Example Learning Environments
Unity ML-Agents contains an expanding set of example environments which
demonstrate various features of the platform. Environments are located in
unity-environment/Assets/ML-Agents/Examples
and summarized below.
Additionally, our
first ML Challenge
contains environments created by the community.
This page only overviews the example environments we provide. To learn more on how to design and build your own environments see our Making a New Learning Environment page.
If you would like to contribute environments, please see our contribution guidelines page.
Basic
- Set-up: A linear movement task where the agent must move left or right to rewarding states.
- Goal: Move to the most reward state.
- Agents: The environment contains one agent linked to a single brain.
- Agent Reward Function:
- +0.1 for arriving at suboptimal state.
- +1.0 for arriving at optimal state.
- Brains: One brain with the following observation/action space.
- Vector Observation space: (Discrete) One variable corresponding to current state.
- Vector Action space: (Discrete) Two possible actions (Move left, move right).
- Visual Observations: 0
- Reset Parameters: None
3DBall: 3D Balance Ball
- Set-up: A balance-ball task, where the agent controls the platform.
- Goal: The agent must balance the platform in order to keep the ball on it for as long as possible.
- Agents: The environment contains 12 agents of the same kind, all linked to a single brain.
- Agent Reward Function:
- +0.1 for every step the ball remains on the platform.
- -1.0 if the ball falls from the platform.
- Brains: One brain with the following observation/action space.
- Vector Observation space: (Continuous) 8 variables corresponding to rotation of platform, and position, rotation, and velocity of ball.
- Vector Observation space (Hard Version): (Continuous) 5 variables corresponding to rotation of platform and position and rotation of ball.
- Vector Action space: (Continuous) Size of 2, with one value corresponding to X-rotation, and the other to Z-rotation.
- Visual Observations: 0
- Reset Parameters: None
GridWorld
- Set-up: A version of the classic grid-world task. Scene contains agent, goal, and obstacles.
- Goal: The agent must navigate the grid to the goal while avoiding the obstacles.
- Agents: The environment contains one agent linked to a single brain.
- Agent Reward Function:
- -0.01 for every step.
- +1.0 if the agent navigates to the goal position of the grid (episode ends).
- -1.0 if the agent navigates to an obstacle (episode ends).
- Brains: One brain with the following observation/action space.
- Vector Observation space: None
- Vector Action space: (Discrete) Size of 4, corresponding to movement in cardinal directions.
- Visual Observations: One corresponding to top-down view of GridWorld.
- Reset Parameters: Three, corresponding to grid size, number of obstacles, and number of goals.
Tennis
- Set-up: Two-player game where agents control rackets to bounce ball over a net.
- Goal: The agents must bounce ball between one another while not dropping or sending ball out of bounds.
- Agents: The environment contains two agent linked to a single brain named TennisBrain. After training you can attach another brain named MyBrain to one of the agent to play against your trained model.
- Agent Reward Function (independent):
- +0.1 To agent when hitting ball over net.
- -0.1 To agent who let ball hit their ground, or hit ball out of bounds.
- Brains: One brain with the following observation/action space.
- Vector Observation space: (Continuous) 8 variables corresponding to position and velocity of ball and racket.
- Vector Action space: (Continuous) Size of 2, corresponding to movement toward net or away from net, and jumping.
- Visual Observations: None
- Reset Parameters: One, corresponding to size of ball.
Push Block
- Set-up: A platforming environment where the agent can push a block around.
- Goal: The agent must push the block to the goal.
- Agents: The environment contains one agent linked to a single brain.
- Agent Reward Function:
- -0.0025 for every step.
- +1.0 if the block touches the goal.
- Brains: One brain with the following observation/action space.
- Vector Observation space: (Continuous) 15 variables corresponding to position and velocities of agent, block, and goal.
- Vector Action space: (Continuous) Size of 2, corresponding to movement in X and Z directions.
- Visual Observations: None.
- Reset Parameters: None.
Wall Jump
- Set-up: A platforming environment where the agent can jump over a wall.
- Goal: The agent must use the block to scale the wall and reach the goal.
- Agents: The environment contains one agent linked to two different brains. The brain the agent is linked to changes depending on the height of the wall.
- Agent Reward Function:
- -0.0005 for every step.
- +1.0 if the agent touches the goal.
- -1.0 if the agent falls off the platform.
- Brains: Two brains, each with the following observation/action space.
- Vector Observation space: (Continuous) 16 variables corresponding to position and velocities of agent, block, and goal, plus the height of the wall.
- Vector Action space: (Discrete) Size of 74, corresponding to 14 raycasts each detecting 4 possible objects. plus the global position of the agent and whether or not the agent is grounded.
- Visual Observations: None.
- Reset Parameters: 4, corresponding to the height of the possible walls.
Reacher
- Set-up: Double-jointed arm which can move to target locations.
- Goal: The agents must move it's hand to the goal location, and keep it there.
- Agents: The environment contains 32 agent linked to a single brain.
- Agent Reward Function (independent):
- +0.1 Each step agent's hand is in goal location.
- Brains: One brain with the following observation/action space.
- Vector Observation space: (Continuous) 26 variables corresponding to position, rotation, velocity, and angular velocities of the two arm Rigidbodies.
- Vector Action space: (Continuous) Size of 4, corresponding to torque applicable to two joints.
- Visual Observations: None
- Reset Parameters: Two, corresponding to goal size, and goal movement speed.
Crawler
- Set-up: A creature with 4 arms and 4 forearms.
- Goal: The agents must move its body along the x axis without falling.
- Agents: The environment contains 3 agent linked to a single brain.
- Agent Reward Function (independent):
- +1 times velocity in the x direction
- -1 for falling.
- -0.01 times the action squared
- -0.05 times y position change
- -0.05 times velocity in the z direction
- Brains: One brain with the following observation/action space.
- Vector Observation space: (Continuous) 117 variables corresponding to position, rotation, velocity, and angular velocities of each limb plus the acceleration and angular acceleration of the body.
- Vector Action space: (Continuous) Size of 12, corresponding to torque applicable to 12 joints.
- Visual Observations: None
- Reset Parameters: None
Banana Collector
- Set-up: A multi-agent environment where agents compete to collect bananas.
- Goal: The agents must learn to move to as many yellow bananas as possible while avoiding red bananas.
- Agents: The environment contains 10 agents linked to a single brain.
- Agent Reward Function (independent):
- +1 for interaction with yellow banana
- -1 for interaction with red banana.
- Brains: One brain with the following observation/action space.
- Vector Observation space: (Continuous) 51 corresponding to velocity of agent, plus ray-based perception of objects around agent's forward direction.
- Vector Action space: (Continuous) Size of 3, corresponding to forward movement, y-axis rotation, and whether to use laser to disable other agents.
- Visual Observations (Optional): First-person view for each agent.
- Reset Parameters: None
Hallway
- Set-up: Environment where the agent needs to find information in a room, remember it, and use it to move to the correct goal.
- Goal: Move to the goal which corresponds to the color of the block in the room.
- Agents: The environment contains one agent linked to a single brain.
- Agent Reward Function (independent):
- +1 For moving to correct goal.
- -0.1 For moving to incorrect goal.
- -0.0003 Existential penalty.
- Brains: One brain with the following observation/action space:
- Vector Observation space: (Continuous) 30 corresponding to local ray-casts detecting objects, goals, and walls.
- Vector Action space: (Discrete) 4 corresponding to agent rotation and forward/backward movement.
- Visual Observations (Optional): First-person view for the agent.
- Reset Parameters: None
Bouncer
- Set-up: Environment where the agent needs on-demand decision making. The agent must decide how perform its next bounce only when it touches the ground.
- Goal: Catch the floating banana. Only has a limited number of jumps.
- Agents: The environment contains one agent linked to a single brain.
- Agent Reward Function (independent):
- +1 For catching the banana.
- -1 For bouncing out of bounds.
- -0.05 Times the action squared. Energy expenditure penalty.
- Brains: One brain with the following observation/action space:
- Vector Observation space: (Continuous) 6 corresponding to local position of agent and banana.
- Vector Action space: (Continuous) 3 corresponding to agent force applied for the jump.
- Visual Observations: None
- Reset Parameters: None
Soccer Twos
- Set-up: Environment where four agents compete in a 2 vs 2 toy soccer game.
- Goal:
- Striker: Get the ball into the opponent's goal.
- Goalie: Prevent the ball from entering its own goal.
- Agents: The environment contains four agents, with two linked to one brain (strikers) and two linked to another (goalies).
- Agent Reward Function (dependent):
- Striker:
- +1 When ball enters opponent's goal.
- -0.1 When ball enters own team's goal.
- -0.001 Existential penalty.
- Goalie:
- -1 When ball enters team's goal.
- +0.1 When ball enters opponents goal.
- +0.001 Existential bonus.
- Striker:
- Brains: Two brain with the following observation/action space:
- Vector Observation space: (Continuous) 112 corresponding to local 14 ray casts, each detecting 7 possible object types, along with the object's distance. Perception is in 180 degree view from front of agent.
- Vector Action space: (Discrete)
- Striker: 6 corresponding to forward, backward, sideways movement, as well as rotation.
- Goalie: 4 corresponding to forward, backward, sideways movement.
- Visual Observations: None
- Reset Parameters: None


| Class | Aquarium::Finders::TypeFinder |
| In: |
lib/aquarium/finders/type_finder.rb
|
| Parent: | Object |
| TYPES_SYNONYMS | = | %w[name names type types] |
# File lib/aquarium/finders/type_finder.rb, line 131 131: def self.is_recognized_option option_or_symbol 132: TYPES_SYNONYMS.each do |t| 133: ['', "exclude_"].each do |excl| 134: return true if ["#{excl}#{t}", "#{excl}#{t}_and_descendents", "#{excl}#{t}_and_ancestors"].include?(option_or_symbol.to_s) 135: end 136: end 137: return true if option_or_symbol.to_s.eql?("noop") 138: false 139: end
Usage:
finder_result = TypeFinder.new.find [options => [...] ]
where :types => types_and_type_names_and_regexps:: :names => types_and_type_names_and_regexps:: :type => types_and_type_names_and_regexps::
| :name => types_and_type_names_and_regexps: | A single type or array of types, specified using any combination of the type name strings, the type "constants" and/or regular expessions. The four different flags are just "sugar" for each other. |
:types_and_descendents => types_and_type_names_and_regexps:: :names_and_descendents => types_and_type_names_and_regexps:: :type_and_descendents => types_and_type_names_and_regexps:: :name_and_descendents => types_and_type_names_and_regexps::
Same as for :types etc., but also match their descendents.
:types_and_ancestors => types_and_type_names_and_regexps:: :names_and_ancestors => types_and_type_names_and_regexps:: :type_and_ancestors => types_and_type_names_and_regexps:: :name_and_ancestors => types_and_type_names_and_regexps::
Same as for :types etc., but also match their ancestors. This option will also match Class, Module, <i>etc.</>, so use with caution!
To get both descendents and ancestors, use both options with the same type specification.
The "other options" include the following:
:exclude_type => types_and_type_names_and_regexps:: :exclude_types => types_and_type_names_and_regexps:: :exclude_name => types_and_type_names_and_regexps::
| :exclude_names => types_and_type_names_and_regexps: | Exclude the specified type or list of types from the list of matched types. These excluded types won‘t appear in the FinderResult#not_matched. |
:exclude_types_and_descendents => types_and_type_names_and_regexps:: :exclude_names_and_descendents => types_and_type_names_and_regexps:: :exclude_type_and_descendents => types_and_type_names_and_regexps:: :exclude_name_and_descendents => types_and_type_names_and_regexps::
:exclude_types_and_ancestors => types_and_type_names_and_regexps:: :exclude_names_and_ancestors => types_and_type_names_and_regexps:: :exclude_type_and_ancestors => types_and_type_names_and_regexps:: :exclude_name_and_ancestors => types_and_type_names_and_regexps::
Exclude the descendents or ancestors, as well.
Because of the special sigificance of the module ("namespace") separator "::", the rules for the regular expressions are as follows. Assume that "subexp" is a "sub regular expression" that results if you split on the separator "::".
| A full regexp with no "::": | Allow partial matches, i.e., as if you wrote /^.*#{regexp}.*$/. |
| A subexp before the first "::": | It behaves as /^.*#{subexp}::…/, meaning that the end of "subexp" must be followed by "::". |
| A subexp after the last "::": | It behaves as /…::#{subexp}$/, meaning that the beginning of "subexp" must immediately follow a "::". |
| For a subexp between two "::": | It behaves as /…::#{subexp}::…/, meaning that the subexp must match the whole name between the "::" exactly. |
Note: a common idiom in aspects is to include descendents of a type, but not the type itself. You can do as in the following example:
<tt>... :type_and_descendents => "Foo", :exclude_type => "Foo"
TODO: Use the new OptionsUtils.
# File lib/aquarium/finders/type_finder.rb, line 94 94: def find options = {} 95: result = Aquarium::Finders::FinderResult.new 96: excluded = Aquarium::Finders::FinderResult.new 97: unknown_options = [] 98: input_type_nil = false 99: noop = false 100: options.each do |option, value| 101: unless TypeFinder.is_recognized_option option 102: unknown_options << option 103: next 104: end 105: if value.nil? 106: input_type_nil = true 107: next 108: end 109: noop = value if option == :noop 110: next if noop 111: if option.to_s =~ /^exclude_/ 112: excluded << find_matching(value, option) 113: else 114: result << find_matching(value, option) 115: end 116: end 117: handle_errors unknown_options, input_type_nil 118: result - excluded 119: end
# File lib/aquarium/finders/type_finder.rb, line 226 226: def add_ancestors types 227: types.inject([]) { |memo, t| memo << t.ancestors } 228: end
# File lib/aquarium/finders/type_finder.rb, line 223 223: def add_descendents types 224: types.inject([]) { |memo, t| memo << Aquarium::Utils::TypeUtils.descendents(t) } 225: end
# File lib/aquarium/finders/type_finder.rb, line 251 251: def empty thing 252: thing.nil? || (thing.respond_to?(:empty?) && thing.empty?) 253: end
For a name (not a regular expression), return the corresponding type. (Adapted from the RubyQuiz 113 solution by James Edward Gray II) See also this blog: blog.sidu.in/2008/02/loading-classes-from-strings-in-ruby.html I discovered that eval works fine with JRuby wrapper classes, while splitting on ’::’ and calling const_get on each module fails!
# File lib/aquarium/finders/type_finder.rb, line 181 181: def find_by_name type_name, option 182: begin 183: found = eval type_name.to_s, binding, __FILE__, __LINE__ 184: finish_and_make_successful_result [found], option 185: rescue NameError 186: make_failed_result type_name 187: end 188: end
# File lib/aquarium/finders/type_finder.rb, line 141 141: def find_matching regexpes_or_names, option 142: result = Aquarium::Finders::FinderResult.new 143: expressions = make_array regexpes_or_names 144: expressions.each do |expression| 145: expr = strip expression 146: next if empty expr 147: if expr.kind_of? Regexp 148: result << find_namespace_matched(expr, option) 149: else 150: result << find_by_name(expr, option) 151: end 152: end 153: result 154: end
# File lib/aquarium/finders/type_finder.rb, line 156 156: def find_namespace_matched regexp, option 157: expr = regexp.source 158: return nil if expr.empty? 159: found_types = [Object] 160: split_expr = expr.split("::") 161: split_expr.each_with_index do |subexp, index| 162: next if subexp.size == 0 163: found_types = find_next_types found_types, subexp, (index == 0), (index == (split_expr.size - 1)) 164: break if found_types.size == 0 165: end 166: # JRuby returns types that aren't actually defined by the enclosing namespace. 167: # As a sanity check, reject types whose names don't match the full regexp. 168: found_types.reject! {|t| t.name !~ regexp} 169: if found_types.size > 0 170: finish_and_make_successful_result found_types, option 171: else 172: make_failed_result regexp 173: end 174: end
# File lib/aquarium/finders/type_finder.rb, line 190 190: def find_next_types enclosing_types, subexp, suppress_lh_ctrl_a, suppress_rh_ctrl_z 191: # grep <parent>.constants because "subexp" may be a regexp string!. 192: # Then use const_get to get the type itself. 193: found_types = [] 194: lhs = suppress_lh_ctrl_a ? "" : "\\A" 195: rhs = suppress_rh_ctrl_z ? "" : "\\Z" 196: regexp = /#{lhs}#{subexp}#{rhs}/ 197: enclosing_types.each do |parent| 198: next unless parent.respond_to?(:constants) 199: parent.constants.grep(regexp) do |name| 200: found_types << parent.const_get(name) 201: end 202: end 203: found_types 204: end
# File lib/aquarium/finders/type_finder.rb, line 206 206: def finish_and_make_successful_result found, option 207: all = prettify(found + handle_ancestors_and_descendents(found, option)) 208: hash = make_return_hash(all) 209: Aquarium::Finders::FinderResult.new hash 210: end
# File lib/aquarium/finders/type_finder.rb, line 216 216: def handle_ancestors_and_descendents types, option 217: result = [] 218: result << add_descendents(types) if should_find_descendents(option) 219: result << add_ancestors(types) if should_find_ancestors(option) 220: result 221: end
# File lib/aquarium/finders/type_finder.rb, line 124 124: def handle_errors unknown_options, input_type_nil 125: message = "" 126: message += "Unknown options: #{unknown_options.inspect}. " unless unknown_options.empty? 127: message += "Input type specification can't be nil! " if input_type_nil 128: raise Aquarium::Utils::InvalidOptions.new(message) unless message.empty? 129: end
# File lib/aquarium/finders/type_finder.rb, line 212 212: def make_failed_result name 213: Aquarium::Finders::FinderResult.new :not_matched => {name => Set.new([])} 214: end
# File lib/aquarium/finders/type_finder.rb, line 238 238: def make_return_hash found 239: prettify(found).inject({}) {|hash, x| hash[x] = Set.new([]); hash} 240: end
# File lib/aquarium/finders/type_finder.rb, line 242 242: def prettify array 243: array.flatten.uniq.inject([]) {|memo, x| memo << x unless empty(x); memo} 244: end
# File lib/aquarium/finders/type_finder.rb, line 233 233: def should_find_ancestors option 234: option.to_s.include? "_ancestors" 235: end
# File lib/aquarium/finders/type_finder.rb, line 230 230: def should_find_descendents option 231: option.to_s.include? "_descendents" 232: end


If you can see this, React is not working right. If you checked out the source from GitHub make sure to run grunt.
grunt


@** * Copyright (C) 2014 Johannes Unterstein<EMAIL_ADDRESS>unterstein.info * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. *@ @(id: Long, projectId: Long, form: Form[controllers.RequirementController.CaseRequirement], mode: String)(implicit request: play.api.mvc.Request[Any], lang: Lang) @import neo4j.models.require.Severity @import neo4j.models.require.Requirement @import views.html.helper.{inputRow, textareaRow, formErrors, dropDownRow}


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{{cfssl.getInstallCommand('linux-amd64')}}
This is an example workflow to install and deploy etcd.
If etcd stores information that should not be public, encryption is highly recommended. etcd supports SSL/TLS and authentication for clients-to-server and peer-to-peer communication. Here's how to generate self-signed TLS certificates with cfssl.
{{cfssl.getInstallCommand('linux-amd64')}}
{{cfssl.getInstallCommand('darwin-amd64')}}
We will use this root CA to generate other TLS assets for validating client-to-server and peer-to-peer communication. Unique certificates are less convenient to generate and deploy, but they do provide stronger security assurances and the most portable installation experience across multiple cloud-based and on-premises Kubernetes deployments.
{{cfssl.getRootCACommand()}}Results:
{{cfssl.getRootCACommandResult()}}
Seems like cert is configured for localhost. Please make sure to specify remote hosts, if any.
{{cfssl.getGenCertCommandTxt(flag.name, flag.name, flag.ipAddress, inputCFSSLMoreHostsTxt)}}
{{cfssl.getCertsPrepareCommand(flag.certsDir)}}
{{etcd.getCFSSLFilesTxt()}}
To try out the latest features and changes in etcd.
etcd is written in Go. To build from source, you need Go 1.9+. This assumes host OS is Linux.
{{go.getInstallCommand()}}
Now let's build etcd from source.
{{etcd.getInstallCommandGitSource(inputGitUser, inputGitBranch)}}
etcd writes data to disk. Such stateful application is complicated to run in container. Bare metal or virtual machine is the simplest way to run etcd.
{{etcd.getInstallCommandLinux()}}
{{etcd.getInstallCommandOSX()}}
Seems like etcd is configured to run in localhost. Please make sure ports and data directory do not conflict!
{{cfssl.getCertsPrepareCommand(flag.certsDir)}} {{flag.getDataDirPrepareCommand()}} {{etcd.getCommand(flag, false, false, false)}}
{{flag.getDataDirPrepareCommand()}} {{etcd.getCommand(flag, false, false, false)}}
{{etcd.getEndpointHealthCommand(etcd.flags[0], false)}}
systemd can help run etcd with init system.
{{etcd.getInstallCommandLinux()}}
Seems like etcd is configured to run in localhost. Please make sure ports and data directory do not conflict!
{{cfssl.getCertsPrepareCommand(flag.certsDir)}} {{flag.getDataDirPrepareCommand()}} {{etcd.getServiceFile(flag)}} {{flag.getSystemdCommand()}}
{{flag.getDataDirPrepareCommand()}} {{etcd.getServiceFile(flag)}} {{flag.getSystemdCommand()}}
{{etcd.getEndpointHealthCommand(etcd.flags[0], false)}}
Application container gives much portability to initial development phase. Here's how to run etcd with Docker.
You can run this in Container Linux by CoreOS.
Seems like etcd is configured to run in localhost. Please make sure ports and data directory do not conflict!
{{cfssl.getCertsPrepareCommand(flag.certsDir)}} {{flag.getDataDirPrepareCommand()}} {{etcd.getServiceFileDocker(flag)}} {{flag.getSystemdCommand()}}
{{flag.getDataDirPrepareCommand()}} {{etcd.getServiceFileDocker(flag)}} {{flag.getSystemdCommand()}}
{{cfssl.getCertsPrepareCommand(etcd.flags[0].certsDir)}} {{etcd.getInstallCommandLinux()}} {{etcd.getEndpointHealthCommand(etcd.flags[0], true)}}
{{etcd.getInstallCommandLinux()}} {{etcd.getEndpointHealthCommand(etcd.flags[0], true)}}
Please see Run etcd on Container Linux with systemd.


In Strawboard Manufacturing Co. Ltd. v. Gutta Mill Workers Union (1) a question arose whether the Governor of U.P., who referred an industrial 77 dispute to a person nominated by him with a direction that he should submit the award not later than a particular date could extend the date for a making of the award so as to validate the award made after the prescribed date. Reliance was placed upon s. 21 of the U.P. General Clauses Act, 1904, in support of the contention that the power of amendment and modification conferred on the State Government under that section might be so exercised as to have retrospective operation. In rejecting that contention, Das, J., as he then was, observed: "It is true that the order of April 26, 1950, does not ex facie purport to modify the order of February 18, 1950, but, in view of the absence of any distinct provision in section 21 that the power of amendment and modification conferred on the State Government may be so exercised as to have retrospective operation the order of April 26, 1950, viewed merely as an order of amendment or modification cannot, by virtue of section 21, have that effect." This decision is, therefore, an authority for the position that unless a statute confers on the Government an express power to make an order with retrospective effect, it cannot exercise such a power. The Mysore High Court in a considered judgment in India Sugar & Refineries Ltd. v. State of Mysore (2) dealt with the question that now arises for consideration. There, the Government issued (1) [1953] S.C.R. 439. 447-
448. (2) A. 1. R. 1960 Mys. 3 765 there notifications dated 9-4-1956, 15-10-1957 and 13- 2-1958 purporting to act under s. 14 (1) of the Madras Sugar Factories Control Act, 1949, whereby cess was imposed on sugarcane brought and crushed in Petitioner's factory for the crushing season 1955. 56, 1956-57 and 1957-58 respectively. One of the question raised was whether under the said section the Government had power to issue the notifications imposing a cess on sugarcane brought and crushed in petitioner's factory for a period prior to the date of the said notifications. Das Gupta, C. J., delivering the judgment of the division Bench, held that it could not. The learned Advocate General, who appeared for the State, argued, as it is now argued before us, that in a case where power to make rules is conferred on the Government and if the provision conferring such a power does not expressly prohibit the making of rules with retrospective operation, the 78 Government in exercise of that power can make rules with retrospective operation. In rejecting that argument, the learned Chief Justice, delivering the judgement of the division Bench, observed at p. 332:
"In my opinion a different principle would apply to the case of an executive Government exercising subordinate and delegated legislative powers. In such oases, unless the power to act retrospectively is expressly conferred by the Legislature on the Government, the Government cannot act retrospectively."
With respect, I entirely agree with the said observations. The same question was again raised and the same view was expressed by the Kerala High Court in C. W. Motor Service (P) Ltd. v. State of Kerala (1). There the Regional Transport Authority, Kozhikode, granted a stage carriage permit to the third respondent therein in respect of a proposed (1) A. 1. R. (1959) Ker. 347, 348. Ghat route. The grant of the permit was challenged on the ground that when that order was passed there was no constituted Regional Transport Authority for the district. It was contended on behalf of the contesting respondent that the said defect was cured by a subsequent notification issued by the Government whereby Government ordered the continuance of the Road Transport Authority from the date of the expiry of the term of the said 'Authority till its successor was appointed. The High Court held that the notification with retrospective operation was bad. In that context, Varadaraja lyengar, J., observed :
"The rule is well-settled that even in a case where the executive Government acts as a delegate of a legislative authority, it has no plenary power to provide for retrospective operation unless and until that power is expressly conferred by the parent enactment." The House of Lords in Howell v. Folmouth Boat Construction Co. Ltd. (1) expressed the same opinion and also pointed cut the danger of conceding such a power to a delegated authority. There, a licence was issued to operate retrospectively and to cover works already done under the oral sanction of the authority. Their Lordships observed:
"It would be a dangerous power to place in the 79 hands of Ministers; and their subordinate officials to allow them, when. ever they had power to license, to grant the licence ex post facto; and a statutory power to license should not be construed as a power to authorise or ratify what has been done unless the special terms of the statutory provisions clearly warrant the construction."
It is true that this is a case of a licence issued by an authority in exercise of a statutory power conferred on it, but the same principle must apply to a byelaw made by an authority in exercise of a power conferred under a statute. Our Constitution promises to usher in a welfare State. It involves conferment of powers of subordinate legislation on government and governmental agencies affecting every aspect of human activity. The regulatory process is fast becoming an ubiquitous element in our life. In a welfare State, perhaps,it is inevitable, for the simple reason that Parliament or Legislature cannot be expected to provide for all possible contingencies. But there is no effective machinery to control the rule-making powers, or to prevent its diversion through authoritarian channels. If the conferment of power to make delegated Legislation proportion vigor carried with it to make a rule or bye-law with retrospective operation, it may become an instrument of oppression. In these circumstances, it has been rightly held that the provision conferring such a power must be strictly construed and unless a statute expressly confers a powers to make a rule or bye-law retrospectively, it must be held that it has not conferred any such power. It is said that such a strict construction may prevent a rule making authority from making a rule in an emergency, though the occasion demands or justifies a rule with retrospective effect. The simple answer to this alleged difficulty is that if the Legislature contemplates or visualizes such emergencies, calling for the making of such rules or bylaws with retrospective effect, it should expressly confer such power. It is also said that the Government can be relied upon to make such rules only on appropriate occasions. This Court cannot recognize implied powers pregnant with potentialities for mischief on such assumptions. That apart, the scope or ambit of a rule cannot be made to depend upon the status of a functionary entrusted with a 768 rule making power. In public interest the least the court can do is to construe provisions conferring 80 such a power strictly and to confine its scope to that clearly expressed therein.
In Hukam Chand v. Union of India, (1972) 2 SCC 601 , the Apex Court considered the difference between the subordinate legislation and statutory laws. The Apex Court considered the power to make the rules with retrospective effect and laid down that unless the Legislature authorized the Central Government to make the rules with retrospective effect, it could not have done so. The Apex Court has laid down thus:
8. Perusal of section 40 shows that although the power of making rules to carry out the purposes of the Act has been conferred upon the Central Government, there is no provision in the section which may either expressly or by necessary implication show that the Central Government has been vested with power to make rules with retrospective effect. As it is section 40 of the Act which empowers the Central Government to make rules, the rules would have to conform to that section. The extent and amplitude of the rule making power would depend upon and be governed by the language of the section. If a particular rule were not to fall within the ambit and purview of the section, the Central Government in such an event would have no power to make that rule. Likewise, if there was nothing in the language of section 40 to empower the Central Government either expressly or by necessary implication, to make a rule retroactively, the Central Government would be acting in excess of its power if it gave retrospective effect to any rule. The underlying principle is that unlike Sovereign Legislature which has power to enact laws with retrospective operation, authority vested with the power of making subordinate legislation has to act within the limits of its power and cannot transgress the same. The initial difference between subordinate legislation and the statute laws lies in the fact that a subordinate law making body is bound by the terms of its delegated or derived authority and that court of law, as a general rule, will not give effect to the rules, thus made, unless satisfied that all the conditions precedent to the validity of 81 the rules have been fulfilled (see Craies on Statute Law,p. 297 Sixth Edition).
9. The learned Solicitor General has not been able to refer to anything in section 40 from which power of the Central Government to make retrospective rules may be inferred. In the absence of any such power, the Central Government, in our view, acted in excess of its power in so far as it gave retrospective effect to the Explanation to rule-49. The Explanation, in our opinion, could not operate retrospectively and would be effective for the future from the, date it was added in February 1960.
10. In the case of Cannapore Spinning and Weaving Mills Ltd. v. Collector of Customs and Central Excise, Cochin and Ors.(1) this Court dealt with an explanation which had been added by the Central Government in purported exercise of the power vested under the Central Excise and Salt Act,1944. Question arose (1) [1970] 2 S.C.R.
830 901 whether the explanation had a retrospective effect. The Court referred in this context to the rule making power of the Central Government under the aforesaid Act and observed: "Dr.Seiyed Muhammad, learned Counsel for the department did not support the impugned demand on the basis of the retrospective effect purported to have been given to the explanation referred to earlier by the notifi- cation dated February 16,1963 (Exh.P-12) for obvious reasons. The rule making authority had not been vested with the power under the Central Excise and Salt Act to make rules with retrospective effect. Therefore the retrospective effect purported to be given under Exh. P-12 was beyond the powers of the rule making authority."
11. In the case of The Income Tax Officer, Alleppy v. M. C. Ponnoose and Others etc.(1) this Court dealt with a notification dated August 14, 1963 which empowered the revenue officials, including the Tehsildar, to exercise the powers of a tax recovery officer under the Income Tax Act, 1961 in respect of arrears. The notification was given retrospective effect. Question which arose for determination was whether the State Government could invest the Tehsildar with such powers retrospectively. Answering this question in the negative, this Court observed :
"The Parliament can delegate its legislative 82 power within the recognised limits. Where any rule or regulation is made by any person or authority to whom such powers have been delegated by the Legislature it may or may not be possible to make the same so as to give re- trospective operation. It will depend on the language employed in the statutory provision which may in express terms or by necessary implication empower the authority concerned to make a rule or regulation with retrospective effect. But where no such language is to be found it has been held by the courts that the persons or authority exercising subordinate legislative functions cannot make a rule, regulation or bye-law which can operate with retrospective effect."
Reference was made in the above cited case to an earlier decision of this Court in B. S. Vadera etc. v. Union of India & Others(2) wherein it had been observed with reference to rules framed under the proviso to article 309 of the Constitution that those rules, could be made with retrospective operation. Yadera's case was distinguished on the ground that the view expressed therein was based upon the language employed in the proviso to article 309 that any rules so made shall have effect subject to the provisions of any such Act. It was also observed : "As the Legislature can legislate prospectively as well as retrospectively there can be hardly any justification for saying that the President or the Governor should not be able to make rules in the same manner so as to give them prospective as well as retrospective operation. For these reasons the ambit and content of the rule making power under article 309 can furnish no analogy or parallel to the present case."
12. We are, therefore, of the opinion that the Explanation added to rule 49 in the present case cannot be given retrospective operation." In State of Haryana v. Anil Pesticides Limited, (2010) 12 SCC 606 , the Apex Court has also considered the question of subordinate or delegated legislation with retrospective effect and it has been reiterated that a right whether vested or accrued, 83 cannot be taken away by subordinate or delegated legislation. The Apex Court has laid down thus:
"9. Accepting the said plea of the dealer, this Court in Mahabir Vegetable Oils (P) Ltd. v. State of Haryana held that aforeextracted Note 2 could not be given retrospective effect. It was observed thus: (SCC p.633. Para 44) "44. By reason of Note 2, certain rights were conferred. Although there lies a distinction between vested rights and accrued rights as by reason of a delegated legislation, a right cannot be taken away. The amendments carried out in 1996, as also the subsequent amendments made prior to 2001, could not, thus, have taken away the rights of the appellant with retrospective effect."
In Collector of Central Excise v. M/s Ashoka Mills Ltd., AIR 1990 SC 33 , the Apex Court also considered the question of applicability of duty on yarn for which notification was issued on 24.7.1972. It was held that it cannot be retrospectively applied to the yarn which had been authorizedly removed from the spindles for captive consumption prior to that date. The Apex Court has laid down thus:
11. We may also point out that the best that can be said for the department is that the system of compounded levy ceased only on 24.7.1972. This means that the normal rules will become applicable. But the normal duty on yarn, effective from 24.7.72, cannot be retrospectively applied to the yarn which had been authorisedly removed from the spindles for captive consumption prior to that date. The fact that the clearance of the fabrics made of such yarn was, after 24.7.72 would be irrelevant in computing such normal duty for yarn. There is no principle or statutory language that compels an assessee to be deprived of the concessional rate that has been made available to it, under a special procedure, in respect of the yarn produced by it and utilised for captive consumption."84
The Apex Court in M/s Reliance Jute and Industries Ltd. v. Commissioner of Income Tax, AIR 1980 SC 251 , has held that it is a cardinal principle of the tax law that the law to be applied is that in force in the assessment year unless otherwise provided expressly or by necessary implication.
Reliance has been placed upon a decision by the learned counsel appearing on behalf of the respondents in Commissioner of Wealth Tax v. M/s Shravan Kumar Swarup, JR 1994(6) SC 446 , in which the mode of valuation of house property was prescribed for ascertaining the wealth under the Wealth Tax Act, 1957. The Apex Court held that the mode of valuation of house property wholly or mainly used for residential purposes for ascertaining the net wealth under the wealth tax act 1957 is essentially a rule of evidence. Rule 1BB was merely procedural and was attracted to all pending cases. However, there is no dispute with the aforesaid proposition that procedural/machinery provision can be applied retrospectively but not the charging provision.
One of the essential ingredients as to tax rate itself is until & unless the rate is specified, merely enabling provision providing for tax to be charged as per the notification, it could not be said that the rate was fixed by the State Government after the provision was enacted. Thus, in the absence of very foundation of 85 the charging provision to fix the rate retrospectively, the subordinate legislation could not have been made with retrospective effect. A bare reading of Section 16 of the Finance Act, 2008, quoted above, makes it clear that there is no provision to fix either expressly or by necessary implication, the rate of cess retrospectively. The State Govt. could not have fixed the enhanced rate of cess retrospectively. Upto December, the rate of cess which was realized as per the previous notification dt.25.2.2008 was Rs.35/- per tonne of the mineral dispatched. Thereafter, the notification was issued on 23.1.2009 enhancing the environment and health cess retrospectively with effect from 1.4.2008 at the rate of Rs.500/-, which could not have been done.
On behalf of the respondents, reliance was placed on a decision of the Apex Court in Bhim Singh v. Union of India, (2010) 5 SCC 538 to contend that while making judicial review of the State legislation, the court should be slow to interfere and viability or veracity of a scheme or law has to be decided by the legislature and not by the court. Judicial review is maintainable only on issues of vires or unconstitutionality of a scheme or law.
In the instant case, the question involved is of competence of the subordinate legislation to impose the rate of cess (tax) with retrospective effect, which could not have been done, unless the main legislature itself 86 has authorized it expressly or by necessary implication. Thus, the aforesaid ratio counters the submission raised by the respondents as to viability or veracity of the Scheme or law. Applying the aforesaid decision, we are of the view that the court can make interference in such a matter and it is not viability or veracity of the Scheme, which is involved in the instant case but the question is as to the competence to make subordinate legislation with retrospective effect without statutory authorization.
The respondents have relied upon the case of Khyerbari Tea Col. Ltd. v. State of Assam, AIR 1964 SC 925 , wherein the Apex Court has laid down that recovery can be validated by enacting specific legislation. It is not the question involved in the instant case. The legislature has not validated the recovery in the instant case. Infact, the Legislature has not authorized the recovery with retrospective effect and, therefore, the rate of cess could not have been revised with retrospective effect on rock phosphate.
The Apex Court in the case of Commissioner of Income Tax v. Bazpur Cooperative Sugar Factory Ltd., (1988) 3 SCC 553 has laid down thus:
13. In the light of the decisions discussed earlier, it appears to us that the respondent society had no authority in law to amend bye-law 50 with retrospective effect as it purported to do. We have already pointed out the power of the society to amend its bye-laws arises from the provisions of Rule 11 of the United Provinces Co-operative Societies Rules, 1936, which rule 87 has been made under the powers conferred by Section 43 of the United Provinces Co-operative Societies Act, 1912. There is nothing expressly or impliedly in Rule 11 which confers any power on the society to amend its bye-laws with retrospective effect and in the absence of any such power being conferred, either expressly or by implication, it cannot be said that the society had any power to amend its bye-laws with retrospective effect. Mr.Manchanda, learned counsel for the respondent-society placed strong reliance on the decision of this Court in Dr.Indramani Pyarelal Gupta v. W.R. Nathu and Others, [1963] 1 S.C.R. p. 721 where it was held that the substituted bye-law 52AA of the East India Cotton Association made by the Central Government in exercise of the power conferred upon it under Section 12 of the Forward Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1952 and which, very shortly stated, conferred power on the Forward Markets Commission, after notifying with the Chairman of the Board of the East India Cotton Association, to close hedge contracts in the eventualities mentioned in the said rule was not invalid in law or ultra vires the Constitution. On a proper construction, the amended or substituted bye-law applied not only to contracts to be entered into futute but also to subsisting contracts. This Court pointed out that, in that case, the power to make bye- laws so as to affect the rights in subsisting contracts followed as a necessary implication from the terms of Section 11 of the Forward Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1952. In the case before us, however, there is nothing in Section 43 of the U.P.Co-operative Societies Act, 1912 or Rule 11 of the United Provinces Co-operative Societies Rules, 1936 to indicate that there is any power, express or by implied, in a co-operative society registered under that Act to make bye-laws with retrospective effect in respect of its business.
14. In view of the above discussion, in our view, the amendment of bye-law 50 of the
respondent society cannot have any retrospective effect and the amounts deducted from the amounts payable to members for the supply of sugarcane, will have to be dealt with as if they were deducted under the provisions of bye-law 50 as it stood in the relevant accounting period."
The essential components of a particular concept of tax have to be inter related having nexus with each 88 other. Measure or value to which rate is applied, until & unless the rate is specified, it could not be said that charging provision has prescribed the rate of Rs.500/-, in the instant case, Section 16 of the Finance Act, 2008 is the charging section, which authorizes the State Government to levy and collect environment and health cess on mineral rights in respect of such minerals, while issuing the notification from time to time prescribing such rates as it may deem fit. The power could have been exercised time to time but not with retrospective effect.
Resultantly, we find that Section 16 of the Finance Act, 2008 with provisions contained in Chapter VII of the Finance Act, 2008 and the Rules of 2008 framed thereunder, cannot be said to be ultravires the competence of the State legislature. However, with respect to the notification dt.23.1.2009 amending the earlier notification dt.25.2.2008 with retrospective effect from 1.4.2008 with regard to cess on Rock Phosphate, so far as it prescribes the rate of cess of Rs.500/- per tonne on Rock Phosphate, such rate can be realized prospectively under the said notification and not with retrospective effect.
All the writ petitions stand disposed-of as aforesaid.
(ALOK SHARMA), J. (ARUN MISHRA), CJ RANKAWAT JK, PS


For a great tutorial on using the new Modernizr.load() functionality, check out our brand new documentation. In the future we’ll add a great tutorial for general use of Modernizr here.
{% endblock %}
{% block content_secondary %}
{% include 'modernizr/community.html' %}
{% include 'modernizr/latest-news.html' %}
{% endblock %}


Application Webpage for the Open Source Fortune Telling app. With a backend built on google app engine.
Check it out!
Read more about google app engine here: Google Cloud
Read more about me here!
FTeller Github Page
Try the app!


Identifies a class as being a surrogate class.
Surrogate classes are used in place of other classes during serialization.
For example, you may want to use a surrogate class to change the names or order of bean properties on a bean.
This interface has no methods to implement.
It's simply used by the framework to identify the class as a surrogate class when specified as a swap.
The following is an example of a surrogate class change changes a property name:
public class MySurrogate implements Surrogate {
// Public constructor that wraps the normal object during serialization.
public MySurrogate(NormalClass o) {...}
// Public no-arg constructor using during parsing.
// Not required if only used during serializing.
public MySurrogate() {...}
// Public method that converts surrogate back into normal object during parsing.
// The method name can be anything (e.g. "build", "create", etc...).
// Not required if only used during serializing.
public NormalClass unswap() {...}
}
Surrogate classes are associated with serializers and parsers using the BeanContextBuilder.pojoSwaps(Class...)
method.
JsonSerializer s = JsonSerializer
.create()
.pojoSwaps(MySurrogate.class)
.build();
JsonParser p = JsonParser
.create()
.pojoSwaps(MySurrogate.class)
.build();
Surrogates can also be associated using the
@Swap
annotation.
@Swap(MySurrogate.class)
public class NormalClass {...}
On a side note, a surrogate class is functionally equivalent to the following PojoSwap
implementation:
public class MySurrogate extends PojoSwap<NormalClass,MySurrogate> {
public MySurrogate swap(NormalClass o) throws SerializeException {
return new MySurrogate(o);
}
public NormalClass unswap(MySurrogate o, ClassMeta<?> hint) throws ParseException {
return o.unswap();
}
}
See Also:


ITCHING EARS
WHEN the ears are red and itch, it is a sign that some one is talking of the suffering individual. If it is the left ear, they are being scandalised; if the right ear, they are being praised.
Often have I heard, when the lower and middle class people have been indulging in some gossip of their neighbours or friends, "I 'II bet how their ears do itch."


EBD - Easton Bible DIctionary
Hammon
HAMMON
"HAMMON "warm springs. (1.) A town in the tribe of Asher, near Zidon(
Joshua 19:28
), identified with ‘Ain Hamul.
(2.) A Levitical city of Naphtali (
1 Chronicles 6:76
).
"HAMMON "warm springs. (1.) A town in the tribe of Asher, near Zidon(Joshua 19:28), identified with ‘Ain Hamul.
(2.) A Levitical city of Naphtali (1 Chronicles 6:76).


What's the time difference of UK and Australia and when does I'm A Celeb film?
Unless you’ve been hiding underneath a rock, you can’t have failed to notice that I’m A Celebrity is back on our screens for its 2019 series.
The show kicked off on Sunday night, with the likes of Caitlyn Jenner, Nadine Coyle, Roman Kemp and Kate Garraway getting to grips with jungle life, via some candid conversations and predictably unpleasant Bushtucker trials.
The show is on every night for the next few weeks – and as you might have noticed features a mix of pre-recorded highlights from the last 24 hours in camp, along with live inserts from Ant and Dec.
But while we get to see it at 9pm every night, just what time is it in Australia when it’s filmed?
Here’s what you need to know…
What is the time difference between the UK and Australia?
Advertisement Advertisement
The time difference between the UK and Australia is 10 hours, with Australia being ahead of the UK rather than behind.
That means that it’s already tomorrow morning down under by the time the show goes on air at 9pm.
The clock onscreen during the live elements of the show makes this fairly obvious – as it’s normally just after 7am when Ant and Dec preview what we can expect from that night’s instalment.
In other words, it’s a pretty early start all round there.
What time do they film in the I’m A Celebrity jungle?
There’s no given time as to when I’m A Celebrity is filmed, as the show features highlights from camp throughout the day and night.
However much of the action is filmed during the day and evening in Australia, meaning that the goings-on you see onscreen will have happened overnight or in the evening UK time.
It also means that the results of Bushtucker trial votes and elimination votes are revealed to the camp first thing in the morning, although it’s not clear exactly how long the celebs have between finding out they have been chosen for a trial and actually doing it.
Advertisement Advertisement
Where is I’m A Celebrity filmed?
The show is filmed inside the Springbrook National Park in Murwillumbah, New South Wales.
The series has been filmed there since its second series back in 2003, with the first having been shot in Cairns, Queensland.
While viewers might only see the camp, the bridges, and Ant and Dec’s studio, there’s a whole HQ out there, which also includes an on-site medical facility, a space for props storage and an area for friends and family of the celebs to gather on the morning of each eviction.
I’m A Celebrity continues on ITV on Tuesday night at 9pm.
Got a showbiz story?
If you've got a story, video or pictures get in touch with the Metro.co.uk Entertainment team by emailing us<EMAIL_ADDRESS>calling 020 3615 2145 or by visiting our Submit Stuff page - we'd love to hear from you.


This is a template showcasing the optional theme stylesheet included in Bootstrap. Use it as a starting point to create something more unique by building on or modifying it.
Learn more


--- title: Do the work every day. date: '2015-05-17T08:05:31+05:30' tags: - misc tumblr_url: https://sureshshanmugam.com/post/119156127735/what-i-usually-recommend-get-up-early-get-up ---
—Austin KleonWhat I usually recommend: get up early. Get up early and work for a couple hours on the thing you really care about. When you’re done, go about your day: go to school, go to your job, make your family breakfast, whatever.  And you know you’ll get to do it tomorrow morning, as long as you make it through today.
Do the work every day. Fill the boxes on your calendar. Don’t break the chain.


Julia Lee is a fourth year student at UCSD. She majors in Cognitive Science specializing Human Computer Interaction, and has a minor in Computer Science.


A selection of the best streaming radio in London Ontario, Canada.
FM 96 (CFPL FM) is a rock radio station based in London, Ontario Canada, playing only the best in yesterdays and today's rock music.
103.1 Fresh FM (CFHK FM) is a hot AC radio station based in London, Ontario Canada.
Bob FM, the station that plays what we want, when we want to!
Virgin radio plays all teh Top 40, Hip-hop, Rap and Dance to keep you in the groove all day long !
All the world class classic rock you remember, and even some you forgot!


{% load static %}
Graph Neural Network for Atom Mapping in Chemical Reaction
Graph Neural Network for Atom Mapping in Chemical Reaction
Demo
Space of Reactions


--- comments: true title: Play a game to solve global issues date: '2010-04-07T10:23+11:00' originalUrl: http://brendangraetz.wordpress.com/2010/04/07/play-a-game-to-solve-global-issues/ dateurlsOverride: /2010/04/07/play-a-game-to-solve-global-issues/ tags: [game, global, issues, news] ---
Came across this new game called Evoke, whose objective is to expose players to various global causes and issues* through a fun medium. Quite smart, using MMO-style skill points and in-game rewards to promote what would otherwise be a rather bland message- and it comes as a comic to boot.
Play | How to play | About
* food security, energy, water security, disaster relief, poverty, pandemic, education, human rights
A sample comic from one of the episodes:


Storing models
sqlalchemy_mutable.model_shell.Query
class sqlalchemy_mutable.model_shell.Query(scoped_session) [source]
Query attribute in database model. Models which have a query
attribute
will be unshelled automatically when stored and recovered in a Mutable
object. See the setup code.
| Parameters: | scoped_session : sqlalchemy.orm.scoping.scoped_session
Current scoped session. |
|---|---|
| Attributes: | scoped_session : sqlalchemy.orm.scoping.scoped_session
Set from the |
sqlalchemy_mutable.model_shell.ModelShell
class sqlalchemy_mutable.model_shell.ModelShell(model) [source]
The ModelShell
stores (shells) and recovers (unshells) database
models in Mutable
objects and MutableType
columns.
| Parameters: | model : sqlalchemy.ext.declarative.api.Base
Database model to store. |
|---|---|
| Attributes: | id : usually int or str
Identity of the model. model_class : classClass of the stored model. |
Notes
- The model must have an identity before it is shelled. i.e you must add it to the session and commit or flush it.
- Models are unshelled to make comparisons the
__eq__
comparison.
Examples
Make sure you have run the setup code.
from sqlalchemy_mutable.model_shell import ModelShell
model = MyModel()
session.add(model)
session.commit()
shell = ModelShell(model)
shell.unshell()
Out:
<__main__.MyModel at 0x7f6bd9936c50>
Methods
unshell(self) [source]
Recover (unshell) a model.
| Returns: | model or (model_class, id) :
If the original model has a |
|---|


Accoutrement-Scale Changelog
6.0.0 - 04/03/18
- BREAKING: Remove all non-essential default sizes
- BUGFIX: Add
convert-units
to local (pre-captured) functions - NEW:
negative
function can be used withcalc()
values, returningcalc(-1 * (<value>))
- NEW:
$functions
map allows you to name/capture first-class functions in the latest versions of Sass, and call them by name in the$sizes
map - NEW:
add-sizes
&add-ratios
functions can be used to merge partial maps into the global$sizes
/$ratios
maps
5.0.2 - 12/13/17
- BUGFIX: Fix implicit division in map values
5.0.1 - 09/13/17
- BUGFIX:
negative
andsquare
functions handle units properly
5.0.0 - 09/13/17
- BREAKING:
$from-context
defaults to ‘root’ when available - BUGFIX: Browser-em math requires
$from-context
- NEW: Allow
size()
function to accept additional arguments (e.g.$from-context
and$to-context
) for unit-conversion. - NEW: Allow
convert-units
function to accept named sizes for all length values.
4.0.2 - 09/13/17
- Recompile styleguide documentation.
4.0.1 - 09/13/17
- Publish missing styleguide documentation.
4.0.0 - 09/12/17
Same as 4.0.0-alpha-1 - 09/06/17
- BREAKING: Remove overly-opinionated baseline type tools
including
font-size
andbaseline
mixins. These settings are more clear when established explicitly in CSS - BREAKING: Rename
scale()
=>ratio()
to avoid conflicts with CSS - BREAKING: Remove stand-alone
browser-ems()
function… - NEW: Allow
browser-ems
as a$to-unit
argument in thecontert-units()
function. - NEW: Add (private)
pow()
functions, so that MathSass is no longer a dependency for non-integer steps
3.2.0 - 08/23/17
- NEW: Rename private
_get-ratio()
to publicscale()
for consistent access to ratios with map-key references.
3.1.1 - 05/27/17
- BUGFIX: Resolve problems with referencing
calc()
values
3.1.0 - 05/20/17
- Allow
calc()
values in scale maps - Add
calc(%s + %s) ('root', 'rhythm')
syntax for building custom calc functions based on other map values - Support single-argument adjustment functions
by passing
null
to the arglist, e.g.'size-name': 10rem / 3 ('round': null)
- Include basic math functions:
add
/plus
,minus
/subtract
,times
/multiply
, anddivide
– for use in scale maps, e.g.'new-size': 'size1' ('add': 'size2')
- Fix
safe-get-function
to expect first-class functions from external sources, and get local ones
3.0.0 - 03/08/17
- BREAKING: Don’t convert units unless specifically requested. This allows you to define preferred units per-item in the configuration map.
- BREAKING: Remove
$default-units
setting. See above. - Allow arbitrary adjustment functions
in the
$sizes
map, e.g.'my-size': 24px ('add': 12px)
, whereadd
is an available function that will accept24px, 12px
as arguments. - Support first-class functions in Sass 3.5.


PKCS12_PBE_keyivgen, PKCS12_PBE_keyivgen_ex, PKCS12_pbe_crypt, PKCS12_pbe_crypt_ex - PKCS#12 Password based encryption
#include <openssl/evp.h>
int PKCS12_PBE_keyivgen(EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx, const char *pass, int passlen,
ASN1_TYPE *param, const EVP_CIPHER *cipher,
const EVP_MD *md_type, int en_de);
int PKCS12_PBE_keyivgen_ex(EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx, const char *pass, int passlen,
ASN1_TYPE *param, const EVP_CIPHER *cipher,
const EVP_MD *md_type, int en_de,
OSSL_LIB_CTX *libctx, const char *propq);
unsigned char *PKCS12_pbe_crypt(const X509_ALGOR *algor,
const char *pass, int passlen,
const unsigned char *in, int inlen,
unsigned char **data, int *datalen,
int en_de);
unsigned char *PKCS12_pbe_crypt_ex(const X509_ALGOR *algor,
const char *pass, int passlen,
const unsigned char *in, int inlen,
unsigned char **data, int *datalen,
int en_de, OSSL_LIB_CTX *libctx,
const char *propq);
PKCS12_PBE_keyivgen() and PKCS12_PBE_keyivgen_ex() take a password pass of length passlen, parameters param and a message digest function md_type and perform a key derivation according to PKCS#12. The resulting key is then used to initialise the cipher context ctx with a cipher cipher for encryption (en_de=1) or decryption (en_de=0).
PKCS12_PBE_keyivgen_ex() also allows the application to specify a library context libctx and property query propq to select appropriate algorithm implementations.
PKCS12_pbe_crypt() and PKCS12_pbe_crypt_ex() will encrypt or decrypt a buffer based on the algorithm in algor and password pass of length passlen. The input is from in of length inlen and output is into a malloc'd buffer returned in *data of length datalen. The operation is determined by en_de, encryption (en_de=1) or decryption (en_de=0).
PKCS12_pbe_crypt_ex() allows the application to specify a library context libctx and property query propq to select appropriate algorithm implementations.
pass is the password used in the derivation of length passlen. pass is an optional parameter and can be NULL. If passlen is -1, then the function will calculate the length of pass using strlen().
salt is the salt used in the derivation of length saltlen. If the salt is NULL, then saltlen must be 0. The function will not attempt to calculate the length of the salt because it is not assumed to be NULL terminated.
iter is the iteration count and its value should be greater than or equal to 1. RFC 2898 suggests an iteration count of at least 1000. Any iter less than 1 is treated as a single iteration.
digest is the message digest function used in the derivation.
Functions ending in _ex() take optional parameters libctx and propq which are used to select appropriate algorithm implementations.
The functions are typically used in PKCS#12 to encrypt objects.
These functions make no assumption regarding the given password. It will simply be treated as a byte sequence.
PKCS12_PBE_keyivgen(), PKCS12_PBE_keyivgen_ex() return 1 on success or 0 on error.
PKCS12_pbe_crypt() and PKCS12_pbe_crypt_ex() return a buffer containing the output or NULL if an error occurred.
IETF RFC 7292 (https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7292)
EVP_PBE_CipherInit_ex(3), PKCS8_encrypt_ex(3), passphrase-encoding(7)
PKCS12_PBE_keyivgen_ex() and PKCS12_pbe_crypt_ex() were added in OpenSSL 3.0.
Copyright 2014-2021 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
Licensed under the Apache License 2.0 (the "License"). You may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy in the file LICENSE in the source distribution or at https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html.


{% extends "template.html" %} {% block content %}
1Pronounciation
We ran a speech recognition algorithm on your recording and compared the recognized text with the sentence that you wanted to practice. This is what we found:
Original sentence:
{% for word in correct_list %} {% if word in wrong_correct %} {{ word }} {% else %} {{ word }} {% endif %} {% endfor %}
Your sentence:
{% for word in user_list %} {% if word in wrong_user %} {{ word }} {% else %} {{ word }} {% endif %} {% endfor %}
Congratulations! You did very well on the pronounciation part of the exercise and pronouced all the words clearly and correctly!
You have pronounced more than a half of the words correctly! Try practicing pronoucing the words clearly a little bit more and you will do great.
You've got a lot of words off but don't worry, it's just the beginning of your journey! Try practicing pronoucing the words correctly more and you will see the progress.
2Pacing
Congratulations! You pronounced the words with correct pace and you spoke naturally without significant breaks!
Your speeking was good, however, you made some significant breaks while pronoucing the sentence. Here are the times of your breaks:
Prectice makes perfect! Try decreasing the breaks between the words.


Methods
- byte
- bytes
- exabyte
- exabytes
- gigabyte
- gigabytes
- kilobyte
- kilobytes
- megabyte
- megabytes
- petabyte
- petabytes
- terabyte
- terabytes
Constants
| KILOBYTE | = | 1024 |
| MEGABYTE | = | KILOBYTE * 1024 |
| GIGABYTE | = | MEGABYTE * 1024 |
| TERABYTE | = | GIGABYTE * 1024 |
| PETABYTE | = | TERABYTE * 1024 |
| EXABYTE | = | PETABYTE * 1024 |
Public Instance methods
Alias for bytes
This method is also aliased as
byte
[ show source ]
# File vendor/rails/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/bytes.rb, line 13 13: def bytes 14: self 15: end
Alias for exabytes
This method is also aliased as
exabyte
[ show source ]
# File vendor/rails/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/bytes.rb, line 43 43: def exabytes 44: self * EXABYTE 45: end
Alias for gigabytes
This method is also aliased as
gigabyte
[ show source ]
# File vendor/rails/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/bytes.rb, line 28 28: def gigabytes 29: self * GIGABYTE 30: end
Alias for kilobytes
This method is also aliased as
kilobyte
[ show source ]
# File vendor/rails/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/bytes.rb, line 18 18: def kilobytes 19: self * KILOBYTE 20: end
Alias for megabytes
This method is also aliased as
megabyte
[ show source ]
# File vendor/rails/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/bytes.rb, line 23 23: def megabytes 24: self * MEGABYTE 25: end
Alias for petabytes
This method is also aliased as
petabyte
[ show source ]
# File vendor/rails/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/bytes.rb, line 38 38: def petabytes 39: self * PETABYTE 40: end
Alias for terabytes
This method is also aliased as
terabyte
[ show source ]
# File vendor/rails/activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/numeric/bytes.rb, line 33 33: def terabytes 34: self * TERABYTE 35: end


rotten
>
Library
>
History
>
Third Reich
> Lidice
Lidice
Town eradicated on orders of
Adolf Hitler
after his favorite,
Reinhard Heydrich
, was
Assassinated
.
Pornopolis
|
Rotten
|
Faces of Death
|
Famous Nudes


2008.7.28 interview notes
I'll call my friend M. M. Is a 3D animator working for a gaming company, so his editing needs are somewhat different than the average videographer or editor. His duties include producing high-quality stills and shorts for promotional purposes, as well as in-game cinematics (ICG). Most of his sequences are pre-rendered, and brought in as sequenced images. In general, the sequences are rendered to their finished length and only occasionally are the sequences trimmed down.
After lunch with M, he showed me how he performed simple editing tasks in Adobe Premiere. He discussed how Premiere differed from its alternatives. For comparison he also performed similar tasks in After Effects. He commented that Premiere doesn't focus on individual frames. After Effects is much more focused on frame-accurate editing and keyframing. M. said that he actually preferred using After Effects for most editing tasks. He also showed me how Maya handles animation through two separate interfaces: the dope sheet, and the graph. The dope sheet hearkens back to traditional 2D animation as a means of timing lip movements to speech sounds. The property graph directly displays the mathematics of a property as they change over time.
M.s Comments
- When moving one source affects all the sources after it, this is called a “ripple edit”.
- The project's framerate and resolution are completely determined by the output media. Usually, the editor [person] knows in advance what their output format is. Changing these settings is not usually done, and when it is, a loss in quality is expected.
- FCP tries to provide direct manipulation of more abstract editing concepts, and high degree of immediate feedback, which is what people like about it. It gets the job done, but things don't seem to feel as tactile or immediate.(*)
- M. claims to have an intuitive feel for “numbers”, meaning numeric property values. When he sets a key-frame value on a cross-fade, for example, he has a fairly good idea of what 35% means.
- It's rare that an editor would first move the play-head position to a point in the timeline that they wanted to see, and then make a cut or an edit.
My Observations
- Premiere didn't render effects or transitions in real time even on a powerful machine.
- Premiere doesn't allow sources to overlap each other in the timeline. Dropping one source onto another causes the new source to be spliced into the existing one. There's no easy way to rejoin the source, though you can always stretch the existing source back to its original length.
- Applying a time stretch in premiere was somewhat difficult. In after effects, the time remapping feature made complicated frame-rate manipulations a fairly straightforward keyframing process.
M's Suggestions for PiTiVi
- When moving a source, the viewer should show the frame before the source cuts in, rather than the play-head position
- When trimming a source, the viewer window should show the start point in that source, rather than where the play-head position.
- Put as much functionality directly in the timeline as possible, as it's often easier to manipulate.*
(*) Statements marked with an asterisk are speculations about other user's preferences, and should be taken with a grain of salt.
The results of the search are


class InternalVars
extends java.lang.Object
| Modifier and Type | Field and Description |
|---|---|
(package private) Term[] |
binding
The binding that unifies the head of a method or an operator with the
task being achieved.
|
(package private) java.util.Vector[] |
delAdd
An array of size 4 to store the atoms and protections that are being
deleted or added to the current state of the world as a result of
application of an operator, to be used in case of a backtrack over that
operator.
|
(package private) java.util.Iterator<TaskList> |
e
The iterator iterating over the
LinkedList of the tasks
that we have the option to achieve right now. |
(package private) boolean |
found
Whether or not at least one satisfier has been found for the current
branch of the current method.
|
(package private) int |
j
The index of the method or operator being considered.
|
(package private) int |
k
The index of the branch of the current method being considered.
|
(package private) Method[] |
m
An array of methods that can achieve the compound task being
considered.
|
(package private) Term[] |
nextB
Next binding that satisfies the precondition of the current method or
operator.
|
(package private) Operator[] |
o
An array of operators that can achieve the primitive task being
considered.
|
(package private) Precondition |
p
An iterator over the bindings that can satisfy the precondition of the
current method or operator.
|
(package private) TaskAtom |
t
The task atom chosen to be achieved next.
|
(package private) java.util.LinkedList<TaskList> |
t0
A
LinkedList of the task atoms we have the option to
achieve right now. |
(package private) TaskList |
tl
The atomic task list that represents, in the task network, the task
atom that has been chosen to be achieved next.
|
| Constructor and Description |
|---|
InternalVars() |
Term[] binding
java.util.Vector[] delAdd
java.util.Iterator<TaskList> e
LinkedList
of the tasks
that we have the option to achieve right now.boolean found
true
,
further branches of the method will not be considered.int j
int k
Method[] m
Term[] nextB
Operator[] o
Precondition p
TaskAtom t
java.util.LinkedList<TaskList> t0
LinkedList
of the task atoms we have the option to
achieve right now.TaskList tl


#1
I cannot forget how excited I was to finally have excess to computer and Internet. It was the moment that my mom showed me some flash animation. It took ages to get loading, and I cannot even use Internet when someone is using phone, but I was so excited that I can search the episode, instead of waiting for the exact time when it is broadcasting. However it was also very annoying when the loading was almost done and someone called. The whole effort of waiting was gone and had to start all over. Just like that.
Before you go, did you know…
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#2
I remember that my mom didn't want me to use computer. She thought it will spoil me.So when I was using computer, I had to use secretly without my mom knowing. My cat "Luno" tended to walk around the keyboard. Suddenly he jumped on to the keyboard andsome weird pornography poped up. And that moment my mom came in and I was in big trouble.

OK
#3
When I got in to middle school, I had more chance to use computer. However she only let me use in when I do some school work or study. I had to make excuse to answer some messages from my friends through messenger. It was Korean version of "Myspace". So I told my mom that I had things for school to print out. At that time printer took much longer than these days. I bought like extra time to use Internet for myself.
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#4
Very first moment I learned about New York was via Internet. My dad told me that my uncle is living in USA and when I researched it, Voila! That is the moment that that I meet "Carrie Bradshaw". From that day I always dreamt about living in New York City. However when I first get to New York, I was little bit disappointed cause it smelled so bad. Too bad that Internet cannot deliver smell.
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Heya, welcome to my blog. My core values are self-improvement, work ethic and family which I’ll elaborate on whilst adding to this blog over the span of me attending to Dev Academy! The first core value being self-improvement, I think there’s multiple ways to interpret what self improvement means and other people will have different views to what that means. In my opinion, self-improvement is the sense of being the best person I know I can be and bettering myself in anyway possible whether it be knowledge or just treating others better on a daily basis. These are the things I find most important in life and know that it’ll help me through whatever career I choose to take down the line. Second core value: Work ethic! Similar to the first value of mine, I believe that maintaining a good work ethic and working my hardest in every situation is key to (also being the best I can be) feeling productive and good about myself whenever completing given tasks or even tasks I’ve given myself. It also shows others around me that I am capable of doing what I am told, and that I am not afraid to give something a shot whether I’m familiar with it or not. And finally the third core value would be family, which is because family and friends are what have shaped me into the person I am today, and give me the most valuable reason to work hard and show me a representation of what to strive for everyday. I’ve never really had an experience where I’ve been trying to work with others and there’s been tension or resistance, I’ve found that working my hardest helps others also want to work hard. My strengths that will help with my learning journey is how persistent I am. Even through the first sprint I’ve been stuck a few times and came back multiple times to try solve whatever’s been interrupting my flow.


|
||||||||||
| PREV CLASS NEXT CLASS | FRAMES NO FRAMES | |||||||||
| SUMMARY: NESTED | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD | DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD |
public interface NamespaceContext
Resolves namespace prefixes to namespace URIs.
The prefixes used within an XPath expression are independent of those used within any target document. When evaluating an XPath against a document, only the resolved namespace URIs are compared, not their prefixes.
A NamespaceContext
is responsible for
translating prefixes as they appear in XPath expressions
into URIs for comparison. A document's prefixes are
resolved internal to the document based upon its own
namespace nodes.
Implementations of this interface should implement Serializable
.
BaseXPath
,
Navigator.getElementNamespaceUri(java.lang.Object)
,
Navigator.getAttributeNamespaceUri(java.lang.Object)
| Method Summary | |
|---|---|
String |
translateNamespacePrefixToUri(String prefix)
Translate the provided namespace prefix into the matching bound namespace URI. |
| Method Detail |
|---|
String translateNamespacePrefixToUri(String prefix)
In XPath, there is no such thing as a 'default namespace'. The empty prefix always resolves to the empty namespace URI. This method should return null for the empty prefix. Similarly, the prefix "xml" always resolves to the URI "http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace".
prefix
- the namespace prefix to resolve
|
||||||||||
| PREV CLASS NEXT CLASS | FRAMES NO FRAMES | |||||||||
| SUMMARY: NESTED | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD | DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD |


FROM THE DESK OF:MIKE DANA WILL DIRECTOR,INTERNATIONAL REMITTANCE FOREIGN OPERATIONS DEPT, UNION BANK OF NIGERIA PLC, LAGOS-NIGERIA.  MEANWHILE,A WOMAN CAME TO MY OFFICE FEW DAYS AGO WITH A LETTER,CLAIMING TO BE YOUR TRUE REPRESENTATIVE. HERE ARE HER INFORMATIONS: NAME JANET WHITE BANK NAME: CITI BANK,YORK. BANK ADDRESS: NEW YORK, USA. ACCOUNT Number:<PHONE_NUMBER>.    CONGRATULATIONS IN ADVANCE. BEST REGARDS, MIKE DANA WILL DIRECTOR, INTERNATIONAL REMITTANCE FOREIGN OPERATIONS DEPT, UNION BANK OF NIGERIA PLC, LAGOS-NIGERIA.


 This depends on what plants you grow and the characteristics of your soil. Soils vary by type (sandy, silty, clay, loamy), percent of organic matter, pH, salt levels, and amounts of major and minor nutrients in the soil. The plants you choose to grow also have specific needs. Fertilizers should not be considered a fix for soil problems but as a supplement to an already healthy soil.
The first step is to know your soil: the soil type, pH, and nutrients present. This information can be obtained by having a sample of your soil tested in a soil testing lab. Soil tests may be requested through Utah State University and soil testing kits are available at your local Cooperative Extension office. The test results will give you an accurate indication of your soil type and pH, along with fertilizer recommendations.
Plants require many nutrients for good health, all of which are present in the soil to varying degrees. The three major plant nutrients are nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Nitrogen is water-soluble and leaches through the soil quickly, so it needs to be applied more frequently than other nutrients. Phosphorus and potassium move through the soil much more slowly. Many existing landscapes may already have adequate amounts of phosphorus and potassium due to years of fertilizer application. Minor nutrients include iron, magnesium, manganese, calcium, zinc, sulfur, and boron. These nutrients are usually present in sufficient amounts but some may be unavailable for plant use due to high pH levels.
pH is the measure of a soil's acidity. Most garden plants prefer a pH of 6 - 7.5, though some plants prefer more acid conditions (lower pH). The pH of Utah soils is generally above 7, which is alkaline. Some plant species show signs of minor nutrient deficiencies in high pH soils. Iron chlorosis is the most common minor nutrient deficiency. The primary symptom is interveinal chlorosis, or yellow leaves with dark green veins. This can be treated by applying iron to the soil in the form of iron chelates, or by adding sulfur products, which temporarily lower soil pH and therefore make soil iron more available to plants. However, these are only temporary remedies, so the best solution to nutrient deficiencies, including iron, is to plant alkaline-tolerant plants.
Fertilizers may be classified as organic or inorganic (synthetic). Synthetic fertilizers are often less expensive, take effect more quickly and contain a higher percentage of nutrients. Organic fertilizers, on the other hand, release nutrients over a longer period of time and rarely burn plants since the percentage of nutrients is low. Organic fertilizers also improve soil structure and increase microbial activity. Soil amendments like compost and manure not only provide nutrients, but also build a healthy soil. An annual application of good quality compost may provide all the nutrients your plants need.
Fertilizers, other than some soil amendments sold in bulk, always list the nutrients they contain on their packaging. The major nutrients are listed in the following format: Nitrogen(N)-Phosphorus(P )-Potassium(K). For example, a 20-10-10 fertilizer contains 20% nitrogen, 10% phosphorus, and 10% potassium. Minor nutrients are also indicated, if present.
Fertilizers should be applied before sowing or transplanting. Bulky organic fertilizers such as compost or manure, should be applied well ahead of planting (fall or early spring), to allow time for initial decomposition. Nitrogen can be applied at or after planting time. Established beds should be fertilized in fall or spring before new growth occurs.


If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head. If you talk to him in his language, that goes to his heart.
Using over one million tweets from Spanish speaking Twitter users in South America I aim to analyze in depth the linguistic differences in the region. I approach this project from a Spanish linguistic perspective and use my background in computer science to create an interactive and analytical project. With the rise of massive amounts of easily accessible data, linguistics is shifting from a social science to a data science. I am intrigued by this concept, and this project is an exploration into how computational techniques can be applied to visualize how language is being used. I aim to build upon past research done in Spanish linguistics to provide a unique perspective of the language variation in South America.
View ThesisEl español es un idioma expansivo que incluye a varios paises con formas distintas de hablar. Responde a las siguentes preguntas para descubrir a qué país hablas más similar.


TradeX Documentation
General Information
This documentation covers the TradeX software functions, and tries to be as thorough as possible. If there is something you cannot
find in this manual, please check the knowledge base first. If you still cannot find
an answer to your question, please use the support forum for assistance. If you do
find any errors or inconsistencies in the documentation, please let me know so they can be corrected.
If you have just had TradeX installed for the first time, please see the First Steps section of this manual first. It will help get you started using TradeX and will guide you through the first things you need to do.
If you have just had TradeX installed for the first time, please see the First Steps section of this manual first. It will help get you started using TradeX and will guide you through the first things you need to do.
Table of Contents
- Installation
- Stats Tracking
- Trades
- Stats
- Toplists
- Network
- Templates
- Tools
- Settings
- End User Interface
- Using Cron to Automate Functions
- "Powered By TradeX" Link Removal


| # | Employer | Location | Supervisor | Position | Action |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| {{$index +1}} | {{employer.company}} | {{employer.location}} | {{employer.supervisor}} | {{employer.position}} |
|
Are you sure that you want to delete employer '{{getSelected()}}'?


Trump on Trial
If you like to think:
- Play on a laptop.
- Play on Android.
- Browse credits and code.
Android file not opening
Not opening?
Not installing is a bummer.
Here's a workaround:
Go to the app menu.
Find your Downloads.
Find "Trump on Trial".
Tap this APK.
I read an Android web browser
doesn't have permission.
Changing install settings
is linked here.


{% if not craft.config.devMode %} {% endif %}
Missing content! Make sure your template has a content block.


var button1 = new DigitalIn(); // set up a digital input with pin 2 on unit 1 button1.setup(1, 2); // get the present button state button1.whenGetValue = function(value) { alert("button state is " + (value==0 ? "ON" : "OFF")); }; button1.getValue(); // start a monitor to detect the button state changing button1.whenUpdateValue = function(value) { document.getElementById("status").innerHTML = "button state is changed to " + (value==0 ? "ON" : "OFF"); }; button1.startMonitor();
var button2 = new DigitalIn(); // set up a digital input with pin 3 on unit 1 // and enable a de-bouncing filter button2.setup( 1, // unit 1 3, // pin 3 DigitalInResistor.EXTERNAL, // a pull-down or pull-up resistor is required in the circuit 5, // filter level 5 2000 // sampling interval is 2000 microseconds ); // get the present button state button2.whenGetValue = function(value) { alert("button state is " + (value==1 ? "ON" : "OFF")); }; button2.getValue(); // start a monitor to detect the button state changing button2.whenUpdateValue = function(value) { document.getElementById("status").innerHTML = "button state is changed to " + (value==1 ? "ON" : "OFF"); }; button2.startMonitor();
Pull-up or Pull-down Resistor
An optional parameter resistor can be set for the digital input initialization.
DigitalInResistor.INTERNAL_PULLUP the default mode is for enabling and using built-in pull-up resistor inside the MCU chip.
DigitalInResistor.EXTERNAL is for using an external pull-up or pull-down resistor connected in the circuit.
In this experiment, a pull-down resistor is connected between the input signal pin and GND, In this case, the parameter resistor must be set to DigitalInResistor.EXTERNAL.
With using pull-down resistor, the value of the digital input signal is 1 (high voltage level) when the button state is ON, and the value is 0 (low voltage level) when the button state is OFF. With using pull-up resistor, the value of the digital input signal is 0 (low voltage level) when the button state is ON, and the value is 1 (high voltage level) when the button state is OFF.
Also see the first experiment again, no external pull-up or pull-down resistor connected in the circuit, but instead a built-in pull-up resistor has been enabled in the MCU chip by calling the setup program with DigitalInResistor.INTERNAL_PULLUP (default mode). Therefore the input value 0 is for button state ON, and the input value 1 is for button state OFF.
Using Filter
In order to obtain digital input value of the steady state, the filter should be enabled.
In our experiment, when the button is just pressed and not completely pressed, it often generates a very rapid sequence of on and off signals that is called bouncing. the filter is the routine against the bouncing when detect button state transitions.
Two optional setup parameters filter level and sampling interval need be set for the digital input filter. filter level is the continued sampling times for a steady state readout in one test cycle, and sampling interval is the interval time in microseconds between each sampling. A steady digital input value will be read in success as long as all test sampling value are same in one test cycle.
DigitalIn
setup(unit, pin, resistor, filterLevel, samplingInterval)
initialize a digital input object with a specified pin on a specified unit.
parameter resistor is the configuration for using external or internal pull-up/pull-down resistor. info
filterLevel and samplingInterval is optional parameters to enable a filter of the digital input. info
return value: true if successful, otherwise false.
getValue()
request to get the present state of the digital input signal,
an event callback whenGetValue() will be received later.
return value: the input signal value, number 0 or number 1
startMonitor()
start a monitor to detect the digital input state changing
return value: true if successful, otherwise false.
stopMonitor()
stop the monitor to detect the digital input state changing
return value: true if successful, otherwise false.
Return Value Note:
The function will return a value when your h5control program uses waitRsp mode, but no return value when uses nowaitRsp mode.
whenSetup(done)
receive the callback when setup done. parameter done is true if successful or false otherwise.
whenGetValue(value)
receive the callback to get the present digital input value after called function getValue().
whenStartMonitor()
receive the callback to confirm the monitor is started after called function startMonitor().
whenStopMonitor()
receive the callback to confirm the monitor is stopped after called function startMonitor().
whenUpdateValue(value)
receive the callback when the digital input value is changed after started the monitor.
DigitalInResistor
EXTERNAL
uses an external pull-up or pull-down resistor for digital input
INTERNAL_PULLUP
uses the internal pull-up resistor for digital input
INTERNAL_PULLDOWN
uses the internal pull-down resistor for digital input (no implementation in Arduino)


I've put together a simple slide to prove I can. This slide is generated using org mode in emacs, exported to reveal.js.
I wanted to include a 'Hello World' code snippet for Clojure.
(defn hello-world [name] (println "Hello," name))
This slide has a link to my Github Account
This slide has an image of Spock.
Chris Howe-Jones
Email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Twitter: @agile_geek