Lately I’ve been working on a ray tracer. It’s been going well (or at least as well as I could hope my first renderer could go), but it has been a slow process. I don’t have a formal math background - my day to day work only ever goes as far as enough linear algebra to write shaders, and enough of everything else to implement whatever gameplay I need - and none of this prepared me for the endless pages of ray tracing resources that expected much more math knowledge than I have.
So I thought that I’d do my part for the next person who starts writing a ray tracer, and share a bit of what I’ve figured out in as much detail as possible, as clearly as possible.
As the title of this post suggests, the end product of this post will be a function which will take a ray and a sphere, and return both if the they intersect, and if so, the location of the intersection(s).
I’m going to try to keep things as basic as possible. In order to follow this post, you’ll need:
Have you got that? Good! If not, there are a bazillion resources online, go check one of them out before proceeding.
The first thing we need to get a handle on is how to best represent a ray. If you recall from high school geometry, a ray consists of a single point (the origin), and extends from that origin indefinitely along a direction vector. So for our purposes, a ray is simply a struct which consists of an origin vector and a direction vector.
struct Ray
{
vec3 origin;
vec3 direction;
};
With these 2 vectors, we can represent any point on the ray like this:
Each point will have a specific t value, representing how far along the direction vector the point lies, but the equation remains the same otherwise. This will be important later, so make sure that you try this out on paper and really understand it before proceeding.
Spheres are even simpler. Given that spheres don’t have a direction, all we need is the location of the center point, and the radius of the sphere. This means our sphere object will simply be a struct containing one vector and one float.
struct Sphere
{
vec3 center;
float radius;
};
Alright, so the image above shows the general lay of the problem. We have a ray, and a sphere, we know the ray’s origin point, and it’s direction, and we know the location of the sphere’s center point. What we want to do, is determine if the ray will ever intersect the sphere (spoiler: in this tutorial, it will), and if so, where that intersection occurs.
There are 2 points that I haven’t mentioned yet, labelled above as P1 and P2, these are the points that we want to solve for, as both of these represent a point of intersection.
Speaking of those points, remember that we can solve for any point on a ray with the following equation:
So, in order to get the locations of the P0 and P1, all we need to do is find the correct t value for each of them. This is going to make our lives a lot easier, provided you remember a bit of trig (don’t worry, I didn’t either, we’ll go over it as we get to it), since now all we need to do is find 1 number for each point, instead of their exact co-ordinates.
While we’re identifying values to solve for, there are two more t values that are important to us, shown below in blue and green, tc is the distance from the origin to the a point on the ray halfway between the 2 intersection points, and t1c is the distance between t1 and tc. We’ll see why these are important in a minute.
To review these t values have been labelled t1, t2, tc and t1c. t1 and t2 correspond to the points P1 and P2 on our diagram, tc represents the t value to the center and t1c is the distance between P1 and tc.
As the headline suggests, the first value we need to solve for is tc. As the diagram below shows, the first step to finding tc is to create a right angle triangle, using tc, the vector from the sphere’s center to the ray’s origin, and a line (d) from the center to the ray.
The first thing we need to find is the length of L. This is simple enough, since we know the positions of both the center and ray origin.
Once we have L, we can use the dot product between L and the ray’s direction in order to get the value for tc. Don’t worry if this seems unintuitive, it had been awhile since I used dot product for projections too. Luckily there are lots of good resources out there that explain this concept (like this one). Moving on though, this means that we have found the value for tc:
This is an important calculation. If the result of this is that tc is less than 0, it means that the ray does not intersect the sphere, and we can bail out of our intersection test early. If it’s not less than 0, we move on.
The last thing we need to do with this triangle is solve for the length of d. This isn’t important for tc, but will be in the next section, so we may as well do it now while we’re still thinking about this triangle.
To solve for d, we need to bust out some high school math. If you’re like me, you’ll need a bit of a refresher on this, and I found that it was helpful to rotate our triangle around bit to put it in a more familiar orientation.
Looking familiar yet? If you can remember Pythagoras’ Theorem, you’ll already know where I’m going with this. If not, I’ll help:
We need to find d, which in this case is edge b, so we need to rearrange the equation a bit:
Now we just sub in our known values from earlier
Just like tc before it, this is an important calculation. If d is greater than the radius of our sphere, it means that t1c will give us a point outside of the sphere, and our ray doesn’t intersect at all (and we can go home early).
If not, great! Time to move on to the next triangle.
Now that we have tc and d, this is actually incredibly easy. Since a² + b² = c², we already know the length of the edge labelled h (it’s the radius of the sphere) and the length of d. Using Pythagoras’ Theorem again gives us:
Guess that means it’s time to move on to yet another subheading eh?
Let’s look at our original diagram again:
Notice anything? Now that we have values for t1c and tc, solving for the two variables we actually want is trivial!
Which means that all we need to do to get our intersection points is:
Congratulations on getting this far! Now that we have all that theory out of the way, it’s time for your prize: a sphere intersection function! Let’s see what that might look like if we simply went step by step using the instructions above:
bool intersec++(Ray* r, Sphere* s)
{
//solve for tc
float L = s->center - r->origin;
float tc = dot(L, r->direction);
if ( tc < 0.0 ) return false;
float d = sqrt((tc*tc) - (L*L));
if ( d > s->radius) return false;
//solve for t1c
float t1c = sqrt( (s->radius * s->radius) - (d*d) );
//solve for intersection points
float t1 = tc - t1c;
float t2 = tc + t1c;
return true;
}
For really basic use cases, the above may be sufficient, but there’s an awful lot of wasted effort up there (like calculation t1 and t2 and then not using them). For a ray tracer (the use case that led me to writing this post) it isn’t enough just to know if a ray hits an object, you need to know exactly where the point of contact is.
So let’s rethink the above function (and optimize it in the process):
bool intersect(Ray* r, Sphere* s, float* t1, float *t2)
{
//solve for tc
float L = s->center - r->origin;
float tc = dot(L, r->direction);
if ( tc < 0.0 ) return false;
float d2 = (tc*tc) - (L*L);
float radius2 = s->radius * s->radius;
if ( d2 > radius2) return false;
//solve for t1c
float t1c = sqrt( radius2 - d2 );
//solve for intersection points
*t1 = tc - t1c;
*t2 = tc + t1c;
return true;
}
Much better! Not only are we returning getting the solved t values out of the function, but we’ve also managed to get rid of a costly square root operation. This may not seem like a big deal, but when you factor in how many times you will be calling this intersect function, any optimizations you can make pay dividends.
Whew, that was a long post. If anything is unclear, or you spot a mistake (I wrote most of this on a train, it’s very possible something is a bit off) feel free to send me a message on Twitter.
Merry Christmas! :D


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Before Change
"smooth" : smooth,
"norm" : norm}
else:
kwargs = {"function": function,
"smooth": smooth,
"norm" : norm}
rbfi = Rbf(sphere_origin.x, sphere_origin.y, sphere_origin.z, data,
**kwargs)
return rbfi(sphere_target.x, sphere_target.y, sphere_target.z)
After Change
if epsilon is None:
// Use a heuristic that seems to work here: take epsilon to be the
// average distance between the origin points in this norm:
epsilon = np.mean(norm(sphere_origin.vertices.T[..., :, np.newaxis],
sphere_origin.vertices.T[..., np.newaxis, :]))
kwargs = {"function": function,
"epsilon": epsilon,
"smooth" : smooth,


Derivatives¶
Note
Currently, derivatives are only available for the SOAP descriptor. We will incrementally add support for getting the derivatives of other descriptors as well.
The descriptor outputs that DScribe provides are typically vectors containing multiple features. Each of these features has a dependency on the positions of atoms in the system, and in particular each feature has a derivative with respect to the x-, y-, and z-components of the position of every atom in the system.
Some of the descriptors included in DScribe allow you to calculate these derivatives. The derivatives provide a way to study the effect of different atoms on the output, and in particular they can be used to build machine learning based force-fields, see the tutorial on building one.
Call signature¶
The descriptors for which derivatives have been made available have a new
derivatives
-function, see e.g. SOAP.derivatives()
. This function works
very similarly to the create function and the typical function call signature
looks like this:
systems
: one or multiple atomic systems
positions
: (only for local descriptors) the positions at which the descriptor is evaluated.
include
: Indices of the atoms which should be included in the derivative calculations. If no value is specified, all atoms will be used.
exclude
: Indices of atoms which should be excluded from the derivative calculations. Use eitherinclude
orexclude
, not both.
method
: Possible values are:analytical
,numerical
orauto
. Defaults toauto
, which means that the most efficient available method is used. In general, analytical derivatives are preferred, since they are faster to compute. However, they are not always available/implemented (check the descriptor documentation). The numerical derivatives are implemented with a centered finite difference scheme that has a good balance between accuracy and speed.
attach
: (only for local descriptors) controls the behaviour of positions defined as atomic indices. If True, the positions tied to an atomic index will move together with the atoms with respect to which the derivatives are calculated against. If False, positions defined as atomic indices will be converted into cartesian locations that are completely independent of the atom location during derivative calculation.
return_descriptor
: Whether or not to return the descriptor as well. If you anyways need to compute the descriptor, it is typically faster to use this option instead of a separatecreate
-call.
n_jobs
: Number of parallel jobs. Only applicable when multiple systems are provided, upon which the job is split between multiple processes.
Layout¶
We have decided to retain as much structure in the derivative output as possible. This approach allows you to better understand the different components, and you still have the option to re-arrange the output as you wish. The derivative output for a single system is organized as follows:
For global descriptors the output is three-dimensional:
[n_atoms, 3, n_features]
For local descriptors the output is four-dimensional:
[n_centers, n_atoms, 3, n_features]
Here the dimension with n_centers
loops through the different centers
used in a local descriptor, n_atoms
loops through the atoms for which
the derivatives were calculated for, the second-to-last dimension with three
components loops through the x, y and z components, and the last dimension with
n_features
loops through the different features. This layout is
convenient for calculating the descriptor values, but depending on your
application, you may need a different layout. You can quite easily rearrange
these dimension with either np.moveaxis or
sparse.moveaxis, or do
completely custom layouts with some looping.
Note
Whenever multiple systems are provided, an additional dimension is added that runs across the different systems: for systems with the same number of atoms the output becomes a five-dimensional array, otherwise the output becomes a list of four-dimensional arrays.
If you use the default dense output, the derivatives will be stored in a
regular numpy array. Notice that the size of these dense arrays grows very
quickly with system size. A good way around this is to use sparse arrays
instead by using the sparse=True
option in the descriptor constructor.
In large systems the derivative array will typically become quite sparse,
giving significant savings in storage space. Since 1.0.0 we have opted to use
the sparse-library for all of
our sparse outputs, see the documentation page on sparse output.


--- layout: post title: 'Apple, Ruby, RVM, and Homebrew: a slick combination, now improved.' date: 2012-02-23 10:54:00.000000000 -08:00 type: post published: true status: publish categories: tags: [] meta: _edit_last: '1' author: login: admin email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>display_name: admin first_name: Carina C. last_name: Zon ---
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Gelfand: Chunk 5 - Powers: Positive and Negative
December 10, 2016
For me, powers always made sense, but yet again it turns out that I’d missed some subtleties which are now evident as I come back around using the Oakley chunking-cum-visual-grokking approach.
General Definition of Powers
Let’s kick off with the lovely General Definition.
For positive integers ,
( times)
There’s something worth noting explicitly about this general definition, and it’s a concept we’ve not come across in this series; the presence of a mathematical “convention”.
The Convention of Negative Powers and Fractions
So what is the convention? Well, it turns out that when we write as we’re relying on a convention. But a convenient one.
This convention helps because it unifies how we conceptually treat very large and very small numbers.
But why the “convention” piece? Because it is a convention rather than a fact it is impossible to prove that because makes no sense without the “” agreement.
Interesting huh? Let’s continue.
Tricks Arising
With this in place, we can move on to the fun, useful stuff; the tricks we can slot into our memory banks.
Shorten Things
The long expression
can be written in the shorter form
and you can also write
in the form
Negative Powers to Fractions of Powers (& Back)
As it said in the definition,
This means we can take advantage of this equality to re-phrase things in either of the formats.
E.g. re-writing to use only positive powers
and
And don’t forget you can go the other way too.
Everything has a Power
If a number is just a number, and seems to have no power, then it secretly has a power of
This even works when the base is zero
In fact, when the base is zero, the power can be anything
etc.
Multiplying Powers
When multiplying powers with the same base, just add the exponents and keep the base the same:
This works for negative powers too:
That example had only one negative power, but more, even all can be negative and the rule still holds.
And it also works when one or more exponents equals zero
In general
Use Powers to Multiply Small and Big Numbers Conveniently
You can lean on powers to allow you to multiply small and big numbers with ease (and without a calculator).
E.g., to multiply and
If Powers are Different, Make the Bases the Same
In Gelfand Problem 55(b), we have on one side and on the other. To get to work on this, both sides need to be the same power. Therefore
Later on, in Problem 55(f), we have on one side and on the other. Again, we need the same power.
If Powers are the Same, You Can Add the Bases
In Gelfand Problem 55(g), we have . The bases are different, but the powers are the same, so
Pay Attention to the Question
Problem 49 asks for “the nuber of digits” rather than “the answer”. Gelfand gave us a clue just before as to how to represent in terms of (it’s ). Thus, when we have to raise to (or ) we can move across to powers of and only care about the bit which will have the most digits: . We can stop worrying about as it will have less.
(The answer is by the way, a followed by thirty s.)
Powers of 2 are Quite Close to Powers of 10
(Close enough for computer scientists anyway.)
In Gelfand’s “Remark” on page 26, we saw that () is pretty close to (), close enough for computer scientists to be happy enough to ignore the extra bytes in order to be able to use the term “kilobyte”.
This then brought up the fact that other powers of were not a million miles away from some powers of , and that when we were calculating numbers of digits rather than the actual result, then this was useful.
Break Out Powers to Simplify Things
Last in this post is this handy trick which builds on some of the chunks we identified for simplifying things in post 2 (Commutative, Associative and Distributive Laws)
E.g.
Terminology
- base number - the number that is going to be raised to a power (definition from mathsisfun.com)
- exponent - the exponent of a number says how many times to use that number in multiplication. Aka “index” and “power” (definition from mathsisfun.com)


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Praise be to God the Father, he wanted, through his eternal word, to make his chosen people reborn from an incorruptible seed. Let us ask together in Faith.
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Hear us, merciful God, the prayers which we offer in favor for all your people,
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Fairness and Privacy-Preservation in ML, Federated Learning, Deep Learning
Afroditi Papadaki holds an undergraduate degree in Digital Systems from University of Piraeus, Greece and a postgraduate degree in Internet Engineering from University College London. She has previously worked as a research software engineer at Wings ICT solutions, Greece and at the University of Piraeus.


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PpSP protein process Fig. approximately column buffer step using vaccine elution {border-style px;} #ffffff;} kDa recombinant binding salivary Leishmania SPXL PSFF Supplementary leishmaniasis purification fermentation purity PpSP, SDS-PAGE analyzed high impurities loaded major pastoris purified resin stability time capacity chromatography melting mg/mL proteins suggesting temperature thermal used PpSP. candidate expression gel increased indicated infection observed phosphate px; saliva structure yeast {font-family Characterization Dis However, IEX Med Process Table Trop buffer, cell cutaneous disease font-size glycerol optimized pool potassium protection sample secondary target Figs. Figure HIC Phlebotomus Sepharose [], addition, antigen characterization concentrated data development double; eluted exchange likely nm, production response sandfly shown size study volume (a) (b) Assessment CVs Coomassie Elsevier Infect Kamhawi Purification Purity S). Sci ammonium analysis band bites border-color border-width cation cm/h determined filtration flow host low mL/L/h mass molecular process, rate reduce remove required resin, sand screening sequence shift solid; tarentolae yield {font-style {font-weight Asn C.A. COVID- Cat Cutaneous DNA Fast Flow HCP Hum Immunother Negl Oliveira Optimization Pharm Phenyl Purified Seid Step TFF Thermal Vaccin additional antisera applied available biochemical biophysical bold capture centre chromatographic collected conductivity containing courier; degraded developed different efficacy em; encoding fed-batch filtered fly followed highly human immune information lane long-term lower million mouse noted obtained performed processing protective pt;} removed research residence resource scalable similar small stained step, studies sulfate tertiary thus, tropical vector weight western


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WITNESS LIST Public School Finance, Select Committee February 18, 2004-10:00A Constitutional Finance Issues On: Anderson, David (Texas Education Agency) Moak, Lynn (Self) Taylor, Lori C. (Self) Thompson, David (Self) Wisnoski, Joe (Texas Education Agency) Koret Task Force on K-12 Education On: Hanushek, Eric A. (Self) Hoxby, Caroline M. (Self) Peterson, Paul E (Self) Texas E-learning Initiative On: Barnes, Susan (Texas Education Agency) Burnett, Tom (Apple Computer) Fleming, Dr. Don H. (Self)


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--- layout: post title: Backtracking -II categories: [] tags: [] status: draft type: post published: false meta: {} author: ---
In the previous post on backtracking, we saw some basic examples of backtracking. If you are not familiar with this technique I recommend reading the previous post first. Lets now look at some more codes. Most of this codes are inspired from from geeksforgeeks-a great repository of algorithms. The first code we see today prints all possible strings of length k given a set of n characters. Note that given a set of n characters, we can find k^n strings of length k comprising of characters from the given set.
[sourcecode language="cpp"]
#include <cstdio>
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
void generate_all_len_k(string s, string p, int n, int k)
{
if(k==0){ //base case
cout<<p<<"\t";
return;
}
for(int i=0;i<n;i++){ //iterate over all characters in the given string
string newp=p+s[i]; //add this character at the end of the prefix string
generate_all_len_k(s,newp,n,k-1); //find all permutations of the other k-1 characters drawn from the n given characters
}
}
int main()
{
string s("AB");
string prefix(""); // we start with an empty prefix.
generate_all_len_k(s, prefix,2,3);
return 0;
}
[/sourcecode]


Home > Sample Problems > Shu-Osher Shock Tube
Shu-Osher Shock Tube Problem
Problem Description
The Shu-Osher problem simulates a normal shock front moving inside a one-dimensional inviscid flow with artificial density fluctuations. In the test case, the length of the computation domain is 1. The downstream flow is assumed to have a sinusoidal density fluctuation (老=1+汍sin(x/竹)) with a wave length of 竹 = 1/8 and an amplitude of 汍 = 0.2.A normal shock front with a Mach number of 3.0 is initially placed at the position x = 竹. The initial conditions for the simulation are
老=3.857143;
u=2.629369;
P=10.3333
when
x<1/8
老=1+0.2sin8x;
u=0;
P=1
when
x≡1/8
Mesh
The mesh is an even spaced 1D grid. Two kinds of grids are used: a coarse grid (192 grid points) and a fine grid (384 grid points)
Simulation Parameters
|
Overall
Flow Conditions | ||
|
Mach No. |
3.0 | |
|
Viscosity |
Inviscid | |
|
Spatial
Scheme | ||
|
MUSCL |
WENO 33 |
WENO 34 |
|
Time
Scheme | ||
|
Runge-Kutta 4th order |
|
|
|
2 subiterations per time step |
|
|
|
Boundary
Conditions | ||
|
I=1: Inlet |
老=3.857143; u=2.629369;
P=10.3333 | |
|
I=178: Outlet |
Outflow boundary condition (type 31) | |
|
Initial
Conditions | ||
|
x<1/8: 老=3.857143; u=2.629369; P=10.3333 | ||
|
x≡1/8: 老=1+0.2sin8x; u=0; P=1 |
Table
1. Simulation Parameters for Shu-Osher Problem
A WENO simulation result with a very fine grid (768 grid points) can be regarded as the exact solution. Figure 1 shows the initial density profile and the fine grid density profile at t = 0.178.
Figure 1. The initial and exact density profiles.
Obtain the
Files
Both mesh files and project input files can be accessed below. Remember to place the grid files in a subfolder with the set up file /shockwave.
Setup file (shockwave.afl)
Grid file (shock.in).
Start the
Simulation
Change the directory to the subfolder with the selected grid and spatial scheme. Start the simulation by
mpirun 每np 1 mpiaeroflo.exe <
shockwave.afl
Comparison of
Different Spatial Schemes
The MUSCL, WENO 33, and WENO 34 schemes are used for the simulations with a coarse grid (192 grid points) and a fine grid (384), respectively. The density profiles for different spatial schemes are shown in Figure 2 for coarse grid simulation and in Figure 3 for fine grid simulation, respectively. Both of the results are compared with the exact result. The result shows that the fine grid results are much better than coarse grid results and for the same grid simulation the WENO results (both 33 and 34 schemes) are better than MUSCL result, and WENO 34 is a little bit better than WENO 33.
Figure 2. The density profiles of
MUSCL, WENO 33, and WENO 34 schemes at t=0.178 for a coarse grid
simulation.
Figure 3. The density profiles of
MUSCL, WENO 33, and WENO 34 schemes at t=0.178 for a fine grid
simulation.
CFL
Test
The CFL performances for different spatial schemes are also tested for this problem. The test results are summarized in Table 2. Since the problem is an unsteady, for all test simulations, whether the simulation is converged or diverged is decided by if the simulation can be calculated to t = 0.178 without being blowout.
|
|
Spatial
Scheme |
Time
Scheme |
Turbulence
Model |
Grid
Size 忖s=min(忖xi) |
Test Value
CFL= 忖t/ 忖s, CFLa=(1+1/M)CFL | ||
|
Converge (﹟) or
Diverge(x) |
|
|
|
|
﹟ |
﹟ |
x |
|
Shu-Osher
Problem Ma=3.0 |
MUSCL |
RK4 |
inviscid |
5.2356E-3 |
1.0E-3 CFL=0.191 CFLa=0.255 |
1.6E-3 CFL=0.306 CFLa=0.407 |
1.7E-3 CFL=0.325 CFLa=0.433 N=58 |
|
WENO
33 |
RK4 |
inviscid |
1.0E-3 CFL=0.191 CFLa=0.255 |
1.9E-3 CFL=0.363 CFLa=0.484 |
2.0E-3 CFL=0.382 CFLa=0.509 N=2 | ||
|
WENO
34 |
RK4 |
inviscid |
1.0E-3 CFL=0.191 CFLa=0.255 |
1.7E-3 CFL=0.325 CFLa=0.433 |
1.8E-3 CFL=0.344 CFLa=0.459 N=0 |
* The CFL condition is computed by
CFL= 忖t/ 忖s, which
assume the reference flow velocity u=1.0.
** 忖s=min(忖xi) is the minimum
computational grid spacing
***
CFLa=(u+a) 忖t/ 忖s=u(1+1/M)CFL is a measure of how far a sound wave
can travel through the flow.
Table 2. CFL Number Test for
Different Schemes
Reference:


gradlew assemble*nix:
./gradlew assemble
In the build/distributions
folder you can find the generated Gradle distributions. Note that you will
need internet access the first time you run this, as the Gradle wrapper will download a number of dependencies the
first time it runs.
To learn more about the Gradle wrapper and how you can use it for your own projects build with Gradle have a look at the user guide.
./gradlew install -Pgradle_installPath=someDir
The install task deletes any existing Gradle distribution at the specified destination. You specify the install
destination with the gradle_installPath
property. This property is interpreted relative to the
source directory.
You can set this property in the gradle.properties
file of your Gradle home directory (usually
USER_HOME/.gradle
). For how to set project properties you may have a look at the
user guide.


BY EDWIN JAHIEL
GOOD WILL HUNTING (1997) *** 1/2 Directed by Gus Van Sant. Written by Ben Affleck & Matt Damon from a story by Damon. Editing, Pietro Scalia. Production design, Melissa Stewart. Costume design, Beatrix Aruna Pasztor. Music, Danny Elfman. Cast: Matt Damon (Will Hunting), Robin Williams (Sean McGuire), Ben Affleck (Chuckie),Minnie Driver (Skylar), Stellan Skarsgard (Lambeau), Casey Affleck (Morgan), Cole Hauser (Billy) et al . A Miramax release. 126 minutes. R (language)
What makes a genius be a genius? One clue in this film is that its hero Will Hunting has a photographic memory to end all memories. But then, the great philosopher Henri Bergson, whose works include the seminal "Matter and Memory" (1896), used to say that "Memory is the intelligence of imbeciles." So a one-in-a-gazillion case like Will's must ally memory and stupendous intelligence. But what is intelligence of this caliber? Never mind.
Will Hunting is a young, tough Southie (from working-class South Boston) whose miserable childhood (genes are not mentioned) has led to verbal, mental and physical aggressiveness outside his small circle of buddies. Self-taught through gobbling up books in public libraries, Will is a genius in mathematics, perhaps in other areas too.
One of his idiosyncrasies is refusing to join Establishments of any kind, from universities to government. (In a bar, there's a great, on-the-nose scene that satirizes Academe and academics). Having opted for menial jobs, he is currently a janitor at the prestigious M.I.T. As he sweeps a hallway he spots a problem posted by a famous mathematician, Professor Lambeau, a major award-winner. The puzzle that defies the best graduate students and their teachers too is solved by Wil in a jiffy.
Prof. Lambeau tracks down the mysterious and uncooperative savant. As Will is psychologically troubled, a street fracas leads him to court. His long rap-sheet results in a $50,000 bond. The judge is talked into placing Will in Lambeau's custody, for teaching and therapy. In a series of funny vignettes, sundry psychologists give up on the young man. As a last resort Lambeau enlists reluctant Sean McGuire (Robin Williams). The two men used to be university classmates but fell out. Lambeau went on to glory, McGuire to counseling and to teaching in a community college. The odd relations between the two are among the film's strong points.
Defensive, aggressive and cynical at first, second, and third, Will slowly relents, especially as he becomes aware that Sean is another wounded soul -- in great part because the death of his wife devastated him. Patient and analyst become good for each other and bond. Will's "cure" is also aided by an affair with Brit (and Harvard medical student) Skylar (Minnie Driver).
The movie originated as a short story by Matt Damon, an assignment in creative writing when he was at Harvard. Damon and childhood friend Ben Affleck then joined forces to transform the story into a movie script. Conceived as a thriller, the scenario evolved into a character-driven tale. Its production took the writers through the usual odyssey of film projects.
Maverick Gus Van Sant, has now directed a movie with mainstream appeal and predictable developments. But is the subject also of a mainstream nature? Not really. It may create that impression but deep down its is original, offbeat.
American films are like the USA itself. They are built on a grand scale far more often than in other national cinemas. They deal with superlatives. "Good Will Hunting" does not have the gigantism of views, crowds, actions or disasters, yet it fits the superlative label with Will's mind being extra-extraordinary. Will is a Superman of the mind and the intellect, which by itself makes the film a rarity, especially in the way it also weaves in the intimate Will.
In acting, working parts and details the movie rises above deja vu yarns. The rich dialogue runs from pungent to "intellectual" to touching as Will gets "tamed" and Sean comes to terms with his own wounds. The process can be slow in terms of screen time, but that's a necessity when you don't have the characters magically undergo transformations with Hollywoodian celerity. It's all interesting and un-cliched, except in an audience-courting bit in which Will abandons his last-ditch defensiveness when he finds out that Sean too is a dedicated baseball fan. Yet even this cliche is handled with originality. In plot development and spoken lines, there's a great deal of first-rate writing here, by first-time writers too!
Robin Williams delivers a class A performance, with distant affinities to that of "Dead Poets Society." Serious, touching yet humorous, he is lively but not maniacal, frenzied or agitated, does not make with the jokes as usual. His portrayal is affecting, even memorable in many a scene. The one of his long speech by the river is heart-rending. Ranking four stars for its moving eloquence about love, it is also a superb Valentine to his dead wife.
Whether or not Damon has the great looks and sex-appeal often mentioned in the press is not for me to judge, but as a performer he too is striking , complex and complicated. as in his relationships with Skylar and all others. His longest speech is a socially-conscious mini-gem that gives his reasons for not going to NASA.
Minnie Driver was last seen on the big screen as disc the delightful, kooky disc-jockey Debi in "Grosse Pointe Blank." On the small screen she recently appeared on the Jay Leno show -- wrongly and bustily dressed. She's back to charming us in "GWH."
Swedish actor Skarsgard hits the bull's-eye as big-time mathematician Lambeau, who is astounded, admirative, discreetly jealous and upset before the genius of the street-kid prole.
The movie misses out on just one thing, its title. Not catchy, too cute, making little sense, it sounds like a hunt for bargains at GoodWill Industries.
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


A message from evyatar100: This page used to be shown when a user tries to sign in with facebook (or google), with
an email, that is associated with an existing user. I tried to fix this (login_adapter.py), by I'm not sure the fix
works 100%. so we will leave this file here until production.
{% endblock %}


The Watir Team is trying to work out which versions of Ruby and which versions of Watir to support, and it was suggested we run a poll to see.
I didn’t realize there’s been so many versions of Watir:
- 1.8.0.rc1 February 25, 2011
- 1.7.1 January 9, 2011
- 1.7.0 January 5, 2011
- 1.7.0.rc1 December 20, 2010
- 1.6.7 October 26, 2010
- 1.6.7.rc1 October 21, 2010
- 1.6.6 October 2, 2010
- 1.6.6.rc2 September 30, 2010
- 1.6.6.rc1 September 24, 2010
- 1.6.5 November 10, 2009
- 1.6.2 November 6, 2008
- 1.5.6 June 10, 2008
- 1.5.5 June 9, 2008
- 1.5.4 April 23, 2008
- 1.5.3 October 22, 2007
- 1.5.2 September 3, 2007
- 1.4.1 August 22, 2005
Plus, there’s Ruby versions 1.8.6, 1.8.7, 1.9.1 and 1.9.2., so this means there’s a large number of combinations to support.
So, take a moment and let us know which Ruby Version and Watir Version you use.
Open a command prompt to determine your Ruby version: ruby -v
And to determine your Watir version: gem list watir
Thanks!


Helen Mirren on Being Mistaken for Keanu Reeves' Girlfriend Alexandra Grant: That's 'Very Flattering on Me'
by Alyssa BaileyAfter decades of supreme privacy, last weekend Keanu Reeves made his big red carpet debut with his girlfriend, 46-year-old artist Alexandra Grant. Her rather uncanny resemblance to Helen Mirren made some on Twitter believe that Mirren and Reeves were actually an item. Mirren was asked by Entertainment Tonight what she thought of the mix-up. Mirren, who's been married to director Taylor Hackford for 22 years, was, unsurprisingly, supremely pleasant about the whole thing.
"I saw that [on Twitter]," Mirren said.
"I do know Keanu very well," Mirren continued. "He did a film with my husband [1997's The Devil's Advocate] and he is just the most adorable, lovely person.
People reported earlier this week that Reeves and Grant had actually been dating in secret for months. The two had been friends for years and first collaborated in 2011 on his book Ode to Happiness.
A source told the outlet that “Keanu wants to openly share his life with her. He is extremely happy and grateful to have Alex in his life. [They] started dating earlier this year, but have wanted to keep it quiet.” The two attended two red carpet events this year in addition to this past weekend's LACMA Art + Film Gala. They were at Saint Laurent's fashion show in June and the MOCA Benefit in May.


A recent trend in gas grills is for us to add an infrared radiant burner to the back of the grill enclosure. This radiant burner provides an even heat across the burner and is intended for use with a horizontal rotisserie. A meat item (whole chicken, beef roast, pork loin roast) is placed on a metal skewer that is rotated by an electric motor. Smaller cuts of meat can be grilled in this manner using a round metal basket that slips over the metal skewer.
Gas BBQ Grills
Gas-fueled grills typically use propane or natural gas as their fuel source, with gas-flame either cooking food directly or heating grilling elements which in turn radiate the heat necessary to cook food. Our gas grills are available in sizes ranging from small, single steak grills up to large, industrial sized restaurant grills which are able to cook enough meat to fee a hundred or more people. Our gas grills are designed for either LP or NG, although it's possible to convert some of our grills from one gas source to another (specialty made item).
The majority of our gas grills follow the cart grill design concept: the grill unit itself is attached to a wheeled frame that holds the fuel tank. The wheeled frame may also support side tables and other features depending on the model you choose.


NG-BE is the Belgian Angular conference and will be held at the beautiful Holiday Inn Ghent, Expo venue in Ghent on December 7 & 8, 2017.
December 7 is a multi-track workshop day, where attendees can learn about the latest Angular developments.
December 8 is a single-track conference day. Attendees will be able to listen to talks from world-renowned Angular experts while enjoying delicious foods and drinks.


C programming is a general-purpose, procedural, imperative computer programming language developed in 1972 by Dennis M. Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories to develop the UNIX operating system. C is the most widely used computer language. It keeps fluctuating at number one scale of popularity along with Java programming language, which is also equally popular and most widely used among modern software programmers.
C programming language is a MUST for students and working professionals to become a great Software Engineer specially when they are working in Software Development Domain. I will list down some of the key advantages of learning C Programming:
C was initially used for system development work, particularly the programs that make-up the operating system. C was adopted as a system development language because it produces code that runs nearly as fast as the code written in assembly language. Some examples of the use of C are -


property OffsetX: Integer;
Determines how much in pixels the tiling should be shifted in horizontal direction.
This is especially usefull if your polygon is moved and you want to move the pattern tiling relatively to it.
[See also]:


*Bookings are shown after 05 Oct, 2018
| Pre-Loading (1,2) |
In-transit (3-6) |
POD Due (7,8) |
Invoice Pending (9,10) |
Credit Period (11-14) |
{# Payment Due (14,15) | #}
Payment Overdue | Payment Recd |
|---|


Class: RSpec::Core::Formatters::Protocol
- Inherits:
-
Object
- Object
- RSpec::Core::Formatters::Protocol
- Defined in:
- lib/rspec/core/formatters/protocol.rb
Overview
This class isn't loaded at runtime but serves to document all of the notifications implemented as part of the standard interface. The reporter will issue these during a normal test suite run, but a formatter will only receive those notifications it has registered itself to receive. To register a formatter call:
::RSpec::Core::Formatters.register class, :list, :of, :notifications
e.g.
::RSpec::Core::Formatters.register self, :start, :example_started
Suite Notifications (collapse)
-
- (void) close
Invoked at the very end,
close
allows the formatter to clean up resources, e.g. -
- (void) dump_failures
Dumps detailed information about each example failure.
-
- (void) dump_pending
Outputs a report of pending examples.
-
- (void) dump_profile
This method is invoked after the dumping the summary if profiling is enabled.
-
- (void) dump_summary
This method is invoked after the dumping of examples and failures.
-
- (void) message
Used by the reporter to send messages to the output stream.
-
- (void) start
This method is invoked before any examples are run, right after they have all been collected.
-
- (void) start_dump
This method is invoked after all of the examples have executed.
-
- (void) stop
Invoked after all examples have executed, before dumping post-run reports.
Group Notifications (collapse)
-
- (void) example_group_finished
Invoked at the end of the execution of each example group.
-
- (void) example_group_started
This method is invoked at the beginning of the execution of each example group.
Example Notifications (collapse)
-
- (void) example_failed
Invoked when an example fails.
-
- (void) example_passed
Invoked when an example passes.
-
- (void) example_pending
Invoked when an example is pending.
-
- (void) example_started
Invoked at the beginning of the execution of each example.
Instance Method Summary (collapse)
- - (void) initialize constructor
Constructor Details
- (void) initialize
|
|
# File 'lib/rspec/core/formatters/protocol.rb', line 20
|
Instance Method Details
- (void) close
Invoked at the very end, close
allows the formatter to clean
up resources, e.g. open streams, etc.
|
|
# File 'lib/rspec/core/formatters/protocol.rb', line 169
|
- (void) dump_failures
Dumps detailed information about each example failure.
|
|
# File 'lib/rspec/core/formatters/protocol.rb', line 124
|
- (void) dump_pending
Outputs a report of pending examples. This gets invoked after the summary if option is set to do so.
|
|
# File 'lib/rspec/core/formatters/protocol.rb', line 152
|
- (void) dump_profile
This method is invoked after the dumping the summary if profiling is enabled.
|
|
# File 'lib/rspec/core/formatters/protocol.rb', line 142
|
- (void) dump_summary
This method is invoked after the dumping of examples and failures. Each parameter is assigned to a corresponding attribute.
|
|
# File 'lib/rspec/core/formatters/protocol.rb', line 132
|
- (void) example_failed
Invoked when an example fails.
|
|
# File 'lib/rspec/core/formatters/protocol.rb', line 87
|
- (void) example_group_finished
Invoked at the end of the execution of each example group.
|
|
# File 'lib/rspec/core/formatters/protocol.rb', line 51
|
- (void) example_group_started
This method is invoked at the beginning of the execution of each example group.
The next method to be invoked after this is #example_passed, #example_pending, or #example_group_finished.
|
|
# File 'lib/rspec/core/formatters/protocol.rb', line 38
|
- (void) example_passed
Invoked when an example passes.
|
|
# File 'lib/rspec/core/formatters/protocol.rb', line 69
|
- (void) example_pending
Invoked when an example is pending.
|
|
# File 'lib/rspec/core/formatters/protocol.rb', line 78
|
- (void) example_started
Invoked at the beginning of the execution of each example.
|
|
# File 'lib/rspec/core/formatters/protocol.rb', line 60
|
- (void) message
Used by the reporter to send messages to the output stream.
|
|
# File 'lib/rspec/core/formatters/protocol.rb', line 96
|
- (void) start
This method is invoked before any examples are run, right after they have all been collected. This can be useful for special formatters that need to provide progress on feedback (graphical ones).
This will only be invoked once, and the next one to be invoked is #example_group_started.
|
|
# File 'lib/rspec/core/formatters/protocol.rb', line 25
|
- (void) start_dump
This method is invoked after all of the examples have executed. The next method to be invoked after this one is #dump_failures (BaseTextFormatter then calls #dump_failures once for each failed example).
|
|
# File 'lib/rspec/core/formatters/protocol.rb', line 113
|
- (void) stop
Invoked after all examples have executed, before dumping post-run reports.
|
|
# File 'lib/rspec/core/formatters/protocol.rb', line 104
|


Interfaces for Flowable version 5 used to include Java code in a process as the behavior of an activity or as a listener to process events with {@link org.flowable.engine.delegate.JavaDelegate}s.


- getColumns() - Method in class file.spreadsheet.SpreadsheetReaderService
-
Get the amount of columns for the loaded spreadsheet.
- getFileReaderService() - Static method in class file.FileReaderService
-
- getFileWriterService() - Static method in class file.FileWriterService
-
- getIndexForColumnName(String) - Method in class file.spreadsheet.SpreadsheetReaderService
-
Get the matrix column index for the given column name.
- getLines() - Method in class file.spreadsheet.SpreadsheetReaderService
-
Get the amount of lines for the loaded spreadsheet.
- getSpreadsheetColumnNames() - Method in class file.spreadsheet.SpreadsheetReaderService
-
Get the name of the columns of the loaded spreadsheet.
- getSpreadsheetContent() - Method in class file.spreadsheet.SpreadsheetReaderService
-
Get the content of the loaded spreadsheet.
- getSpreadsheetReaderService() - Static method in class file.spreadsheet.SpreadsheetReaderService
-
- getSpreadsheetSplitterForCharacter(char) - Method in class file.spreadsheet.SpreadsheetReaderService
-
Get the splitter identified by the given character.
- getSpreadsheetSplitterForCharacter(String) - Method in class file.spreadsheet.SpreadsheetReaderService
-
Get the splitter identified by the given character.
- getTextFromFile(String) - Method in class file.FileReaderService
-
Read the file at the given path and return a list with the content of the
file, each index containing a line.


All Packages Class Hierarchy This Package Previous Next Index
Interface com.jclark.xml.parse.io.Parser
- public interface Parser
An XML Parser.
- See Also:
- Application, EntityManager
-
parseDocument(OpenEntity)
- Parses an XML document.
-
setApplication(Application)
- Sets the
Application
, which will receive information
about the XML document.
-
setEntityManager(EntityManager)
- Sets the
EntityManager
which will be used
to access external entities referenced in the document.
-
setLocale(Locale)
- Sets the locale to be used for error messages.
setEntityManager
public abstract void setEntityManager(EntityManager entityManager)
- Sets the
EntityManager
which will be used
to access external entities referenced in the document.
setApplication
public abstract void setApplication(Application application)
- Sets the
Application
, which will receive information
about the XML document.
setLocale
public abstract void setLocale(Locale locale)
- Sets the locale to be used for error messages.
parseDocument
public abstract void parseDocument(OpenEntity entity) throws IOException
- Parses an XML document. The current
EntityManager
,
Application
and Locale
will be used
for the entire parse. If no EntityManager
has been
set, a default EntityManager
will be used.
If no Locale
has been set, the default Locale
as returned by Locale.getDefault
will be used.
If no Application
has been set, no information about
the document will be reported, but an exception will be thrown if
the document is not well-formed.
- Parameters:
- entity - the document entity of the XML document; the InputStream
of the document entity will be closed after parsing
- Throws: NotWellFormedException
- if the document is not well-formed
- Throws: IOException
- if an IO error occurs or if a method in
Application
throws an IOException
All Packages Class Hierarchy This Package Previous Next Index


--- layout: post title: The Right Way date: '2013-03-20 11:24:29 -0700' mt_id: 1510 blog_id: 1 post_id: 1510 basename: the_right_way categories: - personal - high-geekery ---
It has come to my attention that some people dispute my way of replying to email threads. I elide all but the minimum necessary to supply the context.
Be brief without being overly terse. When replying to a message, include enough original material to be understood but no more. It is extremely bad form to simply reply to a message by including all the previous message: edit out all the irrelevant material.
That's from RFC 1855, people. You think you're better than an RFC‽ Come on!


Get a list of recent sessions for a device.
GET /sonomaLogger/sessions/deviceId/CD7D270039AF44D78D31D46EFD67B4E6 HTTP/1.1 Host: test1Log.aosvapps.com:443 Authorization: Basic YWxleGFuZGVyLmoucnlhbkBnbWFpbC5jb206YmVhc3Q=
This service may only be used by registered users who are authorized to use it.
The HTTP Basic Authentication scheme is used to pass the encoded username:password of the user.
Each user may only create, read, update and delete from their own music library.
| deviceId (required) |
The unique id of the device whose session logs we want to retrieve. |
The following response codes are possible from this service.
(Client code must handle each of them.):
The content of the body of the HTTP Response will always be JSON.
Therefore, the following header will always be sent:
Content-Type: application/json
The body of the response should always contain JSON.
The type of JSON returned varies by the response code.
3 types of JSON are possible.
If the service executed successfully
JSON like the following will be returned in the body of the response:
HTTP/1.1 200 Success [ { "sessionId":<PHONE_NUMBER>, "dt": "2014-09-19T00:14:17.000-07:00" }, { "sessionId":<PHONE_NUMBER>, "dt": "2014-09-18T23:50:59.000-07:00" }, { "sessionId":<PHONE_NUMBER>, "dt": "2014-09-18T23:45:08.000-07:00" }, { "sessionId":<PHONE_NUMBER>, "dt": "2014-09-18T23:32:56.000-07:00" }, { "sessionId":<PHONE_NUMBER>, "dt": "2014-09-18T23:27:54.000-07:00" }, { "sessionId":<PHONE_NUMBER>, "dt": "2014-09-18T23:22:21.000-07:00" }, { "sessionId": 0, "dt": "1969-12-31T16:00:00.000-08:00" } ]
If there was a major error in the request that prevents us from even processing it,
the standard JSON describing the error will be returned in the body of the response:
HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request { "errorCode": 2, "errorMessage": "INVALID PARAMS", "data": "userId not specified" }
If there was a major error on the server,
the standard JSON describing the error will be returned in the body of the response:
HTTP/1.1 500 Server Error { "errorCode": 3, "errorMessage": "SERVER ERROR", "data": "Unable to connect to the database." }


Rating
Default
A rating is designed for user to vote content or other things.
Sizes
You can have different sizes with .rating-sm
, .rating-lg
.
Score
You can starts with a saved rating.
Number
Changes the number of stars.
Read Only
Changes the number of stars.
Star Half
You will be possible vote with half values.
Custom Icons
You can use custom icons
With Cancel
A rating can use a set of star icons with a cancel icon.
With Target
You can match a level name for each star icon when user vote content.
Percentage
A rating can use a set of star icons with a visible percentage.


Encode Sans is a versatile workhorse sans serif design, featuring a huge range of weights and widths, ready for all kind of typographic challenges.
This is the Semi Expanded family, which is part of the superfamily along with Normal, Condensed, Semi Condensed, and Expanded families, each with 9 weights.
This project is led by Impallari Type, a foundry based in Rosario, Argentina. It was initially designed by Pablo Impallari and Andres Torresi. To contribute, see github.com/impallari/Encode-Sans


Black Leopards pile more misery on CT City
Cape Town - Black Leopards piled more misery on Cape Town City with a 2-1 victory at Thohoyandou Stadium in Thohoyandou on Sunday.
With Benni McCarthy having been sacked as City boss on last Sunday night, the Citizens would have been looking to respond but despite being on the front foot for much of the encounter, they found themselves on the wrong end of the result.
In the third minute, Cape Town City striker Kermit Erasmus had the first attempt on goal when he unleashed an effort towards goal but it was comfortably dealt with by Leopards goalminder Jonas Mendes in the end.
Robert N'gambi opened the scoring for Leopards in the 18th minute with a beautifully taken long-range strike.
Lidoda Duvha survived a scare in the 27th minute when Edmilson's deflected cross looked as if it might catch Mendes off guard but the goalkeeper sorted out his feet in time to make the save.
City were pushing hard for an equaliser but the hosts were breaking on the counter-attack with one such break forcing City keeper Sage Stephens in to action.
City brought Fagrie Lakay on for Siphelele Mthembu at the half-time break as City interim coach Vasili Manousakis looked for more attacking impetus up front.
Bradley Ralani, who was guilty of missing several golden opportunities in City's last match, found his scoring boots in the 50th minute to equalise for the visitors with a stunning strike from 25 yards out.
Absa Premiership top-scorer for 2018/2019 Mwape Musonda was looking a threat but wasn't getting enough service from his Leopards teammates. Meanwhile, Lakay was looking menacing with his pace for the Citizens.
In the 70th minute, Lesedi Kapinga played the ball through for Musonda, who fired just wide of the target.
The hosts restored their lead in the 84th minute when Musonda played the ball through for Lesedi Kapinga, who buried the ball past Stephens and in to the back of the net for a lead they would preserve until the final whistle.


Rights group: Nicaragua plans charges for detained activists
by The Associated PressMANAGUA, Nicaragua — A Nicaraguan rights group says authorities will file charges against a group of government opponents, including 13 who were arrested for supporting protesters demanding freedom for people they consider political prisoners.
María Oviedo is a lawyer with the Permanent Commission on Human Rights in Nicaragua. She said Sunday that charges will be formally presented Monday. There was no immediate word on what crime or crimes may be charged, or what sort of punishment the activists could face.
The 13 were detained Thursday when they tried to enter Masaya’s San Miguel church to deliver water to the hunger strikers.
Police have maintained a tight cordon around the area, and water and electricity services have been cut.
President Daniel Ortega’s government has repeatedly accused opposition protesters of being coup plotters and terrorists.
The Associated Press


"NEVER COMPROMISE WITH IMAGINATION OR QUALITY"
- VON DUTCH
The Brand
Meaning "stubborn as a Dutchman", Von Dutch was the nickname of legendary artist Kenneth Howard - a man who will always be credited for his talent, skill and originality. Von Dutch is not about the VIP anymore, but about the rest of us who value craftsmanship and creativity. Today, every product that bears the Von Dutch name embodies the bold and uniquely artistic feeling that made Kenneth Howard an icon.
As the godfather of the "kustom kulture", Kenneth Howard was a forward thinker uninterested in what other people thought. What he did care about were his passions. Much of the content on this site has been provided by individuals who are passionate about keeping Kenneth Howard's artwork and legacy alive. Royer Brands International would like to thank Virginia Reyes, Temma Willey and Tornado Design for the use of their photos...
Our Future
Purchased by Royer Brands International S.à.r.l. (a division of Groupe Royer S.A.) in 2009, the Von Dutch brand has finally returned to its roots. Kenneth 'Von Dutch' Howard inspired a generation with his rock & roll spirit, and his artwork and imagination continue to serve as the foundation for the Von Dutch brand.
Von Dutch is a growing, global family of distributors and partners that currently includes the Philippines (L.A. Kustom), Thailand (L.M.E.), Malaysia (Giomax Marketing), Brazil (Magic RR), Italy (Space 2000), most of Europe (Textiss). For more information, please contact us at contact@vondutch.com.


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Binary Autoregressive Network Modeling of Comorbidity Networks from Electronic Health Records
Xi (Rossi) LUO
The University of Texas
Health Science Center
School of Public Health
Dept of Biostatistics
and Data Science
ICSA, Houston
December 15, 2020
Funding: NIH R01EB022911 and UT Health Start-up Fund
Slides viewable on web:
bit.ly/ehrnet20
or
BigComplexData.com
Co-Authors
Gen Zhu
UT Health, BADS
Hulin Wu
UT Health, BADS
EHR Data: Medical Encounter/Diagnosis
Time
Goal: infer disease sequences and cormorbidities from event data
Challenges
- Many many unique diagnosis codes (~100K)
- Large but heterogeneous samples (~10K to ~10M)
- In a nutshell, time series of events from a huge number of types
- Many other associated data types (lab, prescription)
Existing Methods for Inferring Comorbidity Networks
- Most existing methods are pair-wise Fotouhi et al. 2018
- $w_{ij}$ be freq of disease $i$ happens prior to disease $j$
- Define link weights:
$$s_x^{o} = \sum_y w_{xy}, \quad s_x^{i} = \sum_y w_{xy}, \quad, s = \sum_{xy} w_{xy}, $$
- $\phi$-correlation and OER:
$$ \phi_{ij} = \frac{w_{ij} s - s_i^{o} s_j^{i}}{\sqrt{s_i^{o} s_j^{i} (s - s_i^{o}) (s - s_i^{i}) }}, \quad OER_{ij} = \frac{w_{ij}s}{s_j^{i} s_i^{o}} $$
- Univariate logistic regression Aguado et al. 2020
- First talk in this session by Dr Maroufy and colleagues
Limitations
- Pair-wise associations fail to adjust other intermediate diseases developed in-between
- Multiple testing issues due to a large number of diseases $O(p^2)$
- Partially account for the temporal order
- Disease A, B, C may happen in a specific temporal order
Model
- We use ICD-9 codes for diagnoses
- $y_{ijk} = 1$ if patient $i$ has diagnosis code $k$ at encounter $j$, vector $Y_{ij}$ for all diagnosis codes
- Also known as one-hot encoding
- Binary autoregressive model
$$ P(y_{ijk} = 1 | Y_{i,j-1}) = (1 + \exp(-Y_{i,j-1}^T \beta_k ) )^{-1} $$
- Inspired by Granger/vector autoregressive models for continuous variables
- $\beta_k$ denotes how each past diesase predicts future diagnosis $k$
Conditional Likelihood
- Full likelihood is challenging to compute
- Propose to optmize the penalized log-likelihood:
$$\min_{\beta_k} \sum_{ij} \ell(y_{ijk} | \beta_k ) + \lambda \| \beta_k \|_1 $$
- Similar to Ising graphical models for binary data without temporal ordering Ravikumar et al, 10; van de Geer et al, 14
- Implementation: LASSO penalized logistic regression
Cerner's EHR
- Purchased EHR data by UT Health, Center for Big Data in Health Sciences, Director Dr. Hulin Wu
- Huge dataset: >60M paitients, ~1 billion diagnoses
- Small dataset of patients with drug overdose diagnosis
- 640 diseases, 11481 patients
- Goal: find network of diseases prior or after drug overdose
787 (symptoms involving digestive system), 719 (other and unspecified disorder of joint), and 729 (other disorders of soft tissues)
Consistent with the literature Dimitrijević et al. 2008; Olfson et al. 2018, chronic pain >> drug overdose >> digestive system damages
Comparision with Other Methods
Our method, BAN, improves over other competing methods by sensitivity and specificity of recovering nonzero/zero connections
Discussion
- Model inspired by real-world EHR data
- Recovered directional disease networks
- Method: Granger causality + Ising models + ML
- high dimensionality, sparsity and temporality
- Many future directions:
- Bottle neck: managing and extracting data
- Lots of opportunities for theory and method
Thank you!
Comments? Questions?
BigComplexData.com


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This heart rate responsive dress was done in collaboration with
Chromat and the
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Press Release: Adrenaline Dress


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I am an alumni of Northeastern University, Boston. I completed my Master's with major in Computer Science and graduated in December 2018
I’m presently working as Software Developer Engineer at Amazon.com Services, Inc.
I always aspire to work in a challenging domain where I can put my technical and analytical
skills
to the finest utilization.
An opportunity to develop and upgrade my technical skills particularly in web development domain , as well as being involved in the software development process in an organization that believes in integration of classroom study with real world experience to create a powerful way to learn. After pursing my Master's with Major in Computer Science, I started working as Software Developer Engineer in Amazon.com, Inc (Portland, United States). I have 2 years of cumulative software development work/internship experience in prestigious organizations like Philips Lighting (Cambridge, United States) and National Stock Exchange of India (Mumbai, India). While pursing Master’s with major in Computer Science from Northeastern University,Boston, I worked as a Research Assistant at IoT Open Innovation Lab (Boston, United States).
I am currently working in Amazon.com, Inc
as a Software Developer Engineer. I was working as Research Assistant under guidance of
Prof.Kevin Boudreau.
I was working on development of SprintBoot based micro-service as a part of design and deployment
of cutting edge LoRa IoT network with Boston area coverage. I had developed easily scalable web
application platform which then can be blended with NGINX web server to have an event-driven
scalable web architecture. I encourage you to have a look at my GitHub profile to gauge my
progress.
I am fascinated about ...
I was working here as a Software developer and leading the design/deployment of LoRaWAN based network as a service architecture focusing on IoT devices communication.We deployed this cutting edge IoT network covering Northeastern University (Boston Campus), making it one of the first school in Boston to have a dedicated network for IoT devices communication.
I assisted research member staff from R&D department of Philips Lighting to build a Django and SpringBoot based dashboard to create a prototype for ‘automated commissioning of luminaries’.As a part of the research team,I got an opportunity to present my work in front of Amy Huntington (Ex-CEO,Philips Lighting Americas).
As a part of Trading development team which was responsible for handing core software development of trading activities at the exchange,I got an opportunity to work majorly on Market(stock orders matching) and Journal layer(pre-requisite for post trade and broadcast) of trading machine.