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CHAPTER FIVE China’s Expanding Diplomatic Toolkit
One of the most notable features of China’s international behavior in
the past decade has been the number of newly utilized and enhanced
tools of statecraft that it has put into operation in pursuit of its objectives.
This monograph identifies five categories of tools: economic diplomacy,
leadership diplomacy, multilateral diplomacy, strategic partnerships,
and military diplomacy. In many instances, the application of
these tools is overlapping and mutually supportive; the distinctions
among these five types of statecraft are drawn for ease of analysis.
Economic Diplomacy
Economic diplomacy (jingji waijiao 经济外交) has become a central
theme in China’s foreign policy under Hu Jintao. Economic diplomacy
has come to mean using trade, investment, and, increasingly,
finance policies to support China’s diplomatic goals and also using
classic diplomacy to advance China’s economic development, such as
by ensuring access to foreign markets. Both aspects of economic diplomacy
are somewhat novel for China, which has traditionally viewed
diplomacy and economic affairs as separate and distinct. Wen Jiabao
highlighted this concept’s importance in a seminal August 2004 State
Council meeting that was regarded as a milestone event anointing the
concept. The idea was further developed during a December 2004 foreign
ministry “Seminar on Diplomacy and the Economy.” During the
latter meeting, Assistant Foreign Minister Lu Guozeng explained the contribution of economically oriented diplomacy to national development.
He stated:
New developments in the international and domestic situations
are imposing higher and higher requirements on our work in various
fields. We have to further implement the concept of scientific
development, coordinate domestic development and opening up
to the outside world, firmly grasp the opportunities for development
and strive to build a better-off society. . . . With the development
and change in the situation, the implications and functions
of diplomacy are also changing. It is gradually expanding
from political and security areas to economic and cultural fields.
While ensuring national sovereignty and security, diplomacy has
to shoulder heavier and heavier tasks in safeguarding national
economic interests and promoting domestic development.1
Multiple Tools
China’s economic diplomacy has several dimensions. One of the most
prominent ones has been China’s initiation, negotiation, or conclusion
of free trade agreements (FTAs). As of 2009, China has concluded
FTAs with Chile, Hong Kong, Macao, Pakistan, Singapore, Peru, and
New Zealand and is in negotiation with a few others, notably Australia
and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC).2 China’s largest FTA,
with the ten members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN), is set to enter into force in 2010, though some “early harvest”
tariff liberalization measures were adopted in 2004 (Table 5.1).
China’s use of FTAs contributes to three Chinese foreign policy
objectives: (1) expand China’s access to markets, investment, and technology,
(2) gain access to strategic resources, and (3) reassure other
nations that China’s growth will not undermine their economic interests. More tactically, China has successfully used FTAs to gain
commitments from several countries to provide China with marketeconomy
status (MES), a legal determination under World Trade Organization
(WTO) rules. For some nations, such as Australia, China
required MES as a condition for simply beginning negotiations on an
FTA. As of early 2009, nearly 80 countries had recognized China as
a market economy under WTO rules. Notable exceptions include the
United States, Japan, and the European Union (EU). MES is important
for China as a mark of status for the success of its economic
reforms and also because it reduces the potential penalties that states could impose on China in anti-dumping and countervailing duty cases
under WTO rules.
Table 5.1 China’s Free Trade Agreements
China’s economic diplomacy has several finance dimensions as
well. In early 2006, China initiated “finance dialogues” (jinrong duihua
金融对话) with several countries to go beyond bilateral exchanges on
classic trade and investment issues. This new channel is specifically
between finance ministries and central banks, and it covers macroeconomic
policymaking, national finance and tax policies, and exchange
rate practices. To date, China has established such dialogues with the
United States, the United Kingdom (UK), Germany, Brazil, India,
Russia, and Japan.3 With a select group of major global economies,
China initiated high-level economic dialogues, including with the
United States, Japan, the UK, and the EU.
In late 2008 and early 2009, China further developed its financial
diplomacy by rapidly concluding currency swap agreements totaling
650 billion renminbi (RMB) ($95 billion) with six nations; the aim of
these agreements is to improve these nations’ access to renminbi as a
way to facilitate trade transactions during the global recession and the
shortage of U.S. dollars. According to the Web site of the People’s Bank
of China, “Central banks use currency swaps to address the short-term
liquidity problem and cope with the current crisis more efficiently and
safeguard stability of the financial system.” As of April 2009, China
has signed agreements with Argentina (70 billion RMB), Hong Kong
Monetary Authority (200 billion RMB), Malaysia (80 billion RMB),
Belarus (20 billion RMB), South Korea (180 billion RMB), and Indonesia
(100 billion RMB).4
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Moreover, China continues to expand its outward direct investment
(ODI), with a cumulative total stock of $117.9 billion globally in
2007.5 The substantial and rapid growth in ODI is partly a result of a state-directed policy that was adopted in the late 1990s and reinforced
in 2003. It is called the “go out” strategy (zou chu qu 走出去), and it
calls for Chinese companies to move into global markets to grow their
revenue, to learn to be globally competitive, and, if possible, to acquire
international brands. Chinese companies, mainly state-owned enterprises,
have invested in foreign transportation, infrastructure, and telecommunications
projects. In some cases, these projects are undertaken
to allow other Chinese companies to gain preferential access to energy
and other strategic resources; some of these investments have even been
made on a loss-making basis to gain access to these nations’ resources.
This approach has been used in Africa and Latin America. China also
touts its growing ODI as a sign of China’s contribution to the economic
development of other nations, as a further means of reassuring
other nations and increasing China’s influence6 (Figure 5.1).
Foreign aid is a fourth major aspect of China’s economic diplomacy.
China’s foreign aid includes both development and humanitarian
assistance, with the latter as a new practice. China’s development
aid takes the form of grants, loans, and technical assistance, which
is similar to official development assistance (ODA) as defined by the
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).
Using the OECD standard, China’s development aid is a “relatively
small source of global aid,” according to a Congressional Research
Service report.7 However in evaluating Chinese foreign aid, it is also
important to include China’s state-sponsored or subsidized overseas
investment; this is often provided through the China Development
Bank or the China Export-Import Bank, which are not part of China’s nascent foreign aid bureaucracy. When this latter category of funds is
factored in, China “becomes a major source of foreign aid.”8
Figure 5.1 China’s Annual Outward Direct Investment, 1990–2007
It remains unclear how the State Council organizes and directs
China’s foreign aid bureaucracy, which appears to be fragmented and
uncoordinated. The government does not define foreign aid or publish
comprehensive statistics, making calculations difficult and inconsistent.
China’s Ministry of Commerce, which is officially in charge of
the foreign aid budget, started publishing aggregate statistics on foreign
aid only in 2002.9 The official Ministry of Commerce figure for external
assistance in 2002 was $602.77 million; in 2003, it was $630.36
million; in 2004, it was $731 million10; in 2005, it was $922 million;
and in 2006, it was $1.1 billion.11 According to CRS data, these statistics
significantly undercount Chinese foreign assistance by not including,
for example, subsidized financing for overseas investment projects.
“PRC foreign assistance and government-supported economic projects
in Africa, Latin America, and Southeast Asia grew from less than
$1 billion in 2002 to $27.5 billion in 2006 and $25 billion in 2007.”12
China’s provision of foreign aid has grown particularly fast since
2004 as Beijing has sought to use its assistance to build and sustain
political relations with its Asian neighbors and especially with African
nations. In 2004, China pledged to provide $400 million to help
finance, using preferential loans, the development of the first phase of
a new railroad line in the Philippines. China has pledged to forgive the
loan debts of poor countries in Southeast Asia (such as Cambodia and
Laos); in 2005 and 2006, Hu Jintao promised to forgive more than $10
billion in past loans to African nations. Notably, during the November
2006 China-Africa Cooperation Forum (CACF) in Beijing, the Chinese
government announced a large eight-part, multiyear development
aid package for all African nations. The package included a doubling,
by 2009, of China’s 2006 level of aid to Africa; $5 billion in concessional
financing to African companies; major loan forgiveness for heavily indebted poor countries; and extensive technical assistance.13
In June 2007, China agreed to forgive almost $10 million in Iraqi
debt accumulated by the previous government—both government-togovernment
debt and that of Chinese state enterprises. Interestingly, a
year later, Iraq concluded its first major oil deal with a foreign nation
since 2003, with a Chinese state-owned firm, for technical assistance in
developing oil fields; the deal was reportedly worth $3 billion.14
Although China’s foreign aid has traditionally focused on development
assistance (often with corresponding market access for Chinese
firms), provision of humanitarian aid is a new and growing dimension
of its foreign aid portfolio. In response to the tsunami disaster
in Southeast Asia in 2004–2005, the Chinese government donated
$83 million in assistance, which was the largest amount of humanitarian
assistance China had ever provided at that time. The Chinese
government publicly reported in early 2006 that in 2005 it had offered
(but not necessarily distributed) a record amount of humanitarian aid: almost one billion RMB ($123.45 million) in disaster relief to three
large projects (e.g., Indian Ocean Tsunami relief, Pakistan earthquake
relief, and Hurricane Katrina relief) as well as a smaller amount of aid
to North Korea, Vietnam, Romania, Iran, Guinea-Bissau, and Ecuador.
Chinese officials have stated that the government has established
an “emergency response mechanism” to enable quick dispersal of disaster
relief aid in the future.15
An Alternative Development Model?
China’s economic diplomacy immediately raises concerns about
whether it is promoting its experience of rapid and sustained economic
growth as an alternative to Western models of development, a competition
of ideas commonly referred to as the “Beijing Consensus” versus
the “Washington Consensus.” Although China clearly sees value in
using a variety of economic and financial policies to promote Chinese
interests, it is far less clear that it has a distinct development model,
that others could replicate it, and that China is promoting itself as an
alternative to U.S. or Western approaches.
China’s economic policies over the last 30 years are not unique compared
with other Asian countries, and China’s policies have been fairly
consistent with the Washington Consensus. China’s hybrid “socialistmarket
economy” is similar (but not identical) to the post–World War
II experiences of Japan, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan in using
state ownership and state direction to promote industrial development,
to build a large export sector, and to open up to foreign investment.
Indeed, South Korea and Taiwan were one-party governments for the
first several decades of their economic development.
China’s approach has also been consistent with key attributes of
the Washington Consensus; China has emphasized low fiscal deficits,
gradual structural reforms, privatization, trade promotion, infrastructure
development, workforce training, and innovation.16 China benefited from a unique set of attributes that few economies share, such as
the huge productivity gains associated with the transition from a largely
agrarian to an industrial economy; a massive, low-cost workforce that
has become increasingly well-skilled (but is still relatively low-cost); a
huge and appealing domestic market; and an entrepreneurial tradition
that emphasizes business competition.
For these and other reasons, Chinese leaders seldom proclaim that
China represents a unique development model that others should follow,
preferring to highlight China’s unique conditions. Chinese leaders are
happy to share China’s experiences with developing nations (including
both successes and failures) and to highlight the weaknesses of Western
ideas.17 But they also stop short of stating that China’s success can and
should be replicated by developing nations. This diplomatic approach
is motivated, in part, by China’s effort to appear cooperative and as
not imposing its ideas on others. Some Chinese are concerned that
promoting a Beijing Consensus would directly confront the United
States and other Western powers, undermining its reassurance strategy.
It is instructive that the idea of a Beijing Consensus was developed by
a Western journalist, not by Chinese policymakers.18 None of China’s
top leaders—the president, premier, or foreign minister—have promoted
this idea, preferring instead to emphasize China’s uniqueness.
To the extent that China is seen as promoting such a model, it is
because many developing nations admire China’s economic successes
and profess support for a “China model.” For example, many African
nations during the 2006 China-Africa Cooperation Forum in Beijing
noted their desire to replicate China’s experiences, even though few
have taken any steps resembling Chinese policies. Some developing nations, such as Brazil and Venezuela, have sought partners in opposing
some Western economic policies and have looked to China for support;
they try to draw China into an effort to oppose these policies and
practices, even though China supports many of them. China is most
interested in increasing its global economic clout through trade and
finance interactions (as described above) and by expanding its role in
international financial institutions.
Leadership Diplomacy
China’s top party and state leaders now frequently travel abroad in
direct pursuit of China’s diplomatic objectives. Some in China have
termed this new trend “leadership diplomacy” (lingdao waijiao 领导
外交). Although leaders of all countries conduct such activities, for
China the number and frequency of leadership visits have significantly
increased since the beginning of the reform period and especially under
Hu Jintao. Before 1978, foreign trips were relatively few and evidenced
no unique pattern. China’s third generation of leaders, led by Jiang
Zemin, increased the number of such trips. As demonstrated in Figure
5.2, China’s top leaders (defined as the president, the premier, the
head of the National People’s Congress (NPC), or the chairman of the
Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference) have significantly
ramped up their foreign travels since 1992, growing from 122 between
1981 and 1991 to 424 in the 1992–2006 period.
As seen in Figure 5.3, the regional distribution of leaders’ visits
from 1949 to 2006 highlights, in broad terms, China’s long-standing
diplomatic priorities: Asia has been the primary focus for decades (with
250 visits), followed by Europe (196), Africa (92), Latin America (50),
Oceania (26), and North America (19). The final figure of only 19 trips to
North America should not be so surprising given the freeze in U.S.-China
relations during the Cold War. According to a study by Chinese scholars
Zhang Qingmin and Liu Bing, between 1949 and 1991 senior Chinese
leaders visited North America only seven times; this compares with 98 trips to Asia, 54 to Europe, and 31 to Africa.19 During the 1992–2006
period, senior leader visits increased most substantially to Asia, Europe,
and Latin America (Figure 5.4).
Figure 5.2 Chinese Leaders’ Trips Abroad, 1949–2006
Figure 5.3 Regional Distribution of Chinese Leaders’ Visits, 1949–2006
Figure 5.4 Period Breakdown of Chinese Leaders’ Regional Visits, 1949–2006
In the last ten years, China’s top leaders have regularly used trips
to advance high-priority diplomatic objectives.20 Several Politburo officials
traveled to North Korea between 2003 and 2008 as part of China’s
effort to manage the North Korean nuclear crisis and the negotiations
within the Six Party Process. Premier Wen Jiabao’s frequent
travels abroad have been at the forefront of China’s efforts to improve
its relations with East Asian and South Asian nations. Notably, Wen
Jiabao traveled to Thailand in 2003 in the wake of the SARS crisis in
China to reassure China’s neighbors that it was taking serious steps to curb the spread of the disease. Since then, Wen has become the
senior Chinese representative to the annual week of meetings of the
ASEAN+3 (ASEAN plus China, Japan, and South Korea) and the East
Asia Summit. Wen hosted the ASEAN-China 15th anniversary conference
in Nanning, China, in 2007, as a way to underscore the importance
to China of its ties to ASEAN states and vice versa. Wen has also
been at the forefront of China’s effort to embrace India; he traveled to
India for a major bilateral summit in April 2005 that resulted in the
establishment of a strategic partnership with India—a first for these
longtime rivals. Perhaps most significantly, Premier Wen visited Japan
in April 2007 in a seminal visit that “thawed the ice” in Sino-Japanese
relations and injected some stability into that rocky relationship.
Beyond Asia, Wen Jiabao has been at the center of China’s effort
to manage its response to the global financial crisis that began in 2008.
Wen was China’s representative to the World Economic Forum in
Davos, Switzerland, in early 2009. With the intention of reassuring the
international community, he publicly stated that China expected an
8 percent growth rate in 2009, defying most international projections.
Attendance at Davos was followed by visits to capitals of the major
EU states, including Berlin, Brussels (EU headquarters), Madrid, and
London.21 In 2006, Wen Jiabao took a week-long, seven-nation tour
of Africa, which helped prepare for China’s hosting of the high-level
China-Africa summit meeting in November 2006, which included
48 African nations. Wu Bangguo, the chairman of the NPC and the
second-highest official in the party, has often traveled abroad to establish
dialogues with the elected parliaments in other nations with the
goal of boosting the legitimacy of China’s parliament in the eyes of
Chinese citizens and other countries’ populations.
President Hu Jintao’s major trips abroad since assuming power in
2002 have been a central part of China’s effort to expand its presence
and influence in the developing world (mainly Africa, the Middle East,
Central Asia, and Latin America) and specifically to improve China’s
access to strategic minerals and energy resources. Hu’s four trips to Africa (in 2002, 2006, 2007, and 2009) and two to Latin America
(in 2004 and 2008) have directly expanded China’s economic interactions
with these regions.22 Hu Jintao has visited Africa four times since
2002, visiting over 18 African nations in total, which is an unprecedented
regional focus for a Chinese president. In early 2009, Hu traveled
to the four, nonresource-rich African nations of Senegal, Mali,
Tanzania, and Mauritius to try to underscore that China’s Africa diplomacy
was not just focused on gaining access to natural resources. This
four-nation trip followed a longer 12-day tour in 2007 of seven African
countries, including visits to such controversial destinations as Sudan
and Zimbabwe.
Furthermore, Hu Jintao is actively involved in managing China’s
relations with former Soviet states. He has visited Russia almost annually
since 2002, and he attends the annual summits of the Shanghai
Cooperation Organization. In 2007 and 2008, he made state visits to
Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan.
China also deploys the president for strategic purposes when it
seeks to upgrade its commitment to a nation, to a group of countries,
or to an international issue. In 2003, Hu Jintao attended, for the first
and only time (to date), the China-EU summit when a “strategic partnership”
was formed; this was during a period when Beijing sought
to leverage tensions in trans-Atlantic relations to advance China-EU
cooperation on international issues. In May 2008, Hu Jintao made a
state visit to Japan to fully normalize China-Japan relations; this was
the first trip to Japan for China’s top leader since Jiang Zemin’s 1998
visit, which many in both countries viewed as a failure because Jiang
lectured the Japanese about historical issues. Hu Jintao is China’s representative
to the annual meetings of the G-8, even though China is
not a full member of that group. Hu attended the G-20 summit in
Washington in November 2008 and in London in April 2009.
Hu and Wen’s presumed successors have jumped on the leadership
diplomacy bandwagon. Vice President Xi Jinping, who many
believe will succeed Hu Jintao, has similarly focused his foreign trips
on improving China’s ties with developing nations. During his first
foreign trip as vice president, in 2008, he visited North Korea, Mongolia,
and three Middle Eastern nations (Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and
Qatar). Later that year, he visited five Latin American nations (Mexico,
Jamaica, Colombia, Venezuela, and Brazil) and Malta. In February
2009, Xi again visited Venezuela, China’s eighth largest supplier of
imported crude oil (in 2007). Vice Premier Li Keqiang, during his first
overseas trip in his current position, visited Kuwait and Indonesia in
December 2008.
Another dimension of China’s leadership diplomacy has been the
designation and use of “special envoys” (teshi daibiao 特使代表) to
handle particularly problematic issues in Chinese foreign policy. Since
1993, China has designated several new special envoys and deployed
them all over the world. China’s first special envoy was assigned to
the North Korean nuclear issue, and China currently has designated
envoys to address issues in Africa/Sudan, the Middle East, and, in
2009, to Afghanistan/Pakistan. As depicted in Figure 5.5, the number
of foreign visits of special envoys increased substantially in 2006 and
2007, suggesting Chinese leaders’ growing interest in this new diplomatic
tool.
Figure 5.5 Frequency of Special Envoys’ Foreign Travels, 1993–2007
Multilateral Diplomacy
A new, important, and deftly used diplomatic tool for China is its participation
in multilateral organizations (Tables 5.2 and 5.3). China
clearly sees such organizations as venues in which to advance its vision
of fostering a multipolar world, greater “democracy in international
relations,” and building a harmonious world. The 2008 national defense
white paper was uniquely clear on this point, “China is playing an active
and constructive role in multilateral affairs, thus notably elevating its
international position and influence.”23 More instrumentally, China
uses multilateral organizations as mechanisms for reassurance, gaining
access to key economic inputs, limiting U.S. influence in certain regions, and expanding China’s regional influence in general. In fact, China has
played a central role in creating a variety of new multilateral forums
in regions all over the world. This process has given Chinese leaders a
unique stake in the vitality of these mechanisms.
Table 5.2 China’s Membership in Regional Organizations
Table 5.3 Regional Organizations Established by China
China’s embrace of multilateral organizations has been most pronounced
and most effective in East Asia.24 Since the early 1990s, China
has become actively involved in the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation
(APEC) (1991), the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) (1994), ASEAN+1
(ASEAN plus China) (1996), ASEAN+3 (1997), and the East Asia
Summit (EAS) (2005). Such participation has been instrumental in
China’s effort to burnish its image, grow economic cooperation, and expand its regional influence. In 2003, China was key to the creation
and maintenance of the Six-Party process for negotiating North Korea’s
denuclearization. In 2002, China was a founding member of the Asian
Cooperation Dialogue (ACD), which fosters dialogue among separate
regional organizations, such as ASEAN, the South Asian Association for
Regional Cooperation (SAARC), and the Gulf Cooperation Council.
China has been working to expand regional nongovernment
interactions as well. In 2001, a group of Chinese nationals and overseas
Chinese business leaders established the Boao Forum for Asia (BFA),
a nongovernmental, nonprofit international organization based on
Hainan Island in China and modeled after the World Economic Forum
in Davos. As with the Davos meeting, BFA draws together senior Asian
officials, business leaders, and scholars. The BFA was the venue, in 2003, for the launching of China’s new foreign policy strategy of
“peaceful rise/peaceful development.”
Beyond East Asia, China initiated the formation, in 1996, of the
Shanghai Five, which included China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
and Tajikistan; this forum subsequently became the more formal
Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) in 2001 with the addition
of Uzbekistan. Since 2005, China has been an official observer
of SAARC, along with the United States.25 (In exchange, China supported
India’s participation in the SCO as an observer.)
Beyond Asia, in 2000 China formed the China-Africa Cooperation
Forum; it has held three ministerial meetings to date, including hosting a major 48-nation summit in Beijing in late 2006. In 2004,
China created the China-Arab Cooperation Forum that has held two
ministerial meetings to date. China joined many of the major regional
forums in Latin America. It become a full member of the Inter-
American Development Bank (IADB) in 2008 and is an observer in
the Organization of American States (OAS). It has established dialogues
with the Rio Group, the Mercosur common market group, the
Caribbean Community, and the Latin American Conference.26
Strategic Partnerships
China has developed a diplomatic mechanism to expand its international
influence—the establishment of “strategic partnerships” (zhanlue
huoban guanxi 战略伙伴关系) with both individual states and
groupings of states. Table 5.4 summarizes these partnerships.
For China, strategic partnership has a different meaning from
the Western connotation of the term.27
Table 5.4 China’s Strategic Partnerships
They are not treated as quasimilitary
alliances, which involve extensive security and military
cooperation, as implied by the term “strategic.” Rather, in the Chinese
foreign policy lexicon, a partnership is strategic for two reasons:
(1) It is comprehensive, including all aspects of bilateral relations
(e.g., economic, cultural, political, and security), and (2) both
countries agree to make a long-term commitment to bilateral relations,
in which bilateral problems are evaluated in that context and,
importantly, occasional tensions do not derail them. Establishing
these partnerships allows China to raise the level of its interactions
with partner countries (or groupings) and also allows China to set the
scope, content, and pace of engagement. This logic explains the eclectic
variety of states, groupings of states, and multilateral organizations
with which China has established such strategic partnerships.28
These strategic partnerships have broad and varied content.
China stresses several themes, including opportunities for joint economic
development resulting from trade and investment; coordination
in international affairs, which means adopting common foreign
policy positions, such as at the U.N.; cooperation on nontraditional
security issues; enhancing the influence of multilateral organizations;
the mutual endorsement of U.N. principles and the rule of law in international
relations; and promoting China’s concepts of “democracy and
equality in international relations.”29
China has more specific goals in pursuing these partnerships as
well. It uses them as mechanisms to expand economic opportunities
(especially to gain preferential access to nations’ markets, investment,
and natural resources), to stabilize and shape China’s regional security
environment, to reduce external constraints on China, and to bolster
its international reputation as a responsible major power. Importantly,
Beijing uses these diplomatic structures to generate bargaining leverage
in its bilateral interactions. Such partnerships allow China to define
the standards of cooperation that partners are expected to meet; this
increases China’s ability to manipulate its interlocutors to accept Chinese
goals.
In recent years, China has also initiated “strategic dialogues” with
many of these nations; this is a further indication of its effort to deepen
political relationships to further generate influence and leverage. These
dialogues usually occur at the level of deputy foreign minister or vice
foreign minister, and the topics cover a wide range of security issues
including arms control, WMD nonproliferation, nontraditional security challenges, and long-standing territorial disputes. China first
established such a channel with Russia in 1996 following a summit
meeting, but it was not given the name of “strategic dialogue” until
years later. A similar pattern emerged with France in the late 1990s.
In 2005, China’s convening of such strategic dialogues took off. In
that year alone, Beijing held inaugural sessions with the United States,
India, the UK, Japan, and the EU. In 2006, during a summit meeting
in Beijing, China and Germany also pledged to initiate an annual
strategic dialogue.
To varying degrees, China has used its strategic partnerships with
major powers, such as with Russia, France, and the EU, to broaden
its economic relationships, to foster the development of other power
centers in global politics, and to seek support for its vision of a multipolar
global order. These major power partnerships do not amount to
building an anti-U.S. coalition to balance against U.S. power. However,
these partnerships allow China greater options and help it to
foster an environment that could be used to constrain U.S. unilateral
actions, especially if that power is directed at Chinese interests.30 There
is no overtly anti-U.S. element in such Chinese diplomacy, but China’s
discomfort with perceived U.S. unilateralism is one of the drivers of
its strategic partnerships. These themes and motivations were readily
apparent in the 2003 EU-China Joint Statement, which founded that
strategic partnership during a period of trans-Atlantic tension, as well
as in the Russia-China Joint Communiqué and the SCO’s summit
statement in July 2005.
China’s strategic partnerships with these major powers are
bounded by two considerations that limit their potential to be potent
mechanisms for balancing U.S. power. First, China’s interests with all
of these major powers, especially Russia and India, both converge and
diverge—on different issues and to different degrees. There is no single,
dominant political or strategic logic to any of these strategic partnerships
that could serve as the basis for collectively and consistently countervailing U.S. power. Indeed, most of China’s strategic partners are not
interested in creating a de facto coalition to balance U.S. power, with the
possible exception of Russia. These nations have numerous interests in
positive relations with the United States. Also, although there are many
cooperative dimensions to China’s strategic partnerships, they are also
fraught with tensions on both economic and security questions. For
example, Russia and China may have common interests related to constraining
U.S. influence globally and in Central Asia, but they diverge
on economic issues and security questions revolving around access to
Central Asian energy supplies and Chinese influence in Russia’s Far
East.31 Also, for China, Russia has shown itself to be an unreliable partner
in the past. China’s unwillingness in summer 2008 to endorse the
Russian position on the independence of the Georgian enclaves exemplifies
the limits of the Sino-Russian strategic partnership.
A second major consideration is that, historically, China has not
favored or relied on alliances (or even strong bilateral partnerships) in
its diplomacy. China’s historic disposition in favor of independence and
against relying on alliances calls into question the extent to which it
can or will rely on them now. Although China has formed alliances in
the past (e.g., the China–Soviet Union alliance of the 1950s), it was
never entirely comfortable with them. Beijing prefers, instead, greater
autonomy to maximize its leverage and maneuverability.32 This enduring
predisposition is evident in the intensifying concerns among Chinese
elites about the economic and security vulnerabilities that have
resulted from China’s global interdependence and the globalization of national security challenges.33 China’s historical predispositions were
further confirmed in 2001 when Russia shifted away from its emerging
anti-U.S. cooperation with China and turned back toward greater
rapprochement with the United States, even before 9/11. Specifically,
Russia abandoned China in their joint opposition to U.S. missile
defense policies.
These events, thus, suggest a third possible constraint on the scope
of China’s strategic partnerships: Most major powers have more interests
at stake in their relations with the United States than with China.
Some states may not be willing to jeopardize their ties with the United
States to coordinate with China in an effort, implicit or explicit, to
constrain the United States.
Military Diplomacy34
Military diplomacy has assumed a greater role in China’s international
behavior. A key turning point came in 2004 when China indicated
in its national defense white paper that it had elevated the value of
military diplomacy “to the strategic level” in national statecraft.35 Following
this important determination, PLA actions have since reflected
a greater use of bilateral and multilateral military-to-military interactions
to broaden its political relations with neighbors in East, Central,
and South Asia, as well as Africa and Latin America. China is clearly
using its military diplomacy to reassure Asian nations, to demystify the
PLA, to expand China’s influence with militaries, to gain experience and knowledge from more capable militaries, and to shape PLA counterparts’
perceptions of China.
Although the content of these exchanges is still quite limited given
the PLA’s penchant for carefully guarding national defense information,
the scope of China’s military exchanges is growing. According to
China’s 2008 national defense white paper:
China has established military ties with over 150 countries, and
has military attaché offices in 109 countries. A total of 98 countries
have military attach offices in China. In the past two years
[2006–2008] senior PLA delegations have visited more than 40
countries, and defense ministers and chiefs of the general staff
from more than 60 countries have visited China.
. . . .
In the past two years [2006–2008] it has sent over 900 military
students to more than 30 countries. Twenty military educational
institutions in China have established and maintained intercollegiate
exchange relations with their counterparts in over 20
countries, including the United States, Russia, Japan and Pakistan.
Meanwhile, some 4,000 military personnel from more than
130 countries have come to China to study at Chinese military
educational institutions.36
This expanding breadth of China’s military diplomacy is a further
indication that China is using such exchanges to manage its security
relations with other nations. These interactions could become more
substantive over time, depending on China’s goals and recipients’ willingness
to increase interactions with the PLA.
Moreover, China now conducts annual defense exchanges with
all its Asian neighbors, select European and African countries, and
major powers such as the United States and Russia; it even conducts
intelligence exchanges within some of its defense consultations. Joint
exercises have become a new component of China’s defense diplomacy.
From 2002 to 2008, the PLA conducted over 40 joint military exercises and joint training exercises with over 20 countries, which is a
new and growing practice for the PLA.37 China has also invited other
countries to attend its military exercises and has observed major Western
military exercises, such as U.S. Pacific Command’s 2006 Valiant
Shield exercise off Guam.38
As part of its military diplomacy, China continues to export conventional
weapons to a regular collection of small countries in Asia
(e.g., Burma, Cambodia, Pakistan, and Thailand), sub-Saharan Africa
(e.g., Sudan and Zimbabwe), and the Middle East (e.g., Algeria, Egypt,
and Iran). Globally, China’s annual arms deliveries have remained at
a limited level for the past decade, between $500 million to $1 billion
per year. This ranks China as the fifth- or sixth-largest exporter
to developing nations, and its share of the global market has remained
between 3 and 5 percent (albeit with an uptick to almost 7 percent
in 2007). U.S. and Russian arms exports dominate the global market
(Figure 5.6).
Figure 5.6 Chinese Arms Exports to Developing Nations, 2000–2007
Chinese arms exports are not a major source of political influence
for China but rather reflect the buyers’ lack of access to other suppliers
or their lack of funds. The continued lack of appeal of China’s
inexpensive but often unreliable weapon systems reduces China’s ability
to use such deals to forge long-term strategic relations with countries
that have access to more advanced systems on the global arms
market. China’s long-standing defense industrial relationship with
Pakistan is a partial exception. China’s weapons are most appealing
to two categories of states: small, poor countries (mainly in Africa)
who cannot afford more advanced systems, and countries such as Burma and Sudan whose access to the global arms market is restricted.
As a result, China has sold to the same set of countries for the last
decade, with the occasional one-off deals. The limited competitiveness
of Chinese arms exports could change if, in the coming years, China
develops next-generation systems and then decides to export the more
advanced weapon systems that currently populate the PLA’s arsenal. If
this shift occurred, then arms sales could become a more significant
part of China’s security cooperation with other countries and a source
of political influence.
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A village on the left bank of the Varaha River in Visakhapatnam district (also called Vizag) in Andhra Pradesh, India. Etikoppaka means, a group of houses on the river side. It is 65 km from Visakhapatnam. Etikoppaka has a population of around 12,000. More than 250 artisan families live in this village.
Lacquer craft is the application of lacquer on wood in pleasing shades and colours to create a distinctive appeal. The beauty of this craft lies in painting the smooth wooden shapes, giving shining surfaces along with water proofing for protection of the wood. The process of making the wooden handicrafts is called Turned Wood Lacquered Craft (Tharini) and the wood is collected from the locally grown Ankudu tree.


sass
Converts SCSS or Sass files to CSS.
More information: home page
- Convert a SCSS or Sass file to CSS and print out the result:
sass inputfile.scss|inputfile.sass
- Convert a SCSS or Sass file to CSS and save the result to a file:
sass inputfile.scss|inputfile.sass outputfile.css
- Watch a SCSS or Sass file for changes and output or update the CSS file with same filename:
sass --watch inputfile.scss|inputfile.sass
- Watch a SCSS or Sass file for changes and output or update the CSS file with the given filename:
sass --watch inputfile.scss|inputfile.sass:outputfile.css


Gnucash free accounting software allows you to create invoices for your customers. For the purposes of this tutorial we'll create a new business account. Start gnucash and navigate to file new file. Proceed through the steps in the wizard. On the create account screen make sure that you choose a business account. Customers , employees and vendors are a business feature and only business accounts can use them.
To create a new invoice you need to have a customer. Therefore we'll create one.
Once we've created our customer we can invoice them.
The invoice edit screen is pretty comprehensive allowing you to fill in
You can also select whether the sale is taxable and if so how much should be taxed. Setting up tax tables however is beyond the scope of this article so we'll cover it some other time.
There is one more important point that we should cover here. The invoice edit screen allows you to determine where the invoice should be credited. You can mark the invoice to automatically credit any type of income sub account. Whether it is sales or interest etc. For this example we'll mark it as a sales income.
Once you're done editing click on the icon in the toolbar that says "Post Invoice to your chart of accounts" and then hit the save button. If you go back to your chart of accounts you should see that you income has increased. You can now choose to reconcile this entry or come back to it later.
A few more things to note
Remember how we added a new customer above? well if you now try to find the customer you'll see that gnu cash has automatically added an id to it. And in the same tab you can view all the invoices against this customer. Similarly you'll find that an ID has been automatically added for your invoices. These id's help you keep your statements organized. Cool right?
Gnucash is a powerful free and opensource accounting tool that can handle all your bookkeeping tasks.


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| SUMMARY: NESTED | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD | DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD |
java.lang.Object org.apache.commons.betwixt.io.AbstractBeanWriter
Abstract superclass for bean writers. This class encapsulates the processing logic. Subclasses provide implementations for the actual expression of the xml.
This class is intended to be used by subclassing: concrete subclasses perform the actual writing by providing suitable implementations for the following methods inspired by SAX:
start()
- called when processing beginsstartElement(WriteContext, String, String, String, Attributes)
- called when the start of an element
should be writtenbodyText(WriteContext, String)
- called when the start of an element
should be writtenendElement(WriteContext, String, String, String)
- called when the end of an element
should be writtenend()
- called when processing has been completedNote that this class contains many deprecated versions of the writing API. These will be removed soon so care should be taken to use the latest version.
Note that this class is designed to be used
in a single threaded environment. When used in multi-threaded
environments, use of a common XMLIntrospector
and pooled writer instances should be considered.
| Constructor Summary | |
AbstractBeanWriter()
|
| Method Summary | |
protected void |
bodyText(java.lang.String text)
Deprecated. 0.5 use bodyText(WriteContext, String) |
protected void |
bodyText(WriteContext context,
java.lang.String text)
Writes body text |
void |
end()
Marks the start of the bean writing. |
protected void |
endElement(java.lang.String uri,
java.lang.String localName,
java.lang.String qName)
Deprecated. 0.5 use endElement(WriteContext, String, String, String) |
protected void |
endElement(WriteContext context,
java.lang.String uri,
java.lang.String localName,
java.lang.String qName)
Writes the end tag for an element |
protected void |
expressAttribute(java.lang.String qualifiedName,
java.lang.String value)
Deprecated. 0.5 replaced by new SAX inspired API |
protected void |
expressAttribute(java.lang.String namespaceUri,
java.lang.String localName,
java.lang.String qualifiedName,
java.lang.String value)
Deprecated. 0.5 replaced by new SAX inspired API |
protected void |
expressBodyText(java.lang.String text)
Deprecated. 0.5 replaced by new SAX inspired API |
protected void |
expressElementEnd()
Deprecated. 0.5 replaced by new SAX inspired API |
protected void |
expressElementEnd(java.lang.String qualifiedName)
Deprecated. 0.5 replaced by new SAX inspired API |
protected void |
expressElementEnd(java.lang.String uri,
java.lang.String localName,
java.lang.String qualifiedName)
Deprecated. 0.5 replaced by new SAX inspired API |
protected void |
expressElementStart(java.lang.String qualifiedName)
Deprecated. 0.5 replaced by new SAX inspired API |
protected void |
expressElementStart(java.lang.String uri,
java.lang.String localName,
java.lang.String qualifiedName)
Deprecated. 0.5 replaced by new SAX inspired API |
protected void |
expressTagClose()
Deprecated. 0.5 replaced by new SAX inspired API |
org.apache.commons.logging.Log |
getAbstractBeanWriterLog()
Gets the current logging implementation. |
BindingConfiguration |
getBindingConfiguration()
Gets the dynamic configuration setting to be used for bean reading. |
IDGenerator |
getIdGenerator()
Get IDGenerator implementation used to
generate ID attribute values . |
protected int |
getIndentLevel()
Deprecated. 0.5 replaced by new SAX inspired API |
boolean |
getWriteEmptyElements()
Gets whether empty elements should be written into the output. |
boolean |
getWriteIDs()
Deprecated. 0.5 use BindingConfiguration.getMapIDs() |
XMLIntrospector |
getXMLIntrospector()
Gets the introspector used. |
protected java.lang.Object |
popBean()
Pops the top bean off from the ancestry stack |
protected void |
pushBean(java.lang.Object bean)
Pushes the bean onto the ancestry stack. |
void |
setAbstractBeanWriterLog(org.apache.commons.logging.Log log)
Set the current logging implementation. |
void |
setBindingConfiguration(BindingConfiguration bindingConfiguration)
Sets the dynamic configuration setting to be used for bean reading. |
void |
setIdGenerator(IDGenerator idGenerator)
Set IDGenerator implementation
used to generate ID attribute values. |
void |
setWriteEmptyElements(boolean writeEmptyElements)
Sets whether empty elements should be written into the output. |
void |
setWriteIDs(boolean writeIDs)
Deprecated. 0.5 use BindingConfiguration.setMapIDs(boolean) |
void |
setXMLIntrospector(XMLIntrospector introspector)
Sets the introspector to be used. |
void |
start()
Marks the start of the bean writing. |
protected void |
startElement(java.lang.String uri,
java.lang.String localName,
java.lang.String qName,
org.xml.sax.Attributes attr)
Deprecated. 0.5 use startElement(WriteContext, String, String, String, Attributes) |
protected void |
startElement(WriteContext context,
java.lang.String uri,
java.lang.String localName,
java.lang.String qName,
org.xml.sax.Attributes attr)
Writes the start tag for an element. |
void |
write(java.lang.Object bean)
Writes the given bean to the current stream using the XML introspector. |
void |
write(java.lang.Object bean,
org.xml.sax.InputSource source)
Writes the bean using the mapping specified in the InputSource . |
protected void |
write(java.lang.String qualifiedName,
ElementDescriptor elementDescriptor,
Context context)
Deprecated. 0.5 replaced by new SAX inspired API |
protected void |
write(java.lang.String qualifiedName,
ElementDescriptor elementDescriptor,
Context context,
java.lang.String idAttribute,
java.lang.String idValue)
Deprecated. 0.5 replaced by new SAX inspired API |
void |
write(java.lang.String qualifiedName,
java.lang.Object bean)
Writes the given bean to the current stream using the given qualifiedName . |
protected void |
writeAttribute(AttributeDescriptor attributeDescriptor,
Context context)
Deprecated. 0.5 replaced by new SAX inspired API |
protected void |
writeAttributes(ElementDescriptor elementDescriptor,
Context context)
Deprecated. 0.5 replaced by new SAX inspired API |
protected boolean |
writeContent(ElementDescriptor elementDescriptor,
Context context)
Deprecated. 0.5 replaced by new SAX inspired API |
protected void |
writeIDREFElement(java.lang.String qualifiedName,
java.lang.String idrefAttributeName,
java.lang.String idrefAttributeValue)
Deprecated. 0.5 replaced by new SAX inspired API |
protected void |
writeIndent()
Deprecated. 0.5 replaced by new BeanWriter API |
protected void |
writePrintln()
Deprecated. 0.5 replaced by new SAX inspired API |
protected void |
writeRestOfElement(java.lang.String qualifiedName,
ElementDescriptor elementDescriptor,
Context context)
Deprecated. 0.5 replaced by new SAX inspired API |
| Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object |
clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait |
| Constructor Detail |
public AbstractBeanWriter()
| Method Detail |
public void start() throws java.io.IOException, org.xml.sax.SAXException
java.io.IOException
- if an IO problem occurs during writing
org.xml.sax.SAXException
- if an SAX problem occurs during writingpublic void end() throws java.io.IOException, org.xml.sax.SAXException
java.io.IOException
- if an IO problem occurs during writing
org.xml.sax.SAXException
- if an SAX problem occurs during writingpublic void write(java.lang.Object bean) throws java.io.IOException, org.xml.sax.SAXException, java.beans.IntrospectionException
Writes the given bean to the current stream using the XML introspector.
This writes an xml fragment representing the bean to the current stream.
This method will throw a CyclicReferenceException
when a cycle
is encountered in the graph only if the getMapIDs()
setting of the BindingConfiguration is false.
bean
- write out representation of this bean
java.io.IOException
- if an IO problem occurs during writing
org.xml.sax.SAXException
- if an SAX problem occurs during writing
java.beans.IntrospectionException
- if a java beans introspection problem occurspublic void write(java.lang.String qualifiedName, java.lang.Object bean) throws java.io.IOException, org.xml.sax.SAXException, java.beans.IntrospectionException
Writes the given bean to the current stream
using the given qualifiedName
.
This method will throw a CyclicReferenceException
when a cycle
is encountered in the graph only if the getMapIDs()
setting of the BindingConfiguration
is false.
qualifiedName
- the string naming root elementbean
- the Object
to write out as xml
java.io.IOException
- if an IO problem occurs during writing
org.xml.sax.SAXException
- if an SAX problem occurs during writing
java.beans.IntrospectionException
- if a java beans introspection problem occurspublic void write(java.lang.Object bean, org.xml.sax.InputSource source) throws java.io.IOException, org.xml.sax.SAXException, java.beans.IntrospectionException
Writes the bean using the mapping specified in the InputSource
.
Note: that the custom mapping will not
be registered for later use. Please use XMLIntrospector.register(org.xml.sax.InputSource)
to register the custom mapping for the class and then call
write(Object)
.
bean
- Object
to be written as xml, not nullsource
- InputSource/code> containing an xml document
specifying the mapping to be used (in the usual way), not null
- Throws:
java.io.IOException
org.xml.sax.SAXException
java.beans.IntrospectionException
- Since:
- 0.7
- See Also:
since the standard notes also apply
public IDGenerator getIdGenerator()
IDGenerator
implementation used to
generate ID
attribute values .
ID
attribute generationpublic void setIdGenerator(IDGenerator idGenerator)
IDGenerator
implementation
used to generate ID
attribute values.
This property can be used to customize the algorithm used for generation.
idGenerator
- use this implementation for ID
attribute generationpublic BindingConfiguration getBindingConfiguration()
public void setBindingConfiguration(BindingConfiguration bindingConfiguration)
bindingConfiguration
- the BindingConfiguration settings, not nullpublic boolean getWriteIDs()
BindingConfiguration.getMapIDs()
Should generated ID
attribute values be added to the elements?
If IDs are not being written then if a cycle is encountered in the bean graph,
then a CyclicReferenceException
will be thrown by the write method.
ID
and IDREF
attributes are to be writtenpublic void setWriteIDs(boolean writeIDs)
BindingConfiguration.setMapIDs(boolean)
ID
attribute values should be added to the elements
If this property is set to false, then CyclicReferenceException
will be thrown whenever a cyclic occurs in the bean graph.
writeIDs
- true if ID
's and IDREF
's should be writtenpublic boolean getWriteEmptyElements()
Gets whether empty elements should be written into the output.
An empty element is one that has no attributes, no child elements
and no body text.
For example, <element/>
is an empty element but
<element attr='value'/>
is not.
public void setWriteEmptyElements(boolean writeEmptyElements)
Sets whether empty elements should be written into the output.
An empty element is one that has no attributes, no child elements
and no body text.
For example, <element/>
is an empty element but
<element attr='value'/>
is not.
writeEmptyElements
- true if empty elements should be written into the outputpublic XMLIntrospector getXMLIntrospector()
Gets the introspector used.
The XMLBeanInfo
used to map each bean is
created by the XMLIntrospector
.
One way in which the mapping can be customized is
by altering the XMLIntrospector
.
XMLIntrospector
used for introspectionpublic void setXMLIntrospector(XMLIntrospector introspector)
Sets the introspector to be used.
The XMLBeanInfo
used to map each bean is
created by the XMLIntrospector
.
One way in which the mapping can be customized is by
altering the XMLIntrospector
.
introspector
- use this introspectorpublic final org.apache.commons.logging.Log getAbstractBeanWriterLog()
Gets the current logging implementation.
Log
implementation which this class logs topublic final void setAbstractBeanWriterLog(org.apache.commons.logging.Log log)
Set the current logging implementation.
log
- Log
implementation to useprotected void startElement(WriteContext context, java.lang.String uri, java.lang.String localName, java.lang.String qName, org.xml.sax.Attributes attr) throws java.io.IOException, org.xml.sax.SAXException
uri
- the element's namespace urilocalName
- the element's local nameqName
- the element's qualified nameattr
- the element's attributes
java.io.IOException
- if an IO problem occurs during writing
org.xml.sax.SAXException
- if an SAX problem occurs during writingprotected void endElement(WriteContext context, java.lang.String uri, java.lang.String localName, java.lang.String qName) throws java.io.IOException, org.xml.sax.SAXException
uri
- the element's namespace urilocalName
- the element's local nameqName
- the element's qualified name
java.io.IOException
- if an IO problem occurs during writing
org.xml.sax.SAXException
- if an SAX problem occurs during writingprotected void bodyText(WriteContext context, java.lang.String text) throws java.io.IOException, org.xml.sax.SAXException
text
- the body text to be written
java.io.IOException
- if an IO problem occurs during writing
org.xml.sax.SAXException
- if an SAX problem occurs during writingprotected void startElement(java.lang.String uri, java.lang.String localName, java.lang.String qName, org.xml.sax.Attributes attr) throws java.io.IOException, org.xml.sax.SAXException
startElement(WriteContext, String, String, String, Attributes)
uri
- the element's namespace urilocalName
- the element's local nameqName
- the element's qualified nameattr
- the element's attributes
java.io.IOException
- if an IO problem occurs during writing
org.xml.sax.SAXException
- if an SAX problem occurs during writingprotected void endElement(java.lang.String uri, java.lang.String localName, java.lang.String qName) throws java.io.IOException, org.xml.sax.SAXException
endElement(WriteContext, String, String, String)
uri
- the element's namespace urilocalName
- the element's local nameqName
- the element's qualified name
java.io.IOException
- if an IO problem occurs during writing
org.xml.sax.SAXException
- if an SAX problem occurs during writingprotected void bodyText(java.lang.String text) throws java.io.IOException, org.xml.sax.SAXException
bodyText(WriteContext, String)
text
- the body text to be written
java.io.IOException
- if an IO problem occurs during writing
org.xml.sax.SAXException
- if an SAX problem occurs during writingprotected void pushBean(java.lang.Object bean)
bean
- push this bean onto the ancester stackprotected java.lang.Object popBean()
protected int getIndentLevel()
protected void expressElementStart(java.lang.String qualifiedName) throws java.io.IOException, org.xml.sax.SAXException
qualifiedName
- the qualified name of the element to be expressed
java.io.IOException
- if an IO problem occurs during writing
org.xml.sax.SAXException
- if an SAX problem occurs during writingprotected void expressElementStart(java.lang.String uri, java.lang.String localName, java.lang.String qualifiedName) throws java.io.IOException, org.xml.sax.SAXException
uri
- the namespace urilocalName
- the local name for this elementqualifiedName
- the qualified name of the element to be expressed
java.io.IOException
- if an IO problem occurs during writing
org.xml.sax.SAXException
- if an SAX problem occurs during writingprotected void expressTagClose() throws java.io.IOException, org.xml.sax.SAXException
java.io.IOException
- if an IO problem occurs during writing
org.xml.sax.SAXException
- if an SAX problem occurs during writingprotected void expressElementEnd(java.lang.String qualifiedName) throws java.io.IOException, org.xml.sax.SAXException
qualifiedName
- the qualified name for the element to be closed
java.io.IOException
- if an IO problem occurs during writing
org.xml.sax.SAXException
- if an SAX problem occurs during writingprotected void expressElementEnd(java.lang.String uri, java.lang.String localName, java.lang.String qualifiedName) throws java.io.IOException, org.xml.sax.SAXException
uri
- the namespace uri of the element close taglocalName
- the local name of the element close tagqualifiedName
- the qualified name for the element to be closed
java.io.IOException
- if an IO problem occurs during writing
org.xml.sax.SAXException
- if an SAX problem occurs during writingprotected void expressElementEnd() throws java.io.IOException, org.xml.sax.SAXException
java.io.IOException
- if an IO problem occurs during writing
org.xml.sax.SAXException
- if an SAX problem occurs during writingprotected void expressBodyText(java.lang.String text) throws java.io.IOException, org.xml.sax.SAXException
text
- the string to write out as the body of the current element
java.io.IOException
- if an IO problem occurs during writing
org.xml.sax.SAXException
- if an SAX problem occurs during writingprotected void expressAttribute(java.lang.String qualifiedName, java.lang.String value) throws java.io.IOException, org.xml.sax.SAXException
qualifiedName
- the qualified name of the attributevalue
- the attribute value
java.io.IOException
- if an IO problem occurs during writing
org.xml.sax.SAXException
- if an SAX problem occurs during writingprotected void expressAttribute(java.lang.String namespaceUri, java.lang.String localName, java.lang.String qualifiedName, java.lang.String value) throws java.io.IOException, org.xml.sax.SAXException
namespaceUri
- the namespace urilocalName
- the local namequalifiedName
- the qualified name of the attributevalue
- the attribute value
java.io.IOException
- if an IO problem occurs during writing
org.xml.sax.SAXException
- if an SAX problem occurs during writingprotected void write(java.lang.String qualifiedName, ElementDescriptor elementDescriptor, Context context) throws java.io.IOException, org.xml.sax.SAXException, java.beans.IntrospectionException
qualifiedName
- qualified name to use for the elementelementDescriptor
- the ElementDescriptor
describing the elementcontext
- the Context
to use to evaluate the bean expressions
java.io.IOException
- if an IO problem occurs during writing
org.xml.sax.SAXException
- if an SAX problem occurs during writing
java.beans.IntrospectionException
- if a java beans introspection problem occursprotected void write(java.lang.String qualifiedName, ElementDescriptor elementDescriptor, Context context, java.lang.String idAttribute, java.lang.String idValue) throws java.io.IOException, org.xml.sax.SAXException, java.beans.IntrospectionException
qualifiedName
- qualified name to use for the elementelementDescriptor
- the ElementDescriptor
describing the elementcontext
- the Context
to use to evaluate the bean expressionsidAttribute
- the qualified name of the ID
attributeidValue
- the value for the ID
attribute
java.io.IOException
- if an IO problem occurs during writing
org.xml.sax.SAXException
- if an SAX problem occurs during writing
java.beans.IntrospectionException
- if a java beans introspection problem occursprotected void writeRestOfElement(java.lang.String qualifiedName, ElementDescriptor elementDescriptor, Context context) throws java.io.IOException, org.xml.sax.SAXException, java.beans.IntrospectionException
qualifiedName
- qualified name to use for the elementelementDescriptor
- the ElementDescriptor
describing the elementcontext
- the Context
to use to evaluate the bean expressions
java.io.IOException
- if an IO problem occurs during writing
org.xml.sax.SAXException
- if an SAX problem occurs during writing
java.beans.IntrospectionException
- if a java beans introspection problem occursprotected void writeIDREFElement(java.lang.String qualifiedName, java.lang.String idrefAttributeName, java.lang.String idrefAttributeValue) throws java.io.IOException, org.xml.sax.SAXException, java.beans.IntrospectionException
IDREF
attribute
qualifiedName
- of the element with IDREF
attributeidrefAttributeName
- the qualified name of the IDREF
attributeidrefAttributeValue
- the value for the IDREF
attribute
java.io.IOException
- if an IO problem occurs during writing
org.xml.sax.SAXException
- if an SAX problem occurs during writing
java.beans.IntrospectionException
- if a java beans introspection problem occursprotected boolean writeContent(ElementDescriptor elementDescriptor, Context context) throws java.io.IOException, org.xml.sax.SAXException, java.beans.IntrospectionException
elementDescriptor
- the ElementDescriptor
to write as xmlcontext
- the Context
to use to evaluate the bean expressions
java.io.IOException
- if an IO problem occurs during writing
org.xml.sax.SAXException
- if an SAX problem occurs during writing
java.beans.IntrospectionException
- if a java beans introspection problem occursprotected void writeAttributes(ElementDescriptor elementDescriptor, Context context) throws java.io.IOException, org.xml.sax.SAXException
elementDescriptor
- the ElementDescriptor
to be written out as xmlcontext
- the Context
to use to evaluation bean expressions
java.io.IOException
- if an IO problem occurs during writing
org.xml.sax.SAXException
- if an SAX problem occurs during writingprotected void writeAttribute(AttributeDescriptor attributeDescriptor, Context context) throws java.io.IOException, org.xml.sax.SAXException
attributeDescriptor
- the AttributeDescriptor
to be written as xmlcontext
- the Context
to use to evaluation bean expressions
java.io.IOException
- if an IO problem occurs during writing
org.xml.sax.SAXException
- if an SAX problem occurs during writingprotected void writePrintln() throws java.io.IOException
java.io.IOException
- if the line cannot be writtenprotected void writeIndent() throws java.io.IOException
java.io.IOException
- if the indent cannot be written
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| SUMMARY: NESTED | FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD | DETAIL: FIELD | CONSTR | METHOD |


{% extends 'base.html' %} {% block base_body %}
Congrats now u can add a comment
You must be logged in to add a review Click here to login {% endif %}


Tagged “RC”
This post was originally labelled "Where am I".
I'm not entirely sure whether I should count Monday to Fridays, or weekends too - weekends too I guess, since Fridays themselves aren't even techically normal work days.
Day 11 it is then.
...
My Computer
Su helped me fix my Windows partition!! Holy smokes! She is a magician!! ❤
I should definitely have been able to do it myself - we just reset the whole thing. But it was fun to not have Windows for a while and just live that way. Because whatever.
Also, my poor boring new computer has some new digs - Stanley was sharing some of his long-collected stickers!
...
Today is the day before the day before I will begin a series of days at the Recurse Center. I have two reasons for writing this — One, they suggest keeping a blog to track your learning etc., but even before that, I read a few blogs from people who went to RC and did just that, like Julia Evans. It was really cool to see what they were doing, and I kindof want a place to organize my thoughts.
...See all tags.


F2020.DormRover
Meet Our Team
Home
Project Description
About
Team Members
Yilun Chen Section B
Zhenjie Chu Section B
Xi Li Section A
Yida Wang Section B


|
TGBOT
0.0.1
C++ library for Telegram bot API
|
This object represents a Telegram Chat. More...
#include <Chat.h>
Public Types | |
| typedef std::shared_ptr< Chat > | Ptr |
Public Attributes | |
| bool | allMembersAreAdministrators |
| Optional. More... | |
| std::string | firstName |
| Optional. More... | |
| int64_t | id |
| Unique identifier for this chat, not exceeding 1e13 by absolute value. More... | |
| std::string | lastName |
| Optional. More... | |
| std::string | title |
| Optional. More... | |
| Type | type |
| Type of chat: can be either "private", "group", "supergroup, or "channel". More... | |
| std::string | username |
| Optional. More... | |
| typedef std::shared_ptr<Chat> TgBot::Chat::Ptr |
|
strong |
| bool TgBot::Chat::allMembersAreAdministrators |
| std::string TgBot::Chat::firstName |
| int64_t TgBot::Chat::id |
| std::string TgBot::Chat::lastName |
| std::string TgBot::Chat::title |
| Type TgBot::Chat::type |


Virtual
Not real. For instance, virtual work is the work that would have been done by a force that never actually existed.


| Total Tests | Passed | Failed | Inconclusive | Success Rate | Start Time | End Time | Elapsed Time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| r_total_tests | r_passed | r_failed | r_inconclusive | r_success_rate | r_start_time | r_end_time | r_elapsed_time |
| Test ID | Description | Tags | Priority | Source | Start Time | End Time | Elapsed Time | Verdict |
|---|
Report generated at r_report_time


home Home
Here is a list of the pages that have been developed to this moment.
Useful websites for you.
2019/02


Why Do We Animate Elements?
- Set a client’s site apart
- Make it “pop”
Why Do We Animate Elements?
- Set a client’s site apart
- Make it “pop”
- Show off dev skill
Why Do We Animate Elements?
- Set a client’s site apart
- Make it “pop”
- Show off dev skill
- Communicate meaning about content
We Make Up Stories
Whenever things happen,
we automatically invent a narrative
to explain those events.
post hoc ergo propter hoc
Animation Tells
the Right Story
When we animate an interface correctly, we make sure users don’t make up the wrong story.
What Does Animation Communicate?
“Play with Me”
- Use motion to show that content is interactive.
- Connected to
:hover
- Links, inputs, buttons
“Ya Done Good, Kid”
- Use motion to confirm the success/failure of a user’s action.
- Shaking submit button if fields don’t validate
“We’re Connected”
- Use motion to show the relationship between pieces of content.
- Moving captions as carousel images move
- Transitioning help text as users hover over related elements
“I’m Important”
- Use motion to show which pieces of content deserve the user’s attention.
- Growing CTA button
- Growing active form field
“I Come from …”
- Use motion to show the source of some content.
- Animating sub-menu on
:hover
of parent link
“I Come from …”
“I’m Going …”
- Use motion to show the destination of some content.
- “Add to Cart” button
Easing Curves
- Linear motion is flat and lifeless.
- Easing brings an element of life to animations.
Cubic Bezier Curves
More Cubic Bezier Curves
Building Your Own
Make It Smooth
“do the performance its good ok”
Make It Smooth
box-shadow
top
, right
, bottom
, left
margin
, padding
font-size
, border
height
, width
Resources: CSS Triggers, Jank Free
Transitions vs. Animations
Transitions vs. Animations
- Transitions: simple off/on state changes
- Animations: complex motion,
usually tied to a trigger event,
differing start/end states
James Steinbach
Staff Front-End Engineer
at Okta
jdsteinbach


var hasNestedItems: Boolean
Optional. If set to true this will show a "menu-end" icon, which indicates that there might be a submenu shown. false by default.


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--- layout: post status: publish published: true title: Docker based remote firefox author: display_name: vishvendra login: vishvendra email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>url: '' author_login: vishvendra author_email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>wordpress_id: 214 wordpress_url: http://www.vishvendrasingh.com/?p=214 date: '2016-07-04 07:05:16 +0530' date_gmt: '2016-07-04 07:05:16 +0530' categories: - cloud - Linux tags: - browser - Cloud - docker - firefox comments: [] ---
Docker based remote firefox, with no history left on descruction with this single command. :)
Than vnc with this password 1234 enjoy
docker run -p 5900:5900 -e HOME=/ creack/firefox-vnc x11vnc -forever -usepw -create


It's party time.
Ohhh ye-ahh. Add your fave hits from back in the day, and we'll kick this thing old school style.
 Or are they still holding it down in the home town? Find out, and add your pin too.
Proud to be a 95er? Take home a piece of the party with these finely crafted accessories made especially for you.


--- layout: post status: publish published: true title: "思念!?才不呢!" author: Leask author_login: leask author_email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>author_url: https://leaskh.com wordpress_id: 553 wordpress_url: http://leaskh.wordpress.com/2006/05/21/%e6%80%9d%e5%bf%b5%e6%89%8d%e4%b8%8d%e5%91%a2 date: '2006-05-21 17:02:08 +0800' date_gmt: '2006-05-21 17:02:08 +0800' categories: - Life tags: [] comments: [] ---


Asking Good Questions
Communication Skills
5 Apr 15
What makes a good question? We all have a different answer to this, but when it comes to coding there are a couple of common attributes good questions share.
Title
The title must properly frame the question. The title should clearly and concisely provide the initial framing for the question in such a way that a potential answerer is not completely surprised by the content. If you are running into this (0.1 + 0.2 === .03 => false
) error in JS, titling your post "Math not working" is a bad idea. "Errors in JS float arithmetic" is a much more descriptive and helpful title.
Problem
Clearly and concisely introduce your reader to the situation that created your problem (the context) and then state your problem. When providing context you should be sure to include and supporting code that is necessary to understanding the problem. Also, mention any environmental variables or programs you are running that have bearing on the problem. The problem itself should be what you are trying to achieve.
Writing
Be sure to double check your grammar and punctuation. Clarity and concision are achieved mostly through proper grammar.


Preparation time
30 mins to 1 hour
Cooking time
10 to 30 mins
Serves
Serves 4
Dietary
Place the flour, salt and yeast into a bowl. Add the yoghurt and melted ghee.
Knead with your hands for two minutes, gradually adding enough water to make soft dough. Continue to knead for 4-5 minutes.
Return the dough to the bowl, cover and leave to rise for about one hour.
Preheat the oven to 180C/350F/Gas 4. Roll the dough out into a flat tear-drop shape and place it on a baking tray. Place in the oven and bake for 10-15 minutes until puffed up and golden-brown.
For the spicy topping, mix the melted ghee with the spices in a small bowl.
About 3-5 minutes before the bread is cooked, remove the bread from the oven and brush with the spice mixture. Set aside the spicy topping bowl.
Place the bread back in the oven for a few minutes. Once the bread has cooked, brush again with the spicy topping. Serve the bread warm, in slices.


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Notes on Reinforcement learning.
Reinforcement learning is the problem faced by an agent that must learn behaviour through trial-and-error interactions with a dynamic environment. It is appropriately thought of as a class of problems, rather than as a set of techniques.
There are two main strategies for solving Reinforcement Learning problems. The first is to search in the space for behaviours in order to find one that performs well in the environment. This approach has been taken by work in genetic algorithms and genetic programming. The second is to use statistical techniques and dynamic programming methods to estimate the utility of taking actions in state of the world.
In the standard RL model, on each step of interaction the agent receives as input i, some indication of the current state, S, of the environment. The agent chooses an action, a, to generate an output. The action changes the state of the environment and the value of this state transition is communicated to the agent through a scalar reinforcement signal, r. It should choose actions that tend to increase the long-run sum of values of the reinforcement signal. It can learn to do this overtime by systematic trial and error.
An intuitive way to understand the relation between the agent and its environment is with the following example:
Environment : You are in state 65. You have 4 possible actions. Agent: I’ll take action 2. Environment: You received a reinforcement of 7 units. You are in state 15. You have 2 possible actions.
The agent’s job is to find a policy Π, mapping states to actions, that maximizes some long run measure of reinforcement. We assume the environment is stationary.
Important ideas in Reinforcement Learning that came up –
- Exploration – you have to try unknown actions to get information.
- Exploitation – eventually you have to use what you know.
- Regret – even if you learn intelligently you make mistakes.
- Sampling – because of chance you have to try things repeatedly.
- Difficulty – learning can be much harder than solving a known MDPs.
Markov Decision Process
- A set of states s∈S
- A set of actions a∈A
- A transition function T(s,a,s’). Also called the model or the dynamics. P(s’|s,a) = T(s,a,s’)
- The reward function R(s,a,s’)
- Start state
- Maybe a terminal state
- MDP’s are non-deterministic search problems
“Markov” generally means that given the present state, the future and the past are independent. This is just like search, where the successor function could only depend on the current state (not the history). In the deterministic single-agent search problems, we wanted an optimal plan or sequence of actions, from start to goal.
For MDPs we want an optimal policy Π* : S ⇒ A
A policy Π gives an action for each state. An optimal policy is one that maxmizes expected utility if followed. An explicit policy defines a reflex agent.
Discounting
Its reasonable to maximize the sum of rewards and/or to prefer rewards now to rewards later
One solution: values of rewards decay exponentially.
How to discount? Each time we descend a level. we multiply in the discount once.
Why discount? Sooner rewards probably do have higher utility than later rewards. Also helps algorithm converge.
Example: discount of 0.5 U([1,2,3]) = 11 +20.5 + 3*o.25
What if the game lasts forever? Solution:
- Finite horizon: (similar to depth-limited search)
- Gives non stationary policies (Π depends on time left)
- Discounting: use 0<ϒ<1. Smaller ϒ means smaller “horizon”.
Absorbing state- guarantee that for every policy, a terminal state will eventually be reached.
How to solve MDPs?
The value (utility) of a state S:
V*(s) = expected utility starting in S and acting optimally. (tells us how good each state is)
Q*(s,a) = expected utility starting out having taken action ‘a’ from state ‘s’ and (thereafter) acting optimally. (‘s’ is fixed and we vary ‘a’)
The optimal policy: Π(s) = optimal action from state s = argmax Q(s,a) (its the action that achieves the maximum)
Values of States
Fundamental operation : compute the (expectimax) value of the state.
- Expected utility under optimal action.
- Average sum of (discounted) rewards
- This is just what expectimax computed!
Recursive definition of value:
V(s) = max Q(s,a)
Q*(s,a) = max Σ T(s,a,s’)[R(s,a,s’) + V*(s)] — Bellman’s equation
Quantities
Policy = map of states to actions. Utility = sum of discounted rewards. Values = expected future utility from a state (max node) Q-values = expected future utility from a q-state (chance node)
Both value iteration and policy iteration compute the same thing (all optimal values)
In Value iteration –
- Every iteration updates both the values and (implicitly) the policy.
- We dont track the policy, but taking the max over actions implicitly recompute it.
In policy iteration –
- We do several passes that update utilities with fixed policy (each pass is fast because we consider only one action and not all of them)
- After the policy is evaluated, a new policy is chosen (slow like a value iteration pass)
- The new policy will be better (or we’re done)
Unknown MDP : Model Based Learning
- Learn an approximate model based on experiences.
- Solve for values as if the learned model were correct.
- E[A] = ΣP(a).a
Unknown MDP : Model Free Learning
Passive Reinforcement Learning :
- Simplified task: policy evaluation
- Input : fixed policy Π(s)
- You don’t know the transitions T(s,a,s’)
- You don’t know the rewards R(s,a,s’)
- Direct Evaluation: Goal : Compute values for each state under Π Idea : Average together observed sample values. Act according to Π.  Average those samples.
What’s good about direct evaluation?
- Its easy to understand.
- It does’nt require any knowledge of T,R.
- It eventually computes the correct average values, using just sample transitions.
What’s bad about it?
It wastes information about state connnection. Each state must be learned seperately. So, it takes log time to learn.
Sample based Policy Evaluation: Take samples of outcome s’(by doing action!) and average. We want to improve our estimate of V by computing these averages.
Temporal Difference Learning: Big Idea: Learn from every experience! Update V(s) each time we experience a transition (s,a,s’,r) Likely outcomes s’ will contribute updates more often.
Temporal difference learning of values: Policy still fixed, still doing evaluation! Move values toward value of whatever successor occurs : running avg
Sample of V(s) : sample = R(s,Π(s),s’) + ϒV(s’)
Update to V(s): V(s) ⇐ (1-α)V(s) + (α)sample Can also be written as : V(s) ⇐ V(s) + (α)[sample – V(s)]
Problems with TD value Learning: TD value learning is a model – free way to do policy evaluation, mimicking Bellman Updates with running sample averages. Idea : Learn Q-values, not values. Makes action selection model – free too!
Active Reinforcement Learning
- Value iteration:
- Start with Q(s,a) = 0, which we know is right.
- Given Qk, calculate the depth k+1
- Q- values for all Q-states: Qk+1 (s,a) ⇐ ∑ T(s,a,s’)[R(s,a,s’) + ϒmax Qk(s,a)]
- Q-learning: Learn Q(s,a) values as you go
- Receive a sample (s,a,s’,r)
- Consider your old estimate : Q(s,a)
- Consider your new sample estimate: sample = R(s,a,s’) + ϒmax Q(s’,a’)
- Incorporate the new estimate into a running average: Q(s,a): V(s) ⇐ (1-α)Q(s,a) + (α)[sample] Q-learning converges to optimal policy — even if you’re acting suboptimally! This is called off-policy learning.
- You have to explore enough.
- You have to eventually mae the learning rate small enough. 3…but not decrease it too quickly.
- Basically, in the limit, it doesn’t matter how you select actions!
Exploration
How to explore?
Several schemes for forcing exploration:
Simplest: random action (Ε – greedy) - Every time step, flip a coin. - With (small) probability Ε, act normally. - With (large) probability 1-Ε, act on current policy.
Problems with random actions?
- You do eventually explore the space, but keep thrashing around once learning is done.
- One solution: lower Ε over time.
- Another solution : exploration functions
- Take a value estimate u and a, visit count n and returns an optimistic utility e.g : f(u, n) = u + k/n
Regret
- Even if you learn the optimal policy, you still make mistakes along the way.
- Regret is a measure of your total mistake cost : the difference between your (expected) rewards, including youthful suboptimality, and optimal (expected) rewards.
- Mimicking regret goes beyond learning t be optimal – it requires optimally learnin g to be optimal.
Example : random exploration and exploration functions both end up optimal, but random exploration has higher regret.
Approximate Q- learning
Generalizing across states:
- Basic Q-learning keeps a table of q-values.
- In realistic situations, we cannot possibly learn about every single state!
- Too many states to visit them all in training.
- Too many states to hold the q-tables in memory.
Instead, we want to generalize:
Learn about some number of training states from experience. Generalize that experience to new, similar situations. This is a fundamental idea in machine learning.
Solution: describe a state using a vector of features (properties)
- Features are functions from state to real numbers (often 0/1) that capture important properties of the state .
- Can also describe a q-state (s,a) with features.
Linear Value Functions
- Using a feature representation, we can write a q-function (or value function ) for any state using a few weights – V(s) = w1f1(s) +w2f2(s)…+wnfn(s) Q(s,a) = w1f1(s,a) + w2f2(s,a)+…+wnfn(s,a)
- Advantage: Our experience is summed up in a few powerful numbers.
- Disadvantage: States may share features but actually be very different in value !
- Q- learning with linear Q-functions
Intuitive interpretation:
- Adjust weights of active features.
Example: if something unexpectedly bad happens, blame the features that were on : disprefer all states with that state’s features.
Policy Search
Problem: often the feature-based policies that work well aren’t the ones that approximate V/Q best.
Solution: Learn policies that minimize rewards, not the values that predict them.
Policy Search: start with an OK solution (eg: Q-learning) then fine-tune by hill climbing on feature weights.
Simplest policy search :
Start with an initial linear value function or Q-function. Nudge each feature weight up and down and see if your policy is better than before.
Problems:
- How do we tell the policy got better?
- Need to run many sample episodes!
- If there are a lot of features, that can be impractical.
Better methods exploit look-ahead structure, sample wisely, change multiple parameters.


breakfast is the most important meal of the day!
what are you hungry for?
bowl of fruit
eggs and bacon


Brooklyn Colbert's funeral to take place, as man faces court in connection with murder
by By Digital Desk staffA man is due in court in Limerick this morning charged in connection with the murder of 11-year-old Brooklyn Colbert.
Brooklyn was found dead at a house in the Ballynanty area of the city last Sunday.
A man in his 20s was arrested on Sunday night in connection with the case.
He is due to appear before Limerick District Court at 10am today, charged in connection with the death.
Meanwhile, Brooklyn's funeral Mass will take place at St Saviour's Church in the city at 11am today. A private wake took place at the boy’s family home last night.
Fr Donal McNamara of St Munchin’s Parish, said the whole of Limerick was praying for the boy’s parents and extended family.
“He was an only child and it must be shattering for his family. The sadness is palpable around the north side of Limerick city, and all over really,” Fr McNamara said.
READ MORE
Waterford's psychiatric nurses to strike in overcrowding protest


Anne Donnelly
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Indonesia’s export ban can boost nickel exports from the Philippines to China, says GlobalData
Nickel is mined from many sources around the world and is presently used for stainless steel, nonferrous alloys, electroplating, alloy steel, and foundries. It is a diverse metal that can be manipulated for many purposes and a popular commodity globally. GlobalData’s report outlines the nickel mining market in the Philippines to 2023.
New regulations hold promise for the Philippines nickel mining market
The Philippines is the second largest producer of nickel worldwide, coming in behind Indonesia. Philippines nickel accounted for 16% global production in 2018. However, since 2016 the Philippines nickel industry has struggled due to the introduction of regulatory measures, leading to a fall in production of 28.5%. GlobalData’s ‘Nickel Mining in the Philippines to 2023’ explores this theme and how a new ban on exports by Indonesian government could allow the Philippines to export more nickel to China. The Philippines nickel market looks to grow 3% to 355kt in 2019, and to 381.4kt by 2023.
Key highlights of this report include:
- Commencement of Acoje and Mindoro projects are expected to start production in 2021 and 2023, respectively
- A detailed overview of the Philippines nickel mining market including reserves, production trends, and forecasts for the future
- Learn about pipeline projects and regulations that could have an impact on the market
- Analysis of the competitive landscape and a list of active projects
Use this report to strategise for the future and gain a strengthened understanding of nickel mining in the Philippines. Understand the Philippines governing structure, laws and regulations as well as tax applicable. Be able to make smarter business decisions and discover key investment opportunities to gain a competitive advantage.
To find out more about this report, visit GlobalData’s Report Store.


Even I did it many times ,but I have to write down the notes in case I forget it!
1. boot up Linux os with rescue mode .
2. make sure which partition / resides and type the command
cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/sda2 devicename
3. varyon system vg
vgchage -ay
4. Please make sure lvsize > filesytem size ,then type the command
lvresise -L lvname -r
</code>
Git it done now :)
Redhat Disk Encrption


Keepin it Classy
Nichole Shelton
November 30, 2014
Currently I'm pretty obsessed with yoga. I definitely need it to help me get through DBC! Right now I'm working on the coveted headstand. Believe, once I achieve it, I'll be doing a little of this:
I like to infuse my coding sessions with a little yoga. Let's see if I can achieve that in this blog post. We're going to discuss
What is a class?
A class is an object. According to the Well Grounded Rubyist "a class let's your group behaviors (methods) into convenient bundles, so that you can quickly create many objects that behave essentially the same way." In other words, classes are a way to objects and methods. Below, I'm going to create a class
class Yoga def method_name end end
Pretty simple. Now we'll need to initialize our
What's an instance variable?
class Yoga def initialize(type, asana) @type = type @fav_asana = fav_asana end end
Very good. We're getting somewhere. Now let's add a few methods and see how this little program will work.
class Yoga def initialize(name, type, asana) @name = name @type = type @asana = asana end def name @name end def type @type end def fav_asana @asana end def add_them_together return "#{@name}'s favorite type of yoga is #{@type} and she loves to practice the<EMAIL_ADDRESS>end end
When we call the class we need to define a new variable (be descriptive) and call the class using
my_yoga = Yoga.new("Nichole", "Ashtanga", "Shirshasana - headstand") puts my_yoga.fav_asana
And our output is the following:
Nichole's favorite type of yoga is Ashtanga and she loves to practice the Shirshasana - headstand.
We've learned so much, but that's not all! This week, we learned about these nifty syntatic sugary methods. I love the saying
class Yoga
attr_reader :name, :type, :asana
def initialize(name, type, asana)
@name = name
@type = type
@asana = asana
end
def add_them_together
return "#{@name}'s favorite type of yoga is #{@type} and she loves to practice the<EMAIL_ADDRESS>end
end
my_yoga = Yoga.new("Nichole", "Ashtanga", "Shirshasana - headstand")
puts my_yoga.add_them_together
OUTPUT
Nichole's favorite type of yoga is Ashtanga and she loves to practice the Shirshasana - headstand.
The output was the same! Hope this was helpful. I know it certainly helped me to learn by writing it out.


Shield Support
You can use any USB/Serial/i2c controller/driver for movements such as RAMPS and Trinamics. This field is not required if you have planned to use direct pulsing through GPIO for the movements. For Windows users RAMPS is the only supported option.


M16 is a family of military rifles adapted from the ArmaLite AR-15. It is really powerful. The proof for that is that it is used by United States Military. The original M16 has a magazine of 20-round. It has a newer adjustable rear sight, case deflector, heavy barrel, improved handguard, pistol grip and buttstock. It is equiped with a removable carrying handle and Picatinny rail for mountin optics and other ancillary devices. It is used by many armies of many different countries. The list of wars on which this gun was used is really big.
AK 47 Mid-range MPX Carbine


devICT Events
| Event | When | What |
|---|---|---|
| devICT Talks | Monthly, every last Thursday. | This event features a presentation on various development related topics. |
| Study Hall | Weekly, every Monday. | Study Hall is your opportunity to learn how to code and improve your skills. |
| Code & Coffee | Thursday mornings at 7:00am. | Bring your laptop, enjoy some coffee, and hang out with other developers. |
| Hangout | Monthly, every second Tuesday. | The Hangout is a social event and an opportunity to hang out, talk code (or not) and enjoy some company. |
Active Open Wichita Projects
| Project | Description |
|---|---|
| Open Budget: Wichita | Visualizes city budget data in a number of ways. |
| Public Meetings | Aggregate all publicly available civic meetings into one website. |
| Open Data @ UWP | Partnership with United Way of the Plains to explore open data practices. |
Upcoming Startup Wichita Events
| Date | Event |
|---|---|
| 03 June | Tech Midwest 2017: Hackathon |
| 06 June | Competing for Government Contracting: Basic Training |
| 08 June | Scale Up Your Business |
| 08 June | Startup Grind hosts Ron Ryan, Founder & Former Chairman Ryan International Airlines |


This interaction is no longer being run. You can complete a modified version of this interaction at your own pace by following the instructions below:
Interaction Setup Guide
In the link at the bottom of this page, there is a Google Slides presentation that was used during the interaction for this puzzle.
To simulate the solving experience, follow the following protocol:
- Whenever you are ready to "enter the room", open the link below and start the presentation. From this time onward, do not write anything down or do anything else (related to this puzzle) on your computer except navigate back and forth between slides. (In the actual interaction slideshow was autoplayed at 1 slide per minute; for an additional challenge, feel free to set up the slideshow the same way).
- When you are ready to "leave the room", close the presentation. (For added difficulty, wait one minute before writing anything down -- this vaguely represents the time it took solvers to check out with the interaction runners).
- Wait at least 30 minutes from when you closed the presentation before returning to the presentation. In the meantime, feel free to look whatever you want up, write whatever you want down, etc. When you are ready to return to the presentation, return to step 1.
The top-secret presentation is located at this link. Good luck!


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“From the vast cavern in to which you are passing
comes the sound of a thousands storms. You hear the
mad winds raging around the walls of their imprisonment,
and mingling their fearful roars with the reverberating
thunders of the cataract!“
- Pecks’ Tourist Companion to Niagara Falls,. |
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Five places that tell our story. NIAGARA FALLS Niagara Falls is a natural phenomenon that is overwhelming in its magnitude and deeply embedded in popular consciousness. Over Niagara Falls courses the outflow of four of the Great Lakes and 20% of the world’s fresh water. The distinctive characteristics of the Niagara Falls region can only be understood through appreciation of this unparalleled resource and the geological processes that surround it. |
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THE NIAGARA GEORGE
Prior to the American Civil War, the Underground Railroad routed fugitives to the Buffalo Niagara region because of its proximity to Canada, where slavery had been abolished in 1833. Individuals and families escaping enslavement, crossed the Niagara River to Canada and freedom. The village of Suspension Bridge, now within the City of Niagara Falls, was the site of John Roebling’s phenomenal 1855 bridge that proved the feasibility of suspension bridge technology for both railroad and vehicle traffic. His bridge became a major crossing point for the Underground Railroad in the years before the war. Harriet Tubman, escaped enslavement in 1849, and soon led many others to freedom in St. Catherines, Canada. In 1856, she rode the railroad to “cross the Suspension Bridge.” For several years the |
Discover the natural phenomenon
at these sites
Niagara Falls State Park
New York Power Authority Power Vista
Whirlpool State Park
Niagara Gorge Discovery Center
Devil's Hole State Park
Maid of the Mist
Whirlpool Jet Boat Tours
Artpark State Park
Joseph Davis State Park
Freedom Crossing Monument
Fort Niagara State Park


Cyberbullying is a type of bullying that takes place over the internet, including through social media apps, texting, and online gaming.
Before we learn more about cyberbullying, let's learn some of the basics about bullying...
According to stopbullying.gov, bullying is defined as "Bullying is unwanted, aggressive behavior among school aged children that involves a real or perceived power imbalance." To be bullying these criteria must be met:
Here are some of the main types of bullying:
Watch the video below to learn about different types of cyberbullying:
Now take a look at some of the examples below, and identify what kinds of cyberbullying they are:


name: default layout: true --- class: center, inverse background-image: url(https://unsplash.it/1600/1200?image=911) # TypeScript and AngularJS ### by Rasmus Vestergaard Hansen [Systematic] --- # Why? Large AngularJS applications written in ES5 can be: * Very unweildy and hard to maintain for a large team * Scary to refactor due to no type safety and global dependency injection container * Difficult to test in isolation * Tied (too) closely to AngularJS ??? I would argue that using TypeScript can help solve or alleviate these issues. --- class: center, middle, inverse background-image: url(https://unsplash.it/1600/1200?image=769) # Let's code it! --- # Application ### [Dog Image App](src/js/index-js.html) * One service: DogService * Two components: * dogs * dogImage --- # TypeScript and AngularJS ## Pros * Helps with maintainability and refactoring * Helps with separation of concerns * Catches (some) bugs on compile time instead of run time * Makes it easier to switch frameworks * Makes tests faster ## Cons * Longer turnaround time due to compile cycle * More complex build environment (compiling, testing, source maps, etc.) --- class: center, middle, inverse background-image: url(https://unsplash.it/1600/1200?image=681) # Q&A


It smells as it tastes, spicy, earthy, over ripe bananas, tropical and some slight cinnamon undertones. Users have called this strain a creeper as it may take several moments for the effects to move throughout your mind and body. As this is a heavy indica it’s best before bed but don’t forget to grab a snack! Users experience muscle relaxation and relief from sleeplessness.