'I am willing to help any ... law enforcement agency' - Prince Andrew to step back from public duties
The Queen has given permission for Britain's Prince Andrew to “step back from public duties for the foreseeable future” amid criticism over his relationship with Jeffrey Epstein, he has said in a statement.
Prince Andrew also said he was “willing to help any appropriate law enforcement agency with their investigations, if required” over the Epstein probe.
In his statement, Andrew said: “It has become clear to me over the last few days that the circumstances relating to my former association with Jeffrey Epstein has become a major disruption to my family’s work and the valuable work going on in the many organisations and charities that I am proud to support.
Therefore, I have asked Her Majesty if I may step back from public duties for the foreseeable future, and she has given her permission.
“I continue to unequivocally regret my ill-judged association with Jeffrey Epstein. His suicide has left many unanswered questions, particularly for his victims, and I deeply sympathise with everyone who has been affected and wants some form of closure.
“I can only hope that, in time, they will be able to rebuild their lives.
“Of course, I am willing to help any appropriate law enforcement agency with their investigations, if required.”
READ MORE
Prince Andrew and Jeffrey Epstein ‘met in early 1990s not 1999’


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We've taken all the names put forth and picked out some of our favourites.
We don't know which name she is going to get.
It will be decided on the big day!
#1: Amelia
#2: Chelsea
#3: Clara
#4: Chloe
#5: Princess Consuela Banana Hammock


WITNESS LIST Law Enforcement Committee March 21, 2005-1:30P HB 264 For: Edgett, Jenifer (Self) Fletcher, Robert (Texas ABATE Confederation) Patterson, Jerry (Self) Reynolds, Richard F. (Self) Sputnik (Texas Motorcycle Rights Association) Walker, Bill (Self) Against: Glazener, Amanda (Self and Lindley Wylie) Wylie, Elsa (Self) Wylie, Rick (Self) On: Burdette, Clifton (Texas Department of Public Motorcycle Safety Unit) Gardner, Russell (Texas Commission of Law Enforcement Officers Standards and Education) HB 1038 For: Elkin, Bill (Houston Police Retired Officers Association) Mica, Tara Reilly (National Rifle Association) Tripp, Alice (Texas State Rifle Association) HB 1262 For: Wilkison, Charley (Combined Law Enforcement Association of Texas) HB 1438 For: Wilkison, Charley (Combined Law Enforcement Associations of Texas) HB 1483 For: Mica, Tara Reilly (National Rifle Association) Patterson, Jerry (Self) Tripp, Alice (Texas State Rifle Association) HB 1807 For: Edmonds, Shannon (Texas District and County Attorneys Association)


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Laniakea is currently off-line, for problems with our Cloud infrastructure network. We are working hard to fix the problem with our Cloud provider. Please check our web site for further updates.
The Laniakea team.


Specializations are machine learning, data analysis and also very interested in related applications, and statistical modeling. I am on the fence between statistics and computer science, and consider myself somewhere between a data scientist and a software engineer. I am very interested in technologies for extracting and massaging data, and using data to paint a picture of some metric of interest. For me, a productive work environment is one where I am challenged daily in an intellectual sense. I love exploring new concepts, new applications and new technologies that I can integrate into my position. I crave a culture where I am part of an energetic team that values each other as team members and a culture that encourages creativity, leadership, teamwork, thinking outside of the box and is reasonably flexible with its team members' needs. Possible roles I would enjoy are, but not limited to: data scientist (with an emphasis on modeling and machine learning rather than analytics), machine learning engineer, Software engineer.


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--- layout: post title: "Automated UI Testing - Part 1 - WatiN" comments: true ---
Its been an absolute age since i last blogged so i thought my recent experience was worth talking about.
A few months back I discovered a tool called WaiN. This is based on WatiR and is a web application testing tool for Dot Net developers. After doing a few little test applications i started to see the benefit of using this application in my development. The best thing i could see it could do for me was making sure my pre testing cycle smoke checks were all run and passing. This would save time in fixing little UI bugs spotted by QA testers.
For those who don't know what WatiN does then look at the following code:
[Test] public void SearchForWatiNOnGoofle() { using(IE browser = new IE("http://www.google.com")) { browser.TextField(Find.ByName("q")).TypeText("WatiN"); browser.Button(Find.ByName("btnG")).Click(); Assert.IsTrue(browser.ContainsText("WatiN")); } }
Within the class add a reference to WatiN.Core.dll and Nutit.framework.dll and then run this little test app. What will happen is a new instance of IE will spin up [other browsers can be run if necessary using further references]. It will search teh page for the textbox with the name 'q' and enter the text 'WatiN'. It will then find the button called 'btnG' and click it.
This will then give us the results and it checks to make sure that the results include the term 'WatiN'. Pretty easy to follow eh?
I could really see the potential of how this could be used to see how a site behaves when certain things are done e.g. logging in as a user and making sure that user has the correct options available to them etc.
This was my first forage into the world of what i now know as BDD (behavioural driven development) and automated UI testing.


"x" "1" "SIDEROPOULOS,AS AND SPECHT,SM, EVALUATION OF MICROBIAL TESTING METHODSFOR THE MUTAGENICITY OF QUINOLINE AND ITS DERIVATIVES, CURR. MICROBIOL. 11(2):59-65, 1984"


|
Bullet Collision Detection & Physics Library
|
Go to the source code of this file.
Classes | |
| class | btPolyhedralConvexShape |
| The btPolyhedralConvexShape is an internal interface class for polyhedral convex shapes. More... | |
| class | btPolyhedralConvexAabbCachingShape |
| The btPolyhedralConvexAabbCachingShape adds aabb caching to the btPolyhedralConvexShape. More... | |


These are larger examples of web applications using seisplotjs.
This is the public helicorder for the South Carolina Seismic Network. It is similar to the helicorder in the tutorial, but includes the selection of the time window and station to display. It also uses the mseedarchive module to directly load one hour miniseed records saved by the ringserver for the CO network. The South Carolina archiving system also includes a process that saves the minimum and maximum values for each second as a 2 sample per second data stream. This derived channel effectively allows the helicorder to plot the 100 samples per second HHZ data streams without being overwhelmed by the data volume.
Remove the instrument response from seismograms.
Design a FIR lowpass filter using equiripple from OregonDSP.
Ringserver web interface.
Plot frequency response for stages in a channel's instrument response.
Request mseed3 data records, display as a seismograph and as text.


Build R with OpenBLAS and OpenMP support on MacOS 10.14 (Mojave)
These instructions have been updated (August 2019) to account for the
fact that Homebrew no longer allows optional installation
arguments. Initally, I just rolled with the changes since was I still
able to set up OpenBLAS support. But after a helpful email exchange
with Luis Puerto in which he pointed out
that the standard (and now optionless) Homebrew R did not have full
capabilities()
, I’ve updated this post. I broadly follow his
process, which can be found
here
and
here,
but with the addition of my Makevars
and .Renviron
files. For
reference, the obsolete version of these instructions can be found
here.
These instructions allow you to compile R from source on MacOS 10.14 (Mojave) so that it both uses OpenBLAS libraries (for faster computations) and has OpenMP support (to take advantage of multiple cores).
Rationale
While the Clang compilers shipped with R finally support OpenMP for
parallel processing, they require their own unique
flags. The GNU
family of compilers (gcc
, g++
, etc) don’t play nice with all R
packages when building them from source. I figured both out the hard way.
To get R to work with both OpenMP (after compiling with OpenBLAS) and packages built from source, I use a newer, non-Apple version of the LLVM compiler.
But why?
Why not?
 This worked for me and was a (mostly) fun project while setting up a new machine, but YMMV. Of course, I’ve had to update since Homebrew changed its default behavior, so keep that in mind if you decide to go this route.
Tools
You’ll need:
- XCode
- Homebrew
~/.R/Makevars
~/.Renviron
XCode
- Install Command Line Tools through XCode
- You may need to type
xcode-select --install
in the terminal after installation, but I got this message which makes me believe this is no longer necessary:xcode-select: error: command line tools are already installed, use "Software Update" to install updates
-
Figure out where your missing header files are located on your machine. Since 10.14, installing the Command Line Tools doesn’t place necessary header files (e.g.,
math.h
) in the/usr/include
directory, where they have historically been and R still looks for them when you build from source. They are instead kept within Xcode.app.There are two steps:
- At the time of this post (August 2019), you can still just
copy the header files to
/usr/include
using this process. Specifically:sudo installer -pkg /Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/Packages/macOS_SDK_headers_for_macOS_10.14.pkg -target /
I don’t know that this approach will continue to work with future Apple updates, but it’s necessary at the moment.
- Figure out the path to the SDK headers using the following
command:
xcrun --show-sdk-path
On my machine, the path is
/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.14.sdk
This is the standard path at the moment and so should be the same on your machine unless you’ve installed Xcode in a non-standard location. Take note of this path because we’ll add it to our
Makevars
file.
- At the time of this post (August 2019), you can still just
copy the header files to
Homebrew packages
- Install Homebrew
brew install
some apps/libraries from homebrew-core:brew cask install xquartz
brew cask install adoptopenjdk
- NOTE: You can also choose
oracle-jdk
or not to install Java at all; if you choose not to install Java, then drop the--with-java
flag when installing R
- NOTE: You can also choose
brew install openblas
brew install llvm
brew install ccache
brew install gcc
(should already install withllvm
)brew install libomp
brew install libgit2
brew install openssl
(should already install withlibgit2
)brew install gettext
brew install
some optional libraries from homebrew-core- Note: Some of these are dependencies of others so you may get messages saying a library is already installed, which is fine):
brew install liblwgeom
brew install gdal
brew install geos
brew install proj
brew install udunits
brew install qt
Many R packages look for these libraries on your system if built from source, so unless you have compelling reason not to do so, I would highly recommend installing them. In particular, the sf package will need these in order to work.
NOTE There’s a Homebrew tap dedicated to QGIS and other spatial libraries currently under development (h/t again to Luis Puerto). You may find these more suitable for your geospatial needs than the versions provided by homebrew-core.
- Add Seth Fore R tap:
brew tap sethrfore/r-srf
brew reinstall
Cairo fromsethrfore/r-srf
tap (you mustreinstall
since the Homebrew-core version of Cairo is already installed as a dependency above):brew reinstall sethrfore/r-srf/cairo
NOTE You need to install Cairo from this tap if you want to have X11 support.
Now install R using from
sethrfore/r-srf
with additional arguments:brew install sethrfore/r-srf/r --with-openblas --with-java --with-cairo --with-libtiff
If everything has gone well, you should be able to open up R and see
the following when you run capabilities()
(i.e., all TRUE
):
> capabilities()
jpeg png tiff tcltk X11 aqua
TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
http/ftp sockets libxml fifo cledit iconv
TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
NLS profmem cairo ICU long.double libcurl
TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
Set up ~/.Renviron and ~/.R/Makevars
Create .Renviron
in home directory (~
) and Makevars
file in
~/.R
directory that looks like the files below. This step is
important. If you don’t add these files, you’ll not be able to
install packages since they won’t be able to find the system libraries
they need.
Install packages
Open R and install packages like normal using install.packages()
. I
would recommend using the option, dependencies = TRUE
, if you want
to make sure everything is compiled correctly.
I have successfully installed the following packages (and their dependencies) using this set up:


This is an example of using the Pie chart that's customised to such a degree that it appears as more like a progress meter or a "percent complete" style meter.
The segmentation effect was formerly achieved by a non-insignificant amount of custom code.
Now though, it's created by using the RGraph.SegmentedMeter
custom class that's a part
of the Pie chart library file.
This library handles all of the drawing for you and you can either use the draw()
method to simply draw the meter or to get an animation you can also use the roundRobin()
effect.
The chart is quite small and fits well on smaller devices so it doesn't need a lot changing
with the responsive()
function. The only thing that's done is the CSS
float
of the canvas tag is removed.
<script src="RGraph.common.core.js"></script> <script src="RGraph.pie.js"></script>Put this where you want the chart to show up:
<canvas id="cvs" width="350" height="350"> [No canvas support] </canvas>This is the code that generates the chart:


Health and Safety Authority gets almost 200 workplace bullying complaints in four years
by By Digital Desk staffNearly 200 complaints of workplace bullying have been made to the Health and Safety Authority over the past four years.
A total of 37 have been made so far this year.
The majority of complaints of workplace bullying are made to employers, but they can also be made to the HSA.
It considers the matter a health and safety issue, which can be hazardous and dangerous.
Details released under the Freedom of Information Act show 189 complaints of workplace bullying have been made to the HSA since 2016, including 41 last year and 37 so far this year.
Angela Mazzone from the National Anti-Bullying Research and Resource Centre in DCU said people who witness this type of behaviour also have a key role to play in addressing it.
Ms Mazzone said: "Bullying is a very complex phenomenon, so when addressing this phenomenon we need to target the individuals and the organisation.
"When we think about workplace bullying, we just focus on the target and on the perpetrator.
"But actually when bullying happens, there are other people who might witness, for instance, an episode of verbal abuse"
Separately, there have also been 39 complaints of workplace bullying within the gardaí in the same time frame.
There were also two reports of workplace sexual harassment within the force last year, both of which were forwarded for investigation.
READ MORE
Ghost broker investigation may lead to cancellation of 600 car insurance policies


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embossed
handheld
print
projection
screen
speech
tty
tv


{% extends 'base.html' %} {% block page_title %} Internal Server Error {% endblock %} {% block content %}
That's all we know. The error has been logged and will be investigated by our operations team.
Feel free to continue browsing.


Hello and thanks for visiting! I started my progarmming career in high school where I studied areas of computer science from binary code to C++, programming simple games and building web pages for friends. Since then I've gradually taught myself more and more about computer science, programming, and software development. After high school, I became fascinated with the mysteries of the mind and received a degree in Psychology from the University of North Carolina at Wilmington.
After college I started working within a small corporation that bought and sold industrial manufacturing equipment. I was hired on as a procurement agent and quickly worked my way into sales as I developed relationships, growing old accounts and establishing new ones. Sales was exciting and lucrative, but it wasn't long before I found my way to the source code of our company website and began making small adjustments to improve the user experience. Before long I took charge of our inventory and advertising databases while maintaining a healthy sales record.
It wasn't long before I rediscovered my passion for coding and decided to enroll in the Full Stack Software Development Program at UNCC. I enjoy every second I spend coding and am on the look-out for new and exciting opportunities to learn, grow, and contribute with a passionate and driven team.
For more information, please send me an Email at:
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Sole Developer
A Star Wars themed Hangman application built using vanilla Javascript
Sole Developer
Trivia game built using JavaScript utilizing timers and jQuery.
Sole Developer
Application built to demonstrate API calls using AJAX and the GIPHY API.
Back End Developer
Application developed to help travelers locate bars and nightlife activities to spice up their time away from
home.
Built using JavaScript, jQuery, BootStrap, AJAX, Googel Maps API, Google Places API.
Full Stack Developer
GiftList is an application created to give users the ability to post items they wish to give away to others,
as to provide a more personal donating experience.
Built using Javascript, NodeJS, Express, Cloudinary, MySQL, HandlebarsJS, AJAX, Google Maps API
Lead Developer / Game Logic
Reverie is a massively multiplayer online battle game which boasts the fact that it is easy to learn, but impossible
to master. Choose from one of four unique character classes and battle your friends for the top score.
Built using JavaScript, MongoDB, ReactJS, NodeJS, Express, Socket.io.


*@
@**@
@*Title*@
@**@
@**@
@**@
@**@
@*
* This template is called from the `index` template. This template
* handles the rendering of the page header and body tags. It takes
* two arguments, a `String` for the title of the page and an `Html`
* object to insert into the body of the page.
 This is a basic "Hello, World"*@
@*application. Let's look at the src/main/scala/Hello.scala file.
@**@
@**@
@* Here's where we render the page title `String`. *@
@*@title*@
@**@
@**@
@**@
@**@
@**@
@* And here's where we render the `Html` object containing*@
@** the page content. *@
@*content*@
@**@
@**@


Check your details
| Where do you live? | In a property I own |
Change this |
| Are you a joint owner? | No | Change this |
| Your address | 1 Street, Place, County, NE1234 | Change this |
| Do you have a mortgage or loan secured on your home? | Yes | Change this |
| How often do you pay your mortgage or secured loan? | Monthly | Change this |
| Payment per month | £175 | Change this |
| Do you pay for any of the following where you live? | No | Change this |
| Do you pay Council Tax? | Yes | Change this |
| How often do you pay your council tax? | Monthly | Change this |
| Do you pay ground rent? | No | Change this |
| Do you have a loan to adapt your home for the special needs of a disabled person? | No | Change this |
| Does anyone else live in your home with you? | Yes | Change this |
| Name | Thomas Smith | Change this |
| Date of birth | 2 June 1986 | Change this |
| Relationship to you | Son | Change this |
| Do they have a job? | Yes | Change this |
| Do they work for 16 hours or more per week? | Yes | Change this |
| How often do they get paid? | weekly | Change this |
| How much do they receive before tax and national insurance are taken off? | £200 | Change this |
| Are they in full time education? | No | Change this |
| Do they receive any of the following? | No | Change this |
| Are they severely sight impaired or registered blind? | No | Change this |
| Does anyone else live in your home with you? | No | Change this |


| [
68]
|
Interferon-β and mycophenolic acid are potent inhibitors of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in cell-based assays |
Hart
et al
|
USA |
2014 |
(
In vitro only)
MPA showed strong inhibition, with an IC50 of 2.87 mM. This drug may provide an alternative to ribavirin for treatment of MERS-CoV. In conclusion, IFN-b, MPA or a combination of the two may be beneficial in the treatment of MERS-CoV or as a post-exposure intervention in high-risk patients with known exposures to MERS-CoV.
|
| [
69]
|
Disulfiram can inhibit MERS and SARS coronavirus papain-like proteases via different modes |
Lin
et al
|
Taiwan |
2018 |
(In vitro)
Note. (PLpros)= Papain-like proteases MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV – act as a potential anti-viral target for drugs
Multiple inhibition assays also support a kinetic mechanism by which disulfiram together with 6TG and/or MPA can synergistically inhibit MERS-CoV PLpro, but not, due to its competitive mode of inhibition, SARS-CoV PLpro.
Synergistic inhibition of MERS-CoV PLpro by disulfiram and 6-thioguanine or
mycophenolic acid implies the potential for combination treatments using these three clinically available drugs.
|
| [
70]
|
Thiopurine analogs and mycophenolic acid synergistically inhibit the papain-like protease of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus |
Cheng et al |
Taiwan |
2015 |
(In vitro)
At the time of the study, there were no potent inhibitors that target MERS-CoV PLpro. The authors report that the immunosuppressive drug mycophenolic acid, was able to inhibit MERS-CoV PLpro.
MPA is a non-competitive inhibitor of MERS-CoV PLpro.
|
| [
71]
|
Broad-spectrum antivirals for the emerging Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus |
Chan
et al
|
Hong Kong/China |
2013 |
(
In vitro)
The authors assessed the anti-MERS-CoV activities of several compounds. Only mycophenolic acid exhibited low EC50 and high selectivity index.
They found that a combination of mycophenolic acid and IFN-b1b lowered the EC50 of each drug by 1-3 times.
Mycophenolic acid exhibits a number of attributes that support its practical use in MERS-CoV infection. It is commonly available in two forms, the prodrug mycophenolate mofetil and the salt mycophenolate sodium, and could be given orally.
Interferon-b1b with mycophenolic acid should be considered in treatment trials of MERS.
|
| [
72]
|
High-Throughput Screening and Identification of Potent Broad-Spectrum Inhibitors of Coronaviruses. |
Shen
et al
|
China |
2019 |
(In vitro)
The authors sought to identify potent broad-spectrum inhibitors of corona viruses. They concluded that they had identified seven compounds (lycorine, emetine, monensin sodium,
mycophenolate mofetil, mycophenolic acid, phenazopyridine, and pyrvinium pamoate) as broad-spectrum inhibitors according to their strong inhibition of replication by four CoVs in vitro at low-micromolar concentrations. They all inhibited the replication of all CoVs with EC50 values of 5μm.
Mycophenolate mofetil and mycophenolic acid, showed a similar antiviral effect on the four CoVs suggesting that the two drugs might harbour similar core structures and antiviral mechanisms.
In vivo antiviral activity is unknown from this study.
|
| [
73]
|
Glycyrrhizin, an active component of liquorice roots, and replication of SARS-associated coronavirus |
Cinatl
et al
|
Germany |
2003 |
(In vitro but using clinical samples - Abstract only)
The authors assessed the antiviral activities of ribavirin, 6-azauridine, pyrazofurin,
mycophenolic acid, and glycyrrhizin against two clinical isolates of coronavirus (FFM-1 and FFM-2) from patients with SARS admitted to the clinical centre of Frankfurt University, Germany.
Mycophenolic acid did not affect replication of the SARS-associated coronaviruses.
|
| [
74]
|
Treatment outcomes for patients with Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS CoV) infection at a coronavirus referral center in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. |
Al Ghamdi et al |
Saudi Arabia |
2016 |
(Clinical example)
Eight patients (15.7%) received mycophenolate mofetil, seven of these patients received it in combination with interferon beta. All patients who received mycophenolate mofetil survived. The authors concluded that whilst treatment with beta interferon and mycophenolate mofetil predicted survival (in univariate analysis only), the greatest predictor of survival was the severity of illness on presentation.
|
| [
75]
|
Treatment with lopinavir/ritonavir or interferon-beta1b improves outcome of MERSCoV infection in a nonhuman primate model of common marmoset |
Chan
et al
|
Hong Kong/China |
2015 |
(In vivo)
The authors assessed 3 repurposed drugs with potent in vitro anti-MERS-CoV activity (mycophenolate mofetil, lopinavir/ritonavir, and interferon-β1b) in common marmosets with severe disease resembling MERS in humans.
all MMF-treated animals developed severe and/or fatal disease with higher mean viral loads.
The authors concluded that MMF alone may worsen MERS and should not be used.
|
| [
76]
|
Enhancement of the infectivity of SARS-CoV in BALB/c mice by IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors, including ribavirin |
Barnard
et al
|
USA |
2006 |
In vivo study in BALB/c mice (a replication model for SARS infections)
In mycophenolic acid-treated mice, the lung virus titers (aka viral load) increased with increasing dosage, although these increases in lung virus titers were not quite significantly different from the lung virus titers in placebo-treated, infected mice.
|
| [
77]
|
A review of treatment modalities for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome |
Mo and Fisher |
Singapore |
2016 |
(Review)
Mycophenolic acid also inhibits purine nucleotide synthesis in lymphocytes. This makes it a popular immunosuppressant in solid-organ transplants and autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus.
The use of mycophenolic acid monotherapy has not been reported in MERS. IFN-b and mycophenolic acid combination therapy was described in a retrospective observational study in Saudi Arabia involving 51 patients; all of the 8 patients who received IFN-b and mycophenolic acid survived.
Corticosteroids, ribavirin monotherapy and mycophenolic acid are likely to cause more harm than benefit.
There are no clinical data on the efficacy of mycophenolic acid in SARS or MERS. However, it led to severe and/or fatal disease with higher mean viral loads in an animal model.
|
| [
78]
|
Update on therapeutic options for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) |
Al-Tawfiq and Memish |
Saudi Arabia |
2017 |
(Review)
MPA mechanism of action - Direct and indirect antiviral activity by modulation of IFN response
The use of mycophenolate in the common marmoset animal model resulted in higher mortality than untreated animals: Mortality rate was 67% (untreated and MMF treated) at 36 h post inoculation versus 0%–33% (lopinavir/ ritonavir-treated and interferon-β1b- treated
|
| [
79]
|
Middle East Respiratory syndrome coronavirus: Another zoonotic betacoronavirus causing SARS-like disease |
Chan et al |
Hong Kong/China |
2015 |
(Review)
The combination of mycophenolic acid and interferon beta 1b shows synergistic activity against MERS-CoV in Vero cells. The desirable pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid compared to ribavirin warrants further evaluation, although the potential inhibitory effect on the immune system and therefore neutralising antibody production should be fully assessed in animal models before use in humans.
A fatal case of MERS was reported in a renal transplant recipient who was receiving antirejection therapy consisting of prednisone, mycophenolate mofetil, and cyclosporine, but the dosage, serum drug level of mycophenolate mofetil, and resulting lymphocyte count were not reported
|
| [
80]
|
A review of candidate therapies for Middle East respiratory syndrome from a molecular perspective. |
Rabaan
et al
|
Saudi Arabia |
2017 |
(Review)
Reiteration of the promising results of MPA in an in vitro setting, however, the marmoset animal model resulted in fatal disease and high viral loads. The authors therefore state that MPA should be used with caution for treatment of MERS-CoV.
|


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This is a template for public use. In this template you will find the basics componets to start your .NET 5 application with Angular 10.


STAT 231 Statistics
Empirical problem solving, measurement systems, causal relationships, statistical models, estimation, confidence intervals, tests of significance.


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vignettes/ViewingResultsUsingDiagnosticsExplorer.Rmd
ViewingResultsUsingDiagnosticsExplorer.Rmd
The Diagnostics Explorer shiny application is able to present the
results output of Cohort Diagnostics in either local mode (i.e. using
premerged file) or database mode (connected to postgres database
server). The Shiny app can be found here.
Make sure to copy all files in the DiagnosticsExplorer
folder. When launching the application. You maybe asked to install
additional packages required by the app, such as shiny, shinydashboard,
shinyWidgets, DT, htmltools, scales, plotly, dplyr, purrr, tidyr,
ggiraph.
Note that each of the tabs on the left has an information icon. Clicking on these icons will show additional information on each diagnostic, how they were computed, and how they may be interpreted.
Local mode is the most common mode to run the Shiny application. We recommend that you convert all the csv files that are the precomputed output of Cohort Diagnostics into an sqlite database file as follows
createMergedResultsFile("C:/temp/allZipFiles", sqliteDbPath = "MyCohortDiagnosticsResulst.sqlite")
.RData files enables faster load of the Shiny application. Once you have converted your results data into an sqlite database file, you may launch the Diagnostics Explorer app as follows:
launchDiagnosticsExplorer(sqliteDbPath = "MyCohortDiagnosticsResulst.sqlite")
If running the application from a R-studio environment, please make sure the sqlite file is in a folder called ‘data’.
To automatically create a zip archive containing the
DiagnosticsExplorer
shiny application for deployment on
shared environments, such as data.ohdsi.org, run the function
createDiagnosticsExplorerZip
:
createDiagnosticsExplorerZip(outputZipfile = "MyCdProject.zip", sqliteDbPath = "MyCohortDiagnosticsResulst.sqlite")
This archive will contain a fully executable shiny application.
We recommend the use of a database system, when file size of the cohort diagnostics output becomes large e.g. > 100mb, as using the sqlite database may leading sluggish performance. Currently, only postgres server is fully supported, though platforms with DatabaseConnector support may work (currently experimental). See Vignette on Database mode on how to load data into remote database.


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Relativity theory leads to the cosmological question of what shape the universe is, and where space came from. It appears that space was created in the Big Bang , 13.8 billion years ago and has been expanding ever since. The overall shape of space is not known, but space is known to be expanding very rapidly due to the cosmic inflation.
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Saransh Dhingra created the Testing Collaboration public workspace.
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FSharpType
Namespace: FSharp.Compiler.SourceCodeServices
Instance members
| Instance member | Description |
AbbreviatedType
Signature: FSharpType
|
Get the type for which this is an abbreviation CompiledName: |
AllInterfaces
Signature: IList<FSharpType>
|
Get all the interface implementations, by walking the type hierarchy, taking into account the instantiation of this type if it is an instantiation of a generic type. CompiledName: |
AnonRecordTypeDetails
Signature: FSharpAnonRecordTypeDetails
|
Get the details of the anonymous record type. CompiledName: |
BaseType
Signature: FSharpType option
|
Get the base type, if any, taking into account the instantiation of this type if it is an instantiation of a generic type. CompiledName: |
Format(context)
Signature: context:FSharpDisplayContext -> string
|
Format the type using the rules of the given display context |
FormatLayout(context)
Signature: context:FSharpDisplayContext -> Layout
|
Format the type using the rules of the given display context |
GenericArguments
Signature: IList<FSharpType>
|
Get the generic arguments for a tuple type, a function type or a type constructed using a named entity CompiledName: |
GenericParameter
Signature: FSharpGenericParameter
|
Get the generic parameter data for a generic parameter type CompiledName: |
HasTypeDefinition
Signature: bool
|
Indicates if the type is constructed using a named entity, including array and byref types CompiledName: |
Instantiate(arg1)
Signature: ((FSharpGenericParameter * FSharpType) list) -> FSharpType
|
Instantiate generic type parameters in a type |
IsAbbreviation
Signature: bool
|
Indicates this is an abbreviation for another type CompiledName: |
IsAnonRecordType
Signature: bool
|
Indicates if the type is an anonymous record type. The GenericArguments property returns the type instantiation of the anonymous record type CompiledName: |
IsFunctionType
Signature: bool
|
Indicates if the type is a function type. The GenericArguments property returns the domain and range of the function type. CompiledName: |
IsGenericParameter
Signature: bool
|
Indicates if the type is a variable type, whether declared, generalized or an inference type parameter CompiledName: |
IsNamedType
Signature: bool
|
CompiledName: |
IsStructTupleType
Signature: bool
|
Indicates if the type is a struct tuple type. The GenericArguments property returns the elements of the tuple type. CompiledName: |
IsTupleType
Signature: bool
|
Indicates if the type is a tuple type (reference or struct). The GenericArguments property returns the elements of the tuple type. CompiledName: |
IsUnresolved
Signature: bool
|
Indicates this is a named type in an unresolved assembly CompiledName: |
NamedEntity
Signature: FSharpEntity
|
CompiledName: |
TypeDefinition
Signature: FSharpEntity
|
Get the type definition for a type CompiledName: |
Static members
| Static member | Description |
Prettify(parameters, returnParameter)
Signature: (parameters:IList<IList<FSharpParameter>> * returnParameter:FSharpParameter) -> IList<IList<FSharpParameter>> * FSharpParameter
|
Adjust the types in a group of curried parameters and return type by removing any occurrences of type inference variables, replacing them
systematically with lower-case type inference variables such as |
Prettify(parameters)
Signature: parameters:IList<IList<FSharpParameter>> -> IList<IList<FSharpParameter>>
|
Adjust the types in a group of curried parameters by removing any occurrences of type inference variables, replacing them
systematically with lower-case type inference variables such as |
Prettify(parameters)
Signature: parameters:IList<FSharpParameter> -> IList<FSharpParameter>
|
Adjust the types in a group of parameters by removing any occurrences of type inference variables, replacing them
systematically with lower-case type inference variables such as |
Prettify(parameter)
Signature: parameter:FSharpParameter -> FSharpParameter
|
Adjust the type in a single parameter by removing any occurrences of type inference variables, replacing them
systematically with lower-case type inference variables such as |
Prettify(types)
Signature: types:IList<FSharpType> -> IList<FSharpType>
|
Adjust a group of types by removing any occurrences of type inference variables, replacing them
systematically with lower-case type inference variables such as |
Prettify(ty)
Signature: ty:FSharpType -> FSharpType
|
Adjust the type by removing any occurrences of type inference variables, replacing them
systematically with lower-case type inference variables such as |


study hard and make progress every day .
study hard and make progress every day .
Study Hard And Make Progress Every Day .
好好学习，天天向上。


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Nearly 95 to 98% of the population have natural immunity and they will not get leprosy even if exposed to infection with M.leprae. Only a few healthy individuals develop signs of leprosy when they come in contact with patients who disseminate bacilli. The immunological status (resistance) varies from person to person and responds as follows when exposed to infection,
- An area of numbness and/or tingling sensation in any area.
- Weakness of small muscles of the hands and feet and/or presence of disability and deformity in hand or feet.
- Thick and/or tender nerves.
Causative Agent of Leprosy
Leprosy disease is caused by Micobacterium Leprae discovered in 1873 by Armauer Hansen in Norway. It is acid fast bacilli and on staining by Ziehl – Neelsen method the organism appears rod shaped and deep pink in colour. M. Leprae have revealed five properties which are of epidemiological importance
- Man is the known host.
- Optimal growth of the organism occurs at 30°C. This explains its predilection for the skin and upper respiratory track.
- Stability: It remains viable outside the body for several days particularly under humid conditions.
- Slow growth: The generation time of the organism is 12 to 14 days. Making it the slowest growing bacterial pathogen. This explains the prolonged incubation period and the protracted course of the illness.
- Antigen city: It shares common antigenic determinants with many other micobacteria.


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(Deprecated API)
(Deprecated API)
Includes enterprise licensing and support
In the tutorials, we showed you how to initialize a map so that it is centered
on a location using a LatLng
object. This LatLng
object
provides the fundamental way to refer to locations on the map within the Google
Maps API for Flash. You construct a LatLng
object by passing its
parameters in the order { latitude, longitude } as is customary in cartography:
var myGeographicCoordinates:LatLng = new LatLng(myLatitude, myLongitude);
Note: the process of turning an address into a geographic point is known as geocoding and is discussed in detail in the Google Maps API for Flash Services section.
Just as it is useful to easily refer to a geographic point, it is also
useful to define the geographic bounds of an object. For example, a map
displays a current "window" of the entire world within what is known as
a viewport. This viewport can be defined by the rectangular points at its
corners. The LatLngBounds
object provides this functionality,
defining a rectangular region using two LatLng
objects
representing the southwest and northeast corners of the bounding box,
respectively.
LatLng
objects have many uses within this API. The
com.google.maps.overlays.Marker
object takes a LatLng
in its constructor, for example, and places a marker
overlay on the map at the given geographic location.
The following example uses getLatLngBounds()
to return
the current viewport, and then randomly places 10 markers on the map
within those bounds:
private function onMapReady(event:MapEvent):void { map.setCenter(new LatLng(37.4419, -122.1419), 13, MapType.NORMAL_MAP_TYPE); // Add 10 markers to the map at random locations var bounds:LatLngBounds = getLatLngBounds(); var southWest:LatLng = bounds.getSouthWest(); var northEast:LatLng = bounds.getNorthEast(); var lngSpan:Number = northEast.lng() - southWest.lng(); var latSpan:Number = northEast.lat() - southWest.lat(); for (var i:int = 0; i < 10; i++) { var newLat:Number = southWest.lat() + (latSpan * Math.random()); var newLng:Number = southWest.lng() + (lngSpan * Math.random()); var latlng:LatLng = new LatLng(newLat, newLng); map.addOverlay(new Marker(latlng)); } }
View example (MapMarkers.html)
Note: more information on Marker
objects is within the
Overlays section.
MapOptions
In the previous tutorials, we've shown you how to initialize a map
within a MapEvent.MAP_READY
event handler. However, this event
is not ideal for setting common initialization parameters such as a map's
center, zoom level, or MapType
as this event is only triggered
after a default map has already been drawn. Setting those map parameters
within this handler requires the map to reposition and redraw itself,
which is inefficient.
The Google Maps API for Flash provides an alternative event exclusively for
handling and setting up common map options: MapEvent.MAP_PREINITIALIZE
. This
event is triggered after a map is ready to receive initialization parameters,
but before the map is ready for general use. In fact, only one Map
method is allowed within this event handler: the Map.setInitOptions()
method, which passes a MapOptions
object.
To initialize a Map
using a MapOptions
object, follow
these steps:
MapEvent.MAP_PREINITIALIZE
event handler, either within
ActionScript code, or within the MXML mapevent_mappreinitialize
parameter.private
function.MapOptions
object
and assign its properties.setInitOptions()
method on the Map
,
passing in the defined MapOptions
. Note that
setInitOptions
should only be called within this
MapEvent.MAP_MAPPREINITIALIZE
event.The MapOptions
object supports a set of initialization parameters
for your Map
object. A full list of parameters is available within
the MapOptions
API Reference.
The following code sets up a map with a variety of options. Note that we set
up the center, zoom, and MapType
entirely within the
onMapInitialization()
event.
<mx:Application xmlns:mx="http://www.adobe.com/2006/mxml" layout="absolute"> <maps:Map xmlns:maps="com.google.maps.*" mapevent_mappreinitialize="onMapPreinitialize(event)" id="map" width="100%" height="100%" key="your_api_key" sensor="true_or_false"/> <mx:Script> <![CDATA[ import com.google.maps.LatLng; import com.google.maps.Map; import com.google.maps.MapEvent; import com.google.maps.MapType; import com.google.maps.MapOptions; private function onMapPreinitialize(event:Event):void { var myMapOptions:MapOptions = new MapOptions(); myMapOptions.zoom = 14; myMapOptions.center = new LatLng(40.736072,-73.992062); myMapOptions.mapType = MapType.NORMAL_MAP_TYPE; this.map.setInitOptions(myMapOptions); } ]]> </mx:Script> </mx:Application>
View example (MapOptionsInit.html)
View Source (MapOptionsInit.mxml)
The tutorials illustrated several ways to declare your maps API key within a Google Maps API for Flash application:
Map
's key
parameter. Map
's key
parameter directly.<object>
and <embed>
tags (using the flashVars
parameter).These methods are described below. Note that all methods apply equally well
for any parameters you need to pass directly to the SWF file, such
as the Map
's (now mandatory) sensor
parameter.
(See
Specifying the Sensor Parameter for more information.)
For Flex applications, you should set the Map
's key directly
within the MXML declaration. The following MXML declaration demonstrates
this usage.
<maps:Map xmlns:maps="com.google.maps.*" id="map" mapevent_mapready="onMapReady(event)" width="100%" height="100%" key="your_api_key" sensor="true_or_false"/>
Setting the map's key
within MXML compiles the API key
into the resulting SWF file directly, and is equivalent to setting the
key
property within the Map
constructor;
the key will be set before the map receives any events or any actions
on the map take place.
For Flash applications, no MXML object is being constructed, so instead
you will need to set the Map
's key within ActionScript code
at the first opportunity to do so, before the map receives any events or
any actions take place.
import com.google.maps.LatLng; import com.google.maps.Map; import com.google.maps.MapEvent; import com.google.maps.MapType; var map:Map = new Map(); map.key = "your_api_key"; map.sensor = "true_or_false"; map.addEventListener(MapEvent.MAP_PREINITIALIZE, onMapPreinitialize); function onMappreinitialize(event:MapEvent):void { setInitOptions( new MapOptions({ center: new LatLng(40.736072,-73.992062), zoom: 14, mapType: MapType.NORMAL_MAP_TYPE })); }
Note that we set the API key immediately after defining the map
variable. This is highly encouraged, as the key must be set before the map
receives any events, or before any actions take place on the map.
Setting the map's key
in this manner also compiles the API key
directly into the resulting SWF file.
If you do not compile the Google Maps API key into your SWF file directly,
you will need to provide it within <object>
and
<embed>
flashVars
parameters as shown below:
<div id="map_canvas" name="map_canvas"> <object classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,29,0" width="800px" height="600px"> <param name="movie" value="MapSimple.swf"> <param name="quality" value="high"> <param name="flashVars" value="key=your_api_key&sensor=true_or_false"> <embed width="800px" height="600px" src="MapSimple.swf" quality="high" flashVars="key=your_api_key&sensor=true_or_false" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" type="application/x-shockwave-flash"> </embed> </object> </div>
If key
values are specified here, they override any keys compiled
within the SWF file. Also note that the API key must match the domain where the
SWF file is hosted, not the domain where the HTML file may be hosted. Note
that we also set the map's sensor
parameter to either "true"
or "false"
within the same flashVars
parameter, and
that we separate the two value assignments with an &
character.
Providing an API key within HTML has certain advantages: if you change the domain of your SWF file or share it with others, for example, you need only change the key within the host HTML file. As well, this method works for both Flash and Flex SWF files.
The Google Maps API for Flash uses the browser's preferred language setting
when displaying textual information such as the names for controls, copyright notices,
and driving directions. If you wish to change this behavior to ignore the browser's language
setting and force it to display information in a particular language, you can directly set a
language
property on the Map
object to a supported
language
code. As with API keys, you can either set the Map.language
property
within MXML or ActionScript code, or set the language property within the HTML
container's flashVars
parameter.
For example, to display a Maps API for Flash application in German, set the
language
property to de
as shown below:
<maps:Map xmlns:maps="com.google.maps.*" id="map" mapevent_mapready="onMapReady(event)" width="100%" height="100%" language="de" key="your_api_key"/>
Note: there is currently an Adobe bug affecting language-detection on Flash players in Internet Explorer 6/7. Be aware that language detection in this browser at this time may not work as intended.
See also the FAQ on the supported list of domain languages. Note that we often update supported languages so this list may not be exhaustive.
A map also contains a number of attributes that are useful to ascertain.
For example, to find the dimensions of the current viewport, use the
Map
interface's getLatLngBounds()
method to return a
LatLngBounds
value.
Each map also contains a zoom level, which defines the resolution of the current view. Zoom levels between 0 (the lowest zoom level, in which the entire world can be seen on one map) to 19 (the highest zoom level, down to individual buildings) are possible within the normal maps view. Zoom levels vary depending on where in the world you're looking, as data in some parts of the globe is more defined than in others. Zoom levels up to 20 are possible within satellite view.
You can retrieve the current zoom level in use by the map by using the
Map
interface's
getZoom()
method.
By default, maps show up within the Google Maps API for Flash using standard "painted" tiles. However, the Flash API also supports other maps types. The following map types are standard:
NORMAL_MAP_TYPE
- the default viewSATELLITE_MAP_TYPE
- showing Google Earth satellite imagesHYBRID_MAP_TYPE
- showing a mixture of normal and satellite
viewsPHYSICAL_MAP_TYPE
- showing a physical relief map of the
surface of the EarthDEFAULT_MAP_TYPES
- an array of these four types, useful
for iterative processingYou can set the map type using the MapOptions
'
mapType
property. For example, the following code sets the map to
use the satellite view from Google Earth:
private function onMapPreinitialize(event:Event):void { var myMapOptions:MapOptions = new MapOptions(); myMapOptions.zoom = 14; myMapOptions.center = new LatLng(40.736072,-73.992062); myMapOptions.mapType = MapType.SATELLITE_MAP_TYPE; this.map.setInitOptions(myMapOptions); }
For more information about the map types available in the Maps API for Flash, see the Map Types chapter.
Now that you have an implementation of the Map
interface, you
can interact with it. The basic map object looks and behaves a lot like the map
you interact with on the Google Maps website and comes with a lot of built-in
behavior. The Map
interface also provides a number of configuration
methods to alter the behavior of the map object itself.
By default, map objects tend to react to user activity as they do on
http://maps.google.com
. You can alter this behavior with a number of
utility methods, however. For example, the Map.disableDragging()
method disables the ability to click and drag the map to a new location.
You can also interact with the map programmatically. The Map
interface provides a number of methods that alter the map state directly. For
example, the setCenter()
, panTo()
, and zoomIn()
methods operate on the map programatically, rather than through user
interaction.
The following example displays a map, waits two seconds, and then pans
to a new center point. The panTo
method centers the map at a given
point. If the specified point is in the visible part of the map, then the map
pans smoothly to the point; if not, the map jumps to the point.
// Note: this example uses the best practice of using a Timer object private function onMapReady(event:MapEvent):void { map.setCenter(new LatLng(37.4419, -122.1419), 13, MapType.NORMAL_MAP_TYPE); myTimer = new Timer(1000, 1); myTimer.addEventListener("timer", timedFunction); myTimer.start(); } private function timedFunction(eventArgs:TimerEvent):void { map.panTo(new LatLng(37.4569, -122.1569)); trace("Timer fired " + myTimer.currentCount + " times."); }
View example (MapAnimate.html)
Each map within the Google Maps API for Flash may show a single
"info window" of type InfoWindow
, which displays text
or HTML. The info window looks a little like a comic-book word balloon; it has
a content area and a tapered stem, where the tip of the stem is at a specified
point on the map. You can see the info window in action by clicking a marker
in Google Maps.
The InfoWindow
object has no constructor. An info window is
automatically created and attached to the map when you create the map.
You can't show more than one info window at a time for a given map,
but you can move the info window and change its contents as needed.
The Map
object provides an openInfoWindow()
method, which takes a LatLng
and InfoWindowOptions
used to populate the InfoWindow with content. The openInfoWindow()
object appends a DisplayObject
to the info window container,
and the info window window tip is anchored to the given latitude and longitude.
The following example code displays an info window anchored to the center of the map with a simple "Hello, world" message.
private function onMapReady(event:MapEvent):void { map.setCenter(new LatLng(37.4419, -122.1419), 13, MapType.NORMAL_MAP_TYPE); map.openInfoWindow(map.getCenter(), new InfoWindowOptions({title: "Hello", content: "World"})); }
View example (MapInfoWindow.html)
View Source (MapInfoWindow.mxml)
For full documentation on info windows, consult the Google Maps API for Flash Reference


Help for simple search
There are two different ways to search the list of photo records.
Search Title, Description and Subject
The most useful way is to enter a search term into the “Search Title, Description and Subject” box and click the "Search" button. This will find all photo records where either the title, description or subject contains the search term that you entered.
This is a very simple search. It uses the whole search term exactly as it is typed in. For example, record 00000100 can be found with “Juana Martinez”, but not with “Martinez Juana”.
You can optionally specify a year (e.g., 1890) or a year range (e.g., 1809-1900). This will limit the records to ones that have a "Year" date within that range.
Photo Identifier
The second way to find a photo record is by specifying a Photo Identifier. You can use this if you have found a photograph in the physical collection (or the on-line library catalog) and want to look up information about it.
These two different ways are mutually exclusive. You cannot combine the Photo Identifier search with the Title/Description/Subject search.
To remove all search conditions, click the "Reset" button.


[gecode-users] AFC of a Propagator
Christian Schulte
cschulte at kth.se
Fri Jan 23 15:59:58 CET 2015
Dear Zoe,
No, the problem is that the AFC of _ q _ is not counted properly when you use it together with p! Is that not a problem?
Cheers
Christian
--
Christian Schulte, www.gecode.org/~schulte
Professor of Computer Science, KTH, <mailto:cschulte at kth.se> cschulte at kth.se
Expert Researcher, SICS, <mailto:cschulte at sics.se> cschulte at sics.se
From: zichenzu at gmail.com [mailto:zichenzu at gmail.com] On Behalf Of Zhu Zichen's cse
Sent: Friday, January 23, 2015 3:57 PM
To: cschulte at kth.se
Cc: users at gecode.org
Subject: Re: [gecode-users] AFC of a Propagator
Dear Christian,
You are worried that even though we do not count the AFC of p, the heuristic is not exactly the same with the one without posting p, right? It's acceptable.
One reason is that my constraint does have the same pruning effect with other constraints in most of the cases. Another reason is that we
do not require heuristics are exactly the same.
So, just do not count AFC of p into its subscribed variables' AFC is enough.
Regards,
Zoe
On Fri, Jan 23, 2015 at 10:28 PM, Christian Schulte <cschulte at kth.se> wrote:
Hi Zoe,
I have an idea for a fix (a hack let’s say) but I think it will not fix the problem you are trying to solve. Let me try to explain: when your own propagator p triggers failure then there are two effects. One is that the AFC is counted for p (this is the fix you ask for). But the other effect is that if p had not been there some other propagator q might have triggered failure and the AFC of q would have increased. But now q’s AFC will not be incremented.
So, are you really sure that what you ask for will fix the issue? Because I’d hate to suggest a fix that will not solve the real problem anyway.
Cheers
Christian
--
Christian Schulte, www.gecode.org/~schulte
Professor of Computer Science, KTH, cschulte at kth.se
Expert Researcher, SICS, cschulte at sics.se
From: zichenzu at gmail.com [mailto:zichenzu at gmail.com] On Behalf Of Zhu Zichen's cse
Sent: Friday, January 23, 2015 11:57 AM
To: cschulte at kth.se
Cc: users at gecode.org
Subject: Re: [gecode-users] AFC of a Propagator
Dear Christian,
Yes, it would be very very nice if you can help to achieve that.
Zoe
On Fri, Jan 23, 2015 at 5:45 PM, Christian Schulte <cschulte at kth.se> wrote:
Hi Zoe,
No, by default that is not possible. In order to do it, one would have to really modify the kernel of Gecode.
I think you need it badly, right? If yes, I could think about it.
Best
Christian
--
Christian Schulte, Professor of Computer Science, KTH, www.gecode.org/~schulte/
From: users-bounces at gecode.org [mailto:users-bounces at gecode.org] On Behalf Of Zhu Zichen's cse
Sent: Friday, January 23, 2015 6:47 AM
To: users at gecode.org
Subject: [gecode-users] AFC of a Propagator
Dear all,
Is it possible to not count a propagator's AFC into its subscribed variables' AFC?
Because now I use INT_VAR_AFC_SIZE_MAX() variable heuristic while I do not
want there is a big difference on the heuristic with or without adding my own constraint.
Many thanks.
Zoe
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You and your firstborn son have always been extremely close, you named him Kyan - meaning 'Little King'.  You've been more involved in his childhood, than other fathers. The other fathers at your company, barely see their children. You've helped out with Kyan - changing diapers, feeding him, and raising him in general. You and Neela have been blessed with four other children, three girls and one boy. You love every single one of your children, but there is something special about Kyan, you have an unique bond with each other. Neela has been fighting for letting the girls go to school, and you gave in because you were tired of hearing her nag. You received a huge sum of money a few years ago, when your paternal grandfather passed away. You used some of these money to buy a new house, and send your sons to an extremely good and reputable private school. Your girls are going to a public school, which has always caused an issue in your marriage. However, you don't see any point in spending money sending the girls to a private school when they are never going to work.
You're sitting on a bench on the front porch, waiting for your boys to come home for the summer after another school year. You're smoking a cigarette, and watching the sky. There are barely any clouds, and the sun is high, it's a beautiful day.
"Father!"
  You scoop him up in your arms and give him a hug. Taur is only 7 years old, but he lives up to his name which means "Lion". He's already broad shouldered and tall enough to pass for a 13 year old. You set him down on the ground again, and he runs into the house to find his mother.
"I love you." you whisper to him.
"I love you too, father."
You grab his shoulders and look at him, he's grown since you last saw him. He's grown into a handsome young man, he turned 16 years old just a few days ago. His smile is warm, but it isn't quite reaching his eyes, they don't sparkle like they use to.  He joins you on the bench, for a moment you're both sitting there quiet, watching each other. You decide to break the silence.
"I love you, you know that right?" you look intensely into his eyes, "You can tell me anything."
"I know father."
"What's wrong, Kyan?" you're starting to get worried, "Is there something at school?"
Kyan shakes his head, and bites his bottom lip. He looks at you, and you can see the internal battle through his eyes. He's fighting to decide if he should tell you or not. He closes his eyes for a minute. When he opens them again, there's a serenity in them. You can feel that he's made peace with whatever it is that he wants to tell you. He stares at the sky and opens his mouth to speak.
"Father, I've realized something while I was away at school." he pauses and takes a deep breath.
"What is it, son?"
Kyan is still not looking at you, he has his gaze fixed on the sky.
"Father, I..." he swallows hard, and tears stream down his cheeks.
 He's looking into your eyes.
"I am gay." he whispers, almost inaudible, but you heard him.
Your entire world is turned upside down. Your heart stops beating for a moment.  You have always have many dreams for Kyan's future, this wasn't one that had ever crossed your mind.  Kyan gets up, and runs into the house. You are left alone, dumbfounded.  It is not a lifestyle that is supported, and in many regions it's outright illegal. You and your entire family could be shunned if they found out about Kyan.


Baseclass for the coupled solvers used for CoSimulation Performs basic operations that are common among coupled solvers:
More...
Baseclass for the coupled solvers used for CoSimulation Performs basic operations that are common among coupled solvers:
- holds Predictors
- holds DataTransferOperators
- holds CouplingOperations
- initialization of IOs of solvers
- Synchronization of Input and Output
- Handles the coupling sequence
◆ __init__()
| def base_classes.co_simulation_coupled_solver.CoSimulationCoupledSolver.__init__ |
( |
|
self, |
|
|
|
settings, |
|
|
|
models, |
|
|
|
solver_name |
|
) |
| |
◆ AdvanceInTime()
| def base_classes.co_simulation_coupled_solver.CoSimulationCoupledSolver.AdvanceInTime |
( |
|
self, |
|
|
|
current_time |
|
) |
| |
◆ Check()
| def base_classes.co_simulation_coupled_solver.CoSimulationCoupledSolver.Check |
( |
|
self | ) |
|
◆ Finalize()
| def base_classes.co_simulation_coupled_solver.CoSimulationCoupledSolver.Finalize |
( |
|
self | ) |
|
◆ FinalizeSolutionStep()
| def base_classes.co_simulation_coupled_solver.CoSimulationCoupledSolver.FinalizeSolutionStep |
( |
|
self | ) |
|
◆ Initialize()
| def base_classes.co_simulation_coupled_solver.CoSimulationCoupledSolver.Initialize |
( |
|
self | ) |
|
◆ InitializeSolutionStep()
| def base_classes.co_simulation_coupled_solver.CoSimulationCoupledSolver.InitializeSolutionStep |
( |
|
self | ) |
|
◆ OutputSolutionStep()
| def base_classes.co_simulation_coupled_solver.CoSimulationCoupledSolver.OutputSolutionStep |
( |
|
self | ) |
|
◆ Predict()
| def base_classes.co_simulation_coupled_solver.CoSimulationCoupledSolver.Predict |
( |
|
self | ) |
|
◆ PrintInfo()
| def base_classes.co_simulation_coupled_solver.CoSimulationCoupledSolver.PrintInfo |
( |
|
self | ) |
|
◆ SolveSolutionStep()
| def base_classes.co_simulation_coupled_solver.CoSimulationCoupledSolver.SolveSolutionStep |
( |
|
self | ) |
|
◆ coupling_operations_dict
| base_classes.co_simulation_coupled_solver.CoSimulationCoupledSolver.coupling_operations_dict |
Creating the coupling operations.
◆ coupling_sequence
| base_classes.co_simulation_coupled_solver.CoSimulationCoupledSolver.coupling_sequence |
◆ data_transfer_operators_dict
| base_classes.co_simulation_coupled_solver.CoSimulationCoupledSolver.data_transfer_operators_dict |
Creating the data transfer operators.
◆ model
| base_classes.co_simulation_coupled_solver.CoSimulationCoupledSolver.model |
◆ predictors_list
| base_classes.co_simulation_coupled_solver.CoSimulationCoupledSolver.predictors_list |
◆ process_info
| base_classes.co_simulation_coupled_solver.CoSimulationCoupledSolver.process_info |
◆ solver_wrappers
| base_classes.co_simulation_coupled_solver.CoSimulationCoupledSolver.solver_wrappers |
◆ time
| base_classes.co_simulation_coupled_solver.CoSimulationCoupledSolver.time |
The documentation for this class was generated from the following file:


Overview
The lisp-rs project implements an interpreter, in Rust, for a small subset of Scheme, a Lisp dialect. The main goal of this document is to make sure the reader understands the inner details of how the interpreter was implemented.
The project was inspired by Peter Norvig's article (How to Write a (Lisp) Interpreter (in Python)) and the book Writing An Interpreter In Go. This document serves as a commentary on the code that implements the interpreter. Rust's rich programming constructs such as enum, pattern matching, and error handling make it easy and a joy to implement this bare-bone interpreter.
Pre-requistes
To make the most out of this project, it is expected that the user is aware of the following Computer Science concepts
Rust is a non-trivial language, however, to implement the Lisp interpreter, the reader needs to have moderate experience with the language. Knowing the following four concepts should be enough for the user to understand the whole project
Lisp Dialect
In order to keep the interpreter simple and its implementation easy to understand, the number of features supported by it has been limited on purpose. Following are the data types and statements that will be supported by the interpreter.
Data types
- integer
- boolean
Statements
- variable definition and assignment
- if-else
- function definition using lambdas
- function calls
Keywords
- define
- if-else
- lambda
Examples
Following are some of the sample programs that you will be able run using the interpreter
(
(define factorial (lambda (n) (if (< n 1) 1 (* n (factorial (- n 1))))))
(factorial 5)
)
(
(define pix 314)
(define r 10)
(define sqr (lambda (r) (* r r)))
(define area (lambda (r) (* pix (sqr r))))
(area r)
)
Interpreter
The interpreter will be implemented from scratch and without the help of any tools such as nom or pest. The interpreter implementation is broken down into four parts
- Lexer ~ 20 lines of code
- Parser ~ 60 lines of code
- Evaluator ~ 170 lines of code
- REPL ~ 30 lines of code
The best way to understand the implementation of the interpreter is to check out the code and walk through it while reading this document.
git clone https://github.com/vishpat/lisp-rs
git checkout 0.0.1
Once you thoroughly understand the implementation, you will be equipped to add new features to it, such as support for new data types like strings, floating-point numbers, lists, or functional programming constructs such as map, filter, reduce functions, etc.
REPL
To run the interpreter and get its REPL (Read-Eval-Print-Loop)
cargo run
Introduction
Lisp is an abbreviation for List Processor. Every Lisp program is simply a list. The elements of this list can either be atomic values such as an integer or a string or another list. Thus a Lisp program is a recursive list as shown below.
The Lisp interpreter is a software program that parses the text of a Lisp program and creates an in-memory List-based recursive data structure. Once the Lisp program is represented as a data structure, interpreting the program involves recursively evaluating these lists. This is the core of what a Lisp interpreter does, there is nothing more to it. Simple and Beautiful.
The following chapters in this book will walk you through the code that implements this interpreter. The interpreting process can be broken down into three phases.
- Lexing: Converting the Lisp program text into a stream of tokens.
- Parsing: Converting the stream of tokens into an in-memory recursive list data structure.
- Evaluation: Walking the in-memory recursive list and producing the final result.
In addition, the final chapter will implement a simple REPL to evaluate the Lisp program.
Lexer
Source
Code Walk Through
Lexer is a component of the interpreter that takes the program text and converts it to a stream of atomic units known as tokens. Every token has a type and may even have a value associated with it. In the case of our interpreter, there are four types of tokens. The four tokens can be represented using a Rust enum as follows.
pub enum Token {
Integer(i64),
Symbol(String),
LParen,
RParen,
}
- Integer: A signed 64-bit integer
- Symbol: Any group of characters other than an integer or parenthesis
- LParen: Left parenthesis
- RParen: Right parenthesis
The first step in implementing a lexer is to replace the parenthesis with an extra space before and after it. For example,
(define sqr (* x x))
will get converted to
( define sqr ( * x x ) )
With this simple trick, the process of tokenization involves splitting the Lisp program with whitespace.
let program2 = program.replace("(", " ( ")
.replace(")", " ) ");
let words = program2.split_whitespace();
Once the words for the program are obtained, they can be converted into tokens using Rust's pattern matching as follows
let mut tokens: Vec<Token> = Vec::new();
for word in words {
match word {
"(" => tokens.push(Token::LParen),
")" => tokens.push(Token::RParen),
_ => {
let i = word.parse::<i64>();
if i.is_ok() {
tokens.push(Token::Integer(
i.unwrap()));
} else {
tokens.push(Token::Symbol(
word.to_string()));
}
}
}
}
At this point, we have a vector of tokens for the entire Lisp program. Note that a vector in Rust is a stack, hence the tokens are stored in the vector in the reverse order as shown below with an example.
Testing
The lexer code can be unit tested as shown below
let tokens = tokenize("(+ 1 2)");
assert_eq!(
tokens,
vec![
Token::LParen,
Token::Symbol("+".to_string()),
Token::Integer(1),
Token::Integer(2),
Token::RParen,
]
);
To cement your understanding of the Lexing process please go through the remaining tests in lexer.rs
Parser
Source
Code Walk Through
The job of the parser is to take the vector of tokens and convert it into a recursive list structure (mentioned in the introduction). This recursive list structure is an in-memory representation of the Lisp program.
Object model
Before diving into the details of how the recursive list structure is created, we need to first define the objects that will make up the elements of the list. This is done in the object Rust module with an enum defined as follows
pub enum Object {
Void,
Integer(i64),
Bool(bool),
Symbol(String),
Lambda(Vec<String>, Vec<Object>),
List(Vec<Object>),
}
- Void: An empty object
- Integer: A signed 64-bit integer
- Bool: A boolean value
- Symbol: A Lisp symbol, similar to the Symbol token
- Lambda: Function object, with the first vector representing the parameter labels and the second vector representing the body of the function. This object is not used during parsing but will be used during the evaluation phase of the interpreter.
- List: List object
Parser
The parser for the Lisp dialect is a simple recursive function. It takes a vector of tokens (in reverse) generated by the lexer and generates a single List Object representing the entire Lisp program. The core logic of the parser is implemented by the recursive parse_list function as shown below. It expects a vector of tokens, with the first token of the vector being a left parenthesis indicating the start of the list. The function then proceeds to process the elements of the list one at a time. If it encounters atomic tokens such as an integer or symbol it creates corresponding atomic objects and adds them to the list. If it encounters another left parenthesis it recurses with the remaining tokens. Finally, the function returns with the list object when it encounters the right parenthesis.
let token = tokens.pop();
if token != Some(Token::LParen) {
return Err(ParseError {
err: format!("Expected LParen, found {:?}",
token),
});
}
let mut list: Vec<Object> = Vec::new();
while !tokens.is_empty() {
let token = tokens.pop();
if token == None {
return Err(ParseError {
err: format!("Insufficient tokens"),
});
}
let t = token.unwrap();
match t {
Token::Integer(n) =>
list.push(Object::Integer(n)),
Token::Symbol(s) =>
list.push(Object::Symbol(s)),
Token::LParen => {
tokens.push(Token::LParen);
let sub_list = parse_list(tokens)?;
list.push(sub_list);
}
Token::RParen => {
return Ok(Object::List(list));
}
}
}
Testing
The above parsing code can be unit tested as follows
let list = parse("(+ 1 2)").unwrap();
assert_eq!(
list,
Object::List(vec![
Object::Symbol("+".to_string()),
Object::Integer(1),
Object::Integer(2),
])
);
To cement your understanding of the parsing process please go through the remaining tests in parser.rs
Evaluator
Now comes the most exciting part of the project. Evaluation is the final step that will produce the result for the Lisp program. At a high level, the evaluator function recursively walks the List-based structure created by the parser and evaluates each atomic object and list (recursively), combines these intermediate values, and produces the final result.
Source
Code Walk Through
The evaluator is implemented using the recursive eval_obj function. The eval_obj function takes the List object representing the program and the global env variable (a simple hashmap) as the input. The function then starts processing the List object representing the program by iterating over each element of this list
fn eval_obj(obj: &Object, env: &mut Rc<RefCell<Env>>)
-> Result<Object, String>
{
match obj {
Object::Void => Ok(Object::Void),
Object::Lambda(_params, _body) => Ok(Object::Void),
Object::Bool(_) => Ok(obj.clone()),
Object::Integer(n) => Ok(Object::Integer(*n)),
Object::Symbol(s) => eval_symbol(s, env),
Object::List(list) => eval_list(list, env),
}
}
In the case of the atomic objects such as an integer and boolean, the evaluator simply returns a copy of the object. In the case of the Void and Lambda (function objects), it returns the Void object. We will now walk through the eval_symbol and eval_list functions which implement most of the functionality of the evaluator.
eval_symbol
Before understanding the eval_symbol function, it is important to understand the design of how variables are implemented for the Lisp interpreter.
The variables are just string labels assigned to values and they are created using the define keyword. Note a variable can be assigned atomic values such as integer or a boolean or it can be assigned function objects
(
(define x 1)
(define sqr (lambda (r) (* r r)))
)
The above Lisp code defines (or creates) two variables with the names x and sqr that represent an integer and function object respectively. Also, the scope of these variables lies within the list object that they are defined under. This is achieved by storing the mapping from the variable names (strings) to the objects in a map-like data structure called Env as shown below.
// env.rs
pub struct Env {
parent: Option<Rc<RefCell<Env>>>,
vars: HashMap<String, Object>,
}
The interpreter creates an instance of Env at the start of the program to store the global variable definitions. In addition, for every function call, the interpreter creates a new instance of env and uses the new instance to evaluate the function call. This new instance of env contains the function parameters as well as a back pointer to the parent env instance from where the function is called as shown below with an example
(
(define m 10)
(define n 12)
(define K 100)
(define func1 (lambda (x) (+ x K)))
(define func2 (lambda (x) (- x K)))
(func1 m)
(func2 n)
)
This concept will become clearer as we will walk through the code.
The job of eval_symbol is to look up the Object bound to the symbol. This is done by recursively looking up in the passed env variable or any of its parent env until the root env of the program.
let val = env.borrow_mut().get(s);
if val.is_none() {
return Err(format!("Unbound symbol: {}", s));
}
Ok(val.unwrap().clone())
eval_list
The eval_list function is the core of the evaluator and is implemented as shown below.
let head = &list[0];
match head {
Object::Symbol(s) => match s.as_str() {
"+" | "-" | "*" | "/" | "<" | ">" | "=" | "!=" => {
return eval_binary_op(&list, env);
}
"if" => eval_if(&list, env),
"define" => eval_define(&list, env),
"lambda" => eval_function_definition(&list),
_ => eval_function_call(&s, &list, env),
},
_ => {
let mut new_list = Vec::new();
for obj in list {
let result = eval_obj(obj, env)?;
match result {
Object::Void => {}
_ => new_list.push(result),
}
}
Ok(Object::List(new_list))
}
}
This function peeks at the head of the list and if the head does not match the symbol object, it iterates all of the elements of the list recursively evaluating each element and returning a new list with the evaluated object values.
Variable definitions
If the head of the list in the eval_list function matches the define keyword, for example
(define sqr (lambda (x) (* x x)))
the eval_define function calls eval_obj on the third argument of the list and assigns the evaluated object value to the symbol defined by the second argument in the list. The symbol and its object value are then stored in the current env.
let sym = match &list[1] {
Object::Symbol(s) => s.clone(),
_ => return Err(format!("Invalid define")),
};
let val = eval_obj(&list[2], env)?;
env.borrow_mut().set(&sym, val);
In the example above the symbol sqr and the function object representing the lambda will be stored in the current env. Once the function sqr has been defined in this manner, any latter code can access the corresponding function object by looking up the symbol sqr in env.
Binary operations
If the head of the list in the eval_list function matches a binary operator, the list is evaluated on the basis of the type of the binary operator, for example
(+ x y)
the eval_binary_op function calls the eval_obj on the second and third element of the list and performs the binary sum operation on the evaluated values.
If statement
If the head of the list in the eval_list function matches the if keyword, for example
(if (> x y) (x) (y))
the eval_if function calls eval_obj on the second element of the list and depending upon whether the evaluated value is true or false, calls the eval_obj on either the third or fourth element of the list and returns the value
let cond_obj = eval_obj(&list[1], env)?;
let cond = match cond_obj {
Object::Bool(b) => b,
_ => return Err(format!("Condition must be a boolean")),
};
if cond == true {
return eval_obj(&list[2], env);
} else {
return eval_obj(&list[3], env);
}
Lambda
As mentioned earlier, the lambda (or function) object consists of two vectors
Lambda(Vec<String>, Vec<Object>)
If the head of the list in the eval_list function matches the lambda keyword, for example
(lambda (x) (* x x))
the eval_function_definition function evaluates the second element of the list as a vector of parameter names.
let params = match &list[1] {
Object::List(list) => {
let mut params = Vec::new();
for param in list {
match param {
Object::Symbol(s) => params.push(s.clone()),
_ => return Err(format!("Invalid lambda parameter")),
}
}
params
}
_ => return Err(format!("Invalid lambda")),
};
The third element of the list is simply cloned as the function body.
let body = match &list[2] {
Object::List(list) => list.clone(),
_ => return Err(format!("Invalid lambda")),
};
Ok(Object::Lambda(params, body))
The evaluated parameter and body vector are returned as the lambda object
Function Call
If the head of the list is a Symbol object and it does not match any of the aforementioned keywords or binary operators, the interpreter assumes that the Symbol object maps to a Lambda (function object). An example of the function call in Lisp is as follows
(find_max a b c)
To evaluate this list the eval_function_call function is called. This function first performs the lookup for the function object using the function name, find_max in the case of this example.
let lamdba = env.borrow_mut().get(s);
if lamdba.is_none() {
return Err(format!("Unbound symbol: {}", s));
}
If the function object is found, a new env object is created. This new env object has a pointer to the parent env object. This is required to get the values of the variables not defined in the scope of the function.
let mut new_env = Rc::new(
RefCell::new(
Env::extend(env.clone())));
The next step in evaluating the function call requires preparing the function parameters. This is done by iterating over the remainder of the list and evaluating each parameter. The parameter name and the evaluated object are then set in the new env object.
for (i, param) in params.iter().enumerate() {
let val = eval_obj(&list[i + 1], env)?;
new_env.borrow_mut().set(param, val);
}
Finally, the function body is evaluated by passing the new_env, which contains the parameters to the function
let new_body = body.clone();
return eval_obj(&Object::List(new_body), &mut new_env);
REPL
Source
Code Walk Through
The REPL is the simplest part of the interpreter implementation. It uses the linefeed crate to implement the functionality.
The REPL first creates an instance of env to hold the global variables for the interpreter.
let mut env = Rc::new(RefCell::new(env::Env::new()));
The REPL is a simple while loop that takes one line as an input from the user, evaluates it, and prints out the evaluated object. The REPL is terminated if the user enters the exit keyword.
while let ReadResult::Input(input) =
reader.read_line().unwrap() {
if input.eq("exit") {
break;
}
let val = eval::eval(input.as_ref(), &mut env)?;
match val {
Object::Void => {}
Object::Integer(n) => println!("{}", n),
Object::Bool(b) => println!("{}", b),
Object::Symbol(s) => println!("{}", s),
Object::Lambda(params, body) => {
println!("Lambda(");
for param in params {
println!("{} ", param);
}
println!(")");
for expr in body {
println!(" {}", expr);
}
}
_ => println!("{}", val),
}
}
What's next
Congratulations!!! if you have made it so far, you now have a grasp of how to implement a Lisp interpreter in Rust. A few easy things to try next would be to add support for float point numbers, unsigned integers, and strings. Once you are able to successfully make these changes the next thing to try would be to add support for the List datatype followed by support for the functional constructs of map, filter, and reduce.
With this knowledge, you should be then able to implement an interpreter for any non-trivial language.


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Shorthand notation for setting the position of elements in your page.
The first parameter is optional, with a default value of relative. The second parameter is a space delimited list of values that follow the standard CSS shorthand notation.
Note: unit-less values will be ignored. In the example above, this means that selectors will not be generated for the right and bottom positions, while the top position is set to 0px.
Instead of writing:
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Even as rain is loosened from the winter sky, light seeps into the space on three sides, nourishing the dozens of plants that live within it. The plant room is Sarah Benton’s favorite part of the home, but half a year ago, Sarah Benton did not know about the Firehouse and what cooperative living entailed.
When Sarah and Shane Benton were preparing to move to Athens in August 2021, the couple could not find housing in the city that fit their budget. Both had accepted positions with Rural Action as AmeriCorps members, roles that allowed them to engage with their passion for environmental stewardship but also compensated them modestly for their work.
It wasn’t until a conversation with a fellow Rural Action employee and an Instagram direct message to the Firehouse Co-op that the couple felt they had found a feasible housing option.
For $470 per month, the Bentons could rent a room in the Firehouse Co-op on North Lancaster Street.
Housing cooperatives are not owned or controlled by landlords. Instead, they operate under a group equity homeownership model. At the Firehouse, residents make monthly payments to North American Students of Cooperation, the non-profit “co-op of co-ops” that owns the Firehouse property. Without profit-minded oversight, housing cooperatives are able to ask for rents that are often lower than market value.
The cooperative housing model was relatively unfamiliar to Sarah and Shane Benton, but they applied to live in the Firehouse regardless because of the cost.
“I was a little nervous at first just because I didn't know what to expect,” Shane Benton said.
After moving in, Sarah Benton saw principles of cooperative living manifest in the absence of a landlord at the Firehouse, as well as through impromptu conversations with housemates about everything from maintenance projects to board games.
“It's not any different really than having a roommate situation,” Sarah Benton said. “I think that that almost makes it better, because you're just like, ‘Oh, you're another person. And we're just gonna respect each other because we like share house and we're both members of this cooperative and this collective good.’”
The rental market locally, nationally
The Benton’s struggle to find affordable, appropriate housing mirrors a national phenomenon; high rent costs are straining tenants’ budgets and causing some to look for non-traditional options.
In 2019, average Americans spent approximately 20.3% of their monthly income on rent, according to data from the U.S. Census Bureau. That rate was noticeably higher in Athens; during the same year, the city’s residents spent 28.3% of their monthly income on rent.
Athens offers a number of traditional, government-subsidized, affordable housing options for low-income residents, though some groups, like the United Athens County Tenants, believe there are not enough. For Athens residents who do not qualify for government-subsidized housing, many residents have struggled finding rental properties with affordable prices, especially because of the effects of student housing on the local market.
“I think Athens runs into the same situation that a lot of other cities are experiencing, which is that we can't get change to happen quick enough to address affordability, both at the owner-occupied and at the renter level, at all price points, for all income and economic situations,” Paul Logue, the Athens city planner, said.
Cooperative housing endeavors like the Firehouse Co-op have the potential to alleviate the financial burden of high rent for some Athens residents. The co-op housing model offers members affordably-priced rooms, a role in maintaining the house and unique relationships with housemates.
What is the Firehouse Co-op?
The exterior of the Firehouse is coated in a thick layer of reddish-brown paint, making the three-story home stand out among surrounding tan buildings and seasonally parched yards. A strand of string lights is draped on the porch, next to a bird feeder and a few potted plants. Inside of the maroon North Lancaster Street house, eight residents are living cooperatively.
Each co-op member has a chore and a role within the house, duties that often align with individuals’ strengths. Shane Benton, who works with Rural Action’s zero waste program, has the chores of washing and putting away dishes, as well as taking recycling, trash and compost to the curb. His “big responsibilities” include serving as the house’s landscaper, taking care of the yard and planting garden beds, and assisting a fellow Firehouse resident with house maintenance projects.
“This thing works so cheaply because we all contribute a little bit,” Shane Benton said.
Long-term affordability with high start-up costs
The goal of making housing financially feasible for a broader population is reminiscent of early movements for housing cooperatives. In the early 1900s, immigrant associations and labor unions established housing co-ops in New York City to provide affordable housing for members, according to a 2019 article written by Anna Carlsson, who worked for the Harvard Law School Tenant Advocacy Project.
More than 75% of housing in Athens is rental properties, according to the City of Athens 2040 Comprehensive Plan, a decision-making guide for the city government. Traditional rentals are owned by landlords, who rent out units of their property to tenants with the intention of turning a profit. Conversely, housing cooperatives are owned directly by residents or by a non-profit organization like NASCO, operating under a limited, or group, equity homeownership model.
“Co-ops are permanently affordable if they're set up that way,” Brel Hutton-Okpalaeke, director of development services at NASCO, said.
Despite the long-term financial benefits of co-op housing, initial costs can be a barrier to the creation of new cooperatives.
“A co-op is not going to be able to buy a building with 3% down like a normal human would be able to buy a building,” Hutton-Okpalaeke said. “They're going to have to usually come up with like 25% down.”
Nonprofits and other organizations provide financial assistance to aid the startup of new housing cooperatives. As a “co-op of co-ops,” NASCO Properties is able to utilize its existing cooperative properties to purchase more properties that will be operated under the co-op model.
Zoning limitations, possibilities for change
In Athens and other cities, zoning regulations also limit the development of new housing cooperatives.
“That's often a really major hurdle because zoning just functionally prevents co-ops from being started, often, legally, which then causes the model to not be able to be effectively used to deal with affordable housing concerns, even though it's a pretty well documented, functional way to do it,” Hutton-Okpalaeke said.
Zoning is not unchangeable, however. The 2040 Athens Comprehensive Plan includes discussion of expanding housing options. Acknowledging the role of cooperatives in affordable housing development, the plan proposes that Athens permit co-ops in all residential zones by amending the current zoning code.
Though he has not been approached by residents interested in forming a housing cooperative yet, Logue is open to advocating for revisions to the code if he sees the need arise.
“I don't know of anybody really pushing for it,” Logue said. “But I think it's interesting. I think it's worth exploring for sure.”
Living experience: How Firehouse members view cooperation
The Firehouse is filled with remnants of former Athens cooperators. An ornate, unicorn-shaped, ceramic clock sits on the house’s mantle, framed by pollinator wall art and a sign for the now-defunct ACME co-op. Current residents have added their mark to the house, too, painting rooms and making the space their own.
Without a landlord, Firehouse members have more autonomy to alter the house. However, they also must deal with maintenance independently.
The co-op often has money for maintenance factored into rent costs and its budget, Jacob Richard, Firehouse resident and treasurer, said. Because of the diversity of the Firehouse’s residents, repairs are often able to be made in-house as well.
Recently, co-op members noticed their water bill was getting higher. One of the roommates began to look at sink faucets and found that many were leaking.
“It's been really, really nice to have a different group of people to kind of compliment (each other),” Sarah Benton said. “Each of us has a different thing that we bring, and it’s all really important.”
Because each resident has a role in the house and a vested interest in the structure’s wellbeing, they all collaborate to maintain it. On Jan. 31, the home was inspected by the Athens City Office of Code Enforcement, who observed no violations.
“The home inspector (came) and walked through, and he's like, ‘man, I’ve inspected this house a number of times and it's looking great.’” Shane Benton said. “‘You guys are doing good stuff with it, it’s coming together really well.’ I was like ‘That feels good man,’ because we’ve been trying to spruce up things.”
Monthly house payments also contain a $20 charge for “Blammo”– a Seinfeld-inspired phrase – that Firehouse members use to purchase a shared supply of staple items for all to utilize. Paper towels, milk and peanut butter frequently are purchased for the Blammo supply. Firehouse residents can request specific items to be purchased with Blammo funds, too.
Sarah Benton, Shane Benton and Jacob Richard have lived in the Firehouse Co-op for less than a year and, along with their other housemates, are learning cooperative practices as they go. But, for the most part, people living at the Firehouse Co-op do not feel that cooperative housing is drastically different from other living arrangements.
“I would say that it's just like living normally — like, when I was in college at Miami, living with three of (my) friends — except that it's way cheaper because we're not trying to turn a profit,” Richard said. “It's nothing too out of the ordinary.”
Flexibility in the Firehouse
Unlike most student rentals, the Firehouse offers variation in the length and nature of members’ time at the co-op. There is no requirement for cooperators to sign a May-to-May lease, and rooms are available at a range of price points, attracting diverse residents to the Firehouse Co-op.
A smaller room is available for $380 per month and the largest room, much like a loft apartment, is priced at approximately $600 per month. The other rooms cost $470 a month.
“It’s affordable and I think that everyone's thankful to have that, but we also realize that ‘Hey, this works and exists because we all kind of cooperate together and work together,’” Shane Benton said. “We're all from different walks of life and look at things differently in the world, but when it comes to the house, we all have vested interest in maintaining it and keeping it in working order, so that we can continue to live here in a safe, affordable way.”
Many of the residents are Americorps members or otherwise employed in Athens County. One undergraduate student and one graduate student at Ohio University also live at the co-op. Members are currently making plans to open a room for an international student to rent short-term.
The future of co-op housing in Athens
Despite financial and social benefits, the co-op housing model is not widely prevalent in Athens or other U.S. towns. The Firehouse is the only housing cooperative in the city of Athens, but some residents still feel that its existence remains relatively unknown.
“I think that there might be a disconnect between the people who need the service … and the house itself,” Sarah Benton said.
The Firehouse envisions expanding community outreach, collaborating with OU student organizations and hosting a spring yard sale to publicize the co-op to a wider population. Although most current inhabitants of the Firehouse do not see themselves staying involved in the co-op long-term, they have gained appreciation for the cooperative model and believe it can serve as an affordable housing option in Athens.
“I absolutely do see it as a solution,” Shane Benton said. “And, I think that 50 years ago, people might have scoffed at it or been like ‘That's kind of weird,’ but I think that younger generations are a little more hip to it. There's more of this world community mentality. It's not as big of a deal to live with a group of friends or a group of people and a housing situation.”