class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide # Intro to linear models
(for scared ecologists) ## Lesson 1: Introduction to linear models ### Guy F. Sutton ### Centre for Biological Control, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda ### 2021 --- class: title-slide, right, top .right-column[ # Intro to linear models
 (for scared ecologists) ### Lesson 1: Introduction to linear models ### **Guy F. Sutton**
 *Centre for Biological Control, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda*
 2021 ] --- name: about-me layout: false class: about-me-slide, inverse, middle, center # About me  ## Guy F. Sutton ### Research Entomologist .fade[Centre for Biological Control
Rhodes University, Makhanda] --- # About me - Research Entomologist -- - NOT a statistician, *per se*!! (I do have quite a bit of training) -- - Weed biological control -- - Grass-insect interactions -- - Experimental design and data analysis -- - Unhealthy relationship with `R` and `Julia` (another coding programme) -- #### Spare time: - Basketball fanatic, Magic: The Gathering (card game), Lighthouses --- # What is a statistical model? -- - *A model* shows how a variable of interest (Y - response variable) is related to one or more predictor variables (X - explanatory/independent variables). -- - E.g. Do larger fruits contain more FCM larvae? ![](lesson_01_introduction_files/figure-html/fig_1-1.png) --- # What is a LINEAR model? -- - A *linear model* represents how a variable of interest (Y - response variable), or **some distribution of Y** (e.g. log transformed version of Y), is related to a linear combination of one or more predictor variables (X - explanatory/independent variables). -- - A linear model DOES NOT necessarily expect a straight line between Y and X. -- - There just needs to be a straight line between X and some version of Y. --  -- - As long as we can make Y take some linear relationship with X, we can model it, without very fancy statistics. --- # Transformation vs GLM -- - Transforming your response variable (e.g. log10) IS NOT the same as GLM. -- - Transformation takes the mean of the transformed variable. -- - E.g. Analyses the mean of log(FCM_body_mass). -- - Transforms the mean, but also transforms the variance (e.g. lognormal). -- - GLM takes the log of the expected mean. -- - E.g. Analyses the log(mean_expected_FCM_bodymass). -- - Transforms the mean, and we can explicitly model any variance we want. -- .center[Confusing, right?!!!] -- .center[Please don't transform your response variables. Trust me!] --- # Why do we use linear models? ### 1a. Hypothesis testing: Categorical X variable - We want to test for a statistical relationship between X and Y. -- - E.g. Are there more FCM larvae found in citrus variety A versus B? -- ![](lesson_01_introduction_files/figure-html/fig_hyp_test_numeric_x-1.png) --- # Why do we use linear models? ### 1b. Hypothesis testing: Numeric X variable - We want to test for a statistical relationship between X and Y. -- - E.g. Are there more FCM larvae found in larger fruits? -- ![](lesson_01_introduction_files/figure-html/fig_hyp_test_categorical_x-1.png) --- # Why do we use linear models? ### 1c. Hypothesis testing: Numeric X variable and categorical X variable - We want to test for a statistical relationship between two X's and Y. -- - E.g. Are there more FCM larvae found in larger fruits, and does this relationship vary among citrus varieties? -- ![](lesson_01_introduction_files/figure-html/fig_hyp_test_both_x-1.png) --- # Why do we use linear models? ### 2. Prediction - We want to predict Y from X -- - E.g. On average, how many FCM larave will you find in a fruit of diameter X? -- ![](lesson_01_introduction_files/figure-html/fig_prediction-1.png) --- # Choosing a statistical analysis

 -- .center[This sucks!!!] --- # General(ized) Linear Model (GLM) - Your new best friend

 .footnote[ [1] Francisco Rodriguez-Sanchez *https://frodriguezsanchez.net*. ] --- # General R formula `mod1 <- glm(response_variable (*y*) ~ predictor_variable_1 (x1) + predictor variable_2 (x2), family = "statistical_family", data = dataframe_name)` -- - `response variable` (*y*): The variable of interest (the thing you are trying to predict) -- - `predictor_variable_1` (x1): A variable which could explain *y*. Can be numeric or a factor. -- - `predictor_variable_2` (x2): As above. We can have many variables (x1, x2... xn). -- - `statistical family`: the statistical distribution used to model the data (e.g. Gaussian, Poisson, Binomial) -- - `data_frame_name`: The name of the R variable where your data is stored. --- # Quick example Let's say we have the following data: - No. of FCM larvae dissected per fruit - Fruit diameter (cm) - Dissected 100 fruits from two different citrus varieties -- ``` ## Rows: 200 ## Columns: 3 ## $ no_fcm_larvae <int> 5, 7, 6, 4, 6, 6, 6, 4, 7, 10, 1, 7, 5, 5, 7, 3, 5, ... ## $ fruit_diameter <dbl> 18.698318, 22.251700, 19.285592, 17.566393, 14.02113... ## $ citrus_var <chr> "A", "A", "A", "A", "A", "A", "A", "A", "A", "A", "A... ``` -- Research Q: Does the number of FCM larvae per fruit increase with fruit diameter, and are FCM densities higher on citrus variety A versus B? -- **Writing this model in R code** `mod1 <- glm(no_fcm_larvae ~ fruit_diameter + citrus_var, family = gaussian, data = data)` -- We will go into more detail and example code later. --- # What types of models can we fit? #### Entry-level models (good options for most analyses) (covered in this course) 1. Gaussian GLM - normally distributed Y, real numbers (e.g. FCM body mass) -- 2. Poisson GLM - count data (e.g. no. of FCM larvae) -- 3. Binomial GLM - Binary data (1/0, dead/alive), or proportion (between 0 and 1). -- #### More advanced models (if options 1-3 are no good, then look here) (not covered in this course) -- 4. Negative binomial GLM - Extension of the Poisson. -- 5. Beta GLM - Extension of the binomial for when *y* is a proportion between 0 and 1, but is never 0 or 1. -- 6. Gamma GLM - strictly positive numbers. Usually good options for modelling body mass. --- # What types of models can we fit? ## 1. Normal (Gaussian) distribution GLM - This is equivalent to linear regression if our x predictor variable is numeric (e.g. fruit diameter, nitrogen content, temperature, ect...). -- - This is equivalent to an ANOVA if our x predictor is categorical (citrus varieties, sites, ect...) -- - The response variable (*y*) is continous, real numbers (e.g. 17.1, 6.363) (i.e. they usually can take a decimal place). -- - The response variable should typically not be an interger/count (e.g. 0, 3, 81), logical (yes/no, dead/alive, 0/1), or a proportion (e.g. bounded between 0 and 1) - there are specific statistical distributions that are more suitable for these data types. --- # What types of models can we fit? ## 1. Normal (Gaussian) distribution  -- **Writing this model in R code** `mod_gaussian <- glm(fcm_body_mass ~ citrus_var, family = gaussian, data = data)` --- # What types of models can we fit? ## 2. Poisson GLM - The response variable (*y*) is an integer or count(e.g. 0, 8, 81) (i.e. values **CANNOT** take a decimal place). -- - If you can say: "number of ... before the name of your variable, a Poisson GLM is likely a good place to start. -- - E.g. Number of FCM larvae, no. of psyllids per leaf, no. of whiteflies per plant. -- - Usually more smaller values than larger values. --- # What types of models can we fit? ## 2. Poisson GLM  -- **Writing this model in R code** `mod_poisson <- glm(no_flies ~ citrus_var, family = poisson, data = data)` --- # What types of models can we fit? ## 3. Binomial/logistic GLM - The response variable (*y*) is a logical/binary variable (e.g. 1/0, dead/alive, yes/no) or a proportion (bounded between 0 and 1). -- - E.g. Proportion insects dead, percentage survival, ect... --- # What types of models can we fit? ## 3. Binomial/logistic GLM  -- **Writing this model in R code** `mod_binomial <- glm(no_flies ~ pesticide, family = binomial, data = data)` --- # Modelling workflow - In next session, we will workthrough a basic statistical analysis workflow in R.

 .footnote[ [1] Wickham and Grolemund (2021) R for Data Science. *Online textbook: https://r4ds.had.co.nz/*. ]


15TH MARINE EXPEDITIONARY UNIT (SOC)
ArmA 3 Realism Unit
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Navigation Bars
Having easy-to-use navigation is important for any web site.With CSS you can transform boring HTML menus into good-looking navigation bars.
Navigation Bar = List of Links
A navigation bar needs standard HTML as a base.In our examples we will build the navigation bar from a standard HTML list.
A navigation bar is basically a list of links, so using the
 and
 elements makes perfect sense:

Home

News

Contact

About

ul {
list-style-type: none;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
}
Example Explained
List-style-type: none; - Removes the bullets. A navigation bar does not need list markersSet margin: 0; and padding: 0; to remove browser default settings
Vertical Navigation Bar
To build a vertical navigation bar, you can style the  elements inside the list, in addition to the code from the previous page:
li a {
display: block;
width: 60px;
}
- display: block; - Displaying the links as block elements makes the whole link area clickable (not just the text), and it allows us to specify the width (and padding, margin, height, etc. if you want)
- width: 60px; - Block elements take up the full width available by default. We want to specify a 60 pixels width
You can also set the width of {ul}, and remove the width of {a}, as they will take up the full width available when displayed as block elements. This will produce the same result as our previous example:
ul {
list-style-type: none;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
width: 60px;
}
li a {
display: block;
}
Vertical Navigation Bar Examples
Create a basic vertical navigation bar with a gray background color and change the background color of the links when the user moves the mouse over them:
ul {
list-style-type: none;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
width: 200px;
background-color: #f1f1f1;
}
li a {
display: block;
color: #000;
padding: 8px 16px;
text-decoration: none;
}
/* Change the link color on hover */
li a:hover {
background-color: #555;
color: white;
}
Active/Current Navigation Link
Add an "active" class to the current link to let the user know which page he/she is on:
.active {
background-color: #4CAF50;
color: white;
}
Full-height Fixed Vertical Navbar
Create a full-height, "sticky" side navigation:
ul {
list-style-type: none;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
width: 25%;
background-color: #f1f1f1;
height: 100%; /* Full height */
position: fixed; /* Make it stick, even on scroll */
overflow: auto; /* Enable scrolling if the sidenav has too much content */
}
Horizontal Navigation Bar
There are two ways to create a horizontal navigation bar. Using inline or floating list items.Inline List Items
One way to build a horizontal navigation bar is to specify the
 elements as inline, in addition to the "standard" code from the previous page:
li {
display: inline;
}
- display: inline; - By default,
 elements are block elements. Here, we remove the line breaks before and after each list item, to display them on one line.
Floating List Items
- float: left; - use float to get block elements to slide next to each other
- display: block; - Displaying the links as block elements makes the whole link area clickable (not just the text), and it allows us to specify padding (and height, width, margins, etc. if you want)
- padding: 8px; - Since block elements take up the full width available, they cannot float next to each other. Therefore, specify some padding to make them look good
- background-color: #dddddd; - Add a gray background-color to each a element
Active/Current Navigation Link & Border Dividers
- Add an "active" class to the current link to let the user know which page he/she is on.
- Add the border-right property to
- to create link dividers:
.active {
background-color: #4CAF50;
}
li {
border-right: 1px solid #bbb;
}
li:last-child {
border-right: none;
}


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For any technical queries, Contact Helpdesk No's: +91-8407095037, +91-9634064603, +91-7352286834 (from 10:30AM to 5:00PM Monday to Saturday working days only) E-mail: afsaredrisy<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Add an Item
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Come on over, come on over baby Come On over, come on over baby I'm not just talking About your sexuality (your sexaulity) But I can't help myself When you put your hands on me (when your but your hands on me) It's paradise When you and I Ge close, skin tight When I wanna I wanna Go on all night I wanna play that game with ya baby Listen to me...   We can do exactly what you like Don't ya wanna be just you and me?


This example demonstrates how to use Dom.setXY to set an element's position.
Click anywhere and the element will move to the click point.


| Package | Description |
|---|---|
| eu.smartdatalake.simsearch.engine | |
| eu.smartdatalake.simsearch.pivoting | |
| eu.smartdatalake.simsearch.ranking |
| Class and Description |
|---|
| ResultPair
Auxiliary class that retains the similarity scores between two search results.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| RankedResult
Auxiliary class that is used to collect the attribute values and their scores for a final result, along with its ranking and aggregate score.
|
| ResultFacet
Auxiliary class that is used to collect the (original) value and its score for a particular attribute (specified by a similarity search query) in the final result.
|
| Class and Description |
|---|
| AggregateResult
Auxiliary class that collects results along with upper and lower bounds on their aggregated scores.
|
| AggregateResultCollection
Auxiliary class to hold aggregate results at the current iteration of the rank aggregation process.
|
| AggregateScoreQueue
Auxiliary class implementing a priority queue of the ranked results according to their aggregate scores in DESCENDING order.
|
| CheckedItems
Auxiliary class that is retains the already checked objects (i.e., their datasetIdentifiers) in order to avoid duplicate checks and thus suppress duplicates in the final results.
|
| IRankAggregator
Interface to the various rank aggregation methods
|
| RankedResult
Auxiliary class that is used to collect the attribute values and their scores for a final result, along with its ranking and aggregate score.
|
| ResultCollection
Auxiliary class to compile ranked results.
|
| ResultFacet
Auxiliary class that is used to collect the (original) value and its score for a particular attribute (specified by a similarity search query) in the final result.
|
| ResultPair
Auxiliary class that retains the similarity scores between two search results.
|


Police: 19-year-old woman's body found inside Bergen County parking garage
by WABCHACKENSACK, New Jersey (WABC) -- Police are investigating the death of a 19-year-old woman whose body was found inside a New Jersey parking garage.
Officials said police responded to a 911 call around 2:15 a.m. Saturday after the woman was found inside of a car parked in a parking garage at 140 Prospect Avenue in Hackensack.
The victim's identity has not been released, and the circumstances surrounding her death have not been confirmed.
An investigation is ongoing.


CommonGround
wks
Encounters
Findings
Relations
Findings:
Relations:
Color:
Selection:
Filters:
Findings
Relations
Detectors
Pathogens


wind power climate change energy storage generation backup Fig periods time average Climate European seasonal Europe models data variability duration increase changes renewable Energy strong {border-style (see century ensemble higher needs results temporal EURO-CORDEX low px;} #ffffff;} end load Research analysis different using low-wind CMIP Germany long max year electricity high impact large Pinto circulation model scenario < downscaled regional Central Energy. Renewable Writing capacity countries country distribution frame winter Change. Earth GCMs Nature characteristics future global highly historical mean probability quantile resolution review shown summer Change Greiner Impact Reyers Wind based fully impacts large-scale lower observed potential projected px; series solar speed systems values {font-family (cf. (i.e. Appendix Appendix). Europe, Europe. Hence, However, Institute additional aggregated assess editing ensemble. font-size function hub increases interconnected level mid operation order output perfectly projections provided robust spatial variability. weather yearly yields (RCP.) Appendix) Cologne, ERA-Interim Moemken Results United University Witthaut [], analyze available change. consumption countries. double; durations effect farms given grid increasing initiative integration need plants provides relative sensitivity share sign study summer. system. value year. (RCP.). AXA Andresen Atlantic Climatology. Figs Furthermore, Greece Iberian International Model Regional R〉) Science Thus, Van Western Wohland ]). agree balancing border-color border-width case conditions corresponds decrease demand does electric f-parameter filling fluctuations generation. gross height indicates leading medium offshore range solid; speeds strongly yield {font-style {font-weight > (PDF) (RCP., (eoc, (h, ./j.energy... ./joc. ./nclimate Assessment Backup CORDEX Click Contribution Coupled Dirk ESGF Environmental Formal Fund Group Investigation Jülich, LINK North Northern Peninsula, Project Relative Report Sciences Tobin Weber Working aggregation associated assuming b). bold capacities century, choose color conditions. continuously country, courier; decreases depend derived discussed dispatchable downscaling dynamically e.g. em; enhanced file. fixed generation, grant hardly infrastructures larger m/s months necessary no. original patterns present pt;} rated ratio results. scenarios shows storage. turbines units use used velocities


Hello my dear Steemians,
First of all, I have to thank @dan and @ned for giving birth to this revolutionary platform. We have just organised our first Steemit Team HK gathering today. We went to a cafe in Mongkok and I would like to share my joy with all of you! It’s so marvellous!!
From STRANGERS to FRIENDS who chat every day, Steemit offers a marvellous opportunity for all of us to MAKE FRIENDS with each other.
Let’s introduce ourselves here. We are a group of Hong Kong people who joint Steemit between May and June, and we are growing fast, with people coming from different fields, at different ages and with different skills. For example, we have programmer, scientists and designer in our team.
Another purpose of this gathering is that we need to collect the Steemit T-shirts designed by @nicolemoker previously. If you are interested in her design, you can check out her post here.
Thanks @nicolemoker @susanlo @aaronli @krischy @biuiam @kitcat @swagprincess @linuslee0216 @arkoko @nuagnorab @carinewhy @pakyeechan @nanosesame @chris77d for coming, looking forward to more gatherings in the future.
Please support our HK community and the great authors here. We will continue to spread Steemit to more people in Hong Kong.
Please reblog this post and show that Steemit is an amazing platform that you can really MAKE FRIENDS here, especially if you want Steemit can reach out to more people.
Note: ALL SBD rewards of this post will be evenly distributed to the people who joined the gathering.
致cn區的朋友們：
今晚我們香港的朋友辦了一個小型聚會，順便把之前 @nicolemoker設計的T恤拿回家。之前不在微信群先說聲是為了給大家一個驚喜，surprise? 不用在電腦前穿T恤了。 :)
由互不相識的陌路人變為每天聊天打屁的朋友， Steemit確實有它的魅力所在。
謝謝 @nicolemoker @susanlo @aaronli @krischy @biuiam @kitcat @swagprincess @linuslee0216 @arkoko @nuagnorab @carinewhy @pakyeechan @nanosesame @chris77d 來到這次gathering，很開心呢！
@kitcat 與美女們的合照。
最後送上美女合照。
注意：此帖子的SBD收益將會平分給所有有來這次聚會的朋友。
This page is synchronized from the post: ‘The FIRST Steemit Team HK gathering! Check it out!’


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Plate Reader Analysis
2021-03-15
Chapter 1 Introduction
1. INTRODUCTION
The AstraZeneca microbiology network consists of 28 sites, which support both sterile and non-sterile manufacturing, packing and release activities. As well as associated Corporate Quality and Pharmaceutical Technology and Development resources.
A Cross site data integrity risk assessment was performed on manual micro reads (& references), short term mitigations include identifying good practice guidance on how to minimise data integrity risks, a longer-term strategy is to evaluate technology solutions. Across some of these sites, the “4 eye principal” has been applied. This principal is surrounding data integrity and how data, documentation and other forms of information needs to be checked by two people. AstraZeneca do not have a global position on this, but sites apply this principal at various levels - some sites use this principal across everything and others on a risk-based approach. The BioSnap and ProtoCol are two automatic plate readers which are being trialled in Macclesfield. The evaluation will assess if plate reading technology could provide a robust alternative to manual second checking of plates.
2. PURPOSE AND SCOPE
The purpose of this study is to observe how effective the BioSnap and ProtoCol are at counting colonies in comparison to manually reading plates. During the time of these studies, environmental monitoring (EM) settle plates from Quality control labs will be reviewed. The results obtained during this study will not be used to assess environmental quality of the labs nor will it be used to make decisions on batch disposition. This study is for technology evaluation only.
3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
After the period of collecting data from the plates, the data will be reviewed. The aim is to evaluate if automated plate reading demonstrates a higher level of accuracy than manual plate reading.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Once the full data set is collected, this will be assessed by the data and stats experts to understand the effectiveness of both plate readers. There is no pass or fail criteria for this protocol. Accuracy of the ProtoCol and BioSnap are to be assessed, the effectiveness of both at detecting negative plates and a comparison between technician reads.


Baby's incurable skin condition can leave him with blisters when touched
A gentle friction or movement on three-month-old Jamison's skin could leave him in pain with blisters - making it difficult for his parents, from Alaska, US, to hold him
by Tiffany Lo, Liana JacobA devoted mum has told of her baby's rare skin condition in a bid to provide a safe space for other families who are going through a similar ordeal.
Tiana Williams, 26, from Alaska, US, learned that her baby son had epidermolysis bullosa (EB) when she was 16 weeks pregnant.
EB is a group of rare genetic conditions that result in easy blistering of the skin - meaning that any trauma or friction to the skin can cause blistering or shifting, causing extreme pain.
Since Jamison was born in July 2019, Tiana and her husband, Eddie Stanley Jr, 29, have struggled to hold him, change his nappy or dress him due to the sensitivity of his skin.
They are so cautious of holding him that they leave him naked in a soft blanket unless they are taking him out of the house.
Tiana said: "Jamison was first diagnosed with the disease when I was around 16 weeks pregnant. We had amniotic testing done.
"We decided to get tested because my first child Mia was born with epidermolysis bullosa and we had a fifty-fifty chance our next child would be born with it too.
"I was heartbroken; knowing already what EB was and having to deal with it again just broke my heart.
"It's hard to see your child in pain and can't take it away. Watching them hurt every day from just cuddling them or changing their diaper.
"He's always in a soft blanket but is held with caution. Because just slipping can cause a blister or the skin to shift."
The parents just put him in an oversized t-shit or onesie if they have to take him out.
Their daily routine involves blister puncturing when they accrue.
"I administer strong medication daily to help with pain and keep him as comfortable as possible," she added.
"Eddie and I also have to change bandages; this step often takes hours. We apply each bandage slowly and carefully, one by one to protect damaged skin and reduce the chance of infection to Jamison's oozing, open wounds."
Tiana says that she often gets comments from strangers reassuring her that there is a way to cure the condition, but she insists that this is not the case.
"Just trying to comfort him but knowing he still hurts is so hard to watch. Also doing his dressing changes after his bath is really tough," she said.
"I try to stay positive through everything though because if I'm not staying positive, I might cause more damage.
"A comment I've received after explaining what EB was and saying it's incurable, is, 'oh my child has that, but I did this, and it went away'.
"No, your child didn't have the same thing then because like I said, this is incurable, it can't just go away. It makes me feel annoyed big time, because they obviously weren't listening to me.
"Sometimes I do have concerns for his future like how he'd handle the comments people make or the stares from strangers.
"The only thing you can do to help is to keep him as comfortable as possible for the time he has with us and to stay as strong and positive as you can."


LLLLLLEEEEETTTTTSSSSS GGGGEEEEETTTTT IIIIIIITTTTTT!!!!!
New year and a fresh start!
I look forward to knocking another year out the park!
Here are some of my hobbies :
I have my own business with my twin brother, "Thr33 Kingz Studioz," where we create games.
None the less, my goals in life are viwed as astronomically farfetched.
Whatever you put your mind to you can achieve because there are no limits when speaking anything into existence.
I major in CIS and I look forward to another great year!


Additional Inherited Members | |
| Public Member Functions inherited from cheshire3.baseObjects.ResultSet | |
| def | combine |
| def | retrieve |
| def | order |
| def | serialize |
| def | deserialize |
| Static Public Attributes inherited from cheshire3.baseObjects.ResultSet | |
| int | termid = -1 |
| int | totalOccs = 0 |
| int | totalRecs = 0 |
| string | id = "" |
| string | expires = "" |
| index = None | |
| string | queryTerm = "" |
| int | queryFreq = 0 |
| list | queryPositions = [] |
| int | relevancy = 0 |
| int | maxWeight = 0 |
| int | minWeight = 0 |


[gecode-users] Values from Float vars
Federico Campeotto
campe8 at nmsu.edu
Fri Aug 2 15:18:50 CEST 2013
I'm currently working on a CP-model for a project that involves geometric operations on vectors, points in R^3, etc..
I would like to know if there is a way to obtain the min/max value of a float variable that is constrained in a float expression or relation as in the following example.
/// Note: FloatVarArray& T
/// First we constrain the float vars of the array T to be equal to some rescaled integer values...
FloatVar float_x ( home, -255.0, +255.0 );
FloatVar float_y ( home, -255.0, +255.0 );
channel ( home, int_x, float_x );
channel ( home, int_y, float_y );
...
FloatVar div_var ( home, 100, 100 );
div ( home, float_x, div_var, T[ 0 ] );
div ( home, float_y, div_var, T[ 1 ] );
...
/// Then we perform some operations (e.g., subtracting two vectors of points in R^3)...
FloatVarArray p1 ( home, 3, -255.0, +255.0 );
FloatVarArray p2 ( home, 3, -255.0, +255.0 );
FloatVarArgs p3 ( home, 3, -255.0, +255.0 );
for ( int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
rel ( home, p1[ i ] == T[ i ] );
rel ( home, p2[ i ] == T[ i ] );
}
rel ( home, v[0] == p2[0] - p1[0] );
rel ( home, v[1] == p2[1] - p1[1] );
rel ( home, v[2] == p2[2] - p1[2] );
…
/// Note: FloatVarArgs x, FloatVarArgs temp( prot, 3, MIN, MAX )
/// FloatVar sum ( home, MIN, MAX ), FloatVar sqr_rt ( prot, MIN, MAX ),
sqr ( home, x[ 0 ], temp[ 0 ] );
sqr ( home, x[ 1 ], temp[ 1 ] );
sqr ( home, x[ 2 ], temp[ 2 ] );
rel ( home, sum == temp[ 0 ] + temp[ 1 ] + temp[ 2 ] );
sqrt ( home, sum, sqr_rt );
If we finally print the values for the variables in the vectors v and x we obtain restricted ranges.
Eventually we would like to calculate some real values obtained from such vectors (e.g., the value of
a certain physics formula given by the current labeling).
Is there a way to obtain the current min,max or the mean value of such restricted domains?
It is also possible to set such current min, max, mean value to another real variable?
Thanks,
Federico Campeotto
More information about the users
mailing list


modal
in Spike Framework works as typical modal window ex. like in Bootstrap
modals
are constructed to be initialized every time when they are renderd, so there's
no any behaviour as in singletons to keeping instance.
But keep in mind, that once modal is rendered, it's instance is only hidden until new controller is rendered.
When new controller is rendered, then all modals context and rendered views are removed from dom and memory.
Modals cannot contain components
. For same functionality use partials
Every modal
can manage only one single view and directory structure
have to be fixed as follows:
app.config.rootPath
)
app.config.modalDirectory
)
Also naming convention must be keeped as:
Modal file name should be named MODAL_NAME.modal.js
Modal view name should be named MODAL_NAME.view.html
app.modal.register("Login", { init: function(params) { ... } });
This is the modal
Modals to be rendered need declared fixed Spike modals container.
Container should be defined in main HTML file ex. index.html
... ...
app.modal.register
app.modal.register("Login", { init: function(params) { ... } });
app.modal.add
app.modal.register
app.modal.invalidateAll
app.modal.invalidateAll();
app.modal.hideAll
app.modal.hideAll();
inherits
abstract
modules to be inherited from
into declared modal
app.abstract.register("GeneralModal", { ... }); 'import $generalModal as app.abstract.GeneralModal'; app.modal.register("Login", { inherits: [ $generalModal ], init: function(params) { ... } });
init
showed
params
Object containing
show
'import $this as app.modal.Login'; app.modal.register("Login", { init: function(params){ $this.show(); } });
hide
'import $this as app.modal.Login'; app.modal.register("Login", { init: function(params){ $this.hide(); } });
rootSelector
Spike Framework allows developer to render modal using simple
app.system.render
function.
For now, it's only method to render modal.
app.system.render
arguments:
app.system.render(modalObject, additionalParams, afterRenderCallback);
app.system.render
:
app.modal.register("Login", { init: function(params){ //params.title == 'Login modal' } }); 'import $loginModal as app.modal.Login'; ... app.system.render($loginModal, { title: 'Login modal' }, function(){ app.log('login modal rendered...'); }); ...


Minimum Viable Vacation
$
.00
Vacation Dates
Departing
from
Returning
One way ticket
Search Flights
Loading.......
No results found
${{flight.price}}
{{flight.city}}, {{flight.country}}


{% extends 'merchant_dashboard/base.html' %}
{% load staticfiles %}
{% block extracss %}
{% endblock %}
{% block content %}
-
Customer Name: {{ booking.customer.get_full_name }}
-
Customer Phone: {{ booking.customer.phone_number }} / {{ booking.customer.alt_phone_number }}
-
Rider Name: {{ booking.rider.get_full_name }}
-
Rider Phone: {{ booking.rider.phone_number }} / {{ booking.rider.alt_phone_number }}
-
{% if booking.status == "Complete" %}
-
Sub Total: ₹ {{ booking.sub_total }}
-
Discount Total: ₹ {{ booking.discount_total }}
-
Final Total: {{ booking.final_total }}
{% else %}
-
Sub Total: ₹ {{ booking.sub_total }}
-
Discount Total: ₹ {{ booking.discount_total }}
-
Apx. Total: ₹ {{ booking.approx_total }}
{% endif %}
-
Pick-up Address: {{ booking.merchant.address }}
-
Pick-up Date & Time: {{ booking.pickup_date }}
-
Drop Address: {{ booking.customer.address }}
-
Drop Date & Time: {{ booking.drop_date }}
-
Delivery Type: {{ booking.delivery_type }}
-
Instructions: {{ booking.instructions }}
{% endblock %}
{% block extrajs %}
{% endblock %}


This GUI allows a user to visualize workflows based on Matt Sottile and Geoff Hulette's STREAM model. What is WOOL?
Drawn workflows can then generate haskell code that can be executed server-side with the output displayed in a popup.
This is for demo purposes only.
Modules: On the left, they are the components you will need to build a workflow.
Center Layer: Drag and drop modules, connect modules, all of that will be done in the center layer
Properties: On the right, properties of a workflow.
Top Layer: Create a new workflow, load workflow, save workflow, delete workflow, open this window.
This GUI does not support Internet Explorer.


Old Chapel University of Massachusetts Amherst 144 Hicks Way Amherst Massachusetts 01003 https://www.umass.edu/oldchapel/


Click to navigate to your comment history
Click to delete all comments
Click to navigate to your Live Chats history
Click to delete your Live Chats


{% if user.is_authenticated %}
MAKEEYA
{{profile_details.user.username }}
{{profile_details.user.username }}
View My Profile
Logout
{% else %}
Login As a Trader
Login As a Buyer
MAKEEYA
FOOD ITEMS
COSMETICS
OTHERS
{% endif %}


samples_clustering_toolbox module¶
@author: The KnowEnG dev team
-
samples_clustering_toolbox.
find_and_save_cc_net_nmf_clusters_parallel
(network_mat, spreadsheet_mat, lap_diag, lap_pos, run_parameters, local_parallelism)[source]¶ - central loop: compute components for the consensus matrix from the input
- network and spreadsheet matrices and save them to temp files.
- Args:
- network_mat: genes x genes symmetric matrix. spreadsheet_mat: genes x samples matrix. lap_dag: laplacian matrix component, L = lap_dag - lap_val. lap_val: laplacian matrix component, L = lap_dag - lap_val. run_parameters: dictionary of run-time parameters. number_of_cpus: number of processes to be running in parallel
-
samples_clustering_toolbox.
find_and_save_cc_nmf_clusters_parallel
(spreadsheet_mat, run_parameters, local_parallelism)[source]¶ - central loop: compute components for the consensus matrix by
- non-negative matrix factorization.
- Args:
- spreadsheet_mat: genes x samples matrix. run_parameters: dictionary of run-time parameters. number_of_cpus: number of processes to be running in parallel
-
samples_clustering_toolbox.
form_consensus_matrix
(run_parameters, number_of_samples)[source]¶ - compute the consensus matrix from the indicator and linkage matrix inputs
- formed by the bootstrap “temp_*” files.
- Args:
- run_parameters: parameter set dictionary with “tmp_directory” key. linkage_matrix: linkage matrix from initialization or previous call. indicator_matrix: indicator matrix from initialization or previous call.
- Returns:
- consensus_matrix: (sum of linkage matrices) / (sum of indicator matrices).
-
samples_clustering_toolbox.
form_consensus_matrix_graphic
(consensus_matrix, k=3)[source]¶ use K-means to reorder the consensus matrix for graphic display.
- Args:
- consensus_matrix: calculated consensus matrix in samples x samples order. k: number of clusters estimate (inner diminsion k of factored h_matrix).
- Returns:
- cc_cm: consensus_matrix with rows and columns in K-means sort order.
-
samples_clustering_toolbox.
get_linkage_matrix
(run_parameters, linkage_matrix, indicator_matrix)[source]¶ read bootstrap temp_h* and temp_p* files, compute and add the linkage_matrix.
- Args:
- run_parameters: parameter set dictionary. linkage_matrix: connectivity matrix from initialization or previous call.
- Returns:
- linkage_matrix: summed with “temp_h*” files in run_parameters[“tmp_directory”].
-
samples_clustering_toolbox.
get_output_file_name
(run_parameters, prefix_string, suffix_string='', type_suffix='tsv')[source]¶ get the full directory / filename for writing Args:
run_parameters: dictionary with keys: “results_directory”, “method” and “correlation_measure” prefix_string: the first letters of the ouput file name suffix_string: the last letters of the output file name before ‘.tsv’- Returns:
- output_file_name: full file and directory name suitable for file writing
-
samples_clustering_toolbox.
run_cc_net_nmf
(run_parameters)[source]¶ - wrapper: call sequence to perform network based stratification with consensus clustering
- and write results.
- Args:
- run_parameters: parameter set dictionary.
-
samples_clustering_toolbox.
run_cc_net_nmf_clusters_worker
(network_mat, spreadsheet_mat, lap_dag, lap_val, run_parameters, sample)[source]¶ Worker to execute net_nmf_clusters in a single process
- Args:
- network_mat: genes x genes symmetric matrix. spreadsheet_mat: genes x samples matrix. lap_dag: laplacian matrix component, L = lap_dag - lap_val. lap_val: laplacian matrix component, L = lap_dag - lap_val. run_parameters: dictionay of run-time parameters. sample: each single loop.
- Returns:
- None
-
samples_clustering_toolbox.
run_cc_nmf
(run_parameters)[source]¶ - wrapper: call sequence to perform non-negative matrix factorization with
- consensus clustering and write results.
- Args:
- run_parameters: parameter set dictionary.
-
samples_clustering_toolbox.
run_cc_nmf_clusters_worker
(spreadsheet_mat, run_parameters, sample)[source]¶ Worker to execute nmf_clusters in a single process
- Args:
- spreadsheet_mat: genes x samples matrix. run_parameters: dictionary of run-time parameters. sample: each loops.
- Returns:
- None
-
samples_clustering_toolbox.
run_net_nmf
(run_parameters)[source]¶ wrapper: call sequence to perform network based stratification and write results.
- Args:
- run_parameters: parameter set dictionary.
-
samples_clustering_toolbox.
run_nmf
(run_parameters)[source]¶ wrapper: call sequence to perform non-negative matrix factorization and write results.
- Args:
- run_parameters: parameter set dictionary.
-
samples_clustering_toolbox.
save_a_clustering_to_tmp
(h_matrix, sample_permutation, run_parameters, sequence_number)[source]¶ save one h_matrix and one permutation in temorary files with sequence_number appended names.
- Args:
- h_matrix: k x permutation size matrix. sample_permutation: indices of h_matrix columns permutation. run_parameters: parmaeters including the “tmp_directory” name. sequence_number: temporary file name suffix.
-
samples_clustering_toolbox.
save_consensus_clustering
(consensus_matrix, sample_names, labels, run_parameters)[source]¶ - write the consensus matrix as a dataframe with sample_names column lablels
- and cluster labels as row labels.
- Args:
- consensus_matrix: sample_names x sample_names numerical matrix. sample_names: data identifiers for column names. labels: cluster numbers for row names. run_parameters: path to write to consensus_data file (run_parameters[“results_directory”]).
- Output:
- consensus_matrix_{method}_{timestamp}_viz.tsv silhouette_average_{method}_{timestamp}_viz.tsv
-
samples_clustering_toolbox.
save_final_samples_clustering
(sample_names, labels, run_parameters)[source]¶ wtite .tsv file that assings a cluster number label to the sample_names.
- Args:
- sample_names: (unique) data identifiers. labels: cluster number assignments. run_parameters: write path (run_parameters[“results_directory”]).
- Output:
- samples_labeled_by_cluster_{method}_{timestamp}_viz.tsv phenotypes_labeled_by_cluster_{method}_{timestamp}_viz.tsv
-
samples_clustering_toolbox.
save_spreadsheet_and_variance_heatmap
(spreadsheet_df, labels, run_parameters, network_mat=None)[source]¶ - save the full genes by samples spreadsheet as processed or smoothed if network is provided.
- Also save variance in separate file.
- Args:
- spreadsheet_df: the dataframe as processed run_parameters: with keys for “results_directory”, “method”, (optional - “top_number_of_genes”) network_mat: (if appropriate) normalized network adjacency matrix used in processing
- Output:
- genes_by_samples_heatmp_{method}_{timestamp}_viz.tsv genes_averages_by_cluster_{method}_{timestamp}_viz.tsv top_genes_by_cluster_{method}_{timestamp}_download.tsv
-
samples_clustering_toolbox.
update_tmp_directory
(run_parameters, tmp_dir)[source]¶ Update tmp_directory value in rum_parameters dictionary
- Args:
- run_parameters: run_parameters as the dictionary config tmp_dir: temporary directory prefix subjected to different functions
- Returns:
- run_parameters: an updated run_parameters


It looks like we're missing some required info, or the info you sumbitted was invalid. If you go back to the previous page and try again, it may work. If you recieve this message again, please contact the app developer.
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Our experts, your choice of locations, your outcomes. Your Place or MIND option provides customised training solutions that respond exclusively to an organisation’s training needs; customised how, when and where the client needs it. Through Your Place or MIND, existing products are adapted and new products developed to meet organisations human resource training and development needs throughout Jamaica. Your Place or MIND is convenient, mobile, flexible, responsive and economical.


156. Strange Graph
time limit per test: 2 sec.
memory limit per test: 65536
KB
input: standard input
output: standard
output
Let us consider an undirected graph G = <V, E>. We say
that two vertices u and v are neighbours if (u, v) in E. In this case we also
say that u is a neighbour of v and v is a neighbour of u. Let us denote by N(v)
the set of neighbours of v. Recall that the number of neighbours of v is called
the degree of this vertex and is denoted by deg v.
We call graph G strange
if it is connected and for its every vertex v the following conditions are
satisfied:
1. deg v >= 2 (i.e. there are at least two
neighbours of v)
2. if deg v = 2 then the two neighbours of v
are not connected by an edge
3. if deg v > 2 then there
exists u in N(v), such that the following is true:
(a) deg u = 2
(b) any
two diRerent vertices w1, w2 in N(v) \ {u} are neighbours, i.e. (w1,w2) in E
You are given some strange graph G. Find a hamiltonian cycle in it, i.e. a
cycle that goes through every vertex of G exactly once.
Input
The first line of the input file contains two integer numbers N
and M - the number of vertices and edges in G respectively (3 <= N <=
10000, M <= 100000). 2M integer numbers follow - each pair represents
vertices connected by the corresponding edge (vertices are numbered from 1 to
N). It is guaranteed that each edge occurs exactly once in the input file and
that there are no loops (i.e. ends of each edge are distinct).
Output
If there is no hamiltonian cycle in G, print -1 in the first
line of the output file. In the other case output N numbers - the sequence of
vertices of G as they appear in the hamiltonian cycle found (note that the last
vertex must be connected to the first one). If there are several solutions,
output any one.
Sample test(s)
Input
Sample input #1
4 4
1 2 2 3 3 4 4 1
Sample input
#2
9 12
1 2 2 3 3 1 1 4 2 5 3 6
4 7 5 8 6 9 7 8 8 9 9 7
Output
Sample output #1
1 2 3 4
Sample output #2
-1
Note
You can download pdf version of this task
here
| Author: |
Andrew Stankevich |
| Resource: |
ACM ICPC 2002-2003 NEERC, Northern Subregion |
| Date: |
November, 2002
|
| Server time: 2004-01-13 20:05:17 |
Online Contester Team © 2002 - 2003. All
rights
reserved. | | |


---
layout: generic
header: Video CV
header_text: It is a brief account of a job applicant's professional experience, qualifications and interests, submitted to a prospective employer in video form. With simple edits on a computer, the candidate can direct and customize his video message to a particular employer and tailor his video resume for a specific job opening. The advantage of a video resume is that it allows a potential employee to demonstrate his public speaking, inter-personal, creative or technical skills to a potential employer in a way that a text-only resume can not.
header_background_color: 6d0529
permalink: /video-resume-pitch.html
---


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--- layout: post title: SMS Fu Gets Rails 2.1 Compatibility date: 2008-06-19 13:23:00.000000000 -07:00 type: post published: true status: publish categories: [] tags: [] meta: {} author: ---
I've received a couple of e-mails regarding SMS Fu and its incompatibility with Rails 2.1 lately. I've been quite busy lately and haven't had much time to check out the situation, but fret no more. I've updated SMS Fu to be fully compatible with the newest version of Rails. Please visit the SMS Fu project page at ActsAsCommunity if you have any questions or comments or you could always check it out at GitHub. Also, if you're on 2.1, you can install SMS Fu directly from GitHub using the line below -- sexy.
script/plugin install git://github.com/brendanlim/sms-fu.git


{# (c) Crown Owned Copyright, 2016. Dstl. #} {% include team_include %} {% if organisation %}
If none of the organisations listed below are the organisation you're looking for you can enter a new one.


Please onboard your device per the instructions here, then enter the token you receive below: {{instructionsUrl}}
Token is required


| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 | // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT pragma solidity >=0.6.0 <0.8.0; import "../utils/EnumerableSet.sol"; import "../utils/Address.sol"; import "../utils/Context.sol"; /** * @dev Contract module that allows children to implement role-based access * control mechanisms. * * Roles are referred to by their `bytes32` identifier. These should be exposed * in the external API and be unique. The best way to achieve this is by * using `public constant` hash digests: * * ``` * bytes32 public constant MY_ROLE = keccak256("MY_ROLE"); * ``` * * Roles can be used to represent a set of permissions. To restrict access to a * function call, use {hasRole}: * * ``` * function foo() public { * require(hasRole(MY_ROLE, msg.sender)); * ... * } * ``` * * Roles can be granted and revoked dynamically via the {grantRole} and * {revokeRole} functions. Each role has an associated admin role, and only * accounts that have a role's admin role can call {grantRole} and {revokeRole}. * * By default, the admin role for all roles is `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE`, which means * that only accounts with this role will be able to grant or revoke other * roles. More complex role relationships can be created by using * {_setRoleAdmin}. * * WARNING: The `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE` is also its own admin: it has permission to * grant and revoke this role. Extra precautions should be taken to secure * accounts that have been granted it. */ abstract contract AccessControl is Context { using EnumerableSet for EnumerableSet.AddressSet; using Address for address; struct RoleData { EnumerableSet.AddressSet members; bytes32 adminRole; } mapping (bytes32 => RoleData) private _roles; bytes32 public constant DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE = 0x00; /** * @dev Emitted when `newAdminRole` is set as ``role``'s admin role, replacing `previousAdminRole` * * `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE` is the starting admin for all roles, despite * {RoleAdminChanged} not being emitted signaling this. * * _Available since v3.1._ */ event RoleAdminChanged(bytes32 indexed role, bytes32 indexed previousAdminRole, bytes32 indexed newAdminRole); /** * @dev Emitted when `account` is granted `role`. * * `sender` is the account that originated the contract call, an admin role * bearer except when using {_setupRole}. */ event RoleGranted(bytes32 indexed role, address indexed account, address indexed sender); /** * @dev Emitted when `account` is revoked `role`. * * `sender` is the account that originated the contract call: * - if using `revokeRole`, it is the admin role bearer * - if using `renounceRole`, it is the role bearer (i.e. `account`) */ event RoleRevoked(bytes32 indexed role, address indexed account, address indexed sender); /** * @dev Returns `true` if `account` has been granted `role`. */ function hasRole(bytes32 role, address account) public view returns (bool) { return _roles[role].members.contains(account); } /** * @dev Returns the number of accounts that have `role`. Can be used * together with {getRoleMember} to enumerate all bearers of a role. */ function getRoleMemberCount(bytes32 role) public view returns (uint256) { return _roles[role].members.length(); } /** * @dev Returns one of the accounts that have `role`. `index` must be a * value between 0 and {getRoleMemberCount}, non-inclusive. * * Role bearers are not sorted in any particular way, and their ordering may * change at any point. * * WARNING: When using {getRoleMember} and {getRoleMemberCount}, make sure * you perform all queries on the same block. See the following * https://forum.openzeppelin.com/t/iterating-over-elements-on-enumerableset-in-openzeppelin-contracts/2296[forum post] * for more information. */ function getRoleMember(bytes32 role, uint256 index) public view returns (address) { return _roles[role].members.at(index); } /** * @dev Returns the admin role that controls `role`. See {grantRole} and * {revokeRole}. * * To change a role's admin, use {_setRoleAdmin}. */ function getRoleAdmin(bytes32 role) public view returns (bytes32) { return _roles[role].adminRole; } /** * @dev Grants `role` to `account`. * * If `account` had not been already granted `role`, emits a {RoleGranted} * event. * * Requirements: * * - the caller must have ``role``'s admin role. */ function grantRole(bytes32 role, address account) public virtual { require(hasRole(_roles[role].adminRole, _msgSender()), "AccessControl: sender must be an admin to grant"); _grantRole(role, account); } /** * @dev Revokes `role` from `account`. * * If `account` had been granted `role`, emits a {RoleRevoked} event. * * Requirements: * * - the caller must have ``role``'s admin role. */ function revokeRole(bytes32 role, address account) public virtual { require(hasRole(_roles[role].adminRole, _msgSender()), "AccessControl: sender must be an admin to revoke"); _revokeRole(role, account); } /** * @dev Revokes `role` from the calling account. * * Roles are often managed via {grantRole} and {revokeRole}: this function's * purpose is to provide a mechanism for accounts to lose their privileges * if they are compromised (such as when a trusted device is misplaced). * * If the calling account had been granted `role`, emits a {RoleRevoked} * event. * * Requirements: * * - the caller must be `account`. */ function renounceRole(bytes32 role, address account) public virtual { require(account == _msgSender(), "AccessControl: can only renounce roles for self"); _revokeRole(role, account); } /** * @dev Grants `role` to `account`. * * If `account` had not been already granted `role`, emits a {RoleGranted} * event. Note that unlike {grantRole}, this function doesn't perform any * checks on the calling account. * * [WARNING] * ==== * This function should only be called from the constructor when setting * up the initial roles for the system. * * Using this function in any other way is effectively circumventing the admin * system imposed by {AccessControl}. * ==== */ function _setupRole(bytes32 role, address account) internal virtual { _grantRole(role, account); } /** * @dev Sets `adminRole` as ``role``'s admin role. * * Emits a {RoleAdminChanged} event. */ function _setRoleAdmin(bytes32 role, bytes32 adminRole) internal virtual { emit RoleAdminChanged(role, _roles[role].adminRole, adminRole); _roles[role].adminRole = adminRole; } function _grantRole(bytes32 role, address account) private { if (_roles[role].members.add(account)) { emit RoleGranted(role, account, _msgSender()); } } function _revokeRole(bytes32 role, address account) private { if (_roles[role].members.remove(account)) { emit RoleRevoked(role, account, _msgSender()); } } } |


THtmlViewer and TFrameViewer Declaration
TFormSubmitEvent = procedure(Sender: TObject; const Action,
Target, EncType, Method: string; Results: TStringList) of Object;
TFrameBrowser Declaration
TbrFormSubmitEvent = procedure(Sender: TObject; Viewer: THtmlViewer; const Action,
Target, EncType, Method: string; Results: TStringList; var Handled: boolean) of Object;
The TFormSubmitEvent and TbrFormSubmitEvent types are the types for the OnFormSubmit event. This event occurs when the submit button of an HTML Form is depressed. The first four parameters are specified as attributes to the <form> tag in the HTML document.
Actionthe URL to which the form content is to be sent,
Targetthe destination frame
EncTypethe Mime type encoding for the Post Method
Methodthe HTTP method (GET or POST) for sending information.
Resultsis a TStringList representing the entries of the form's control elements. Entries in the TStringList are in the form:
NAME=VALUE
In general, NAME is the name attribute found in the control's tag and VALUE is either the value attribute or the field entry the user enters in the form's control.
Handled(TFrameBrowser only) Set Handled to True to prevent the default handling of the OnFormSubmit event. If Handled is not set to True, TFrameBrowser will handle the Form submission.
Note: The TStringList, Results, should be freed when the user is finished with the data unless Handled is False.
See also:


TRC / SSKC Twilight Robotics Club
A bunch of robot children (and one cat) taking over the world one line of code at a time! Site is under construction.
A bunch of robot children (and one cat) taking over the world one line of code at a time! Site is under construction.


×
Summary: This program is available to a limited number of families and allows them to pay approximately 30% of their income toward their monthly rent. The program pays the balance of the rent to the landlord in the form of a monthly check.
Phone:<PHONE_NUMBER>
Address: 5011 W Lisbon Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53210
Email or website: http://www.hacm.org/programs/housing/housing-choice-voucher-program-section-8-rent-assistance


|
JavaTM 2 Platform Standard Ed. 5.0 |
|||||||||
| PREV CLASS NEXT CLASS | FRAMES NO FRAMES | |||||||||
| SUMMARY: NESTED | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD | DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD |
java.lang.Object java.awt.MenuComponent
public abstract class MenuComponent
The abstract class MenuComponent
is the superclass
of all menu-related components. In this respect, the class
MenuComponent
is analogous to the abstract superclass
Component
for AWT components.
Menu components receive and process AWT events, just as components do,
through the method processEvent
.
| Nested Class Summary | |
|---|---|
protected class |
MenuComponent.AccessibleAWTMenuComponent
Inner class of MenuComponent used to provide
default support for accessibility. |
| Constructor Summary | |
|---|---|
MenuComponent()
Creates a MenuComponent . |
| Method Summary | |
|---|---|
void |
dispatchEvent(AWTEvent e)
|
AccessibleContext |
getAccessibleContext()
Gets the AccessibleContext associated with
this MenuComponent . |
Font |
getFont()
Gets the font used for this menu component. |
String |
getName()
Gets the name of the menu component. |
MenuContainer |
getParent()
Returns the parent container for this menu component. |
java.awt.peer.MenuComponentPeer |
getPeer()
Deprecated. As of JDK version 1.1, programs should not directly manipulate peers. |
protected Object |
getTreeLock()
Gets this component's locking object (the object that owns the thread sychronization monitor) for AWT component-tree and layout operations. |
protected String |
paramString()
Returns a string representing the state of this MenuComponent . |
boolean |
postEvent(Event evt)
Deprecated. As of JDK version 1.1, replaced by dispatchEvent . |
protected void |
processEvent(AWTEvent e)
Processes events occurring on this menu component. |
void |
removeNotify()
Removes the menu component's peer. |
void |
setFont(Font f)
Sets the font to be used for this menu component to the specified font. |
void |
setName(String name)
Sets the name of the component to the specified string. |
String |
toString()
Returns a representation of this menu component as a string. |
| Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object |
|---|
clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, wait |
| Constructor Detail |
|---|
public MenuComponent() throws HeadlessException
MenuComponent
.
HeadlessException
- if
GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless
returns true
GraphicsEnvironment.isHeadless()
| Method Detail |
|---|
public String getName()
setName(java.lang.String)
public void setName(String name)
name
- the name of the menu componentgetName()
public MenuContainer getParent()
null
if this menu component
is the outermost component, the menu bar itself@Deprecated public java.awt.peer.MenuComponentPeer getPeer()
public Font getFont()
null
otherwisesetFont(java.awt.Font)
public void setFont(Font f)
Some platforms may not support setting of all font attributes
of a menu component; in such cases, calling setFont
will have no effect on the unsupported font attributes of this
menu component. Unless subcomponents of this menu component
specify a different font, this font will be used by those
subcomponents if supported by the underlying platform.
f
- the font to be setgetFont()
,
Font.getAttributes()
,
TextAttribute
public void removeNotify()
@Deprecated public boolean postEvent(Event evt)
dispatchEvent
.
evt
- the event which is to take placepublic final void dispatchEvent(AWTEvent e)
protected void processEvent(AWTEvent e)
Note that if the event parameter is null
the behavior is unspecified and may result in an
exception.
e
- the eventprotected String paramString()
MenuComponent
. This method is intended to be used
only for debugging purposes, and the content and format of the
returned string may vary between implementations. The returned
string may be empty but may not be null
.
public String toString()
toString
in class Object
protected final Object getTreeLock()
public AccessibleContext getAccessibleContext()
AccessibleContext
associated with
this MenuComponent
.
The method implemented by this base class returns null
.
Classes that extend MenuComponent
should implement this method to return the
AccessibleContext
associated with the subclass.
AccessibleContext
of this
MenuComponent
|
JavaTM 2 Platform Standard Ed. 5.0 |
|||||||||
| PREV CLASS NEXT CLASS | FRAMES NO FRAMES | |||||||||
| SUMMARY: NESTED | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD | DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD |
Copyright © 2004, 2010 Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Use is subject to license terms. Also see the documentation redistribution policy.


Browser.FirefoxDriver Class
This module is a browser plugin for DalekJS. It provides all a WebDriverServer & browser launcher for Mozilla Firefox & Firefox OS.
The browser plugin can be installed with the following command:
$ npm install dalek-browser-firefox --save-dev
You can use the browser plugin by adding a config option to the your Dalekfile
"browser": ["firefox"]
Or you can tell Dalek that it should test in this browser via the command line:
$ dalek mytest.js -b firefox
Dalek looks for the browser in the std. installation directory, if you installed the browser in a different place, you can add the location of the browser executable to you Dalekfile, because Dalek isnʼt capable of finding the executable yet on its own.
"browsers": [{
"firefox": {
"path": "~/Apps/FirefoxNightlyDebug.app/Contents/MacOS/firefox-bin"
}
}]
The Firefox plugin only implements a subset of Dalekʼs assertions & actions, so if you run into any bugs, the issue is most probably related to missing commands. Please report any issues you find, Thank you :)
The Webdriver Server tries to open Port 9006 by default, if this port is blocked, it tries to use a port between 9007 & 9096 You can specifiy a different port from within your Dalekfile like so:
"browsers": [{
"firefox": {
"port": 5555
}
}]
It is also possible to specify a range of ports:
"browsers": [{
"firefox": {
"portRange": [6100, 6120]
}
}]
If you would like to test Nightly, Aurora oder Firefox OS releases, you can simply apply a snd. argument, which defines the browser type:
$ dalek mytest.js -b firefox:aurora
for Firefox Aurora, and if you would like to use the Firefox OS, just append :os
:
$ dalek mytest.js -b firefox:os
This will only work if you installed your browser in the default locations, if the browsers binary is located in a non default location, you are able to specify its location in your Dalekfile:
"browsers": [{
"firefox": {
"binary": "/Applications/Custom Located Firefox.app/MacOS/Contents/firefox-bin"
}
}]
This also works for the aurora & Firefox OS builds
"browsers": [{
"firefox:aurora": {
"binary": "/Applications/Custom Located Firefox Aurora.app/MacOS/Contents/firefox-bin"
}
}]
Item Index
Methods
- _afterBinaryFound
- _afterConnectionHasBeenEstablished
- _afterCreatingUserPreferences
- _afterDesktopBinaryFound
- _browserIsReady
- _checkUserDefinedPorts
- _checkUserSetBinary
- _createProfile
- _createProfile
- _getDefaultBinary
- _initiaize
- _killProcess
- _modifyVerboseBrowserName
- _onBrowserStartup
- _resolvePort
- _resolvePort
- _scanMarionettePort
- _startBrowser
- _startByInterval
- findBrowserBinary
- getHost
- getMarionettePort
- getMaxPort
- getPort
- kill
- launch
Methods
_afterBinaryFound
-
configuration
-
deferred
Makes all needed modifications after we are sure if the browser binary has been found
Parameters:
-
configuration
ObjectUser configuration
-
deferred
ObjectPromise
_afterConnectionHasBeenEstablished
-
profileName
-
deferred
Callback that will be invoked after the marionette client has established a connection to the browser & after the webdriver server has been launched correctly
Parameters:
-
profileName
StringName of the user profile
-
deferred
ObjectPromise
_afterCreatingUserPreferences
-
deferred
-
err
Callback that will be executed after the user preferences have been created
Parameters:
-
deferred
ObjectPromise
-
err
Object | NullError or null
_afterDesktopBinaryFound
-
deferred
-
profile
Initiates the browser startup after the desktop binary has been found
Parameters:
-
deferred
ObjectPromise
-
profile
ObjectProfile data
_browserIsReady
-
data
Checks if the browser is ready for communication
Parameters:
-
data
StringOutput from the spawned binary
Returns:
true when ready, false when not
_checkUserDefinedPorts
-
browser
Process user defined ports
Parameters:
-
browser
ObjectBrowser configuration
_checkUserSetBinary
-
userPath
-
deferred
Checks if the binary exists, when set manually by the user
Parameters:
-
userPath
StringPath to the browser binary
-
deferred
ObjectPromise
_createProfile
()
Q.promise
private
Creates a new Firefox profile
Returns:
_createProfile
-
profilePath
Creates user preferences for the profile
Saves them in user.js
in the newly created profile
Parameters:
-
profilePath
StringUser profile directory
Returns:
_getDefaultBinary
()
String
private
Get the default binary location
Returns:
Path to binary
_initiaize
-
opts
Initializes config & properties
Parameters:
-
opts
ObjectConfig options
Returns:
Processed userr config
_killProcess
()
chainable
Kills the currently running browser process
_modifyVerboseBrowserName
-
configuration
Modifies the verbose browser name
Parameters:
-
configuration
ObjectUser configuration
Returns:
Verbose browser name
_onBrowserStartup
-
deferred
-
data
Consumes the console output when the browser is started
Parameters:
-
deferred
ObjectPromise
-
data
StringOutput from the spawned binary
_resolvePort
-
deferred
-
profileName
-
error
-
port
Resolve the WebDriverServer port
Parameters:
-
deferred
ObjectPromise
-
profileName
StringName of the profile
-
error
Object | NullError object if there is one
-
port
IntegerResolved port
_resolvePort
-
deferred
-
profileName
Resolve the WebDriverServer port
Parameters:
-
deferred
ObjectPromise
-
profileName
StringName of the profile
_scanMarionettePort
-
df
Repeatadly checks the status of the marionette port
Parameters:
-
df
ObjectPromise
_startBrowser
-
profilePath
-
profileName
-
deferred
Launches the browser
Parameters:
-
profilePath
StringDirectory that contains the profile
-
profileName
StringName of the profile to use
-
deferred
ObjectPromise
_startByInterval
-
df
-
interval
-
err
-
status
Checks if the browser is available by listening on the marionette socket
Parameters:
-
df
ObjectPromise
-
interval
ObjectReference to the portchecker interval
-
err
Object | NullError or null
-
status
StringStatus of the marionette port
findBrowserBinary
-
options
Locates the browser binary
Parameters:
-
options
ObjectConfig options
Returns:
Promise
getHost
()
String
Returns the driver host
Returns:
host WebDriver server hostname
getMarionettePort
()
Integer
Resolves the marionette port
Returns:
port Marionette server port
getMaxPort
()
Integer
Resolves the maximum range for the driver port
Returns:
port Max WebDriver server port range
getPort
()
Integer
Resolves the driver port
Returns:
port WebDriver server port
kill
()
chainable
Shuts down the TCP (Marionette) & HTTP connection (Webdriver), then kills the browser process & cleans up the profiles
launch
-
configuration
-
events
-
config
Launches the FirefoxWebDriverServer, the marionette client, & the browser. Creates a user profile for the browser
Parameters:
-
configuration
ObjectBrowser configuration
-
events
EventEmitter2EventEmitter (Reporter Emitter instance)
-
config
Dalek.Internal.ConfigDalek configuration class
Returns:
promise Browser promise
Properties
aurora
Object
Firefox Aurora
binary
String
Path to the Firefox binary file
Default: null
browserTypes
Object
Different browser types (Aurora / firefox OS) that can be controlled via the Firefox driver
defaultBinaries
Object
Paths to the default Firefox binary files
desiredCapabilities
Object
Default desired capabilities that should be transferred when the browser session gets requested
driverDefaults
Object
Driver defaults, what should the driver be able to access.
host
String
Default host of the FirefoxWebDriverServer The host may be overridden with a user configured value
Default: localhost
longName
String
Verbose version of the browser name
Default: Mozilla Firefox
marionettePort
Integer
Default port of the Marionette TCP service The port may change, cause the port conflict resolution tool might pick another one, if the default one is blocked
Default: 2828
maxPort
Integer
Default maximum port of the WebDriverServer The port is the highest port in the range that can be allocated by the WebDriverServer
Default: 9096
nightly
Object
Nightly Firefox
os
Object
Firefox OS
path
String
Root path of the FirefoxWebDriverServer
Default: ''
port
Integer
Default port of the FirefoxWebDriverServer The port may change, cause the port conflict resolution tool might pick another one, if the default one is blocked
Default: 9006
profile
Null | Object
Collected data about the created profile, path, name, etc.
Default: null
spawned
Null | Object
Child process instance of the Firefox browser
Default: null


If the API you are calling can return an error, check the return value for an error code. When using Win32 APIs you may also need to call GetLastError for error details.
Many important functions will work in most cases but will occasionally cause an error under exceptional circumstances such as low system resources or a corrupt file system. In order to build a system that is both more reliable and more secure, check error codes for any API call that may return an error code.
Check error codes whenever calling an API that may return an error. This is especially important for an API call that may cause your system serious problems, such as a crash or hang, if the API you are calling does not work as expected.
Check API return values with an if statement, handle any errors appropriate by failing to a known secure state or by returning an error to your caller. Some examples of important APIs that should always be checked for errors:
Be especially careful to check the results of memory allocations before copying into a buffer or otherwise manipulating it. Copying or appending into an unallocated memory location can crash your application or potentially lead to a buffer overflow vulnerability.
In the following example, the read API is called without checking the return value for errors.
bool ReadFromSocket(SOCKET socket, char *recvBuffer, int len)
{
//first read from the socket
read(socket, recvBuffer, len, 0);
//now parse the buffer
return parseBuffer(recvBuffer, len);
}
In the following example, the read API is called and then the return value is checked for errors.
bool ReadFromSocket(SOCKET socket, char *recvBuffer, int len)
{
//first read from the socket
int ret = read(socket, recvBuffer, len, 0);
if (ret >= 0)
{
//now parse the buffer
return parseBuffer(recvBuffer, len);
}
else
{
//can call WSAGetLastError if we need error details
return false;
}
}


--- layout: post title: Storyboards date: '2017-08-01T11:30:10+02:00' categories: - Sketches - Storyboards picture_url: https://film-Storyboards.tumblr.com/post/163680642056/Storyboards ---


Utilities: List Style
Use these utility classes to set the appearance for list items. Snippets below demonstrate utility styling.
.u-list-style-circle
- One
- Two
- Three
.u-list-style-decimal
- One
- Two
- Three
.u-list-style-decimal-leading-zero
- One
- Two
- Three
.u-list-style-disc
- One
- Two
- Three
.u-list-style-lower-alpha
- One
- Two
- Three
.u-list-style-lower-roman
- One
- Two
- Three
.u-list-style-none
- One
- Two
- Three
.u-list-style-square
- One
- Two
- Three
.u-list-style-upper-alpha
- One
- Two
- Three
.u-list-style-upper-roman
- One
- Two
- Three


ensemble
Ensemble Files
At the end of the last coding session, we discussed how the stateVector.build
command can save a state vector ensemble to file, rather than returning the ensemble directly as an array. In general, we recommend saving ensembles to file because it affords several advantages:
First, ensemble files allow DASH to conserve computer memory when conducting data assimilation. Most commands do not require using all the data within an ensemble. Instead, they typically require a small subset of ensemble data - ranging from a few variables (as reconstruction targets), to a few rows (used to run a forward model). Using ensemble files allows the DASH
toolbox to optimize its use of computer memory and only load data that is strictly necessary for an operation. This can significantly increase the speed of assimilation algorithms later on.
Other advantages of ensemble files pertain to using an ensemble over multiple coding session. Some ensembles can take a while to build (particularly ensembles with large state vectors). Saving to file allows you to reuse the same ensemble without waiting for it to rebuild. Furthermore, if you select ensemble members randomly, you may select different ensemble members when you rebuild the ensemble. Saving to file ensures that you use the same ensemble members over multiple coding sessions.
ensemble
class
The ensemble
class allows you to manipulate and interact with state vector ensembles saved in these ensemble files. The class implements ensemble objects - each object is associated with a particular ensemble file, and allows you to manipulate and load the data in that file. The class also helps several common routines for data assimilation, such as designing evolving (time-dependent) ensembles. We’ll use the remainder of this page to examine some key features of the ensemble
class.
Features
Placeholder for large arrays
You can use ensemble objects in lieu of data arrays within the DASH
toolbox. A number of commands in DASH
require an ensemble as input, but very large ensembles can be difficult to fit in a computer’s active memory. To circumvent this problem, you can use ensemble objects to input ensembles for DASH
commands. Many DASH
commands include memory optimizations for large ensembles, and they can use the ensemble object to load necessary data without overwhelming your computer. The ensemble object itself only contains a small amount of metadata about the saved array, so should easily fit in active memory.
Load Saved Ensemble
The ensemble
class implements a load
command, which returns the ensemble saved in a file. The ensemble is returned directly as a data array, and if necessary, you can manipulate this data array in the Matlab workspace prior to assimilation. You can also modify the output of the load
command using the commands described below.
Select Variables and Members
Sometimes, you may only need a few of the variables saved in an ensemble file. For example, when running an assimilation algorithm, you only need to update the variables that represent reconstruction targets. By using the useVariables
command, you can modify an ensemble object so that it only represents a subset of variables saved in the file. If you then use the load
command, the output will only include the requested variables.
Similarly, you may want an ensemble to use a specific set of ensemble members. For example, if you are implementing a Monte Carlo procedure and rerunning an assimilation using different sets of ensemble members. You can use the useMembers
command to select specific ensemble members saved in the file. If you then use the load
command, the output will only include the requested variables.
Evolving Ensembles
In some cases, you may want to design an evolving ensemble. This is typically the case when you want to use different prior ensembles for different assimilation time steps. You can use the evolving
command to implement an evolving ensemble. This command allows you to select different sets of saved ensemble members. Each set of ensemble members is used to build a particular ensemble within an evolving set.
In some cases, you may want to build an evolving ensemble from data saved in different ensemble files. If this is the case, you can build an ensemble by concatenating individual ensemble objects into an vector. Each element of the vector is a particular ensemble in the evolving set. Finally, you can also build evolving ensembles directly from a data array. See the documentation in dash.doc('kalmanFilter')
and dash.doc('kalmanFilter.prior')
for more details on these two cases.
Regrid Variable
In some cases, you might want to load a state vector variable on its original data grid, rather than as a state vector. You can use the loadGrid
command to implement this behavior. This command is best used when you want to double check an ensemble and ensure that everything looks correct. In most other cases, we instead recommend the ensembleMetadata.regrid
command, which provides a more powerful interface.


---
layout: post
title: WHO SAYS WHAT!
date: '2014-04-13T04:25:00.000-07:00'
author: Prabakaran Santhanam
tags:
modified_time: '2014-05-26T15:06:06.467-07:00'
blogger_id: tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9128617390470614639.post-6531031076235744998
blogger_orig_url: http://codificious.blogspot.com/2014/04/who-says-what.html
---
Troy Kell in Gladiator Days: Anatomy of a Prison Murder (2002) says,


The mandelbrot set is the set of values for c for which z → z² + c is bounded, where z starts at zero and c is any complex number. Somehow, this simple definition produces staggering complexity.
This application visualizes the mandelbrot set by associating every pixel with a value of c, using the x and y coordinates of the pixel to derive the real and imaginary parts of the complex number. Members of the mandelbrot set are rendered black, and non-members are rendered a color determined by how quickly z exceeded a bound of 2 (if it exceeds a bound of 2, it can be proven that it will exceed any bound).
| Move | Drag 'n' Drop |
| Zoom In | a |
| Zoom Out | z |
| Change Depth | d |
| Change Color Speed | +/- |
| Shift Colors | Hold Shift, +/- |
| Randomise Colors | c |


Thomas Finley, April 2000
Small modi 9.125 to 5.125 Bob Heckel
This document explains the IEEE 754 floating-point standard. It explains the binary representation of these numbers, how to convert to decimal from floating point, how to convert from floating point to decimal, discusses special cases in floating point, and finally ends with some C code to further one's understanding of floating point. This document does not cover operations with floating point numbers.
I wrote this document so that if you know how to represent, you can skip the representation section, and if you know how to convert to decimal from single precision, you can skip that section, and if you know how to convert to single precision from decimal, you can skip that section.
First, know that binary numbers can have, if you'll forgive my saying so, a decimal point. It works more or less the same way that the decimal point does with decimal numbers. For example, the decimal 22.589 is merely 22 and 5*10-1 + 8*10-2 + 9*10-3. Similarly, the binary number 101.001 is simply 1*22 + 0*21 + 1*20 + 0*2-1 + 0*2-2 + 1*2-3, or rather simply 22 + 20 + 2-3 (this particular number works out to be 5.125, if that helps your thinking).
Second, know that binary numbers, like decimal numbers, can be represented in scientific notation. E.g., The decimal 923.52 can be represented as 9.2352 * 102. Similarly, binary numbers can be expressed that way as well. Say we have the binary number 101011.101 (which is 43.625). This would be represented using scientific notation as 1.01011101 * 25.
Now that I'm sure the understanding is perfect, I can finally get into representation. The single precision floating point unit is a packet of 32 bits, divided into three sections one bit, eight bits, and twenty-three bits, in that order. I will make use of the previously mentioned binary number 1.01011101 * 25 to illustrate how one would take a binary number in scientific notation and represent it in floating point notation.
X | XXXXXXXX | XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX |
| Sign 1 bit | Exponent 8 bits | Mantissa 23 bits |
The first section is one bit long, and is the sign bit. It is either 0 or 1; 0 indicates that the number is positive, 1 negative. The number 1.01011101 * 25 is positive, so this field would have a value of 0.
0 | XXXXXXXX | XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX |
The second section is eight bits long, and serves as the "exponent" of the number as it is expressed in scientific notation as explained above (there is a caveat, so stick around). A field eight bits long can have values ranging from 0 to 255. How would the case of a negative exponent be covered? To cover the case of negative values, this "exponent" is actually 127 greater than the "real" exponent a of the 2a term in the scientific notation. Therefore, in our 1.01011101 x 25 number, the eight-bit exponent field would have a decimal value of 5 + 127 = 132. In binary this is 10000100.
0 | 10000100 | XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX |
The third section is twenty-three bits long, and serves as the "mantissa." (The mantissa is sometimes called the significand.) The mantissa is merely the "other stuff" to the left of the 2a term in our binary number represented in scientific notation. In our 1.01011101 * 25 number, you would think that the mantissa, in all its 23 bit glory, would take the value<PHONE_NUMBER>0000000000000, but it does not. If you think about it, all numbers expressed in binary notation would have a leading 1. Why? In decimal scientific notation there should never be expressed a value with a leading 0, like 0.2392 * 103 or something. This would be expressed instead as 2.392 * 102. The point is, there is never a leading 0 in scientific notation, and it makes no difference whether we're talking about binary or decimal or hexadecimal or whatever. The advantage of binary, though, is that if a digit can't be 0, it must be 1! So, the 1 is assumed to be there and is left out to give us just that much more precision. Thus, our mantissa for our number would in fact be<PHONE_NUMBER>0000000000000. (The long stream of 0s at the end has one more zero than the alternative number at the beginning of this paragragh.)
0 | 10000100 |<PHONE_NUMBER>0000000000000 |
In addition to the single precision floating point described here, there are also double precision floating point units. These have 64 bits instead of 32, and instead of field lengths of 1, 8, and 23 as in single precision, have field lengths of 1, 11, and 44. The exponent field contains a value that is actually 1023 larger than the "true" exponent, rather than being larger by 127 as in single precision. Otherwise, it is exactly the same.
Now I'll talk about conversation.
Conversion to decimal is very simple if you know how these numbers are represented. Let's take the hexadecimal number 0xC0B40000, and suppose it is actually a single precision floating point unit that we want to make into a decimal number. First convert each digit to binary.
| Hex | C | 0 | B | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Binary | 1100 | 0000 | 1011 | 0100 | 0000 | 0000 | 0000 | 0000 |
Then reorganize this number into packets of 1, 8, and 23 bits long.
1 | 10000001 |<PHONE_NUMBER>0000000000000 |
| -1.01101 * 22 | |||
| = | -(20 + 2-2 + 2-3 + 2-5) | * | 22 |
| = | -(22 + 20 + 2-1 + 2-3) | ||
| = | -(4 + 1 + .5 + 0.125) | ||
| = | -5.625 |
It's almost fun, yeah?
Say we have the decimal number 329.390625 and we want to represent it using floating point numbers. The method is to first convert it to binary scientific notation, and then use what we know about the representation of floating point numbers to show the 32 bits that will represent it.
If you know how to put a decimal into binary scientific notation, you'll get no benefit from reading this. If you don't, read this.
The first step is to convert what there is to the left of the decimal point to binary. 329 is equivalent to the binary 101001001. Then, leave yourself with what is to the right of the decimal point, in our example 0.390625.
Yes, I deliberately chose that number to be so convoluted that it wasn't perfectly obvious what the binary representation would be. There is an algorithm to convert to different bases that is simple, straightforward, and largely foolproof. I'll illustrate it for base two. Our base is 2, so we multiply this number times 2. We then record whatever is to the left of the decimal place after this operation. We then take this number and discard whatever is to the left of the decimal place, and continue with this progress on the resulting number. This is how it would be done with 0.390625.
| 0.390625 | * 2 | = 0.78125 | 0 |
| 0.78125 | * 2 | = 1.5625 | 1 |
| 0.5625 | * 2 | = 1.125 | 1 |
| 0.125 | * 2 | = 0.25 | 0 |
| 0.25 | * 2 | = 0.5 | 0 |
| 0.5 | * 2 | = 1 | 1 |
| 0 |
Since we've reached zero, we're done with that. The binary representation of the number beyond the decimal point can be read from the right column, from the top number downward. This is 0.011001.
As an aside, it is important to note that not all numbers are resolved so conveniently or quickly as sums of lower and lower powers of two (a number as simple as 0.2 is an example). If they are not so easily resolved, we merely continue on this process until we have however many bits we need to fill up the mantissa.
As another aside, to the more ambitious among you that don't know already, since this algorithm works similarly for all bases you could just as well use this for any other conversion you have to attempt. This can be used to your advantage in this process by converting using base 16.
| 0.390625 | * 16 | = 6.25 | 6 |
| 0.25 | * 16 | = 4 | 4 |
| 0 |
If we convert simply from hex to binary, 0x64 is 0110 0100, which is the same result as the 011001 yielded above. This method is much faster.
Anyway! We take those numbers that we got, and represent them as .011001, placing them in the order we acquired them. Put in sequence with our binary representation of 329, we get 101001001.011001. In our binary scientific notation, this is 1.01001001011001 * 28. We then use what we know about how single precision numbers are represented to complete this process.
The sign is positive, so the sign field is 0.
The exponent is 8. 8 + 127 = 135, so the exponent field is 10000111.
The mantissa is merely<PHONE_NUMBER>1001 (remember the implied 1 of the mantissa means we don't include the leading 1) plus however many 0s we have to add to the right side to make that binary number 23 bits long.
Since one of the homework problems involves representing this as hex, I will finish with a hex number.
0 | 10000111 |<PHONE_NUMBER>1001000000000 |
Then we break it into four bit pieces (since each hexadecimal digit is the equivalent of 4 bits) and then convert each four bit quantity into the corresponding hexadecimal digit.
| Binary | 0100 | 0011 | 1010 | 0100 | 1011 | 0010 | 0000 | 0000 |
| Hex | 4 | 3 | A | 4 | B | 2 | 0 | 0 |
So, in hexadecimal, this number is 0x43A4B200.
Sometimes the computer feels a need to put forth a result of a calculation that reflects that some error was made. Perhaps the magnitude of the result of a calculation was larger or smaller than this format would seem to be able to support. Perhaps you attempted to divide by zero. Perhaps you're trying to represent zero! How does one deal with these issues? The answer is that there are special cases of floating point numbers, specifically when the exponent field is all 1 bits (255) or all 0 bits (0).
If you have an exponent field that's all zero bits, this is what's called a denormalized number. With the exponent field equal to zero, you would think that the real exponent would be -127, so this number would take the form of 1.MANTISSA * 2-127 as described above, but it does not. Instead, it is 0.MANTISSA * 2-126. Notice that the exponent is no longer the value of the exponent field minus 127. It is simply -126. Also notice that we no longer include an implied one bit for the mantissa.
As an example, take the floating point number represented as 0x80280000. First, convert this to binary.
| Hex | 8 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Binary | 1000 | 0000 | 0010 | 1000 | 0000 | 0000 | 0000 | 0000 |
We put this into the three 1 bit, 8 bits, and 23 bits packets that we're now familiar with.
1 | 00000000 |<PHONE_NUMBER>0000000000000 |
Our sign bit is 1, so this number is negative. Our exponent is 0, so we know this is a denormalized number. Our mantissa is 0101, which reflects a real mantissa of 0.0101; remember we don't include what was previously an implied one bit for an exponent of zero. So, this means we have a number -0.01012*2-126 = -0.312510*2-126 = -1.2510*2-128.
You can think of zero as simply another denormalized number. Zero is represented by an exponent of zero and a mantissa of zero. From our understanding of denormalized numbers, this translates into 0*2-126 = 0. This sign bit can be either positive (0) or negative (1), leading to either a positive or negative zero. This doesn't make very much sense mathematically, but it is allowed.
Just as the case of all zero bits in the exponent field is a special case, so is the case of all one bits. If the exponent field is all ones, and the mantissa is all zeros, then this number is an infinity. There can be either positive or negative infinities depending on the sign bit. For example, 0x7F800000 is positive infinity, and 0xFF800000 is negative infinity.
These special quantities have an exponent field of 255 (all one bits) like infinity, but differ from the representation of infinity in that the mantissa contains some one bits. It doesn't matter where they are or how many of them there are, just so long as there are some. The sign bit appears to have no bearing on this. Examples of this special quantity include 0x7FFFFFFF, 0xFF81ABD0, 0x7FAA12F9, and soforth.
A summary of special cases is shown in the below table. It is more or less a copy of the table found on page 301 of the second edition of Computer Organization and Design, the Hardware Software Interface" by Patterson and Hennessy, the textbook for Computer Science 104 in the Spring 2000 semester. Even though only single precision was covered in the above text, I include double precision for the sake of completeness.
| Single Precision | Double Precision | Object Represented | ||
| Exponent | Mantissa | Exponent | Mantissa | |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | zero |
| 0 | nonzero | 0 | nonzero | ± denormalized number |
| 1-254 | anything | 1-2046 | anything | ± normalized number |
| 255 | 0 | 2047 | 0 | ± infinity |
| 255 | nonzero | 2047 | nonzero | NaN (Not a Number) |
When you have operations like 0/0 or subtracting infinity from infinity (or some other ambiguous computation), you will get NaN. When you divide a number by zero, you will get an infinity.
However, accounting for these special operations takes some extra effort on the part of the designer, and can lead to slower operations as more transistors are utilized in chip design. For this reason sometimes CPUs do not account for these operations, and instead generate an exception. For example, when I try to divide by zero or do operations with infinity, my computer generates exceptions and refuses to complete the operation (my computer has a G3 processor, or MPC750).
If you're interested in investigating further, I include two programs for which I provide the C code that you can run to gain a greater understanding of how floating point works, and also to check your work on various assignments.
#include <stdio.h>int main(){ float theFloat; while (1) { scanf("%x", (int *) &theFloat); printf("0x%08X, %f\n", *(int *)&theFloat, theFloat); } return 0;}
This program accepts as input a hexadecimal quantity and reads it as raw data into the variable "theFloat." The program then outputs the hexadecimal representation of the data in "theFloat" (repeating the input), and prints alongside it the floating point quantity that it represents.
I show here a sample run of the program. Notice the special case floating point quantities (0, infinity, and not a number).
For the denormalized but nonzero numbers, this program will display zero even though the number is not really zero. If you want to get around this problem, replace the %f in the formatting string of the printf function with %e, which will deplay the number to great precision with scientific notation. I did not have it as %e because I find scientific notation extremely annoying.
C0B400000xC0B40000, -5.62500043A4B2000x43A4B200,<PHONE_NUMBER>00000000x00000000, 0.000000800000000x80000000, -0.0000007f8000000x7F800000, infff8000000xFF800000, -inf7fffffff0x7FFFFFFF, NaNffffffff0xFFFFFFFF, NaN7f81A0230x7F81A023, NaN
#include <stdio.h>int main(){ float theFloat; while (1) { scanf("%f", &theFloat); printf("0x%08X, %f\n", *(int *)&theFloat, theFloat); } return 0;}
This is a slight modification of the "Hex 2 Float" program. The exception is it reads in a floating point number. Just like and outputs the hexadecimal form plus the floating point number. Again I include a sample run of this program, confirming the results of the example problems I covered earlier in this text, along with some other simple cases. Notice the hexadecimal representation of 0.2.
-5.6250xC0B40000, -5.625000329.3906250x43A4B200,<PHONE_NUMBER>0x00000000, 0.000000-00x80000000, -0.000000.20x3E4CCCCD, 0.200000.50x3F000000, 0.50000010x3F800000, 1.000000
And that's the end of that chapter.


2019's Operation "Thank A Vet" held in South Boston
by Evan WhiteBOSTON - On Saturday, volunteers in Boston – home to more than 17,000 veterans – are taking the time to thank them one-by-one. It's an annual effort put on by the mayor's office and state treasury. This year, South Boston was the neighborhood chosen for "Thank A Vet."
Roughly 100 volunteers gathered at a South Boston school. Hearing from Mayor Marty Walsh about what to keep in mind as they meet veterans through Operation "Thank A Vet."
"The young people particularly, you're talking to history, it's what you read in the books," said Mayor Walsh.
Then descending onto the streets of Southie with a simple mission: thank vets and let them know about services offered to them.
"A lot of veterans aren't aware of the benefits," said Steven Croteau, an Air Force veteran of 24 years.
Croteau is in his first year volunteering.
"As a veteran, it's great to see people from the community come together and thank people for their service," he said. "It's a great honor and it makes me feel good."
>>>MORE:
As for that simple mission, it wasn't so easy for some volunteer groups. They continue to go door to door; the only problem was a lot of veterans weren't home or weren't able to come to the door.
However, one veteran they did meet in Southie was Army veteran Edward Lane. They nearly missed him, he was heading the hospital to see his wife, Dede.
"She has cancer," he said. "She's been weak and tired and stuff lately."
He got a few "thank yous," before leaving, along with a challenge coin from the mayor. A few small, but meaningful gestures.
"Well, it makes me feel better than when I did it," Lane said of hearing thank you. "When you're in the service you don't get appreciated. Now they say thanks for doing what you do, thanks for your service.
"It's a great feeling actually. Before, people said, 'eh.'"
Volunteers have thanked over 3,000 veterans and delivered care packages since the program began in 2015. Their goal is to eventually get to everyone.


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"Why traverse this broken drudge?"
I asked a windly scrim of air.
"We burn so much, and yet it crells
again, a scrinch of living dare.
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