The largest free block that can be returned form
malloc() cannot be
determined. Therefore, the property
largestFreeSize in
Memory.Stats returned from
getStats() always returns
0.
| const HeapStd_HEAP_MAX |
|
Maximum heap size of HeapStd
#define HeapStd_HEAP_MAX (SizeT)~0U
DETAILS
This parameter defines maximum heap size that can be allocated to a
HeapStd instance. Using this parameter to create HeapStd instances
will disable the internal size checks in HeapStd module.
| config HeapStd_A_align // module-wide |
|
Assert that the size is a power of 2
| config HeapStd_A_invalidTotalFreeSize // module-wide |
|
Assert that remaining size is less than or equal to starting size
extern const Assert_Id HeapStd_A_invalidTotalFreeSize;
DETAILS
If this assertion is raised, it means that either incorrect sizes
were passed to
free or multiple calls to
free
were made with the same buffer.
| config HeapStd_A_zeroSize // module-wide |
|
Assert that the size is non-zero on the create
| config HeapStd_E_noRTSMemory // module-wide |
|
Error raised if all the RTS heap is used up
extern const Error_Id HeapStd_E_noRTSMemory;
DETAILS
The total size of all
HeapStd instance allocations added together
cannot exceed the
malloc/
free heap size determined by
xdc.cfg.Program.heap.
| Module-Wide Built-Ins |
|
// Get this module's unique id
Bool HeapStd_Module_startupDone();
// Test if this module has completed startup
// The heap from which this module allocates memory
Bool HeapStd_Module_hasMask();
// Test whether this module has a diagnostics mask
Bits16 HeapStd_Module_getMask();
// Returns the diagnostics mask for this module
Void HeapStd_Module_setMask(Bits16 mask);
// Set the diagnostics mask for this module
| Instance Object Types |
|
typedef struct HeapStd_Object HeapStd_Object;
// Opaque internal representation of an instance object
// Client reference to an instance object
typedef struct HeapStd_Struct HeapStd_Struct;
// Opaque client structure large enough to hold an instance object
// Convert this instance structure pointer into an instance handle
// Convert this instance handle into an instance structure pointer
| Instance Config Parameters |
|
typedef struct HeapStd_Params {
// Instance config-params structure
// Common per-instance configs
// Size (in MAUs) of the heap
} HeapStd_Params;
// Initialize this config-params structure with supplier-specified defaults before instance creation
| config HeapStd_Params.size // instance |
|
Size (in MAUs) of the heap
DETAILS
This parameter specifies the size of the heap managed by a
HeapStd instance. HeapStd is built upon the ANSI C Standard
Library functions malloc() and free().
The total size of all
HeapStd instance allocations added together
cannot exceed the
malloc/
free heap size determined by
Program.heap.
This is a required parameter. It must be set by the caller. Failure
to do so, will result in a build error for the static create or an
assert for the runtime create.
| Runtime Instance Creation |
|
// Allocate and initialize a new instance object and return its handle
// Initialize a new instance object inside the provided structure
ARGUMENTS
params
per-instance config params, or NULL to select default values (target-domain only)
eb
active error-handling block, or NULL to select default policy (target-domain only)
DETAILS
This heap uses the ANSI C Standard Library functions
malloc() and free() to manage memory and assumes that these
functions are thread-safe.
SEE
| Instance Deletion |
|
// Finalize and free this previously allocated instance object, setting the referenced handle to NULL
// Finalize the instance object inside the provided structure
| HeapStd_alloc() // instance |
|
Allocates a block of memory from the heap
ARGUMENTS
handle
handle of a previously-created HeapStd instance object
size
size (in MADUs) of the block
align
alignment (in MADUs) of the block
eb
pointer to error block
DETAILS
This method returns a block of memory from the heap.
It is called by the
xdc.runtime.Memory.alloc() function.
RETURNS
Returns the address of the allocated memory.
CONSTRAINTS
The only alignment currently supported is the default
alignment returned by the underlying
malloc() implementation.
The align value must be less than or equal to the value returned from
Memory.getMaxDefaultTypeAlign().
SEE
| HeapStd_free() // instance |
|
Free a block of memory back to the heap
ARGUMENTS
handle
handle of a previously-created HeapStd instance object
block
non-NULL address of allocated block to free
size
size (in MADUs) of the block of memory to free
DETAILS
This method gives back a block of memory to a heap.
It is called by the
xdc.runtime.Memory.free() function.
| HeapStd_getStats() // instance |
|
Retrieve the statistics from the heap
ARGUMENTS
handle
handle of a previously-created HeapStd instance object
stats
non-NULL pointer to an output buffer
DETAILS
The caller passes in a pointer to a
xdc.runtime.Memory.Stats
structure and
getStats fills in this structure.
This function is called by the
xdc.runtime.Memory.getStats()
function.
| HeapStd_isBlocking() // instance |
|
Returns whether the heap may block during an HeapStd_alloc() or
HeapStd_free()
ARGUMENTS
handle
handle of a previously-created HeapStd instance object
RETURNS
If the heap might block, TRUE is returned.
If the heap does not block, FALSE is returned.
Since the implementation of the underlaying ANSI C Standard Library
is not known, this function always returns the more restrictive case
which is TRUE.
| Instance Convertors |
|
// unconditionally move one level up the inheritance hierarchy
// conditionally move one level down the inheritance hierarchy; NULL upon failure
| Instance Built-Ins |
|
Int HeapStd_Object_count();
// The number of statically-created instance objects
// The handle of the i-th statically-created instance object (array == NULL)
// The handle of the first dynamically-created instance object, or NULL
// The handle of the next dynamically-created instance object, or NULL
// The heap used to allocate dynamically-created instance objects
// The label associated with this instance object
// The name of this instance object
| const HeapStd.HEAP_MAX |
|
Maximum heap size of HeapStd
const HeapStd.HEAP_MAX = ~0U;
DETAILS
This parameter defines maximum heap size that can be allocated to a
HeapStd instance. Using this parameter to create HeapStd instances
will disable the internal size checks in HeapStd module.
C SYNOPSIS
| config HeapStd.A_align // module-wide |
|
Assert that the size is a power of 2
msg: "HeapStd_alloc alignment must be a power of 2"
};
C SYNOPSIS
| config HeapStd.A_invalidTotalFreeSize // module-wide |
|
Assert that remaining size is less than or equal to starting size
msg: "HeapStd instance totalFreeSize is greater than starting size"
};
DETAILS
If this assertion is raised, it means that either incorrect sizes
were passed to
free or multiple calls to
free
were made with the same buffer.
C SYNOPSIS
| config HeapStd.A_zeroSize // module-wide |
|
Assert that the size is non-zero on the create
msg: "HeapStd_create cannot have a zero size value"
};
C SYNOPSIS
| config HeapStd.E_noRTSMemory // module-wide |
|
Error raised if all the RTS heap is used up
msg: "The RTS heap is used up. Examine Program.heap."
};
DETAILS
The total size of all
HeapStd instance allocations added together
cannot exceed the
malloc/
free heap size determined by
xdc.cfg.Program.heap.
C SYNOPSIS
| metaonly config HeapStd.common$ // module-wide |
|
Common module configuration parameters
DETAILS
All modules have this configuration parameter. Its name
contains the '$' character to ensure it does not conflict with
configuration parameters declared by the module. This allows
new configuration parameters to be added in the future without
any chance of breaking existing modules.
| Instance Config Parameters |
|
var params = new HeapStd.Params;
// Instance config-params object
params.size = UArg 0;
// Size (in MAUs) of the heap
| config HeapStd.Params.size // instance |
|
Size (in MAUs) of the heap
var params = new HeapStd.Params;
...
params.size = UArg 0;
DETAILS
This parameter specifies the size of the heap managed by a
HeapStd instance. HeapStd is built upon the ANSI C Standard
Library functions malloc() and free().
The total size of all
HeapStd instance allocations added together
cannot exceed the
malloc/
free heap size determined by
Program.heap.
This is a required parameter. It must be set by the caller. Failure
to do so, will result in a build error for the static create or an
assert for the runtime create.
C SYNOPSIS
| Static Instance Creation |
|
var params =
new HeapStd.
Params;
// Allocate instance config-params
params.config = ...
// Assign individual configs
var inst = HeapStd.create(params);
// Create an instance-object
ARGUMENTS
params
per-instance config params, or NULL to select default values (target-domain only)
eb
active error-handling block, or NULL to select default policy (target-domain only)
DETAILS
This heap uses the ANSI C Standard Library functions
malloc() and free() to manage memory and assumes that these
functions are thread-safe.
SEE


Good luck to those facing Hurricane Sandy. We hope the storm passes soon.
On gautam.cc you can find a variety of apps made for iOS and Web technologies. Some of the most recent apps include SmartCodes, MathNinja, and DeskRock.
gautam.cc will soon have developer resources including tutorials for building iOS apps using Adobe® PhoneGap and building native apps for the browser.
The admin of the site will occasionally add an applet that is in beta under the Xperiments dropdown menu, if you would like to submit an Xperiment, please send an email to the developer.


Starmie
Pokemon star of the double type - water and mental - from the first generation of Pokemon. Evolves from Staryu when interacting with Water Stone.


The data set directory is the subdirectory of the $RAP_DATA_DIR/mdv directory that was specified in the URL.
If a parameter file is specified in the URL or if a .MdvServer.default parameter file exists in the data directory, the MdvServer uses this parameter file when fulfilling the request. If both exists, the parameter file specified in the URL is used.
The server responds to the request by either writing to the specifed data set directory, or by reading from the directory, processing the data and passing it back to the client.
The get closest, get first before and get first after requests are usually used by clients in archive mode while the get latest and get latest after requests are usually used in realtime mode.
To request forecast data, the client must first request the list of available data times. Using this list, the client must then request the data explicitly by specifying the generation time and the forecast time desired.
The client may request all of the data fields in the file be returned or may specify a single field to be returned. This field may be specified either by field name or by field number. The field number is the 0-based position of the field in the MDV file.
The client may request the entire data volume for the field(s), may specify a single plane of the data to be returned, or may indicate that no data be returned. In the last case, only the MDV header information is returned to the client.
All of the get requests include information that allow the client to request the following operations to be performed on the data before the data is returned:
The client may request any or all of these operations (of course, combining data compositing and vertical cross-sections in a single request will result in very little data being returned!). The operations are then applied in the order listed above.
In DIDSS, the server manager spawns the MdvServer process at the first request for MDV services. The MdvServer then waits for client requests over the port assigned to it by the server manager. When the server receives a data get request, it retrieves the requested data from the data store and returns that data to the client. When the server receives a data put request, it writes that data to the data store, tells the client whether the put was successful and updates the latest data information in the local data mapper.
Author: Nancy Rehak


Okanagan man who killed Belgian tourist gets life in prison
by Jonathan SzekeresVANCOUVER (NEWS 1130) – The Okanagan man who plead guilty to the second-degree murder of a Belgian hitch-hiker will spend at least the next 23 years behind bars.
Castanet reports Sean McKenzie, from Oliver, has been sentenced to life in prison with no chance of parole for at least 23 years.
Amelie Sakkalis was murdered near the Trans-Canada Highway in August of 2018. Her body was found near Boston Bar.
She had been working in Penticton as a fruit picker and was trying to hitch-hike to Vancouver.


|
ObjectAL
2.1
ObjectAL API Reference (iOS) for www.kobold2d.com developers
|
Handles the audio session and interrupts. More...
#import <OALAudioSession.h>
Public Member Functions | |
| (void) | - forceEndInterruption |
| Force an interrupt end. | |
Protected Member Functions | |
| () | - SYNTHESIZE_SINGLETON_FOR_CLASS_HEADER |
| Singleton implementation providing "sharedInstance" and "purgeSharedInstance" methods. | |
Protected Attributes | |
|
__unsafe_unretained id < AVAudioSessionDelegate > | audioSessionDelegate |
| bool | audioSessionWasActive |
| If true, the audio session was active when the interrupt occurred. | |
| OALSuspendHandler * | suspendHandler |
| Handles suspending and interrupting for this object. | |
| NSDate * | lastResetTime |
| Marks the last time the audio session was reset due to error. | |
Properties | |
| NSString * | audioSessionCategory |
| The current audio session category. | |
| bool | allowIpod |
| If YES, allow ipod music to continue playing (NOT SUPPORTED ON THE SIMULATOR). | |
| bool | ipodDucking |
| If YES, ipod music will duck (lower in volume) when the audio session activates. | |
| bool | useHardwareIfAvailable |
| Determines what to do if no other application is playing audio and allowIpod = YES (NOT SUPPORTED ON THE SIMULATOR). | |
| bool | honorSilentSwitch |
| If true, mute when backgrounded, screen locked, or the ringer switch is turned off (NOT SUPPORTED ON THE SIMULATOR). | |
| bool | handleInterruptions |
| If true, automatically handle interruptions. | |
| id< AVAudioSessionDelegate > | audioSessionDelegate |
| Delegate that will receive all audio session events. | |
| bool | ipodPlaying |
| If true, another application (usually iPod) is playing music. | |
| bool | audioSessionActive |
| If true, the audio session is active. | |
| float | hardwareVolume |
| Get the device's final hardware output volume, as controlled by the volume button on the side of the device. | |
| bool | hardwareMuted |
| Check if the hardware mute switch is on (not supported on the simulator). | |
| NSString * | audioRoute |
| Check what hardware route the audio is taking, such as "Speaker" or "Headphone" (not supported on the simulator). |
Handles the audio session and interrupts.
| - (void) forceEndInterruption |
Force an interrupt end.
This can be useful in cases where a buggy OS fails to end an interrupt.
Be VERY CAREFUL when using this!
| - OALAudioSession: | (OALAudioSession) |
Singleton implementation providing "sharedInstance" and "purgeSharedInstance" methods.
- (OALAudioSupport*) sharedInstance: Get the shared singleton instance.
- (void) purgeSharedInstance: Purge (deallocate) the shared instance.
- (bool) audioSessionWasActive [protected] |
If true, the audio session was active when the interrupt occurred.
- (NSDate*) lastResetTime [protected] |
Marks the last time the audio session was reset due to error.
This is used to avoid getting stuck in a rapid-fire reset-error loop.
- (OALSuspendHandler*) suspendHandler [protected] |
Handles suspending and interrupting for this object.
- (bool) allowIpod [read, write, assign] |
If YES, allow ipod music to continue playing (NOT SUPPORTED ON THE SIMULATOR).
Note: If this is enabled, and another app is playing music, background audio playback will use the SOFTWARE codecs, NOT hardware.
If allowIpod = NO, the application will ALWAYS use hardware decoding.
Default value: YES
- (NSString *) audioRoute [read, assign] |
Check what hardware route the audio is taking, such as "Speaker" or "Headphone" (not supported on the simulator).
- (bool) audioSessionActive [read, write, assign] |
If true, the audio session is active.
- (NSString *) audioSessionCategory [read, write, retain] |
The current audio session category.
If this value is explicitly set, the other session properties "allowIpod", "useHardwareIfAvailable", "honorSilentSwitch", and "ipodDucking" may be modified to remain compatible with the category.
Default value: nil
- (id<AVAudioSessionDelegate>) audioSessionDelegate [read, write, assign] |
Delegate that will receive all audio session events.
- (bool) handleInterruptions [read, write, assign] |
If true, automatically handle interruptions.
Default value: YES
- (bool) hardwareMuted [read, assign] |
Check if the hardware mute switch is on (not supported on the simulator).
Note: If headphones are plugged in, hardwareMuted will always return FALSE regardless of the switch state.
- (float) hardwareVolume [read, assign] |
Get the device's final hardware output volume, as controlled by the volume button on the side of the device.
- (bool) honorSilentSwitch [read, write, assign] |
If true, mute when backgrounded, screen locked, or the ringer switch is turned off (NOT SUPPORTED ON THE SIMULATOR).
Default value: YES
- (bool) ipodDucking [read, write, assign] |
If YES, ipod music will duck (lower in volume) when the audio session activates.
Default value: NO
- (bool) ipodPlaying [read, assign] |
If true, another application (usually iPod) is playing music.
- (bool) useHardwareIfAvailable [read, write, assign] |
Determines what to do if no other application is playing audio and allowIpod = YES (NOT SUPPORTED ON THE SIMULATOR).
If NO, the application will ALWAYS use software decoding. The advantage to this is that the user can background your application and then start audio playing from another application. If useHardwareIfAvailable = YES, the user won't be able to do this.
If this is set to YES, the application will use hardware decoding if no other application is currently playing audio. However, no other application will be able to start playing audio if it wasn't playing already.
Note: This switch has no effect if allowIpod = NO.
Default value: YES


ECB Board nominee Panetta calls for an accommodative monetary policy
by Eren SengezerInflation outlook seems to fall short of the European Central Bank's (ECB) Governing Council’s inflation aim of below but close to 2%, noted Fabio Panetta, Italy's nominee to the board of the ECB, and said an accommodative monetary policy was still warranted.
"ECB must be constantly alert to the possible unintended consequences of its policies for the stability of the financial system," Panetta said. "Incoming information, both hard data and soft information, suggests that the slowdown in growth is proving to be more protracted than expected."
As of writing, the EUR/USD pair was last seen trading at 1.0995, down 0.1% on the day.
"Monetary policy support is needed to ensure that financing conditions remain favourable," Panetta concluded.


Someone asked for a password reset at the Local Library using email address {{ email }}. Follow the link below to finish the password reset process: {{ protocol }}://{{ domain }}{% url 'password_reset_confirm' uidb64=uid token=token %}


66. at-Tahrim: The Prohibition
1
O Prophet! Why bannest thou that which Allah hath made lawful for thee, seeking to please thy wives ?  He is the Knower, the Wise.
3
When the Prophet confided a fact unto one of his wives and when she afterward divulged it and Allah apprised him thereof, he made known (to her) part thereof and passed over part. And when he told it her she said: Who hath told thee ? He said: The Knower, the Aware hath told me.
4
If ye twain turn unto Allah repentant, (ye have cause to do so) for your hearts desired (the ban); and if ye aid one another against him (Muhammad) then lo! Allah, even He, is his Protecting Friend, and Gabriel and the righteous among the believers; and furthermore the angels are his helpers.
5
It may happen that his Lord, if he divorce you, will give him in your stead wives better than you, submissive (to Allah), believing, pious, penitent, devout, inclined to fasting, widows and maids.
6
O ye who believe! Ward off from yourselves and your families a Fire whereof the fuel is men and stones, over which are set angels strong, severe, who resist not Allah in that which He commandeth them, but do that which they are commanded.
7
(Then it will be said): O ye who disbelieve! Make no excuses for yourselves this day. Ye are only being paid for what ye used to do.
8
O ye who believe! Turn unto Allah in sincere repentance! It may be that your Lord will remit from you your evil deeds and bring you into Gardens underneath which rivers flow, on the day when Allah will not abase the Prophet and those who believe with him. Their light will run before them and on their right hands; they will say: Our Lord! Perfect our light for us, and forgive us! Lo! Thou art Able to do all things.
9
O Prophet! Strive against the disbelievers and the hypocrites, and be stern with them. Hell will be their home, a hapless journey's end.
10
Allah citeth an example for those who disbelieve: the wife of Noah and the wife of Lot, who were under two of Our righteous slaves yet betrayed them so that they (the husbands) availed them naught against Allah and it was said (unto them): Enter the Fire along with those who enter.
11
And Allah citeth an example for those who believe: the wife of Pharaoh when she said: My Lord! Build for me a home with thee in the Garden, and deliver me from Pharaoh and his work, and deliver me from evil-doing folk;
12
And Mary, daughter of 'Imran, whose body was chaste, therefor We breathed therein something of Our Spirit. And she put faith in the words of her Lord and His scriptures, and was of the obedient.
-- Sura 66 --


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Admin 3
Full Stack Developer
Thanjavur
Full Name
Thiru
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Phone
(04362) 380-453
Mobile
(+91)-*******484
Address
Thiruvaiyaru, Thanjavur


Steve Jobs
"Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish"
Timeline
- 1955: Steven Paul Jobs is born in San Francisco to Joanne Carole Schieble and Abdulfattah Jandali. The then-unmarried couple give up their son to adoption. Paul and Clara Jobs become Jobs' non-biological parents.
- 1977: Apple incorporates.
- 1997: Becomes CEO, initially as the de facto chief, then as interim chief in September.
- 2011: Resigns from Apple CEO post; becomes chairman.
For more information, go to CNET.


Algorithms for Walking, Running, Swimming, Flying, and Manipulation
© Russ Tedrake, 2023
Last modified .
How to cite these notes, use annotations, and give feedback.
Note: These are working notes used for a course being taught at MIT. They will be updated throughout the Spring 2023 semester. Lecture videos are available on YouTube.
| Previous Chapter | Table of contents | Next Chapter |
In particular, while the C++ API documentation is excellent, the autogenerated python docs are still a work in progress. I currently recommend using the C++ documentation to find what you need, then checking the Python documentation only if you need to understand how the class or method is spelled in pydrake.
There are also a number of tutorials in
I will provide nearly all examples and exercises in the form of a Jupyter Notebook so that we can leverage the fantastic and relatively recent availability of (free) cloud resources.
We'll use Deepnote as the primary platform for the course. After following any of the links from the chapters, you should:
As of now, Drake no longer supports Google Colab, which is stuck on Ubuntu 18.04 and Python 3.7. We will try to support it again if/when they upgrade.
You can enabled more powerful solvers for
MathematicalProgram
if you have a license (most are free for
academics). Please see this tutorial
for instructions.
As you get more advanced, you will likely want to run (and extend) these examples on your own machine. On platforms that Drake supports (the latest two releases of Mac and Ubuntu), it should be as simple as running
pip install underactuated
In general, I would strongly recommend running pip
commands in a virtualenv.
The You'll likely want to start from the underactuated root directory. Then launch your notebook with:
jupyter notebook
The examples for each chapter that has them will be in a .ipynb file
right alongside the chapter's html file, and the notebook exercises are
all located in the exercises
subdirectory.
If you have trouble with
| Previous Chapter | Table of contents | Next Chapter |


| Player name: | {{adm.selectedPlayer.name}} |
| Network ID: | {{adm.selectedPlayer.networkId}} |
| Admin rank: | {{adm.selectedPlayer.adminlevel}} |
| Name | SteamID | Date banned | Ban end day |
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Permanent
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| SteamID: | {{bannedPlayer_info.steamId}} |
| Ban day: | {{ bannedPlayer_info.date_start | date: 'medium' }} |
| Ban expiration: |
Never (Permanent)
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|
| Banned by: | {{ bannedPlayer_info.bannedby.name }} SteamID: {{ bannedPlayer_info.bannedby.steamId }} |
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THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.


|
A Jury Walks Tall
by Kenneth Wagner
The film Walking Tall,
starring former professional wrestler Dwayne "The Rock"
Johnson and former Jackass star Johnny Knoxville may seem
like a strange film to find discussed in a legal journal. However,
this film aptly displays the hope that the jury trial system
holds out for citizens today.
The practice of trial by jury
is indeed an old one. Article 39 of the Magna Carta, one of
the foundational documents in the legal system of English speaking
nations around the world, reads as follows:
No free man shall be arrested,
or imprisoned, or deprived of his property, or outlawed, or exiled,
or in any way destroyed, nor shall we go against him or send
against him, unless by legal judgment of his peers, or by the
law of the land.
This
practice of limiting the government's ability to take action
against its citizens unless a panel of such citizen's passes
off on the action has been a feature of our nation's legal system
its inception. Indeed, references to the right of citizens to
a jury trial can be found in the Constitution in Article III,
Section 2 and in two of the 10 Amendments of the Bill of Rights
(the Sixth and Seventh).
This historical precedent does
not, however, make the use of juries uncontroversial. Many legal
scholars have critiqued the practice of placing justice in the
hands of untrained laymen often seem highly susceptible to emotional
and irrational appeals. The Common Law tradition of keeping
juries 'virginal' or untainted by improper evidence and arguments
is the basis of much of the rules of our legal procedure. This
idea of empowering an uninformed group of non-experts in such
weighty matters was perhaps best skewered by Mark Twain when
he said: "We have a criminal jury system which is superior
to any in the world; and its efficiency is only marred by the
difficulty of finding twelve men every day who don't know anything
and can't read. "
I cannot help but disagree.
The historical veneration of the jury system is not without
a solid basis. Time and time again, from the case of Shaftsbury
in England to the Zenger case in colonial America, juries have
sympathized with citizens that were the subject of intolerable
government abuses of power and prosecution. This history and
remaining potential is born out by the film Walking Tall.
The Rock stars as Chris Vaughan,
who arrives home from military service to rural Kitsap County,
Washington. He finds that the idyllic small town he grew up
in has changed in his absence, notably due to the influence of
the addition of a casino (which itself demonstrates the legal
concept of 'negative secondary effects' often purported to such
establishments). The wealthy, immoral casino owner has the law
enforcement establishment on his payroll, and when Vaughan clashes
with the casino the sheriff, prosecutor, judge and public offender
all conspire to railroad the popular hero.
In "real life" as
in "reel life" this kind of corrupt conspiracy has
been exposed in history all too often. What is a defendant to
do when all the usual 'courtroom actors' are determined to inflict
injustice on him? That is where the jury comes in, both in legal
theory and in the film. The hero represents himself (demonstrating
the importance of the right (upheld in the landmark case Faretta
v. California 422 U.S. 806 (1975)) and addresses his plea directly
to the jury. This works: the promise of the right to jury trial
is demonstrated when the jury, despite the contrivances of the
courtroom work-group, acquits Vaughan. It is from here that
Vaughan becomes the new sheriff of the town and ultimately cleans
up the town. We need not buy the subsequent explosions and machine
gunning of the sheriff's office to recognize the important lesson
that Vaughan's acquittal by a jury of his peers teaches.
Posted October 21, 2005
|


SSH(1) BSD General Commands Manual SSH(1) NAME ssh — OpenSSH SSH client (remote login program) SYNOPSIS ssh [-1246AaCfgKkMNnqsTtVvXxYy] [-b bind_address] [-c cipher_spec] [-D [bind_address:]port] [-e escape_char] [-F configfile] [-I pkcs11] [-i identity_file] [-L [bind_address:]port:host:hostport] [-l login_name] [-m mac_spec] [-O ctl_cmd] [-o option] [-p port] [-R [bind_address:]port:host:hostport] [-S ctl_path] [-W host:port] [-w local_tun[:remote_tun]] [user@]hostname [command] DESCRIPTION ssh (SSH client) is a program for logging into a remote machine and for executing commands on a remote machine. It is intended to replace rlogin and rsh, and provide secure encrypted communications between two untrusted hosts over an insecure network. X11 connections and arbitrary TCP ports can also be forwarded over the secure channel. ssh connects and logs into the specified hostname (with optional user name). The user must prove his/her identity to the remote machine using one of several methods depending on the protocol version used (see below). If command is specified, it is executed on the remote host instead of a login shell. The options are as follows: -1 Forces ssh to try protocol version 1 only. -2 Forces ssh to try protocol version 2 only. -4 Forces ssh to use IPv4 addresses only. -6 Forces ssh to use IPv6 addresses only. -A Enables forwarding of the authentication agent connection. This can also be specified on a per-host basis in a configuration file. Agent forwarding should be enabled with caution. Users with the ability to bypass file permissions on the remote host (for the agent's UNIX-domain socket) can access the local agent through the forwarded connection. An attacker cannot obtain key material from the agent, however they can perform operations on the keys that enable them to authenticate using the identities loaded into the agent. -a Disables forwarding of the authentication agent connection. -b bind_address Use bind_address on the local machine as the source address of the connection. Only useful on systems with more than one address. -C Requests compression of all data (including stdin, stdout, stderr, and data for forwarded X11 and TCP connections). The compression algorithm is the same used by gzip(1), and the “level” can be con‐ trolled by the CompressionLevel option for protocol version 1. Compression is desirable on modem lines and other slow connections, but will only slow down things on fast networks. The default value can be set on a host-by-host basis in the configuration files; see the Compression option. -c cipher_spec Selects the cipher specification for encrypting the session. Protocol version 1 allows specification of a single cipher. The supported values are “3des”, “blowfish”, and “des”. 3des (triple- des) is an encrypt-decrypt-encrypt triple with three different keys. It is believed to be secure. blowfish is a fast block cipher; it appears very secure and is much faster than 3des. des is only supported in the ssh client for interoperability with legacy protocol 1 implementations that do not support the 3des cipher. Its use is strongly discouraged due to cryptographic weak‐ nesses. The default is “3des”. For protocol version 2, cipher_spec is a comma-separated list of ciphers listed in order of preference. See the Ciphers keyword in ssh_config(5) for more information. -D [bind_address:]port Specifies a local “dynamic” application-level port forwarding. This works by allocating a socket to listen to port on the local side, optionally bound to the specified bind_address. Whenever a connection is made to this port, the connection is forwarded over the secure channel, and the application protocol is then used to determine where to connect to from the remote machine. Currently the SOCKS4 and SOCKS5 protocols are supported, and ssh will act as a SOCKS server. Only root can forward privileged ports. Dynamic port forwardings can also be specified in the configuration file. IPv6 addresses can be specified by enclosing the address in square brackets. Only the superuser can forward privileged ports. By default, the local port is bound in accordance with the GatewayPorts setting. However, an explicit bind_address may be used to bind the connection to a specific address. The bind_address of “localhost” indicates that the listening port be bound for local use only, while an empty address or ‘*’ indicates that the port should be available from all interfaces. -e escape_char Sets the escape character for sessions with a pty (default: ‘~’). The escape character is only recognized at the beginning of a line. The escape character followed by a dot (‘.’) closes the connection; followed by control-Z suspends the connection; and followed by itself sends the escape character once. Setting the character to “none” disables any escapes and makes the session fully transpar‐ ent. -F configfile Specifies an alternative per-user configuration file. If a config‐ uration file is given on the command line, the system-wide configu‐ ration file (/etc/ssh/ssh_config) will be ignored. The default for the per-user configuration file is ~/.ssh/config. -f Requests ssh to go to background just before command execution. This is useful if ssh is going to ask for passwords or passphrases, but the user wants it in the background. This implies -n. The recommended way to start X11 programs at a remote site is with something like ssh -f host xterm. If the ExitOnForwardFailure configuration option is set to “yes”, then a client started with -f will wait for all remote port for‐ wards to be successfully established before placing itself in the background. -g Allows remote hosts to connect to local forwarded ports. -I pkcs11 Specify the PKCS#11 shared library ssh should use to communicate with a PKCS#11 token providing the user's private RSA key. -i identity_file Selects a file from which the identity (private key) for public key authentication is read. The default is ~/.ssh/identity for proto‐ col version 1, and ~/.ssh/id_dsa, ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa and ~/.ssh/id_rsa for protocol version 2. Identity files may also be specified on a per-host basis in the configuration file. It is possible to have multiple -i options (and multiple identities specified in configu‐ ration files). ssh will also try to load certificate information from the filename obtained by appending -cert.pub to identity file‐ names. -K Enables GSSAPI-based authentication and forwarding (delegation) of GSSAPI credentials to the server. -k Disables forwarding (delegation) of GSSAPI credentials to the server. -L [bind_address:]port:host:hostport Specifies that the given port on the local (client) host is to be forwarded to the given host and port on the remote side. This works by allocating a socket to listen to port on the local side, optionally bound to the specified bind_address. Whenever a connec‐ tion is made to this port, the connection is forwarded over the secure channel, and a connection is made to host port hostport from the remote machine. Port forwardings can also be specified in the configuration file. IPv6 addresses can be specified by enclosing the address in square brackets. Only the superuser can forward privileged ports. By default, the local port is bound in accor‐ dance with the GatewayPorts setting. However, an explicit bind_address may be used to bind the connection to a specific address. The bind_address of “localhost” indicates that the lis‐ tening port be bound for local use only, while an empty address or ‘*’ indicates that the port should be available from all inter‐ faces. -l login_name Specifies the user to log in as on the remote machine. This also may be specified on a per-host basis in the configuration file. -M Places the ssh client into “master” mode for connection sharing. Multiple -M options places ssh into “master” mode with confirmation required before slave connections are accepted. Refer to the description of ControlMaster in ssh_config(5) for details. -m mac_spec Additionally, for protocol version 2 a comma-separated list of MAC (message authentication code) algorithms can be specified in order of preference. See the MACs keyword for more information. -N Do not execute a remote command. This is useful for just forward‐ ing ports (protocol version 2 only). -n Redirects stdin from /dev/null (actually, prevents reading from stdin). This must be used when ssh is run in the background. A common trick is to use this to run X11 programs on a remote machine. For example, ssh -n shadows.cs.hut.fi emacs & will start an emacs on shadows.cs.hut.fi, and the X11 connection will be auto‐ matically forwarded over an encrypted channel. The ssh program will be put in the background. (This does not work if ssh needs to ask for a password or passphrase; see also the -f option.) -O ctl_cmd Control an active connection multiplexing master process. When the -O option is specified, the ctl_cmd argument is interpreted and passed to the master process. Valid commands are: “check” (check that the master process is running), “forward” (request forwardings without command execution), “cancel” (cancel forwardings), “exit” (request the master to exit), and “stop” (request the master to stop accepting further multiplexing requests). -o option Can be used to give options in the format used in the configuration file. This is useful for specifying options for which there is no separate command-line flag. For full details of the options listed below, and their possible values, see ssh_config(5). AddressFamily BatchMode BindAddress ChallengeResponseAuthentication CheckHostIP Cipher Ciphers ClearAllForwardings Compression CompressionLevel ConnectionAttempts ConnectTimeout ControlMaster ControlPath ControlPersist DynamicForward EscapeChar ExitOnForwardFailure ForwardAgent ForwardX11 ForwardX11Timeout ForwardX11Trusted GatewayPorts GlobalKnownHostsFile GSSAPIAuthentication GSSAPIDelegateCredentials HashKnownHosts Host HostbasedAuthentication HostKeyAlgorithms HostKeyAlias HostName IdentityFile IdentitiesOnly IPQoS KbdInteractiveAuthentication KbdInteractiveDevices KexAlgorithms LocalCommand LocalForward LogLevel MACs NoHostAuthenticationForLocalhost NumberOfPasswordPrompts PasswordAuthentication PermitLocalCommand PKCS11Provider Port PreferredAuthentications Protocol ProxyCommand PubkeyAuthentication RekeyLimit RemoteForward RequestTTY RhostsRSAAuthentication RSAAuthentication SendEnv ServerAliveInterval ServerAliveCountMax StrictHostKeyChecking TCPKeepAlive Tunnel TunnelDevice UsePrivilegedPort User UserKnownHostsFile VerifyHostKeyDNS VisualHostKey XAuthLocation -p port Port to connect to on the remote host. This can be specified on a per-host basis in the configuration file. -q Quiet mode. Causes most warning and diagnostic messages to be sup‐ pressed. -R [bind_address:]port:host:hostport Specifies that the given port on the remote (server) host is to be forwarded to the given host and port on the local side. This works by allocating a socket to listen to port on the remote side, and whenever a connection is made to this port, the connection is for‐ warded over the secure channel, and a connection is made to host port hostport from the local machine. Port forwardings can also be specified in the configuration file. Privileged ports can be forwarded only when logging in as root on the remote machine. IPv6 addresses can be specified by enclosing the address in square braces. By default, the listening socket on the server will be bound to the loopback interface only. This may be overridden by specifying a bind_address. An empty bind_address, or the address ‘*’, indicates that the remote socket should listen on all interfaces. Specifying a remote bind_address will only succeed if the server's GatewayPorts option is enabled (see sshd_config(5)). If the port argument is ‘0’, the listen port will be dynamically allocated on the server and reported to the client at run time. When used together with -O forward the allocated port will be printed to the standard output. -S ctl_path Specifies the location of a control socket for connection sharing, or the string “none” to disable connection sharing. Refer to the description of ControlPath and ControlMaster in ssh_config(5) for details. -s May be used to request invocation of a subsystem on the remote sys‐ tem. Subsystems are a feature of the SSH2 protocol which facili‐ tate the use of SSH as a secure transport for other applications (eg. sftp(1)). The subsystem is specified as the remote command. -T Disable pseudo-tty allocation. -t Force pseudo-tty allocation. This can be used to execute arbitrary screen-based programs on a remote machine, which can be very use‐ ful, e.g. when implementing menu services. Multiple -t options force tty allocation, even if ssh has no local tty. -V Display the version number and exit. -v Verbose mode. Causes ssh to print debugging messages about its progress. This is helpful in debugging connection, authentication, and configuration problems. Multiple -v options increase the ver‐ bosity. The maximum is 3. -W host:port Requests that standard input and output on the client be forwarded to host on port over the secure channel. Implies -N, -T, ExitOnForwardFailure and ClearAllForwardings and works with Proto‐ col version 2 only. -w local_tun[:remote_tun] Requests tunnel device forwarding with the specified tun(4) devices between the client (local_tun) and the server (remote_tun). The devices may be specified by numerical ID or the keyword “any”, which uses the next available tunnel device. If remote_tun is not specified, it defaults to “any”. See also the Tunnel and TunnelDevice directives in ssh_config(5). If the Tunnel directive is unset, it is set to the default tunnel mode, which is “point-to-point”. -X Enables X11 forwarding. This can also be specified on a per-host basis in a configuration file. X11 forwarding should be enabled with caution. Users with the ability to bypass file permissions on the remote host (for the user's X authorization database) can access the local X11 display through the forwarded connection. An attacker may then be able to perform activities such as keystroke monitoring. For this reason, X11 forwarding is subjected to X11 SECURITY exten‐ sion restrictions by default. Please refer to the ssh -Y option and the ForwardX11Trusted directive in ssh_config(5) for more information. -x Disables X11 forwarding. -Y Enables trusted X11 forwarding. Trusted X11 forwardings are not subjected to the X11 SECURITY extension controls. -y Send log information using the syslog(3) system module. By default this information is sent to stderr. ssh may additionally obtain configuration data from a per-user configura‐ tion file and a system-wide configuration file. The file format and con‐ figuration options are described in ssh_config(5). AUTHENTICATION The OpenSSH SSH client supports SSH protocols 1 and 2. The default is to use protocol 2 only, though this can be changed via the Protocol option in ssh_config(5) or the -1 and -2 options (see above). Both protocols support similar authentication methods, but protocol 2 is the default since it pro‐ vides additional mechanisms for confidentiality (the traffic is encrypted using AES, 3DES, Blowfish, CAST128, or Arcfour) and integrity (hmac-md5, hmac-sha1, hmac-sha2-256, hmac-sha2-512, umac-64, hmac-ripemd160). Proto‐ col 1 lacks a strong mechanism for ensuring the integrity of the connec‐ tion. The methods available for authentication are: GSSAPI-based authentication, host-based authentication, public key authentication, challenge-response authentication, and password authentication. Authentication methods are tried in the order specified above, though protocol 2 has a configuration option to change the default order: PreferredAuthentications. Host-based authentication works as follows: If the machine the user logs in from is listed in /etc/hosts.equiv or /etc/ssh/shosts.equiv on the remote machine, and the user names are the same on both sides, or if the files ~/.rhosts or ~/.shosts exist in the user's home directory on the remote machine and contain a line containing the name of the client machine and the name of the user on that machine, the user is considered for login. Additionally, the server must be able to verify the client's host key (see the description of /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts and ~/.ssh/known_hosts, below) for login to be permitted. This authentication method closes security holes due to IP spoofing, DNS spoofing, and routing spoofing. [Note to the administrator: /etc/hosts.equiv, ~/.rhosts, and the rlogin/rsh protocol in general, are inherently insecure and should be disabled if security is desired.] Public key authentication works as follows: The scheme is based on public- key cryptography, using cryptosystems where encryption and decryption are done using separate keys, and it is unfeasible to derive the decryption key from the encryption key. The idea is that each user creates a public/pri‐ vate key pair for authentication purposes. The server knows the public key, and only the user knows the private key. ssh implements public key authentication protocol automatically, using one of the DSA, ECDSA or RSA algorithms. Protocol 1 is restricted to using only RSA keys, but protocol 2 may use any. The HISTORY section of ssl(8) (on non-OpenBSD systems, see http://www.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/man.cgi?query=ssl&sektion=8#HISTORY) con‐ tains a brief discussion of the DSA and RSA algorithms. The file ~/.ssh/authorized_keys lists the public keys that are permitted for logging in. When the user logs in, the ssh program tells the server which key pair it would like to use for authentication. The client proves that it has access to the private key and the server checks that the corre‐ sponding public key is authorized to accept the account. The user creates his/her key pair by running ssh-keygen(1). This stores the private key in ~/.ssh/identity (protocol 1), ~/.ssh/id_dsa (protocol 2 DSA), ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa (protocol 2 ECDSA), or ~/.ssh/id_rsa (protocol 2 RSA) and stores the public key in ~/.ssh/identity.pub (protocol 1), ~/.ssh/id_dsa.pub (protocol 2 DSA), ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa.pub (protocol 2 ECDSA), or ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub (protocol 2 RSA) in the user's home directory. The user should then copy the public key to ~/.ssh/authorized_keys in his/her home directory on the remote machine. The authorized_keys file corresponds to the conventional ~/.rhosts file, and has one key per line, though the lines can be very long. After this, the user can log in without giving the password. A variation on public key authentication is available in the form of cer‐ tificate authentication: instead of a set of public/private keys, signed certificates are used. This has the advantage that a single trusted certi‐ fication authority can be used in place of many public/private keys. See the CERTIFICATES section of ssh-keygen(1) for more information. The most convenient way to use public key or certificate authentication may be with an authentication agent. See ssh-agent(1) for more information. Challenge-response authentication works as follows: The server sends an arbitrary "challenge" text, and prompts for a response. Protocol 2 allows multiple challenges and responses; protocol 1 is restricted to just one challenge/response. Examples of challenge-response authentication include BSD Authentication (see login.conf(5)) and PAM (some non-OpenBSD systems). Finally, if other authentication methods fail, ssh prompts the user for a password. The password is sent to the remote host for checking; however, since all communications are encrypted, the password cannot be seen by someone listening on the network. ssh automatically maintains and checks a database containing identification for all hosts it has ever been used with. Host keys are stored in ~/.ssh/known_hosts in the user's home directory. Additionally, the file /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts is automatically checked for known hosts. Any new hosts are automatically added to the user's file. If a host's identifica‐ tion ever changes, ssh warns about this and disables password authentica‐ tion to prevent server spoofing or man-in-the-middle attacks, which could otherwise be used to circumvent the encryption. The StrictHostKeyChecking option can be used to control logins to machines whose host key is not known or has changed. When the user's identity has been accepted by the server, the server either executes the given command, or logs into the machine and gives the user a normal shell on the remote machine. All communication with the remote com‐ mand or shell will be automatically encrypted. If a pseudo-terminal has been allocated (normal login session), the user may use the escape characters noted below. If no pseudo-tty has been allocated, the session is transparent and can be used to reliably transfer binary data. On most systems, setting the escape character to “none” will also make the session transparent even if a tty is used. The session terminates when the command or shell on the remote machine exits and all X11 and TCP connections have been closed. ESCAPE CHARACTERS When a pseudo-terminal has been requested, ssh supports a number of func‐ tions through the use of an escape character. A single tilde character can be sent as ~~ or by following the tilde by a character other than those described below. The escape character must always follow a newline to be interpreted as special. The escape character can be changed in configuration files using the EscapeChar configuration directive or on the command line by the -e option. The supported escapes (assuming the default ‘~’) are: ~. Disconnect. ~^Z Background ssh. ~# List forwarded connections. ~& Background ssh at logout when waiting for forwarded connection / X11 sessions to terminate. ~? Display a list of escape characters. ~B Send a BREAK to the remote system (only useful for SSH protocol version 2 and if the peer supports it). ~C Open command line. Currently this allows the addition of port for‐ wardings using the -L, -R and -D options (see above). It also allows the cancellation of existing port-forwardings with -KL[bind_address:]port for local, -KR[bind_address:]port for remote and -KD[bind_address:]port for dynamic port-forwardings. !command allows the user to execute a local command if the PermitLocalCommand option is enabled in ssh_config(5). Basic help is available, using the -h option. ~R Request rekeying of the connection (only useful for SSH protocol version 2 and if the peer supports it). TCP FORWARDING Forwarding of arbitrary TCP connections over the secure channel can be specified either on the command line or in a configuration file. One pos‐ sible application of TCP forwarding is a secure connection to a mail server; another is going through firewalls. In the example below, we look at encrypting communication between an IRC client and server, even though the IRC server does not directly support encrypted communications. This works as follows: the user connects to the remote host using ssh, specifying a port to be used to forward connections to the remote server. After that it is possible to start the service which is to be encrypted on the client machine, connecting to the same local port, and ssh will encrypt and forward the connection. The following example tunnels an IRC session from client machine “<IP_ADDRESS>” (localhost) to remote server “server.example.com”: $ ssh -f -L 1234:localhost:6667 server.example.com sleep 10 $ irc -c '#users' -p 1234 pinky <IP_ADDRESS> This tunnels a connection to IRC server “server.example.com”, joining chan‐ nel “#users”, nickname “pinky”, using port 1234. It doesn't matter which port is used, as long as it's greater than 1023 (remember, only root can open sockets on privileged ports) and doesn't conflict with any ports already in use. The connection is forwarded to port 6667 on the remote server, since that's the standard port for IRC services. The -f option backgrounds ssh and the remote command “sleep 10” is speci‐ fied to allow an amount of time (10 seconds, in the example) to start the service which is to be tunnelled. If no connections are made within the time specified, ssh will exit. X11 FORWARDING If the ForwardX11 variable is set to “yes” (or see the description of the -X, -x, and -Y options above) and the user is using X11 (the DISPLAY envi‐ ronment variable is set), the connection to the X11 display is automati‐ cally forwarded to the remote side in such a way that any X11 programs started from the shell (or command) will go through the encrypted channel, and the connection to the real X server will be made from the local machine. The user should not manually set DISPLAY. Forwarding of X11 con‐ nections can be configured on the command line or in configuration files. The DISPLAY value set by ssh will point to the server machine, but with a display number greater than zero. This is normal, and happens because ssh creates a “proxy” X server on the server machine for forwarding the connec‐ tions over the encrypted channel. ssh will also automatically set up Xauthority data on the server machine. For this purpose, it will generate a random authorization cookie, store it in Xauthority on the server, and verify that any forwarded connections carry this cookie and replace it by the real cookie when the connection is opened. The real authentication cookie is never sent to the server machine (and no cookies are sent in the plain). If the ForwardAgent variable is set to “yes” (or see the description of the -A and -a options above) and the user is using an authentication agent, the connection to the agent is automatically forwarded to the remote side. VERIFYING HOST KEYS When connecting to a server for the first time, a fingerprint of the server's public key is presented to the user (unless the option StrictHostKeyChecking has been disabled). Fingerprints can be determined using ssh-keygen(1): $ ssh-keygen -l -f /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key If the fingerprint is already known, it can be matched and the key can be accepted or rejected. Because of the difficulty of comparing host keys just by looking at hex strings, there is also support to compare host keys visually, using random art. By setting the VisualHostKey option to “yes”, a small ASCII graphic gets displayed on every login to a server, no matter if the session itself is interactive or not. By learning the pattern a known server produces, a user can easily find out that the host key has changed when a completely different pattern is displayed. Because these patterns are not unambiguous however, a pattern that looks similar to the pattern remembered only gives a good probability that the host key is the same, not guaranteed proof. To get a listing of the fingerprints along with their random art for all known hosts, the following command line can be used: $ ssh-keygen -lv -f ~/.ssh/known_hosts If the fingerprint is unknown, an alternative method of verification is available: SSH fingerprints verified by DNS. An additional resource record (RR), SSHFP, is added to a zonefile and the connecting client is able to match the fingerprint with that of the key presented. In this example, we are connecting a client to a server, “host.example.com”. The SSHFP resource records should first be added to the zonefile for host.example.com: $ ssh-keygen -r host.example.com. The output lines will have to be added to the zonefile. To check that the zone is answering fingerprint queries: $ dig -t SSHFP host.example.com Finally the client connects: $ ssh -o "VerifyHostKeyDNS ask" host.example.com [...] Matching host key fingerprint found in DNS. Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? See the VerifyHostKeyDNS option in ssh_config(5) for more information. SSH-BASED VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORKS ssh contains support for Virtual Private Network (VPN) tunnelling using the tun(4) network pseudo-device, allowing two networks to be joined securely. The sshd_config(5) configuration option PermitTunnel controls whether the server supports this, and at what level (layer 2 or 3 traffic). The following example would connect client network <IP_ADDRESS>/24 with remote network <IP_ADDRESS>/24 using a point-to-point connection from <IP_ADDRESS> to <IP_ADDRESS>, provided that the SSH server running on the gateway to the remote network, at <IP_ADDRESS>, allows it. On the client: # ssh -f -w 0:1 <IP_ADDRESS> true # ifconfig tun0 <IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS> netmask <IP_ADDRESS> # route add <IP_ADDRESS>/24 <IP_ADDRESS> On the server: # ifconfig tun1 <IP_ADDRESS> <IP_ADDRESS> netmask <IP_ADDRESS> # route add <IP_ADDRESS>/24 <IP_ADDRESS> Client access may be more finely tuned via the /root/.ssh/authorized_keys file (see below) and the PermitRootLogin server option. The following entry would permit connections on tun(4) device 1 from user “jane” and on tun device 2 from user “john”, if PermitRootLogin is set to “forced-commands-only”: tunnel="1",command="sh /etc/netstart tun1" ssh-rsa ... jane tunnel="2",command="sh /etc/netstart tun2" ssh-rsa ... john Since an SSH-based setup entails a fair amount of overhead, it may be more suited to temporary setups, such as for wireless VPNs. More permanent VPNs are better provided by tools such as ipsecctl(8) and isakmpd(8). ENVIRONMENT ssh will normally set the following environment variables: DISPLAY The DISPLAY variable indicates the location of the X11 server. It is automatically set by ssh to point to a value of the form “hostname:n”, where “hostname” indicates the host where the shell runs, and ‘n’ is an integer ≥ 1. ssh uses this special value to for‐ ward X11 connections over the secure channel. The user should normally not set DISPLAY explicitly, as that will render the X11 connection insecure (and will require the user to manually copy any required authorization cookies). HOME Set to the path of the user's home directory. LOGNAME Synonym for USER; set for compatibility with systems that use this variable. MAIL Set to the path of the user's mailbox. PATH Set to the default PATH, as specified when compiling ssh. SSH_ASKPASS If ssh needs a passphrase, it will read the passphrase from the current terminal if it was run from a terminal. If ssh does not have a terminal associated with it but DISPLAY and SSH_ASKPASS are set, it will execute the program specified by SSH_ASKPASS and open an X11 window to read the passphrase. This is particularly useful when calling ssh from a .xsession or related script. (Note that on some machines it may be necessary to redirect the input from /dev/null to make this work.) SSH_AUTH_SOCK Identifies the path of a UNIX-domain socket used to communicate with the agent. SSH_CONNECTION Identifies the client and server ends of the connec‐ tion. The variable contains four space-separated values: client IP address, client port number, server IP address, and server port number. SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND This variable contains the original command line if a forced command is executed. It can be used to extract the original arguments. SSH_TTY This is set to the name of the tty (path to the device) associated with the current shell or command. If the current session has no tty, this variable is not set. TZ This variable is set to indicate the present time zone if it was set when the daemon was started (i.e. the daemon passes the value on to new connections). USER Set to the name of the user logging in. Additionally, ssh reads ~/.ssh/environment, and adds lines of the format “VARNAME=value” to the environment if the file exists and users are allowed to change their environment. For more information, see the PermitUserEnvironment option in sshd_config(5). FILES ~/.rhosts This file is used for host-based authentication (see above). On some machines this file may need to be world-readable if the user's home directory is on an NFS partition, because sshd(8) reads it as root. Additionally, this file must be owned by the user, and must not have write permissions for anyone else. The recommended per‐ mission for most machines is read/write for the user, and not accessible by others. ~/.shosts This file is used in exactly the same way as .rhosts, but allows host-based authentication without permitting login with rlogin/rsh. ~/.ssh/ This directory is the default location for all user-specific con‐ figuration and authentication information. There is no general requirement to keep the entire contents of this directory secret, but the recommended permissions are read/write/execute for the user, and not accessible by others. ~/.ssh/authorized_keys Lists the public keys (DSA/ECDSA/RSA) that can be used for logging in as this user. The format of this file is described in the sshd(8) manual page. This file is not highly sensitive, but the recommended permissions are read/write for the user, and not acces‐ sible by others. ~/.ssh/config This is the per-user configuration file. The file format and con‐ figuration options are described in ssh_config(5). Because of the potential for abuse, this file must have strict permissions: read/write for the user, and not accessible by others. It may be group-writable provided that the group in question contains only the user. ~/.ssh/environment Contains additional definitions for environment variables; see ENVIRONMENT, above. ~/.ssh/identity ~/.ssh/id_dsa ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa ~/.ssh/id_rsa Contains the private key for authentication. These files contain sensitive data and should be readable by the user but not accessi‐ ble by others (read/write/execute). ssh will simply ignore a pri‐ vate key file if it is accessible by others. It is possible to specify a passphrase when generating the key which will be used to encrypt the sensitive part of this file using 3DES. ~/.ssh/identity.pub ~/.ssh/id_dsa.pub ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa.pub ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub Contains the public key for authentication. These files are not sensitive and can (but need not) be readable by anyone. ~/.ssh/known_hosts Contains a list of host keys for all hosts the user has logged into that are not already in the systemwide list of known host keys. See sshd(8) for further details of the format of this file. ~/.ssh/rc Commands in this file are executed by ssh when the user logs in, just before the user's shell (or command) is started. See the sshd(8) manual page for more information. /etc/hosts.equiv This file is for host-based authentication (see above). It should only be writable by root. /etc/ssh/shosts.equiv This file is used in exactly the same way as hosts.equiv, but allows host-based authentication without permitting login with rlogin/rsh. /etc/ssh/ssh_config Systemwide configuration file. The file format and configuration options are described in ssh_config(5). /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key These three files contain the private parts of the host keys and are used for host-based authentication. If protocol version 1 is used, ssh must be setuid root, since the host key is readable only by root. For protocol version 2, ssh uses ssh-keysign(8) to access the host keys, eliminating the requirement that ssh be setuid root when host-based authentication is used. By default ssh is not setuid root. /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts Systemwide list of known host keys. This file should be prepared by the system administrator to contain the public host keys of all machines in the organization. It should be world-readable. See sshd(8) for further details of the format of this file. /etc/ssh/sshrc Commands in this file are executed by ssh when the user logs in, just before the user's shell (or command) is started. See the sshd(8) manual page for more information. EXIT STATUS ssh exits with the exit status of the remote command or with 255 if an error occurred. SEE ALSO scp(1), sftp(1), ssh-add(1), ssh-agent(1), ssh-argv0(1), ssh-keygen(1), ssh-keyscan(1), ssh-vulnkey(1), tun(4), hosts.equiv(5), ssh_config(5), ssh-keysign(8), sshd(8) The Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol Assigned Numbers, RFC 4250, 2006. The Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol Architecture, RFC 4251, 2006. The Secure Shell (SSH) Authentication Protocol, RFC 4252, 2006. The Secure Shell (SSH) Transport Layer Protocol, RFC 4253, 2006. The Secure Shell (SSH) Connection Protocol, RFC 4254, 2006. Using DNS to Securely Publish Secure Shell (SSH) Key Fingerprints, RFC 4255, 2006. Generic Message Exchange Authentication for the Secure Shell Protocol (SSH), RFC 4256, 2006. The Secure Shell (SSH) Session Channel Break Extension, RFC 4335, 2006. The Secure Shell (SSH) Transport Layer Encryption Modes, RFC 4344, 2006. Improved Arcfour Modes for the Secure Shell (SSH) Transport Layer Protocol, RFC 4345, 2006. Diffie-Hellman Group Exchange for the Secure Shell (SSH) Transport Layer Protocol, RFC 4419, 2006. The Secure Shell (SSH) Public Key File Format, RFC 4716, 2006. Elliptic Curve Algorithm Integration in the Secure Shell Transport Layer, RFC 5656, 2009. A. Perrig and D. Song, Hash Visualization: a New Technique to improve Real- World Security, 1999, International Workshop on Cryptographic Techniques and E-Commerce (CrypTEC '99). AUTHORS OpenSSH is a derivative of the original and free ssh 1.2.12 release by Tatu Ylonen. Aaron Campbell, Bob Beck, Markus Friedl, Niels Provos, Theo de Raadt and Dug Song removed many bugs, re-added newer features and created OpenSSH. Markus Friedl contributed the support for SSH protocol versions 1.5 and 2.0. BSD October 8, 2016 BSD


--- ---
🐘 PHP friendly ❤
A repository that contains multiple packages or projects. Those projects can, but don't have to be related. Outside PHP world the monorepo is used by Google, Facebook, Twitter and Foursquare.
The most famous monorepos in PHP are Symfony, {% for project in site.data.projects %}{{ project.name }}, {% endfor %}
Add Yours Too!Monorepo is split into many single-repos, e.g. Symfony/Symfony is split into Symfony/Console, Symfony/Validator etc. The single-repo repository is read-only. You can change its code via pull-request to the monorepo.
The other approach to manage multiple repositories. 1 package = 1 own repository. Each package has it's own development, tagging and even maintainers. E.g. Doctrine 2 or Nette 2.
Monolith ≠ monorepo. Monolith is huge amount of coupled code of 1 application that is hell to maintain.
Cherry-picked reasons from legendary Advantages of Monolithic Version Control and Why is Babel a monorepo?. Read them to get deeper insight.


@(expenseForm: Form[Expense], locationForm: Form[Location])
-
@helper.inputText(expenseForm("expenseId"), 'class -> "form-control")
-
@helper.inputText(expenseForm("expenseAdded"), 'class -> "form-control")
-
@helper.inputText(expenseForm("Amount"), 'class -> "form-control", 'type -> "number")
-
@helper.inputText(expenseForm("Description"), 'class -> "form-control")
-
Payee/Payer
-
@helper.select(
field = expenseForm("Category"),
options = Seq(
"HEALTH_CARE" -> "Health care",
"FOOD" -> "Food",
"AUTOMOBILE" -> "Automobile",
"PRESENTS" -> "Presents",
"OTHER" -> "Other"
), 'class -> "form-control")
-
@helper.select(
field = expenseForm("PayMethod"),
options = Seq(
"CASH" -> "Cash",
"CARD" -> "Card",
"DEBIT" -> "Debit",
"OTHER" -> "Other"
), 'class -> "form-control")
-
@helper.inputDate(expenseForm("Date"), 'class -> "form-control")
-
@helper.inputText(locationForm("locationId"), 'class -> "form-control", 'id -> "locationId")
@helper.inputText(locationForm("latitude"), 'class -> "form-control", 'id -> "latitudeEdit")
@helper.inputText(locationForm("longitude"), 'class -> "form-control", 'id -> "longitudeEdit")
-


Brahms's father, Johann Jakob Brahms (1806–72), was from the town of Heide in Holstein. The family name was also sometimes spelt 'Brahmst' or 'Brams', and derives from 'Bram', the German word for the shrub broom.[1] Against the family's will, Johann Jakob pursued a career in music, arriving in Hamburg in 1826, where he found work as a jobbing musician and a string and wind player. In 1830, he married Johanna Henrika Christiane Nissen (1789–1865), a seamstress 17 years older than he was. In the same year he was appointed as a horn player in the Hamburg militia.[2] Eventually he became a double-bass player in the Stadttheater Hamburg and the Hamburg Philharmonic Society. As Johann Jakob prospered, the family moved over the years to ever better accommodation in Hamburg.[3] Johannes Brahms was born in 1833; his sister Elisabeth (Elise) had been born in 1831 and a younger brother Fritz Friedrich (Fritz) was born in 1835.[4] Fritz also became a pianist; overshadowed by his brother, he emigrated to Caracas in 1867, and later returned to Hamburg as a teacher.[5] Johann Jakob gave his son his first musical training; Johannes also learnt to play the violin and the basics of playing the cello. From 1840 he studied piano with Otto Friedrich Willibald Cossel (1813–1865). Cossel complained in 1842 that Brahms "could be such a good player, but he will not stop his never-ending composing." At the age of 10, Brahms made his debut as a performer in a private concert including Beethoven's quintet for piano and winds Op. 16 and a piano quartet by Mozart. He also played as a solo work an étude of Henri Herz. By 1845 he had written a piano sonata in G minor.[6] His parents disapproved of his early efforts as a composer, feeling that he had better career prospects as a performer.[7] From 1845 to 1848 Brahms studied with Cossel's teacher, the pianist and composer Eduard Marxsen (1806–1887). Marxsen had been a personal acquaintance of Beethoven and Schubert, admired the works of Mozart and Haydn, and was a devotee of the music of J. S. Bach. Marxsen conveyed to Brahms the tradition of these composers and ensured that Brahms's own compositions were grounded in that tradition.[8] In 1847 Brahms made his first public appearance as a solo pianist in Hamburg, playing a fantasy by Sigismund Thalberg. His first full piano recital, in 1848, included a fugue by Bach as well as works by Marxsen and contemporary virtuosi such as Jacob Rosenhain. A second recital in April 1849 included Beethoven's Waldstein sonata and a waltz fantasia of his own composition, and garnered favourable newspaper reviews.[9] Brahms's compositions at this period are known to have included piano music, chamber music and works for male voice choir. Under the pseudonym 'G. W. Marks', some piano arrangements and fantasies were published by the Hamburg firm of Cranz in 1849. The earliest of Brahms's works which he acknowledged (his Scherzo Op. 4 and the song Heimkehr Op. 7 no. 6) date from 1851. However Brahms was later assiduous in eliminating all his early works; even as late as 1880 he wrote to his friend Elise Giesemann to send him his manuscripts of choral music so that they could be destroyed.[10] Persistent stories of the impoverished adolescent Brahms playing in bars and brothels have only anecdotal provenance,[11] and many modern scholars dismiss them; the Brahms family was relatively prosperous, and Hamburg legislation very strictly forbade music in, or the admittance of minors to, brothels.
Right


Issues¶
In this section known problems with the code can be found
General¶
- No checking of input files at all at any stages of the code
- Basisset object has a bad structure
- Loops should be replaced with np.einsum() in many cases
- Documentation of integral code is out-of-date
Performance¶
- Alot of recalculations in R, when calculating higher order angular momentum integrals
- Not sure variables are passed around in integral code the right way with respect to Cython
- The SCF seem to have trouble converging if BOMD time steps are above 1.0 a.u.
- All information is stored directly in memory; Integrals scale as N^4 for memory
Need testing¶
- DCPT2 not tested, no case in paper, where cartesian integrals was used (all had D orbitals)
- Numerical Forces are not tested yet
Broken¶
- Self overlap integrals is non-one for contracted basisfunctions
- No check for singularity in DIIS, H2/STO3G breaks the code if used with DIIS
- Changing Cython directive_defaults seem to make the code break sometimes, not very reproduceable


My Profile
Name :
Email :
Phone No :
Date Of Birth :
Address :
City :
Profile
CV-form
Gender :
Male
Female
Summary
Update


Susanne
Bilney Curriculum
Vitae
26 Vanzuilecom
Street
Kojonup
Western Australia,
6395
M +0061 475696890
(hm)
e<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Testimonials:
From
previous employers and colleagues
“Sue is trustworthy, strategic
and dedicated, a most talented design facilitator, coder, analyst and
programmer, she can turn her hand to most anything. Sue confidently takes in
complex ideas, systematically extracts the business requirements, and then
enhances the existing system... A hugely productive analyst, an absolute asset
to my team, she is, as effective as my best two programmers, rolled into one…an
insightful, collaborative and very capable individual.”
Jane Cuddihy
Former Technical Team Leader
Centrelink
“Susanne has excellent
technical abilities with superior analysis... With attention to detail and
inclusive communication strategies her IT documentation results are flawless.
She has an eye for the smallest details, her problem solving is exemplary and
her specifications always well-researched and thorough, from inception to
implementation…I have no hesitation recommending her.”
Stephen Rule
Former
Technical Operations Manager Centrelink
“I’ve worked with Sue
on the delivery of several Rural Program policy and legislative changes. Whilst working on these changes Sue was
required to analyse, develop and implement new
business functionality and provide solutions to complex existing and new
production problems. At times, this work
was difficult because business requirements were not always clear from Policy
Departments and often changes to rural policy/legislation was in response to an
'emergency or crisis' which resulted in limited lead times. Always a pleasure to work with, Sue targeted
her verbal communication to meet the needs our business team and would always
clarify and further explain IT concepts. This greatly assisted our team. Sue also took the time to understand our business
needs and often communicated directly with those at the 'front-line' to ensure
excellent outcomes when developing IT workflows, processes and solutions.”
Kerrie Bailey
Former Business Manager Farm
Help
Centrelink
Dear Sir/Madam
I am an enthusiastic
self-starter, enjoy helping people, researching and
undertaking problem analysis, developing and nurturing working relationships,
and used all of these skills in teaching English in China, for three years in
2014/2013, 2012 and 2010.
In my years of teaching I have learnt that each class learns differently,
some learn by numbers and word games, others by drawing or singing. It is important to use a variety of
techniques which engage the student, motivate them to learn and more
importantly get them to join in and practice
speaking English.
Prior to teaching English I worked as a senior computer programmer and
business analyst for the Australian Government’s Commonwealth Service Delivery
Agency (Centrelink) for twenty years. In
all the work that I undertook one of my driving commitments was to always
deliver computer systems/applications, which while implementing Government
initiatives delivered improvements in delivery of those services.
My involvement of
the following three major projects demonstrate my project
management, planning, design skills, problem resolution, communication skills
and willingness to take on challenges.
These projects
were:
·
Parental
Income Review – Communication and networking skills enabled me to implement a
strategic solution to the problem of tracking the return of forms, which
ensured that customers did not have their payments cancelled.
·
Farm
Help Project – Implemented Professional Advice & Training Grant, Small
Business Grant, Re-entry Grant for Farmers, Farmers Exit Grant, Farmers Income
Support services to support Farmers and Rural communities. These services were delivered in short
timeframes, changing business requirements and
delivered assistance to rural communities.
·
Customer
Appointments project – Implemented a consistent framework for the booking of
external interpreters for all Centrelink customers which took
into account their cultural requirements.
I have always
found that by sharing knowledge with people is more empowering and sustaining,
as they can identify with what that knowledge can do for them.
In all my work I
have found that if you are open and honest with people, take the time to
understand their culture and background that a constructive relationship can be
built.
This approach builds trust and rapport with people, giving people the confidence to ask the silly questions and thus they participate and learn more easily.
Skills
In my work as an English teacher, I am proficient in using the internet for research, use of word processing and excel as well as using power point presentations for development of lessons.
Tertiary Qualifications
|
Year |
Description |
Level |
Place |
|
2009 |
Completed 120 hour
TEFL certificate which covered the following: l
60 Hour Intensive TEFL
Course l
Specialist Certificate:
20-Hour Grammar Awareness l
English to Young Learners
specialist module l
Teaching Business English
specialist module l
Teaching with Limited
Resources specialist module l
Teaching Large Classes
specialist module l
Teaching one-to-one
English specialist module l
How to teach Audio and
Video Lessons specialist module l
Cultural Awareness in the
Classroom specialist module l
How to Teach
Pronunciation specialist module |
TEFL Certificate |
www.i-to-i organization |
|
2008 |
Completed IT Infrastructure Library
(ITIL) Foundation v3 Certificate |
Certificate |
Centrelink Training, Canberra Australian Capital Territory |
|
1993 |
Technical and Business Writing,
including Microsoft word processing and Excel. |
|
Centrelink Training, Canberra Australian Capital Territory |
|
1995 |
Advanced Model204 – computer language |
|
Centrelink Training, Canberra Australian Capital Territory |
|
1990 |
Basics of Model204 – computer
language |
|
Centrelink Training, Canberra Australian Capital Territory |
|
1989 |
Post
Graduate Diploma in Computing Studies |
Post
Graduate |
Canberra College of Advanced Education, Canberra Australian Capital Territory |
|
1981 |
Graduate
Diploma in Extractive Metallurgy
|
Post
Graduate |
WA School of Mines – branch of WA Institute of Technology, Kalgoorlie Western Australia |
|
1980 |
Bachelor of
Applied Science in Extractive Metallurgy |
Degree |
WA School of Mines – branch of WA Institute of Technology, Kalgoorlie Western Australia |
|
1976-1975 |
Year 11 and 12 |
Secondary |
Methodist Ladies College, Clarement Perth Western Australia |
|
1964-1974 |
Year 1 through to Year 10 |
Primary |
Kojonup District High School, Kojonup Western Australia |
Employment
History
The table below outlines my work history
|
Period |
Role/Level |
Description |
|
Feb 2016 – May
2016 |
English Teacher, volunteer |
Private English teaching in Spain with two families |
|
Aug 2015- Dec
2015 |
English Teacher, volunteer |
Volunteer as an English teacher/assistant at a childrens orphange and community organisation in Atenas Costa Rica and Playa Portero Costa Rica. |
|
Sep 2013 – Jun
2014 |
English Teacher Shouguang Century School, China |
24 hours per week Eleven
classes of Grade One aged 5 to 7 Thirteen classes of Grade Three aged 9 to 11. |
|
Sep 2011 - Jun
2012 |
English Teacher - Shaanxi Modern Bilingual School, China |
22 hours per week Seven classes of Grade One aged 5 to 7, twice a week Four classes of Grade Two aged 7 to 9, twice a week. |
|
Sep 2010 – Jan
2011 |
English Teacher - Waltstreet School Luipanshui, China |
25 hours per week Children ages 2-15 Class size 12 to 55, average 25 |
|
Mar 2010 – Jul
2011 |
English Teacher - Waltstreet School Luipanshui, China |
15 hours per week Student ages 5 - adults Class size 12 to 30, average 25 |
|
Sep 2009 – Aug
1989 |
Roles include:
|
Branch
development of configuration management for development and maintenance of
software components. Wrote
High level design for Trusts & Companies project Wrote
technical documentation Wrote
User specifications. Undertook
programming components in Model 204 language Mentored
technical and
business analyst staff Supervised
staff, trained, mentored, delivery of Newstart Mature Age Allowance Undertook programming components in Model 204 language |
|
1982-1986 |
Metallurgist |
Woodlawn Mines, Tarago New South Wales Australia |
Phone Referees
|
Name |
Relationship |
Contact |
|
Ryan |
Liason officer at Shaanxi Modern
Bilingual School |
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
|
Jane Cuddihy |
Former
Technical Team Leader
Centrelink |
m 0422 788 312 -
Australia e<EMAIL_ADDRESS>|
|
Stephen Rule |
Former Technical Operations Manager Centrelink
|
m 0447 408 375 - Australia |
Thank you for your time and interest.
Susanne Bilney


So let's run through an example of the process of recognizing the simple vowel "uh" as in "hood". First, we recorded four samples of the word "hood" from the four members of this group, and physically cut out the vowels using the soundeditor program. These vowels are stored in the sound files: hood_a.se.bin, hood_j.se.bin , hood_s.se.bin, and hood_t.se.bin (.au format, click to download). These files can be loaded into Matlab as a vector using the Matlab "auread" command. Most of the following graphs use only three of the above recordings for graphics purposes.
We then load these sounds into Matlab. A plot of the vowels is in uh_unnormalized. We then normalize the amplitudes and center these samples. A plot of the normalized sounds is in uh_normalized. You will notice that vowels are quasi periodic. Although the pitch, or frequency of the periods, varies from speaker to speaker, the vowels each have a distinct shape that is repeated. Following the normalization, we create an Auto-Regressive Model of the voice from the sound signal. We calculate the formants from the frequency response of the AR model, and then match them to the closest standard vowel formants. In our example, all four vowels (one from each speaker) matched correctly to the vowel "uh". In uh_formants, you can see how the formants of each speakers' vowel matched with the standard formant values for "uh". The horizontal lines represent the standard formant frequencies. In uh_four_formants , we have superimposed all four formant plots for our samples. It is easiliy visible how closely the formants for different speakers match up. This plot is fairly demonstative of the similarities in the vowel speech patterns of various speakers. We have a matlab function vowelrec.m that takes a vowel sound file and the sampling frequency, and then it proceeds to carry out the steps mentioned above. It prints out a formant graph of the sound and returns a phoenetic vowel match. We conclude our demonstration by conducting the same process on a phoenetically complicated word: "syphillis". This word consists of three subtle vowels: "sif", "ful", and "lus". The audio recording of "syphillis" and its three vowels may be found in syphillis_t.se.bin, syph_1.se.bin, syph_2.se.bin, and syph_3.se.bin (all files .au format, click to download). The plot of the word "syphillis" may be found in syphillis.gif. The plot of its normalized vowels are in syph_normalized.gif. It is possible to distinguish the vowels from the consonants in the plot by the repetitive nature of the vowels. We then proceed to calculate the formants of the vowels and then do a vowel matching. Unfortunately, as our study shows, vowel matching is very successful with simple words such as "head" or "bob", but with "syphillis", our matching program was not so successful. It showed "sif" to match to AH as in bud, "ful" matched to UH as in "hood", and "lus" matched to IY as in "heed". The formants and the vowel formants they matched to are in syph_formants.gif. As is visible on the last vowel, our formant calculation missed a formant, resulting in the wide discrepency. This goes to demonstrate the fact that our program is not as effective with vowel samples that are not steady enough. Perhaps if our sampling frequency were higher than 8 KHz, we may have been more successful. However, with simpler words, our function was extremely successful. As is visible in vowels_analyzed.gif, given vowel samples from 4 different speakers, we had a correct match rate of 86%. The only vowel we were consistently unsuccessful in matching was AO as in "hawed." Nonetheless, the fact remains that none of us really know how to pronounce "hawed" anyway. In conclusion, our vowel recognition process is very successful for simple words with distinct vowels, and not successful for phonetically complicated words.


Before Change
in decimal degrees on the earth using the Haversine algorithm.
// convert decimal degrees to radians
lon1, lat1, lon2, lat2 = (radians(val) for val in (lon1, lat1, lon2, lat2))
dlon = lon2 - lon1
dlat = lat2 - lat1
angle = sin(dlat/2)**2 + cos(lat1) * cos(lat2) * sin(dlon/2)**2
// Radius of earth in meters.
radius = 6371000
return 2 * radius * asin(sqrt(angle))
After Change
def distance(lon1, lat1, lon2, lat2):
Calculate the distance in meters between two points.
return vincenty((lon1, lat1), (lon2, lat2)) * 1000


Psalms 116:19
In the courts of the LORD's house, in the midst of thee, O Jerusalem. Praise ye the LORD.


{% extends "base.html" %} {% block content %} {% for skill in skills %}
Task completion rate: {{ skill.completionRate|floatformat:0 }}%
Total time spent learning this skill: {{ skill.totalTime|floatformat:0 }} minutes
Most completed task: {{ skill.mostCompleted }}
Least completed task: {{ skill.leastCompleted }}
Edit skill {% endfor %} {% endblock %}


ÁVision Build Log
Tool Versions:
IDE-Version: ÁVision V<IP_ADDRESS> Copyright (C) 2015 ARM Ltd and ARM Germany GmbH. All rights reserved. License Information: a a, a, LIC=MPY74-FIDJL-VMI9I-TSJ7N-WEZBI-ISH5C Tool Versions: Toolchain: PK51 Prof. Developers Kit Version: 9.02 Toolchain Path: C:\Keil_v5\C51\BIN C Compiler: C51.exe V9.02 Assembler: A51.exe V8.02 Linker/Locator: BL51.exe V6.22 Library Manager: LIB51.exe V4.24 Hex Converter: OH51.exe V2.6 CPU DLL: S8051.DLL V3.73 Dialog DLL: DP51.DLL V2.61Project:
F:\Tutorials_And_Codes\8051\Ultra_8051_Board\08b-Eeprom_String_RdWr\08b-Eeprom_String_RdWr.uvproj Project File Date: 02/26/2016Output:
Rebuild target 'Target 1' compiling main.c... compiling delay.c... compiling eeprom.c... compiling i2c.c... compiling uart.c... linking... *** WARNING L16: UNCALLED SEGMENT, IGNORED FOR OVERLAY PROCESS SEGMENT: ?PR?_EEPROM_WRITEBYTE?EEPROM *** WARNING L16: UNCALLED SEGMENT, IGNORED FOR OVERLAY PROCESS SEGMENT: ?PR?_EEPROM_READBYTE?EEPROM *** WARNING L16: UNCALLED SEGMENT, IGNORED FOR OVERLAY PROCESS SEGMENT: ?PR?I2C_INIT?I2C *** WARNING L16: UNCALLED SEGMENT, IGNORED FOR OVERLAY PROCESS SEGMENT: ?PR?_UART_RXSTRING?UART *** WARNING L1: UNRESOLVED EXTERNAL SYMBOL SYMBOL: _EEPROM_READSTRING MODULE: .\Objects\main.obj (MAIN) *** WARNING L1: UNRESOLVED EXTERNAL SYMBOL SYMBOL: _EEPROM_WRITESTRING MODULE: .\Objects\main.obj (MAIN) *** WARNING L2: REFERENCE MADE TO UNRESOLVED EXTERNAL SYMBOL: _EEPROM_WRITESTRING MODULE: .\Objects\main.obj (MAIN) ADDRESS: 0752H *** WARNING L2: REFERENCE MADE TO UNRESOLVED EXTERNAL SYMBOL: _EEPROM_READSTRING MODULE: .\Objects\main.obj (MAIN) ADDRESS: 075FH Program Size: data=110.0 xdata=0 code=2558 ".\Objects\08b-Eeprom_String_RdWr" - 0 Error(s), 8 Warning(s). Build Time Elapsed: 00:00:00


REGISTER HERE
BRANCH OF STUDY
COMPS
IT
ETEX/EXTC
MENTOR NAME
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XYZ
PERSONAL DETAILS
SUBMIT BUTTON TRIAL


pa-radio
provides the same features as a native {{ htmlRadio }}
enhanced with Pastanaga styling and accessibility.
The radio button label is provided as the content of the {{ paRadio }}
element.
Accessibility:
{{ paRadio }}
automatically set an aria-label on the {{ htmlRadio }}
. By default, the label provided to
{{ paRadio }}
is used as aria-label. If no label is set, paRadio will use for its Input ariaLabel
.
If no ariaLabel
is set neither, the value will be used as aria-label.
Radio buttons are generally used in radio-groups, which is a collection of radio buttons describing as a set of
related options. A radio group is defined by giving each of radio buttons in the group the same name. To make it
easier to create a radio-group, Pastanaga provides the directive
{{ paRadioGroup }}
.
Your favorite season is: {{ favoriteSeason }}
Radio group using formControl
Icon selected: {{ formControl.value }}
Radio group using formGroup with formControlName
Radio group with disabled inputs
pa-radio
provides the same functionality as a native
{{ htmlRadio }}
enhanced with Pastanaga styling and accessibility.
Radio buttons should usually be placed inside a
{{ paRadioGroup }}
. The radio-group will automatically set the name of the
{{ paRadio }}
with its own.
{{ paRadioGroup }}
directive doesn't have Inputs or Outputs on its own but it inherits from
PaFormControlDirective
:
{{radioGroupExample}}
Radio group with help:
{{radioGroupWithHelp}}


Are you ready to start?
Remember, you have {{time.left}} seconds.
You have {{time.left}} seconds.
We ran out of tasks for you!
Time Done!
You judged {{taskset.tasks.length}} items and earned {{taskset.payment | currency : $}} plus {{ taskset.bonus | currency : $}} in bonuses.*
*Bonuses are paid after your contributions are verified.