The design of beer, like much of human creativity, is a mix of science and art. An architect must know the science of structure, as well as the art of form. One without the other leads to uselessness or ugliness. For this reason, the Design Primer is divided into two sections: the science of beer design, and the art of beer design.
| The Science of Beer Design | The Art of Beer Design | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
The scientific approach to beer design starts with an analysis. Once a beer style has been chosen, examine and analyze its numbers: International Bittering Units, Original Gravity, Terminal Gravity, Color. Read the style description to determine what attributes are mandatory, acceptable or forbidden.
Next, we build up our recipe by ingredients, making sure the numbers true to form. Malts are the best place to start, followed by hops, yeast and water. Use pale malts to build up the gravity. An exception to this is where styles demand base malts other than pale, such as viennas and bocks. In all cases, start with the lightest malt acceptable for the style. Extract brewers should start with pale malt extracts. Adjust the amount of these malts to bring the predicted original gravity to the lower or middle of the acceptable range.
Build up the color and character of the recipe with specialty grains. In this there is no substitute for knowing your ingredients. A half pound of chocolate malt will add the same amount of color as four pounds of 50L crystal malt, but the resulting characters will be vastly different. As a rule of thumb, use the middle color range of malts (chocolate malt instead of crystal or black malt). Again, check your style descriptions. Check the resulting color against the style. Also recheck the original gravity calculations.
Now we need to work on the hops. Always choose a hop variety to reflect the style origin. Use British hops for British styles, German hops for German styles, and so on. When a style calls for hop bitterness, flavor and aroma to be balanced, add the hops at different times during the boil, rather than all at once. Compute the hop bitterness for each hop addition and adjust until the numbers are right.
You can be a bit more subjective in the selection of yeasts. A yeast with a neutral character is always safe. If there is a yeast traditionally used for your intended style, then use it. For some styles this is mandatory. For other styles, different yeasts can fill out the character of the finished beer. Read the yeast descriptions if you can find them. As with hops, matching the origin of the yeast to the style is a good idea.
Finally we come to the water. The true scientific brewer would use various salts and additives to make the brewing water match the style's water of origin. For many brewers, this is not practical or desirable. Water chemistry can be safely ignored, unless the style says otherwise. An exception to this would be if your brewing water was excessively hard or soft to begin with, or had unusual amounts ions in it. In these cases, correct the water to normal levels.
Some styles call for ingredients other than malt, hops, yeast or water. There are simply too many adjuncts to include in this primer. Instead, find out what other brewers are using, and how. Read the winning recipes in "Zymurgy". Examine the recipes in Recipe Lists. Try to find at least three good recipes that use your desired ingredient, and compare them.
One must also consider brewing technique. Many lager styles demand double or triple decoctions. Simulating a lambic would require a demanding fermentation schedule. If your beer style requires a brewing technique out of the ordinary, it would behoove you to use it. Sometimes the ingredients will demand special procedures. Very pale malt often requires a protein rest during the mash. Finally, we are at the end of the scientific design method. We have skipped some topics of this approach, but they are useless to us until we have learned about the art of designing beer. |
As the old saying goes, "If you want to play the blues, you have to pay your dues". This is applicable to every art form. If you paint, you must know your pigments. If you play guitar, you must know your chords. It is the same way with beer design. You must know your ingredients, styles, and equipment. And you must practice, practice, practice. Practice brewing other folk's recipes. Practice brewing an old favorite but with different hops. Practice with other methods of brewing. In practicing, you learn the fundamentals of the art.
Taste as many different beers that fit your intended style as is practical. You can't design a masterpiece of a stout if the only stout you've ever tasted has been Guinness. What makes the different samples different from each other? What do they have in common? From these tastings, and from you experience as a brewer, what do characteristics do you want your beer to have? Maltiness? Bitterness? A hint of coffee? Are you able to provide your beer with these qualities? If you want the clean, crisp bitterness of a Bohemian Pilsener, but don't have the capability to lager, then you should try something else.
As with the scientific method, start with the malt. This is the canvas upon which you will paint. Do you use pale or pilsener malts? Extra light malt extract or amber extract? From your experience, you should know which malts grant which quality. Your vision of what your beer will be might point you towards complicated mashing schedules or towards simple extracts. Malt extracts will tend to have thin body as compared to all-grain recipes. Pale malts produce a "bigger" body than lager malts. Infusion mashes will have less maltiness than decoction mashes. Dark malts have a curious flavor-to-color continuum that requires understanding through practice. Crystal and caramel malts have yet a different flavor-to-color continuum.
Hops are the bold colors in our palette. High-alpha hops are great for adding bitterness, but they are not always desirable. But on the other hand, too much low-alpha hops used for bitterness can lend a "spinachy" quality. Blends of hops can add wonderful complexity to beers. Many hop additions at narrow time intervals will extract more flavor and aroma than just a couple. Refer to your tasting notes.
There is no substitute for experience in choosing a yeast. You may already have chosen a "house" yeast, one that you use for every batch. Many award winning breweries do this. In painting, the quality of the pigments is of great concern. So it is with all brewing ingredients, but especially yeast. Check the time stamps on your smack packs, or culture your own. Dry yeast are okay for lesser beers, but for your masterpiece they won't do at all unless they are absolutely fresh. Using more than one kind of yeast is perfectly normal.
For water, the scientific method can serve us well. But a good rule of thumb is to use the water one already has, without adjustments, just like a master painter uses his or her natural talents. If the water is not perfectly suitable, one can either take note of it and let it be, or adjust the recipe to compensate. Perhaps a sauer mash or dark malts can be used to adjust pH. Or perhaps blending one's hard water with quality bottled soft water.
Other ingredients can be the hallmark of the artistic brewer. But experience, not experimentation is needed. For fruit beers, the finished fruit flavor will not always taste like the fresh fruit, since many aromas will have been purged with the CO2 during fermentation. For your masterpiece, it goes without saying that real fruit is preferable to bottled extracts. Honey can add a lightness to the beer, but be aware that it will ferment slowly.
If your finished beer is not a masterpiece, don't fret. Taste and analyse the results to help determine what needs adjusting. A bit more aroma hops? A bit less vienna malt? Pass it out to all your friends and drink the rest up to give you room for your next creation. |
©David Johnson, Stephen Lowrie, 1997 - 2008
Permission is given to freely copy and redistribute this
document.


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PingCAP Managed TiDB Cloud |
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| Available Platform | Public cloud: GCP, AWS |
| Pricing Scheme | Pay per usage: calculated based on a combination of computing resources and storage capacity |
| Elastic Horizontal Scaling | {{- partial "svgs/icon-check-mark.svg" -}} |
| Rolling Upgrades, Updates and Patching (no downtime) | {{- partial "svgs/icon-check-mark.svg" -}} |
| Managed Backup & Restore | {{- partial "svgs/icon-check-mark.svg" -}} |
| Cluster and Cost Management Dashboard | {{- partial "svgs/icon-check-mark.svg" -}} |
| Data Migration Support | {{- partial "svgs/icon-check-mark.svg" -}} |
| Uptime SLA | 99.99 |
| PingCAP Enterprise Support SLA | 24 hours response time; email + instant message + phone (Support package with shorter response time available for additional cost) |


Suggestions for new floater style.
-
anonymous
Over the past few months I have thoroughly enjoyed using Synergy. I often leave the floater up while I do my homework so I can see what is playing at a glance. And I got to thinking that some different styles would be a nice change of pace.
The capabilities of MacOS X for rendering alpha channels is pretty cool but I am not sure what can and cannot be done.
Here are a couple of ideas I developed.
-
Greg Hurrell
Wonderful ideas! Thanks for contributing them. They look great.
I'm working on a "skinnable" architecture for Synergy Advance which should enable this kind of thing. (I put the word "skinnable" in quotes because I don't necessarily like the term, but you get the idea anyway.)
-
anonymous
Glad to hear.
After I did this I thought that you might be working on some type of skins...it makes sense considering all the options for the player control buttons.
Maybe instead of skins you can call them 'kits' or 'shells'.
-
Magnetikal
Exilio, those are very nice styles. I hope one day, when possible, you turn them into something which a future version of Synergy or Synergy Advance can use. They're very clean and good looking, something which I find isn't the case in the majority of skins/kits/shells (whatever you want to call them).
-
anonymous
Thanks for the kind words. And I agree that many skins are kind of, well, interesting. I prefer when someone takes the time to create something that is functional and aesthetically pleasing.
-
anonymous
Great work Exillo.
-
anonymous
Is there any chance of a dashboard type Synergy controller/floater?
So like you press your hot key and it pops up
-
Greg Hurrell
Quote: Is there any chance of a dashboard type Synergy controller/floater?
 Asking for too much?
-
mgs
Perhaps this is not style but content. But anyway I would like to see the time passing in a song included in the floater info, live a la X-Tunes.
Reply
This topic is now closed.


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Contributing to Ruby¶ ↑
Ruby has a vast and friendly community with hundreds of people contributing to a thriving open-source ecosystem. This guide is designed to cover ways for participating in the development of CRuby.
There are plenty of ways for you to help even if you're not ready to write code or documentation. You can help by reporting issues, testing patches, and trying out beta releases with your applications.
How To Report¶ ↑
If you've encountered a bug in Ruby please report it to the redmine issue tracker available at bugs.ruby-lang.org. Do not report security vulnerabilities here, there is a separate channel for them.
There are a few simple steps you should follow in order to receive feedback on your ticket.
-
If you haven't already, sign up for an account on the bug tracker.
-
Try the latest version.
If you aren't already using the latest version, try installing a newer stable release. See Downloading Ruby.
-
Look to see if anyone already reported your issue, try searching on redmine for your problem.
-
If you can't find a ticket addressing your issue, create a new one.
-
Choose the target version, usually current. Bugs will be first fixed in the current release and then backported.
-
Fill in the Ruby version you're using when experiencing this issue (
ruby -v
). -
Attach any logs or reproducible programs to provide additional information. Reproducible scripts should be as small as possible.
-
Briefly describe your problem. A 2-3 sentence description will help give a quick response.
-
Pick a category, such as core for common problems, or lib for a standard library.
-
Check the Maintainers list and assign the ticket if there is an active maintainer for the library or feature.
-
If the ticket doesn't have any replies after 10 days, you can send a reminder.
-
Please reply to feedback requests. If a bug report doesn't get any feedback, it'll eventually get rejected.
Reporting to downstream distributions¶ ↑
You can report downstream issues for the following distributions via their bug tracker:
Platform Maintainers¶ ↑
For platform specific bugs in Ruby, you can assign your ticket to the current maintainer for a specific platform.
The current active platform maintainers are as follows:
- mswin32, mswin64 (Microsoft Windows)
-
NAKAMURA Usaku (usa)
- mingw32 (Minimalist GNU for Windows)
-
Nobuyoshi Nakada (nobu)
- IA-64 (Debian GNU/Linux)
-
TAKANO Mitsuhiro (takano32)
- Symbian OS
-
Alexander Zavorine (azov)
- AIX
-
Yutaka Kanemoto (kanemoto)
- FreeBSD
-
Akinori MUSHA (knu)
- Solaris
-
Naohisa Goto (ngoto)
- RHEL, CentOS
-
KOSAKI Motohiro kosaki
- Mac OS X
-
Kenta Murata (mrkn)
- cygwin, bcc32, djgpp, wince, …
-
none. (Maintainer WANTED)
Reporting Security Issues¶ ↑
Security vulnerabilities receive special treatment since they may negatively affect many users. There is a private mailing list that all security issues should be reported to and will be handled discretely. Email the<EMAIL_ADDRESS>list and the problem will be published after fixes have been released. You can also encrypt the issue using the PGP public key for the list.
Reporting Other Issues¶ ↑
If you're having an issue with the website, or maybe the mailing list, you can contact the webmaster to help resolve the problem.
The current webmaster is:
-
Hiroshi SHIBATA (hsbt)
You can also report issues with the ruby-lang.org website on the issue tracker:
Resolve Existing Issues¶ ↑
As a next step beyond reporting issues you can help the core team resolve existing issues. If you check the Everyone's Issues list in GitHub Issues, you will find a lot of issues already requiring attention. What can you do for these? Quite a bit, actually:
When a bug report goes for a while without any feedback, it goes to the bug graveyard which is unfortunate. If you check the issues list you will find lots of delinquent bugs that require attention.
You can help by verifying the existing tickets, try to reproduce the reported issue on your own and comment if you still experience the bug. Some issues lack attention because of too much ambiguity, to help you can narrow down the problem and provide more specific details or instructions to reproduce the bug. You might also try contributing a failing test in the form of a patch, which we will cover later in this guide.
It may also help to try out patches other contributors have submitted to
redmine, if gone without notice. In this case the patch
command is your friend, see man patch
for more information.
Basically this would go something like this:
cd path/to/ruby/trunk patch -p0 < path/to/patch
You will then be prompted to apply the patch with the associated files. After building ruby again, you should try to run the tests and verify if the change actually worked or fixed the bug. It's important to provide valuable feedback on the patch that can help reach the overall goal, try to answer some of these questions:
-
What do you like about this change?
-
What would you do differently?
-
Are there any other edge cases not tested?
-
Is there any documentation that would be affected by this change?
If you can answer some or all of these questions, you're on the right track. If your comment simply says “+1”, then odds are that other reviewers aren't going to take it too seriously. Show that you took the time to review the patch.
How To Request Features¶ ↑
If there's a new feature that you want to see added to Ruby, you will need to write a convincing proposal and patch to implement the feature.
For new features in CRuby, use the ‘Feature’ tracker on ruby-trunk. For non-CRuby dependent features, features that would apply to alternate Ruby implementations such as JRuby and Rubinius, use the CommonRuby tracker.
When writing a proposal be sure to check for previous discussions on the topic and have a solid use case. You will need to be persuasive and convince Matz on your new feature. You should also consider the potential compatibility issues that this new feature might raise.
Consider making your feature into a gem, and if there are enough people who benefit from your feature it could help persuade ruby-core. Although feature requests can seem like an alluring way to contribute to Ruby, often these discussions can lead nowhere and exhaust time and energy that could be better spent fixing bugs. Choose your battles.
A good template for a feature proposal should look something like this:
- Abstract
-
Summary of your feature
- Background
-
Describe current behavior and why it is problem. Related work, such as solutions in other language helps us to understand the problem.
- Proposal
-
Describe your proposal in details
- Details
-
If it has complicated feature, describe it
- Usecase
-
How would your feature be used? Who will benefit from it?
- Discussion
-
Discuss about this proposal. A list of pros and cons will help start discussion.
- Limitation
-
Limitation of your proposal
- Another alternative proposal
-
If there are alternative proposals, show them.
- See also
-
Links to the other related resources
Slideshow¶ ↑
At the Ruby Developer Meeting in Japan, committers discuss Feature Proposals together in Tokyo. We will judge proposals and then accept, reject, or give feedback for them. If you have a stalled proposal, making a slide to submit is good way to get feedback.
Slides should be:
-
One-page slide
-
Include a corresponding ticket number
-
MUST include a figure and/or short example code
-
SHOULD have less sentence in natural language (try to write less than 140 characters)
-
It is RECOMMENDED to itemize: motivation/use case, proposal, pros/cons, corner case
-
PDF or Image (Web browsers can show it)
Please note:
-
Even if the proposal is generally acceptable, it won't be accepted without writing corner cases in the ticket
-
Slide's example: DevelopersMeeting20130727Japan
Backport Requests¶ ↑
When a new version of Ruby is released, it starts at patch level 0 (p0), and bugs will be fixed first on the trunk branch. If it's determined that a bug exists in a previous version of Ruby that is still in the bug fix stage of maintenance, then a patch will be backported. After the maintenance stage of a particular Ruby version ends, it goes into “security fix only” mode which means only security related vulnerabilities will be backported. Versions in End-of-life (EOL) will not receive any updates and it is recommended you upgrade as soon as possible.
If a major security issue is found or after a certain amount of time since the last patch level release, a new patch-level release will be made.
When submitting a backport request please confirm the bug has been fixed in newer versions and exists in maintenance mode versions. There is a backport tracker for each major version still in maintenance where you can request a particular revision merged in the affected version of Ruby.
Each major version of Ruby has a release manager that should be assigned to handle backport requests. You can find the list of release managers on the wiki.
Branches¶ ↑
Status and maintainers of branches are listed on the wiki.
Running tests¶ ↑
In order to help resolve existing issues and contributing patches to Ruby you need to be able to run the test suite.
CRuby uses subversion for source control, you can find installation instructions and lots of great info to learn subversion on the svnbook.red-bean.com. For other resources see the ruby-core documentation on ruby-lang.org.
This guide will use git for contributing. The git homepage has installation instructions with links to documentation for learning more about git. There is a mirror of the subversion repository on github.
Install the prerequisite dependencies for building the CRuby interpreter to run tests.
-
C compiler
-
autoconf
-
bison
-
gperf
-
ruby - Ruby itself is prerequisite in order to build Ruby from source. It can be 1.8.
You should also have access to development headers for the following libraries, but these are not required:
Now let's build CRuby:
-
Checkout the CRuby source code:
git clone git://github.com/ruby/ruby.git ruby-trunk
-
Generate the configuration files and build:
cd ruby-trunk autoconf mkdir build && cd build # its good practice to build outside of source dir mkdir ~/.rubies # we will install to .rubies/ruby-trunk in our home dir ../configure --prefix="${HOME}/.rubies/ruby-trunk" make up && make install
After adding Ruby to your PATH, you should be ready to run the test suite:
make test
You can also use test-all
to run all of the tests with the
RUNRUBY interpreter just built. Use TESTS or RUNRUBYOPT to pass parameters,
such as:
make test-all TESTS=-v
This is also how you can run a specific test from our build dir:
make test-all TESTS=drb/test_drb.rb
You can run test
and test-all
at once by
check
.
make check
For older versions of Ruby you will need to run the build setup again after checking out the associated branch in git, for example if you wanted to checkout 1.9.3:
git clone git://github.com/ruby/ruby.git --branch ruby_1_9_3
Once you checked out the source code, you can update the local copy by:
make up
Or, update, build, install and check, by just:
make love
Contributing Documentation¶ ↑
If you're interested in contributing documentation directly to CRuby there is a wealth of information available at documenting-ruby.org.
There is also the Ruby Reference Manual in Japanese.
Contributing A Patch¶ ↑
Deciding what to patch¶ ↑
Before you submit a patch, there are a few things you should know:
-
Pay attention to the maintenance policy for stable and maintained versions of Ruby.
-
Released versions in security mode will not merge feature changes.
-
Search for previous discussions on ruby-core to verify the maintenance policy
-
Patches must be distributed under Ruby's license.
-
This license may change in the future, you must join the discussion if you don't agree to the change
To improve the chance your patch will be accepted please follow these simple rules:
-
Bug fixes should be committed on trunk first
-
Format of the patch file must be a unified diff (ie: diff -pu, svn diff, or git diff)
-
Don't introduce cosmetic changes
-
Follow the original coding style of the code
-
Don't mix different changes in one commit
First thing you should do is check out the code if you haven't already:
git clone git://github.com/ruby/ruby.git ruby-trunk
Now create a dedicated branch:
cd ruby-trunk git checkout -b my_new_branch
The name of your branch doesn't really matter because it will only exist on your local computer and won't be part of the official Ruby repository. It will be used to create patches based on the differences between your branch and trunk, or edge Ruby.
Coding style¶ ↑
Here are some general rules to follow when writing Ruby and C code for CRuby:
-
Indent 4 spaces for C with tabs for eight-space indentation (emacs default)
-
Indent 2 space tabs for Ruby
-
Do not use TABs in ruby codes
-
ANSI C style for 1.9+ for function declarations
-
Follow C90 (not C99) Standard
-
PascalStyle for class/module names.
-
UNDERSCORE_SEPARATED_UPPER_CASE for other constants.
-
Capitalize words.
-
ABBRs should be all upper case.
-
Do as others do
ChangeLog¶ ↑
Although not required, if you wish to add a ChangeLog entry for your change please note:
You can use the following template for the ChangeLog entry on your commit:
Thu Jan 1 00:00:00 2004 Your Name<EMAIL_ADDRESS>* filename (function): short description of this commit. This should include your intention of this change. [bug:#number] [mailinglist:number] * filename2 (function2): additional description for this file/function.
This follows GNU Coding Standards for Change Logs, some other requirements and tips:
-
Timestamps must be in JST (+09:00) in the style as above.
-
Two spaces between the timestamp and your name. Two spaces between your name and your mail address.
-
One blank line between the timestamp and the description.
-
Indent the description with TAB. 2nd line should begin with TAB+2SP.
-
Write a entry (*) for each change.
-
Refer to redmine issue or discussion on the mailing list.
-
For GitHub issues, use [GH-#] (such as [Fixes GH-234]
-
One blank line between entries.
-
Do as other committers do.
You can generate the ChangeLog entry by running make change
When you're ready to commit, copy your ChangeLog entry into the commit message, keeping the same formatting and select your files:
git commit ChangeLog path/to/files
In the likely event that your branch becomes outdated, you will have to update your working branch:
git fetch origin git rebase remotes/origin/master
Now that you've got some code you want to contribute, let's get set up to generate a patch. Start by forking the github mirror, check the github docs on forking if you get stuck here. You will only need a github account if you intend to host your repository on github.
Next copy the writable url for your fork and add it as a git remote, replace “my_username” with your github account name:
git remote add my_fork git@github.com:my_username/ruby.git # Now we can push our branch to our fork git push my_fork my_new_branch
In order to generate a patch that you can upload to the bug tracker, we can use the github interface to review our changes just visit github.com/my_username/ruby/compare/trunk…my_new_branch
Next, you can simply add '.patch' to the end of this URL and it will generate the patch for you, save the file to your computer and upload it to the bug tracker. Alternatively you can submit a pull request, but for the best chances to receive feedback add it is recommended you add it to redmine.
Since git is a distributed system, you are welcome to host your git repository on any publicly accessible hosting site, including hosting your own You may use the ‘git format-patch’ command to generate patch files to upload to redmine. You may also use the ‘git request-pull’ command for formatting pull request messages to redmine.


This extension requires an accessible version of Deluge web interface to be running. Please refer to the Deluge documentation on how to get this working.
In order to connect to the web interface with need to know some details about the web interface. The address used to access the interface (http://address:port) and finally the password used to login.