R.W.M. Johnson and A.N. Rae, Centre for Agricultural Policy Studies Massey University New Zealand(1)
In this paper we discuss the role of bilateral commercial exchanges in furthering the idea of mutual cooperation and collaboration underlying the objectives of the Pacific Economic Cooperation Conference. This component of international adjustment appears to be neglected in recent discussions of multilateral negotiation and positive adjustment in the GATT and the OECD.
Bilateral exchanges can involve transfers of capital, technology, knowledge and skills. Such exchanges can take place through the market place but can also be supplemented or driven by foreign aid. Mutual benefits can arise through increased growth and productivity, employment, and specialisation, and provide the potential to help overcome economic and political impediments to change. The aim of this paper is to explore such bilateral, private sector exchanges using New Zealand case material to identify possible areas of further study in line with PECC task force objectives.
Positive adjustment policies are those that facilitate structural adaptation to shifts in demand and relative prices, to technological progress, and to changing comparative advantage (OECD 1983a).
Impediments to such an adaptation process are sometimes observed such as quantity or quality imbalances between labour and capital released from declining industries and those demanded in growth sectors, and difficulties experienced in transferring labour and capital between sectors and regions. Lags are also introduced into the adjustment process through, for example, the time required to re-train labour for new employment opportunities. Sometimes impediments to change can be traced to other government policies, such as inflexible wages or generous welfare benefits. Adjustment pressures can also give rise to powerful political groupings whose objectives include the creation of impediments to change.
Positive adjustment policies are those designed to overcome, or at least reduce, the above kinds of impediments. Where resistances are produced by other policies of government then the case for government action is clear. Otherwise, one school of thought is that the most efficient approach to adjustment is to allow markets to work, i.e. a non-interventionist approach. This, however, ignores the often powerful political aspects of adjustment, and the possibility that even free markets might produce distorted signals. The latter occurs, for example, when the costs of adjustment differ depending upon whether they are calculated by the affected individual or society as a whole. Such private and social costs could well differ in the case of an individual retraining for new employment, or a producer contemplating the scrapping of a particular capital asset. The free-market approach also ignores the possibility that in agriculture there may well be non-economic goals worth pursuing, such as income parity, food security and balanced population growth.
In light of the above, the objectives of positive adjustment policies can be identified as being (Greenaway 1983):
(a) to lower the social and transitional costs of change;
(b) to redistribute the private costs from the directly affected factors towards consumers in general; and
(c) to make change more politically acceptable by clarifying the extent and distribution of the resultant benefits.
Policy instruments that could be put in place to achieve the above objectives include adjustment assistance grants to labour to improve geographical and occupational mobility, or subsidisation of job search costs; assistance to specific firms or industries to encourage capital mobility or Research and Development activity; and various regional development assistances. Also, the pursuit of growth in the economy is a powerful factor in making adjustment more acceptable and lowering the costs of change.
In summary, adjustment policy should be based on assistance measures that are temporary and integrally linked to action to phase out obsolete capacity and to re-establish financially viable enterprises.
Labour market policy should encourage flexibility and should not subsidise employment that locks labour into declining sectors. Regional policies should emphasise general measures to develop viable industries, through providing infrastructure and fiscal incentives, rather than simply bailing out enterprises in financial difficulty.
lf labour and other resources are kept too long in comparatively inefficient activities, the short-term benefits will increasingly be out-weighed by the longer term disadvantages. An economy may become less productive, less competitive in international markets, less innovative, more inflation-prone and extremely costly to taxpayers and consumers. Positive adjustment policies are an essential element in an overall strategy to restore the conditions for sustained non-inflationary growth and higher employment (OECD, 1983a).
It is important to ensure that agricultural policies, no less than other policies, are designed to achieve their social, economic and political objectives at a minimum cost to the consumer and taxpayer without neglecting the legitimate interests of the agricultural producers while also ensuring overall food security (OECD, 1983b; 1983c). But national policies which distort domestic resource allocation may also distort international resource allocation and reduce the benefits accruing to countries which have a comparative advantage in production. As a result world income is reduced by such policies. Further to the direct effects on international resource allocation and international trade in agricultural products resulting from higher self-sufficiency levels which the policies induce, world markets tend to become residual markets. As such they tend to become very sensitive to relatively small changes in demand and supply; that is, domestic stability is often achieved at the expense of international stability.
Recently the OECD has proposed that countries should agree on multilateral, multicommodity phased reduction of domestic assistance to agriculture so as to improve welfare in both importing and exporting countries (OECD 1987a). In reviewing the market impacts of reducing assistance to agriculture, this report concludes that agricultural trade problems have their origin in domestic policies that shield producers from world market signals and which are incompatible with the upward trend in agricultural productivity and the low growth in food demand in member countries. Policies, whose principal although not exclusive purpose is to improve the level and stability of the standard of living of farmers have raised the supply of output beyond market requirements. Restrictions on imports and encouragement of exports have often distorted trade flows and increased pressure on, and the instability of, world prices. Compensatory or retaliatory measures have tended to increase.
The report lays considerable stress on the growing integration of the world agricultural system. In this respect, changes of policy in one country for one commodity can have effects of varying intensity on producers and consumers both at home and in other regions. Changes in one commodity can affect the position of other commodities. It is these linkages between countries and between commodities which lead to the conclusion that a coordinated multilateral, multi-commodity approach to policy reform would bring significant benefits to all member countries.
In its summary and conclusions, the report stresses the multiple objectives inherent in agricultural policy. There is a need to reduce market distortions arising from imbalanced assistance programmes. There is a need to make the agricultural sector more flexible and more responsive to world market signals. There is a need to reduce the budgetary cost to the economy of agricultural assistance, and there is a need to reduce the disparity of assistance between producers and to improve international relations in agriculture.
As countries liberalise their international trade policies, changes in the pattern of production and resource use inevitably follow. The previous sections indicated that such changes are not without their costs, and that specific policies can be put in place to reduce and/or re-distribute these costs of adjustment.
There may be a case for the encouragement of international private sector exchanges to complement the kinds of adjustment policies briefly mentioned in the previous sections. Specifically, such exchanges refer to direct investment and other activities of foreign firms that, for various reasons, assist domestic adjustment. Foreign investment that hastens domestic economic growth will likely reduce the costs of adjustment, for example through the creation of new production and employment opportunities. Likewise, foreign investment that provides the means of enhancing the competitiveness of domestic agricultural sectors or enlarging domestic market opportunities reduces the need to adjust to a liberalised trading environment, and hence reduces adjustment costs. Importantly, it will also help overcome political resistances to trade liberalisation.(2)
In such cases, foreign aid assistance can contribute to such improvements, as well as private transfers.There may well be direct and indirect means of improving resource use in the agricultural sector through foreign investment. Such indirect measures would include market development activities undertaken by foreigners, product promotion activities, resource and development activities and training programmes - all of which enlarge the market range, or the efficiency of systems available to local producers, and therefore contribute to the achievement of adjustment objectives. At the same time, however, foreign investors may not be completely altruistic and may well require adequate compensation for their trouble. In all these activities, however, it is clear that there are mutual benefits to domestic producers and traders from joint activities in developing markets.
Mutual cooperation in the Pacific region could therefore be based on both multilateral and bilateral action to improve production efficiency and eventually trade. In this paper, only bilateral action is discussed in detail. Individual countries would need to continue to review agricultural protection policies in view of the advantages and disadvantages of lower self—sufficiency and greater trade in livestock and grain products. These agricultural policies are likely to include elements creating barriers to trade in livestock and grain products, and also elements creating barriers to the freer flow of international investment and technical knowledge. The overall objective of positive adjustment lies in improving the economic
2.7
efficiency of the agricultural sector so that it contributes the maximum to economic growth in individual countries and achieves appropriate levels of specialisation within an international trade framework. This kind of analysis suggests that freer markets for traded goods, capital flows, and technology transfer plus appropriate aid assistance would all contribute to an improvement in economic welfare in the member countries of the PECC.The focus of the remainder of the paper is on New Zealand private and parastatal investment activities in the Pacific Basin, as a case study of mutual cooperation through off—shore investment and exchange. It is hoped this will help open up wider discussion of the cooperation issues that might be involved. The discussion is confined to trading activities in second countries which involve off—shore investment by NZ trading entities. Trade arrangements conducted on a pure agency basis are not discussed as these are deemed to fall outside the definition of bilateral off-shore investment.4
3. The material reported in this section was collected in a series of interviews with the major marketing boards and twenty export companies. Some of these companies did not undertake off—shore investment on their own, and a complete census of exporting companies with Pacific interests was not undertaken. As a result, information on a number of case studies of overseas investment activity in the livestock and grains products area, covering some 92 projects in individual countries, was assembled.
4. It is accepted that other countries at the Workshop might have bigger and more widespread bilateral trading and marketing relationships that exhibit other features of the collaboration thesis. These could be the subject of futhur discussion at the Workshop.
8
The organisation of trade in livestock products and grain in New Zealand is partly carried out on a parastatal basis and partly by private companies. Among the parastatal organisations there are different levels of monopoly and control over marketing of products.
The NZ Dairy Board has sole control of overseas marketing of dairy products and hence is concerned with the development of markets throughout the Pacific area. It has a widespread and intensive investment in market facilities and joint ventures in most of the countries represented at the workshop.
The NZ Meat Board is not a trading agency, though it used its powers in this respect in the period 1980-85 to trade in sheepmeats in the region. Nevertheless, the Meat Board provides services to private traders by way of negotiations with second countries, by promotion activities, and by coordinating collective marketing arrangements in certain countries, where individual commodity traders are reluctant to invest on their own.
The NZ Wool Board is also an advisory and promotion agency which organises marketing of wool through the national auction system, engages in the international promotion of wool, and undertakes research. While the Board has powers to provide price support for wool, and may buy and sell wool for this purpose, it does not generally trade in wool in international markets. With the exception of dairy products, most of the trade in meat, meat by-products, wool and grains, is organised and carried out by private sector companies in New Zealand.
The following sections describe New Zealand private investment activities with particular reference to their spill-over benefits to domestic producers and consumers in host countries. Parastatal Investment in Pacific Markets The NZ Dairy Board is the largest and most active parastatal agency in market development in New Zealand. It currently has 24 identifiable investment projects in South East Asia, North Asia, North America and the Pacific. It also has major interests in South America. The Board has a strategy to increase its involvement directly in the market
9
place and to pursue this by active acquisition of outlets. The strategy involves reducing dependence on bulk standard commodities, and increasingly tailoring products for specific customers and end users including branded consumer products in appropriate markets.
The Board has a joint venture in Japan to develop the cheese trade, and has developed a varietal cheese especially for the Japanese market. A second joint venture in Japan is concerned with marketing NZ milk proteins and edible fats. In Indonesia the Board has minority shareholdings in two milk food companies, which manufacture a wide range of milk products for the local market. In this case, Indonesian law prevented direct foreign involvement until recently, and now local supplies of fresh milk can be supplemented by re-constituted milk from New Zealand. The Board has shares in companies concerned with marketing milk products in Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, Papua New Guinea and Hong Kong. From Hong Kong the Board has developed relationships with the Chinese state trading agency for fats and oils which include a programme of technical assistance.
In the USA, the Board has taken over two major importers of cheese, taken a share in a snack food company and taken a major interest in a protein technology company. In South America, the Board has acquired majority interests in two companies manufacturing and marketing dairy products.
The activities of the NZ Meat Board are rather different to those of the NZ Dairy Board. The Board is engaged in joint ventures and subsidiary trading in North Asia, and in trading and promotion activities in North America. In an essentially commodity market situation in North Asia the Board has set up a wholly owned subsidiary company to market mutton and frozen lamb in Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong and China. This company has two joint ventures for processing mutton; one in Korea and one in China; both of these operate on an re-export basis. Another joint venture has been established in Japan to develop and promote further processed lamb products and this company also processes NZ products within Japan.
10
In the United States and Canada the Meat Board (and its NZ partners) have a wholly owned subsidiary for the marketing of frozen lamb. In addition to these activities, the NZ industry contributes to the activities of the Canadian Beef Promotion Council, the United States Beef Promotion Board, and (in the past) the United States Lamb Promotion Committee.
The NZ Wool Board contributes to the International Wool Secretariat (IWS) for world-wide promotion of natural wool and its end uses. In the absence of the IWS in China until recently, the Board has encouraged consumption of NZ wool through a technical cooperation protocol with the state textile corporation. These activities include a pilot processing plant, staff training and scientific interchanges. The Board also has a programme of underwriting new market initiatives by the private sector.
New Zealand has a wide network of business agencies throughout the Pacific region concerned with the build—up of trade in livestock products and grains. Some firms have well established subsidiaries in the Pacific Basin area or belong to long established British or multi- national trading companies. In recent years, the major companies have entered into share or joint venture arrangements in different countries, either to secure outlets for products, to arrange further processing facilities, or to arrange use of New Zealand raw materials and technology, and to widen their profit base. A wide range of animal—based products are traded including wool, yarn and carpets; beef, mutton and lamb, chilled and frozen and both at the wholesale level and in finished consumer packs; by—products such as casein, tallow, casings, wet blue hides, skins, leather, meat meal and pharmaceuticals; and refrigerated products such as ice cream and prepared meals.
ll It is characteristic that the major companies concerned are large and trade globally. They behave like multi-nationals and are interested in market development, finished products rather than commodities, and the international transfer of capital and technology. Some smaller companies have somewhat less diverse and global interests, but still exhibit aggressive development characteristics in those markets in which they are interested.
It should be made clear that commercial considerations are paramount in selecting agents, establishing subsidiaries or entering into joint ventures. Investment in a foreign market has to be judged in terms of the longer-run benefits from establishing a positive presence.
Developing these relationships may take a number of years. It should also be clear that such investment is not always a first- choice activity of the firm; the survey encountered many cases where tariffs or prohibitions prevented commercial development, but where joint venture investment was welcome. From the commercial point of view, foreign investment is concerned with the expansion of trade and the accretion of profits - the benefits to domestic development objectives have to be derived from an analysis of particular spill- overs created by the original investment. Governments in some host countries allow the entry of foreign investment on these terms. In countries where there are no restrictions on capital movements, a relatively high level of foreign ownership of productive assets has been established for a long period. Such investment is commonly associated with multi-national firms on a large scale, but the review of New Zealand experience shows smaller or medium sized firms also engage in foreign investment. With a history of controls over capital movements, New Zealand has been a recipient country rather than an off-shore investor up until recently. However, reforms in the New Zealand financial market have now permitted a greatly accelerated programme of off-shore development to emerge. The NZ Dairy Board, and the major meat export companies are examples of this.
12
A major spin-off for host countries from market development and promotion derives from the generic promotion of agricultural products. These activities widen the market base and enlarge the opportunities for domestic producers and importers alike. Generic promotion is typical of all commodity products where standardisation and uniformity is common. It is in this context that the New Zealand Meat Board supports the Beef Promotion Council in Canada and (through import levies) the Beef Promotion Board in the United States. In the past the Meat Board has also supported the activities of the Lamb Promotion Coordinating Committee in the United States.
The New Zealand Wool Board supports the activities of the International Wool Secretariat, which is essentially concerned with the generic promotion of wool. The IWS has branches or local offices in the USA, Canada, Japan, Taiwan and Hong Kong. However, not all of these countries have indigenous wool growing industries.
As agricultural products become more differentiated in consumer markets, the use of brand names in promotion is more likely. It would appear that brand promotion limits the general scope of generic promotion and hence reduces the spill—overs into domestic industry. In the United States, the New Zealand owned marketing company promotes "NZ Lamb" in general, but individual companies have franchises to promote "Wellington Select" or "Weddel" consumer packs. From the New Zealand point of view, commercial advantage would require that "NZ beef" "NZ lamb" and "NZ lambskins" are identifiable products and that a certain guarantee of quality is associated with such a broad branding policy. In this sense, some of the generic promotion benefits to domestic producers would be lost.
In the case of "McDonalds" there is a universally recognised brand or franchise for finished meals. Most countries appear to welcome their arrival. ln this case, the granting of the franchise encourages increased domestic consumption and possibly imports of beef, potatoes and dairy products or substitutes.
13
Investment in joint ventures in host countries brings benefits in the form of access to raw materials, new technologies, and training opportunities. Direct benefits result for locally employed labour and other inputs. In some cases, arrangements are included for re-export of products, and arranging market disposal. In a number of cases, joint venture arrangements were entered into by New Zealand companies because the host country either prohibited imports of the product concerned or had rules against foreign ownership. In these countries, broad domestic development objectives probably dictate the direction of foreign investment. There is a danger in these cases that less efficient industries could grow up behind such protective barriers.
In China, joint venture arrangements are entered into through the respective state trading organisations. In one case, the Chinese partners have invested in a wool scouring plant in New Zealand to gain access to modern technology as well as to raw material. In some countries, joint ventures enjoy tax holiday provisions and may qualify for exemption from customs and import duties on capital items. One New Zealand company has a majority interest in a factory in Hong Kong for finishing leathers for the Asian market. The advantages lies in labour costs and proximity to markets.
These joint venture arrangements appear to be more common in developing countries than in industrial countries. This is the case where shortages of foreign exchange, lack of modern technologies, and lack of skills dominate country development objectives. New Zealand does have joint ventures in Japan, for example, where the emphasis is more on gaining access to raw materials than on technology and capital. In the United States, New Zealand has a particular concern to see that carpet technology using natural wool is kept up to date through sharing costs of such programmes.
14
It was suggested earlier in this paper that international investment in a country's agricultural sector can assist in making that sector more competitive and hence contribute to positive adjustment. One type of international investment is concessional assistance given in the form of foreign aid. Any review of structural adjustment in domestic agriculture in the region should therefore include reference to the adjustment impacts of foreign aid - this aspect of assistance is not generally stressed in the foreign aid literature. The following discussion is largely based on New Zealand's official development assistance programme.
In 1986/87 (March years) New Zealand disbursed NZ$118.5 million on assistance to developing countries, most of which was bilateral assistance ($84m) and assistance for shipping in the South Pacific region ($12m). The principal purpose of bilateral development assistance is to help promote the economic and social development of the recipient countries by expanding their capabilities to raise the living standards of their peoples. Emphasis is placed on the development of productivity through livestock and pasture improvement programmes, assistance with crops, and the development of forestry, fishing and energy resources. This transfer of expertise to developing countries is supplemented by the provision of study and training awards. The Government has stated that development assistance is to be directed primarily to the island states of the South Pacific in the light of their specific requirements. The second area of concentration is South East Asia, with particular reference to the countries belonging to ASEAN.
At the First Workshop, the ASEAN countries expressed their desire for cooperation and assistance in developing their livestock and feed industries. Foreign investment in these industries does not appear to have high priority, though in some countries poultry development has proceeded rapidly with outside capital. There is clearly a need to study further the respective roles of private and public investment in
l5
domestic agricultural industries, with special emphasis on the value of direct foreign investment. It may well be that official assistance investment crowds out foreign private investment. On the other hand, private investment by New Zealand in feed milling activities has been successful in at least four countries, and other country experiences would add significantly to the sum total of foreign private investment in livestock industries in the region. The proposed study of comparative advantage of livestock and feed enterprises in the ASEAN region may also assist in determining the respective roles of direct foreign investment and official assistance investment.
Further study is also required of assistance programmes from the point of view of structural adjustment. lt has to be asked whether such programmes allow resource use changes to be accomplished and whether introduced technology effectively raises productivity in the sector concerned? These questions are not pursued further at this stage but they do open up areas for further relevant investigation. To the extent that some countries have social objectives that require excess labour to be employed somewhere in the economy, such efficiency goals may not be the most appropriate basis of policy determination in some circumstances. The development of the livestock and feed grain sector may therefore follow different strategies from those which lead to greater international specialisation of livestock production.
This paper has reiterated some of the structural adjustment issues of relevance to domestic agricultural policies. While it appears that there can be first-best and second-best solutions to excessive protectionism in agriculture — these second-best solutions are identified as direct foreign investment and foreign aid — it is argued that the latter activities can also be viewed as useful complements to those adjustment instruments used to facilitate the first-best (liberalisation) solution.
16
The paper sets out a brief review 0f New Zealand direct foreign investment in the livestock and grains area. There is a wide range of equity arrangements involved in these investments varying from fully- owned subsidiaries to joint ventures, trade agreements, protocols and franchise arrangements. Most of these developments are relatively recent in New Zealand experience, though some arrangements survive from earlier British connections.
lt is suggested that the New Zealand experience offers a reasonable cross-section of the general experience of direct foreign investment (DET) in the study area. Members of the Workshop might wish to see this aspect of the study enlarged from their own experiences. In this connection, the OECD has recently observed (OECD 1987b) that direct foreign investment is normally less than 10% of total investment in most developing countries, hence DFI is not a major driving force for increased investment and growth. It's particular role in agricultural development could be further investigated. The paper has explored the spill-over effects of New Zealand's DFT in host countries. The areas identified include generic promotion, brand promotion, technology transfer, supply relationships and training opportunities. These areas are not necessarily the prime objectives of the initial investments but they generally follow on from the kind of activities undertaken. ln some cases, government regulation in the host country requires certain kinds of investment arrangement which includes specific provision for these spill—overs to occur. ln other cases, there are no restraints on DFT and mutual benefit only flows from commercial realities. The wide range of equity instruments available may well be of most interest to potential host countries. It is clear that joint ventures give both partners equal (or by arrangement) shares in an investment and the secondary spill-over effects are guaranteed as a result. Host countries need to develop policies for DFI that would assist growth and efficiency rather than further agricultural protectionism. Would the Workshop wish to make further study of these issues?
17 In a brief review of New Zealand foreign aid, it was observed that concessional assistance might crowd out commercial arrangements for bilateral investment. Nevertheless, concessional investment could be strategically placed to enhance growth and efficiency of developing agricultural sectors. In New Zealand`s case such investment and technological assistance is normally in the livestock development area, and may or may not be competitive with products exported by New Zealand. Perhaps the ASEAN comparative advantage study could assist in clarifying these issues? In the wider investment and technology framework, the Workshop may wish to review international barriers to investment and information flows.5 These barriers could well prevent greater domestic and international specialisation. Freer markets for traded goods, capital flows, and technology transfers could all contribute to an improvement in economic welfare of the member countries. The Workshop may wish to pursue the wider implications of structural adjustment. The aim of adjustment policy is to lower the social cost, redistribute the private cost and make change more politically acceptable. There may be a need to study the transitional costs of bringing about change and the transfer of private costs of adjustment away from the factors directly concerned towards consumers in general. Greater transparency of adjustment measures could make them more politically acceptable, if the benefits of change are clearer to the agents concerned. It may well be that there are other measures of promoting mutual cooperation between countries than reviewed in this paper. Should the current negotiations in the GATT be discussed in this context? Are there reciprocal agreements between countries which remove protection barriers in a non—discriminatory way and promote international
5.
18 specialisation and trade? Are there particular strategies that developing countries should adopt to maximise their rate of growth, raise the efficiency of their agricultural sectors, and move toward more-market solutions to their problems? Are there cases where more- market solutions are not appropriate in the livestock and grains sector in Pacific Basin countries? The Workshop may wish to discuss the direction of further work in the light of these points.
Greenaway, David (1983), International Trade Policy : From Tariffs to the New Protectionism, MacMillan, London.
OECD (1983a) Positive Adustment Policies : Managing Structural Change, Paris.
OECD (1983b), The Implications of Different Means of Agricultural Income Support, Paris.
OECD (1983c), Positive Adjustment Policies in the Dairy Sector, Paris.
OECD (1987a), National Policies and Agricultural Trade, Paris.
OECD (1987b), "Recent Trends in International Direct Investment", The OECD Observer No. 146, pp. 32-35, June/July.
Pacific Economic Cooperation (1986), A Report of the PECC on Private Direct Foreign Investment, Bangkok, 3-5 April.


This graph shows the decline in total breath output as measured by a spirometer.
Below are the basic vitals for Patient 2 in addtion to, Black Top-hat Transform animation of the CT scan. Patient 2:Weeks: 15FVC: 2739 mLPercent: 82.04529Age: 68Sex: MaleSmokingStatus: Ex-Smoker
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created with


RxComp Router module for RxComp, developed with RxJs.
| lib & dependancy | size |
|---|---|
| rxcomp-router.min.js | |
| rxcomp-router.min.js | |
| rxcomp.min.js | |
| rxcomp.min.js | |
| rxjs.min.js | |
| rxjs.min.js |
This library depend on RxComp and RxJs
install via npm or include via script
npm install rxjs rxcomp rxcomp-router --save
For CDN, you can use unpkg

The global namespace for RxComp is rxcomp
import { CoreModule, Module } from 'rxcomp';
The global namespace for RxComp RouterModule is rxcomp.router
import { Browser, CoreModule, Module } from 'rxcomp';
import { RouterModule } from 'rxcomp-router';
import AppComponent from './app.component';
export default class AppModule extends Module {}
AppModule.meta = {
imports: [
CoreModule,
RouterModule.forRoot([
{ path: '', redirectTo: '/dashboard', pathMatch: 'full' },
{ path: 'dashboard', component: IndexComponent, data: { title: 'Dashboard' } },
{
path: 'detail/:detailId', component: DetailComponent, data: { title: 'Detail' },
children: [
{ path: 'media', component: SubComponent, data: { title: 'Media' } },
{ path: 'files', component: SubComponent, data: { title: 'Files' } }
], canActivateChild: [customActivator],
},
{ path: 'data/:data', component: DataComponent, data: { title: 'Data' } },
{ path: 'contacts', component: ContactsComponent, data: { title: 'Contacts' }, canActivate: [customActivator] },
{ path: '**', component: NotFoundComponent },
]),
],
declarations: [
IndexComponent,
DataComponent,
DetailComponent,
ContactsComponent,
],
bootstrap: AppComponent,
};
Browser.bootstrap(AppModule);
You can change the default location strategy using the LocationStrategyHash
class.
RouterModule.forRoot([
{ path: '', redirectTo: '/index', pathMatch: 'full' },
]).useStrategy(LocationStrategyHash),
You can subscribe to router events.
RouterService.observe$.pipe(
tap((event: RouterEvent) => {
if (event instanceof NavigationEnd
|| event instanceof NavigationCancel
|| event instanceof NavigationError) {
console.log(event);
}
}),
takeUntil(this.unsubscribe$),
).subscribe();
| event name | description |
|---|---|
| NavigationStart | An event triggered when navigation starts. |
| RoutesRecognized | An event triggered when the Router parses the URL and the routes are recognized. |
| GuardsCheckStart | An event triggered at the start of the Guard phase of routing. |
| ChildActivationStart | An event triggered at the start of the child-activation part of the Resolve phase of routing. |
| ActivationStart | An event triggered at the start of the activation part of the Resolve phase of routing. |
| GuardsCheckEnd | An event triggered at the end of the Guard phase of routing. |
| ResolveStart | An event triggered at the the start of the Resolve phase of routing. |
| ResolveEnd | An event triggered at the end of the Resolve phase of routing. |
| ActivationEnd | An event triggered at the end of the activation part of the Resolve phase of routing. |
| ChildActivationEnd | An event triggered at the end of the child-activation part of the Resolve phase of routing. |
| RouteConfigLoadStart | An event triggered before the Router lazy loads a route configuration. |
| RouteConfigLoadEnd | An event triggered after a route has been lazy loaded. |
| NavigationEnd | An event triggered when navigation ends successfully. |
| NavigationCancel | An event triggered when navigation is canceled. This is due to a Route Guard returning false during navigation. |
| NavigationError | An event triggered when navigation fails due to an unexpected error. |
You can inspect the current activated route data$
or params$
from the host RouterOutlet
.
export default class DetailComponent extends Component {
host!: RouterOutletStructure;
onInit() {
this.host.route.data$.subscribe(data => {
this.detailId = data.detailId;
});
}
static meta: IFactoryMeta = {
selector: '[detail-component]',
hosts: { host: RouterOutletStructure },
template: /* html */`

Detail {{detailId}}

`,
};
}
You can implement your custom route guards. There are four type of guards:canDeactivate
, canLoad
, canActivate
and canActivateChild
.
export class UserLogged implements ICanActivate {
canActivate(route: RouteSnapshot): RouterActivatorResult {
return isLogged ? true : ['/login'];
}
}
RouterModule.forRoot([
{ path: 'me', component: UserComponent, canActivate: [UserLogged] },
]),
Extending the View
component you obtain a new meta attribute transitions
.
With this attribute you can create animations between the enter and leave state of a router view.
Just set an object with this custom properties enter:
, leave:
, from:a-custom-route-path
, to:another-custom-route-path
, once:
.
Once method will be called only once.
export default class DetailComponent extends View {
static meta: IViewMeta = {
transitions: {
'enter:': (node: IElement) => { ... },
'leave:': (node: IElement) => { ... },
'from:dashboard': (node: IElement) => { ... },
'to:dashboard': (node: IElement) => { ... },
'once:': (node: IElement) => { ... },
}
};
}
On these properties you can return these type of values:
Observable<void> | Promise<void> | (() => void) | void;
To help you implement custom animations you can then use the transition$
observable that has a complete event.
import { transition$, View } from 'rxcomp-router';
export default class DetailComponent extends View {
static meta: IViewMeta = {
transitions: {
'enter:': (node: IElement) => transition$(complete => {
gsap.set(node, { opacity: 0 });
gsap.to(node, {
opacity: 1,
duration: 1,
ease: Power3.easeInOut,
onComplete: () => {
complete(true);
}
});
}),
}
};
}
RxComp supports all browsers that are ES5-compliant (IE8 and below are not supported).
Pull requests are welcome and please submit bugs 🐞
npm install
gulp
gulp build --target dist
Thank you for taking the time to provide feedback and review. This feedback is appreciated and very helpful 🌈
If you find it helpful, feel free to contribute in keeping this library up to date via PayPal
Changelog here.


QNTC to organise Doha Jewellery and Watches Exhibition in February
Doha: Doha Jewellery and Watches Exhibition (DJWE) 2020 will take place between February 24 and 29, organisers announced today.
The 17th edition of the exhibition is organised by Qatar National Tourism Council (QNTC) and will build on a sparkling legacy, following last year’s edition which saw nearly 500 brands from over 10 countries participate, attracting nearly 24,000 visitors.
DJWE is an annual spectacular display of global luxury brands and homegrown Qatari concepts. The event has expanded over the years to include thought provoking conversations and opportunities for aficionados to learn about the craft of jewellery and watch making. DJWE 2019 attracted participation from top connoisseurs in the field, including Tiffany’s head gemologist, Sotheby’s Middle East jewelry expert and Artcurial International’s watch expert.
Akbar Al Baker, Secretary General of Qatar National Tourism Council and GCEO of Qatar Airways, said:, “Over 17 years DJWE has evolved to become a pinnacle of the Qatari business events calendar, bringing together industry experts and jewellery aficionados, while offering unique and exclusive luxury experiences, as well as exposure to the best-in-class jewellery and watch brands. Today this event is a key part of QNTC’s vision to build enticing tourism products and events that reflect the uniqueness of Qatar and attract visitors from our target markets. We look forward to working with our partners, exhibitors and homegrown designers to offer visitors another fascinating journey of art, elegance and heritage.”
DJWE is considered one of the fastest-growing events on the agenda of the global luxury business community and offers designers unique access to major players in the Qatari market. DJWE was also the launching pad for the Young Qatari Designers Initiative, held under the Patronage of His Excellency Sheikh Abdullah bin Nasser bin Khalifa Al Thani, Prime Minister of Qatar and Minister of Interior. The initiative showcases the talent of young Qatari designers in one dedicated pavilion, offering them a distinctive platform to exhibit and be discovered alongside the world’s most well-known brands.
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Defines a UI object that can be contained within Views and Layouts, drawn, updated, and moved about
More...
|
| void | SetRelativeSize (UIContent parent, Point at, Point span) |
| | Sets the size of the element relative to its parent More...
|
| |
| void | SetRelativeSize (UIContent parent, int atRow, int atCol, int rowSpan, int colSpan) |
| | Sets the size of the element relative to its parent More...
|
| |
| virtual void | Draw (SpriteBatch spriteBatch) |
| | Draws the element to the window. Overriden in derived classes More...
|
| |
| abstract void | Update () |
| | Update the elements state and handles input. Overriden in derived classes More...
|
| |
|
| | UIElement (int rows, int cols) |
| | Initializes a new instance of the T:MidnightBlue.Engine.UI.UIElement class. Sets default property values More...
|
| |
| void | DrawBorder (SpriteBatch spriteBatch) |
| | Draws the elements border to the window. Skips sides that have color set to Color.Transparent More...
|
| |
|
| UIContent | Content [get] |
| | Gets the UIContent of the element, only available in container elements More...
|
| |
| Vector2 | Size [get] |
| | Gets the column and row count of the element More...
|
| |
| Rectangle | BoundingBox [get] |
| | Gets the bounding box of this element More...
|
| |
| bool | Fill [get, set] |
| | Gets or sets a value that indicates the element should be stretched or shrunk to fill its parents bounds exactly More...
|
| |
| Color | BackgroundColor [get, set] |
| | Gets or sets the color of the elements background. More...
|
| |
| string | TextContent [get, set] |
| | Gets or sets the string rendered by the element. More...
|
| |
| Color | TextColor [get, set] |
| | Gets or sets the current color of the text. More...
|
| |
| SpriteFont | Font [get, set] |
| | Gets or sets the font used in rendering the elements TextContent More...
|
| |
| bool | BorderDisplayed [get, set] |
| | Gets or sets a value indicating whether this T:MidnightBlue.Engine.UI.UIElement has itsborder displayed. More...
|
| |
| int | BorderWidth [get, set] |
| | Gets or sets the width of the border. More...
|
| |
| Color | BorderColor [get, set] |
| | Gets or sets the color of the border. More...
|
| |
| Color | BorderTopColor [get, set] |
| | Gets or sets the color of the border top. More...
|
| |
| Color | BorderRightColor [get, set] |
| | Gets or sets the color of the border right. More...
|
| |
| Color | BorderBottomColor [get, set] |
| | Gets or sets the color of the border bottom. More...
|
| |
| Color | BorderLeftColor [get, set] |
| | Gets or sets the color of the border left. More...
|
| |
| string | Tag [get, set] |
| | Gets or sets the tag used to quickly access this element and uniquely identify it. More...
|
| |
Defines a UI object that can be contained within Views and Layouts, drawn, updated, and moved about
§ UIElement()
| MidnightBlue.Engine.UI.UIElement.UIElement |
( |
int |
rows, |
|
|
int |
cols |
|
) |
| |
|
inlineprotected |
Initializes a new instance of the T:MidnightBlue.Engine.UI.UIElement class. Sets default property values
- Parameters
-
| rows | Number of rows this element should span - used only be used for container elements |
| cols | Number of columns this element should span - used only be used for container elements. |
§ Draw()
| virtual void MidnightBlue.Engine.UI.UIElement.Draw |
( |
SpriteBatch |
spriteBatch | ) |
|
|
inlinevirtual |
§ DrawBorder()
| void MidnightBlue.Engine.UI.UIElement.DrawBorder |
( |
SpriteBatch |
spriteBatch | ) |
|
|
inlineprotected |
Draws the elements border to the window. Skips sides that have color set to Color.Transparent
- Parameters
-
| spriteBatch | Sprite batch to draw the border to. |
§ SetRelativeSize() [1/2]
| void MidnightBlue.Engine.UI.UIElement.SetRelativeSize |
( |
UIContent |
parent, |
|
|
Point |
at, |
|
|
Point |
span |
|
) |
| |
|
inline |
Sets the size of the element relative to its parent
- Parameters
-
| parent | Parent content to align to |
| at | Position element should be set to |
| span | Number of columns/rows the element should span. |
§ SetRelativeSize() [2/2]
| void MidnightBlue.Engine.UI.UIElement.SetRelativeSize |
( |
UIContent |
parent, |
|
|
int |
atRow, |
|
|
int |
atCol, |
|
|
int |
rowSpan, |
|
|
int |
colSpan |
|
) |
| |
|
inline |
Sets the size of the element relative to its parent
- Parameters
-
| parent | Parent content to align to |
| atRow | Row position the element should align to. |
| atCol | Column position the element should align to. |
| rowSpan | Number of rows in the parent the element should span. |
| colSpan | Number of columns in the parent the element should span. |
§ Update()
| abstract void MidnightBlue.Engine.UI.UIElement.Update |
( |
| ) |
|
|
pure virtual |
§ BackgroundColor
| Color MidnightBlue.Engine.UI.UIElement.BackgroundColor |
|
getset |
Gets or sets the color of the elements background.
The color of the background.
§ BorderBottomColor
| Color MidnightBlue.Engine.UI.UIElement.BorderBottomColor |
|
getset |
Gets or sets the color of the border bottom.
The color of the border bottom.
§ BorderColor
| Color MidnightBlue.Engine.UI.UIElement.BorderColor |
|
getset |
Gets or sets the color of the border.
The color of the border. Resets all border sides' colors to this color.
§ BorderDisplayed
| bool MidnightBlue.Engine.UI.UIElement.BorderDisplayed |
|
getset |
Gets or sets a value indicating whether this T:MidnightBlue.Engine.UI.UIElement has itsborder displayed.
true
if border should be displayed; otherwise, false
.
§ BorderLeftColor
| Color MidnightBlue.Engine.UI.UIElement.BorderLeftColor |
|
getset |
Gets or sets the color of the border left.
The color of the border left.
§ BorderRightColor
| Color MidnightBlue.Engine.UI.UIElement.BorderRightColor |
|
getset |
Gets or sets the color of the border right.
The color of the border right.
§ BorderTopColor
| Color MidnightBlue.Engine.UI.UIElement.BorderTopColor |
|
getset |
Gets or sets the color of the border top.
The color of the border top.
§ BorderWidth
| int MidnightBlue.Engine.UI.UIElement.BorderWidth |
|
getset |
Gets or sets the width of the border.
The width of the border.
§ BoundingBox
| Rectangle MidnightBlue.Engine.UI.UIElement.BoundingBox |
|
get |
Gets the bounding box of this element
The bounding box.
§ Content
| UIContent MidnightBlue.Engine.UI.UIElement.Content |
|
get |
Gets the UIContent of the element, only available in container elements
The content.
§ Fill
| bool MidnightBlue.Engine.UI.UIElement.Fill |
|
getset |
Gets or sets a value that indicates the element should be stretched or shrunk to fill its parents bounds exactly
true
if set to fill parent; otherwise, false
.
§ Font
| SpriteFont MidnightBlue.Engine.UI.UIElement.Font |
|
getset |
Gets or sets the font used in rendering the elements TextContent
The font.
§ Size
| Vector2 MidnightBlue.Engine.UI.UIElement.Size |
|
get |
Gets the column and row count of the element
The elements grid size.
§ Tag
| string MidnightBlue.Engine.UI.UIElement.Tag |
|
getset |
Gets or sets the tag used to quickly access this element and uniquely identify it.
The tag.
§ TextColor
| Color MidnightBlue.Engine.UI.UIElement.TextColor |
|
getset |
Gets or sets the current color of the text.
The text contents current color value.
§ TextContent
| string MidnightBlue.Engine.UI.UIElement.TextContent |
|
getset |
Gets or sets the string rendered by the element.
The content of the text.
The documentation for this class was generated from the following file:
- Shared/src/Engine/UI/UIElement.cs


--- layout: post title: Using Ajax to route dangerous methods through POST categories: [] author: admin published: true date: 2005-08-26 10:28:09.000000000 +01:00 ---
Jarkko Laine has a tutorial up on how to use Ajax to do deletes and other dangerous methods through POST instead of GET. So you can sleep safe at night and not fear that the Google Web Accelerator boogeyman comes to get you.


Install NodeJS & Yarn
Overview
This is a set of repository rules for setting up hermetic copies of NodeJS and Yarn. See https://docs.bazel.build/versions/master/skylark/repository_rules.html
node_repositories
node_repositories(package_json, node_version, yarn_version, vendored_node, vendored_yarn, node_repositories, yarn_repositories, node_urls, yarn_urls, preserve_symlinks)
To be run in user's WORKSPACE to install rules_nodejs dependencies.
This rule sets up node, npm, and yarn.
The versions of these tools can be specified in one of three ways:
- Normal Usage: Specify no explicit versions. This will download and use the latest NodeJS & Yarn that were available when the version of rules_nodejs you're using was released.
- Forced version(s): You can select the version of NodeJS and/or Yarn to download & use by specifying it when you call node_repositories, but you must use a value that matches a known version.
- Using a custom version: You can pass in a custom list of NodeJS and/or Yarn repositories and URLs for node_resositories to use.
- Using a local version: To avoid downloads, you can check in vendored copies of NodeJS and/or Yarn and set vendored_node and or vendored_yarn to point to those before calling node_repositories.
This rule exposes the @nodejs
workspace containing some rules the user can call later:
- Run node:
bazel run @nodejs//:node path/to/program.js
- Install dependencies using npm:
bazel run @nodejs//:npm install
- Install dependencies using yarn:
bazel run @nodejs//:yarn
This rule also exposes the @yarn
workspace for backwards compatibility:
- Alternately install dependencies using yarn:
bazel run @yarn//:yarn
Note that the dependency installation scripts will run in each subpackage indicated by the package_json
attribute.
This approach uses npm/yarn as the package manager. You could instead have Bazel act as the package manager, running the install behind the scenes.
See the npm_install
and yarn_install
rules, and the discussion in the README.
load("@build_bazel_rules_nodejs//:defs.bzl", "node_repositories")
node_repositories(package_json = ["//:package.json", "//subpkg:package.json"])
Running bazel run @nodejs//:yarn
in this repo would create /node_modules
and /subpkg/node_modules
.
Attributes
package_json |
a list of labels, which indicate the package.json files that will be installed
when you manually run the package manager, e.g. with
|
node_version |
optional; the specific version of NodeJS to install. |
yarn_version |
optional; the specific version of Yarn to install. |
vendored_node |
optional; the local path to a pre-installed NodeJS runtime. |
vendored_yarn |
optional; the local path to a pre-installed yarn tool. |
node_repositories |
optional; custom list of node repositories to use. |
yarn_repositories |
optional; custom list of yarn repositories to use. |
node_urls |
optional; custom list of URLs to use to download NodeJS. |
yarn_urls |
optional; custom list of URLs to use to download Yarn. |
preserve_symlinks |
Turn on --node_options=--preserve-symlinks for nodejs_binary and nodejs_test rules. The default for this is currently True but the options is deprecated and will be removed in the future. When this option is turned on, node will preserve the symlinked path for resolves instead of the default behavior of resolving to the real path. This means that all required files must be in be included in your runfiles as it prevents the default behavior of potentially resolving outside of the runfiles. For example, all required files need to be included in your node_modules filegroup. This option is desirable as it gives a stronger guarantee of hermiticity which is required for remote execution. |


The CASA mobile message service (the "Service") is operated by "Court Appointed Special Advocate (CASA)/Prince George's County" ("CASA", "PGCasa", "we", or "us"). Your use of the Service constitutes your agreement to these terms and conditions ("Mobile Terms"). We may modify or cancel the Service or any of its features without notice. To the extent permitted by applicable law, we may also modify these Mobile Terms at any time and your continued use of the Service following the effective date of any such changes shall constitute your acceptance of such changes.
By consenting to CASA's SMS/text messaging service, you agree to receive recurring SMS/text messages from and on behalf of CASA through your wireless provider to the mobile number you provided, even if your mobile number is registered on any state or federal Do Not Call list. Text messages may be sent using an automatic telephone dialing system or other technology. Service-related messages may include updates, alerts, and information (e.g., event reminders, account alerts, password resets, etc.).
You understand that you do not have to sign up for this program, and your consent is not a condition of any purchase with CASA. Your participation in this program is completely voluntary. We do not charge for the Service, but you are responsible for all charges and fees associated with text messaging imposed by your wireless provider. Message frequency varies. Message and data rates may apply. Check your mobile plan and contact your wireless provider for details. You are solely responsible for all charges related to SMS/text messages, including charges from your wireless provider.
You may opt-in/out of the Service at any time under your CASA profile page (https://casavolunteertracking.org/). No further messages will be sent to your mobile device unless initiated by you. If you have subscribed to other CASA mobile message programs and wish to cancel, except where applicable law requires otherwise, you will need to opt-out separately from those programs by following the instructions provided in their respective mobile terms. For Service support or assistance, email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>We may change any short-code or telephone number we use to operate the Service at any time and will notify you of these changes. You acknowledge that any messages you send to a short-code or telephone number we have changed may not be received and we will not be responsible for honoring requests made in such messages. The wireless carriers supported by the Service are not liable for delayed or undelivered messages. You agree to provide us with a valid mobile number. If you get a new mobile number, you will need to update your profile with the new number.
To the extent permitted by applicable law, you agree that we will not be liable for failed, delayed, or misdirected delivery of any information sent through the Service, any errors in such information, and/or any action you may or may not take in reliance on the information or Service.


Megan's background is in business dentistry; she spent a year at Draughon's Jr. College where she learned dental assisting and a year at Motlow Community College with a focus on Entreprenuer/Business Administration. She worked as a business assistant for Heartland Dental/Cane Ridge Dentist in Antioch, TN until her admission to Nashville Software School in April. Although she loves the dental field, her eyes are set on a career with a high ceiling for growth and learning.
Megan is also an avid reader and gym goer who is passionate about English and fitness. In her spare time she trains as a women's figure body builder and is nationally qualified with the NPC.
In September she graduated from NSS with Cohort-9 and is eager to contribute and sharpen her full-stack development skills amongst the synergy of a great team.


1
personal
Add personal details
2
Address
Add additional info
3
Message
Add message(optional)
4
Done
Complete.. !
Sign up to account
Enter your email & password to login
First Name
Last Name
Contact No.
Sign up to account
Enter your email & password to login
Email address
Password
Confirm Password
Sign up to account
Enter your email & password to login
Birthday:
Age
Have Passport
Sign up to account
Enter your email & password to login
Country
State
City


,
and transmits output events when instructed.
- --model
-
reads a state-chart in SCXML from
- -i
-
read (lines of) SCXML events (in JSON) from
- -o
-
write output events (in JSON) to
- --trace
-
write trace info to
- --mqtt
-
assume MQTT-based I/O by default.
- --broker [:]
-
specifiy (at ) as the MQTT broker to connect to.
(default: localhost:1883)
- --sub
-
subscribe to for input events.
multiple topics can be specified as: --sub t1 --sub t2 ...
- --pub
-
specify as the default topic for output events (emitted by SCXML.send).
- --trace-pub
-
specify for publishing trace info
- -r, --relay
-
run scxmlrun
as a MQTT repeater,
that is,
scxmlrun
reads input events and transmits them without any interpretation.
No SCXML model should be specified in this mode.
- -v, --verbose
-
become verbose.
- -q, --silent
-
stay quiet.
- -V, --version
-
show version info.
- -h, --help
-
show usage.
Consider the following simple SCXML model, which we here call "echo.scxml".
<scxml xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/07/scxml" version="1.0" datamodel="ecmascript" initial="q1">
<state id="q1">
<transition target="q2" event="echo">
<script>console.log (_event.data)</script>
</transition>
</state>
<final id="q2"/>
</scxml>
- reading event(s) from a local file
$ echo '{"event":{"name":"echo","data":"hello"}}' | scxmlrun echo.scxml
hello
- reading event(s) via MQTT
$ scxmlrun echo.scxml --sub echo
$ mosquitto_pub -t echo -m '{"event":{"name":"echo","data":"hello"}}'
hello
Input and output of scxmlrun
are SCXML events in the JSON format.
Each event is a JSON object of the form:
{"event":{"name":...,...},"type":"mqtt", "topic":..., ...}
See https://www.w3.org/TR/scxml/#send
for the detail.
Note that, as a scxmlrun-specific
feature,
"topic"-key and its value can be included in each input/output event,
which is referred to when connecting to the MQTT broker.
rules2scxml
LDLTools development team at IBM Research.
(C) Copyright IBM Corp. 2018.
License Apache 2.0.
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.


Pre-ransomware advice:
— matt blaze (@mattblaze) May 13, 2017
- Backup
- Patch
- Turn off unneeded features
Post-ransomware advice:
- Backup
- Patch
- Turn off unneeded features
| BitCoin | Cash | Payment Card | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Use for Purchases | X | X | X |
| Stores Value | X | X | |
| Fiat Currency | X | X | |
| Anonymous | pseudo | X | |
| Central Ledger | X | X | |
| Central Authority | X | X | |
| Reversible | X |
$$2^{128} \\ = 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 \\ \approx 3 \times 10^{38}$$
Odds of winning Powerball lottery four times: 1 in
$$ \\ 7,290,021,363,225,027,714,833,921,447,179,536 \\ \approx 7 \times 10^{33}$$
H(Doug) → aa1cda9fb50938bfd033eb7b79c4fc0b3ec87a18433bfa02c8d5a68f2c3157e2
H(Hawley Troxell) → 469b53d0d17fdc622bded61a6e4a5720bd25a290890ea01d7687167ec6a2f3c3
H(We the people of the United...) → 63a43b7fc439f05fbf2b0d25d40b860b426a6abeb087ead2b2c4cae0b95c839d
H(Star Wars as a compressed video) → 31c4ba98d4a14a71b6da13830f1c3c508cbf93c89a348d382f76070a23588d6b
H(Bob should pay Alice 4 BitCoins) → fef45d0c7e08bfafa7551e9ec27ee06c9fba6ef86665e1a8f77eeb23b495e1e9
H(Bob should pay Alice 5 BitCoins) → 3ef34acc394f1ac5d5671c339ffe65b5aa976f88862fe4e87c24b4e3f237cce0
All transactions include a script
Payments:
OP_DUP
OP_HASH160
69e02e18...
OP_EQUALVERIFY
OP_CHECKSIG
BitCoin scripts are limited in what they can do (no loops)
BitCoin Scripts can be used to:
To have a valid currency, we want to:
To have a valid currency, we want to:
Difference between Ethereum and BitCoin: Scripts
Ethereum scripts can do anything a computer can do
Require purchasing "Gas"
Ethereum Scripts can be used to:
pragma solidity ^0.4.2;
// Proof of Existence contract, version 1
contract ProofOfExistence1 {
bytes32 public proof;
// calculate and store the proof for a document
function notarize(string document) {
proof = calculateProof(document);
}
// helper function to get a document's sha256
function calculateProof(string document) constant returns (bytes32) {
return sha256(document);
}
}


|
NASA World Wind | ||||||||
| PREV NEXT | FRAMES NO FRAMES |
See:
Description
World Wind is a collection of components that interactively display 3D geographic information within Java
applications or applets. Applications and applets use World Wind by placing one or more WorldWindow
components in their user interface. The World Wind components are extensible. The
API is defined primarily by interfaces, so components can be selectively replaced by alternative components.
To use World Wind as an applet, see the package gov.nasa.worldwind.examples.applet
.
WorldWindow
is an interface. Toolkit-specific implementations of the interface are provided for
Swing/AWT and, in the future, SWT-Eclipse. See WorldWindowGLCanvas
.
In addition to WorldWindow
, there are five major World Wind interfaces. They are:
Globe
&mdash represents a planet's shape and terrain.Layer
&mdash applies imagery or information to a Globe
.Model
&mdash aggregates a Globe
and the Layer
s to apply
to it.
SceneController
&mdash controls the rendering of a Model
.View
&mdash interactively control's the user's view of the model.
In typical usage, applications associate a Globe
and several Layer
s with a
Model
They then pass that model to a SceneController
that displays the globe and its layers in a
WorldWindow
. The scene controller subsequently manages the display of the globe and its layers in
conjunction with an interactive View
that defines the user's view of the planet.
The objects implementing the above interfaces may be those provided by World Wind or those created by application
developers. Objects implementinng a particular interface may be used wherever that interface is called for. World
Wind provides several Globe
objects representing Earth, Mars and the Earth's moon, and provides basic
implementations of Model
, SceneController
and View
.
Most of World Wind's components are defined by interfaces. This allows application developers to create their own implementations and easily integrate them into World Wind.
WorldWind
ClassTODO
TODO
World Wind works with enormous quantites of data and information, all of which exist primarily on remote data
servers. Retrieval and local caching of that data is therefore a primary feature of World Wind. The classes that
implement retrieval are Retriever
and RetrievalService
.
Retriever
encapsulates a single network retrieval request. It is an interface.
The most
commonly used concrete Retriever
is HTTPRetriever
, which retrieves
data via
http. Retrievers are typically created by a Layer
to retrieve the data the layer
displays, and by an ElevationModel
to retrieve elevation data.
RetrievalService
manages a thread pool for retrieval tasks. Objects retrieve
data by
passing the retrieval service a Retriever
. The service runs each retriever in an individual thread.
Access to the retrieval service is through WorldWind
, which holds a singleton instance.
When a retriever's data arrives, the retrieval service calls the retriever's RetrievalPostProcessor
, which was specified to the retriever's constructor. The
RetrievalPostProcessor
is passed the data immediately upon download and determines how to persist it.
Persistence and any processing prior to it is object specific. TiledImageLayer
,
for
instance, can convert non-DDS formats to DDS, or simply store the data as-is in the file cache. gov.nasa.worldwind.globes.BasicElevationModel
just persists the raw data. The post processor runs in the same
thread as
the retriever, which is neither the event-dispatching (UI) thread nor the rendering thread, but the one created by
the retrieval service for that retriever.
Data that has been previously retrieved or is otherwise local (on disk) is brought into memory in a thread separate
from the event-dispatching thread or the rendering thread. One of the World Wind conventions is that no code may
access the computer's disk in any way during rendering. Therefore loading the data from disk is dispatched to
another thread pool, the ThreadedTaskService
. This service has a similar interface
to
RetrievalService. Tasks it runs typically read the data from disk and add it to the global memory cache (described
below).
One consequence of the disk-access restriction is that determining whether needed data is on disk and can
be loaded directly, or is not local and therefore must be retrieved, must not be done in the rendering thread. (A
disk access is necessary to determine whether the data exists locally.) Objects that load data therefore follow the
convention of first checking the memory cache for the desired data, and if it's not there create a Runnable
to determine in a separate thread where the data must be drawn from, disk or network. If it's on
the disk then the task can simply read it and cache it right away. If it's remote then the task creates a
Retriever
and requests retrieval. Later, after retrieval has placed the data on disk, the situation will be
the local case and data can be loaded into memory within the Runnable
.
So that data can be shared among caching objects, most cached data used within World Wind is cached in a MemoryCache
. MemoryCache
enable cached data to be shared among all
WorldWindWindow instantiations in an application. Thus two Earth globes
each displayed in a separate window will share any image or elevation tiles that they are using simultaneously. The
same would be true of any place name collections. The constraint this imposes is that cached data that is to be
shared must base equals()
and hashCode()
on fields that are not instance specific to the
caching object.
All data persisted to or drawn from the local computer is done so by the gov.nasa.worldwind.cache.FileCache
No
object manages its own storage. The file cache cache manages multiple disk storage locations and unifies access to
them. The file cache is a singleton, accessible through the WorldWind
singleton.
World Wind can determine the displayed objects at a given screen postion in a WorldWindow
. When the
application wants to know what's displayed at a particular point, say the cursor position, it calls a method on
WorldWindow
that accepts the point and returns a description of what's drawn there. In general the
application specifies a pick region rather than a single point, with the region a few pixels wide and high and
centered on the point. This provides a pick tolerance and allows the user to indicate something close to but not
exactly at the screen position. Since several objects may intersect the pick region, descriptions of all these
objects are returned to the application. Which of these objects are meaningful is determined by the application.
World Wind uses a method similar to drawing to detect objects in the pick region. During picking, the frame
controller invokes each layer's gov.nasa.worldwind.layers.AbstractLayer#doPick(DrawContext)
. As in drawing,
the methods are invoked in turn, according to the layer's position in the model's layer list. During the call, each
layer is
responsible for determining which of its items, if any, are picked. Prior to traversing the layer list, the frame
controller sets the current view's viewport to the pick region specified by the application. When a layer identifies
an object that intersects that pick region, it adds a description of that object to the draw context's pick list.
Once all layers are traversed, the list of picked items is returned to the application.
It's typically not straightforward for a layer to determine which of its contents intersect a screen-space pick region. To do that usually requires transforming the screen point into model coordinates and determining intersection in that coordinate system. But depth values are ambiguous with only a two-dimensional screen point as input, complicating transformation to model coordinates, and geometric intersection determination can be very difficult and time consuming. To overcome this, World Wind implements a widely used method of sampling the window's color buffer to detect intersection, and makes this method easy for layers to use.
The method works as follows: The frame controller precedes a pick traversal by first setting the current view's viewport to the specified pick region and clearing the color buffer in that region. This clearing occurs in the window's back buffer and is therefore not visible to the user. During traversal, each layer draws itself not in its normal colors but in a set of colors that serve as pick identifiers. Since the result of pick traversal is never displayed, the specific colors used don't matter viusally. Each individual pickable item within a layer is drawn with a unique color that makes the item individually identifiable in the color buffer. By reading the region of the color buffer corresponding to the pick region, the specific items intersecting the region can be determined. The layer performs this read and makes this determination after drawing its pickable items.
Since one layer does not know how subsequently traversed layers might overwrite or otherwise affect it once drawn, items it determines have been picked could end up obscured by other layers. The items that intersect the pick region and are visible can be determined only after all layers are drawn. The frame controller therefore reads the final colors from the pick region of the color buffer and passes them to the list of picked items so that those items can compare their pick identifiers with the final colors and mark themselves as "on top." The appplication then recieves the full list of picked items, with the truly visible ones marked as such.
World Wind provides utility classes to make it simple for layers to participate in this picking scheme. See
PickSupport
gov.nasa.worldwind.Configuration.set
for each of the following keys:
gov.nasa.worldwind.avlist.AVKey.URL_PROXY_HOST
-- indicates the proxy host addressgov.nasa.worldwind.avlist.AVKey.URL_PROXY_PORT
-- indicates the port to use on that hostgov.nasa.worldwind.avlist.AVKey.URL_PROXY_TYPE
-- One of the values defined by java.net.Proxy.TypeAfter these values are set, all retrievals from the network will go through the specified proxy.
World Wind's use of the network can be disabled by calling gov.nasa.WorldWind.setOfflineMode
. Prior to
attempting retrieval of a network resource -- anything addressed by a URL -- World Wind checks the offline-mode
setting and does not attempt retrieval if the value is true.
|
NASA World Wind | ||||||||
| PREV NEXT | FRAMES NO FRAMES |


Wanderlust Worthy Travel Quotes
I’ll be the first to admit: thinking of instagram captions is really hard. How many times can you say ‘Getting my vitamin sea’ before your followers start rolling their eyes? Answer: less than once. When I can’t think of a witty caption (which is more often than not), I tend to go with a travel quote and I thought you guys might find them helpful too!
“Why do you go away? So that you can come back. So that you can see the place you came from with new eyes and extra colors. And the people there see you differently, too. Coming back to where you started is not the same as never leaving.”
- Terry Pratchett, A Hat Full of Sky
“Surely, of all the wonders of the world, the horizon is the greatest.”
- Freya Stark
“Now more than ever do I realize that I will never be content with a sedentary life, that I will always be haunted by thoughts of a sun-drenched elsewhere.”
- Isabelle Eberhardt, The Nomad: The Diaries of Isabelle Eberhardt
“She is free in her wildness, she is a wanderess, a drop of free water. She knows nothing of borders and cares nothing for rules or customs. ‘Time’ for her isn’t something to fight against. Her life flows clean, with passion, like fresh water.”
- Roman Payne
“I was an adventurer, but she was not an adventuress. She was a ‘wanderess.’ Thus, she didn’t care about money, only experiences - whether they came from wealth or from poverty, it was all the same to her.”
- Roman Payne, The Wanderess
“Every dreamer knows that it is entirely possible to be homesick for a place you’ve never been to, perhaps more homesick than for familiar ground.”
- Judith Thurman
“Maybe you had to leave in order to miss a place; maybe you had to travel to figure out how beloved your starting point was.
- Jodi Picoult, Handle with Care
“They say no land remains to be discovered, no continent is left unexplored. But the whole world is out there, waiting, just waiting for me. I want to do things– I want to walk the rain-soaked streets of London, and drink mint tea in Casablanca. I want to wander the wastelands of the Gobi desert and see a yak. I think my life’s ambition is to see a yak. I want to bargain for trinkets in an Arab market in some distant, dusty land. There’s so much. But, most of all, I want to do things that will mean something.”
- Lisa Ann Sandell, A Map of the Known World
“Gradually the magic of the island settled over us as gently and clingingly as pollen.”
- Gerald Durrell, My Family and Other Animals
“There’s something about arriving in new cities, wandering empty streets with no destination. I will never lose the love for the arriving, but I’m born to leave.”
- Charlotte Eriksson, Empty Roads & Broken Bottles; in search for The Great Perhaps
“And like tea dissolving in hot water, the sun dissolved in the sky… creating a velvet horizon, announcing for the stars’ night dance with the moon, the awaited joy for the wounded souls.””
- From Bali – The Rebirth
“Certainly, travel is more than the seeing of sights; it is a change that goes on, deep and permanent, in the ideas of living.”
- Miriam Beard
“The very basic core of a man’s living spirit is his passion for adventure. The joy of life comes from our encounters with new experiences, and hence there is no greater joy than to have an endlessly changing horizon, for each day to have a new and different sun.”
- Christopher McCandless
“We travel, initially, to lose ourselves; and we travel, next to find ourselves. We travel to open our hearts and eyes hand learn more about the world than our newspapers will accommodate. We travel to bring what little we can, in our ignorance and knowledge, to those parts of the globe whose riches are differently dispersed. And we travel, in essence, to become young fools again- to slow time down and get taken in, and fall in love once more.”
- Pico Iyer
“We live in a wonderful world that is full of beauty, charm and adventure. There is no end to the adventures we can have if only we seek them with our eyes open.”
- Jawaharal Nehru
“Most of the time, beauty lies in the simplest of things.”
- Winna Efendi, The Journeys
“A journey, after all, neither begins in the instant we set out, nor ends when we have reached our door step once again. It starts much earlier and is really never over, because the film of memory continues running on inside of us long after we have come to a physical standstill. Indeed, there exists something like a contagion of travel, and the disease is essentially incurable.”
- Ryszard Kapuściński, Travels with Herodotus
“I had a desire to see something besides my own shores, if only to be content to return to them someday. If I wish to live in my native land and love her, it should not be out of ignorance.”
- Margaret George, Mary Queen of Scotland and The Isles
“For me, a place unvisited is like an unrequited love. A dull ache that—try as you might to think it away, to convince yourself that she really wasn’t the right country for you—just won’t leave you in peace.”
- Eric Weiner
“Do not stop thinking of life as an adventure. You have no security unless you can live bravely, excitingly, imaginatively, unless you can choose a challenge instead of a competence.”
- Eleanor Roosevelt
“For my part, I travel not to go anywhere, but to go. I travel for travel’s sake. The great affair is to move.”
- Robert Louis Stevenson
“We must go beyond textbooks, go out into the bypaths and untrodden depths of the wilderness and travel and explore and tell the world the glories of our journey.”
- John Hope Franklin
“All the above is, of course, a gross simplification. There are deeper reasons to travel – itches and tickles on the underbelly of the unconscious mind. We go where we need to go, and then try to figure out what we’re doing there.”
- Jeff Greenwald
“Our happiest moments as tourists always seem to come when we stumble upon one thing while in pursuit of something else.”
- Lawrence Block
”Then one day, when you least expect it, the great adventure finds you.”
- Ewan Mcgregor
“The purpose of life, after all, is to live it, to taste experience to the utmost, to reach out eagerly and without fear for newer and richer experience.”
- Eleanor Roosevelt
We need the tonic of wildness…At the same time that we are earnest to explore and learn all things, we require that all things be mysterious and unexplorable, that land and sea be indefinitely wild, unsurveyed and unfathomed by us because unfathomable. We can never have enough of nature.
- Henry David Thoreau, Walden: Or, Life in the Woods
“As for me, I am tormented with an everlasting itch for things remote. I love to sail forbidden seas, and land on barbarous coasts.”
- Herman Melville, Moby-Dick; or, The Whale
“because he had no place he couldn’t stay in without getting tired of it and because there was nowhere to go but everywhere, keep rolling under the stars…”
- Jack Kerouac, On the Road
“He found himself wondering at times, especially in the autumn, about the wild lands, and strange visions of mountains that he had never seen came into his dreams.”
- J.R.R. Tolkien, The Fellowship of the Ring (The Lord of the Rings)
“She had a wild, wandering soul but when she loved, she loved with chaos and that made all the difference.”
- Ariana Dancu
“Wandering is the activity of the child, the passion of the genius; it is the discovery of the self, the discovery of the outside world, and the learning of how the self is both “at one with” and “separate from” the outside world. These discoveries are as fundamental to the soul as “learning to survive” is fundamental to the body. These discoveries are essential to realizing what it means to be human. To wander is to be alive.”
- Roman Payne, Europa: Limited Time Edition
and we laugh and laugh and all I know is at this moment I feel like I can do anything I want and be anyone I want and go anywhere on the globe and still call it home
- Kirsten Smith, The Geography of Girlhood
“She would be half a planet away, floating in a turquoise sea, dancing by moonlight to flamenco guitar.”
- Janet Fitch, White Oleander
“We travel because we need to, because distance and difference are the secret tonic of creativity. When we get home, home is still the same. But something in our mind has been changed, and that changes everything.”
- Jonah Lehrer
“For her the ocean was more than a dream, it was a place she needed to visit to find herself… and when she returned to the city, you could see the sun in her eyes, the wind in her hair, and taste the infinite salt on her lips.”
- Jose Chaves
Did I miss any? Let me know what your favorite travel quotes are in the comments below!


190
Saanjhi Holi ~ Sang Laaye Rang
PCOD/PCOS AWARENESS WEBINAR
Imparting Education
PRAYERS FOR PLANET 2021
Winter Virtual Internship Program
Project Rainbow-No Limit to Learn
Basket of Alphabets
Green Vibes
Mission Earth
Unmute-End of Taboo
Kindness Fest
Art for Awareness
Storynama
Psychology Behind Rape – Webinar
Let’s Become Superhumans
Wall Of Dreams
Kabaad Se Jugaad
Paper Bags Banao, Plastic Hatao
Chalo Bane Hoshiyar
Jolly Jingles with Little Buds
Admiring Elders
Mind Breezers
𝙎𝙚𝙡𝙛 𝘿𝙚𝙛𝙚𝙣𝙨𝙚 𝙒𝙚𝙗𝙞𝙣𝙖𝙧
Media Literacy Workshop
Ek Diya Sabke Naam
NOOR-E-DIWAL
Baapu ke Nakshe Kadam
Fight together, rise together
Books Not Bricks
Write it out
Save life by Sanitizing
Virtual Internship
Blue Drop : No water, No life
Conservation Strategy
How’s the Josh ?
Bird Feeder
Waste Segregation
Hamara Tiranga Contest
Manure making
#steptowardssociety
Making and using handmade cloth bags
Mask making and distribution
Women empowerment
Rainwater harvesting
Managing Emotions and Stress Webinar
Best Out Of Waste Competition
EACH ONE, SOWS ONE
BeatPlasticPollution
Feeding Paws
Happy Doodles
Campaign: Write the Reality
Education: Moral Values
Mobile Teaching Orientation
Basic Mathematics
Become Techno Kids
Guru Ji Day
Old Age Home
Sports Day
Survey Day
Medical Camp


2 Chronicles 36:11
Zedekiah was one and twenty years old when he began to reign, and reigned eleven years in Jerusalem.


| F# Feature | C# Implementation |
|---|---|
| Functional First | OO First |
| Higher-order functions | C#, Funcs and Actions |
| Value types | ValueOf |
| Discriminated Unions | OneOf |
| Pattern Matching | OneOf/Language-ext |
| Currying/Partial Application | Language-ext |
| Immutability | Language-ext, collections, records |
| Expressions | Language-ext |
| REPL | - |
| F# Feature | C# Implementation |
|---|---|
| Functional First | OO First |
| Higher-order functions | C#, Funcs and Actions |
| Value types | ValueOf |
| Discriminated Unions | OneOf |
| Pattern Matching | OneOf/Language-ext |
| Currying/Partial Application | Language-ext |
| Immutability | Language-ext, collections, records |
| Expressions | Language-ext |
| REPL | - |
Extra sources