The idea is simple: Add a loading bar / progress bar whenever an XHR request goes out in angular. Multiple requests within the same time period get bundled together such that each response increments the progress bar by the appropriate amount.
This is mostly cool because you simply include it in your app, and it works. There’s no complicated setup, and no need to maintain the state of the loading bar; it’s all handled automatically by the interceptor.
Requirements: AngularJS 1.2+
File Size: 2.4Kb minified, 0.5Kb gzipped
include the loading bar as a dependency for your app. If you want animations, include ngAnimate
as well. note: ngAnimate is optional
js
angular.module('myApp', ['angular-loading-bar', 'ngAnimate'])
$ bower install angular-loading-bar
#### via npm:
$ npm install angular-loading-bar
There are a couple projects similar to this out there, but none were ideal for me. All implementations I’ve seen require that you maintain state on behalf of the loading bar. In other words, you’re setting the value of the loading/progress bar manually from potentially many different locations. This becomes complicated when you have a very large application with several services all making independant XHR requests. It becomes even more complicated if you want these services to be loosly coupled.
Additionally, Angular was created as a highly testable framework, so it pains me to see Angular modules without tests. That is not the case here as this loading bar ships with 100% code coverage.
Goals for this project:
The insertion of the spinner can be controlled through configuration. It’s on by default, but if you’d like to turn it off, simply configure the service:
js
angular.module('myApp', ['angular-loading-bar'])
.config(['cfpLoadingBarProvider', function(cfpLoadingBarProvider) {
cfpLoadingBarProvider.includeSpinner = false;
}])
Like the spinner configuration above, the loading bar can also be turned off for cases where you only want the spinner:
js
angular.module('myApp', ['angular-loading-bar'])
.config(['cfpLoadingBarProvider', function(cfpLoadingBarProvider) {
cfpLoadingBarProvider.includeBar = false;
}])
By default, the loading bar will only display after it has been waiting for a response for over 100ms. This helps keep things feeling snappy, and avoids the annoyingness of showing a loading bar every few seconds on really chatty applications. This threshold is totally configurable:
js
angular.module('myApp', ['angular-loading-bar'])
.config(['cfpLoadingBarProvider', function(cfpLoadingBarProvider) {
cfpLoadingBarProvider.latencyThreshold = 500;
}])
The loading bar can also be forced to ignore certain requests, for example, when long-polling or periodically sending debugging information back to the server.
```js // ignore particular $http requests: $http.get(‘/status’, { ignoreLoadingBar: true });
```
```js // ignore particular $resource requests: .factory(‘Restaurant’, function($resource) { return $resource(‘/api/restaurant/:id’, {id: ‘@id’}, { query: { method: ‘GET’, isArray: true, ignoreLoadingBar: true } }); });
```
This library is split into two modules, an $http interceptor
, and a service
:
Interceptor
The interceptor simply listens for all outgoing XHR requests, and then instructs the loadingBar service to start, stop, and increment accordingly. There is no public API for the interceptor. It can be used stand-alone by including cfp.loadingBarInterceptor
as a dependency for your module.
Service
The service is responsible for the presentation of the loading bar. It injects the loading bar into the DOM, adjusts the width whenever set()
is called, and complete()
s the whole show by removing the loading bar from the DOM.
Under normal circumstances you won’t need to use this. However, if you wish to use the loading bar without the interceptor, you can do that as well. Simply include the loading bar service as a dependency instead of the main angular-loading-bar
module:
js
angular.module('myApp', ['cfp.loadingBar'])
```js
cfpLoadingBar.start();
// will insert the loading bar into the DOM, and display its progress at 1%.
// It will automatically call inc()
repeatedly to give the illusion that the page load is progressing.
cfpLoadingBar.inc(); // increments the loading bar by a random amount. // It is important to note that the auto incrementing will begin to slow down as // the progress increases. This is to prevent the loading bar from appearing // completed (or almost complete) before the XHR request has responded.
cfpLoadingBar.set(0.3) // Set the loading bar to 30% cfpLoadingBar.status() // Returns the loading bar’s progress. // -> 0.3
cfpLoadingBar.complete() // Set the loading bar’s progress to 100%, and then remove it from the DOM.
```
The loading bar broadcasts the following events over $rootScope allowing further customization:
cfpLoadingBar:loading
triggered upon each XHR request that is not already cached
cfpLoadingBar:loaded
triggered each time an XHR request recieves a response (either successful or error)
cfpLoadingBar:started
triggered once upon the first XHR request. Will trigger again if another request goes out after cfpLoadingBar:completed
has triggered.
cfpLoadingBar:completed
triggered once when the all XHR requests have returned (either successfully or not)
Credit goes to rstacruz for his excellent nProgress.
Licensed under the MIT license


All samples are using Ink.requireModules
, please read how to use it at Ink.requireModules section
| Method name | Description |
|---|---|
| new Dropdown(trigger, options) | Constructor |
| .dismiss([callHandler]) | Closes the dropdown. |
| .open([callHandler]) | Opens the dropdown |
trigger
Trigger Elementoptions
Options Objectoptions.target
Target of the dropdown action. By default, dropdown will try to find an element with the `.dropdown-menu` class.options.hoverOpen
The number of seconds you need to hover with the mouse before the dropdown opens.options.dismissOnInsideClick
falseWhether to dismiss the dropdown when there's a click inside.options.dismissOnOutsideClick
trueWhether to dismiss the dropdown when there's a click outside.options.dismissAfter
When the mouse moves away from the dropdown, wait for `dismissAfter` seconds and only then dismiss.options.onInsideClick
Called when there's a click inside the dropdown.options.onOutsideClick
Called when there's a click outside the dropdown.options.onOpen
Called when the dropdown is opened.options.onDismiss
Called when the dropdown is dismissed.Closes the dropdown.
callHandler
falseWhether to call the onDismiss handlerOpens the dropdown
callHandler
falsecall onOpen handler


The new {full_lang} {project} numbers are in!
{#examples}{@first}{title} came in at #1, with {views_short} views{?streak_min}, continuing its {streak_len}-day streak on the chart ({view_trend|s}{view_delta} views since yesterday){/streak_min}.
{/first}{/examples}


Our friendly team of UK based experts provide IT support services around the clock for 120+ clients.
We’re a Microsoft partner and hold industry certifications, such as Cyber Essentials & ISO 27001.
Winners of the coveted Feefo Gold Trusted Service Award for our exceptional customer service in 2019 & 2020.


YUIDoc uses Handlebars.js to render its templates. For easy customization, YUIDoc's default templates provide a specific set of file overrides.
Directories
The default theme consists of assets/
, layouts/
and partials/
directories,
along with a theme.json
file that describes theme-related variables,
such as the JS and CSS to load.
themes/ default/ assets/ //Project assets, css, js layouts/ *.handlebars //Handlebars files for layouts partials/ *.handlebars //Handlebars files for partials theme.json //JSON file with theme variables
Layouts
A YUIDoc template has two primary layout files: main.handlebars
and xhr.handlebars
.
main |
Provides a complete wrapper around every rendered page.
main.handlebars includes the full HTML header and footer markup, CSS, and JS
for every YUIDoc API page.
|
|---|---|
xhr |
Provides a smaller layout for the built-in doc server to use when requesting an individual page via XHR.
This enables the browser to refresh just the content pane and avoid loading the complete markup for the entire page.
The xhr template enables YUIDoc to progressively enhance the API documentation in an efficient manner.
|
Partials
For each section of the layout that derives from parsed YUIDoc comment data, YUIDoc provides a Handlebars partial.
index |
Renders the main index content. |
|---|---|
sidebar |
Renders the tabview containing the lists of classes and modules. |
options |
Renders the filter options at the top of the page, which enable the user to hide and show private methods, inherited methods, and so on. |
attrs |
Renders documentation for an individual YUI Attribute. |
classes |
Renders documentation for an individual class. |
events |
Renders documentation for an individual event. |
files |
Renders the API's source files. |
method |
Renders documentation for an individual method. |
module |
Renders documentation for an individual module. |
props |
Renders documentation for an individual property. |
Overriding a Partial/Layout
YUIDoc's --themedir
option specifies a directory containing
layouts and partials that override the default theme. For example:
$ yuidoc --themedir ./mytheme
causes YUIDoc to inspect the directory ./mytheme
for template overrides.
If this directory contains an override such as ./mytheme/partials/method.handlebars
,
YUI will parse its internal templates first, then apply the custom method.handlebars
partial.
If a theme has no explicit override for a given template file,
YUIDoc simply falls back to using the default layout or partial.


| au | "The astronomical unit (au) is defined by the IAU as exactly 149,597,870,700 m."
| H | "An asteroid’s absolute magnitude (H) is the visual magnitude an observer would record if the asteroid were placed 1 au away, and 1 au from the Sun and at a zero phase angle."


The people who get on in this world are the people who get up and look for circumstances they want, and if they cannot find them, make them. Bernara Shaw
The people who get on in this world are the people who get up and look for circumstances they want, and if they cannot find them, make them.


This inspection reports any instances of Groovy octal integer literals. Some coding standards prohibit the use of octal literals, as they may be easily confused with decimal literals.
Powered by InspectorGroovy


To lower the barrier to entry to learn about and perform DNS rebinding attacks, I’ve open sourced:
A “malicious” DNS server called
whonow
A front-end JavaScript library called
DNS rebind toolkit
DNS-Rebinding-Server


{% extends "layout.html" %} {% block page_title %} Confirmation page example {% endblock %} {% block content %} Eligibility check result Eligibility cannot be confirmed The Department for Work and Pensions could not match these details to a person Do another check {% endblock %}
The Department for Work and Pensions could not match these details to a person


Capra 4bit Computer Emulator
@ 2018 capra314cabra
Hexadecimal
Program As Text
Get
Set
The Throughput
50
One Frame
20
C
D
E
F
8
9
A
B
4
5
6
7
0
1
2
3


%- include ('partials/head.html')%>
<%= title %>
<%- include ('partials/navigation.html')%>
Recargar
<%- include ('partials/footer.html')%>


|
| Local Properties | ||
| Managed Object Types | Data Object Types | All Properties | All Methods |
Properties
| Name | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| aliasManager* P | ManagedObjectReference
to a GuestAliasManager |
A managed object that provides methods to support single sign-on
in the guest operating system.
Since vSphere API 6.0 |
| authManager* P | ManagedObjectReference
to a GuestAuthManager |
A singleton managed object that provides methods for guest authentication
operations.
|
| fileManager* P | ManagedObjectReference
to a GuestFileManager |
A singleton managed object that provides methods for guest file
operations.
|
| guestWindowsRegistryManager* P | ManagedObjectReference
to a GuestWindowsRegistryManager |
A singleton managed object that provides methods for guest windows registry
operations.
Since vSphere API 6.0 |
| processManager* P | ManagedObjectReference
to a GuestProcessManager |
A singleton managed object that provides methods for guest process
operations.
|
Methods
| Methods defined in this Managed Object |
|---|
| None |
| Top of page | Local Properties | ||
| Managed Object Types | Data Object Types | All Properties | All Methods |


An example of a 3D Line chart. This is not a natively supported type of Line chart but can be created with some pretty straight-forward code (which you can see below). There's a fair amount of the code - but none of it is particularly hard-to-understand.
This example has 3 datasets showing sales information over the period of one month.
<script src="RGraph.common.core.js"></script> <script src="RGraph.line.js"></script>Put this where you want the chart to show up:
<div style="text-align: center"> <canvas id="cvs" width="450" height="250">[No canvas support]</canvas> </div>This is the code that generates the chart - it should be placed AFTER the canvas tag(s):


Prototype(s) d’une commande
Contents
Prototype(s) d’une commande#
Une commande réalise une tâche (trier, sélectionner, ouvrir, aligner des reads,…).
Elle dispose d’un certain nombre d’arguments qui peuvent être facultatifs et qui peuvent modifier son mode de fonctionnement.
Les noms des arguments ne sont pas standardisés
Ces arguments peuvent ou non prendre des valeurs.
De manière générale une instruction dans le terminal commence toujours par le nom d’une commande
Dans le premier exemple ci-dessous on dira ‘moins v’.
# Exemple d'argument sans valeur associée
# v pouvant signifier verbose, version (ou autre suivant la commande).
module load fastqc
fastqc -v # quelle est la version du logiciel fastqc sur ce serveur ?
FastQC v0.11.9
# Exemple de commande avec une valeur choisie par l'utilisateur
cd /shared/projects/form_2022_32/
# Exemple d'argument avec valeur associée
tree -L 1 # Afficher sous forme d’arbre l’arborescence sur un niveaux
.
├── atelier_variant
├── chipseq
├── cours
├── coursLinux
├── data
├── SingleCellRNASeq
├── TP_croisement
└── untitled.md
7 directories, 1 file
De manière générale, Ies arguments peuvent être utilisés sous leurs formes courtes ou sous leurs formes longues (plus explicites/lisibles mais plus longues à taper…).
Les formes longues sont généralement précédées de deux tirets (dans l’exemple ci dessous on dira ‘moins-moins help)
# Demander de l'aide (help) sur fastqc avec l'argument -h
fastqc -h
FastQC - A high throughput sequence QC analysis tool
SYNOPSIS
fastqc seqfile1 seqfile2 .. seqfileN
fastqc [-o output dir] [--(no)extract] [-f fastq|bam|sam]
[-c contaminant file] seqfile1 .. seqfileN
DESCRIPTION
FastQC reads a set of sequence files and produces from each one a quality
control report consisting of a number of different modules, each one of
which will help to identify a different potential type of problem in your
data.
If no files to process are specified on the command line then the program
will start as an interactive graphical application. If files are provided
on the command line then the program will run with no user interaction
required. In this mode it is suitable for inclusion into a standardised
analysis pipeline.
The options for the program as as follows:
-h --help Print this help file and exit
-v --version Print the version of the program and exit
-o --outdir Create all output files in the specified output directory.
Please note that this directory must exist as the program
will not create it. If this option is not set then the
output file for each sequence file is created in the same
directory as the sequence file which was processed.
--casava Files come from raw casava output. Files in the same sample
group (differing only by the group number) will be analysed
as a set rather than individually. Sequences with the filter
flag set in the header will be excluded from the analysis.
Files must have the same names given to them by casava
(including being gzipped and ending with .gz) otherwise they
won't be grouped together correctly.
--nano Files come from nanopore sequences and are in fast5 format. In
this mode you can pass in directories to process and the program
will take in all fast5 files within those directories and produce
a single output file from the sequences found in all files.
--nofilter If running with --casava then don't remove read flagged by
casava as poor quality when performing the QC analysis.
--extract If set then the zipped output file will be uncompressed in
the same directory after it has been created. By default
this option will be set if fastqc is run in non-interactive
mode.
-j --java Provides the full path to the java binary you want to use to
launch fastqc. If not supplied then java is assumed to be in
your path.
--noextract Do not uncompress the output file after creating it. You
should set this option if you do not wish to uncompress
the output when running in non-interactive mode.
--nogroup Disable grouping of bases for reads >50bp. All reports will
show data for every base in the read. WARNING: Using this
option will cause fastqc to crash and burn if you use it on
really long reads, and your plots may end up a ridiculous size.
You have been warned!
--min_length Sets an artificial lower limit on the length of the sequence
to be shown in the report. As long as you set this to a value
greater or equal to your longest read length then this will be
the sequence length used to create your read groups. This can
be useful for making directly comaparable statistics from
datasets with somewhat variable read lengths.
-f --format Bypasses the normal sequence file format detection and
forces the program to use the specified format. Valid
formats are bam,sam,bam_mapped,sam_mapped and fastq
-t --threads Specifies the number of files which can be processed
simultaneously. Each thread will be allocated 250MB of
memory so you shouldn't run more threads than your
available memory will cope with, and not more than
6 threads on a 32 bit machine
-c Specifies a non-default file which contains the list of
--contaminants contaminants to screen overrepresented sequences against.
The file must contain sets of named contaminants in the
form name[tab]sequence. Lines prefixed with a hash will
be ignored.
-a Specifies a non-default file which contains the list of
--adapters adapter sequences which will be explicity searched against
the library. The file must contain sets of named adapters
in the form name[tab]sequence. Lines prefixed with a hash
will be ignored.
-l Specifies a non-default file which contains a set of criteria
--limits which will be used to determine the warn/error limits for the
various modules. This file can also be used to selectively
remove some modules from the output all together. The format
needs to mirror the default limits.txt file found in the
Configuration folder.
-k --kmers Specifies the length of Kmer to look for in the Kmer content
module. Specified Kmer length must be between 2 and 10. Default
length is 7 if not specified.
-q --quiet Supress all progress messages on stdout and only report errors.
-d --dir Selects a directory to be used for temporary files written when
generating report images. Defaults to system temp directory if
not specified.
BUGS
Any bugs in fastqc should be reported either to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>or in www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/bugzilla/
# La commande précédente est équivalente mais un peu plus lisible
fastqc --help
FastQC - A high throughput sequence QC analysis tool
SYNOPSIS
fastqc seqfile1 seqfile2 .. seqfileN
fastqc [-o output dir] [--(no)extract] [-f fastq|bam|sam]
[-c contaminant file] seqfile1 .. seqfileN
DESCRIPTION
FastQC reads a set of sequence files and produces from each one a quality
control report consisting of a number of different modules, each one of
which will help to identify a different potential type of problem in your
data.
If no files to process are specified on the command line then the program
will start as an interactive graphical application. If files are provided
on the command line then the program will run with no user interaction
required. In this mode it is suitable for inclusion into a standardised
analysis pipeline.
The options for the program as as follows:
-h --help Print this help file and exit
-v --version Print the version of the program and exit
-o --outdir Create all output files in the specified output directory.
Please note that this directory must exist as the program
will not create it. If this option is not set then the
output file for each sequence file is created in the same
directory as the sequence file which was processed.
--casava Files come from raw casava output. Files in the same sample
group (differing only by the group number) will be analysed
as a set rather than individually. Sequences with the filter
flag set in the header will be excluded from the analysis.
Files must have the same names given to them by casava
(including being gzipped and ending with .gz) otherwise they
won't be grouped together correctly.
--nano Files come from nanopore sequences and are in fast5 format. In
this mode you can pass in directories to process and the program
will take in all fast5 files within those directories and produce
a single output file from the sequences found in all files.
--nofilter If running with --casava then don't remove read flagged by
casava as poor quality when performing the QC analysis.
--extract If set then the zipped output file will be uncompressed in
the same directory after it has been created. By default
this option will be set if fastqc is run in non-interactive
mode.
-j --java Provides the full path to the java binary you want to use to
launch fastqc. If not supplied then java is assumed to be in
your path.
--noextract Do not uncompress the output file after creating it. You
should set this option if you do not wish to uncompress
the output when running in non-interactive mode.
--nogroup Disable grouping of bases for reads >50bp. All reports will
show data for every base in the read. WARNING: Using this
option will cause fastqc to crash and burn if you use it on
really long reads, and your plots may end up a ridiculous size.
You have been warned!
--min_length Sets an artificial lower limit on the length of the sequence
to be shown in the report. As long as you set this to a value
greater or equal to your longest read length then this will be
the sequence length used to create your read groups. This can
be useful for making directly comaparable statistics from
datasets with somewhat variable read lengths.
-f --format Bypasses the normal sequence file format detection and
forces the program to use the specified format. Valid
formats are bam,sam,bam_mapped,sam_mapped and fastq
-t --threads Specifies the number of files which can be processed
simultaneously. Each thread will be allocated 250MB of
memory so you shouldn't run more threads than your
available memory will cope with, and not more than
6 threads on a 32 bit machine
-c Specifies a non-default file which contains the list of
--contaminants contaminants to screen overrepresented sequences against.
The file must contain sets of named contaminants in the
form name[tab]sequence. Lines prefixed with a hash will
be ignored.
-a Specifies a non-default file which contains the list of
--adapters adapter sequences which will be explicity searched against
the library. The file must contain sets of named adapters
in the form name[tab]sequence. Lines prefixed with a hash
will be ignored.
-l Specifies a non-default file which contains a set of criteria
--limits which will be used to determine the warn/error limits for the
various modules. This file can also be used to selectively
remove some modules from the output all together. The format
needs to mirror the default limits.txt file found in the
Configuration folder.
-k --kmers Specifies the length of Kmer to look for in the Kmer content
module. Specified Kmer length must be between 2 and 10. Default
length is 7 if not specified.
-q --quiet Supress all progress messages on stdout and only report errors.
-d --dir Selects a directory to be used for temporary files written when
generating report images. Defaults to system temp directory if
not specified.
BUGS
Any bugs in fastqc should be reported either to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>or in www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/bugzilla/
Trouver de l’aide !#
Appeler la police, appeler son collègue, chercher sur internet ou utiliser la commande man (manuel)
# obtenir de l'aide sur la commande ls
man ls
LS(1) User Commands LS(1)
NNAAMMEE
ls - list directory contents
SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS
llss [_O_P_T_I_O_N]... [_F_I_L_E]...
DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN
List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).
Sort entries alphabetically if none of --ccffttuuvvSSUUXX nor ----ssoorrtt is speci‐
fied.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options
too.
--aa, ----aallll
do not ignore entries starting with .
--AA, ----aallmmoosstt--aallll
do not list implied . and ..
----aauutthhoorr
with --ll, print the author of each file
--bb, ----eessccaappee
print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters
----bblloocckk--ssiizzee=_S_I_Z_E
scale sizes by SIZE before printing them; e.g., '--block-size=M'
prints sizes in units of 1,048,576 bytes; see SIZE format below
--BB, ----iiggnnoorree--bbaacckkuuppss
do not list implied entries ending with ~
--cc with --lltt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of
file status information); with --ll: show ctime and sort by name;
otherwise: sort by ctime, newest first
--CC list entries by columns
----ccoolloorr[=_W_H_E_N]
colorize the output; WHEN can be 'never', 'auto', or 'always'
(the default); more info below
--dd, ----ddiirreeccttoorryy
list directories themselves, not their contents
--DD, ----ddiirreedd
generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode
--ff do not sort, enable --aaUU, disable --llss ----ccoolloorr
--FF, ----ccllaassssiiffyy
append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries
----ffiillee--ttyyppee
likewise, except do not append '*'
----ffoorrmmaatt=_W_O_R_D
across --xx, commas --mm, horizontal --xx, long --ll, single-column --11,
verbose --ll, vertical --CC
----ffuullll--ttiimmee
like --ll ----ttiimmee--ssttyyllee=_f_u_l_l_-_i_s_o
--gg like --ll, but do not list owner
----ggrroouupp--ddiirreeccttoorriieess--ffiirrsstt
group directories before files;
can be augmented with a ----ssoorrtt option, but any use of
----ssoorrtt=_n_o_n_e (--UU) disables grouping
--GG, ----nnoo--ggrroouupp
in a long listing, don't print group names
--hh, ----hhuummaann--rreeaaddaabbllee
with --ll, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)
----ssii likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
--HH, ----ddeerreeffeerreennccee--ccoommmmaanndd--lliinnee
follow symbolic links listed on the command line
----ddeerreeffeerreennccee--ccoommmmaanndd--lliinnee--ssyymmlliinnkk--ttoo--ddiirr
follow each command line symbolic link
that points to a directory
----hhiiddee=_P_A_T_T_E_R_N
do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden
by --aa or --AA)
----iinnddiiccaattoorr--ssttyyllee=_W_O_R_D
append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default),
slash (--pp), file-type (----ffiillee--ttyyppee), classify (--FF)
--ii, ----iinnooddee
print the index number of each file
--II, ----iiggnnoorree=_P_A_T_T_E_R_N
do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
--kk, ----kkiibbiibbyytteess
default to 1024-byte blocks for disk usage
--ll use a long listing format
--LL, ----ddeerreeffeerreennccee
when showing file information for a symbolic link, show informa‐
tion for the file the link references rather than for the link
itself
--mm fill width with a comma separated list of entries
--nn, ----nnuummeerriicc--uuiidd--ggiidd
like --ll, but list numeric user and group IDs
--NN, ----lliitteerraall
print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters spe‐
cially)
--oo like --ll, but do not list group information
--pp, ----iinnddiiccaattoorr--ssttyyllee=_s_l_a_s_h
append / indicator to directories
--qq, ----hhiiddee--ccoonnttrrooll--cchhaarrss
print ? instead of nongraphic characters
----sshhooww--ccoonnttrrooll--cchhaarrss
show nongraphic characters as-is (the default, unless program is
'ls' and output is a terminal)
--QQ, ----qquuoottee--nnaammee
enclose entry names in double quotes
----qquuoottiinngg--ssttyyllee=_W_O_R_D
use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell,
shell-always, c, escape
--rr, ----rreevveerrssee
reverse order while sorting
--RR, ----rreeccuurrssiivvee
list subdirectories recursively
--ss, ----ssiizzee
print the allocated size of each file, in blocks
--SS sort by file size
----ssoorrtt=_W_O_R_D
sort by WORD instead of name: none (--UU), size (--SS), time (--tt),
version (--vv), extension (--XX)
----ttiimmee=_W_O_R_D
with --ll, show time as WORD instead of default modification time:
atime or access or use (--uu) ctime or status (--cc); also use spec‐
ified time as sort key if ----ssoorrtt=_t_i_m_e
----ttiimmee--ssttyyllee=_S_T_Y_L_E
with --ll, show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso,
locale, or +FORMAT; FORMAT is interpreted like in 'date'; if
FORMAT is FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2, then FORMAT1 applies to
non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is pre‐
fixed with 'posix-', STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX
locale
--tt sort by modification time, newest first
--TT, ----ttaabbssiizzee=_C_O_L_S
assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8
--uu with --lltt: sort by, and show, access time; with --ll: show access
time and sort by name; otherwise: sort by access time
--UU do not sort; list entries in directory order
--vv natural sort of (version) numbers within text
--ww, ----wwiiddtthh=_C_O_L_S
assume screen width instead of current value
--xx list entries by lines instead of by columns
--XX sort alphabetically by entry extension
--11 list one file per line
SELinux options:
----llccoonntteexxtt
Display security context. Enable --ll. Lines will probably be
too wide for most displays.
--ZZ, ----ccoonntteexxtt
Display security context so it fits on most displays. Displays
only mode, user, group, security context and file name.
----ssccoonntteexxtt
Display only security context and file name.
----hheellpp display this help and exit
----vveerrssiioonn
output version information and exit
SIZE is an integer and optional unit (example: 10M is 10*1024*1024).
Units are K, M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y (powers of 1024) or KB, MB, ... (pow‐
ers of 1000).
Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default and
with ----ccoolloorr=_n_e_v_e_r. With ----ccoolloorr=_a_u_t_o, ls emits color codes only when
standard output is connected to a terminal. The LS_COLORS environment
variable can change the settings. Use the dircolors command to set it.
EExxiitt ssttaattuuss::
0 if OK,
1 if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory),
2 if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument).
GNU coreutils online help: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
Report ls translation bugs to <http://translationproject.org/team/>
AAUUTTHHOORR
Written by Richard M. Stallman and David MacKenzie.
CCOOPPYYRRIIGGHHTT
Copyright © 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU
GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
SSEEEE AALLSSOO
The full documentation for llss is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If
the iinnffoo and llss programs are properly installed at your site, the com‐
mand
iinnffoo ccoorreeuuttiillss ''llss iinnvvooccaattiioonn''
should give you access to the complete manual.
 Each _p_a_g_e argument given to mmaann is
normally the name of a program, utility or function. The _m_a_n_u_a_l _p_a_g_e
associated with each of these arguments is then found and displayed. A
_s_e_c_t_i_o_n, if provided, will direct mmaann to look only in that _s_e_c_t_i_o_n of
the manual. The default action is to search in all of the available
_s_e_c_t_i_o_n_s, following a pre-defined order and to show only the first _p_a_g_e
found, even if _p_a_g_e exists in several _s_e_c_t_i_o_n_s.
The table below shows the _s_e_c_t_i_o_n numbers of the manual followed by the
types of pages they contain.
1 Executable programs or shell commands
2 System calls (functions provided by the kernel)
3 Library calls (functions within program libraries)
4 Special files (usually found in _/_d_e_v)
5 File formats and conventions eg _/_e_t_c_/_p_a_s_s_w_d
6 Games
7 Miscellaneous (including macro packages and conventions), e.g.
mmaann(7), ggrrooffff(7)
8 System administration commands (usually only for root)
9 Kernel routines [Non standard]
A manual _p_a_g_e consists of several sections.
Conventional section names include NNAAMMEE, SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS, CCOONNFFIIGGUURRAATTIIOONN,
DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN, OOPPTTIIOONNSS, EEXXIITT SSTTAATTUUSS, RREETTUURRNN VVAALLUUEE, EERRRROORRSS, EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT,
FFIILLEESS, VVEERRSSIIOONNSS, CCOONNFFOORRMMIINNGG TTOO, NNOOTTEESS, BBUUGGSS, EEXXAAMMPPLLEE, AAUUTTHHOORRSS, and
SSEEEE AALLSSOO.
The following conventions apply to the SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS section and can be used
as a guide in other sections.
bboolldd tteexxtt type exactly as shown.
_i_t_a_l_i_c _t_e_x_t replace with appropriate argument.
[--aabbcc] any or all arguments within [ ] are optional.
--aa|--bb options delimited by | cannot be used together.
_a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t ... _a_r_g_u_m_e_n_t is repeatable.
[_e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n] ... entire _e_x_p_r_e_s_s_i_o_n within [ ] is repeatable.
Exact rendering may vary depending on the output device. For instance,
man will usually not be able to render italics when running in a termi‐
nal, and will typically use underlined or coloured text instead.
The command or function illustration is a pattern that should match all
possible invocations. In some cases it is advisable to illustrate sev‐
eral exclusive invocations as is shown in the SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS section of this
manual page.
EEXXAAMMPPLLEESS
mmaann _l_s
Display the manual page for the _i_t_e_m (program) _l_s.
mmaann --aa _i_n_t_r_o
Display, in succession, all of the available _i_n_t_r_o manual pages
contained within the manual. It is possible to quit between suc‐
cessive displays or skip any of them.
mmaann --tt _a_l_i_a_s | _l_p_r _-_P_p_s
Format the manual page referenced by `_a_l_i_a_s', usually a shell man‐
ual page, into the default ttrrooffff or ggrrooffff format and pipe it to the
printer named _p_s. The default output for ggrrooffff is usually Post‐
Script. mmaann ----hheellpp should advise as to which processor is bound to
the --tt option.
mmaann --ll --TT_d_v_i _._/_f_o_o_._1_x_._g_z >> _._/_f_o_o_._1_x_._d_v_i
This command will decompress and format the nroff source manual
page _._/_f_o_o_._1_x_._g_z into a ddeevviiccee iinnddeeppeennddeenntt ((ddvvii)) file. The redi‐
rection is necessary as the --TT flag causes output to be directed to
ssttddoouutt with no pager. The output could be viewed with a program
such as xxddvvii or further processed into PostScript using a program
such as ddvviippss..
mmaann --kk _p_r_i_n_t_f
Search the short descriptions and manual page names for the keyword
_p_r_i_n_t_f as regular expression. Print out any matches. Equivalent
to aapprrooppooss --rr _p_r_i_n_t_f..
mmaann --ff _s_m_a_i_l
Lookup the manual pages referenced by _s_m_a_i_l and print out the short
descriptions of any found. Equivalent to wwhhaattiiss --rr _s_m_a_i_l..
OOVVEERRVVIIEEWW
Many options are available to mmaann in order to give as much flexibility
as possible to the user. Changes can be made to the search path, sec‐
tion order, output processor, and other behaviours and operations
detailed below.
If set, various environment variables are interrogated to determine the
operation of mmaann. It is possible to set the `catch all' variable
$MMAANNOOPPTT to any string in command line format with the exception that
any spaces used as part of an option's argument must be escaped (pre‐
ceded by a backslash). mmaann will parse $MMAANNOOPPTT prior to parsing its own
command line. Those options requiring an argument will be overridden
by the same options found on the command line. To reset all of the
options set in $MMAANNOOPPTT, --DD can be specified as the initial command line
option. This will allow man to `forget' about the options specified in
$MMAANNOOPPTT although they must still have been valid.
The manual pager utilities packaged as mmaann--ddbb make extensive use of
iinnddeexx database caches. These caches contain information such as where
each manual page can be found on the filesystem and what its _w_h_a_t_i_s
(short one line description of the man page) contains, and allow mmaann to
run faster than if it had to search the filesystem each time to find
the appropriate manual page. If requested using the --uu option, mmaann
will ensure that the caches remain consistent, which can obviate the
need to manually run software to update traditional _w_h_a_t_i_s text data‐
bases.
If mmaann cannot find a mmaannddbb initiated iinnddeexx database for a particular
manual page hierarchy, it will still search for the requested manual
pages, although file globbing will be necessary to search within that
hierarchy. If wwhhaattiiss or aapprrooppooss fails to find an iinnddeexx it will try to
extract information from a traditional _w_h_a_t_i_s database instead.
These utilities support compressed source nroff files having, by
default, the extensions of ..ZZ, ..zz and ..ggzz. It is possible to deal with
any compression extension, but this information must be known at com‐
pile time. Also, by default, any cat pages produced are compressed
using ggzziipp. Each `global' manual page hierarchy such as _/_u_s_r_/_s_h_a_r_e_/_m_a_n
or _/_u_s_r_/_X_1_1_R_6_/_m_a_n may have any directory as its cat page hierarchy.
Traditionally the cat pages are stored under the same hierarchy as the
man pages, but for reasons such as those specified in the FFiillee HHiieerraarr‐‐
cchhyy SSttaannddaarrdd ((FFHHSS)), it may be better to store them elsewhere. For
details on how to do this, please read mmaannppaatthh(5). For details on why
to do this, read the standard.
International support is available with this package. Native language
manual pages are accessible (if available on your system) via use of
_l_o_c_a_l_e functions. To activate such support, it is necessary to set
either $LLCC__MMEESSSSAAGGEESS, $LLAANNGG or another system dependent environment
variable to your language locale, usually specified in the PPOOSSIIXX 11000033..11
based format:
<_l_a_n_g_u_a_g_e>[__<_t_e_r_r_i_t_o_r_y>[..<_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_-_s_e_t>[,,<_v_e_r_s_i_o_n>]]]
If the desired page is available in your _l_o_c_a_l_e, it will be displayed
in lieu of the standard (usually American English) page.
Support for international message catalogues is also featured in this
package and can be activated in the same way, again if available. If
you find that the manual pages and message catalogues supplied with
this package are not available in your native language and you would
like to supply them, please contact the maintainer who will be coordi‐
nating such activity.
For information regarding other features and extensions available with
this manual pager, please read the documents supplied with the package.
DDEEFFAAUULLTTSS
mmaann will search for the desired manual pages within the _i_n_d_e_x database
caches. If the --uu option is given, a cache consistency check is per‐
formed to ensure the databases accurately reflect the filesystem. If
this option is always given, it is not generally necessary to run mmaannddbb
after the caches are initially created, unless a cache becomes corrupt.
However, the cache consistency check can be slow on systems with many
manual pages installed, so it is not performed by default, and system
administrators may wish to run mmaannddbb every week or so to keep the data‐
base caches fresh. To forestall problems caused by outdated caches,
mmaann will fall back to file globbing if a cache lookup fails, just as it
would if no cache was present.
Once a manual page has been located, a check is performed to find out
if a relative preformatted `cat' file already exists and is newer than
the nroff file. If it does and is, this preformatted file is (usually)
decompressed and then displayed, via use of a pager. The pager can be
specified in a number of ways, or else will fall back to a default is
used (see option --PP for details). If no cat is found or is older than
the nroff file, the nroff is filtered through various programs and is
shown immediately.
If a cat file can be produced (a relative cat directory exists and has
appropriate permissions), mmaann will compress and store the cat file in
the background.
The filters are deciphered by a number of means. Firstly, the command
line option --pp or the environment variable $MMAANNRROOFFFFSSEEQQ is interrogated.
If --pp was not used and the environment variable was not set, the ini‐
tial line of the nroff file is parsed for a preprocessor string. To
contain a valid preprocessor string, the first line must resemble
''\\"" <ssttrriinngg>
where ssttrriinngg can be any combination of letters described by option --pp
below.
If none of the above methods provide any filter information, a default
set is used.
A formatting pipeline is formed from the filters and the primary for‐
matter (nnrrooffff or [ttgg]rrooffff with --tt) and executed. Alternatively, if an
executable program _m_a_n_d_b___n_f_m_t (or _m_a_n_d_b___t_f_m_t with --tt) exists in the man
tree root, it is executed instead. It gets passed the manual source
file, the preprocessor string, and optionally the device specified with
--TT or --EE as arguments.
OOPPTTIIOONNSS
Non argument options that are duplicated either on the command line, in
$MMAANNOOPPTT, or both, are not harmful. For options that require an argu‐
ment, each duplication will override the previous argument value.
GGeenneerraall ooppttiioonnss
--CC _f_i_l_e, ----ccoonnffiigg--ffiillee==_f_i_l_e
Use this user configuration file rather than the default of
_~_/_._m_a_n_p_a_t_h.
--dd, ----ddeebbuugg
Print debugging information.
--DD, ----ddeeffaauulltt
This option is normally issued as the very first option and
resets mmaann''ss behaviour to its default. Its use is to reset
those options that may have been set in $MMAANNOOPPTT. Any options
that follow --DD will have their usual effect.
----wwaarrnniinnggss[=_w_a_r_n_i_n_g_s]
Enable warnings from _g_r_o_f_f. This may be used to perform sanity
checks on the source text of manual pages. _w_a_r_n_i_n_g_s is a comma-
separated list of warning names; if it is not supplied, the
default is "mac". See the “Warnings” node in iinnffoo ggrrooffff for a
list of available warning names.
MMaaiinn mmooddeess ooff ooppeerraattiioonn
--ff, ----wwhhaattiiss
Equivalent to wwhhaattiiss. Display a short description from the man‐
ual page, if available. See wwhhaattiiss(1) for details.
--kk, ----aapprrooppooss
Equivalent to aapprrooppooss. Search the short manual page descrip‐
tions for keywords and display any matches. See aapprrooppooss(1) for
details.
--KK, ----gglloobbaall--aapprrooppooss
Search for text in all manual pages. This is a brute-force
search, and is likely to take some time; if you can, you should
specify a section to reduce the number of pages that need to be
searched. Search terms may be simple strings (the default), or
regular expressions if the ----rreeggeexx option is used.
--ll, ----llooccaall--ffiillee
Activate `local' mode. Format and display local manual files
instead of searching through the system's manual collection.
Each manual page argument will be interpreted as an nroff source
file in the correct format. No cat file is produced. If '-' is
listed as one of the arguments, input will be taken from stdin.
When this option is not used, and man fails to find the page
required, before displaying the error message, it attempts to
act as if this option was supplied, using the name as a filename
and looking for an exact match.
--ww, ----wwhheerree, ----ppaatthh, ----llooccaattiioonn
Don't actually display the manual pages, but do print the loca‐
tion(s) of the source nroff files that would be formatted.
--WW, ----wwhheerree--ccaatt, ----llooccaattiioonn--ccaatt
Don't actually display the manual pages, but do print the loca‐
tion(s) of the cat files that would be displayed. If -w and -W
are both specified, print both separated by a space.
--cc, ----ccaattmmaann
This option is not for general use and should only be used by
the ccaattmmaann program.
--RR _e_n_c_o_d_i_n_g, ----rreeccooddee=_e_n_c_o_d_i_n_g
Instead of formatting the manual page in the usual way, output
its source converted to the specified _e_n_c_o_d_i_n_g. If you already
know the encoding of the source file, you can also use mmaann‐‐
ccoonnvv(1) directly. However, this option allows you to convert
several manual pages to a single encoding without having to
explicitly state the encoding of each, provided that they were
already installed in a structure similar to a manual page hier‐
archy.
FFiinnddiinngg mmaannuuaall ppaaggeess
--LL _l_o_c_a_l_e, ----llooccaallee==_l_o_c_a_l_e
mmaann will normally determine your current locale by a call to the
C function sseettllooccaallee(3) which interrogates various environment
variables, possibly including $LLCC__MMEESSSSAAGGEESS and $LLAANNGG. To tempo‐
rarily override the determined value, use this option to supply
a _l_o_c_a_l_e string directly to mmaann. Note that it will not take
effect until the search for pages actually begins. Output such
as the help message will always be displayed in the initially
determined locale.
--mm _s_y_s_t_e_m[,...], ----ssyysstteemmss==_s_y_s_t_e_m[,...]
If this system has access to other operating system's manual
pages, they can be accessed using this option. To search for a
manual page from NewOS's manual page collection, use the option
--mm NNeewwOOSS.
The _s_y_s_t_e_m specified can be a combination of comma delimited
operating system names. To include a search of the native oper‐
ating system's manual pages, include the system name mmaann in the
argument string. This option will override the $SSYYSSTTEEMM environ‐
ment variable.
--MM _p_a_t_h, ----mmaannppaatthh==_p_a_t_h
Specify an alternate manpath to use. By default, mmaann uses mmaann‐‐
ppaatthh derived code to determine the path to search. This option
overrides the $MMAANNPPAATTHH environment variable and causes option --mm
to be ignored.
A path specified as a manpath must be the root of a manual page
hierarchy structured into sections as described in the man-db
manual (under "The manual page system"). To view manual pages
outside such hierarchies, see the --ll option.
--SS _l_i_s_t, --ss _l_i_s_t, ----sseeccttiioonnss==_l_i_s_t
List is a colon- or comma-separated list of `order specific'
manual sections to search. This option overrides the $MMAANNSSEECCTT
environment variable. (The --ss spelling is for compatibility
with System V.)
--ee _s_u_b_-_e_x_t_e_n_s_i_o_n, ----eexxtteennssiioonn==_s_u_b_-_e_x_t_e_n_s_i_o_n
Some systems incorporate large packages of manual pages, such as
those that accompany the TTccll package, into the main manual page
hierarchy. To get around the problem of having two manual pages
with the same name such as eexxiitt(3), the TTccll pages were usually
all assigned to section ll. As this is unfortunate, it is now
possible to put the pages in the correct section, and to assign
a specific `extension' to them, in this case, eexxiitt(3tcl). Under
normal operation, mmaann will display eexxiitt(3) in preference to
eexxiitt(3tcl). To negotiate this situation and to avoid having to
know which section the page you require resides in, it is now
possible to give mmaann a _s_u_b_-_e_x_t_e_n_s_i_o_n string indicating which
package the page must belong to. Using the above example, sup‐
plying the option --ee ttccll to mmaann will restrict the search to
pages having an extension of **ttccll.
--ii, ----iiggnnoorree--ccaassee
Ignore case when searching for manual pages. This is the
default.
--II, ----mmaattcchh--ccaassee
Search for manual pages case-sensitively.
----rreeggeexx
Show all pages with any part of either their names or their
descriptions matching each _p_a_g_e argument as a regular expres‐
sion, as with aapprrooppooss(1). Since there is usually no reasonable
way to pick a "best" page when searching for a regular expres‐
sion, this option implies --aa.
----wwiillddccaarrdd
Show all pages with any part of either their names or their
descriptions matching each _p_a_g_e argument using shell-style wild‐
cards, as with aapprrooppooss(1) ----wwiillddccaarrdd. The _p_a_g_e argument must
match the entire name or description, or match on word bound‐
aries in the description. Since there is usually no reasonable
way to pick a "best" page when searching for a wildcard, this
option implies --aa.
----nnaammeess--oonnllyy
If the ----rreeggeexx or ----wwiillddccaarrdd option is used, match only page
names, not page descriptions, as with wwhhaattiiss(1). Otherwise, no
effect.
--aa, ----aallll
By default, mmaann will exit after displaying the most suitable
manual page it finds. Using this option forces mmaann to display
all the manual pages with names that match the search criteria.
--uu, ----uuppddaattee
This option causes mmaann to perform an `inode level' consistency
check on its database caches to ensure that they are an accurate
representation of the filesystem. It will only have a useful
effect if mmaann is installed with the setuid bit set.
----nnoo--ssuubbppaaggeess
By default, mmaann will try to interpret pairs of manual page names
given on the command line as equivalent to a single manual page
name containing a hyphen or an underscore. This supports the
common pattern of programs that implement a number of subcom‐
mands, allowing them to provide manual pages for each that can
be accessed using similar syntax as would be used to invoke the
subcommands themselves. For example:
$ man -aw git diff
/usr/share/man/man1/git-diff.1.gz
To disable this behaviour, use the ----nnoo--ssuubbppaaggeess option.
$ man -aw --no-subpages git diff
/usr/share/man/man1/git.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man3/Git.3pm.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/diff.1.gz
CCoonnttrroolllliinngg ffoorrmmaatttteedd oouuttppuutt
--PP _p_a_g_e_r, ----ppaaggeerr==_p_a_g_e_r
Specify which output pager to use. By default, mmaann uses lleessss
--ss. This option overrides the $MMAANNPPAAGGEERR environment variable,
which in turn overrides the $PPAAGGEERR environment variable. It is
not used in conjunction with --ff or --kk.
The value may be a simple command name or a command with argu‐
ments, and may use shell quoting (backslashes, single quotes, or
double quotes). It may not use pipes to connect multiple com‐
mands; if you need that, use a wrapper script, which may take
the file to display either as an argument or on standard input.
--rr _p_r_o_m_p_t, ----pprroommpptt==_p_r_o_m_p_t
If a recent version of lleessss is used as the pager, mmaann will
attempt to set its prompt and some sensible options. The
default prompt looks like
MMaannuuaall ppaaggee _n_a_m_e((_s_e_c)) lliinnee _x
where _n_a_m_e denotes the manual page name, _s_e_c denotes the section
it was found under and _x the current line number. This is
achieved by using the $LLEESSSS environment variable.
Supplying --rr with a string will override this default. The
string may contain the text $$MMAANN__PPNN which will be expanded to
the name of the current manual page and its section name sur‐
rounded by `(' and `)'. The string used to produce the default
could be expressed as
\\ MMaannuuaall\\ ppaaggee\\ \\$$MMAANN__PPNN\\ ??llttlliinnee\\ %%lltt??LL//%%LL..::
bbyyttee\\ %%bbBB??ss//%%ss....??\\ ((EENNDD))::??ppBB\\ %%ppBB\\\\%%....
((pprreessss hh ffoorr hheellpp oorr qq ttoo qquuiitt))
It is broken into three lines here for the sake of readability
only. For its meaning see the lleessss(1) manual page. The prompt
string is first evaluated by the shell. All double quotes,
back-quotes and backslashes in the prompt must be escaped by a
preceding backslash. The prompt string may end in an escaped $
which may be followed by further options for less. By default
mmaann sets the --iixx88 options.
If you want to override mmaann's prompt string processing com‐
pletely, use the $MMAANNLLEESSSS environment variable described below.
--77, ----aasscciiii
When viewing a pure _a_s_c_i_i(7) manual page on a 7 bit terminal or
terminal emulator, some characters may not display correctly
when using the _l_a_t_i_n_1(7) device description with GGNNUU nnrrooffff.
This option allows pure _a_s_c_i_i manual pages to be displayed in
_a_s_c_i_i with the _l_a_t_i_n_1 device. It will not translate any _l_a_t_i_n_1
text. The following table shows the translations performed:
some parts of it may only be displayed properly when using GGNNUU
nnrrooffff's _l_a_t_i_n_1(7) device.
Description Octal latin1 ascii
──────────────────────────────────────────
continuation 255 ‐ -
hyphen
bullet (middle 267 · o
dot)
acute accent 264 ´ '
multiplication 327 × x
sign
If the _l_a_t_i_n_1 column displays correctly, your terminal may be
set up for _l_a_t_i_n_1 characters and this option is not necessary.
If the _l_a_t_i_n_1 and _a_s_c_i_i columns are identical, you are reading
this page using this option or mmaann did not format this page
using the _l_a_t_i_n_1 device description. If the _l_a_t_i_n_1 column is
missing or corrupt, you may need to view manual pages with this
option.
This option is ignored when using options --tt, --HH, --TT, or --ZZ and
may be useless for nnrrooffff other than GGNNUU''ss.
--EE _e_n_c_o_d_i_n_g, ----eennccooddiinngg=_e_n_c_o_d_i_n_g
Generate output for a character encoding other than the default.
For backward compatibility, _e_n_c_o_d_i_n_g may be an nnrrooffff device such
as aasscciiii, llaattiinn11, or uuttff88 as well as a true character encoding
such as UUTTFF--88.
----nnoo--hhyypphheennaattiioonn, ----nnhh
Normally, nnrrooffff will automatically hyphenate text at line breaks
even in words that do not contain hyphens, if it is necessary to
do so to lay out words on a line without excessive spacing.
This option disables automatic hyphenation, so words will only
be hyphenated if they already contain hyphens.
If you are writing a manual page and simply want to prevent
nnrrooffff from hyphenating a word at an inappropriate point, do not
use this option, but consult the nnrrooffff documentation instead;
for instance, you can put "\%" inside a word to indicate that it
may be hyphenated at that point, or put "\%" at the start of a
word to prevent it from being hyphenated.
----nnoo--jjuussttiiffiiccaattiioonn, ----nnjj
Normally, nnrrooffff will automatically justify text to both margins.
This option disables full justification, leaving justified only
to the left margin, sometimes called "ragged-right" text.
If you are writing a manual page and simply want to prevent
nnrrooffff from justifying certain paragraphs, do not use this
option, but consult the nnrrooffff documentation instead; for
instance, you can use the ".na", ".nf", ".fi", and ".ad"
requests to temporarily disable adjusting and filling.
--pp _s_t_r_i_n_g, ----pprreepprroocceessssoorr==_s_t_r_i_n_g
Specify the sequence of preprocessors to run before nnrrooffff or
ttrrooffff/ggrrooffff. Not all installations will have a full set of pre‐
processors. Some of the preprocessors and the letters used to
designate them are: eeqqnn (ee), ggrraapp (gg), ppiicc (pp), ttbbll (tt), vvggrriinndd
(vv), rreeffeerr (rr). This option overrides the $MMAANNRROOFFFFSSEEQQ environ‐
ment variable. zzssooeelliimm is always run as the very first pre‐
processor.
--tt, ----ttrrooffff
Use _g_r_o_f_f _-_m_a_n_d_o_c to format the manual page to stdout. This
option is not required in conjunction with --HH, --TT, or --ZZ.
--TT[_d_e_v_i_c_e], ----ttrrooffff--ddeevviiccee[=_d_e_v_i_c_e]
This option is used to change ggrrooffff (or possibly ttrrooffff''ss) output
to be suitable for a device other than the default. It implies
--tt. Examples (provided with Groff-1.17) include ddvvii, llaattiinn11,
ppss, uuttff88, XX7755 and XX110000.
--HH[_b_r_o_w_s_e_r], ----hhttmmll[=_b_r_o_w_s_e_r]
This option will cause ggrrooffff to produce HTML output, and will
display that output in a web browser. The choice of browser is
determined by the optional _b_r_o_w_s_e_r argument if one is provided,
by the $BBRROOWWSSEERR environment variable, or by a compile-time
default if that is unset (usually llyynnxx). This option implies
--tt, and will only work with GGNNUU ttrrooffff.
--XX[_d_p_i], ----ggxxddiittvviieeww[=_d_p_i]
This option displays the output of ggrrooffff in a graphical window
using the ggxxddiittvviieeww program. The _d_p_i (dots per inch) may be 75,
75-12, 100, or 100-12, defaulting to 75; the -12 variants use a
12-point base font. This option implies --TT with the X75,
X75-12, X100, or X100-12 device respectively.
--ZZ, ----ddiittrrooffff
ggrrooffff will run ttrrooffff and then use an appropriate post-processor
to produce output suitable for the chosen device. If _g_r_o_f_f
_-_m_a_n_d_o_c is ggrrooffff, this option is passed to ggrrooffff and will sup‐
press the use of a post-processor. It implies --tt.
GGeettttiinngg hheellpp
--??, ----hheellpp
Print a help message and exit.
----uussaaggee
Print a short usage message and exit.
--VV, ----vveerrssiioonn
Display version information.
EEXXIITT SSTTAATTUUSS
00 Successful program execution.
11 Usage, syntax or configuration file error.
22 Operational error.
33 A child process returned a non-zero exit status.
1166 At least one of the pages/files/keywords didn't exist or wasn't
matched.
EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT
MMAANNPPAATTHH
If $MMAANNPPAATTHH is set, its value is used as the path to search for
manual pages.
MMAANNRROOFFFFOOPPTT
The contents of $MMAANNRROOFFFFOOPPTT are added to the command line every
time mmaann invokes the formatter (nnrrooffff, ttrrooffff, or ggrrooffff).
MMAANNRROOFFFFSSEEQQ
If $MMAANNRROOFFFFSSEEQQ is set, its value is used to determine the set of
preprocessors to pass each manual page through. The default
preprocessor list is system dependent.
MMAANNSSEECCTT
If $MMAANNSSEECCTT is set, its value is a colon-delimited list of sec‐
tions and it is used to determine which manual sections to
search and in what order.
MMAANNPPAAGGEERR, PPAAGGEERR
If $MMAANNPPAAGGEERR or $PPAAGGEERR is set ($MMAANNPPAAGGEERR is used in preference),
its value is used as the name of the program used to display the
manual page. By default, lleessss --ss is used.
The value may be a simple command name or a command with argu‐
ments, and may use shell quoting (backslashes, single quotes, or
double quotes). It may not use pipes to connect multiple com‐
mands; if you need that, use a wrapper script, which may take
the file to display either as an argument or on standard input.
MMAANNLLEESSSS
If $MMAANNLLEESSSS is set, mmaann will not perform any of its usual pro‐
cessing to set up a prompt string for the lleessss pager. Instead,
the value of $MMAANNLLEESSSS will be copied verbatim into $LLEESSSS. For
example, if you want to set the prompt string unconditionally to
“my prompt string”, set $MMAANNLLEESSSS to ‘--PPssmmyy pprroommpptt ssttrriinngg’.
BBRROOWWSSEERR
If $BBRROOWWSSEERR is set, its value is a colon-delimited list of com‐
mands, each of which in turn is used to try to start a web
browser for mmaann ----hhttmmll. In each command, _%_s is replaced by a
filename containing the HTML output from ggrrooffff, _%_% is replaced
by a single percent sign (%), and _%_c is replaced by a colon (:).
SSYYSSTTEEMM If $SSYYSSTTEEMM is set, it will have the same effect as if it had
been specified as the argument to the --mm option.
MMAANNOOPPTT If $MMAANNOOPPTT is set, it will be parsed prior to mmaann''ss command line
and is expected to be in a similar format. As all of the other
mmaann specific environment variables can be expressed as command
line options, and are thus candidates for being included in
$MMAANNOOPPTT it is expected that they will become obsolete. N.B. All
spaces that should be interpreted as part of an option's argu‐
ment must be escaped.
MMAANNWWIIDDTTHH
If $MMAANNWWIIDDTTHH is set, its value is used as the line length for
which manual pages should be formatted. If it is not set, man‐
ual pages will be formatted with a line length appropriate to
the current terminal (using an iiooccttll(2) if available, the value
of $CCOOLLUUMMNNSS, or falling back to 80 characters if neither is
available). Cat pages will only be saved when the default for‐
matting can be used, that is when the terminal line length is
between 66 and 80 characters.
MMAANN__KKEEEEPP__FFOORRMMAATTTTIINNGG
Normally, when output is not being directed to a terminal (such
as to a file or a pipe), formatting characters are discarded to
make it easier to read the result without special tools. How‐
ever, if $MMAANN__KKEEEEPP__FFOORRMMAATTTTIINNGG is set to any non-empty value,
these formatting characters are retained. This may be useful
for wrappers around mmaann that can interpret formatting charac‐
ters.
MMAANN__KKEEEEPP__SSTTDDEERRRR
Normally, when output is being directed to a terminal (usually
to a pager), any error output from the command used to produce
formatted versions of manual pages is discarded to avoid inter‐
fering with the pager's display. Programs such as ggrrooffff often
produce relatively minor error messages about typographical
problems such as poor alignment, which are unsightly and gener‐
ally confusing when displayed along with the manual page. How‐
ever, some users want to see them anyway, so, if
$MMAANN__KKEEEEPP__SSTTDDEERRRR is set to any non-empty value, error output
will be displayed as usual.
LLAANNGG, LLCC__MMEESSSSAAGGEESS
Depending on system and implementation, either or both of $LLAANNGG
and $LLCC__MMEESSSSAAGGEESS will be interrogated for the current message
locale. mmaann will display its messages in that locale (if avail‐
able). See sseettllooccaallee(3) for precise details.
FFIILLEESS
_/_e_t_c_/_m_a_n___d_b_._c_o_n_f
man-db configuration file.
_/_u_s_r_/_s_h_a_r_e_/_m_a_n
A global manual page hierarchy.
_/_u_s_r_/_s_h_a_r_e_/_m_a_n_/_i_n_d_e_x_._(_b_t_|_d_b_|_d_i_r_|_p_a_g_)
A traditional global _i_n_d_e_x database cache.
_/_v_a_r_/_c_a_c_h_e_/_m_a_n_/_i_n_d_e_x_._(_b_t_|_d_b_|_d_i_r_|_p_a_g_)
An FHS compliant global _i_n_d_e_x database cache.
SSEEEE AALLSSOO
aapprrooppooss(1), ggrrooffff(1), lleessss(1), mmaannppaatthh(1), nnrrooffff(1), ttrrooffff(1),
wwhhaattiiss(1), zzssooeelliimm(1), sseettllooccaallee(3), mmaannppaatthh(5), aasscciiii(7), llaattiinn11(7),
mmaann(7), ccaattmmaann(8), mmaannddbb(8), the man-db package manual, FFSSSSTTNNDD
HHIISSTTOORRYY
1990, 1991 - Originally written by John W. Eaton (jwe@che.utexas.edu).
Dec 23 1992: Rik Faith<EMAIL_ADDRESS>applied bug fixes supplied by
Willem Kasdorp (wkasdo@nikhefk.nikef.nl).
30th April 1994 - 23rd February 2000: Wilf<EMAIL_ADDRESS>has been developing and maintaining this package with the help of a few
dedicated people.
30th October 1996 - 30th March 2001: Fabrizio Polacco <fpo‐
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>maintained and enhanced this package for the Debian
project, with the help of all the community.
31st March 2001 - present day: Colin Watson<EMAIL_ADDRESS>is
now developing and maintaining man-db.
2.6.3 2012-09-17 MAN(1)
Tip
Raccourcis dans l’aide:
/color
: pour chercher le terme ‘color’.n
: (next) pour chercher la prochaine occurrence de ‘truc’.p
: (previous) pour chercher l’occurrence précédente de ‘truc’.q
: pour quitter l’aide.
Zoom sur la commande ls#
La commande ls et ses arguments#
La commande ls peut prendre un certain nombre d’arguments.
Parmis les arguments principaux:
-l
(long/lot) donne beaucoup d’informations sur les fichiers.-a
(all) montre tous les fichiers y compris ceux qui sont cachés*.-t
(time) trie par date de modification.-h
(human-readable) affiche les tailles des fichiers en unités lisibles-r
(reverse) inverse l’ordre du tri.
On peut combiner les arguments : ls -l --all
On peut fusionner les arguments (au format court) : ls -la
Sous Linux les noms des fichiers cachés commencent par un point (e.g ‘.bashrc’).
La commande ls et ses arguments#
# On se déplace dans le dossier
cd /shared/bank/homo_sapiens/hg38/fasta
# On liste les fichiers
ls
hg38.fa hg38.fa.fai
# Information détaillée sur les fichiers (taille, date modif,...)
ls -l
total 3196788
-rw-rw-r-- 1 glecorguille glecorguille<PHONE_NUMBER> Jan 16 2014 hg38.fa
-rw-rw-r-- 1 glecorguille glecorguille 19381 Nov 21 2016 hg38.fa.fai
# Vue détaillée des fichiers et tailles en Ko,Mo,Go,To...
ls -lh
total 3.1G
-rw-rw-r-- 1 glecorguille glecorguille 3.1G Jan 16 2014 hg38.fa
-rw-rw-r-- 1 glecorguille glecorguille 19K Nov 21 2016 hg38.fa.fai
# Vue détaillée des fichiers, tailles en Ko,Mo,Go,To…, tri par date
ls -tlh
total 3.1G
-rw-rw-r-- 1 glecorguille glecorguille 19K Nov 21 2016 hg38.fa.fai
-rw-rw-r-- 1 glecorguille glecorguille 3.1G Jan 16 2014 hg38.fa
# Vue détaillée des fichiers, tailles en Ko,Mo,Go,To…, tri par date
# du plus ancien au plus récent
ls -rtlh
total 3.1G
-rw-rw-r-- 1 glecorguille glecorguille 3.1G Jan 16 2014 hg38.fa
-rw-rw-r-- 1 glecorguille glecorguille 19K Nov 21 2016 hg38.fa.fai
Note
ATTENTION aux espaces, nécessaires entre la commande et ses arguments. La commande
ls-l
n’existe pas !Le comportement par défaut de ls est de trier par ordre alphabétique en tenant compte de la casse (ie. majuscule minuscule).


JS9 can perform local and remote tasks in response to region changes:
- choose a task by clicking one of the analysis buttons above
- the region tasks are local (browser-based) tasks
- spectrum, counts are remote tasks (requiring the back-end helper to be running)
- display an image by clicking on one of the data files
- create a region using the JS9 Region menu
- as you move/resize the region, the task will run on that region
- you can suspend task execution by unselecting xeqOnChange in the JS9 Region menu
See the page source for implementation details.


Image For Thumbnail
The following activity demonstrates a simple canvas game. In a browser,
you should be able to move the snake with the arrow keys. If you set the browser
to simulate a touch device, then dragging should also move the snake (and not the slides).
All touch-drags should stay inside the game.
All clicks other than on the page turners should stay inside the game.
Snake game
A super simple "snake" game.
This is a hack to keep Bloom 4.6 from deleting me


LOST SOULS A film review by Steve Rhodes Copyright 2000 Steve Rhodes RATING (0 TO ****): *
LOST SOULS, opening on a carefully chosen Friday the Thirteenth, is liable to elicit strong reactions from its audiences. The emotion realized, however, will likely not be what the filmmakers intended. The overwhelming feeling that the film imparts is pity, not fear. We feel sorry for the talented actors who perform their craft as hard as they can but have no hope of overcoming Pierce Gardner's uninvolving, unimaginative and unoriginal script and first-time director Janusz Kaminski's lackluster direction.
The only moments of fright come from a couple of unexpected loud noises. You can create much scarier moments in the privacy of your own home simply by coming up behind someone and screaming, "Boo!"
LOST SOULS is a supernatural thriller that borrows so liberally from previous movies that you'll swear that you've seen it before. But, no, you haven't since this is a new movie and not a re-release.
An Academy Award winning cinematographer (SAVING PRIVATE RYAN), director Kaminski has LOST SOUL's cinematographer, Mauro Fiore, serve us some artsy images that look like homages to other thrillers from SEVEN to STIGMATA. The truly awful STIGMATA is also the picture to which moviegoers will most likely compare LOST SOULS. Personally I'd prefer LOST SOULS, but it's a close call. In defense of STIGMATA, it was at least laughably bad. LOST SOULS is more likely to have you just staring at the screen.
As the story opens, an older priest, Father Lareaux (John Hurt), accompanied by an attractive younger assistant, Maya Larkin (Winona Ryder), is busy behind closed doors performing an exorcism. I know what you are thinking now, "Been there. Done that." And if you want to see it done right, a re-release of THE EXORCIST is in the theaters now.
Well, the exorcism doesn't go as planned, but the exorcisee, Henry Birdson (John Diehl), does conveniently provide the name of the anti-Christ, Peter Kelson (Ben Chaplin), the best selling author of "Vicious Intent," a book about serial killers. Actually, Henry puts Peter's name in code, but the code appears to be so simple that a third grader could break it.
Peter, of course, doesn't know that he's about to become the number one bad guy of all time, and, of course, Maya will risk life and limb to keep it from happening. People run around saying "The time of the transformation is near!" like the colonists saying "The Redcoats are coming!" If this transformation occurs, Peter will become the devil on earth just as God became man in Christ.
When one of the movie's tag lines -- "They've had their 2,000 years. Now it's our turn." -- is finally spoken, it produces the movie's only big laugh, albeit an unintentional one. The story, however, is instructive. We learn that if your digital clock ever reads 666, it's not a good sign.
LOST SOULS runs 1:35. It is rated R for violence/terror and some language and would be acceptable for older teenagers.
Email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Web: http://www.InternetReviews.com
The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


Before Change
for factor in self.factors:
for variable, cardinality in zip(factor.scope(), factor.cardinality):
if ((self.cardinalities[variable]) and
(self.cardinalities[variable] != cardinality)):
raise CardinalityError(
"Cardinality of variable %s not matching among factors" % variable)
else:
self.cardinalities[variable] = cardinality
return True
After Change
raise ValueError("One to one mapping of factor to clique or cluster"
"is not there.")
cardinalities = self.get_cardinality()
for factor in self.factors:
for variable, cardinality in zip(factor.scope(), factor.cardinality):
if (cardinalities[variable] != cardinality):
raise CardinalityError(
"Cardinality of variable %s not matching among factors" % variable)
return True


--- layout: default title: Contact --- Contact Let's Get In Touch! Ready to start your next project with us? That's great! Give us a call or send us an email and we will get back to you as soon as possible! 11-888-353-1757<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Ready to start your next project with us? That's great! Give us a call or send us an email and we will get back to you as soon as possible!
11-888-353-1757
info@ibws.com


THE QUEST
Overview: The Quest is an adventure and platforming game. The player must find the treasure sorting traps, killing enemies, activate levers to open doors, jumping trenches etc.
My role: My role in this game has not been any in particular; together with the rest of the team, I was responsible for the game’s design, the creation of 3d assets for the scenario and the programming of the menus, among other tasks.
My duties included: Game and Level Design, documentation, 3D Artist (Props), programing menus etc..
Platform: Windows Engine: Unity3D Language: C# Duration: 2/3 months Team size: 5 Role: Game Designer, 3D Artist, Programmer & QA Year: 2016My duties included: Game and Level Design, documentation, 3D Artist (Props), programing menus etc..
Platform: Windows Engine: Unity3D Language: C# Duration: 2/3 months Team size: 5 Role: Game Designer, 3D Artist, Programmer & QA Year: 2016


KAOHSIUNG FLOWERS SHOP
Payment
Order
Verity Of Flowers
Occations
For Him
For Her
Wedding
I'm Sorry
Stay Forever
New
Seasonal Products
Mother's Day
Graduation
Main
Loading...


Keyboard Object Functions
Function Synopsis
| Function | Brief Description |
|---|---|
| down_delay([delay]) | How long a key stays down when "clicked". |
| click_delay([delay]) | How long to pause between key clicks. |
| click(key) | A key to click by id. |
| down(key) | A key to press by id. Don't forget to release it! |
| up(key) | A key to release by id. Releases keys pressed by "down". |
| type(str) | A string to type. See detailed description below. |
| interpret_meta_symbols(tf) | Indicates whether to interpret meta symbols in type. |
| print_keycodes() | Prints X11 keycodes to the console. |
Function:
down_delay([delay])
Sets the value for how long the keyboard key stays down when "clicked" in milliseconds. Default is 10 milliseconds which usually works with most applications. Note that 0 rarely works. If you are trying to get a big speed boost and are getting surprising results, try changing this to 1. Does not make any changes if delay is less than zero or is omitted.
Parameters:
| Param | Req | Description |
|---|---|---|
| delay | no | The delay in milliseconds |
Return Value:
The current delay which may or may not have changed.Example(s):
#Change the down delay to 20 ms import xaut kbd = xaut.keyboard() delay = kbd.down_delay(20) print(delay) #Prints "20"
#Find current delay without making changes import xaut kbd = xaut.keyboard() delay = kbd.down_delay() print(delay) #Prints current delay
Function:
click_delay([delay])
How much time elapses between key clicks when "typing" in milliseconds. Default is 5 milliseconds, and usually works with most applications. Note that 0 rarely works. If you are trying to get a big speed boost and are getting surprising results, try changing this to 1. Does not make any changes if delay is less than zero or is omitted.
Parameters:
| Param | Req | Description |
|---|---|---|
| delay | no | The delay in milliseconds |
Return Value:
The current delay which may or may not have changed.Example(s):
#Change the click delay to 10 ms import xaut kbd = xaut.keyboard() delay = kbd.down_delay(10) print(delay) #Prints "10"
#Find the current delay without making any changes import xaut kbd = xaut.keyboard() delay = kbd.click_delay() print(delay) #Prints current delay
Function:
click(key)
Simulates pressing down and releasing a key by key code. Use print_keycodes() to get a listing of valid key codes.
Use print_keycodes() to get a listing of valid keycodes. Use one of the values from the column labeled Code as a parameter.
Parameters:
| Param | Req | Description |
|---|---|---|
| key | yes | The keycode of the key to click |
Return Value:
Non-zero value of call succeeds, zero otherwise.
Be cautious, "succeeds" in this context doesn't necessarily mean that your application received the keycode. It means that X11 did not report any errors or throw any exceptions.
Example(s):
import xaut kbd = xaut.keyboard() success = kbd.click(36) #Sends the Return key if(success): print("X11 reports that the keycode 36 was sent") else: print("X11 reported an error when sending keycode 36")
Function:
down(key)
Simulates pressing down the key by key code. Use print_keycodes() to get a listing of valid key codes. This function would be useful if it is necessary to press a key combination that does not involve one of the meta keys. For example, this function can simultaneously press down the "a" and "b" key. You must release the key manually.
Note that the key usually releases by itself when the calling program terminates - but this is not guaranteed (at least not by me).
Use print_keycodes() to get a listing of valid keycodes. Use one of the values from the column labeled Code as a parameter.
Parameters:
| Param | Req | Description |
|---|---|---|
| key | yes | The key code of the key to press down. |
Return Value:
Non-zero value of call succeeds, zero otherwise.
Be cautious, "succeeds" in this context doesn't necessarily mean that your application received the keycode. It means that X11 did not report any errors or throw any exceptions.
Example(s):
import xaut import time kbd = xaut.keyboard() kbd.down(38) #Press down the "a" key kbd.down(56) #Press down the "b" key time.sleep(.1) kbd.up(56) #Release the "b" key kbd.up(38) #Release the "a" key
Function:
up(key)
Releases a key previously presed down. Note that this will not release an actual key, only a simulated key. Calling key_up without first calling key_down may or may not work, and may have "interesting" side effects. Fair warning.
Use print_keycodes() to get a listing of valid keycodes. Use one of the values from the column labeled Code as a parameter.
Parameters:
| Param | Req | Description |
|---|---|---|
| key | yes | The key code which should have been previously pressed "down" |
Return Value:
Non-zero value of call succeeds, zero otherwise.
Be cautious, "succeeds" in this context doesn't necessarily mean that your application received the keycode. It means that X11 did not report any errors or throw any exceptions.
Example(s):
import xaut import time kbd = xaut.keyboard() kbd.down(38) #Press down the "a" key kbd.down(56) #Press down the "b" key time.sleep(.1) kbd.up(56) #Release the "b" key kbd.up(38) #Release the "a" key
Function:
type(str)
Sends the sequence of characters in the string parameter. Note that there are a number of rules to keep in mind:
- Only valid characters are sent. So for example, character 7 (the bell) cannot be sent.
- The braces {} signify a special key code. The code contained
inside must correspond to a X11 key symbol name string. The brace
can also contain a number, which indicates the number of times to
press the key. E.g. {Tab} presses the tab key. {Tab 3} presses
the tab key three times. Use
print_keycodes()
to get a listing of valid keycodes. You will want to use a value from the column called X11 key symbol name string. The symbols are case sensitive - they must match what is printed exactly. - Note that all valid X11 codes are valid inside braces.
- The exclamation point (!) signifies press the alt key for the next
letter. So
type("!a")
would press the alt key down, then press and release the a key, and then finally release the alt key. - The plus sign (+) signifies press the shift key for the next
letter - similar to alt. So
type("+a")
would press down the shift key down, press and release the a key, and then finally release the shift key. - The carat - or circumflex - (^) signifies press the control key
for the next letter - similar to shift and alt. So
type("^a")
would press the control key, then press and release the a key, and then finally release the control key. - The number sign - or pound symbol - (#) signifies press the meta key
for the next letter - similar to shift, control, and alt. So
type("#a")
would press the meta key, then press and release the a key, and then finally release the meta key. Note that the "meta" key is sometimes named after a certain software company :) - The previous special keys can be combined. So
type("+^#!a")
would press and hold down the shift, control, meta, and alt keys, press and release the a, and then release the alt, meta, control, and shift keys. - Use the string name for a key if you wish to send a literal !, +, or ^. E.g. {exclam}{plus}{asciicircum} would send !+^ .
- Sending upper case letters as well as many symbols actually cause a shift and letter/symbol, e.g. A and +a are the same. For this reason, one should use lower case letters in combination with control keys to avoid confusion. ^a is not the same as ^A - ^A is precisely the same as ^+a .
- Invalid characters encountered (if any) are printed to the error stream and then ignored.
- Modifier keys (alt, control, and shift) are released after each
keycode in a brace, and after the next letter when not in a brace.
If you wish to use multiple letters in combination with modifier keys,
you'll need to construct the correct sequence yourself using the
correct codes and the
down()
andup()
functions. - You can set "interpret_meta_symbols" to false, which will cause the string to be sent literally. See interpret_meta_symbols for more information.
Parameters:
| Param | Req | Description |
|---|---|---|
| str | yes | The string to send |
Return Value:
Non-zero value if call succeeds, zero otherwise.
Be cautious, "succeeds" in this context doesn't necessarily mean that your application received the keycode. It means that X11 did not report any errors or throw any exceptions.
Example(s):
import xaut kbd = xaut.keyboard() kbd.type("This is a test{Return}") kbd.type("!fa") #Opens the "Save As" dialog in some editors
Function:
interpret_meta_symbols(tf)
A way to tell the program whether to interpret meta symbols. If the text to be typed contains meta symbols (!#^+{}), and you want those symbols sent as opposed to interpreted, then set this to FALSE. Otherwise set this to TRUE - this is the default.
Parameters:
| Param | Req | Description |
|---|---|---|
| tf | yes | 0 tells xaut to send meta symbols as opposed to interpreting them, any non-zero value means interpret. |
Return Value:
(none)Example(s):
import xaut import time kbd = xaut.keyboard() kbd.type("!f") #Sends the alt + f keys time.sleep(3) kbd.type("{Escape}") time.sleep(3) kbd.interpret_meta_symbols(0) kbd.type("!f") #Literally sends !f
Parameters:
(none)Return Value:
(none)Example(s):
import xaut kbd = xaut.keyboard() kbd.print_keycodes() #Prints out a listing of keycodes


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Build a program to analyze app usage data for a hypothetical menu planning calendar app. On any day, a user can plan multiple meals, and each meal may have multiple dishes. The program you build will analyze how engaged users are with the app.
There are many ways to write such a program. When choosing your style, imagine that you are building a system that will evolve to handling many more features in the very near future, so structure your code in a way that would support such a future.
Use a language of your choice. Include instructions to get from unzipping to runnable state, including details of what OS/version your code is meant to be run on.
In the ./data
folder, you will find a bunch of files in the form userId.json
.
They contain app data for a bunch of users. The structure should be fairly obvious upon examination.
./dist/run active 2016-09-01 2016-09-08
should result in a list of comma- separated user ids that were “active” during the specified period, where “active” means they had at least 5 meals.
./dist/run superactive 2016-09-01 2016-09-08
should result in a list of comma- separated user ids that were “super-active” during the specified period, which means they had more than 10 meals.
./dist/run bored 2016-09-01 2016-09-08
should result in a list of comma- separated user ids that were “bored” during the specified period, meaning that they were “active” in the preceding period, but didn’t make the “active” threshold in the specified period.
Please explicitly state any assumptions you make.


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A weekend trip to Houston.
A couple cointerns and I made a road trip to Houston this weekend. After work on Friday, we picked up our rental car and peaced out of Austin.
I’m writing this on drive back to Austin. Overall impression from our time here: a weekend is plenty of time to see Houston (we wouldn’t know what else to do if we had more time). Houston appears, from our visitor’s perspective, to be “big”, spread out, “quiet”, “suburban”, hot. (quotes are words my cointerns used) I think there are more gems to Houston that we didn’t see, but that’s alright.
This opinion is based on our following adventures to:
- Mala Sichuan Bistro – disappointment. It didn’t satisfy my cravings for authentic quality Chinese food. It was definitely made by chinese people though. I was so excited for mapo tofu, but their sauce seemed way too oily and seemingly watered down.
- Snowy Village – classic Chinese/Asian dessert spot with shaved ice. Hella popping.
- Airbnb – that was interesting. We entered the place to discover all the sheets and towels were used and noticably dirty by previous occupants. The host didn’t respond to our message until next morning. So we improvised and washed some of the towels and sheets in their washing machines with the remaining shampoo they had. We had clean towels to shower with in the morning, so it all worked out and we were satisfied with the host refunding us our first night’s stay.
- Urban East Side Farmers’ Market – I look forward to the farmers’ market every weekend, and I try to visit the local farmers’ market everywhere I go. There were lots of stands for produce, pastries, and food. I was most excited about some candied ginger and orange peels I got for my mom because she likes candied ginger. (packaged in reusable glass jar was bonus) I also got groceries for the week, lol. Some prices were cheaper than Austin and I needed groceries.
- Blacksmith – cointerns wanted coffee. Place had good vibes. I’m not much of a coffee drinker so I didn’t care too much for the place. According to my cointern who cares about coffee a whole lot more, he said the place gave him TJ Maxx level coffee feels.
- The Menil Collection – I’m not a huge art appreciater. However, both my cointerns are. So it was a nice surprise to have spent 2.5 hours here. We looked at each piece of art, and I can appreciate art a little bit more now. I wouldn’t voluntarily choose to go see it on my own, but if I’m there, I wouldn’t mind.
- Menil Bookstore – Ehh, I didn’t care for it.
- Cy Twombly Gallery – I found one piece I really liked there.
- Andes Cafe – This was my favorite part of the trip; food often holds a special part of my adventures. The staff was super welcoming and kind. I don’t eat South American food much (only a few times in my life), so this was a fantastic introduction to the cuisine (specifically, Venezuelan and Ecuadorean) and I’m intrigued to eat more now. Favorite dish was by far the cachapas; these Venezuelan sweet corn pancakes were flippin’ delicious. The cuisine is not very vegetarian friendly. I did try a little bit of meat to taste the flavors and got lots of seafood from the ceviche mixto. But I mostly ate and picked around the meat while my buddies ate the meat.
- Rice University – We walked around a little bit and hung out at the Skyspace (not necessary to see…its a ceiling with a square hole). It was very peaceful and lots of green trees and grass. The buildings are very simple, lots of brick in a non-intrusive kind of way. That’s as best I can describe it;I wasn’t impressed by the buildings.
- Drove through Downtown and the Heights area – downtown view from afar at night is cool to see. Being in downtown though, I felt so small being surrounded by such large buildings. The glass builidngs and lack of culture created a cold environment. We drove through for like 5 minutes and bounced. The Heights neighborhood was only a couple streets, but pleasant to drive through. We were there when most shops were about to close, so we didn’t bother walking around.
- Agora – interesting cafe-like place. They have wine, beer, a greek frappuccino, and sweet and nice looking pastries. Good vibes to chat, work, read, write, anything I’d want to do in a cafe. Prior to Agora, we stopped by a few cute small shops mext to it. Nice to browse.
- Bar hopping – We were in Montrose area. Anvil Bar + Refuge has some good cocktails. Otherwise, no good dance music (which is what I look for, specifically hip hop, rap, pop). Not good scene for people in early 20s, for sure.
- Thai Stellar – Prior to visiting NASA Johnson Space Center, we got food. It’s standard Thai cuisine, very cheap (you can get meal under $10). When they ask you for spice level, note that level 4 (what most my table got) was not spicy at all, for people who like and don’t mind spicy.
- Rocket Park at NASA Johnson Center – Seeing the rockets made me have a greater respect for the human mind. Literally, I cannot comprehend the inputs required to enable humans to send a person to outer space.
- Bucc-ee’s – This is like a Walmart gas station that is a unique experience in Texas. It just has lots of gas stations, car wash stations, huge store. So many people recommended seeing it, and we did. I was frustrated seeing all the plastic and single-use plastics available here. Because of my interests in sustainability, health, and nutrition, I was not impressed by the place. However, I do think it’s worth to stop by if it’s on your way to a destination though; interesting take on gas station.
I think it was a good trip overall. Even though it was only a 48 hour trip, it felt like a really long time, like a whole week. Work seems so far away. I think the feeling that it was a long trip means I really lived in the present and was enjoying the moments. I’m still thinking about the cachapas and the sauce from the camarones (shrimp) we ordered; freaking delicious. I want more. :P


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---
layout: post
title: 36 Weeks and Counting
categories: []
tags: []
status: publish
type: post
published: true
meta:
_original_post_id: ''
_original_import_author: John Duprey
author:
---
We are 36 weeks into the pregnancy and Abby is ready for it to be over. We are now down to weekly visits with the doctor. The (somewhat) bad news is that the baby is still in a
breech position and it is looking like they will deliver by
Caesarean section. This may be best for other medical reasons which I won't go into here.