The infamous Hadley Wickham gave a talk last Friday entitled “Pure, predictable, pipeable: creating fluent interfaces.” There’s some debate about the role of pipes in writing R code and I’m not interested in joining the holy war. Instead, I think there are two rather nuanced points in his talk that are of high urgency for those who use R as a critical piece of their statistical workflow.
Data Scientists can learn a lot from general programmers
What struck me the most about Hadley’s talk was his emphasis on what I consider to be core programming principles. It’s understandable given that a large number of data scientists (and I’m assuming that data scientists are the principle users of R/R-studio) don’t have a lot of, if any, formal training in programming. His canonical example was that composing a workflow in R like this:
I have a strong opinion that the former is much easier to read and reason about than the latter code block. One test that I’ve used (and Hadley alluded to) is the “future self” test in which you read the code with a perspective of “if I had no idea what problem I was working on, is this code descriptive enough to tell me?” In other words: “Can I guess what the result of this function is?” Sometimes, having a colleague read through it and tell you what it’s doing (without any background) is a helpful litmus test. Either way, experience has shown that, after 6 months, I can start working on code with the %>% faster than with the nested functions.
Why is this useful?
It may seem like overkill to go to the trouble of good composition. It’s not and we can rely on history as a guide.
My background (obviously) is in programming and I’ve had the opportunity to lead engineering teams. Growing junior developers into mid and senior level programmers has been part of the job description. New developers generally start with trying to “just make it work.” The tools are new and the lack of experience makes it hard to appreciate the effort involved to change the code later.
Code is malleable. It evolves quickly. Your processes should reflect those traits
Data science is a mix of math and code. Developing a deeper understanding of the code part enables the scientist to allocate more of her brain to the math parts of data science. When the programming effort is minimal, the focus on math and discovery can be maximized. Spending the time to make coding second nature is an investment in future concentration on the models.
I wonder if much of the syntax and public examples of R code is in this junior developer state. We’re doing amazing things, but we spend a lot of time reasoning about the code.
Senior developers, on the other hand, spend a lot of time reasoning about the correctness of the code rather than if it will work. For most projects, we make sure that the code runs efficiently and can be read & supported easily.
How do you make coding second nature?
Writing code is a craft and many professionals spend their entire careers trying to get it “right.” It’s hard, but can be learned. One of my favorite resources for learning object oriented programming principles is Practical Object Oriented Design in Ruby. It’s grounded in the Ruby programming language, but its principles extend well beyond Ruby.
There are tons of online resources to make you a better coder. Check Udacity, Coursera, Code School and a number of others.
Learn another programming language (python makes sense for data scientists) other than R. Once you get a good feel for it, apply those principles you’ve learned to writing R code.
R needs a few changes to compete with emerging technologies
R itself is a functional programming language and R-Studio is a great IDE. R has evolved considerably in the last several years including the use cases for which the language is being applied.
Python, Scala, Ruby and a myriad of other languages are also evolving rapidly to meet the changing needs of what I’ll call “data programmers.” These are people moving data around to create new insights.
Hadley touched on the concern that changing the programming interface of R necessarily breaks legacy code. He sited this as a reason development of R packages doesn’t move faster. That may be true, but the field is moving aggressively and the language will need to do the same in order to remain relevant as data programmers become more commonplace.
Breaking legacy code is a satisfactory side effect of creating a better future. IMHO of course
Moving fast and breaking legacy code can be painful but there are alternatives. Preventing catastrophic pain while the language advances would require a community wide adherence to semantic versioning. Our tools should appreciate version numbers and timelines can be built to advance the capabilities of the tools without leaving our legacy code completely broken. Many package developers currently practice this behavior, but a shift should occur to make it required.
Why Pipes are correct
I can’t leave this post without some inflammatory remark about pipes. As mentioned earlier in this post, the pipes interface is much more readable than its purely functional counterpart.
As data programmers become more prominent and as our R code is written with the same discipline as python or java, I imagine we’ll emulate the habits of great programmers. Pipes have been around forever and a natural tool to anyone familiar with the command line. Small utility scripts have been baked into the *nix operating systems and work really well together because we always just pass plaintext around. In the same way, data programmers should just be passing data frames around. This is not an area where we have to be clever; let’s borrow some of the greatest concepts of our computing history.
In the end
- learn to be good programmers so we can focus on the math
- use semantic versioning to clearly communicate the state of our tools and any breaking changes
- move data frames around in pipes to emulate how text is translated by different *nix utilities
Thanks to Elliot Noma for taking better notes than I did.


{% load wagtailcore_tags i18n forms_personalise_extras %} {% block content %} {% filter_forms_by_segments forms request as filtered_forms %} {% for item in filtered_forms %} {% with form_page=item.molo_form_page form=item.form %}
{% trans 'You have already completed this form.' %}
{% endif %} {% else %} {% endif %} {% endif %}


Counting¶
Size of a set¶
The set \(A = \{5,6\}\) has two elements. The is notation for this is \(n(A) = 2\). \(n\) is a function that takes a set and outputs the number of elements in it:
Let the sample space be \(S = \{1,2,3,4,5,6\}\). Since \(A=\{5,6\}\), \(A^C= \{1,2,3,4\}\) and \(n(A^C)=4\). There is a formula for the size of the complement.
The size of the complement of a set is the size of the sample space minus the size of the set.
S = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
A = {5,6}
# Use len() to take the size of a set
print(f"The length of S is {len(S)}")
print(f"len(S-A) = len(S) - len(A)? {len(S.difference(A)) == len(S) - len(A)}")
# This isn't true in general, only when S is the sample space.
B = {10, 12}
print(f"If B is not a subset of S does it still work? {len(S.difference(B)) == len(S) - len(B)}")
The length of S is 6
len(S-A) = len(S) - len(A)? True
If B is not a subset of S does it still work? False
Principle of Inclusion-Exclusion¶
We define sets \(A\), \(B\) and notice that \(n(A \cup B) \not= n(A) + n(B)\)
A = {3,4,5}
B = {4,5,6}
print(f"{len(A.union(B))} is the size of the union")
print(f"{len(A)+len(B)} is the len(A) + len(B)")
print("These are not equal!")
4 is the size of the union
6 is the len(A) + len(B)
These are not equal!
There is a formula for the size of the union of two sets. This is called the principle of inclusion-exclusion (PIE).
We subtract \(n(A \cap B)\) because the elements of the intersection are counted twice - once in \(n(A)\), and once in \(n(B)\). See that \(A \cap B = \{4,5\}\) gets counted in both \(A= \{3,4,5\}\) and \(B=\{4,5,6\}\). Using PIE we see that \(n(A \cup B) = 3 + 3 - 2 = 4\)
len(A.union(B)) == len(A) + len(B) - len(A.intersection(B))
True
Mutually Exclusive Sets¶
If \(A\) and \(B\) have no elements in common then \(A \cap B = \emptyset\) and the sets are said to be mutually exclusive.
Since \(n(A\cap B) = 0\) the principle of inclusion-exclusion allows us to add up the sizes of the sets.
3 or more sets¶
The principle of inclusion-exclusion for three sets can be determined using our result for two sets.
Then we expand \(n(B\cup C)\) and \(n((A \cap B) \cup (B \cap C))\) using PIE to get the following:
Generally, we add the sizes of the individual sets, subtract the sizes of combinations of two sets, add the sizes of combinations of three sets, subtract the size of combinations of four sets, and add the size of combinations of five sets, etc. So this formula works for the union of arbitrary numbers of sets.
Multiplication Principle¶
Tree diagrams¶
I have a red shirt and a blue shirt.
I have a green hat, a pink hat, and a black hat.
How many different shirt/hat combinations can I wear?
We can make a tree diagram to find that there are 6 combinations.
Cartesian product¶
The set \(\{(a,b)|a \in A \text{ and } b \in B\}\) is the set of ordered pairs of elements from \(A\) and \(B\). It has a special name, the cartesian product. The notation for this is \(A \times B\).
The size of the cartesian product is the product of the sizes of the sets.
In our previous example with shirts and hats we can think of the set of shirts \(S\) and hats \(H\), and the set of combinations as the set \(S \times H\), so there are \(n(S) \times n(H) = 3 \cdot 2 = 6\) combinations.
Many independent choices¶
If we are making \(n\) independent selections with \(a_1, a_2, ..., a_n\) options for our selections the total number of choices is the product of the number of choices for each selection.
You can think about this as the cartesian product of many sets.
There are two options for each flip of a coin. The number of possible sequences of \(4\) coin flips is \(\prod_{k=1}^{4} 2 = 2^4\).
# Find all sequences of coin flips of length n. We use a list comprehension to generate the new sequences.
def coin_flips(n):
sequences = ['']
for i in range(n):
sequences = [seq + 'H' for seq in sequences] + [seq + 'T' for seq in sequences]
return sequences
print(f"There are {len(coin_flips(4))} sequences")
print(f"The combinations are: \n {coin_flips(4)}")
There are 16 sequences
The combinations are:
['HHHH', 'THHH', 'HTHH', 'TTHH', 'HHTH', 'THTH', 'HTTH', 'TTTH', 'HHHT', 'THHT', 'HTHT', 'TTHT', 'HHTT', 'THTT', 'HTTT', 'TTTT']
It is important that our choices are independent. If I have three shirts and I want to wear two shirts at the same time, I can’t wear the same shirt twice. So with my red and blue shirts I can have pairs (red, blue), (blue, red) but not (red, red) or (blue, blue). Let’s investigate this.
Permutations¶
Permutations rearrange elements of a set into ordered outcomes. How many ways can we order the elements of the set \(A = \{1,2,3\}\)? Let’s draw a tree diagram.
There are three options for our first selection, two options for our second selection, and one option for our third selection. The multiplication principle gives us 6 permutations of the set \(\{1,2,3\}\). Generally if \(n(A) = m\) there are \(m \times (m-1) \times ... \times 2 \times 1 = m!\) permutations of the set \(A\).
Sometimes permutations are more obvious than others. The possible outcomes in a three person race are obviously a permutation because we are ordering a set. But order isn’t always involved. How many ways can I give three candy bars to my three friends? I have \(3\) options for the first candy bar, \(2\) options for the second, and \(1\) option for the third. If I gave away all the candy bars at the same time there is no sense of “ordering” but still this is a permutation.
import itertools
# We can use the itertools.permutations() function from the Python standard library
permutationsGenerator = itertools.permutations([1,2,3])
# The return type of itertools.permutations() is a generator.
# Python will not store all the values in memory, but instead will generate them one at a time.
print(f"The return type of itertools.permutations is {type(permutationsGenerator)}")
# You can use next() to get the next permutation.
print(f"Permutation 1 is {next(permutationsGenerator)}")
print(f"Permutation 2 is {next(permutationsGenerator)}")
# We can convert the generator to a list and print them.
permutations = list(permutationsGenerator)
print(f"The permutations of [1,2,3] are: \n {permutations}")
# We can write our own function too.
def generatePermutations(nums: list[int]) -> list[list[int]]:
if len(nums) == 0:
return [[]]
else:
permutations = []
for i in range(len(nums)):
permutations += [[nums[i]] + p for p in generatePermutations(nums[:i] + nums[i+1:])]
return permutations
The return type of itertools.permutations is <class 'itertools.permutations'>
Permutation 1 is (1, 2, 3)
Permutation 2 is (1, 3, 2)
The permutations of [1,2,3] are:
[(2, 1, 3), (2, 3, 1), (3, 1, 2), (3, 2, 1)]
k-permutations of n elements¶
In a \(10\) person race how many possible outcomes are there for the top \(3\)?
There are \(10\) options for first place, \(9\) options for second place, and \(8\) options for third place. The answer is \(10 \cdot 9 \cdot 8 = 720\). The general formula for the top \(k\) racers in an \(n\) person race is:
The notation for this is \(P(n,k) = \frac{n!}{(n-k)!}\). \(P(n,k)\) is pronounced “\(n\) permute \(k\)”.
# The second argument is the number of items to choose from.
permutations = itertools.permutations([1,2,3], 2)
print(f"2-permutations of 3 items: {list(permutations)}")
2-permutations of 3 items: [(1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 3), (3, 1), (3, 2)]
Combinations¶
How many ways can I pick \(2\) numbers from the set \(\{1,2,3\}\)? We have 3 options for the first person, 2 options for the second person, so the answer is \(6\)? Wrong, because this assumes that order is important. The order is not important so the pairs \((1,2)\) and \((2,1)\) are the same. This changes our answer to \(3\).
The difference between permutations and combinations is that combinations don’t have an order. So there are \(2\) permutations for every combination in the previous example. If we chose \(3\) numbers there are \(3! = 6\) permutations and \(1\) combination. In general we see that \(P(n,k) = C(n,k) \cdot k!\). Solving for \(C(n,k)\) we get:
# We use itertools.combinations()
combinations = itertools.combinations([1,2,3], 2)
print(f"2-combinations of 3 items: {list(combinations)}")
# We can also write our own function.
def combine(n, k):
if k == 0:
return [[]]
else:
return [p + [i] for i in range(k, n+1) for p in combine(i-1, k-1)]
2-combinations of 3 items: [(1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 3)]
Variations¶
Problems can involve several of the previous principles.
Piggies and markets¶
There is a set of \(9\) distinct pigs. Three go to the market, three go to Arby’s, and three go home. How many ways can this happen?
There are \(9 \choose 3\) ways to select the piggies for the market. After that selection is made there are \(6 \choose 3\) ways to select the piggies for Arby’s. The remaining three piggies go home. The answer is then:
There is a general principle at work here. If we divide a set into mutually exclusive subsets then the number on the top is the size of the set and the numbers on the bottom are the size of the subsets. Verify that this is true for dividing a set into two sets (hint: it is just the formula for combinations).
We can rephrase the piggies question as “How many ways can you rearrange the letters of ‘aaabbbccc’?” To see that these questions are the same let each position of the letter be a piggy and assign the market, Arby’s, and home to the letters a, b, and c. Select positions in groups of three to assign the letters to.
We love math problems¶
How many ways could I rank my 10 favorite math problems from a list of 20 and then do 5 of them? There are \(P(20,10)\) possible rankings of my top 10 problems. There are \(10 \choose 5\) ways to choose from the selected problems. The answer is then:


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{% extends "base_t.html" %} {% block content %}
A new website with Reformed creeds and confessions for reading, studying, and sharing. ReformedConfessions.com is in beta and under active development. Please send your feedback to feedback@reformedconfessions.com.


Class Builder
Class Builder
- Cygnite\Database\Query\Joins
- Cygnite\Database\Query\Builder implements Cygnite\Database\Query\QueryBuilderInterface uses Cygnite\Database\ConnectionManagerTrait
Namespace: Cygnite\Database\Query
Package: Cygnite\Database\Query
Located at Database/Query/Builder.php
Package: Cygnite\Database\Query
Located at Database/Query/Builder.php
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Rethink
Social. Education. Health.
What is Rethink?


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HoloObjectDetection - PC
Provide code and tools to make object detection application executable on Hololens
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Base class for managing detected objects and configure application actions. More...
Public Member Functions | |
| def | __init__ (self) |
| Constructor that init the obj and excluded_detection. More... | |
| def | Update (self, detection, socket) |
| Method to call in the mainloop to execute scenario. More... | |
| def | Action (self) |
| Method to override in child class. More... | |
| def | Length (self, key1, key2) |
| Return the length between position of 2 objects. More... | |
Public Attributes | |
| obj | |
| excluded_detection | |
| sensibility | |
| socket | |
| first_detection | |
Base class for managing detected objects and configure application actions.
obj attribute is a dictionnary that associate an object name as key to its position as glm.vec3. first_detection and excluded_detection are respectively used to indicate in child class object that an object is detected for the first time and that its position must not be updated. sensibility is the length (meter in real world) for wich object position is not updated if its last move length is less.
################################################################
| def Base.BaseScenario.__init__ | ( | self | ) |
Constructor that init the obj and excluded_detection.
| def Base.BaseScenario.Action | ( | self | ) |
Method to override in child class.
The scenario must be defined inside
Reimplemented in SimpleObjectDetection.SimpleObjectDetection.
| def Base.BaseScenario.Length | ( | self, | |
| key1, | |||
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| ) |
Return the length between position of 2 objects.
| def Base.BaseScenario.Update | ( | self, | |
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| socket | |||
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Method to call in the mainloop to execute scenario.
| detection | dictionnary provided by the frame detection that include 3D position |
| socket | the annotation socket to use for sending display command |
| Base.BaseScenario.excluded_detection |
| Base.BaseScenario.first_detection |
| Base.BaseScenario.obj |
| Base.BaseScenario.sensibility |
| Base.BaseScenario.socket |


Project 02 - City Control
In this project, I decide to work on the control environment and some lighting of the city. Because of the first project, I am not able to change the environment of the visual. So in this project, I want to work more on how to use controllers to change environments
I want to use a potentiometer to change the color of the sky. Then I need a switch to control the light of the building so I use a force sensor as buildings light switch.
When the user switches the potentiometer, the background color will change and the same color as the background circle will start to move. This circle will cover the sun's shape, in visual, the sun will change to the moon.
In the future, I want to create more weather effects and let users control them. They also can decide which weather effect they want to show on the screen.


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The story began in June of 1997. 500 hardback copies were made, with 200 of those going to stores and the other 300 hitting libraries. It was hard for Rowling to even get the first book published. Many people turned her down because of the length of the story as well as the idea of the boarding school. However, once it got published, it was game over. Book after book until there was seven of them. Harry Potter has had over 500 million copies. This makes the series the bestselling book series of all time. It has been said that the only book that have been sold more times than Harry Potter is the Bible and The Red Book.
J.K Rowling wrote the idea of Harry Potter on a napkin on a train going to London. She is 54 years old and is the most successful author to date. She helped produce 8 movies to go with the books, and that has made her very rich. Her current net worth is $1 billion dollars. As for her more personal life, she has 3 children and is currently married to Neil Murray. For further information, please refer to a different website.


THE DEEP IMPACT OF ARMAGEDDON - RANDOM THOUGHTS
Warning: spoilers ahead.
It is summer and the sky is falling. Hollywood has been deeply impacted and it has met the celestial army head on.
When space shuttles are launched from Cape Canaveral hardly anything ever goes wrong but when they are launched from Hollywood we can expect lots of trouble because trouble is what summer blockbusters are about. Impending doom is not enough; you must deliver doom, as in Deep Impact; or experience near doom in the process of avoiding it, as in Armageddon.
Deep Impact and Armageddon use different approaches to the problem of delivering disaster. If you are going to have Armageddon, then you must (a) have a flawed plan to avoid it and (b) limit Armageddon to less than Armageddon, since total oblivion is much too bleak for summer fare. That is the case with Deep Impact, which delivers a watered down version of Armageddon. On the other hand, if you are going to avoid Armageddon altogether, as is the case with Armageddon, you must (a) satisfy the disaster expectations with shallow impacts and (b) dedicate yourself to the proposition that every solution has a problem. The world finally survives, but the devil is in saving it.
If disbelief is the coin of admission, Armageddon comes at a higher price. Deep Impact can afford to be realistic, because it plans to deliver the goods (Armageddon). Armageddon, however, after getting the minidisasters out the way, must strain credulity to the limit and well beyond in terms of tactical crises as a substitute for Armageddon. In Armageddon you get not one digital countdown but two. Taking both to the last second would have been in terrible taste, so the blue and the green wires, or the red and the yellow or whatever the colors, are cut with 3 seconds to spare in the first case. That significant sacrifice is the price that the screenwriters paid for the indulgence of avoiding the end of the world in the second case by the slim margin of just one second, which is the accepted standard.
Both films are curiously faithful to the notion of a sacrificial lamb. I would be loath to accuse Christ of setting a bad precedent, but perhaps out of respect Hollywood refused to spare the world without the sacrifice of a hero. The fact that Hollywood felt compelled to put Christian formula ahead of Hollywood formula may be credibly used by the religious crowd as another example of the deep stronghold of the value-trader ethic in our culture. As a result we have two perfectly good actors, Robert Duvall and Bruce Willis going down in a style completely foreign to the image of the indestructible, infallible summer superhero.
Any film in which humanity is bracing itself for imminent death will become a corn field at some point. The poignant good byes in Deep Impact involve characters that we either don't know or care little for. As a result the sentimental farewells are maudlin and slightly annoying. By contrast, the corresponding scenes in Armageddon are integrated in the story. For the most part they are effective and well acted.
In Deep Impact Robert Duvall delivers the competent job that is expected from a veteran of his caliber. Tea Leoni played her part too well for her own good. She was transparent: we saw the character and not the actress, which is good, and she played without Pacino hysterics or Nicholson histrionics, which should also be good. However, Hollywood (read audiences) does not reward that kind of integrity. The character was authentic and unfortunately, as such, not terribly likeable and a little bit dull. Ron Eldard was well behaved but lacked the gravity that is expected from a mission commander. Perhaps it is his voice, or it may be that asking him and us to make the transition from tubal imebecility to wide-screen rocket science is more than he and we could handle. In Armageddon, Bruce Willis and Ben Affleck, neither of which aspire to make us forget Maurice Evans, communicated surprisingly well the dimensions that should surface when substantial men of action face moral dilemmas. The inevitable father-daughter conflict was dead serious business in Deep Impact. In Armageddon it fluctuated between comedy relief and real emotion. This was just one case of the tongue-in-cheek approach with which Armageddon mollified the core of conflict which was none the less communicated in full measure. Steve Buscemi and Bob Thornton contributed strong performances in Armageddon.
Deep Impact's supporting cast was star studded, some of them burned out and others still (elsewhere) incandescent: Vanessa `The Van' Redgrave, Maximilian Schell, Morgan Freeman, James Cromwell. Good actors with little to do but stay ahead of their creditors or advance the custodial accounts as the case may be. The Oscar however goes to MSNBC, who steals the show with its unseen but pervasive presence. Shades of Rebecca.
The chances that any of my readers may let the summer pass without seeing either or both of these films are less than the chances of an asteroid hit on Earth. But if by force of the gravity of unusual circumstances you may find yourself so impacted, don't go into a deep depression; it is not the end of the world . Raise your arms and head on to the next show. After all, the films are likely to re-orbit.
Am I full of rocket exhaust? Yell at me at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>The review above was posted to the
rec.arts.movies.reviews newsgroup (de.rec.film.kritiken for German reviews).
The Internet Movie Database accepts no responsibility for the contents of the
review and has no editorial control. Unless stated otherwise, the copyright
belongs to the author.
Please direct comments/criticisms of the review to relevant newsgroups.
Broken URLs inthe reviews are the responsibility of the author.
The formatting of the review is likely to differ from the original due
to ASCII to HTML conversion.
Related links: index of all rec.arts.movies.reviews reviews


sample.js |
|
import { connectWith } from "../core"
import Gain from "./gain"
import Source from "./source"
|
|
|
Sample player. It's like a BufferSource but can be triggered more than once. Params
context
AudioContext
buffer
AudioBuffer
[state]
Object
|
export default function Sample (ac, buffer, state) {
if (!buffer) throw Error("Sample needs a buffer.")
state = Object.assign({}, Sample.state, state)
|
|
create component |
const sample = {
amp: Gain(ac, state)
}
|
|
API Connect to a node Params
dest
AudioNode
Returns
Sample
this
|
sample.connect = connectWith(sample.amp, sample)
|
|
trigger attack/release Params
[when=now]
Integer
[dur]
Duration
|
sample.trigger = (time, dur) => {
if (!time) time = ac.currentTime
const source = Source(ac, buffer, state)
source.connect(sample.amp)
source.onended = () => {
if (sample.onended) sample.onended()
source.disconnect()
}
source.start(time)
}
return sample
}
Sample.state = {
gain: 0.8
}
|


Company profile - Canadian Company Capabilities
Third-Party Information Liability Disclaimer
Some of the information on this Web page has been provided by external sources. The Government of Canada is not responsible for the accuracy, reliability or currency of the information supplied by external sources. Users wishing to rely upon this information should consult directly with the source of the information. Content provided by external sources is not subject to official languages, privacy and accessibility requirements.
639114 B.C. Ltd.
Legal Name:
639114 B.C. Ltd.
Operating Name:
Prototype Equipment Design
Mailing Address:
532 William StVICTORIA, British Columbia
V9A 3Y9
Location Address:
532 William StVICTORIA, British Columbia
V9A 3Y9
Tel.:<PHONE_NUMBER>
Fax:<PHONE_NUMBER>
Logo
Company Profile
Prototype Equipment Design (PED) began 15 years ago in Victoria. It was started up by Ray Brougham who was interested in developing a company that could act as a bridge between engineering and manufacturing.
It was incorporated in 2001 and since then has moved from strength to strength achieving ISO 9001:2008. PED currently employs a team of 15 individuals, most of whom have been with the company since its inception. We are based in Victoria West and our premises currently house 7 CNC machining center, 1 Automated Surface Mount Technology (SMT) line, 1 automated five-axis Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM).
In addition, we have in place our Controlled Goods Certification and are Boiler Fitting Manufacture Licensed. PED has also managed to win first level (FILV) supplier status to several 1st tier military suppliers.
In addition to CNC machining we have high pressure hydraulic testing up to 2750Bar or about 40,000psi. Containment chamber 50cm x 60cm x 30cm. Typical tests are for custom hydraulic and pneumatic fittings.
We are equipped with a ( Surface Mount Technology ) SMT line. This equipment is used to screen print solder paste to circuit boards, then a specialized pick n place robot installs all the components, the procedure is completed in a solder reflow oven.
We can work from your schematics, provide circuit boards layout files, source your circuit boards and components, use our SMT equipment to populate your circuit boards and manufacture your enclosure and install your finished boards!
Full profile
Full profile
Contact information
Company description
Product / Service / Licensing
Contract Manufacturing
Custom Equipment Design
Procurement services
Third party CMM inspection and reverse engineering
Full service CNC machine shop including Wire EDM & EDM drill
Thread rolling
Level wind winch screw production
Laser cutting & marking
Internal high pressure test station
Circuit board layout, circuit board & component sourcing, SMT & thru hole assembly
Hyundai HiT20 live tooling turning center
Takahashi LTO CNC lathe
VS40 Hitatchi-Seiki vertical milling center
VS40 Hitatchi-Seiki vertical milling center
Doosan 3016 4-axis milling center
Mitsibishi FA10 Advance Wire EDM
Mitsubishi EDM drill
Sag 14 manual lathes
Universal CO2 Laser
Black Hawk 5-axis Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) for inspection including 3rd party inspection and reverse engineering
We can work from your schematics, provide circuit boards layout files, source your circuit boards and components, use our SMT equipment to populate your circuit boards and manufacture your enclosure and install your finished boards!
Screen Printer SP4500
Autotronic MC385V-V SMT machine
Manncorp reflow oven BT300CP
Fancort depaneler VPD3-1M
3413-Drilling and Tapping Machines
3417-Milling Machines
3419-Miscellaneous Machine Tools
3426-Metal Finishing Equipment
3449-Miscellaneous Secondary Metal Forming and Cutting Machines
C200-Architect and Engineering Services - Not Related to Construction
Technology profile
The focus of Prototype is to provide complete solutions specializing in scientific components and apparatus. To this end, Prototype has developed a diverse in house mechanical fabrication capability and a comprehensive electronics development shop.
The owner of Prototype, Ray Brougham has an extensive background in the mechanical field enhanced with a B.Eng. in mechanical engineering from the University of Victoria. Ray has worked as a sessional instructor at Camosun's Mechanical Engineering Technology Department teaching thermodynamics and fluid dynamics. Prior experience includes senior assignments in the pulp and paper industry such as a one year tour as maintenance superintendent in the largest sawmill complex in North America, Northwood's Houston Division in Houston BC. In addition, Ray is a Journeyman Millwright with BC and Inter-provincial trade qualifications.
Prototype presently employs three CNC machinist / programmers, two machining support persons and five mechanical/electronics technicians and an office manager.
The main machining equipment Prototype has available includes a Mitsubishi wire EDM and a Mitsubishi EDM drill, Two Hitatchi-Seiki Vertical Machining Centers, a Daewoo 4-axis 3016 vertical machining center, A Hyundai HiT 20 Live tooling lathe and a Daewoo CNC lathe also with live tooling. These machines are fully programmable through leading edge Mastercam tool path generation software. Prototype also has manual Graziano lathe, a 30watt CO2 engraving laser and standard auxiliary machine shop equipment such as drill presses, bandsaws, tool and cutter grinders, etc.
Sector information
Total plant size:
Three CNC machining centers
One EDM drill
One Wire EDM
One CO2 Laser
One manual lathe
Plant size 5000 Sq Ft
Distribution of employees:
Prototype presently employs 5 CNC machinist / programmers, two machining support persons and five mechanical/electronics technicians, two quality control, CAD operator & an operations manager.Key / Major clients:
Babcock Canada, Babcock International, BAE Systems, Thales.Success stories:
Prototype Equipment Design Manufactures Components for the Worlds Largest Radio TelescopeVICTORIA, BRITISH COLUMBIA (March 7, 2012)
Located in Victoria, BC, Prototype Equipment Design (PED) has recently completed and delivered a small but vital component to a billion dollar astrophysical project called the ALMA (Atacama Large Millimetre/submillimetre Array) Observatory. ALMA is a joint multinational project creating the worlds largest radio telescope, consisting of an array of 66 radio dishes . The installation is located in Chile in the highest and driest desert in the world. For Canadas contribution, the National Research Council of Canada agreed to design, develop and deliver 73 state-of-the-art receivers, critical to the operation of ALMA. Based on their experience and relationship with NRC, PED was asked to produce a small but important component. Our reputation for being able to take on unique design challenges and manufacture machined parts with incredible accuracy and repeatability is a big part of why we
were given the opportunity to be a contributor to this historic project, comments President, Ray Brougham. The precisely machined component of each receiver is a waveguide assembly that filters radio waves from the sky so the receiver 'hears' only those between 84 and 116 gigahertz. The machining requirement was very demanding. All aspects had tight tolerances, +/- 5 microns on many of the features and +/- 10 microns on others. Using their expertise and state-of-the-art CNC machining equipment
,the team was able to attain the tolerances in each piece, and repeatability between parts. This type of precision work is not foreign to PED their core competency is producing prototype and custom equipment for the semiconductor industry, the medical industry, and national defense. According to Brougham, our main goal is to take customers designs and make them manufacture-able from the perspective of price, repeatability,and quality. This is typically a very collaborative and rewarding effort.
About the Atacama Large Millimetre/submillimetre Array (ALMA) The Atacama Large Millimetre/submillimetre Array (ALMA), an international astronomy facility, is a partnership of Europe, North America and East Asia in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. ALMA is funded in Europe by the European Organization for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere (ESO), in North America by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) in cooperation with the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) and the National Science Council of Taiwan (NSC) and in East Asia by the National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) of Japan in cooperation with the Academia Sinica (AS) in Taiwan.
About Prototype Equipment Design (PED) In 2001, PED was formed in response to an opportunity to produce semiconductor crystal growth equipment for the semiconductor industry. PED has since expanded to also serve the medical, aerospace, automotive, scientific, and hi-tech industries. The focus of PED is to provide complete solutions to individuals and companies looking for smart solutions to their engineering needs. Their strengths assure efficient production, tight tolerances, stringent quality control, and quick turnaround times to satisfy the toughest demands of customers. They find solutions for technically challenging and complex engineering challenges that others dont. For more information,
contact: Ray Brougham, President, Prototype Equipment Design, 1.250.381.6868<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Testimonial:
"We have a longstanding close working relationship with PED. They have proven to be an innovative, reliable and cost effective supplier for abroad range of precision custom electrical and mechanical systems.PED is a highly valued and trusted supplier to us."Glenn Bindley, President and CEO,
Redlen Technologies.
"Prototype Equipment Design has proven to be an innovative and ccomplished vendor of machined products. The first class and timely craftmanship is always apparent"
Jack Beaton, Mechanical Designer,
Fare Logistics
Third-Party Information Liability Disclaimer
Some of the information on this Web page has been provided by external sources. The Government of Canada is not responsible for the accuracy, reliability or currency of the information supplied by external sources. Users wishing to rely upon this information should consult directly with the source of the information. Content provided by external sources is not subject to official languages, privacy and accessibility requirements.
Contacts
Contact information
Description
Company description
Products, services and licensing
Product / Service / Licensing
Contract Manufacturing
Custom Equipment Design
Procurement services
Third party CMM inspection and reverse engineering
Full service CNC machine shop including Wire EDM & EDM drill
Thread rolling
Level wind winch screw production
Laser cutting & marking
Internal high pressure test station
Circuit board layout, circuit board & component sourcing, SMT & thru hole assembly
Hyundai HiT20 live tooling turning center
Takahashi LTO CNC lathe
VS40 Hitatchi-Seiki vertical milling center
VS40 Hitatchi-Seiki vertical milling center
Doosan 3016 4-axis milling center
Mitsibishi FA10 Advance Wire EDM
Mitsubishi EDM drill
Sag 14 manual lathes
Universal CO2 Laser
Black Hawk 5-axis Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) for inspection including 3rd party inspection and reverse engineering
We can work from your schematics, provide circuit boards layout files, source your circuit boards and components, use our SMT equipment to populate your circuit boards and manufacture your enclosure and install your finished boards!
Screen Printer SP4500
Autotronic MC385V-V SMT machine
Manncorp reflow oven BT300CP
Fancort depaneler VPD3-1M
3413-Drilling and Tapping Machines
3417-Milling Machines
3419-Miscellaneous Machine Tools
3426-Metal Finishing Equipment
3449-Miscellaneous Secondary Metal Forming and Cutting Machines
C200-Architect and Engineering Services - Not Related to Construction
Technology
Technology profile
The focus of Prototype is to provide complete solutions specializing in scientific components and apparatus. To this end, Prototype has developed a diverse in house mechanical fabrication capability and a comprehensive electronics development shop.
The owner of Prototype, Ray Brougham has an extensive background in the mechanical field enhanced with a B.Eng. in mechanical engineering from the University of Victoria. Ray has worked as a sessional instructor at Camosun's Mechanical Engineering Technology Department teaching thermodynamics and fluid dynamics. Prior experience includes senior assignments in the pulp and paper industry such as a one year tour as maintenance superintendent in the largest sawmill complex in North America, Northwood's Houston Division in Houston BC. In addition, Ray is a Journeyman Millwright with BC and Inter-provincial trade qualifications.
Prototype presently employs three CNC machinist / programmers, two machining support persons and five mechanical/electronics technicians and an office manager.
The main machining equipment Prototype has available includes a Mitsubishi wire EDM and a Mitsubishi EDM drill, Two Hitatchi-Seiki Vertical Machining Centers, a Daewoo 4-axis 3016 vertical machining center, A Hyundai HiT 20 Live tooling lathe and a Daewoo CNC lathe also with live tooling. These machines are fully programmable through leading edge Mastercam tool path generation software. Prototype also has manual Graziano lathe, a 30watt CO2 engraving laser and standard auxiliary machine shop equipment such as drill presses, bandsaws, tool and cutter grinders, etc.
Sector
Sector information
Total plant size:
Three CNC machining centers
One EDM drill
One Wire EDM
One CO2 Laser
One manual lathe
Plant size 5000 Sq Ft
Distribution of employees:
Prototype presently employs 5 CNC machinist / programmers, two machining support persons and five mechanical/electronics technicians, two quality control, CAD operator & an operations manager.Key / Major clients:
Babcock Canada, Babcock International, BAE Systems, Thales.Success stories:
Prototype Equipment Design Manufactures Components for the Worlds Largest Radio TelescopeVICTORIA, BRITISH COLUMBIA (March 7, 2012)
Located in Victoria, BC, Prototype Equipment Design (PED) has recently completed and delivered a small but vital component to a billion dollar astrophysical project called the ALMA (Atacama Large Millimetre/submillimetre Array) Observatory. ALMA is a joint multinational project creating the worlds largest radio telescope, consisting of an array of 66 radio dishes . The installation is located in Chile in the highest and driest desert in the world. For Canadas contribution, the National Research Council of Canada agreed to design, develop and deliver 73 state-of-the-art receivers, critical to the operation of ALMA. Based on their experience and relationship with NRC, PED was asked to produce a small but important component. Our reputation for being able to take on unique design challenges and manufacture machined parts with incredible accuracy and repeatability is a big part of why we
were given the opportunity to be a contributor to this historic project, comments President, Ray Brougham. The precisely machined component of each receiver is a waveguide assembly that filters radio waves from the sky so the receiver 'hears' only those between 84 and 116 gigahertz. The machining requirement was very demanding. All aspects had tight tolerances, +/- 5 microns on many of the features and +/- 10 microns on others. Using their expertise and state-of-the-art CNC machining equipment
,the team was able to attain the tolerances in each piece, and repeatability between parts. This type of precision work is not foreign to PED their core competency is producing prototype and custom equipment for the semiconductor industry, the medical industry, and national defense. According to Brougham, our main goal is to take customers designs and make them manufacture-able from the perspective of price, repeatability,and quality. This is typically a very collaborative and rewarding effort.
About the Atacama Large Millimetre/submillimetre Array (ALMA) The Atacama Large Millimetre/submillimetre Array (ALMA), an international astronomy facility, is a partnership of Europe, North America and East Asia in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. ALMA is funded in Europe by the European Organization for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere (ESO), in North America by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) in cooperation with the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) and the National Science Council of Taiwan (NSC) and in East Asia by the National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) of Japan in cooperation with the Academia Sinica (AS) in Taiwan.
About Prototype Equipment Design (PED) In 2001, PED was formed in response to an opportunity to produce semiconductor crystal growth equipment for the semiconductor industry. PED has since expanded to also serve the medical, aerospace, automotive, scientific, and hi-tech industries. The focus of PED is to provide complete solutions to individuals and companies looking for smart solutions to their engineering needs. Their strengths assure efficient production, tight tolerances, stringent quality control, and quick turnaround times to satisfy the toughest demands of customers. They find solutions for technically challenging and complex engineering challenges that others dont. For more information,
contact: Ray Brougham, President, Prototype Equipment Design, 1.250.381.6868<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Testimonial:
"We have a longstanding close working relationship with PED. They have proven to be an innovative, reliable and cost effective supplier for abroad range of precision custom electrical and mechanical systems.PED is a highly valued and trusted supplier to us."Glenn Bindley, President and CEO,
Redlen Technologies.
"Prototype Equipment Design has proven to be an innovative and ccomplished vendor of machined products. The first class and timely craftmanship is always apparent"
Jack Beaton, Mechanical Designer,
Fare Logistics


Puttur double murder cracked, man arrested
by Naina J AThe Puttur police cracked a double murder at Kuriya in Puttur within 24 hours of the incident by arresting a 29-year- old man.
According to SP B M Laxmi Prasad, the arrested is Karim Khan, a resident of Kattatharu in Puttur. The accused had entered the house of Koggu Saheb for committing theft by removing the roof tiles.
It may be recalled that Koggu Saheb (70) and his granddaughter Shamiya Banu (16) were hacked to death on Monday late night. Khatijabi was grievously injured.
While the accused Karim, who was known to the family, was trying to take away things from the house, the inmates of the house woke up. The accused then hacked them to death. Karim also had issues with Koggu Saheb over some financial matter.
Karim then decamped with a 30-gram-gold chain and Rs 6,000 in cash. He left the house through the backdoor.
Following the clue given to beat police Bheem Shen, the police were successful in arresting the man.
Karim had suffered minor injuries when the victims tried to prevent him from assaulting them. An investigation is in progress.


{% block ixp_links %}
Canadian Internet Infrastructure: Made-in-Canada Internet Exchange Points (IXPs)
CIRA
Total Efficiencies in Canadian Internet Traffic Exchange
PCH (Packet Clearing House) authored article commissioned by CIRA.
Specifications & Descriptions
AMS-IX top-level technical peering document root.
AMS-IX Port Configuration Hints
AMS-IX document describing peering configuration specifically.
Geographic Implications of DNS Infrastructure Distribution
PCH authored article explaining DNS root/ccTLD server placement.


--- layout: post title: ! 'Computerworld names Rails #1 tech to know' categories: - praise author: David published: true date: 2007-03-01 21:53:00.000000000 +00:00 ---
Computerworld is pinning Rails as the #1 technology to know in 2007. As the only piece of software among group of hardware including NAND drives and new CPUs. About Rails they write:
Equal parts design philosophy and development environment, Rails offers developers a few key code-level advantages when constructing database-backed Web applications. One of the central tenets emphasizes using less code for application development by avoiding redundancy and following Rails conventions. This means increased performance and, ideally, decreased development times.


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{% extends "admin/layout.html" %} {% set active_page = 'admin_commands' %} {% block title %}Success - Create Command{% endblock %} {% block body %}
Click here to check out your command.


Copyright 2005 by Raymond Liu and The BioBike Team (contact<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Introduction to Phylogenetic Trees
In this tutorial we're going to explore the way that types of
organisms are supposed (by biologists) to be related to one another
evolutionarily. In eukaryotes, like mammals and fish, the concept of
phylogeny turns on the concept of "species". You've most likely seen
lots of pictures that look like this (borrowed from this
page):
What this diagram tells us is that, according to whatever measure of
"near" was used in creating this diagram, humans' closest relatives
are the bonobos and chimpansees. Each branch point in a diagram such
as this one indicates a supposed evolutionary branch point -- that is,
some point in evolutionary history when there was some sort of unknown
organism that was a distant parent of both chimps and bonobos, and
then some other organism that was the parent of that supposed
organism, and us humans, and that all of organs through gorillas --
the "hominidae" have a common ancestor -- equally unknown. (Although
they keep finding organisms that supposedly could have been that
missing hominid!)
Importantly, note that it is the structure of the tree, not the order in which is happens to be drawn that matters! For example, although these two tree look different, they actually represent exactly the same information, only the order in which the organisms are listed is different, so the structure looks different, but if you examine it carefully, you'll see that they have exactly the same structure:
Tree #1: Gibbons ----------------+ | Orangs -------------+ +---... | | Chimps -------+ | | +--+ +--+ Bonobos ------+ | | +-+ | | | | Humans ----------+ +-+ | Gorillas ----------+ Tree #2: Bonobos ------+ +--+ Chimps -------+ | +-+ | | Humans ----------+ +-+ | | Gorillas ----------+ +-+ | | Orangs -------------+ +---... | Gibbons ---------------+So how are tree like that made? We said above "...according to whatever measure of "near" was used in creating this diagram..." Classically, the measure was physical -- the length of bones and the shape of the jaw, for example, and as you might imagine, there was lots of discussion (meaning "massive fights") over which measures were best. These days molecular biologists use "molecular phylogeny" by using the relationships between gene or protein sequences to determine phylogenetic trees of this sort. Of course this doesn't get rid of the fights, it just moves them to a molecular level!
Specifically, there are programs that, given a set of sequences, will produce a hypothetical phylogenetic tree, just like the one above, although we're going to do it for bacteria rather than primates.
(It turns out that the concept of "phylogeny" for bacteria is in dispute beacuse bacteria don't reproduce sexually, and so don't have the usual mechanisms of gene transfer, nor can the usual definition of "species" be applied to them. There turn out to be many different ways to transfer genes between and among bacteria, so in reality all bets are off when it comes to bacteria -- but it's only a tutorial, so we'll suspend disbelief for the moment.)
BioBike uses the program "phylip" to make phylogenetic trees. There
are many other programs that can build phylogenetic trees based on
sequence alignments. PHYLIP is one of the more popular ones and is
available in BioBike.
Phylip
requires that you give it a series of pre-aligned sequences -- one
from each type of organism that we want to make a tree for, and it
hands you back a phylogenetic tree, like the one above, telling you
how these organisms relate -- according to the measure of "near" we
are using here, which is how similar the sequences are to one
another.
We can see phylip work by taking a really simple case. Here are some
sequences that have obvious relationships to one another, lets see if
Phylip can discover this relationship:
Let's do another slightly less dumb experiment with phylip:
If things worked out, it should have put A and D together, and B and C
together. I'll tell you a secret: That's exactly right! I constructed
sequence A, then reversed every four characters to make sequence C,
then I made sequences B and D by replacing the Cs in C and A
respectively with Gs -- confirm this for yourself!
So, you see, phylip can discover the relationship between organisms
based on their gene sequences, and in this lesson we're going to use
it to discover the phylogenic relationship between cyanobacteria. Just
one problem: Even the simple cyanobacterium has thousands of
genes! Which one do we use to do the comparison? Let's being with a
little exploration.
Let's make some phylogenetic trees to consider. We'll begin by
looking at what we have. The organisms in our database are:
Now let's pick one and get one of its genes to work with:
Fortunately, a great function for this has been provided by BioBike
which finds all the orthologs of the genes in all the other
organisms::
Here we're working with gene sequences. Now that we have them, we'll
need to align them before using our phylogeny program. For this we have
a function that calls the ClustalW alignment program to do the alignment:
Now we can create a phylogeny using RUN-PHYLIP. (Look at (help
RUN-PHYLIP) to see how to use this function.) As we did above, all we
need to do is to feed the aligned genes to RUN-PHYLIP the alignments
slot from the ClustalW results frame.
And so now we have our phylogenetic tree representing the sequence
relationships between the orthologs of our gene!
This tree is given to us as a list of entries of the form (start-node
arc end-node), or more simply, (a -> b). Each entry is a particular
node-arc-node found on the tree, and the list, as a collection of all
the parts, represents the entire tree. Let's look at it using:
On top of that the gene names are frame symbols, something we'll take
advantage of later. The intermediate nodes represent common
ancestors/sequences of the genes connected below it, leading all the
way to the TOP which represents the common ancestor/sequence of them
all.
As above, only the placement of the nodes and overall structure of the
tree concern us (so don't worry about the node names or times -- the
numbers).
Let's summarize things so far by writing a function to do everything
we've done up to now, PHYLOGENY-ORTHOLOGS-OF:
Now let's work with some phylogenetic trees! Our motivation is to try to
answer some basic questions about relationships between phylogenies of
genes in similar organisms: How do the topology of phylogenetic trees
of homologous genes compare with one another? Given a set of genes with
homologies across several related organisms, do their individual
phylogenetic trees correspond with one another? Are the evolutionary
relationships of each gene similar to that of the others? What, if any
differences exist and what information can we obtain from the
topological analysis?
To begin our experiment let's narrow our scope and try our functions on
a limited number of genes. Once we have a functional set of code to work
with we can expand our analysis to a larger set of genes. To simplify
things, let's focus on genes with homologous counterparts in all the
organisms available to us. We have:
If the list of organisms were larger, we should use a sort function to
sort our list:
Now that we have our organism with the small genome, let's go run
through the organism and collect genes with 13 homologs. (We're just
going to take the genes that are among the first hundred.)
Tidbit: We may also try changing the setting of the cutoff ORTHOLOGS-OF
uses. This can be done by adding ":CUTOFF e-value" to the ORTHOLOGS-OF
function as follows:
Alright so now we have a list of the first 100 genes in
#$prochlorococcus_marinus_med4 that have orthologs in all the other
organisms. Now we're ready to create trees out of these genes, and do
some symbolic computing to compare their topologies! To save on
computer time we'll only work with the first 3 of these 100
genes. Still, this next loop takes a minute or two, so be sure to set
your timeout to about 100 seconds and grab a drink:
Using Phylip to make trees in BioBike
>> (setq four-dumb-seqs '(
>> "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA"
>> "AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAATTAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAATTAAAAAAAAAAAA"
>> "TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT"
>> "TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTAATTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTAATTTTTTTTTTTT"))
>> (seegraph (run-phylip four-dumb-seqs))
If things worked out right, you got a tree that put the AAAA sequences
close together to one another, and the TTTT sequences close together
to one another. Note that the intermediate nodes and all the arcs have
been named "NODE#" and "0_#" with # designated by
RUN-PHYLIP. Phylogenetic trees commonly incorporate other pieces of
information such as time of divergence, maybe in the length of the
arcs, but in this tutorial we will focus only on the topology of the
trees.
>> (setq slightly-less-dump-seqs '(
>> "AGCTACGTAGCTACGTAGCTACGTAGCTACGTAGCTACGTAGCTACGTAGCTACG"
>> "TGGATGGATGGATGGATGGATGGATGGATGGATGGATGGATGGATGGATGGATGG"
>> "TGCATGCATGCATGCATGCATGCATGCATGCATGCATGCATGCATGCATGCATGC"
>> "AGGTAGGTAGGTAGGTAGGTAGGTAGGTAGGTAGGTAGGTAGGTAGGTAGGTAGG"))
>> (seegraph (run-phylip slightly-less-dump-seqs))
It's sort of hard to tell what happened, so let's give these some
names:
>> (setq slightly-less-dump-seqs '(
>> (a "AGCTACGTAGCTACGTAGCTACGTAGCTACGTAGCTACGTAGCTACGTAGCTACG")
>> (b "TGGATGGATGGATGGATGGATGGATGGATGGATGGATGGATGGATGGATGGATGG")
>> (c "TGCATGCATGCATGCATGCATGCATGCATGCATGCATGCATGCATGCATGCATGC")
>> (d "AGGTAGGTAGGTAGGTAGGTAGGTAGGTAGGTAGGTAGGTAGGTAGGTAGGTAGG")))
>> (seegraph (run-phylip slightly-less-dump-seqs
>> :labelfn #'first
>> :seqfn #'second))
Surely you noticed the weird keyword arguments: :LABELFN and
:SEQFN. ":labelfn #'first" tells RUN-PHYLIP to take the first element
as the name label (a, b, c, d), and ":seqfn #'second" tells RUN-PHYLIP
to consider the second part as the actual aligned sequence. (This will
become important later!)
Phylogeny from Orthology
>> (available-organisms)
That's a cool bunch.
>> (SETF org #$synechocystis_pcc6803)
;;; Here are all the genes:
>> (#^GENES org)
;;; How many are there?
>> (length (#^GENES org))
;;; Let's just take one at random and make it our target gene,
;;; which we'll call g:
>> (SETF g #$S6803.slr1317)
Now for our phylogenetic analysis we'll need the "orthologs" of this
gene. The orthologs are the genes in the other cyanobacteria that
serve the same function as this one. Finding the actual
function is a complex process, so instead we'll just choose the gene
that is the most similar by by "two-way homology". What that means is
that, suppose we have another org, call it org2, and it has a gene,
g2; if g2 is the most similar gene to g in org2, and g is the most
similar gene to g2 in org, then they have two way homology, and we
call them orthologs.
>> (ORTHOLOGS-OF g)
;;; Let's save those:
>> (SETF g-orthologs *)
I encourage you to check out (help ORTHOLOGS-OF) for more details about
the function. The definition of ortholog it uses will be important,
since conceivably different trees can be created from phylogenies
comparing protein sequences and from phylogenies comparing gene
sequences. Subtleties matter! There are also other similar functions
that you may use later, such as GO-ORTHOLOGS-OF, which gives you
orthologs based on GO categories rather than sequence similarity.
>> (ALIGN g-orthologs)
This gives us the result in a frame. Click to see the results. The
results are in the 'alignments' slot in this frame, which can be
accessed by using:
>> (SETF g-alignments (#^alignments #$ClustalWResult1))
(See the Frames tutorial for more information about using #^ to
access frames and symbols in frames.)
>> (RUN-PHYLIP
>> g-alignments
>> :labelfn #'first :seqfn #'second)
Recall from above about :labelfn and :seqfn. If you look at the
ClustalWResults frame you'll notice that in the alignments slot, the
first element is the name of the gene, and the second element is the
actual alignment, just like we set it up above!
;;; First off, let's save it!
>> (setf tree1 *)
;;; And then look at it:
>> (SEEGRAPH tree1)
Notice that the tree resembles a binary tree, meaning each node has
either 0, 1 or 2 children nodes (top node is the only exception
here). All the leaf nodes are the gene names from our ortholog list,
and all the gene name nodes are leaves. This makes sense considering
we have a phylogenetic tree.
>> (defun PHYLOGENY-ORTHOLOGS-OF (target-gene)
>> (RUN-PHYLIP
>> ( #^alignments (ALIGN (ORTHOLOGS-OF target-gene)))
>> :labelfn #'first :seqfn #'second
>> )
>> )
;;; And test it:
>> (seegraph (PHYLOGENY-ORTHOLOGS-OF g))
;;; Let's further test by looping it through three genes:
>> (loop for each-gene in (#^genes org)
>> as i from 1 to 3
>> collect (PHYLOGENY-ORTHOLOGS-OF each-gene))
This gives us 3 trees representing the phylogeny of the orthologs of
three genes. These separate trees are held in a list. To see each
tree, try the following:
>> (setq trees *)
>> (seegraph (first trees))
>> (seegraph (second trees))
>> (seegraph (third trees))
Trees from different genes
>> (length (AVAILABLE-ORGANISMS))
:: 13
Because there are thirteen available organisms, we're looking for
genes with a total of 13 orthologs Let's choose the organism with the
fewest number of genes, and then iterate through its genes to get a
small list of genes with 13 homologs.
Here are the lengths of genes for our organisms:
>> (loop for each-organism in (AVAILABLE-ORGANISMS)
>> collect (list each-organism (length (#^genes each-organism))))
COLLECT gives us our result as a list, each entry of the form
(organism number-of-genes). Looking at the list, we see that the
organism with the least number of genes is
#$prochlorococcus_marinus_med4 with 1760 genes.
>> (setf org-list *)
>> (sort org-list #'< :key #'second)
SORT goes through through org-list, uses the 'second' function to get
the second element (which is the number of genes), and sorts using
this value and the '<' function. See the Functions tutorial for more
information on how to use SORT.
>> (loop for each-gene in (#^genes #$prochlorococcus_marinus_med4)
>> as i from 1 to 100
>> when (= (LENGTH (IGNORE-ERRORS (ORTHOLOGS-OF each-gene))) 13)
>> collect each-gene)
;;; Save it while we've got it!
>> (SETF genelist *)
(About IGNORE-ERRORS: It appears that in the database some gene/protein
data for several genes is incomplete. The function affected is
orthologs-of, so a quick fix is the useful but dangerous function
IGNORE-ERRORS. This will let the ORTHOLOGS-OF function plow through
genes with missing information, skipping any genes that results in an
error so that the function can proceed. This function must be used with
caution because its use will hide bugs in the functions you write. Use
it only when you know that the rest of your code is perfect. Like mine ;)
.......(ORTHOLOGS-OF :CUTOFF 10.0)....
The default cutoff value is 1e-6. Check the help file for ORTHOLOGS-OF
for more information.
>> (loop for each-gene in genelist
>> as i from 1 to 3
>> collect (PHYLOGENY-ORTHOLOGS-OF each-gene))
;;; And once again, save this important partial result::
>> (SETF trees *)


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From Pixar lamp to Shrek’s ginger bread: Amputee executes unique Halloween constume designs
From being the famous Pixar Lamp to the half-eaten gingerbread from Shrek, Sundquist comes up with creative costume ideas that make the most of his single leg.
by Trends DeskLiving life on your terms is something one should learn from Josh Sundquist. The Paralympian comes up with distinctive costume ideas for Halloween every year to celebrate his unique body.
Losing his legs to a rare form of bone cancer at the age of nine, the motivational speaker went on to become a successful writer and a comedian.
From being the famous Pixar Lamp to the half-eaten gingerbread from Shrek, the list of Halloween costume ideas executed by Sundquist is long.
Take a look at some of his costumes here:
As per an Insider report, he has also written two memoirs, “Just Don’t Fall: A hilariously true story of childhood cancer, amputation, romantic yearning, truth, and Olympic greatness” and “We Should Hang Out Sometime: Embarrassingly, a true story,” and a novel called “Love and First Sight.”
He is also a member of the US amputee soccer team.


Charlie Foxtrot Books
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Less frequently used HTML inline text semantic/formatting to define the meaning, structure, or style of a word, line, or any arbitrary piece of text.

- Subscript text
- Superscript text
- Inserted text
- Deleted text

- preformatted text
- underlined text
- abbreviation or acronym
- reference
- computer code.
- input commands
The html  element specifies inline text which should be displayed as subscript.
Mostly used for writing mathematical formula, chemical compounds

log 2 16 = x

log2 16 = x
H2O
The html  represents a range of text that has been added to a document. Browsers will usually underline inserted text.

This is a inserted word text line.

This is a inserted word text line.
The html  represents a range of text that has been deleted from a document. Browsers will usually strike a line through deleted text.

This is a deleted word text line.

This is a deleted word text line.
The html
 represents preformatted text which is to be presented exactly as written in the HTML file.

A B C D E
E G H I
J K L

A B C D E E G H I J K L
The html  represents a span of inline text which should be rendered in a way that indicates that it has a non-textual annotation..
Browsers will usually underline text.

This is a underlined word text line.

This is a underlined word text line.
The html  represents an abbreviation or acronym; the optional title attribute can provide an expansion or description for the abbreviation.

We are learning HTML course.

We are learning HTML course.
The html  is used to describe a reference to a cited creative work, and must include the title of that work.
Browsers usually display cite elements in italic.

Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare.

Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare.
The html  displays its contents styled in a fashion intended to indicate that the text is a short fragment of computer code.

The push() method adds one or more elements to the end of an array and returns the new length of the array.

The push()
method adds one or more elements to the end of an array and returns the new length of the array.
The html  represents a span of inline text denoting textual user input from a keyboard, voice input, or any other text entry device.

Please press Ctrl + T to open new tab

Please press Ctrl + T to open new tab


--- title: Leadership as an Individual Contributor excerpt: Leadership comes in many forms, no matter the job title. date: '2019-02-26 17:22:41 +0100' categories: - Motivation ---
Leadership comes in many forms, no matter the formal job title. How to Exhibit Leadership as an Individual Contributor contains some very good advice on the various ways of showing leadership behaviour.


public class Graph
extends java.lang.Object
| Modifier and Type | Field and Description |
|---|---|
static double |
BLOCKED_WEIGHT_MODIFIER
The amount of weight to add to an edge that connects two blocked nodes.
|
static double |
OBTAINED_BRIDGE_WEIGHT_MODIFIER
The default edge weight modifier of an edge that is EdgeType.BRIDGE and connects two nodes that are NodeType.PLAYER
|
static double |
PLAYER_WEIGHT
The default weight of a node that is NodeType.PLAYER
|
static double |
SEMI_OBTAINED_BRIDGE_WEIGHT_MODIFIER
The default edge weight modifier of an edge that is EdgeType.BRIDGE and connects one node that is NodeType.PLAYER and another that is NodeType.UNSET
|
static double |
STANDARD_EDGE_WEIGHT_MODIFIER
The default edge weight modifier of an edge that is EdgeType.STANDARD
|
static double |
UNOBTAINED_BRIDGE_WEIGHT_MODIFIER
The default edge weight modifier of an edge that is EdgeType.BRIDGE and connects two nodes that are NodeType.UNSET
|
static double |
UNSET_WEIGHT
The default weight of a node that is NodeType.UNSET
|
| Constructor and Description |
|---|
Graph()
Create the start and end nodes, initialise the node map.
|
| Modifier and Type | Method and Description |
|---|---|
boolean |
changeNode(Coordinate coords,
NodeType type,
java.lang.Double weight)
Change a node at a position, and update all the edges affected by this - meaning that a new graph doesn't have to be created each time you want to test a different board.
|
java.lang.Double |
getDistance() |
Node |
getEndNode() |
java.util.HashMap<Coordinate,Node> |
getNodesMap() |
Node |
getStartNode() |
void |
populateGraph(Piece[][] boardView,
Piece colour)
Create nodes and edges representing the boardView passed.
|
void |
reset()
Reset the distances to each node to allow them to be recalculated.
|
void |
setEndNode(Node endNode)
Update the endNode to a new value.
|
void |
setNodesMap(java.util.HashMap<Coordinate,Node> nodesMap)
Set the nodes map to a new map of coordinate to nodes
|
void |
setStartNode(Node startNode)
Update the startNode to a new value.
|
public static final double UNSET_WEIGHT
public static final double PLAYER_WEIGHT
public static final double STANDARD_EDGE_WEIGHT_MODIFIER
public static final double OBTAINED_BRIDGE_WEIGHT_MODIFIER
public static final double SEMI_OBTAINED_BRIDGE_WEIGHT_MODIFIER
public static final double UNOBTAINED_BRIDGE_WEIGHT_MODIFIER
public static final double BLOCKED_WEIGHT_MODIFIER
public void populateGraph(Piece[][] boardView, Piece colour)
boardView
- the board to represent as a graph.colour
- The colour of the player the graph should represent.public java.lang.Double getDistance()
public void reset()
public boolean changeNode(Coordinate coords, NodeType type, java.lang.Double weight) throws InvalidPositionException
coords
- The coordinates of the node to changetype
- The new type of the nodeweight
- The new weight of the nodeInvalidPositionException
- The coordinates passed don't represent a node.public Node getEndNode()
public void setEndNode(Node endNode)
endNode
- The endNode to set to.public java.util.HashMap<Coordinate,Node> getNodesMap()
public void setNodesMap(java.util.HashMap<Coordinate,Node> nodesMap)
nodesMap
- the nodes map to setpublic Node getStartNode()
public void setStartNode(Node startNode)
startNode
- The startNode to set to.


|
UltralightweightCalculator
|
#include "Lexer.h"
Macros | |
| #define | EMPTY_INPUT -1 |
| #define | INVALID_INPUT -2 |
| #define | REACHED_RECURSION_LIMIT -3 |
| #define | END_OF_LINE 10 |
Functions | |
| long | lexWhite (LexerToken *output, const char *input, long index) noexcept |
| long | lexUOB (LexerToken *output, const char *input, long index) noexcept |
| long | lexUOA (LexerToken *output, const char *input, long index) noexcept |
| long | lexBO (LexerToken *output, const char *input, long index) noexcept |
| long | lexNumberDigits (LexerToken *output, const char *input, long index) noexcept |
| long | lexNumber (LexerToken *output, const char *input, long index) noexcept |
| long | lexSymbol (LexerToken *output, const char *input, long index) noexcept |
| long | lexQuote (LexerToken *output, const char *input, long index) noexcept |
| long | lexExpressionSequence (LexerToken *output, const char *input, long recursionJuice, long index) noexcept |
| void | reverseLex (LexerToken *output, const char *input, long index) noexcept |
| void | lexer (std::vector< LexerToken > &output, std::string &input, long recursionJuice) |
| #define EMPTY_INPUT -1 |
| #define END_OF_LINE 10 |
| #define INVALID_INPUT -2 |
| #define REACHED_RECURSION_LIMIT -3 |
|
noexcept |
Marks characters with LexerToken::BO until it reaches the end of a binary operator.
| output | Where the output will go, the token output[i] will be the lexical value of input[i] |
| input | Where the input comes from, there will be and end-of-line character at the end |
| index | the suspected first index of the binary operator |
| void lexer | ( | std::vector< LexerToken > & | output, |
| std::string & | input, | ||
| long | recursionJuice | ||
| ) |
Assigns lexical meaning to each character of the user input. Checks for invalid characters and ensures that the input conforms to the language grammar.
| output | Where the output will go, will have the same length as input, with 1-to-1 correspondence in the indicies |
| input | Where the input comes from, an end-of-line character will be appended to the end |
| recursionJuice | how many layers of recursion may be used by this operation |
|
noexcept |
Lexes input until it reaches ) or ] or end-of-line.
| output | Where the output will go, the token output[i] will be the lexical value of input[i] |
| input | Where the input comes from, there will be and end-of-line character at the end |
| recursionJuice | how many layers of recursion may be used by this operation |
| index | the first index of the expression sequence |
|
noexcept |
Marks characters with LexerToken::Number until it reaches the end of a number.
| output | Where the output will go, the token output[i] will be the lexical value of input[i] |
| input | Where the input comes from, there will be and end-of-line character at the end |
| index | the suspected first index of the number |
|
noexcept |
Marks characters with LexerToken::Number until it reaches the end of a string of digits.
| output | Where the output will go, the token output[i] will be the lexical value of input[i] |
| input | Where the input comes from, there will be and end-of-line character at the end |
| index | the suspected first index of the string of digits |
|
noexcept |
Marks characters with LexerToken::Quote until it reaches the end of a string-literal.
| output | Where the output will go, the token output[i] will be the lexical value of input[i] |
| input | Where the input comes from, there will be and end-of-line character at the end |
| index | the suspected first index of the string-literal |
|
noexcept |
Marks characters with LexerToken::Symbol until it reaches the end of a symbol.
| output | Where the output will go, the token output[i] will be the lexical value of input[i] |
| input | Where the input comes from, there will be and end-of-line character at the end |
| index | the suspected first index of the symbol |
|
noexcept |
Marks characters with LexerToken::UOA until it hits a character that cannot be a unitary operator after expression.
| output | Where the output will go, the token output[i] will be the lexical value of input[i] |
| input | Where the input comes from, there will be and end-of-line character at the end |
| index | where to begin the search for unitary operators after expression |
|
noexcept |
Marks characters with LexerToken::UOB until it hits a character that cannot be a unitary operator before expression.
| output | Where the output will go, the token output[i] will be the lexical value of input[i] |
| input | Where the input comes from, there will be and end-of-line character at the end |
| index | where to begin the search for unitary operators before expression |
|
noexcept |
Marks characters with LexerToken::White until it hits a nonwhitespace character.
| output | Where the output will go, the token output[i] will be the lexical value of input[i] |
| input | Where the input comes from, there will be and end-of-line character at the end |
| index | where to begin the search for whitespace characters |
|
noexcept |
Iterates through input backwards. UOBs that can be attached to their arguments, are attached to their arguments. Symbols are promoted to functions where possible.
| output | Where the output will go, the token output[i] will be the lexical value of input[i] |
| input | Where the input comes from, there will be and end-of-line character at the end |
| index | the last index of the input |


Home
Highlander Union Building
The Highlander Union Building (HUB) is a gathering place where you and your friends can meet, eat, relax and study. It features dining and retail facilities, meeting areas, lounges and event spaces. The HUB also provides offices for student government, student organizations, and student affairs. But, if you have a question or need directions to your next campus destination, ask a service associate at the Information Desk, located on the first floor of the main building.Meet
Student organizations, campus members and off-campus groups have the selection of hosting their meeting or program in any of the HUB conference rooms or surrounding outdoor locations. Highlander Event Scheduling can assist you with a reservation to make sure you have everything you need for the event.Eat
The dining restaurants at the HUB offer a range of fare, from burgers, sushi and tacos to Chinese and Italian inspired cuisine. For those on the go, the Scotty's convenience store is a quick stop to pick up a snack. If youre looking to feed a few more individuals in addition to yourself, Dining Services offers convenient catering for any event or gathering youre hosting on campus. For current hours of operation for HUB restaurants, click here.
Relax
The Highlander Union is a great location to gather with friends or to take it easy during a busy day of instruction, labs and discussions. The outdoor plaza and lounges provide shady and suitable sitting areas among the Unions landscape. So whether you choose to play a game of pool in Latitude Fifty-Five or watch whats on TV in the lounge, the Highlander Union has a lot to offer to anyone who visits.
Study
In keeping with the educational mission of the University, the Highlander Union has multiple lounge areas throughout the building to provide comfy places to study. The Union offers the Universitys wi-fi connection in and around the building. All you need to access it is your student username and password.
If you are a scholarly graduate student, theres also the Graduate Student Lounge on the third floor of the Union, which overlooks the Plaza and has a great view of the Box Spring Mountains.
During finals week, all meeting rooms in the Union are open as study rooms, no reservation required. Each room has ample space for multiple study groups and most rooms have a dry-erase board. For those studying diligently late at night, the Union is conveniently open until midnight during finals week.


Luke Warkentin
Interested in audio engineering, web design
EXPERIENCE
- The Well, Kingsburg, CA — Children’s Worship Leader
2019 - PRESENT
Worked in a band, cajónist.
- The Well, Kingsburg, CA — Frontliner
2017 - 2019
Helped setup/teardown, worked in a group.
- Dad’s Lawn Care, Home — Gardener
JUNE 2008 - PRESENT
Lawn mowing, edging, weeding, general lawn care.


Thanks for visiting my site. I'll be talking about a lot of different topics related to my interests here but primarially about Christian Naturism. I hope you are openminded.


The Web Development AAS degree is intended for the student who is interested in designing and building commercial website applications. The program offers a variety of skills, technologies and current software tools. A student who completes this program will be able to evaluate, design and build a commercial website. They will be able to create the expected functionality of the website, including such e-commerce components as database-driven content, shopping carts and payment processing.
Web development tools and technologies are constantly changing. The courses will use current industry software based on current standards. Many of the upper-level courses in this program are designed to address the newest and developing technologies that are an expectation of this field.
Graduates of this program have a variety of employment opportunities. They may work with small to mid-sized firms that provide web development services. They may work with large corporations on corporate websites. This program also provides graduates with a set of skills that will allow them to work on their own as a contractor, or to start their own business venture.


# Remember to import minecraft
from mcpi import minecraft
# Remember that an object is something with properties. Now do you remember how to get one!
mc.postToChat('This is a hint')
from mcpi import minecraft
# Variables can have different names
mc = minecraft.Minecraft.create()
x, y, z = mc.player.getPos()
mc.setBlock(x, y, z, 10)
mc.postToChat('Anything here!')
Words that are part of a language and do something are called keywords
To help you find these, they will be colored. Try pointing them out.
Vocabulary is italicized
Try type code that will access the property "hello" from the variable (object) "o"
So this is the last part!
So is there anyone who remembers the terminal command that changes the working directory
So there is a new type of variable that we are introducing today! The boolean
It can have the value of true or false. Try telling if the following statements are true or false.
In python, true and false can be assigned to a variable like this:
# Both create a variable meaning True
x = True
x = 1
# Both create a variable meaning False
x = False
x = 0
Notice the uppercase
You can compare things that are the same type! Use the == to compare things in Python. It will give back a boolean
firstThing == secondThing
# True
"apple" == "apple"
# False
"apple" == "orange"
What will the following print?
print(2 + 3 * 5)
This should print 17 because 3 * 5 will be done first
You can also use () to group statements together.
# Should print 25
print((2 + 3) * 5)
A new keyword called if will be used to control our application
A ":" is used to tell python that there is a block of code coming
This block of code must be indented with a tab.
if(True):
# Then this will happen and go on!
if(False):
# Then this will not happen and go on!
x = True:
if(x):
#What will happen here?
You can repeat a piece of code again and again and again! There are two types.
x = True
while(x):
#This will happen until x is False
for x in range(1, 10)
#This will happen 10 times. Each time, x will grow from 1 to 2 to 3
for x in range(2, 11)
#This will happen 10 times also
Lists are collections of objects. You can add also to it. We use the [] notation to get an item.
# An array of 4 numbers
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4]
# Prints 1
print(numbers[0])
Notice that the first element is number 0
There is a method called len that returns the number of elements in a list. Try using it to print every item in a list
For the player object under the minecraft object (Access it by using mc.player)
There are several new methods I want you to try: setPos(x, y, z) (These are the things you need to give it.)
Try creating an application that allows you to type something in and posts it to chat.
# This is an example of the program
from mcpi import minecraft
mc = minecraft.Minecraft.create()
while(True):
x = input("Type something: ")
mc.postToChat(x)


A calculator that helps figure out how much you should levae or your favorite waiter!
A very basic Tic Tac Toe game I made!


models_eval.Rmd
The diagram below shows the strategy to build the training and test sets for the beads classification model. A total of 170 000 and 60 000 events (i.e. cells, rows) were used for training and test sets, respectively.
As previously explained, we used the Beads_TrainTest
function to obtain training and test data sets.
denoisingCTF::Beads_TrainTest(sample_size = 40, method = 'k_means',
bsample = 5000, class_col = 'BeadsSmp_ID', ...)
We used the TrainModel
function to train a Random Forest classification model:
denoisingCTF::TrainModel(train_set, test_set, alg = 'RF', class_col = 'BeadsSmp_ID',
seed = 40, name_0 = 'cells', name_1 = 'beads', label = 'beads',
allowParallel = T, free_cores = 2)
To tune the training hyperparameters we used repeated 10-fold CV (x3). The metrics of the model are shown below:
## Random Forest
##
## No pre-processing
## Resampling: Cross-Validated (10 fold, repeated 3 times)
## Summary of sample sizes: 153000, 153000, 153000, 153000, 153000, 153000, ...
## Resampling results across tuning parameters:
##
## mtry ROC Sens Spec
## 1 0.9999999 0.9997725 0.9999059
## 2 0.9999999 0.9997529 0.9998706
## 3 0.9999999 0.9997529 0.9998627
## 4 0.9999998 0.9997608 0.9998471
## 5 0.9999939 0.9997725 0.9998235
##
## ROC was used to select the optimal model using the largest value.
## The final value used for the model was mtry = 1.
Feature importance plot:
Assessing model accuracy in test set:
## Confusion Matrix and Statistics
##
## Reference
## Prediction beads cells
## beads 29978 7
## cells 22 29993
##
## Accuracy : 0.9995
## 95% CI : (0.9993, 0.9997)
## No Information Rate : 0.5
## P-Value [Acc > NIR] : < 2e-16
##
## Kappa : 0.999
##
## Mcnemar's Test P-Value : 0.00933
##
## Sensitivity : 0.9993
## Specificity : 0.9998
## Pos Pred Value : 0.9998
## Neg Pred Value : 0.9993
## Precision : 0.9998
## Recall : 0.9993
## F1 : 0.9995
## Prevalence : 0.5000
## Detection Rate : 0.4996
## Detection Prevalence : 0.4998
## Balanced Accuracy : 0.9995
##
## 'Positive' Class : beads
##
The diagram below shows the strategy to build the training and test sets for the debris classification model. A total of 220 000 and 80 000 events (i.e. cells, rows) were used for training and test sets, respectively.
As previously explained, we used the pre_gate
function to perform row indexing which is needed when comparing pre-gated and post-gated files (the latter are manually gated using user’s preferred platform (e.g. Cytobank, FlowJo)) to successfully label debris and obtain training and test data sets with the post_gate
function.
# Removal of zeros, beads and addition of row ID column
denoisingCTF::pre_gate(sample_size=30, model_beads=model_beads, alg_bd = 'RF')
# Manually gate debris and dead cells using Gaussian Parameters and a live/dead cell marker.
# Comparison of pre-gated and post-gated files, noise labeling and training/testing data sets generation.
denoisingCTF::post_gate(bsample = 5000, path_pregated = '../')
We used the TrainModel
function to train a Random Forest classification model:
denoisingCTF::TrainModel(train_set, test_set, alg = 'RF', class_col = 'GP_Noise',
seed = 40, name_0 = 'cells', name_1 = 'debris', label = 'debris',
allowParallel = T, free_cores = 2)
To tune the training hyperparameters we used repeated 10-fold CV (x3). The metrics of the model are shown below:
## Random Forest
##
## No pre-processing
## Resampling: Cross-Validated (10 fold, repeated 3 times)
## Summary of sample sizes: 198000, 198000, 198000, 198000, 198000, 198000, ...
## Resampling results across tuning parameters:
##
## mtry ROC Sens Spec
## 1 0.9915637 0.9661152 0.9450848
## 2 0.9938901 0.9598758 0.9559030
## 3 0.9939208 0.9595515 0.9560182
## 4 0.9938796 0.9591818 0.9557818
## 5 0.9937865 0.9589818 0.9556152
## 6 0.9935954 0.9585515 0.9552970
##
## ROC was used to select the optimal model using the largest value.
## The final value used for the model was mtry = 3.
Feature importance plot:
Assessing model accuracy in test set:
## Confusion Matrix and Statistics
##
## Reference
## Prediction cells debris
## cells 37034 930
## debris 2966 39070
##
## Accuracy : 0.9513
## 95% CI : (0.9498, 0.9528)
## No Information Rate : 0.5
## P-Value [Acc > NIR] : < 2.2e-16
##
## Kappa : 0.9026
##
## Mcnemar's Test P-Value : < 2.2e-16
##
## Sensitivity : 0.9768
## Specificity : 0.9258
## Pos Pred Value : 0.9294
## Neg Pred Value : 0.9755
## Precision : 0.9294
## Recall : 0.9768
## F1 : 0.9525
## Prevalence : 0.5000
## Detection Rate : 0.4884
## Detection Prevalence : 0.5254
## Balanced Accuracy : 0.9513
##
## 'Positive' Class : debris
##


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Problem of issue#248: Opening a dismissible popover causes non-dismissible popovers to become dismissible.
Initial conditions: Popover 1 is not dismissible. Popover 2 is dismissible.
Step 1) Click popover 1. Observe that it is not dismissible. Close it.
Step 2) Click popover 2. Observe that it is dismissible. Close it.
Step 3) Click popover 1. Observe that it is now dismissible!
With issue#248 solution in place, ensure that: When an outside click is done for two open popovers,
both should dismiss themselves through their own bodyClickHandler individually.
Initial conditions: Both popovers are dismissible and have multi:true.
Step 1) Open Popover 3 and Popover 4 so that they're both open at the same time.
Step 2) Click outside of both of them. Make sure both close.


Please drag the items into the two blank slots in the left:
Correct
For wire: Correct. Electrons move in the battery from positive to the negative electrode when the phone is being charged.
For Battery: Correct. Lithium ions move through the electrolyte from positive to the negative electrode when the phone is being charged. To learn more about it, click next.
Not quite right
For wire: Incorrect. Electrons move in the battery from positive to the negative electrode when the phone is being charged. If you are still confused don't worry, you will watch the lecture video for this.
For Battery: Correct. Lithium ions move through the electrolyte from positive to the negative electrode when the phone is being charged. To learn more about it, click next.
Not quite right
For wire: Correct. Electrons move in the battery from positive to the negative electrode when the phone is being charged.
For Battery: Incorrect. Lithium ions move through the electrolyte from positive to the negative electrode when the phone is being charged. If that seems confusing to you now, it’s fine. Click next to learn more about it.
Incorrect
For wire: Incorrect. Electrons move in the battery from positive to the negative electrode when the phone is being charged.
For Battery: Incorrect. Lithium ions move through the electrolyte from positive to the negative electrode when the phone is being charged. If these answers seems confusing to you now, it’s fine. Click next to learn more about it.
What’s the ideal condition for keeping the battery?
1. Which temperature is suitable for battery?
2. After how much discharge should you plug your charger again?
%
3. From exploring the temperature and battery level, describe the ideal conditions for temperaturea and the battery level when you should charge a battery based on your exploration above?
The weather should be cool because the hot and cold weather hurts the battery.
Also, you should ideally charge your battery when it is somewhere from 40 to 80% otherwise the number of cycles will be less than what you can get in ideal conditions.
If this seems confusing to you don't worry, click next to watch the video.