The Corsair Gaming Series GS600 power supply is the ideal price-performance solution for building or upgrading a Gaming PC. A single +12V rail provides up to 48A of reliable, continuous power for multi-core gaming PCs with multiple graphics cards. The ultra-quiet, dual ball-bearing fan automatically adjusts its speed according to temperature, so it will never intrude on your music and games. Blue LEDs bathe the transparent fan blades in a cool glow. Not feeling blue? You can turn off the lighting with the press of a button.
Corsair Gaming Series GS600 Features:
It supports the latest ATX12V v2.3 standard and is backward compatible with ATX12V 2.2 and ATX12V 2.01 systems
An ultra-quiet 140mm double ball-bearing fan delivers great airflow at an very low noise level by varying fan speed in response to temperature
80Plus certified to deliver 80% efficiency or higher at normal load conditions (20% to 100% load)
0.99 Active Power Factor Correction provides clean and reliable power
Universal AC input from 90~264V — no more hassle of flipping that tiny red switch to select the voltage input!
Extra long fully-sleeved cables support full tower chassis
A three year warranty and lifetime access to Corsair’s legendary technical support and customer service
Over Current/Voltage/Power Protection, Under Voltage Protection and Short Circuit Protection provide complete component safety
Dimensions: 150mm(W) x 86mm(H) x 160mm(L)
MTBF: 100,000 hours
Safety Approvals: UL, CUL, CE, CB, FCC Class B, TÜV, CCC, C-tick


{% load static %} {% include "base-v2-css.html" %} {% block title %} {% endblock %} {% block meta %} {% endblock %}
moe.ph · cute and depressed
© moe.ph. All rights reserved. Made with Django, Lanyon, and basscss.


Normalisation of data to minimise the impact of technical variation on comparative sample analysis is often carried out. Usually we assume that the sum (or median, mean) of the intensity across all the compound of each sample should stay consistant. Thus the sum (or median, mean) value can be an approximate quantitative index of how much the machine influence each sample. Sample specific normalization normalize each sample to its index (i.e. sum, median or mean). The equation follows the same pattern,
, where i indicates samples and ω is the weight of each sample, which is calculated by (using sum as an example),Also, user could define their own ω (e.g. volumn) using the custom weight
option. User have to justify the logic of the weight. An example of "custom weight" sample specific normalization is here.
Cairns DA, Thompson D, Perkins DN, Stanley AJ, Selby PJ, Banks RE. Proteomic profiling using mass spectrometry–does normalising by total ion current potentially mask some biological differences?. Proteomics. 2008 Jan 1;8(1):21-7. 18095358
Wang W, Zhou H, Lin H, Roy S, Shaler TA, Hill LR, Norton S, Kumar P, Anderle M, Becker CH. Quantification of proteins and metabolites by mass spectrometry without isotopic labeling or spiked standards. Analytical chemistry. 2003 Sep 15;75(18):4818-26.14674459
Warrack BM, Hnatyshyn S, Ott KH, Reily MD, Sanders M, Zhang H, Drexler DM. Normalization strategies for metabonomic analysis of urine samples. Journal of Chromatography B. 2009 Feb 15;877(5):547-52. S157002320900021X
Wanichthanarak K, Fan S, Grapov D, Barupal DK, Fiehn O (2017) Metabox: A Toolbox for Metabolomic Data Analysis, Interpretation and Integrative Exploration. PLOS ONE 12(1): e0171046. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171046


The UX of URLs
UX begins before user has reached your site.
Going to talk about how we know this, what it means, what makes a URL, what makes a URL good, and why it matters.
What is a URL?
RFC 1738
“This document describes the syntax and semantics for a compact string representation for a resource available via the Internet. These strings are called ‘Uniform Resource Locators’ (URLs).”
To understand URL, first understand web.
Web: single biggest collaborative knowledge-sharing effort ever undertaken by the human race.
Globe-spanning ad-hoc machine.
We need to interact with it to make it useful.
HTTP Spoken Here
“We are building clans around languages we speak to the Machine.”
URLs are nouns. How we speak to web and about web.
Platonic ideal: short, semantic, well-defined, unchanging, a specific piece of info and how to find it.
Programming languages are for physical machines.
Physical machines talk to each other and humans through HTTP.
Without URLs, communication breaks down.
Why Design URLs?
Because people care.
Because machines care.
Because we can.
People Care
Consciously and unconsciously.
Depends on who they are and how they’re using the URLs.
They care about different things depending on their needs.
Developer/API, college student/research paper URL, marketer/advertisement/mom.
People Care
“[P]eople spent 25% of their time looking at the URL in navigational tasks vs. 22% in informational tasks.”
Microsoft Research, eyetracking study, search engine behavior.
24% of time on average looking at URLs.
"People just search and click on what looks best!"
People Care
“[S]earchers are particularly interested in the URL when they are assessing the credibility of a destination. If the URL looks like garbage, people are less likely to click on that search hit. On the other hand, if the URL looks like the page will address the user's question, they are more likely to click.”
Study by Nielsen/Norman Group
People Care
Machines Care
Machines have needs and expectations about URLs.
Google's machines can affect your personal and business goals.
Because We Can
No matter what part we play, we care.
We want every part to be thoughtfully, respectfully crafted.
Don't just use any old URL.
What Makes a URL?
http
https
ftp
data
file
mailto
tel
ws/wss
about
Scheme or protocol
IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) recognizes over 150 others
What Makes a URL?
example.com
gTLD: .com, .net, .org, .edu, .aero., .asia, .biz, .cat, .coop, .gov, .info, .int, .jobs, .mil, .mobi, .museum, .name, .post, .pro, .tel, .travel, .xxx
ccTLD: .us, .uk, .au, .ca, .mx, .cc, .cx, .ws, .io, .ly, .es, .fr …and hundreds more.
Infrastructure TLDs: .arpa
Reserved TLDs: .test, .example, .invalid, .localhost, and .local
http://ws, http://uz
Internationalized domain names: http://xn--zkc6cc5bi7f6e.xn--hlcj6aya9esc7a (http://உதாரணம்.பரிட்சை)
Name and top-level domain
Generic TLDs, country-code TLDs, infrastructure TLDs, reserved TLDs
ARPA was the Advanced Research Projects Agency, now DARPA, now Address Routing Protocol Area.
If you own and operate a TLD, name isn't required.
IDNs: This is Tamil for "example.test"
What Makes a URL?
http:// example.com /path /of /any /length /resource ?query=data &another=parameter #fragment
What Makes a URL?
http://<IP_ADDRESS> /path/of/any/length/resource?query=data&another=parameter#fragment
What Makes a URL?
http://[ff :ff :ff :ff :uu :uu :uu :uu ] /path/of/any/length/resource?query=data&another=parameter#fragment
What Makes a URL?
http://www. example.com/path/of/any/length/resource?query=data&another=parameter#fragment
What Makes a URL?
http://www.example.com:80 /path/of/any/length/resource?query=data&another=parameter#fragment
What Makes a URL?
http://username:password@ www.example.com:80/path/of/any/length/resource?query=data&another=parameter#fragment
What Makes a URL?
http://username:password@www.example.com:80/path/of/any/length;param=123 /resource?query=data&another=parameter#fragment
URLs can be complicated. Lots of moving parts.

What Makes a URL?
http://example.com/path/resource?query=data#fragment
You’re working within some reasonable, modern constraints and assumptions.
Your URLs are likely to have a scheme, domain, path, and query.
And maybe a fragment.
What Makes a URL Good ?
Known knowns
Planned for from the start
Known unknowns
Auto-generated from user interaction
Unknown unknowns
Added in the future, after you get hit by a truck
Good URL = sum of good parts. Every piece of the puzzle.
General plan won't cut it. Cover all the bases.
Known knowns: plan for initially. About contact page, major sections and subsections, user profiles, etc.
Known unknowns: from user interaction. Know they'll be there, don't know what they'll contain.
Blog post? 300 new products? New home on the market?
Unknown unknowns: Added by other developers after you're gone. We all get hit by a truck. Plan ahead.
We'll get to plan later. First, what makes the parts good?
A Good Domain
Short
Memorable
Speakable
Readable
Good domain strikes a balance.
ibm.com
Good Domains are
Speakable
real-estate.com “Real hyphen estate dot com”
realestateonline.com “Real estate online dot com”
Anders Ramsay, UX designer in Brooklyn.
Litmus test for logo design presentation: faxing it.
Litmus test for domain? Tell someone over the phone, outside on windy day.
Maybe with marbles in your cheeks.
Good Domains are
Readable
IllJIll.com
lovelymorn.com
Poor font choice makes DJ Ill Jill's domain impossible to decipher.

A Bad Domain
http://rim.jobs
http://oddsextractor.com
http://oddsextractor.com
← Freud
A Bad Domain
http://rrrrthats5rs.com
http://www.llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch.co.uk
A Good Path
Reflects information structure
Consistent
Predictable
Most general → most specific
The Visual Display of Quantitative Information , Edward Tufte
“chartjunk”: needless visual flourishes.
Jesse James Garrett at AdaptivePath: “CMSjunk”
CMSjunk
“[L]ong strings of characters that exist only to satisfy some technical constraint, detracting from the effectiveness of our URLs as communication tools.”
URL should be usable to a machine, friendly to humans.
Well-designed URL path contributes to hackability. (Later).
UTF-H8
A Brief Tangent
http://example.com/path/resource?query=data#fragment
http://example.com/?emotion=(╯°□°)╯︵ ┻━┻
http://example.com/?emotion=%28%E2%95%AF%C2%B0%E2%96%A1%C2%B0%29%E2%95%AF%EF%B8%B5%20%E2%94%BB%E2%94%81%E2%94%BB
Up to question mark: UTF-8. After: doc's encoding.
Except if document is UTF-16; then UTF-8.
"When in doubt, use UTF-8. When not in doubt, you're probably wrong and should still use UTF-8."
Special characters? Percent-encoding, but special characters for the parts are different.
“%2B or not %2B?”
In path, plus is fine unescaped, spaces become %20.
In query, plus is %2B, spaces can be %20 or literal +.
It's essentially impossible to remember what characters are allowed where.
Anne van Kesteren is working on URL spec to improve this.
A Good Fragment
Fragment = location in a document
That is all
Use history.pushState()
The Rest of the Puzzle
Scheme
Domain
Path
Query
Fragment
Everything
More factors to consider that apply to every one of those parts, and the URL as a whole.
A Good URL is
Credible
Looking for information requires assessing credibility of sources.
 We have to be skeptical, like the chihuahua.
Microsoft study: what users are looking for is credibility.
Credibility is based on
Reputation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinchilla
http://joebanana.tripod.com/mysite/chinchilla_page.htm
Reputation is based on trustworthiness, expertise, accuracy.
Wikipedia has a reputation for some level of these. Joe Banana is a fraud.
Credibility is based on
Association
http://www.cmu.edu/staff/daviska/papers/2013/alg349a
http://www.securisite.com/articles/2013/08/new-algorithm
You can also gain credibility by being associated with something credible.
While both URLs look good, CMU has credibility, so the first looks more authoritative.
Processing Fluency
The ease with which your brain can parse information.
Studies show easy = true.
Simple changes (alliteration, rhyme, repetition) improve credibility.
Stocks perform better if company name is easier to pronounce.
Good URLs are
Hackable
“A hackable URL is one that makes sense to a human reader, and where the human reader can guess what to change to get to another page.”
"Hack": negative connotations, originally meant "messing around with something to get it to do what you want".
Hacking a URL is not about stealing passwords.
Skipping traditional navigation and interaction models.
Power-user shortcut.
Who cares?
Good interfaces are habitual.
Not Hackable, No Habit
http://example.com/6219867/rfreebern
Do users care? Couldn't find study; anecdotal evidence supports it.
“The Humane Interface,” Jef Raskin: paraphrased, good interfaces form habits.
Predictable and consistent allows habits. Habits lead to loyal users.
Slugs
Slugs are short, keyword-rich summaries.
From print media: short name given to an article for internal use.
Don't add to hackability, but benefit readability, credibility, and searchability.
Implementation should allow hackability.
Slug Rules
Stick to alphanumerics and hyphen
Get rid of common words (conjunctions, articles, etc.)
Include something unique (an ID or a date)
(or store the slug with the document)
Don't reinvent the wheel.
Literally dozens of slug libraries on packagist.
Good URLs are
Shareable
Let's talk about sharing.
Sharing is everywhere
Already talked about short, sensible, and snappy.
Robustness
Robustness: hard to screw up when shared.
No slug? 301. Truncated slug? 301.
Why? Copy-and-paste errors shouldn’t penalize the user. Platforms that insert linebreaks shouldn’t penalize the user.
Changing the slug to something else entirely, however, should.
Additionally, avoid generating URLs that contain encoded characters, because the way they’re shared could result in aka double-encoding.
Old-Fashioned Sharing
“Hey, you should check out this page, lemme write it down—”
By hand, speaking, printed in newspaper and magazines, on receipts and product labels, stitched into clothing.
Make them short = easy to type, and unambiguous = easy to understand what to type, as possible.
Avoid Ambiguity
http://0range.io
http://Orange.io
Remember DJ Ill Jill? Low ASCII abounds with similar glyphs.
“Zero Range”
New-Fangled Sharing
No.
Third-party URL shorteners are bad for the web and bad for usability.
Take a moment to read this quote from Jason Scott.
“URL shorteners may be one of the worst ideas, one of the most backward ideas, to come out of the last five years. ... [T]hese general-purpose URL shorteners, with their shady or fragile setups and utter dependence upon them, well. If we lose TinyURL or bit.ly, millions of weblogs, essays, and non-archived tweets lose their meaning. Instantly. To someone in the future, it’ll be like everyone from a certain era of history […] started speaking in a one-time pad of cryptographic pass phrases.”
Add a layer of fragility. Outside of your control
Zero accountability, no contracts, no guarantees.
Handing off marketing strategy.
Eliminate credibility, robustness, searchability, everything you worked for.
You can tell I'm a big fan.
I Want Short URLs Anyway
Host your own: YOURLS (and other packages).
<link rel=”shorturl” href=”...”>
Bonus points:
Undeniably useful, or wouldn't be so prevalent.
Keep benefits without exposing yourself to drawbacks.
Build convenience into your platform.
Allows hand-crafting short URLs when appropriate.
Associates short domain with your brand == improves credibility.
Base32/Easier sacrifice shortness to improve robustness.
Canonical
One URL for one document
301
any alternates
Rewrite trailing slashes
URLs are forever
“When someone follows a link and it breaks, they generally lose confidence in the owner of the server. They also are frustrated—emotionally and practically from accomplishing their goal.”
Robustness includes persistence.
Do everything you can to keep old URLs working.
Another reason to plan a solid URL design from the start.
Real world: stuff moves. Company bought, platform change, rebuilt by third-party.
Know Your Redirects
301 Moved Permanently
302 Found
303 See Other
307 Temporary Redirect
308 Permanent Redirect (Experimental)
Learn and love those HTTP 3xx redirects.
Use as many as necessary.
Careful with POST URLs: 301, 302, 303 switch to GET.
307 and 308 force re-POST.
Drop the .php
Bad: http://example.com/about.php
Good: http://example.com/about
Don't expose the implementation.
MediaWiki/WordPress: don't put "mediawiki" or "wp" in URLs.
Pay Up
“Pretty much the only good reason for a document to disappear from the Web is that the company which owned the domain name went out of business or can no longer afford to keep the server running.”
DNS is a weak link.
Don't let registration lapse. Pay for a decade.
Making a Plan
Good
Memorable
Readable
Speakable
Credible
Hackable
Shareable
Robust
… times a hundred thousand.
If I've done my job, you have an inkling about how to create good URLs.
Now do it for every URL on your site... including user-generated and ones added later.
Known knowns, known unknowns, unknown unknowns.
Need a URL design from the beginning.
Write it down. Treat it like any other design doc.
Thorough understanding of information structure and site usage.
Plan for redirects too.
URI Templates
http://example.com/dictionary/c/cat
http://example.com/dictionary/d/dog
→ http://example.com/dictionary/{term:1}/{term}
uri_template PHP extension
A formal approach.
In-progress specification.
Many libraries exist.
Less Formal
“User profiles will be located at http://example.com/<username>
. We will reserve a number of usernames for future usage, such as "about", "contact", "admin", "stats"…”
No need to be formal as long as you're thorough.
Cover all the bases.
Merely having a document as a guide will help keep people thinking.
Why Should I Care About URLs?
“We are building clans around languages we speak to the Machine.”
Clans around programming languages don't matter.
Languages, frameworks, best practices, platforms, operating systems come and go.
Only constant is the web itself. Bet on the web.
Embrace things like URLS that make the web what it is.
Key part of the web, will outlast your clans.
URLs are part of the native language of the web. If you're going to speak to the web, you have to understand and respect that.
Image Credits
“Why Paint Cats 2006 Calendar ” by Ten Speed Press, used without permission.
“Love URL ” from The Independent , used without permission.
“Boromir Meme ” based on still from “The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring , from Warner Bros., via QuickMeme.com , used without permission.
“Wall-E and Eve ” from “Wall-E ” from Pixar, used without permission.
“Climbers at Khumbu Icefall ” by Mahatma4711 on Flickr, CC-By-2.0
“Freud Driving a Tractor ” by Von Crunch Design , used without permission.
“The Skeptical Chihuahua, Taipei ” by Yi Chen on Flickr, CC-By-2.0
“Mom's Friendly Robot Company ” by Shirtoid.com, used without permission.
“Slug-50051 ” by Glenn on Flickr, CC-By-SA-2.0
“Sharing birthday cake. ” by Eric Fleming on Flickr, CC-By-2.0
“Long URL ” from benjaminraymondkelley.com , used without permission.
“http://blog.rnf.me/ux-of-urls QR Code ” from Kaywa QR Code
“No! ” by mslavick on Flickr, CC-By-2.0


| of Ire |
8 |
Base Critical Strike Multiplier +% |
7 to 12 |
| of Ire |
8 |
Base Critical Strike Multiplier +% |
10 to 14 |
| of Anger |
21 |
Base Critical Strike Multiplier +% |
15 to 19 |
| of Anger |
21 |
Base Critical Strike Multiplier +% |
13 to 26 |
| of Rage |
30 |
Base Critical Strike Multiplier +% |
20 to 24 |
| of Rage |
31 |
Base Critical Strike Multiplier +% |
27 to 39 |
| of Fury |
44 |
Base Critical Strike Multiplier +% |
25 to 29 |
| of Fury |
45 |
Base Critical Strike Multiplier +% |
40 to 53 |
| of Ferocity |
59 |
Base Critical Strike Multiplier +% |
30 to 34 |
| of Ferocity |
59 |
Base Critical Strike Multiplier +% |
54 to 66 |
| of Destruction |
73 |
Base Critical Strike Multiplier +% |
35 to 38 |
| of Destruction |
74 |
Base Critical Strike Multiplier +% |
67 to 70 |
| of Needling |
5 |
Critical Strike Chance +% |
10 to 14 |
| of Stinging |
20 |
Critical Strike Chance +% |
15 to 19 |
| of Piercing |
30 |
Critical Strike Chance +% |
20 to 24 |
| of Puncturing |
44 |
Critical Strike Chance +% |
25 to 29 |
| of Penetrating |
58 |
Critical Strike Chance +% |
30 to 34 |
| of Incision |
72 |
Critical Strike Chance +% |
35 to 38 |
| of Needling |
1 |
Local Critical Strike Chance +% |
10 to 14 |
| of Stinging |
20 |
Local Critical Strike Chance +% |
15 to 19 |
| of Piercing |
30 |
Local Critical Strike Chance +% |
20 to 24 |
| of Puncturing |
44 |
Local Critical Strike Chance +% |
25 to 29 |
| of Penetrating |
59 |
Local Critical Strike Chance +% |
30 to 34 |
| of Incision |
73 |
Local Critical Strike Chance +% |
35 to 38 |
| of Menace |
11 |
Spell Critical Strike Chance +% |
11 to 20 |
| of Havoc |
21 |
Spell Critical Strike Chance +% |
20 to 39 |
| of Disaster |
28 |
Spell Critical Strike Chance +% |
40 to 59 |
| of Calamity |
41 |
Spell Critical Strike Chance +% |
60 to 79 |
| of Ruin |
59 |
Spell Critical Strike Chance +% |
80 to 99 |
| of Unmaking |
76 |
Spell Critical Strike Chance +% |
100 to 109 |


---
layout: post
title: A Few Fun Facts About Tonights Show
date: '2009-10-22T14:21:00.001-05:00'
author: Tom Ray
tags:
- news
modified_time: '2009-10-22T14:22:55.920-05:00'
blogger_id: tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11319466.post-4047008167482736040
blogger_orig_url: http://www.lorenzosmusic.com/2009/10/few-fun-facts-about-tonights-show.html
---
Here are some fun facts about our show at the High Noon tonight.
- Scott is in Spain. So, Kevin Dunphy of Fever Marlene was kind enough to fill in for him on drums tonight.
- Mark has injured his hand and will be playing all of his guitar parts on keyboards. And Eric (our actual keyboardist) will be on guitar from time to time.
- We practiced our set this way last night with Kevin, and it was kind of a cool take on the songs, playing them from a whole new angle. We're excited to try this out live.
- The Melismatics and Soul Shaker are two great bands and you should come down and see us all perform tonight.


Education
- PhD (Computer Science and Engineering) Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China, 2008- 2016
- BSc (Electronic Science and Technology), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China, 2004 - 2008
Research Experiences
- Research Associate (2016 - present) at Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Lab, University of Cambridge, UK
- Analyse digital signal from TPM (Tile Processing Module) of SKA (Square Kilometer Array) project.
- Master and PhD study (2008- 2016) at School of Microelectronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
- Dissertation: Find time series anomalies by finding rare patterns from large scale time series; Combine time series discord discovery and outlier detection to reduce the computational complexity of anomaly detection and to find underlying reason of anomalies; Detect time series outliers; Accelerate time series anomaly detection with parallelization.
- Research in energy and resource efficient computer architecture: Accelerate FMM algorithm by designing Hardware pipeline; Optimize application specific computer architecture.
- Research assistant (2014 January - May) at School of Computing, National University of Singapore
- Research topic: Forecasting time series by combining similar time series in historical time series database.
- Research assistant (2015 October - 2016 April) at Institute for Infocomm Research, A*STAR, Singapore
- Research topic: Indoor vehicle localization with dead reckoning and map on smartphone.
Selected publications
- Tian Huang, Yongxin Zhu, Yajun Ha, Xu Wang, Meikang Qiu. A hardware pipeline with high energy and resource efficiency for FMM acceleration. ACM Transaction on Embedded Computing. (Accepted in Feb 2017)
- Tian Huang, Yongxin Zhu, Yafei Wu, Stéphane Bressan, and Gillian Dobbie. Anomaly detection and identification scheme for vm live migration in cloud infrastructure. Future Generation Computer Systems, 56:736-745, 2016.
- Tian Huang, Yongxin Zhu, Yafei Wu, and Weiwei Shi. J-distance discord: An improved time series discord definition and discovery method. In Data Mining (ICDM), 2015 IEEE International Conference on, pages 303-310, 2015
- Tian Huang, Yongxin Zhu, Yishu Mao, Xingyang Li, Mengyun Liu, Yafei Wu, Yajun Ha, and Gillian Dobbie. Parallel discord discovery. In Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer International Publishing, 2015. (Accepted)
- Tian Huang, Yan Zhu, Qiannan Zhang, Yongxin Zhu, Dongyang Wang, Meikang Qiu, and Lei Liu. An lof-based adaptive anomaly detection scheme for cloud computing. In Computer Software and Applications Conference Workshops (COMPSACW), 2013 IEEE 37th Annual, COMPSACW '13, pages 206-211, Washington, DC, USA, July 2013. IEEE, IEEE Computer Society.
- Tian Huang, Yongxin Zhu, Meikang Qiu, Xiaojing Yin, and Xu Wang. Extending amdahl's law and gustafson's law by evaluating interconnections on multi-core processors. The Journal of Supercomputing, 66(1):305-319, 2013.
Project Experiences and Skills
- Energy and Environmental Sustainability Solutions for Megacities (E2S2) by Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) and National University of Singapore (NUS) in Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) program of Singapore National Research Foundation (R-706-000-101-281 and R-252-000-496-281)
- Develop an index for large scale time series with Java
- Manage and analyse large scale time series in Hadoop File System with Scala/Spark
- Optimizing resource allocation on water supply network against intentional attacks using Genetic Algorithm. Develop Genetic Algorithm with Matlab
- Overlapping community detection in complex networks. Develop community detecting algorithm with C/C++
- Development of new-concept, high-efficiency computer architecture and system. National High-Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program, No.2009AA012201 CFA2009SHJD01 2009-2011, No.2009AA012201 CFA2011SHJD01 2011-2012, No.2015AA050204 2015-2018)
- Prototype hardware pipelines and accelerators with Matlab Simulink and Xilinx System Generator
- Implement embedded systems and software applications on FPGA
- Develop Java Optimized Processor with Verilog and VHDL
- Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA)
- Develop front-end system control hardware (FPGA) and software (Python)
- Square Kilometre Array - Low-Frequency Aperture Array (LFAA)
- Develop Matlab code to analyze digital signal and test antenna.
- Square Kilometre Array - Science Data Processor (SKA-SDP)
- Wrote an event-driven simulator (Java) to evaluate the performance of various scheduling policies under the different settings of data and computing resources.
- Deployed SLURM on a tiny scale cluster for the verification of the scheduling policies.
- I2R-BYD joint research for Developing a local fleet of driverless electric taxis in Singapore
- Indoor vehicle localization with dead reckoning and map on smartphone. Programming with Java.
- Acquire speed and odometry information from cameras of a vehicle. Programming with OpenCV and Python.
- Hybrid cloud computing infrastructure of China UnionPay, National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) Project, (Grant #: C73623989020220110006, CNY 0.45M, 01/2012 – 12/2012)
- Deploy and maintain a tiny computer cluster, including its Linux OS, cabinet, networking, storage and electricity
- Experiences with virtual machine monitor, including PowerVM, Xen and KVM
- Shanghai International Science and Technology Collaboration Program (Grant #:<PHONE_NUMBER>0)
- Researches on key techniques supporting dynamically scalable cache coherence partition (SCCP) in manycore processor. National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.61373032, 01/2014-12/2017)
Teaching Experiences
- Teaching Assistant at School of Microelectronics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Computer architecture, Fall 2010 - Spring 2012
Awards and Honours
- National scholarship for PhD students, China Scholarship Council, 2013
- Weiquan Wu scholarship for PhD students, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 2011


C
- application supplied context@Deprecated
public interface Connector<C>
Connection
and the I/O
layer.
The top half of the engine can be access via getConnection()
.
The bottom half of the engine is used by process()
.
Stores application specific context using setContext(Object)
.
Implementations are not necessarily thread-safe.| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
void |
close()
Deprecated.
Close the socket used by the connector.
|
void |
destroy()
Deprecated.
Destructor for the given connector.
|
Connection |
getConnection()
Deprecated.
Access the AMQP Connection associated with the connector.
|
C |
getContext()
Deprecated.
Access the application context that is associated with the connector.
|
Transport |
getTransport()
Deprecated.
Access the Transport associated with the connector.
|
boolean |
isClosed()
Deprecated.
Determine if the connector is closed.
|
Listener |
listener()
Deprecated.
Access the listener which opened this connector.
|
boolean |
process()
Deprecated.
Handle any inbound data, outbound data, or timing events pending on
the connector.
|
Sasl |
sasl()
Deprecated.
Access the Authentication and Security context of the connector.
|
void |
setConnection(Connection connection)
Deprecated.
Assign the AMQP Connection associated with the connector.
|
void |
setContext(C context)
Deprecated.
Assign a new application context to the connector.
|
boolean process() throws java.io.IOException
java.io.IOException
Listener listener()
Sasl sasl()
Transport getTransport()
Connection getConnection()
void setConnection(Connection connection)
connection
- the connection to associate with the connector.C getContext()
createConnector(String, int, Object)
and
createConnector(java.nio.channels.SelectableChannel, Object)
.void setContext(C context)
context
- new application context to associate with the connectorvoid close()
boolean isClosed()
void destroy()


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1 IN THE GAUHATI HIGH COURT (HIGH COURT OF ASSAM, NAGALAND, MIZORAM & ARUNACHAL PRADESH) WP(C) No.2685 of 2006 Sri Pradip Dutta Son of Maneswar Dutta, P.O. & Vill- Dhakuakhana, Dist. Lakhimpur, Assam. .....PETITIONER -Versus- 1. The Union of India, Represented by the Secretary to the Govt. of India, Ministry of Petroleum, New Delhi. 2. The Reliance Petro Market (P) Ltd Represented by its Managing Director, C/O the Territorial Manager, Reliance Petro Market (P) Ltd., Hotel Brahmaputra Ashok, M.G. Road, Ghy-1, Assam. 3. The Territorial Manager, Reliance Petro Market (P) Ltd. Hotel Brahmaputra Ashok, M.G. Road, Ghy-1, Assam. 4. Mrs Rupamoni Bora Chutia, Vill- Baligaon, P.O. Gogamukh, Dist. Dhemaji, Assam. 5. The Reliance Industries Limited, Represented by its Managing Director, Having its Registered Office at Maker Chambers lV, 3rdFloor, 222 Nariman Point, Mumbai-400021, India. 6. Reliance Industries Ltd. Petroleum Business, Represented by its Coo East having its Head Quarter at 22, Camac Street, Block D 4th Floor, Kolkata-700016. .....RESPONDENTS
Advocate for the petitioner :: Mr. MA Sheikh,
Advocates for the respondents :: Asstt. S.G.I.
Mr. S Borthakur,
Mr. J Abedin.
Dates of hearing :: 07.06.2013 and 11.06.2013.
Date of delivery of Judgment :: 11.06.2013
WP (C) 2685/06
2
JUDGMENT AND ORDER (ORAL)
(A.K. Gosw ami, J)
Heard Mr. M A Sheikh, learned counsel appearing for the petitioner. Also heard Mr. C Baruah, learned CGC, appearing for Respondent No.1, Mr. J Abedin, learned Counsel appearing for Respondent Nos. 2, 3, 5 and 6 and Mr. S Borthakur, learned counsel for Respondent No.4.
2. This writ petition is directed against the letter of intent issued by the Reliance Industries Ltd., for short, RIL on 27.03.2006 appointing the Respondent No. 4 as a dealer for its retail outlet at Dhakuakhana, Assam. A further prayer is made for a direction to Respondent Nos. 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6, to issue advertisement for settlement of a retail outlet at Dhakuakhana, if they decided to open one.
3. It is pleaded in the writ petition that Dhakuakhana, which is a most backward region of the State of Assam, has a large unemployed population and in order to give employment opportunity to the local population, it was incumbent upon the respondents to have issued a notice inviting tender for appointment of a dealer for the retail outlet at Dhakukhana. Without such advertisement being issued, Respondent No.4 was appointed as retailer on the basis of her application dated 07.12.2005, and therefore, intervention of this Court is called for.
4. The Respondent No.1, in his affidavit, has stated that Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Government of India, has no control over the procedure of issuing dealership by RIL and it has full authority and power for consideration of allotment of dealership to any person at their discretion and policy and that the policy of Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas is not applicable in allotment of dealership by RIL. It is also pleaded that approval was granted by the Government to M/s Reliance Petro Market (P) Ltd, (RPM), which company was, subsequently amalgamated with RIL to market MS (Petrol) and HSD (Diesel).
5. The Respondent Nos. 2 and 3 had filed 2 (two) affidavits-one prior to amendment of the writ petition and the other subsequent to the amendment of the writ application. The second affidavit by Respondent Nos.2 and 3 was filed alongwith Respondent Nos.5 and 6. The sum and substance of both these affidavits filed, is, WP (C) 2685/06 3 nonetheless, same. In the first affidavit, objection has been taken with regard to the maintainability of the writ petition on the grounds that:- (i) no right of the writ petitioner had been infringed and therefore, remedy under Article 226 of the Constitution of India is not available, (ii) The letter of intent (27.03.2006) was not put to challenge and; (iii) Respondent Nos. 2 and 3 do not fall within the purview of Article 12 of the Constitution of India.
6. It is stated that RIL is a Company under the Indian Private Sector and it has the right to exercise its marketing policy in its own name and logo and according to its own policies and procedures. It is further stated that as per the government policy, RIL had sought to set up the Reliance outlet in a remote area.
7. In view of the stand taken in the first affidavit that LOI was already issued, the writ petition came to be amended. In the subsequent affidavit, additionally, it had been pleaded that the Respondent Nos. 5 and 6 are not falling within the purview of Article 12 of the Constitution of India. Further plea taken is that amendments effected in Paragraphs 5 (a) and 5 (B) being not sworn statements as per the affidavit, cannot be treated as part of the pleadings.
8. Mr. Sheikh, learned counsel appearing for the petitioner submits that only issues that need to be decided in this case is as to whether RIL and RPL are State within the meaning of Article 12 of the Constitution of India and as to whether they are amenable to writ jurisdiction.
9. According to him, if it is decided that the writ petition is maintainable, the only logical view that would necessarily follow is quashing of the letter of intent issued to Respondent No.4 as the same was issued without following any transparent procedure, which is required to be followed by the State and its instrumentalities in the matter of distribution of its largesse.
10. In support of his submission that the Respondent Nos. 2, 3, 5 and 6 are instrumentalities of the state and are amendable to the writ jurisdiction, learned counsel submits that RIL is an Oil Company in terms of Section 2 (h) of the Motor Spirit and High Speed Diesel (Regulation of Supply, Distribution and Prevention of Malpractices) Order, 2005, for short, Order of 2005 and it could do business in oil only because the WP (C) 2685/06 4 Central Government had duly authorised RIL. Accordingly, he submits that petroleum products cannot be dealt with in any manner as one likes but the same is subject to the aforesaid Order of 2005, which implies there is effective and pervasive Governmental control. He has also submitted that there is no limit to the power available under Article 226 of the Constitution of India and in a given case, writ can be issued against a private individual also.
11. In support of his submission, Mr. Sheikh has placed reliance on the decisions in the cases of: (i) AI R 1976 SC 425 (Rohtas I ndustries Ltd. and Anr.-Vs-Rohtas I ndustries Staff Union and Ors.), (ii) AI R 1980 SC 1896 (Gujarat Steel Tubes Ltd.-Vs- Gujarat Steel Tubes M azdoor Sabha and Ors.), (iii) (1989) 2 SCC 691 (Andi M ukta Sadguru Shree M uktajee Vandas Sw am i Suvarna Jayanti M ahotsav Sm arak Trust and Ors. -Vs- V R Rudani and Ors.) and (iv)2007 (2) GLT 312 (Raja K akati -Vs- Union of I ndia and Ors.).
12. Mr. C Baruah, learned CGC in reassertion of the stand taken in the affidavits, submits that RIL was given authorisation in terms of Paragraph 5 of the Order of 2005 and in the matter of appointment of dealership, RIL is free to follow its own policy and the policy of the Government in relation to its undertakings does not apply to them.
13. Mr. J Abedin, learned counsel appearing for Respondent Nos. 2, 3, 5 and 6, submits that appointment of a dealer is purely a private contract between the Respondent Nos. 2, 3, 5 and 6 and the Respondent No. 4 and there is no element of public function involved in it. It is founded on law of contract and the public law remedy is not available in the matter of such appointment of a dealer. He has also urged that the writ petitioner has not canvassed his own cause and with reference to Paragraphs 3 and 4 of the writ petition, it is contended by him that the statements made will go to show that the writ petitioner was trying to take up cudgels on behalf of the local population of the Dhakuakhana. He also urges that there is no whisper in the writ petition, suggesting that the writ petitioner was in any way interested, in the dealership. Therefore, according to him, the petitioner has no locus standi to maintain this writ application. He has further argued that the proposal of the Respondent No. 4 was found acceptable by RIL and following the parameters laid down by the WP (C) 2685/06 5 government requiring settling of a retail outlet, allotted the dealership to the Respondent No. 4 at Dhakuakhana, which according to own admission of the writ petitioner, is a very backward region in the State of Assam.
14. Mr. S Borthakur, learned counsel appearing for Respondent No. 4, at the very outset, submits that while there is no interim order operating, in view of the pendency of the writ application, though the Respondent No.4 had set up the retail outlet by making substantial investment, the same is not being allowed to be run by the RIL authorities. With regard to maintainability of the writ petition, the learned counsel echoes the submission advanced by Mr. Abedin. In the factual exposition also, the stand taken by him is akin to the articulation made by Mr. Abedin. He has, however, placed reliance on the decision of the Apex Court in Zee Telefilm s Ltd. and Anr. -Vs- Union of I ndia and Ors., reported in (2005) 4 SCC 649, with special emphasis on Paragraph 85 to contend that merely because there is general control of business in terms of a statute or Regulation and not in respect of the body of question, such control, per se, cannot bring the entity in the purview of "other authorities" within the meaning of Article 12 of the Constitution of India. He also places reliance on the decision of the Apex Court in Federal Bank Ltd. -Vs- Sagar Thom as and Ors, reported in (2003) 10 SCC 733.
15. Under Article 12 of the Constitution of India, unless the context requires, "the state" includes the Government and Parliament of India and the Government and legislatures of each of the states and all local or other authorities within the territory of India or under the control of the Government of India. Article 12 finds place in Part-III of the Constitution of India dealing with Fundamental Rights and significance of Article 12 lies in the fact that various Articles in Part-III of the Constitution of India have placed responsibilities, obligations and duties on the state vis-à-vis the individual to ensure constitutional protection and the individual's rights against the state and also to enforce the Fundamental Rights. Over the period of time, the range and scope of Fundamental Rights including Articles 14 and 16 have been expanded through the process of judicial determination, with the result, there has been a corresponding expansion in the judicial definition of the "State" in Article 12. WP (C) 2685/06 6
16. In Article 12, the term "other authorities" was introduced at the time of framing of the Constitution with a limited objective of granting judicial review of actions of such authorities which are created under statute and which discharge State functions. Till about the year 1967, the Courts in India had taken a view that even statutory bodies like universities, Selection Committees for admission into Government colleges were not "other authorities" for the purpose of Article 12. These was a paradigm shift in Rajasthan State Electricity Board-Vs-M ohan Lal and Ors, reported in 1967 SC 1857 wherein a Constitution Bench of Apex Court held that the expression "other authorities" is wide enough to include within it every authority created by a statute on which powers are conferred to carry out Governmental or quasi-Governmental functions under the control of Government of India. Necessitated by the change in the socio- economic policies of the Government, to meet the challenges of the changing times, another Constitution Bench of the Apex Court expanded the concept of "other authorities" in the case of Sukhdev Singh and Ors -Vs- Bhagatram Sardar Singh Raghuvanshi and Anr, reported in (1975) 1 SCC 421 , to bring within the umbrella of Article 12 statutory bodies like ONGC, LIC etc., though, they are incorporated for commercial purposes. The legal conundrum as to the meaning to be ascribed to "State" within the meaning of Article 12 had been subject of many decisions, including perceived conflicting decisions as in Sabhajit Tew ary -Vs- Union of I ndia and Ors, reported in (1975) 1 SCC 485 and Ajay Hasia and Ors -Vs- K halid M ujjib Sehravardi and Ors, reported in (1981) 1 SCC 722. While in Sabhajit Tew ary (Supra), the Constitution Bench of the Apex Court held that a body which was registered under a statute and not performing important State functions and not functioning under the pervasive control of the Government would not be State for the purpose of Article 12, in Ajay Hasia (Supra), the Constitution Bench held that a society registered under the Societies Registration Act could also be an instrumentality of State for the purpose of other authorities.
17. The issue came up for consideration before a larger Bench of 7 (seven) Judges in P radeep K um ar Bisw as -Vs- I ndian I nstitute of Chem ical Biology and Ors, reported in (2002) 5 SCC 111. In paragraph 40, the Apex Court laid down as follows: WP (C) 2685/06 7 "40. The picture that ultimately emerges is that the tests formulated in Ajay Hasia are not a rigid set of principles so that if a body falls within any one of them it must, ex-hypothesi, be considered to be a State within the meaning of Article 12. The question in each case would be-whether in the light of the cumulative facts as established, the body is financially, functionally and administratively dominated by or under the control of the Government. Such control must be particular to the body in question and must be pervasive. If this is found then the body is a State within Article 12. On the other hand, when the control is merely regulatory whether under statute or otherwise, it would not serve to make the body a State."
18. In Zee Telefilm s (Supra), applying the tests laid down in P radeep K um ar (Supra), the Apex Court held that Board of Control for Cricket in India, does not come under the purview of "other authorities" for the purpose of Article 12. It is laid down that even if there is some element of public duty involved in the discharge of the Board's functions, even then, that by itself would not suffice for bringing the Board within the net of "other authorities".
19. On the own pleading of the petitioner, RIL is a private company. RPM is also a private limited company. Though private company may not be a very apt description of RIL, it is clear that both the aforesaid companies are not created by any statue. There is no material placed to show that any share is held by the Government in the said companies. The control, which is emphased by Mr. Sheikh, is not pervasive control but is only regulatory in nature as applicable to other similar bodies. Thus, RIL and RPM cannot be said to be "other authorities" within the meaning of Article 12 of the Constitution of India.
20. It must be noted that Article 12 is relevant only for the purpose of enforcement of Fundamental Right under Article 32. The term "authority" used in Article 226 has received a more liberal meaning than Article 12. Under Article 226 of the Constitution of WP (C) 2685/06 8 India, High Courts can issue writs for enforcement of Fundamental Rights as well as Non-Fundamental Rights. The words "any person or authority" used in Article 226 are not confined only to statutory authorities and instrumentalities of the state. While form of the body is not very relevant, the nature of duties cast on the body is of utmost importance. Thus, the words "any person or authority" used in Article 226 can cover any other person or body performing public duty and wide power of the High Court can reach injustice wherever it is found.
21. In Andi M ukta (Supra), the Apex Court stated as follows:
"17. ..................................Article 226 confers wide powers on the High Courts to issue writs in the nature of prerogative writs. This is a striking departure from the English law. Under Article 226, writs can be issued to "any person or authority". It can be issued for the enforcement of any of the fundamental rights and for any other purpose."
22. In Federal Bank Lim ited (Supra), the Apex Court laid down that a private company would normally be not amenable to the writ jurisdiction under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. It is laid down as follows:
"27. Such private companies would normally not be amenable to the writ jurisdiction under Article 226 of the Constitution. But in certain circumstances a writ may issue to such private bodies or persons as there may be statutes which need to be complied with by all concerned including the private companies. For example, there are certain legislations like the Industrial Disputes Act, the Minimum Wages Act, the Factories Act or for maintaining proper environment, say the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 or the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 etc. or statutes of the like nature which fasten certain duties and responsibilities statutorily upon such private bodies which they are bound to comply with. If they violate such a statutory provision a WP (C) 2685/06 9 writ would certainly be issued for compliance with those provisions. For instance, if a private employer dispenses with the service of its employee in violation of the provisions contained under the Industrial Disputes Act, in innumerable cases the High Court interfered and has issued the writ to the private bodies and the companies in that regard. But the difficulty in issuing a writ may arise where there may not be any non-compliance with or violation of any statutory provision by the private body. In that event a writ may not be issued at all. Other remedies, as may be available, may have to be resorted to."
23. It is also laid down in Federal Bank (Supra) that any public or commercial activities whether it may be banking, manufacturing or for that matter relating to any other kind of business generating resources, employment, production and resulting in circulation of money, no doubt have an impact on the economy of the country in general but it does not necessarily follow that such activities would fall in the category of activities of discharging duties and functions of public nature. A private body or a person may be amenable to writ jurisdiction only where it may become necessary to compel such body or association to enforce any statutory obligation or such obligations of public nature casting positive obligation upon it.
24. In Zee Telefilm s (Supra) also, the Apex Court has held thus:
"33. Thus, it is clear that when a private body exercises its public functions even if it is not a State, the aggrieved person has a remedy not only under the ordinary law but also under the Constitution, by way of a writ petition under Article 226. Therefore, merely because a non-governmental body exercises some public duty, that by itself would not suffice to make such body a State for the purpose of Article 12. In the instant case the activities of the Board do not come under the guidelines laid down by this Court in Pradeep Kumar Biswas case. Hence there is force in the contention WP (C) 2685/06 10 of Mr Venugopal that this petition under Article 32 of the Constitution is not maintainable."
25. In Binny Ltd . -Vs- V. Sadasivah and Ors, reported in (2005) 6 SCC 657 , the Apex Court stated as follows:
"29. Thus, it can be seen that a writ of mandamus or the remedy under Article 226 is pre-eminently a public law remedy and is not generally available as a remedy against private wrongs. It is used for enforcement of various rights of the public or to compel public/statutory authorities to discharge their duties and to act within their bounds. It may be used to do justice when there is wrongful exercise of power or a refusal to perform duties. This writ is admirably equipped to serve as a judicial control over administrative actions. This writ could also be issued against any private body or person, specially in view of the words used in Article 226 of the Constitution. However, the scope of mandamus is limited to enforcement of public duty. The scope of mandamus is determined by the nature of the duty to be enforced, rather than the identity of the authority against whom it is sought. If the private body is discharging a public function and the denial of any right is in connection with the public duty imposed on such body, the public law remedy can be enforced. The duty cast on the public body may be either statutory or otherwise and the source of such power is immaterial, but, nevertheless, there must be the public law element in such action. Sometimes, it is difficult to distinguish between public law and private law remedies. According to Halsbury's Laws of England, 3rd Edn., Vol. 30, p. 682, "1317. A public authority is a body, not necessarily a county council, municipal corporation or other local authority, which has public or statutory duties to perform and which perform those WP (C) 2685/06 11 duties and carries out its transactions for the benefit of the public and not for private profit."
There cannot be any general definition of public authority or public action. The facts of each case decide the point."
26. In view of the law laid down by the Apex Court, while there can be no manner of doubt that jurisdiction conferred on the High Court under Article 226 of the Constitution is very wide, it is equally true that this is a public law remedy and it is available against a body, a person or a private authority performing a public law function or public function. A body can be said to be performing a public function when it seeks to achieve some collective benefit for the public or a section of the public.
27. Gujarat Steel (Supra), on which reliance was placed by Mr. Sheikh, is a case where, the Apex Court was considering whether an Arbitrator appointed under S 10 A of Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 was amenable to writ jurisdiction under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. As such an Arbitrator has the power to bind even those who are not parties to the reference or agreement and the whole exercise under Section 10 A as well as the source of the force of the award on publication derived from the statute, it was held that the Arbitrator so appointed as part of the infra-structure of the sovereign's dispensation of justice, thus falling within the ambit and sweep of statutory tribunals amenable to judicial review. Consequently, it was held that under Article 226, the High Court could interfere with an award of the Arbitrator if that is based on a complete misconception of law or based on no evidence or that no reasonable man would come to the conclusion to which the Arbitrator has arrived. This case has no application to the issues raised by Mr. Sheikh. In laying down the aforesaid principle, the Apex Court reiterated the ratio laid down in Rohtas I ndustries (Supra), another case relied on by the learned counsel for the petitioner. While recognising that expansive and extraordinary power of the High Court under Article 226 can affect any person or even a private individual and be available for any purpose, even though another remedy may exist, the Apex Court reminded the restraints on the use of the extraordinary power. In Raja K akati (Supra), this Court was basically considering WP (C) 2685/06 12 application of principles of natural justice in case of termination of dealership of retail petroleum product. These cases are not applicable to the issue raised by Mr. Sheikh.
28. It is noted that the Central Government in its affidavit has categorically laid down that regulation of the Central Government which are applicable for establishment of retail outlet by the public sector undertaking is not applicable to the private respondents. The appointment of a dealer, in the considered opinion of the Court, cannot be construed to be a public function of a private authority.
29. In the result, I find no merit in the writ petition and accordingly, the same is dismissed. No cost.
JUDGE nilakhi WP (C) 2685/06


As the name suggest, this is an essential pipeline in data science workflow that involves exploration and understanding of data in order to determine the value of the attached variable, how they interlink and correlate with each other. In order to attain flexibility and rapid exploration process, I would share my workflow which involves a mixture of both R and Python programming language. To become a good data scientist, it is essential to get very comfortable with any of these 2 languages mostly Python as it is the most used in job practices and has a huge community of developers. I would suggest you expose yourself to be able to use both languages not necessary in the same environment, but a good knowledge of their syntax would give a major headway to work efficiently as a data scientist and a machine learning practitioner.
The goal of EDA is to help us understand our dataset better and in order to achieve this, the following base features / characteristics must be handled:
- Names and number of variables observed
- Level of data missingness
- Presence of outliers
- Variable types and class
- Determine predictor variables and outcomes
- Split variables into continuous/categorical classes
For this first part of EDA series which should always be the first line of action of a data scientist after data collection or before data cleaning and going in too deep into predictive analysis or machine learning, we would be focusing on data visualisation for EDA which is a very powerful tool often neglected considering the ease it brings to understanding data. The second part of this series would be using distribution, probability and some statistical test package to explore our data better. To achieve our goal today we would be using R-Studio and the following packages: Mice for missing data exploration and imputation; Reticulate for using both R and python objects in the same environment; on the python library side, we would be using Pandas for dataframe manipulation and analysis; then Seaborn and Matplotlib for visualisation.
To achieve our goal, we would take advantage of the heart disease dataset captured by Cleveland database available on Kaggle. Note, this datasets have been deidentified and cannot be traced back to patients in any form for privacy and confidentiality purposes.
We import our dataset into R using read.csv and ensure a copy is available for python as an object, this can be done the other way round by importing dataset through python, which is equivalent to pd.read_csv() as dataframe and using python as a prefix to make a copy to the python objects available to R.
getwd()
## [1] "/Users/lade/Documents/Tosin_R_root"
head(hrt)
## age sex cp trestbps chol fbs restecg thalach exang oldpeak slope ca thal
## 1 63 1 3 145 233 1 0 150 0 2.3 0 0 1
## 2 37 1 2 130 250 0 1 187 0 3.5 0 0 2
## 3 41 0 1 130 204 0 0 172 0 1.4 2 0 2
## 4 56 1 1 120 236 0 1 178 0 0.8 2 0 2
## 5 57 0 0 120 354 0 1 163 1 0.6 2 0 2
## 6 57 1 0 140 192 0 1 148 0 0.4 1 0 1
## target
## 1 1
## 2 1
## 3 1
## 4 1
## 5 1
## 6 1
r.hrt.dtypes
## age int32
## sex int32
## cp int32
## trestbps int32
## chol int32
## fbs int32
## restecg int32
## thalach int32
## exang int32
## oldpeak float64
## slope int32
## ca int32
## thal int32
## target int32
## dtype: object
r.hrt.shape
## (303, 14)
Read your data guidelines or labeled notes thoroughly to understand what your data is trying to achieve and methods through which they were captured that would determine data completeness or missingness. Using R mice package we can check and visualise our data missingness as seen below. Check data summary using R object. R is know to produce more useful diagnostic outputs than python.
str(hrt)
## 'data.frame': 303 obs. of 14 variables:
## $ age : int 63 37 41 56 57 57 56 44 52 57 ...
## $ sex : int 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 ...
## $ cp : int 3 2 1 1 0 0 1 1 2 2 ...
## $ trestbps: int 145 130 130 120 120 140 140 120 172 150 ...
## $ chol : int 233 250 204 236 354 192 294 263 199 168 ...
## $ fbs : int 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 ...
## $ restecg : int 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 ...
## $ thalach : int 150 187 172 178 163 148 153 173 162 174 ...
## $ exang : int 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ oldpeak : num 2.3 3.5 1.4 0.8 0.6 0.4 1.3 0 0.5 1.6 ...
## $ slope : int 0 0 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 ...
## $ ca : int 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ thal : int 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 3 3 2 ...
## $ target : int 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
source_python(file="EDA_cat.py")
print_categories(hrt)
summary(hrt)
## age sex cp trestbps
## Min. :29.00 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.000 Min. : 94.0
## 1st Qu.:47.50 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.000 1st Qu.:120.0
## Median :55.00 Median :1.0000 Median :1.000 Median :130.0
## Mean :54.37 Mean :0.6832 Mean :0.967 Mean :131.6
## 3rd Qu.:61.00 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:2.000 3rd Qu.:140.0
## Max. :77.00 Max. :1.0000 Max. :3.000 Max. :200.0
## chol fbs restecg thalach
## Min. :126.0 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000 Min. : 71.0
## 1st Qu.:211.0 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:133.5
## Median :240.0 Median :0.0000 Median :1.0000 Median :153.0
## Mean :246.3 Mean :0.1485 Mean :0.5281 Mean :149.6
## 3rd Qu.:274.5 3rd Qu.:0.0000 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:166.0
## Max. :564.0 Max. :1.0000 Max. :2.0000 Max. :202.0
## exang oldpeak slope ca
## Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.00 Min. :0.000 Min. :0.0000
## 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.00 1st Qu.:1.000 1st Qu.:0.0000
## Median :0.0000 Median :0.80 Median :1.000 Median :0.0000
## Mean :0.3267 Mean :1.04 Mean :1.399 Mean :0.7294
## 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:1.60 3rd Qu.:2.000 3rd Qu.:1.0000
## Max. :1.0000 Max. :6.20 Max. :2.000 Max. :4.0000
## thal target
## Min. :0.000 Min. :0.0000
## 1st Qu.:2.000 1st Qu.:0.0000
## Median :2.000 Median :1.0000
## Mean :2.314 Mean :0.5446
## 3rd Qu.:3.000 3rd Qu.:1.0000
## Max. :3.000 Max. :1.0000
Using R’s DataExplorer package, find the attached report on our dataset that gives a rapid overview of the current state of our data. This can be very useful for a fast workflow
DataExplorer::create_report(hrt)
table(is.na.data.frame(hrt))
##
## FALSE
## 4242
md.pattern(hrt)
## /\ /\
## { `---' }
## { O O }
## ==> V <== No need for mice. This data set is completely observed.
## \ \|/ /
## `-----'
## age sex cp trestbps chol fbs restecg thalach exang oldpeak slope ca
## 303 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
## 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
## thal target
## 303 1 1 0
## 0 0 0
v2 <- vis_miss(hrt)
v3 <- gg_miss_var(hrt)
plot_grid(v2, v3, labels = "AUTO")
As seen above our dataset has no missing values
sns.distplot(r.hrt['chol'])
The above plot simply tells us that cholesterol measure is at its highest observation between 200 and 300
colnames(hrt)
## [1] "age" "sex" "cp" "trestbps" "chol" "fbs"
## [7] "restecg" "thalach" "exang" "oldpeak" "slope" "ca"
## [13] "thal" "target"
sns.jointplot(x='age',y='chol',data=r.hrt, kind='reg')
## <seaborn.axisgrid.JointGrid object at 0x129132450>
plt.show()
The distribution plot above allows us to compare the population age against cholesterol which is observed more in the older population than in the younger population.There is also a visible correlation as the fitted lm indicates that we can have a continuous prediction of possible outcome.
sns.jointplot(x='age',y='chol',data=r.hrt, kind='kde')
## <seaborn.axisgrid.JointGrid object at 0x12f9704d0>
plt.show()
Compared to the previous jointplot, the above plot simply confirms the ideology of cholesterol concentration been higher in the older population than in the younger population.
sns.pairplot(r.hrt)
## <seaborn.axisgrid.PairGrid object at 0x12f79eed0>
plt.show()
This is the fastest way to see through a dataset and explore the correlations between variables as well as visualising datatypes (categorical or continuous) and visualising their distributions. It is best to use a pairplot of the dataset as a whole in order to have a complete view.
sns.violinplot(x="sex", y="target", data=r.hrt, palette="rainbow")
plt.show()
This final plot is known as a violin plot which shows that the captured data has the female population exhibiting the target outcome more than the male population. That is in context with this dataset, the female population would have a higher tendency of been affected with a heart disease but not statistically confirmed or proven.


{% extends "base.html" %} {% load i18n %} {% load humanize %} {% load btc_formats %} {% load static %} {% block title %} {% trans "Dashboard" %} {% endblock title %} {% block page_header %}
| Network | Input Address | Destination Address | Archive |
|---|---|---|---|
| {{ forwarding_address.coin_symbol|coin_symbol_to_display_name }} | {{ forwarding_address.initial_address }} | {{ forwarding_address.destination_address }} | X |
Please note that for very small payments of 100 bits or less, the payment will not forward as the amount to forward is lower than the mining fee.
{% else %}You have no forwarding addresses.
{% endif %} + Create Forwarding Addresses| Network | Address | Delete |
|---|---|---|
| {{ address_subscription.coin_symbol|coin_symbol_to_display_name }} | {{ address_subscription.b58_address }} | X |
You have no subscriptions.
{% endif %} + Subscribe to Address


- Learn from others about how they are using web components
- Learn about PatternFly Elements
from their web component pros
- Learn about all things #HAXTheWeb
and have community with core HAX developers and join the community
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No but "sewe-us-lee"
, everyone should come to HAX camp! HAX camp is for all skill levels. The only requirement is that you are interested in web components and learning more about them!
Everybody
everybody!


| Module | Ponteggio::ControllerScaffold |
| In: |
lib/ponteggio/controller_scaffold.rb
|
Define a column with name symbol and some options. The column has to be defined only if you need to modify something; standard database columns or associations are maintained automatically.
The options are:
extract the columns from the options heap, add guessed type and create an array of column-hashes according to the list


Unicorn Kaleidos:
Take this, Kelvas dropped it.
I have to go back to my master Radyss and be there when he falls asleep.
"Wait!"


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