WITNESS LIST Intergovernmental Relations Committee April 28, 2005 - 1:00P SB 356 Registering, but not testifying: For: Aadam, Hope Executive Director (Citizens Housing and Motivation Program), Houston, TX Carter, Mable T. Executive Director (Holmes CDC), Houston, TX Collins, David (City of Houston/ Land Acsemblage Redevelopment Authority), Houston, TX Day, Aaron General Counsel (City of Fort Worth), Fort Worth, TX German-Curtis, Robin (Great Greater Houston Development, Inc.), Houston, TX Lakey, Brenda Exe Director (Acres Homes Community Development Corp.), Houston, TX Nash, Stella Mae (Sunnyside C.D.C.), Houston, TX Nash Sr., James E. Pastor (Sunnyside Place CDC), Houston, TX Timmaraju, Mini Legislative Director (Texas Alorn), Houston, TX Tinnermon, Stephen (Mayors Office - City of Houston), Houston, TX Williams, Sandra (Alamo Area Mutual Hsg), San Antonio, TX On: Ocanas, Reymundo (Texas Association of Community Development Corps.), Austin, TX SB 760 FOR: McCool, Walt Attorney (King Ranch), Dallas, TX Registering, but not testifying: On: Langeford, David (Texas Wildlife Association), San Antonio, TX Mayberry, Warren Legislative Director (Texas Farm Bureau), Austin, TX SB 841 Registering, but not testifying: For: Nata Rajan, Raj (Greater 1960 Improvement Dt.), Houston, TX Sharr, Seth (Greater 1960 Improvement District (Prospective)), Houston, TX SB 1136 FOR: Bradford, Mike Commissioner (Self), Midland, TX Lee, Donald (Texas Conference of Urban Counties), Austin, TX SB 1440 FOR: Utter, Tom (City of Corpus Christi), Corpus Christi, TX ON: Leuschel, Jeff (McCall, Parkhurst & Horton L.L.P.), Dallas, TX Registering, but not testifying: For: Crocker, Maureen Department Director Government Affairs (City of Houston), Houston, TX Day, Aaron General Counsel (City of Fort Worth), Fort Worth, TX Igo, Shanna (Texas Municipal League), Austin, TX SB 1453 FOR: Hutmacher, James Sgt. (Bexar County Sheriff Law Enforcement Org.), San Antonio, TX Reynolds, John (West San Antonio Chamber of Commerce), San Antonio, TX AGAINST: Arabie, Joseph R. Director (Texas AFL-CIO), Austin, TX Dovalina, Roger Business Agent (Deputy Sheriff's Association of Bexar County/ International Union of Police Associations Local 30), San Antonio, TX Garcia Delgado, Hector Deputy Sheriff Association of Bexar County (Political Action Committee Chairman), San Antonio, TX Rodriguez, Henry (League of United Latin American Citizens), San Antonio, TX Rodriguez, Lourdes (League of United Latin American Citizens), San Antonio, TX Waits, Mark Anthony 2nd Vice President (Bexar County Deputy Sheriff's Association), San Antonio, TX Registering, but not testifying: For: Diana, Steven E. (Bexar County Sheriff Law Enforcement), San Antonio, TX Fuller, Darla (Travis County Sheriff's Law Enforcement Association), Austin, TX Against: Adams, Eva # 1366 (Deputy Sheriff's Association of Bexar County), San Antonio, TX Alva, Luis P. Deputy Sheriff (Deputy Sheriff's Association of Bexar County), San Antonio, TX Amaya, David R. Dep. Dir. (LULAC Dist XV), San Antonio, TX Arredondo, Yvette (Deputy Sheriff's Association of Bexar County), San Antonio, TX Arredondo III, Tomas (Deputy Sheriffs Association of Bexar County), San Antonio, TX Barrera, Jennifer (Deputy Sheriff's Association of Bexar County), San Antonio, TX Brown, Kathryn M. (Deputy Sheriff's Association of Bexar County IUPA #30), San Antonio, TX Cline, Luther Sgt. (Deputy Sheriffs Association of Bexar County/ IUPA # 30), San Antonio, TX Collins, Corinne Officer (Deputy Sheriff's Association of Bexar County), San Antonio, TX Delgado, Melissa A. (Deputy Sheriffs Association of Bexar County), San Antonio, TX Duke, James W. Deputy (Deputy Sheriff Association of Bexar County), San Antonio, TX Feeney, Mark T. Sergeant (Bexar County Deputy Sheriffs Association), San Antonio, TX Feliciano, Fredrick Deputy (Deputy Sheriffs Association of Bexar County), San Antonio, TX Figueroa, Angel L. (Deputy Sheriff Association of Bexar County), San Antonio, TX Filoteo, Michael Lieutenant (Deputy Sheriff's Association Bexar County), San Antonio, TX Filoteo, Shirlee (Deputy Sheriff's Association of Bexar County), San Antonio, TX Gamble, Billy (Bexar County Sheriffs Office), San Antonio, TX Gonzales, Raul (Deputy Sheriff's Association of Bexar County), San Antonio, TX Gonzales, Jr., Ricardo (Deputy Sheriffs Association of Bexar County), San Antonio, TX Hernandez, Ruth (Deputy Sheriff's Association of Bexar County), San Antonio, TX Hernandez, Virginia (Bexar County Deputy Sheriff's Association), San Antonio, TX Holguin, Mercedes S. (Deputy Sheriff Association of Bexar County), San Antonio, TX House, Marc (UAW - (AFL-CIO)), Hurst, TX Huizar, Joshua Detention Officer (Bexar County Sheriff Association), San Antonio, TX Johns, Ralph (Bexar County Sheriff Department), San Antonio, TX Jones, Jim Detective (San Antonio Police Officers' Association), San Antonio, TX Klaus, Justin (Deputy Sheriffs Association of Bexar County), San Antonio, TX Lara, Norma (Deputy Sheriff's Association of Bexar County), San Antonio, TX Martinez, Gil (Deputy Sheriff Association), San Antonio, TX Martinez, Greg (Travis County Sheriff's Officer's Association), Austin, TX Patron, Edward Detention (Deputy Sheriff's Association of Bexar County), San Antonio, TX Perez, Jose Armando (Deputy Sheriff's Association of Bexar County IUPA Local #30), San Antonio, TX Ramos, Richard (Bexar County Deputy), San Antonio, TX Rios, Elena (Bexar County Sheriffs Association), San Antonio, TX Roath, Benjamin E. (Deputy Sheriff Association of Bexar County), San Antonio, TX Rodriguez, Anthony (Deputy Sheriffs Association of Bexar County), San Antonio, TX Salazar, Eric Deputy Sheriff (Deputy Sheriff's Association of Bexar County), San Antonio, TX Saldana, Clarissa #3127 (Sheriffs Association), San Antonio, TX Saldana, Joe L. Officer (San Antonio Police Officers Association), San Antonio, TX Smith, Jason C. (Deputy Sheriffs Association of Bexar County), San Antonio, TX Stennett, Debbie M. (Deputy Sheriffs Association of Bexar County), San Antonio, TX Stennett, Eric (Deputy Sheriff's Association of Bexar County), San Antonio, TX Thurman, Linda # 2864 (Deputy Sheriff's Association of Bexar County), San Antonio, TX Varela, John M. (Bexar County Sheriffs Department), San Antonio, TX Villalon, Victor (Bexar County Deputy Sheriff Association), San Antonio, TX SB 1458 FOR: Beecham, Toni Sue (Texas Building Owners and Manager Association), Selma, TX Burton, Jeff Building Code Manager (Institute for Business and Home Safety), Tampa, TX Tidwell, Jim (International Code Council), Aledo, TX AGAINST: Mata, John (International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials), Cypress, TX McNabb, Nancy AIA - NFPA Regional Director (National Fire Protection Associaiton), Dallas, TX Registering, but not testifying: For: Fuentes, Frank Chairman U.S. Hispanic Contractors Associations (U.S. Hispanic Contractors Association), Austin, TX Kasson, Kurt Building Official / President (North Texas Chapter of Building Officials of International Code Council), Euless, TX Mintz, David Vice President of Government Affairs (Texas Apartment Association), Austin, TX Mintz, David (Texas Institute of Building Design), San Antonio, TX Olk, Jim (Building Officials Association of Texas), Farmers Branch, TX Peschka, Tammie Government Affairs Coordinator (Texas Society of Architects), Austin, TX Against: Arabie, Joseph R. Director (Texas AFL-CIO), Austin, TX House, Marc (UAW (AFL-CIO)), Hurst, TX Providing written testimony: For: Morgan, Bob (Fire Prevention Association of North Texas), Fort Worth, TX SB 1463 Registering, but not testifying: For: Sandlin, Bennett (Texas Municipal League), Austin, TX SB 1692 Registering, but not testifying: For: Gates, Alton President (Wichita Falls Vineyards & Winery, Inc.), Iowa Park, TX Mayberry, Warren (Texas Farm Bureau), Austin, TX SB 1820 Registering, but not testifying: For: Gonzales, Jim Commissioner (City of Richmond), Richmond, TX Gurecky, Joe (Mayor) - City of Rosenberg (City of Rosenberg), Rosenberg, TX Lary, Trey (Allen Boone Humphries Robinson LLP), Houston, TX Neeley, David City Manager (City of Rosenberg), Rosenberg, TX SB 1836 Registering, but not testifying: For: Carlton, John (City of Pflugerville), Austin, TX SB 1846 Registering, but not testifying: For: Claymon, Jennifer Attorney for Karnes County Hospital District (Karnes County Hospital District), Austin, TX Kinkler, Nancy Administrator/ CEO (Karnes County Hospital District), Kenedy, TX SB 1856 Registering, but not testifying: For: Bradford, Mike Commissioner (Midland City), Midland, TX Lary, Trey (Allen Boone Humphries Robinson LLP), Houston, TX Lee, Donald (Texas Conference of Urban Counties), Austin, TX Richardon, Jody (Huffines Communities), Austin, TX SB 1872 Registering, but not testifying: For: Perkins, Val (BAM Houston Real Estate Investments LP), Houston, TX SB 1873 Registering, but not testifying: For: Alvis, Steven D. Managing Partner NewQuest (NewQuest Properties), Houston, TX Gurecky, Joe (Mayor) - City of Rosenberg (City of Rosenberg), Rosenberg, TX Lary, Trey (Allen Boone Humphries Robinson LLP), Houston, TX SB 1879 FOR: Wolff, Nelson Bexar County Judge (Bexar County), San Antonio, TX Registering, but not testifying: For: Lee, Donald (Texas Conference of Urban Counties), Austin, TX Oliver, Scot Assistant Bexar County District Attorney (Bexar County), San Antonio, TX Rose, Chris (Marriott International), Plano, TX SJR 44 Registering, but not testifying: For: Bradford, Mike Commissioner (Midland City), Midland, TX Lary, Trey (Allen Boone Humphries Robinson LLP), Houston, TX Lee, Donald (Texas Conference of Urban Counties), Austin, TX Richardon, Jody (Huffines Communities), Austin, TX


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Java Virtual Machine
Mar 23, 2018 / Written by Chengyu
Day 1:
Java Memory Usage:
Unlike C, C++, in which developers are required to manage the memory by themselves, Java developers don’t need to be bothered with those complicated issues. One the one hand, it is more efficient and easier to develop, on the other hand, developer may not be able to detect and solve problem productively when a memory problem occurs. Thus, in order to debug the memory issue in the future life, it is extremely important for a Java developer to be familiar with how a JVM manage memory.
When a JVM is executing a Java program, it will divide the memory into various separated areas, which have their own corresponding creating, ending time.
-
Program Counter Register
-
This takes a small memory area which is used to locate the executing codes, and indicate which line of code the machine is in currently. Every thread has its own personal Register.
-
Java Virtual Machine Stack
-
Every thread has its own VM Stack and the lifetime of them are same. Many developers prefer to separate the memory merely using heap and stack, however, this division is too narrow to Java memory areas. Usually, the stack has a local variable table/list in which all the primitive types and a reference to (an) object. Except for the long & double, all the type only takes one slot. The table is formed during compile, which means it will never change during executing/running time.
-
Native Method Stack
-
The effect of this is very similar to VM Stack, and the only difference is that this stack on1y supports the native method, which is written in any language except fro Java.
-
Java Heap:
-
For most application, Java heap is the most significant area among all the memories that Java manipulates. Each process has one corresponding head and all the threads under this head share it. The usage of this is store all the objects when they are created. Here is one definition from JDK: “The head is the JAVA Area from which memory for all class instances and arrays is allocated”. Java heap is also the critical area for GC (Garbage Collection).
-
Method Area:
-
Analogue to the Heap, all threads belonging to the same process share this area, and it used to store loaded classes, static variables, constants and compiled codes. Different from Heap, it can prevent the GC so that some variables defined inside can exist “Permanently”.


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--- title: 'R4DS March Challenge: Participate in a Viewing Party!' author: Jesse M date: '2018-02-24' tags: - community - presenting - public speaking - R4DS - challenge slug: r4ds-march-challenge-participate-in-a-viewing-party ---
We’re so close to March, which for many of you involves a lot of college basketball.
But there’s another exciting challenge happening, once which also happens to involve your participation: R4DS is hosting its first series of community member talks!
Four of our community members have graciously stepped up to record a 20-30 minute talk on an R4DS-related topic, and they will be developing these over the next few weeks.
The talks will be pre-recorded and published to YouTube in order to keep our technology overhead as low as possible, and to give our presenters the opportunity to participate in the viewing party!
What is a viewing party, you ask? Great question! We’ll announce a scheduled viewing party date and time, and when that date and time arrives, we’ll share the link to the presentation. Everyone is encouraged to watch the video at that time, and to join the community in the #general channel on Slack. In the #general channel the presenter will be available to answer questions and provide clarification, while community members can share their support, encouragement, and ask questions!
Not to worry - we’ve got you covered! The link will be available in the #general channel, and you’ll be able to watch it at your leisure. We’ll also be posting the videos to our (soon to be created) YouTube channel.
Absolutely not! We’d love to have all of our community members provide a talk, and want to encourage everyone to get involved. If you’re interested in presenting, please reach out to Jesse M in Slack and she’ll help you get scheduled.
Wonderful, please reach out to Jesse M in Slack to get involved!
Excellent question! We have an online learning community of over 1,000 learners and mentors who collaborate on working (asynchronously) through the R for Data Science text. You can read more about the group structure and philosophy, as well as sign up, here.
We’ll be making the talks public after the viewing party, at which point you’ll be able to access them.


Kenya Moore’s Fans Cannot Be Happier To Have Her Back On The RHOA Series
by Alexis StoneKenya Moore shared a photo featuring herself on her social media account, just before the third RHOA episode, which aired yesterday. Fans kept gushing over her in the comments, letting the Queen know that they could not be more excited to know she’s back on the show.
‘An all new #RealHousewivesofAtlanta coming up next! 8/7c on @bravotv.’ Kenya captioned her post.

One commenter wrote: ‘Simply beautiful & STRONG! 🙌 Best Mommy ever !!!! Love seeing you and Brooklyn on tv.’
Another fan said: ‘Eva and her house hunting every season posted up in a two-bedroom apartment and nothing she sees is big enough for her 🤦🏽♀😶’
Someone else posted: ‘Oh @thekenyamoore I just love you so much, I am so happy you are back on the show.  I hope they get rid of Eva though ughhhh.’
Other than this, Kenya has been sharing new pics and videos with her baby girl, Brooklyn Daly for her daughter’s birthday.
She posted a photo in which she’s rocking a really nice outfit that fans simply adored.
Some told Kenya that she looks like a schoolgirl, and others called her a ‘chocolate Carrie Bradshaw.’


|
libcoap
4.2.0
|
#include <coap_session.h>
Data Fields | |
| struct coap_session_t * | next |
| coap_proto_t | proto |
| protocol used More... | |
| coap_session_type_t | type |
| client or server side socket More... | |
| coap_session_state_t | state |
| current state of relationaship with peer More... | |
| unsigned | ref |
| reference count from queues More... | |
| unsigned | tls_overhead |
| overhead of TLS layer More... | |
| unsigned | mtu |
| path or CSM mtu More... | |
| coap_address_t | local_if |
| optional local interface address More... | |
| coap_address_t | remote_addr |
| remote address and port More... | |
| coap_address_t | local_addr |
| local address and port More... | |
| int | ifindex |
| interface index More... | |
| coap_socket_t | sock |
| socket object for the session, if any More... | |
| struct coap_endpoint_t * | endpoint |
| session's endpoint More... | |
| struct coap_context_t * | context |
| session's context More... | |
| void * | tls |
| security parameters More... | |
| uint16_t | tx_mid |
| the last message id that was used in this session More... | |
| uint8_t | con_active |
| Active CON request sent. More... | |
| struct coap_queue_t * | delayqueue |
| list of delayed messages waiting to be sent More... | |
| size_t | partial_write |
| if > 0 indicates number of bytes already written from the pdu at the head of sendqueue More... | |
| uint8_t | read_header [8] |
| storage space for header of incoming message header More... | |
| size_t | partial_read |
| if > 0 indicates number of bytes already read for an incoming message More... | |
| coap_pdu_t * | partial_pdu |
| incomplete incoming pdu More... | |
| coap_tick_t | last_rx_tx |
| coap_tick_t | last_tx_rst |
| coap_tick_t | last_ping |
| coap_tick_t | last_pong |
| coap_tick_t | csm_tx |
| uint8_t * | psk_identity |
| size_t | psk_identity_len |
| uint8_t * | psk_key |
| size_t | psk_key_len |
| void * | app |
| application-specific data More... | |
| unsigned int | max_retransmit |
| maximum re-transmit count (default 4) More... | |
| coap_fixed_point_t | ack_timeout |
| timeout waiting for ack (default 2 secs) More... | |
| coap_fixed_point_t | ack_random_factor |
| ack random factor backoff (default 1.5) More... | |
| unsigned int | dtls_timeout_count |
| dtls setup retry counter More... | |
| int | dtls_event |
| Tracking any (D)TLS events on this sesison. More... | |
Definition at line 56 of file coap_session.h.
| coap_fixed_point_t coap_session_t::ack_random_factor |
ack random factor backoff (default 1.5)
Definition at line 91 of file coap_session.h.
| coap_fixed_point_t coap_session_t::ack_timeout |
timeout waiting for ack (default 2 secs)
Definition at line 90 of file coap_session.h.
| void* coap_session_t::app |
application-specific data
Definition at line 88 of file coap_session.h.
| uint8_t coap_session_t::con_active |
Active CON request sent.
Definition at line 73 of file coap_session.h.
| struct coap_context_t* coap_session_t::context |
session's context
Definition at line 70 of file coap_session.h.
| coap_tick_t coap_session_t::csm_tx |
Definition at line 83 of file coap_session.h.
| struct coap_queue_t* coap_session_t::delayqueue |
list of delayed messages waiting to be sent
Definition at line 74 of file coap_session.h.
| int coap_session_t::dtls_event |
Tracking any (D)TLS events on this sesison.
Definition at line 93 of file coap_session.h.
| unsigned int coap_session_t::dtls_timeout_count |
dtls setup retry counter
Definition at line 92 of file coap_session.h.
| struct coap_endpoint_t* coap_session_t::endpoint |
session's endpoint
Definition at line 69 of file coap_session.h.
| int coap_session_t::ifindex |
interface index
Definition at line 67 of file coap_session.h.
| coap_tick_t coap_session_t::last_ping |
Definition at line 81 of file coap_session.h.
| coap_tick_t coap_session_t::last_pong |
Definition at line 82 of file coap_session.h.
| coap_tick_t coap_session_t::last_rx_tx |
Definition at line 79 of file coap_session.h.
| coap_tick_t coap_session_t::last_tx_rst |
Definition at line 80 of file coap_session.h.
| coap_address_t coap_session_t::local_addr |
local address and port
Definition at line 66 of file coap_session.h.
| coap_address_t coap_session_t::local_if |
optional local interface address
Definition at line 64 of file coap_session.h.
| unsigned int coap_session_t::max_retransmit |
maximum re-transmit count (default 4)
Definition at line 89 of file coap_session.h.
| unsigned coap_session_t::mtu |
path or CSM mtu
Definition at line 63 of file coap_session.h.
| struct coap_session_t* coap_session_t::next |
Definition at line 57 of file coap_session.h.
| coap_pdu_t* coap_session_t::partial_pdu |
incomplete incoming pdu
Definition at line 78 of file coap_session.h.
| size_t coap_session_t::partial_read |
if > 0 indicates number of bytes already read for an incoming message
Definition at line 77 of file coap_session.h.
| size_t coap_session_t::partial_write |
if > 0 indicates number of bytes already written from the pdu at the head of sendqueue
Definition at line 75 of file coap_session.h.
| coap_proto_t coap_session_t::proto |
protocol used
Definition at line 58 of file coap_session.h.
| uint8_t* coap_session_t::psk_identity |
Definition at line 84 of file coap_session.h.
| size_t coap_session_t::psk_identity_len |
Definition at line 85 of file coap_session.h.
| uint8_t* coap_session_t::psk_key |
Definition at line 86 of file coap_session.h.
| size_t coap_session_t::psk_key_len |
Definition at line 87 of file coap_session.h.
| uint8_t coap_session_t::read_header[8] |
storage space for header of incoming message header
Definition at line 76 of file coap_session.h.
| unsigned coap_session_t::ref |
reference count from queues
Definition at line 61 of file coap_session.h.
| coap_address_t coap_session_t::remote_addr |
remote address and port
Definition at line 65 of file coap_session.h.
| coap_socket_t coap_session_t::sock |
socket object for the session, if any
Definition at line 68 of file coap_session.h.
| coap_session_state_t coap_session_t::state |
current state of relationaship with peer
Definition at line 60 of file coap_session.h.
| void* coap_session_t::tls |
security parameters
Definition at line 71 of file coap_session.h.
| unsigned coap_session_t::tls_overhead |
overhead of TLS layer
Definition at line 62 of file coap_session.h.
| uint16_t coap_session_t::tx_mid |
the last message id that was used in this session
Definition at line 72 of file coap_session.h.
| coap_session_type_t coap_session_t::type |
client or server side socket
Definition at line 59 of file coap_session.h.


{% load static %} {% block head_extra %} {# Use this if you need to more to the
Add ditto.core.context_processors.ditto to context_processors in your settings.
ditto.core.context_processors.ditto
context_processors


Researchers have few incentives to write to the general public. On the other hand, practitioners are not used to consume software engineering research. This “Two Solitude” problem is well-known, and several attempts have been made in order to remedying it.
In a study called Evidence Briefings: Towards a Medium to Transfer Knowledge from Systematic Reviews to Practitioners, published at ESEM’16, we propose and evaluate “Evidence Briefings”, a new method for dissaminating research results to practitioners. This model is inspired by the “Rapid Reviews”, a well-known method used in Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM). Rapid Reviews are aimed at reducing the effort of the traditional systematic reviews by provididing brief documents with few pages focusing only on the main findings that are useful to practice. More interestingly, however, is the fact that Rapid Reviews are gaining attention lately. Among 100 rapid reviews published between 1997 and 2013, 51% of them were published between 2009 and 2012.
Differently than Rapid Reviews, Evidence Briefings are an one-page document, extracted from a systematic review. It uses the principles of Information Design and Gestalt Theory. The primary objective is to develop documents that are comprehensible, accurately retrievable, natural, and as pleasant as possible.
Method
Figure below shows an example of an Evidence Briefing.
There are several design techniques applied in this briefing. Here we discuss only ot ones about the structure of the briefing (represented by the numbers within squares). They are: (1) The title of the briefing. (2) A short paragraph to present the goal of the briefing. (3) The main section that present the findings extracted from the original systematic review. (4) Informative box that outlines the intended audience and explains the nature of the briefings’ content. (5) The reference to the original systematic review. (6) The logos of our research group and university. All concepts obtained in the previous steps were analyzed and applied in an evidence template, which is open-sourced under CC-BY license.
We create Evidence Briefings to 12 representative systematic reviews that were selected in a tertiary study. All the 12 evidence briefings as well as the briefing’s template can be found in http://cin.ufpe.br/eseg/briefings.
We evaluated the evidence briefings in terms of both content and format. We used personal opinion surveys to ask researchers and practitioners what they think about evidence briefings. Our group of practitioners is composed by the authors of the systematic reviews. Our group of practitioners is composed by StackExchange users that posted questions related to the systematic review in charge.
Our sample of reseachers is composed by 7 authors that answered the questionnaire, which corresponds to 31% of the 22 invitations. Our sample of practitioners is composed by 32 StackExchange users that responded the questionnaire. This corresponds to 21.9% of the 146 invitations.
Results
In the practitioners survey, we asked six questions to evaluate the briefing’s content. Here we discuss only two of them. We start by asking “To what degree do you think the information available in the briefing we sent to you can answer your question on StackExchange?”. Among the answers, 10% said that the briefing has totally answered, and another 20% said that it has partially answered their StackExchange questions. Another 32% said that the briefing touches a related topic, but does not help to answer the question. The remaining 38% said that the briefing is not related to the question and, therefore, it does not help in answering it.
In the next question, we asked “Regardless the briefing answers or not your question, how important do you think is the research presented on the briefing?”. We found that 62% of the respondents said that the researches presented in the briefings are “Very important” or “Important”. Moreover, 25%, 6% believe they are “Moderately important” and “Slightly Important” respectively. The remaining 6% believe they are “Unwise”.
In the reseachers survey, we asked “How does the briefing cover the main find- ings of your paper?”. We found that 72% (5) of the respondents describe as “Very good” or “Good”. The remaining 28% (2) said that it is “Acceptable”. This suggests that even though we are not the authors of the research papers, we were capable of creating, at least, acceptable briefings.
In terms of format, we observed that 71% (5) of them “Strongly agree” or “Agree” that it is easy to find information in the briefings. Another 71% (5) “Strongly agree” or “Agree” that the briefing interface is clear and understandable. Finally, 56% (4) “Strongly agree” or “Agree” that the briefings look reliable.
Concluding
Our results suggest that Evidence Briefings was positively evaluated. For instance, most of the researchers and practitioners believe that it is easy to find information on Evidence Briefings. Also, most of them believe that it they clear, understandable, and reliable. We believe that Evidence Briefings can play a role on transferring knowledge from systematic reviews to practice.


Sport and Exercise Science
More about this course
Our BSc Sport and Exercise Science degree is ideal for those with an interest in gaining scientific knowledge in areas such as physiology, psychology and biomechanics. At Hull, you’ll have the opportunity to apply theory to real world situations. The programme has been designed to recognise the new communication and technological challenges sport and exercise practitioners face – and there is a growing demand for graduates with the skills to support athletes, coaches, clients and other professionals.
You can access highly specialist equipment in our world-class Health and Human Performance Laboratory, and Exercise Physiology Laboratory on top of our excellent indoor and outdoor sports facilities. You’ll take part in our annual Undergraduate Student Thesis Conference (STC) - a unique platform to creatively showcase research progress and skills. We also offer a Foundation Year for those who don’t have the qualifications for direct entry on to the degree.


Populate the column headings and data for your grants. Here is an example spreadsheet to get started.
In the Add-ons menu, select "GrantMerge > Export data" to launch the sidebar.
Choose a template and click Export.
Download links will appear upon completion, and a new google doc will appear in your account.
Create your own template
Create a new Google Doc with "Template" in the name so it will show up as an export option.
Populate the template with variables that will be substituted for each row. Template variables should be identical to the column names surrounded by a leading and trailing % character. For example, the column heading funder_name would correspond to a template variable %funder_name%
Feel free to use these NSF or NIH templates as a starting point to create your own.


URI Routing
What is URI Routing?
URI Routing associates a URI with a controller’s method.
CodeIgniter has two kinds of routing. One is Defined Route Routing, and the other is Auto Routing. With Defined Route Routing, you can define routes manually. It allows flexible URL. Auto Routing automatically routes HTTP requests based on conventions and execute the corresponding controller methods. There is no need to define routes manually.
First, let’s look at Defined Route Routing. If you want to use Auto Routing, see Auto Routing (Improved).
Setting Routing Rules
Routing rules are defined in the app/Config/Routes.php file. In it you’ll see that
it creates an instance of the RouteCollection class ($routes
) that permits you to specify your own routing criteria.
Routes can be specified using placeholders or Regular Expressions.
When you specify a route, you choose a method to corresponding to HTTP verbs (request method).
If you expect a GET request, you use the get()
method:
<?php
$routes->get('/', 'Home::index');
A route takes the Route Path (URI path relative to the BaseURL. /
) on the left,
and maps it to the Route Handler (controller and method Home::index
) on the right,
along with any parameters that should be passed to the controller.
The controller and method should
be listed in the same way that you would use a static method, by separating the class
and its method with a double-colon, like Users::list
.
If that method requires parameters to be passed to it, then they would be listed after the method name, separated by forward-slashes:
<?php
// Calls $Users->list()
$routes->get('users', 'Users::list');
// Calls $Users->list(1, 23)
$routes->get('users/1/23', 'Users::list/1/23');
Examples
Here are a few basic routing examples.
A URL containing the word journals in the first segment will be mapped to the \App\Controllers\Blogs
class,
and the default method, which is usually index()
:
<?php
$routes->get('journals', 'Blogs');
A URL containing the segments blog/joe will be mapped to the \App\Controllers\Blogs
class and the users()
method.
The ID will be set to 34
:
<?php
$routes->get('blog/joe', 'Blogs::users/34');
A URL with product as the first segment, and anything in the second will be mapped to the \App\Controllers\Catalog
class
and the productLookup()
method:
<?php
$routes->get('product/(:segment)', 'Catalog::productLookup');
A URL with product as the first segment, and a number in the second will be mapped to the \App\Controllers\Catalog
class
and the productLookupByID()
method passing in the match as a variable to the method:
<?php
$routes->get('product/(:num)', 'Catalog::productLookupByID/$1');
HTTP verb Routes
You can use any standard HTTP verb (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, OPTIONS, etc):
<?php
$routes->post('products', 'Product::feature');
$routes->put('products/1', 'Product::feature');
$routes->delete('products/1', 'Product::feature');
You can supply multiple verbs that a route should match by passing them in as an array to the match()
method:
<?php
$routes->match(['get', 'put'], 'products', 'Product::feature');
Specifying Route Handlers
Controller’s Namespace
When you specify a controller and method name as a string, if a controller is
written without a leading \
, the Default Namespace will be
prepended:
<?php
// Routes to \App\Controllers\Api\Users::update()
$routes->post('api/users', 'Api\Users::update');
If you put \
at the beginning, it is treated as a fully qualified class name:
<?php
// Routes to \Acme\Blog\Controllers\Home::list()
$routes->get('blog', '\Acme\Blog\Controllers\Home::list');
You can also specify the namespace with the namespace
option:
<?php
// Routes to \Admin\Users::index()
$routes->get('admin/users', 'Users::index', ['namespace' => 'Admin']);
See Assigning Namespace for details.
Array Callable Syntax
New in version 4.2.0.
Since v4.2.0, you can use array callable syntax to specify the controller:
$routes->get('/', [\App\Controllers\Home::class, 'index']);
Or using use
keyword:
use App\Controllers\Home;
$routes->get('/', [Home::class, 'index']);
If you forget to add use App\Controllers\Home;
, the controller classname is
interpreted as Config\Home
, not App\Controllers\Home
because
app/Config/Routes.php has namespace Config;
at the top.
Note
When you use Array Callable Syntax, the classname is always interpreted as a fully qualified classname. So Default Namespace and namespace option have no effect.
Array Callable Syntax and Placeholders
If there are placeholders, it will automatically set the parameters in the specified order:
use App\Controllers\Product;
$routes->get('product/(:num)/(:num)', [Product::class, 'index']);
// The above code is the same as the following:
$routes->get('product/(:num)/(:num)', 'Product::index/$1/$2');
But the auto-configured parameters may not be correct if you use regular expressions in routes. In such a case, you can specify the parameters manually:
use App\Controllers\Product;
$routes->get('product/(:num)/(:num)', [[Product::class, 'index'], '$2/$1']);
// The above code is the same as the following:
$routes->get('product/(:num)/(:num)', 'Product::index/$2/$1');
Using Closures
You can use an anonymous function, or Closure, as the destination that a route maps to. This function will be executed when the user visits that URI. This is handy for quickly executing small tasks, or even just showing a simple view:
<?php
$routes->get('feed', static function () {
$rss = new RSSFeeder();
return $rss->feed('general');
});
Specifying Route Paths
Placeholders
A typical route might look something like this:
<?php
$routes->get('product/(:num)', 'Catalog::productLookup');
In a route, the first parameter contains the URI to be matched, while the second parameter
contains the destination it should be routed to. In the above example, if the literal word
“product” is found in the first segment of the URL path, and a number is found in the second segment,
the Catalog
class and the productLookup
method are used instead.
Placeholders are simply strings that represent a Regular Expression pattern. During the routing process, these placeholders are replaced with the value of the Regular Expression. They are primarily used for readability.
The following placeholders are available for you to use in your routes:
Placeholders |
Description |
|---|---|
(:any) |
will match all characters from that point to the end of the URI. This may include multiple URI segments. |
(:segment) |
will match any character except for a forward slash ( |
(:num) |
will match any integer. |
(:alpha) |
will match any string of alphabetic characters |
(:alphanum) |
will match any string of alphabetic characters or integers, or any combination of the two. |
(:hash) |
is the same as |
Note
{locale}
cannot be used as a placeholder or other part of the route, as it is reserved for use
in localization.
Note that a single (:any)
will match multiple segments in the URL if present. For example the route:
<?php
$routes->get('product/(:any)', 'Catalog::productLookup/$1');
will match product/123, product/123/456, product/123/456/789 and so on. The implementation in the Controller should take into account the maximum parameters:
<?php
namespace App\Controllers;
class ProductController extends BaseController
{
public function productLookup($seg1 = false, $seg2 = false, $seg3 = false)
{
echo $seg1; // Will be 123 in all examples
echo $seg2; // false in first, 456 in second and third example
echo $seg3; // false in first and second, 789 in third
}
}
Important
Do not put any placeholder after (:any)
. Because the number of
parameters passed to the controller method may change.
If matching multiple segments is not the intended behavior, (:segment)
should be used when defining the
routes. With the examples URLs from above:
<?php
$routes->get('product/(:segment)', 'Catalog::productLookup/$1');
will only match product/123 and generate 404 errors for other example.
Custom Placeholders
You can create your own placeholders that can be used in your routes file to fully customize the experience and readability.
You add new placeholders with the addPlaceholder()
method. The first parameter is the string to be used as
the placeholder. The second parameter is the Regular Expression pattern it should be replaced with.
This must be called before you add the route:
<?php
$routes->addPlaceholder('uuid', '[0-9a-f]{8}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[0-9a-f]{12}');
$routes->get('users/(:uuid)', 'Users::show/$1');
Regular Expressions
If you prefer you can use regular expressions to define your routing rules. Any valid regular expression is allowed, as are back-references.
Important
Note: If you use back-references you must use the dollar syntax rather than the double backslash syntax. A typical RegEx route might look something like this:
<?php
$routes->get('products/([a-z]+)/(\d+)', 'Products::show/$1/id_$2');
In the above example, a URI similar to products/shirts/123 would instead call the show()
method
of the Products
controller class, with the original first and second segment passed as arguments to it.
With regular expressions, you can also catch a segment containing a forward slash (/
), which would usually
represent the delimiter between multiple segments.
For example, if a user accesses a password protected area of your web application and you wish to be able to redirect them back to the same page after they log in, you may find this example useful:
<?php
$routes->get('login/(.+)', 'Auth::login/$1');
For those of you who don’t know regular expressions and want to learn more about them, regular-expressions.info might be a good starting point.
Note
You can also mix and match placeholders with regular expressions.
View Routes
New in version 4.3.0.
If you just want to render a view out that has no logic associated with it, you can use the view()
method.
This is always treated as GET request.
This method accepts the name of the view to load as the second parameter.
<?php
// Displays the view in /app/Views/pages/about.php
$routes->view('about', 'pages/about');
If you use placeholders within your route, you can access them within the view in a special variable, $segments
.
They are available as an array, indexed in the order they appear in the route.
<?php
// Displays the view in /app/Views/map.php
$routes->view('map/(:segment)/(:segment)', 'map');
// Within the view, you can access the segments with
// $segments[0] and $segments[1] respectively.
Redirecting Routes
Any site that lives long enough is bound to have pages that move. You can specify routes that should redirect
to other routes with the addRedirect()
method. The first parameter is the URI pattern for the old route. The
second parameter is either the new URI to redirect to, or the name of a named route. The third parameter is
the HTTP status code that should be sent along with the redirect. The default value is 302
which is a temporary
redirect and is recommended in most cases:
<?php
$routes->get('users/profile', 'Users::profile', ['as' => 'profile']);
// Redirect to a named route
$routes->addRedirect('users/about', 'profile');
// Redirect to a URI
$routes->addRedirect('users/about', 'users/profile');
// Redirect with placeholder
$routes->get('post/(:num)/comment/(:num)', 'PostsComments::index', ['as' => 'post.comment']);
// Redirect to a URI
$routes->addRedirect('article/(:num)/(:num)', 'post/$1/comment/$2');
// Redirect to a named route
$routes->addRedirect('article/(:num)/(:num)', 'post.comment');
Note
Since v4.2.0, addRedirect()
can use placeholders.
If a redirect route is matched during a page load, the user will be immediately redirected to the new page before a controller can be loaded.
Environment Restrictions
You can create a set of routes that will only be viewable in a certain environment. This allows you to create
tools that only the developer can use on their local machines that are not reachable on testing or production servers.
This can be done with the environment()
method. The first parameter is the name of the environment. Any
routes defined within this closure are only accessible from the given environment:
<?php
$routes->environment('development', static function ($routes) {
$routes->get('builder', 'Tools\Builder::index');
});
Routes with any HTTP verbs
Warning
While the add()
method seems to be convenient, it is recommended to always use the HTTP-verb-based
routes, described above, as it is more secure. If you use the CSRF protection, it does not protect GET
requests. If the URI specified in the add()
method is accessible by the GET method, the CSRF protection
will not work.
It is possible to define a route with any HTTP verbs.
You can use the add()
method:
<?php
$routes->add('products', 'Product::feature');
Note
Using the HTTP-verb-based routes will also provide a slight performance increase, since only routes that match the current request method are stored, resulting in fewer routes to scan through when trying to find a match.
Mapping Multiple Routes
Warning
The map()
method is not recommended as well as add()
because it calls add()
internally.
While the add()
method is simple to use, it is often handier to work with multiple routes at once, using
the map()
method. Instead of calling the add()
method for each route that you need to add, you can
define an array of routes and then pass it as the first parameter to the map()
method:
<?php
$multipleRoutes = [
'product/(:num)' => 'Catalog::productLookupById',
'product/(:alphanum)' => 'Catalog::productLookupByName',
];
$routes->map($multipleRoutes);
Command-Line Only Routes
Note
It is recommended to use Spark Commands for CLI scripts instead of calling controllers via CLI. See the Creating Spark Commands page for detailed information.
Any route created by any of the HTTP-verb-based
route methods will also be inaccessible from the CLI, but routes created by the add()
method will still be
available from the command line.
You can create routes that work only from the command-line, and are inaccessible from the web browser, with the
cli()
method:
<?php
$routes->cli('migrate', 'App\Database::migrate');
Warning
If you enable Auto Routing (Legacy) and place the command file in app/Controllers, anyone could access the command with the help of Auto Routing (Legacy) via HTTP.
Global Options
All of the methods for creating a route (get()
, post()
, resource() etc) can take an array of options that
can modify the generated routes, or further restrict them. The $options
array is always the last parameter:
<?php
$routes->add('from', 'to', $options);
$routes->get('from', 'to', $options);
$routes->post('from', 'to', $options);
$routes->put('from', 'to', $options);
$routes->head('from', 'to', $options);
$routes->options('from', 'to', $options);
$routes->delete('from', 'to', $options);
$routes->patch('from', 'to', $options);
$routes->match(['get', 'put'], 'from', 'to', $options);
$routes->resource('photos', $options);
$routes->map($array, $options);
$routes->group('name', $options, static function () {});
Applying Filters
You can alter the behavior of specific routes by supplying filters to run before or after the controller. This is especially handy during authentication or api logging. The value for the filter can be a string or an array of strings:
matching the aliases defined in app/Config/Filters.php.
filter classnames
See Controller Filters for more information on setting up filters.
Warning
If you set filters to routes in app/Config/Routes.php (not in app/Config/Filters.php), it is recommended to disable Auto Routing (Legacy). When Auto Routing (Legacy) is enabled, it may be possible that a controller can be accessed via a different URL than the configured route, in which case the filter you specified to the route will not be applied. See Use Defined Routes Only to disable auto-routing.
Alias Filter
You specify an alias defined in app/Config/Filters.php for the filter value:
<?php
$routes->get('admin', ' AdminController::index', ['filter' => 'admin-auth']);
You may also supply arguments to be passed to the alias filter’s before()
and after()
methods:
<?php
$routes->post('users/delete/(:segment)', 'AdminController::index', ['filter' => 'admin-auth:dual,noreturn']);
Classname Filter
New in version 4.1.5.
You specify a filter classname for the filter value:
<?php
$routes->get('admin', ' AdminController::index', ['filter' => \App\Filters\SomeFilter::class]);
Multiple Filters
New in version 4.1.5.
Important
Multiple filters is disabled by default. Because it breaks backward compatibility. If you want to use it, you need to configure. See Multiple Filters for a Route for the details.
You specify an array for the filter value:
<?php
$routes->get('admin', ' AdminController::index', ['filter' => ['admin-auth', \App\Filters\SomeFilter::class]]);
Filter Arguments
Additional arguments may be passed to a filter:
<?php
$routes->add('users/delete/(:segment)', 'AdminController::index', ['filter' => 'admin-auth:dual,noreturn']);
In this example, the array ['dual', 'noreturn']
will be passed in $arguments
to the filter’s before()
and after()
implementation methods.
Assigning Namespace
While a Default Namespace will be prepended to the generated controllers, you can also specify
a different namespace to be used in any options array, with the namespace
option. The value should be the
namespace you want modified:
<?php
// Routes to \Admin\Users::index()
$routes->get('admin/users', 'Users::index', ['namespace' => 'Admin']);
The new namespace is only applied during that call for any methods that create a single route, like get, post, etc.
For any methods that create multiple routes, the new namespace is attached to all routes generated by that function
or, in the case of group()
, all routes generated while in the closure.
Limit to Hostname
You can restrict groups of routes to function only in certain domain or sub-domains of your application by passing the “hostname” option along with the desired domain to allow it on as part of the options array:
<?php
$routes->get('from', 'to', ['hostname' => 'accounts.example.com']);
This example would only allow the specified hosts to work if the domain exactly matched accounts.example.com. It would not work under the main site at example.com.
Limit to Subdomains
When the subdomain
option is present, the system will restrict the routes to only be available on that
sub-domain. The route will only be matched if the subdomain is the one the application is being viewed through:
<?php
// Limit to media.example.com
$routes->get('from', 'to', ['subdomain' => 'media']);
You can restrict it to any subdomain by setting the value to an asterisk, (*
). If you are viewing from a URL
that does not have any subdomain present, this will not be matched:
<?php
// Limit to any sub-domain
$routes->get('from', 'to', ['subdomain' => '*']);
Important
The system is not perfect and should be tested for your specific domain before being used in production. Most domains should work fine but some edge case ones, especially with a period in the domain itself (not used to separate suffixes or www) can potentially lead to false positives.
Offsetting the Matched Parameters
You can offset the matched parameters in your route by any numeric value with the offset
option, with the
value being the number of segments to offset.
This can be beneficial when developing APIs with the first URI segment being the version number. It can also be used when the first parameter is a language string:
<?php
$routes->get('users/(:num)', 'users/show/$1', ['offset' => 1]);
// Creates:
$routes['users/(:num)'] = 'users/show/$2';
Reverse Routing
Reverse routing allows you to define the controller and method, as well as any parameters, that a link should go to, and have the router lookup the current route to it. This allows route definitions to change without you having to update your application code. This is typically used within views to create links.
For example, if you have a route to a photo gallery that you want to link to, you can use the url_to()
helper
function to get the route that should be used. The first parameter is the fully qualified Controller and method,
separated by a double colon (::
), much like you would use when writing the initial route itself. Any parameters that
should be passed to the route are passed in next:
<?php
// The route is defined as:
$routes->get('users/(:num)/gallery/(:num)', 'Galleries::showUserGallery/$1/$2');
?>
<!-- Generate the URI to link to user ID 15, gallery 12: -->
<a href="<?= url_to('Galleries::showUserGallery', 15, 12) ?>">View Gallery</a>
<!-- Result: 'http://example.com/users/15/gallery/12' -->
Named Routes
You can name routes to make your application less fragile. This applies a name to a route that can be called
later, and even if the route definition changes, all of the links in your application built with url_to()
will still work without you having to make any changes. A route is named by passing in the as
option
with the name of the route:
<?php
// The route is defined as:
$routes->get('users/(:num)/gallery/(:num)', 'Galleries::showUserGallery/$1/$2', ['as' => 'user_gallery']);
?>
<!-- Generate the URI to link to user ID 15, gallery 12: -->
<a href="<?= url_to('user_gallery', 15, 12) ?>">View Gallery</a>
<!-- Result: 'http://example.com/users/15/gallery/12' -->
This has the added benefit of making the views more readable, too.
Grouping Routes
You can group your routes under a common name with the group()
method. The group name becomes a segment that
appears prior to the routes defined inside of the group. This allows you to reduce the typing needed to build out an
extensive set of routes that all share the opening string, like when building an admin area:
<?php
$routes->group('admin', static function ($routes) {
$routes->get('users', 'Admin\Users::index');
$routes->get('blog', 'Admin\Blog::index');
});
This would prefix the users and blog URIs with admin, handling URLs like admin/users and admin/blog.
Setting Namespace
If you need to assign options to a group, like a Assigning Namespace, do it before the callback:
<?php
$routes->group('api', ['namespace' => 'App\API\v1'], static function ($routes) {
$routes->resource('users');
});
This would handle a resource route to the App\API\v1\Users
controller with the api/users URI.
Setting Filters
You can also use a specific filter for a group of routes. This will always run the filter before or after the controller. This is especially handy during authentication or api logging:
<?php
$routes->group('api', ['filter' => 'api-auth'], static function ($routes) {
$routes->resource('users');
});
The value for the filter must match one of the aliases defined within app/Config/Filters.php.
Setting Other Options
At some point, you may want to group routes for the purpose of applying filters or other route config options like namespace, subdomain, etc. Without necessarily needing to add a prefix to the group, you can pass an empty string in place of the prefix and the routes in the group will be routed as though the group never existed but with the given route config options:
<?php
$routes->group('', ['namespace' => 'Myth\Auth\Controllers'], static function ($routes) {
$routes->get('login', 'AuthController::login', ['as' => 'login']);
$routes->post('login', 'AuthController::attemptLogin');
$routes->get('logout', 'AuthController::logout');
});
Nesting Groups
It is possible to nest groups within groups for finer organization if you need it:
<?php
$routes->group('admin', static function ($routes) {
$routes->group('users', static function ($routes) {
$routes->get('list', 'Admin\Users::list');
});
});
This would handle the URL at admin/users/list.
Note
Options passed to the outer group()
(for example namespace
and filter
) are not merged with the inner group()
options.
Route Priority
Routes are registered in the routing table in the order in which they are defined. This means that when a URI is accessed, the first matching route will be executed.
Warning
If a route path is defined more than once with different handlers, only the first defined route is registered.
You can check registered routes in the routing table by running the spark routes command.
Changing Route Priority
When working with modules, it can be a problem if the routes in the application contain wildcards.
Then the module routes will not be processed correctly.
You can solve this problem by lowering the priority of route processing using the priority
option. The parameter
accepts positive integers and zero. The higher the number specified in the priority
, the lower
route priority in the processing queue:
<?php
// First you need to enable processing of the routes queue by priority.
$routes->setPrioritize();
// Config\Routes
$routes->get('(.*)', 'Posts::index', ['priority' => 1]);
// Modules\Acme\Config\Routes
$routes->get('admin', 'Admin::index');
// The "admin" route will now be processed before the wildcard route.
To disable this functionality, you must call the method with the parameter false
:
<?php
$routes->setPrioritize(false);
Note
By default, all routes have a priority of 0. Negative integers will be cast to the absolute value.
Routes Configuration Options
The RoutesCollection class provides several options that affect all routes, and can be modified to meet your application’s needs. These options are available in app/Config/Routing.php.
Note
The config file app/Config/Routing.php has been added since v4.4.0. In previous versions, the setter methods were used in app/Config/Routes.php to change settings.
Default Namespace
When matching a controller to a route, the router will add the default namespace value to the front of the controller
specified by the route. By default, this value is App\Controllers
.
If you set the value empty string (''
), it leaves each route to specify the fully namespaced
controller:
<?php
// In app/Config/Routing.php
class Routing extends BaseRouting
{
// ...
public string $defaultNamespace = '';
// ...
}
// Controller is \Users
$routes->get('users', 'Users::index');
// Controller is \Admin\Users
$routes->get('users', 'Admin\Users::index');
If your controllers are not explicitly namespaced, there is no need to change this. If you namespace your controllers, then you can change this value to save typing:
<?php
// This can be overridden in the Routes file
$routes->setDefaultNamespace('App');
// Controller is \App\Users
$routes->get('users', 'Users::index');
// Controller is \App\Admin\Users
$routes->get('users', 'Admin\Users::index');
Translate URI Dashes
This option enables you to automatically replace dashes (-
) with underscores in the controller and method
URI segments when used in Auto Routing, thus saving you additional route entries if you need to do that. This is required because the dash isn’t a valid class or method name character and would cause a fatal error if you try to use it:
<?php
// In app/Config/Routing.php
class Routing extends BaseRouting
{
// ...
public bool $translateURIDashes = true;
// ...
}
// This can be overridden in the Routes file
$routes->setTranslateURIDashes(true);
Note
When using Auto Routing (Improved), prior to v4.4.0, if
$translateURIDashes
is true, two URIs correspond to a single controller
method, one URI for dashes (e.g., foo-bar) and one URI for underscores
(e.g., foo_bar). This was incorrect behavior. Since v4.4.0, the URI for
underscores (foo_bar) is not accessible.
Use Defined Routes Only
Since v4.2.0, the auto-routing is disabled by default.
When no defined route is found that matches the URI, the system will attempt to match that URI against the controllers and methods when Auto Routing is enabled.
You can disable this automatic matching, and restrict routes
to only those defined by you, by setting the $autoRoute
property to false:
<?php
// In app/Config/Routing.php
class Routing extends BaseRouting
{
// ...
public bool $autoRoute = false;
// ...
}
// This can be overridden in the Routes file
$routes->setAutoRoute(false);
Warning
If you use the CSRF protection, it does not protect GET requests. If the URI is accessible by the GET method, the CSRF protection will not work.
404 Override
When a page is not found that matches the current URI, the system will show a generic 404 view. You can change
what happens by specifying an action to happen with the set404Override()
method. The value can be either
a valid class/method pair, just like you would show in any route, or a Closure:
<?php
// In app/Config/Routing.php
class Routing extends BaseRouting
{
// ...
public $override404 = 'App\Errors::show404';
// ...
}
// Would execute the show404 method of the App\Errors class
$routes->set404Override('App\Errors::show404');
// Will display a custom view
$routes->set404Override(static function () {
echo view('my_errors/not_found.html');
});
Using the $override404
property within the routing config file, you can use closures. Defining the override in the Routing file is restricted to class/method pairs.
Note
The set404Override()
method does not change the Response status code to 404
.
If you don’t set the status code in the controller you set, the default status code 200
will be returned. See CodeIgniter\HTTP\Response::setStatusCode()
for
information on how to set the status code.
Route Processing by Priority
Enables or disables processing of the routes queue by priority. Lowering the priority is defined in the route option. Disabled by default. This functionality affects all routes. For an example use of lowering the priority see Route Priority:
<?php
// to enable
$routes->setPrioritize();
// to disable
$routes->setPrioritize(false);
Auto Routing (Improved)
New in version 4.2.0.
Since v4.2.0, the new more secure Auto Routing has been introduced.
Note
If you are familiar with Auto Routing, which was enabled by default from CodeIgniter 3 through 4.1.x, you can see the differences in ChangeLog v4.2.0.
When no defined route is found that matches the URI, the system will attempt to match that URI against the controllers and methods when Auto Routing is enabled.
Important
For security reasons, if a controller is used in the defined routes, Auto Routing (Improved) does not route to the controller.
Auto Routing can automatically route HTTP requests based on conventions and execute the corresponding controller methods.
Note
Auto Routing (Improved) is disabled by default. To use it, see below.
Enable Auto Routing
To use it, you need to change the setting $autoRoute
option to true in app/Config/Routing.php:
public bool $autoRoute = true;
And you need to change the property $autoRoutesImproved
to true
in app/Config/Feature.php:
public bool $autoRoutesImproved = true;
URI Segments
The segments in the URL, in following with the Model-View-Controller approach, usually represent:
example.com/class/method/ID
The first segment represents the controller class that should be invoked.
The second segment represents the class method that should be called.
The third, and any additional segments, represent the ID and any variables that will be passed to the controller.
Consider this URI:
example.com/index.php/helloworld/hello/1
In the above example, when you send a HTTP request with GET method,
Auto Routing would attempt to find a controller named App\Controllers\Helloworld
and executes getHello()
method with passing '1'
as the first argument.
Note
A controller method that will be executed by Auto Routing (Improved) needs HTTP verb (get
, post
, put
, etc.) prefix like getIndex()
, postCreate()
.
See Auto Routing in Controllers for more info.
Configuration Options
These options are available at the top of app/Config/Routes.php.
Default Controller
For Site Root URI
When a user visits the root of your site (i.e., example.com) the controller to use is determined by the value set by
the setDefaultController()
method, unless a route exists for it explicitly.
The default value for this is Home
which matches the controller at app/Controllers/Home.php:
<?php
// example.com routes to app/Controllers/Home.php
$routes->setDefaultController('Home');
For Directory URI
The default controller is also used when no matching route has been found, and the URI would point to a directory in the controllers directory. For example, if the user visits example.com/admin, if a controller was found at app/Controllers/Admin/Home.php, it would be used.
Important
You cannot access the default controller with the URI of the controller name.
When the default controller is Home
, you can access example.com/, but if you access example.com/home, it will be not found.
See Auto Routing in Controllers for more info.
Default Method
This works similar to the default controller setting, but is used to determine the default method that is used
when a controller is found that matches the URI, but no segment exists for the method. The default value is
index
.
In this example, if the user were to visit example.com/products, and a Products
controller existed, the
Products::listAll()
method would be executed:
<?php
$routes->setDefaultMethod('listAll');
Important
You cannot access the controller with the URI of the default method name. In the example above, you can access example.com/products, but if you access example.com/products/listall, it will be not found.
Module Routing
New in version 4.4.0.
You can use auto routing even if you use Code Modules and place the controllers in a different namespace.
To route to a module, the $moduleRoutes
property in app/Config/Routing.php
must be set:
public array $moduleRoutes = [
'blog' => 'Acme\Blog\Controllers',
];
The key is the first URI segment for the module, and the value is the controller
namespace. In the above configuration, http://localhost:8080/blog/foo/bar
will be routed to Acme\Blog\Controllers\Foo::getBar()
.
Note
If you define $moduleRoutes
, the routing for the module takes
precedence. In the above example, even if you have the App\Controllers\Blog
controller, http://localhost:8080/blog will be routed to the default
controller Acme\Blog\Controllers\Home
.
Auto Routing (Legacy)
Auto Routing (Legacy) is a routing system from CodeIgniter 3. It can automatically route HTTP requests based on conventions and execute the corresponding controller methods.
It is recommended that all routes are defined in the app/Config/Routes.php file, or to use Auto Routing (Improved),
Warning
To prevent misconfiguration and miscoding, we recommend that you do not use Auto Routing (Legacy) feature. It is easy to create vulnerable apps where controller filters or CSRF protection are bypassed.
Important
Auto Routing (Legacy) routes a HTTP request with any HTTP method to a controller method.
Enable Auto Routing (Legacy)
Since v4.2.0, the auto-routing is disabled by default.
To use it, you need to change the setting $autoRoute
option to true in app/Config/Routing.php:
$routes->setAutoRoute(true);
URI Segments (Legacy)
The segments in the URL, in following with the Model-View-Controller approach, usually represent:
example.com/class/method/ID
The first segment represents the controller class that should be invoked.
The second segment represents the class method that should be called.
The third, and any additional segments, represent the ID and any variables that will be passed to the controller.
Consider this URI:
example.com/index.php/helloworld/index/1
In the above example, CodeIgniter would attempt to find a controller named Helloworld.php
and executes index()
method with passing '1'
as the first argument.
See Auto Routing (Legacy) in Controllers for more info.
Configuration Options (Legacy)
These options are available at the top of app/Config/Routes.php.
Default Controller (Legacy)
For Site Root URI (Legacy)
When a user visits the root of your site (i.e., example.com) the controller to use is determined by the value set by
the setDefaultController()
method, unless a route exists for it explicitly. The default value for this is Home
which matches the controller at app/Controllers/Home.php:
<?php
// example.com routes to app/Controllers/Home.php
$routes->setDefaultController('Home');
For Directory URI (Legacy)
The default controller is also used when no matching route has been found, and the URI would point to a directory in the controllers directory. For example, if the user visits example.com/admin, if a controller was found at app/Controllers/Admin/Home.php, it would be used.
See Auto Routing (Legacy) in Controllers for more info.
Default Method (Legacy)
This works similar to the default controller setting, but is used to determine the default method that is used
when a controller is found that matches the URI, but no segment exists for the method. The default value is
index
.
In this example, if the user were to visit example.com/products, and a Products
controller existed, the
Products::listAll()
method would be executed:
<?php
$routes->setDefaultMethod('listAll');
Confirming Routes
CodeIgniter has the following command to display all routes.
spark routes
Displays all routes and filters:
php spark routes
The output is like the following:
+---------+---------+---------------+-------------------------------+----------------+---------------+
| Method | Route | Name | Handler | Before Filters | After Filters |
+---------+---------+---------------+-------------------------------+----------------+---------------+
| GET | / | » | \App\Controllers\Home::index | | toolbar |
| GET | feed | » | (Closure) | | toolbar |
+---------+---------+---------------+-------------------------------+----------------+---------------+
The Method column shows the HTTP method that the route is listening for.
The Route column shows the route path to match. The route of a defined route is expressed as a regular expression.
Since v4.3.0, the Name column shows the route name. »
indicates the name is the same as the route path.
Important
The system is not perfect. If you use Custom Placeholders, Filters might not be correct. If you want to check filters for a route, you can use spark filter:check command.
Auto Routing (Improved)
When you use Auto Routing (Improved), the output is like the following:
+-----------+-------------------------+---------------+-----------------------------------+----------------+---------------+
| Method | Route | Name | Handler | Before Filters | After Filters |
+-----------+-------------------------+---------------+-----------------------------------+----------------+---------------+
| GET(auto) | product/list/../..[/..] | | \App\Controllers\Product::getList | | toolbar |
+-----------+-------------------------+---------------+-----------------------------------+----------------+---------------+
The Method will be like GET(auto)
.
/..
in the Route column indicates one segment. [/..]
indicates it is optional.
Note
When auto-routing is enabled and you have the route home
, it can be also accessed by Home
, or maybe by hOme
, hoMe
, HOME
, etc. but the command will show only home
.
If you see a route starting with x
like the following, it indicates an invalid
route that won’t be routed, but the controller has a public method for routing.
+-----------+----------------+------+-------------------------------------+----------------+---------------+
| Method | Route | Name | Handler | Before Filters | After Filters |
+-----------+----------------+------+-------------------------------------+----------------+---------------+
| GET(auto) | x home/foo | | \App\Controllers\Home::getFoo | <unknown> | <unknown> |
+-----------+----------------+------+-------------------------------------+----------------+---------------+
The above example shows you have the \App\Controllers\Home::getFoo()
method,
but it is not routed because it is the default controller (Home
by default)
and the default controller name must be omitted in the URI. You should delete
the getFoo()
method.
Note
Prior to v4.3.4, the invalid route is displayed as a normal route due to a bug.
Auto Routing (Legacy)
When you use Auto Routing (Legacy), the output is like the following:
+--------+--------------------+---------------+-----------------------------------+----------------+---------------+
| Method | Route | Name | Handler | Before Filters | After Filters |
+--------+--------------------+---------------+-----------------------------------+----------------+---------------+
| auto | product/list[/...] | | \App\Controllers\Product::getList | | toolbar |
+--------+--------------------+---------------+-----------------------------------+----------------+---------------+
The Method will be auto
.
[/...]
in the Route column indicates any number of segments.
Note
When auto-routing is enabled and you have the route home
, it can be also accessed by Home
, or maybe by hOme
, hoMe
, HOME
, etc. but the command will show only home
.
Sort by Handler
New in version 4.3.0.
You can sort the routes by Handler:
php spark routes -h
Specify Host
New in version 4.4.0.
You can specify the host in the request URL with the --host
option:
php spark routes --host accounts.example.com


// Source: https://www.warp10.io/content/04_Tutorials/01_WarpScript/05_Best_Practices
//factorial macro. take a number on the stack, push its factorial
<%
'input' STORE
1
1 $input <% * %> FOR
%> 'factorial' STORE
//build a map with key from 1 to 10 and value = key!
{} 'result' STORE
1 10
<%
'key' STORE
$result $key @factorial $key PUT
DROP //remove the map let by PUT
%> FOR
//push the result on the stack
$result


The Main section
In this demo we have a fixed #menu and a ddjaxable #main section.
Clicking the links from the #menu above should result in this section of the page to be replaced.
To achieve this, you need to initialize ddjax like:
$("#menu").ddjax({ 'selector' : '#main' });
- #menu is the element containing the links we want to be handled by ddjax
- 'selector' : '#main' is the selector of the blocks that need to be replaced once the ddjax request is performed


Hierarchical graphs, or higraphs, are graphs in which the nodes are arranged in one or more hierarchies -- i.e. directed trees. If all nodes are at the top of their hierarchy, we have an ordinary graph. If there are no edges, we have a forest (a set of directed trees). A complementary viewpoint is that a higraph is a set of trees with edges between their nodes.
Higraphs were formalized by Harel [1988]. There are a couple of differences between Harel's definition and the definition used here. first, Harel's formulation requires the hierarchy to be directed and acyclic, but not necessarily a forest. I.e. he allows nodes to have multiple parents. Here we are considering only hierarchies that are forests, i.e. each node has 0 or 1 parents. Secondly, Harel's higraphs have a notion of orthogonallity, i.e. that the children of each node are partitioned. Our higraphs do not have any notion of orthogonallity. Rather, one can use two tree levels instead of one. So the higraphs of JHigraph can be considered to be inspired by rather than the same as Harel's higraphs.
For the sake of generality, the children of each node are ordered. Graph edges are directed, edges can be loops (i.e. the source and target of an edge can be the same node), and multiple edges can occur with the same source and target. Both nodes and edges are labeled.
Structures that can be represented well by higraphs abound. Here are some examples.
Edges and nodes can have several relationships. Consider a node v. The following categories of edges are disjoint and comprehensive.
Note that an edge from v to a strict ancestor of v is simply an out edge of v and an edge from a strict ancestor of v is simply an in edge of v. There is no special categorization for these edges, although one could imagine separating them into separate categories.
The following tables summarizes edge classification
| Target | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Desc. | Self | Anc. | Other | ||
| Source | Descendant | Internal | Up | Deep out | Deep out |
| Self | Down | Loop | Out | Out | |
| Ancestor | Deep In | In | Other | Other | |
| Other | Deep in | In | Other | Other |
| Source | Target | |
|---|---|---|
| Loop | Self | Self |
| Down | Self | Descendant |
| Up | Descendant | Self |
| Out | Self | Other or Ancestor |
| In | Other or Ancestor | Self |
| Internal | Descendant | Descendant |
| Deep Out | Descendant | Other or Ancestor |
| Deep In | Other or Ancestor | Descendant |
| Other | Other or Ancestor | Other or Ancestor |
From the point of view of edges, nodes fall into 3 categories:
These categories are not disjoint, of course, as the same node can be both source and target of the same edge.
For a given node we can speak of the following
The intersection of the exiting and entering edge sets is of course the loop edges of v.
Finally, there is a notion of the governed edges of a node. This notion is particularly used during layout. The views of the governed edges of a node are laid-out by a layout manager associated with the node's view. It is important that each edge be governed at most one node. (Edges governed by no node are laid-out by a layout manager associated with the whole higraph.) The governed edges of a node v are all edges that are up, down or internal with respect to v, but not up, down, or internal with respect to any descendant of v. Notice that in the example above, all the green edges are governed by node v but red and black are not governed by node v.
Note, in particular, that loops are not governed by their source/target node, but rather by its parent (if any). This may seem anomalous, but it is in keeping with the idea that a higraph without hierarchy is just a graph; when a graph has no hierarchy, all the edges should be laid out by a single layout manager, including its loops.
One thing to note about all the examples resented above is that there is generally some notion of well-formedness.
Typically well-formedness is a local property; i.e. a higraph is well-formed if it has appropriate roots and each node is well-formed. A node is well-formed if its child sequence obeys some constraint that does not involve the children's children. There might also be well-formedness constraints involving edges.
It would seem desirable to restrict changes to the higraph to preserve well-formedness. The JHigraph package provides hooks to allow this, especially when it comes to ensuring that the child sequence of each node is valid for that node. To accomplish this, we borrow HTML's notion of tags. (See Tags.)
However there are reasons why we might want a root to not have the usual tag. For example if we "detach" a node, it becomes a root. Consider detaching a "p" node in HTML. The "p" node becomes a root violating the idea that all roots in HTML should be tagged "html". For this reason, the constraint that roots should be appropriate is not enforced by the JHigraph package. Instead applications can enforce this constraint on a subgraph-by-subgraph basis. (See Subgraphs.) For example an HTML editor might ensure that the main subgraph of the graph has exactly one root and that it is tagged "html".
Some applications will involve only displaying higraphs, others will involve the user interactively editing the higraph by means of keyboard and especially mouse commands. Even in the case of simply displaying, we need some sort of interface that will allow the higraph to be built in the first place.
To support interactive editing we need to consider operations such as selection, cut, copy, paste, and drag-and-drop.
Drag-and-drop operations include:
Furthermore in the latter case, we can distinguish between copies and moves. A copy makes a new copy of the node, its children, and edges that end at the node or its children. A move entails a deletion of the node from its original site. A move within the same parent needs to be distinguished from a move to another parent, as a move within the parent may result in a well-formed graph when the delete does not.
Cut and and copy operations on a node should also cut or copy all descendent nodes and all edges to or from any of those nodes.
We will want to be able to give visual feedback to the user about the suitability of drop targets and about whether a move or copy is being done.
Higraphs are represented by the following interfaces
WholeGraph objects act as factories for Node objects, Edge objects, and Subgraph objects. (From here on "node" will mean "Node object" etc.)
Each WholeGraph object is an island. Nodes, Edges, and Subgraphs created by one WholeGraph can not be mixed with Nodes, Edges, and Subgraphs from another WholeGraph in any way. See Subgraphs.
When nodes are first created, they are created as roots and are thus in the WholeGraph. Such nodes are in their "initial" state. (Nodes and edges have two states: "initial" and "deleted".) After being created, nodes can be moved elsewhere in the graph.
Nodes in the "initial" state can be "detached" which moves them to be roots. Roots can be "inserted", which moves them to under another node. Roots can also "replace" other nodes. (The replaced node is deleted.). Nodes can be "duplicated", which creates a copy of the node and all its descendants; the copy becomes a new root of the WholeGraph. Duplicating also duplicates edges. Nodes in the "initial" state can be used as the source and/or target of edges.
The only other state for nodes is "deleted". Nodes in the "deleted" state are not in the graph: They are not roots; they do not have parents or children; and they are not the source or target of any edge. Once deleted, a node can not return to its initial state. When a node is deleted, the graph will delete all pointers to the node and so it will become garbage unless some client is keeping a pointer to it.
Any client that keeps pointers to nodes should be careful not to ever use a deleted node. Consider an object that represents a user's selection of nodes. What happens if one of those nodes is deleted (perhaps via a second GUI)? There are three ways to solve the problem.
The situation is the same for edges. They are created as part of the graph. (And are "initial".) Once an edge becomes "deleted", it is there forever and can not be used for anything.
Sending a "delete" message to a node has the following effects: The node and all its descendents become deleted. Also all edges that have any of these nodes as either source or target become deleted. Edges can also be deleted by sending them a "delete" message.
(Aside: One might wonder about the wisdom of requiring nodes and edges to be explicitly deleted, especially in a garbage collected language like Java. The obvious alternative is to have no master object (the Wholegraph object in our case) from which all current edges and nodes can be reached; when a node or edge is no longer connected to anything we care about it is forgotten and may be garbage collected. Such a design works fine for trees, but when a node may be connected by edges as will as parent-child links, we will need some sort of definitive way to get rid of it anyway.)
Mutations on whole graphs:
Mutations on nodes
Mutations on edges
Mutations on subgraphs and the interactions between the above mutations and subgraphs are discussed below in the section on subgraphs.
The exact interpretation of these mutators is not fixed and can be varied by the application. For example, copying a node (duplicate then insert) representing a row from one table to another might cause the copy of the node to lose or gain children, if the tables have different numbers of columns.
Given this interface, we can support drag-and-drop moves and copies as follows. We assume that the each node's graphical representation (its view) has zones that can be used to grab it and also (optionally) one or more drop zones. Each drop zone in a node view represents either inserting into the node or replacing the node.
Drag-and-drop is as follows. (I assume the following cursor shapes are available: Drop-not-possible, copy-drop, move-drop).
At the start of a drag operation, there is no change to the graph. The cursor is set to show that a drag is in progress ("drop not possible").
When the cursor hovers over a "replace" drop zone, the target node is high-lighted and the cursor is set: to "move-drop" if a detach followed by replace is possible, to "copy-drop" if a detach is not possible but a duplicate followed by a replace is possible, and to "drop-not-possible" otherwise.
When the cursor hovers over an "insert" drop zone, the zone is high-lighted and the cursor is set: to move-drop if a detach followed by insertChild is possible, to copy-drop if a detach is not possible but a duplicate followed by an insertChild is possible, and to drop-not-possible otherwise. An exception is when the drop zone is in the parent of the dragged node; in that case a permuteChildren is considered.
When the mouse is released over a drop zone, the appropriate sequence takes place. This could be one of the following
Support for cut/copy/paste is similar, but involves the cut buffer. These are discussed later.
Node creation can also depend on drop zones. Here are three ways of building a node. One is to drag an icon representing the new node to a drop zone. The second is to select a tool and click on a drop zone. The third is to click on a drop zone whereupon a menu of creatable node-types appears.
The sequences are either
In order to support cut/copy/paste and trash cans and editors that display only part of the graph, we have a notion of subgraphs. The nodes in a subgraph must be a "downward closed" set of nodes belonging to the same WholeGraph as the Subgraph. I.e., if v is in a subgraph, then all of v's children are also in the subgraph. The edges of a subgraph are exactly those graph edges that connect two nodes in the subgraph.
If v is in a subgraph s and is either a root or has a parent that is not in s, then we call v a top node of the subgraph. Note that if v is a top node of s then no ancestor nor descendant of v can be a top node of s.
A subgraph is completely characterized by its set of top nodes.
Mutations on subgraphs include add and remove. These explicitly add and remove top nodes.
Nodes can also be implicitly added or removed as top nodes as follows.
In a typical application we might use one subgraph as the main "document" to be displayed and edited and use other subgraphs as cut buffers and/or trash cans. (Actually it's not a bad idea to use one subgraph as both cut buffer and trash can.)
An editor might focus on only a subgraph of the the main document. For example in a statechart, we might have an editor that displays only one node (and its descendants). In this case the node is put in a subgraph and an editor is created that edits that subgraph.
The figure below shows a UI "Cut" operation. First the initial contents of the cut buffer are deleted. Second the node to be cut is made a root (detached) and is moved to the cut buffer subgraph. (Note that if the cut node is a top node of the main part, it will have to be explicitly removed from the main part.)
(For the picture above, I assumed that it is an invariant that the cut buffer contains 0 or 1 nodes; hence the "delete" operation. If the cut buffer were not initially full, then the delete operation would not be done. When the cut buffer also serves as a trash can, then a limit larger than 1, or no limit, would be appropriate; for example the trash can might hold the last 10 deleted nodes.)
TBD: Currently missing from the picture is an operation to add the detached node to the cut buffer subgraph; this should come after the detach.
The figure below shows a subsequent "Paste" UI operation. First, the content of the cut buffer is duplicated (duplicate operation). (Note that the duplicate is not initially in any subgraph.) Second, the duplicate is inserted (insert) and implicitly becomes in the main subgraph.
If the paste is into the editor, but not as a child of any node, then, instead of an insert operation, the duplicate node will be explicitly added to the main subpart.
The Higraph interface is a superinterface of interfaces WholeGraph, Subgraph, and Node. Each of these represents a forest of trees: For the WholeGraph, the forest is defined by the set of all roots. For a Subgraph, the forest is defined by its top nodes. For a Node, the forest is defined by its set of children. The Higraph interface captures what is common to all these interfaces. The intention is that layout and view classes can be built that are indifferent to whether the higraph they are laying out or visualizing is defined by a Wholegraph, a Subgraph, or a Node.
[Harel 1988] David Harel, `On Visual Formalisms', CACM, vol 31, #5.


A complete analysis pipeline for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) and other two-dimensional mass spectrometry data. In addition to commonly used plotting and processing methods it includes distinctive features, namely baseline subtraction methods such as morphological filters (TopHat) or the statistics-sensitive non-linear iterative peak-clipping algorithm (SNIP), peak alignment using warping functions, handling of replicated measurements as well as allowing spectra with different resolutions.
| Version: | 1.18 |
| Depends: | R (≥ 3.2.0), methods |
| Imports: | parallel |
| Suggests: | knitr, testthat (≥ 0.8) |
| Published: | 2018-07-06 |
| Author: | Sebastian Gibb [aut, cre], Korbinian Strimmer [ths] |
| Maintainer: | Sebastian Gibb <mail at sebastiangibb.de> |
| BugReports: | https://github.com/sgibb/MALDIquant/issues/ |
| License: | GPL (≥ 3) |
| URL: | http://strimmerlab.org/software/maldiquant/ https://github.com/sgibb/MALDIquant/ |
| NeedsCompilation: | yes |
| Citation: | MALDIquant citation info |
| Materials: | NEWS |
| In views: | ChemPhys |
| CRAN checks: | MALDIquant results |
| Reference manual: | MALDIquant.pdf |
| Vignettes: |
MALDIquant: Quantitative Analysis of Mass Spectrometry Data |
| Package source: | MALDIquant_1.18.tar.gz |
| Windows binaries: | r-devel: MALDIquant_1.18.zip, r-release: MALDIquant_1.18.zip, r-oldrel: MALDIquant_1.18.zip |
| OS X binaries: | r-release: MALDIquant_1.18.tgz, r-oldrel: MALDIquant_1.18.tgz |
| Old sources: | MALDIquant archive |
| Reverse depends: | MALDIquantForeign, MALDIrppa |
Please use the canonical form https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=MALDIquant to link to this page.


About us
AESCRA is a non-profit association governed by the law of 1st July 1901.
Its purpose is to organize and manage in France and abroad professional training actions allowing the development of key skills in demand on the job market.
Our goal
AESCRA aims to contribute to the reduction of social or cultural inequalities and the achievement of equality between men and women by ensuring that all those who are willing and able to do so have access to the development of their professional skills.
Our mission
For the past four years, it has been providing free training courses, open to all publics, and intended mainly for young people with or without professional qualifications, as well as for job seekers.
These trainings are accessible online, shared in open source. They are also delivered on site in Saint-Etienne, Paris and Ecully in the Makers' lab of the emlyon Business School.


Welcome to University
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We have more than 500 courses to improve your skills
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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. A
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deserunt rerum incidunt.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Suscipit qui neque sint eveniet tempore sapiente.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Ipsum esse voluptate deserunt maiores odit voluptatibus offic
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Ipsum esse voluptate deserunt maiores odit voluptatibus offic
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Ipsum esse voluptate deserunt maiores odit voluptatibus offic
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Suscipit qui neque sint eveniet tempore sapiente.
“Even the all-powerful Pointing has no control about the blind texts it is an almost unorthographic life One day however a small line of blind text by the name of Lorem Ipsum decided to leave for the far World of Grammar.”
“Even the all-powerful Pointing has no control about the blind texts it is an almost unorthographic life One day however a small line of blind text by the name of Lorem Ipsum decided to leave for the far World of Grammar.”
“Even the all-powerful Pointing has no control about the blind texts it is an almost unorthographic life One day however a small line of blind text by the name of Lorem Ipsum decided to leave for the far World of Grammar.”


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