, t=0’, T=25º; t=6’, T=29º; t=3’, T=27º; t=12’, T=32º; t=9’; T=31º”
Option 2:
Option 3:
Which of these is easiest to interpret? Why?
In short, place information where readers expect to find it. This applies broad organization, such as keep all methodological details within the Methods sections, or deciding which information to place in tables and which to write out in the narrative of your Results section, but it also applies to writing at the sentence-level. In every sentence readers take in, they have subconscious expectations about how coherent ideas will be structured. Shape your sentences to meet those expectations.
Opan and Swan (1990) provide a good example of really bad writing:
“The smallest of the URF’s (URFA6L), a 207-nucleotide (nt) reading frame overlapping out of phase the NH2-terminal portion of the adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) subunit 6 gene has been identified as the animal equivalent of the recently discovered yeast H+-ATPase subunit 8 gene. The functional significance of the other URF’s has been, on the contrary, elusive. Recently, however, immunoprecipitation experiments with antibodies to purified, rotenone-sensitive NADH-ubiquinone oxido-reductase [hereafter referred to as respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase or complex I] from bovine heart, as well as enzyme fractionation studies, have indicated that six human URF’s (that is, URF1, URF2, URF3, URF4, URF4L, and URF5, hereafter referred to as ND1, ND2, ND3, ND4, ND4L, and ND5) encode subunits of complex I. This is a large complex that also contains many subunits synthesized in the cytoplasm.”
If you are like most readers, this paragraph is difficult to make sense of and the authors’ intended meaning is completely lost.
To fix this paragraph and others like it, Opan and Swan recommend the following steps:
Principle 1. Keep language as straightforward and clear as possible. The more complex a sentence or paragraph becomes, the more likely that a reader will get confused or just give up. Note, however, that long sentences are not necessarily bad. If a sentence is shaped well and written clearly, there is no limit to its length.
Principle 2. Minimize jargon, so that people other than the world expert can understand what you are saying.
Principle 3. Keep the subject and the verb as close together as possible.
Bad example: The smallest of the URF’s is URFA6L, a 207-nucleotide (nt) reading frame overlapping out of phase the NH2-terminal portion of the adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) subunit 6 gene; it has been identified as the animal equivalent of the recently discovered yeast H+-ATPase subunit 8 gene.
Good example: The smallest of the URF’s (URFA6L) has been identified as the animal equivalent of the recently discovered yeast H+-ATPase subunit 8 gene.
Principle 4. In each ‘unit of discourse’, make only a single point. A unit of discourse is any part of your writing with a beginning and an end: a report section, a paragraph, a sentence, or a clause. Do not jam multiple main ideas into a single unit.
Building on this principle, each paragraph should have a sentence that clearly encapsulates the paragraph’s main point. This usually comes at either the beginning or end of the paragraph. As an example of this, checkout this white paper from a company that studies respiratory illnesses by tracking coughs. In this paper, the main point of each paragraph is in boldface to help readers more easily understand the purpose of each paragraph.
Principle 5. Make use of the ‘Stress Position’. Readers naturally emphasize the material at the sentence’s end. Arrange the emphatic information in your sentence to arrive last. In other words, save the best for last.
Bad example: The end of a sentence is usually where readers naturally place emphasis on material. Place the emphatic information near the end of your sentence in order to re-arrange. The last is the place for which the best should be saved.
Good example: See Principle 5.
Principle 6. The ‘Topic Position’ keeps things clear. The ‘topic position’, i.e., the material at the beginning of a sentence, establishes context and expectations for the remainder of the sentence. The first pieces of information help the reader understand what the sentence will be about. As Oppan & Swan (1990) put it, “‘Bees disperse pollen’ and ‘Pollen is dispersed by bees’ are two different but equally respectable sentences about the same facts. The first tells us something about bees; the second tells us something about pollen.” If you are writing a paragraph about pollen, then the second is superior. Even though it utilizes passive voice, it correctly reinforces who the main character is.
Principle 7. Use Topic Positions and Stress Positions to link ideas in a paragraph. In a clear-flowing paragraph, the Topic Position of each sentence is linked to the Stress Position of the previous. In other words, the topic position provides both context (looking ahead) and linkage (looking back). Try to get into the pattern of placing ‘old information’, i.e., material you have already introduced, in the Topic Position and ‘new information’ in the Stress Position. Maintaining this pattern consistently is an enormous aid to reader comprehension.
This stress-topic linkage is particularly important in persuasive writing, such as a report’s Introduction. Those sections are really evidence-based arguments that build on top of one another, connecting ideas in a chain. They are not lists of facts. In a strong argument, sentences are connected in a chain.
Bad example: “A is something interesting. B is something interesting. C is …”
Good: “A is related to B. B is related to C. C is related D…”
Oppan and Swan (1990) provide the following examples:
Bad example:
Large earthquakes along a given fault segment do not occur at random intervals because it takes time to accumulate the strain energy for the rupture. The rates at which tectonic plates move and accumulate strain at their boundaries are approximately uniform. Therefore, in first approximation, one may expect that large ruptures of the same fault segment will occur at approximately constant time intervals. If subsequent main shocks have different amounts of slip across the fault, then the recurrence time may vary, and the basic idea of periodic mainshocks must be modified. For great plate boundary ruptures the length and slip often vary by a factor of 2. Along the southern segment of the San Andreas fault the recurrence interval is 145 years with variations of several decades. The smaller the standard deviation of the average recurrence interval, the more specific could be the long term prediction of a future mainshock.
Good example:
Large earthquakes along a given fault segment do not occur at random intervals because it takes time to accumulate the strain energy for the rupture. The rates at which tectonic plates move and accumulate strain at their boundaries are roughly uniform. Therefore, nearly constant time intervals (at first approximation) would be expected between large ruptures of the same fault segment. However, the recurrence time may vary; the basic idea of periodic mainshocks may need to be modified if subsequent mainshocks have different amounts of slip across the fault. Indeed, the length and slip of great plate boundary ruptures often vary by a factor of 2. For example, the recurrence intervals along the southern segment of the San Andreas fault is 145 years with variations of several decades. The smaller the standard deviation of the average recurrence interval, the more specific could be the long term prediction of a future mainshock.
Oppan and Swan (1990) conclude this recommendation by stating that, “In our experience, the misplacement of old and new information turns out to be the No. 1 problem in American professional writing today.”
Principle 8. Anticipate and avoid logical gaps. When a new sentence contains no reference whatsoever to ‘old information’ in previous sentences, the readers will make their own logical leaps, and those leaps will almost always be wrong.
Opan & Swan (199) conclude that writers who do not take the trouble to adhere to these principles “are attending more to their own need for unburdening themselves of their information than to the reader’s need for receiving the material.”
So, in short, be kind to your reader, and do your share of the work.
Further considerations
Use of passive voice and first-person
Most beginners are told that the use of first-person language within a research report is inappropriate, but that is simply not true. It certain is true that it is possible to misuse first-person structure, but it is also true that first person structure can occasionally improve the flow of a paragraph and, counterintuitively, it can help keep the reader’s focus on your objectives and methods.
Examples of appropriate use of first-person:
“We aimed to quantify differences between supply and benefit within the context of conservation planning. We addressed 3 questions…” (from Watson et al. 2019)
“Because wetland invasion by common duckweed often accompanies eutrophication, we also assessed whether the presence of Lemna minor could impact anuran development. We tracked population- and individual-level responses to development in the three water treatments with and without duckweed…” (from Zeitler et al. 2021)
Examples of inappropriate use:
- “In this part of the Introduction, I will …”
- “No Discussion would be complete without …”
- “In this complicated analysis, I was able to …”
- “I really did not enjoy that day of fieldwork.”
In general, avoid self-aware commentary about what is happening in your report, and avoid self-centered commentary about how difficult or impressive something was. Always avoid “I was able to…” statements.
Logistics of scientific writing
Writing about results
In general, a results statement needs to address the following elements of content and design:
- Describe the pattern in your data
- Include units with all numbers / metrics you provide
- Round numbers to an appropriate number of significant digits (usually two decimal places is best)
- Refer to the figure number that portrays the data, typically using a parenthetical at the end of a sentence (e.g., “(Fig. 1).”)
- Name the statistical test you used
- Report all necessary statistical metrics in parentheses: sample size, p-value, and any other details (e.g., regressions also need to have their regression coefficients reported.)
- State whether or not the pattern you see supported by your significance test?
- State whether or not the results support your hypothesis, if applicable.
Results needs to be written as concisely as possible in order to be intelligible to a reader. Treat this like a puzzle: how can you report all the necessary information in as few words as possible while maximizing the logical flow of your sentences?
Bad example:
“The sample size was 25 clams for both non-predated and predated clams. We did a t-test comparing the lengths of these two clams. With a p-value of 0.023, this t-test indicated that the results were statistically significant, since the p-value was below 0.05. This therefore proves our hypothesis that predated clams are different than non-predated clams. These findings are also presented in Figure 1.”
Good example:
“The length of predated clams (mean= 27.1 cm; n=25) was significantly different from that of non-predated clams (mean= 36.3 cm; n=25) (t-test, p = 0.02), supporting our hypothesis that predation state determines clam length (Fig. 1).”
Note that the Bad example above is bad due to more than just its writing. You should never say that a statistical test proves a hypothesis correct or incorrect. A test can only fail to reject the null hypothesis.
Referencing tables & figures
Tables and figures (collectively known as report assets) should be referenced throughout the Results and Discussion using parenthetical references, e.g., “(Table 1, Fig 4)”. These asset references typically come at the end of a sentence, but can sometimes be used in the middle of a complex sentence.
Try to avoid sentences that explain what tables or figures contain (e.g., “Measurements can be found in Table 1.”). Instead, summarize a pattern then reference the asset (e.g., “The mean measurement was 32 (standard deviation = 4.3; Table 1)”).
Citing references
Literature should be cited within the body of your report using parenthetical citaitons, e.g., “(Keen & Brew 2021)”.
Like in-line references to tables and figures, these parentheticals typically come at the end of a sentence, but can sometimes be used in the middle of a complex sentence to make it clear which concept is connected to the reference.
The exact formatting of that parenthetical depends on the citation style you use. See the next section.
Formatting Literature Cited
All in-line references and full citations within your Literature Cited section need to have consistent formatting. The precise formatting of your references depends on the style system you are using. Many styles are in widespread use.
If you have your choice of the kind of style you are allowed to use, we recommend the Scientific Style maintained by the Council of Science Editors.
Common use cases are provided below:
In-line citations
For a single author:
“We don’t know ANYTHING about what’s down there! (Ezell 2021)”
Two authors: (Hofman and Rick 2018).
Three or more authors: (Smart et al. 2003).
Bibliographic entry
This is how full references are to be written in the Literature Cited section.
Basic layout: Author(s). Date. Article title. Journal title. Volume(issue):location.
For a single author:
Laskowski DA. 2002. Physical and chemical properties of pyrethroids. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 174(1):49–170.
Two authors: Mazan MR, Hoffman AM. 2001. Effects of aerosolized albuterol on physiologic responses to exercise in standardbreds. Am J Vet Res. 62(11):1812–1817.
Three or more authors: Smart N, Fang ZY, Marwick TH. 2003. A practical guide to exercise training for heart failure patients. J Card Fail. 9(1):49–58.
Ten or more authors:
Pizzi C, Caraglia M, Cianciulli M, Fabbrocini A, Libroia A, Matano E, Contegiacomo A, Del Prete S, Abbruzzese A, Martignetti A, et al. 2002. Low-dose recombinant IL-2 induces psychological changes: monitoring by Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Anticancer Res. 22(2A):727–732.
Formatting tables
Tables need to be tightly organized, with as few horizontal lines as possible, and with no vertical lines whatsoever. Make strategic use of lines of different thickness and boldface type to visually organize the table’s content.
Microsoft Word and Google Docs will automatically generate tables that are poorly formatted:
Adjust the table formatting to turn the default into something digestible:
For more tips on table styles, refer to the Module on Summarizing Datasets
Formatting figures
Plots
Refer to the Module on Visualizing Data for the theory of effective data visualizations.
In addition to the principles outlined there, make sure that each plot meets the following standards:
- The figure has a good caption (see above), including a figure number.
- All text on the figure is clear and legible.
- Each axis has a label, and the label is helpful to the reader.
- The axis labels include units of measure, if applicable.
- Red and green colors are avoided, since some people are color-blind to them.
Maps
Maps should also adhere to the fundamental principles of good data visualization..
In addition to those principles, be sure that your map meets the following standards:
- The map has a scale
- The map has some reference to a coordinate system.
- The map has a north arrow.
- The map has includes some form of context (e.g., an inset map showing where the main map is located in the world.)
- The map’s caption includes information on the source of the spatial data used to build up the map.
Diagrams
Diagrams, such as schematics that demonstrate a sampling design, should also adhere to the fundamental principles of good data visualization..


EBD - Easton Bible DIctionary
Hazar-susah
HAZAR-SUSAH
"HAZAR-SUSAH "village of the horse, the same as Sansannah, one of Solomon’s “chariot cities” (
Joshua 15:31
;
2 Chronicles 1:14
), a depot in the south border of Judah.
"HAZAR-SUSAH "village of the horse, the same as Sansannah, one of Solomon’s “chariot cities” (Joshua 15:31; 2 Chronicles 1:14), a depot in the south border of Judah.